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Head & Neck cancer affects areas such as forehead, eyes, nose, mouth, sinuses and any glands or lymph nodes found in this region. Brain cancer, although situated in this region is treated differently, as it affects a vital organ that is part of the central nervous system. The head and neck region has many important organs located closely to each other. When considering treatment options, it is essential to consider the impact on neighbouring organs. To determine suitable treatment for the cancer, a consultant would need information on where the tumour began and how far it has spread.
Early and late symptoms can vary depending on the site of the tumour and its size. Some common symptoms may include:
A diagnosis can be made through various scans and tests. The doctor may carry out physical examination to palpate and feel for any lumps in the suspected region, which may be accompanied by the use of a mirror and torch. Most common scans for head and neck region are CT or MRI scans, which may also include the use of a contrast agent. A whole-body PET scan would show any areas with active cancer in the whole body.
A combination of scans, tests and biopsies can confirm details of the size, location and spread of the cancer. It is helpful to have all diagnostic details and test results to hand at a consultation appointment with our oncology specialists.
Tumours in the head and neck region are in close proximity to many organs. As a proton beam does not have an exit dose, it is possible to treat the cancerous area whilst reducing the radiation dose delivered to normal healthy tissue surrounding it. This may have the effect of reducing the side effects of treatment to allow quicker recovery from treatment and possibly reducing the experience of long-term dry mouth and improving swallowing function. The aim of proton therapy is to produce better long-term results with an improved quality of life.
At the Rutherford Cancer Centres, there are certain organs and tumour sites we can treat more effectively with proton beam therapy. A consultant will be able to assess this and advise on the best treatment pathway.
Being diagnosed with head & neck cancer and deciding on the best treatment can be daunting, for full details on head & neck cancer treatment options or to discuss a diagnosis, please contact our enquiries team. Our enquiries team will endeavour to help you assess your treatment options and advise which consultants could be best placed to plan your treatment pathway. | https://www.therutherford.com/treatments/proton-beam-therapy/head-neck-cancer/ |
We are looking to hire a creative Graphics Designer to lead our creative initiatives. The candidate must have the expertise to take on full responsibility for the concepts, design, and execution of creatives especially for Social Media Campaigns, Influencer Marketing Campaigns, and product packaging, with the goal of building and enhancing a favorable image of the company with the, potential customers, and influencers.
Job Responsibility
Experience/Competencies:
Benefits
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Rembrandt is the most famous of the seventeenth-century Dutch painters. However, there
are doubts whether some paintings attributed to Rembrandt were actually painted by him.
One such painting is known as attributed to Rembrandt because of its style, and indeed
the representation of the woman’s face is very much like that of portraits known to be by
Rembrandt. But there are problems with the painting that suggest it could not be a work by
Rembrandt.
First, there is something inconsistent about the way the woman in the portrait is dressed.
She is wearing a white linen cap of a kind that only servants would wear-yet the coat she
is wearing has a luxurious fur collar that no servant could afford. Rembrandt, who was
known for his attention to the details of his subjects’ clothing, would not have been guilty
of such an inconsistency.
Second, Rembrandt was a master of painting light and shadow, but in this painting these
elements do not fit together. The face appears to be illuminated by light reflected onto it
from below. But below the face is the dark fur collar, which would absorb light rather than
reflect it. So the face should appear partially in shadow-which is not how it appears.
Rembrandt would never have made such an error.
Finally, examination of the back of the painting reveals that it was painted on a panel
made of several pieces of wood glued together. Although Rembrandt often painted on
wood panels, no painting known to be by Rembrandt uses a panel glued together in this
way from several pieces of wood.
For these reason the painting was removed from the official catalog of Rembrandt’s
paintings in the 1930s.
In the reading passage, the author has shown doubt on the famous painting, ‘the elderly woman in a white bonnet’, which is considered as Rembrandt's painting, a Dutch painter. However, the lecturer asserts re-examination has proved that it was Rembrandt who made the art.
According to the author, the woman’s dress, like her linen cap does not fit with her luxurious fur collar coat. He adds that as the painter was very aware of his painting’s details such as clothing, he could not make such mistake. On the other hand, the speaker clarifies this idea. He says that X-ray analy00000000000sis of the fur collar’s pigment has demonstrated that the pigment of fur collar does not match with pigment used in original painting. In addition, he also states that someone added the fur collar later in order to increase the values of the painting.
The author claims that light and shadow effect was not reflected correctly in the painting. The speaker discusses this idea by saying that if the fur color will remove on top of the painting, the picture will have an ordinary light color collar, reflecting light on the women’s face instead of absorbing color and making the women’s face partially shadow. In this case, the painting will consist of the exact effect of light and shadow that Rembrandt did.
The author also mentions that, as the painting included several pieces of wood panel joined by glue, this painting was not Rembrandt’s work. Yet, the lecturer explains this by saying that the original image had a single wooden panel. Someone enlarged the wooden board by adding extra pieces to increase the value of the painting. Again, he mentions the wood used to make that panel taken from the same tree used by Rembrandt.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 440, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...he exact effect of light and shadow that Rembrandt did. The author also mentions...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, however, if, so, in addition, such as, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 5.0 10.4613686534 48% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1451.0 1373.03311258 106% => OK
No of words: 294.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 4.93537414966 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14082457966 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.57332876198 2.5805825403 100% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.527210884354 0.540411800872 98% => OK
syllable_count: 420.3 419.366225166 100% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 51.1530317094 49.2860985944 104% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.642857143 110.228320801 94% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.0 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.42857142857 7.06452816374 63% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 8.0 4.33554083885 185% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.145397347998 0.272083759551 53% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0550634012772 0.0996497079465 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0704788838899 0.0662205650399 106% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0971382844211 0.162205337803 60% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0480664586716 0.0443174109184 108% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.3 13.3589403974 92% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 67.08 53.8541721854 125% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.37 12.2367328918 93% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.06 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders. | https://www.testbig.com/integrated-toefl-writing-essays/rembrandt-most-famous-seventeenth-century-dutch-painters-however-67 |
Performing "accept" in the code view (we say ``accepting'' ) will behave different, depending on the last action and the current selection in the list views.
In general, accepting always affects the aspect shown in the code view.
after you changed classes, selected "new class" or selected "definition" in the class menu.
after selecting or changing a method or after selecting "new method" in the method menu.
The one exception is the full class browser: accept may affect all of the above, since it rereads all of the text shown in the codeview (actually a filein).
Unless your changed code has been accepted, no changes are made to the actual method or class. If you want to change your mind, and go back to the original (actually: the last accept) version after editing for a while, simple click on the method (in the methodlist) after a method change or the class (in the classList) after a definition change.
Changing a classes instance- or classInstance variable definition may require a recompile of some or all methods (also often in subclasses).
(the recompile is required, since named instance variables are accessed via their index in the byteCode - thus, without recompilation, old methods code would refer to wrong instvars).
Smalltalk tries to recompile only the minimum set of methods, but still, this recompilation may take some time.
Notice, that when you add or remove instance variables to/from a class description and accept, the system will actually create a new class instead of changing the old one, and recompile the original methods in the context of the new definition (the same is done when class instance variables are added or removed).
The original class is still physically around, but no longer accessible by name. It is called an anonymous class and has a category of "obsolete".
The reason for doing this is that existing instances of the class still need their valid class for proper operation (which is the old one, NOT the new one); keep in mind that all specification (i.e. number of instance variables etc.) and protocol (i.e. the list of selectors) are defined in an objects class - therefore, old instances would be in big trouble without a valid class, once they receive a message.
this creates a new class (with the original name), and removes the old one from the name tables; the old class is still around but not reachable by the old name. However, if you inspect that class, it will show its old name and a category of "obsolete.
Old instances are therefore no longer affected by any changes in the browser, thus any changes will only make sense for new instances.
this would make it impossible, to change things like ScrollBars, TextViews and almost any other class in the system.
this means that existing instances have to either get new fields added (which default value ?) or instance variables removed.
In theory, this is possible (and is actually done by other Smalltalk systems). The drawback is that the system has to perform a #become: on all existing instances (and derived instances), which may be very slow.
ST/X may offer this mechanism in a later release as an option.
Occasionally, it happens that browsers do not correctly update after such a definition change (i.e. a class definition is changed in one browser, but other browser(s) continue to show the old, obsolete class).
You will notice this when adding new methods, which do not show up in other browsers.
To prevent confusion, it is a good idea to use the "update" menu function of other browsers - or start a new browser if you are in doubt.
This is definitely a bug in ST/X and will be fixed. | http://live.exept.de/doc/online/english/tools/sbrowser/accept.html |
Hello everyone, so I was teaching some members of the team how to do what I call advanced graphing and I realized how little they knew and I am pretty sure that not many other people know how to do advanced graphing so I made this conversation… So advanced graphing is when you take a data table and make it into an equation. Sounds simple at first but when the graph is quadratic or radical (y=x^2 and y=1/x) and then add some noise then people tend to get lost. The first step is to get rid of the noise unless your data is naturally quiet in which case skip to step 2. The most common way to do this is to graph the points then draw a line of best fit (see photo). The next step is to make your data linear. Choose a couple of points from the line you just drew and make a new data table with those new points. The more points you get the more accurate your equation will be. If your data is linear (a straight line) to begin with, then skip to step 3. Take a look a your graph, and choose what parent function it resembles most or decide some other way what the parent function is. common parent functions are quadratic, radical, and square root (and linear). If your data is quadratic, then square your “x” values you got from earlier in step 2. If your data is radical, put 1/your “x” values from earlier in step 2. If your parent graph is y=sqrt(x) then square root your new “x” values. graph your new data. If the data is not linear then try another parent function and check your math. If your data is still not linear then your data has a ton of noise or there is no pattern between the x and y in which case you cannot make an equation. Step 3 is to find the equation of your linear data. draw a line of best fit through the graph your linear data and find the equation of the line by finding the slope (y1-y2)/(x1-x2) and the y intercept (y1-x1slope) which can give you the slope intercept form y=slopex+y-intercept. Step 4 is to find the equation you have been looking for this entire time. Take your slope intercept form equation and if your parent function of the original data was linear then you are done, if your original data was quadratic, then slopex^2+y-intercept is your formula. If your original parent function was y=sqrt(x) then your equation is y=slopesqrt(x)+y-intercept and so on. You may want to graph your new equation and the line of best fit you drew in step 1 and see how far apart they are. They should be almost identical. If they are not, retry all of the steps and check your math. My final note on advanced graphing is situations where it can be applied such as how fast the flywheel needs to spin any distance from the net, how much power to give the motors at any battery level to achieve the same output torque or speed, the speed or torque of a motor at x power, etc. If you are still confused on the subject try a couple practice problems and look here (http://www.mrwaynesclass.com/labs/reading/index06.html). If I made any mistakes PLEASE let me know.
This is like graph straightening in physics right?
Um. So, to sum it up, do some straightening and then do linear regression, then substitute back, right?
In VEX I see this will be useful with the motor voltage vs. practical speed curve.
I guess you can do all sorts of regression, radical, quadratic, logarithmic, fairly easily in Excel or whatever computation software for practical competition use. But it is useful to know how exactly it is done.
Pretty much.
Yes
I can read thank you very much.
Chill man, he was just answering you question.
Just clarifying that I had already seen and understood @OverlyOptimisticProgramer 's answer to my question. Nothing more and nothing less.
well he probably also wanted to answer it as well.
This is something that worked really well for 81M back in Sack Attack. It worked so well it allowed for a single driver for lifting sacks and keeping the arm in a perfect 45 degree scoop hold as you drove around. Another button changed the target to either lift or floor level formula.
Make a function of two variables - when the arm pot says this, your target scoop pot will be something else. Yours had Flywheel speed vs distance. So if you have distance from goal, you could change the flywheel speed dynamically. You could also do angle if you had a variable lift angle on a pinball shooter.
However Excel makes it so much easier. Using the linear regression formulas within the graph works just as well as the by hand methods. So for sack attack, it was a two stage arm and you want to not drop the sacks out too early as you drive. So using a level app on your iPhone can get you the proper angle you want as you adjust the lift arm and make a function of arm potentiometer vs scoop petentiometer to make a set 45 degree scoop where the sacks don’t fall out.
Linest() in Excel is also how you can do it by hand, but add the regression lines right on the graph in one click. Look at the R-squared value to see how close you are to fitting the function. You can go back and back calculate at the function against the typical positions to make sure the error is not practically too far off. See the attached for the graph.
P1020304 by Glenn McMillen, on Flickr
Put that function as the basis of an error in a PID loop, and it will be pretty darn good. Your error is not going against a fixed value but against what you want for that arm position. In yours it would be distance from goal to flywheel speed. | https://www.vexforum.com/t/advanced-graphing/31836 |
Q:
Integration of rational of polynomials
I want to evaluate the indefinite integral for:
$$
\int\frac{x^3+3x−2}{x^2-3x+2}dx,\quad \text{for } x>2
$$
I did long division and factoring, simplifying it to
$$
\int x+3\,dx + \int\frac{10x-8}{(x-1)(x-2)}dx
$$
The integral for the first part is easy: $\frac{x^2}{2}+3x+c$. It's the second part I'm having trouble with. I looked up the solution for that part and it says that the second part simplifies to:
$$
\frac{12}{x-2}-\frac{2}{x-1}
$$
which can easily be integrated as $12\ln(x-2)-2\ln(x-1)+c$, which can be added to the last partial answer for the complete answer. I can see that when you multiply the two fractions in the difference above by $x-2$ and $x-1$ respectively and combine them, you arrive at the more complicated expression above. My question is, what reasoning can I use to get from the fraction above to these two simpler fractions, and how can I identify this case in other problems?
A:
You need the construction called partial fractions (Wiki link). The idea is that you want to write
$$
\frac{10x-8}{(x-1)(x-2)} = \frac{A}{x-1} + \frac{B}{x-2}
$$
so you can bring the RHS to common denominator and compare the numerators, getting 2 equations in 2 unknowns.
| |
View all text of Part 85a [§ 85a.1 - § 85a.8]
§ 85a.3 - Authority for investigations of places of employment.
(a) NIOSH authorized representatives who have been issued official NIOSH credentials are authorized by the Director, NIOSH, under sections 20 and 8 of the OSH Act, sections 501 and 103 of the FMSH Act, and this part. To enter without delay any place of employment for the purpose of conducting investigations of all pertinent processes, conditions, structures, machines, apparatus, devices, equipment, and materials within the place of employment; and to conduct medical examinations, anthropometric measurements and functional tests of employees within the place of employment as may be directly related to the specific investigation being conducted. Such investigations will be conducted in a reasonable manner, during regular working hours or at other reasonable times and within reasonable limits. In connection with any investigations, such NIOSH authorized representatives may question privately any employer, owner, operator, agent, or employee from the place of employment; and review, abstract, or duplicate employment records, medical records, records required by the Act and regulations, and other related records. In those instances where systems of records subject to review, abstraction or duplication are of a confidential nature, such as medical records, and are abstracted or duplicated, NIOSH will maintain such systems in accordance with the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U.S.C. 552a) and the implementing regulation of the Department of Health and Human Services (45 CFR part 5b).
(b) Areas under investigation which contain information classified by any agency of the United States Government in the interest of national security will be investigated only by NIOSH authorized representatives who have obtained the appropriate security clearance and authorization. | https://www.govregs.com/regulations/title42_chapterI_part85a_section85a.3 |
The P0330 OBD-II error code is defined as the Knock Sensor 2 Circuit Malfunction. This error is detected by the Engine Control Unit(ECU) when the knock sensor 2 in Bank 2 is not working properly. A Check Engine sign is illuminated and remains on until the error code is resolved.
What does it mean?
When the error code P0330 is set in the memory of the Engine Control Unit(ECU), it means that the knock sensors used in the vehicle sense an excessive amount of NOx gas that has been released in the engine.
This might be due to some unwanted proportion of air/fuel mixture in the engine. This may cause less power to be delivered to the engine.
Symptoms of P0303
The P0330 error code is not as highly dangerous as other error codes in the engine. At times, there might be no noticeable changes in the engine or the vehicle’s performance while driving. This can cause drivers to not be aware of any malfunction in the circuits of the engine. If this issue is left unresolved for long, more complications might follow. There are a couple of symptoms however that may be present during a P0330 code error in the engine and are listed below:
- The Check Engine sign is turned on and it might remain on until the error has been resolved.
- There also might be a loss of engine power in the vehicle while driving or accelerating.
What are the causes of p0303?
The P0330 code error mainly deals with the malfunctioning of the knock sensors. The knock sensor 2 in bank 2 is targeted to be where the error is detected by the Engine Control Unit. When the circuit of the sensor is not working properly, it sends an error input to the ECU. There are some root causes for this error code to occur in a vehicle. Some of them are:
- The knock sensor 2 itself can be faulty and might be sending error inputs to the Engine Control Unit.
- There might be a poor connection between the knock sensors and the harness used.
- Open or short wire in the knock sensor wiring harness could be an issue.
- The engine control unit itself could have failed due to poor programming or old condition.
- The engine coolant system might not be functioning properly.
- The engine might be running in an excessively lean condition.
How do you diagnose a P0330 error?
To diagnose a P0330 error code, a licensed professional mechanic might be needed. As there might be no visible issues with the P0330 error in a vehicle, the driver might not be knowledgeable to check and resolve the issue.
A mechanic will first use an OBD-II scanner to check for the error codes that have been stored in the memory of the Engine Control Unit. If there is any other error code in the memory, those need to be addressed and resolved promptly. Then the mechanic will clear the code with the freeze frame data and take the vehicle for a test drive.
During the drive, the mechanic will try to duplicate the freeze frame data by driving under similar conditions. The live data will then be scanned to check the engine coolant temperature. If there are any cooling system problems, then that is needed to be dealt with to make sure the engine doesn’t overheat. Overheating issues in the engine can be a major problem and bring about several other complications and error codes in the vehicle.
Then, the mechanic will visually assess the engine parts associated with the error like the cooling system, knock sensors, wirings, and connections between the engine control unit and the sensor carefully. If nothing is amiss, then the engine control unit will be checked for any faults.
Common mistakes while diagnosing
There are some common mistakes one can make while diagnosing the P0330 error code. As this error mainly deals with the knock sensor 2 in bank 2, many drivers can be in a hurry to replace the sensor.
This however may not be the root cause of the problem in every scenario. Sometimes, the problem might lie with the engine coolant system or the fuel system. In these cases, replacing the knock sensor without thorough inspection might not work and end up wasting precious time and money.
Thus, ensuring the coolant system and the fuel system is in their best working condition is necessary.
How do you fix a P0330 error?
The P0330 error code in a vehicle is not determined to be an immediately dangerous situation while driving. As some vehicles do not show any symptoms of the error except lighting up the Check Engine sign, there is not much to worry about. The driver can easily drive the vehicle to a safe location and seek help from a professional to resolve the issue. The tools needed to fix this issue are easily available in a mechanic’s toolkit box. Some of the equipment used might involve screwdrivers, coolant, wirings, connectors, knock sensors, temperature guns, clamp meters, digital multimeters, etc.
To fix the knock sensor malfunction, there are a few steps that can be followed. However, repairing methods may vary from vehicle to vehicle. Some ways that could be used to fix the error are:
- Fixing connection issues between the sensor and the engine control unit
- Replacing worn-out connection wirings or harness
- Cooling down the temperature of the engine using a coolant
- If the engine control unit is found to be faulty, fixing its programming or replacing the unit
- Replacing the knock sensor if found faulty
How can you avoid further errors?
To be able to observe and fix this error, an advanced level scan tool is required. It lets you observe the live data stream that can be used to assess and check the vehicle’s performance like resistance, operating voltage, and many others.
It is therefore difficult to pinpoint and be aware of this error in a vehicle. To ensure that the vehicle is running smoothly and the engine is in excellent working condition, it is best to let your vehicle receive the standard servicing and maintenance required frequently.
As a mechanical engineer, it’s easy for David to explain the functionality of the tool. David test most of the tools before writing a review. its help him to learn something new and suggest the best product for you. | https://www.weeklytools.com/how-to-fix-p0330-obd2-error-code/ |
Q:
Multiple inheritance cast not working as expected
I recently had a problem with casts and multiple inheritance: I needed to cast a Base* to Unrelated*, because a specific Derived class derives the Unrelated class.
This is a short example:
#include <iostream>
struct Base{
virtual ~Base() = default;
};
struct Unrelated{
float test = 111;
};
struct Derived : Base,Unrelated{};
int main(){
Base* b = new Derived;
Unrelated* u1 = (Unrelated*)b;
std::cout << u1->test << std::endl; //outputs garbage
Unrelated* y = dynamic_cast<Unrelated*>(b);
std::cout << y->test << std::endl; //outputs 111
}
The first cast clearly doesnt work, but the second one did work.
My question is: Why did the second cast work? Shouldnt dynamic_cast only work for cast to a related class type? I thought there wasnt any information about Unrelated at runtime because it is not polymorphic.
Edit: I used colirus gcc for the example.
A:
dynamic_cast works because the dynamic type of object pointed to by a pointer to its base class is related to Unrelated.
Keep in mind that dynamic_cast requires a virtual table to inspect the inheritance tree of the object at run-time.
The C-style cast (Unrelated*)b does not work because the C-style cast does const_cast, static_cast, reinterpret_cast and more, but it does not do dynamic_cast.
I would suggest avoiding C-style casts in C++ code because they do so many things as opposed to precise C++ casts. My colleagues who insist on using C-style cast still occasionally get them wrong.
A:
The first cast (Unrelated*)b doesn't work because you're treating the Base class sub-object, containing probably just a vtable pointer, as an Unrelated, containing a float.
Instead you can cast down and up, static_cast<Unrelated*>( static_cast<Derived*>( b ) ).
And this is what dynamic_cast does for you, since Base is a polymorphic type (at least one virtual method) which allows dynamic_cast to inspect the type of the most derived object.
In passing, dynamic_cast<void*>( b ) would give you a pointer to the most derived object.
However, since you know the types there's no need to invoke the slight overhead of a dynamic_cast: just do the down- and up-casts.
Instead of the C style cast (Unrelated*)b you should use the corresponding C++ named cast or casts, because C style casts of pointers can do things you'd not expect, and because the effect can change completely when types are changed during maintenance.
The C style cast will maximum do 2 C++ named casts. In this case the C style cast corresponds to a reinterpret_cast. The compiler will not allow any other named cast here.
Which is a warning sign. ;-)
In contrast, the down- and up-casts are static_casts, which usually are benign casts.
All that said, the best is to almost completely avoid casts by using the top secret technique:
Don't throw away type information in the first place.
I.e., in the example code, just use Derived* as the type of the pointer.
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Being on the receiving end of criticism in the workplace can be very uncomfortable or, at worst, detrimental to your career. The difference between the two depends completely on your reaction to your co-worker or manager’s thoughts. Below are the key do’s and don’ts of dealing with criticism in the workplace that will help you come out on top.
Don’t: Take it Personally
Remember that it is your work that’s being criticised, not you. It is a great skill to be able to separate the personal and professional elements of the workplace.
Do: Listen Objectively
In any career, especially in the earlier stages, there are always going to be people with more experience than you. The key is to listen to their advice from an objective point of view, take on board their suggestions and even ask questions about how you can improve. This can be especially important for careers with a specific learning phase, like a teaching assistant hoping to apply for teaching jobs in the future. Whether it’s through an agency like EduStaff, or directly with a school, if your reference mentions your objective approach to criticism and that you’ve hoovered up the wisdom of experienced staff members, you’ll look like a quality candidate who is eager to learn.
Don’t: React Unprofessionally
News travels. Whether it happens to those in village school teaching jobs or the headquarters of banks in the city, people will find out about a poor or negative reaction to criticism. Even if the criticism is wholly untrue you need to back up your response with evidence, delivered rationally without flying off the handle.
Do: Stay Calm
The opposite to the above point might well be true. If you react well, take criticism on board and show a good attitude it will help to boost your reputation. Your reaction to criticism may be to automatically respond and defend yourself. Don’t. You might say something you regret which could have a long-lasting effect on your reputation. It can only work to your advantage if you seem to be understanding and really listening to what is being said.
Don’t: Hold a Grudge
Staying angry or upset about criticism is going to have a negative effect on you and your future work. If the person who delivered the criticism works closely with you, the tension will be easily noticeable. If you feel that you still have things to say, request a private meeting so you can discuss matters further and put the situation to bed.
Do: Evaluate What You’ve Heard
You don’t have to agree with everything you’ve heard, but you definitely need to take all points into consideration. Try to look at the points from an objective viewpoint and how you can solve the problem.
Don’t: Refuse to Believe It
It’s okay to not be perfect. People make mistakes, including the person who is giving you criticism. What’s important in this situation is that you learn from what is happening and avoid it happening again.
Do: Use it as a Positive
Ultimately, you can come out on top after receiving criticism. As stated, taking the positive from it and using it to your advantage will only cement your reputation as a good employee. If you think you’ve been ‘wronged’ it’s possible to prove people wrong through your own hard work and good attitude in the long term. Be the better person, rise above it all and you’ll undoubtedly come out on top. | https://engageforsuccess.org/dos-donts-dealing-criticism-workplace |
Tourism Picks Back Up In Panhandle As COVID-19 Restrictions Lift
Visitors from other states are returning to Northwest Florida’s beaches. While the nation is still in the midst of a pandemic, the relaxation of traveling restrictions and the reopening of restaurants, beaches and short-term vacation rentals, is luring longtime visitors back to the coast.
Gordon and Ruby Carnes celebrated their 13th wedding anniversary sitting on the white sandy beach, watching the emerald Gulf waves rush to shore, as much of the country remained indoors under stay-at-home orders.
“We’re going to go out to eat,” said Gordon Carnes. “We rode the Harley down, and we’re going to ride the Harley back home.”
Ruby Carnes says the couple wouldn’t have made the nearly two-hour long ride down from their home in Enterprise, Alabama if the beaches had remained closed. “It feels so relaxing and great. The sun feels good. The breeze is wonderful. That’s why we came.”
Ahead of Memorial Day weekend, more people are traveling to Panama City Beach and other popular beach towns across the region. For local businesses, an influx of visitors could provide some relief after closed beaches drove people away. As local governments gradually reopened access to the sand, people began returning. Still, public health experts warn against vacation travel at this time.
When Walton County’s beaches were closed through April, hotel and resort bookings were down by about 90%, said Dave DeMarest, communications director for Walton County’s Tourist Development Council.
Reservations are set to rebound next month as beaches and short-term vacation rentals - resorts, townhomes and condos - reopen, he said. “We’d be back to about half of what we’d normally have in terms of visitation. That’s as it stands right now,” DeMarest said. “As states lift their stay-at-home orders and people become comfortable with travel and are able to travel, then I would expect those numbers to go up.”
Statewide travel restrictions are in place for people from New York, New Jersey, Connecticut and Louisiana. Those visitors must self-isolate for 14 days after they arrive in Florida. Many resorts won’t even book guests from these states or others deemed “high-risk,” which have more than 500 cases per 100,000 people.
“If you’re to travel right now, you don’t get a break from COVID-19,” he said. “That exists across America.”
That’s why the tourist development council is working to using TV ads, social media and its website to educate visitors on traveling safely during the pandemic.
Good hand hygiene and social distancing are important practices to continue, DeMarest said. Restaurant, retail and other hospitality employees are required to wear masks when interacting with others at work, while no rules are in place forcing the public to do the same. Social distancing guidelines, however, are being enforced in public spaces.
“Our local businesses are asked to do a lot more to keep people safe,” DeMarest said. “It might not be the same experience that you always have on your normal vacation.”
Over the last few weeks, visitors from other states have gradually been arriving in the area.
Mayor Mark Sheldon says out-of-state condo owners were the first to come back as beaches partially reopened in late April.
“There’s a lot of folks from Alabama and Georgia and Louisiana that they own vacation rental units here that they’re just staying in themselves because they can’t do things normal for themselves in their own town, so they’re in their units that they own here.”
With the beaches open, Sheldon says he expects more overnight visitors to vacation in town, staying in local hotels and resorts, which have permission to accept guests. “But there will probably be some day-trippers, too, who just want to come down and enjoy the beach.”
Michigan resident Jerry Bryant and his family arrived in Miramar Beach two days before the beaches reopened in Walton County, where he says they’ve owned a condo for 15 years. “We’ve seen the good times and the bad, with the recessions. And now this,” he said. “We’re happy that it’s reopening.”
Many local businesses along the Panhandle’s coast were built on tourism. Without it, they wouldn’t exist. During the stay-at-home order, it became evident what would happen to hotels, restaurants and shops without visitors in some popular tourist towns.
John Comer’s family owns a chain of seafood restaurants between Panama City Beach and Destin, including The Back Porch Seafood and Oyster House and Pompano Joe’s. During the stay-at-home order, his family operated only two of their six restaurants in the area.
When the beaches were closed, it was difficult for them to stay open, Comer said.
“We’ve gotten a really good look at what it looks like down here when there are no tourists, and it’s been hard to stay open even just doing to-go business,” he said. “There are so few people here.”
In small beach towns like Miramar Beach and Panama City Beach, there aren’t enough local residents to support all the restaurants, which primarily serve tourists who flock there for vacation during the spring and summer months, Comer said.
“We’re very eager to get the tourists back down here,” he said. “They support all the businesses down here, especially ours. The tourists are just critical to this area.”
William Vinson is a merchandiser at Alvin’s Island stores in Panama City Beach. “Tourism’s everything. We’ve got to have it,” he said. “Hopefully, soon the economy will pick up and everything will be wide open again.”
Vinson, who says he’s worked for Alvin’s since the 1980s, spends most of the day on the road, transporting t-shirts, umbrellas, flip-flops and beach towels from the company’s warehouse to seven stores across town. He says business was dismal when the beaches were closed.
“Everybody you saw on the road was from here. You might see one or two out-of-towners, but that was it,” he said. “Now you see Alabama, Georgia, a few Tennessee, Kentucky. It’s picked up a bunch from what it was.”
Vinson, who also oversees the store’s warehouse, says he estimates sales are down by 55% from what they normally are at this time of year. But he’s hoping that will change soon, Vinson said.
“We’ve got the merchandise, all we need’s the people with money in their pockets,” he said. “I believe it will pick up. We’ll find out Fourth of July weekend. When that hits, that’s usually a giant weekend for us, and we’ll find out then for sure.”
Vacationing during the pandemic conflicts with advice from public health experts. The U-S Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s guidelines warn against unnecessary travel at this time. The World Health Organization and Florida Department of Health also recommend the same.
“If you have locations where they’ve really just had residents, and now they’re going to have an influx in visitors, then certainly that can increase the risk,” said Cindy Prins, an epidemiologist at the University of Florida. “You have more people, more potential to spread the virus around.”
With its high-rise condos, hotels and resorts, Panama City Beach has the capacity for roughly 150,000 people, but only about 13,000 live there year-round.
For those who decide to travel, Prins stresses the importance of practicing good hand hygiene, avoiding close contact with others outside the home and wiping down high-touch surfaces in vacation rental units, including hotel rooms.
“We don’t know whether COVID -19 is going to go away for summer and come back or whether it’s going to stay with us at some level,” she said. “I think that it’s very much going to be dependent on what we do as a society to try to protect ourselves and others.”
While many believe that heat, humidity and sunlight will protect them from the virus, there isn't enough scientific evidence to confidently say for sure, Prins said.
"We have a high level of circulation and a population that really doesn’t have immunity to this virus for the most part," she said. "You’ve got to take that into consideration when you think about things like the effect of heat and humidity and sunlight."
As people venture from their homes, the Florida Department of Health is reporting new coronavirus cases and deaths in coastal counties across the region. The rate of new cases has remained at or below 6% for many of those counties.
Still, many who are traveling are less concerned about the virus.
“We always wash our hands. We have common sense,” said Karen Drone of Jamestown, Tennessee. “But Are we panicked or freaked? No.”
Drone and her husband Steve Drone say they traveled to Panama City Beach to look for a house in the area. They say this isn’t their first time visiting the popular beach town, where they’re staying at a campground near the sandy shore.
During their visit last week, the couple were among clusters of other beachgoers scattered along the shore-line. “It’s nice to see people out living again,” Drone said. “It feels good.”
While nobody on the beach were wearing masks, people were practicing social distancing. | https://news.wfsu.org/wfsu-local-news/2020-05-23/tourism-picks-back-up-in-panhandle-as-covid-19-restrictions-lift |
OSHA announced the final rule concerning worker protection from occupational exposures to respirable crystalline silica in March of 2016. Enforcement of the standard began in September of 2017.
That rule provides two options for compliance: Employers can either assess exposure and implement controls on a task-by-task basis to ensure exposure falls below the permissible exposure limit (PEL) or use the engineering and work practice controls listed in Table 1 of the standard.
On August 15, 2019, OSHA released a request for information (RFI) to help the agency assess the effectiveness of the existing standards and seek comments on how it might be improved.
Here are the specific areas of concern from that RFI:
- OSHA requested information on the effectiveness of engineering and work practice control methods not currently included for the tasks and equipment listed on Table 1
- OSHA asked for information on tasks and equipment involving exposure to respirable crystalline silica that are not currently listed on Table 1, along with information on the effectiveness of engineering and work practice control methods in limiting worker exposure to respirable crystalline silica when performing those tasks.
- OSHA sought information and comment on whether there are additional circumstances where it would be appropriate to permit employers covered by the Respirable Crystalline Silica standards for general industry and maritime to comply with the silica standard for construction
October 15, 2019, was the deadline given to those concerned to respond to OSHA’s request. There has been no word yet on whether the opinions submitted will result in further changes to the standard, yet there are ambiguities in Table 1 that construction firms can move to correct now.
Silica in Construction Observations by FACS Industrial Hygienists
Here are our notes on what we’ve seen and learned about the OSHA silica standard over the past three years:
- Table 1 is not a one-size-fits-all program. It was a limited list to begin with that only covered 18 work practices.
- Contractors regularly face complex construction challenges that require creative solutions resulting in the use of methods that are not in Table 1. Even when many tasks for a project are on Table 1, there are usually a few that aren’t there or controls that are noted, but not achievable (e.g., use of wet methods for handheld power saws on the 24th floor of a building under construction).
- When a task is not covered in Table 1, or an employer can not meet the specific requirements under Table 1 for the listed task, OSHA requires that either an exposure assessment be performed or the employer provide objective data sufficient to accurately characterize employee exposures.
- If the result of the exposure assessment is exposure above the action level, the work task is considered regulated under the standard and further action (written exposure control plan, worker training, possibly respiratory protection, possibly medical evaluation) is required.
- Regardless of the results of exposure monitoring, engineering controls are always recommended to further reduce exposures.
- When an employer develops sufficient exposure assessment to determine that no exposures above the action level are likely for the task assessed, a negative exposure determination may be made. In those cases, no further exposure assessment is required. However, should the engineering controls, work practices, or task conditions change such that increased exposure is possible, further exposure assessment is required.
Exposure assessment data can be carried from one job site to another, assuming like tasks, conditions, and work practices. Your company, though, must collect and document exposure assessment data to support your selection of compliance methods for each task.
Companies may also collaborate to develop exposure assessment data that covers similar tasks across multiple organizations and use that objective data criteria as outlined in the standard.
By collecting exposure assessment and objective data, your company can develop an internal addition to Table 1: a list of tasks that are determined to not expose workers to regulated levels of respirable crystalline silica when the documented controls and work practices are followed.
An effective silica management program requires an ongoing commitment to a process that includes internal collaboration between your health and safety management team and field supervisors. Focus points include preparing for upcoming silica work, interpretation of existing exposure assessment data and how it might apply to new projects, regular auditing of written compliance plans, and continued training and education to take advantage of new technologies on the market.
FACS is continually engaged with multiple partners to perform silica work in the field, stay informed on new technologies, and test tools designed to monitor and control silica exposures. FACS teams are at work daily collecting and tracking exposure assessment data and helping construction teams solve on-the-job problems. Each situation provides experience that leads to further understanding about what to do, how to do it, and when to do it. Protecting workers against exposures to respirable crystalline silica is a critical job. There is little tolerance for error.
If you’re struggling to stay on top of rules and methods concerning worker protection from occupational exposures to respirable crystalline silica, you can get information by phone at (888) 711-9998 or by using the FACS contact form. | https://forensicanalytical.com/silica-in-construction-3-years-later-what-weve-learned-2/ |
Q:
Create simple C function for PostgreSQL with array input and array output
Can anyone share an example how I can create C function for PostgreSQL which takes array of two integers as input and returns array as output?
For simple integer I have:
#include "postgres.h"
#include <fmgr.h>
#ifdef PG_MODULE_MAGIC
PG_MODULE_MAGIC;
#endif
int
add_one(int arg) {
arg++;
return arg;
}
And after compilation in PostgreSQL:
load '/usr/lib/postgresql/9.1/lib/add_one';
create or replace function add_one(integer)
returns integer as
'/usr/lib/postgresql/9.1/lib/add_one', 'add_one'
language c;
select add_one(1);
I need something like:
arg[1]++;
arg[2] = arg[2] + 2
return arg[];
}
And in PostgreSQL:
select add_one(ARRAY[1::int,1::int]);
I have tried to modify some function from numeric.c, but without any success so far.
A:
Your code won't even remotely begin to work as written. PostgreSQL doesn't pass Pg-level arrays as int[], it passes them via the function context in PG_FUNCTION_ARGS (fcinfo) and they're accessed via PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P macros.
For basic extension function guidance see the docs on C language functions.
Take a look at the definition of array_cat in src/backend/utils/adt/array_userfuncs.c, or array_remove in src/backend/utils/adt/arrayfuncs.c. Or numerous other options.
Your skeleton will look something like:
PG_FUNCTION_INFO_V1(add_arrays);
Datum
add_arrays(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
{
ArrayType *array1, *array2, *resultarray;
array1 = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(0);
array2 = PG_GETARG_ARRAYTYPE_P(1);
/* Loop over the array bodies and do your mapping to generate resultarray here */
PG_RETURN_ARRAYTYPE_P(resultarray);
}
The PostgreSQL C array API is awful so I won't have time to fill out the function body. The point is that your function signature is dead wrong - you've totally misunderstood how it works, and what you wrote can't possibly even get executed.
It'd then be declared as:
create or replace function add_arrays(integer[], integer[])
returns integer[] as
'add_arrays', 'add_arrays'
language c immutable strict;
The strict is important; the function skeleton I provided doesn't check for null inputs, so you need to tell the executor not to invoke it with them.
It'd be nice if array_map from src/backend/utils/adt/arrayfuncs.c had a map2 or zip variant that did lockstep iteration of two arrays. Unfortunately it doesn't, so you'll need to iterate over them yourself.
After re-reading your question I'm now wondering if you mean a single array of int[] with two elements and you want the integer result that is the sum of the array. If so, take a look at how the intarray module works; it has simplified functions for handling simple integer arrays.
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The United States and China are the world’s two largest economies. They are also the two largest producers and consumers of coal, and the largest emitters of carbon dioxide. In recent years, however, their paths on coal have started to diverge.
Over the last few years, coal consumption has dropped dramatically in the United States, mainly due to low natural gas prices. In response to weak domestic demand, the US coal industry has been rushing to find its way out to the international market. Last year, US coal exports hit a historical high of 114 million metric tons.
However, it is worth noting that the shift away from coal in the US may not be permanent. As my colleague, Kristin Meek, pointed out in an earlier blog post, coal use in the US power sector was on the rise again towards the end of 2012, likely driven by the new uptick in natural gas prices.
On the other side of the globe, China’s appetite for coal continues to grow. In response, Chinese power companies are looking to tap the international coal market for sources that are more reliable and cost competitive. Among those markets is the United States. In 2012, China imported 290 million metric tons of coal. China was the third largest destination for US coal exports, behind the Netherlands and the U.K.
Last month, I participated in an event, US-China Coal Value Chain Exchange Conference, hosted by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, where I was a panelist on a session on “The Management of Coal in the United States.” I was joined by Carlos Alvarez from the International Energy Agency and Scott Smouse from the US Department of Energy and the National Energy Technology Laboratory, who talked about the importance of the Chinese coal market for the future of the US coal industry.
What are the prospects for US coal exports to China?
While many in the US coal industry see great potential in the China export market, the long-term prospects may not be as promising as many in the industry hope.
The economic risks in the coal power industry in China should not be overlooked. The continuing poor performance of China’s coal-fired plants has caused a significant decrease in coal-related investments over the last few years. Additionally, increasing public concerns over the local environmental problems, especially around local air pollution, have moved environmental measures near the top of the agenda of the country’s new leadership. Finally, other coal-exporting countries such as Australia and Indonesia are located closer to the Pacific market, and stiff competition could make US exporters less successful in that market.
Furthermore, there are signs that China’s demand for coal may peak before the end of this decade, followed by a deep and long-lasting decline. As Smouse pointed out at the recent event, the potential for increasing US coal exports to China will also be greatly influenced by the construction of major coal export terminals. The risk is that by the time these new export facilities in the United States are ready, the boom of China’s coal imports may have passed.
Despite the fact that the United States and China are diverging in their roles, they still have much in common, including their reliance on fossil fuels. If we are serious about a shifting toward a more sustainable future, the United States and China should look beyond short-term economic opportunities. There are clearly many opportunities for collaboration and economic growth that go beyond the coal market and could lead to a cleaner and more secure future.
This article was provided by the World Resources Institute and originally appeared here. | https://www.eco-business.com/opinion/exploring-prospects-us-coal-exports-china/ |
An image processing with particle swarm optimization (PSO) method is introduced and results show that successful rate of the method to detect coconuts at the tree with cluttered background is 80% and then pluck them using the robot arm.
Number 10
- Computer Science
- 2017
Qualitative/quantitative measurement of software using cluster analysis is discussed, including all the three associated in the list of seven factors with software reliability performance.
References
SHOWING 1-10 OF 33 REFERENCES
A Robust Face Recognition System via Accurate Face Alignment and Sparse Representation
- Computer Science
- 2011
A robust real-time facial recognition system featuring a new cascade framework including two different methods for eye detection and face alignment, and a new approach for face detection termed Boosted Greedy Sparse Linear Discriminant Analysis (BGSLDA).
Face Recognition Based on Multi-classifierWeighted Optimization and Sparse Representation
- Computer Science
- 2013
The experiments show that the WMSRC algorithm outperforms many existing block-based sparse representation classification algorithms, especially for FR when the available training samples per subject are very limited.
On robust face recognition via sparse coding: the good, the bad and the ugly
- Computer ScienceIET Biom.
- 2014
Thorough experiments show that the proposed local SR approach obtains considerably better and more robust performance than several previous state-of-the-art holistic SR methods, in both verification and closed-set identification problems.
Object Detection using Circular Hough Transform
- Computer Science, Engineering
- 2005
The proposed system first uses the separability filter proposed by Fukui and Yamaguchi to obtain the best object candidates and next, the system uses the Circular Hough Transform (CHT) to detect the presence of circular shape.
Sparse Representation Approach for Variation-Robust Face Recognition Using Discrete Wavelet Transform
- Computer Science
- 2012
This paper is using sparse representation app roach based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) to achieve more robustness to variation in light ing, directions and expressions, because sparse representation does not exterminate obstacles posed by several practical issues.
Sparse representation or collaborative representation: Which helps face recognition?
- Computer Science2011 International Conference on Computer Vision
- 2011
This paper indicates that it is the CR but not the l1-norm sparsity that makes SRC powerful for face classification, and proposes a very simple yet much more efficient face classification scheme, namely CR based classification with regularized least square (CRC_RLS).
Extended SRC: Undersampled Face Recognition via Intraclass Variant Dictionary
- Computer ScienceIEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- 2012
Experimental results on the AR and FERET databases show that ESRC has better generalization ability than SRC for undersampled face recognition under variable expressions, illuminations, disguises, and ages.
Subject Adaptive Affection Recognition via Sparse Reconstruction
- Computer Science2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops
- 2014
Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed affection recognition framework can increase the discriminative power especially for facial expressions, and joint recognition strategy is demonstrated that it can utilize complementary information in both models so that to reach better recognition rate.
Robust face recognition using locally adaptive sparse representation
- Computer Science2010 IEEE International Conference on Image Processing
- 2010
A block-based face-recognition algorithm based on a sparse linear-regression subspace model via locally adaptive dictionary constructed from past observable data (training samples) that provides an immediate benefit — the increase in robustness level to various registration errors.
Robust Face Recognition via Sparse Representation
- Computer ScienceIEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
- 2009
This work considers the problem of automatically recognizing human faces from frontal views with varying expression and illumination, as well as occlusion and disguise, and proposes a general classification algorithm for (image-based) object recognition based on a sparse representation computed by C1-minimization. | https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Identification-of-Precise-Object-among-Various-Jose-Manimegalai/282a0c7920020a5042efc8cebe75c715e8d4d6ea?p2df |
The significance of protein and peptide use as therapeutic agents in parallel with conventional drugs has long been established with the use of insulin, growth hormones and antibiotics for treatment of diseases. Proteins and peptides offer high specificity, precise function and low immune response from the body. These therapeutic molecules are administered via intravenous and subcutaneous injection, oral administration and nasal inhalation. However, their macromolecular size and high susceptibility to degradation in the body when administered hamper their effective delivery and action. Nanoencapsulation of proteins and peptides is an attractive strategy to improve the stability of proteins and peptides and maintain activity at the target site. Encapsulation into nanoparticles ensures that the proteins and peptides are more stable, bioavailable and more effective due to sustained release and targeted delivery; the smaller size equals larger surface area to volume ratio allows for better absorption in the intestinal lumen. However, challenges are still present in formulating nanoparticles with desired physicochemical properties for their effective action and sustained release. The need for case- by case formulation of protein/ peptide, limitations in the available methods for fabrication, characterization and analysis of the nanoparticles, as well as difficulty in translating lab- scale research into commercial stage are the current problems that need to be addressed. Furthermore, it is important to assess that nanoparticle formulations are commercially sustainable next to free form drugs. Many gaps need to be filled in understanding the nature of proteins and peptides, their fabrication into nanoparticles, and successful translation into clinical products. Continued focus into research in these areas is the way forward for the future of protein and peptide delivery. | http://irep.iium.edu.my/59139/ |
“Time, the fourth dimension of Space-time Continuum, is the single determining factor for the existence of our Universe. It all began with Time.”
I tend to think, the most powerful force of nature, ‘Time’ could be the only fitting description capable of defining the Creator or the force behind Creation.
Could Time be the Supernatural power that most of us call God?
Without the Time factor none of the three dimensions of life can exist or be defined.
Paradox 1
We are totally unaware of the fact that Time influences our thoughts, feelings and actions.
Paradox 2
Individual perseption of Time is associated with numerous outcomes or benefits. But holistically the cost is same.
Paradox 3
Even though the individual attitudes towards Time is through personal experiences, the collective attitude influences the world destiny.
(Reference: The Time Paradox)
The essence of our actions are influenced by the limited nature of Time that we perceive individually. But understanding that Time is limitless can essentially mean our individual actions have outcomes that affect the Universe as a whole. This is called the butterfly effect.
Death is only an end of our actions. But the outcomes of our actions prevail in the fabric of Time causing larger effect. – The Paradox! | https://sajiths.blog/2017/06/11/beginning-of-time-a-series-of-paradoxes/ |
A rare type of supernova has defied all expected odds and managed to extinguish a star at an incredible speed, more than the usual 10 percent the speed of light that occurs most often. This recent event was one that has since been documented by scientists as record-breaking, as this breakthrough was not one any researcher ever saw coming.
According to Gizmodo, the supernova in question was extinguished in merely a few days, far quicker from the more recent records when it comes to this particular type of scientific discovery. These FELTs, otherwise known as fast-evolving luminous transients, normally develop quite fast as they are very intelligent, but they also disappear quickly. Researchers only became aware of this particular type of supernova a few years ago, and the study thereon has been quite illuminating for the scientific community on the whole.
The fact that this specific brand of supernovae manages to spend so little time in outer space sets it apart from most others, such as Type Ia supernovae, which can be measured in weeks or even months rather than days. Only a handful of FELTs has ever been documented, due to their extreme rarity.
The part of this recent discovery that has perplexed scientists, however, is not due to the fact that it is so short-lived but more how bright this supernova is overall. This particular type of supernovae is described as being the glowing remnant of a gamma-ray burst, this being a massive explosion that is the result of a collapsing star which, in turn, gives birth to a black hole. This can also be a supernova, which is fueled by a magnetar, otherwise known as a neutron star, which has a powerful magnetic field around it. | https://www.inquisitr.com/4843412/rare-supernova-extinguishes-star-at-unexpected-record-speed/ |
The expansion works of the spaces of the Marina di Carrara shipyard continue.
The Italian Sea Group, a global operator in the luxury yachting sector, continues with the expansion works of the shipyard and inaugurates the first warehouse of the general expansion plan TISG 4.0, which will be able to accommodate the construction of ships up to 80 meters.
The shed, which is spread over a single span, has a length of 126 meters, a width of 26 meters. It’s equipped with two overhead cranes with a total capacity of 60 tons and a cutting-edge smoke and dust extraction systems. The shed will also be completed by a photovoltaic system on the roof with a power of 100 kW, an electrical transformer substation and a block of lateral workshops to support the activities.
Up to two 75-meter ships can be set up in the shed at the same time. The ships can be launched thanks to the sinkable dock and will be able to exit the structure through the giant doors of the shed on the square in front of about 6000 square meters.
Lastly, the expansion and modernization works of the yard envisage the coverage of the existing basin by means of a fixed structure, which will allow the new warehouse to accommodate the construction of ships up to 130 meters in length, and the construction, already underway, of new construction dock 145 meters long and 50 meters wide, equipped with a new “door boat” that will allow the refit of about 8 yachts at the same time. | https://www.nautechnews.it/2021/03/23/the-italian-sea-group-new-warehouse/ |
"How do we fit underground coal mining work boots?" by Jessica Dobson, Diane L. Riddiford-Harland et al.
Dobson, J. A., Riddiford-Harland, D., Bell, A. F. & Steele, J. R. (2017). How do we fit underground coal mining work boots?. Footwear Science, 9 S77-S79.
Well-fitted footwear provides an appropriate level of protection, support and comfort during walking (de Castro et al., 2010), and reduces the potential for foot problems and foot pain (Manna et al., 2001). To fit properly, the internal footwear shape should match the shape of a wearer's foot. In underground coal miners, however, there are mismatches between the shape of their feet and the internal work boot dimensions. The impact these boot-foot mismatches have on work footwear satisfaction remains unclear (Dobson et al., 2017). Uncomfortable footwear does not have poor fit ratings at every point on a shoe. This indicates that work boot fit might be more important at some areas of the foot rather than others (Au & Goonetilleke, 2007), although this notion remains unexplored. | https://ro.uow.edu.au/smhpapers/4651/ |
The question of how precisely protons move through water in an electric field has fascinated scientists for centuries. Now, more than 200 years after the last major insight into the phenomenon, scientists have some clarity.
In 1806, Theodor Grotthuss put forward a hypothesis, which came to be known as the Grotthuss mechanism for ‘proton jumping’, about how a charge might flow through a solution of water.
While Grotthuss’s hypothesis was very forward-thinking for its time – coming before protons, or even the actual structure of water, were even known about – modern-day researchers have long known that it didn’t provide a complete understanding of what happened at a molecular level.
The latest findings on the topic may have figured out the mystery by resolving the electronic structures of hydrated protons that have for so long remained elusive.
The findings suggest that protons move through water in ‘trains’ of three water molecules, with ‘tracks’ built in front of the train as it goes and pulled up once it’s passed.
This loop can carry on indefinitely to transport protons through water. While the idea has been suggested before, the new study assigns a different molecular structure that fits better into the solution proposed by Grotthuss, according to the study authors.
“The debates on the Grotthuss mechanism and the nature of proton solvation in water have grown heated, as this is one of the most basic challenges in chemistry,” says chemist Ehud Pines from the Ben-Gurion University of the Negev in Israel.
The new study is compelling because it combines a theoretical approach with physical experimentation made possible by recent technological advances. The researchers used an X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) experiment to monitor how proton charges affected electrons in the single oxygen atoms of water.
As predicted, the impact was greatest on three water molecules, though to different extents on each individual molecule within the trimeric cluster. Researchers found the groups of three molecules forming chains with the proton.
The researchers also incorporated chemical simulations and calculations at the quantum level to determine the interactions between protons and neighboring water molecules as protons move through liquid.
“Understanding this mechanism is pure science, pushing the boundaries of our knowledge and changing one of our fundamental understandings of one of nature’s most important mass and charge transport mechanisms,” says Pines.
The discovery plays into many other chemical processes, including photosynthesis, cell respiration, and energy transport in hydrogen fuel cells.
It’s not just the solution that’s notable but also how the researchers were able to get to it – testing and validating theoretical predictions against experimental results, and vice versa, in a long, winding process that has taken almost two decades from beginning to end.
“Everyone thought about this problem for over 200 years, so that was a sufficient challenge to me to decide to take it up,” says Pines. “Seventeen years later, I am gratified to most likely have found and demonstrated the solution.”
The research has been published in Angewandte Chemie International Edition. | https://oniscience.com/physics/after-200-years-a-key-physical-chemistry-mystery-may-have-been-solved/ |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Not applicable.
1. The Field of the Invention
Embodiments of the invention relate to vials for test strips. More particularly, embodiments of the invention relate to storing and dispensing test strips from a vial that may be used to test analytes in bodily fluids including blood glucose levels.
2. The Relevant Technology
Diabetes is a disease that has become more manageable in recent years. Today, people with diabetes are often able to control their diabetes through exercise and proper diet. In addition to exercise and diet, another important aspect of diabetes management includes glucose monitoring. In fact, glucose monitoring is often an essential part of proper diabetes control or even diabetes prevention.
Generally, a diabetic person measures blood glucose levels several times a day. Careful monitoring of blood glucose levels can help prevent or delay the onset of debilitating complications such as cardiovascular disease, blindness, kidney disease, and nerve damage.
The process of monitoring blood glucose levels includes several steps using appropriate equipment that includes a test strip and a blood glucose monitor. In general, a small sample of blood is transferred to an appropriate location of the test strip. The monitor then measures the blood glucose level in the blood sample and displayed to the user.
While this process seems rather simple, there are certain steps that can prove difficult, particularly for people that are suffering from some of the effects of diabetes such as nerve issues and poor eyesight. For example, before transferring a small sample of blood to a test strip, a user is required to obtain a test strip. Test strips are often stored in a vial and a user opens the vial of test strips to extract a test strip.
However, this process can be difficult for various reasons. The size of test strips themselves, which are often stored loosely in the vial, can make them difficult to grasp. The size of the vial also contributes to the difficulty of extracting a single strip. In fact, some users have to take several test strips out of the vial before they can pick up a single test strip. As indicated previously, these problems can often be complicated by the fact that many people with diabetes often have problems (e.g., poor eyesight, nerve problems) or difficulty in handling the test strips.
