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I was delighted last week when the children produced a drawing of a stain glass window featuring unicorns. It took me straight back to a wonderful series of medieval tapestries in Stirling Castle in Scotland where the story of the hunt and capture of the unicorn reveals the story of God coming to us in Christ.
The tapestry depicts the stage of the hunt where the hunters spy the unicorn dipping its horn in a stream to purify the water for the other nearby animals, like Christ redeeming humanity by taking on the sin of the world.
The unicorn has been an evocative symbol in many ancient cultures and times; so much so, that it is impossible to trace where the legends originated. It is an example of how the enchantment of a powerful symbol can be greater than any singular interpretation of its meaning. For those weaving this tapestry hundreds of years ago, the deeper legend of the unicorn whose wildness and purity was such that it could only be captured by a young maiden spoke to the story of the incarnation where the wildness and holiness of God could only be contained in a virgin’s womb. The later tapestries show the entrapment and killing of the unicorn before the resurrection tapestry where the unicorn rises again, this time tied to a pomegranate tree, the symbol of life and fecund creativity.
It is wonderful for the children to remind us of both the playfulness and the power of the unicorn to capture our imaginations. Too often we in the church take ourselves far too seriously and opt for rules over enchantment, doctrine over story. Maybe we need to remember the laughter and tears that accompany the biggest and best stories of all. Maybe we need the children to remind us of the power of myth and begin to recognise that we do indeed live in an enchanted world, held lovingly in a story far more beautiful and enduring than any we could dream up alone.
Grace and peace, | https://anglicanipilly.org.au/2022/08/19/of-fairy-tales-and-unicorns/ |
About this Research Topic
Natural products remain a source of numerous chemical entities, providing a much deeper coverage of the chemical space when compared to all available compound libraries. Their main advantage resides on the scaffold complexity and diversity which is the keystone to the wide range of biological activities found. Furthermore, as the large majority of the desired scaffolds is difficult to synthesize, isolation from their natural sources are still the best approach to obtain them. This way, the identification of bioactive extracts, either derived from plants, microorganisms or marine products, followed by isolation of active molecules and further chemical modification, allows researchers to develop custom-based libraries that can be later used to unveil the molecular mechanisms by which these molecular entities exert their activities in a given biological target.
By investing in the discovery of novel compounds and understanding how a particular mechanism can be blocked, or enhanced, current knowledge can progress and previous applications expand exponentially when a single library of compounds is assessed against multiple biological targets. Since big pharma companies have been dropping most of their anti-infective drug development pipelines, repurposing of novel or existing libraries of compounds against novel targets has been gaining an overwhelming importance, especially in the antibacterial, antiparasitic and antiviral fields. One of such libraries is the Shared Platform for Antibiotic Research and Knowledge (SPARK), created by The Pew Charitable Trusts, integrating chemical and biological data from published studies as well as previously unpublished data to assist in speeding up antibiotic development. Thus, the same approach can be used for the identification of novel antimicrobial, antiparasitic or antiviral molecules.
Currently, the increasing number of reports on antibiotic resistance are a major concern for worldwide healthcare systems. Together with the lack of effective alternatives for many neglected tropical diseases in developing countries and with the lack of new therapeutic agents able to prevent viral outbreaks, continuous chemical modifications of known scaffolds remains as an attractive approach to further increase potency and selectivity towards a specific target, especially when guided by preliminary structure-activity relationships obtained from a small pool of derivatives. Therefore, screening of such custom libraries against new targets is foreseen as a valuable tool to provide new hits against other currently undruggable targets or to identify new organisms sensitive to its biological range of activities.
Within this Research Topic, we aim to disclose the latest research in bioactivity-guided identification, isolation and characterization of novel scaffolds from natural sources on the field of anti-infective agents. We welcome the below sub-Topic themes, but not limited to:
● New antibiotics against the global priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria
● Characterization of novel scaffolds and bioactivities from marine products
● Novel hits against malaria or other tropical neglected diseases
● Rational studies towards identification and/or optimization of new bioactive molecules against viral pathogens
● Nature-inspired hemisynthesis or total synthesis methodological development
● Novel structure-activity relationships, experimental or in silico, derived from custom bioactive libraries
● Bioactivities of plants, fungi or microbial extracts and identification of major active components
Topic Editor, Daniel da Silva, is employed by Unilever. All other Topic Editors declare no competing interests with regards to the Research Topic subject.
Keywords: Herbal extracts, bioactive molecules, anti-infective agents, chemical libraries, hemisynthesis
Important Note: All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review. | https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/13239/inspired-by-nature-towards-novel-anti-infective-agents |
This collection was born since my encounter with the sacred and medicinal plant of the amazon rainforest called “Ayahuasca”. This natural medicine worked on my inner self and helped me to have more clarity to understand my work as an artist and, through this, be able to transmit through my artworks, my perception and personal understanding about the astral plane, and about that everything is composed by energy; starting from questioning myself what..? and why…? of the different events of our lives, this made me comprehend that there is always a reason why everything, for which it can be integrated during the process of a sacred Ayahuasca Ceremony. From this experience emerged the collection “Astral Perception”.
As shown above, it led me to broadly catch sight of the concept, the use, and the function of color in an artwork. Starting from this, I focus the use of colors in the seven rays of the universe, which merged with the artworks develop a chromatic magic, which allows a more perceptive discernment of the dimensions and the way that the vibration of the astral world works.
As part of the collection I incorporated the triangles, as a result of the research that I did about the enigma associated with pyramids and their connection with the astral world. | https://www.eddiemosler.com/astral-perception-collection |
Part-Time MS in Finance/MBA Curriculum
In the Part-Time MS in Finance/MBA program, you will take the required courses in the Part-Time MBA program (33 credits), four MS in Finance courses (12 credits), and your choice of business and finance electives (27 credits), as outlined below.
Part-Time MBA Core Curriculum
Accounting
ACCT 6200 | 3 credits
ACCT 6201 | 1.5 credits
Management
Examines today’s evolving environment, in which effective utilization of human resources is a source of competitive advantage. To maximize the contribution of organizational members, managers must be able to understand, diagnose, and influence workplace behavior in the context of change. Topics include management of cross-functional teams and boundaryless organizations. Emphasis is on the role of corporate culture and distributed leadership.
HRMG 6200 | 3 credits
Focuses on the international business environment, and examines the influence on global decision making of such areas as the international economy and trade issues, legal and political context differences, governmental actions, cultural and ethical system differences, exchange rates and international currency markets, international institutions like the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund, and regional agreements like the European Union, NAFTA, and Mercosur. Also analyzes why firms internationalize their operations, how they can internationalize, and key areas such as international manufacturing, marketing, human resource management, and strategy.
INTB 6200 | 3 credits
Provides students with basic information analysis skills and tools needed to manage effectively in today’s information-intensive business climate. Exposes students to analytical problems from different areas of business and the quantitative concepts and techniques that can analyze them. Course objectives are to improve the information analysis skills of the students, to provide students with a working knowledge of important statistical tools, to help students become more critical evaluators of studies and reports involving statistical and quantitative methods, and to improve skills in communicating the results of analyses. Offers students the opportunity to learn how to evaluate, analyze, and interpret data, and present their findings and conclusions that will be most useful for managerial decision making through the use of business applications and analytical software.
MGSC 6200 | 3 credits
Focuses on issues of the strategic uses of information technology for competitive advantage, support of business processes, information and control, digital business, integration of business with technology, organizational communication, and data management. Information has become a key resource in doing business. Managers must understand that high-quality information adds value to existing products and services, enhances the creation of new products, changes the efficiency and effectiveness of business processes, and affects relationships with customers, suppliers, and competitors.
MGSC 6204 |1.5 credits
Focuses on the integrative management of processes and activities involved in transformation and delivery of goods and services. Offers students an opportunity to obtain foundational knowledge on operations and supply chain management concepts, techniques, and functions. Topics covered include sourcing and procurement, manufacturing and service operations, process design and control, quality management, capacity planning, demand planning and forecasting, inventory management, transportation and distribution management, interfirm relationship management, and attendant information flows.
SCHM 6201 | 3 credits
Focuses on strategy development and implementation for a line of business and for the corporation as a whole by adopting a top management perspective. Beginning with developing a mission statement and goals for the firm, focuses on environmental scanning, incorporating economic, technological, sociopolitical, and legal trends in conducting industry analysis, thus assessing opportunities and threats and the firm’s capabilities before formulating strategy that represents a fit between the environment and the firm. Discusses how to develop competitive advantage and assess competitive positioning, and studies how organizational structure and systems contribute to implementing strategy. Stresses the role of leadership and motivation before moving on to feedback mechanisms to assess success in strategy implementation, leading to revision of strategic plans as needed.
STRT 6200 | 3 credits
Marketing
Focuses on marketing analysis and planning. Emphasizes analysis of customer needs and company and competitor capabilities. This analysis forms the basis of a sound marketing strategy that provides value to customers in a way superior to competitors. Discusses how to deliver this strategy through the development of an intergrated marketing program covering product offerings, pricing, promotion, and distribution. Includes professional accounting students.
MTKG 6200 | 3 credits
Trains managers to understand the competitive implications of global economic policies, the business effects of technological change, and the commercial imperatives of alternative political systems at a macro level. At a micro level, it creates a framework for industry analysis in a global setting that combines economic analysis, competitive analysis, and business decision-making skills.
MECN 6200 | 3 credits
Entrepreneurship
ENTR 6200 | 3 credits
Finance
Highlights the role of financial management as a source of value creation in a competitive global environment characterized by rapid technological, personal, and market changes. Offers students an opportunity to develop tools and techniques of financial analysis and valuation to support financial decision making. Presents future managers with actual business problems to learn to apply the tools of financial analysis to strategic decisions faced by the firm, such as capital budgeting and capital structure.
FINA 6200 | 3 credits
Familiarizes students with domestic and international financial markets and the securities traded therein. Discusses a variety of techniques for valuation of financial assets and relies heavily on quantitative methods. Critically analyzes such qualitative concepts as market efficiency, intrinsic value, and risk. The contents of this course, descriptive, theoretical, and applied, should provide students with the ability to build unique valuation models to suit the particular investment alternative they wish to scrutinize. Also provides students with an understanding of how investment theory and investment practice relate.
FINA 6203 | 3 credits
Develops specific concepts, policies, and techniques for the financial management of the multinational firm. Topics include operation of the foreign exchange markets, foreign exchange risk management, sources and instruments of international financing, foreign direct investment and the management of political risk, multinational capital budgeting, and financing control systems for the multinational firm.
FINA 6204 | 3 credits
Develops financial, analytical, and communication skills necessary to develop and implement a financial strategy consistent with firm value creation in a dynamic environment. Stresses the impact of ethical and legal considerations, global markets, and technological innovation on efficient economic outcomes. Emphasizes written and oral communication skills. Upon completion of this course, students should be able to identify and analyze a firm’s strategic opportunities and propose a suitable financial strategy that is consistent with firm value creation.
FINA 6205 | 3 credits
Structures discussion of current topics in the finance literature. Students read and present the works of leading researchers. Topics are broad and may cover various areas of corporate finance, investments, and institutions. Students also complete an original project emphasizing current methodologies of analysis.
FINA 6206 | 3 credits
Program Electives
Complete 12 semester hours of graduate-level FINA courses.
12 Credits
D’Amore McKim School of Business electives selected in consultation with your advisor. Additional finance courses may be taken as electives.
15 Credits
The curriculum is subject to change by D’Amore-McKim faculty. Please monitor for updates.
Meaningful Experiential Learning
The integration of academic thinking with authentic, experiential learning is fast becoming the proven method for developing the skills needed to meet today’s business-world demands. No one has greater experience evolving and applying this approach than the D’Amore-McKim School of Business. It’s an approach that empowers our Part-Time MS in Finance/MBA students through expert guest lecturers, learning from classmates with diverse professional experiences, global business exposure through International Field Study trips, and more. This is the model that will help you become more.
International Field Study
Get intense exposure to the global business environment with this elective course, which immerses you in the business practices and culture of another country.
Washington, DC Residency
In this elective week-long residency, you’ll meet with members of Congress, senior civil servants, business executives, lobbyists, and other officials to learn firsthand how public policy affects the U.S. and global economies.
360 Huntington Fund
Apply to be part of the team that recommends stocks and manages investments for the 360 Huntington Fund. Launched in 2008, this nearly $1 million student-managed mutual fund represents experiential learning in its purest form.
IDEA Student-Led Venture Accelerator
Starting your own business venture? Work with mentors and access financial, marketing, and communications support—or put your expertise into practice and mentor a startup yourself. | https://damore-mckim.northeastern.edu/programs/part-time-ms-finance-mba/curriculum/ |
A sparring partner is still helpful today, but not absolutely necessary.
After you defined your target groups yesterday, the next step is to determine what problems these people have, which ones haven’t yet been solved sufficiently, and a solution for which these people are willing to pay money.
For this purpose, you should first concentrate on the target group that you consider most attractive for your self-employment.
Here is your task for today:
On more Post-its, write down your assumptions about your target group’s problems, the ones you want to solve. Collect as many as possible until you can’t think of anymore. Then, start to sort them by meaning and, if necessary, combine some of them to higher-level problems or divide problems into sub-problems.
The second part of the task:
At the end, select the three to five most compelling problems (from your point of view) and stick the Post-its on your Extended Canvas. Now, summarize these top problems into a general problem for the target group. Write this on a separate Post-it, which also goes as a headline in the box “Customers’ Problems.”
If you’ve identified other attractive target groups in addition to the one you identified the previous day, then apply the same process to them. The problems and needs may be slightly different for these target groups that need to be considered and addressed separately. In this way, one to three parallel business ideas will emerge, and you can decide at a later stage which ones you’d like to explore further. | https://how-employees-startup.com/day32/ |
The Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with a lower risk of chronic conditions related to aging. Adherence research primarily comes from Mediterranean countries, where there is a favorably high cultural acceptability. An intervention study that examined the feasibility of a Mediterranean diet intervention was designed specifically for older Australians. During post intervention this study observed that all participants were using extra virgin olive oil as their main source of culinary fat and had made a very significant increase in their intake (initial mean 1.15 (±0.86) to 2.53 (±1.19) tbsp/day).
In addition, a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that lifestyle habits and nutritional patterns could delay the natural course of the neurodegeneration process. At this time, the scientific literature cannot provide exhaustive conclusions on the impact of dietary patterns on neurodegenerative disorders, including the effectiveness in reducing the risk of development and progression of cognitive impairment. However, the Mediterranean diet has in fact demonstrated to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality, which can be recommended to patients regardless of their age, clinical conditions, and comorbidities.
References:
Zacharia K, Patterson AJ, English C, MacDonald-Wicks L. Feasibility of the AusMed Diet Program: Translating the Mediterranean Diet for Older Australians. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):E1044.
Vinciguerra F, Graziano M, Hagnäs M, Frittitta L, Tumminia A. Influence of the Mediterranean and Ketogenic Diets on Cognitive Status and Decline: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2020;12(4):E1019. | https://meddietolivehealth.com/mediterranean-diet-reduces-the-risk-of-chronic-conditions/ |
Srinagar, Dec 4: Expectations are high on native Real Kashmir Football Club to register its second victory in the hometown as the team is set to face former I-League champions Aizawal FC on Wednesday.
Real Kashmir FC, popularly known as Snow Leopards, on November 25 registered its first win in the hometown after defeating Indian Arrows 2:0.
It was after three matches that the team scored a goal in hometown, which equally was applauded by the spectators who had turned up in thousands to watch the game.
The first victory in hometown equally charged its fans, who for minutes together cheered for the native team after the match.
On Tuesday, the excitement for the upcoming game was quite noticeable outside TRC ground, where the Real Kashmir fans had lined up to get the tickets.
As per the team officials, more than 3,000 tickets were sold by 12 pm.
Officials at the stadium expect a huge crowd compared to the previous matches, considering the team’s last performance against Indian Arrows.
“We saw that the number of spectators has been swelling up with each match. In the last two matches the crowd was more than the actual capacity of the stadium,” an official said.
Coaches of both the teams held a pre-match conference, both of them expecting a good show of football.
Real Kashmir FC Head Coach, David Robertson, said his team has, so far, difficult for its opponents to beat.
He said his team would continue its winning momentum in the upcoming matches as well.
“Aizawal FC is confident after defeating East Bengal. The team is good and very technical. They have a fantastic striker against whom we need to do well in this game,” he said.
Coach Robertson said his team has performed well in last games even as some matches gave them “not good results”.
“Lot of people say we don’t score goals. But we have conceded successfully many last goals. We got many chances in the games to score goals,” he said.
Real Kashmir FC Coach said the jam-packed stadium at every game was boosting the morale of his players.
“We are thankful to the spectators who support us throughout the game. We are looking forward for a good show,” he said.
Aizawal FC Head Coach, Gift Raikhan, said his team was also looking to continue its winning momentum.
“We are excited about tomorrow’s match with a positive approach after last win against East Bengal. It is my fourth visit to Kashmir and players too won’t be deterred by cold climate, as Aizawal also is a hilly region,” he said.
He said Real Kashmir FC, I-League debutants, possessed “highly-professional” players.
“We appreciate the Real Kashmir FC for making it to the I- League with their good performances. Its players are fantastic and highly professional and we will love to challenge them in tomorrow’s game,” he said.
About the TRC ground, where goals have not come easily, he said it was “too small and compact”.
“This might be the reason that Real Kashmir FC defenders are exceptional here,” he said. | https://www.thekashmirmonitor.net/i-league-rkfc-play-aizawl-fc-today-aim-second-win-at-home/ |
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Cell Culture
Recombinant DNA
-GL (-glutamic acid:-lysine copolymer) conjugates have been described at considerable length and various applications of -GL conjugates of various immunologically reactive species have been reported. The following United States Patents describe in considerable detail the chemistry of -GL and method of forming conjugates thereof: 4,191,668; 4,220,565; 4,222,907; 4,253,995; 4,253,995; 4,276,206; and 4,388,441. The technology underlying the invention is found in any of several treatises and reports of current advances, including, for example: METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY, Academic Press, New York, e.g. in Volume 58, and Volume 68, ; CELL BIOLOGY, Academic Press, New York (3 volumes); METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Humana Press, Clifton, New Jersey; ADVANCES IN IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY, Pergamon Press, New York; ADVANCES IN ALLERGOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY, Pergamon Press, New York, and in the current technical and patent literature.
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J. Exp. Med.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA
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Immunol. Tol.
J. Immunol.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
J. Immunol.
J. Allerg. Clin. Immunol.
J. Immunol.
Nature (London)
J. Immunol.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.
J. Immunol.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
J. Immunol.
ADVANCES IN ALLERGOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY
J. Allerg. Clin. Immunol.
ADVANCES IN IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY
J. Immunol.
The immunochemistry of -GL conjugates is discussed and specific examples of immunochemical reaction, conjugation, and applications in diagnosis and treatment are discussed in the literature. See, for example, the above listed United States patents and the following publications. Katz, David H.; Davie, J.M.; Paul, W.E.; Benacerraf, Baruj 1971 134(1):201-223; Nossal,J.V.; Davie, J.M.; Paul, W.E.; Katz, David H.; Benacerraf, Baruj 1972 136(3):426-438; Katz, David H.; Toshiyuki, H.; Benacerraf, Baruj 1972 136(6):1404-1429; Nossal,J.V.; Pike, B. L.; Katz, David. H. 1973 138(1):312-317; Osborne, D.P.; Katz, David. H. 1973 137(4):991-1007; Katz, David H.; Toshiyuki, H.; Benacerraf, Baruj 1973 70(10):2776-2780; Toshiyuki, H.; Katz, David H. 1974 139:1446-1463; Katz, David H.; Toshiyuki, H.; Benacerraf, Baruj 1974 139:1464-1471; Katz, David H.; Benacerraf, Baruj 1974, 189-201 and 249-281; 1974, 112(3):1158-1163; Ault, K.A.; Unanue, E.R.; Katz, David H. 1974, 71(8):3111-3114; Eshhar, Z.; Benacerraf, B; Katz, David. H. 1975, 114(2):872-876; Katz, David H.; Stechsulte, D.J.; Benacerraf, Baruj 1975 55(6):403-410; Bullock, W.W., Katz, David H., Benacerraf, Baruj 1975 115(1):272-277; Mosier, D. E., 1975:257:141-3; Bitter-Suermann, D.; Hadding, U.; Schorlemmer, H. U.; Limbert, M.; Dierich, M.; Dukor, P. 1975 115(2):425-30; Chiorazzi, N; Eshhar, Z; Katz, David H. 1976 73(6):2091-5; Katz, David. H.; Borel, Y. 1978 120(6):1824-1827; Liu, Fu-Tong; Katz, David H. 1979 76(3):1430-1434; Liu, Fu-Tong; Bogowitz, C.A.; Bargatze, M.Z; Katz, Lee R.; Katz, David H. 1979 123(6):2456-2465; Katz, David H. and Liu, Fu-Tong, , Ed. Oehling, A., Pergamon Press, New York (1980) pp. 51-59; Liu, Fu-Tong; Bargatze, R.F.; Katz, David H. 1980 66(4):322-326; Katz, David H. and Liu, Fu-Tong, , Ed. Hadden, J., Pergamon Press, New York (1980) pp. 277-284; Klinman, N. R.; Schrater, A.F.; Katz, David H. 1981 126(5):1970-1973.
The published literature describes research into various immunochemical phenomena in an effort to understand the chain of immunological events and diagnostic methods and processes for detecting immunological species, e.g. antigens, haptens or antibodies to antigens or haptens.
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The ability of -GL conjugates to induce tolerance to a variety of antigens, haptens, nucleotides, nucleosides, etc. is described and the ability of such conjugates to suppress antibody responses is mentioned, see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 4,191,668, David H. Katz, March 4, 1980.
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The underlying premise in prior art methods and approaches is ability of selected -GL-antigen conjugates to interfere with the induction of antibody responses and thereby modify, reduce or prevent the production of antibodies. In the process of studying antibody tolerance, it has been discovered that -GL conjugates of cell surface receptor binding molecules which bind by specific receptors on the surface of cells and membranes stabilize such cell surface receptor binding molecules at the specific site and modifies, slows or prevents ingestion and/or migration of the receptor. This discovery has both therapeutic and diagnostic implications. For example, the cell surface binding molecule--GL conjugates of this invention can be used to permit imaging of membranes, tumors and organs, and to treat the surfaces of cells, membranes, tumors and organs by stabilizing cell surface receptor binding molecules which bind to receptor sites thereon. This invention can also be used to treat membranes and tumors by applying to the surface thereof cell surface binding molecule - -GL conjugates to modify, slow or prevent the normal response of the cell surface receptor when coupled with a normal cell surface binding molecule.
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The present invention encompasses cell surface binding molecule - -GL conjugates for use as direct therapeutic reagents in the treatment of cells, membranes, organs and tumors.
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The present invention also encompasses cell surface binding molecule - -GL conjugates for use as image enhancing reagents in the location, identification, and diagnosis of diseases or disorders of cells, membranes, organs and tumors.
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The invention may also be described as a method of imaging cells, membranes, organ and tumors which have surface cell receptors, and includes such steps as: identifying a cell surface receptor binding molecule having determinants which bind specifically to the cell receptors, forming a conjugate of the cell surface receptor binding molecule with -GL, introducing such -GL conjugate into the patient, associating an image forming moiety with the conjugate, and photographically, electronically or otherwise imaging the cell, membrane, organ or tumor.
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The invention contemplates cell receptor blocking reagents comprising -GL conjugates of cell surface receptor binding molecules which bind specifically to cell surface receptors.
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The invention includes reagents for treating diseases and disorders of cells, membranes, organs and tumors with cell surface binding molecule - -GL conjugates which include toxins, pain suppressants, antibiotics, cell growth inhibitors, and other therapeutic reagents as moieties thereon.
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The invention includes reagents comprising -GL conjugates of proteins of the type produced by or in the course of an autoimmune response in a patient; e.g. synthetic duplicates of all or portions of such proteins, genetically engineered equivalents of such proteins, or isolates of such proteins or portions thereof.
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The invention also includes reagents comprising -GL conjugates of proteins of the type produced by or in the course of a patient's response to activation by an antigen; e.g. synthetic duplicates of all or portions of such proteins, genetically engineered equivalents of such proteins, or isolates of such proteins or portions thereof.
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The invention contemplates the identification of a protein produced by a patient as a result of activation by an autoimmune response or to an xenogenous antigenic response and the injection of a -GL conjugates of such proteins as a therapeutic method in treatment of the disease with which the response is associated.
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The present invention comprises selected conjugates of the copolymer of -glutamic acid and -lysine referred to generally as -GL for introduction into the patient, animal or human, to interfere with or inhibit the progression of a disease or disorder and/or to define or diagnose the disease or disorder as to location, extent of invasion in the patient's body, type or characterization or otherwise to assist in the diagnosis of the patient's diseases or disorders.
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In the discussion which follows, some terms are used in a more general sense than might be considered rigorous as a precise definition of the term. "Cell surface receptor binding molecule", for example, is used, unless otherwise indicated or modified, to mean a biological or biochemical species which acts as a single biological or physiological unit and which reacts with specific binding determinants upon the cells of a membrane, tumor, or other tissue. In many instances, such units are indeed single molecules. In other instances, such units may comprise more than one molecular entity, as the term molecular may be rigidly defined in the pure chemical bonding sense. Antibodies, generally, are single molecules and are within the meaning of the term "cell surface receptor binding molecule" as used herein. The essential feature of a cell surface receptor binding molecule as the term is used here, is that it is unitary in its physiological characteristics and binds selectively through specific determinants to cell surface receptors. The terms "reagent" and "moiety" are used in an interrelated sense, as follows, unless the context or modifiers indicate a different meaning. A "reagent" may be any chemical, biological or biochemical material which exhibits therapeutic or imaging characteristics and which can be reacted with, bound to, or associated with -GL conjugates of this invention or to -GL. A "moiety" may be any chemical, biological or biochemical adduct or substituent to -GL conjugates of this invention or to -GL as a precursor to such conjugates which exhibits therapeutic or imaging characteristics. "Therapy" and derivatives thereof as used here mean any function, phenomena, or treatment which is beneficial to the patient. "Patients" may be animals or humans. Receptor cell blocking means, as the term is used here, preventing reaction of the cell surface receptor in the way it would otherwise react when bound with a normal, unmodified cell surface receptor binding molecule; e.g., preventing or reducing the mobility of the receptor, preventing or reducing the ingestion of the receptor and/or the blocking cell surface receptor binding molecule, or modifying the normal physiological function of the cell surface receptor.
The following examples will illustrate the procedures, methods, compositions, and, to some extent, the mechanisms of this invention. The examples are intended to teach the concepts of the invention and are not limiting in any manner or degree as to the application, utility or scope of the invention.
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The binding of a cell surface receptor binding molecule having determinants specific for a cell surface receptor may trigger one or more responses by the cell and in the host. Such responses may include migration of the receptor in the membrane, migration of the receptor into the cell where it may be metabolized to trigger an intracellular metabolic function, or to induce or suppress a group of cellular metabolic functions, transmission of a pain signal to the brain, proliferation of cells, synthesis of immunogen, histamine, complement factors, lymphokines, helper factors, suppressor factors or other physiologically active or activity inducing or suppressing substances. It has now been discovered that the presence of a cell surface receptor binding molecule--GL conjugate modifies such response. It is possible to block such responses in a negative manner, i.e. simply interfere with the normal response or the normal rate of response, or to modify the response in a positive way, i.e. induce a beneficial response, such as pain reduction or prevention and promoting healing. By including an imaging moiety, the cell surface, tumor, etc. may be imaged for diagnostic purposes. All such reactions are referred to here as "blocking" because all involve blocking the cell receptor from binding with a cell surface receptor binding molecule which would induce the normal response.
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T-cells are characterized by the presence of cell surface receptors which are capable of specifically binding antigens, though the exact nature of these receptors is not fully understood. There is some evidence that the T-cell surface receptor consists of one or two chains, but this has not been established to the complete satisfaction of all immunologists. The presence of cell surface binding molecules, antigens, on T-cells is manifest in the response of the T-cell vis-a-vis a particular activation of the T-cell. It is generally recognized that there is an interdependence between the antigen and MHC (major histocompatibility complex), but universal agreement upon the nature and extent of this interdependence has not been reached. It is sufficient for present purposes to recognize that it is difficult and in most instances impossible to predict what, if any, change in response may be expected from the reaction of T-cell surface receptors with changed cell surface binding molecules. There is substantial agreement that lectin- and antigen- activated T-cells produce the lymphokine referred to as T-Cell Growth Factor (TCGF) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). TCGF is a protein (MW 12,000 - 17,000) whose activity allows the long-term proliferation of T-Cells followed by interaction with antigen. TCGF has been implicated in the maintenance of T cell malignancies (Gootenberg, J.E., et al 1981 154:1403). Natural killer cell activity may also be stimulated by TCGF (Henney, C.S. et al, 1981 291:335). TCGF exists naturally in only very small amounts; however, recent advances in recombinant DNA technology have made it possible to obtain TCGF in amounts suitable for rather detailed studies and other laboratory purposes. -GL conjugates of TCGF, TCGF--GL conjugates according to this invention can be introduced, by injection for example, into the patient where such TCGF--GL conjugates will specifically bind to and inhibit the proliferation of TCGF dependent tumor cells, such as leukemias and lymphomas. It is significant that the specific cell surface binding molecule - -GL conjugate, TCGF--GL, without any other reagent moiety has therapeutic effect. Further, if a specific tumor expresses TCGF receptors, the TCGF--GL conjugate will bind to these receptors, thus offering diagnostic applications and by interfering with non-conjugated TCGF binding to the tumor expressed TCGF receptors differentiating between tumor and non-tumor express TCGF receptors, differentially inhibiting proliferation of tumor cells and be of therapeutic value. Tumor toxic moieties attached to the -GL backbone bound via the TCGF--GL conjugates act directly upon the tumor and may reduce or prevent the proliferation of tumor cells and may kill existing tumor cells, depending upon the specific tumor toxic moiety utilized.
Nature
D
TCGF expressing hybridoma have been described (Tanaguchi, et al. 1983 302:305) and the sequence thereof reported. TCGF is coupled to -GL by the methods described by Katz (U.S. Patents Nos. 4,191,668 and 4,276,206). The resulting conjugate is suspended in a physiologically acceptable solution, e.g. isotonic saline solution, and injected periodically, e.g. daily, in amounts of from a few nanograms to 100 micrograms the most efficacious amount being determined by starting with a minimum injection and increasing the injection while observing the tumor growth pattern until the growth is arrested and/or reversed. Injections may be into the blood stream or peritoneal fluid or introduced adjacent to the tumor to be treated, or into a body fluid stream which enters an organ with which the tumor is associated.
D
D
D
Distinct cell surface cell surface receptor binding molecules are associated with various tumors, and are expressed differentially at high concentrations on the surface of some tumors. -GL conjugates of anti-tumor antibody will bind specifically to the tumor, interfering with normal tumor growth. Therapeutic agents, e.g. radioactive atoms or toxins, which could not be tolerated on a whole-body basis may be coupled through -GL to the specifically binding antibody, thus directing the therapeutic agent to the tumor, concentrating the radiation, toxicity or other therapeutic effect on the tumor surface where the therapeutic effect is maximized and the overall side reaction is minimized. Beta and soft gamma emitting radioisotopes which normally have little or no value in therapy may be used with great effect because they are on the surface of the tissue to be attacked. Since the -GL conjugate will concentrate preferentially on the tumor surface and will otherwise be spread throughout the body, the whole-body radiation is minimal while effective levels of radiation are concentrated on the tumor surface.
D
D
I⁻¹³¹ labeled cell surface binding molecule - -GL conjugate may be used, for example, in the treatment of tumors which respond to radiotherapy by forming a conjugate of I⁻¹³¹ labeled -GL with the cell surface binding molecule which binds specifically to the tumor. The radiation of the I⁻¹³¹ decay acts directly and immediately upon the tumor with minimal radiation upon other organs. A number of procedures for labelling reagents with I⁻¹³¹ and other radiolabels are disclosed in HANDBOOK OF RADIOIMMUNOASSAY, Guy E. Abraham, Marcell Dekker, Inc., New York, 1977, the references cited therein and in the more recent literature. Other radiolabels may, of course, be used to accomplish desired types, levels and lengths of radiation therapy to a particular tumor.
D
D
In some instances, through only minor invasion of the body, the cell surface binding molecule -GL-therapeutic conjugate may be applied directly to or adjacent the tumor, thus permitting the direct and most efficient binding of the therapeutic agent specifically to the tumor with minimum migration through the body. This procedure may be carried out, for example, by using X-ray viewing or other techniques to guide the tip of a hypodermic syringe to the desired location and introducing the cell surface binding molecule -GL conjugate on or adjacent the tumor. Injection may, as in the above examples, be through the blood circulatory system.
D
D
In addition to the purely therapeutic applications referred to, the size, shape and location of a tumor may be determined with considerable accuracy using the technique described to attach a visualizing moiety such as a radioactive or radiopaque to the backbone of the -GL of the cell surface binding molecule - -GL conjugate or to the molecule thereof, and directing the conjugate to the tumor.
D
D
The present invention has general application to therapy in diseases in which receptor blocking technology is involved, and to the use of proteins conjugated to polymers of -glutamic acid and -lysine for treatment of antibody-mediated autoimmune disease. | |
In evolutionary processes, population structure has a substantial effect on natural selection. Here, we analyse how motion of individuals affects constant selection in structured populations. Motion is relevant because it leads to changes in the distribution of types as mutations march towards fixation or extinction. We describe motion as the swapping of individuals on graphs, and more generally as the shuffling of individuals between reproductive updates. Beginning with a one-dimensional graph, the cycle, we prove that motion suppresses natural selection for death–birth (DB) updating or for any process that combines birth–death (BD) and DB updating. If the rule is purely BD updating, no change in fixation probability appears in the presence of motion. We further investigate how motion affects evolution on the square lattice and weighted graphs. In the case of weighted graphs, we find that motion can be either an amplifier or a suppressor of natural selection. In some cases, whether it is one or the other can be a function of the relative reproductive rate, indicating that motion is a subtle and complex attribute of evolving populations. As a first step towards understanding less restricted types of motion in evolutionary graph theory, we consider a similar rule on dynamic graphs induced by a spatial flow and find qualitatively similar results, indicating that continuous motion also suppresses natural selection. | https://comdig.unam.mx/2017/10/10/effects-of-motion-in-structured-populations/ |
As I’m getting back in to my health and fitness I’m discovering more and more people who are on the same page as me and who inspire me to achieve my wellbeing goals.
Through my mindfulness practice of being kind to myself I’ve realised that I have to want to be healthy for myself, not for an upcoming event like a wedding or holiday but as part of my everyday lifestyle that I can stick to. A bit like brushing my teeth, it’s something I do on a daily basis to feel happy and clean and wouldn’t skip doing it, and it’s something I do for myself not for anyone else, even though I’m sure others I engage in appreciate the fact I brush my teeth but you know what I mean! If you want to be fit and healthy for the rest of your life then you have to do it for yourself because you have to enjoy the process rather than it being a chore.
I know it can be intimidating following people who look so different to you, for example the women I have shared below are about a foot taller than me and in amazing shape, I can either look at them and be jealous and think I will never be as fit or as limber as them OR I can look at them as inspiration to get motivated to make my body look the best it can. I choose the later because we are all made differently for a reason and I will never be taller than I am so what’s the point in being jealous of anyone else for things you can’t change but we can all do things differently in our daily routines to eat better and move our bodies to feel better within ourselves.
Here are a few people that have been inspiring me lately.
Zanna Van Dijk is someone I’ve seen on social media for a while but didn’t start following her until recently and I really like her positive mental attitude towards life, health and fitness. She comes across as someone who gets sh!t done but isn’t scared to show that it isn’t easy and takes hard work to achieve your goals. She’s super young compared to me but I love her enthusiasm and it encourages me to keep at my fitness regime even when I don’t want to.
The Happy Pear are a twin brother duo who I’ve been following for a while now and I really like their no frills approach to eating a clean, healthy, balanced and vegan diet. They make simple recipes and explain things clearly and their books are really well written and easy to follow. They also make being vegan and exercising fun. As they are a similar age to me it shows that you can be healthy as a vegan and make positive changes at any stage of your life.
The Avantgarde Vegan AKA Gaz Oakely is another person whose approach to a vegan lifestyle I really enjoy watching on YouTube. I’ve binged watched all of his recipe videos and have been so inspired by his work and his dedication to veganism.
Tara Stiles is someone I have adored for so long and have been lucky enough to see her speak in London and meet her. I love how passionate she is about yoga and having a healthy lifestyle. She truly has inspired me over the years in many ways and areas of life but definitely with getting started in my yoga journey. She doesn’t make you feel that you have to be “perfect” at yoga she just encourages you to get started and move your body, she has a massive library of videos over on YouTube to follow.
The Body Coach is someone who has bought a bit of humour and excitement to HIIT workouts over the past few years. If I want instant results, instant meaning within a few weeks, I do the free workouts he shares online. Quick but hard twenty minute HIIT workouts using only your body weight which you can do anywhere from your bedroom to a park, definitely gives results. | https://www.mindfullymindful.com/food-fitness-fridays-healthy-edition/ |
In college, students often have to balance their life and workload. Though time management is a vital aspect to academic success, many students do not practice it well. Many students are stressed by the numerous responsibilities associated with their busy lives. That is why a service such as EduBirdie can help students overcome this challenge. If you’re short of time An essay writing service is a great option.
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There are many ways to check for plagiarism on an essay. The most efficient method is to look up the essay on the internet using a plagiarism checker. This will take a few hours, depending on how long your piece of writing. Once the essay has been reviewed, you’ll be able to edit and then re-check the work as you require. The findings will be presented by a PDF document. You must ensure that you review all citations and documents attentively.
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Plagiarism is a crime. Though it is possible to do it accidentally but it’s crucial to understand the definition of plagiarism. It can be unintentional – whenever someone has read something that you’ve written and sticks it in their heads – or you write using common words without citing the source. While citing sources, students may not cite these sources, which is plagiarism. That’s not a reason for excuses, the same thing applies to plagiarism.
Though some of these free plagiarism checking tools aren’t very sophisticated They can be helpful to students to avoid unnecessary issues. Many of them can be download and immediately used – so you won’t need to wait for result to appear. Furthermore, these softwares can be used for free and could save you lots of time and money. A free plagiarism detector can assist you in saving time. If you’re writing an essay, you’ll need to verify that your essay isn’t plagiarism-free. This can be done online by visiting the website of the organization providing the service, then by using the copyright link, you can insert the content.
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The majority of non-traditional students don’t understand how much to charge for essays. The pace of college can be extremely quick and they don’t have the time or energy to write an essay by themselves. An essay writing service is an excellent option for those with a lot of responsibilities after their college. Below are some tips on how to price someone who writes an essay. Additionally, you are able to check out customer testimonials.
The cost for writing an essay depends on how complex the assignment is and the time it takes to be done. The best quality papers are costly, but could also come with an affordable cost. Trustworthy companies often provide discounts for repeat https://www.debwan.com/blogs/344815/What-is-the-significance-of-the-ghost-writer customers as well as guarantees of money back. Also, if you are looking for a cheap essay writer, make sure that they offer a written guarantee on their work. | https://bochaganjchatroleague.org/2022/06/26/i-need-someone-to-write-my-essay-for-me/ |
This recipe quickly made it's way to the top of my Thanksgiving and Christmas baking lists. An incredibly moist cake, full of warm spices and fresh apples with a gorgeous crumb, made deliciously complex by the addition of homemade apple cider syrup, fresh and ground ginger and over a pound of apples. It bakes up perfectly in a bundt pan or as a layer cake in two 8 inch cake pans. I used Opal, Jonagold, Granny Smith and Honey Crisp apples. I love the different levels of sweet and tart, crisp and juicy. You can just as easily use one variety.
APPLE CIDER SYRUP:
Reduce one bottle or can of apple cider on medium heat with two tablespoons of maple syrup for about 15 minutes, until it has reached a thick honey like consistency. I like Golden State Cider, Mighty Dry Hard Cider. It is perfect for drinking and cooking.
GINGERBREAD APPLE CIDER CAKE
WET INGREDIENTS:
1/2 cup butter, (8 tablespoons) at room temperature
1/2 cup apple sauce
4 large eggs
2 teaspoons vanilla extract
Apple cider syrup (see directions below)
2 cups peeled and shredded apples (about four medium apples)
1 teaspoon fresh grated ginger
DRY INGREDIENTS:
1 1/2 cup whole wheat flour
1 1/2 cup all purpose flour
2 teaspoons baking powder
1/2 teaspoon baking soda
2 teaspoons ground ginger
1 teaspoon ground cinnamon
1/2 teaspoon ground nutmeg
3/4 cup brown sugar
3/4 cup granulated sugar
METHOD:
Place rack in center of the oven and preheat to 350 degrees. Grease your bundt pan or two 8 inch round cake pans with melted butter or cooking spray.
Wash and peel your apples, then shred into a large glass measuring cup. You will need 2 cups, about four medium apples. Add your vanilla extract and grated ginger. Stir to combine. Set aside.
Sift your flours, spices, baking powder and soda together in a medium bowl.
In a stand mixer (or large bowl and hand mixer) cream together your butter and sugars until fluffy. Mix in your apple cider syrup, then add your eggs one at a time, until fully incorporated.
Add your flour in two parts, alternating with your shredded apples. With each addition mix only until just combined. Overbeating will cause your cake to be dense and tough. Scrape the sides of your bowl to ensure all of your ingredients are mixed in.
Pour the batter into your pan and smooth out the top. Tap the pan on your countertop to reduce bubbles and place in the oven on the center rack.
Bake for 50-60 minutes or until your cake tester (or a tooth pick) comes out clean.
Let your cake cool in the pan for 20-30 minutes, then place a cooling rack on top and invert your cake for easy removal. | https://www.megpiesbakery.com/blogs/megpies-blog/tagged/dessert |
221 S.E.2d 920 (1976)
28 N.C. App. 527
Joseph Wade PETERSON
v.
William H. JOHNSON, Executor, Estate of Maybelle Jones, Deceased.
No. 7510SC553.
Court of Appeals of North Carolina.
February 18, 1976.
*922 Nance, Collier, Singleton, Kirkman & Herndon by James R. Nance, Fayetteville, and Jordan, Morris & Hoke by John R. Jordan, Jr., Raleigh, for plaintiff-appellee.
Bailey, Dixon, Wooten, McDonald & Fountain by Wright T. Dixon, Jr., and John N. Fountain, Raleigh, for defendant-appellant.
PARKER, Judge.
Defendant assigns error to denial of his motions for directed verdict and for judgment notwithstanding the verdict, contending that plaintiff's evidence was insufficient to show negligence on the part of defendant's testatrix. We hold that the motions were properly denied. "When a plaintiff suing to recover damages for injuries sustained in a collision offers evidence tending to show that the collision occurred when the defendant was driving to his left of the center of the highway, such evidence makes out a prima facie case of actionable negligence." Anderson v. Webb, 267 N.C. 745, 749, 148 S.E.2d 846, 849 (1966). The case was properly submitted to the jury.
During testimony of Patrolman Rogers, who investigated the accident, defendant sought to cross-examine him regarding a statement made at the scene of the accident by one Patterson, who was an eyewitness to the collision but who had not yet testified. Plaintiff's objection was sustained. Later Patterson was called and testified for the plaintiff. On cross-examination he testified that he had talked with the patrolman at the scene of the accident but he did not recall exactly what he had told him. At the conclusion of Patterson's testimony, defendant requested that he be permitted to further cross-examine Rogers. The Court denied the request and ruled that if defendant did further question Rogers, it would be as his own witness. Defendant did not call Rogers. Defendant now contends that in these rulings the Court committed error. We do not agree.
Statements made by the witness Patterson to the patrolman would not have *923 been admissible as substantive evidence of the facts stated therein. Evidence concerning them would have been admissible only for the consideration of the jury in determining Patterson's credibility as a witness. 1 Stansbury's N.C. Evidence (Brandis Revision) § 46. Hence, testimony concerning them was not admissible until Patterson testified and the trial judge properly sustained plaintiff's objection when defendant first sought to cross-examine the patrolman concerning them, since Patterson had not then testified. Later, after Patterson testified, evidence of any prior inconsistent statements made by him would have been admissible as bearing on his credibility. However, if defendant desired to present such evidence, the court's rulings merely required that he present Rogers as his own witness if he desired to use his testimony to show prior inconsistent statements made by Patterson. Defendant elected not to present any evidence, as was his right. He may not now justly complain that he was not permitted to offer evidence of his own, under the guise of cross-examination, in the midst of the presentation of plaintiff's case against him. See, State v. Yoes, 271 N.C. 616, 157 S.E.2d 386 (1967).
Defendant objected to the use of the deposition of Doctor Keranen at trial, in lieu of his actual testimony, since the deposition indicates that the last observation of plaintiff by the doctor was a full 18 months prior to its use at trial. G.S. 1A-1, Rule 26(d)(3)(iii), provides for use of deposition at trial if the court finds that the deponent is a physician who either resides or maintains his office outside the county where the trial or hearing is held. Upon plaintiff's motion to use this deposition at trial, the Court examined an affidavit of Dr. Keranen and allowed use of the deposition, having determined that the physician resides in Cumberland County. Furthermore, in the order on pre-trial conference filed 18 July 1974, plaintiff stated that Dr. Keranen had been deposed and his deposition would be offered at trial in the event he could not appear. We find the admission of this deposition to have been proper.
Defendant also contends that opinions by Dr. Keranen as presented in his deposition should not have been read to the jury in the absence of his qualification as an expert witness. Upon ruling on the initial admissibility of the deposition the court stated: "Let the record show that the Court finds as a fact that Dr. Victor Keranen is a medical doctor specializing in neurological surgery and practices his profession in the City of Fayetteville." In his deposition Dr. Keranen testified: "I am a practicing physician in the city of Fayetteville. I got my M.D. degree at Duke. I interned at that hospital. My residency was at the University of Vermont in neurological surgery. I have practiced neurological surgery for the past 3½ years." Qualification of a witness to testify as an expert in the particular matter at issue is a matter primarily within the discretion of the trial judge whose determination is ordinarily conclusive unless based upon insufficient evidence or unless an abuse of discretion is shown. 3 Strong, N.C. Index 2nd, Evidence, § 48, p. 678. "In the absence of a request by the appellant for a finding by the trial court as to the qualification of a witness as an expert, it is not essential that the record show an express finding on this matter, the finding, one way or the other, being deemed implicit in the ruling admitting or rejecting the opinion testimony of the witness." State v. Perry, 275 N.C. 565, 572, 169 S.E.2d 839, 844 (1969). We find the admission of this opinion testimony to have been proper.
Defendant assigns as error the action of the court in sustaining objection to the question, directed by defendant's counsel to plaintiff during cross-examination, "Were you ever convicted of failing to yield right of way resulting from an accident on March 18, 1968?" Although such a question may have been proper as seeking to elicit evidence tending to establish poor driving habits on the part of plaintiff, we can find no prejudicial error in the Court's sustaining the objection, since the question was *924 nevertheless answered by the plaintiff, who testified that he did not recall having been in an accident on March 18, 1968.
Defendant contends that plaintiff's employer, Perry, was allowed to give opinion evidence without being qualified as an expert. Mr. Perry testified as to the following: amount of overtime put in by plaintiff, the number of pay increases since May 1971 for top truck drivers, comparison of plaintiff's pay with other truck drivers, his inability to use plaintiff as a truck driver since 26 May 1971, and the amount of salary plaintiff had lost since 26 May 1971 due to his inability to drive a truck and make extra hours. This information was obtained by Perry through compilation of work records and payroll records and his own personal knowledge. A nonexpert witness may testify as to facts within his own knowledge and observation. 3 Strong, N.C. Index 2nd, Evidence, § 40, p. 664. That Perry estimated plaintiff's loss in salary by comparison with the salary of another employed on the same basis, and not from official records and books, does not make such evidence inadmissible, especially in light of the fact that defendant was given ample opportunity to cross-examine. See, Smith v. Corsat, 260 N.C. 92, 131 S.E.2d 894 (1963).
Defendant contends the court erroneously admitted opinion evidence by a nonexpert witness in the testimony of Patterson. Patterson testified that "[t]he car pulled to its left over the center line, went back in, tilted as if it had hit the shoulder." A nonexpert witness is permitted to describe facts observed by him in the form of a "shorthand" statement; that is, he may give his opinion as to common appearances, facts, and conditions in such a manner to enable a person who is not an eyewitness to form an accurate judgment as to what actually occurred. Morris v. Lambeth, 203 N.C. 695, 166 S.E. 790 (1932). The word "tilted" as used by the witness was a descriptive term utilized to aid the jury's comprehension of the event which was observed and as used was competent.
Defendant assigns error to portions of the court's instructions to the jury. We have examined each of these, and find no prejudicial error.
In the trial and in the judgment appealed from, we find
No error.
BRITT and CLARK, JJ., concur.
| |
What is the difference between Silica Gel and Oxygen Absorber? Which one is better?