When extracting a test strip from conventional vials, the test strips inside the vial are often subject to repeated touching, which may adversely affect the functionality of the test strips. Also, because such a user typically cannot extract a single strip without taking out several test strips, the user may inadvertently drop some of the test strips onto the floor, which can lead to damaged, contaminated, or unusable test strips. In addition, test strips can be contaminated from the user's fingers as well. In each case, the cost of the test strips is effectively increased for that user. In addition, the use of a contaminated test strip may lead to incorrect results and adversely affect the health of the user.
These and other limitations are overcome by embodiments of the invention, which relate to systems and methods for dispensing test strips, including test strips used to test or monitor analytes. Embodiments of the invention may include a dispensing member that is generally arranged over the test strips that may be stored in container or other storage compartment. The dispensing member can be permanently or semi-permanently connected with the container or other storage compartment to form a vial. Test strips can then be dispensed from the vial through the dispensing member. By way of example only, the dispensing member can be included in various embodiments, including vials, caps, inserts, and the like.
In one embodiment, a cap for dispensing test strips includes a body configured to detachably connect with a container. The body of the cap may include a dispensing member such as a slot through which test strips are dispensed. The cap may also include a guiding member having a shape to direct test strips to the slot, where they are dispensed at least one at a time.
In another embodiment, a cap for dispensing test strips includes a body configured to connect with a container such that the test strips inside of the container are enclosed inside. The body of the cap may include a dispensing member such as a diaphragm located in a recessed portion of the body. The diaphragm can have at least one slit formed from at least one cross cut. The body may also include a guiding member that guides or directs at least one of the test strips to the slit for dispensing the test strips through the slit formed in the diaphragm. As the slit in the diaphragm expands or separates to dispense the test strips, the diaphragm exerts an inward force to hold the test strips in a dispensing position. By holding the test strips in place, a user can easily grab a single test strip.
In another embodiment, the dispensing member of the cap may include both a slot and a diaphragm with cross cuts. The slot may control how many test strips are dispensed and the diaphragm may hold the test strips in place for the user. This may prevent the dispensed test strip from falling out. In this example, the slot may be sized to accommodate more than one test strip at a time. As a result, more than one test strip may be held in a dispensing position by the diaphragm.
The cap may also include a cover that can close and open to permit access to the dispensing member. The cover can therefore seal or close the dispensing member. Also, the cover may be connected to the body of the cap or may be separate from the cap.
These and other advantages and features of the present invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by the practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.
Embodiments of the invention relate to systems and methods for dispensing test strips, including test strips used in testing analytes. More specifically, embodiments of the invention relate to a cap that dispenses test strips in a controlled manner, for example, dispensing the test strips one test strip at a time. An illustrative vial may include a container and a dispensing member that is configured to facilitate dispensing of test strips. This illustrative vial includes a container that is configured to store a number of test strips, which may be loosely stored inside the container. The dispensing member, by way of example and not limitation, can be integrated with the container or vial, included in a cap for the container, as included in a replaceable insert and the like.
In addition, the container, dispensing member, cap, or insert can be of any shape and size, transparent, opaque, translucent, or colored. In additional embodiments, the container can also be adapted to be attached to a meter or can be integrated with a meter.
In one configuration, the cap includes a slot that is shaped and sized to cooperate with a guiding member to dispense test strips from within the container. As discussed in more detail below, the configuration of the slot can depend on at least the characteristics of the cap. As a result, the configuration of the cap can vary. For example, the cap can be configured to dispense test strips one at a time, or in a manner that allows a single test strip to be handled even though more than one test strip may pass through the slot or partially pass through the slot.
The cap dispenses test strips using, by way of example only, a guiding member and a slot. The cap dispenses test strips in a controlled manner. When the cap is associated with the container, a portion of the cap can be disposed inside of the container when the vial is assembled. This portion of the cap may include a guiding member that, when the cap is connected to the container, guides the test strips to the slot. In one embodiment, the cap and the container are a unitary integrated structure, which may be form molded.
When a user needs a strip, the user can open the vial's cover to expose the slot. In one example, the user can turn the vial over and gently shake the vial. During this process, the guiding member cooperates with the slot to dispense at least one test strip. This allows the user to easily handle a particular test strip. When the vial is turned over again, the cover can be replaced, thereby storing the remaining test strips within the vial's container. Alternatively, the cap and the guiding member can cooperate in a twisting manner to open or close the vial and/or the slot. Thus, the body of the cap and the guiding member may be rotationally coupled or coupled such that the body of the cap can move relative to the guiding member. In a first position, the cap and guide member may block the slot. Rotating or moving the cap and/or the guiding member to a second position opens the slot to permit test strips to be dispensed.
In another configuration, the cap can be configured as an insert that can be repeatedly used with different containers. This insert can be removed from one container and inserted into another container. The insert in this configuration can include a dispensing member (e.g., a slot, a diaphragm, a guiding member or any combination thereof) that is formed to control how test strips are dispensed and may also be formed to fit at least partially within the container. Further, the insert may not interfere with an existing cover or lid that seals or closes the vial. This allows the insert to be used with multiple containers without affecting the opening and closing of the covers of those vials. The insert may also be configured to open and close the vial without a cover.
FIG. 1
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illustrates one embodiment of vial that can store and controllably deliver test strips . The vial can include a container that receives a cap . The container may hold or store any desired number of test strips . The cap is configured for dispensing the test strips in a controlled manner, for example, one at a time. The test strips located inside the container can be loosely packed and are not usually constrained inside the container . As a result, the cap can dispense the test strips in a controlled manner without having to control how the test strips are arranged inside of the container .
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FIG. 2A
FIGS. 2A-2C
FIG. 2
The container , as illustrated in ( may be referred to collectively as ), in this example, has a generally cylindrical configuration with a base and a wall extending from the base . The wall terminates at a top edge or rim spaced apart from the base . As such, the container has a circular cross-section. It will be understood, however, that the container may have any cross-sectional configuration, including, but not limited to, rectangular, square, polygonal, oval, curved, combinations thereof, or any other configuration that would allow storage of test strips and may cooperate with a cap that controls the dispensing of the test strips as contemplated by the invention described herein. Further, the container is an example of a storage reservoir, storage compartment, or vessel that can hold or store items including test strips. The vial may also include a moisture control element so that the test strips remain at a certain humidity.
FIG. 2A
FIG. 2A
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As illustrated in , the top end may be configured to detachably connect with the cap . , for example, illustrates that the top edge may fit within a corresponding groove formed in the cap so that the cap may frictionally engage with the top edge . The cap may then be removed from the container by including, but not limited to, prying, twisting, popping, levering, screwing, turning, rotating or otherwise overcoming the engagement between the cap and the container . The cap can be removed and replaced on the container repeatedly or used with other containers. In other configurations, the cap and the container can be frictionally or mechanically connected together through complementary structures. In another configuration, a portion of the cap and the container can have complementary threaded portions that engage through rotational motion to releasably connect the cap and the container . In still another configuration, the cap and/or the container can be releasably connected through detents and cooperative receiving apertures or structures.
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In an alternative embodiment, the cap may be permanently affixed to the container or may be formed as a unitary structure. The container and the cap may be blow molded, for example, leaving the base open. After filling the container with test strips through the open base, the open base of the container can then be closed with a base cap . The base cap can be permanently or semi-permanently connected to the walls of the container . The base cap can be attached, by way of example only and not limitation, thermal bonding, laser bonding, adhesives, or chemical bonding and the like. The test strips can then be dispensed through the slot .
FIG. 2A
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With continued reference to , the cap has a stepped upper surface having a raised peripheral portion and an indentation or recessed portion . A slot extends from the stepped upper surface through the body of the cap to the lower surface . This lower surface includes a guiding member that directs the strips in a controlled manner to the slot , as will be discussed in more detail hereinafter. Disposed about and spaced apart from a portion of the guiding member is a lip . Disposed between the guiding member and the lip is the groove configured to receive the top edge of the container and selectively retain the cap to the container . As illustrated, the guiding member partially forms the groove , however, in other configurations, this need not be the case and the groove may be spaced apart from the guiding member .
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As mentioned above, the body of the cap may include the slot disposed in the recessed portion of the cap . The slot may be shaped to dispense the test strips in a controlled manner. The slot can be shaped to permit the passage of a single test strip at a time or to permit more than one test strip to be dispensed at a time. The cap controls how the test strips are dispensed and a user can obtain a test strip without removing the cap and without having to handle or touch other test strips within the container . Further, a user can invert the vial without having the test strips fall out of the vial in a group.
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FIG. 2B
The cap may also further include a lid or cover , illustrated by dotted lines, which is configured to seal or close the cap to keep the test strips inside the container until needed. The cover can be part of or separate from the cap . As illustrated, the cover includes a body portion having tether member extending from the body portion to the main body of the cap which connects the cover to the remainder of the cap . Extending from the body portion is a protrusion that cooperates with the recess to close and/or seal the cap . The protrusion may friction fit with the recess so that the slot is kept closed until expressly opened. A tab or extension on the cover can facilitate removing the cover in order to access the slot and dispense one of the test strips . Alternatively, the cover may fit over the cap , as illustrated by cover in dotted line in . The cover can be twisted, popped, turned, rotated, pried, leveraged, or otherwise removed from the container or the guide member or other lid/cover. The container described herein can refer to the vial, housing, an integrated device, storage compartment, and the like.
FIG. 2A
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With continued reference to , the illustrative cap includes a guiding member . The guiding member , when the cap is secured to the container , may be disposed inside the container . The guiding member guides one or more of the test strips to the slot , where the test strips are dispensed through the slot in a controlled manner. The guiding member can control the number of test strips that approach the slot when being dispensed.
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FIG. 2C
As illustrated, the guiding member can have a guiding surface to direct the test strips to the slot . In this embodiment, the guiding surface of the guiding member slopes from the base of the cap to the slot . In other words, the guiding surface slopes from an interior surface of the container to the edges or lower portion of the slot at a junction . The guiding surface can be smooth to allow the test strips to slide easily towards the slot . In one example, the guiding surface forms a funnel-like structure having a cross sectional area that decreases towards the slot and so guides the test strips to the slot in a controlled manner. The guiding funnel formed by the guiding member terminates at edges or sides of the slot . Stated another way, the guide surface or the funnel-like structure may have a frustoconical configuration, which terminates at the edges or sides of the slot , with the sides of the funnel-like structure being convex (), planar (), combinations thereof, or other configurations to aid guide the test strips to the slot. In this manner, the guiding surface may gradually constrict or reduce the area that the test strips may occupy thereby reducing the number of test strips that can be dispensed through the slot of the cap . This limits the number of test strips that are able to reach the slot . In one example, the guiding surface of the guiding member reduces the area such that only a single test strip may pass through the slot at a time. In an alternative embodiment, the slot is sized such that a few, such as between 1 and 3, test strips can pass through the slot at the same time. In an alternative embodiment, more than one test strip may pass through the slot at a time.
FIG. 3
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illustrates a top view of one embodiment of the cap . The cap can be formed as an integral member and may be molded, for example from any suitable material including a polymer or plastic. The plastic used in the cap may be different from the material use to form the container . Other materials used in either the cap and/or the container can include, but are not limited to, polymers and other plastics, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, metals, alloys, and the like or any combination thereof. In some instances, the material of the container and/or the cap may be coated to provide strength and durability to the vial or to provide other characteristics to the surface, such as smoothness or slickness. Surfaces of the cap and/or the container may be coated, by way of example only and not limitation, with Teflon or other material that may provide a smooth or slick surface that may assist in dispensing test strips. For example, coating the guiding surface can provide a surface that allows the test strips to be guided more easily to the slot and slide on the surface .
FIG. 3
FIGS. 2B and 2C
FIG. 2B
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illustrates an example of the slot formed in a center portion of the cap . The slot could alternatively be placed at other locations on the cap , including off-center. In this example, the slot has an oval shape that is sized to accommodate at least one test strip. Dimension Dof the slot can be less than the sum of dimension Sof two test strips and dimension Dof the slot is less that the sum of dimension Sof two test strips. This allows a single test strip to pass through at a time. In one example, the dimensions Dand Dare larger than the corresponding dimension Sand Sof a test strip such that a test strip can pass through the slot freely, while two test strips cannot pass through at the same time. Optionally, and as illustrated in , the edges of the slot on the stepped upper surface , illustrated in , and/or the edges of the slot on the lower surface may be rounded to assist in dispensing a test strip. As such, the dimension Dof the slot can be about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm. The dimension Dof the slot can range between about 2.0 mm to about 15.0 mm. These dimensions Dand Dof the slot are provided by way of example and not limitation. The dimensions Dand Dcan be smaller or larger. In one example, the slot is sized and configured for a desired test strip. In one embodiment, the slot may have a thickness that is less than a thickness of two test strips and a width that is less than a width of two test strips.
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The slot is an example of a dispensing member and can be placed in any portion of the cap . The slot may be placed, for example, on a side of the cap . In this case, the vial or wall of the container can form at least a portion of the slot.
FIG. 4
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illustrates another embodiment of the cap, identified by reference numeral . In this embodiment, the guiding surface slopes to the lower surface of the cap . A transition portion is present on the lower surface between the edge to the slot and the guiding surface in this example. The width of the transition portion can vary in different embodiments. Further, the junction between the guiding surface and the transition portion can form a corner between the guiding surface and the transition portion or a smooth transition from the guiding surface to the transition portion . In addition, the slope of the guiding surface can vary. In addition, at least some of the components of the vial (e.g., the container, the cap, the slot, the guiding member, or any portion thereof) can be transparent, translucent, colored, and the like. This may enable a user to view the test strips inside the vial and help the user dispense test strips therefrom.
FIG. 5
FIG. 1
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illustrates an embodiment of how a test strip may be dispensed from the vial of . In this example, the vial is inverted and may be shaken by a user. The funnel-like structure or the guiding member guides the test strips towards the slot . As previously indicated, the funnel-like shape defined by the guiding member effectively reduces the area available for the test strips , which allows some of the test strips to move towards the slot . Because the slot can be sized to permit a single test strip to exit the cap of the vial , a single test strip may be dispensed. In this example, the test strip extends out of the slot and may be easily handled by a user. A user, for example, can shake a single test strip into his or her hand. Advantageously, the user is not required to remove the cap and attempt to extract a single strip from among many strips. Further, the test strip that is dispensed can be grasped without interference from other test strips stored in the vial .
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FIG. 5
The slot illustrated in can be relatively firm and fixed. More specifically, the slot does not change shape or deform when dispensing test strips. In one embodiment, the cap may therefore be rigid when connected with the container , although it may not be inflexible. In this example, the cap can dispense the test strips in a controlled manner by configuring the shape and size of the slot and/or the slope and position of the guiding member relative to the slot .
FIG. 6
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illustrates another embodiment of a cap for a vial . In this example, the cap has a soft diaphragm formed in a recessed portion of the cap . The diaphragm has a slit that is formed by cross cuts and . The cross cuts and can be of different lengths. In another example, the slit is formed from a single cross cut. Alternatively, the slit may be formed from two, three, four, or more cross cuts.
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The diaphragm may a flexible material that permits one or more test strip to be dispensed. While the cap includes a slit that is relatively fixed, the slit of the cap has flexibility that can be controlled, in one example, by the length of the cross cuts and or by the material and its thickness used to form the diaphragm, or by a combination thereof. At the same time, the diaphragm may be rigid enough to exert a force that allows one or more test strips to be dispensed while preventing the test strips from falling out of the vial .
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In other words, the cap , and in particular the diaphragm , tends to grip the test strips as they exit the vial such that a user may grasp one of the test strips from those gripped or held in place in a dispensing position by the diaphragm of the cap . The diaphragm may returns to its original shape and form after being deformed. The diaphragm may be formed of a suitable material, such as natural or synthetic rubber, silicon, or polymer, and the like or any combination thereof.
FIG. 7
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Turning to , illustrated is an exploded version of the cap . As shown, the cap includes a first cap portion , a second cap portion , and the diaphragm . Generally, the first cap portion receives the diaphragm and the second cap portion , with the second cap portion aiding to retain the diaphragm within the first cap portion. The first cap portion has a generally annular configuration have a generally planar upper portion . An aperture extending from the upper portion to a lower stepped portion having a peripheral portion and a recessed portion . The recessed portion is configured to receive the diaphragm within.
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The recessed portion is also configured to receive at least a portion of the second cap portion . The second cap portion also includes a generally planar upper portion . An aperture extending from the upper portion to a lower guiding member , which can be similar to the other guiding members described herein including a guiding surface . The aperture can have a similar configuration to the slots of described previously, including, but not limited to, slot of .
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In another configuration, the aperture defined by the second cap portion may have a generally annular shape, as indicated by the member . The member thus defines an annular shaped opening beneath the diaphragm . The diameter of the opening defined by the annular guiding member may be greater than the length of the cross cuts in the slit . As a result, the guiding member may allow more than one test strip to reach the slit . The slit may control how the test strips are dispensed. Thus, the guiding member may provide support for the diaphragm to hold the diaphragm relative to the test strips.
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In one example, several test strip may partially pass through the slit and are then held in a dispensing position. A user may select a specific test strip from those that extend through the diaphragm and the remaining test strips are returned to the container. In this example, the aperture may provide access to the diaphragm , through which at least one test strip may be dispensed at a time. In this example, the second cap portion provides a base portion on which the diaphragm is placed. In this example, the diaphragm can be retained by adhesive bonding, thermal bonding, and the like. The base portion receives the diaphragm and forms an aperture that allows test strips to reach the slit of the diaphragm. The diaphragm can also be over molded on the second cap portion , in which case the first cap portion may not be required to form the cap .
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About a periphery of the second cap portion is a stepped sidewall that includes an upper sidewall portion and a lower sidewall portion separated by a transition or step . Upper sidewall portion is configured to couple with the stepped lower portion of first cap portion , while lower sidewall portion may be configured to frictionally engage with an interior of the container to retain the container to the cap . The top edge of the container can engage with the transition or step and/or a portion of the first cap portion upon the cap being formed from the diaphragm , the first cap portion , and the second cap portion . In this configuration, therefore, the outer diameter of upper sidewall portion is greater than that of the lower sidewall portion . In other configurations, however, this need not be the case and upper sidewall portion can have a smaller or equal diameter to that of the lower sidewall portion .
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
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illustrates an example of a vial with a cap that dispenses test strips in a controlled manner. In this example, the vial has been inverted. The vial in illustrates the strips , which may include one or more test strips , extending out of the cap . As the test strips begin to pass through the slit , the diaphragm deforms and exerts an inward force on the test strips . The diaphragm thus holds the test strips in place or in a dispensing position, allowing a user to grasp and withdraw a particular test strip. In this example, the diaphragm may be assisted by the guiding member , which guides or directs the test strips toward the slit in the diaphragm . Alternatively, the guiding member provides structure to support the diaphragm and may define an aperture to provide access to the slit . As a result, embodiments of the guiding member can direct test strips to a slit or provide access to the slit while providing structural support to retain the diaphragm in a particular position. The aperture formed by the guiding member is typically located adjacent to the inner surface of the container and provide a support ledge to the diaphragm . illustrates that the diaphragm controls how the test strips are dispensed.
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In one example, the guiding member may control the number of test strips that are allowed to pass through the slit of the cap . Alternatively, the opening defined by the structure may allow multiple test strips access to the slit . The elasticity of the slit holds the test strips that at least partially pass through the slit in a dispensing position and one of the exposed test strips may be selected.
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FIG. 2A
After a test strip is selected by the user, the vial may be inverted, causing the strips to fall back into the container . Alternatively, gently shaking the vial may return the test strips into the container from the dispensing position. As with the cap (), a cover may then be replaced to close or seal the vial .
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FIGS. 2A-4
As mentioned above, the aperture of the second cap portion can have a similar configuration to that of slot of . Alternatively, the aperture may be larger and define an annular shaped opening, although the aperture can be configured to provide structure that supports the diaphragm and partially guides strips toward the slot. When combined with the slit formed in diaphragm multiple test strips may be able pass through the aperture to the slit . In this alternate example, the guiding member , similar to the other guiding members described herein, may guide some of the test strips towards the slit or may provide structure to support the diaphragm on the cap . The diaphragm allows some of those test strips to pass through the slit . Test strips are then held by the diaphragm and a user can easily grasp a single test strip.
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In another embodiment, the aperture may be sized to permit a single test strip to pass thorough it at a time. The diaphragm then grips that single test strip such that it can be handled by a user. Thus, the slit in the diaphragm and/or the guiding member may cooperate to dispense a single test strip. In this embodiment, the diaphragm may prevent the test strip from simply falling out into a user's hand, but allows the user to grasp the test strip instead. In one embodiment, the diaphragm controls how the test strips are dispensed from the container while the guiding member can assist in dispensing the test strips or be enlarged to provide a ledge or support such that the diaphragm is retained in the cap .
FIGS. 9A and 9B
FIG. 1
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illustrate another embodiment of a vial in a closed position and in an expanded view. In this example, the vial includes a container similar to the container illustrated at least in . The container includes an additional layer disposed on an interior surface of the container . The layer may be formed of a desiccant plastic and is configured to absorb at least water to protect any test strips held, stored, or supported by the container or to control the humidity of the test strips. The layer may be located on any portion of the interior surface of the container . In this example, the layer is disposed on the base and on the walls of the container . The layer terminates inside the container to form a shoulder near a top end of the container . The shoulder may alternatively be formed of polymer or may be thicker than the layer .
FIG. 9A
FIG. 9B
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further illustrates an example of an insert that can be used with one or more containers and that is inserted into a container. The insert in this example is configured to be removable or changeable with other containers. , for example, illustrates an insert that has been removed from the container or that can be inserted into the container .
FIGS. 9A and 9B
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In this example of , the insert cooperates with the container to control how test strips are dispensed. The insert may be configured to be disposed inside the container such that the existing cover that may be attached to the container can be used to close the vial and prevent test strips from exiting the container through the slot inadvertently. Test strips can be stored in the container with or without the presence of the insert . However, the insert can control how the test strips are dispensed from the container .
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FIG. 9A
The insert can be configured to cooperate with the container in multiple configurations. In this example, the top surface of the insert is flush with the rim or top end of the container . Alternatively, the insert may be inset with respect to the rim or top end . In either example, the cover functions the same to close the container whether or not the insert is associated with the container . In the example of , the insert is inserted into the container such that the ridge of the cover engages with corresponding ridge to close or seal the slot in the insert of the vial . Using the tab , the cover can be opened to expose the slot of the insert and dispense a test strip. The guiding member and guiding surface can be similar to other embodiments disclosed herein.
FIGS. 9A and 9B
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In , the layer is configured to present a shoulder . The shoulder positions the insert within the container or controls the depth to which the insert may be inserted in the container . In this example, the insert is positioned such that the cover can seal or close the container .
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In , the insert is separate from the cover can be used with more than one container. In other words, the insert is removable such that it can be removed from the container as illustrated in and placed in another container. At the same time, the insert can be properly positioned within each separate container, for example by using the shoulder to control how far the insert is inserted inside the container . Further, the shoulder may be positioned to prevent the insert from damaging the test strips during insertion of the insert into a container.
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FIG. 11
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also illustrates a grip portion that is formed, in this example, in the guiding member . The grip portion can be grasped by a user when removing the insert from the container . Alternatively the tool , which has an extraction member on one end, may be used to remove the insert . The extraction member can be inserted into the container through the slot . The extraction member has dimensions that allow it to be inserted and removed from the slot when in a particular orientation. When the tool is turned, the extraction member cooperates with the bottom surface of the insert to pull the insert out of the container . The insert can then be pushed or inserted into another container. In this example, the grip portion may include a ledge that allows a user to use the tool as a lever to pry the insert out of the container. , by way of example, is a perspective view of the grip portion that can be used to extract the insert from the container .
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FIG. 9
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illustrates additional aspects of the insert and/or container . The insert also includes a diaphragm disposed on the upper surface of the guiding member . In this example, the container includes a shoulder that is formed as a ledge on an interior surface of the container . The shoulder may provide a stop to prevent the insert from being inserted too far inside the container or to properly position the insert inside the container or to prevent inadvertent damage to any test strips stored therein. The shoulder may also control the distance between the aperture and a cover (such as the cover ) or between the top surface of the insert and a top end of the container . When inserted in a container, the insert may be flush with the top end of the container such that the cover can be closed as illustrated in . Alternatively, the top surface insert may be below the level of the top end of the container .
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In this example the insert further includes a retention member disposed on or around at least a portion of a periphery surface of the guiding member . The retention member may be integrated with the diaphragm or be separate from the diaphragm . The retention member is typically formed of rubber, silicone, or other suitable material that can grip the inner surface of the container and prevent the insert from becoming inadvertently dislodged from its dispensing position. Gripping the inner surface of the container or creating a friction fit between the insert and the container ensures that the insert does not fall out of the container , but is held in position until specifically removed from the container .
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The retention member may have a smooth surface, a textured surface, a ridged surface, or any other configuration that allows the retention member to grip the inner surface of the container or to be held in place relative to the container . The retention member may also be serrated, have different thicknesses at different locations, and the like or any combination thereof. The retention member may be disposed on the periphery surface of the insert that is adjacent the interior surface of the container when associated with the container . Alternatively, the retention member may be disposed on a portion of the periphery surface. Thus, the retention member may be continuous on the periphery surface or in distinct non-continuous segments. In another example, the periphery of the insert may include a recessed portion configured to receive the retention member .
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In addition, the retention member may be formed of a compressible material that enables the insert to account for containers that have different dimensions. As the dimensions (e.g., diameter, circumference, perimeter) of the container may change from one container to the next, the retention member may allow the insert to be used with multiple containers.
FIG. 12
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illustrates additional aspects of the insert , which includes grip portions . In this example, the guiding member includes a ledge that provides support for the diaphragm . The diaphragm may be connected to the ledge via adhesive bonding, thermal bonding, and the like. The aperture formed by the guiding member provides access to the cross cuts or slot in the diaphragm , which dispenses test strips similarly to other embodiments of the diaphragm described previously. The grip portions allow a user to remove the insert from a container using a tool such as the tool or with his or her fingers. In this embodiment the top surface of the diaphragm may be substantially flush with the surface . The shape of the aperture defined by the guiding member , by way of example only and not limitation, can be annular, partially conical, and the like or any other shape identified herein.
As described herein, the dispensing member can be formed as a slot, a slot and a guiding member, a diaphragm with a slit, and the like and combinations thereof. Additional embodiments of the dispensing member include bristles arranged over the aperture formed by the guiding member. The bristles can be arranged in adjacent rows connected to opposite sides of the insert or cap. The bristles extend over the aperture of the guiding member and may overlap or touch in the middle. The bristles have flexibility such that the junction between the rows of bristles allows one or more test strips to pass through the junction. The bristles typically have sufficient stiffness to exert a force on the test strips that pass partially through the junction to hold the test strips in the dispensing position such that a user may grasp a particular test strip the remaining test strips are then returned to the container. Alternatively, the bristles can be arranged in an annular configuration such that the ends of the bristles meet in a center portion of the aperture.
The method for dispensing test strips can be similar for various embodiments of the vial's caps. The vial may be inverted and then shaken. A user can then handle a test strip that is dispensed through the slot of the cap. In some embodiments, the cap can be removed and the vial can be refilled with additional test strips at any time. Alternatively, the vial can be disposable when empty.
Inverting the vial moves a plurality of test strips toward a slot formed in a portion of a cap of the vial. The guiding member then guides or directs the plurality of test strips towards the slot and may reduce the number of test strips that approach the slot. Then, the slot dispenses at least one test strip.
Generally, the vial, and the cap, can be fabricated from various materials that are compatible with dispensing test strips for testing analytes. For instance, medical grade polymers and plastic are applicable. In addition, the materials can include polymers such as, by way of example only, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene, polystyrene, metals, alloys, and the like or any combination thereof. The diaphragm can be fabricated from various materials including, but not limited to, silicone, natural and synthetic rubbers, and the like or any combination thereof. Reference has been made to mechanical or frictional engagement of cap to container and of cap portions to one another and/or to the diaphragm. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that sonic welding, thermal welding, adhesives, can be used to releasably, permanently, or semi-permanently join or attach one or more of the elements or portions of the vials, caps, diaphragms, and/or inserts together. In addition, the ability of a cover or cap to seal a vial can use various forms to join or attach elements of portions of the vials.
Embodiments of the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
Embodiments of the invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from its spirit or essential characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be embraced within their scope.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
To further clarify the above and other advantages and features of embodiments of the invention, a more particular description of the invention will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof which are illustrated in the appended drawings. It is appreciated that these drawings depict only illustrated embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope. The invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1
illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a vial for storing test strips;
FIG. 2A
FIG. 1
illustrates a cross section of the vial illustrated in ;
FIGS. 2B-2C
FIG. 1
illustrated alternate configuration of a cap of the vial illustrated in ;
FIG. 3
illustrates a top view of one embodiment of a cap that dispenses test strips in a controlled manner from a vial;
FIG. 4
illustrates a cross sectional view of a vial including a cap that dispenses test strips in a controlled manner;
FIG. 5
illustrates one embodiment of a cap that is dispensing a single test strip from a vial;
FIG. 6
illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a cap that dispenses test strips in a controlled manner;
FIG. 7
FIG. 6
illustrates an exploded cross-sectional view of the cap illustrated in ;
FIG. 8
illustrates one embodiment of a cap that is dispensing a test strip;
FIG. 9A and 9B
illustrates one embodiment of a vial that includes a removable and/or replaceable insert for dispensing test strips;
FIG. 10
FIG. 9
illustrates additional aspects of the insert illustrated in including a friction fit with a container;
FIG. 11
illustrates a perspective view of an insert that includes gripping portions to facilitate removal of the insert from a container; and
FIG. 12
illustrates a side view of an insert with an inset dispensing member. | |
Ultimate Rajasthan Guide: Places to Visit in Rajasthan
ONE OF THE MOST vibrant and colourful states to visit in India, there are many amazing places to visit in Rajasthan. It is brimming with culture, history, and heritage, and it’s also the largest state in India. Rajasthan is blessed with majestic forts, gorgeous palaces, historical places, a vast and beautiful desert, and much more. There are so many famous places in Rajasthan that you would need a couple of months to see it all.
Rajasthan is known as Land of the Kings, it’s been witness to centuries of sweeping history, chivalrous battles, legendary rulers, and brave sacrifices. The storied state has a magnificent history, and knowing it helps to understand the different cultures and architectural marvels that you find there.
This post presents insider tips on what to see in Rajasthan, including where to go, what Rajasthan food to try, what to shop for, and other essential information about Rajasthan to plan a trip. You will find information about the best places to visit in Rajasthan from Jaipur City Palace to the sand dunes of Jaisalmer. Plus, we give you the lowdown on camels and local vendors in the Pushkar Fair, info on UNESCO World Heritage sites such as Jaisalmer Fort, Chittorgarh Fort, and Kumbhalgarh Fort, and how to explore nature reserves such as Ranthambhore tiger reserve and Keoladeo National Park. There is a LOT to see and experience in Rajasthan — it’s included in this list of the 24 best places to visit in India.
Note: This is a guest post by Rachita Saxena, a travel blogger at MeanderWander.
Why Visit Rajasthan?
Now, you might be wondering why you would visit Rajasthan. What’s so special about it? Well, Rajasthan is a kaleidoscope of colour, culture, and heritage. But that’s not the only reason to visit Rajasthan. This state also has diverse wildlife to observe and is home to several famous Indian national parks. You can visit Ranthambore National Park — a great place for a tiger safari in India — and Sariska National Park to see tigers in their natural habitats. And if you are a bird-watcher, then Keoladeo National Park should definitely be on your itinerary.
Another great thing about Rajasthan is that it has the most palaces and forts in the entire country. From Mughals to Rajputs, the state has seen a wide range of rulers who brought their unique architectural styles and traditions with them. Many of these forts were extremely well designed and built and are still standing tall after centuries. In fact, a few of them have also made it into the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites and will transport you back in time. The colourful festivals, local art and folk dance, hospitality, kind people, and delicious food also make it a good place to visit.
In other words, there is a lot to see in Rajasthan for all kinds of travellers and many unique activities to experience in this state. It’s also extremely inspiring for creative people. It has inspired many writers, and many famous books have been written in Rajasthan, it is a photographer’s paradise, and it is the setting for many movies about India such as The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel.
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Where is Rajasthan, India?
Formerly known as Rajputana, Rajasthan is located in the northwestern part of India. It is the largest state in the country by area and is surrounded by several states in India and a few provinces of Pakistan. It shares a boundary with the states of Punjab and Haryana in the north, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in the east, and Gujarat in the south. To the west are the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan. Jaipur City is the capital of Rajasthan and lies in the eastern region of the state. Rajasthan is a desert state, home to the Thar Desert, one of the largest in the world.
What are the top places to visit in Rajasthan?
What to see in Rajasthan? This is one of the most frequently asked questions about Rajasthan. Luckily, there is no simple answer for it. Since it is a large state, there are lots of places to visit in Rajasthan and you will easily need a week or (much) more to start exploring it properly. Of course, it is not possible to cover every Rajasthan village or town in a single visit. This is why we have listed a few of the top Rajasthan tourist spots to visit.
Jaipur
One of the most famous places to visit in Rajasthan, Jaipur is also the capital of this regal state. Founded by Maharaja Jai Singh II in 1727, it is the largest city in Rajasthan and is home to several UNESCO World Heritage sites. Known as the Pink City due to the distinctive pink (actually terracotta) colour of the buildings, the city has well-planned streets and stunning architecture that attracts tourists from all over the world.
With numerous tourist attractions such as forts, palaces, historical places, markets, and museums, there is a lot to explore in the Pink City. Jaipur City Palace, Jantar Mantar, Amer Fort, Jaigarh Fort, Hawa Mahal, Jal Mahal, and Nahargarh Fort are just a few places that you cannot miss in Jaipur. Also, Jaipur is a good place for shopping: you will find Rajasthani jewelry, local arts and crafts, Jodhpuri juttis, block print textiles, and other handicrafts galore.
Jaipur also has some of the finest hotels in India. In fact, there are probably more amazing heritage hotels, for every budget, in Jaipur than anywhere else in India.
Jaisalmer
If you want to experience desert life, then Jaisalmer is one of the best places to visit in Rajasthan. Jaisalmer is popularly known as the Golden City and lies in the heart of the Thar Desert at the very edge of India. Founded by Maharaja Jaisal Singh Rawal in 1156, the city has been constructed out of golden-coloured sandstone.
Jaisalmer is home to the oldest living fort in the world, Jaisalmer Fort, that dates from the 11th century. Jaisalmer Fort rises from the earth like a giant sandcastle, and the city is dotted with intricately carved havelis from the days when the city was an important stop on the Spice Route. Today, you will find many locals living in this fort, and several hotels and restaurants inside the fort as well. Gadisar Lake offers beautiful sunrise and sunset views.
One of the most magical things you can do in Jaisalmer is an overnight camel safari on the famous Sam Sand Dunes of Jaisalmer. Spend a night surrounded by the golden sand dunes and enjoy the scenery of the Desert National Park.
Sawai Madhopur / Ranthambhore Tiger Reserve
Sawai Madhopur is located in the eastern region, close to Madhya Pradesh, a 30-minute drive from Ranthambore Tiger Reserve. This small town was founded in 1763 by Maharaja Sawai Madho Singh due to its close proximity to the Ranthambore Forest. The Kachwaha Rajputs hunted tigers here until India became independent. Then, in 1973, the forest was given the title of tiger reserve and became a national park in 1980.
This national park has rich biodiversity and is one of the top tiger reserves in India for jeep safaris and spotting tigers. It is a paradise for nature lovers and bird watchers and is one of the best tourist places to visit in Rajasthan. For history enthusiasts, a visit to the Ranthambore Fort, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a must.
Udaipur
Udaipur, also known as the City of Lakes, is a top Rajasthan tourism destination. It’s one of the most enchanting and romantic places in India, not surprisingly a popular destination wedding spot. Udaipur’s royal past lives on in the shape of dazzling palace hotels and heritage properties that offer magnificent views of the lakes and the surrounding Aravalli mountains.
The Udaipur City Palace is the crown jewel. Picturesquely located along the banks of Lake Pichola, a tour of the palace will give you a glimpse into the world of the Mewar Rajputs. There are also many other beautiful attractions in this city such as Sajjangarh Fort, Ambrai Ghat, Badi Lake, Bagore Ki Haveli, and some of the finest luxury hotels in the world. Do not miss boating on Lake Pichola, dining at a rooftop cafe on the lake, exploring the narrow, jam-packed lanes of the market, and discovering the cultural and artistic life of the city. Udaipur is a great place to shop, especially for miniature art and other handicrafts.
Jodhpur
Jodhpur is one of the best places to visit in Rajasthan and is popularly known as the Blue City. There are many amazing forts, palaces, and lakes to visit here and a walk around the old city is a must. Jodhpur has been featured in many travel magazines and movies due to the large number of blue-coloured houses. A few places that you should visit here are the Mehrangarh Fort (tip: take the audio tour!), Mandore Garden, Jaswant Thada, Balsamand Lake, and Rao Jodha Desert Rock Park, a successful re-wilding project.
Bikaner
One of the most underrated Rajasthan tourism spots to explore, Bikaner is known as the City of Havelis and is home to more than 1,000 havelis — more than any other city. This is the reason why tourists from all over the world visit. It is also known for the annual International Camel Festival. At the Camel Farm, you can learn more about this fascinating and hard-working animal. From Junagarh Fort to Rampuria Haveli, to Karni Mata Temple (famous for rats), there are a lot of unique attractions to explore in Bikaner. Also, the old town is filled with red sandstone buildings and makes it the Red City in Rajasthan.
Pushkar
Another popular pilgrimage site in Rajasthan, Pushkar is a holy city that is located around the man-made Pushkar Lake. It is one of the oldest cities in India and is home to 52 ghats and one of the only Brahma Temples. Attending the evening aarti at the Brahma Ghat or watching the sunrise on the lake rejuvenates your soul. This place is also known for its famous Pushkar Fair where traders come with their camels to participate in cultural performances and competitions. The street food, shops, markets, rooftop cafes, inexpensive guest houses, and the popular fair are a draw for local and international tourists alike.
Ajmer
Ajmer is the final resting place of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti and is the most sacred Muslim shrine in India. One of the unique things about this place is that it is a popular pilgrimage site for both Hindus and Muslims. Rich in culture, history, and religion, Ajmer is surrounded by the Aravalli Hills and has many historic sites to visit. Taragarh, located outside the town on a hilltop, houses the remains of a 2,000-year-old fortress that controlled the trade routes in the region. Dargah Sharif, Akbar Palace and Museum, Nareli Jain Temple, Adhai Din ka Jhonpra, etc. are a few other places to visit in Ajmer.
Mount Abu
Wondering what to see in Rajasthan apart from forts and palaces? There is Mount Abu, the only hill station in the state. Situated at a height of 1,200 metres and surrounded by Aravalli hills, Mount Abu is a great place to escape from the summer heat in Rajasthan. The main attraction is Nakki Lake which is said to have been clawed out by the gods themselves. There are also a lot of fun activities to do here such as trekking, camping, caving, etc. and a magical sunset viewpoint here that you must see.
Bhangarh Fort
Bhangarh Fort is known as the most haunted Rajasthan village and has lots of ghost stories associated with it. The fort is located in the Aravalli hills and is now mostly in ruins, but still receives a lot of tourists from all over the world. It is a historical and architectural wonder and is shrouded in mist and mystery. A lot of people say that they have heard screams or whisperings inside the fort. Also, it is forbidden to enter the fort after sunset. So, if you love mysteries or ghost stories, then this is one place that you cannot miss in Rajasthan.
Bundi
A lesser-known place in Rajasthan, Bundi is a charming old town with lots of untold stories and beautiful attractions. It is home to several architectural marvels such as Sukh Mahal, Moti Mahal, Garh Palace, and more. The main attraction is the palace and the murals inside the palace. To enjoy the best views of Bundi city, climb up the Taragarh Fort just before sunset.
Chittorgarh
Chittorgarh is a mighty hilltop fort, the very stones mute testimony to centuries of myth, legend, and history. Some of the most chivalrous stories in all of India took place within its walls. Chittorgarh was founded by the Maurya Dynasty and contains magnificent Rajput architecture. Known as a seat of Rajput pride and bravery, Chittorgarh Fort is the largest fort in India and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. If you want to witness the spirit of Rajputs and the history of Rajasthan, then you should definitely visit Chittorgarh.
Deeg
If you are tired of visiting the big cities and towns, then check out this peaceful Rajasthan village located in the eastern region of the state. This small village offers a perfect escape from urban chaos and has some beautiful havelis and palaces to explore. The Deeg Palace features beautiful architecture including pools, gardens, and fountains. There are also two Mughal Havelis – Gopal and Roop Sagar – and several bustling markets.
Bharatpur
An abode for palaces and temples, Bharatpur is another top place to visit in Rajasthan. It is home to a UNESCO World Heritage Site – Keoladeo Ghana National Park – and attracts bird watchers from all over the world. There are more than 370 species of birds found here including the endangered Siberian Crane. If you are a bird enthusiast, then you are going to love this place. During your visit, you should set aside some time to explore other attractions in this small city such as Lohagarh Fort, Bharatpur Palace and Museum, Banke Bihari Temple, and more.
Top questions about travel in Rajasthan
How much time do I need to travel in Rajasthan?
Rajasthan is HUGE and also amazing. There is a reason why it is the most popular state in India for tourism. It could easily take you 2-3 months to explore everything that it has to offer. Trust me, you want to travel slowly in Rajasthan and indulge in the different traditions to truly experience this state.
But if you are short on time and cannot spend a couple of months here, then at least plan to spend 15 – 20 days. It still won’t be enough, but you can enjoy different experiences such as staying in an ancient fort, visiting the gorgeous palaces, spending a night in the sand dunes, etc. Also, don’t try to fit in too many places. Make a list of 5-6 places to visit in 20 days so that you have enough time to soak up the culture. Don’t worry about missing out because a single trip to Rajasthan is never enough to see everything.
How to travel in Rajasthan?
One of the best things about traveling in India is there are a wide range of transportation options available. Rajasthan is well connected by road and railway, which make it easy to get around.However, a few villages aren’t as easily accessible as the famous places in Rajasthan such as Jaipur, Udaipur, and Jodhpur.
Generally, if you are arriving in India, then you would be landing in Delhi or Mumbai first. From Delhi and Mumbai, there are a lot of options for reaching Rajasthan. If Rajasthan is in your India itinerary, then I would suggest you visit Delhi first and then spend a few weeks in Rajasthan — because Rajasthan is only about 100 kilometres west of Delhi.
Getting to Rajasthan from Delhi
One of the most convenient and quickest ways to reach Rajasthan from Delhi is by the train. This is an amazing way to experience the real India. It is economical too, but the booking process can be a little difficult to understand if it is your first time in India. But once you figure it out, this is the best way to reach different cities in Rajasthan. Read the Breathedreamgo guide to taking the train in India to get started.
Another option is to take a Volvo Bus from Delhi to a city in Rajasthan such as Jaipur. It won’t be as comfortable as the train. There are lots of apps to book a bus and it is not as much of a hassle as booking a train.
If you are looking for comfort and don’t mind spending a bit more on your trip, then you can also hire a cab to reach Rajasthan. There are many reputed services such as Ola, Uber, etc. that offer outstation services from Delhi and charge you based on your itinerary.
TIP: Let India for Beginners help plan your trip to Rajasthan — we are Rajasthan specialists!
What is Rajasthan famous for?
Rajasthan is synonymous with its many medieval forts and palaces. They are all equally magnificent architectural wonders, and each is a treasure trove of stories and legends. A legendary historical figure, the poet-saint Mirabai, hails from Rajasthan and there are several sites associated with her.
Rajasthani culture and folk dances are unique in India. The Ghoomar dance from Udaipur is famous all over the world and has been showcased in a lot of Bollywood movies. The colourful attire of Rajasthan, the neon-bright sarees and huge turbans, are eye-catching and distinctive. From Bandhani sarees to Kundan Naulakha Haar, shoppers can find many distinct items.
Staying in palace hotels and luxury resorts, chilling in Pushkar, going on desert safari, shopping in Jaipur, wandering the bustling bazaars and markets, exploring historic forts and ancient tombs … these are just some of the things tourists love to do in Rajasthan.
What famous Rajasthan foods should I try?
Rajasthan food is delicious and unique in preparation. Since most Rajasthan villages and towns experience a lack of vegetables and water, they have come up with dishes that can easily last for a couple of days. Generally, Rajasthan food is made using buttermilk, dried lentils, wheat flour, and beans while oil and red chilies are used to preserve the food and reduce the requirement of water. Each region in Rajasthan has its own special dish that you should try.
One of the signature foods of Rajasthan is Dal Baati Churma. You will find this delicacy in all cities and towns of Rajasthan, especially in the desert areas. Baati is basically hard, unleavened bread that doesn’t need much water for its preparation and can be used for a few days. It is eaten with dal and churma, made from jaggery/sugar and ghee.
For vegetarians, Gatte ki Subzi and Ker Sangri are the perfect local dishes to try here while non-vegetarians cannot miss out on Laal maas, a spicy mutton curry. For your sweet tooth, you can try the signature dish Ghevar which is basically a disc made from flour, ghee, and milk. Personally, I feel Malai Ghevar in Jaisalmer is the ultimate dish to try in Rajasthan. If you are gluten free, check out this guide to eating gluten free food in North India.
What are the best restaurants in Rajasthan?
There is no doubt that Rajasthan food is delicious and has a unique flavour. There are so many amazing dishes to try here but if you don’t choose a good restaurant to savour them, then it can often leave a bad taste in your mouth. However, there are many heritage hotels and restaurants that will offer you a royal and memorable dining experience.
Here are a few restaurants in Rajasthan that you should try for the delicious food or ambience:
- Suvarna Mahal, Jaipur
- The Raas Hotel, Jodhpur
- The Serai, Jaisalmer
- Sheesh Mahal, Udaipur
- Chokhi Dhani, Jaipur
When should I visit Rajasthan?
Rajasthan experiences a hot and dry climate for most of the year, which is why winter is the best time to visit. From October to March, the temperature fluctuates between 0 – 25 degrees Celsius, which makes it much more bearable for exploring urban and rural Rajasthan. But do be aware that during the winter months, the temperature drops at night, dipping below 0. India can be chillier than you expect! Another good reason to visit in winter is that most of the festivals in Rajasthan are held in the winter months.
Monsoon is a great time to visit Rajasthan, mid-July to September, especially Jaipur and Udaipur. The region doesn’t receive a lot of rainfall so the weather tends to be pleasant, and lush greenery appears. Summer (April to July) is the worst time to visit as the temperatures hover around 40-45 degrees Celsius and most of the activities are shut down. It’s just too hot, even for locals.
What clothes should you wear in Rajasthan?
Since Rajasthan is a traditional state, I would recommend you wear conservative and traditional clothes as much as possible. A few cities such as Jaipur and Udaipur are a bit modern and used to western clothing. But there are many villages and small towns that are more conservative and traditional. Plus, if you are visiting temples or attending any rituals or festivals, then you would need to cover up shoulders and legs.
If you are a woman, then make sure you take clothes that cover up your shoulders and legs, especially when visiting a religious place. Apart from that, wearing loose, flowing cotton clothes is advisable. This will not only keep you cool during the hot weather but will also reduce the number of stares you might get while wearing tight clothes. Check my guide to what to wear in India.
What should I buy in Rajasthan?
Rajasthan is a paradise for shopping enthusiasts as you will find colourful markets and bustling bazaars in almost every city and village. From unique jewelry designs to ethnic carpets, to Jodhpuri Juttis, there is a lot that you can buy here as a souvenir or a gift. If you want precious gemstones, gold jewelry, silver jewelry, or other carved trinkets, then Rajasthan is the perfect place. Johari Bazaar in Jaipur is the best place to buy jewelry in the entire state and will offer you a wide range of options.
Miniature paintings, also known as Mughal paintings, can be found in the Hathi Pol Bazaar in Jaipur, plus Udaipur is also known for this style of art. Ethnic carpets can be found in the markets in Jaipur, Ajmer, Bikaner, or Barmer. Blue pottery is another Rajasthan specialty that you simply cannot miss. Made from quartz stones, this pottery doesn’t crack easily and will add a dazzling touch to your home. You can buy them from a few Rajasthan famous places such as Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Alwar, and Bikaner.
For, clothes, Rajasthan is best known for its block-printed textiles and offers an astounding range of beautiful Ghagra Choli, Lehengas and Bandhani Sarees. Stores such as Fabindia, Anokhi, and Cottons Jaipur carry a range of fashions made from block-print fabrics.
Don’t miss the Jodhpuri Juttis (shoes) that can be found in all colours, shapes, and sizes, often embellished with embroidery. Known as Mojaris, they are made from leather and add a royal touch to any outfit. You can get them from the Mochi Bazaar in Jodhpur or the Bapu Bazaar in Jaipur.
How do I buy jewelry in Rajasthan?
If you are interested in buying jewelry on your trip to Rajasthan, then Pushkar or Jaipur are the best places. Pushkar Bazaar is filled with shops that sell affordable and authentic traditional jewelry.
However, Jaipur is a much better option as it is the centre of the gem and jewelry trade in India. In fact, Jaipur is one of the world’s leading gemstone cutting centres.
In Jaipur, there are a lot of wholesale markets and you will find a lot of options in terms of shops and designs. Plus, if you are good at bargaining then you can get them to reduce the inflated prices. You can visit the Tripolia Market for the traditional lac bangles or Johari Bazaar for precious stones, bangles, semi-precious stones, and a lot more.
There are many high-end and luxury shops in Jaipur selling semi-precious and precious stones as well as finished designs — however, buyer beware. You REALLY need to know what you are doing to get a good deal.
TIP: Shop with an expert and avoid getting overcharged. India for Beginners can arrange a shopping trip in Jaipur for you.
Which festivals should I attend in Rajasthan?
Rajasthan is well-known for its vibrant culture and hosts some really colourful and interesting festivals throughout the year. In fact, some of India’s best festivals are celebrated in Rajasthan. Most of these festivals are loud, rambunctious, and unique. So, before you plan your trip to Rajasthan, you should know about these festivals to include them in your itinerary.
One of the most celebrated festivals to attend in Rajasthan is the Pushkar Fair, also known as the Camel Fair. It is held annually in October/November and attracts tourists from all over the world. Essentially, it is a camel trade fair where traders come to buy and sell their camels and consists of a lot of competitions, cultural programs, and entertainment options. Diwali is another great festival that you can attend almost anywhere in the state, but Jaipur does Diwali really well. The entire city centre is festooned with lights and it is really a sight to see.
Jaisalmer Desert Festival is a cultural carnival that you shouldn’t miss. This festival is celebrated in the Thar Desert and showcases Rajasthani folk culture through dance, music, camel races, and other activities. Teej Festival in Jaipur is also a popular festival to attend while visiting this state.
Is Rajasthan a good place for a destination wedding?
Yes, yes, a hundred times yes! Rajasthan is full of beautiful places that make for an amazing wedding destination. In fact, you can hire a fort or palace for your wedding. Isn’t that amazing? The grandeur, the decorations, everything would be out of the world. You would feel like a true prince or princess at your wedding and will be transported to the time of royals if you choose one of these forts or palaces for your wedding.
Imagine a wedding in the Jal Mahal Palace or the Rambagh Palace in Jaipur where you would be surrounded by a royal background. Or you can take your vows in The Oberoi Udaivilas while enjoying the surrounding Aravalli mountain and Lake Pichola. There are many heritage resorts as well in Rajasthan that will give you the royal feel and are the ultimate place for a destination wedding. Trust me, Rajasthan is filled with romantic destinations that make for an amazing wedding spot.
Is Rajasthan safe?
Rajasthan is one of the top tourist destinations in India for foreign visitors. Most of the urban centres and tourist hotspots are very accustomed to foreigners and solo female travelers. Generally, people are very friendly and helpful. However, it must be noted the state is very traditional and that means gender roles are quite rigid, women dress modestly, and men dominate public spaces.
Some foreign women do feel uncomfortable by the unwanted attention and staring. Most of it is innocent, but there have been some unsavoury incidents. Unfortunately, there are always some bad apples in every bushel, as they say. Bad things can always happen unexpectedly, but that is true for most destinations in the world.
A few precautions can go a long way to help ensure your safety. It’s very important for women to understand that the genders do not relate in the same way in a place like Rajasthan as they do in Canada, Europe, or other western countries. A casual conversation could give the wrong signal to a local man who doesn’t understand western ways. There might be men who stare at you or try to talk to you, the best thing to do is ignore them and walk away fast. Sometimes men can be rude and obnoxious in Rajasthan, and many of them are also tourists, so just walk away and ignore them.
Must read: My top tips for women travelling in India.
When you are traveling in Rajasthan, try to reach your destination before it gets dark. Select good and reputed accommodation and keep them informed about your whereabouts if you get delayed on the way. Hire reputed taxis and avoid going alone to secluded places in the evening. If someone is offering to show you around or take a tour around the city, be careful because they could be just out to get money from you. Some people will also charge you more because you are a foreigner and they think they can get away with it. If you have an idea of the price, then bargain and stick to your budget. Also, avoid giving anyone money before they deliver what they offered you, such as a service, tour, two-wheeler, etc.
Editor’s Note: This is the reason I started India for Beginners custom tours — to help women travel safely and well in India!
What are the best tours in Rajasthan?
If you are a first-time visitor to India or Rajasthan, then I would recommend you take a tour. Travelling around Rajasthan is fun, but the booking process and finding the right transportation and hotels can be a hassle. It can leave you tired and with less time to enjoy the experience. This is why taking a tour is one of the best ways to not only experience the culture, but understand the history of Rajasthan, too. You can join a small group tour or take a custom tour to properly explore and enjoy Rajasthan.
Custom Tours – India for Beginners offers custom tours in India, including Rajasthan, that help you enjoy authentic cultural experiences while travelling smoothly and safely.
Small Group Tours – You can also opt for a small group tour in Rajasthan. We recommend Intrepid Travel. You can read about Mariellen’s experience taking the Intrepid Travel Classic Rajasthan tour here.
What are the best travel books about Rajasthan?
I would recommend the following travel books to help you explore and understand the history of Rajasthan. There are many more books available to get an insight into the culture and traditions of this state. Click on these books to check them out. (Coming soon.)
Guest post by Rachita Saxena, a travel blogger at MeanderWander.
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NEW DATE - January 24th!!