Question
3 months AGO 121 views
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The differences between Oxygen Absorber and Silica Gel are as following:-
|Oxygen Absorber||Silica Gel (Desiccant)|
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|Typical Uses on Food Products||Foods prone to rancidification, including:
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Oxygen absorber absorbs oxygen but not air or moisture whereas silica gel absorb moisture. Therefore, oxygen absorber is recommended if we want to maintain the level of humidity in the packaging and extend the freshness of food product. On the other hand, silica gel helps to reduce the humidity level in the packaging and enhance the life span of food products. | http://www.ricebowlasia.com/questions/what-is-the-difference-between-silica-gel-and-oxygen-absorber-which-one-is-better/ |
Sweet and salty chocolate orange party mix with cereal, pretzels, and almonds. ADDICTIVE! Use holiday colored candies to make it festive for any occasion!
Prep Time:
5
mins
Cook Time:
40
mins
Total Time:
1
hr
Servings:
13
servings
Ingredients
1x
2x
3x
3
cups
square rice cereal
1 1/2
cups
bite-size pretzel twists
1
cup
raw almonds
2
tablespoons
unsalted butter
1
tablespoon
ANGOSTURA orange bitters
1
tablespoon
honey
1
teaspoon
freshly grated orange zest
1/2
teaspoon
kosher salt
1
cup
black and orange candy-coated chocolate pieces
Instructions
Preheat the oven to 250°F. Line large, rimmed baking sheet with parchment paper. Place the cereal, pretzels and almonds in a large mixing bowl.
In a small, microwave-safe bowl or measuring cup, melt the butter together with the orange bitters and honey. Once melted, stir until smooth, then stir in the orange zest and salt. Pour over the cereal mixture. Stir gently to coat, then spread the cereal mixture onto the prepared baking sheet.
Bake for 40 minutes, or until the mixture is toasted and crunchy, stirring once or twice throughout. Remove from the oven and let cool completely on the baking sheet. Add to a serving bowl and toss with the chocolate candies. Enjoy immediately or store in an airtight container at room temperature for up to 2 weeks.
Nutrition
Serving:
0.5
cup
,
Calories:
178
kcal
,
Carbohydrates:
22
g
,
Protein:
4
g
,
Fat:
9
g
,
Saturated Fat:
3
g
,
Cholesterol:
6
mg
,
Fiber:
2
g
,
Sugar:
10
g
Course:
Appetizer, Snack
Cuisine:
American
All text and images ©
Erin Clarke / Well Plated
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Licensed real estate Sales Associate since 2007 with 30+ years sales experience in the luxury wholesale fashion sector.
A lifelong resident of Hudson County and local market expert, Mary is a skilled negotiator and attentive listener with a keen eye for detail. Her goal is to provide truly exceptional, personalized service to buyers and sellers alike based on the unique preferences of each client to ensure a seamless transaction that exceeds client expectations. | https://www.prominentproperties.com/agent/mary-mccoy/ |
Wall mounted luminaires or lights for illuminating outdoor areas are often equipped with a motion detector that switches on a lamp when movement is detected. The detector is commonly an infrared sensor that detects infrared emissions radiated by a body, but they may also be ultrasound sensors that emit a high frequency wave pulse and listen to the echo to detect any physical changes in the environment. In either case, the principle is to detect the presence of a person and automatically activate a light to illuminate an area so that the person can see their surroundings or so that others are made aware of their presence, if the light is being used for security purposes.
A common problem is that it is difficult to effectively position these lamps to light the required area, such as a pathway or courtyard, without shining light directly towards and into the eyes of a person when they are walking towards the light. Although the light can be positioned or orientated so that it does not shine directly into the eyes of an approaching person, it may then not effectively illuminate the required area.
It is known from EP 1,408,276 A2 to provide a system with a plurality of light sources and sensors that determine the position of a person. The light sources are controlled so as to generate maximum illumination at the person's location.
It is known from U.S.2010/0301767 A1 to provide an interactive lighting system for a clothing rack in which the lighting is controlled in dependence on the distance of a person from the rack.
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CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
This Application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/289,138, entitled “SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MINIMIZING PACKAGE DELIVERY TIME”, which was filed on May 8, 2001 by John Stevens, et al. and assigned to the present assignee, and which is incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a system and method for delivering packages, and in particular, a system and method for delivering packages which reduces (e.g., minimizes) a delivery time.
2. Description of the Related Art
When a driver has many packages to deliver in a short period of time, it is important that the package be quickly located. In a typical delivery van, the packages have been pre-sorted into the approximate hour of anticipated delivery. The driver has a printed list of addresses and number of items for each address. The driver drives along the streets until he finds the address, parks the truck, and goes to the back of truck with the printed list.
The driver then sorts through all the packages to find the package having the correct name and address. The driver must also ensure that he has located all of the packages to be delivered to that particular destination. When the driver locates the packages, he must checkoff a list taken to the door at the destination address and obtain a signature or some other indication that the package was delivered.
However, in such a conventional delivery system, locating the proper packages can be difficult. The packages may shift and are not easily located by the driver. Accordingly, the resulting delays can substantially increase the time taken for each delivery and thereby reduce the total number of deliveries that can be made during the driver's delivery run.
In view of the foregoing and other problems, disadvantages, and drawbacks of the conventional methods and structures, a purpose of the exemplary aspects of the present invention is to provide a system and method for reducing (e.g., minimizing) a delivery time.
The claimed invention includes an inventive system for delivering packages. The inventive system includes a computer system (e.g., located on a transport vehicle) for determining an optimum route for delivering said package, an electronic tag associated with the package including a first transceiver, and a signaling device. The inventive system also includes a base station having a second transceiver for wirelessly communicating with said first transceiver (e.g., in order to reduce (e.g., minimize) a delivery time). In the inventive system, a signaling device may be activated when the package arrives at a destination, which may help the delivery driver to locate the package in the transport vehicle.
Further, computer system utilizes an electronic positioning system (e.g., a satellite based global positioning system) in order to locate the transport vehicle in real time. Further, the computer system may include a third transceiver for wirelessly communicating with the base station and/or electronic tag.
The system may also include a container for housing the package. In this case, the electronic tag may be affixed to the container. The system may also include a loop antenna located in a transport vehicle which delivers said package. The electronic tag may store an identification number which is unique to a package associated with the electronic tag. The base station may, therefore, wirelessly communicate with the electronic tag using the loop antenna. For example, the base station may causes the electronic tag to activate the signaling device when a destination is reached for a package associated with the electronic tag.
In another aspect, an inventive method for reducing (e.g., minimizing) package delivery time includes inputting a delivery address to a computer system to determine an optimum delivery route, associating an electronic tag with the package, placing the package on a transport vehicle, and activating a signaling device on the electronic tag when the transport vehicle arrives at a destination of the package associated with the electronic tag.
The claimed invention also includes a programmable storage medium tangibly embodying a program of machine-readable instructions executable by a digital processing apparatus to perform a method for reducing (e.g., minimizing) package delivery time.
With its unique and novel aspects, the claimed invention provides a system and method which reduces a package delivery time, thereby resulting in lower cost to the delivery company and ultimately to consumers.
The foregoing and other purposes, aspects and advantages will be better understood from the following detailed description of the exemplary aspects of the invention with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1
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illustrates a system for reducing (e.g., minimizing) package delivery time according to the exemplary aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 2
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illustrates a container for holding a package to be delivered, according to the exemplary aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 3
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illustrates an electronic tag used in the inventive system according to the exemplary aspects of the present invention;
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illustrates the circuitry of the electronic tag used in the inventive system according to the exemplary aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 5
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is a flow chart of communications in the inventive system according to the exemplary aspects of the present invention;
FIG. 6
illustrates an electronic tag temporarily affixed to a package as used in the inventive system according to the exemplary aspects of the present invention; and
FIG. 7
is a flow chart illustrating the inventive method according to the exemplary aspects of the present invention.
FIG. 1
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Referring now to the drawings, illustrates an inventive system for reducing (e.g., minimizing) package delivery time according to the claimed invention.
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Generally, the claimed invention includes a semi-automated delivery system that reduces (e.g., minimizes) the time required for a delivery driver to deliver packages. The inventive system may select an optimum route for the driver, identify the correct packages to be delivered at each destination, and verify that the package was actually delivered.
FIG. 1
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As shown in , the inventive delivery system may utilize a two-way inductive wireless communication system. Specifically, the delivery system includes an electronic positioning system (e.g., a satellite-based global positioning system (GPS)), to verify the location of the transport vehicle .
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The delivery system also includes a computer system which may be located, for example, on a transport vehicle used to deliver a package (e.g., packages). The computer system may monitor the location of the transport vehicle using the electronic positioning system (e.g., a GPS receiver may be located on the transport vehicle ). The inventive delivery system may also include a base station which may wirelessly communicate with the computer system on the transport vehicle to optimize a delivery route.
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FIG. 2
The inventive system may further include a container (e.g., a plurality of containers) (e.g., bags or totes) which contains a package(s) to be delivered to a destination using, for example, a transport vehicle. As shown in more detail in , the container . may be made from materials such as cloth (e.g., canvas) or plastic (e.g., nylon), and may include a support device (e.g., a support strap) attached to the container (e.g. at the top of the container) for easily storing the container (e.g., on a rack in a transport vehicle) and transporting the container (e.g., by hand-carrying the container).
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Further, as shown in , a small electronic tag (i.e., electronic module) may be associated with a container. In addition, the electronic tag (e.g., electronic module) may also be similar in form and function to the electronic tag described in Stevens, et al., U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/474,353, entitled “TOTE-BASED WAREHOUSING SYSTEM AND METHOD”, which was filed on Oct. 9, 2003, and the electronic tag described in Stevens, et al., U. S. patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled “DELIVERY SYSTEM AND METHOD USING AN ELECTRONIC TAG”, which was filed on Nov. 3, 2003, and which are commonly assigned with the present application, and are incorporated herein by reference.
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Further, the electronic tag may be located, for example, in a small translucent pocket on the container . The tag may include a signaling device (e.g., a plurality of signaling devices) such as a colored (e.g., red or green) light emitting device (e.g., a light emitting diode (LED) or an audible signaling device). The electronic tag may also include a display such as a liquid crystal display (LCD) for numeric or alphanumeric display, and a switch (e.g., plurality of switches or buttons) for controlling an operation of the electronic tag .
FIG. 4
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provides a more detailed description of the electronic tag . As shown in , the electronic tag additionally may include an inexpensive processor (e.g., a low powered four bit microprocessor), a memory device (e.g., a random access memory (RAM)) or other nonvolatile memory device for storing a unique identification number. The identification number may be permanent, so that it can be changed only with a special program and transmitter.
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The electronic tag may also contain a transceiver (e.g., a two-way communication chip) for allowing the electronic tag to wirelessly communicate (e.g., via a radio frequency (RF) link) with other objects, such as the base station . The two-way communications chip may be, for example, a lowcost CMOS analog digital chip. The two-way communications chip may be connected to orthogonal ferrite antennas that are able to transmit and receive signals using low frequencies to the loop antenna (e.g., in the transport vehicle) wirelessly connected to the base station.
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FIG. 1
Further, a loop antenna may be located on the transport vehicle in order to facilitate a two way communication between the electronic tag(s) and the base station . Although the loop antenna is illustrated in as surrounding the containers , this should not be considered as limiting. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art would readily understand that such a loop antenna may be much smaller and need only have a size sufficient for performing the tasks of the inventive system .
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More specifically, the electronic tag may wirelessly communicate with the base station via a bi-directional wireless link. The wireless link may include, for example, a low frequency conductive loop requiring minimal power and allowing communication within a predetermined area. Further, the LCD may be programmed to display both numeric as well as alphanumeric information transmitted to the electronic tag (e.g., electronic module) via the base station . The circuitry may be solar powered or powered, for example, by a battery or other power source. Battery life using conventional alkaline batteries is likely to exceed five years, and with AAA batteries the life may be longer.
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In the inventive system , the container may be loaded with a package(s), for example, at a distribution center or warehouse facility. The packages may then be transferred onto a transport vehicle where the packages are sorted and placed (e.g., on shelves) in the transport vehicle. The location of the containers on the transport vehicle can be random or predetermined.
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The electronic tag may be used to help direct the placement of packages at predetermined locations on the transport vehicle. For example, a package's proper location on the transport vehicle may be displayed on the LCD so that it may be easily viewed, for example, by package handlers at the distribution center. For instance, the packages may be sorted and shelved on the transport vehicle, for example, by destination.
Further, the location of a package (e.g., location code) on the transport vehicle may be determined so as to reduce (e.g., minimize) driver time. For example, the location may be determined based upon, for example, the route the transport vehicle must take to deliver all the packages.
The packages (e.g., containers) can be placed from left to right, front to back, upper to lower or lower to upper or in any other order, according to such factors as the destination of the package or the anticipated time of delivery. For example, the earliest or closest deliveries may start on the lower left side of the transport vehicle and proceed up and right along the wall of the transport vehicle so that the latest or farthest deliveries would be located on the lower right side of the transport vehicle.
Therefore, the delivery driver does not have to know what package is to be delivered to a particular destination. Instead, the driver may make a delivery knowing, for example, a package located at a particular location on the transport vehicle is to be delivered to a particular destination.
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In addition, using the loop antenna , the base station may poll all of the electronic tags in the inventive system in search of a particular electronic tag and communicate only with that particular tag. For instance, the base station may poll each of the electronic tags located near (e.g., within range of) the loop antenna on the transport vehicle . Thus, the base station is capable of placing specific information on the display , activating/deactivating the signaling device (e.g., flashing the light emitting diodes ), selectively activating the electronic tags contained in the containers on the vehicle.
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For instance, the GPS coordinates of a destination (e.g., delivery address) may be known in advance. The containers with packages may be loaded onto racks at a distribution center and placed in the transport vehicle. The loop antenna may, for example, be wired around the back and/or top of the rack holding the containers. The loop antenna is wirelessly connected to the base station which can transmit and receive (e.g., via RF link) to the electronic tags included in the loop.
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The electronic tags may have unique identification numbers. Thus, the base station may poll the electronic tags in the loop (e.g., in the transport vehicle) for a specific identification number, and then communicate only to that specific electronic tag. For example, the base station may place specific information on the display of the electronic tag, and/or activate or deactivate the signaling device (e.g., LED), while selectively polling the electronic tags.
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The containers may be packed in an optimal manner at the distribution center using a similar arrangement. For example, an optimal route may be calculated using the electronic positioning system for the destinations (e.g., delivery addresses) of the container. A sequence number may be displayed on the electronic tag indicating the relative positions for containers in the transport vehicle.
Alternatively, the route may be calculated and a specific position for placing the container in the transport vehicle may be displayed on the electronic tag's display (e.g., LCD). Further, the container with the first destination may be placed on the first rack, on the first hook, the second container can be placed on the same rack on the same hook, a third container on the next hook, and so on. These shelf positions may be indicated by a sequence of digits, one-one, one-two, and so on.
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FIG. 5
Further, the inventive system may include several hardware and software components. As shown in , routing software (e.g., executed by the computer system ) may be used to calculate an optimal route based on the GPS coordinates of the destination (e.g., the delivery address where the package is to be delivered).
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FIG. 1
A global positioning system (GPS), may detect the location of a transport vehicle in realtime. A mapping guidance system may also be used to direct the driver to the correct address. This is particularly important if the system is used for nighttime delivery when addresses and street signs are not normally visible. A database holding the correct container and the ID for the tag attached to the container plus the GPS address is also stored on the computer (as shown in ).
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The computer may also include, for example, a display (e.g., a laptop computer with a flat panel display) which may be located (e.g., temporarily located) near the delivery driver in the transport vehicle. In addition, the computer may include a transceiver (e.g., RF transmitter and receiver) for wirelessly communicating with other objects, such as the base station .
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The base station similarly may include a transceiver allowing it to wirelessly communicate with the electronic tags in the inventive system by the unique ID number of the tags. Thus, the inventive system can activate a signaling device (e.g., an LED) on a particular container or package when the delivery driver arrives at the destination for that particular package.
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The inventive system may also determine an optimal route for the transport vehicle. An optimal route may be used, for example, to reduce (e.g., minimize) time or distances traveled by the transport vehicle. The optimal route may be determined, for example, using the electronic positioning system (e.g., GPS) and the coordinates or addresses of each package's destination.
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The optimal route may be, for example, input into the computer system which may also be located on the transport vehicle. The ID numbers of the electronic tags can also be loaded into the computer system . The GPS system can also be used to guide the transport vehicle to a package's destination via a map, or other conventional routing software. When the transport vehicle arrives at a package destination, the computer system can alert the driver, for example, audibly or by displaying a text message on the computer system display . The message to the driver may include, for example, the destination address, the number of packages to be delivered, and the package's location on the transport vehicle.
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In addition, the computer system (or the base station by using the loop antenna ) may cause the electronic tag on the container in which the package is located, to be activated so as to facilitate locating the package by the driver. For example, the signaling device (e.g., light emitting device or audible device or combination thereof) on the electronic tag may be activated so that the driver can easily locate the package. The driver can locate the container with the activated signal (e.g., a flashing light), remove the package from the container and deliver it to its destination.
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The driver may also activate the switch (e.g., a button) on the electronic tag to indicate that the package has been properly delivered to its destination. In addition, if for some reason the package could not be delivered, the driver may place the package back into the container and activate a switch (e.g., on the container) to indicate that delivery was attempted but unsuccessful.
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Further, additional information can be displayed on the LCD of the electronic tag at different times. For example, after the container is loaded on the transport vehicle, the number of packages contained in the container can be displayed so the driver can periodically check the contents of each container .
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Furthermore, when the container is empty, the driver may deactivate the electronic tag using an activation switch (e.g., a button) on the electronic tag . The electronic tag may also be automatically deactivated, for example, by placing the container and/or the electronic tag at a particular location on the transport vehicle which may house a short-range antenna emitting a deactivation signal. In addition, the computer system wirelessly communicates with the electronic tag and may, therefore, detect that the container is no longer in use.
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The container used by the inventive system may include, for example, a tote. In this case, the electronic tag may be located, for example, on the front of the tote. In addition, a simple, inexpensive electronic tag may contain a single LED to facilitate locating the package by the delivery driver.
FIG. 6
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Further, as shown in , an electronic tag may be placed, for example, not on the container but instead, directly on the package . In this case, the driver may remove the tag as the package is delivered to its destination, and place the tag in a special bin located, for example, in the transport vehicle. Further, the electronic tag may be placed on the package using an adhesive pouch having a plastic window.
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FIGS. 3 and 4
Tag might be very flat like a credit card with only a single light emitting diode , and a small switch (e.g., button) and in all other respects is the same as the electronic tag in . The switch may be used for confirmation delivery, or alternatively to allow the tag to be used as an access card to open an electronic drop box at the package's destination.
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For example, the driver may activate the switch (e.g, push a button) on the tag to gain access to the drop box. The tag on the package wirelessly communicates with the drop box causing the drop box to unlock. After the driver places the package in the drop box, the tag may be removed and placed in a bin located, for example, on the transport vehicle. In addition, the driver may deactivate the tag to indicate that the tag is no longer in use and/or that the package was properly delivered, using the switch on the electronic tag . Further, the tag may include a memory which records, for example, the date and time that the tag was used to open the drop box.
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The claimed invention also includes an inventive method for delivering packages. As shown in , the inventive method may include inputting () delivery addresses to a computer system to determine an optimum delivery route. The inventive method also includes associating () an electronic tag with the package, placing () the package on a transport vehicle, and activating () a signaling device on a particular electronic tag when the transport vehicle arrives at a destination of a package contained within a container having that particular electronic tag.
With its unique and novel aspects, the claimed invention provides a system and method which reduces (e.g., minimizes) a packaging delivery time, thereby resulting in lower cost to the delivery company and ultimately to consumers.
While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been described above, it should be understood that it has been provided as an example only. Thus, those skilled in the art will recognize that the invention can be practiced with modification within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.
Further, Applicant's intent is to encompass the equivalents of all claim elements. No amendment to any claim in the present application should be construed as a disclaimer of any interest in or right to an equivalent of any element or feature of the amended claim. | |
- Affiliations:
- Lomonosov Moscow State University
- Skolkovo Innovation Center
- Issue: Vol 8, No 4 (2016)
- Pages: 14-22
- Section: Reviews
- URL: http://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10411
- DOI: https://doi.org/10.32607/20758251-2016-8-4-14-22
- Cite item
Abstract
Telomerase is one of the major components of the telomeres -- linear eukaryotic chromosome ends - maintenance system. Linear chromosomes are shortened during each cell division due to the removal of the primer used for DNA replication. Special repeated telomere sequences at the very ends of linear chromosomes prevent the deletion of genome information caused by primer removal. Telomeres are shortened at each replication round until it becomes critically short and is no longer able to protect the chromosome in somatic cells. At this stage, a cell undergoes a crisis and usually dies. Rare cases result in telomerase activation, and the cell gains unlimited proliferative capacity. Special types of cells, such as stem, germ, embryonic cells and cells from tissues with a high proliferative potential, maintain their telomerase activity indefinitely. The telomerase is inactive in the majority of somatic cells. Telomerase activity in vitro requires two key components: telomerase reverse transcriptase and telomerase RNA. In cancer cells, telomerase reactivates due to the expression of the reverse transcriptase gene. Telomerase RNA expresses constitutively in the majority of human cells. This fact suggests that there are alternative functions to telomerase RNA that are unknown at the moment. In this manuscript, we review the biogenesis of yeasts and human telomerase RNAs thanks to breakthroughs achieved in research on telomerase RNA processing by different yeasts species and humans in the last several years.
Keywords
INTRODUCTION Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex comprising a reverse transcriptase (TERT) - a protein subunit enabling polymerase activity, and telomerase RNA (TER) [1, 2]. Telomerase RNA contains a template for the synthesis of telomeres and has an important architectural function: it acts as a structural framework for the formation of the active enzyme . Different elements of the complex spatial structure of telomerase RNA are involved in the formation of the active telomerase center, promoting the effective addition of nucleotides during the synthesis of a telomeric repeat, as well as the translocation of the enzyme at the telomere required for the processive synthesis of a long telomeric sequence . Additional protein factors interact with different domains of telomerase RNA and are necessary for its stabilization, efficient assembly, and the regulation of enzyme activity, localization, and transport within the cell. STRUCTURE OF TELOMERASE RNA Despite the high degree of variation in term of their sizes and nucleotide sequences, telomerase RNAs in yeast and mammals share four conserved structural elements necessary for the formation and functioning of the enzyme [5-11]. The template region, as its name implies, serves as a template for telomere synthesis , pseudoknot is involved in the positioning of the template region in the active site of the enzyme , and together with the STE-element (stem-terminus element) it interacts with TERT, whereas the species-specific 3’-terminal element ensures the stability of telomerase RNA and is required for its proper intracellular localization [14-16] (Fig. 1). Fig. 1 Structures of yeasts and human telomerase RNAs. A. Schematic model of human telomerase RNA secondary structure. B. Schematic model of S.cerevisiae telomerase RNA secondary structure. C. Schematic model of S.pombe telomerase RNA secondary structure. PROCESSING AND LOCALIZATION OF TELOMERASE RNA Processing and localization of telomerase RNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (TLC1) In the process of RNA transcription, polymerase II synthesizes two forms of telomerase RNA: a long polyadenylated one and a short non-polyadenylated one. The fate of the long polyadenylated form is poorly understood at the moment. It is known that this form accounts for 10% of the total telomerase RNA in a cell, but it is not associated with the active telomerase . It is assumed that the long polyadenylated telomerase RNA can be processed to the “mature” catalytically active form. The expression of TLC1 in S. cerevisiae yeast is known to be regulated by a strong promoter (pGal4), which directs the expression of protein-encoding genes and leads to the accumulation of the polyadenylated form, but it does not affect the content of the non-polyadenylated one, whereas disruption of the polyadenylation system prevents the formation of the polyadenylated form and greatly reduces the content of “mature” TLC1 in a cell [17, 18]. These data suggest that the long polyadenylated primary transcript may undergo processing to yield mature telomerase RNA, although there are no experimental data to support such a mechanism yet. In yeast cells, different transcriptional complexes associated with RNA polymerase II participate in the formation of the two forms of the telomerase RNA primary transcript. At the transcription initiation step, RNA polymerase II forms a complex with termination and processing factors, i.e. the promoter determines the mechanism of termination. It has been demonstrated that the polyadenylated and non-polyadenylated forms of the primary transcript of S. cerevisiae telomerase RNA form independently. Disruption of polyadenylation signaling leads to the disappearance of the long polyadenylated form of TLC1, but it does not affect the formation of the non-polyadenylated mature form . TLC1 is associated with Nrd1-Nab3-Sen1 transcription termination factors, specific for noncoding RNA . The 3’-terminal region of the TLC1 gene contains binding sites for the termination factors Nab3 and Nrd1, whose deletion results in the accumulation of the polyadenylated primary transcript [18, 19]. The termination factors Nrd1, Nab3, and Sen1 are known to be associated with a complex consisting of RNA polymerase II, the cap-binding complex (CBP80, CBP20), an exosome, and TRAMP . TRAMP includes TRF4/5 proteins (non-canonical poly(A) polymerase), Air1/2 (RNA-binding protein), and RNA-helicase MTR4 [21, 22]. TRF4 adds a short oligo(A) sequence, forming an unstructured 3’-terminus for noncoding RNAs as small nuclear, nucleolar, and TLC1, which can be processed by exosomes [18, 23, 24, 25, 26]. Exosomes activity is limited by the Sm-proteins associated with the 3’-terminal portion of mature telomerase RNA. If an exosome does not encounter an obstacle in its path in the form of a Sm-proteins complex, it fully degrades small nuclear and nucleolar RNA, as well as telomerase RNA (Fig. 2). Fig. 2 Model of processing and localization of S. cerevisiae telomerase RNA. Cellular localization and assembly of the active telomerase complex of S.cerevisiae One of the important stages in the biogenesis of telomerase RNA and telomerase itself is the proper intracellular localization of their components (Fig. 2). As has been stated previously, the primary transcript of telomerase RNA in both yeast and human cells is subjected to co-transcription processing, followed by maturation or degradation by exosomes. In S. cerevisiae, properly matured telomerase RNA localizes in the nucleolus, where its cap is hypermethylated by the Tgs1 enzyme . The trimethylated processed form of TLC1 is exported from the nucleus by a nuclear-cytoplasmic transport system . The Crm1/Xpo1 and mRNA export factors Mex67 and Dbp5/Rat8 are responsible for the export of telomerase RNA. In the cytoplasm, telomerase RNA forms a complex with the protein subunits of telomerase Est1, Est2 and Est3, and afterwards the Mtr10 and Kap22 factors responsible for import into the nucleus transfer the enzyme back into the nucleus [29-31], where it interacts with telomeres and lengthens them in the late S-phase. Processing of telomerase RNA in fission yeast Telomerase RNA has undergone significant changes over the course of evolution, which have affected both its structure and processing mechanism. At the moment, there is no doubt that telomerase RNA is synthesized in all organisms as a long precursor whose correct processing results in mature catalytically active telomerase RNA. Telomerase RNA is involved in the fine regulation of the state of a cell; therefore, the content of telomerase RNA must be maintained at the physiological level for its proper functioning in a cell. In fission yeast (Schizosaccharomycetes) , Hansenula polymorha yeast (Saccharomycetaceae) , and other fungi (Sordariaceae, Trichocomaceae) , a precursor of telomerase RNA is synthesized by RNA polymerase II as a polyadenylated transcript (Fig. 3). The primary transcript of telomerase RNA in the cells of these organisms contains two exons, an intron, and a 3’-terminus poly(A) sequence. The processing of the primary transcript is carried out by a spliceosome. The first step in the splicing (cut in 5’-splicing site) produces a mature form of telomerase RNA. Processing by a spliceosome was first discovered in the cells of Schizosaccharomyces pombe yeast . The splicing is a tightly coordinated process: all its stages occur very quickly and in a very specific order. In the first step, the 2’-hydroxyl group of adenosine at the branching point located in the middle of the branching site attacks the 5’-terminal splicing site at its sugar phosphate backbone. The result is an intermediate with a lasso structure, wherein the 5’-terminus of the intron is attached to the branching point through a 2’-5’-linkage. The freed 3’-hydroxyl group of the 5’-termnius of the exon attacks the 3’-terminal splicing site, which leads to a joining of exons and the excision of the intron as a lariat. The spliceosome contains small nuclear RNA (snRNA) U1, U2, U4, U5 and U6, which direct and enable a quick and accurate splicing process through complementary interactions with different parts of pre-mRNA . It has been shown that a slowdown of TER precursor splicing after the effective first stage is caused by the peculiarities of the regulatory regions of telomerase RNA itself [32, 36]. In S. pombe, the distance between the branching point and 3’-terminal splicing site of telomerase RNA is 22 nucleotides , which is about two times greater than in the majority of introns in this organism . Shortening the intron to 14 nucleotides leads to complete splicing and degradation of telomerase RNA . Further analysis of the splicing sites has revealed some interesting features [31, 35]. It turns out that incomplete complementarity of the 5’-terminal splicing site of U1 snRNA , high degree of complementarity between the branching site and U2 snRNA, and a long distance between the branching point and the 3’-terminal splicing site, as well as weak polypyrimidine tract synergistically reduce the rate of transition to the second stage of splicing . The PrP22 and PrP43 proteins (helicases with DExD/H-box) are involved in the processing of S. pombe telomerase RNA . These proteins use the energy of ATP hydrolysis to release splicing intermediates during deceleration in the second stage (exon ligation). Therefore, when transition to the second stage of splicing is arduous, the spliceosomes frozen on intermediates are released . The mutations inhibiting the ATPase activity of these proteins significantly increase the content of the fully spliced TER1 form . Fig. 3 Model of processing of S. pombe telomerase RNA. Sm-proteins are known to be associated with the telomerase RNA of S. cerevisiae yeast , and they also interact with U1, U2, U4, and U5 snRNA [40, 41]. The Sm-proteins binding site is located a few nucleotides away from the 3’-terminus of the mature form . In S. pombe cells, a spliceosome cuts TER1 at a distance of one nucleotide from the Sm-proteins binding site and therefore, may decrease the stability of the complex. It has been discovered that Sm-proteins interact with the polyadenylated TER1 precursor and facilitate its sectioning by the spliceosome . Smd2 attracts Tgs1, which carries out post-transcriptional hypermethylation of TER1 to produce 2,2,7-trimethylguanozine 5’-cap. After the sectioning and hypermethylation of TER1, Sm-proteins dissociate and are replaced by Lsm-proteins (Fig. 3), which protect telomerase RNA against degradation by exosome . Later, it was shown that other types of fission yeast and fungi maintain telomerase RNA processing by splicing its precursor with a spliceosome. In S. cryophilius and S.octoporus, the 5’-terminal splicing site comprises a cytosine residue in the third position, which stabilizes the interaction with U6 of snRNA in the first stage and slow transition to the second . In Aspergillus sp. and Neurospora crassa, the first nucleotide of the 5’-terminal splicing site, adenine, is important for the release of the processed product after the first step of splicing [33, 42]. The formation of noncanonical interactions between the first and last guanosine in the intron is believed to be necessary for the positioning of the 3’-terminal splicing site in the second reaction of transesterification and ligation of exons , whereas replacement of guanosine with adenine in the telomerase RNA of the fungi families Pezizomycotina and Taphrinomycotina, which are the closest to the common ancestor, prevents the formation of a proper three-dimensional structure and stops the splicing after the first transesterification reaction and subsequent dissociation of the frozen spliceosome [34, 36, 43]. The dramatic differences in the mechanism of telomerase RNA processing in evolutionarily related organisms do not affect the strict control of the quantity and quality of the telomerase RNA in their cells. In yeast cells, exosome degrades improperly processed telomerase RNA as well as RNA which had not form complexes with the proteins that regulate its localization and activity. Processing and localization of human telomerase RNA Yeast and human telomerase RNA differ considerably in length and structure, but they share the main conservative components important for the formation and functioning of the telomerase complex. Mature human telomerase RNA (hTR) consists of 451 nucleotides . Transcription of the hTR gene is carried out by RNA polymerase II . The promoter of the hTR gene is well mapped, but the terminator region is poorly understood . The length of the primary transcript of hTR remains to be determined. The 541-nucleotide elongated form of human telomerase RNA was first identified by reverse transcription, followed by PCR amplification . More recent data obtained by high-throughput sequencing indicate the existence of a primary transcript of telomerase RNA up to 1,451 nucleotides in length . The 3’-terminal domain of human telomerase RNA forms a structure similar to structures common to the H/ACA RNA family . This structure consists of two hairpins connected by a single stranded loop H, and it contains a single stranded 5’-ACA-3 ‘motif located 3 nucleotides before from the 3’-terminus of the mature telomerase RNA (Fig. 1). H/ACA hairpins are associated with a set of four proteins: dyskerin, NHP2, NOP10, and GAR1 . H/ACA hairpins and the proteins associated with it provide stability to telomerase RNA, as well as to other H/ACA RNA. It is known that H/ACA RNAs serve as guides for the directional pseudouridinylation of ribosomal RNA, but the telomerase RNA target is not defined: therefore, its H/ACA motif is assigned only a stabilizing function. A combination of deep sequencing methods and determination of the 3’-terminus of RNA (3’-RACE) has revealed the heterogeneity of the 3’-terminus of human telomerase RNA . It has been found that the 3’-terminal sequence may contain from one to seven additional nucleotides corresponding to the genomic sequence, and a short oligo(A) sequence (1-10 nucleotides). Thus, we can conclude that telomerase RNA is synthesized in the form of an elongated precursor which is processed to form the intermediate oligoadenylated form. It is known that snRNAs containing H/ACA-motifs are processed by exosomes . In mammalian cells, exosomes are attracted to their substrate by several protein complexes. The TRAMP (TRF4, ZCCHC7 and MTR4) complex is known to be involved in the degradation of noncoding RNAs and aberrant transcripts in the nucleolus. For this, the TRF4 protein oligoadenylates the transcript, which serves as a signal for degradation by exosomes [51, 52]. The NEXT complex (RBM7, ZCCHC8 and MTR4) attracts exosomes to actively transcribed RNA and the so-called PROMoter uPstream Transcripts (PROMPTs), whose synthesis begins before the coding genes promoters [53, 54]. NEXT interacts with the cap-binding complex (CBC), forming a CBCN complex and implementing co-transcriptional cap-dependent 3’-processing or degradation of RNA in the nucleus [54-57]. Inactivating mutations in the PARN1 gene encoding poly(A) ribonuclease 1 were recently discovered in patients with severe manifestations of dyskeratosis, a disease associated with short telomeres . It was found that disruption of function or knockdown of the PARN1 gene leads to a decrease in the total amount of telomerase RNA in cells with a simultaneous increase in the proportion of non-processed oligoadenylated RNA [16, 47, 58, 59]. Baumann’s group discovered that spliceostatin A, a splicing inhibitor, does not affect the processing of telomerase RNA in humans , whereas isoginkgetin, which blocks the operation of not only spliceosome, but also exosomes , inhibits the processing of the hTR, resulting in the accumulation of the 3’-elongated form. In cells with a reduced content of the RRP40 protein, the main component of exosomes, and two nucleases associated with it, RRP6 and DIS3, the 3’-elongated form and the mature form of telomerase RNA accumulate, while the amount of the oligoadenylated form decreases. Mature telomerase RNA accumulates in the case of knocked down DGCR8 processor component, as well. It has been found that DGCR8 is involved in attracting exosomes to snRNA and telomerase RNA, thus controlling their total amount in a cell . Knockdown of NEXT components, as well as that of the CBC complex promotes the accumulation of the 3’-elongated form of telomerase RNA . The TRF4 protein, a component of TRAMP, and the canonical poly(A) polymerases PAPα and PAPγ carry out oligoadenylation of the telomerase RNA precursor . Interestingly, oligoadenylation of telomerase RNA by the TRF4 protein promotes its degradation and PAPα/γ is involved in processing, which results in the formation of mature telomerase RNA . The oligoadenylated form of human telomerase RNA is stabilized by PABPN1 (nuclear poly(A)-binding protein 1), which stimulates the synthesis of poly(A) sequences and attracts PARN, whereby promoting the maturation of hTR. A free oligo(A) sequence, unprotected by PABPN1, is a signal of RNA degradation by the TRAMP-exosome complex . The proteins interacting with the H/ACA domain play a major role in the processing of human telomerase RNA. Dyskerin, NOP10, NHP2, NAF1, and GAR1 are RNA chaperones, and their interaction with telomerase RNA during processing stabilizes it, preventing degradation by exosomes. Dyskerin protects telomerase RNA from degradation by nuclear 3’-5’-exosomes. Dyskerin knockdown and mutations that disrupt telomerase RNA binding to the protein result in a reduced level of mature telomerase RNA in cells, whereas double knockdown of dyskerin and PARN1 cause the accumulation of telomerase RNA in cytoplasm bodies called cyTER (cytoplasmic TER). Degradation of telomerase RNA from the 5’-terminus by the decapping protein DCP2 and 5’-3’-exonuclease XRN1 also indicate a cytoplasmic localization of telomerase RNA. Fig. 4 Model of processing and localization of human telomerase RNA. Summarizing the data on the processing of human telomerase RNA, it is possible to suggest the following general scheme for its synthesis and maturation (Fig. 4). After primary transcript synthesis by RNA-polymerase II and co-transcriptionally capping, it interacts with dyskerin, NOP10, NHP2, and NAF1, which stabilize and protect RNA from degradation . Part of telomerase RNA, which is associated with dyskerin and other chaperones, undergoes processing to form mature telomerase RNA. In order to achieve this, the CBC complex attracts the NEXT-exosome complex , which shortens the long precursor in the nucleus until it meets the H/ACA motif associated with H/ACA-binding proteins . This product contains from one to seven additional nucleotides at the 3’-terminus. The nuclear poly(A) polymerases PAPα, PAPγ, and TRF4, a component of the exosome-associated nucleolar TRAMP complex, oligoadenylates this substrate [48, 60]. The oligoadenylated precursor interacts with PABPN1 , which protects it from further degradation, and attracts PARN1 [16, 48, 59, 60]. PARN1 gently shortens the oligo(A) sequence and the remaining additional nucleotides to form the mature telomerase RNA. The primary transcript which failed to form a complex with dyskerin or other chaperones is degraded by the TRAMP-exosome complex. Some of the primary transcript is exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it is decapped by the DCP2 protein and degraded by cytoplasmic 5’-3’-exonuclease XRN1 . In a HeLa tumor cell line, telomerase RNA accumulates in Cajal bodies. A so-called CAB box is identified in the structure of telomerase RNA, which is responsible for its localization in the Cajal bodies, where telomerase and telomere interaction takes place . Mutations in CAB-box , as well as mutations in the TCAB1 protein , disrupt human telomerase RNA localization in the Cajal bodies. TCAB1 interacts with CAB-box of telomerase RNA and ensures its location in the Cajal bodies . Both the mutations and the absence of TCAB1 do not affect the enzymatic activity of telomerase, but they prevent its localization in Cajal bodies and telomeres . hTERT may form a complex with hTR in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm, but the Cajal bodies and telomerase RNA direct telomerase localization at the telomere. Recent research on the processing and localization of telomerase RNA in yeast and humans demonstrates that the amount of telomerase RNA in a cell is tightly controlled. Telomerase RNA processing and degradation are believed to be competing processes whose balance regulates the amount of telomerase RNA in a cell. The detection of telomerase RNA in the cytoplasm raises new questions. It is unclear whether this step is necessary for the processing or assembly of telomerase or whether human telomerase RNA performs alternative cell functions, some of which have been previously described . CONCLUSION Telomerase maintains the proliferative potential of cells, which makes it one of the most important objects in studies of aging and cell transformation. Disruption of telomerase functioning leads to the development of tumors and telomeropathies. One of the essential components of telomerase is telomerase RNA, whose gene is expressed in most cell types throughout their lifetime. The expression of the hTERT gene which encodes the second component of telomerase is finely regulated, and the enzyme activation depends on the appearance of the hTERT protein in a cell. The mechanism of synthesis and processing of telomerase RNA has attracted the attention of scientists for more than 10 years, and recently there was a breakthrough in the study of this important stage of telomerase biogenesis. One of the most important features of telomerase RNA processing is the fine regulation of the content of this molecule in the cell. Both in yeast and human cells, telomerase RNA processing involves an exosome that rapidly degrades RNA that is not protected by RNA-chaperones. It has been established that most of the telomerase RNA gene transcription product is degraded in the process of biogenesis. Disruptions in the processing result in a degradation of the telomerase RNA that causes a number of diseases classified as telomeropathies. Despite recent progress in understanding the mechanisms of telomerase RNA processing, there are questions to which we still have no answers. A full and detailed understanding of the mechanisms of both the functioning and biogenesis of telomerase will allow us to develop new approaches to the treatment of diseases whose development is associated with an impaired telomere maintenance system. The study of the mechanisms of the processing of telomerase RNA was supported by RFBR (grant № 14-04-01637 A), work on the intracellular localization of telomerase RNA was supported by RSF (grant № 16-14-10047).
M. P. RubtsovaLomonosov Moscow State University
Author for correspondence. | http://actanaturae.ru/2075-8251/article/view/10411 |
Valley Bakery, Coffee Shop and Art Gallery is situated in the Central Drakensberg. The shop is filled with delicious pastries, tarts, ginger bread men, biscuits, croissants, lemon meringue, cheese cake and speciality breads such as seedloaf and health breads. The shelves are stacked with preserves and a variety of homemade sauces. All the products are baked from flour milled in their own stone ground flourmill.
The art gallery offers a wide range of beautiful art, some of which are painted by the family.
The charming coffee shop serves the best cappuccinos, quiche and salads. The coffee shop also hosts high teas, birthday parties and picnics.
The bakery is a family run business run by the ladies of the family and staff. They supply all the neighbouring hotels with freshly baked breads. | https://openafrica.org/participant/valley-bakery-coffee-shop-and-art-gallery/ |
I can’t thank you all enough for coming out tonight. A special thank you to Rick from Java Rick’s for closing early tonight. Please enjoy some day-old pastries and coffee.
When I first thought of writing my memoir, my sister said that the world needed the musings of a single 37-year-old woman who lives with her parents like it needed a nuclear holocaust. And she was right: words are explosive.
This has been a journey of a lifetime for me. This book took me six years to plan to write, and two solid weeks to write. A huge thanks to my parents for providing me with all the materials to print my tome. My dad wants me to ask whoever has the copy printed on the back of his tax documents to please black out his social security number. Thanks, guys.
Wow, I’m sorry. I just can’t believe this day has come. To every English teacher that said my writing made them wish Fahrenheit 451 was real, look at me now. To every agent and publisher who turned me down, ignored me or told me that five chapters on the sleeping patterns of my cats was psychotic, you only made me stronger. To Barnes & Noble, who arrested me for trying to place my book on their shelves, I’ll see you in court on the 28th.
Since I painstakingly edited the final manuscript down to 800 pages, tonight I’m going to read from the 300 pages I cut out. Don’t worry, Janine, I know have to leave by 8 pm to make visiting hours at the hospital… I’m not reading it all. I’ll just read the first 250. Janine, you’re crying. Was it chapter 75? That was where I really felt I spread my literary wings. Let’s start on Chapter 83 then: “Mr. Furrley, Afternoon Napper.”
Rick, if you don’t mind sweeping up later, we might want to put on a couple of fresh pots.
Rupinder Gill’s new memoir, On The Outside Looking Indian, is available for purchase at your local bookseller. She assures us that it is far less than 800 pages. | https://www.mcsweeneys.net/articles/a-self-published-author-addresses-the-small-gathering-at-the-launch-party-for-her-memoir |
Limes are small in size. The peel is thin, smooth and slightly bumpy. Its flesh is soft, juicy, pale green, seedless or may contain a few small inedible seeds. Limes have an aromatic, floral scent with an acidic, tangy, and bright flavor with notes of pine and spice.
Cook It
Limes are best suited for fresh applications, and both the juice and zest can be used. Lime juice is a natural tenderizer is often used in marinades, and can also be used over any dish as a finishing flavor. The juice is also used to flavor salsa and guacamole, doubling as an anti-browning agent for the avocado, used in vinegar, dressings, and sauces.
Country of import: Thailand
Selling unit: Price per one piece. | https://edenshk.com/products/lime-thailand |
WHAT WE DO
The Singapore Economic Development Board (EDB) is the lead government agency for planning and executing strategies to enhance Singapore’s position as a global business centre. EDB dreams, designs and delivers solutions that create value for investors and companies in Singapore. Our mission is to create for Singapore, sustainable economic growth with vibrant business and good job opportunities. EDB’s ‘Home’ strategy articulates how we are positioning Singapore for the future. It is about extending Singapore's value proposition to businesses not just to help them improve their bottom line, but also to help them grow their top line through establishing and deepening strategic activities in Singapore to drive their business, innovation and talent objectives in Asia and globally.
We are a one-stop agency which facilitates and supports local and foreign investors in both the manufacturing and services sectors, as they move up the value chain to achieve higher sustainable returns and seek out new business opportunities.
While Singapore commands global leadership in many areas, we focus on expanding and extending existing industry verticals. Exploring new growth areas will contribute towards creating good jobs and sustaining Singapore's competitiveness.
While interacting with investors and promoting investments, we provide feedback to other government agencies to ensure that infrastructure and public services remain efficient and cost-competitive; so that Singapore maintains its premier pro-business environment.
EDB is the compass in preparing the nation for the future. While we have established a strong position in the global economy, more needs to be done in this increasingly competitive environment in order to safeguard the city's standing in the region and beyond. | https://www.edb.gov.sg/content/edb/en/about-edb/our-strategy/what-we-do.html |
FRANCE AND ASSOCIATES ARE A FORWARD-THINKING AND ENTHUSIASTIC REGISTERED ARCHITECTURAL PRACTICE BASED IN HUDDERSFIELD.
Our expertise is in designing bespoke homes for individuals who have suffered catastrophic injuries. We are recognised as a trusted partner by many of the UK’s leading personal injury and clinical negligence law firms. We act on behalf of their clients to provide accommodation reports right through to implementing proposals.
As a specialist “Design Team”, we have gained a reputation for incorporating inclusive, creative design within a home. We avoid clinical finishes and do not provide solutions to meet statistical spatial requirements. We aspire to create an environment to look and feel like a home and try to avoid “standard” accessible solutions.
WE PROVIDE AN ALL-ENCOMPASSING ARCHITECTURAL SERVICE, TAKING A PROJECT FROM INCEPTION TO COMPLETION.
Regardless of sector or size of project, we offer a professional yet friendly service, tailoring our approach to the project in response to the brief, making France and Associates the ideal architectural practice to design and manage your new home, residential development or other project.
We have a strong core of professional and qualified staff, as well as trusted partners to facilitate collaboration on larger projects or when specific expertise is required.
FRANCE AND ASSOCIATES ARE AN AWARD-WINNING DISABILITY DESIGN TEAM.
We are routinely involved in the process from the very earliest stages right through to handing the keys over to the homeowner. Our services include:
+ assisting a client to purchase a property and development
+ preparing early concept designs and cost forecasts
+ providing the client or representatives with an educated decision in the viability of their development opportunity
+ securing planning and development consent
+ onsite project management
Our involvement often goes beyond this to offer services on future maintenance or future required adaptation, and therefore feel it is important to ensure working relationships remain strong throughout the process through good communication and involvement with relevant parties.
WE ARE PASSIONATE ABOUT WHAT WE DO AND HOW WE GO ABOUT IT AND HAVE THEREFORE INVESTED IN THE LATEST TECHNOLOGY AND SOFTWARE TO ENHANCE OUR ARCHITECTURAL SERVICES.
Our approach is to use the form follows function design policy and firmly believe that good, dramatic design can still be achieved within a budget, good design doesn’t have to be more expensive.
We like to consider every client and project on its own merit, optimising their potential through a careful analysis of the brief and its constraints. | https://architecturalvacancies.com/employer/france-and-associates/ |
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science of making machines do things in the same way that a human being would do them by using learning capabilities, organization of memory and critical reasoning. It refers to a wide range of technology applications: robotics, image recognition, natural language understanding and generation, machine learning amongst others.
In the energy sector however, AI has been trialed but not scaled up yet.
Market design: How far do we want decentralized market operations to go? For example, will regulators encourage peer-to-peer platforms in every power market? At neighborhood, regional, country level? What will be the role of distribution system operators within these platforms?
Risks sharing and responsibility: In case of accidents related to AI, who will be held responsible?
In spite of all the initiatives we are observing, very few energy players have deployed at scale AI across their organization.
For example, AI can help automatize manufacturing and design of the equipment. As seen in other industries, back-office operations can be streamlined thanks to automation. Network operators, as demonstrated by Siemens grid control center in Germany, have just started to grasp the opportunities offered by AI to build auto-pilot grid operations, detect anomalies and incorporate self-healing capabilities. These use cases will require sharing of data between equipment manufacturers, network operators and utilities. | https://www.electrical-energy-storage.events/en/news-press/news/articles.html?tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=2933&cHash=01d30ce9ebd9c1cad87bede7aabdf363 |
Imran Khan and Kareena Kapoor’s Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu has opened well at select multiplexes, but the all-India opening is lower than expected.