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Using Google Apps to in FORM Teaching and DRAW Conclusions
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Formative assessment is a useful strategy to monitor student learning, provide feedback, and guide instruction. In this session we will focus on how to use Google Forms and Google Draw to support this strategy so you can gage what your students are learning, increase student motivation and engagement, and help students use feedback to move closer to their learning goals. We will look at specific examples of how teachers are using formative assessments with Google Forms and Google Draw and show you how you can answer the questions, Where Am I Going?, Where Am I Now? and How Can I Close the Gap?
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Saturday January 24, 2015 2:40pm - 3:40pm CST
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Need help? | https://waukegangoogle2014.sched.com/event/26fZ/using-google-apps-to-in-form-teaching-and-draw-conclusions?linkback=grid |
This paper is only available as a PDF. To read, Please Download here.
Economic constraints are a reality in the European healthcare environment. Because it is impossible to adopt all potentially effective treatments without destabilising national welfare systems, the costs of different treatments have been considered when making decisions in hospitals and healthcare administrations. However, this has often been done implicitly, intuitively, or with suboptimal information. Today, economic evaluations are attracting increasing attention. Their aim is to consider the overall picture of costs and effectiveness associated with different treatments. The essential parts of an economic evaluation are an estimate of the additional costs incurred by one treatment over another and the formal comparison of these additional costs with the corresponding gain in effectiveness. Information on effectiveness should preferably come from large, prospective, randomised trials with sufficient external validity. Cost information is usually retrieved from various secondary data sources. A cost equals the amount of a resource used, multiplied by its unit price. Ideally, key data on resource use should be collected from the clinical trials providing effectiveness data. This approach requires close collaboration among clinicians, statisticians, and health economists in all phases of the trial process, including the design of the protocol. When economic evaluations result from a multidisciplinary approach and are systematically integrated into the whole clinical research process for all important new treatments, they become a powerful tool. They may assist decision makers on all levels to allocate scarce healthcare resources in a rational and optimal way, thereby allowing optimal gains in life expectancy and quality of life within budgetary limits.
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References
- Utility assessment for estimating quality-adjusted life years.in: Sloan FA Valuing Health Care. Cambridge University Press, Brussels1995: 15-30
- Measuring health state preferences and utilities: rating scale, time trade-off and standard gamble techniques.in: Spilker B Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics in Clinical Trials. Lippincott-Raven, Cambridge1996: 253-266
- European School of Oncology Advisory Report to the Commission of the European Communities for the Europe Against Cancer programme cost-effectiveness in cancer care.Eur J Cancer. 1995; 31A: 1410-1424
- (Draft version)Principles for the Review of Pharmacoeconomic Promotion.in: Presented at Drug Information Association annual meeting, Orlando, Florida1995
- Costs, effects and C/E ratios alongside a clinical trial.Health Econ. 1994; 3: 309-319
- From cost-effectiveness ratios to resource allocation: where to draw the line?.in: Sloan FA Valuing Health Care. Cambridge University Press, Philadelphia1995: 77-98
- Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes.Oxford University Press, Cambridge1989
- Guidelines for the Pharmaceutical Industry Preparation of Submissions to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee. Australian Government Publishing Service, Oxford1992
- Guidelines for Economic Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals. Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, Canberra1994
- Ontario Guidelines for Economic Analysis of Pharmaceutical Products. Ministry of Health, Ottawa1994
- Methodological and conduct principles for pharmacoeconomic research (PhRMA Pharmacoeconomics Guidelines).PharmacoEconomics. 1995; 8: 169-174
- Economic Analysis of Health Care Technology: a report on principles. Position paper.Ann Intern Med. 1995; 122: 61-70
- Guidelines for authors and peer reviewers of economic submissions to the BMJ.Br Med J. 1996; 313: 275-283
- Gold R Siegel JE Russell LB Weinstein MC Cost-effectiveness in Health and Medicine. Oxford University Press, Toronto1996
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© 1997 Published by Elsevier Inc. | https://www.ejcancer.com/article/S0959-8049(97)00145-7/pdf |
Lung function in children and adolescents with idiopathic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis.
Lung function of 65 patients who had idiopathic interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IIPF) that had been treated with prednisone was evaluated by tests of ventilatory function, lung mechanics, and gas exchange at rest and during exercise. Ages on initial investigation ranged from 5 to 20 years. In 35 of 65 patients the studies were repeated an average of four times over a period of 1 to 9 years. Results of the first testing were as follows: vital capacity (VC)-significantly reduced in all patients; inspiratory capacity (IC)-significantly reduced in all patients; total lung capacity (TLC)-reduced in 91%; functional residual capacity (FRC)-reduced in 31%; residual volume (RV)-reduced in 6%; elastic recoil of the lungs (Pstl)-significantly increased in 97% at 100% TLC, significantly increased in 52% at 90% TLC, reduced in 68% at 60% TLC; 7) static compliance (Cst)-reduced in 83%; 8) dynamic compliance (Cdyn)-reduced in 88%; 9) specific airway conductance at FRC level (Gaw/TGVex)-significantly increased in 50%; 10) maximum expiratory flow rates at 60% TLC (Vmax 60% TLC, in TLC/s)-significantly reduced in 33%; 11) upstream airway conductance (Gus 60% TLC, in TLC/s/cm H2O)-reduced in 32%; 12) diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLco) related to body-surface area-abnormal in 58% (when corrected for lung size, i.e., DLco/TLC, abnormal in only 8%); 13) PaO2 at rest and after 6 minutes submaximal exercise-reduced in 25% and 63%, respectively. Changes in lung function that occurred with growth were assessed in terms of percentages of predicted values. Results showed that the VC and IC remained significantly reduced. An actual reduction of TLC, FRC, RV, breathing frequency, DLCO, and Pstl at 100% and 90% TLC was observed. Increases were seen in Pstl at 60% TLC, Gaw/TGVex, Vmax, and Cst. Indices of lung elasticity suggested that regions of fibrosis and emphysema had become present. Smaller patients were also noted to have stiffer lungs.
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Hillary Clinton clinches the Democratic nomination for the US presidency
Former first lady and former US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, was Thursday July 28 nominated by the Democratic Party as its presidential candidate for the November general elections. She becomes the first female nominee for the Democratic Party. If she wins in November she would be the first female United States President and Commander-in-Chief of the nation’s military. In any country Mrs. Clinton’s achievement would not be considered a feat. In the United States, she has attained what used to be unattainable by a woman. She broke through the glass ceiling after denting it several times. In her acceptance speech she said, “. . . it is with humility . . . determination. . . and boundless confidence in America’s promise . . . that I accept your nomination for President of the United States!” I’ve been your First Lady. Served 8 years as a Senator from the great State of New York. I ran for President and lost. Then I represented all of you as Secretary of State. But my job titles only tell you what I’ve done. They don’t tell you why. The truth is, through all these years of public service, the “service” part has always come easier to me than the “public” part.” It is not strange President Obama described her as the most qualified for the job of the President of the United States. Mrs. Clinton has so long been in the public eye that perhaps the most salient feature of her nomination is being lost on Americans and the world in general. Her nomination is historic as the first female to be so named.
And it is interesting for a great democracy like the United States of America to now consider a woman as president when some nations in Africa and Europe have had that experience for decades.
Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher of Great Britain performed so well and competitively with equally great men. Helen Sirleaf Johnson of Liberia took up the mantle in Liberia after years of civil war. Indira Ghandi of India is perhaps one of the pre-eminent female world leaders of note. HRC (Mrs. Clinton) joins the ranks of great leaders like Germany’s Chancellor Angela Merkel if she is elected.
Hillary Clinton is not the first woman to have been in the race for the presidency. Victoria Claflin Woodhull, later Victoria Woodhull Martin in 1872 was the first. A few others have tried between that time and now but none could impact the field as Mrs. Clinton. Women as strong as Hillary Clinton are efficient because of their peculiar human interests. Mrs. Clinton has been an advocate for children even as she was a corporate lawyer. Her work in children’s health and welfare stand out in her career. She has also been in the vanguard for an affordable health care delivery system in her country. Most features in Obama’s Affordable Care Act, referred to as Obamacare come from Hillary’s failed health care policy she designed during President Clinton’s administration. According to a new study by the Southern Rural Development Center (SRDC), income inequality is rising in the U.S. The inequality spans the racial as well as gender divides. Gillian B. White, writing in www.atlantic.com indicates that nationally, unemployment is about 5 percent, down from 10 percent in 2009. But for black Americans, the unemployment rate is much higher—for them, the economy is still a disaster. Unemployment among blacks was 9.5 percent during the third quarter of 2015 compared to only 4.5 percent for whites. The natural consequence of such situation is growth of the crime rate in the inner cities. Continued lack of trust between the police and minority black and Hispanic communities because of police high handed approaches have surged as well. Only a mother’s impulses can deal with such situations, and, as she says in her acceptance speech she has plans to close the income gap, make college tuition affordable or free and create more jobs. Her female touch could soften the often macho and militaristic characteristic of the major world power.
On the other hand her iconic personality could provide the magnetic pull of many a young woman who aspire to be a politician and a leader. HRC’s strengths lie in her longevity in public service. Her relationships with several world leaders on the personal levels gives her the edge over her main Republican opponent Donald Trump who has offended most of them with his fiery and sometimes hateful rhetoric. Indeed Mrs. Clinton’s many attributes if applied in case she wins in November could increase the fortunes of the United States. | https://amandlanews.com/former-first-lady-and-former-us-secretary-of-state-hillary-rodham-clinton-was-thursday-july-28-nominated-by-the-democratic-party-as-its-presidential-candidate-for-the-november-general-elections-she/ |
How To Plan For a Financially Secure Life in the Event of a Partner’s Death
Gabrielle Olya
October 25, 2021, 4:01 PM·3 min read
Katie Harp / Unsplash
Today’s “Financially Savvy Female” column was inspired by one of our readers who asked, “Knowing that the life expectancy of women is greater than men, how do wives plan financially for a life without her husband in the later years of her life?” To help this reader out, we spoke with Hilary Fiorella, executive director of the Center for Women in Financial Services at The American College of Financial Services, and she shared her insights about how women can plan for a financially secure life in the event of a partner’s death.
Develop Relationships With Financial Professionals
If your partner is usually the only one who meets with the various financial professionals who he/she may consult with, start sitting in on these conversations now, and consider bringing more professionals into the mix if it suits your specific situation.
“Depending on the complexity of your situation, [these professionals can include] a financial planner or advisor, a CPA and an attorney,” Fiorella said. “You really should have those relationships, and you should be active in these relationships. When you have your quarterly, bi-annual or annual meeting with your professionals, make sure that both of you in the relationship are there.”
Have a Clear Understanding of Your Total Financial Picture
“Understand all of the elements of your financial [situation] beyond the day-to-day, because that will impact assets and liabilities,” Fiorella said. “[This includes] your investments and your retirement plan, and knowing how to access any of those elements from the retirement plan should the worst happen. You have to look at your retirement plan as well as any insurance that you may have as part of that retirement plan — life insurance or otherwise — holistically. If you lose the income of a partner, you want to make sure that you have a holistic view of what all of your liabilities are and what your assets are.”
Once again, working with a financial professional can help you to understand exactly what your assets and liabilities are, so don’t be afraid to ask questions to ensure you’ll be financially secure no matter what.
“Women are very willing to figure out how much they’re going to need in retirement,” Fiorella said. “It’s an area that women are curious about, and women are very open to education. They will willingly say to a financial advisor or an insurance agent or whoever that professional is, ‘I don’t understand, can you please educate me?’ As long as that financial professional is not condescending, they love getting educated and want to understand why.”
Work With Your Partner To Develop an Estate Plan
“Have a plan or will or estate plan that accounts for the transfer of wealth and assets,” Fiorella said. “Make sure that you have a living will, a power of attorney and a durable power of attorney for any healthcare needs. Know your partner’s accounts and passwords. Have that all down.”
Have a Plan for Lifetime Income That Isn’t Reliant on Your Partner
“Because women outlive men, we tend to be a little bit more concerned about running out of money in retirement,” Fiorella said. “Luckily, there is a productive solution there in terms of guaranteed lifetime income product — an insurance product that has an income element is one way to mitigate against that risk.”
GOBankingRates wants to empower women to take control of their finances. According to the latest stats, women hold $72 billion in private wealth — but fewer women than men consider themselves to be in “good” or “excellent” financial shape. Women are less likely to be investing and are more likely to have debt, and women are still being paid less than men overall. Our “Financially Savvy Female” column will explore the reasons behind these inequities and provide solutions to change them. We believe financial equality begins with financial literacy, so we’re providing tools and tips for women, by women to take control of their money and help them live a richer life.
What investing lessons can be learned from Harvard University’s failure to beat the S&P 500 (SPX) in its latest reporting period? It’s a timely question, given the university’s report of its endowment’s investment return in the fiscal year that ended Jun. 30. Lagging the stock market is nothing new for Harvard; the endowment has done so more often than not in recent years.
Medicare's fall open enrollment is now in full swing through early December. Many seniors opt for Medicare Advantage plans as an alternative to original Medicare. When you sign up for original Medicare, there's a standard Part B premium that applies to all enrollees except for high earners, who are subject to a surcharge.
The very concept of retirement is changing before our eyes. Large swaths of people -- members of the FIRE movement or otherwise -- have redefined what it means to be a worker in a distributed workforce. The great news is that retirement no longer needs to be a period of complete idleness following 40 years of work; instead, it can be woven into our lives in whatever way we see fit.
Unless you’re lucky enough to have a full pension and benefits that kick in that early—such as full military retirement or from work as a police officer or firefighter—you’ll probably need to work until at least age 67 to accrue enough money for a comfortable retirement. Around one-third of Americans start claiming Social Security benefits in their first month of eligibility when they turn 62.
Someone who is reaching retirement age today but who didn't start saving until the age of 40 is probably following advice from the mid-1990s -- around the time that floppy disks were being phased out....
Halloween tries to spook you with ghosts and monsters, but often, the real nightmares that keep us up at night are far more mundane, like surprise bills or running out of money in retirement. Here are three retirement planning mistakes you definitely want to avoid. Retirement sneaks up on you faster than you think, and the longer you wait to start saving, the more difficult your task becomes.
In a new interview with Yahoo Finance's Adam Shapiro, Edward Jones managing partner Penny Pennington discussed how retirement saving can be considered a 'three-legged stool' including a 401K or IRA, social security and one other key way to save.
Of course, building a solid nest egg might seem like a challenge. In fact, if you play your cards right, you can triple your retirement plan contributions and amass a nice sum of money in time for your senior years. Bonds are a poor investment choice for your 30s and 40s because the returns they deliver may not be enough to grow your nest egg substantially over time.
In a new interview with Yahoo Finance’s Adam Shapiro, Edward Jones Managing Partner Penny Pennington breaks down her career path at the company, top concerns for her clients, balancing 401(k) during retirement, and much more.
The vast majority of Americans save for retirement through employer-sponsored retirement plans, and just about all voters want that to continue -- with the government's help, according to a new study... | |
We're here for our customers and we know there's no better way to improve our services than by listening to and acting on what customers tell us. This is the first in what will become a regular look at some of the things we've done recently in response to customer feedback:
You said: A deaf customer attended the Curo Labs we held earlier this year and told us about a number of issues that were causing her a great deal of stress. Many of these related to her disability and the way that our services are not designed to support her.
We did: We are going to create a new disability action group with our customers.
You said: We're introducing a document that sets out Curo's standards and obligations to our customers. We asked VoiceBox customers what they thought of this document.
We did: As a result of this feedback we've changed the name of the document to Curo's Customer Commitment. We've also adjusted some of the language used and added some additional points to clarify what we are responsible for. This commitment goes live in April 2019. We'll report how we're performing in relation to this commitment back to customers every quarter.
You said: Our complaints policy needed a review as part of our three-year cycle. We consulted with customers through VoiceBox to find out what was important to customers when it comes to complaint management.
We did: Many of the comments we received have fed in to the final version of the policy. This includes keeping our three-stage complaints process and supporting the view that a thorough investigation is more important than a speedy one. As a direct result of a comment referring to the lack of visibility in the decision-making process, we've launched a new way to be involved with Curo by taking up a position on the new Complaints Forum. This group will review anonymised complaints to ensure Curo's policy and procedure has been followed and that the decisions made are fair and right. This group won't have the ability to alter the decision, but will provide feedback and help scrutinise Curo's process. We're currently recruiting through VoiceBox - if you're interested there's more information here.
You said: Following feedback from customers through many sources, we consulted on a new design for the system that presents customers with choices when they phone us. This is known as an Interactive Voice Response system or IVR. Feedback was that it was too difficult to get through, that the information messages played when on hold wasn't helpful, and that an open choice alternative wasn't available.
We did: Following the consultation we've revised the options and made them much simpler, making it easier to get through to the right person. We've removed the current messages played when on hold. Instead customers will hear information that they are more likely to find useful, for example about how to get involved and provide feedback. We've also added a new 'anything else' option for those calls that don't fit any other options. These changes are now in place, so next time you call you should hear the improvements we've made.
There are lots of ways you can help shape the services we provide. Check out our get involved section to find a way that suits you. | https://www.curo-group.co.uk/news/news-stories/you-said-we-did-april-2019/ |
Ongoing drought devastates parts of Kenya
A monthslong drought in parts of Kenya is endangering the livelihoods of millions of people who rely on livestock. Humanitarian organizations are warning that countless people could be at risk of hunger if the rains don't come soon.
“The drought has become bad because this whole time, there hasn’t been any rain,” said Samwel Lekorima, a herder at a livestock market in Mirelle town. “Animals have begun to die.”
A thin, sickly camel trudges along in the heat in the drought-affected Marsabit County, Kenya, Nov. 3, 2021.
Credit:
Halima Gikandi/The World
Local pastoralists have come to the market to sell off livestock to get money to buy goods and other basic commodities, which have become expensive during this drought.
The drought in the country is endangering the livelihoods of millions of people. And, humanitarian organizations are warning that countless people could be at risk of hunger if the rains don’t come soon.
“People are lacking things to eat,” Lekorima said.
In Marsabit, Kenya’s second-biggest county, 80% of households directly rely on livestock for their livelihoods, according to officials.
Culturally, pastoralists here build and measure their wealth by maintaining large herds of livestock, rather than selling them off. But officials are encouraging them to quickly offload their livestock before they dwindle, sicken or die.
“We have actually put a lot of effort into establishing markets in the strategic points to try to see if they can dispose of the animals,” said Wario Sori Sake, chief livestock officer for Marsabit County.
Sake knows firsthand the devastation that drought can bring.
“When I was very young, around 1992, [1993], my family had a huge stock of cattle, which we all lost. That actually reduced us to pastoralist refugees.”
Wario Sori Sake, chief livestock officer for Marsabit County
“When I was very young, around 1992, [1993], my family had a huge stock of cattle, which we all lost,” he said. “That actually reduced us to pastoralist refugees.”
But even those who are selling off their stocks aren’t going to take home much in return.
Herder Samwel Lekorima surveys livestock at a market in Mirelle, where pastoralists are off herding their animals due to the drought, Nov. 2, 2021.
Credit:
Halima Gikandi/The World
“Now, the price has gone down a lot. Because of the drought, people have brought many goats to the market,” Lekorima said.
The animals, many wasted, are also fetching lower prices. Kenya’s government is dedicating millions of dollars to help purchase livestock off of herders before it is too late.
Still Lekorima — like many others — is holding onto some animals in the hopes that if the rains come soon, they will be able to recover. But the outlook isn’t looking good.
“Currently, we are projecting the October, November, December rains to fail by 50%,” said Henry Parkolwa, county drought coordinator at Kenya’s National Drought Management Authority.
Kenya has two rainy seasons: the long and the short. The latter was meant to begin last month, but Marsabit has seen little rain so far.
While drought is not new to Kenya, scientists have noted with concern the increasing frequency of drought and other extreme weather events in the country.
“Because of climate change, the rainfall [on] which we depend is now unpredictable, the quantities have reduced, and the seasons have shortened,” Parkolwa said. “So, they cannot support pasture production [nor] can they support crop production.”
The Kenyan government, supported by nongovernmental organizations, is trying to mitigate the drought’s impact in a number of ways, including donating food; distributing animal feed; supplying drought-resistant crops; trucking in water; and managing boreholes across large, often remote swathes of land.
One borehole, about an hour and a half from Marsabit town, some herders must travel for days to reach it.
Sixty-year-old Ruchi Wario is the community leader there — in charge of ensuring that everyone in the surrounding communities gets a chance to drink from the water, and their animals, too.
Already, goats and sheep have collapsed out of thirst on their way to this borehole, too weak to make the growing journey between pasture and water.
“The machines that pump water have all broken down, apart from this one here,” Wario said.
Nearby, water wells had also dried up.
“We are fearing our stock will die of thirst if this last pump fails,” he said.
He warns the loss of food sources and income will have a trickle-down effect on communities.
“You know, kids are taken away from school and also the girls, the adolescent girls, some of them are married off,” added Adan Jarso, of Mercy Corps, which has been helping communities cope with the drought. “That increases the cycle of poverty.”
Already, more than 2 million people are facing food insecurity due to the drought.
Animals drink from water sourced from a borehole in Marsabit County. Local herders say some have collapsed on the way as the distance between pasture and water grows, Nov. 3, 2021.
Credit:
Halima Gikandi/The World
But Jarso notes there are ways communities can mitigate the impact of drought, including by planning and mapping out their rangeland and water resources.
“Build the capacity of the local communities. That’s the most important part, so that they can be able to have better management of their own resources,” he said.
But as drought and other natural disasters become more frequent in Kenya, the scale of resources that communities need to prepare for, and adapt to, their changing environments is likely to increase. | |
PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To improve game amusement by advance notice.
SOLUTION: A game machine comprises advance notification means (performance control device 300) by which advance notice can be made such that a display mode for retention storage display is used as a special mode different from an ordinary mode, based on the prior determination result of prior determination means (a game control device 100) by which determination information relating to start memory stored in start storage means (a game control device 100) can be determined prior to the execution of a variable display game based on the start memory. The advance notification means determines a display mode for retention memory display for the latest start memory stored in the start storage means, based on the result of the prior determination of start memory stored prior to the latest start memory and based on a display mode for the retention memory display for the start memory stored prior to the latest start memory. Advance notice for the latest start memory is carried out when advance notice for start memory stored prior to the latest start memory has not been made.
COPYRIGHT: (C)2015,JPO&INPIT | |
The government plan would take any contaminated soil under the 8000 bq/kg hazardous waste limit and use it to build roads. Jiji calls this level “relatively low” but the levels of 5000-8000 bq/kg are anything but.
One of the systemic problems with the radioactive contamination monitoring processes in Japan is that most standards and almost all of the monitoring is strictly for gamma radiation. This ignores any beta or alpha emitting radioactive contamination in the soil that would also contribute to human exposures. Both of these can cause even more severe exposure impacts through inhalation or ingestion than gamma radiation. Most of the remaining alpha and beta radiation are also long lived isotopes meaning they won’t die off any time soon.
The methods required to turn this radioactive waste into road dirt would include transferring it out of the current storage bags and trucking it to various road sites. This, along with spreading the materials to build road bases would redistribute the dirt and dust to the air allowing it to spread. Road workers and nearby residents could inhale the dust, causing internal contamination. Dusts settling on water, agricultural fields or gardens could contaminate food and water.
The government plan states that the radioactive soil would be used for the base layer of the road with cleaner dirt above and whatever paving materials that would be used. Contaminated materials would still leach out as roads decay, collapse during earthquake, wash out in flooding or otherwise fail over time. | http://www.simplyinfo.org/?p=15527 |
How to Enable or Disable In-Private Browsing in all Browsers
May 07, 2020 Browse in private - Computer - Google Chrome Help Close Incognito mode to stop private browsing. Incognito mode runs in a separate window from your normal Chrome windows. If you have an Incognito window open and you open another one, your private browsing session will continue in the new window. To exit Incognito mode, close all Incognito windows. How to set Private Browsing Mode By Default in Chrome, IE Steps To Set Private Browsing Feature In Google Chrome: Pages you view in private browsing window won’t appear in your browser history or search history, and they won’t leave other traces, like cookies, on your computer after you close all open windows. Any files you download or bookmarks you create will be preserved, however. 1. How do I set my browser to Incognito or private mode?
How to Turn On Private Browsing in Android and iOS
Jan 11, 2020 · Select the Chrome main menu button, represented by three vertically placed dots and located in the upper-right corner of the browser window. When the drop-down menu appears, choose New Incognito Window.
If you don’t want Google Chrome to remember your activity, you can browse the web privately in Incognito mode. On your computer, open Chrome. At the top right, click More New Incognito Window. A
Nov 20, 2016 · do private browsing in google chrome in android mobile just in few step. Dec 31, 2018 · When you use InPrivate tabs or windows, your browsing data (like your history, temporary internet files, and cookies) isn't saved on your PC once you're done. In Microsoft Edge, select the Settings and More icon, and then New InPrivate window. Jun 03, 2013 · How to do private or incognito browsing in Chrome. Jump to 1:42 for actual steps to follow. Incognito mode (browse in private) For times when you want to browse in stealth mode, Google Chrome Opening a private or incognito session in Google Chrome is quite easy, you can either use the shortcut key Ctrl + Shift + N or choose the Open New incognito window from the menu. The new window that opens up will not store any data to the search and browsing history. | https://megavpnlqylfj.netlify.app/busta2184qam/how-to-set-private-browsing-on-chrome-batu.html |
Requirements for Agricultural Environmental Management
The key requirements of the Minister’s Regulation - Code of Practice for Agricultural Environmental Management - are summarized below. Guidance on these requirements are currently being developed and will be made available on this page.
This information is not legal advice nor an exhaustive list of all the requirements.
Universal Requirements
Agricultural operations in B.C. will need to protect the environment by preventing contaminated runoff, leachate, solids and air contaminants from crossing property boundaries or entering watercourses and groundwater.
Boilers and heaters being used for agricultural purposes must be registered, with the exception of small capacity boilers and heaters (less than 0.15 MW).
To register an agricultural boiler or heater – including how to calculate output capacity and manage emissions properly – visit the link below.
The regulation sets more explicit requirements to ensure storage structures are not leaking and do not overflow. Some examples of storage provisions are:
- Storage capacity must be sufficient to contain all agricultural by-products until they can be applied as fertilizer or soil conditioner, or distributed off-site
- Solid agricultural by-products may only be stored in a field for seven months
- Liquid manure may only be stored in a permanent storage structure, and new or modified permanent storage structures must be designed by a qualified professional
- Existing earthen manure storage (e.g. earthen lagoons) over vulnerable aquifers need leak assessments, and new and modified earthen storage require protective bases
Minimum setbacks for certain activities and structures
Agricultural activities and structures must be set back a minimum of 30 meters from drinking water sources, a minimum of 15 meters from watercourses and generally a minimum of 4.5 meters from property boundaries to prevent pollution from entering.
Composting of agricultural by-products on-site will continue to be allowed, but requirements include: preventing leachate or contaminated run-off from entering the environment; composting structures must have a protective base; and outdoor compost piles must not be in areas that have standing water, saturated soil or are prone to flooding.
Requirements regarding livestock and poultry operations seek to prevent pollution of the environment. For example, a self-sealing layer under a feedlot must be maintained to prevent leachate from entering groundwater, and safe disposal methods are set for mortalities.
If an agricultural operation has an existing wastewater treatment facility on their farm, and discharges the treated wastewater to land or water, or if they intend to either modify an existing treatment system or build a new one, they will need to notify a Director prior to the discharge. A template for you to notify a Director is currently being developed and will be made available prior to the regulation taking effect on February 28, 2019.
Clean wood residue (e.g. sawdust and wood chips) can be used for plant mulch, horticultural bedding, soil conditioner, growing media, composting with other agricultural by-products, as animal bedding, or processed and used as fuel for wood-fired boilers.
It must not be used for the construction of berms, as envelopes for tile drains, or to fill or level sites.
If you have an agricultural land base of two hectares or more and apply nutrients, soil tests for each field must be taken for post-harvest nitrate and phosphorus.
Nitrate and phosphorus tests must be completed at least every three years, and nitrate tests must be completed annually on fields with high nitrate results (≥100 kg N/ha). Records of the soil test results and the nutrient application rates (both calculated and actual) need to be kept.
Agriculture operators must not apply nutrients to land covered with standing water, on snow or frozen ground, or during high-risk conditions. In addition, self-prepared nutrient application plans may be needed for those operations with very high soil nitrate and phosphorus levels (150 kg N/ha, and 300 ppm P2O5) to ensure that nutrients are not applied in excess of crop needs.
Learn more about nutrient application plans.
Records must be kept for numerous agricultural activities, such as:
- using biomass as a fuel for boilers or heaters
- using outdoor composting piles
- total amount of agricultural by-products generated and distributed offsite
- using an incinerator
- burying mortalities, or solid/semi-solid waste
Requirements for High-Risk Areas or Conditions
The regulation takes a risk-based approach, where requirements are tailored to environmental risks. If you operate in a high-risk area or during high-risk conditions, you will need to take additional protective measures specific to the environmental risk.
- Find out if you are operating in a high-risk area or condition.
Additional requirements for agricultural operations located in high risk areas or operating during high-risk conditions include:
Ensuring proper storage of agricultural by-products and other materials. For example, temporary field storage and outdoor composting piles must be covered in high precipitation areas from October to April.
The application of nutrients (e.g. fertilizer or manure) to land is restricted at certain periods, times and under certain conditions.
For example, in high precipitation areas, such as the Lower Fraser Valley, application of nutrients:
- in November, December, and January is prohibited
- in October, February or March will require that a risk assessment is completed prior to spreading
Nutrient Management Plans (NMPs) aim to ensure nutrients applied to land match crop needs. NMPs will need to be developed either by a qualified professional or a person experienced in nutrient management if risks are high, as determined by the location of the operation and the results of the soil tests. For example, if in a high-risk area, a NMP is required if the soil test results are ≥100 kg N/ha, or phosphorus test results ≥200 ppm. A qualified professional is required if the soil nitrate test is ≥150 kg N/ha, or 300 ppm for phosphorus.
These requirement will be phased in over a 10-year period.
Learn more about Nutrient Management Plans, triggers for needing one, and the phase-in time frame. | https://www2.gov.bc.ca/gov/content/environment/waste-management/industrial-waste/agriculture/regulation-requirements |
Biodiesel is a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feedstock. It can be used as an alternative fuel as the fossil fuels are getting depleted day by day. Moreover the use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in the pollution caused by PM, HC, CO etc. This paper consists of the production of biodiesel from waste cooking oil using alkaline catalysts NAOH and KOH and cosolvent acetone in the presence of methanol. Waste cooking oil is used because of its high oil content and abundant availability. This method used is co-solvent method.
Author Keywords:- acetone, biodiesel, catalyst, optimization, waste cooking oil.
The development of the city can support the land use changes, resulting in the growth of the number of occupants in sub-urban areas, if it is incommensurate to the increase of structure and infrastructure of transportation can cause the congestion in the arterial road. The aims of this research is to analyze the characteristic of land-use changes of the construction of ring roads in terms of change areas and price and value of land and to analyze the influence of the development of ring roads to the development of urban structure. This research uses primary data and secondary data. Primary data derived from the interviews and field observations, secondary data derived from relevant government agencies and google earth. Data were analyzed by qualitative descriptive and spatial analysis. The location of the research was conducted in Masamba Sub-district of North Luwu Regency, which is the developmental spaces along the ring roads and settlements that have direct access to the ring road. The results of the analysis indicate that the largest type of land-use that changed into settlements after the construction of the ring road is irrigated agricultural land and mixed plantation land. The construction of the ring road does not affect the city's developmental structure, as the fact is that the city of Masamba is a monocentric city in that it has only one service center which also serves as the center of the city.
The purpose of this paper is to develop a multiple regression model for measuring the miles per gallon (Efficiency) by using different independent variables. How much the efficiency in terms of miles per gallon is dependent on engine displacement, horsepower, vehicle weight, model year, number of cylinders, and filters? Which is the most important variable for increasing the efficiency of automobiles? The answers of these questions are the objectives of this paper. The results indicate that model year has positive effect on efficiency of vehicle while horse power, vehicle weight, and filters have negative impact on vehicle's efficiency. Results also specify that vehicle weight has the maximum impact on miles per gallon while horsepower has the minimum impact.
Author Keywords:- Fuel Efficiency, Engine displacement, Horsepower, Vehicle weight, Model year, Automobile industry.
Author Keywords:- Solid Waste, Landfill Site Selection,BMC, Analytic Hierarchy Process ,GIS.
In High Voltage (HV) electrical power systems, variety of materials (solid, liquid and gaseous) is used for insulation purpose to protect the incipient failure in Current Transformers. Most of insulating materials are not perfect in all respect and contains always some impurities. The presence of air bubble is one of such impurities in insulating materials and highly undesirable for such type of insulation which causes a local weak zone inside the insulator. Due to the high voltage stress the weak zone inside the insulator causes the partial discharge (PD) and finally the insulation properties of such materials is enormously degrades its quality. In this work, the simulation of PD activity due to presence of a small cylindrical void inside the solid insulation material of high voltage power equipment is analyzed with the MATLAB Simulink platform.
In this paper, the working principles, the dynamic performance, and the static characteristics of full car interconnected air suspension are investigated and verified using established real physical test benches and simulations. Also, the physical and mathematical models of the suspension are established to help study the vehicle‟s roll, pitch, bounce and other relevant motions. PID and Fuzzy controllers are built using matlab/simulink to simulate and control the body vertical height adjustment of the interconnected air suspension. Two two-dimensional fuzzy controllers are applied respectively to control the front and rear air springs. To improve height adjustment precision, a target height of 20 mm is used as input to the front controller; while the actual body height in front air spring is used as an input to the rear controller. The results of the simulation clearly demonstrate that compared with the open-loop switch control, PID and fuzzy controllers are found to effectively suppress the overshoot during the process of body height adjustment. Again, by setting the front wheels as the target height, the designed controllers quickly and accurately adjust body height to the target height and significantly stabilized and improved the performance of the system as compared to the open-loop switch control.
Author Keywords:- Full Car, Modeling, Simulation, Laterally Interconnected, Air Suspension.
In this work aluminium 7075 as matrix and silicon carbide and fly ash as reinforcements has been used. The %wt of reinforcement are varied to study the difference in aluminium property. Following are the samples are aluminium 7075 as 100%, aluminium 7075 90% + 10% SiC, and aluminium 7075 90% + 10% fly ash. The materials are obtained by stir casting technique. During casting 300 grams of aluminium has been taken as sample 1. 270grams of aluminium has been taken with 30grams of SiC as sample 2. The third sample is the mixture of 270grams of aluminium with 30grams of fly ash. Then the materials are made in the form of cylindrical rod of 30mm diameter and max length of 70mm. The composites are analysed for the mechanical study and the results are obtained based on hardness and the work has been extended to study the micro structure of the specimen by SEM analysis and Chemical Conformation.
Author Keywords:- Al 7075 Alloy steel, SiC, Fly ash, Stir casting, Micro hardness testing, SEM analysis, Chemical conformation.
During the past decade, holistic efforts by academia, industries, and regulatory bodies have resulted in a paradigm shift in the area of cellulose nanomaterials for materials applications. In an effort to reduce the dependence on petroleum-based packaging materials and coatings, groups are employing advanced nano understanding to manufacture materials that can potentially replace these materials. In effect, environmental concerns and resource availability will become the main factors driving the market demand for these products. This review focuses on the properties of cellulose-based nanomaterials and the possible use of these materials in niche applications. The review covers both partially and fully biodegradable inventions covered in the past 10 years (2006-2016) in the literature. Also, where data is available, environmental footprint and cost analysis of these products are presented. | http://irjes.com/v6i5.html |
[Determination of bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A and alkylphenols in water samples of sewage treatment plant using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry].
Bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A and alkylphenols have received much attention in recent years because of their endocrine disrupting effects to aquatic ecosystem. The fate of these compounds in sewage treatment plant which is important to deal with this kind of compounds has significance on the study of exposure levels of the target compounds in the environment, and the development of analytical method is the basis on the above study. An analytical method based on liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) with negative ionization mode has been developed for measuring bisphenol A, tetrabromobisphenol A and six alkylphenols in raw and treated sewage samples. The target compounds were separated on a ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C18 column (150 mm x 2.1 mm, 3.5 microm) with mobile phases of acetonitril and 0.02% (v/v) ammonia. Analyte confirmations were performed under multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode and the eight compounds were separated within 11 min. The calibration curves were linear in the range of 1 - 100 microg/L (R2 > or = 0.998). The quantification limits of the eight compounds were 2.0 - 20 ng/L. The recovery experiments were performed with samples spiked at the levels of 0.2, 2 and 20 microg/L, and the recoveries for the target compounds were in the range of 64.3%-118.0%, 65.9% - 100.5% and 70.3%-102.7% (RSD < 7.1%, n = 3), respectively. Based on the analytical method, the raw and treated sewage samples from an industrial park of Jiangsu Province were analyzed. Five compounds were detected in the water outlet in the range of 11.9-3 015.3 ng/L. It shows that the method is simple, selective, sensitive and can be used to analyze the water samples of sewage treatment plant containing alkylphenols.
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The Alberta Riparian Habitat Management Society, also known as “Cows and Fish”, is a non-profit society striving to foster a better understanding of how improvements in grazing and other management of riparian areas can enhance landscape health and productivity, for the benefit of landowners, agricultural producers, communities and others who use and value riparian areas.
Since its creation in 1992, Cows and Fish has delivered presentations, field days and workshops to over 92,200 people across Alberta and Canada. We’ve also completed more than 2670 riparian health assessment sites in Alberta since 1996 on streams, rivers, lakes and wetlands. Click on the map to see and enlarged view showing where we have done riparian health work in Alberta.
“What an honour and a privilege to be recognized amongst a national suite of great conservation initiatives.” – Lorne Fitch
The success of Cows and Fish stems from the voluntary nature of the initiative, which is largely propelled by ranchers, farmers, other landowners and local groups themselves. We speak directly to their needs and ways of life. The community and landowners are the driving force in making things happen.
Our programs and staff’s commitment to hard work, honesty, integrity and ongoing evaluation paired with our dedication to promoting understanding and expertise in riparian areas and their management has led us to receive the awards below. We are proud to be able to promote a proactive, voluntary and community driven approach to riparian management with the support of our members, supporters, donors, and the landowners and community groups that make it happen on the ground. | https://cowsandfish.org/about-us/ |
- Sebastian Klovig Skelton ,
Senior reporter
Published: 11 Mar 2021 12:39
A forum of UK regulators with remits over different aspects of the digital economy has outlined its priorities for the coming year, which include developing joined-up regulatory approaches and building up shared skills and capabilities.
The Digital Regulation Cooperation Forum (DRCF) – formed in July 2020 to strengthen the working relationships between the regulators and establish a greater level of cooperation – consists of the Competition and Markets Authority (CMA), the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) and the Office of Communications (Ofcom).
Published on 10 March 2021, the DRCF’s workplan for the next year sets out a roadmap for how the three regulators will increase the scope and scale of their cooperation. This will involve pooling expertise and resources, working together on digital regulatory matters of mutual interest, and annually reporting on the results of their collaboration.
Since the DRCF was formed, the UK government has officially confirmed that Ofcom will oversee and enforce a duty of care for online harms on internet companies and technology platforms, having the power to levy General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)-style fines of up to 10% of global turnover for breaches of this duty.
The government has also since announced that a Digital Markets Unit (DMU) will be established within the CMA, which is being tasked with writing and enforcing a new code of practice for tech giants.
According to the DRCF, its roadmap will help the regulators prepare for these new responsibilities, as well as set out how their regulatory approach will be coordinated.
“Online services are fundamental to how we interact with the world around us,” said Melanie Dawes, chief executive at Ofcom. “We want to ensure that people continue to enjoy the many benefits that these innovative platforms and technologies offer, while having peace of mind that they are protected against the possible harms and risks.
“As we ready ourselves to take on new responsibilities to regulate online safety, today’s action plan sets out how, through the DRCF, we will strengthen our ties with the CMA and the ICO. Together, we will drive a coherent approach to online regulation – for the good of internet users and the companies that serve them.”
The roadmap comprises three priority areas: responding strategically to industry and technological developments; developing joined-up regulatory approaches; and building shared skills and capabilities.
“The nature of digital services means that different regulatory regimes will interlink and overlap,” said the DRCF. “Where this occurs, we will develop approaches for ensuring a coherent regulatory approach.
“Areas of focus this year will be on the inter-relation between data protection and competition regulation, and the age-appropriate design code and the regulation of video-sharing platforms and online harms.”
It added that the regulators would also work together to build their collective technical and analytical capabilities, which will include exploring new operational models to support more efficient skills and expertise sharing going forward.
“This might include, for example, building cross-regulator specialist teams,” the DRCF said. “We will also continue to engage closely with other regulatory authorities with responsibilities for digital markets, who share some of the challenges set out in our plan of work.”
It added that the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), which has been an observer member of the DRCF since the outset, will be joining as a full member from April 2021.
Outgoing information commissioner Elizabeth Denham added: “Effective regulation supports digital innovation and economic development. It gives people trust and confidence to support innovation, safe in the knowledge that there are checks and balances in place to protect them.
“Through the DRCF, we will be working closely with the CMA and Ofcom. Our workplan is a roadmap towards pragmatic, practical solutions to the challenges arising from our increasingly digital world. Practical cooperation between regulators will drive better outcomes for business and individuals.”
Denham’s comments echoes the words of digital secretary Oliver Dowden, who at the start of March 2021 outlined the UK government’s plan to expand the remit of the next information commissioner to ensure that data is used to support growth and innovation.
“The next information commissioner will not just be asked to focus on privacy, but will be empowered to ensure people can use data to achieve economic and social goals,” said Dowden at the time.
The shift in the information commissioner’s role is in line with the government’s National Data Strategy, which, according to the information commissioner’s job specifications, sets out the “ambition for the UK’s pro-growth and trusted data regime, one that helps innovators and entrepreneurs to use data responsibly and securely”.
It added: “This will mean maintaining high standards of data protection without creating unnecessary barriers to data use.”
However, some data protection experts have criticised the ICO’s changing remit, claiming that the regulator will be under much more pressure to make decisions that go in the government’s favour.
For example, Chris Pounder, director of data protection training firm Amberhawk, said he interpreted the job specifications to mean that “data privacy is not the main priority if there is a ‘good’ economic reason for the use of personal data”, and that the government intends to “appoint a flexible information commissioner who will not be a stickler for the letter of data protection law”. | https://projin.co.kr/uk-digital-regulators-set-out-plans-to-strengthen-cooperation/ |
To develop appropriate equipment and processes for modernization of agriculture utilizing animate and mechanical power sources, develop technology for reducing post harvest losses and add value agro-produce through processing.
To conduct mission oriented reserch for improvement in productivity of horticulture crops and development of horticulture based cropping system under arid environment; and to act as a repository of information related to arid horticulture.
To carries out reserch on various aspects of buffalo improvement including conservation of germplasm, development of optimum diets and feeding systems, enhancement of reproductive efficiency and health management practices for argumenting milk, meat and draught.
To Integrated and multiple utilization of water development projects. water resource program and strategic long-term plans ashouls recognize.
To gurantee the safety of food to consumers both inside and outside the Union and to support quality products.
To safeguard the environmental friendliness of production methods and animals welfare.
To develop knowledge of agriculture education among farmers.
To provide free saplings and plants to public.
To promote and provide awareness of organic agriculture
To promote the development and utilisation of appropriate agricultural practices in order to improve and sustain the natural resource base.
To establish free education and training about agriculture.
To researches in the area of post harvest engineering and technology appropriate to the agricultural production catchments, agro-processing industries, pilot plants, industrial liasion, technology transfer and national and international cooperation to meet national needs. | https://ommurugantrust.com/services/ |
In April 2019, the FDA released the New Era of Smarter Food Safety initiative, which outlines their approach around food safety over the next decade. The initiative builds on the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) and will establish a modern and efficient process to quickly solve food safety problems. This new era will highlight themes like advanced traceability, digitization, predictive analytics, and developing a smarter food safety culture. As more information becomes available, and the initiative takes effect, it will be necessary to explore these trends and their impact on the four core elements of the initiative. Below we dive into each of the core elements.
Core Element 1: Technology – Enabled Traceability
In 2022, the FDA plans to finalize the food traceability rule. Advanced traceability will be used to quickly determine the root cause of any outbreak and prevent spreading or reoccurrence. While technically a separate core element, digitization is critical to advance traceability because data must be easily and quickly accessed to complete needed root cause analyses. It is important to recognize that digitalization is an evolving process and will take time to fully implement.
Developing a platform that allows for the use of machine learning is an example of technology impacting traceability. For instance, food import data collected by inspectors could assist with the detection of potential food violations by assessing statistical measures of performance. It is important to recognize that no single source of technology is a one size fits all solution but minimizing vulnerabilities and operating with multiple systems is key.
Core Element 2: Smarter Tools and Approaches for Prevention and Outbreak Response
The New Era of Smarter Food Safety initiative is no small task, and will require government, industry, and third-party audit agencies to work together to develop creative ways to address root causes. Predictive analytic systems and communication tools are essential to identifying recall root causes, responding in a timely manner, and informing appropriate groups. Various areas are assessed when looking at food safety and incorporating predictive analytics can lead to more informed risk management decisions. For example, if a customer has purchased a recalled product, modernization of recall communication can be used to notify consumers more efficiently and prevent foodborne illness from happening or spreading.
Currently, this initiative is being tested with the FDA and their Mexican counterparts. Smarter tools have allowed for the development of an analytical outbreak response for pathogens like Cyclospora. While only implemented for a short time, the protocols have proven to be effective with outbreak detection and benefited both countries. These learnings can be applied to many pathogens and other food import partnerships.
Overall, smarter tools encompass a broad range of topics, but they share the same goal of streamlining current processes to minimize the impact of food borne illnesses and improve root cause detection.
Core Element 3: New Business Models and Retail Modernization
With the rise of eCommerce and abundance and variety of delivery methods, consumer shopping habits have changed. The new trends have led to ease and convenience for customers but have also established a new frontier that needs to be assessed for safety. The effectiveness of retail food regulatory programs and proper food handling, amongst the myriad of delivery options offered, is a crossroads for modern models and traditional safety expectations. It is imperative that these business models are evaluated to ensure food safety vulnerabilities are being addressed.
Core Element 4: Food Safety Culture
Establishing a food safety culture is a priority to ensure the quality and safety of products are maintained from the beginning of the food process to the delivery of food products to consumers in their homes. A strong culture will take time to build since research, education and industry adoption is required to truly incorporate and promote food safety (IAFP Conference 2021, ‘How Regulators are Integrating Food Safety Culture into Food Safety Performance and Assessment Strategies’). Studying the issues and collaborating with other industry players can help develop a smarter food safety culture that fits your company’s needs and the development of a new social norm.
What’s Coming Next for Smarter Food Safety?
The food, beverage, and grocery retail industries are constantly changing, and the food system in particular is expected to see many changes in the next 10 years compared to the past. Consumers are increasingly interested in where products are sourced, and the digital age has allowed recall information to spread quickly.
Even though the New Era of Smarter Food Safety blueprint is still evolving, industries should begin assessing their current quality process and begin setting future goals. Companies should be focused on their data, which will enable their ability to enhance their digital footprint and traceability processes.
Selecting the best quality and compliance technology system for your business needs is key to creating efficiencies and minimizing compliance obstacles. By assessing your business needs, and taking into consideration your future goals, we can create a scalable quality program that will grow with your business.
While companies may vary in the scope and breadth of their quality and compliance goals, it is essential to develop and maintain food safety as a top priority. | https://clarkstonconsulting.com/insights/smarter-food-safety/ |
Statements that there is an effective method for achieving such-and-such a result are commonly expressed by saying that there is an effective method for obtaining the values of such-and-such a mathematical function. Davis, Martin , ed. This myth has passed into the philosophy of mind, theoretical psychology, cognitive science, computer science, Artificial Intelligence, Artificial Life, and elsewhere—generally to pernicious effect. One says that it can be proven, and the other says that it serves as a definition for computation. This is called the feasibility thesis , also known as the classical complexity-theoretic Church—Turing thesis or the extended Church—Turing thesis , which is not due to Church or Turing, but rather was realized gradually in the development of complexity theory. These variations are not due to Church or Turing, but arise from later work in complexity theory and digital physics. A significant recent contribution to the area has been made by Kripke
From this list we extract an increasing sublist: In Floridi, Luciano ed. Thus the concept ‘computable’ [‘reckonable’] is in a certain definite sense ‘absolute’, while practically all other familiar metamathematical concepts e. Reprinted in The Undecidable , p. But to mask this identification under a definition… blinds us to the need of its continual verification. Essays in Honor of Solomon Feferman. Volume 15 , Natick, MA:
Heuristic evidence and other considerations led Church to propose the following thesis.
Church-Turing Thesis
That a function is uncomputablein this sense, by any past, present, or future real machine, does not entail that the function in question cannot be generated by some real machine past, present, or future. Academic Tools How to cite this entry.
This left the overt expression of thesiis “thesis” to Kleene. It is an open question whether a completed neuroscience will need to employ functions that are not effectively calculable. We had not perceived the sharp concept of mechanical procedures sharply before Turing, who brought us to the right perspective.
Jeffrey,Computability and Logic2 nd edition, Cambridge: Although a single example suffices to show that the thesis is false, two examples are given here. The Church-Turing thesis encompasses more kinds of computations than those originally envisioned, such as those involving cellular automatacombinatorsregister machinesand substitution systems.
Church-Turing Thesis — from Wolfram MathWorld
Retrieved from ” https: The concept of a lambda-definable function is due to Church and his student Stephen Kleene Churcha, ; Kleene For the axiom CT in constructive mathematics, see Church’s thesis constructive mathematics. Let A be infinite RE. These include the following The electronic stored-program digital computers for which the universal Turing machine was a blueprint are, each of them, computationally equivalent to a Turing machine, and so they too are, in a sense, models of human beings engaged in computation.
The Turing machine is a model, idealized in certain respects, of a human being calculating in accordance with an effective method.
The Church-Turing Thesis (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
Every effectively calculable function effectively decidable predicate is general recursive. One is given a set of instructions, and the steps in the computation are supposed to follow—follow deductively—from the instructions as given.
In the late s Wilfried Sieg analyzed Turing’s and Gandy’s notions of “effective thwsis with the intent of “sharpening the informal notion, formulating its general features axiomatically, and investigating the axiomatic framework”. One example of such a function is the halting function h. Church and Turing proved that these three formally defined classes of computable functions coincide: Computable numbers are real numbers whose decimal representation can be generated progressively, digit by digit, by a Turing machine.
In Zalta, Edward N. Merriam Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary 9th ed. Richard Gregory writing in his In contrast, there exist questions, such as the halting problemwhich an ordinary computer cannot answer, and according to the Church-Turing thesis, no other computational device can answer such a question. The thseis formulation is one of the most accessible:. | https://www.qlsmyc.top/churchs-thesis-in-automata-38/ |
This design would then be passed on (as raw data) to a dynamicist, who will use the model of the vehicle to analyse the effect of the new suspension on the vehicle dynamics (usually without the suspension designer being involved).
In this age of computer-aided design, the design team uses a distinctive software toolchain for each of these specialised areas. Most of these tools are self-contained for the intended design application, and do not provide interactivity with any other toolchain. This creates issues for the designers when a situation arises that requires, for example, the vehicle dynamics engineer to work with the powertrain engineer to control vibrations generated by the engine on the vehicle frame.
To counter this problem, the concept of “co-simulation” has been promoted in some of the toolchains. Co-simulation essentially is one toolchain’s way of providing a hook into another toolchain such that each software does its own work, but allows for information to be passed between the toolchains for manipulation. This leads to the co-simulation ideology of “using the right tool for the right purpose with information interchange”.
So, how does this differ from traditional Computer-Aided-Engineering (CAE)? Let us consider a design activity carried out by an automotive R&D team to analyse the effect of a change in suspension design on the ride quality of the vehicle. The traditional approach (based on CAE) would be to employ relevant tools to model the suspension system and stress it so that its full range of operation is uncovered.
This design would then be passed on (as raw data) to a dynamicist, who will use the model of the vehicle to analyse the effect of the new suspension on the vehicle dynamics (usually without the suspension designer being involved). Any undesired vehicle behaviour due to the new suspension module would be conveyed back to the suspension designer and this process would be “iterated” several times till both are satisfied.
The crucial issue here is that these designers work with different software tools, so one has no way of knowing the results of a test on a module undertaken using the tool the other is using. In the co-simulation paradigm, because of the information interchange between the two toolchains, the dynamicist would be able to “import” the actual software design of the suspension as is into his preferred toolchain and analyse the vehicle dynamics with the actual suspension design in simulation (as opposed to using static suspension data).
Likewise, an imported vehicle dynamics model will be made available to the suspension designer so that suspension parameters can be changed by simulating the system as a whole, rather than in parts or in isolation from each other!
Continuing the suspension design example, the two designers may then need to let the vehicle run over a desired terrain. This is often achieved by one of the software toolchains having the capability to generate virtual terrain models on which the vehicle can travel. This will allow both the suspension designer and the dynamicist to essentially evaluate their respective systems in relation to each other and to the environment.
Adopting the co-simulation paradigm yields a whole catalogue of benefits: • Capital expenditure curtailed by reuse of models developed in various toolchains for new product design.
• Hardware elements easily integrated into the simulation for real-time interaction.
• Iterative multidisciplinary design within a single framework, without explicit data interchange.
• Virtual testing of designs from system specification to software implementation.
• Adherence to the V-cycle design for Model Based Development.
• Simplified component-level, functional-level, and system-level testing.
Co-simulation not only allows designers of different engineering domains to interact; it also facilitates the creation of hybrid design validation, testing, and training “workbenches”. These workbenches are usually a combination of software and hardware elements, the software element being the modelling tool using advanced mathematics and physics concepts, and the hardware (electronic and mechanical) emulating the sensors, actuators, and mechanical linkages in the system. Together, a complete vehicle is constructed, which allows the designers and end-users to “drive” the vehicle under design even without a physical prototype.
Co-simulation systems can also be modified to incorporate Hardware-In-the-Loop (HIL) design verification and interactive “simulators” (with a motion seat or motion platform) by the addition of driver controls like pedals, steering, gearshifting, and brake hardware (these could be the actual hardware found on a typical vehicle).
Acti-V (Automotive Co-simulation Tools Integration – Viswire) is one such integrated system based on the Model Based Design approach, and acts as a co-simulation enabler for multidisciplinary domains such as aerospace, automotive, medical systems.
What is Acti-V?