What’s important though is the word-of-mouth, which is very positive. Critics have loved the film and the audience response, from the initial reports that we have received, is good as well.
Day 1 collections will be less than 6 crores, but Saturday and Sunday should show good growth. The opening is lower than Imran Khan’s last two releases Delhi Belly and Mere Brother Ki Dulhan. | https://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/ek-main-aur-ekk-tu-opens-well-at-multiplexes/ |
Between 75 and 72 million years ago in what is now Chilean Patagonia, the carcass of a stubby-tailed dinosaur somehow ended up buried in a river delta, where the fine sediments exquisitely preserved the bones as they fossilized.
By dinosaur standards, this creature wasn’t huge. As it walked about on all fours, it stood less than two feet tall and spanned less than seven feet long, snout to tail. But it was a tough little animal in a world of giants. The dinosaur had armor-studded skin to defend itself—and a unique weapon bringing up the rear.
The end of this creature’s tail was unlike anything scientists have seen before: a mass of fused bone resembling a jagged cricket bat. “It’s entirely unprecedented,” says Alexander Vargas, a paleontologist at the University of Chile.
The fossil skeleton, unveiled today in the journal Nature, belongs to a newly discovered type of armored dinosaur called Stegouros elengassen. The creature is named for its bizarrely shingled “roof tail” (Stegouros) and an armored beast in the mythology of the Patagonian Aónik’enk people (elengassen).
Beyond its novel weaponry, Stegouros also fills in a major evolutionary gap. According to University of Maryland paleontologist Tom Holtz, who wasn’t involved with the study, very few armored dinosaurs have been found within the lands that once made up Gondwana, the ancient supercontinent that’s now split up across South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Arabian Peninsula.
Before Stegouros, only two armored dinosaurs had been found in what was once southern Gondwana, and those animals are known from incomplete or partially studied fossils. The Stegouros specimen is about 80 percent complete—and the skeleton is a bizarre anatomical mosaic. The dinosaur’s skull, teeth, and club-like tail are classically ankylosaur, resembling Ankylosaurus and other late armored dinosaurs. However, the dinosaur’s slender limb bones and pelvis resemble those of stegosaurs such as Stegosaurus, which had been extinct for tens of millions of years by the time of Stegouros.
“If you had shown me this pelvis and you asked me: What animal is that from? I’d tell you 100 percent that it’s stegosaur,” says Susannah Maidment, a dinosaur paleontologist at the Natural History Museum, London, who was not involved with the study. “I’m absolutely blown away by this specimen … It throws everything that I know off.”
Bones in the mountains of Patagonia
Stegouros emerged from the Dorotea Formation, layers of rock spread across Chile and Argentina where researchers from around the world frequently search for dinosaur fossils and other signs of ancient life.
In 2017 a group from the University of Texas at Austin visited a site in Chile’s Río de las Chinas Valley that’s known for fossils and spotted some interesting-looking bones. In February 2018, the University of Chile sent a team to investigate the Texas group’s report, led by Vargas’s colleagues Sergio Soto-Acuña and Jonatan Kaluza.
The researchers found the first signs of bones at the top of a steep hillside and set to work digging around the fossil. The team took the remains back to the lab in a large, plaster-coated stone block, but getting the fossil out unharmed was a huge challenge. The scientists had to contend with near-freezing temperatures, the threat of hypothermia, and sprained ankles.
At first, researchers could see only the dinosaur’s slender limb bones, leading the team to think it might be an ornithopod—a kind of bipedal, plant-eating dinosaur. But once the fossil was in the laboratory, careful cleaning of the rock exposed the dinosaur’s tail.
“The rest of the day, I was in shock,” Vargas says.
Tail weapons
Fully weaponized tails are rare among animals, but when they pop up, evolution has sculpted them into highly effective forms. Among the dinosaurs, stegosaurs had two pairs of spikes at the end of their tails (sometimes informally called “thagomizers,” after a classic Far Side cartoon). Some ankylosaurs such as Ankylosaurus had long, stiff tails with bony, hammer-like clubs.
Tail weapons have even appeared across distantly related animal groups. Glyptodonts, giant extinct armadillos that lived until 10,000 years ago, evolved ankylosaur-like tail clubs, for example.
But the tail of Stegouros is unique. Flatter and more knife-like than its peers’ tail weapons, the anatomical structure was named the macuahuitl by the research team, after the obsidian-bladed wooden club wielded by the Aztec.
Armored dinosaurs likely used their tail weaponry primarily for combat within their own species, possibly to jockey for social status. There’s also evidence that, when threatened, these dinosaurs employed their tails to defend themselves against predators. Holtz says that some bones of Jurassic predators have puncture wounds that may have come from run-ins with stegosaurs. And Canada’s Royal Ontario Museum has a tyrannosaur fossil with a broken, healed shin—possibly a wound from a tail-swinging ankylosaur.
Exactly how Stegouros used its tail remains unclear, but Holtz speculates the dinosaur could have wielded it as a sort of slashing weapon. What’s more clear is some of Stegouros’s potential predators. The largest predatory dinosaurs in Stegouros’s time and place were enigmatic dinosaurs called megaraptorids, which Vargas describes as “pretty nasty-looking, pretty large things, like an Allosaurus with longer, grasping arms.”
Searching for more clues
Once the Chilean team could see all of Stegouros’s skeleton, Soto-Acuña and Vargas carefully compared the animal’s anatomy to that of other armored dinosaurs. When the researchers crunched the numbers to generate likely family trees, they found that the ancestors of Stegouros had branched off from the rest of the ankylosaurs by roughly 165 million years ago, forming a previously unknown lineage.
The Chilean dinosaur’s closest known cousins are the two other known ankylosaurs from southern Gondwana. One of them, the Australian ankylosaur Kunbarrasaurus, is known mostly from its skull. The other, Antarctopelta, is known only from a few bone fragments found in Antarctic sediments.
Stegouros may help scientists make sense of these poorly understood relatives. Some of the isolated bones from Antarctopelta bear a striking resemblance to the fused bones of Stegouros’s macuahuitl. Vargas and his colleagues believe this match could mean that Antarctopelta—which grew twice as long as Stegouros—had a similar tail weapon.
Maidment of London’s Natural History Museum, one of the world’s leading experts on stegosaurs, adds that Stegouros’s strange blend of features could cause some “jiggling around” within the armored dinosaur family tree. Dinosaurs are labeled as stegosaurs based primarily on whether they have three key anatomical traits—one of which is the exact kind of pelvis seen on Stegouros, which isn’t a stegosaur, despite its similar-sounding name. As a result, Maidment says that some fragmentary dinosaurs currently classified as stegosaurs might not be stegosaurs at all.
The Dorotea Formation and other parts of Patagonia have yielded extraordinary fossils for decades, and the region likely has more fossilized clues hidden in the rock. Future expeditions within Chile or Argentina may even find other armored dinosaurs with flat, bladed clubs for tails. | https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/this-bizarre-armored-dinosaur-had-a-uniquely-bladed-tail-weapon |
Traditional Latin American cuisine offers a selection of beer-friendly nachos, wraps and tortas, and when you mix and match proteins, sauces and salsas, the creative possibilities are nearly endless. According to research conducted by Food Genius, Mexican menu items account for 86 percent of listings in the Latin American menu segment, with another 4 percent characterized as Tex-Mex. In addition, 10 percent of the menu items draw on other Latin American cuisines, such as Peruvian and Venezuelan. Explore the flavors of duck, tofu, ribs, bacon and more with the following recipes. | https://www.restaurant-hospitality.com/food-recipes/spice-your-summer-menu |
Microcapsules containing a solvent and reactive epoxy resin are a critical component for the development of cost-effective, low toxicity, and low flammability self-healing materials. We report a robust in situ encapsulation method for protection of a variety of oil soluble solvents and reactive epoxy resins surrounded by a thin, polymeric, urea-formaldehyde (UF) shell. Resin-solvent capsules are produced in high yield with diameters ranging from 10 to 300 μm by controlling agitation rates. These capsules have a continuous inner shell wall and a rough exterior wall that promotes bonding to a polymer matrix. Capsules as small as 300 nm in diameter are achieved through sonication and stabilization procedures. The presence of both the epoxy resin and solvent core components is confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements, and the relative amount of epoxy and solvent in the liquid core is determined by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The capsules are shown to satisfy the requirements for use in self-healing materials including processing survivability, thermal stability, and efficient in situ rupture for delivery of healing agent. | https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/microcapsules-filled-with-reactive-solutions-for-self-healing-mat |
Acidity :
High
Body :
Average
Sweetness :
High
Elevation: 1350 to 1700 meters
Varietals: Icatu
Milling Process: Natural
Drying Process: Raised Beds
Harvest Start Month: January
Harvest End Month: March
Export Start Month: April
Export End Month: June
Founded in 2014 by Edgar and Karen Carrillo, Finca Pacayal was formed in response to an unemployment situation in Marcala which was exacerbated by a leaf rust disease outbreak. Working under the mantra of “quality does not suffer crisis,” the farm began with washed coffees, and has grown to offer much more, and the farm became organic and fair trade certified just a year after its founding. Coffee from Pacayal has placed in the Honduras Cup of Excellence and has been sold at high prices at auctions. Edgar and Karen continue to push for better processing of their coffees and growth of their farm to ultimately bring high quality coffee to the market. | https://www.royalny.com/offering/organic-honduras-comsa-royal-reserva-natural-fair-trade-gp-10/ |
What are the six cardinal points?
In the performance of his duties, the investigator must seek to establish the six (6) cardinal points of investigation, namely: what specific offense has been committed; how the offense was committed; who committed it; where the offense was committed; when it was committed; and why it was committed.
What are the six 6 cardinal points of the criminal investigation?
SIX CARDINAL POINTS OF INVESTIGATION WHAT specific offense has been committed? Nature of crime WHERE crime was committed? Place or location WHEN it was committed? Time and date WHOM it was committed?
What are the tools of investigation?
Some of the commonly used interrogation methods include the use of hypnosis, truth serum, voice analysis, fingerprint testing, handwriting evidence and DNA analysis.
What are the major goals of a criminal investigation?
Summary
- Determine whether a crime has been committed.
- Legally obtain sufficient information and evidence to identify the responsible person.
- Arrest the suspect.
- Recover stolen property.
- Present the best possible case to the prosecutor.
What is the golden rule in criminal investigation?
The Golden Rule in Criminal Investigation. “ Do not touch, alter, move, or transfer any object at the crime scene unless it is properly marked, measured, sketched and/or photographed .”
What are the 8 cardinal points?
A compass rose with both ordinal and cardinal directions will have eight points: N, NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, and NW.
What are the six methods of investigation?
A six-step, structured approach to incident investigation (Fig 1) helps to ensure that all the causes are uncovered and addressed by appropriate actions.
- Step 1 – Immediate action. …
- Step 2 – Plan the investigation. …
- Step 3 – Data collection. …
- Step 4 – Data analysis. …
- Step 5 – Corrective actions. …
- Step 6 – Reporting.
What is corpus delicti?
Corpus delicti literally means “body of the crime” in Latin.
What are the three tools in investigation?
Tools To establish facts and develop evidence, a criminal investigator must use these tools-information, interview, interrogation, and instrumentation. 3.
What are the qualities of a good investigator?
Here is a list of qualities found in a successful professional investigator:
- Professionalism. This is a quality required for any career stream. …
- Integrity. One of the most important virtues of a professional investigator is integrity. …
- Persistence. …
- Self-driven. …
- Problem Solver. …
- Reliable. …
- Courage.
15.12.2017
What is investigation process?
The investigative process is a progression of activities or steps moving from evidence gathering tasks, to information analysis, to theory development and validation, to forming reasonable ground to believe, and finally to the arrest and charge of a suspect.
What are the 5 elements of managing special crime investigation?
crime investigation outlines five essential steps:
- Increased consultation between executives of the agencies.
- Increased cooperation among supervisory personnel of the agency.
- The use of liaison officers to communicate to police personnel the. …
- Improved case preparation procedures, including the use of forms and.
What are criminal investigation techniques?
A complete criminal investigation can include searching, interviews, interrogations, evidence collection and preservation, and various methods of investigation. Modern-day criminal investigations commonly employ many modern scientific techniques known collectively as forensic science.
What are the four phases of investigation?
The four phases
- Investigation and indictment. The Office of the Prosecutor conducts confidential investigations of suspects. …
- Pre-Trial. After the confirmation of an indictment the Pre-Trial Judge is responsible for preparing the case for Trial. …
- Trial. …
- Appeal. | https://austlawpublish.com/criminal-law/what-are-the-six-6-cardinal-points-of-criminal-investigation.html |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
0001 1. Field of the Invention
0002 The invention relates to a process for preparing a silylated silica, and to the silica prepared thereby.
0003 2. Background Art
0004 It is known from EP 0 686 676 to Wacker Chemie to hydrophobicize silica using (1) a volatile silylating agent and (2) a liquid, relatively nonvolatile silylating agent, by adding at least one of the silylating agents in the form of a very finely divided aerosol. The advantage of this procedure is the high thickening effect of the silica produced by this process.
0005 One disadvantage of this procedure is the complex reaction regime: it is necessary to operate with at least two different silylating agents, of which one is to be applied as a liquid and the other as vapor. This necessitates high process-related expenditures, for example requiring cost-intensive apparatus and process control. The process described in the patent achieves yields which are well below 100%.
0006 Existing processes for coating silica with organosilicon compounds are based, according to the state of the art, on the controlled addition of silylating agent. A precondition for controlled addition is sufficient reactivity of the silylating agents. This is generally the case when the silylating agents have reactive groups on the silicon atom, such as halide radicals (Cl, Br), alkoxy radicals (OR) amino radicals (NR), or silazane radicals (NSi). Hydrophobicizing with reactive silylating agents is a costly approach, since the abovementioned silylating agents are expensive to prepare. Secondly, as a consequence of the high reactivity of the silylating agents, they may interreact in an uncontrolled fashion during the course of the main reaction, leading to unwanted side reactions and side-reaction products. A further serious disadvantage of the above silylating agents is the emission of elimination products from the functional group, such as hydrogen halides, alcohols, amines or ammonia. This emission fosters corrosion problems and hence requires additional costs for special materials and increased cleaning operations. The emissions also create environmental pollution and/or complex waste-gas and waste-water purification operations, which are again costly.
0007 It would be desirable to overcome the disadvantages of prior methods of treating silica, in particular, to avoid the use of highly reactive silylating agents with their associated problems and costs. It would be further desirable to provide a uniform silica product having a homogeneous layer of silylating agent.
0008 It has now been surprisingly discovered that under the conditions of the invention, and when using silylating agents of the invention, an excellent silylation can be obtained without the emission of toxic elimination products, and without unwanted side reactions, while at the same time forming of a homogeneous layer of silylating agent.
0009 The invention provides a process for preparing a silylated silica, which comprises silylating the silica with an organosiloxane composed of A units of the formula (I)
0010 and B units of the formulae (IIa-c)
1
2
0011 it being possible for the organosiloxane to have 1 or 2 attached groups X on Si atoms, where X is individually selected from OR, hydrogen, halogen, or an acetoxy group, where R is hydrogen or a monovalent alkyl radical having 1-4 carbon atoms, preferably a methyl or ethyl radical, Ris a saturated or unsaturated, monovalent, optionally halogenated hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms, and may be identical or different. When the organosiloxane contains the groups SiX or SiX, and their amount is reflected by the number C, then A, B, and C follow the relationships: 1B100 or 750<B<10,000, wherein in one preferred version 10B50 and most preferably 10B20; while in another preferred version 1000B5000, BAC, preferably B>AC, and most preferably B>2(AC), and, if AC0, 10B100 or 750<B<10,000. Preferably, AC20, and most preferably AC2. Otherwise, the ratio of A to C is arbitrary.
3
3
0012 Z is preferably hydrogen. Most preferably, at least one chain-terminal hydroxyl group is bonded to Si, i.e. a terminal silanol group SiOH. In another version, at least one chain-terminal trimethylsiloxy group is bonded to Si, i.e. a terminal trimethylsiloxy group SiOSi(CH).
1
1
1
2
2/2
0013 Preference is given to organosiloxanes containing more than 80 mol % of RSiOunits. Each Rindependently is preferably a saturated or unsaturated, monovalent, optionally halogenated hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 18 carbon atoms. Unsaturated Rinclude polyunsaturated hydrocarbons. The organosiloxanes are preferably liquid at the coating or loading temperature.
1
1
0014 Examples of Rinclude alkyl radicals such as the methyl radical, the ethyl radical, propyl radicals such as the iso- and n-propyl radicals, butyl radicals such as the t- and n-butyl radicals, pentyl radicals such as the neo-, iso- and n-pentyl radicals, hexyl radicals such as the n-hexyl radical, heptyl radicals such as the n-heptyl radical, octyl radicals such as the 2-ethylhexyl and n-octyl radicals, decyl radicals such as the n-decyl radical, dodecyl radicals such as the n-dodecyl radical, hexadecyl radicals such as the n-hexadecyl radical, octadecyl radicals such as the n-octadecyl radical, alkenyl radicals such as the vinyl, the 2-allyl and the 5-hexenyl radicals, aryl radicals such as the phenyl, the biphenylyl and naphthenyl radicals, alkylaryl radicals such as the benzyl, ethylphenyl, tolyl and xylyl radicals, halogenated alkyl radicals such as the 3-chloropropyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl and perfluorohexylethyl radicals, and halogenated aryl radicals such as the chlorophenyl and chlorobenzyl radicals. Preferred examples of Rare the methyl radical, the octyl radical, and the vinyl radical. The methyl radical is particularly preferred.
0015 Examples of organosiloxanes are linear or cyclic dialkylsiloxanes having an average number of dialkylsiloxy units of more than 2, preferably more than 10. The dialkylsiloxanes are preferably dimethylsiloxanes. Examples of linear polydimethylsiloxanes are those with the following end groups: trimethylsiloxy, dimethylhydroxysiloxy, dimethylchlorosiloxy, methyldichlorosiloxy, dimethylmethoxysiloxy, methyldimethoxysiloxy, dimethylethoxysiloxy, metbyldiethoxysiloxy, dimethylacetoxysiloxy, and methyldiacetoxysiloxy. Trimethylsiloxy and dimethylhydroxysiloxy end groups are particularly preferred. The end groups may be identical or different.
0016 In one preferred embodiment, preference among the polydimethylsiloxanes is given to those with trimethylsiloxy end groups and a viscosity at 25 C. of less than or equal to 0.15 Pas, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 5000 daltons or less. Particular preference is given to polydimethylsiloxanes having a viscosity of less than or equal to 0.05 Pas, corresponding to a molecular weight of about 1500 daltons or less.
0017 In another preferred embodiment, preference among the polydimethylsiloxanes is given to those with the dimethylhydroxysiloxy end groups and a viscosity at 25 C. of less than 0.1 Pas, more preferably less than 0.05 Pas. Particularly preferred are polydimethylsiloxanes with dimethylhydroxysiloxy end groups and with Si hydroxyl group (silanol content of greater than 1.5% by weight, more preferably greater than 3% by weight, and most preferably greater than 4.5% by weight.
0018 In a further preferred embodiment, preference is given to polydimethylsiloxanes with trimethylsiloxy end groups and a viscosity at 25 C. of greater than or equal to 50 Pa s corresponding to a molecular weight of about 50,000 daltons or higher, with particular preference to viscosities greater than or equal to 100 Pa s, corresponding to a molecular weight of 75,000 daltons or higher.
0019 Preparation of the Starting Silica
0020 The silica preferably has an average primary particle size of less than 100 nm, more preferably an average primary particle size of from 5 to 50 nm. These primary particles do not exist in isolation in the silica but instead are constituents of larger aggregates and agglomerates. The silica comprises aggregates (as defined in DIN 53206) in the range of a diameter of from 100 to 1000 nm, and agglomerates (as defined in DIN 53206) which are composed of aggregates and which depending on the external shearing load (e.g., measurement conditions) have sizes of from 1 to 500 m).
2
0021 The silica preferably has a specific surface area of from 25 to 500 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132).
s
s
m
m
m
0022 The silica preferably has a fractal surface dimension of less than or equal to 2.3, more preferably less than or equal to 2.1, with particular preference from 1.95 to 2.05, the fractal surface dimension Dbeing defined as follows: particle surface A is proportional to particle radius R to the power of D. The silica preferably has a fractal mass dimension Dof less than or equal to 2.8, more preferably less than or equal to 2.7, with particular preference from 2.4 to 2.6. The fractal mass dimension Dis defined as follows: particle mass M is proportional to particle radius R to the power of D. Both the fractal surface dimension and the fractal mass dimension are well known to those skilled in the art.
2
2
2
2
0023 The silica preferably has a surface silanol group SiOH density of less than 2.5 SiOH/nm, more preferably less than 2.1 SiOH/nm, more preferably less than 2 SiOH/nm, and most preferably from 1.7 to 1.9 SiOH/nm.
0024 It is possible to use silicas prepared at a high temperature, i.e. more than 1000 C. Particular preference is given to silicas prepared pyrogenically. It is also possible to use hydrophilic silicas which come freshly prepared direct from the burner, which have been stored, or which have already been packaged in the commercially customary fashion. It is also possible to use hydrophobicized silicas, e.g., commercially customary silicas.
0025 Both uncompacted silicas, with bulk densities less than 60 g/l, and compacted silicas with bulk densities more than 60 g/l, can be used.
0026 As the base (initial) product for silylation it is preferred to use a hydrophilic pyrogenic silica prepared under anhydrous conditions. Anhydrous here means that neither in the hydrothermal preparation process nor in the further steps of the process, such as cooling, purification, and storage, through to the finished and purified, packaged and ready-to-dispatch product, is any additional water supplied to the process, either in liquid form or in vapor form. In any case, not more than 5% by weight of water, based on the overall weight of the silica, is added, preferably as little water as possible, and with particular preference no water at all.
0027 It is possible to use mixtures of different silicas: for example, mixtures of silicas differing in BET surface area or mixtures of silicas differing in degree of hydrophobicization or degree of silylation.
2
0028 As silylating agents for preparing the silylated silica, the organosiloxanes described previously may be used. Preferably, more than 1.5% by weight of silylating agent, more preferably more than 3% by weight, more than 5% by weight, and most preferably more than 10% by weight of silylating agent per 100 m/g BET Silica surface area (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) is employed. The silylation may be conducted as a discontinuous reaction, i.e., batchwise, or as a continuous reaction. For technical reasons, a continuous reaction is preferred. The reaction may be accomplished in one step, or in 2 or 3 successive steps. In other words, the reaction may be preceded by loading, (physisorption of the silylating agent) and followed by a purification step. Preference is given to 3 successive steps: loading, reaction, and purification.
0029 The loading temperature is preferably from 30 C. to 350 C., more preferably from 20 C. to 300 C., and most preferably 20 C. to 120 C. The reaction temperatures preferably range from 200 to 400 C., more preferably from 250 C. to 350 C., and most preferably from 280 to 330 C., over the reaction times which preferably extend to from 1 min to 24 h, more preferably from 10 min to 8 h, and most preferably from 30 min to 4 h. The reaction pressure is preferably in the range of atmospheric pressure, although an overpressure of up to 10 bar or an underpressure of as little as 0.2 bar are also possible. The purification temperature preferably ranges from 100 to 400 C., more preferably from 250 C. to 350 C., and most preferably from 290 to 340 C.
2
2
0030 Effective agitation and mixing of Silica and silylating agent is necessary, preferably by means of mechanical or gasborne fluidization. Gasborne fluidization may be effected by any inert gases which do not react with the silylating agent, the silica, the silylated silica, or side-reaction products. In other words, the choice of gas should be such that side reactions, degradation reactions, oxidation events, and flame or explosion phenomena are avoided. Suitable gases include N, Ar, other noble gases, CO, etc. The fluidizing gases are supplied preferably at superficial gas velocities of from 0.05 to 5 cm/s, with particular preference from 0.05 to 1 cm/s. Mechanical fluidization can be accomplished by means of paddle stirrers, anchor stirrers, and other suitable stirring elements.
0031 The reaction is preferably conducted in an atmosphere which does not lead to oxidation of the silylated silica, i.e., a low-oxygen atmosphere, preferably containing less than 10% by volume oxygen, more preferably less than 2.5% by volume, best results being achieved at less than 1% by volume oxygen. In one particularly preferred embodiment, only the amount of gas sufficient to maintain a low-oxygen atmosphere is supplied, with fluidization being accomplished by purely mechanical means.
0032 The silylating agents should be introduced effectively into the Silica. Since the silylating agents are compounds which are generally liquid at room temperature and/or reaction temperature, it is preferred to employ effective atomizing techniques: atomization in 1-fluid nozzles under pressure (from 5 to 20 bar), spraying in 2-fluid nozzles under pressure (gas and liquid, 2-20 bar), ultrafine division with atomizers, etc., may be used.