The Acti-V co-simulation solution offered by Viswire allows seamless integration of the various components of a co-simulation system, for both product design and development, validation, testing, and training. The architecture of Acti-V is laid out in the following way:
• Acti-V allows easy integration of prototyping control hardware (electronics, microprocessor-based systems, sensors, and actuators) and interactive driver input by interfacing with standard driver control hardware (steering wheel, brakes, clutch, accelerator, gearshifters, HMI units, etc).
• Using the Model Based Development approach, Acti-V seamlessly integrates CAE and numerical simulation models. These can be either client-supplied, or developed by Viswire in conjunction with domain experts (either from the client or via Viswire’s strategic partnerships).
• Acti-V also has an in-built 3D visualisation engine, VisViewer (Viswire proprietary). This tool contains a library of generic vehicle types, terrains, and data visualisation utilities like real-time graphing. VisViewer is completely customisable and can be configured with 3D assets, terrains, and animation effects as per the client’s requirement. The environmental information from the visualisation engine is also fed back to the design environment.
• Acti-V allows information from the simulation output to be fed back to the design environment.
Acti-V in action!
Engineers from different domains can use Acti-V as a one-stop source for all their design requirements, without having to rely on explicit raw data interchange between various toolchains. Acti-V’s architecture allows the seamless integration of tools for achieving tasks like electronic throttle control and software-sensor implementation for a passenger car, and vehicle suspension tuning for a truck, as in the following examples highlighting the framework’s effectiveness in addressing design and test issues.
1. ECU implementation of electronic throttle control (ETC) for a passenger car Fuel economy in a car is often linked to the effective and precise control of the throttle plate position for intake air. The airflow is very often electronically controlled, by means of a motorised throttle plate. Precise control of the throttle motor then controls the intake air over the entire range of plate positions (including idle).
To design this system, a numerical tool like MATLAB/Simulink is often employed to arrive at an appropriate control algorithm for throttle plate control. The controlled throttle then has to be connected to a dynamic model of the entire vehicle (including chassis, wheels, suspensions, etc), usually modelled in a CAE tool like MSC-Adams, along with an engine model, to validate the throttle control design from a system perspective.
To get closer to the realism of actually designing/testing the vehicle, vehicle control hardware elements like steering wheel, pedals, and gearshifter can be interfaced to the combined throttle-body-and-vehicle model.
2. ECU implementation of advanced sensor-replacement software algorithms Another example to consider would be the implementation of a cabin air monitoring and control system in a climate-control ECU for a car. Maintaining in-cabin air quality becomes essential from the point of view of complying with environmental regulations as well as for passenger comfort. To avoid the cost of using physical sensors to measure air quality, the system can have a software sensor.
A software sensor by definition is an algorithm-based sensor, inferring information about a particular phenomenon from the existing physical sensors’ signals. The physical sensor signals are mathematically computed to yield a software sensor signal.
The software sensor algorithm has to be designed and tested with the vehicle in motion to optimise the sensor algorithm with respect to the air flow in the cabin. Typically, the airflow will be modelled using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) tools and the data collected will be passed on to the sensor algorithm designer using a numerical modelling tool that can reproduce a software gas sensor. Again, design and testing of one module is done without the knowledge or interaction of the other.
Using the Acti-V framework, the software sensor designer will also be able to import the in-cabin airflow model into the numerical simulation environment to understand air flow dynamics for sensor design. Implementation hardware, i.e. a prototype ECU with the sensor software embedded in it, can be interfaced with the airflow model to create a testbench.
3. Vehicle suspension parameter tuning
Ride quality of a commercial vehicle like a truck depends on the effective tuning of the suspension parameters (spring stiffness, damper parameters, etc). An effective way of achieving this is to construct a base CAE model of the suspension in a tool like MSC-Adams. Utilising co-simulation, the combined truck dynamics with the suspension model can now be simulated along with an engine model developed in a numerical simulation tool like MATLAB/Simulink and what-if scenarios can be built to test the suspension design from a system perspective.
The suspension gains can be tuned iteratively in the numerical simulation tool to understand how vibrations in the vehicle are damped. At the same time, the effect of these tuned parameters on the stress/strain loads on the suspension itself can be understood from the CAE analysis tool. This will enable the designers to understand the impact of performance metrics of the suspension (reduction of vibrations) in relation to the mechanical limits (stress and strain) on the suspension frame.
Along with external hardware driver controls like steering, pedals, and gears, the designers can run the vehicle through various manoeuvres while tuning the suspension parameters and testing for ride quality improvement using the Acti-V framework.
Viswire Simulation & Training is a Chennai-based system integration company that focuses on real-time simulation for engineering, training, and research. Viswire is promoted by a group of professionals with a flight simulation background.
Its simulation offerings cover the aerospace, automotive, naval, and medical domains. Viswire is also a specialist in creating visual worlds optimised for simulation.
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The University of Canberra has joined the list of Australian organisations dumping their legacy Windows XP environments and upgrading to Windows 7, completing a 900-seat rollout in August to its student PCs that also included an upgrade to Microsoft Office 2007.
Like many organisations, the university skipped Vista, acting team leader for its managed operating environment Stephen Hurst said last week in an interview. The institution’s IT department was comfortable with Windows 7’s much-maligned predecessor, he said, but its end users had “a lot of reservations” about Vista.
A number of Australian organisations have previously praised Microsoft’s own deployment tools for Windows 7 as being robust, but in the university’s case there were two tools which Hurst said were key to the success of the upgrade, which took place without any major headaches.
The first tool is a piece of software called Deep Freeze by a company named Faronics. The technology keeps students’ machines in what Hurst describes as a “known state” — that is, similar to the way a Linux live CD works, the machines boot up returned back to their basic operating system.
The second tool was a product called DistriBrute by Dutch firm 4M88. DistriBute uses peer to peer distribution technology to deploy software — Windows 7 and an associated bundle of applications, in the University of Canberra’s case.
“The first stage was that we had to enrol all the machines into the DistriBrute system,” says Hurst. “Once the machines were rolled in, we could apply this Deep Freeze software onto them.”
The initial DistriBrute server acts as a ‘seed’ — in BitTorrent technology — from which the PCs start pulling the Windows 7 desktop standard operating environment image. And then, when they have enough of the data, the PCs themselves act as servers to help distribute the software to each other.
The deployment method is useful for other reasons as well — Hurst said if the machines need re-imaging in future, they already have the image on their hard disk drives from the initial process, so they don’t need to download it from the university’s network again.
The University of Canberra only has a single campus. But DistriBrute could be additionally useful to institutions with more than one campus, said Hurst, because that campus’ PCs would not all need to download the image centrally as machines could share the file between themselves.
UC went with the 64-bit version of Windows 7, although it had been using the 32-bit version of Windows XP. Hurst said the reason for the choice was that although most of the university’s machines only had 2GB of RAM, some specialised labs — for example, those where students learn video editing — had machines with 8GB of RAM which would need the 64-bit version to address completely.
The university didn’t conduct a mass desktop hardware rollout along with its Windows 7 deployment, although some ageing machines were replaced as they had gone out of warranty. But Hurst said Windows 7 performed well on machines that were in warranty that had been running Windows XP, due to forethought.
“We’ve been — probably for the past three years or so — been purchasing machines with an eye that they could be running either Vista or Windows 7,” he said.
The rollout took place in August, just before students came back from holidays to start the semester. And while UC has about 130 applications in its SOE, Hurst said there were only a few pieces of the software that had problems with the upgrade, and those were fixed with upgrades as well as using Microsoft’s AppVee application virtualisation software. A few ageing scanners did have driver problems, however.
Currently the university is investigating how it will upgrade its staff PC fleet to Windows 7, but it will likely use Microsoft’s own deployment tools for the rollout, as the nature of how staff use their machines is quite different than how students use theirs. Hurst notes, for example, that students can’t modify the PCs, which they only use on an ad-hoc basis, while select staff have administration rights on their machines.
The news comes as a number of other organisations have recently migrated to Windows 7 or flagged plans to do so — for example, Toyota Australia, Brisbane Girls Grammar and St Leonard’s College in Victoria. | https://delimiter.com.au/2010/10/19/university-of-canberra-rolls-out-windows-7/ |
About Scientific Names
The botanical names used by the Theodore Payne Foundation are in accordance with the The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California, edited by James C. Hickman, third printing with corrections 1996 (Jepson). Jepson provides a collected snapshot of the recognized botanical names for the California flora at the time of publication. There are other floras, as well as studies on individual species, that use different names or revised names. The Theodore Payne Foundation has selected Jepson as it is the primary, comprehensive source of information on California flora and is periodically updated, collecting and incorporating research and findings released since the previous edition.
Botanical names change regularly, for instance, California species within Zauschneria have been moved to Epilobium and California species within Mahonia have been moved to Berberis. Name changes occur as a result of scientific study and the publication of reports and analyses in various publications. These name changes can become recognized and well-accepted before the next Jepson is published. For example, some California species in the genera Yucca have been changed to Hesperoyucca. This change is now appearing in popular publications even though Jepson has not yet published an update. The Theodore Payne Foundation typically maintains the names published in the most current edition of Jepson, and adopts name changes when a new edition has been published. Exceptions are noted under descriptions for individual species.
The naming convention used in this library is:
- Genera
- species, subspecies (ssp.), variety (var.) or 'Cultivar'
The non-bold faced type would be the hyperlink to the plant description.
Subspecies and variety names are part of the scientific designation of the plant, while the cultivar name is a popular designation denoting selection of a specimen for certain traits. Cultivar names are always represented in standard font, not italics, and in single quotes. Unfortunately, we have not mastered font controls in Wikipedia yet. As a result, some names that should be italic are not and some names that should not be italic are. Hopefully we will figure out a solution for this technical issue. When we do, text will be corrected appropriately.
What are the difference between Subspecies, Varieties and Cultivars?
Subspecies (ssp.), varieties (var.), and forma (for.) are botanically recognized subdivisions of a species (distinct forms that occur in the wild). There is some argument in the horticultural science community on the differences between subspecies, varieties, and forma.
Cultivars refer to distinct plant forms which are not considered to warrant botanical recognition. They are selected from the garden or from the wild and maintained in cultivation by (mostly) non-sexual propagation methods. | https://theodorepayne.org/nativeplantdatabase/index.php?title=About_Scientific_Names |
While it is normal to be forgetful from time to time, severe memory problems can make it difficult to function in everyday life. Memory care facilities exist for elderly people with Alzheimer's and other types of dementia. These facilities provide assistance with a lot of different tasks, from bathing to taking medication, and can keep your family member safe. Here are a few signs that your loved one needs memory care.
Are you worried about the health and safety of your elderly parent who lives alone? While many people want to stay in their own homes as they get older, it's not always feasible to do so. Many elderly people suffer from cognitive decline or physical ailments that make it difficult to live alone. They may not be able to shop for groceries or cook their own food. Basic activities like getting dressed, bathing, and cleaning could become more difficult.
Seniors' needs often change as they age. People may find that they need more help getting around and are no longer able to maintain the same standard of living that they used to. Senior living centers can help people in this stage of life retain their independence while receiving the extra care and assistance they need. Here are some things that senior living centers can offer senior citizens: 1. Vibrant Communities
Seniors are valued members of the community who often need a higher level of care than young people require. However, many seniors are healthy enough that they do not require hospitalization or nursing care. In these situations, in-home care can provide elderly people with the assistance they need as well as the freedom to remain in their own homes or apartments. Here are five services that can be provided by an in-home senior caregiver:
One gray area of Medicaid coverage is what types of benefits Medicaid entails when it comes to assisted living costs. The following are six things you should be aware of when it comes to Medicaid-eligible assisted living. Medicaid does not always cover the costs of assisted living. Whether Medicaid covers assisted living costs for a particular individual depends mostly on what state that individual lives in. Individual states control the extent to which Medicaid programs cover assisted living costs.
There are many different types of assisted living facilities, and choosing one can be confusing. You want your loved one to be safe, happy and cared for, but how do you know which facility will best meet your needs? My name is Meghan, and I have helped my family place our loved ones in various assisted living homes. I'd like to give you a checklist and questions to ask yourself when you choose an assisted living facility for someone you love; you don't have to be overwhelmed. I can help you find the best place for your elderly loved one. | http://cornetsoft.com/categories/ |
# Greenlandic Norse
Greenlandic Norse is an extinct North Germanic language that was spoken in the Norse settlements of Greenland until their demise in the late 15th century. The language is primarily attested by runic inscriptions found in Greenland. The limited inscriptional evidence shows some innovations, including the use of initial t for þ, but also the conservation of certain features that changed in other Norse languages. Some runic features are regarded as characteristically Greenlandic, and when they are sporadically found outside of Greenland, they may suggest travelling Greenlanders.
Non-runic evidence on the Greenlandic language is scarce and uncertain. A document issued in Greenland in 1409 is preserved in an Icelandic copy and may be a witness to some Greenlandic linguistic traits. The poem Atlamál is credited as Greenlandic in the Codex Regius, but the preserved text reflects Icelandic scribal conventions, and it is not certain that the poem was composed in Greenland. Finally, Greenlandic Norse is believed to have been in language contact with Greenlandic and to have left loanwords in it.
## Runic evidence
Some 80 runic inscriptions have been found in Greenland. Many of them are difficult to date and not all of them were necessarily carved by Greenlanders. It is difficult to identify specifically Greenlandic linguistic features in the limited runic material. Nevertheless, there are inscriptions showing the use of t for historical þ in words such as torir rather than þorir and tana rather than þana. This linguistic innovation has parallels in West Norwegian in the late medieval period. On the other hand, Greenlandic appears to have retained some features which changed in other types of Scandinavian. This includes initial hl and hr, otherwise only preserved in Icelandic, and the long vowel œ (oe ligature), which merged with æ (ae ligature) in Icelandic but was preserved in Norwegian and Faroese.
Certain runic forms have been seen by scholars as characteristically Greenlandic, including in particular an 'r' form with two parallel sloping branches which is found in 14 Greenlandic inscriptions. This form is sporadically found outside Greenland. It is, for example, found in a runic inscription discovered in Orphir in Orkney, which has been taken to imply that "the rune carver probably was a Greenlander".
The Kingittorsuaq Runestone has one of the longest Norse inscriptions found in Greenland. It was discovered near Upernavik, far north of the Norse settlements. It was presumably carved by Norse explorers. Like most Greenlandic inscriptions, it is traditionally dated to c. 1300. However, Marie Stoklund has called for reconsideration of the dating of the Greenlandic material and points out that some of the parallels to the Kingittorsuaq inscription elsewhere in the Nordic world have been dated to c. 1200.
The patronymic Tortarson (standardized Old Norse: Þórðarson) shows the change from þ to t while the word hloþu (Old Icelandic hlóðu, Old Norwegian lóðu) shows the retention of initial hl.
## Manuscript evidence
A document written at Garðar in Greenland in 1409 is preserved in an Icelandic transcription from 1625. The transcription was attested by bishop Oddur Einarsson and is considered reliable. The document is a marriage certificate issued by two priests based in Greenland, attesting the banns of marriage for two Icelanders who had been blown off course to Greenland, Þorsteinn Ólafsson and Sigríður Björnsdóttir. The language of the document is clearly not Icelandic and cannot without reservation be classified as Norwegian. It may have been produced by Norwegian-educated clergy who had been influenced by Greenlandic. The document contains orthographic traits which are consistent with the runic linguistic evidence. This includes the prepositional form þil for the older til which demonstrates the merger of initial 'þ' and 't'.
It is possible that some other texts preserved in Icelandic manuscripts might be of Greenlandic origins. In particular, the poem Atlamál is referred to as Greenlandic (Atlamál in grœnlenzku) in the Codex Regius. Many scholars have understood the reference to mean that the poem was composed by a Greenlander and various elements of the poem's text have been taken to support Greenlandic provenance. Ursula Dronke commented that "There is a rawness about the language ... that could reflect the conditions of an isolated society distant from the courts of kings and such refinements of manners and speech as were associated with them."
Finnur Jónsson argued that not only was Atlamál composed in Greenland, some other preserved Eddic poems were as well. He adduced various stylistic arguments in favor of Greenlandic provenance for Helgakviða Hundingsbana I, Oddrúnargrátr, Guðrúnarhvöt, Sigurðarkviða in skamma and, more speculatively, Helreið Brynhildar. One linguistic trait which Finnur regarded as specifically Greenlandic was initial 'hn' in the word Hniflungr, found in Atlamál, Helgakviða Hundingsbana I and Guðrúnarhvöt. The word is otherwise preserved as Niflungr in Icelandic sources. Modern scholarship is doubtful of using Atlamál as a source on the Greenlandic language since its Greenlandic origin is not certain, it is difficult to date, and the preserved text reflects Icelandic scribal conventions.
## Contact with Kalaallisut
Greenlandic Norse is believed to have been in language contact with Kalaallisut, the language of the Kalaallit, and to have left loanwords in that language. In particular, the Greenlandic word Kalaaleq (older Karaaleq), meaning Greenlander, is believed to be derived from the word Skrælingr, the Norse term for the people they encountered in North America. In the Greenlandic dictionary of 1750, Hans Egede states that Karálek is what the "old Christians" called the Greenlanders and that they use the word only with foreigners and not when speaking among themselves. Other words which may be of Norse origin include Kuuna (female given name, probably from Old Norse kona "woman", "wife"), sava ("sheep", Old Norse sauðr), nisa ("porpoise", Old Norse hnísa), puuluki ("pig", Old Norse purka "sow"), musaq ("carrot", Old Norse mura) and kuaneq ("angelica", Old Norse hvönn, plural hvannir).
The available evidence does not establish the presence of language attrition; the Norse language most likely disappeared with the ethnic group that spoke it. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_Norse |
TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND ART
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
Technical Problem
Solution to Problem
Advantageous Effects of Invention
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
(1) CONFIGURATION OF BRUSH
(2) METHOD OF MANUFACTURING BRUSH
(3) EFFECTS
(4) INVENTIVE EXAMPLES AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES
(4-1) Inventive Example 1
(4-2) Inventive Example 2
(4-3) Inventive Example 3
(4-4) Inventive Example 4
(4-5) Inventive Example 5
(4-6) Inventive Example 6
(4-7) Inventive Example 7
(4-8) Comparative Example 1
(4-9) Comparative Example 2
(4-10) Comparative Example 3
(5) EVALUATION
(5-1) Surfaces of Particles of Carbonaceous Material
(5-2) Cut Section
(5-3) Bulk Density, Hardness, Resistivity and Bending Strength
(5-4) Motor Efficiency
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
The present invention relates to a resin bonded carbonaceous brush and a method of manufacturing the resin bonded carbonaceous brush.
A resin bonded carbonaceous brush that includes carbon and is formed by resin bonding is used as a brush of a motor (see Patent Document 1, for example). The resin bonded carbonaceous brush has sufficient flexibility, and has high lubrication ability with respect to a rotating body (a rotor). Therefore, friction noise generated between the resin bonded carbonaceous brush and the rotating body is relatively small, and it is possible to reduce the noise of the motor by using the resin bonded carbonaceous brush. The resin bonded carbonaceous brush is used in a motor of a home electric appliance of which the quietness is required.
[Patent Document 1] JP 2012-50276 A
Because the resin bonded carbonaceous brush has the large content of a resin, electrical resistivity is relatively high. In order to increase an output of the motor, it is required to decrease the electrical resistivity of the resin bonded carbonaceous brush.
An object of the present invention is to provide a resin bonded carbonaceous brush in which electrical resistivity is decreased, and a method of manufacturing the resin bonded carbonaceous brush.
(1) A resin bonded carbonaceous brush according to one aspect of the present invention includes a carbonaceous material that includes carbon and a resin, and metallic powder arranged among particles of the carbonaceous material, wherein an average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is 0.3 mm or more, and a ratio of the metallic powder to the entire carbonaceous material and metallic powder is 1% by weight or more and 30% by weight or less.
In this resin bonded carbonaceous brush, conductivity is increased by arrangement of the metallic powder among the particles of the carbonaceous material, and thus the electrical resistivity is decreased. In this case, because the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is 0.3 mm or more, the metallic powder is arranged not dispersively but in a concentrated manner among the particles of the carbonaceous material. Thus, a three-dimensional net-like connection of metal is formed. As a result, the electrical resistivity is decreased effectively.
Further, because a ratio of the metallic powder to the entire carbonaceous material and metallic powder is 1% by weight or more, sufficient conductivity is attained by the metallic powder. Further, because a ratio of the metallic powder to the entire carbonaceous material and metallic powder is 30% by weight or less, a decrease in bonding force among the particles of the carbonaceous material is prevented.
(2) The average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material may be 2.5 mm or less. In this case, the resin bonded carbonaceous brush can be molded easily while the electrical resistivity decreases.
(3) The metallic powder may be silver powder. In this case, oxidation of the metallic powder is suppressed, and the electrical resistivity decreases effectively by the use of silver, which inherently has low electrical resistivity.
(4) A metal layer may be formed by the metallic powder arranged among the particles of the carbonaceous material, and the metal layer may have a thickness of 1 μm or more and 20 μm or less. In this case, because the three-dimensional metallic connection is formed by the metallic layer, the electrical resistivity decreases effectively.
(5) A method of manufacturing a resin bonded carbonaceous brush according to another aspect of the present invention includes the steps of fabricating a carbonaceous material by mixing carbon powder and a resin, adjusting an average particle diameter of the formed carbonaceous material to 0.3 mm or more, fabricating a brush material by mixing the carbonaceous material and metallic powder of which the average particle diameters are adjusted, molding the fabricated brush material, and performing the heat-treating on the molded brush material at a temperature at which the resin included in the carbonaceous material does not carbonize, wherein a ratio of the metallic powder to the entire carbonaceous material and metallic powder is adjusted to 1% by weight or more and 30% by weight or less in the step of mixing the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder.
This manufacturing method causes the conductivity to increase by the arrangement of the metallic powder among the particles of the carbonaceous material and the electrical resistivity to decrease. In this case, because the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is 0.3 mm or more, the metallic powder is arranged not dispersively but in a concentrated manner among the particles of the carbonaceous material. Thus, the three-dimensional net-like connection of metal is formed. As a result, the electrical resistivity decreases effectively.
Further, because a ratio of the metallic powder to the entire carbonaceous material and metallic powder is 1% by weight or more, the conductivity caused by the metallic powder is ensured sufficiently. Further, because a ratio of the metallic powder to the entire carbonaceous material and metallic powder is 30% by weight or less, a decrease in bonding force among the carbonaceous particles is prevented.
(6) The step of fabricating the brush material may be performed with the resin in the carbonaceous material being uncured. In this case, because the metallic powder is more likely to adhere to the carbonaceous material, the three-dimensional net-like connection of metal can be formed efficiently.
(7) An average particle diameter of the metallic powder may be 0.5 μm or more and 20 μm or less in the step of fabricating the brush material. In this case, the electrical resistivity decreases effectively by the three-dimensional net-like connection of metal.
The present invention causes the electrical resistivity of the resin bonded carbonaceous brush to decrease.
A resin bonded carbonaceous brush according to one embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
10
1
2
2
4
1
1
1
2
1
4
2
1
2
1
2
2
is a schematic perspective view of an AC motor using the resin bonded carbonaceous brush according to the present embodiment (hereinafter abbreviated as, a brush). The AC motor of includes the brush and a rotating body . The rotating body is a commutator and provided to be rotatable around a rotation axis G. A lead wire is connected to the brush . The brush is biased by a brush spring (not shown) such that one end of the brush comes into contact with an outer peripheral surface of the rotating body . An electric current is supplied from a power source (not shown) to the brush through the lead wire . The rotating body is rotated around, the rotation axis G by the supply of the current from the brush to the rotating body . The brush slides with respect to the rotating body by the rotation of the rotating body .
1
10
1
While the brush is used in the AC motor in the present embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this. The brush may be used in a DC motor.
1
The method of manufacturing the brush will be described. First, a carbonaceous material is fabricated by kneading of carbon powder and a binder. As the carbon powder, graphite powder is preferably used. As the graphite powder, natural graphite powder, artificial graphite powder, expanded graphite powder or the like can be used, and a mixture of more than one of these may be used. As the binder, a synthetic resin can be used, and any one of a thermosetting synthetic resin and a thermoplastic synthetic resin or a mixture of these may be used.
As the binder, an epoxy resin, a phenol resin, a polyester resin, a vinylester resin, a furan resin, a polyamide resin, or a polyimide resin is preferably used. Further, these binders may be dissolved in a solvent of ketones such as acetone or alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, and a dissolving liquid may be kneaded with the carbon powder.
A ratio of the carbon powder to the total weight of the carbon powder and the binder is 5% by weight or more and 95% by weight or less, for example, and is preferably 50% by weight or more and 90% by weight or less.
During the kneading of the carbon powder and the binder, one or more types of tungsten, tungsten carbide, molybdenum and sulfides of tungsten, tungsten carbide and molybdenum may be added as an additive. A ratio of the additive to the total weight of the carbon powder and the binder is 0.1% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less, for example, and is preferably 1% by weight or more and 5% by weight or less.
Next, the carbonaceous material is granulated such that an average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is 0.3 mm or more. In this case, granulation may be performed by kneading, or granulated powder may be sized by the use of a sieve. Alternatively, granulation may be performed by another method such as grinding of the carbonaceous material. An average particle diameter of the granulated carbonaceous material is preferably 0.3 mm or more and 2.5 mm or less, and is more preferably 0.8 mm or more and 2.0 mm or less.
3
3
A brush material is fabricated by mixing of the granulated carbonaceous material and metallic powder. A ratio of the metallic powder to the total weight of the brush material is adjusted to 1% by weight or more and 30% by weight or less, and is preferably 2.5% by weight or more and 10% by weight or less. As the metallic powder, silver powder or copper powder is used, for example. In the case where the silver powder is used as the metallic powder, apparent density of the silver powder is preferably 0.5 g/cmor more and 0.8 g/cmor less. Further, the smaller an average particle diameter of the metallic powder is, the more easily a three-dimensional net-like connection (hereinafter referred to as a metal network) of metal is formed. On the other hand, when the average particle diameter of the metallic powder is too small, difficulty arises while handling of the metallic powder. Thus, the average particle diameter of the metallic powder is preferably 0.5 μm or more and 20 μm or less, and is more preferably 2 μm or more and 10 μm or less.
When the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder are mixed, a resin included in the carbonaceous material is preferably uncured. Because the metallic powder adheres easily to the uncured resin, the metallic powder can adhere uniformly to surfaces of the carbonaceous material. Thus, the metal network can be formed efficiently. Further, the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder may be mixed with the resin being uncured and a solvent of the binder remaining.
1
Then, pressure molding of the fabricated brush material is performed. Subsequently, thermal processing is performed on the molded brush material at a temperature at which a resin is not carbonized. Thus, the resin in the brush material is cured and bonded, and a resin bonded brush base material is fabricated. A temperature of the thermal processing is a temperature at which the resin in the brush material is not carbonized, and 150° C. or more and 250° C. or less, for example. The thermal processing is preferably performed in a nitrogen atmosphere, an ammonia reduction atmosphere or in a vacuum. In this case, oxidation of the metallic powder can be suppressed. The brush having desired measurement and shape is fabricated from the fabricated brush base material.
FIGS. 2A and 2B
FIG. 2A
FIG. 2B
are diagrams for explaining a relationship between the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material and the electrical resistivity. In , a state of particles of the carbonaceous material and metallic, particles in the case where the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is relatively small is shown. In , a state of particles of the carbonaceous material and the metallic particles in the case where particle diameters of the carbonaceous material are relatively large is shown. Hereinafter, particles of the granulated carbonaceous material are referred to as carbonaceous particles.
1
2
2
1
FIG. 2A
In the case where the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is smaller than 0.3 mm and about 0.1 mm, for example, the plurality of carbonaceous particles P and the plurality of metallic particles P are arranged respectively and dispersively as shown in . Therefore, the plurality of metallic particles P are unlikely to come into contact with one another, and the electrical resistivity of the brush increases.
2
1
2
1
FIG. 2B
On the other hand, in the case where the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is 0.3 mm or more, the plurality of metallic particles P are arranged in a concentrated and successive manner in gaps formed among the plurality of carbonaceous particles P, and the metal network is formed as shown in . Thus, the conductivity caused by the plurality of metallic particles P is ensured, and the electrical resistivity of the brush decreases.
2
1
The thickness of a metal layer formed by the metallic particles P among the plurality of carbonaceous particles P is preferably 1 μm or more and 20 μm or less. In this case, the electrical resistivity decreases effectively by the metal network.
1
1
1
Further, in the case where the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is adjusted to be larger than 2.5 mm, the molding of the brush becomes difficult. Therefore, the brush can be molded easily while the electrical resistivity of the brush is decreased by the adjustment of the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material to 2.5 mm or less.
2
1
2
1
1
Further, because a ratio of the metallic powder in the brush material is adjusted to 1% by weight or more, the conductivity caused by the plurality of metallic particles P is ensured. On the other hand, because a ratio of the metallic powder in the brush material is adjusted to 30% by weight or less, entire surfaces of the carbonaceous particles P are not covered by the metallic particles P. Therefore, a decrease in bonding force among the plurality of carbonaceous particles P is prevented. Therefore, bending strength of the brush is ensured. Further, because a ratio of metal does not become too large, negative influence on sliding properties can be prevented.
1
1
1
1
In order to decrease the electrical resistivity, performing the metallic plating (copper plating, for example) on the surface of the brush instead of the addition of the metallic powder to the carbonaceous material can be considered. However, variations in electrical resistivity of the brush are likely to occur due to differences in thickness of a plating layer. Further, when stripping of the plating layer occurs, the electrical resistivity of the brush changes largely. Therefore, the electrical resistivity of the brush may not be stable depending on a situation.
1
1
1
In contrast, in the present embodiment, because the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material and the ratio of the metallic powder in the brush material are adjusted to be in constant ranges before the pressure molding and the thermal processing, variations are unlikely to be generated in the electrical resistivity of the brush . Further, the electrical resistivity of the brush hardly changes largely. Further, because highly conductive portions are not distributed unevenly on the surface of the brush , fluctuation of the electrical conductivity caused by the carbonaceous material decreases. Therefore, the electrical conductivity can decrease effectively.
In this manner, in the present embodiment, the carbonaceous material is granulated such that the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is 0.3 mm or more, and then the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder are mixed. Thereafter, the pressure molding and the thermal processing of the brush material made of the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder are performed.
Thus, because the metallic powder is arranged among the particles of the carbonaceous material, the conductivity increases, and the electrical resistivity decreases. In this case, because the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material is 0.3 mm or more, the metallic powder is arranged not dispersively but in a concentrated manner among the particles of the carbonaceous material. Thus, the electrical resistivity decreases effectively.
1
Further, in the present embodiment, because a ratio of the metallic powder to the entire carbonaceous material and metallic powder is adjusted to 1% by weight or more, the conductivity caused by the metallic powder is ensured sufficiently. Further, because a ratio of the metallic powder to the entire carbonaceous material and metallic powder is adjusted to 30% by weight or less, a decrease in bonding force among the particles of the carbonaceous material is prevented. Therefore, mechanical strength such as the bending strength of the brush is ensured.
Artificial graphite powder having high crystallinity was used as the carbon powder, and an epoxy resin dissolved in acetone was added to the carbon powder as the binder. Then, a carbonaceous material was fabricated by kneading of these at room temperature. An average particle diameter of the carbon powder before the kneading was 50 μm. Further, 20 parts by weight of the epoxy resin was used for 80 parts by weight of the carbon powder.
2
Subsequently, the carbonaceous material was granulated by kneading, and particle diameters of the carbonaceous material were adjusted with the use of a sieve such that an average particle diameter was 0.8 mm. Silver powder having an average particle diameter of 5.6 μm was added to the carbonaceous material after the adjustment of the particle diameters, and these were mixed by a powder mixer. Thus, the brush material was fabricated. In this case, amounts of the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder were adjusted such that ratios of the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder in the brush material were 97.5% by weight and 2.5% by weight, respectively. The pressure molding was performed on the fabricated brush material with the pressure of 2 t/cm, and the thermal processing was performed on the molded brush material at 200° C. Thus, a brush base material was fabricated.
A brush base material was fabricated similarly to the inventive example 1 except that ratios of the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder in the brush material were adjusted to 95.0% by weight and 5.0% by weight, respectively.
A brush base material was fabricated similarly to the inventive example 1 except that ratios of the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder in the brush material were adjusted to 90.0% by weight and 10.0% by weight, respectively.
A brush base material was fabricated similarly to the inventive example 1 except that the particle diameters of the carbonaceous material were adjusted such that an average particle diameter was 2.0 mm.
A brush base material was fabricated similarly to the inventive example 1 except that the particle diameters of the carbonaceous material were adjusted such that an average particle diameter was 1.5 mm.
A brush base material was fabricated similarly to the inventive example 1 except that the particle diameters of the carbonaceous material were adjusted such that an average particle diameter was 1.0 mm.
A brush base material was fabricated similarly to the inventive example 1 except that the particle diameters of the carbonaceous material were adjusted such that an average particle diameter was 0.5 mm.
A brush base material was fabricated similarly to the inventive example 1 except for the following points. A carbonaceous material was fabricated by kneading of the carbon powder and the binder, and then the carbonaceous material was dried by a hot-air dryer. Then, the carbonaceous material was ground by a grinder such that an average particle diameter was 0.25 mm. Thereafter, the brush base material was fabricated by the pressure molding and the thermal processing of the carbonaceous material without addition of silver powder.
A brush base material was fabricated similarly to the comparative example 1 except that the particle diameters of the carbonaceous material were adjusted by a wet granulator such that an average particle diameter was 0.8 mm.
A brush base material was fabricated similarly to the comparative example 1 except for the following point. Silver powder was added to the carbonaceous material such that ratios of the carbonaceous material and the metallic powder were 97.5% by weight and 2.5% by weight, respectively.
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 6
5
In each of the inventive examples 1 to 3, and the comparative example 1, surfaces of the carbonaceous particles before the pressure molding were observed by a microscope. is a diagram showing the surfaces of the carbonaceous particles of the inventive example 1 observed by the microscope. is a diagram showing the surfaces of the carbonaceous particles of the inventive example 2 observed by the microscope. FIG. is a diagram showing the surfaces of the carbonaceous particles of the inventive example 3 observed by the microscope. is a diagram showing the surfaces of the carbonaceous particles of the comparative example 1 observed by the microscope.
FIGS. 3 to 5
1
1
As shown in each of , in each of the inventive examples 1 to 3, the silver powder adheres substantially uniformly to the surfaces of the carbonaceous particles. Therefore, in the case where the brush is fabricated by the pressure molding and the thermal processing of each of these carbonaceous materials (the brush materials), the silver powder is arranged intensively among the plurality of carbonaceous particles, and the electrical resistivity of the brush decreases.
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
FIG. 5
1
1
1
1
Further, as compared to the inventive example 1 shown in , an amount of the silver powder that adheres to the particle surfaces of the carbonaceous material is large in the inventive example 2 shown in . Further, as compared to the inventive example 2 shown in , an amount of the silver powder that adheres to the particle surfaces of the carbonaceous material is large in the inventive example 3 shown in . Therefore, the electrical resistivity of the brush corresponding to the inventive example 2 is low as compared to the electrical resistivity of the brush corresponding to the inventive example 1, and the electrical resistivity of the brush corresponding to the inventive example 3 is low as compared to the electrical resistivity of the brush corresponding to the inventive example 2.
FIG. 6
1
1
On the other hand, as shown in , the silver powder does not adhere to the particle surfaces of the carbonaceous material in the comparative example 1. Therefore, even if the brush is fabricated by the pressure molding and the thermal processing of this carbonaceous material, the electrical resistivity of the brush does not decrease.
FIG. 7
FIG. 8
FIG. 9
In each of the inventive examples 1 to 3, a cut section of the fabricated brush base material was observed by the microscope. is a diagram showing a cut section of the brush base material of the inventive example 1 observed by the microscope, is a diagram showing a cut section of the brush base material of the inventive example 2 observed by the microscope, and is a diagram showing a cut section of the brush base material of the inventive example 3 observed by the microscope.
FIGS. 7 to 9
FIG. 9
As shown in each of , in each of the inventive examples 1 to 3, it was found that the silver powder was arranged intensively among the plurality of particles of the carbonaceous material. In particular, in the inventive example 3 of , it was clearly viewed that the silver powder was arranged to extend in a line shape.
A bar-shaped test piece having the measurement of 6×6×42 mm was fabricated from the brush base material fabricated in each of the inventive examples 1 to 7 and the comparative examples 1 to 3, and the bulk density, the hardness, the bending strength and the electrical resistivity of the test piece were measured. The hardness was measured by the use of a C-type Shore hardness meter.
In a Table 1, the content of silver and the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material in each of the inventive examples 1 to 7 and each of the comparative examples 1 to 3 are shown, and the results of measurement of these bulk density, hardness, bending strength and electrical resistivity are shown.
TABLE 1
Content
of
Average
Silver
Particle
Bulk
Bending
(% by
Diameter
Density
Hard-
Strength
Resistivity
weight)
(mm)
(g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
ness
(MPa)
(uΩ · m)
Inventive
2.5
0.8
1.54
17
14.5
336
Example 1
Inventive
5.0
0.8
1.56
17
15.0
103
Example 2
Inventive
10.0
0.8
1.63
18
14.5
18
Example 3
Inventive
2.5
2.0
1.51
17
12.4
332
Example 4
Inventive
2.5
1.5
1.51
15
12.3
299
Example 5
Inventive
2.5
1.0
1.51
16
12.4
346
Example 6
Inventive
2.5
0.5
1.52
17
12.8
375
Example 7
Comparative
0
0.25
1.51
17
21.6
445
Example 1
Comparative
0
0.8
1.51
16
17.0
531
Example 2
Comparative
2.5
0.25
1.51
16
16.5
430
Example 3
As shown in the Table 1, as compared to the comparative example 1 and the comparative example 2, the electrical resistivity in each of the inventive examples 1 to 7 is low. Thus, it was found that, in the case where the brush base material was fabricated from the brush material including the silver powder and the carbonaceous material, the electrical resistivity was low as compared to the case where the brush base material was fabricated by only the carbonaceous material. Further, as compared to the comparative example 3, the electrical resistivity in each of the inventive examples 1 to 7 is low. Thus, it was found that, in the case where the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material was 0.3 mm or more, the electrical resistivity was low as compared to the case where the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material was smaller than 0.3 mm. Further, the electrical resistivity is lower in the inventive example 2 than the inventive example 1, and the electrical resistivity is lower in the inventive example 3 than the inventive example 2. Thus, it was found that, in the case where the average particle diameters of the carbonaceous materials were the same, the higher the content of the silver was, the lower the electrical resistivity was.
Further, as for the inventive example 1 and the inventive examples 4 to 7 in which the contents of the silver were the same, even if the average particle diameters of the carbonaceous materials were different from one another in a range of 0.5 mm or more and 2.0 mm or less, there was no large difference in electrical resistivity.
1
10
FIG. 1
Further, it was found that the bending strength in each of the inventive examples 1 to 7 was in a range of 12.3 MPa or more and 14.5 MPa or less, and was in an appropriate range as the bending strength of the brush used in the motor of . As for the bulk density and the hardness, there was no large difference among the inventive examples 1 to 7 and the comparative examples 1 to 3.
1
1
10
10
10
1
The brush having the measurement of 6.1×9×20 mm was fabricated from the brush base material fabricated in each of the inventive examples 1 to 7 and the comparative examples 1 to 3, and the brush was used in the motor of a vacuum cleaner. Then, the motor efficiency was measured. The motor efficiency here refers to a ratio of mechanical energy that is output by the motor to electrical energy that is input to the motor . The lower the electrical resistivity of the brush is, the higher the motor efficiency is. The measurement of the motor efficiency was performed in accordance with DIN (German Industrial Standard) 44959 “Measurement Method of Suction Work Rate of Vacuum Cleaner.”
10
10
10
1
10
10
1
10
1
2
10
FIG. 1
In the present measurement, two motors were used. In one motor (hereinafter referred to as a first motor ), the brush corresponding to each of the inventive examples 1 to 3, the comparative example 1 and the comparative example 2 was used, and a relationship between the content of silver in the brush base material and the motor efficiency was examined. In the other motor (hereinafter referred to as a second motor ), the brush corresponding to each of the inventive examples 4 to 7, the comparative example 1 and the comparative example 3 was used, and a relationship between the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material and the motor efficiency was examined. For any of the motors , each of a rated voltage and a power voltage was 100 V, a frequency was 60 Hz, and the pressure applied from the brush to the rotating body () was 40 KPa. Further, an aperture diameter of a suction port was 19 mm. Further, aging was performed for 20 minutes until an operation of the motor was stable, and then the motor efficiency was measured.
FIGS. 10A and 10B
FIGS. 11A and 11B
FIGS. 10A and 11A
FIGS. 10B and 11B
10
10
1
1
are diagrams showing results measurement in the first motor . are diagrams showing results of measurement in the second motor . In each of , the measured motor efficiency is shown. In each of , a difference between the motor efficiency in the case where the brush corresponding to the comparative example 1 is used, and the motor efficiency in the case where the brush corresponding to another example is used (a difference of efficiency) is shown.
10
1
1
FIGS. 10A and 10B
In the first motor , as shown in , the motor efficiency was from 46.7 to 46.8% in the case where the brush corresponding to each of the comparative example 1 and the comparative example 2 was used. On the other hand, the motor efficiency was from 47.3 to 48.8% in the case where the brush corresponding to each of the inventive examples 1 to 3 was used.
1
1
In this manner, in the case where the brush corresponding to each of the inventive examples 1 to 3 was used, the motor efficiency was high as compared to the case where the brush corresponding to each of the comparative example 1 and the comparative example 2 was used. Thus, it was found that, in the case where the brush base material was fabricated from the brush material including the silver powder and the carbonaceous material, the motor efficiency was high as compared to the case where the brush base material was fabricated from only the carbonaceous material.
1
1
1
1
Further, the motor efficiency was higher in the case where the brush corresponding to the inventive example 2 was used than the case where the brush corresponding to the inventive example 1 was used. The motor efficiency was higher in the case where the brush corresponding to the inventive example 3 was used than the case where the brush corresponding to the inventive examples 2 was used. Thus, it was found that, in the case where the average particle diameters of the carbonaceous material were the same, the higher the content of silver was, the higher the motor efficiency was.
10
1
1
FIGS. 11A and 11B
In the second motor , as shown in , the motor efficiency was 48.4% in the case where the brush corresponding to each of the comparative example 1 and the comparative example 3 was used. On the other hand, the motor efficiency was from 48.8 to 48.9% in the case where the brush corresponding to each of the inventive examples 4 to 7 was used.
1
1
In this manner, in the case where the brush corresponding to each of the inventive examples 4 to 7 was used, the motor efficiency was high as compared to the case where the brush corresponding to the comparative example 3 was used. Thus, it was found that, in the case where the average particle diameter of the carbonaceous material was 0.5 mm or more, the motor efficiency was high as compared to the case where the average diameter of the carbonaceous material was smaller than 0.5 mm.
The present invention can be utilized effectively for various types of motors.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a schematic perspective view of an AC motor using a resin bonded carbonaceous brush according to the present embodiment.
FIGS. 2A and 2B
are diagrams for explaining a relationship between an average particle diameter of a carbonaceous material and electrical resistivity.
FIG. 3
is a diagram showing surfaces of carbonaceous particles of an inventive example 1 observed by a microscope.
FIG. 4
is a diagram showing surfaces of carbonaceous particles of an inventive example 2 observed by the microscope.
FIG. 5
is a diagram showing surfaces of carbonaceous particles of an inventive example 3 observed by the microscope.
FIG. 6
is a diagram showing surfaces of carbonaceous particles of a comparative example 1 observed by the microscope.
FIG. 7
is a diagram showing a cut section of a brush base material of the inventive example 1 observed by the microscope.
FIG. 8
is a diagram showing a cut section of a brush base material of the inventive example 2 observed by the microscope.
FIG. 9
is a diagram showing a cut section of a brush base material of the inventive example 3 observed by the microscope.
FIGS. 10A and 10B
are diagrams showing results of measurement in a first motor.
FIGS. 11A and 11B
are diagrams showing results of measurement in a second motor. | |
Average annual salary for a Quality Engineer, Medical Devices is $68922 based on statistics in the U.S. as of 2015. The highest salary recorded was $96743. The lowest salary reported was $49673. These figures will vary on a state to state basis as these are averages across all 50 states.
Median hourly wage for a Quality Engineer, Medical Devices is $26.245 based on statistics in the U.S. as of 2015. The highest hourly rate recorded was $29.5. The lowest hourly rate recorded was $22.99. These figures will vary on a state to state basis as these are averages across all 50 states.
Bonuses for a Quality Engineer, Medical Devices are based on the years of experience using statistics from the U.S. as of 2015. The average bonus recorded was $1977 from people with 15+ years of experience. The average bonus recorded was $3000 from people with under 1 year of experience.
These are the highest paying states for a Quality Engineer, Medical Devices. These numbers are based off the median annual salary as of 2015.
These are the highest paying cities for a Quality Engineer, Medical Devices. These numbers are based off the median annual salary as of 2015.
Based on our stats gathered across the U.S. 30% of Quality Engineer, Medical Devicess were females while 70% were males. These numbers are based on averages across all states combined. Some individual states may have a much different ratio however. | http://jobstat.net/jobs/quality-engineer-medical-devices/ |
You and up to eight willing creatures who link hands in a circle are transported to a different plane of existence. You can specify a target destination in general terms, such as the City of Brass on the Elemental Plane of Fire or the palace of Dispater on the second level of the Nine Hells, and you appear in or near that destination. If you are trying to reach the City of Brass, for example, you might arrive in its Street of Steel, before its Gate of Ashes, or looking at the city from across the Sea of Fire, at the DM’s discretion.
Alternatively, if you know the sigil sequence of a teleportation circle on another plane of existence, this spell can take you to that circle. If the teleportation circle is too small to hold all the creatures you transported, they appear in the closest unoccupied spaces next to the circle.
You can use this spell to banish an unwilling creature to another plane. Choose a creature within your reach and make a melee spell attack against it. On a hit, the creature must make a Charisma saving throw. If the creature fails this save, it is transported to a random location on the plane of existence you specify. A creature so transported must find its own way back to your current plane of existence. | http://dungeons.wikia.com/wiki/Plane_Shift |
Note - Only Male candidate can apply.
Skills-
PF, ESI, Factory Act, Training, Labour Laws, Safety Auditing, Audit Compliance
Job Description-
Person should have experience and knowledge of Social Compliance and Audit, Payroll, Time Office, Factory Act, ESI, PF, and other Labour laws, And also should have exp in handling House Keeping, Industrial Health and Safety of Workers, Training etc.
1- Implement effective sourcing, screening and interviewing for hiring requirements.
2- Assess training needs and coordinate learning and development initiatives for all employees.
3- Excellent communication and interpersonal skills.
4- Administer compensation and benefit plans.
5- Conduct employee on boarding and help organize training & development initiatives.
6- Good knowledge of employment/ labor laws.,
Other details
- Department: General / Other Software
- Industry: Recruitment Services
- Skills: induction, recruitment
- Other Skills: time office, recruiting, training development, safety auditing, safety audit, training needs, labour laws, audit compliance, human resources
Recruiter details
View similar jobs All Jobs by this recruiter
- Company Name: SR Expert Services
- Company Description: | https://www.shine.com/jobs/hr-executive/sr-expert-services/9965355/ |
A complex system designed for monitoring of the environment externally influenced by natural and man-made factors is the basis for environmental and industrial safety of offshore operations. The offshore environment cannot be underestimated, and will not allow to be neglected; any kind of man-made impact on the fragile marine ecosystem can be uncorrectable. We realize the level of importance in this area and our commitment to high quality standards.
CTD-profiling to provide series data on measured hydrochemical parameters. | http://www.fertoing.com/services/environmental |
Main verbs - base, past and past participle form Creative writing based on the correct usage of three forms of the verb Reading Comprehension: Story excerpt from Black Beauty/Wind in the Willows.
Creative writing: Report on endangered animals after research project Palindromes
Adjectives-
quality, quantity( number), shape, colour
Homonyms- words that sound alike but have different meaning
Degrees of adjectives Excerpt from King Arthur
Creative Writing:
Write a story Introduction of Adverbs- words that add more to a verb, adjective, another adverb Contractions Willy Wonka and the chocolate Factory/Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator (the movie)- writing review of the movie
Conjunctions -
and, but, as, because, if, so, though, although Compound Words Picture compositionPrepositions- place, time, direction Comprehension Passage Developing a given outline into a story.
Vocabulary development
Interjections Recapitulation of punctuation and inclusion of sign of exclamation Similes Role enactment from the folktale-
River Talk Poetry on Wind/water Compose poems using similes on wind and water.
Alphabetical order with words beginning with the same letterGender Alliteration Nonsense poems using alliteration
Letter writing: understand and use the format of informal letters.
Antonyms and Synonyms,Introduction of Direct and Indirect speech,Story of Alice in Wonderland
Creative Writing: dialogues
Shapes:
Describe and draw various 2D and 3D shapes, corners, sides, edge, diagonals Elevation and side views of simple objects Create shapes using tangram pieces Tiling and tessellations using a given shape Distinguish between shapes that tile and that do not tile.
4 DIGIT NUMBERS
Read and write 4 digit numbers. Develop vocabulary of groups, thousands, hundreds, tens and ones.
Number names and numerals Counting in different ways starting from any number Expanding the number with respect to place value
Comparing numbers:
Greatest and smallest numbers with given digits Introduction of even/odd numbers through pairing
Addition :
Adding with and without regrouping Add multiples of ten, hundred mentally Commutative property of addition Solve addition problems presented through pictures and verbal description Making addition stories and solving word problems (Upto Three Digits)
Subtraction :
subtracting with and without carry over Subtract multiples of ten, hundred mentally Solve subtraction problems presented through pictures and verbal description Making subtract stories & solving word problems
Multiplication:
Multiplication tables of 6,7,8,9 (skip counting) Multiplication (mentally) with 0, 1,10,100 Multiplication with and without regrouping in ones, tens, hundreds Simple word problems Lattice method
Relate division with multiplication
Division using multiplication table Quotient and remainder Division( mentally) with number itself 1, 10,100 Even and odd numbers (dividing by 2) Division without remainder and regrouping Division with regrouping Simple long division by one digit number
Patterns:
Identify simple symmetrical shapes and patterns Make patterns and designs from straight lines and other geometrical shapes. Number patterns in multiplication and division Fraction: Reading and Understanding fractions - Numerator, Denominator Equivalent fraction, comparing of like fractions ( through paper folding) Measurement: Length, Mass, Capacity Use of standard conversion from one unit to other Comparing lengths or distance, massesvolumes or capacities Addition and subtraction in measurement. Simple word problems
Time :
Telling time and duration Compute number of weeks in a year Conversion of hours into minutes; minutes into second; weeks into days and vice-versa Sequence the events chronologically Data handling: Collects data and represent in terms of pictograph choosing appropriate scale Drawing conclusion from data
Living and nonliving things –
Classification and Distinction Understanding self as a living thing Matter- definition and states of matter Description of sense organs including taste buds. Prediction in daily life (story, weather, match, test result and consequent relation to scientific prediction)
Animal World:
Different types of Animals -
similarities, dissimilarities Habitat of Animals Crawling animals, flyers and insects Birds - their living places, eating habits, common features like feathers and sounds, beaks, claws as per their food habits. Why birds can fly?
Plants and plant diversity
Plant diversity in terms of their life span, types of stem, root and size Germination Function of Leaves photosynthesis, types of what, seasonal shedding, usefulness of leaves Preparing Manure the natural way
Sources of food -
plants and animals Food pyramids. Balanced diet and nutrients – its importance Significance of food for various age groups – milk, vegetables, pulses, cereals, etc.Environment friendly houses and buildings Garbage disposal and segregation Biodegradable and non-biodegradable waste Materials used for construction Eco friendly construction materialIdentifying different parts of a vehicle Example of Force and Motion in our daily life – push, pull Inventions in the field of Science and Technology related to communication Fuel and its use Plants and animals need water (adaptation and modification) Importance of rain and rain water harvesting Three forms of water, condensation and evaporation. Water Purification,Water cycle Cloud formation, wind, precipitation, humidity Science, Space and Astronomy
Understanding Space –
comets, meteors and asteroids Affects of global warming on the earth Earth as a magnet . Solar system Rotation and revolution Effects of Rotation and Revolution Discoveries and inventions in Astronomy Satellites, telescope, astronauts, spacecraft
Man is a social animal. Significance of a healthy body with a healthy mind and its importance in the growth of a happy and healthy society ,Physical Disabilities - Eye problems, hearing problems, etc.Human Body DiseasesConstructing the family history (family tree up to three generations) Hereditary features Diseases and symptoms
Concept of a family.
Family as a support system (sharing, caring, values) Relationships, Concept of family in ancient period and in modern times (early man- to present time) Explain why extended family is better?
Animals as resources -
dairy, poultry, fishery, leather, sericulture.
Classifications of animals based on their eating habits and habitat. Migratory Birds
Different kinds of plants and vegetables grown in different climates and regions Dependence of human beings on plants for everyday life. Classification of plants as per the landforms Conservation of Plants Cultural diversity in food
Different ways of cooking Types of vessels used for different ways of cooking Meals – daily, festivals and other occasions. Food habits (Then and Now) Balanced and healthy diet for growing children essential for the society and the nation's growth.
Houses in different parts of the world Need for shelter for living beings.
Characteristics of a good house Mapping of neighbourhood
Animal homes and shelter for Plants (Green house) Houses from the ancient to modern period. Future Houses.
Community –
meaning and features required for a healthy growth of a community
History of transport and communication Modes of transport then and now.Workers associated with railways/ airports.
What is communication? Postal services Mass communication Modern means of communication Personal Communication
Sources of Water-
Water is for everyone How does water reach our houses? Uses of water Saving water Air and Water - necessity for survival Is water harvesting necessary?
Four main seasons their characteristics Clothes, festivals and foods related to each season Significance of festivals Festivals - religious, harvest (purpose and ways of celebration) Festivals celebrated by people of different religions. | https://www.kidsfront.com/academics/class/3rd-class-syllabus.html |
Background: Limited tools exist to measure handwriting readiness skills of pre-kindergarten students. This study was a preliminary exploration of content validity of the Shore Handwriting Screening (SHS) and the newly developed Score Sheet with the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2) in 4- and 5-year-old pre-kindergarten students. Because socioeconomic status (SES) is known to impact handwriting skills, data from two different socioeconomic groups were collected.
Method: Students from a Lower SES group (n = 36) and a Higher SES group (n = 14) completed the SHS and fine motor composite of the BOT-2. Pearson’s correlation was used to compare scores on the two assessments within the two groups.