0033 The silylating agent is preferably added in the form of a very finely divided aerosol, characterized in that the aerosol preferably has a settling velocity of 0.1-20 cm/s.
0034 Optionally, protic solvents, such as liquid or vaporizable alcohols or water may be added. Typical alcohols are iso-propanol, ethanol, and methanol. It is also possible to add mixtures of the abovementioned protic solvents. Preferably, no protic solvents are added.
0035 It is also optional to add acidic or basic catalysts, for example those derived from waste products of purification and/or side-reactions, which may be basic in nature in the sense of a Lewis base or a Brnsted base such as ammonia, or acidic in nature in the sense of a Lewis acid or a Brnsted acid such as hydrogen chloride. Such catalysts are preferably added in traces, i.e. less than 1000 ppm. It is particularly preferred not to add any catalysts.
0036 The purification step is characterized by agitation, with preference being given to slow agitation and slight mixing, and is further characterized by an increased gas input, corresponding to a superficial gas velocity of from 0.001 to 10 cm/s, preferably from 0.01 to 1 cm/s. Additionally, the purification step may involve further mixing with mechanical stirring elements. The stirring elements are preferably positioned and agitated in such a way that mixing and fluidization occur, but not complete vortexing.
0037 It is also possible to employ methods for mechanical compaction during the silylating step, for example, press rollers, ball mills, edge runner mills, screw compactors, or briquetting machines. It is also possible during the silylating step to employ processes for deagglomeration of the silica, such as the use of pinned-disk mills or milling/classifying devices.
0038 It is additionally possible following the purification processes to employ processes for the mechanical compaction of the silica, such as, for example, press rolls, or compaction by withdrawal of the air or gas present under suction by means of suitable vacuum methods, or other processes for mechanical compaction, such as press rolls, ball mills, edge runner mills, screw compactors, or briquetting machines. It is also possible to employ processes for deagglomeration of the silica following purification, such as pinned-disk mills or milling/classifying devices.
0039 In a preferred embodiment, the unreacted silylating agents, side-reaction products, silylating agent excesses which have not been chemically fixed and which may have been modified, waste products of purification, and waste gases from the purification step in suitable temperature-conditioned devices are passed back into the step of coating and loading of the silica; this may be done in whole or in part, preferably to the extent of 50-90% of the overall volume flow of the gas volumes emerging from the purification.
2
2
2
m
0040 The subject invention further provides a silica which has a homogeneous layer of silylating agent on the silica surface, hydrophobic properties, preferably an average primary particle size of less than 100 nm, more preferably from 5 to 50 nm, and most preferably from 5 to 20 nm, these primary particles not generally existing in isolation in the silica but instead being constituents of larger aggregates (as defined in DIN 53206) which preferably have a diameter of from 100 to 1000 nm, more preferably from 100 to 500 nm, and make up agglomerates (as defined in DIN 53206) which, depending on the external shearing load, preferably have sizes of from 1 to 500 m, preferably a specific surface area of from 10 to 300 m/g, more preferably from 50 to 250 m/g, and most preferably from 100 to 200 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132), preferably have a fractal mass dimension Dof less than or equal to 2.8, more preferably from 2.5 to 2.7, and preferably a carbon content of at least 1.0% by weight, more preferably 3.0% by weight, and most preferably 4.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the silica.
0041 The silica of the invention has substantially no wettable fractions on contact with water, and exhibits apolarity, measured by adsorption of methyl red (see below). In accordance with these characteristics, the silica of the invention can be termed apolar.
0042 One particular feature of the silica of the invention is that its surface is chemically homogeneous and that the silylating agent radicals and unreacted silanol groups, on a molecular scale as well, have a homogeneously uniform distribution. This can be demonstrated by means of wetting tests, as disclosed below.
1
0043 The chain length of the silylating agent radicals attached to the silica is preferably less than 10 alkylsiloxy units, more preferably less than 5 alkylsiloxy units per monofunctionally attached radical; or less than 20 alkylsiloxy units, preferably less than 10 alkylsiloxy units per difunctionally attached radical. This can be demonstrated by T2 relaxation methods of H solid-state NMR.
0044 In one preferred embodiment the silica of the invention possesses a completely chemically attached silylating agent layer (i.e., less than 0.5% by weight of the organosilicon silylating agent layer is extractable with tetrahydrofuran at a temperature of 25 C. The extracted organosilicon compounds are advantageously detected by means of atomic absorption spectrometry.
0045 The silica of the invention is further characterized in that it has a high thickening action in polar systems such as solutions, suspensions, emulsions, and dispersions of organic resins in water, and also with polar polymers and resins such as polyesters, vinyl esters, epoxy resins, polyurethanes, acrylates, etc. in apolar solvents such as monostyrene, and is therefore suitable as a rheological additive in these systems.
0046 The silica of the invention is further characterized in that it has a low thickening action in apolar systems, such as noncrosslinked silicone rubber, while at the same time exhibiting a high reinforcing effect in the crosslinked silicone rubbers, and is therefore outstandingly suitable as a reinforcing filler in these applications.
0047 The silica of the invention is further characterized in that in pulverulent systems it shows no tendency toward caking under the influence of moisture, nor toward reagglomeration, and hence toward separation, and therefore permits loading-stable and storage-stable mixtures of the silica with powder. This applies in particular to its use in nonmagnetic and magnetic toners and developers, which may be 1-component or 2-component systems, and to its use in coating systems which are applied in powder form, such as powder paints and powder coating materials.
0048 Advantages of the process of the present invention include:
0049 1) High reaction yields, hence being economical and sparing of resource;
0050 2) No side reactions, and thus a uniform and homogeneous silylating agent layer.
0051 3) No elimination products such as hydrogen halides, alcohols or amines/ammonia from the silylating agent, hence being environmentally benign and cost-effective, in particular since expensive downstream purification operations are unnecessary; and
0052 4) Inexpensive silylating agents.
0053 The invention further provides an additive for controlling the rheology of liquid and pulverulent systems which comprises the silica of the invention. The invention further relates in general to the use of the silica of the invention, in which context it is used as an additive for controlling the rheology of liquid and pulverulent systems, especially in all solvent-free, solvent-borne, water-thinnable, film-forming coating compositions, rubberlike to hard coatings, adhesives, sealing compounds and casting compounds, and in other comparable systems. The invention is applicable to all systems of low to high polarity which comprise silica as a viscosity-imparting component. It relates in particular to systems such as:
0054 epoxy systems,
0055 polyurethane (PU) systems,
0056 vinyl ester resins,
0057 unsaturated polyester resins,
0058 water-soluble or water-dispersible resin systems,
0059 low-solvent, high-solids, resin systems, and
0060 solvent-free resins which are applied in powder form, for example, as coating materials.
0061 As an additive for controlling the rheology in these systems the silica of the invention provides the necessary viscosity, pseudoplasticity, and thixotropy needed and, for the ability to stand on vertical surfaces, a sufficient yield point; additionally, polymeric additives preferably with a molecular weight of from 100 to 2000 may also be present, such as polyethylene glycols, polyethers, polyamides, alkyl-substituted sorbitols.
0062 The invention additionally provides a filler for reinforcing elastomers which comprises a silica of the invention. The invention further relates to the use of the silica of the invention as a rheological additive and filler for reinforcing elastomers, preferably in noncrosslinked and crosslinked silicone systems, such as in the case of silicone elastomers, which are composed of silicone polymers, such as polydimethylsiloxanes, fillers, and further additives; these may be crosslinked, for example, using peroxides, or by way of addition reactions, for example, the reaction between olefinic groups and SiH groups, known as hydrosilylation, or by way of condensation reactions between silanol groups. The additive for reinforcing elastomers may also comprise quartz flour.
0063 Also provided is a toner or developer comprising a silica. The invention further relates to the use of the silica of the invention in developers and toners, e.g., magnetic 1-component and 2-component toners, and also nonmagnetic toners. These toners may be composed of resins such as polyester resins, styrene resins, and acrylic resins or blends thereof, preferably ground to particle distributions of 1-100 m, or may be resins which are prepared in polymerization processes in dispersions or emulsions or solutions or without solvent to give particle distributions of preferably 1-100 m. The silica is preferably employed for improving and controlling the powder flow properties and/or for regulating and controlling the triboelectric charging properties of the toner or developer. Toners and developers of this kind can be used preferentially in all nonimpact printing processes, such as electrophotographic printing processes. Furthermore, they may also be used in the context of direct image transfer processes.
0064 Preparation of the Silica of the Invention
EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C1
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C2
EXAMPLE 4
EXAMPLE 5
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE C3
EXAMPLE 6
EXAMPLE 7
EXAMPLE 8
EXAMPLE 9
Table 1
2
2
2
0065 In a continuous apparatus at a temperature of 25 C. and under Ninert gas, 150 g/h trimethylsiloxy-terminated PDMS (viscosity: 100,000 mPas at 25 C.) (Silicone oil AK 100 000 from Wacker Chemie GmbH) in solution in tetrahydrofuran solvent in a weight proportion of 1 to 10 are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 20 bar) to a mass flow of 1000 g/h hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm, and having a specific surface area of 300 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK T30 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is freed from the THF solvent at 100 C. for 3 hours and then reacted at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours. It is then purified with mechanical stirring and gassing with Nat <0.5 cm/s gas velocity at a temperature of 150 C. for 30 minutes. This gives a white, hydrophobic silica powder having an excellent degree of silylation and a homogeneous silylating agent layer. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0066 In a discontinuous apparatus at a temperature of 25 C. and under Ninert gas, 50 g of trimethylsiloxy-terminal PDMS (viscosity: 100,000 mPa s at 25 C.) (Silicone oil AK 100 000 from Wacker Chemie GmbH) in solution in tetrahydrofuran solvent in a weight proportion of Silicone oil to THF of 1 to 10 are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 20 bar) in a number of steps to 100 g of hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 300 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK T30 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is freed from the THF solvent at 100 C. for 3 hours and then reacted in a reactor at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours, with the supply of Nunder 15-fold gas exchange during the reaction time. This gives a white, hydrophobic silica powder having an excellent degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0067 In a discontinuous apparatus at a temperature of 25 C. and under Ninert gas, 30 g of trimethylsiloxy-terminal PDMS (viscosity: 1,000,000 mPas at 25 C.) (Silicone oil AK 1 000 000 from Wacker Chemie GmbH) in solution in tetrahydrofuran solvent in a proportion of Silicone oil to THF of 1 to 20 are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 20 bar) in steps to 100 g of hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 300 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK T30 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is freed from the THF solvent at 100 C. for a total of 4 hours and then reacted in a reactor at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours, with the supply of Nunder 15-fold gas exchange during the reaction time. This gives a white, hydrophobic silica powder having an excellent degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
2
0068 In a discontinuous apparatus at a temperature of 25 C. and under Ninert gas, 50 g of trimethylsiloxy-terminal PDMS (viscosity: 1000 mPa s at 25 C.) (Silicone oil AK 1000 from Wacker Chemie GmbH) in solution in tetrahydrofuran solvent in a weight proportion of Silicone oil to THF of 1 to 3 are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 20 bar) in steps to 100 g of hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 300 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK T30 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is freed from the THF solvent at 100 C. for 3 hours and then reacted in a N-blanketed reactor at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours, with the supply of Nunder 15-fold gas exchange during the reaction time. This gives a white, poorly hydrophobic silica powder having only a moderate degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0069 In a discontinuous apparatus at a temperature of 25 C. and under Ninert gas 15 g of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 20 bar) in steps to 100 g of hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 200 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK N20 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is reacted in a N-blanketed reactor at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours. This gives a white, poorly hydrophobic silica powder having only a moderate degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0070 In a continuous apparatus at a temperature of 120 C. and under Ninert gas, 200 g/h hydroxyl-terminal PDMS (average chain length 14 DMS units, viscosity: 40 mPas at 25 C.) are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 10 bar) to a mass flow of 1000 g/h hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 300 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK T30 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is subsequently reacted at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours. It is then purified with mechanical stirring and gassing with Nat <0.5 cm/s gas velocity at a temperature of 150 C. for 30 minutes. This gives a white, hydrophobic silica powder having an excellent degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0071 In a continuous apparatus at a temperature of 120 C. and under Ninert gas, 150 g/h hydroxyl-terminal PDMS (average chain length 14 DMS units, viscosity: 40 mPas at 25 C.) are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 10 bar) to a mass flow of 1000 g/h hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 200 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK N20 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is subsequently reacted at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours. It is then purified with mechanical stirring and gassing with Nat <0.5 cm/s gas velocity at a temperature of 150 C. for 30 minutes. This gives a white, hydrophobic silica powder having an excellent degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0072 In a continuous apparatus at a temperature of 120 C. and under Ninert gas, 150 g/h hydroxyl-terminal PDMS (average chain length 14 DMS units, viscosity: 40 mPas at 25 C.) are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 10 bar) to a mass flow of 1000 g/h hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 200 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (obtainable under the name WACKER HDK N20 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is subsequently reacted at a temperature of 100 C. with a residence time of 2 hours. It is then purified with mechanical stirring and gassing with Nat <0.5 cm/s gas velocity at a temperature of 150 C. for 30 minutes. This gives a white, only moderately hydrophobic silica powder having a low degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0073 In a continuous apparatus at a temperature of 120 C. and under Ninert gas, 60 g/h hydroxyl-terminal PDMS (average chain length 15 DMS units, viscosity: 40 mPas at 25 C.) are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through one single-fluid nozzle in each case (pressure 10 bar) to a mass flow of 1000 g/h hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 125 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK S13 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is subsequently reacted at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours. It is then purified with mechanical stirring and gassing with Nat <0.5 cm/s gas velocity at a temperature of 150 C. for 30 minutes. This gives a white, hydrophobic silica powder having an excellent degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0074 In a continuous apparatus at a temperature of 120 C. and under Ninert gas, 30 g/h hydroxyl-terminal PDMS (average chain length 15 DMS units, viscosity: 40 mPa s at 25 C.) are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through one single-fluid nozzle in each case (pressure 10 bar) to a mass flow of 1000 g/h hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 50 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK D05 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is subsequently reacted at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours. It is then purified with mechanical stirring and gassing with Nat <0.5 cm/s gas velocity at a temperature of 150 C. for 30 minutes. This gives a white, hydrophobic silica powder having an excellent degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0075 In a continuous apparatus at a temperature of 300 C. and under Ninert gas, 150 g/h hydroxyl-terminal PDMS (average chain length 14 DMS units, viscosity: 40 mPas at 25 C.) are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 10 bar) to a mass flow of 1000 g/h hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 200 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK N20 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is subsequently reacted at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours. It is then purified with mechanical stirring and gassing with Nat <0.5 cm/s gas velocity at a temperature of 150 C. for 30 minutes. This gives a white, hydrophobic silica powder having an excellent degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
2
2
2
0076 In a continuous apparatus at a temperature of 120 C. and under Ninert gas, 150 g/h trimethylsiloxy-terminal PDMS (average chain length 40 DMS units, viscosity: 20 mPas at 25 C., available from Wacker Chemie GmbH under the name AK 20) are added in liquid, very finely divided form by atomization through a single-fluid nozzle (pressure 10 bar) to a mass flow of 1000 g/h hydrophilic silica having a moisture content <1% by weight and an HCl content <100 ppm and having a specific surface area of 200 m/g (measured by the BET method in accordance with DIN 66131 and 66132) (WACKER HDK N20 from Wacker-Chemie GmbH, Burghausen, Germany). The silica thus loaded is subsequently reacted at a temperature of 300 C. with a residence time of 2 hours. It is then purified with mechanical stirring and gassing with Nat <0.5 cm/s gas velocity at a temperature of 150 C. for 30 minutes. This gives a white, hydrophobic silica powder having an excellent degree of silylation. Data in Table 1.
−1
−1
TABLE 1
DRIFT
%
% SiOH
3750
Example
% C
yield
residue
WT
MN
1/cm
MRN
% mobile
1
4
95
14
no
70
0
5
<10%
2
10.5
97
7
no
70
0
5
<10%
3
7
94
8
no
75
0
5
<10%
C1
7.1
66
33
partial
50
10
4
>30%
C2
2.4
56
42
partial
50
15
3
>30%
4
5.1
94
12
no
75
0
5
<10%
5
4.1
98
11
no
70
0
5
<10%
C3
3
72
39
partial
50
20
3
>30%
6
1.8
97
12
no
70
0
5
<10%
7
0.9
99
13
no
70
0
5
<10%
8
3.9
92
10
no
75
0
5
<10%
9
4.1
96
14
no
70
0
5
<10%
0077 Characteristic data describing the achieved hydrophobicization of the silica are summarized in Table 1: carbon content (% C) as a measure of the coverage with silylating agent, reaction yield (%) (calculated from the expected and found carbon content), residual content of unsilylated silica silanol groups, test (yes/no) of wettability with water (WT), methanol number (MN), intensity of the band for isolated OH stretching vibration at 3750 cm, measured by DRIFT (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy), polarity, measured via solvatochromism with methyl red in toluene (MRN), homogeneity of the structure of the silylating agent layer on the silica surface, measured by solid-state H-NMR (T2 relaxation) (fraction of freely movable, mobile silylating agent: % mobile).
0078 Description of the Analytical Methods
0079 1. Carbon content (% C):
2
2
0080 Elemental analysis for carbon; combustion of the sample at >1000 C. in an Ostream, detection and quantification of the resulting COwith IR; instrument LECO 244.
0081 2. Reaction yield (%):
0082 calculated from the expected theoretical carbon content % C-theor and the experimentally found carbon content % C-exp: % yield% C-exp/% C-theor*100%
0083 3. Residual content of unsilylated silica silanol groups:
0084 Method: acid-base titration of the silica suspended in 50:50 water/methanol; titration in the range lying above the pH range of the isoelectric point and below the pH range of the dissolution of the silica
0085 untreated silica with 100% SiOH (silica surface silanol groups):
2
0086 SiOH-phil2 SiOH/nm
0087 silylated silica: SiOH-silyl
0088 residue silica silanol content: % SiOHSiOH-silyl/SiOH-phil*100%.
0089 4. Test (yes/no) of wettability with water (WT):
0090 Tipping-in of an equal volume of silica with an equal volume of water;
0091 in the case of wetting (hydrophilic), silica sinks: YES,
0092 in the case of nonwetting (hydrophobic), silica floats: NO.
0093 5. Test (volume % MeOH in water) of wettability with water/methanol mixturesmethanol number (MN): tipping of an equal volume of the silica with an equal volume of water/methanol mixture start with 0% methanol;
0094 in the case of nonwetting, silica floats: use mixture with an MeOH content 5% by volume higher.
0095 in the case of wetting, silica sinks: fraction of MeOH (%) in water gives MN.
0096 6. Intensity of the band for isolated OH stretching vibration at 3750 cm-1, measured by DRIFT (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transformation spectroscopy) relative to the intensity of the band of the untreated silica: % SiOH-3750 1/cmintensity-silylated (SiOH-3750 1/cm)/intensity-hydrophilic (SiOH-3750 1/cm)*100%.
0097 7. Polarity, measured via solvatochromism with methyl red in toluene (MRN)
0098 dissolution of 20 mg of methyl red in toluene;
violet
0
untreated silica
reddish violet
1
red
2
reddish orange
3
orange
4
yellowish orange
5
fully silylated silica.
0099 suspension of 0.5 g of silica in 10 ml of toluenic methyl red solution; visual assessment of the color of the suspension:
0100 8. Homogeneity of the structure of the silylating agent layer on the silica surface, measured by solid-state 1H-NMR (T2 relaxation) (fraction of freely movable, mobile silylating agent % mobile) determination of the movable (mobile) and adsorbed-immovable (immobile) fractions of the silylating agent on the silica surface, determined by way of the T2 relaxation of the protons.
0101 While embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described, it is not intended that these embodiments illustrate and describe all possible forms of the invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of description rather than limitation, and it is understood that various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The terms a and an mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary. | |
6 Ways to be productive during the COVID-19 lockdown
With the number of COVID-19 cases growing exponentially and many countries in a state of lockdown, most of us are entering the second or third week of working from home. As the world fights a relentless battle against the pandemic, each of us is faced with our own daily struggles. With the line between professional and personal spaces blurring, many of us are finding it increasingly difficult to juggle deadlines with homeschooling, online lectures with household chores, and writing papers with attending to pets.
Having no physical office space to go to, no face-to-face meetings, no coffee breaks with the team, no animated discussions about a new project, the typical work day looks rather bleak, and for many, productivity is dropping to an all-time low. For researchers, the lockdowns also mean no lab work, conferences getting cancelled, clinical trials suspended, and face-to-face interviews postponed indefinitely. Naturally, you may not be able to make adequate progress on your current project. But this does not mean you cannot use your time productively.
Here are some tips on how you can be productive even if you cannot work on your research project at the moment due to lockdowns:
1. Keep yourself updated: Remember all those articles you’ve bookmarked but never read? Or those abstracts which you read hurriedly, meaning to get back to reading the full text when you have more time? Now is the time to revisit your bookmarks or your reference manager, and get some serious reading done. Give yourself a break from reading COVID-19 news and create a window of time to keep yourself updated on literature from your field. Now would also be the best time to keep track of the goings-on in the scholarly world by staying up to date with industry news and trends.
2. Attend virtual events: It is often difficult for researchers to accommodate any events in their busy schedule. But now you have the opportunity to attend virtual events such as webinars and workshops that several organizations and universities are conducting. You can attend these events from the comfort of your home without having to worry about travel grants or logistical aspects such as making arrangements for your travel or worrying about leaving your children behind. In addition to webinars directly related to your field, think of exploring some around self-care, mental health, career development, and other topics that will equip you with life skills to give yourself a refreshing change for work.
3. Revisit that shelved project: Take out that unfinished project, dig up the long-forgotten data you had collected, and put your thinking cap on and try to figure out if you can work on it. A fresh perspective might actually help you come up with new ideas. You can check for newer published studies on the topic you were working on to see if there is a possibility for your data to build on them. Sometimes a slight change in focus is all it may take to revive an old project.
4. Learn a new skill: Always had doubts about effective ways to conduct a literature review? Want to enhance your project management skills? Have reviewers often been critical of how you write your methods section? Now that you are saving on the commuting time, you can invest it in improving these skills so that you are better equipped to make progress with your project once the world is back to normal. Online course platforms like Coursera, edX, Udacity, Udemy, etc. offer a plethora of courses that you can choose from. Some of these courses are affiliated to universities. Thus, these might be certified courses that you can include in your CV. What is more, some online course platforms are offering free or discounted courses during the pandemic. So, explore them now!
5. Focus on writing: When you are in your lab or taking classes at the university, it is difficult to find time for focused writing. If you’re a PhD student, this is a good time to dedicate a few hours to writing every week. For those who are past the PhD hurdle, this could be a good time to draft a new proposal or complete your manuscript. Block larger chunks of time during early mornings or late evenings when the rest of the house is sleeping or busy watching television. If you’re the kind who gets easily distracted while writing, there are a bunch of bootcamps, productivity apps, and online meet up groups that will help you focus and see your writing tasks to completion.
Take a course & improve your skills
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- What is the importance of being disciplined and organized
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6. Build connections: With social distancing, people are spending more time on social media. Take advantage of this opportunity to network. Take advantage of this opportunity to network. Try to make your social media presence stronger. Everybody is now talking about COVID-19 and sharing the challenges they’re facing, so it’s really quite easy to join the conversations right now and make yourself known. You can also reach out to potential collaborators on social media or even email. Since everybody's working from home and likely missing having people around, they would be more open to engaging in conversations.
All said and done, don’t feel pressured to be productive. As Fay Lin, a mental health advocate, said in a recent tweet: “It is ok to struggle with productivity, mourn the experiences that were cancelled due to social distancing, and feel anxious of the uncertainty.” Use this time to take a break and hit the reset button on your life. Long hours, late nights, failed experiments, missed deadlines, working weekends, little time for family and friends: your life has probably revolved around these since the time you started your career. Now that you have the time, why not take it easy for a bit? Take rest, take time out for yourself, consciously practice self-care, enjoy a candlelight dinner with your spouse or play time with the kids, have video calls with your friends, and use this time to recharge and rejuvenate yourself.
Related reading:
- Why the ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic is worrying researchers
- Feel alone? Join a group that supports your research journey
- 10 Tried and tested time management tips for researchers
References:
Photo by Thought Catalog on Unsplash
Comments
You're looking to give wings to your academic career and publication journey. We like that!
Why don't we give you complete access! Create a free account and get unlimited access to all resources & a vibrant researcher community. | https://www.editage.com/insights/6-ways-to-be-productive-during-the-covid-19-lockdown?refer-type=article |
WWI and The Fox Valley
World War I remains a “Forgotten War” in comparison with other major U.S. conflicts, but on its centennial anniversary, the Elisha D. Smith Public Library in Menasha hopes to change that by chronicling the history and significance of the Great War through five thought-provoking presentations and a memorable exhibit.
The event will partially depict local efforts during the war, including those of Menasha’s Company E of Wisconsin’s National Guard fourth infantry division, and focus will also be placed on comparing WWI’s efforts at home and abroad with other wars. Spectators will leave considering and evaluating how history remembers these events having broadened their understanding of WWI through a local perspective.
“History, in many ways, is about how groups of people and individuals experience a particular event at the local and personal level. By studying how people in the Fox Cities experienced World War I, we gain a much fuller and more nuanced understanding of its impact,” says Steven Sheehan, event speaker and professor at UW-Fox Valley.
Various history experts will present during five separate days. On November 5, historian Tom Sutter will discuss how WWI is remembered today. Then Sheehan will recount on November 9 how the war began and why the U.S. got involved, followed on November 11 by the Menasha Historical Society’s own Rhys Kuzdas, speaking on Company E’s local influence on the war. On November 16, UW-Sheboygan history professor Mark Karau will analyze the development of the war, showing the factors that influenced its progression and end. Finally, UW-Fox English professor Scott Emmert will demonstrate how WWI is depicted in literature, art and film November 20.
All the events are free and open to the public. For those excited to learn more about the Forgotten War, there will be exhibits on the art wall and in display cases in the foyer and Circulation room November 1 through 30. More information can be found at www.menashalibrary.org or by calling the reference desk at 967-3690. | https://foxcitiesmagazine.com/2017/11/wwi-and-the-fox-valley/ |
As I wrote yesterday, the outage at 8x8 wasn't likely their fault so i was quite pleased when their PR person, Joan Citelli, sent me this note today:
Andy –
I wanted to provide you with an update/explanation of what caused 8x8’s service outage this past Tuesday.
In order to provide services to our customers from our three, redundant data centers, 8x8 utilizes several, non-contiguous Internet Protocol (IP) address blocks that are provided to us by Tier-1 Internet Service Providers (ISPs). Our service outage on January 12, 2010 was caused when an unaffiliated Tier-1 ISP interfered with the proper routing of all of these address blocks. While we were able to immediately restore service for some customers by broadcasting correct routing information via our backup data providers, the interference from the unaffiliated ISP continued for approximately four hours.
All 8x8 core software and networks continued to operate normally during the outage, but some customers were unable to reach our services. We are in the process of planning and implementing additional mechanisms to protect our customers from any similar routing interference in the future. We are also creating alternative information and communication mechanisms to more quickly communicate outage status and estimated time of repair information to our customers via our website, call centers and other communication channels should a similar issue affect our customers in the future.
Feel free to update your blog with this information.
Best wishes-
Joan
Any bets on whom the offending culprits were? Level3 has been a supplier to most VoIP companies including 8x8 and most likely AT&T requested control of the IP address blocks as they are doing massive network work these days. Given how both companies play the media relations game, I would be surprised if we ever heard an "mea culpa." | https://andyabramson.blogs.com/voipwatch/2010/01/8x8-outage-wasnt-their-fault.html |
Redditor bottleface was watching the live stream of Jay-Z’s first annual “Budweiser Made in America” festival this past weekend, when something caught his eye. One of the concert goers standing in the front rows had made a pretty unique camera choice: a Macbook Air. While the fans around him held up smartphones to snap photos and record videos, the Macbookographer was proudly holding up his laptop with the FaceTime camera pointed at the performance.
Here’s a closer crop in case you desire a better look at what’s going on:
We’ve seen plenty of cases of people using giant tablet computers as cameras, but using a laptop as a camera is definitely a first for us. The Macbook Air is equipped with a camera that shoots 720p video, which results in decent footage. However, this also means that still photos only pop out at 1280×720, or 0.9 megapixels.
Here’s to hoping that this doesn’t catch on and become a thing.
(via Reddit via Cult of Mac)
| |
The south and west facades of the tower contain unique vertical winter gardens which provide direct access to natural ventilation and planted park settings on each office floor. Apart from a place to relax away from work, the gardens also buffer direct sunlight which strikes the glass building to reduce the amount of heat gain.
Sculptured and shaped by the urban context, the tower tapers at its base to create a feeling of space and openness for the pedestrian plaza. The floor plates and the views over the Han River are maximized as the form reaches out in the middle of the tower, creating a sense of scale which marks the gateway from the western entrance to the site. The tower tapers back and up at its top to allow as much light and air as possible to reach the surrounding towers. It also creates a strong ascending peak which helps to define the building’s presence within the YIBD. | https://inhabitat.com/daniel-libeskinds-sustainable-harmony-tower-inspired-by-korean-paper-lanterns/ |
Who Are We?
QinetiQ Inc. is an innovative C5ISR Systems and Technology leader. Our company is built on a foundation of advanced technology, systems engineering, rapid prototyping, and improved operational sensing. We work with the latest technological developments in government, industry, and academia, leveraging that knowledge to rapidly advance the state of the art, combining cutting edge sensor technology with innovative research in fields such as sensor science, signal processing, data fusion, artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML), and augmented reality (AR).
We are a world-class team of professionals that build Ground Systems, Solider Systems, Airborne Sensing and Processing Technologies and Integrated C2 solutions. Our customers are always our number one priority and our mission is to empower and protect American Warfighters and Security Forces!
Your Contribution to Our Mission:
- Providing technical leadership and coordination of all aspects of the image and data processing and exploitation and AI/ML algorithms generation and implementation on a wide range of imaging sensors to include EO-IR, Hyperspectral, SAR, LIDAR and LLL imaging.
- Working with machine learning (ML) applications, developing models and software, familiarity with data structures, data and image analytics algorithms, computability, data complexity and computer architectures.
- Analyze and trade various machine learning approaches, develop new algorithms tools, perform and manage end to end design and SW implementation and work with a team of various backgrounds and skills.
- Track and coordinate all required annual program certifications and training
To Land This Job, You Need:
- MS degree in Data Science, Machine Learning, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Computer Engineering, Computer Science, or applicable engineering or science field
- 5-10 years’ experience designing, developing and implementing AI/ML algorithms to include 2D and 3D image mensuration and Overlay onto 3D Digital Maps, multispectral image fusion, Foveated smart imagery, scene change detection, facial intent, data labeling, semantic understanding and classification of dynamic scene and posing intent.
- Experience/expertise designing, developing and implementing NN (Neural Networks), CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks), SVM (Support Vector Machines)
- Experience/expertise with ML libraries/tools (e.g., scikit-learn, Theano, H2O, TensorFlow, YOLO, Shogun)
- Experience/expertise with various programming/scripting languages and environments (e.g., C, C++, C#/.NET, Python, Anaconda, XML, Java, Open CV, SQL, Hadoop)
- Experience/expertise applying mathematic principles via scientific computing solutions (e.g., NumPy, SciPy, MatPlotLib, MATLAB)
- Experience leading technical teams and supervising highly technical staff
Clearance Level Must Be Able to Obtain:
DOD Secret
Why QinetiQ Inc.?
- Your work will contribute to the protection of American Warfighters and Security Forces.
- Opportunity to work with cutting edge technology.
- Extensive opportunities for continuous learning, professional growth and advancement.
- We only hire the best! No matter if you are entry or senior level, you will have the opportunity learn from some of the best in the industry.
- We have fun! We regularly have company events, from luncheons and costume contests to golf tournaments.
- We care about YOU and YOUR FAMILY. We offer competitive benefits and health insurance options.
No One Has Time for Long Job Applications!
We completely understand. That is why we have made the application process easy. We promise. This will be simple.
Accessibility/Accommodation:
If because of a medical condition or disability, you need a reasonable accommodation for any part of the employment process, please send an e-mail to [Click Here to Email Your Resumé] or call (540) 658-2720 Opt 4 and let us know the nature of your request and your contact information. | https://www.artificialintelligencejobboard.com/artificial-intelligence-job-board/view/data-scientist-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-2/ |
The Museum wants not only to promote Surrealism, but also the exciting story of Belgian Modern Art, with Magritte at the heart of it. Since 2006, the René Magritte Museum has displayed many temporary exhibitions presenting surrealism and abstraction alternately in connection with the new Museum of Abstract Art which will open in the summer of 2019.
2017: Magritte, Signes of life
For the 50th anniversary of Magritte’s death, 21 photographic portraits have been exhibited in the communes of Brussels that the artist frequented (Jette, Schaerbeek, Molenbeek).
In parallel with that, inhabitants of Brussels created sound portraits in workshops led by BNA-BBOT
The lost Magritte
After seven years of research, 30 destroyed masterpieces of the artist are brought back to life.
2011/2012: Henri-Jean Closon (1888-1975)
Henri-Jean Closon pioneer of Belgian abstract art, is the painter of vibrant color compositions. The exhibition at the Musée René Magritte is the first tribute to this artist held in Brussels.
2010: An hundred year of abstract art
This exhibition marked the centenary of abstract art in Europe (1910-2010)
Around 40 works, chosen from the Museum’s large collection, gave an overview of the figures of this movement in Belgium from the 1920s to the present day.
May 2009: 10 years Magritte museum (1999 – 2009)
The René Magritte Museum celebrated its 10 years of existence in June 2009. A weekend of celebrations entailed, including exhibitions, guided tours, workshops, concerts and animations. These all reviewed the achievements of the Museum so far and presented new projects to the public.
2009: Francine Holley : 90 years, 20 masterpieces
Francine Holley is an abstract artist who lives in Paris. She celebrated her 90th birthday in 2009. This anniversary exhibition gives an overview of her career.
2008: Edmond Van Dooren : dreaming of a future world
The avant-garde painter Edmond van Dooren, like Magritte, became one of the pioneers of Belgian abstraction.
2007: ELT Mesens on visit by Magritte,
the headquarter of surrealism
Itinerary of the terrible child of Belgian surrealism, the poet, musician, collagist and animator ELT Mesens.
2006: René Magritte invites René Guiette
René Guiette, a contemporary of Magritte. This exhibition explored a series of his works from the museum’s collection. | http://www.magrittemuseum.be/index.php/en/activities/temporary-exhibitions/ |
Spring is about renewal and fresh starts. Let the fruits and vegetables of the season inspire you to reboot for spring and get excited about a new season. Let’s spring clean your diet.
10 Tips To Spring Clean Your Diet
1. Explore the fruits and vegetables of the season. It’s like a whole new world when spring arrives. Leafy greens like dandelion greens, chard, spinach, and herbs are plentiful. We’re starting to see fava beans, asparagus, bell peppers, tomatoes. Tomatoes usually get better in late summer. And even though you see some of these foods in the supermarket all year long, they are at their peak in spring. We’ll start seeing strawberries, stone fruits, salad lettuces, arugula, cucumbers, beets, Brussels sprouts, cabbages, cauliflower, fennel, radishes. Think about building your meals around all of these wonderful spring vegetables.
2. Put together inventive salads. I’m really into salads lately, and I plan to experiment with unconventional ingredients. A salad doesn’t always have to be lettuce and maybe some cucumber. There are so many kinds of greens available. I love adding fruits and vegetables to my salads. Try adding fresh herbs, nuts, and seeds. Start thinking of salad in a new way. And make your own dressing. I’ll be posting some salad dressing recipes very soon.
3. Fill half your plate with veggies. When you sit down to a meal, start by reserving half of your plate for vegetables. Oftentimes in the U.S. we plan our meals around meat. On the Mediterranean diet, meat is eaten as a side dish or used to add flavor, like adding a little pancetta to a meal. Start with vegetables, more than one. Strive for 5-10 servings of fruits and vegetables each day. I suggest one of them be a dark leafy green.
4. Plant some fresh herbs in your garden or in pots in your kitchen. I used to run a coaching program called La Dolce Vita Spring Training. On the first day of that program I had people plant an herb. It could be in your backyard or in a small pot in your kitchen. I usually start with basil because it grows easily and I have many uses for it. By the time summer comes, it should be in full bloom. Think about what herbs you like to cook with, and plant them for yourself. I usually have basil, chives, rosemary, lemon balm, and parsley, sometimes cilantro. I also like to grow tomato and hot peppers. As your herb plants bloom, think about how you are blooming too.
5. Hydrate. Drink lots of water, especially in the warm weather. If you’re not a big fan of water, add some lemon or strawberry slices, or buy a fruit infuser. Make herbal iced teas or iced coffees at home. Do it with style. I think drinks taste better when you make them cute. Buy some mason jars or milk bottles, add a cute paper straw, something biodegradable or reusable. You can get really cute paper straws at the dollar store. They make drinks look so much more appealing.
6. Add nuts and seeds. Sprinkle them on salads and soups. They add nutrition and a little crunch. They make great snacks too. When you’re looking for a little pick-me-up in the afternoon, have a small handful of walnuts to give you a boost and curb your appetite. Add pumpkin and sunflower seeds to your breakfast toast. Get creative.
7. Try a new whole grain. On the Mediterranean diet we’re always talking about whole grains. What is a whole grain? It’s a grain that has been minimally processed. Think brown rice instead of white rice. It keeps more of its nutrition and fiber. And it has more of a feel when you chew it. Try something new. Farro is a great choice. It’s one of my favorites. It’s very similar in texture to barley. Quinoa is a good choice if you have trouble with gluten. Look for ancient grains when shopping.
These last three are lifestyle tips:
8. Take walks. I’ve been such a coach potato since the virus hit. My local gym closed, and even now that it’s back open, I don’t feel comfortable going there. I’m really happy the weather is getting warmer so I can take walks around the neighborhood and in the park. Get moving. If you’re stuck at home working or being a caregiver, there are so many free exercise routines on YouTube. Take a dance class or do a quick stretching routine. You’ll feel so much better.
9. Bring fresh flowers into your home. I know this isn’t a health tip. But it is a mental wellness tip. After the doldrums of winter, flowers are pretty and colorful, and they make everyone happy. Brighten up a room with flowers. It will do wonders for your outlook. I get them at the supermarket. They are about $4 a bundle, so I usually buy two and mix them together. If you’re feeling creative, sit down and draw them with colored pencils or paint them with a watercolor set. Or take some pictures of them with your phone and then play with some apps that apply special effects. Get your spring creative juices flowing. Or write a poem about them. Do something fun.
10. Buy some pretty paper napkins in spring colors to brighten up your table. I get them at the dollar store. They come in all kinds of colors with matching cups and plates for parties. I just buy the napkins to make the table more colorful. Sometime you can find them with floral patterns or the Eiffel Tower. Make meals a special event. Treat yourself as special as you would a guest.
I hope you enjoy these tips for how to spring clean your diet. Have a lovely season. | https://mostlymediterranean.com/spring-clean-your-diet/ |
The chassis of vehicle is connected to the front and rear wheels through the medium of springs, shock absorbers and axles. All parts perform the function of protecting parts from shocks are known as suspension system.
The automobile chassis is indirectly connected with axles by springs. It is done to prevent the vehicle body from road shocks due to bounce, pitch, roll or sway. These road shocks provide an uncomfortable ride and also additional stress to the automobile frame and body.
Read more : Introduction To Automobile Suspension System
Suspension system has a spring and damper. The energy of road shock produced by the spring oscillates. These oscillations are arrested by the damper known as shock absorber.
Components of Suspension System
1. Springs are used to neutralize the shocks from the road surface.
2. Dampers, called shock absorbers, are used to improve a riding comfort by limiting the free oscillation of springs.
3. Stabilizer, called sway bar or anti-roll bar, is to prevent lateral swinging of the car.
4. A linkage system holds above components to control the longitudinal and lateral movements of wheels.
Functions or Objectives of Suspension System
1. To eliminate road shocks from transmission to vehicle components.
2. To obtain good road holding while driving, cornering and braking.
3. To keep the proper steering geometry.
4. To obtain a particular height to body structure.
5. To resist the torque and braking reactions.
8. To maintain the stability of the vehicle while traveling over rough round or when turning in order to minimize the rolling, pitching or vertical movement tendency.
9. To safeguard the occupants against road shocks and provide a riding comfort.
10. To minimize the effects of stresses due to road shocks on the mechanism of the motor vehicle and provide a cushioning effect.
11. To keep the body perfectly in level while travelling over rough uneven ground. i.e. the up and down movements of wheels should be relative to the body.
12. To prevent the structure of the vehicle from shock loading and vibration due to irregularities of the road surface without impairing its stability.
13. To obtain the requisite height to body structure.
14. To support the body on the axles and keep the proper geometrical relationship between the body and wheels.
Requirements of Suspension System
1. There should be minimum deflection.
2. It should be of minimum weight.
3. It should have low maintenance and low operating cost.
4. It should have minimum tyre wear.
5. It should be of low initial cost.
Principles of Suspension System
The principles of the suspension system are due to springing action of motor vehicles.
1. Supporting the weight of vehicle.
2.Absorbing satisfactorily larger and smaller road impacts with the help of a single springing device.
3. The reduction of rolling or pitching of the body to a minimum design and attachment of springs.
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The South Dakota Annual School Counselor Evaluation and Support Documentation are available for use by all school districts in South Dakota. The goals of this new evaluation include:
Work with other educators to ensure student success.
Address student’s emotional needs and design a course for their lives and careers beyond high school.
Proactive guidance services are offered through a curriculum of classroom presentations based upon developmental needs of children’s
age.
Provide responsive services that emerge from issues that appear either in students or groups as a whole.
Help students acquire communication skills, healthy self-images and appropriate relationships.
Help students determine strengths for postsecondary planning.
Serve as a resource to students, teachers, parents, and the school as a whole.
Design appropriate academic program to eliminate negative behaviors.
Collaborate with teachers to present guidance lessons for behavior management, or classroom procedure management.
Regularly confer with parents about any number of issues that affect student learning, typically related to behavior and emotions.
Interpret cognitive, aptitude, and achievement tests, student records, and assist stakeholders in identifying and resolving student needs,
issues, and problems.
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932 F.2d 1325
1991 A.M.C. 2563
Jerry EDWARDS, Petitioner,v.DIRECTOR, OFFICE OF WORKERS' COMPENSATION PROGRAMS, UNITEDSTATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, Eagle Insurance Group,Respondents.
No. 91-70175.
United States Court of Appeals,Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted May 6, 1991.Decided May 8, 1991.
Derek B. Jacobson, McGuinn, Hillsman & Palefsky, San Francisco, Cal., for petitioner.
B. James Finnegan, Katherine F. Theofel, Finnegan & Marks, San Francisco, Cal., for respondents Smith-Rice Co. and Dutra Const. Co.
Marianne Demetral Smith, U.S. Dept. of Labor, Office of the Sol., Washington, D.C., for respondent Director, Office of Workers' Compensation Programs.
Before WRIGHT and O'SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judges and PRO,* District Judge.
PER CURIAM:
1
Edwards petitions this court for review of the Benefits Review Board's order staying an award of compensation benefits. We grant the petition and vacate the Board's order.
2
* The facts pertinent to this appeal are not in dispute. The petitioner, Jerry Edwards, injured his knee while working on a dredging project for his employer, Smith-Rice Company/Dutra Construction Company. Edwards filed a claim under the Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act ("LHWCA") with the Office of Workers' Compensation Programs ("OWCP"). Eventually Edwards and the insurance adjuster representing the employer's insurance carrier entered into a stipulation regarding benefits. This stipulation was submitted to the OWCP.1
3
Approximately two months later, counsel for the employer and carrier (collectively "Smith-Rice") requested that the OWCP delay issuing a compensation order--the stipulation notwithstanding--on the ground that Edwards' injury did not come within the purview of the LHWCA because the project involved an inland lake rather than navigable waters as required under 33 U.S.C. Sec. 903(a). Smith-Rice requested an "immediate informal conference to discuss the issue of subject matter jurisdiction." However, the OWCP Claims Examiner declined to hold such a hearing, concluding that a settlement had been agreed to by the parties. Accordingly, a compensation order approving the stipulation and ordering payments in accordance with the settlement agreement was issued.
4
Smith-Rice filed a notice of appeal with the Benefits Review Board ("Board"). In addition, because the compensation order required payment "forthwith," Smith-Rice filed an emergency application for a stay of the compensation order. The Board granted the opposed application for a stay (with one judge dissenting) and expedited its review of Smith-Rice's appeal. Edwards petitioned this court for review of the stay order, requesting expedited relief from this court.2
II
5
As we must where any doubt may exist, we begin by examining our jurisdiction over this appeal. As a general rule, we may exercise jurisdiction only if there is (1) original subject matter jurisdiction and (2) appellate jurisdiction. United Offshore Co. v. Southern Deepwater Pipeline Co., 899 F.2d 405, 406 (5th Cir.1990). We shall examine both prongs, beginning with the latter.
6
* We have jurisdiction to consider only final orders of the Benefits Review Board. 33 U.S.C. Sec. 921(c); Bish v. Brady-Hamilton Stevedore Co., 880 F.2d 1135, 1137 (9th Cir.1989). Typically, a "final order" is one that "ends the litigation on the merits and leaves nothing for the court to do but execute the judgment." Bish, 880 F.2d at 1137 (quoting Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229, 233 (1945)). There is, however, an exception to this definition of "final order." Under the "collateral order" doctrine, an order may be considered final, and thereby appealable, if it (1) conclusively determines the disputed question, (2) resolves an important issue completely separate from the merits of the action, and (3) would otherwise be effectively unreviewable on appeal from a final judgment. Id. We must determine whether the Board's stay order falls within the collateral order doctrine.
7
In Rivere v. Offshore Painting Contractors, 872 F.2d 1187 (5th Cir.1989), a case relied upon heavily by Edwards, the Fifth Circuit resolved this very issue. Rivere appealed to the Fifth Circuit a stay order entered by the Board after the OWCP had awarded benefits to Rivere. The Fifth Circuit concluded that it had appellate jurisdiction over the stay order. The first and third elements were unquestionably established: "Rivere will not be paid the accrued benefits pending the appeal of the compensation order, and his right to receive the accrued sum without delay will not be reviewed if the award is vacated." Id. at 1190.
8
Only the second element warranted prolonged discussion--was Rivere's entitlement to payment of the accrued compensation benefits separate from the merits of the action? The Fifth Circuit began with the relevant statutory provisions. The LHWCA provides that "[a] compensation order shall become effective when filed in the office of the deputy commissioner...." 33 U.S.C. Sec. 921(a). Similarly, "[n]o stay shall be issued unless irreparable injury would otherwise ensue to the employer or carrier." 33 U.S.C. Sec. 921(b)(3). After reviewing the plain language and relevant legislative history of these provisions, the Fifth Circuit concluded that these provisions reflected Congress's policy decision that a "disabled worker [should] receiv[e] benefits promptly after being found deserving of same." Rivere, 872 F.2d at 1190. Accordingly, the court held that a claimant's entitlement to payment of the compensation benefit is separate from the ultimate resolution of the compensation claim. Id.
9
We agree with the reasoning of the Fifth Circuit. The plain language of section 921, bolstered by the statute's legislative history, unequivocally reflects a congressional desire that benefits be paid to deserving claimants as soon as possible. The stay order is appealable under the collateral order doctrine.
B
10
While Smith-Rice did not contest appellate jurisdiction, it vigorously contends that we lack authority to hear this case because original subject matter jurisdiction is lacking. Specifically, Smith-Rice argues that because Edwards' injury occurred on an inland lake rather than a navigable waterway, his injury falls outside the scope of admiralty jurisdiction.
11
The question of subject matter jurisdiction is, of course, the primary issue in the appeal currently pending before the Benefits Review Board. Thus, by Smith-Rice's logic, we are deprived of jurisdiction over matters that would otherwise be properly before us simply because a party has raised a colorable question of subject matter jurisdiction in the original forum.3 Smith-Rice would have this court recoil, like a vampire facing a silver cross, at the mere invocation of a subject matter jurisdiction challenge. We decline to do so.
12
In Catlin v. United States, 324 U.S. 229 (1945), the Supreme Court held that the denial of a motion to dismiss, even when based on jurisdictional grounds, is not an immediately appealable order. See id. at 236; see also National Kidney Patients Ass'n v. Sullivan, 902 F.2d 51, 54 (D.C.Cir.1990) (per curiam) ("The threshold issue of subject-matter jurisdiction may be determined only after a final judgment on the merits is presented to us."). A natural corollary to this rule is that the case should proceed as normal, and that an appellate court is powerless to review the jurisdictional issue until a final judgment is entered.