Results: SHS overall percentage scores were compared to standard scores and composite scores of the BOT-2. SHS scores displayed moderate to high correlation with fine manual control portions of the BOT-2 for the Lower SES group and low to moderate correlation for the same portion in the Higher SES group.
Conclusion: SHS and the Score Sheet correlate to fine and visual-motor skill subtests on the fine manual control portions of the BOT-2, which supports the need for further research on the reliability and validity of the Score Sheet for use in practice.
Donica, Denise K. and Francsis, Erin (2015) "Exploring Content Validity of Shore Handwriting Screening and Newly Developed Score Sheet With Pre-Kindergarten Students," The Open Journal of Occupational Therapy: Vol. 3: Iss. 3, Article 6. | https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/ojot/vol3/iss3/6/ |
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State College Considers Temporary Tax Break For Redevelopment Of Older Downtown Buildings
State College Borough Council is considering a 10-year tax abatement program for improvements made to redevelop the Glennland Building and 19 other aging or deteriorating properties in the downtown.
Council voted unanimously on Monday night to schedule a public hearing later this month on establishing a Local Economic Revitalization Tax Assistance (LERTA) ordinance, which would apply a graduated increase on tax payments for the value of improvements made to 20 designated buildings. The property owner would continue to pay taxes on the assessed value of the building before rehabilitation, but would have a phased implementation of taxes on the increased value created by the improvements.
It can only be applied for commercial use, not residential.
“It’s important to note this does not reduce any tax,” Council President Evan Myers said. “I think it does a lot of really good things for the community. It works to preserve and protect historic properties. It adds into the borough’s strategic goal for diversity of downtown of both residents and use. It helps us build a stronger and more vibrant downtown by not turning land over to more dense housing and that vibrant, diverse downtown helps keep the neighborhoods nearby strong.”
To be eligible for LERTA, a building cannot be demolished, nor can the assessed value of the property have been appealed or lowered in the last two years.
LERTA has been available to local taxing authorities in Pennsylvania since 1977 to help revitalize aging buildings.
“The whole focus of this program would be to incentivize adaptive reuse and rehabilitation of historic properties, not to provide a situation that is incentivizing teardown and rebuild of existing structures downtown,” said Ed LeClear, borough planning director. “It is commonly used for that in many other communities and we believe it best serves the borough if we are focusing on encouraging adaptive reuse as opposed to encouraging additional new development. We are getting enough of that from the market. We do not need to incentivize that at this point.”
Building owners that apply and are approved for the LERTA would have the property assessed before and after improvements. For the amount the assessed value increased, the additional property tax would be abated 100 percent in the first year, then phased in 10 percent each year. The LERTA would only be available for applications within five years of the ordinance being adopted.
For the most significant incentive possible, the borough also will ask State College Area School District and Centre County to adopt a LERTA as well.
“It is not legally required for all three, but as you can understand from a taxation standpoint the biggest benefit comes from the abatement of the school district taxes,” LeClear said.
As drafted, the LERTA district would include 22 downtown core properties listed in the 1982 Centre Region Planning Commission report on “Historic Resources of the Centre Region.” Two of those properties — the State College Area School District Nittany Avenue Building and Penn State’s James Building — are already scheduled to be demolished this summer so would not be eligible.
One property that will be eligible, and which is responsible for the LERTA proposal for State College, is the Glennland Building, 205 E. Beaver Ave. Scholar Hotel Group — a subsidiary of Ardmore-based Real Estate Capital Management LLC, which developed the Fraser Centre in State College — has submitted plans to convert the Glennland to a 72-room boutique hotel with conference, meeting and co-working spaces. Current professional offices on the lower level accessible from Pugh Street will remain, and some first floor offices will relocate to the lower level, according to Gary Brandeis, president and founder of Real Estate Capital Management and Scholar Hotels.
The exterior of the building will remain mostly unchanged.
Brandeis said he approached borough staff in late 2018 about a potential LERTA because of the risk involved with redeveloping historic properties such as the Glennland, which was built in 1933.
“When we built the Fraser Centre, once we were done excavating the site, there wasn’t a lot of natural risk in the development of the vertical side of the building. We were building it brand new,” he said. “In this case, in redeveloping a historic building, a lot of the risk is unknown until we actually get into the building and start the actual process. That means interior demolition, looking at the inside of the façade, looking under the roof and the parapet and really understanding the true viability of the redevelopment.
[The LERTA] helps a developer from the financial side manage that risk. The LERTA program gives us the opportunity to take on those additional risks.”
Asked by Councilwoman Janet Engeman if the swimming pool — which was the first indoor pool in the county but was removed in the 1967 — would be restored, Brandies said it would not because of the cost and practicality. But, he added, the building’s history would be honored in interior public spaces “on a very large scale.”
Also among the properties included in the proposed LERTA District is SCASD’s Fairmount Building, long ago the home of State College High School but now housing the Delta Program. If the district decides to sell the building after Delta moves to the new high school North Building on Westerly Parkway next school year, the LERTA would then be available to encourage a buyer to redevelop it commercially, LeCLear said.
The rest of the proposed eligible properties are located within the downtown core bordered by College Avenue and Beaver Avenue, between Fraser Street and McAllister Street.
LeClear said borough staff have worked with 16 Pennsylvania municipalities to learn about how they have implemented and used the LERTA.
After a public hearing at a date to be determined this month, council is expected to vote on the ordinance on May 6. Following that the State College Area School Board and Centre County Commissioners are expected to consider similar measures. | |
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DEC 3 – DIGIT HUB – Once Upon a Failure
2021/12/03 @ 12:00 - 13:00
Well hello, fellow failure hero!
We all make mistakes. Some opt to cover them up and never speak about them – but you are not like that. You see failure as an opportunity to grow, learn and bounce back.
Through DigIT Hub‘s event series “Once Upon a Failure”, we are highlighting that the journey of digitalisation isn’t always easy – and that that’s okay. We do this by sharing stories of digital failures in a light-hearted and fun manner, using a virtual studio and stage for you to meet our inspiring guest speakers. The emphasis is on lessons learned and cultivating a culture of openness around the common challenges we face in digitalisation.
Join us on December 3 for our next edition of “Once Upon a Failure”, where we are excited to announce that we are joined by the following guests/failure heroes: | https://mobileheights.org/event/dec-3-digit-hub-once-upon-a-failure/ |
Views: 0 Author: Site Editor Publish Time: 2020-05-27 Origin: Site
As for the profit margin, due to falling CPL cost in Apr, CS chip market, based on a hand-to-mouth purchasing mode, enjoyed increasing profit. HS chip sellers had reinforced their contract sales in Apr, and this had enhanced a long-term profit and stability.
Benefiting from de-stock and rising profit, chip plant operating rate had improved to an average height in 2019 by the end of Apr 2020. | https://www.wxlongshine.com/chip-plant-operating-rate-had-improved-to-an-average-height-in-2019-id3822183.html |
Preheat oven to 180C. Line a baking tray with paper.
In a large mixing bowl combine all dry ingredients, except chocolate.
In a separate bowl, whisk eggs, add milk, coconut oil and maple syrup and whisk together well.
Pour wet ingredients into dry ingredients. Combine well.
Add chocolate chunks and stir evenly through the mixture.
Once combined, spoon mixture into balls (1 heaped tablespoon for each bun) and shape into small buns, placing evenly on baking tray. Repeat with remaining mixture.
Bake for 10-15 minutes or until golden and cooked through.
Allow to cool on tray before transferring to a wire rack.
Once cool, decorate with chocolate crosses and enjoy while chocolate is still warm!
NOTE: For a fruit version – use 35g of raisins and 1 tbs orange zest into the mixture instead of chocolate chunks. | https://atpscience.com/gutright-choc-chip-hot-cross-buns/ |
Upper body resistance training is a must in any fitness routine. Men and Ladies should both be performing these exercises. A complete upper body workout routine will improve posture, stability, strength, balance, and more. Plus, a proper upper body workout routine will help to decrease pain especially in your neck, shoulders, upper back, and lower back. | https://drcoricampbell.com/category/coaching/ |
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Benjamin Dangl
Jan 17, 2020
The Five Hundred Year Rebellion
Indigenous Movements and the Decolonization of History in Bolivia
AK Press 2019
Moments before his death at the hands of Spanish colonial officials on November 15, 1781, Aymaran leader Túpac Katari assured his apostles as well as his adversaries that he would “return as millions.” As promised, Katari’s presence in Bolivia did not end with his life. In the centuries since his historic siege of La Paz, Katari has returned often, and remains a cornerstone of the five-hundred-year-long rebellion to reclaim and restore an Indigenous world that long predated the formation of Bolivia. Such a rebellion is the topic of
Benjamin Dangl
’s latest book,
T
he Five Hundred Year Rebellion: Indigenous Movements and the Decolonization of History in Bolivia
(AK Press, 2019), a deep dive into the historical roots and contemporary relevancy of Indigenous-led movements in modern Bolivia. Drawing on fifteen years of journalistic experience in Bolivia, Dangl demonstrates the ways that Aymara, Quechua, and Guaraní intellectuals, activists, and communities use history as a means of resistance. Dangl shows how the Indigenous campesino union, the Andean Oral History Workshop, caciques apoderados, and other Indigenous activists seized historical knowledge and symbolism as their own, reminding the world of their role as agents of historical change. Over the last several decades, such efforts have led to monumental shifts in Bolivian politics that have permanently transformed the past, present, and future of the country. Benjamin Dangl teaches journalism at the University of Vermont where he is Lecturer of Public Communication in the Department of Community Development and Applied Economics. As a specialist of Bolivian politics, Dangl provides New Books listeners with insightful commentary on the historical context and immediate impact of the recent coup that removed Indigenous president Evo Morales from power.
Annabel LaBrecque is a PhD student in the Department of History at UC Berkeley. You can find her on Twitter
@labrcq
.
Listen to more episodes on: | https://newbooksnetwork.com/benjamin-dangl-the-five-hundred-year-rebellion-indigenous-movements-and-the-decolonization-of-history-in-bolivia-ak-press-2019/ |
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Abstract
South Asians (SAs) are at heightened risk for cardiovascular disease as compared to other ethnic groups, facing premature and more severe coronary artery disease, and decreased insulin sensitivity. This disease burden can only be partially explained by conventional risk factors, suggesting the need for a specific cardiovascular risk profile for SAs. Current research, as explored through a comprehensive literature review, suggests the existence of population specific genetic risk factors such as lipoprotein(a), as well as population specific gene modulating factors. This review catalogues the available research on cardiovascular disease and genetics, anthropometry, and pathophysiology, and cancer genetics among SAs, with a geographical focus on the U.S. A tailored risk profile will hinge upon population customized classification and treatment guidelines, informed by continued research. | https://stanfordhealthcare.org/publications/474/474009.html |
Professorial Platform Series
This month’s blog post from the Scholarly Communications Team focuses on UAL’s Professorial Platform Series, established in 2008, which are archived and made available to the public in UAL Research Online.
‘The Platforms are an opportunity for University colleagues and associates, as well as invited members of the public, to learn more about the research undertaken in the University. The Platforms enable Professors to highlight their field of interest and the University, in turn, to recognise and commemorate their successes to date.’ (1)
UAL Research Online contains a comprehensive collection of the series, including recordings of the lectures, as well as the related publication. Students, staff and users around the world can watch and download these lectures for free and for perpetuity.
By preserving these notable events online Scholarly Communications are able to help ‘research staff at the university to broaden the reach and impact of their research, worldwide’ (2), which in turn maintains and develops UAL’s profile as a global leader in arts research.
You can view the Professorial Platform Series either by visiting UALRO and entering ‘Professorial Platform’ in the search field, or by conducting an Advanced Search entering ‘Professorial Platform’ in the Projects or Series field.
Below are a selection of inspiring lectures, but there are many more that we encourage you to explore.
Evans, Caroline (2012) The Modernist Body: Mechanization, Motion and the Missing Part. In: UAL Professorial Platform Series 2011-12, 6 March 2012, Central Saint Martins, Granary Building, 1 Granary Square, King's Cross, London N1C 4AA.
“Professor Evans presents her research on modernism and the first fashion shows in France and America from 1900-1929. Walter Benjamin described the advent of ‘new velocities’ that gave modern life an altered rhythm, and from 1900 the desire to see women’s fashion in motion flourished on both sides of the Atlantic as models tangoed, slithered, swaggered and undulated across couture house and department store stages. Evans connects the first fashion shows to Taylorism, the chorus line and Fordist aesthetics, arguing that their modernism was that of the rationalisation of the body in the fields of work, leisure and mass culture, rather than of the avant garde. Yet the modernist body was also gendered and motile. Animated film strips of modernist sensibilities, early twentieth-century fashion models developed a unique language of the body. Their paradoxical modernity lay in their capacity to constitute themselves as objects through the eloquence of their mute performance. In a period when the social and economic emancipation of women were urgent and pressing questions, however, what kind of agency can be attributed to women whose performance was so fleeting, so ambiguous, and so minimal?”
Tulloch, Carol (2016) This Time It's Personal. In: UAL Professorial Platform Series 2015-16, 17 March 2016, Chelsea College of Art and Design, 16 John Islip Street, London SW1P 4JU.
“Carol Tulloch reflects on her research practice that, with hindsight, have become the signposts for her most recent publication The Birth of Cool: Style Narratives of the African Diaspora, a work that connects a range of personal experiences through style. Activism, African diaspora as a methodology, auto/biography, [the] black body, black style, collage, cool, concepts, connection, conversations, curating, curator, detail, difference, disconnection, experimentation, flows, glamour, graphic argument, historical ‘truth’, making, networks, objects, people, personal archives, quiet, reflection, portraits, style-fashion-dress, style narratives, taste, tensions, terminology, to be.”
Collet, Carole (2017) Designing for the biocentury. In: UAL Professorial Platform Series 2017, 4th July 2017, Central Saint Martins Platform Theatre. | https://www.arts.ac.uk/students/library-services/stories/professorial-platform-series |
Posts by Krati Pandey
Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Theory for Marketers What is that one pivotal word that governs a marketer’s services to the society and industry? All their concepts, theories and practices hover around catering to customer NEEDS. Hence, we as aspiring marketers need to be conscious about the psychology behind Consumer’s Needs. Let’s explore consumer psychology and what is the motivation behind their needs in this article.
It is fun to know that psychology and business have a very strong connection. One such theory built on this bridge was the Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Theory.Remember the times…Read more »
What is the Meaning of Brand Equity? Have you ever found yourself in a conversation where you have found yourself defending a brand? Why as a consumer would someone refer brands to fellow customer? What’s in it for them? I think Phoebe’s search for the most selfless act is over (F.R.I.E.N.D.S reference). Its this! It happens because of an underlying phenomenon. Let’s try to unravel the mystery in this article.
Have you ever wondered what is the meaning of Brand Equity? For this I would like all of you to think of a scenario with me.You go to a supermarket…Read more »
Personal Branding for MBA Students We all wonder what is that one thing that made all the difference? On what basis is a person selected or rejected after an interview? What is that makes MBA students get their dream internships and final placement offers? Moreover, what is that one thing that makes them standout even after passing out from their colleges?
In this article, I will be talking to the MBA audience but the things explained here are beneficial to aspirants of any competitive examination or even for jobseekers. We will…Read more »
EPRG Framework – International Business and Market Development “It has been said that arguing against Globalization is like arguing against the laws of gravity”- Kofi Annan. Internationalization of a business is not a recent trend, it started well before World War II. It started with large economies like USA and Germany but today it has become a primary course of action for even small businesses in developing economies. Global businesses need truly global leaders and therefore through this article lets understand what goes into making these leaders.
Let’s start by setting some context on why talking about International Business is important and then we will deal with more Intricate topics like the EPRG Framework for taking strategic…Read more »
Highest Paying Jobs for MBA Graduates in India Most of us look up to an MBA degree as a transformation in our Careers. When asked about the reasons for pursuing this degree, we try to euphemistically say that we are looking to upskill ourselves. But then these skills and value that we gain over the two years helps us to land that dream job with the perks of a magnificent salary. So, today for this article, lets boldly accept the perks of a good salary as one of our primary motivation and talk about it in detail.
Choosing to do an MBA is quite a difficult call. Why I am saying this is because on one hand it is very expensive to take up the course. On…Read more »
Learn Value Ladder Model for Business Plans [with Examples] Get answers to all your questions to what a value ladder model is and what is the process to create one. Learn interactively through examples.
The most important concept in the domain of marketing is the concept of a sales funnel. A sales funnel is a marketing tool that maps out the journey customers go…Read more »
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LONDON Contradictory advice from two European-based agencies about the cancer risk posed by the weed-killer glyphosate offers clarity on only one message, that uncertainty is inherent in the scientific process.
Glyphosate - brought into use by Monsanto (MON.N) in the 1970s and used in its top-selling product Roundup - is "unlikely" to cause cancer according to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), yet "probably" does, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).
Both are likely to be right, specialists say, but only in their own contexts. And for consumers, the key distinction to understand is the difference between hazard and risk.
"At face value the opinions of IARC and EFSA appear to be contrary, but the reality is they are not directly comparable," said Peter Jenkinson, a genotoxicologist and managing director France & UK of the chemicals consultancy CEHTRA Ltd.
That's partly because the evidence the two agencies considered was not the same - EFSA only assessed glyphosate, while IARC looked at glyphosate alone and at products it's used in - and partly because they used different methods to draw conclusions.
Just as importantly, however, it is because they approach their task from different stances - one being hazard identification, the other being risk assessment.
Jenkinson noted that while EFSA used a "weight of evidence" approach in its review, published last week, IARC, which issued its glyphosate classification in March, takes the view that if one study has a positive result it can outweigh negative studies, even if there are more negative than positive ones.
EFSA also analysed some studies conducted by industry groups that were not part of IARC's review. IARC says it looks solely at evidence that has already been published and can be reviewed by independent scientists.
Monsanto welcomed the EFSA review, saying in a statement that its findings that glyphosate is unlikely to pose a carcinogenic hazard to humans "align with conclusions from regulatory agencies around the world".
In contrast, it said, IARC's review "selectively included and interpreted data, followed non-standard toxicological procedures, and only reflects the opinions of a select group of scientists".
DIFFERENT FRAMEWORKS
David Coggon, a professor of occupational and environmental medicine at Britain's University of Southampton, says "it's important to bear in mind that EFSA and IARC operate within different frameworks".
"The level of precaution that is applied in the face of scientific uncertainty depends on value judgements, and is not a scientific question."
Both agencies note that there is some so-called "genotoxic" evidence that exposure to glyphosate can alter or damage DNA in animal or human cells, but this evidence is then viewed in different contexts.
For IARC, a World Health Organization (WHO) agency whose lists of probable and possible cancer risks include high-temperature frying, shift working and mobile phone use, the glyphosate review was about the assessment of a potential hazard.
In other words, IARC is tasked with highlighting anything that might in certain conditions, however rare, be able to cause cancer in people.
EFSA, on the other hand, is concerned with real life risks and whether, in the case of glyphosate, there is evidence to show that when used in normal conditions, the pesticide poses an unacceptable risk to human health or the environment.
EFSA's role is to guide policymaking in the European Union, and it describes itself as an independent agency funded by the EU budget that operates separately from the European Commission, European Parliament and EU member states.
IARC's activities are mainly funded by the regular budget contributions paid by its 25 member states, which include the United States, Australia and many European countries.
"Which conclusion or opinion is 'correct' depends on your point of view on the methods used by the two agencies," said Jenkinson. "For me, the EFSA methodology is the one that is more scientific, pragmatic and balanced."
BATTLE CONTINUES
The campaign group Greenpeace described the EFSA's review on Friday as a "whitewash", and the environmental action group the Natural Resources Defence Council (NRDC) accused EFSA of conducting a process "that relies on an industry-supplied scientific review".
"The WHO IARC's review is a much more robust, scientifically-defensible and public process involving an international committee of non-industry experts," said NRDC spokeswoman Jennifer Saas.
Yet critics of IARC, which last month classified the consumption of red meat as probably carcinogenic to humans, say its hazard identification approach is becoming meaningless for consumers, who struggle to apply its advice to real life.
"The big problem with IARC ... is that what they're doing is looking around for any evidence that might enable them to say that under particular circumstances this thing could be a carcinogen," said Colin Berry, emeritus professor of pathology at Queen Mary University of London.
Berry, who declares an interest as having acted as a consultant for Monsanto, says that since glyphosate is strictly controlled in agricultural uses and available in only very weak solutions for regular consumers, its risk is low.
"But these reports worry people," he said. "And I think the process has lost its usefulness if all it's doing is generating worry."
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Isla Jones reviews the ‘Dissecting the Visceral Body, Across Time and Disciplines’ conference, University of London, March 1st 2019.
The distinction between outer and inner, body and mind, has long been a point of contention. In recent years, this topic has had a renewed focus in many fields, from psychology and neuroscience to art history and the medical humanities. The conference ‘Dissecting the Visceral Body, Across Time and Disciplines’ took place at Senate House, University of London, on March 1st 2019 and investigated the visceral body and its role in helping us understand the human condition.
The conference began by explicitly addressing one of the key debates of the day: subjectivity and objectivity of the body. In her paper, Helena De Preester approached this debate from a philosophical perspective, arguing that in addition to an objective body, there is a subjective body. She went on to discuss symptom perception and the problem of ‘medically unexplained symptoms’, which arise when subjective experience falls out of line with the measurable objective mechanisms and processes of the body. In practice, these symptoms are often dismissed and labelled as illusory if there is no detectable bodily explanation for the patient’s subjective experience. Drawing on the work of philosopher Michel Henry, who primarily considers the body as a subjective entity, De Preester posits the idea that the real being of the body, as opposed to the idea of it, is a subjective and transcendental being. This claim has serious implications for interoception as a discipline, where the objective body and the measurable signals within it are seen as the starting point and the objective ‘truth’.
Various speakers discussed historical and cultural aspects of the viscera and its links to emotion and the self. Jack Hartnell’s discussion centred on thirteenth-century France, specifically Maubuisson Abbey and its founder, Blanche of Castile, who expressed the first recorded request that her heart should be separated from her body after death and buried elsewhere as a symbolic gesture. This started something of a tradition; more than thirty people in the family then specified that their heart, and sometimes also their entrails, should be removed from their body after death and buried separately. In these cases, the viscera were treated with a great deal of respect and were possibly seen to embody some aspects of the individual’s character. Sally Shuttleworth also touched on this in her paper ‘Bodily Climates: Health Resorts and the Invalid Body, 1850-1900’, describing the development of medical tools which allowed us to observe our inner bodies. At the time, this was seen by some as an invasion of privacy, looking into one’s very character – a conflation of our selfhood with our innards.
This historical focus continued through Fay Bound Alberti’s paper on ‘Gendering Interoception’, which explored gender and the ways in which bodily experiences are articulated through language, focusing on the heart of Harriet Martineau. Martineau experienced a ‘creaking sensation at the heart’ which led to breathlessness and discomfort. When describing her symptoms, physicians questioned her ability to accurately describe her own bodily experiences. Fay Bound Alberti explained that in mid-Victorian Britain, the heart was seen as the centre of emotionality, and heart disease as an intense sensibility of feeling which was associated with women, as well as writers. Women such as Harriet Martineau were not trusted when it came to describing their own perceptions and bodily sensations. This is echoed in the statement of Sir Charles Mansfield Clarke, who examined Martineau during her illness: ‘For a physician to treat women with any reference to her own perception of her illness was like expecting to remove [round worms] from the anus by making application to the nostrils’ (Bound Alberti, 2012; Mansfield Clarke, 1824).
Continuing the exploration of the visceral body in medicine and the medical humanities, Jane Macnaughton’s paper focused on the sensation of breathlessness, particularly in cases of discordance between what is experienced by the individual and what is measured by the physician. Visual symptoms of dyspnea, or difficult and laboured breathing, do not convey the distress which accompanies severe breathlessness. In order to communicate their experiences and symptoms, patients are often asked to choose the ‘best fit’ description, rather than being allowed to organically describe their experiences. Macnaughton also discussed how the breath can sometimes take on a social role, such as during smoking, when the breath becomes visible. She argued that visible breath facilitates the extension of our body, and self, into the environment. On the other hand, the social lives of those who experience breathlessness can suffer, as those individuals may be embarrassed and feel inclined to hide their breathlessness.
Several of the speakers discussed the theme of the brain-body connection, and its influence on mental health conditions and the sense of self. In his paper, Manos Tsakiris discussed the role of the visceral body, and linked modern debates on interoception and the visceral body to the views of Plato and Aristotle on the role of the heart and brain. Tsakiris highlighted the bidirectional, continuous dialogue between the brain and the viscera and its role in the self, as demonstrated by the case of patient MM, who underwent surgery on the upper spinal sympathetic nerve trunk to treat excessive sweating, but experienced a shift in personality after the surgery, resulting in indifference and a lack of relation to others. Tsakiris presents the idea that the representation of the self is constructed through continuous integration of bodily signals from an early age, and also argues that interoception may be the first step towards understanding others. In her paper ‘Hearts and Minds: Interoception and Mental Health’, Sarah Garfinkel also explored the dynamic relationship between the body and brain, and how this can be altered in various mental health conditions. For example, she discussed a link between dissociation in psychosis and interoceptive metacognition, which not only suggests a relationship between the body and brain, but also the influence of the body on mental health conditions and symptoms. Bringing in a historical element, she revisited Aristotle’s work and his view of the heart as a sensation centre, as well as William James’ work on the role of the body in emotion.
The conference featured a screening of Daria Martin’s film adaptation of Franz Kafka’s A Hunger Artist, which was followed by a panel discussion between Daria Martin, Katerina Fotopoulou and Jenny Chamarette, chaired by Noga Arikha. The short film focuses on a professional hunger artist (a public performer who fasts for extended periods) who witnesses a waning interest in his performances. Following the recurring theme of objectivity and subjectivity, it is suggested that the hunger artist battles with not only objective, bodily hunger, but perhaps more importantly, an insatiable subjective and metaphorical hunger for something he is missing. Throughout the short film, there is a contrast between the observers and the observed; the body is displayed as an object to be seen, rather than a subject to be experienced or felt. This is accentuated by the loose-fitting black clothes worn by the hunger artist which, in the dark environments in the film, portray him as a face without a body. This is an interesting paradoxical representation, since the hunger artist draws audiences precisely due to his body and his mastery of his own hunger. The panel also suggested that a key aspect of A Hunger Artist is its various tensions – there is a reciprocal dependence and hunger between the artist and the audience. The hunger artist seems to disown parts of his body which have need, precisely in order to exist as a mind.
Through its interrogation of the relationship between the body and the self, the panel discussion (and the conference as a whole) tackled questions spanning across several disciplines and provoked varied discussion amongst the attendees. A Hunger Artist brought the focus back to the complex relationship between the objective and subjective body, a theme which was touched on in various ways throughout the day. As is apparent from the diverse range of speakers at this conference, a cross-disciplinary approach is beneficial to the exploration of the relationship between the body and the self, and helps elucidate the complex nature of the brain-body connection.
Bibliography
Bound Alberti, F. (2012). HEART OF MYTH – HEART OF SCIENCE Part I: Harriet Martineau’s cardiac symptoms: a Victorian case history. Dialogues in cardiovascular medicine : DCM, 17(2), 135–143.
Mansfield Clarke, C. (1824). Observations on those diseases of females which are attended by discharges. Carey and Lea.
Isla Jones is a research assistant in social and affective neuroscience, working on the ‘Body & Image in Arts & Science’ (BIAS) project at the University of London. Her current work revolves around the influence of the cardiac cycle on the perceived authenticity of images and the perception of facial characteristics. | https://thepolyphony.org/2019/04/24/dissecting-the-visceral-body-across-time-and-disciplines-conference-review/ |
---
abstract: 'In this short note we explain some generalizations of the works by J. P. Demailly, J. Merker, Y. T. Siu on Green-Griffiths-Lang conjecture for the entire curve locus. We try to apply the Holomorphic Morse inequailties for the invariant jet differentials. Also we apply the similar argument to examine a generalization of a result of J. Merker and Y. T. Siu.'
address: 'Institut Fourier, Universite Grenoble Alpes, France\'
author:
- Mohammad Reza Rahmati
title: 'Studies on the Green-Griffiths-Lang Conjecture'
---
introduction
============
Demaily-Semple tower associated to a pair $(X,V)$ where $X$ is a complex projective manifold (probably singular) and $V$ is a holomorphic subbundle of $T_X$ the tangent bundle of $X$ of rank $r$, is a prolongation sequence of projective bundles
$$\mathbb{P}^{r-1} \to X_k=P({V_{k-1}}) \to X_{k-1}, \qquad k \geq 1$$
obtained inductively making $X_k$ a weighted projective bundle over $X$. The sequence provides a tool to study the locus of nonconstant holomorphic maps $f:\mathbb{C} \to X$ such that $f'(t) \in V$. It is a conjecture due to Green-Griffiths-Lang that the total image of all these curves is included in a proper subvariety of $X$; if $X$ is of general type. Another way to look at the above prolongation sequence is to consider the vector bundles $E_{k,m}^{GG}$ of germs of weighted homogeneous polynomials along the fibers in $X_k \to X$. These polynomials can be definitely considered in the germs of indeterminates $z=f,\ \xi_{(1)}=f',\ ...,\ \xi_{(k)}=f^{(k)}$. There is a well defined differential operator induced by formal differentiation over polynomials $P(f,f',...,f^{(k)}) \in \Gamma(X,E_{k,m}^{GG})$;
$$(.)'=\delta:E_{k,m}^{GG} \to E_{k+1,m+1}^{GG}; \qquad \delta= \xi_1 \frac{\partial }{\partial z} + \sum_i \xi_{i+1}\nabla_{\xi_i}$$
One also has $E_{k,m}^{GG}V^*=J_kV/ \mathbb{C}^*$ where $J_kV$ is the bundle of $k$-jets of $V$. The symbol $V^*$ used in $E_{k,m}^{GG}V^*$ is only a notation reminding the duality appearing in the fact that $S^*V=Sym^{\otimes}V$ can be understood as polynomial algebra on a basis of $V^*$ (here $V$ is a vector space). The analytic structure on $E_{k,m}^{GG}V^*$ comes from the fact that, one can arrange the germs to depend holomorphically on their initial values at $0$. The vector bundles $E_{k,m}^{GG}$ are naturally $D_{X_k}$-modules. One can define a decreasing filtration on $E_{k,m}^{GG}$ by
$$F^p E_{k,m}^{GG}=\{\ Q(z,\xi) \mid Q \ \text{homogeneous of weighted degree} \ m \geq p\ \}$$
Then we may set
$$E_{k,\bullet}^{GG}V^*=\bigoplus_m E_{k,m}^{GG}V^*, \qquad X_k^{GG}:=\text{Proj}(E_{k,\bullet}^{GG}V^*)=\text{Proj}(gr_F^{\bullet} E_{k,\bullet}^{GG}V^*)$$
Moreover if we define the increasing filtration
$$W_k E_{\bullet,\bullet}^{GG}= \bigcup_{i=1}^k E_{i,\bullet}^{GG}, \qquad E_{\bullet,\bullet}^{GG}=\cup E_{k,\bullet}^{GG}$$
Then the filtration induced from $F^p$ in (19) on $Gr_k^W E_{\bullet,\bullet}$ defines a Hodge like filtration except that is infinite. The operator $\delta$ as mentioned satisfies a Griffiths transversality
$$\delta F^p Gr_k^W E_{\bullet,\bullet} \subset F^{p+1} Gr_k^W E_{\bullet,\bullet}$$
The 4-tuple $(E_{\bullet,\bullet},W,F ,\delta)$ is an inductive $D$-module.
The Green-Griffiths-Lang (GGL)-Conjecture
=========================================
In [@D] Demaily presents a strategy which proves the Green-Griffiths-Lang conjecture. The precise statement of the conjecture is
**Green-Griffiths-Lang Conjecture:** Let $(X,V)$ be a pair where $X$ is a projective variety, and $V$ is a holomorphic subbundle of the tangent bundle $T_X$. Then there should exists an algebraic subvariety $Y \subsetneqq X$ such that every nonconstant entire curve $f:\mathbb{C} \to X$ tangent to $V$ is contained in $Y$.
This conjecture connects many other conjectures in Kahler geometry (see the reference). Lets $E_{k,m}^{GG}$ is the Green-Griffiths bundle of germs of weighted homogeneous polynomials along the fibers in the Semple tower. A basic observation due to Demaily about the Green-Griffiths bundles is the following vanishing criteria;
$$H^q(X,E_{k,m}^{GG} \otimes A^{-1})=0, \qquad q>0,\ m>>k>>0$$
where $A$ should be ample. In fact the asymptotic result will hold even with $A$ arbitary hermitian bundle.
(J. P. Demaily) [@D] Lets $(X,V)$ be a directed projective variety such that $K_V$ is big, and let $A$ be an ample divisor. Then for $k>>1$ and $\delta \in \mathbb{Q}_+$ small enough, and $\delta \leq c (\log k)/k$, the number of sections $h^0(X,E_{k,m}^{GG} \otimes \mathcal{O}(-m \delta A))$ has maximal growth, i.e is larger than $c_km^{n+kr-1}$ for some $m \geq m_k$, where $c,c_k >0, n=\dim (X), r= \text{rank}(V)$. In particular entire curves $f:\mathbb{C} \to X$ satisfy many algebraic differential equations.
Infact any section of $P \in H^0(X,E_{k,m}^{GG} \otimes A^{-1})=H^0(X_k,\mathcal{O}_{X_k}(m) \otimes \pi_{0k}^*A^{-1})$ with $A$ being an ample line bundle on $X$, satisfies an algebraic differential equation $P(f,f',...,f^{(k)})=0$. He computes the a precise asymptotic for the curvature volume of the $k$-jet metric
$$\mid (z;\xi)\mid =(\sum_s \parallel \xi_s \parallel_h^{2p/s})^{1/p}, \qquad \parallel \xi_s \parallel^2 =\sum_{\alpha} \mid \xi_{s\alpha}\mid^2 +\sum_{ij\alpha \beta} c_{ij\alpha \beta}z_i \bar{z}_j \xi_{s\alpha}\bar{\xi}_{s\beta}$$
That is the Fubini-Study metric with its curvature in level $s$ of the jet bundle. Denote the second term in (9) by $\Theta_s^{FS}$. Therefore
$$\begin{split}
\log \mid (z,\xi) \mid =\frac{1}{p} \log \big( \sum_s \parallel \xi_s \parallel^2 + \big( \sum_s \parallel \xi_s \parallel^2 \frac{p}{s}.\frac{\Theta_s^{FS}}{\parallel \xi_s \parallel^2} \big)
\end{split}$$
Then we need to look at the integral
$$\int_{X_k,q}\Theta^{n+k(r-1)}=\frac{(n+kr-1)!}{n!(kr-1))!}\int_X \int_{P(1^r,...,k^r)}w_{a,r,p}^{kr-1}(\eta)1_{\gamma_k,q}(z,\eta)\gamma_k(z,\eta)^n$$
where
$$\gamma_k(z,\eta)=\frac{i}{2\pi}\sum_{s \geq 1} \frac{1}{s}\frac{\mid \eta_s\mid^{2p/s}}{\sum_t \mid \eta_t \mid^{2p/t}} \sum c_{ij\lambda \mu}\frac{ \eta_{s\alpha}\bar{\eta}_{s\beta}}{\mid \eta_s \mid^2} dz_i \wedge d\bar{z}_j$$
By a duality argument one tries to find sufficient differential operators acting on these asymtotic global sections. A basic question that may helps toward GGL-conjecture is
**Generalization-Question:** Assume $X$ is a projective variety and $B$ an ample line bundle on $X$. Then in the Demaily-Semple prolongation
$$H^0(X_k, D_{X_k/X} (m')\otimes \mathcal{O}_{X_k}(m) \otimes \pi_{0k}^*B) \ne 0, \qquad m'>>m >>k$$
The fact is if this holds then the global sections of the twisted $D$-module will act on the sections in Demaily’s theorem (2.1). Arranging $m',m,k$ suitably one can produce equations of the form
$$Q(f)=0$$
which proves the Green-Griffiths-Lang conjecture. Thus one is encouraged to apply Demailly method of using Holomorphic Morse inequalities to (13). By the analogy between microlocal differential operators and formal polynomials on the symmetric tensor algebra it suffices to show
$$H^0(X_k, Sym^{\leq m'}\tilde{V}_k \otimes \mathcal{O}_{X_k}(m) \otimes \pi_{0k}^*B) \ne 0, \qquad m'>>m >>k$$
where $\tilde{V}_k$ is the in-homogenized $V_k$ as acting as differential operators in first order. We also wish to work over the Demaily-Semple bundle of invariant jet truncations (15). In order to produce an invariant metric on $X_k$ with respect to the action of the both Lie groups of local automorphisms of $\mathbb{C}$ and the manifold $X$ a candidate is
$$\mid \xi \mid=\sum_{s=1}^k \epsilon_s (\ \sum_{\alpha} \mid P_{\alpha} \mid ^2)^{p/w(P_{\alpha})}\ )^{1/p}$$
where $P_{\alpha}$ runs over a set of generators of the algebra $R_k= \bigoplus_m E_{k,m}V^*$. Along this one also needs to check out if this algebra is finitely generated (see [@BK] for details of a discussion on this).
In [@M] J. Merker proves the Green-Griffiths-Lang conjecture for a generic hypersurface in $\mathbb{P}^{n+1}$. He proves for $X \subset \mathbb{P}^{n+1}(\mathbb{C})$ of degree $d$ as a generic member in the universal family
$$\mathfrak{X} \subset \mathbb{P}^{n+1} \times \mathbb{P}^{(\frac{n+1+d)!}{(n+1)!d!}-1}$$
parametrizing all such hypersurfaces, the GGL-conjecture holds. His method uses a theorem of Y. T. Siu, as the following.
(Y. T. Siu (2004) [@S], [@D]) Let $X$ be a general hypersurface in $\mathbb{P}^{n+1}$ as explained above. Then, there are two constants $c_n \geq 1$ and $c_n' \geq 1$ such that the twisted tangent bundle
$$T_{J_{\text{vert}}^n(\mathfrak{X})} \otimes \pi_1^*\mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{n+1}}(c_n) \otimes \pi_2^* \mathcal{O}_{\mathbb{P}^{(\frac{n+1+d)!}{(n+1)!d!}-1}}(c_n')$$
is generated at every point by its global sections.
The proof by Merker, the above Theorem is established outside a certain exceptional algebraic subset $\Sigma \subset J_{\text{vert}}^n(\mathfrak{X})$ defined by vanishing of certain Wronskians. In order to give a similar proof of GGL conjecture for general $X$ one may use the following generalization.
**Generalization-Question:** If $X \subset \mathbb{P}^{n+1}$ be a generic member of a family $\mathfrak{X}$ of projective varieties, then there are constants $c_n$ and $c_n'$ such that
$$T_{J_{\text{vert}}^n(\mathfrak{X})} \otimes \mathcal{O}_{\mathfrak{X}_k}(c_n) \otimes \pi_{0k}^* L^{c_n'}$$
is generated at every point by its global sections, where $L$ is an ample line bundle on $\mathfrak{X}$. To this end by a similar procedure as the former case one may check the holomorphic Morse estimates applied to the following metric on the symmetric powers.
$$\vert (z,\xi) \vert= \Big( \sum_{s=1}^k \epsilon_s \big( \sum_{u_i \in S^sV^*} \vert W_{u_1,...,u_s}^s \vert^2 + \sum_{iju_{\alpha}u_{\beta}}C_{iju_{\alpha}u_{\beta}} z_i\bar{z}_j u_{\alpha}\bar{u}_{\beta}\big)^{p/s(s+1)} \Big)^{1/p}$$
where $W_{u_1,...,u_s}^s$ is the Wronskian
$$W_{u_1,...,u_s}^s=W(u_1 \circ f,...,u_s \circ f)$$
and we regard the summand front the $\epsilon_s$ as a metric on $S^sV^*$. The coefficient $C_{iju_{\alpha}u_{\beta}}$ we are going to compute. Moreover the frame $\langle u_i \rangle$ is chosen of monomials to be holomorphic and orthonormal at $0$ dual to the frame $\langle e^{\alpha}=\sqrt{l!/\alpha!}e_1^{\alpha_1}...e_r^{\alpha_r}\rangle$.
The scaling of the basis in $S^lV^*$ is to make the fame to be orthonormal and are calculated as follows;
$$\langle e^{\alpha}, e^{\beta} \rangle=\langle \sqrt{l!/\alpha!}e_1^{\alpha_1}...e_r^{\alpha_r},\sqrt{l!/\alpha!}e_1^{\beta_1}...e_r^{\beta_r} \rangle = \sqrt{1/\alpha! \beta!}\langle \prod_{i=1}^le_{\eta(i)}, \sum_{\sigma \in S_l} \prod_{i=1}^le_{\eta \circ \sigma(i)} \rangle$$
via the embedding $S^lV^* \hookrightarrow V^{\otimes l}$ and the map $\eta:\{1....l\} \to \{1....r\}$ taking the value $i$ the $\alpha_i$ times.
To compute the coefficients of the curvature tensor we proceed as follows. Because the frame $\langle e_{\lambda} \rangle$ of $V$ were chosen to be orthonormal at the given point $x \in X$, substituting
$$\langle e_{\lambda} , e_{\mu} \rangle=\delta_{\lambda \mu}+ \sum_{ij\lambda \mu}c_{ij\lambda \mu} z_i\bar{z}_j+...$$
It follows that
$$\langle e^{\alpha}, e^{\beta} \rangle= \sqrt{1/\alpha! \beta!} (\delta_{\alpha \beta} + \sum_{\eta \circ \sigma(i)=\eta(i)} c_{ij\alpha_{\eta(i)}\beta_{\eta(i)}}z_i\bar{z}_j+...$$
which explains the scalars $C_{iju_{\alpha}u_{\beta}}$ in terms of curvature of the metric on $V$. In the estimation of the volume
$$\int_{X_k} \Theta^{n+k(r-1)} = \int_{X_k} (\Theta_{\text{vert}}+\Theta_{\text{hor}})^{n+k(r-1)}= \frac{(n+k(r-1))!}{n!(k(r-1))!}\int_X \int_{\mathbb{P}(1^{[r]},...,k^{[r]})} \Theta_{\text{vert}}^{k(r-1)}\Theta_{hor}^n$$
However the calculations with $\Theta$ involves more complicated estimates. The above metric reflects some ideas of D. Brotbek [@B], on Wronskian ideal sheaves. It would be interesting to check out if the Monte Carlo process would converge with this metric.
Forgetting about the complications in the metrics in order to define positive $k$-jet metrics on Green-Griffiths bundle one can proceed as follows. It is possible to choose the metric $h$ on $X$ such that the curvature of the canonical bundle $K_V=\bigwedge^r V^*$ is given by a Kahler form, i.e.
$$\Theta_{K_V,det(h^*)}=w>0$$
Then $\Theta_{det(V),det(h)}=-w$. In the fibration sequence
$$\begin{array}{cccc}
& \mathcal{O}_{X_1}(-1) & \hookrightarrow & \pi_1^*V \\
& \downarrow & &\\
& X_1 & & \\
& \downarrow & &\\
& X & &
\end{array}$$
One can consider a metric with curvature $\epsilon_1\Theta_{\mathcal{O}_{X}(-1)}+\pi_1^*w>0$ for $\epsilon_1<<1$ on $\mathcal{O}_{X_1(-1)}$. Repeating this argument inductively, one obtains a metric on $\mathcal{O}_{X_k}(-1)$ with curvature
$$\Theta_{\mathcal{O}_{X_k}(-1), \vartheta}=\sum_j\epsilon_1...\epsilon_j\pi_{jk}^*\Theta_{\mathcal{O}_{X_j}(-1)}+\pi_{0k}^*w>0\ , \qquad ...<<\epsilon_2 <<\epsilon_1<<1$$
However the metric $\vartheta$ is hard to analyze, because of adding the curvature to the metric at each step.
The case of Invariant jet differentials
=======================================
We come back to the question that if a similar theorem to (2.1) can be proved for invariant jet bundles. The fact is that the bundles $E_{k,m}^{GG}$ can be acted by the non-reductiive group of holomorphic automorphisms of $(\mathbb{C},0)$. The result are the bundles $E_{k,m}$ studied by J. P. Demailly. In this case one needs to consider the metrics that are invariant under the action of this group. Considering the discussion at the beginning of this article one may consider metrics of the form
$$\sum_{s=1}^k \epsilon_s (\ \sum_{\alpha} \mid P_{\alpha}(\xi) \mid ^2)^{p/w(P_{\alpha})}\ )^{1/p}$$
where the $P_{\alpha}$ are a set of invariant polynomials in jet coordinates. The effect of this is then, the Demailly-Semple locus of the lifts of entire curves should be contained in
$$P_{\alpha}=0 , \qquad \forall \alpha$$
For instance a choice of $P_{\alpha}$’s could be by the Wronskians. However we slightly try to do some better choice. First lets make some correspondence between invariant jets with non-invariant ones. Lets consider a change of coordinates on the $\mathbb{C}$ by
$$\xi=(f_1,...,f_r) \longmapsto (f_1 \circ f_1^{-1},...,f_r \circ f_1^{-1})=(t,g_2,...,g_r)=\eta$$
This makes the first coordinate to be the identity and the other components to be invariant by any change of coordinates on $\mathbb{C}$. If we differentiate in the new coordinates successively, then all the resulting fractions are invariant of degree $0$
$$g_2'=\frac{f_2'}{f_1'^2}, \qquad g_2''=\frac{P_2=f_1'f_2''-f_2'f_1''=W(f_1,f_2)}{f_1'^3},...$$
We take the $P_{\alpha}$’s to be all the polynomials that appear in the numerators of the components when we successively differentiate (36) with respect to $t$. An invariant metric in the first coordinates corresponds to a usual metric in the second one subject to the condition that we need to make the average under the unitary change of coordinates in $V$. That is the effect of the change of variables in $X$ has only effect as the first derivative by composition with a linear map, up to the epsilon factors. Therefore the above metric becomes similar to the metric used in [@D1] in the new coordinates produced by $g$’s,
$$\mid (z;\xi)\mid \sim (\sum_s \epsilon_s \parallel \eta_s . (\eta_{11})^{2s-1}\parallel_h^{p/(2s-1)})^{1/p} = (\sum_s \epsilon_s \parallel \eta_s \parallel_h^{p/(2s-1)})^{1/p}\mid \eta_{11} \mid$$
where the weight of $\eta_s$ can be seen by differentiating (36) to be equal $(2s-1)$ inductively. We need to modify the metric in (39) slightly to be invariant under hermitian transformations of the vector bundle $V$. In fact the role of $\eta_{11}$ can be done by any other $\eta_{1i}$ or even any other non-sero vector. To fix this we consider
$$\mid (z;\xi)\mid = \int_{\parallel v \parallel_1=1} \sum_s \epsilon_s \parallel \eta_s \parallel_h^{p/(2s-1)})^{1/p}\mid <\eta_{1}.v> \mid^2$$
where the integration only affects the last factor making average over all vectors in $v \in V$. This will remove the the former difficulty. The curvature is the same as for the metric in (17) but only an extra contribution from the last factor,
$$\gamma_k(z,\eta)=\frac{i}{2\pi}\big(w_{r,p}(\eta)+\sum_{lm\alpha}b_{lm\alpha}(\int_{\parallel v \parallel_1=1} v_{\alpha})dz_l \wedge d\bar{z}_m+\sum_{s} \frac{1}{s}\frac{\mid \eta_s\mid^{2p/s}}{\sum_t \mid \eta_t \mid^{2p/t}} \sum c_{ij\lambda \mu}\frac{ \eta_{s\alpha}\bar{\eta}_{s\beta}}{\mid \eta_s \mid^2} dz_i \wedge d\bar{z}_j\big)$$
The contribution of the factor $\mid \eta_{11} \mid$ can be understood as the curvature of the sub-bundle of $V$ which is orthogonal complement to the remainder. Thus
$$b_{lm\alpha}=c_{lm\alpha \alpha}$$
where $c_{lm11}$ is read from the coefficients of the curvature tensor of $(V,w^{FS})$ the Fubini-Study metric on $V$ (the second factor in (8). In the course of evaluating with the Morse inequalities the curvature form is replaced by the trace of the above tensor in raising to the power $n=\dim X$, then if we use polar coordinates, the value of the curvature when integrating over the sphere yields the following
$$\gamma_k=\frac{i}{2\pi}\big(\sum_{lm}b_{lm\alpha} dz_l \wedge d\bar{z}_m+\sum_{s} \frac{1}{s}\sum c_{ij\lambda \lambda} u_{s\lambda}\bar{u}_{s \lambda}dz_i \wedge d\bar{z}_j\big)$$
Because the first term is a finite sum with respect to $s$, the estimates for this new form would be essentially the same as those in [@D]. Therefore one expects
$$\int_{X_k,q}\Theta^{n+k(r-1)}=\frac{(\log k)^n}{n!(k!)^r}( \int_X 1_{\gamma,q}\gamma^n +O((\log k)^{-1}))$$
similar estimates for non-invariant case. We have proved the following.
The analogue of Theorem (2.1) holds for the bundle $E_{k,m}^{GG}$ replaced by $E_{k,m}$ (subject to the finite generation of fiber rings in $E_{k,m}$).
If $P=P(f,f',...,f^{(k)})$ and $Q=Q(f,f',...,f^{(k)})$ are two local sections of the Green-Griffiths bundle, then the first invariant operator is probably
$$\nabla_j:f \mapsto f_j'$$
Define a bracket operation as follows
$$[P,Q]=\big(d \log \frac{P^{1/deg(p)}}{Q^{1/deg(Q)}} \big) \times PQ=\frac{1}{deg(P)}PdQ-\frac{1}{deg(Q)}QdP$$
Later one successively defines the brackets
$$\begin{split}
[\nabla_j,\nabla_k] &=f_j'f_k''-f_j''f_k'\\
[\nabla_j,[\nabla_k, \nabla_l]] & =f_j'(f_k'f_l''-f_l'f_k'')-3f_j'(f_k'f_l''-...)
\end{split}$$
IF $(V,h)$ is a Hermitian vector bundle, the equations in (43) define inductively $G_k$-equivariant maps
$$Q_k:J_kV \to S^{k-2} V \otimes \bigwedge^2 V, \qquad Q_k(f)=[f',Q_{k-1}(f)]$$
The sections produced by $Q_k(f)$ generate the fiber rings of Demailly-Semple tower [@M2].
[99]{}
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MANU NATIONAL PARK, PERU
It’s almost impossible to grasp the vastness of the Amazon, and it’s really only when you fly over it that you get any sense of scale. I have worked in many parts of the Amazon but there’s one place I always return to: Peru’s Manu National Park. Manu is officially the most biodiverse place on Earth and for an animal lover like me, few places can beat it. This image shows the Manu River winding past an oxbow lake called Cocha Salvador. I have spent over six months filming and photographing giant otters here, but when I took this image I got to see it from the air for the first time and it put its size into perspective for me. It takes nearly two hours to row from end to end, but it looks so small against the backdrop of the world’s largest rain forest.
PHOTOGRAPH BY CHARLIE HAMILTON JAMES
VICTORIA FALLS, ZAMBIA
Victoria Falls is the greatest waterfall on Earth. It straddles the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe and from just about every angle it looks awesome. I spent several weeks working in Victoria Falls filming and photographing the wildlife and river system. Although I found the rainy season incredibly impressive, I found the dry season more photogenic. With less water spray I could see more of the vastness of the falls. It’s one of the reasons I like this image. With the water almost gone you can see the geology of the falls like the curtain has been swept back. It has an almost derelict feeling to it.
PHOTOGRAPH BY CHARLIE HAMILTON JAMES
SHETLAND, UNITED KINGDOM
Shetland is a windswept, barren archipelago a hundred or so miles northeast of mainland Scotland’s northernmost tip. I fell in love with Shetland when I was 16. I had gone there to photograph otters and I’ve been visiting it regularly ever since. It’s very windy a lot of the time and if it’s not raining it’s usually cloudy. However, when the wind settles and the sun comes out, few places on Earth can beat it for beauty. I took this photograph of my friend Henry on just one of those days. Henry had offered to take me out on his boat around the back of the island of Vaila to do a spot of fishing. It was flat calm out at sea and that gave us the chance to go through this arch.
PHOTOGRAPH BY CHARLIE HAMILTON JAMES
SERENGETI NATIONAL PARK, TANZANIA
The Serengeti is one of my favourite places on Earth. It is vast and empty and about as close as you can get to being unspoilt in the world these days. When I arrived there for the first time back in 2007 to film hyenas I instantly fell in love with it. I tend to go there between February and March when the great migration reaches the southern Serengeti and the wildebeest calve. This massive influx of animals brings in predators and scavengers and for a photographer, not much can match this spectacle. This shot was taken early one morning. We came across this lion in the mist just before sunrise and waited around with him and two female lions. I like the loneliness of the image. Loneliness kind of sums up the Serengeti. It’s empty and flat.
PHOTOGRAPH BY CHARLIE HAMILTON JAMES
GRAND TETON NATIONAL PARK, WYOMING
People often ask me where my favourite place in the world is and I always say Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming. It is one of the most beautiful, powerful, and iconic landscapes on Earth. It is a photographer’s dream location—combining stunning landscapes with exciting animals like bears, wolves, and moose, while just a stone’s throw from Jackson Hole. Grand Teton is like the Serengeti but with good coffee and the Internet. Dawn is the best time to shoot the Tetons; as the sun rises it lights the top of the Grand Teton first then slowly spreads across the mountains, often a stunning pink against the blue sky. This image shows Mount Moran just after dawn in the still water of Oxbow Bend—a place I love perhaps more than any other.
PHOTOGRAPH BY CHARLIE HAMILTON JAMES
BARBADOS
Whenever I go on holiday I take loads of kit. I can’t help it; I’m an obsessed photographer. A few years ago, I took a whole underwater kit to Barbados on holiday. We were only due to be there for 10 days, but then the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland erupted and grounded planes around the world, stranding us in Barbados. The result was a three-week holiday—so I got snapping. These turtles are visited daily by tourists who arrive in boats to see them. They are very tame as a result, and it gave me an opportunity to spend time taking pictures of them. I like the restful nature of this image. The relaxed turtle and the fish that accompany it make for a serene image.
PHOTOGRAPH BY CHARLIE HAMILTON JAMES
LILLEHAMMER, NORWAY
Norway is a beautiful country. My first trip there was a crazy family holiday to Lillehammer. It was crazy as we, as parents, had to endure six kids under six all staying in a tiny log cabin in the middle of winter. At night, when the stir-crazy kids were in bed, I’d sneak out and photograph the snowy alpine forests in the moonlight. Light in winter in the north is pretty unbeatable. The short days and low sun can mean great light for shooting all day. I shot this image of a lone swan on a gloomy day in Oslo. I love the simplicity of it and the framing with the branches of the tree trickling down. It is a cold and lonely shot.
PHOTOGRAPH BY CHARLIE HAMILTON JAMES
NAMIB-NAUKLUFT NATIONAL PARK, NAMIBIA
I was on assignment for National Geographic a few years ago in Namibia. I had always wanted to go there to see the incredible desert landscapes and when I finally got there I was not disappointed. My job was to spend a couple of weeks photographing vultures in the Namib desert. It was an incredible experience driving across the dunes and camping beneath them at night. I love the texture of dunes; they are smooth and silky from afar and have gentle curves and undulations. I like this image mainly for the light. The dune itself has lovely form and the evening light sets that off while balancing out the frame, splitting it into two halves.
PHOTOGRAPH BY CHARLIE HAMILTON JAMES
MASAI MARA, KENYA
Growing up there were a lot of places I wanted to see as a wildlife photographer, but right at the top of that list was the Masai Mara in Kenya. July to September is the best time to visit. This is the time when the great migration reaches the northern Serengeti (the Masai Mara is part of the Serengeti ecosystem) and the wildebeest and zebras famously cross the Mara River, trying to avoid the snapping jaws of crocodiles. It is quite simply the most impressive wildlife spectacle there is. I took this image a few years ago along the edge of the river. I like it because of the subtle tones of greens and greys but also because it puts the wildebeest into context with the rains that loom in the clouds beyond.
PHOTOGRAPH BY CHARLIE HAMILTON JAMES
BORNEO, INDONESIA
Borneo is one of those bucket list places that I always wanted to visit. Years ago, I was there to research a film and my job was to visit all the orangutan rehabilitation centres. I immediately fell in love. I had never taken much notice of orangutans before, but when one took my hand and looked into my eyes, well that was it. What struck me about Borneo, though, was the devastation we had wreaked on the place. The rainforest had been destroyed more than anywhere I’d ever seen. However, in the pockets that were left, I saw incredible wildlife. I took this image near Tanjung Putting, a research station made famous by orangutan researcher Biruté Galdikas. | https://www.nationalgeographic.com.au/travel/top-10-wild-places-to-photograph.aspx |
- God created the world perfectly, with no evil or human suffering.
- Evil entered the world through the disobedience of Adam and Eve and the theodicy casts the existence of evil as a just punishment for this
- The theodicy argues that humans have an evil nature in as much as it is deprived of its original goodness, form, order, and measure due to the inherited original sin of Adam and Eve, but still ultimately remains good due to existence coming from God, for if a nature was completely evil (deprived of the good), it would cease to exist
- Iraneus
- Irenaeus argued that human creation comprised two parts: humans were made first in the image, then in the likeness, of God. The image of God consists of having the potential to achieve moral perfection, whereas the likeness of God is the achievement of that perfection.
- To achieve moral perfection, Irenaeus suggested that humans must have free will. To achieve such free will, humans must experience suffering and God must be at an epistemic distance (a distance of knowledge) from humanity
- Therefore, evil exists to allow humans to develop as moral agents
- Anti-Theodicy (Jewish)
- Jewish theologian Zachary Braiterman coined the term anti-theodicy in his book (God) After Auschwitz to describe Jews, both in a biblical and post-Holocaust context, whose response to the problem of evil is protest and refusal to investigate the relationship between God and suffering
- French Jewish philosopher Emmanuel Levinas, who had himself been a prisoner of war in Nazi Germany, declared theodicy to be "blasphemous", arguing that it is the "source of all immorality", | https://getrevising.co.uk/diagrams/the_problem_of_evil_9 |
Unless otherwise indicated, the following materials are located in the Reference area of Library West.
The Blackwell companion to philosophy edited by Nicholas Bunnin and E.P. Tsui-James.Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers, 1996.
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Library of Congress subject headings in philosophy : a thesaurus edited by Barbara L. Berman. Charlottesville,Va. : Philosophy Documentation Center,, c2001.
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Philosophy: a guide to the research literature. Bynagle, Hans E. Littleton, Colo: Libraries Unlimited; 2nd ed. 1997 (References sources in the humanities series)
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Arts and Humanities Citation Index. Philadelphia, PA: Institute for Scientific Information.
Z5937 .A795. Index Table IV
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Dissertation Abstracts International. A. Humanities and Social Sciences.
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Essay and General Literature Index. New York: H.W. Wilson Co.
The utility of this is to find articles or essays that appear in collections, anthologies, or Festschriften. Available through First Search.
The Philosopher's index. Bowling Green, Ohio: Philosophy Documentation Center, Bowling Green University v. 1- spring 1967- Quarterly, with annual cumulations.
Z7127 .P47
Prior to 1980 this provided indexing and abstracts for the journal literature in philosophy; since that time, it has covered books as well. While international in focus, it is particularly strong in the Anglo-American tradition; all the abstracts are in English. "Subjects" include individual philosophers as well as topics. Abstracts of articles/books are provided in the Authors section. Now available on the web through Silver Platter Web Spirs (look on the home page under Quick Links), where it extends back to 1940.
The Philosopher's index : a retrospective index to non-U.S. English language publications from 1940. Bowling Green, Ohio : Philosophy Documentation Center,Bowling Green State University, c1980. 3 v.
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This covers, retrospectively, non-U.S. books from 1940 to 1978 and journals between 1940 and 1966.
The Philosopher's index : a retrospective index to U.S. publications from 1940. Bowling Green, Ohio : Philosophy Documentation Center, Bowling Green State University, c1978. 3 v.
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This covers, retrospectively, U.S. books from 1940 to 1976 and journals between 1940 and 1966.
Répertoire bibliographique de la philosophie. Louvain: Institut superieur de philosophie. v. Quarterly
Z7127 .R42
An important supplement to Philosopher's Index, this is especially useful for European materials. The November issue covers book reviews and contains a cumulated general name index (table onomastique) for authors, translators, and reviewers.
Bibliographic index. v. 1- 1937 H. W. Wilson Co.
Z 1002 .B595 Shelved in Reference Index Area
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Bibliography of bioethics. Kennedy Institute Center for Bioethics. Detroit: Gale Research Co. v. Note: "An ongoing research project of the Kennedy Institute, Center for Bioethics at Georgetown University."
Z6675.E8 B53 R724
This annual bibliography surveys the literature of bioethics, which it defines as "the systematic study of value questions that arise in the biomedical and behavioral fields." (Preface) Its coverage is comprehensive for English-language materials, including audiovisuals, court decisions, bills, and unpublished documents, as well as books and articles. Starting with vol. 9 many of the entries include abstracts.
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A bibliography of philosophical bibliographies. Guerry, Herbert. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press; 1977. Note: Includes index.
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"attempts to list philosophical bibliographies published in all countries since 1450 ... through the year 1974."
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The collaborative bibliography of women in philosophy. Noel Hutchings and William D. Rumsey, editors. Bowling Green, Ohio : Philosophy Documentation Center, Bowling Green State University, c1997.
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Ethics, an annotated bibliography Pasadena, Calif. : Salem Press, c1991.
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Contains summaries of philosophical books on Ethics.
50 years of events : an annotated bibliography, 1947 to 1997. Roberto Casati, Achille C. Varzi.Bowling Green, Ohio : Philosophy Documentation Center, Bowling Green State University, c1997.
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An annotated bibliography of the philosophical concept of events.
Philosophy journals and serials : an analytical guide. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1985.
B72 R821 1985
Contains descriptions of the major journals in Philosophy.
Resources in ancient philosophy : an annotated bibliography of scholarship in English, 1965-1989. Bell, Albert A. Jr.
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A comprehensive annotated bibliography of books and articles on the major Western philosophers from the PreSocratics to Saint Augustine.
Women philosophers : a bibliography of books through 1990. Barth, E. M. Bowling Green, Ohio : Philosophy Documentation Center, c1992.
B72 .B371 1992
Focuses both on the origional and scholarly contributions of women to the whole range of philosophical studies. Arrangement is by classed subject headings.
World philosophy : a contemporary bibliography. edited by John R. Burr ; Charlotte A. Burr, research editor. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1993.
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This updates Burr's Handbook of World Philosophy (see under "Handbooks"), extending it to 1992.
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Includes short biographical information and bibliographies of primary and secondary sources.
The Blackwell dictionary of Western philosophy. Malden, MA : Blackwell Pub., 2004
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The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy. 2nd ed. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1999.
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A companion to the philosophers. edited by Robert L. Arrington ; advisory editors, John Beversluis ...
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"The goal of this book is to present the thoughts and theories of the major figures in the dominant philosophical traditions throughout history" (Preface) Western and Eastern traditions are represented. See also the Blackwell Companion to Philosophy above.
The dictionary of eighteenth-century British philosophers. general editors, John W. Yolton, John Valdimir Price and John Stephens. Bristol : Thoemmes Press, 1999. 2 v.
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Includes extensive information and bibliographies.
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Dictionary of existentialism. Westport, Ct. : Greenwood Press, c1999.
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The dictionary of nineteenth-century British philosophers; general editors, W.J. Mander, Alan P.F. Sell> supervising and consultant editors, Gavin Budge
Bristol:Thoemmes,2002.
LIBRARY WEST B1561 .D53x 2002
A Dictionary of philosophy. Flew, Antony Rev. 2nd ed New York: St. Martin's Press; 1984, c1979.
B41 .D52 1984
A dictionary of philosophy. A.R. Lacey. 3rd ed. London : Routledge, 1996.
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The dictionary of seventeenth-century British philosophers general editor, Andrew Pyle. Bristol : Thoemmes, 2000. 2 v.
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CB5 .D52
Despite the word "Dictionary," the articles this contains are encyclopedic in length and quality. The "Ideas" include those of literature, religion, political and social thought, science as well as philosophy. The articles include "cross-cultural studies limited to a given century or period, studies that trace an idea from antiquity to later periods, and studies that explicate the meaning of a pervasive idea and its development in the minds of its leading proponents" (Preface.) No biographical entries. Includes bibliographies.
The Edinburgh encyclopedia of Continental philosophy general editor, Simon Glendinning. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, c1999.
B803.E35x 1999b
Has lengthy scholarly articles and bibliographies.
Encyclopedia of aesthetics. New York : Oxford University Press, 1998. 4 v.
BH56 .E53 1998
Encyclopedia of applied ethics. editor-in-chief Ruth Chadwick. San Diego : Academic Press, c1998. 4 v.
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Very thorough scholarly articles with good bibliographies.
Encyclopedia of bioethics Rev. ed: New York : Macmillan Pub. Co. : Simon & Schuster Macmillan ; London : Prentice Hall International, c1995. 5 v.
QH332 .E52
An interdisciplinary source of information about bioethics.. The articles are thorough and scholarly with excellent bibliographies. For background discussion of the major issues in bioethics, this is a fitting complement to the Bibliography of Bioethics.
Encyclopedia of classical philosophy. edited by Donald J. Zeyl ; associate editors, Daniel T. Devereux and Phillip K.Mitsis. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1997.:
B163 .E53 1997
Good scholarly articles on Greek and Roman philosophers and philosophy.
Encyclopedia of empiricism. edited by Don Garrett and Edward Barbanell. Westport, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1997.
B816 .E53 1997
Includes entries for philosophers and topics with short bibliographies.
Encyclopedia of Ethics. Becker, Lawrence C. and Charlotte B., eds. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2001. 3 vols.
BJ63 .E45 2001.
Contains signed scholarly articles on normative ethics, history of ethics, ethical theory, and important philosophers of ethics. The articles tend to be broad in scope, but additional access is provided through a subject index. Bibliographies are appended to each article.
Encyclopedia of phenomenology. edited by Lester Embree .. Dordrecht ; Boston : Kluwer Academic Publishers, c1997.
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Includes scholarly articles and bibliographies.
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The long, scholarly articles are written and signed by distinguished philosophers. This is probably the first source to consult for an overview of a subject or philosopher. Each article has excellent bibliographies, though these are now rather dated.
The encyclopedia of philosophy. Supplement Donald M. Borchert, editor in chief. New York : Simon & Schuster Macmillan, c1996.
B41 .E5 1996
A supplement to the foregoing with updated bibliographies.
Encyclopedie philosophique universelle. Paris : Presses Universitaires de France, 1989-
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This aspires to be a "universal" philosophical encyclopedia, covering concepts, schools, traditions, individuals, etc. It is divided into Part One, "Philosophie Occidentale," Part Two, "Pensées Asiatique," and Part Three "Conceptualisations des sociétés traditionnelles". At the end of the first volume are copious bibliographies on every aspect of western
philosophy plus a long list of philosophical periodicals.
Encyclopedia of postmodernism. edited by Victor E. Taylor and Charles E. Winquist. London ; New York : Routledge, 2001
New Catholic encyclopedia. NewYork: McGraw-Hill; <1967-. v; Note: Vol. 16: Supplement, 1967-1974; v. 17: Supplement, Change in the Church; v. 18: Supplement, 1978-1988. Washington, Publisher's Guild.
BX841 .N44 1967
This has many scholarly articles on philosophy and the history of philosophy, both within the Catholic tradition and from the point of view of philosophical influences on Catholic thought. The article under "Philosophy, Articles on" offers a systematic overview and headings to search under for philosophical topics.
The Oxford companion to philosophy Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, c1995.
B51.O94 1995
The entries are by philosophical topics and individual philosophers. In the back of the book is an explication of logical symbols, an interesting map of philosophy, helpful analytical index of entries, and a chronological table.
Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy. General editor, Edward Craig. London ; New York : Routledge, 1998.10v.
B51 .R68 1998
This is now the most current and definitive encyclopedia of philosophy available. Its articles are generally shorter than those in the Macmillan set, but they better reflect the current state of philosophical scholarship.
The history of philosophy. Brehier, Emile. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; <1963-69>. 7 v.
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One of the best recent works on the history of European philosophy. Coverage extends from the Hellenic Age to contemporary philosophy since 1850.
A history of philosophy. Copleston, Frederick Charles. New York, N.Y: Image Books; 1985-. v;
B72 .C62 1985 Main Library
The most readable and often referred to history of philosophy written in English. Detailed and broad in scope, it is
concerned with the development and interconnection of ideas.
Routledge History of Philosophy. 10 vols, different call nos.
This is now the most comprehensive chronological survey of the history of philosophy available.
Guidebook for publishing philosophy edited by Eric Hoffman. 1997 edition. Bowling Green, Ohio : Philosophy Documentation Center, 1997.
PN160 .G831 1997
Handbook of metaphysics and ontology editors, Burkhardt, Hans and Barry Smith. Munich ; Philadelphia : Philosophia Verlag, 1991. 2 vols.
BD111 .H225 1991
Covers persons and concepts. Written from a rigorously analytic perspective with signed articles by professional philosophers. Includes bibliographies.
The Handbook of Western Philosophy. Parkinson, G.H.R. New York:Macmillon Publishing Co.
B804 .H17 1988
An anthology of essays in problems of philosophy from a Western, analytic perspective. Includes a Glossary of Philosophical Terms and a Chronological Survey.
Handbook of World Philosophy: Contemporary Developments since 1945.
edited by John R. Burr.Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1980.
B804 .H17 198
Gives an overview of professional philosophy worldwide. The divisions are geographic; each division includes a list of books and articles plus journals for that region. The bibliography extends to 1976. Appendixes include a Directory of Philosophical Associations and list of philosophical Congresses and Meetings.
Handbuch der Geschichte der Philosophie VI Bibliographie 20. Jahrhundert. Totok, Wilhelm; Schroer, Helmut.Frankfurt am Main: V. Klostermann; 1990.
B82 .T6
Divided into philosophical schools and individual philosophers, this provides an in-depth bibliography of 20th century philosophy.
The Oxford handbook of aesthetics edited by Jerrold Levinson.New York : Oxford University Press, 2003.
BH56 .O94 2003
The Oxford handbook of philosophy of religion. William J. Wainwright. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.
BL51 .O94 2005
The Oxford handbook of practical ethics edited by Hugh, LaFollette. Oxford;New York:Oxford University Press, 2003.
BJ1031 .O94 2003
Research guide to philosophy. Tice, Terrence N.; Slavens, Thomas P.Chicago: American Library Association; 1983. (Sources of information in the humanities; v. no. 3)
B52 .T5 1983
A bibliographical guide to the literature of philosophy.
World philosophers and their works; editor, John K. Roth; managing editor, Christina J. Moose; project editor, Rowena Wildin. Published: ,Pasadena, Calif. :Salem Press, c2000.
LIBRARY WEST, B104 .W67 2000
Consists of biographical essays and reviews of representative works of some 230 recognized philosophers around the world.
Directory of American philosophers. Bowling Green, Ohio : Philosophy Documentation Center, Bowling Green State University . v. Biennial.
B935 .D5
Gives basic address information about individual academic philosophers as well as information on academic departments, centers and societies, councils and institutes, journals, etc.
International directory of philosophy and philosophers. Bowling Green, Ohio : Philosophy Documentation Center,Bowling Green University. v.
B35 .I55
Covers philosophical activitities and philosophers throughout the world, except the U.S. and Canada. | https://guides.uflib.ufl.edu/philosophy/referencematerials |
The first eBook was made available in July 1971 and published as Part of Project Gutenburg. Started by Michael Hart, the project sought to bring books to the masses by electronically publishing copyright free classic works. This project continues and eBooks have been with us ever since.
Growth in eBook readership took off with the arrival of eReaders. Portable electronic devices make it possible to carry hundreds of titles in a pocket book sized PC. eReaders also allow users to digitally browse seemingly endless shelves without the need to leave their houses (or even couches).
As interest in eBooks grew, so too did the number of articles proclaiming the death of the physical book and bookstores. Yet given all the advantages of eBooks, the paperback and hardback book endures. Readers can still be seen pouring from libraries and bookstores with arms full of books and overloaded book bags that better resemble boat anchors.
So where are we now? Has the eBook peaked and are books like records, back in fashion?
We wanted to find out more so we put a few questions to the TAFE Queensland Library Team.
1. If you were given the choice to read your favourite authors new book as an eBook or in hardcover, what would you choose?
Minou Yuille, Ipswich: Probably hardcover – I spend a lot of my time looking at screens (both by choice and necessity), and if I can it’s nice to read a physical book.
Jackie Schick, Caboolture: When it comes to novels I always prefer reading hardcovers. For manga (and other graphic novels) I prefer reading the eBook version. I will shamelessly purchase both if it is something that I really like.
2. Do you read eBooks and physical books, or do you only read one format, and why?
Anne Davis, Southport: Nearly entirely eBooks on kindle… I only read the rare physical book that I can’t get on my kindle.
Chris Norlander, Mooloolaba: Both. If I’m travelling eBooks are great. Lightweight and easy to lug a tonne of titles around with me. Otherwise paperback.
3. Why do you think that some readers cannot make the switch to eBooks?
Chris Norlander, Mooloolaba: There’s just something about having the 'thing' itself. I think there’s a kind of nostalgia you develop for the story and the object you don’t get with something digital.
Naomi McAnalen, Loganlea: Lack of understanding/technology skills. There's often no training for these devices, it's very much self-help. For those that are not even computer savvy, this is too much to bother with. Plus the cost of technology on top of the cost of eBooks.
4. Do you see a future where there are only eBooks available?
Chris Hunt, Mooloolaba: Not in the immediate future, and hopefully not in my lifetime, but eventually yes because everything will be done online – no writing, no paper etc.
Chris Norlander, Mooloolaba: I love eBooks, they’re so convenient and great for grabbing and digesting snippets of information. They’re really an essential part of the information landscape. That said, if I need to read and understand something well, I’d prefer to do that with a physical book. I don’t think I’m alone thinking that and I don’t think that will ever change.
Let us know your preference by visiting TAFE Queensland Library and checking out a book or eBook today. | https://tafeqld.edu.au/news-events/news-blogs/2019/book-versus-ebook.html |
A review of the ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF).
This article presents a systematic review of published scientific studies on the potential ecological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) in the range of 10 MHz to 3.6 GHz (from amplitude modulation, AM, to lower band microwave, MW, EMF). Publications in English were searched in ISI Web of Knowledge and Scholar Google with no restriction on publication date. Five species groups were identified: birds, insects, other vertebrates, other organisms, and plants. Not only clear ecological articles, such as field studies, were taken into consideration, but also biological articles on laboratory studies investigating the effects of RF-EMF with biological endpoints such as fertility, reproduction, behaviour and development, which have a clear ecological significance, were also included. Information was collected from 113 studies from original peer-reviewed publications or from relevant existing reviews. A limited amount of ecological field studies was identified. The majority of the studies were conducted in a laboratory setting on birds (embryos or eggs), small rodents and plants. In 65% of the studies, ecological effects of RF-EMF (50% of the animal studies and about 75% of the plant studies) were found both at high as well as at low dosages. No clear dose-effect relationship could be discerned. Studies finding an effect applied higher durations of exposure and focused more on the GSM frequency ranges. In about two third of the reviewed studies ecological effects of RF-EMF was reported at high as well as at low dosages. The very low dosages are compatible with real field situations, and could be found under environmental conditions. However, a lack of standardisation and a limited number of observations limit the possibility of generalising results from an organism to an ecosystem level. We propose in future studies to conduct more repetitions of observations and explicitly use the available standards for reporting RF-EMF relevant physical parameters in both laboratory and field studies.
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First Metro Weekly Fixed Income Summary and Outlook – January 15 – 19, 2018
Outlook. Local bond yields will be rangebound this week. The Philippines’ 4Q17 GDP numbers came in at 6.6%, a tad lower than the 6.7% median expectation but still one of the fastest in the region.This brought 2017’s average growth to 6.7%, the third fastest growing pace in Asia behind China’s 6.9% and Vietnam’s 6.8%.
Drivers. Fed rate hike this March already priced in on the back of US economic data (CPI, retail sales, payroll, manufacturing, etc). December core consumer price index (CPI) figure rose by 0.3%, the fastest rate in 11 months and higher than expected of 0.2% increase. On the year, core CPI rose by 1.8% from 1.7% in November. Retail sales last December likewise posted solid growth of 0.4%, in line with expectations, despite a robust 0.9% growth in November. Fed hike odds in March shot up to 88% from Monday last week from 70% at the end of 2017.
Market review. The spread between the 10-yr US Treasury (UST) and the 10-yr local benchmark widened to 331bps from 325bps in the prior week as the yield of the 10-yr US Treasury (UST) was up 9bps to 2.64% while the 10-yr local benchmark rose faster by 15bps to 5.95%. Yields of ROPs tracked USTs, with the former up by an average of 6bps WoW while the latter rose by 5bps WoW on average.
The PH government’s $2bn 10-yr global bond sale last week fetched a lower coupon of 3.00% from pricing guidance of 3.30% on strong support from international markets. The bond was sold with a spread of 37.9bps against the 10-yr UST.
Read full article here. | https://fami.com.ph/weekly-fixed-income-summary-january-15-19-2018/ |
Q What jobs do people go into after getting a Psychology honours degree?
About half of our students go on in Psychology after graduating. About half follow job paths that are unconnected with Psychology.
Since Psychology is about people and develops excellent transferrable skills such as critical thinking, it can be applied to most non-specialised areas of employment. It is also the first step in taking a postgraduate qualification to work in the main areas of psychology such as Clinical, Educational and Occupational. New areas such as Counselling, Sports Psychology, Health Psychology and Forensic Psychology are also possible. Many of ours students go into the Human Resources field and of course Research and Teaching (University or School) are important possibilities.
Q How do I become a Clinical, Forensic, Child, Educational, Occupational or Counselling Psychologist?
There are three steps.
Step 1. Get the very best undergraduate Psychology degree you can because everything is competitive.
Step 2. Use it to get onto a postgraduate course that trains and teaches in the area that you want to specialise in.
These courses are delivered through universities usually and offer a postgraduate degree such as a Masters Child Psychology or a Psy D (Psychology Doctorate) in Clinical psychology. Some courses offer diplomas. The courses are usually between 1 and 3 years study.
Step 3. With your postgraduate qualification, seek posts that are advertised regularly in the media.
And work your way up the ladder of opportunities.
The British Psychological Society website has a section dedicated to explaining this.
Q How do I become a University Psychologist?
There are 2 steps.
Step 1. Get the very best undergraduate Psychology degree you can because everything is competitive (3-4 years).
Step 2. Use it to acquire a PhD placement in an area you would like to study (3 years).
Step 3. Use your PhD to acquire a position as a postdoctoral Research Assistant/Associate, lecturer etc etc in a university.
And work your way up the ladder of opportunities.
Many Psychology graduates wish to undertake a career in research which involves obtaining a PhD. Students sometimes prefer to take up graduate training at a University different from where they took their first degree. However, at Glasgow, research training to PhD level is provided in a range of areas in Psychology, but especially Psycholinguistics, Perception and Visual Cognition, Cognitive Neuropsychology, and the application of brain imaging techniques.
Students are often attracted to careers in the main professional areas of Psychology, mainly Forensic, Educational, and Occupational psychology. Clinical Psychology is one of the more popular ambitions. The following excerpts from the BPS website gives some idea of what is involved in pursuing this and other professional careers:
“What do clinical psychologists do?”
What they do:
Clinical Psychology aims to reduce psychological distress and to enhance and promote psychological well-being. A wide range of psychological difficulties may be dealt with, including anxiety, depression, relationship problems, learning disabilities, child and family problems, and serious mental illness. To assess a client, a clinical psychologist may undertake a clinical assessment using a variety of methods including psychometric tests, interviews and direct observation of behaviour. Assessment may lead to therapy, counselling or advice.
Where they work:
Clinical Psychologists work largely in health and social care settings including hospitals, health centres, community mental health teams, child and adolescent mental health services and social services.
Who they work with:
They usually work as part of a team with, for example, social workers, medical practitioners and other health professionals. Most Clinical Psychologists work in the National Health Service (NHS), which has a clearly defined career structure, but some work in private practice. The work is often directly with people, either individually or in groups, assessing their needs and providing therapies based on psychological theories and research. Clinical Psychology is a rapidly developing field and contributing to the literature through research is very important. Some Clinical Psychologists work as trainers, teachers and researchers in universities.
Transferrable Skills
Skills and Other Attributes
Intellectual skills
- Evaluate the comparative advantages of different research methods in psychology.
- Critically compare and evaluate different advanced techniques employed in research.
- Evaluate and criticise the theories and empirical research in the area defined by their option choice.
- Exercise critical judgement in the application and interpretation of statistical techniques in psychological investigation in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience.
- Design and execute a research project to a standard at or near publication quality.
- Demonstrate a critical understanding of theory and practice in the selective areas of psychology and in research methods.
- Demonstrate initiative, self-reliance, and critical ability from a solid foundation of knowledge, understanding and critical awareness.
- Give evidence of an enquiring, problem-oriented mind with sufficient awareness of the critical research and applications in psychology to enable successful pursuit of postgraduate work in psychology and related disciplines.
Subject specific skills
- Summarise the main sources of psychological funding.
- Summarise the range of professional careers open to psychologists.
- Deliver an oral presentation of research findings to a professional audience.
- Write a research paper based on a personal research project to a level suitable for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.
- Write a grant proposal to the standard of a professional research submission.
Transferable/key skills
- Demonstrate initiative, self-reliance, and critical ability from a solid foundation of knowledge, understanding and critical awareness.
Subject specific content
Besides conceptual knowledge, psychology graduates have also acquired substantial knowledge and practice at applying empirical methods, particularly that of controlled experiments but also of designing and using questionnaires, and to a lesser extent interviews and other methods. Such practical methods can be and are used in a wide range of contexts, including applied contexts such as Human Computer Interaction, whether or not there is much theory for such problems. The application of these methods of investigation are an important area of practical knowledge, independently of the theoretical knowledge.
The statistics teaching, which is another topic applicable beyond the range of the theoretical topics taught, covers advanced analysis of variance, multivariate techniques, and the hands-on use of statistical computer packages.
General intellectual training
The nature of psychology as a discipline
Every academic subject carries with it a particular approach to understanding -- the discipline -- which varies widely from subject to subject, but which a graduate often tends to carry over in approaching other areas of work. T.K. Landauer, a psychologist who spent much of his career working with those from quite other disciplines, suggested that the essence of what a psychologist brings can be boiled down as follows: "There are two very elementary but fundamental methodological facts that are taken for granted by all experimental psychologists, but astonishingly often fail to be appreciated by others. The first is that behavior is always quite variable between people and between occasions. The second is that it is feasible to obtain objective data on behavior." In other words, psychologists are trained to appreciate that it is a mistake when dealing with people, as opposed say to a bit of technology, to take a deterministic approach that assumes that what it does once is what it will always do and that considering one example (e.g. themselves) is enough; but equally that the opposite notion of free will and hence complete unpredictability is generally mistaken, and that useful predictions about behaviour and its degree of variability can nevertheless be developed. Anyone with even informal experience of personnel, politics, management, and so on will recognise the importance of understanding that useful work can be done in the middle ground between determinism and free will.
This view of the general intellectual character of psychology also points to its distinctive features as a discipline. One pervasive aspect is its application of some form of experimental method to problems (this tends to distinguish it from the other social sciences), despite the problems of experiments with beings whose understanding of the experiment and experimenter frequently has large effects. Perhaps more important for its value as a general education, however, is that psychology frequently forces us to deal simultaneously with fundamentally different kinds of evidence (whatever the preferences of individual research specialists). For instance, a theory of emotion must cope with physiological data (blushing, adrenalin surges that can be measured chemically), individual cognitive data (how individuals' thoughts and decisions change with emotion, what they report about their experience), and social data (someone experiencing joy due to a success such as a strike in bowling is about ten times more likely to smile if they are with companions, suggesting that emotions are an evolutionarily ancient social coordination mechanism). This need somehow to relate quite different kinds of evidence of varying but not negligible value bearing on a single issue is a widespread feature of professional life of most kinds, but is relatively unusual in an academic subject.
Critical thinking
A highly desirable general intellectual skill for any graduate is what is now often called "critical thinking": the ability not just to reproduce and explain concepts learned from others, but to decide how much weight should be given them, by discerning and evaluating the extent to which they are consistent with and supported by evidence and other ideas, (or conversely, how much they are undermined by being inconsistent with other evidence and opinions). This is directly built into some basic areas of the discipline, where even introductory teaching in, for instance, social psychology, typically consists of presenting, not a single dominant theory or "law", but the relative abilities of alternative theories to explain the facts observed so far. On the other hand, in other areas (e.g. those related to physiology) it behaves more like a natural science: after a flurry of scrutiny and perhaps debate when new theory or phenomena are published, general consensus is established in the field, and findings become treated as "facts" or even "laws". Just as it is unwise to accept all assertions uncritically, so it is unproductive to apply scepticism to everything; useful critical thinking requires decisions about the weight to be given each item. Most disciplines give far more practice at one or the other, but psychology exposes its students to considerable amounts of both because of its unusually wide range of types of subject matter. In this department, critical thinking is further directly fostered by a series of three "critical review" exercises requiring the student not just to summarise a set of recently published papers, but to critique them. The aim is to develop ability at independent assessment and comparison, even of peer-reviewed published work. (Our graduates may be able to offer copies of one of their critical reviews on request.)
Research-led teaching
The school is very active in research, and this leads to a substantial amount of research-led teaching. There are advantages from this for instance in making the teaching content up to the minute, and from the enthusiasm of researchers talking about their central interests. A deeper advantage is that the teachers are equally learners, demonstrating by personal example: a researcher is attempting to learn things no-one yet knows, both for themselves and for the community as a whole. This is an important endpoint in the types of learning an individual may do: from a child acquiring its first language exactly from the people around it, to the independent learning of a researcher seeking knowledge no-one else yet has. This is also important for professionals and for organisations of all kinds. Finally, research-led teaching introduces another important element: an apprenticeship mode of learning. When students do their research project with a personal supervisor they are in effect doing an apprenticeship in research, where they learn partly by personal instruction, partly by their own practice, and partly by imitation. While the research skills themselves will only be directly used by a small subset of our graduates, this mode of learning is probably more relevant than is usually acknowledged in many jobs. Even though formal training courses are increasingly numerous in many workplaces, it remains true that much learning on the job is by the implicit apprenticeship methods of imitation, personal instruction, and trying it out with occasional supervision. Our graduates have already successfully performed in that mode of learning.
Personal and professional transferable skills
Besides the general intellectual skills mentioned, our graduates are equipped with a grounding in the following skills:
Writing competence
Our graduates accumulate considerable practice at planning and executing the writing of substantial pieces. These pieces of work are produced in circumstances similar to that of many work places: they can draw on the use of computer spelling checkers and human critics, but are working to a deadline and with other simultaneous demands on their time.
Giving talks ("presentations", oral communication)
Our graduates have been required to present at a number of short talks on their work, complete with visual aids and a time limit, to an audience of limited attentiveness. Typically they regard this as very stressful, yet perform competently in the view of staff (for whom giving and listening to talks is a prominent feature of their professional life).
Information technology
Our students were required to use email for much of their time as a standard departmental communication medium. They were required to submit all their written work outside exam rooms in word-processed form, including some use of tables and charts. They are further trained and exercised in the use of at least one statistics package, and in the use of online literature search software. They will normally have used the world wide web in various ways, as the department maintains some information in that form, and some courses require its use.
Numeracy, quantitative methods
As noted above, the statistics course and required applications of it mean that graduates have used calculators, spreadsheet, and statistical software to process data, and to present numerical results in tables and charts.
Library research
Our graduates have had to undertake library research both as part of the regular courses, and for their project work and critical reviews. The latter especially demand extracting useful information directly from the published scientific literature, mainly online.
Trustworthiness, honesty, professional ethics
We are happy to confirm in personal references that a particular graduate has given us no reason to doubt their honesty, but in general a degree course offers few opportunities for more definite observations or tests. The exception is in acquiring and practising the desirable standards for dealing with human participants (or "subjects") in empirical studies. All our graduates have received training in this, in line with BPS guidelines, and were required as part of their research project to construct, and to have submitted an ethics application covering their study. The difficulty of getting such clearance varies greatly: for example, administering questionnaires to other undergraduates is generally an issue of relatively low sensitivity, while working with disturbed patients receiving treatment elsewhere is a high sensitivity area. | https://www.gla.ac.uk/undergraduate/degrees/psychology/whatsinitforyou/ |
I’ve always enjoyed coaching. After my dreams of becoming a Major League ballplayer were dashed, I wanted to be a sports coach or a teacher—both jobs that require mentoring people. Early on in my career, I received the benefits of being mentored. Advice from someone who had been there before was invaluable.
As my career progressed, people began to seek me out as a mentor. I hosted fireside chats for eBay employees who came looking for leadership development. I talked about the value of infusing integrity in everything you do and the importance of aiming high, but what I found most of all was that people were looking for direction in how to live more fulfilling lives.
We understand that in sports there is a great coach behind every great player, and we celebrate these folks, but in work we somehow forget their importance. We leave behind what we learned in school athletics and approach our professional lives without giving much thought to coaching (or mentoring) or where to look to continue to build our skills and abilities and be the best we can be.
That’s a mistake. All of us can benefit from a mentor who can observe, offer insight, and guide us. Atul Gawande, a successful surgeon and best selling author, asked a former teacher to serve as his mentor, even though Gawande was well established in his career. It was an untraditional move, and one that unnerved some of his patients, but Gawande felt that the relationship made him better in his craft—helped him understand things he might have missed because he was set in his way of doing things. He compared the experience of this kind of coaching in medicine to the way professional musicians have coaches, whom they refer to as ‘‘outside ears.’’ He wanted to bring that perspective into his profession—and into others, to anyone who ‘‘just want[s] to do what they do as well as they can.’’
Too often we are guilty of making a terrible error: we keep our dreams and aspirations near and dear and are reluctant to share them with anyone. But when dreams are kept private, it’s harder for them to take off. However, when we share them, amazing things can happen.
Take, for example, Marc Benioff. When he started Salesforce.com, he was open to sharing his idea with trusted advisers and mentors and was thus able to tap into helpful expertise and a critical network. One of his mentors, a successful entrepreneur named Bobby Yazdani, the founder of Saba Software, introduced him to three talented developers who became Marc’s cofounders and helped him build an incredible service and company. In fact, Marc has described meeting Parker Harris, one of the developers, as ‘‘the luckiest thing in my life.’’ It wasn’t luck; it was the result of Marc’s articulating his vision and sharing it with a mentor who had experience, understanding, and a desire to help.
Always aim high, but be very specific about what you want to achieve and how you will achieve it, and share these plans and aspirations with a few key advisers and mentors. Doing so makes you more committed and gets others invested in seeing you reach your dreams. But there’s something else just as important: become a mentor for someone else. At this stage in my life I’m most focused on what I’ve loved all along—coaching. And in this role I’ve found the greatest purpose and fulfillment. And I’ve learned the most—and perhaps even made the biggest impact.
We all have more to give, giving it to someone you can help get better is the most effective thing you can do. Empowering others is a way to make the biggest difference.
Source: Forbes
“Opinion pieces of this sort published on RISE Networks are those of the original authors and do not in anyway represent the thoughts, beliefs and ideas of RISE Networks.”
RISE NETWORKS
RISE Networks is a Leading Social Enterprise with a deliberate interest and passion for Youth and Education Development facilitated by Innovation and Technology in Africa. Wish to see your Articles / Opinions Published on Rise Networks Website? Send them to [email protected]. | https://risenetworks.org/why-being-a-mentor-is-just-as-important-as-having-one/ |
Last Thursday (29th March 2018) was the last day on which the Government could have given formal notification that it wished to withdraw from the European Economic Area Agreement (EEAA) on Brexit Day (29th March 2019), in accordance with Article 127 of the Agreement. As it has consistently indicated was its intention, the Government did not send a notice of withdrawal to the other parties to the Agreement. This raises the immediate question: how do things stand now?
The first thing to say is that the earlier situation has been changed somewhat by what appear to be mutually agreed provisions in the draft Withdrawal Agreement for a post-Brexit transition or standstill period. Article 124(1) of that document stipulates that: “… during the transition period, the United Kingdom shall be bound by the obligations stemming from the international agreements concluded by the Union, or by Member States acting on its behalf, or by the Union and its Member States acting jointly.” Since the EEAA is one of those international agreements, it is clearly envisaged that UK will continue to be bound by it during the transition, subject only to the consent of Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. That consent can be confidently expected, the EEAA being an existing free trade agreement with the UK, a major market for Iceland and Norway.
If the draft Withdrawal Agreement, inclusive of Article 124(1), is eventually ratified, there will be no concurrent UK withdrawal from the EEA on Brexit day. The UK will remain an EEA participant throughout the transition period and the deadline for the notification of any future withdrawal will be put back until 31st December 2019, one year ahead of the projected end of the transition. By then the prospects for success in achieving the kind of longer-term settlement sought by the Government (whatever that might turn out to look like) will be clearer. And at that stage the Article 127 issues will need to be faced again, albeit in different circumstances.
The ‘change in circumstances’ point is important here. It is to be recalled that the Government’s view so far has been that the EEA Agreement would automatically cease to be applicable to the UK upon withdrawal from the Treaty of Lisbon. I have argued since June 2016 that this view is wrong: there is no text in either Treaty which says as much and the view is only sustained by speculative interpolations that run counter to norms of international law.
More specifically, the Government has repeatedly asserted that the EEAA becomes automatically inapplicable on Brexit Day, either because the UK will not be a member of EFTA or because it will not be a member of the EU. That is, it has been (wrongly) claimed that membership of one or other of these two institutions is a necessary condition for EEA participation. The reasoning behind this view has never been aired publicly, nor has the claimed legal advice on which it is allegedly based ever been disclosed. This has, I think, been a deliberate strategy to avoid Parliamentary scrutiny, by keeping under wraps facts and reasoning that could pose problems for Conservative party management. It was likely judged that achieving majority support in Parliament for voluntary withdrawal from the EEAA would be difficult.
The contrived ‘justifications’ of automaticity are now being put to the test. Article 124(1) of the draft Withdrawal Agreement indicates that the UK and the EU have agreed that, subject to the consent of the Efta States, the EEA Agreement will be operable/applicable post Brexit, even though the UK will be a member of neither the EU, nor EFTA. That is, the asserted ‘necessary condition’ for EEA participation is a fiction: it is simply ignored in the draft Withdrawal Agreement and, if that Agreement is ratified and implemented, what was previously claimed to be impossible will come to pass. Given that, when the time comes to consider Article 127 issues again it is unlikely that the avoidance strategy will be sustainable.
One ironic consequence of the avoidance strategy is the current negotiation around transition arrangements that will see the UK government responding to a referendum sentiment to ‘take back control’ by ceding yet greater control over its affairs to others. This is now rationalised by those who have contributed most to bringing it about on a ‘paradise deferred’ argument (and deferred by only 21 months), but that looks for all the world like a doubling-down on wishful thinking.
Whether the withdrawal Agreement is or is not ratified, it will remain the case that there are only two, legitimate ways for the UK to withdraw from the EEA: (a) by the giving of Article 127 notice or (b) with the unanimous consent of all the contracting parties. Given those routes to exit, the EU or any of the other contracting parties (each acting alone and whether an EU Member State or an Efta State) can block route (b). The UK Government will not be able to just slink away from the EEAA.
The EU can, entirely reasonably, insist that the UK honour the international treaty obligations it freely accepted when it signed and ratified the EEAA twenty-five years ago, thereby blocking route (b). Moreover, there are at least two good, immediate reasons for it to do just that: (i) maintenance of harmonised regulation on the two sides of the Irish border and (ii) money. It may also be relevant that a ‘strategy of insistence’ (that EEAA promises/ commitments be kept) would likely be aligned with the views of majorities both in Parliament and among the UK public. It would not be a case of EU vs UK, more a case of EU + UK (people and Parliament) majority opinion vs UK minority opinion.
The obvious strategy for the UK from the beginning was therefore for it to seek first to become designated as an EFTA State for EEAA purposes, with the full treaty rights and obligations of such States. Compared with designation as an EU Member State with obligations, but without governance rights (the position contemplated by the draft Withdrawal Agreement), this would afford greater sovereignty and simultaneously resolve what are arguably the most difficult of the Irish border problems.
In summary, notwithstanding its relatively low profile in Brexit discourse to date, Article 127 of the EEA Agreement will continue to be a highly relevant factor in the Brexit process. It is a high value card for whichever party holds it in their hand and is willing to use it. The significance of 29th March 2018 is that it was the day that the card shifted from the UK Government’s hand to the EU’s hand. Thanks largely to the recalcitrant unwillingness of ‘ultra Brexiteers’ to contemplate compromises with other strands of pro-Brexit opinion and with ‘softer’ Remainers, it may also come to be seen as the day on which the bell tolled for any prospect of a ‘hard’ or ‘clean’ Brexit, not only on 29th March 2019, but also on 31st December 2020.
In contrast, the bell has not yet tolled for an EEA/EFTA Brexit. Although it is getting awfully late in the day for that to happen on 29th March 2019, its prospects for the beginning of 2021 are, if anything, brightening. | https://campaignforanindependentbritain.org.uk/the-continuing-relevance-of-article-127-of-the-eea-agreement/?print=print |
This paper shows that investors consider delivery procedures in pricing stocks. We model stock returns in two ways. The first uses a function of the length of the settlement delay, while the second uses a function of both the length of the delay and interest rates during the delay. We find that the coefficient on this variable is always correctly signed and statistically significant. This means that observed prices diverge from the prices that would be observed in the absence of this trading mechanism. This, in turn, means that measured returns diverge from true returns.
While this result is comforting to researchers who have assumed that settlement delays are priced, it does have implications for empirical studies using daily stock return data. Since the observed price equals the true price plus a premium to compensate for financing costs, measured returns diverge from true returns if the premium changes during the holding period. This could, for example, affect event studies either by masking the impact of a true economic event or by lending statistical significance to "events" which result only from changes in the premium and not from any underlying economic force. | https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=374100 |
Objective: To evaluate RBC transfusion practice in the ICU.
Design: Retrospective chart review.
Setting: Multidisciplinary ICU in a tertiary care center.
Patients: All patients admitted to the ICU with a length of stay of greater than 1 week.
Results: A total of 23% of all patients admitted to the ICU had a length of stay of greater than 1 week (19.6 +/- 1.6 days). Of these patients, 85% received blood transfusions (9.5 +/- 0.8 U per patient). These transfusions were not solely a function of acute blood loss. Patients were transfused a constant 2 to 3 U/wk. Patients receiving blood transfusions were phlebotomized on average 61 to 70 mL per day. Phlebotomy accounted for 49% of the variation in amount of RBCs transfused. No indication for blood transfusion was identified for 29% of transfusion events. A low hematocrit (< 25%) was the only identifiable indication in an additional 19% of events. Almost one third of all RBCs transfused were without a clear transfusion indication.
Conclusion: The long-term ICU population receive a large number of blood transfusions. Phlebotomy contributes significantly to these transfusions. There is no clear indication for a large number of the blood transfusions given. Many blood transfusions appear to be administered because of an arbitrary "transfusion trigger" rather than a physiologic need for blood. Blood conservation and adherence to transfusion guidelines could significantly reduce RBC transfusion in the ICU. | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7656631/?dopt=Abstract |
Many thanks to all of our partners and supporters. With your help, we met and exceeded our goals:
30,000 Trees Planted in 5 years!
750 Trees Given Away and Planted!
2 New Urban Orchards Planted!
Youth Employed in Tree Care!
We look forward to continuing our work with you in 2015! | https://incitytimesworcester.org/tag/urban-orchards/ |
2018, at least until August, will be known around here as Our Year of Lists. At least that’s what it feels like now. We are in the throes of list-making in order to make sure that when we take off on the Big Adventure everything, or at least as much as possible, has been taken care.
List making can be fun (especially for someone like me who loves organization), but as we’ve learned about lists from past experience, when one thing gets done or is taken care of, two or more things seem to pop up and go back on the list
Here are nine lists we are currently juggling:
- Reservations/tickets: This list is pretty straight forward, and includes all travel-related reservations (lodging and transportation) we need to take care of, but will also include reservations for things like museums in Florence, for example. There will also be some fill-ins as we get closer to departing, like an overnight stays here or there between plane connections. We’ve already been able to get some reservations made (India, Australian train journey, Kaua’i rental), but it’s still too early for much else of it. The 2018 part of our journey can’t get started until we know when and where YaYu will be going to college, and that won’t be known until around the end of March. Brett and I work together on this list – I’m the researcher, but he keeps the spreadsheets and marks things off as they get done (and tracks the money).
- Paperwork: This list has two parts: 1) Official things like visas and 2) personal paperwork, and what we need to keep and where it will get stored while we travel. We are currently working on winnowing down our personal paperwork, and Brett is keeping a spreadsheet of where and when we need to worry about visas and other documents.
- Clothing/shoes: While this list has been fun to think about and compile, it has not been as easy as we thought. We will literally be living out of our suitcases for a year, and need to have both cold and hot weather clothing, as well as be prepared for everything in-between. We’re both almost done with acquiring what we need, and then will do a practice pack and weigh and see where we stand and what we (may) need to take out. I have searched for lists of what to pack for a year, but everything I’ve found is for travelers who intend to live out of a backpack for the year, and we’re not those people. We’re trying to keep things to a minimum, but want to have some variety for the year.
- Toiletries/medications; This is another seemingly easy list that’s turning out to be not as easy as initially thought. We’ll need to make sure we’re taking enough medication (both prescription and over-the-counter) to carry us through until we’re back on the mainland over Christmas, but we’ve decided that we can pick up most toiletries as we travel so we want to keep this as minimal as we can, and take just enough to get us started. Excusez-moi, où est la crème à raser? But what should those items be?
- Electronics: Both Brett and I are sure we have all the electronics we will need and want as we travel (laptop, iPad, iPhones, iPod, Kindles), but also want to make sure we take along all the accoutrement as well, things like chargers, cords, adapters, ear buds, etc. as well as back-ups.
- Miscellaneous: This list is really just the odds and ends of stuff that doesn’t seem to fit anywhere else, like books we want to load on our Kindles before we set off, or small financial matters (local and otherwise) that we don’t want to forget to take care of. Following the Senior Nomads example, we want to carry along our own pillows, so they’re on this list so we don’t forget them. Also included on this list are games we want to take along to play during down times.
- Downsizing/storage: We have divided our household items, including our car, into three areas: Sell, donate (or throw away), and store. We’ve already sold some things, and will be working for the next several months on the donate/throw away aspect. We have a pretty solid idea now of what we’re going to put into storage, but we go back and forth on some items (with Brett usually insisting we let it go).
- Kaua’i bucket list: This (bittersweet) list was posted last week.
- YaYu’s college stuff: All the admission paperwork has been submitted (or almost all), but once we know where she will be going we will continuing the list of what she will need in the way of clothing and dorm essentials, most of which will be purchased at her college location.
I’m sure there is probably one or two other areas I’ve forgotten about, but when I remember, they’ll get lists as well. We’ll be able to finish checking off some of these lists sooner than others, but most we’ll be working on right up until we go. The key is going to be staying focused, and relying on the lists to make sure it all gets done and that hopefully nothing gets forgotten. | https://theoccasionalnomads.com/2018/01/09/lists-lists-and-more-lists/ |
There are several levels of a marriage. The first is a moment when both equally partners are learning to agree to each other’s flaws. This is often a very interesting and entertaining stage of your relationship, but since it ends in failure, it can be time to proceed. This is also an occasion when you should certainly learn to bargain for your partner. This could be a great opportunity bride japan to change your personality and try to be a better version of yourself.
The next phase is intimacy. This is how you can be yourself around your partner. This really is a great time to show your persona, however it can be difficult at times since intimacy needs a big commitment. The relationship is within a stable phase during this stage, and both equally partners must be able to trust one another enough to create it work. Intimacy may last a long time, and it is an important facet of a healthy romantic relationship.
The third level is the most important. Right here is the point in a relationship where two people start noticing each other’s differences. Associated with complain to each other about items and try to find a solution. This is the very comfortable and steady stage of a romance. Having children will also bolster or eliminate a marriage. Once the two people have picked up over this storm, they will can move on to the deep attachment stage.
Once you’ve figured out the stages of the relationship, you can know the moment you’ve reached them. When you are at this stage, you have reached the ‘commitment’ level. This is a moment when you’re devoted to your partner, and it is difficult to try to avoid one another. During this time, the commitment will probably be tested and you should start questioning your relationship’s path.
The power have difficulty stage is the most challenging stage. It takes patience and vulnerability to hold the relationship going. During this level, you’ve probably learned to like and select your partner intentionally, which has helped you both figure out how to deal with the inescapable misunderstandings that may arise. Nevertheless , this is also the stage when ever most lovers end their relationship. This is a time when both lovers will struggle to see each other’s abilities and failings. As such, they will break up.
In this stage on the relationship, the commitment level becomes more robust. During this period, both equally partners is going to are more open to each other and will try to avoid conflicts and arguments. In this stage of this relationship, your companion will be more wide open and honest with you. During this time, you will possess more in accordance and be more tolerant of every other. This is a crucial time in a romance. This stage is a crucial time for the two partners.
The 2nd stage is the most important. In this stage, the two associates are still observing each other. Consequently both of you begins feeling near to each other. When this occurs, you can also be tempted to get close along with your partner. It is because it’s the time for both of you. In a romantic relationship, the two persons start to look and feel connected and love one another. During this level, you can also get more critical with your partner and try to produce a marriage proposal.
The third level is the most stressful of the marriage. In this level, your partner is rejecting you from the start, and you’re frustrated and angry with the partner. This is certainly a critical amount of time in a relationship. The two of you will be able to talk to one another and have a conversation regarding each other. That is an essential part of the communication procedure. For anybody who is both getting the same thoughts and thoughts, this is an indicator of a healthy and balanced relationship.
Another stage is the ability struggle. With this stage, equally partners need to decide if they would like to stay together in the long term. If the decision is usually difficult, you’ll have to be patient and have absolutely your partner that you are still deeply in love with them. At this point, you might have to compromise. This is often a very stressful time for a relationship. Some in this stage need to be prepared to get the strains and be available to each other’s needs. | https://www.univcamp.fr/learning-the-stages-of-a-relationship/ |
Location:
Herriman,UT,USA
Member Since:
Jan 01, 2009
Gender:
Female
Goal Type:
Age Division Winner
Running Accomplishments:
St George Marathon: 3:23:54 (10/6/12)
Half IM: 5:44:03 (8/25/12 - course was long!)
25K trail - Buffalo Run (16.5) 2:34:50
Half Marathon: American Fork - 1:30:44 6/23/12
Spectrum 10K 43:42 3/17/2012
Best 5K: Spanish Fork 21:55 05/30/09
Short-Term Running Goals:
Okay, so for 2013 I am going to have FUN! Not that running isn't always fun, but I had a wonderful breakthrough year last year and I want to play this year :) AND get faster! So, my first goal I'm going to put out there is my yearly mileage goal. It is 2,186 miles from my driveway to my sister (QP's) driveway! I want to spend this year on a virtual trek cross country running those miles. So, that is how far I will run in 2013...from my house to QPs. It will take all year and yes, this is measured on Hwys so it isn't really exactly how I COULD run it, but good enough. 43 miles/week...totally doable, and a fun goal to track how far I've traveled as I go along. Who knows...maybe I'll even run PAST her house :)
I will do more trail runs, Boston, Pacing duties, another Half IM and some other tris. I'm excited for this next year and look forward to having fun with all of you out on the roads, and trails! Maybe bag a few peaks this year too!!
Long-Term Running Goals:
Big Dreams: 5K in 20:2X; 10K in 39:XX; Half in 1:29:XX; Full in 3:15:XX; complete the Rim2Rim2Rim run and not die; Comrades; Iron(wo)Man.
Run for the rest of my life!
Personal:
4 children: twelve, eight, five and baby Fartlek - 2 1/2. Wonderful supportive husband that lets me drag him and the family all over for race after race!
Finished 13 marathons and LOVE running that distance! I'm definitely hooked to the marathon monster and hope to constantly improve my endurance, speed and stay injury free!
I've also found a love of trail running! I hope to keep improving on this front.
After being injured with a broken foot at the first of 2012 I found a tri group and started training with them and am now loving tris! The half IM was harder than I'd ever imagined...and am ready to do it again. I'll earn my bike butt and someday have enough time to train for a full IM.
Favorite Blogs:
Slept in...boy did I sleep in. My baby was still asleep after the boys left for school and so I snuggled back into bed with him. When I woke up it was 10:00 and I had to get down to the hospital to get a cholesterol retake done (I was supposed to do it in MAY). I had to do it fasting, so I went before I ran. The plan intially was to run with the jogger down to the hospital (5 miles) then run home, but the wind was SO bad and it was SO cold that I didn't want to push the jogger and felt bad making Adam sit outside in bad weather for 90 min.
I drove to the hospital, got the check done and then came up with a brilliant idea! Since the nursery was closed at the gym at that time, I bribed a neighbor with Jimmy Johns to watch Adam while I ran. Perfect!
So, I was stuck with the TM, but at least I got to run!
1 mile on the track to warm up.
6 miles in 50:30 AP: 8:25 all at 1% grade...I forgot how much I enjoy running on the TM - BLECH!
Finally back to the Newton's Tuesday Ten! A decent pace after a good half on Saturday.
AP: 8:16 splits: 8:33, 8:32, 9:22, 9:46, 8:04, 8:12, 7:33, 7:28, 7:24, 7:41, 8:15 (last .1)
I convinced Adam that he wanted to try the big kid class at the gym today. They have a kids on the move class from 9-10 where they do focused aerobic activities with the kids instead of them sitting in front of the TV in the day care room. You have to pay double the hourly rate for it and you have to be 3. Surprisingly, this is the first time this gym rat has been to the gym during these hours since Adam turned 3! I guess I just started liking outside more :)
I did one mile on the track and then 5 on the TM in 42:30 - 8:30AP 1% grade.
They brought the kids upstairs and let them run laps on the track during their class. It was SO fun to see Adam and he smiled and waved at me and ran a little faster! I love that little kid!
I had to jet out for institute, so that was all I had time for. Short and sweet.
The Halloween Shaggy Mountain Loop. The only thing scary about it was all the hills, but we're used to them :)
Besides the cold, it was a beautiful morning!
AP: 8:36 splits: 8:55, 9:14, 10:14, 9:21, 7:54, 8:42, 7:12, 7:32, 7:12 (last .1)
A busy day working and trying to get into the office for some required training, so I had to get up and run...or I wasn't going to run. I did a cheater cut of my 8.35 mile route...and it came out exactly a mile less. I thought that was pretty neat.
I did my UP Juniper Crest hill, which is monstrous, but then gives me flat there and downhill/flat home. So, the short monster is better than long dragging up with only a quick down.
AP: 8:39 splits: 9:00, 8:32, 8:42, 9:03, 8:22, 8:52, 8:14, 8:11 (last .37)
Later in the day I did something I've never done before...I donated blood. I'm a good fast bleeder and filled my bag in 4:04! I guess I've got speed running in my veins :) Since I don't have any races or big pushes coming up and are able to enjoy a bit of "off season" I figured this was well timed.
Did I mention I gave blood yesterday? Yeah, it really does affect you! :)
I had planned on meeting up with Karen and Toby in AF, because Lauren had a swim meet there. I dropped her off and met up at Toby's home. I should've know better than to trust that they wouldn't kill me. The pace felt difficult and then to top it off we had Toby's "Welcome to AF running" to start...temple hill! I felt like I had asthma. I could hardly breathe and my heart was just a pounding.
We met Karen at the Murdock canal trail and it was SO wonderful to just run and chat with those ladies! The canal is on somewhat of a bench as well, so the views were gorgeous even before there was light. It has been MUCH too long since I ran with these wonderful women. I wish I lived closer to run with them all the time. Toby was totally on her game and leading the pace. Karen was relaxed and conversational and I was picking up the slack and breathing like a monster behind them both, hanging on for dear life!
My garmin wasn't cooperating either. Dang thing! Laps full, battery empty...I can't win. So, I shut it off and am copying Toby's splits.
I really had a fantastic morning and want to go repeat that run every morning...except with a full amount of red blood cells so I can talk a little more and not feel like I'm going to fall over :)
After we left Karen at the canal, Toby was ready to head for home. Coming DOWN temple hill that girl rocked it! Seriously. I was pushing and could barely keep up with her. She has hit a wonderful stride in her running, and she SO deserves it! She has worked hard for every little mile and milestone and been more than patient with her body. I can't wait to see her bust a move in the Spring!!! It is going to be incredible. Simply incredible.
Thanks for putting up with me ladies, and I'll try to keep up next time a little better :)
AP: 8:51 splits: 9:44, 9:12, 9:15, 9:03, 8:54, 8:52, 8:56, 8:44, 8:43, 7:53, 8:34 (last .5)
After I headed to the swim meet, changed into dry clothes and went to settle in for a long winter's meet. But, then I realized that I should volunteer to time! I didn't have little boys with me, they ask we do it occassionally, and I was bored out of my mind and didn't realize I was supposed to bring a chair! So, I went and did timing. It was fun to be front and center when Lauren swam and not peering through heads to watch. I love doing the backup timing! Especially when you have to wait until the last event for your kid to swim anyway :)
She did a great job! 2nd in her 100 IM, a DQ in her 100 fly (but a DQ is such a powerful trainer/teacher! She did finish 1st though if she wouldn't have DQd), and a 7:30 in her 500 free! SO proud of that girl!
It was 2:30 by the time the meet was over and we'd both been up since 5:00 with little to eat so we stopped and had lunch together on the way home. I loved this morning with girlfriends and my daughter nearly the rest of the day! | http://radrunning.fastrunningblog.com/blog-week-11-01-2013.html |
DESCRIPTION (Applicant's abstract): The development of a software system is proposed that will combine statistical theory, computer science algorithms, and genetics expertise to take advantage of the great influx of data generated by both the study of the human genome and the creation of inexpensive genotyping techniques. This software will elucidate the complex relationship between drug efficacy and side effects, and multiple interacting genes and environmental factors. Preliminary results, obtained by using simulated data, indicate that it might be feasible to link phenotype to genotype for a list of "candidate genes." The statistical methods are expected to be successful even if the disease mechanism can differ from one person to another. By analyzing and interpreting clinical trial data, the software will match drugs to target populations according to their specific genotype. This will enable pharmaceutical companies to create novel drugs that render maximum effectiveness and have minimum side effects, i.e. the right drug for the right person. PROPOSED COMMERCIAL APPLICATION: The target markets for the research include pharmaceutical companies, CRO'S universities, and government agencies. It has good potential for commercialization because it is expected to help create novel drugs, boost the safety of drug treatments, save substantial resources, and make sense of complex genotype/phenotype relationships in clinical trials context.
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Maybe you had to cancel your trip. Maybe you feel like you need a vacation now, or at least plan a getaway that you can look forward to. But when will it be safe to travel again? And what does it mean that it’s safe to travel? And when will you feel confident to venture out?
Let’s look at travel before the end of the year.
Part of your decision on whether you should travel depends on if you can get to your destination and have a place to eat and sleep. Equally important is your comfort level for travel. Here are some things that you may want to consider when you decide where and when you travel.
How far in advance do you want to plan your trip? If you want to travel early this summer, you’re probably better off with domestic travel, either by plane or as a road trip as lockdown measures are easing off and US destinations are gradually reopening. The US State Department issued a Global Level 4: Do not travel Health Advisory. While you can travel internationally, you are advised not to travel. Many countries either have travel restrictions in place or require that you be quarantined for 14 days when you arrive. You should know which countries have restrictions. If you do want to make an international trip, you may be better off planning a trip a little farther into the future. Regardless of when you choose to travel outside of the United States, you need to consider getting travel insurance to protect both yourself and your travel investment. Check out our article on insurance in the time of Covid-19 on how to select a policy.
If you want or need to fly away, you can get anywhere in the US. Be sure to check your airline to see what the travel requirements are.
The entire travel industry has shifted to improve cleanliness and social distancing guidelines to reduce the spread of Covid-19. This move is not just for passenger safety. They need to restore customers’ confidence in returning to travel. This improvement in cleanliness and attention to customer health is long overdue.
Let’s be honest: most airplanes in operation prior to the pandemic outbreak were less than clean. The seatback pockets were notoriously filthy, as they are often used to store dirty diapers, used dental floss and tissues, and trash. The tray tables are used to change diapers, and collect an amazing amount of dirt. And the bathrooms, particularly the door handles are a real health hazard. One of the reasons for this is that the airlines often rely on flight attendants to clean the cabin between flights. This is not what they have been trained for.
One major upside to airplane travel is the air filtration systems feature very advanced HEPA filters. They filter as well as a hospital HVAC system in an isolation ward. The air is replaced in the cabin more than 15 times per hour. If everyone on the aircraft wears a face mask to minimize infectious disease droplets in the air, then the effectiveness of the filtration system increases 10X, virtually eliminating the chance of spreading the infection through the air. There isn’t much separation between passengers, and it is absurd to believe that leaving a middle seat open between passengers is enough personal separation, but if all passengers are wearing masks, and the filtration system is running, then you shouldn’t have to worry about catching Covid-19 in the air of the plane.
The bigger concern is contracting the virus off the hard surfaces of the airplane. Airlines are now thoroughly cleaning the planes overnight or when on the ground for more than an hour. All the hard surfaces are sprayed and cleaned. You can ensure that everything is cleaner by bringing sanitizing wipes or alcohol spray to clean your seat, the arm rests, the tray table, vents, and the flight attendant call button.
Cruise ships are cleaning up their acts. There is a major movement to create a much cleaner and safer cruising environment with handwashing stations, and hand sanitizer everywhere. This alone may eliminate norovirus on cruise ships. When a ship is infected with the novel coronavirus, it undergoes extensive cleaning to sterilize every surface. After that sterilization, it might be the best time to come aboard for a trip.
Cruise companies like Carnival have eliminated other areas of health risk too. There are no longer buffets where passengers share serving utensils. They are deep cleaning the bedding and at night, scrubbing down all highly trafficked areas.
Hotels are now focusing on cleanliness as a differentiation. The Four Seasons Hotel has teamed up with Johns Hopkins Medicine to develop a global health and safety program. Rooms are specially cleaned and pillows are exchanged after checkout. Service is set up to minimize face-to-face contact with staff. Public railings have warnings to keep people from touching them except in an emergency.
Even when states and international travel destinations start to lift restrictions, when will the average traveler want to return to hotels, flights, and cruises? It is possible that we may see a vaccine for Covid-19 as early as January 2021. Many people only feel comfortable traveling when they have received the vaccination. Face covering masks are likely to be a requirement even after the vaccination comes out for at least the next 18 months. In the short-term, the travel industry is doing everything they can to create a clean and safe environment to give travelers a better sense of comfort and security.
Travel insurance will change too. Cancel for any reason plans are always the safest coverage for your travel arrangements. Read our expert article covering the ins and outs of Cancel for Any Reason policies.
It will be highly likely that countries around the world will require proof of medical insurance coverage before you can leave their customs. We also believe they may require proof of Covid-19 vaccination, just as countries that worry about yellow fever require vaccinations. Make sure you have medical coverage and cancel for any reason coverage before you venture out.
Everyone has a different comfort level regarding travel plans right now. Some people are ready to go anywhere, from New York to Italy. Others will consider a carefully planned trip. Still others will wait until there is a vaccine. One of your biggest problems during the coronavirus pandemic may be balancing your concerns with those that will be traveling with you. There’s no reason not to plan a trip even if you’re waiting for a vaccine. Plan a trip for 2021 out, and definitely purchase trip insurance. It will give you something to look forward to enjoying. In our article we’ve compiled a list of the best deals available online for travelers. | https://www.tripinsurance.com/when-is-it-safe-to-travel-again-covid19 |
A croissant is a buttery, flaky viennoiserie pastry that originated in Austria but is best known in France. Croissants, like another viennoiserie, are made of layers of yeast-leavened dough and are named for their historical crescent shape. The dough is layered with butter, rolled and folded several times in succession, and then rolled into a thin sheet in the laminating process. As a result, the texture is layered and flaky, similar to puff pastry.
Crescent-shaped bread dates from the Renaissance, while crescent-shaped pastries might be as old as the Greeks. Bakeries and pâtisseries in Austria, Italy, and France have traditionally favored croissants. The modern croissant was invented in the early twentieth century. In the late 1970s, the introduction of factory-made, frozen, pre-formed, but unbaked dough converted them into a convenient snack that can be newly baked by unskilled labor. The croissant bakery, notably the La Croissanterie brand, was a French response to fast food, and by 2008, 30″40% of croissants sold in French bakeries and patisseries were produced from frozen dough.
The croissant’s forerunner, the Kipfer, was invented in Austria in the 13th century and came in a range of shapes and sizes. The kipferl can be plain or stuffed with nuts or other fillings (some consider the rugelach a form of kipferl).
August Zang, an Austrian military officer who founded a Viennese bakery (“Boulangerie Viennoise”) at 92, rue de Richelieu in Paris in 1839, is credited with the creation of the croissant”that is, its modification from the plainer form of kipferl prior to the founding of viennoiseries (others claim 1838). This bakery, which sold Viennese specialties like Kipfer and Vienna bread, quickly became popular and inspired imitations all throughout France (and the concept, if not the term, of viennoiserie, a 20th-century term for supposedly Vienna-style pastries). The crescent (croissant) shape of Kipfer’s French version has become a universally recognized shape.
The oldest French mention to a croissant was in Payen’s Des substances alimentaires, 1853, among the “dream or luxury bread,” according to Alan Davidson, author of the Oxford Companion to Food. However, non-laminated croissant recipes from the early nineteenth century have been unearthed, and at least one reference to croissants as a well-known French bread dates from 1850. | https://www.silhouettepng.com/croissant-silhouette-png |
The invention relates to a method and an apparatus for making and deburring gear teeth. A hobbing machine with a carrousel having two workpiece spindles is known from DE 10 2006 019 325. The spindle axes thereof are aligned parallel to a horizontal pivot axis. The two workpiece spindles change stations on rotation of the carrousel. While a workpiece is being machined in one spindle, the other can be loaded. A deburring apparatus is also provided. The arrangement is aimed at avoiding down time by having the loading and deburring take place at the same time. The rigid coupling of the two workpiece spindles is always disadvantageous if loading processes or working steps of different lengths occur. In the case of long mill cuts, for example, the hob head is indeed always working at full capacity, but the workpiece spindle in the loading station has to wait until processing on the parallel spindle has completed.
It is the object of the present invention to shorten the cycle time for making gear teeth. It is also an object of the invention to provide a hobbing machine therefor.
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This object is achieved with a method according to claim and a hobbing machine according to claim . Advantageous developments constitute the subject matter of the subclaims. The hobbing machine according to the invention has two workpiece spindles that take up the workpieces automatically, transport them for processing, and set them down again. A processing station with a hobbing tool and at least one deburring apparatus are associated with the two workpiece spindles. When teeth are being formed on a workpiece in one workpiece spindle, the other workpiece spindle can be loaded with and deburr a workpiece. Optionally, gear teeth can also be produced with two mill cuts. In another advantageous embodiment, sensors are provided that can monitor the production quality of the workpieces during manufacture. As needed, the angular position of the workpieces can be detected using sensors. The fact that the two tool spindles can move independently of one another enables processing steps of different lengths to be flexibly allocated to the spindles. This enables the capacity utilization of the individual processing units to be increased and the cycle time substantially reduced.
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shows a hobbing machine according to the invention in a schematic front side view. Two horizontal carriages , ′ are movably guided on a vertical front wall of the machine frame on horizontal guides along the X axis. The two workpiece spindles , ′ can be displaced vertically along the Z axis on the horizontally shiftable carriages , ′. The workpiece spindles , ′ have chucks , ′ on their lower ends for automatically picking up, transporting, and setting down workpieces . A tool holder with a hobbing tool is below the guides . It is rotated by a drive motor . The tool holder can be displaced on a rotatable machining head (not shown in this view) and move the hobbing tool in order to perform displacements along the rotation axis thereof. A tailstock is provided to support the workpieces . The deburrer has cutting tools that are similar to disk milling cutters and have helical cutting teeth. They are engaged with the end faces of the workpieces . This type of machining has similarities to hobbing. Positioning is done by displacement of the horizontal carriages in the X direction. In addition, the deburrer can be moved along linear guides perpendicular to the X-Z plane (in the Y direction). Conveyors , ′ are provided in loading stations , ′ on either side of the hobbing machine. In order to move workpieces from one loading station to another, the conveyors , ′ are interconnected on the rear side of the machine via a conveyor belt and an intermediate storage . According to a first method of the invention, teeth are produced with a mill cut and subsequently deburred using cutting tools similar to disk milling cutters. The machining cycle is started when the workpiece spindle takes up an unmachined workpiece in the loading station and transports it to the hobbing tool , for example. The milling is then performed. Subsequently, the workpieces are transported at the rear side of the machine from the loading station into the intermediate storage and from there to the loading station ′. This prevents the workpiece transport from being slowed on the rear side of the machine. During the same time in which the milling takes place in the workpiece spindle , the workpiece spindle ′ can be loaded in order to deburr a workpiece using a cutting tool with helical cutting teeth.
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FIG. 2
In the second method according to the invention, a first milling is first performed. The workpiece is then pressure-deburred, after which a second milling is performed. As in the first method, a machining cycle is started when the workpiece spindle receives an unmachined workpiece in the loading station and transports it for example to the hobbing tool . A first milling is then carried out there. After the first milling, the workpieces are transported along the rear side of the machine from the loading station via an intermediate storage to the loading station ′. During the same period of time in which a first milling takes place in the workpiece spindle , the workpiece spindle ′ can be loaded in order to deburr a workpiece that has already been machined with a first milling. While the workpiece spindle receives another unmachined workpiece in the loading station , the workpiece spindle moves to the hobbing tool and carries out a second milling there. According to the method according to the invention, the workpiece spindle can be advantageously loaded while the second milling is performed on a workpiece in the workpiece spindle ′. As shown in , the workpieces can be measured individually or in periodic intervals as needed using sensors , ′.
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6
This is achieved by displacement of the horizontal carriages , ′ along the horizontal guides relative to the respective sensor or ′. The measuring head is advanced radially into a tooth gap . The workpiece is then rotated about its axis in order to determine the exact position of the measurement points , ′ on the pitch circle , for example. As needed, the angular position of the workpieces can also be detected using inductive or capacitive sensors (not shown) and taken into account during subsequent machining.
FIG. 3
10
24
6
24
20
3
10
2
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6
is a top view of the deburrer . It has two rotatable cutting tools . Their cutting teeth are mirror symmetrical so that the end faces of the workpieces can be machined on their upper and lower faces in a chuck. In order to change from the upper to the lower face, the cutting tools are moved along the linear guides . The workpiece spindle ′ is shown to the right next to the deburrer . It has been moved along the horizontal guides into a position above the conveyor ′ in order to exchange a completely machined workpiece for an unmachined one.
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Advantageously, the workpieces can also be measured with the same positioning accuracy used for the second milling. It is a special advantage that, while one of loading stations , ′ are serviced by the two workpiece spindles , ′, only a single hobbing tool for making the teeth and only one deburrer are allocated.
FIG. 4
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is a partly section side view of the hobbing machine. A cavity in the machine frame holds the machining head . Since it is recessed the machine frame , its spacing from the front wall is especially small. In order to advance the tool radially to the workpiece , the machining head is displaced by the feed motor . For this purpose, the machining head is movable on one side on rails and additionally in a highly precise hydrostatic guide . During machining of helical gear teeth, the tool is inclined according to the helix angle of the teeth. For this purpose, the machining head can be pivoted by the pivot motor . The conveyor belt with the intermediate storage connects the loading stations , ′ (not visible in this sectional view) to each other.
FIG. 5
10
30
6
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shows an alternative deburrer with a bevel tool . As a result, bevels are produced along the teeth on both end faces of the workpiece by reshaping and/or rolling. The secondary burrs occurring as a result on the flat side are also sheared off by such rolling with a deburring tool .
FIG. 6
FIG. 1
15
6
3
shows the hobbing machines according to with a second deburrer . In this way, a workpiece can also be deburred in the workpiece spindle in the same chuck in which the teeth was produced. Unlike the hobbing machine according to FIG.
1
6
3
, the workpiece need not be transported to the workpiece spindle ′ for deburring.
5
5
, ′ chuck
1
6
machine frame workpiece
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horizontal guides front wall
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, ′ workpiece spindle machining head
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, ′ horizontal carriage tool holder
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first deburrer , measurement points
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, ′ conveyor pitch circle
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hobbing tool cutting tool
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drive motor cavity
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intermediate storage hydrostatic support
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second deburrer pivot motor
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tailstock rail
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vertical guides feed motor
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, ′ sensor bevel tool
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, ′ loading station deburring tool
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linear guides conveyor belt
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tooth gap
The invention is described in greater detail below on the basis of embodiments.
FIG. 1
is a schematic view of a hobbing machine,
FIG. 2
shows the scanning of a workpiece by a sensor,
FIG. 3
10
shows the deburrer in section from above,
FIG. 4
is a partly sectional side view of the hobbing machine,
FIG. 5
shows an alternative deburrer, and
FIG. 6
FIG. 1
shows the hobbing machine according to with two deburrers.
LIST OF REFERENCE SYMBOLS | |
Revealing several aspects, such as its remote antiquities, religious beliefs and practices; social/political system; buildings; language; music, comprehensive sciences; astronomy, medicine; economy; etc.
You can find more information about our author, Moustafa Gadalla, by clicking on this link.
This new expanded edition reveals several aspects of the Ancient Egyptian culture, such as the very remote antiquities of Egypt; the Egyptian characteristics and religious beliefs and practices; their social/political system; their cosmic temples; the richness of their language; musical heritage and comprehensive sciences; their advanced medicine; their vibrant economy; excellent agricultural and manufactured products; their transportation system; and much more.
This Expanded Edition of the book consists of four Parts, with a total of 16 Chapters, as well as three Appendices.
Part I: The Peoples of Egypt consists of four chapters, 1 through 4, as follows:
Chapter 1: The Beginning covers the age of Egyptian antiquities, being at least 39,000 years, in accordance with archaeological, historical, and physical evidence and the Age of Leo and the Sphinx; as well as the age of the Egyptian Sothic calendar, which is by far the most accurate calendar ever.
Chapter 2: The Egyptian Populous covers the roots and characteristics of the [Ancient] Egyptian people, their housings, their settlements throughout the world, and the roles of foreigners in the history of Ancient Egypt.
Chapter 3: The Most Religious covers Egyptian cosmology; monotheism and polytheism; animal symbolism; the creation of the universe; the concept of Maat; and the spread of the Ancient Egyptian religion throughout the world under new “names”.
Chapter 4: The Social/Political Order covers the basis and applications of the matrilineal/matriarchal principles; the matrilocal communities; the Egyptian grassroots republic system; the dual overseeing/administration governing system; and the documentation order of all matters in Egyptian
Part II: The Cosmic Correlations consists of three chapters—5 through 7 – as follows:
Chapter 5: As Above, So Below covers the principles and applications of cosmic consciousness in the lives of the Egyptians and the cyclical renewal festivals as a form of such principles.
Chapter 6: The Pharaoh, the Cosmic Link covers the true rule of the Egyptian pharaoh as a Master Servant; how the people ruled; and much more.
Chapter 7: Egyptian Temples provides a quick overview of the real function/objective of the Egyptian temple; the harmonic design parameters; and much more.
Part III: The Learned Egyptian consists of five chapters—8 through 12 – as follows:
Chapter 8: The Divine Language provides a quick overview of the modes of writing in Ancient Egypt—the alphabetical form of writing and the imagery pictorial metaphysical symbols/script – as well as the cultured aspects of the Egyptian alphabetical language.
Chapter 9: The Egyptian Musical Heritage provides a quick overview of Egypt’s musical heritage; the musical orchestras; and the wide range of musical instruments; as well as dancing and ballet in Ancient Egypt.
Chapter 10: Health and Medicine provides a quick overview of international highest regards for Egyptian medicine; its medical profession; contents of some Egyptian medical papyri regarding the diagnosis, cures and treatments of various ailments and surgeries; and the wide range of prescriptions.
Chapter 11: Astronomy covers some astonishing accurate astronomical knowledge and practices such as astronomical observations and recordings, the zodiac cycle, etc.
Chapter 12: Geometry and Mathematics is a quick overview of the subjects of sacred geometry and natural science, geodesy, and mathematics and numerology; as well as Egyptian knowledge and applications of the sacred “ratios” of Pi and Phi.
Part IV: The Vibrant Economy consists of four chapters—13 through 16 – as follows:
Chapter 13: The Cultivating Culture covers the outstanding application of dry-weather farming techniques, the societal division of labor, and the farming community.
Chapter 14: The Manufacturing Industries covers the Egyptian knowledge of metallurgy & metalworking; their golden silver (electrum) products; their copper and bronze products; their glazing (glass and glazing) products; their iron products; their mining activities; and miscellaneous products such as woodwork, fabrics, pottery, leather, and paper; as well as some miscellaneous technological applications.
Chapter 15: Transportation Infrastructure is a quick overview of the various high-quality types of Egyptian ships; major Egyptian coastal harbors; and land transportation; as well as patrons and shrines of travel.
Chapter 16: The Market Economy covers the workings of the Egyptian market economy; business transactions; Egyptian exports (goods and services); and Egyptian imports; as well as the rise and fall of international commerce which was tied to Ancient Egypt, the economical engine of the ancient world.
The contents of the three appendices are evident from their titles; being: | https://egypt-tehuti.org/product/ancient-egyptian-culture/ |
Generally, Statues are made to give honour for the great events in history. If you want to know about Story of the Dwarpal, Must read the whole story behind it at Jaya-Vijaya. This is story is given from the holy book “Bhagavata Purana” which is one of the Hinduism’s eighteen great Puranas.
If we talk about the famous statue in the world, The Monument of the Sardar Patel which is known as “Statue of Unity” will be the first in the world. This Monument of Sardar patel is near about 597 feet tall but we can consider it as the tallest one but it is in under development. See the below top six wordlwise statues list with its height (Details are taken from the Quora.com
Sardar patel monument, Statue of unity, Gujarat, India, 597 feet (Under Development)
Spring temple buddha, Lushan country, henan, china 502 feet
Ushiku Daibutsu, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan 393 feet
Statue of Liberty, New york, USA, 305 feet
The Motherland Calls, volgograd, Russia 279 feet
The Christ The Reedeemer, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 98 feet tall, not including its 26 feet pedestal
This photo is captured by using Canon 1200D (EOS) Camera.
Photo taken at: Ramdev Pir Temple, Devpur Ranuja, Nava Ranuja, Gujarat, India
The Below are the settings to capture this photo: | https://mylifesphotograph.com/statue-of-dwarpal/ |
Q:
For Which of the following conditions entire function $f$ is constant?
Let $f:\mathbb{C} \rightarrow \mathbb{C}$ be an entire function Suppose that $f=u+iv$ where $u,v$ are real and imaginary parts of $f$ respectively. Then f is constant if
$ u(x,y):z=x+\iota y \in \mathbb{C} $ is bounded.
$ v(x,y):z=x+\iota y \in \mathbb{C} $ is bounded.
$ u(x,y)+v(x,y):z=x+\iota y \in \mathbb{C} $ is bounded.
$ u^2(x,y)+v^2(x,y):z=x+\iota y \in \mathbb{C} $ is bounded.
if either of real part or imaginary part of a entire function is bounded then $f$ is definitely constant.
Fourth option is also correct as if modulus of $f$ is bounded then $f$ is constant.
I am not sure about option (3) It seems it may have some counter example.
A:
All four follow easily from Liouville's theorem:
Theorem If $f$ is an entire function and $f(\Bbb C)$ is not dense in the plane then $f$ is constant.
Proof: Since $f(\Bbb C)$ is not dense there exist $p\in \Bbb C$ and $r>0$ so $$f(\Bbb C)\cap D(p,r)=\emptyset.$$This says that $|f(z)-p|\ge r$ for every $z$. So the function $g=1/(f-p)$ is bounded; Liouville says $g$ is constant, and hence $f$ is constant.
| |
Did you know that our hospital has a team of ‘med wreckers’? Learn about how our group of experienced nurses work with staff and patients to ensure safe and effective medicine selection for our patients here at CVMC.
Family Health
Posted on Wednesday, July 1, 2015 by UVMHN-CVMC
Posted on Monday, June 8, 2015 by UVMHN-CVMC
This spring and summer we all need to be vigilant about preventing tick bites. According to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) more than 300,000 Americans contract Lyme disease each year. Learn what you need to know about lyme disease and how to prevent and identify tick bites. | https://cvmc.org/blog/family-health?page=7 |
HS football live blog: Finals rolling in from across Central Indiana
It was another crazy night of high school football in Central Indiana. Carmel led the state's top-ranked team into the third quarter; Noblesville rallied from back from a three-touchdown deficit; and North Central put an end to a long losing streak. And that's only the beginning. Read on to see game stories, photo galleries, box scores and more in a roundup of action from across the state.
Finals from around Central Indiana
Noblesville 22, Brownsburg 21:
Guerin Catholic 31, Brebeuf 17:
Roncalli 43, Decatur Central 25:
New Palestine 56, New Castle 7
Waubonsie Valley (Ill) 35, HSE 14
Sheridan 49, Taylor 6
Ben Davis 33, Lawrence Central 13
Howe 31, Heritage Christian 25
Ritter 21, Scecina 18
Perry Meridian 21, Terre Haute North 0
West Washington 50, Indy Washington 8
Northwest 58, Shortridge 14
Yorktown 17, Pendleton Heights 14
Indian Creek 49, Cloverdale 8
Delta 27, Greenfield-Central 20
Franklin Central 35, Terre Haute 20
Cascade 40, Edgewood 13
Edinburgh 28, Wes Del 26
Marion 29, Tech 17
Beech Grove 45, Triton Central 20
Manual 37, Broad Ripple 6
Avon 43, Zionsville 29
Jay County 54, Marshall 8
Danville 33, Western Boone 17
Hamilton Heights 25, Western 21
Lebanon 47, Southmont 20
Lapel 61, Knightstown 6
Greenwood 36, Franklin 22
Westfield 31, Fishers 24
Covenant Christian 28, Traders Point 0
North Central 42, Pike 35
Brebeuf 24, Cathedral 17
Lutheran 35, Speedway 7
Center Grove 14, Lawrence Central 0
Monrovia 63, Park Tudor 7
Tri West 41, Crawfordsville 7
Martinsville 31, Mooresville 14
Southport 46, Bloomington North 6
Live
9:33: First down by Tonte seals it for Warren Central. They will win 40-30. Great effort by Carmel, but Warren Central was too much in the fourth quarter.
9:27: WC recovers the onside kick. The Warriors will look to put this game on ice.
9:25: Touchdown Carmel! McDonald hit's Merriweather on a fade in the back of the end zone. It's 40-30 Warren Central with 3:43 left.
9:24: Big play by McDonald. He evades some tacklers in the backfield then took off. Nice use of the ref as a screen, too. Down to the 4-yard-line.
9:22: PI on Anderson keeps Carmel's hopes alive. It's a first down for the Greyhounds on the Warren Central 27. 40-23 WC with 4:50 to go.
9:15: Tonte again! Good gracious. He sheds tacklers with ease and runs for a 40-yard TD run, and this one looks like it's over. 40-23 Warren Central. Two-point conversion is good. Tonte again. Of course.
9:13: Dijon Anderson with a huge INT to give the ball back to Warren Central! He was step for step with the WR down the sideline, then jumped high into the air and snatched it out of the air. Great play. Warren trying to put this game on ice.
9:10: Touchdown Warren Central! Guess who? It's Tristen Tonte. Warriors leads 32-23 with 9:14 to go. Carmel blocked the XP.
9:09: Heck of a play by Summeier. He went to throw a screen, saw it was defended, pulled it down and ran for more than 20 yards and a first down.
9:07: It's a surprise onside kick, and the Warriors recover! Gutsy call pays off for Warren Central. 10:52 left in the game.
9:06: XP is good. Warren Central leads 26-23.
9:03: Oh my, David Bell. What a catch and touchdown for the sophomore. He just goes up and gets it in the back of the end zone. Looks like he landed funny. Being attended to on the field.
9:02: End of 3: Carmel leads Warren Central 23-19.
9:00: Three plays, three first downs for Warren Central. Getting on track here late in the third.
8:59: Wow. Tonte is such a load to bring down. He just ran over a couple Carmel defenders en route to a first down.
8:57: Connor Coghlan hits another field goal — this from 31 yards away — to put Carmel up 23-19 with about a minute left in the third quarter.
8:55: Oh, no. A great individual effort by McDonald is erased by a holding penalty. He escaped pressure and hit a WR on the run for a TD. But again, it's coming back.
8:54: Big play by William Schmidt. He shakes off a couple tacklers and gets down to the Warren Central 7.
8:50: Jerome Halsell is on the ground. Just looks like a cramp, though. He just ran off the field. Should be fine, thanfully.
8:45: Schmidt with a big sack of Summeier. This Carmel defense has shut down the Warriors on their last few drives. Impressive.
8:40: Carmel takes a 20-19 lead on a 38-yard field goal by Conner Coghlan. 8:14 left in third quarter.
8:37: Huge run by Jerome Halsell, who just had Warren Central defenders bouncing off of him. 45 yards.
HALFTIME: Warren Central leads 19-17. Greyhounds get ball in the second half.
8:08: Warren Central is bringing all kinds of pressure. Throwing the Greyhounds off their game a bit.
8:07: Damon Wesley with a big sack for the Warriors! His fifth of the year pushes the Greyhounds cack 6 yards.
8:06: Huge INT for Carmel! Summeier's pass was tipped again, and the Andrew Columbo nabbed it out of the air. Carmel is at the 9 of Warren Central with a minute to go. Huge turn of events here.
8:02: Great play by McDonald improvising there and finding a wide open WR down field. Carmel on the move with 2:25 left in the half. 19-14 Warren Central.
7:57: Another stop for Carmel. This defense came to play. Credit to the Greyhounds coaching staff for making adjustments on the fly and slowing down this Warriors offense.
7:54: Defenses have started showing up. After stops by each team, the Warriors intercept McDonald and will take over at the Greyhounds' 41.
7:50: Warren Central goes for it, but the Carmel defense holds. Great stop for the Greyhounds. That should been them confidence for the rest of the game.
7:49: Nice play by the Carmel defense. They get a sack of Summeier to force a 3rd-and-long.
7:47: Can't wait to see that in our highlight package tonight. David Bell dekes and two Carmel defenders dive at his feet as he scoots forward for another few yards.
7:42: First punt of the game. Was beginning to believe we wouldn't see one of those tonight.
7:39: Big penalty on Warren Central. PI called, and it gives Carmel a first down.
7:32: Touchdown Tonte. No. 2 on the game, 14th of the season. Warriors fail to convert the two-point conversion and lead 19-14.
7:30: Sloppy drive for Warren Central. First, one of Summeier's passes was tipped and could have been intercepted; then Tonte fumbled, but the Warriors recovered. Couple of lucky breaks.
7:28: These Warren Central receivers, goodness gracious. That was one heck of a catch by Paul Minor, who ripped it out of his defender's hands.
7:24: Touchdown Carmel! Odid Mowery hauls in a pass to put Carmel up 14-13. Credit the Greyhounds' protection for giving Jake McDonald plenty of time to throw.
7:22: Jalen Walker is so slippery. Rarely does the first defender bring him down.
7:15: Wow. This is like being at the Pacers game last night. So many points. Warren Central jumps ahead 13-7 (PAT blocked) on a David Bell 3-yard touchdown catch. It's his 10th of the season. Tonte threw that one by the way. Out of the wildcat. TD was set up by an 87-yard pass from Summeier to Griffie.
7:12: Hey now, Carmel can score quickly too! Jalen Walker takes it in from 38 yards out to even this game at 7-7. Yeah, this game is going to be fun to watch if you like offense. And who doesn't?
7:11: Big return for the Greyhounds sets them up at midfield.
7:08: Tristen Tonte punches in a 1-yard touchdown run. It's his 13th of the year. Warriors lead 7-0. They can score so fast.
7:06: Summeier to David Bell for 37 yards. Warriors looking to strike quickly.
7:05: Play-action pass to start. It's really not fair that the Warriors can fake to a guy as talented as Tristen Tonte, then pull back and throw to a uber-talented receiving corps. So much for the defense to guard against.
7:05: Warren Central will receive, and it's a touchback. Here comes the electric Warren Central offense.
More local coverage
All of the Week 8 HS football predictions
HS football: Five players to watch for Week 8
HS football: Conference races heat up
Doyel: Miracle homecoming at Attucks, with a few mistakes
A football player named Heisman? Why not? | https://www.indystar.com/story/sports/high-school/2016/10/07/hs-football-live-blog-carmel-warren-central-showdown-highlights-week-8-slate/91750932/ |
Client: Mapletree Investments Pte Ltd.
Collaborators: DCA Architects Pte Ltd.
Mapletree Business City II, located in the western territory of Singapore Island designated to be industrial zone with to port and warehouses. Despite close proximity to the Kent Ridge Park, a nature reserved, past development in this area doesn’t concern so much about nature aspect.
The site of 35,000 square meters that this project stood on was once occupied with multi-storey warehouse covering the entire site with concrete surface. As demand for office spaces in Singapore is on the rise, client decided to demolish the warehouse and turn it into a modern workplace connecting to the existing phase 1 office tower in the front. Considering master plan as a whole, stepping tower of phase 2 is planned on the northern end of the site to allow large open space in the center of phase 1 and 2 to become a major green open space for outdoor activities shared by both phases, replacing previously hard surface with greenery.
Choice of planting material is the result from exploration to identify species at the Kent Ridges Park to ensure survival rate. Varying tree’s size from young sapling to grown up tree is randomly placed to form a true forest composition. On the under layer of the forest, mix of local shrubs and dotted of high shrubs is planted to give a sense of deep forest lushness. Variety of flowering and fruit baring trees and shrubs species help enhancing the created forest as habitat for butterflies, dragon flies, bird and other wild animal to maintain biodiversity at large.
To manage large surface of greenery, series of mounds is created not only to deal with storm water management but also to craft the seemingly flat surface into a dynamic spaces to house various activities. The direction of the mounds also corresponds to the flow of the local wind direction and flow of people connecting between Phase 1 and Phase 2.
On the storm water management, bio-swale is created at the foot of each mound to effectively regulate drainage pattern while allow the run-off to slowly filter through the sandy layers. Eventually, the pre-filtered rain water is the collected at the lowest point and leads into the rain water harvesting tank, treated and recycles for irrigation. The tank size is calculated to hold 7 days of irrigation water. Incorporated with rain censor system, which will save irrigation water during rainy days, the amount of irrigation water saved in the tank will be sufficient for the relatively wet island of Singapore.
On the space creation, the mounds are shaped to define the circulation and pocket spaces for activities. Both outdoor sitting spaces along the path way or more secluded setting on top of the mound are created to promote interaction amongst not only each other, but also with nature as well. Green amphitheater is proposed at one corner to cater for large group gathering during special event or performance and also as quiet sitting space during normal days. The design encourages office workers to come out and do typical office activities out into the natural surroundings, whether to have lunch, co-working, organize meetings or workshops to promote creativities and a healthy lifestyle.
The green area does not stop at the edge of the building. Instead, the greenery continues under the building footprint where 45 degrees of sun light could reach. Shade tolerant species typically found on forest ground are selected for this area to ensure a long term growth of the forest.
Additionally, recreational programs such as full functional sport facilities ranging from Footsal Court, Basketball Court, Outdoor Fitness Station and Jogging Route –which connects out to the Kent Ridge Park- along with sand filter ‘Eco Pond’ which provide a healthy ecology for the various aquatic plants and fish, will make Mapletree Business City II a unique live, work and play environment.
To conclude, the landscape design concept which draws inspiration from the adjacent nature reserve to create an ‘urban wilderness’ will not only provide an ideal comfortable environment for various co-working spaces and recreational facilities amidst tropical climate but also enhance the ecology at large. | https://shmadesigns.com/work/mapletree-business-city-ii/ |
Favorite recipes?
By RebeccaLynn
United States
10 responses
@GnosticGoddess (5629)
• United States
25 Apr 07
Here is mine, my family and friends favorite recipe for sweet apple pie :) Ingredients : 1 1/2 cup of sugar (plus an additional 1 tablespoon to sprinkle on top of the pie before baking) 4 Tablespoons of butter 1/4 flour 2 Tablespoons of water 1 Bag of red delicious apples (peeled, cored, and sliced) 1 1/2 Teaspoons of cinnamon 1 Teaspoon nutmeg 1/2 Teaspoon allspice 1/2 Teaspoon of salt 2 Unbaked 9 inch pie crusts Preheat oven at 425 degrees Combine the butter and sugar in a deep pot and cook over low heat until it starts to bubble. Add the flour and stir it until it's blended. Slowly add the apples and water. Cook over low heat - uncovered - until the apples are tender. Add the cinnamon, nutmeg, allspice, and salt. Cool the mixture for 30 minutes. Poor the mixture into the bottom pie crust and then place the other on top. Flute and trim the edges. Sprinkle the tablespoon of sugar on top. Bake for 10 minutes at 425 the reduce the temperature to 325 degrees for about an hour or until golden brown.
• United States
4 May 07
I'm going to get so fat! We LOVE, LOVE, LOVE apple pie! Thank you!
@GnosticGoddess (5629)
• United States
4 May 07
LMAO! It is really good. I found it in a great comfort foods cook book then changed somethings over the years to perfect it :) Like the called for granny smith apples and we like our apple pies sweet so I substituted them for the golden delicious. I hope you all enjoy!
• United States
4 May 07
Oh believe me, we will enjoy and enjoy and enjoy some more!
@aweins (4200)
• India
6 May 07
try this one but just remember one thing that i m no expert chef and i do not necessarily cook this authentic way . chop 2 full sized onions and leave it aside. unwrap garlic and chop up just 3 garlic pellets. cut up just a small amount of ginger , like the size of your thumb. add 3lbs. skinless chicken begin simmering your onions and garlic together in any kind of oil, preferably low fat.simmer until it becomes brown. once your onion and garlic pieces ar ebrown begin adding in chicken.add turmeric sauce for yellow colour.blend indian red peppers and the ginger together. add to chicken. cover up the pot so that none of the boiling water leaves. this allows the natural juices of the chicken to remain.. after 5 min. add salt. boil slowly until chicken is completely done .
• United States
6 May 07
Sounds really good! A lot og my recipes consist of a pinch of this and a pinch of that too!
@izzieizzie (194)
• Philippines
4 May 07
grilled chicken marinade the chicken in garlic, salt, pepper, and calamansi for over night. saute the butter, the marinade and the achuete juice and spreas it to the chicken whiled you grilled it.
• United States
4 May 07
Sounds good...and FAST. I love fast! Thank you!
@texasclassygal (5306)
• United States
1 May 07
Here is one of my favorites: BEEF STRONGANOFF ½ cup chopped onion ¼ tsp garlic powder ½ tsp paprika ½ pint sour cream 1 can of cream of mushroom soup 1 pound ground beef Egg noodles 2 tbsp flour ½ cup of milk 1 small jar of mushrooms drained Brown beef in onion. Add flour, then milk and soup. Add remaining ingredients, except sour cream and noodles. Cook for 10 minutes. Cook noodles as package describes. Just before serving add sour cream and serve over hot drained noodles.
• United States
4 May 07
I'm going to have this with the apple pie and I'm going to eat until I'm sick!:)
@wdiong (1817)
• Singapore
25 Apr 07
This is a recipe of a dessert that we have here in Singapore:Ingredients: 50g Tinned lotus nuts (optional) 250g Red beans 1 Dried tangerine peel 4 cups Water 3/4 cup Sugar Method: Rinse the red beans thoroughly and then soak in cold water for at least 5 hours or overnight. Drain and bring a pot with 4 cups of water to a boil. Add the red beans and tangerine peel. Simmer and stir occasionally for about an hour. Add the lotus nuts and simmer for another hour. Once the beans are tender and just starting to break apart, add the sugar. Stir until dissolved. Serve hot or chilled.
• United States
4 May 07
I have never had a dessert with beans in it and I'm a native Okie! We're definitelt going to try this one! Thanks!
@HomeCooked (94)
• United States
29 Aug 07
Have you ever seen those big pork shoulders in the pork section THey can be used to make a Puerto Rican dish called Pernir. I can find smaller ones to make a special treat for my small family, but when I was younger my parents would rent a spit, and roast a whole pig!! Not sure if I have the stomach to prepare a whole pig like my mom did, but here goes. use a clove of garlic for each pund of pork. Put it in a mortar a pestle of a small good processors, or chop very finly by hand. add, about a tsp of salt per pound ans about 1/2 tsp os black pepper per pound. now pound this all together, or grind, to make a nice paste. Get a knife and use and make deep holes in the pork ans put a bit opf this in each whole with your finger, continue all over the pork. when tour done pour bottled lemon juice or fresh lemon juice in all the holes and all over the pork. Now these porks usually come with a skin, what tou do with that is cut it up wile leaving it attached to the meat in a checker board fashion. now sprinkle all with a touch more salt. Its nice if you have time to let this marinate for a while, overnight is good, but it depends on the size of the meat, longer for larger, just an hour or 2 for smaller family sized. when ready put this in your oven at 350 for 20 minutes per pound, as its pork I always use my meat thermometer. As it cooks the skin will get very crispy, fresh pork rinds, yummy!! It will bast the meat and keep it moist, in my house the slin never makes it to the table, because I pick it all off and eat it wile its cooking!! So good, for a croud, serve with rice and beans, but thats antoher recipe!! Hope you understan I will be glad to answer any questions.
@jiffys_frog_woman (4054)
• United States
28 Jul 07
PARTY PITA WEDGES 2 regular sized pita pockets (6 inch) 2 large cloves garlic, minced 3 tablespoons olive oil 1 tablespoon butter 1/4 teaspoon oregano 1/4 teaspoon sea salt 1/4 teaspoon pepper 16 slices pepperoni 4 round slices provolone cheese 1/3 cup medium chunky salsa In a heatproof cup or bowl heat olive oil, oregano, salt and pepper in microwave on high for 40 seconds. Remove and add butter. Stir and set aside. Using kitchen scissors, cut pita pockets into 4 pizza slice shaped wedges (slice in half, then slice each half again to make the wedges). Cut again along curved outer edge to separate into 2. Brush both sides of the pita wedges with warm olive oil mixture, coating well. Place wedges crust side down on a baking sheet. Spread 1 teaspoon of salsa to top each wedge. Cut provolone slices into 4 wedge shapes and place one on top of each. Top with a slice of pepperoni, if desired. Drizzle with any remaining olive oil and sprinkle lightly with coarse sea salt. Bake in a preheated 375°F oven for 15 minutes or until golden brown and cheese is bubbly. Serve while still warm. Makes 16 wedges. Variation: Cut pita into 4 wedge shaped pockets. Fill the same way as above (but only half as much cheese wedges and pepperoni slices will be needed if making pockets instead of crusts)
@jamieblacksher (4)
• United States
29 Jun 07
I live in Nacogdoches,Texas where it is in the 90's today and all week so we make SNOW CONES.. to make your own snow cone syrup... Bring to boil 2 cups of sugar and 3/4 cup of water. then add any flavor of kool-aid. let cool and pour over shaved ice. store syrup in refrigator. Here's Hoping You All Stay Cool from down in Texas
@wdiong (1817)
• Singapore
27 Jun 07
Fish head curry is the main contender for the title of our National (Singapore)Dish. You need: Brinjal Ladies' fingers Tomatoes Green and Red chillies Curry leaves Curry powder Coconut milk Tamarind juice Garlic Shallots (or small red onion) Tumeric Chili powder Lemon grass Gelangal Don't forget the fishhead! 1. Ground shallots, garlic and tumeric. Crush lemon grass and gelangal. Prepare coconut milk and tamarind juice. Slice diagonally brinjal and ladies' fingers, quarter tomatoes. 2. Heat oil and fry grounded shallots, galic and tumeric till fragrant. Add in lemon grass, gelangal, curry powder, curry leaves and chili powder, fry briefly. Take care not to burn the ingredients. 3. Add in tamarind juice, half of the coconut milk, ladies' fingers,brinjal, some salt and let it cook, when half cooked, add in fishhead,tomatoes and green and red chillies. When it's cooked, add in the rest of the coconut milk, remove from heat before it start to boil. | https://www.mylot.com/post/1020863/favorite-recipes |
The ability to crack passwords using computer programs is also a function of the number of possible passwords per second which can be checked. If a hash of the target password is available to the attacker, this number can be in the billions or trillions per second, since an offline attack is possible.
http://smartclouds.co/ +1(619) 800-3614 SEO services San Diego
So, to break an 8 character password, it will take (1.7*10^-6 * 52^8) seconds / 2, or1.44 years. Note that on a GPU, this would only take about 5 days. On a supercomputer or botnet, this would take 7.6 minutes. As you can see, simply using lowercase and uppercase characters is not enough. | http://www.smartclouds.co/en/how-hack-friendly-is-your-password-infographic |
This site is operated by a business or businesses owned by Informa PLC and all copyright resides with them. Informa PLC's registered office is 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG. Registered in England and Wales. Number 8860726.
A Hinterland experience is one that marries strong systems-driven gameplay with player-authored narrative, wrapped in a thoughtful world and populated by compelling characters with strong narratives of their own.
We are looking for a veteran systems (gameplay) designer to join an early prototyping team that is aiming to pioneer co-operative survival gameplay in an online context for an original unannounced Hinterland IP. The focus of this project is create a strongly collaborative gameplay environment that nurtures positive relationships between players.
In this role, you will work under the direction of the studio creative director, and as part of a cross-disciplinary core team who shares equal responsibility for the project. Hinterland is not a “designer-driven” studio -- we are a founder-led, core-team and collaboration-driven studio, where each discipline plays a key role in delivering a high-quality experience for our players.
The ideal candidate has a wealth of experience designing gameplay systems for survival or open-world action or open-world RPG games, with a particular expertise around building compelling co-operative mechanics in online games. For this project, the emphasis is on heavily collaborative gameplay, and not primarily action or shooting. We are looking for system designers whose work has been tested and proven in a live, online, multiplayer environment.
As a lead, you will also be responsible for supervising the development of systems, spearheading planning and communication around feature development, and potentially being the direct manager for a small team of systems designers and/or a cross-disciplinary team of systems designers, systems programmers, animators, etc.
We are particularly interested in candidates who have worked on high-quality, large-scale “triple-A” multiplayer projects, but an understanding how to achieve quality and a proven ability to innovate are more important than the scope of projects you have been involved with.
Specific “must have” skills and experience we are looking for include:
7+ years of gameplay system design experience in multiplayer/co-op/online games.
3+ years of experience as a design team lead.
Great communication skills. You must be able to write and speak very well, as communication is at the heart of collaboration.
Great written documentation skills. You must be organized and diligent about keeping your documentation up to date.
Proven experience with prototyping new gameplay systems.
Experience with hands-on scripting and tuning. This is not a “paper designer” role. All Hinterland designers (including leads!) are expected to put their hands on the game and contribute with implementation, tuning, and bug fixing.
Wide expertise with the full gamut of gameplay systems design, and deep expertise in one or more of the following: 3Cs, AI, progression, levels, encounters, gear, skills, UI, etc.
Leadership. We want an experienced leader who can add to the richness of Hinterland’s existing leadership team, while still being open to learning about our process and approach.
Analysis skills. You must be able to parse incoming playtest and analytics data and make wise and informed decisions about how to improve the experience.
Production experience shipping games using Unreal.
Nice to have experience includes:
Being the point of contact for analyzing player and playtest feedback on a high-profile live game.
Extensive experience in the Premium Games-as-a-Service space, with practical knowledge of how this influences systems design, and the ability to harness this knowledge to implement good and fair practices that are healthy for players as well as for developers.
If you have worked in systems design, as a designer or gameplay programmer (or hybrid), on a cooperative online game (particularly in the open-world exploration or RPG genre), and you would like to contribute to creating thoughtful, innovative player experiences in the survival genre which focus on collaboration and positive interactions, please submit an application to, [email protected]. | |
For the crust::
- 1 sleeve (9 crackers, 140 grams) graham crackers
- 4 tablespoons (57 grams) unsalted butter, melted
For the cheesecake::
- 12 ounces (340 grams) cream cheese, at room temperature
- 1/2 cup (100 grams) granulated sugar
- 3/4 cup heavy cream
- Zest of 1 lemon
- 2 tablespoons lemon juice
For topping::
- 5 ounces (142 grams) strawberries, hulled and chopped
- 1 tablespoon granulated sugar
- 2 teaspoons lemon juice
- Strawberry slices
- Lemon slices
Directions
For the crust:
-
Thoroughly grease a mini cheesecake pan. Place the graham crackers in the bowl of a food processor and pulse until finely ground. Add in the melted butter and pulse until moistened. Divide the mixture among the cavities of the cheesecake pan, about 1 heaping tablespoon in each. Firmly press into the bottom of each cavity (a shot glass or other small object makes easy work of this). Set aside.
For the cheesecake:
-
In the bowl of an electric mixer, beat the cream cheese and sugar on medium-high speed until creamy and well combined. Add in the cream, zest, and juice and continue beating until well combined and thickened. Divide the mixture among each cavity and cover with plastic wrap.
-
Chill until firm, at least 4 hours or overnight. The cheesecake can be stored in the fridge in an airtight container for up to 2 days.
For the topping:
-
Combine the strawberries, sugar, and lemon juice in the bowl of a blender or food processor and pulse until pureed. Top each cheesecake with a dollop of the sauce. Garnish with a strawberry and lemon slice. Serve. | https://www.handletheheat.com/no-bake-strawberry-lemonade-mini-cheesecakes/ |
After months of intensive research and success at district- and state-level competitions here in Wyoming, sixty Wyoming students presented their projects at the annual National History Day Contest held at the University of Maryland Campus in College Park, Maryland June 9 – 13, 2013. Hazel Homer-Wambeam and Jackson Higgins, home-schooled students in Laramie, presented their project titled “The Golden Age of Radio: Turning Points in American Culture” and placed first in the Junior Group Performance Category. Their teacher is Laurie Homer. This was the third first-place finish for Wyoming students during the past five years!
Wyoming History Day is administered by the American Heritage Center at the University of Wyoming, with support from the Wyoming State Historical Society and the State Department of Parks and Cultural Resources. Two thousand students in Wyoming participate in the program, with the state contest held each spring on the University of Wyoming campus. Many students in Wyoming do their primary source research at the American Heritage Center, UW’s repository for manuscripts collections, rare books, and official archives. Hazel and Jackson, for example, used the Center’s extensive holdings related to the entertainment industry in America.
Brianne Beale and Nicole Collins of Jackson placed third at this year’s National competition with their Senior Group Documentary titled “The Grey Wolf Reintroduction: A Scientific Approach to Protect the Yellowstone Ecosystem.” Beale and Collins attend Jackson Hole High School and their teacher is Jeff Brazil. Calvin Makelky, a senior from Pinedale placed ninth overall with his individual website “The Pivotal Point: Antietam.” Makelky’s teacher is Rose Robertson. Bridger Kimber from Lander placed fourteenth with his Junior Individual Documentary “Radiology: How it has Completely Revolutionized the World of Medicine.” Bridger is a student at the Lander Middle School and his teacher is Gayla Hammer.
Each fall more than half a million students nationwide begin the year-long National History Day program, competing in a series of history contests in their local districts and states. The top students in each category are selected for participation in the national contest. Participating students choose their own topics of study and research from original sources based on the theme that has been designated for the year. History Day students research historic documents and artifacts in archives such at the American Heritage Center, conduct oral histories, search the Internet for information on their topics, and travel to historic sites. They present their work in a variety of ways, by creating museum-type exhibits, video documentaries, original performances, or traditional research papers.
More than 300 historians and other education professionals evaluate the students’ work at the national competition. $150,000 worth of scholarships are awarded at the national awards ceremony to select students, and approximately 100 students took home cash prizes between $250 and $5,000 for superior work in a particular category of judging. | https://ahcwyo.org/2013/07/09/wyoming-students-earned-honors-at-national-history-day-contest/ |
Brand value is a brand’s financial worth.
Definition of brand equity (What is brand equity?)
Brand equity is a brand’s strength or esteem; its value—positive or negative—in non-financial terms.
Our top content from 2019
Taking a look at the analytics and stats, I’ve compiled some lists of “top content from 2019″—i.e., most viewed or listened to—from 2019. In other words, this list excludes any blog posts or podcast episodes from 2018, even if they received more clicks or plays than their 2019 counterparts. Using raw page views and downloads […]
David Aaker’s Brand Vision Model and how it works, part two
Part one of this two-part series examined the origin of David Aaker‘s Brand Vision Modeli and three of its components—the brand essence, core vision elements, and extended vision elements—represented by concentric circles (or ellipses) in the center of the model. Below the concentric circles sit a second, key piece of the model: four brand […]
David Aaker’s Brand Vision Model and how it works, part one
In his 1995 book, Building Strong Brands, David Aaker introduced his now-famous Brand Vision Model. Originally dubbed the “Brand Identity Model” it’s now commonly referred to as the “Aaker Model.i” All three of these names—Brand Vision Model, Brand Identity Model, and Aaker Model—refer to the same framework, which is explained in this two-post series. In […]
Brand architecture beyond house of brands and branded house
For the last year, I’ve been teaching a Brand Strategy Workshop at General Assembly. The three-hour class covers basic definitions and a range of brand-related topics like market research, brand positioning, and naming. Given the time constraint, I can only dedicate about five slides to brand architecture—barely enough to cover the basics of what’s arguably the most complex […]
So, you want to do branding?
I am sometimes asked by college students who aspire to a career in branding, what books they should read. Here is my recommended syllabus. | https://howbrandsarebuilt.com/tag/david-aaker/ |
---
abstract: 'We consider a class of Lagrangians that depend not only on some configurational variables and their first time derivatives, but also on second time derivatives, thereby leading to fourth-order evolution equations. The proposed higher-order Lagrangians are obtained by expressing the variables of standard Lagrangians in terms of more basic variables and their time derivatives. The Hamiltonian formulation of the proposed class of models is obtained by means of the Ostrogradsky formalism. The structure of the Hamiltonians for this particular class of models is such that constraints can be introduced in a natural way, thus eliminating expected instabilities of the fourth-order evolution equations. Moreover, canonical quantization of the constrained equations can be achieved by means of Dirac’s approach to generalized Hamiltonian dynamics.'
author:
- Hans Christian Öttinger
title: 'Hamiltonian formulation of a class of constrained fourth-order differential equations in the Ostrogradsky framework'
---
Introduction
============
In a monumental article written in 1848 (in French), Mikhail Vasilyevich Ostrogradsky laid the foundations for the Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation of higher-order differential equations and pointed out their disposition to instability [@Ostrogradsky1850]. Modern applications of Lagrangians with higher derivatives in particle physics include investigations of possible deviations of electroweak vector-boson self-interactions from the standard model (see [@GrosseKnetter94] and references therein).
The present work on higher-order theories is motivated by attempts to introduce an alternative theory of gravity as a Yang-Mills theory based on the Lorentz group (see, for example the works [@Utiyama56; @Yang74; @hco231] spanning more than six decades, and references therein). The vector potentials of the Yang-Mills theory are no longer considered as primary fields, but rather as functions of a decomposition of the metric tensor including time derivatives (the vector potentials appear as a spin connection in the spirit of the Ashtekar variables proposed for a canonical approach to gravity [@Ashtekar86; @Ashtekar87]). Therefore, it is natural to consider theories given by standard Lagrangians $L(q,\dot{q})$ where the variables $q(\bar{q},\dot{\bar{q}})$ and $\dot{q}(\bar{q},\dot{\bar{q}},\ddot{\bar{q}})$ are given in terms of more fundamental variables $\bar{q}$.
Based on this idea, we introduce a class of higher-order models in the Lagrangian (Section \[secL\]) and Hamiltonian (Section \[secH\]) settings, where the reformulation is achieved by means of the Ostrogradsky framework. The expected Ostrogradsky instability is cured by means of constraints which, for the proposed class of models, arise naturally (Section \[secOI\]). We offer a number of concluding remarks (Section \[secCR\]), in particular, on the role of constraints and the canonical quantization of the proposed higher-order theories. In the appendices, the abstract general ideas are illustrated in the context of simple examples from mechanics (Appendix \[appexample\]) and field theory (Appendix \[appexampleGR\]).
Lagrangian formulation {#secL}
======================
We start our development from the first-order Lagrangian $$\label{Lagrangian}
L(q,\dot{q}) = \frac{1}{2} m \dot{q}_i \dot{q}_i + \dot{q}_i \, u_i(q) - V(q) ,$$ for the discrete set of variables $q_i$, $i=1, \ldots I$, where $q$ represents the list of all variables, $u_i(q)$, $V(q)$ are sufficiently smooth functions, and we make use of Einstein’s summation convention (summation over indices occurring twice). This type of Lagrangian is not only very common for mechanical systems, but it covers also the space-discretized version of the Yang-Mills Lagrangian [@YangMills54].
As a next step, we assume that the variables $q$ can be expressed in terms of the variables $\bar{q}$, which are typically fewer than the variables $q$. Moreover, the variables $q$ are allowed to depend also on the time derivatives of $\bar{q}$, $$\label{variabletransf}
q_i = \alpha_i(\bar{q}) + \beta_{ik}(\bar{q}) \, \dot{\bar{q}}_k ,$$ where $\alpha_i(\bar{q})$, $\beta_{ik} (\bar{q})$ are sufficiently smooth functions of the variables $\bar{q}_k$, $k=1, \ldots K \leq I$. For dynamic consistency reasons, we postulate $$\label{variabletransff}
\dot{q}_i = \alpha'_{ik}(\bar{q}) \, \dot{\bar{q}}_k
+ \beta'_{ikl}(\bar{q}) \, \dot{\bar{q}}_k \dot{\bar{q}}_l
+ \beta_{ik}(\bar{q}) \, \ddot{\bar{q}}_k ,$$ with the derivatives $$\label{albeder}
\alpha'_{ik}(\bar{q}) = \frac{\partial \alpha_i(\bar{q})}{\partial \bar{q}_k} , \qquad
\beta'_{ikl}(\bar{q}) = \frac{\partial \beta_{ik}(\bar{q})}{\partial \bar{q}_l} .$$ In the following, we use an analogous notation for the second-order derivatives of $\alpha_i(\bar{q})$ and $\beta_{ik}(\bar{q})$. According to Eqs. (\[variabletransf\]) and (\[variabletransff\]), the Lagrangian (\[Lagrangian\]) can be considered as a function of $\bar{q}$, $\dot{\bar{q}}$ and $\ddot{\bar{q}}$.
Note that the variables $q$, $\dot{q}$ represent $2I$ degrees of freedom, whereas the variables $\bar{q}$, $\dot{\bar{q}}$, $\ddot{\bar{q}}$ represent $3K$ degrees of freedom. A particularly interesting situation arises for $I=(3/2)K$. We can then consider the case where there is a one-to-one correspondence between the variables $q$, $\dot{q}$ and $\bar{q}$, $\dot{\bar{q}}$, $\ddot{\bar{q}}$. In other words, we can assume that the functions (\[variabletransf\]), (\[variabletransff\]) can be inverted to obtain $\bar{q}$, $\dot{\bar{q}}$, $\ddot{\bar{q}}$ uniquely from $q$, $\dot{q}$. An example of such an invertible relationship is given in Appendix \[appexample\] (all the steps of the general development are illustrated for that example in the appendix). In general, we make the regularity assumption that the rank of the matrix $\beta_{ik}$ in Eq. (\[variabletransf\]) takes its maximum possible value, $K$.
Stationarity of the time integral of the Lagrangian (\[Lagrangian\]), or action, with respect to variations of $q$ leads to the $I$ evolution equations $$\label{Lagrangeqevol}
m \ddot{q}_i + \omega_{ij} \dot{q}_j + \frac{\partial V}{\partial q_i} = 0 ,$$ with $$\label{omegadef}
\omega_{ij}(q) = \frac{\partial u_i(q)}{\partial q_j}
- \frac{\partial u_j(q)}{\partial q_i}.$$ If the variations of $q$ are restricted to the variations of $\bar{q}$ in Eqs. (\[variabletransf\]) and (\[variabletransff\]), we obtain the following smaller set of $K$ evolution equations $$\label{Lagrangeqbarevol}
\left ( \alpha'_{ik} + \beta'_{ilk} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l
- \frac{d}{dt} \beta_{ik} \right )
\left ( m \ddot{q}_i + \omega_{ij} \dot{q}_j + \frac{\partial V}{\partial q_i} \right ) = 0 .$$ Note that Eq. (\[Lagrangeqbarevol\]) contains third-order time derivatives of $q$, implying a set of fourth-order differential equations for $\bar{q}$. This is the class of fourth-order differential equations considered in this paper. As a consequence of the chain rule, they have the factorized structure of Eq. (\[Lagrangeqbarevol\]) because they result from second-order differential equations by considering the unknowns as functions of potentially fewer, more basic variables and their time derivatives. Our further investigation is motivated by the question whether there is a canonical quantization procedure for this class of fourth-order equations.
One would like solutions $q(t)$ of the second-order equations (\[Lagrangeqevol\]) to provide solutions $\bar{q}(t)$ of the fourth-order equations (\[Lagrangeqbarevol\]). Even if we assume that one can uniquely reconstruct $\bar{q}$, $\dot{\bar{q}}$, $\ddot{\bar{q}}$ from $q$, $\dot{q}$, this is not straightforward because the resulting $\dot{\bar{q}}(t)$, $\ddot{\bar{q}}(t)$ must be consistent with the time derivatives of $\bar{q}(t)$. Consistency is most easily achieved for static solutions. In general, symmetries are required to obtain valid solutions $\bar{q}(t)$ (see the example of Appendix \[appexample\]). Note that Eq. (\[Lagrangeqevol\]) is a system of third-order differential equation for $\bar{q}(t)$ consisting of $I$ equations for $K \leq I$ functions.
Hamiltonian formulation {#secH}
=======================
We next consider the Hamiltonian formulation of the fourth-order differential equations (\[Lagrangeqbarevol\]) for $\bar{q}(t)$. Such a formulation can be achieved by means of the Ostrogradsky framework. The key idea is to use $$\label{ostrovarQ12}
Q_{1 k} = \bar{q}_k , \quad Q_{2 k} = \dot{\bar{q}}_k ,$$ as configurational variables and to define the corresponding conjugate momenta by $$\begin{aligned}
P_{1 k} = \frac{\partial L}{\partial \dot{\bar{q}}_k}
- \frac{d}{dt} \frac{\partial L}{\partial \ddot{\bar{q}}_k} &=&
- \left ( m \ddot{q}_i + \omega_{ij} \dot{q}_j
+ \frac{\partial V}{\partial q_i} \right ) \beta_{ik} \qquad
\nonumber \\ &+&
(m \dot{q}_i+u_i) ( \alpha'_{ik} + \beta'_{ilk} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l ) ,
\label{ostrovarP1}\end{aligned}$$ and $$\label{ostrovarP2}
P_{2 k} = \frac{\partial L}{\partial \ddot{\bar{q}}_k} = (m \dot{q}_i+u_i) \beta_{ik} .$$ Note that $P_{2 k}$ contains second-order time derivatives of $\bar{q}_k$, whereas $P_{1 k}$ contains third-order time derivatives of $\bar{q}_k$.
In view of Eqs. (\[variabletransf\]), (\[variabletransff\]) and (\[ostrovarQ12\]), the key step in calculating the Hamiltonian $H = P_{1 k} \dot{Q}_{1 k} + P_{2 k} \dot{Q}_{2 k} - L$ by Legendre transformation is the determination of $\ddot{\bar{q}}_k(Q_1,Q_2,P_2)$. Equation (\[ostrovarP2\]), combined with Eq. (\[variabletransff\]), gives $$\label{qbarddotsource}
\beta_{ik} \beta_{il} \, \ddot{\bar{q}}_l = \frac{1}{m} ( P_{2 k} - u_i \beta_{ik} )
- (\alpha'_{in} + \beta'_{iln} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l) \dot{\bar{q}}_n \beta_{ik} .$$ According to our regularity assumption, the symmetric $K \times K$ matrix $\beta_{ik} \beta_{il}$ has an inverse $B_{kl}$. We hence find the desired relation for $\ddot{\bar{q}}_k(Q_1,Q_2,P_2)$, $$\label{qbarddot}
\ddot{\bar{q}}_k = \left\{ \frac{1}{m} P_{2 m}
- \Big[ \frac{u_i}{m} + (\alpha'_{in} + \beta'_{iln} \,
\dot{\bar{q}}_l) \dot{\bar{q}}_n \Big] \beta_{im} \right\} B_{mk} ,$$ where $\dot{\bar{q}}_l=Q_{2 l}$, the functions $\beta_{im}$, $\alpha'_{in}$, $\beta'_{iln}$, $B_{mk}$ depend on $Q_1$ and, finally, $u_i$ is a function of $q_i(Q_1,Q_2)$. In a similar way, we find the third-order time derivatives $$\begin{aligned}
{\mbox{$\rule{0mm}{2.0ex}^{\bm{\cdots}}\hspace{-0.75em}\bar{q}$}}_k &=& - \bigg \{ \frac{1}{m} P_{1 m}
- \Big( \dot{q}_i + \frac{u_i}{m} \Big) ( \alpha'_{im} + \beta'_{ilm} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l )
\nonumber \\
&+& \bigg [ \frac{1}{m} \Big ( \omega_{ij} \dot{q}_j + \frac{\partial V}{\partial q_i} \Big )
+ (\alpha''_{iln} + \beta''_{il\tilde{n}n} \dot{\bar{q}}_{\tilde{n}}) \,
\dot{\bar{q}}_l \dot{\bar{q}}_n
\nonumber \\
&+& (\alpha'_{in} + \beta'_{iln} \dot{\bar{q}}_l + 2 \beta'_{inl} \dot{\bar{q}}_l)
\, \ddot{\bar{q}}_n \bigg ] \beta_{im} \bigg \} B_{mk} .
\label{qbardddot}\end{aligned}$$ At this point, with Eqs. (\[ostrovarQ12\]), (\[qbarddot\]) and (\[qbardddot\]), we have fully established the one-to-one relation between the variables $\bar{q}$, $\dot{\bar{q}}$, $\ddot{\bar{q}}$ and ${\mbox{$\rule{0mm}{2.0ex}^{\bm{\cdots}}\hspace{-0.75em}\bar{q}$}}$ and the canonical variables $Q_1$, $Q_2$, $P_1$ and $P_2$. In particular, we can also find $q$, $\dot{q}$ and $\ddot{q}$ in terms of the canonical variables.
The Hamiltonian now takes the following form, $$\begin{aligned}
H &=& \frac{1}{2} m \dot{q}_i \dot{q}_i + V(q)
\nonumber \\
&+& \Big[ P_{1 k} - (m \dot{q}_i+u_i) (\alpha'_{ik}
+ \beta'_{ilk} \, Q_{2 l}) \Big] Q_{2 k} . \qquad
\label{Hamiltonian}\end{aligned}$$ In order to find the derivatives of $H$ with respect to the canonical variables we need to use the substitution rules for $q$ and $\dot{q}$. The following auxiliary results are helpful: $$\label{deraux1}
\beta_{ik} \, d ( m \dot{q}_i + u_i ) = d P_{2 k} - (m \dot{q}_i+u_i) \beta'_{ikl} \, d Q_{1 l} ,$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
d H &=& P_{1 k} d Q_{2 k} + Q_{2 k} d P_{1 k} + \left ( \frac{\partial V}{\partial q_i}
- \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial q_i} \dot{q}_j \right ) d q_i
\nonumber \\
&+& \ddot{\bar{q}}_k \beta_{ik} \, d ( m \dot{q}_i + u_i )
- (m \dot{q}_i+u_i) \, d ( \alpha'_{ik} + \beta'_{ilk} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l ) \dot{\bar{q}}_k .
\nonumber \\ &&
\label{deraux2}\end{aligned}$$ In deriving these auxiliary equations, only Eq. (\[qbarddotsource\]) and not Eq. (\[qbarddot\]) has been used, so that the following results for the derivatives of $H$ hold even without regularity assumption, $$\label{dHamiltoniandP1}
\frac{\partial H}{\partial P_{1 k}} = \dot{\bar{q}}_k ,$$ $$\label{dHamiltoniandP2}
\frac{\partial H}{\partial P_{2 k}} = \ddot{\bar{q}}_k ,$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial H}{\partial Q_{1 k}} &=& \left ( \frac{\partial V}{\partial q_i}
- \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial q_i} \dot{q}_j \right )
( \alpha'_{ik} + \beta'_{ilk} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l )
\nonumber \\
&-& (m \dot{q}_i+u_i) \, \frac{d}{d t} ( \alpha'_{ik} + \beta'_{ilk} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l ) ,
\label{dHamiltoniandQ1}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial H}{\partial Q_{2 k}} &=& P_{1 k} + \left ( \frac{\partial V}{\partial q_i}
- \frac{\partial u_j}{\partial q_i} \dot{q}_j \right ) \beta_{ik}
\nonumber \\
&-& (m \dot{q}_i+u_i) ( \alpha'_{ik} + \beta'_{ilk} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l
+ \beta'_{ikl} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l ) . \qquad
\label{dHamiltoniandQ2}\end{aligned}$$ Some of the terms in Eqs. (\[dHamiltoniandQ1\]) and (\[dHamiltoniandQ2\]) can be written in a simpler form, directly in terms of canonical variables. For example, if we introduce $\bar{V}(\bar{q}, \dot{\bar{q}}) = V(q(\bar{q},\dot{\bar{q}}))$, then we can write $$\label{genVsimpl1}
\frac{\partial V(q)}{\partial q_i}
( \alpha'_{ik} + \beta'_{ilk} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l ) =
\frac{\partial \bar{V}(Q_1,Q_2)}{\partial Q_1} ,$$ and $$\label{genVsimpl2}
\frac{\partial V(q)}{\partial q_i} \beta_{ik} =
\frac{\partial \bar{V}(Q_1,Q_2)}{\partial Q_2} .$$ The same type of simplifications can also be achieved for $\partial u_j/\partial q_i$. On the other hand, $\dot{q}_i$ is a fairly complicated function of the canonical variables, which involves the lengthy expression (\[qbarddot\]) for $\ddot{\bar{q}}_k$, to be inserted into Eq. (\[variabletransff\]). In view of this complexity, the auxiliary result (\[deraux1\]) is remarkably simple.
The canonical equations $\dot{Q}_1 = \partial H/\partial P_1$ and $\dot{Q}_2 = \partial H/\partial P_2$ are consistent with the definitions (\[ostrovarQ12\]) of $Q_1$ and $Q_2$. As $\dot{P}_2 = -\partial H/\partial Q_2$ reproduces the representation (\[ostrovarP1\]) of $P_1$, the evolution equation must be contained in $\dot{P}_1 = -\partial H/\partial Q_1$ (note that $\dot{P}_1$ contains third-order time derivatives of $q$ and hence fourth-order derivatives of $\bar{q}$). Indeed, by using Eqs. (\[dHamiltoniandQ1\]) and (\[ostrovarP1\]), we recover the fourth-order evolution equation (\[Lagrangeqbarevol\]).
Ostrogradsky instability {#secOI}
========================
The occurrence of the term $P_{1 k} Q_{2 k}$ in the Hamiltonian (\[Hamiltonian\]) implies that the energy can be lowered without any bound by increasing the momentum $P_{1 k}$ to large positive or negative values. Therefore, this term suggests an instability that is known as Ostrogradsky instability. Such an instability is generally considered as a strong argument against higher-order equations.
The unbounded term in the Hamiltonian can be suppressed by imposing the $K$ primary constraints $$\label{genconstraints1}
\varphi^{(1)}_k = P_{1 k} - (m \dot{q}_i+u_i) (\alpha'_{ik}
+ \beta'_{ilk} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l) = 0 .$$ The potentially nice features of these constraints can be recognized by a closer look at Eq. (\[ostrovarP1\]). This expression for $P_{1 k}$ implies that the primary constraints (\[genconstraints1\]) are fulfilled by the solutions of the basic equation (\[Lagrangeqevol\]), which we want to keep, but not necessarily by the solutions of the higher-order equation (\[Lagrangeqbarevol\]), from which we want to eliminate instabilities. On a more formal level, if the primary constraints (\[genconstraints1\]) are imposed, the constrained Hamiltonian (\[Hamiltonian\]) is obtained by the same substitution idea as the Lagrangian: the variables $q$, $\dot{q}$ are given in terms of $\bar{q}$, $\dot{\bar{q}}$, $\ddot{\bar{q}}$ in Eqs. (\[variabletransf\]), (\[variabletransff\]) and, in turn, $\bar{q}$, $\dot{\bar{q}}$, $\ddot{\bar{q}}$ are expressed in terms of the canonical variables $Q_1$, $Q_2$, $P_2$ according to Eqs. (\[ostrovarQ12\]) and (\[qbarddot\]). The constrained Hamiltonian does not depend on $P_1$ but, according to Eq. (\[dHamiltoniandQ2\]), the derivatives of the Hamiltonian on the constrained manifold do.
The primary constraints are not consistent with the dynamics, $$\label{genconstraintsder}
\dot{\varphi}^{(1)}_k = - \left ( \alpha'_{ik} + \beta'_{ilk} \, \dot{\bar{q}}_l \right )
\left ( m \ddot{q}_i + \omega_{ij} \dot{q}_j + \frac{\partial V}{\partial q_i} \right ) ,$$ so that we introduce the secondary constraints $$\label{genconstraints2}
\varphi^{(2)}_k = \dot{\varphi}^{(1)}_k = 0 .$$ These secondary constraints share the potentially nice features of the primary constraints, keeping physical solutions but not all terms of the fourth-order equations.
The explicit example of Appendix \[appexample\] shows that it may be necessary to continue the iterative procedure and to consider also the tertiary constraints $$\label{genconstraints3}
\varphi^{(3)}_k = \dot{\varphi}^{(3)}_k = 0 .$$ In general, the iterative procedure needs to be continued until full dynamic consistency is reached on the constrained manifold.
Summary and conclusions {#secCR}
=======================
We have introduced a class of Lagrangians $L(\bar{q},\dot{\bar{q}},\ddot{\bar{q}})$ associated with fourth-order evolution equations by substituting a transformation $q(\bar{q},\dot{\bar{q}})$, as well as the consistent transformation $\dot{q}(\bar{q},\dot{\bar{q}},\ddot{\bar{q}})$, into a standard Lagrangian $L(q,\dot{q})$. The corresponding canonical Hamiltonian formulation with Hamiltonian $H(Q_1,Q_2,P_1,P_2)$ is obtained by means of the Ostrogradsky formalism. Natural constraints arise from the idea that, on the constrained manifold, the Hamiltonian of the higher-order problem should be obtained from a substitution procedure, just like the Lagrangian.
These natural constraints play a crucial role in the proposed class of models. They are needed to eliminate the Ostrogradsky instability that one expects because the Hamiltonian contains the momentum $P_1$ only in a linear term and hence is unbounded. Ideally, the constraints restrict the solutions of the higher-order problem to a subset of solutions of the original standard problem. This requirement is not fulfilled automatically and imposes restrictions on the original Lagrangian and its interplay with the transformation; the transformation should be consistent with the symmetries of the Lagrangian. If the higher-order formulation only picks out solutions from the standard formulation, the most interesting features may arise only upon coupling to other systems.
In general, the constraints have nonvanishing Poisson brackets so that they may be classified as second-class constraints. For second-class constraints, the Poisson bracket can be modified into a Dirac bracket that leads to a canonical quantization procedure [@Dirac50; @Dirac58a; @Dirac58b]. Compared to an alternative quantization scheme based on reducing general higher-order Lagrangians to first-order Lagrangians proposed in [@Nawafleh11], we here exploit the special features of our particular class of higher-order Lagrangians.
There may be further constraints already present in the original theory represented by $L(q,\dot{q})$, for example, for gauge theories. The gauge transformation of the $q$ variables should then be inherited from the gauge transformation behavior of the $\bar{q}$ variables. In the quantization procedure, the constraints associated with gauge transformations can be handled by the powerful BRST procedure [@Nemeschanskyetal86; @PeskinSchroeder; @hco229], where the acronym BRST refers to Becchi, Rouet, Stora [@BecchiRouetStora76] and Tyutin [@Tyutin75].
There is an interesting epistemological aspect of the present work. The class of higher-order models proposed in this paper is particularly promising in situations where a successful theory should be modified because the fundamental objects (“particles”) of the theory are discovered to be composed of even more fundamental objects. For example, the idea to decompose the space-time metric $g_{\mu\nu}$ of general relativity as $g_{\mu\nu} = \eta_{\kappa\lambda} {b^\kappa}_\mu {b^\lambda}_\nu$ in terms of the Minkowski metric $\eta_{\kappa\lambda}$ and the more fundamental variables ${b^\kappa}_\mu$ has profound implications for the theory of gravity [@Ashtekar86; @Ashtekar87]. In particular, the variables $A_{a\nu}$ characterizing the connection of the variables ${b^\kappa}_\mu$ (“spin-connection,” similar to the Levi-Civita connection for $g_{\mu\nu}$) can be considered as a most relevant example of a mapping $q(\bar{q},\dot{\bar{q}})$ with $q=A_{a\nu}$ and $\bar{q}={b^\kappa}_\mu$, where the subscript $a$ labels the generators of a Lie group (a simplified version of this field theoretic example is presented in Appendix \[appexampleGR\]). If the Lie group is given by the Lorentz group [@hco231], the index $a$ takes six values, compared to the four values of the space-time index $\kappa$; we thus find the ratio $3:2$ for the natural Lorentz-group/space-time pairing, which has been revealed to be of special relevance in one-to-one reformulations of standard Lagrangian theories. In terms of the variables ${b^\kappa}_\mu$, one can formulate a dissipative quantum field theory based on a dynamic “diffusive smearing” mechanism on the Planck scale [@hcoqft].
Example from mechanics {#appexample}
======================
For the linear transformation $$\label{exlintransf}
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
q_1 \\
q_2 \\
q_3 \\
\dot{q}_1 \\
\dot{q}_2 \\
\dot{q}_3 \\
\end{array}
\right) =
\left(
\begin{array}{llllll}
1 & 0 & 0 & \lambda & & \\
0 & 1 & 0 & 0 & & \\
0 & 0 \; & \lambda & 0 & & \\
& & 1 & 0 & 0 & \lambda \\
& & 0 & 1 & 0 & 0 \\
& & 0 & 0 \; & \lambda & 0 \\
\end{array}
\right)
\left(
\begin{array}{c}
\bar{q}_1 \\
\bar{q}_2 \\
\dot{\bar{q}}_1 \\
\dot{\bar{q}}_2 \\
\ddot{\bar{q}}_1 \\
\ddot{\bar{q}}_2 \\
\end{array}
\right) ,$$ one can easily verify that it is invertible for $\lambda \neq 0$, where $\lambda$ has the dimensions of a time constant. Moreover, the consistency condition (\[variabletransff\]) is satisfied. For the three-dimensional harmonic oscillator with mass $m$ and spring constants $h_i$ with $$\label{exLstandard}
L = \frac{1}{2} m \left( \dot{q}_1^2 + \dot{q}_2^2 + \dot{q}_3^2 \right)
- \frac{1}{2} \left( h_1 q_1^2 + h_2 q_2^2 + h_3 q_3^2 \right) ,$$ which is of the general form (\[Lagrangian\]), the higher-order Lagrangian obtained by insertion becomes $$\begin{aligned}
L &=& \frac{1}{2} m \left[ \dot{\bar{q}}_1^2 + \dot{\bar{q}}_2^2
+ \lambda^2(\ddot{\bar{q}}_1^2 + \ddot{\bar{q}}_2^2) + 2 \lambda \dot{\bar{q}}_1 \ddot{\bar{q}}_2 \right]
\nonumber \\
&-& \frac{1}{2} \left[ h_1 \bar{q}_1^2 + h_2 \bar{q}_2^2 + \lambda^2(h_3 \dot{\bar{q}}_1^2
+ h_1 \dot{\bar{q}}_2^2) + 2 \lambda h_1 \bar{q}_1 \dot{\bar{q}}_2 \right] .
\nonumber \\ &&
\label{exLhigher}\end{aligned}$$ Instead of the usual three second-order equations (no summation over $i$), $$\label{exLaguseq}
m \ddot{q}_i + h_i q_i = 0 ,$$ we find the two fourth-order equations for $\bar{q}_1$ and $\bar{q}_2$, $$\begin{aligned}
h_1 ( \bar{q}_1 + \lambda \dot{\bar{q}}_2 )
&+& \frac{d}{d t} \Big[ m ( \dot{\bar{q}}_1 + \lambda \ddot{\bar{q}}_2 )
- \lambda^2 h_3 \dot{\bar{q}}_1 \Big]
\nonumber \\
&-& \lambda^2 \frac{d^2}{d t^2} m \ddot{\bar{q}}_1 = 0 ,
\nonumber \\
h_2 \bar{q}_2
&+& \frac{d}{d t} \Big[ m \dot{\bar{q}}_2 - \lambda h_1 ( \bar{q}_1 + \lambda \dot{\bar{q}}_2 ) \Big]
\nonumber \\
&-& \lambda \frac{d^2}{d t^2} m ( \dot{\bar{q}}_1 + \lambda \ddot{\bar{q}}_2 ) = 0 ,
\label{exLageq4}\end{aligned}$$ which can be rewritten in the form (\[Lagrangeqbarevol\]), $$\begin{aligned}
m \ddot{q}_1 + h_1 q_1
- \lambda \frac{d}{d t} ( m \ddot{q}_3 + h_3 q_3 ) &=& 0 ,
\nonumber \\
m \ddot{q}_2 + h_2 q_2
- \lambda \frac{d}{d t} ( m \ddot{q}_1 + h_1 q_1 ) &=& 0 .
\label{exLageq3}\end{aligned}$$
Solution of the usual equations (\[exLaguseq\]) for three harmonic oscillators requires six initial conditions. The solutions are of the form $$\label{solqi}
q_i = c_i \cos \omega_i t + c'_i \sin \omega_i t ,$$ where $\omega_i=\sqrt{h_i/m}$ for $i=1,2,3$. Using to the inverse of the transformation (\[exlintransf\]), these solutions suggest $$\begin{aligned}
\bar{q}_1 \!\! &=& \!\! c_1 \cos \omega_1 t + c'_1 \sin \omega_1 t
+ \lambda\omega_2 ( c_2 \sin \omega_2 t - c'_2 \cos \omega_2 t ) ,
\nonumber \\
\bar{q}_2 \!\! &=& \!\! c_2 \cos \omega_2 t + c'_2 \sin \omega_2 t ,
\label{solqbari}\end{aligned}$$ as candidates for solving the higher-order equations. In general, however, these functions $\bar{q}_1$, $\bar{q}_2$ do not provide a solution to Eq. (\[exLageq4\]). Only for equal $h_i$ ($h_i=h$, $\omega=\sqrt{h/m}$), the functions given in Eq. (\[solqbari\]) provide a four-parameter solution to Eq. (\[exLageq4\]). Note that the transformation (\[exlintransf\]) breaks the symmetry between $q_1$, $q_2$ and $q_3$ in an unnatural way so that, in the anisotropic case, the higher-order problem becomes completely different from the lower-order problem. From now on, we therefore restrict ourselves to the isotropic case.
On the one hand, for $\omega_1=\omega_2$, the solution (\[solqbari\]) for $\bar{q}_1$, $\bar{q}_2$ represents only two independent harmonic oscillators with four parameters, whereas the underlying $q_1$, $q_2$, $q_3$ represent three independent harmonic oscillators with six parameters. On the other hand, we would expect eight parameters in the solution of the two fourth-order equations (\[exLageq4\]), which we indeed recognize in the general solution of the system in Eq. (\[exLageq4\]) for the isotropic case, $$\begin{aligned}
\bar{q}_1 &=& \bar{c}_1 \cos \omega t + \bar{c}_2 \sin \omega t \nonumber \\
&+& e^{-\sqrt{3}t/(2\lambda)}
\left( \bar{c}_5 \cos \frac{t}{2\lambda} + \bar{c}_6 \sin \frac{t}{2\lambda} \right)
\nonumber \\
&+& e^{\sqrt{3}t/(2\lambda)}
\left( \bar{c}_7 \cos \frac{t}{2\lambda} + \bar{c}_8 \sin \frac{t}{2\lambda} \right) ,
\label{solqbarigen1}\end{aligned}$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\bar{q}_2 &=& \bar{c}_3 \cos \omega t + \bar{c}_4 \sin \omega t \nonumber \\
&+& e^{-\sqrt{3}t/(2\lambda)}
\left( \bar{c}_6 \cos \frac{t}{2\lambda} - \bar{c}_5 \sin \frac{t}{2\lambda} \right)
\nonumber \\
&+& e^{\sqrt{3}t/(2\lambda)}
\left( \bar{c}_8 \cos \frac{t}{2\lambda} - \bar{c}_7 \sin \frac{t}{2\lambda} \right) .
\label{solqbarigen2}\end{aligned}$$ The existence of exponentially increasing and decreasing contributions with rates and frequencies independent of $m$ and $h$ is based on the two identities $$\label{exsolids}
\bar{q}_1 + \lambda \dot{\bar{q}}_2 - \lambda^2 \ddot{\bar{q}}_1 = 0 , \qquad
\bar{q}_2 - \lambda \dot{\bar{q}}_1 - \lambda^2 \ddot{\bar{q}}_2 = 0 ,$$ which lead to solutions of Eq. (\[exLageq4\]) for $h_1=h_2=h_3$.
The exponentially growing solution illustrates the Ostrogradsky instability. As the evolution equations are reversible, the exponentially growing solution is accompanied by an exponentially decaying solution. The growth and decay rates are determined by the time scale $\lambda$, which is not in the original problem and enters the picture only through the transformation (\[exlintransf\]). One could avoid the instability by taking the limit $\lambda \rightarrow \infty$, in which $\bar{q}_1$, $\bar{q}_2$ are only shifted by constants. As these constants are unphysical, it seems preferable to avoid exponentially growing solutions by imposing suitable constraints, as proposed in the general development.
For the Hamiltonian formulation of the problem, we rely on the correspondences implied by Eqs. (\[ostrovarQ12\]), (\[qbarddot\]) and (\[qbardddot\]), $$\label{exLHcor1a}
Q_{11} = \bar{q}_1 , \quad
Q_{21} = \dot{\bar{q}}_1 , \quad
P_{21} = \lambda^2 m \ddot{\bar{q}}_1 ,$$ $$\label{exLHcor1b}
P_{11} = m ( \dot{\bar{q}}_1 + \lambda \ddot{\bar{q}}_2 - \lambda^2 {\mbox{$\rule{0mm}{2.0ex}^{\bm{\cdots}}\hspace{-0.75em}\bar{q}$}}_1 )
- \lambda^2 h \dot{\bar{q}}_1 ,$$ $$\label{exLHcor2a}
Q_{12} = \bar{q}_2 , \quad
Q_{22} = \dot{\bar{q}}_2 , \quad
P_{22} = \lambda m ( \dot{\bar{q}}_1 + \lambda \ddot{\bar{q}}_2 ) ,$$ $$\label{exLHcor2b}
P_{12} = m ( \dot{\bar{q}}_2 - \lambda \ddot{\bar{q}}_1 - \lambda^2 {\mbox{$\rule{0mm}{2.0ex}^{\bm{\cdots}}\hspace{-0.75em}\bar{q}$}}_2 )
- \lambda h ( \bar{q}_1 + \lambda \dot{\bar{q}}_2 ) .$$ The Hamiltonian is found to be of the quadratic form $$\begin{aligned}
H &=& \frac{1}{2 \lambda^2 m} (P_{21}^2 + P_{22}^2)
+ \left(P_{11}-\frac{P_{22}}{\lambda}\right) Q_{21} + P_{12} Q_{22}
\nonumber \\
&-& \frac{1}{2} m Q_{22}^2
+ \frac{1}{2} h [ (Q_{11}+\lambda Q_{22})^2 + Q_{12}^2 + \lambda^2 Q_{21}^2 ] ,
\nonumber \\ &&
\label{exH}\end{aligned}$$ where the last term (proportional to the parameter $h$) is the potential $\bar{V}$. Most of the evolution equations resulting from this Hamiltonian in a canonical way can be interpreted as assignments of variables, $$\label{exHamevolas1}
\dot{Q}_{11} = Q_{21} , \qquad
\dot{Q}_{12} = Q_{22} , ,$$ $$\label{exHamevolas2}
\dot{Q}_{21} = \frac{P_{21}}{\lambda^2 m} , \qquad
\dot{Q}_{22} = \frac{P_{22}}{\lambda^2 m} - \frac{Q_{21}}{\lambda} ,$$ and $$\begin{aligned}
\dot{P}_{21} &=& \frac{P_{22}}{\lambda} - P_{11} - \lambda^2 h Q_{21} ,
\nonumber \\
\dot{P}_{22} &=& m Q_{22} - \lambda h (Q_{11}+\lambda Q_{22}) - P_{12} . \qquad
\label{exHamevolas3}\end{aligned}$$ The final two evolution equations $$\label{exHamevol}
\dot{P}_{11} = - h (Q_{11}+\lambda Q_{22}) , \qquad
\dot{P}_{12} = - h Q_{12} ,$$ coincide with the two fourth-order differential equations of the Lagrangian approach given in Eq. (\[exLageq4\]).
If we impose the four constraints $$\begin{aligned}
\varphi_1 &=& \lambda P_{11} - P_{22} = 0 ,
\nonumber \\
\varphi_2 &=& \lambda \dot{\varphi}_1 = \lambda ( P_{12} - m Q_{22} ) = 0 ,
\nonumber \\
\varphi_3 &=& \lambda \dot{\varphi}_2 = - P_{22} + \lambda m Q_{21} - \lambda^2 h Q_{12} = 0 ,
\nonumber \\
\varphi_4 &=& \lambda \dot{\varphi}_3 = \varphi_2 + P_{21} + \lambda^2 h Q_{11} = 0 ,
\label{exconstr}\end{aligned}$$ the identity $$\label{exconstrc}
\lambda \dot{\varphi}_4 = \varphi_3 - \varphi_1 ,$$ implies that the Poisson bracket of the Hamiltonian with each of these constraints vanishes on the constrained manifold. The first two constraints in Eq. (\[exconstr\]) actually coincide with the primary constraints (\[genconstraints1\]) of the general development (except for a factor of $\lambda$). The second constraint arises also among the secondary constraints (\[genconstraints2\]), so that this classification scheme clearly comes with ambiguities. In the general development, the fourth constraint in Eq. (\[exconstr\]) arises already as a tertiary constraint, after which the iterative procedure comes to an end.
By means of the first two constraints, which are the primary constraints of the general development, the Hamiltonian (\[exH\]) on the constrained manifold can be written as $$\begin{aligned}
H &=& \frac{1}{2 \lambda^2 m} (P_{21}^2 + P_{22}^2) + \frac{1}{2} m Q_{22}^2
\nonumber \\
&+& \frac{1}{2} h [ (Q_{11}+\lambda Q_{22})^2 + Q_{12}^2 + \lambda^2 Q_{21}^2 ] , \qquad
\label{exHconstr}\end{aligned}$$ which (for $m,h > 0$) is clearly bounded from below by zero. Indeed, the four constraints eliminate all the exponentially growing or decaying terms from the solutions (\[solqbarigen1\]) and (\[solqbarigen2\]) ($\bar{c}_5=\bar{c}_6=\bar{c}_7=\bar{c}_8=0$), so that only the two harmonic oscillators (\[solqbari\]) resulting from the original system of three harmonic oscillators survive in the higher-order theory. The reduction from three to two harmonic oscillators corresponds to the reduction from $K$ to $I$ basic variables in the higher-order theory, where the reduction from three to two plays a special role because it allows for a one-to-one correspondence of the full sets of variables in the Lagrangian, as pointed out in the paragraph after Eq. (\[albeder\]).
The matrix of Poisson brackets among the constraints, $$\label{PBconstr}
({\{\varphi_k,\varphi_l\}}) = \lambda m
\left(
\begin{array}{cccc}
0 & -1 & 0 & -1-\Omega \\
1 & 0 & 1+\Omega & 0 \\
0 & -1-\Omega & 0 & - \Omega \\
1+\Omega & 0 & \Omega & 0 \\
\end{array}
\right) ,$$ where $\Omega=\lambda^2 \omega^2$, implies that we deal with second class constraints, for which a Dirac bracket can be introduced and a canonical quantization procedure is available [@Dirac50; @Dirac58a; @Dirac58b]. As expected from general grounds, the matrix in Eq. (\[PBconstr\]) is invertible for all $\Omega$. Only two $2 \times 2$ submatrices need to be inverted, so hat the Dirac bracket can be written down in closed form.
Example from field theory {#appexampleGR}
=========================
We here look at the weak-field approximation for a Yang-Mills theory based on the Lorentz group, which has been proposed as an alternative theory for gravity [@hco231]. For this field theoretic example, the transformation of the type (\[variabletransf\]) is given by $$\label{exGRAdef}
A_{\kappa\lambda\nu} = \frac{1}{2} \left(
\frac{\partial h_{\lambda\nu}}{\partial x^\kappa}
- \frac{\partial h_{\kappa\nu}}{\partial x^\lambda} \right) ,$$ where the Greek letters denote space-time indices (with the standard convention $x^0=ct$, where $c$ is the speed of light). The space and time dependent field $h_{\lambda\nu}$ can be interpreted as the deviation of the metric from the Minkowski metric \[with signature $(-,+,+,+)$, which we use for lowering or raising indices\]. Note that $A_{\kappa\lambda\nu}$ is antisymmetric in $\kappa$ and $\lambda$ so that only six index combinations matter. These six index pairs correspond to the generators of the Lorentz group, where the pairs $(0,1)$, $(0,2)$, $(0,3)$ correspond to boosts in the three coordinate directions and $(2,3)$, $(3,1)$, $(1,2)$ correspond to rotations around the coordinate axes, indicated by the corresponding perpendicular planes. Therefore, in the definition of $A_{\kappa\lambda\nu}$, the pairs $(\kappa,\lambda)$ label the generators, and $\nu$ is interpreted as the space-time index of the vector potential from which a Yang-Mills field tensor can be defined.
To keep the example simple, we here assume that only the spatial components, $$\label{exGRqbardef}
\bar{q}_{kl} = h_{kl} ,$$ are needed to parametrize the vector potential, that is, we choose $h_{00}=h_{0k}=h_{k0}=0$ in Eq. (\[exGRAdef\]). According to Section 10.2 of [@Weinberg], this setting is sufficient for discussing gravitational waves. All fields $A_{\kappa\lambda\nu}$ then vanish for $\nu=0$. The vector fields associated with rotations are linear in $h_{kl}$ \[including spatial derivatives, which belong to the $\alpha$ part of the transformation (\[variabletransf\])\], whereas the vector fields associated with boosts are linear in the time derivative of $h_{kl}$ \[and therefore belong to the $\beta$ part of the transformation (\[variabletransf\])\]. For symmetric $h_{kl}$, there are six independent basic variables. In the weak-field approximation, the Yang-Mills Lagrangian associated with the vector potentials (\[exGRAdef\]) is given by the space integral of the following quadratic Lagrangian density, $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal L} &=&
\frac{1}{8}
\frac{\partial^2 h^{\mu\nu}}{\partial x_\kappa \partial x_\lambda}
\nonumber \\ & \times & \left(
\frac{\partial^2 h_{\mu\nu}}{\partial x^\kappa \partial x^\lambda} +
\frac{\partial^2 h_{\kappa\lambda}}{\partial x^\mu \partial x^\nu} -
\frac{\partial^2 h_{\kappa\nu}}{\partial x^\mu \partial x^\lambda} -
\frac{\partial^2 h_{\mu\lambda}}{\partial x^\kappa \partial x^\nu} \right) .
\nonumber \\ &&
\label{exGRLexp}\end{aligned}$$ One half of the expression in parentheses is equal to the Yang-Mills field tensor. The Lagrangian density (\[exGRLexp\]) leads to the fourth-order field equation $$\label{exGRfieldeq}
\Box\Box h_{kl} -
\Box\frac{\partial^2 h_{nl}}{\partial x^k \partial x_n} -
\Box \frac{\partial^2 h_{kn}}{\partial x_n \partial x^l} +
\frac{\partial^4 h_{mn}}{\partial x_m \partial x_n \partial x^k \partial x^l} = 0 ,$$ where $\Box = \partial^2 / \partial x^\mu \partial x_\mu$. This field equation can be rewritten in the elegant alternative form $$\label{weakfieldR}
\Box R_{kl}^{(1)} - \frac{1}{2}
\frac{\partial^2 R^{(1)}}{\partial x^k \partial x^l} = 0 ,$$ where $R_{\mu\nu}^{(1)}$ and $R^{(1)}$ are the linearized versions of the Ricci tensor associated with $h_{\mu\nu}$ and the corresponding curvature scalar.
For the Hamiltonian formulation, we find the canonical variables $$\label{exGRQdef}
Q_{1kl} = h_{kl} , \quad
Q_{2kl} = \frac{\partial h_{kl}}{\partial t},$$ $$\label{exGRP2def}
P_{2kl} = \frac{1}{4c^4} \frac{\partial^2 h_{kl}}{\partial t^2} ,$$ and $$\label{exGRP1def}
P_{1kl} = \frac{1}{4c^2} \frac{\partial}{\partial t}
\left( \Box h_{kl} +
\frac{\partial^2 h_{kl}}{\partial x_n \partial x^n} -
\frac{\partial^2 h_{nl}}{\partial x^k \partial x_n} -
\frac{\partial^2 h_{kn}}{\partial x_n \partial x^l} \right) ,$$ which, through the time derivative of $\Box h_{kl}$, includes the third-order time derivative of $h_{kl}$. The Hamiltonian density is found to be $$\begin{aligned}
{\cal H} &=&
2 c^4 P_{2kl} P_{2kl} + P_{1kl} Q_{2kl}
- \frac{1}{8} \frac{\partial^2 Q_{1kl}}{\partial x^m \partial x^n}
\nonumber \\
& \times &
\bigg( \frac{\partial^2 Q_{1kl}}{\partial x^m \partial x^n}
+ \frac{\partial^2 Q_{1mn}}{\partial x^k \partial x^l}
- \frac{\partial^2 Q_{1ml}}{\partial x^k \partial x^n}
- \frac{\partial^2 Q_{1kn}}{\partial x^m \partial x^l}
\bigg)
\nonumber \\
&+& \frac{1}{8c^2} \frac{\partial Q_{2kl}}{\partial x^n}
\left( 2 \frac{\partial Q_{2kl}}{\partial x^n}
- \frac{\partial Q_{2nl}}{\partial x^k}
- \frac{\partial Q_{2kn}}{\partial x^l} \right) .
\label{exGRHexp}\end{aligned}$$ Three of the canonical Hamiltonian equations reproduce the time derivatives of the quantities in Eqs. (\[exGRQdef\]) and (\[exGRP2def\]). The Hamiltonian evolution equation for $P_{1kl}$ reproduces the field equation (\[exGRfieldeq\]).
In order to find the primary constraints for eliminating the Ostrogradsky instability we need to go back to the general development and the corresponding structure of Eq. (\[genconstraints1\]). For our field theoretic example, these primary constraints become $$\label{exGRprimconstr}
P_{1kl} - \frac{1}{8c^2} \frac{\partial}{\partial x_n}
\left( 2 \frac{\partial Q_{2kl}}{\partial x^n}
- \frac{\partial Q_{2nl}}{\partial x^k}
- \frac{\partial Q_{2kn}}{\partial x^l} \right) = 0 ,$$ or, with the help of Eqs. (\[exGRQdef\]) and (\[exGRP1def\]), $$\label{exGRprimconstrh}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}
\left( \Box h_{kl} -
\frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial^2 h_{nl}}{\partial x^k \partial x_n} -
\frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial^2 h_{kn}}{\partial x_n \partial x^l} \right) = 0 .$$ The secondary constraints obtained as the time derivative of Eq. (\[exGRprimconstrh\]) can be used to eliminate the fourth-order time derivatives from the field equation (\[exGRfieldeq\]) to find a second-order differential equation in time.
The possibility of identifying the primary constraints is the key advantage of the class of higher-order models introduced in this paper. We illustrate their importance for the special case of gravitational waves. If we assume transverse waves, the field equation (\[exGRfieldeq\]) is reduced to $$\label{exGRfieldeqwaves}
\Box\Box h_{kl} = 0 ,$$ and the primary constraints (\[exGRprimconstrh\]) become $$\label{exGRprimconstrhwaves}
\frac{\partial}{\partial t} \Box h_{kl} = 0 .$$ Both equations are satisfied by the plane wave solutions characterized by $\Box h_{kl} = 0$, but additional instable solutions need to be excluded from the higher-order equations. The combination of Eqs. (\[exGRfieldeqwaves\]) and (\[exGRprimconstrhwaves\]) gives $\Delta \Box h_{kl} = 0$, where $\Delta$ is the Laplacian. With suitable spatial boundary conditions one could arrive at the desired equation $\Box h_{kl} = 0$.
Instead of expressing the vector potentials in terms of the spatial components $h_{kl}$ it would be preferable to use the full deviatoric metric four-tensor $h_{\mu\nu}$ to keep the Lorentz covariance in the description. However, such an approach would be significantly more challenging because an explicit consideration of gauge invariance and the associated constraints would be required. These extra efforts should certainly be made if one wishes to go beyond the weak-field approximation used here for illustrative purposes.
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Test how an encoder handles HD video, with specifically defined global and local motion, with panning, scrolling, zooming, rotation, smooth and erratic, high/low contrast, with limited colors/vivid colors where each clip is designed to test a particular aspect of encoder performance. The clips comprise a coordinated set where the complexity gradually increases, from slow simple to highly complex rapid motion, color, feature, texture and shape changes of complex objects.
Synthetically generated scenes comprising real video, text, lines, graphics items, color bars, fractal patterns with precisely defined motion, color, brightness etc.
Purpose Test how an encoder handles HD video, with specifically defined global and local motion, slow/medium/fast motion, with panning, scrolling, zooming, rotation, smooth and erratic, high/low contrast, with limited colors/vivid colors where each clip is designed to test a particular aspect of encoder performance. The clips comprise a coordinated set where the complexity gradually increases, from slow simple motion of test-card objects and video to highly rapid motion, color, feature, texture and shape changes of complex objects. Synthetically generated scenes comprising real video, text, lines, graphics, color bars, fractal patterns with motion, color, brightness etc. | http://testvid.com/all-test-material/2k-media/81-test-hd-video-synthetic-t2v006 |
running in Annecy – Take II
Last year after I crashed my mountain bike down the side of a mountain while out in the middle of nowhere by myself and hurt my shoulder pretty bad – I took up running to keep me from getting too sedentary.
I decided that I needed some goal to aim at – or I knew I couldn’t possibly keep up this incredibly boring activity of just placing one foot in front of the other repeatedly along the side of the road, so I signed up for and ran a half-marathon in Annecy, a city nestled against an alpine lake about one hour north of us.
I guess a few things happened over the past year – the most shocking to me is the fact that I actually enjoy running, and do it a fair bit.
This year Jonah, Matea AND Micah were all old enough to run – so all three of them did – and they loved it. They got t-shirts, and medals, and a race number to keep – so that was lots of fun.
I was really hoping to improve my race time, however I was actually feeling pretty rough the day I ran – so ended up finishing the 21km in 2hrs and 31 seconds.
[iframe src=”http://vine.co/v/bU0A1IImHxP /card” width=”200″ height=”200″]
There were lots of other things to do – especially for the kids, games and activities, Matea did a round of athletics where she did shot put, javelin, tripple jump, hurdles etc.
[iframe src=”http://vine.co/v/bU0zaped0AA/card” width=”200″ height=”200″]
So despite the fact that once again the weather was rather dismal, rainy and wet – it was a pretty fun day overall. | https://www.pardonourfrench.com/2013/05/running-in-annecy-take-ii.html |
We are looking for an innovative and driven business development officer to join our growing team. The individual in this role would be responsible for analysing our customer base and current sales strategies and identifying opportunities to increase efficiency and profitability. We are seeking a candidate who is creatively-minded and eager to think outside the box when it comes to our customers and their needs. Candidates with a background in sales who are analytically minded and motivated will do well in this role.
Business Development Officer Duties and Responsibilities
- Analyse current customer base, including portfolios and rolodexes, to identify potential sales opportunities
- Build strong relationships with customers, outside business contacts, and company stakeholders
- Review and communicate proposals and cost estimates to customers and stakeholders
- Negotiate timelines and budgets
- Develop and test unique business strategies and concepts
- Collaborate with colleagues and peers on the sales, marketing, and product development teams to improve overall customer experience and satisfaction
- Stay up to date on company best practices, policies, products, pricing, and promotions
- Increase overall sales efficiency and profitability through excellent salesmanship
Business Development Officer Requirements and Qualifications
- Bachelor’s degree in business, finance, or related field preferred
- 3 – 5 years of Experience in the same field
- Familiarity with relevant software, such as Microsoft Office
- Strong interpersonal and communication skills (both verbal and written)
- Critical thinking skills, analytical, organized
- Creatively-minded, good at thinking ‘outside the box’
- Skills of persuasion
- Computer skills
- Ability to travel when necessary to meet with customers and/or stakeholders and build business relationships
- Ability to work under pressure
- Ability to multi task
- Must be available full time
- Education Industry Experience Preferred
- Ability to communicate in English is a must, Arabic is an additional advantage. | https://www.eduscangroup.com/kids/job/business-development-officer/ |
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