13
The "natural course of proceedings" may sometimes involve an interlocutory appeal, whether by right, see 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(a), by permission, see 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1292(b), or as a "collateral final order." Under Smith-Rice's reasoning, we would be required to address subject matter jurisdiction in these interlocutory proceedings, even if the issue is not ripe for appellate review. Of course, the potential lack of subject matter jurisdiction could be one factor in our consideration of whether to accept a discretionary interlocutory appeal. Likewise, if subject matter jurisdiction were clearly lacking, we would be free to order dismissal at that time. However, we are not required to decline to hear an interlocutory appeal simply because subject matter jurisdiction might be an issue in a subsequent appeal. See U-Haul Int'l, Inc. v. Jartran, Inc., 793 F.2d 1034, 1037 (9th Cir.1986) (noting that threshold issues such as jurisdiction probably could not be raised in an interlocutory appeal, citing Catlin ).
14
It also bears mention that in certain appeals from collateral orders, subject matter jurisdiction might exist independently of subject matter jurisdiction over the case as a whole. Subject matter jurisdiction is "the power to adjudge concerning a general question involved and is not dependent upon the state of facts which may appear in a particular case, arising or which is claimed to have arisen, under that general question. It is the power to hear and determine causes of the class in which the particular controversy belongs...." Ramos v. Universal Dredging Corp., 653 F.2d 1353, 1357 (9th Cir.1981). Here, in this collateral proceeding, the "general question" is the authority of the Benefits Review Board, an issue which is unquestionably within the power of this court to decide.
15
We have jurisdiction to consider petitions for review of the stay order.
III
16
Our jurisdiction established, we turn to the merits of the appeal. Edwards contends that the Board's stay was improvidently granted.
17
As previously noted, the Board's authority to grant a stay is set forth and circumscribed at 33 U.S.C. Sec. 921(b), which provides that:
18
The payment of the amounts required by an award [of compensation] shall not be stayed pending final decision in any such proceeding [appealing the award to the Board] unless ordered by the Board. No stay shall be issued unless irreparable injury would otherwise ensue to the employer or carrier.
On this issue, Rivere is instructive:
19
The demonstration of irreparable injury was not intended by Congress, and has not been viewed by the courts as an exercise in semantics. That payment of compensation might pose a problem, or even cause serious difficulty is not enough to support a stay. Neither is the fact that the amount paid might be lost if the award is reversed on appeal.
20
872 F.2d at 1191. Rather,
21
[i]rreparable injury is demonstrated only when the compensation award may be too heavy for the employer or insurer to pay without practically taking all his property or rendering him incapable of carrying on his business, or by reason of age, sickness, or other circumstance of the payer, a condition is created which would amount to irreparable injury.
22
Id. (internal quotations, brackets, ellipsis, and citation omitted).
23
Here, however, Smith-Rice contends that Rivere is distinguishable, again raising the spectre of lack of subject matter jurisdiction. "The Director," Smith-Rice observes, "has ignored the fact that there was a question of subject matter jurisdiction in the Revere [sic] case." Smith-Rice apparently believes that the irreparable injury requirement is overcome when the appeal before the Benefits Review Board involves subject matter jurisdiction rather than the merits of the case.
24
We disagree. Initially, we note that Congress did not provide for any such exception to the irreparable injury requirement. However, even if Congress's silence was not dispositive, we would not be inclined to find such an exception. As the present case illustrates, a claimant is no less injured and deserving of benefits simply because the legal argument in his or her case involves subject matter jurisdiction. Indeed, the opposite is likely to be true. Where the merits of an award are challenged, an employer, if successful, may have paid benefits to a claimant who never should have received such benefits. However, where the sole issue is the jurisdiction of the OWCP, then presumably the validity of the employee's claim is not otherwise questioned. Indeed, the employer might yet be liable for benefits under a different statutory scheme such as a state workers' compensation program.
25
Indeed, the possibility for abuse of the exception proposed by Smith-Rice is great. If a colorable challenge to subject matter jurisdiction would enable the Board to grant a stay where it would otherwise be powerless to do so, employers and their insurance carriers would be tempted to raise subject matter jurisdiction claims where none had existed before.
26
Smith-Rice argues that the stay is necessary to preserve its right to due process. It is true that the Board's authority to grant a stay helps ensure that post-deprivation review of a compensation award will be meaningful. See Abbott v. Louisiana Insurance Guaranty Ass'n, 889 F.2d 626, 631 (5th Cir.1989), cert. denied, 110 S.Ct. 1813 (1990). However, the Board's statutory authority to issue stays only upon a showing of irreparable injury does not expand merely because the employer raises a due process challenge. As no irreparable injury has been shown here, the stay exceeded the Board's authority.
27
Finally, the Board's order granting the stay is fatally flawed due to its lack of specificity. An order granting a stay "shall contain a specific finding, based upon evidence submitted to the Board and identified by reference thereto, that irreparable injury would result to [the] employer, operator or insurance carrier, and specify the nature and extent of the injury." 20 C.F.R. Sec. 802.105. Such regulation is consistent with section 921(b) of the LHWCA--the statute upon which the regulation is based--and the Board is subject to its terms. See Rivere, 872 F.2d at 1192. Here, the Board's order fulfilled none of these requirements.
IV
28
We conclude that the Board erred in staying the compensation order. The order staying the compensation award is vacated.
29
The petition for review is GRANTED; the order of the Board staying payment of benefits to Edwards is VACATED; the MANDATE SHALL ISSUE FORTHWITH.
*
The Honorable Philip M. Pro, United States District Judge for the District of Nevada, sitting by designation
1
The stipulation provided in full that:
It is hereby stipulated and agreed by and between the interested parties:
1
That on 5-1-89 the employee [Jerry Edwards] was in the employ of the employer [Smith-Rice Co./Dutra Construction Co.], and that the liability of the employer for payment of workers' compensation benefits was insured by Eagle Insurance Group
2
That on said date the employee, while performing services as a Leverman, and while engaged in dredging sustained injury resulting in a left knee strain
3
That written notice of the injury was not given within 30 days but that the employer had knowledge of the injury and has not been prejudiced by lack of such written notice
4
That the employer furnished the employee with medical services in accordance with provision of Sec. 7 of the Act
5
That the average weekly earnings of the employee at the time of the injury were $875.92
6
(a) That as a result of the injury the employee was temporarily and totally disabled from 6-12-89 to 12-24-89 inclusive, entitling him to compensation for 28 weeks at $583.95 amounting to $15,350.60
(b) That as a result of the injury the employee was temporarily and partially disabled from N/A to N/A during which period his/her earning capacity was reduced to $N/A per week, amounting to $N/A.
(c) That as a result of the injury the employee has sustained permanent partial disability equivalent to 28% of the left lower extremity for which he is entitled to compensation for 80.64 weeks (28% of 288 weeks) at $583.95 per week, amounting to $48,000 rounded.
7
That the sum of the compensation under Sec. 6(a) and (b) is $16,350.60, of which the employer and carrier have paid $16,350.60
(a) Both parties have agreed the employer/carrier will pay attorney fees in the amount of $2,000 to Derek Jacobson, Esquire.
Upon the foregoing facts the parties hereto waive a formal hearing and consent to the issuance a formal order [sic].
Dated: 12-17-90
2
At oral argument before this court, counsel for all parties confirmed that Smith-Rice's appeal on the merits was still pending before the Benefits Review Board
3
For purposes of this appeal, we will assume that Smith-Rice's subject matter jurisdiction argument has a reasonable probability of prevailing. We emphasize, however, that we are in no way passing on the issue
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FC125The Emergence of Modern Japan (1868-1937)
Rich country, strong army
— Meiji motto
Decline of the Tokugawa Shogunate
In
the early 1800's the peace and stability of Tokugawa rule came
unraveled, leading to a period of turmoil and then restructuring from
which a modernized and revitalized Japan would emerge. Several forces
combined to generate these changes. First, 200 years of peace and being
disarmed by the Tokugawa government undermined the power and even the
reason for the existence of the Samurai. Second, the encroachment of
the British into China and the ensuing Opium Wars led many Japanese to
worry about the threat of encroachment on their shores and the ability
of the Shogunate to deal with it. Finally, a series of bad harvests in
the 1830's triggered inflation, disease, and unrest in Japan. The
result of these various forces was a struggle between traditional
isolationists who wanted to keep Japan cut off from the outside world
and reformers who wanted to open it to the West and institute reforms
to shore up the declining shogunate.
However,
before Japan could come to a firm policy one way or another, the West
intervened to decide the issue. The United States, by taking California
in the Mexican War (1846-8), had become a Pacific power practically
overnight. In 1853, a flotilla of American warships commanded by
Commodore Perry delivered a conciliatory letter from the president to
the Japanese head of state and a more belligerent letter written by
Perry himself. The gist of Perry's message was that Japan had better
open its doors to the West or the United States would kick down those
doors and force Japan to trade.
The Tokugawa Shogunate,
seeing Japan was no match for the United States, capitulated when Perry
returned the next year. The immediate results for Japan, and especially
its government, were disastrous. With the Americans came an influx of
Mexican silver, which triggered more inflation. A cholera epidemic also
hit at this time. These, plus the humiliation this situation brought to
the Tokugawa Shogunate, caused its fall in 1868.
The Meiji Restoration (1868-c.1890)
Replacing
the shogunate was the restored imperial court under the emperor
Matsuhito, called Meiji ("enlightened rule"). The Meiji regime would
oversee the transformation of Japan from a largely feudal and agrarian
state into a powerful industrial nation. This is often seen as a
reaction to and imitation of industrial state building in Western
Europe, in particular that of Germany. While this is partially true,
Japan during the Tokugawa period had developed in ways that prepared it
for the Meiji reforms. For one thing, the Tokugawa Shogunate had
maintained a unified Japan for over 200 years, thus helping create a
Japanese nation. Also, during this time a strong middle class had
evolved along with the financial techniques needed to adapt to
industrial capitalism.
As a result, Japan was
able to make the transition to an industrial nation state while
maintaining its own unique Japanese values of loyalty to the group and
the emperor. For example, the Japanese corporation that evolved during
this period can largely be seen as an updated version of the
paternalistic feudal state, where the workers (peasants) owe lifelong
loyalty and service to the company (lord) in return for its protection
of their welfare. Japan's transformation into a major power can be seen
as taking place in three successive stages: political and social
reforms, industrial and military reforms, and early expansion.
Japan
went through several Western-style political and social reforms to
create the conditions conducive to industrial and military
modernization while maintaining a distinctive Japanese character. In
order to destroy Japan's feudal structure, the Meiji government
replaced Japan's old provinces with seventy-two modern districts. As in
the West, all class distinctions were abolished. This especially hurt
the Samurai who now were even forbidden to wear their swords or
distinctive hairdos. Public education became mandatory for all boys and
girls in order to create an educated work force and instill a spirit of
nationalism in them. A European style parliament was formed, but like
its German model, it had little real power. The emperor kept his
exalted position while Shinto was made the state religion, both of
these providing points of focus for Japanese national loyalty.
With
the political and social reforms in place, the Meiji government
proceeded to industrialize Japan, concentrating on heavy and strategic
industries: railroads, the merchant marine, mining, modern agricultural
techniques, munitions, and the navy. However, Japan had no large-scale
capitalists. Therefore, the government, in keeping with Japan's
paternalistic tradition, paid for these industries and then sold them
at low cost to a few private investors. These new capitalists, called
the Zaibatsu ("money clique"), would come to control 70% of Japan's
bank deposits and heavily influence government policies, much as the
daimyo (feudal lords) had done in previous times. Thus began the
long-time alliance of government and big business, which is still a
predominant feature of Japan today. One other reform was that of the
military. In 1873 the government began universal conscription, which
deprived the Samurai of their privileged position as the warrior class. This triggered a Samurai revolt.
Surprisingly, the conscripts fought well and crushed the revolt, thus
destroying the samurai's aura of invincibility.
Japan's quest for empire
By
1890, Japan had largely industrialized and was ready to look outward to
protect what it saw as its interests. In a series of three conflicts,
the Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War, and World War I, Japan
emerged as a major power. Its first concern was Korea, the closest part
of the Asian mainland to Japan and which Japan had claimed since the
1500's. The other primary contender for control of Korea was China to
the north. In the ensuing war, known as the Sino-Japanese War (1894-5),
Japan's modernized army made short work of the outdated Chinese forces,
taking Taiwan and establishing its influence over Korea. In addition,
this further weakened China's government and helped lead to a
revolution in 1911 and eventually to the Communist revolution and
victory in 1949.
More shocking
was Japan's unlikely victory over the Russian army and navy in the
Russo-Japanese War (1903-5). This gave Japan the Liaotang Peninsula and
even tighter influence over Korea, which it finally annexed in 1910. It
also triggered a revolution in Russia, which, although unsuccessful,
helped lead to the Russian Revolution of 1917, and the triumph of the
Communists there.
During World War I Japan declared war
on Germany, easily taking its possessions in East Asia. However, China,
also on the allied side in the war, had claims over those territories.
Japan emerged the winner in this dispute, so that by 1919 it had
control of Korea, Taiwan, and the Liaotung Peninsula. Not surprisingly,
relations with China continued to deteriorate.
In
the 1930's two things made those relations much worse. One was Japan's
burgeoning population that forced it to import food. The other was the
Great Depression, which cut Japan's trade and its ability to pay for
that imported food. This led to growing military influence, violence,
and instability in the Japanese government. In 1931, Japan seized
control of Manchuria from China. The Western powers, mired in their
problems with the Depression, were unable to help China. Throughout the
1930's, military control of the Japanese government tightened. In 1937,
that military government invaded China, thus starting World War II in
Asia.
| |
What are the dietary recommendations for someone who has had a sleeve gastrectomy?
What are the dietary recommendations for someone who has had a sleeve gastrectomy?
Overall guidelines for a post-op diet
- Eat and drink slowly.
- Practice portion control.
- Listen to your body.
- Avoid high-fat and high-sugar foods.
- Enjoy beverages between meals, but not during meals.
- Drink enough daily to avoid dehydration.
- Eat only small pieces of food at a time and chew each piece thoroughly.
What foods are forbidden after gastric sleeve?
Foods to Avoid After Bariatric Surgery
- Red meat that’s tough or dry.
- Greasy, high fat foods.
- Heavily seasoned or spicy foods.
- Sugar alcohols, such as erythritol, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol and xylitol.
- Foods reheated in the microwave.
How much weight can you lose with vertical sleeve gastrectomy?
The sleeve gastrectomy typically results in 25 to 35 percent body weight loss or 50 to 70 percent excess weight loss from your baseline starting point¹. Your excess body weight is the difference between your ideal weight and your current weight.
What can I eat 3 months after gastric sleeve?
Consume three balanced meals each day containing nutrient-rich foods, such as:
- lean meat, poultry, pork, and fish.
- low fat dairy products.
- low fat starches and whole grains.
- vegetables and fruits.
How long does it take to lose 100 pounds after gastric sleeve?
It requires dedication and a patient, positive attitude. After surgery, some people can lose between 50 and 100 pounds in one to two years. Not everyone experiences these numbers – it could be a little less or a little more. Losing weight after surgery requires changing your diet and lifestyle.
How much weight will I lose a month after gastric sleeve?
What’s The Average Monthly Weight Loss After Gastric Sleeve? Most patients lose between 2-4 lbs (0.9-1.8kg) every week for about 6-12 months. This results in a monthly weight loss of about 8 to 16 pounds. | https://www.peel520.net/what-are-the-dietary-recommendations-for-someone-who-has-had-a-sleeve-gastrectomy/ |
# Frigid Stars LP
Frigid Stars LP is the debut album by American indie rock band Codeine. It was released in August 1990 on Glitterhouse in Europe and in Spring 1991 on Sub Pop in the US. The album was released to generally positive reviews and is regarded as being one of the pioneering albums in the slowcore and sadcore genres. It was chosen by Pitchfork in 2008 as one of the 20 best Sub Pop albums.
"New Year's" is a cover version of a track co-written by Bitch Magnet singer Sooyoung Park. Park did not record the track himself until 1992, with new band Seam. Park is featured on the song "Summer Dresses", which can be found on the 2012 expanded re-issue by the label The Numero Group. This edition also placed "3 Angels" to the fourth track on the album. "Cave-In" has been covered by rock band Cave In and appears on their compilation album Anomalies, Vol. 1. The song title was the inspiration for their band name.
The phrase "frigid stars" is taken from a line in the song "Crap Rap 2" by The Fall from their 1979 album Live at the Witch Trials.
## Personnel
Chris Brokaw – drums, guitar John Engle – guitar Stephen Immerwahr – bass guitar, vocals, all instruments on demo versions of "Pea", "Second Chance", "Pickup Song", "Cave-In", and "Kitchen"
Mike McMackin – piano on "Pea" Peter Pollack - drums on "Castle", "Skeletons", and "3 Angels" Sooyoung Park - bass on demo version of "Summer Dresses"
Mike McMackin - production, recording Laura Larson - photography Tammi Colichio - cover art | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigid_Stars_LP |
The following review by Jione Havea — Senior lecturer in biblical studies at the United Theological College & School of Theology, Charles Sturt University — will appear in the August 2015 issue of the Uniting Church Studies journal.
Rev Havea is a Tongan Methodist minister and is the Principal Researcher with the Public and Contextual Theology Research Centre.
Weaving, Networking & Taking Flight
‘Alifeleti Vaitu’ulala Ngahe
(Wellington, Philip Garside Publishing Ltd., 2014),
pp. 68. ISBN 9781501004476 (pbk).
“This slim book is rich with stories, metaphors and invitations for ministering across cultures, generations and languages, written by a Methodist Minister in Aotearoa New Zealand. Ngahe reflects on his ministry over nine years at two parishes (Avondale and Manurewa) and identifies stepping stones for those who wish to be involved in what he calls “engaged ministry,” which simply means to be not just saying it, but doing it (p. 11).
Ngahe values the practice of reflecting on one’s experience and ministry, and then sharing the wisdom gained with other colleagues and other ministry agents. Those are the motivations for Ngahe’s work and I hope that this book will inspire other Pacific islanders to reflect and share, instead of hiding, their experiences, stories and wisdom. This hope echoes a biblical opinion: that the lamp which is not lit and placed on the table is of no use to anyone.
Ngahe developed his reflection according to three metaphors borrowed from the life practices of three different subjects: weaving of mats by Tongans, spinning of webs by spiders and the flight of birds. On first view, these metaphors could be unpacked toward defining forms of ecological ministry. Maybe that is a task for another series of reflections! At a deeper level, the metaphor from Tongan mat-weaving represents Ngahe himself, and his place in the two parishes, represented by the other two metaphors. Ngahe is a Tongan weaver who “net-works” with a spinning spider (hence the word “networking” on the title of the book) representing Avondale, and a bird in flight representing Manurewa (a name that consists of two Māori words: manu translates as bird, and rewa translates as kite).
The first metaphor is weaving. Weaving is a communal activity in Tonga, and the outcomes are various kinds of mats for different persons and for different purposes. Mats are made of the interweaving of strands and at the end, the edges are unfinished. “They remain open and ready for more strands to be woven in” (p. 14). This is how Ngahe saw his ministry at Avondale. A mat was already being woven, when he arrived. That mat was unfinished. He wove more strands into that mat; then it was time for him to move on, leaving the mat for the next minister and the community to add more strands. In this regard, ministry is never finished off. One comes to the mat (read: ministry), adds a few strands, then leaves the edges unfinished for others to join in the weaving.
The second metaphor comes from the Avondale Spider, which is an icon at the Avondale Town Centre. Ngahe reflects on the process and art of spinning a web. The hardest part is the first thread, and finding an anchoring point for the web. Once that’s in place, then the spider goes back and forth to weave its intricate web. For Ngahe, the spider is in a process of net-working. This is valuable insight for engaged ministry: get the first strand anchored then net-work with other churches, other organisations, and other social bodies, to cooperate in building the web (read: community).
The third metaphor, bird in flight, is inspired by the name of Ngahe’s second parish: Manurewa. Similar to the spider, the bird has to struggle to get off the ground as it starts its flight. But once it is in the air it floats, almost effortlessly, like a rewa (kite) that is being carried by the wind. Mission is like this also. It needs a lot of help to start its flight, but once it is in the air, it will glide almost effortlessly. This is how Ngahe experienced his ministry at Manurewa, where the support of the community made the mission of the church almost effortless. Almost!
One of the strengths of this book is the way Ngahe explains the three metaphors with stories of his ministry, which was always engaging the community in different mission projects, including working on a car park mural at Manurewa. For Ngahe, mission is about hospitality, compassion, empowerment and hope (pp. 42-43).
The chapter on theological themes is worth reading and reflecting upon (chp 5). Ngahe invites further reflection and engagement around the theologies of hospitality, which requires breaking down the barriers that come with social status, and transformation, which needs to be at the physical also and not just in a spiritual exercise. Ngahe closed the book with his ten personal (chp 6) and ministry (chp 7) learnings, which reads like a “top ten list” (à la David Letterman) instead of a list of “ten commandments.” Personal and the ministerial experiences are indeed interwoven, and reflection on one leads to reflection on the other.
I commend this book not just for Tongan Methodist Ministers but also for all ministry agents who are involved in intercultural and engaged ministries. Who isn’t? In other words, this book is for you as well!
I hope for two kinds of responses to Ngahe’s work: First, for readers to critically engage his proposals. Do the metaphors work? I’m conscious that some are scared of spiders, for instance, while others eat them as a snack. What other metaphors would you weave into Ngahe’s mat? Second, I hope that this work will inspire Pacific Islanders to reflect on your ministries, write your stories, and share your wisdom with the rest of us. If you don’t, then future generations of Pacific Island ministers will have to learn from non-Pacific Islanders. You may of course write in your Pacific languages. In other words, you don’t need to write in English. But writing in English is also an opportunity for non-islanders to learn from the rest of us. | https://pgpl.co.nz/rich-with-stories-metaphors-and-invitations-for-ministering-across-cultures-review-of-weaving-networking-taking-flight-by-jione-havea/ |
KUALA LUMPUR, June 20 — The Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services (Cuepacs) has lauded the government’s move to provide additional discounts and rebates for domestic users’ electricity bills.
Its president Adnan Mat said the initiatives would provide greater and wider benefits to the people.
He opined that the discounts given based on the electricity consumption, announced previously were less comprehensive compared to the new initiatives.
“On behalf of civil servants, Cuepacs wishes to express thanks and gratitude to the government for the discounts given.
“The move will help ease the burden of those affected by the Covid-19 pandemic,” he said in a statement here today.
Energy and Natural Resources Minister Datuk Dr Shamsul Anuar Nasarah today announced that a total of four million domestic users of electricity with a monthly bill of up to RM77 or 300kWh usage will enjoy free supply for three months from April under the Bantuan Prihatin Elektrik scheme.
He said the Bantuan Prihatin Elektrik additional aid would cost RM942 million, bringing to RM2.2 billion the total discounts given to consumers for the period April 1 to September 30. — Bernama | |
I live. I perform actions and have experiences. I die. I am reborn. The actions that I perform affect the quality of my rebirth. I can escape from this cycle.
These statements, while highly simplistic, are a broad reflection of the teachings of both the ancient Indian Brahmanical religion – the forerunner of what we now call Hinduism – and of Buddhism, as well as of other ancient Indian faiths. Indeed, the doctrine of karma and rebirth is “of near universal pervasiveness” in Indian religious thought, accepted, with some variations, by Hindus, Buddhists and Jains alike (Tull 2004: 318). Where these faiths differ radically, however, is over the question of who or what it is which has these experiences, who or what it is which is eventually reborn, and who or what it is which is able to escape from the cycle. This essay will explore some of the challenges which the Buddhists faced when answering these questions, and will look briefly at some of the ways in which different schools of Buddhist thought dealt with those challenges. I will begin by briefly outlining the Brahmanical viewpoint, before exploring the Buddhist rejection of that viewpoint, and explaining how various schools of Buddhist thought sought to answer the questions which arise from that rejection. I will conclude by considering the extent to which any one or more of those answers succeeds in satisfactorily dealing with what I refer to in this essay as “the conundrum of continuity”.
The Brahmanical Tradition
I use the term “the Brahmanical tradition” to refer to the various schools of religious thought which claim to derive authority from the Vedas. The Vedic canon itself comprises the four Vedic Samhitas – the Rg Veda, Sāma Veda, Yajur Veda and Atharva Veda – together with a number of other texts (Brāhmanas, Āranyakas and Upanishads), all generally thought to have been composed in the period between around 1500 BCE and the beginning of the Common Era1
A substantial part of the teachings of the Upanishads comprises teachings about the nature of the self. Broadly speaking, the Upanishads teach the existence of an essential self – ātman2 – beyond and separate from the mind, senses and intellect, described as “dearer than a son, dearer than wealth,… dearer than everything else” (Brhadāranyaka Upanishad 1.4.8, translation Olivelle). For the sages of the Upanishads, knowledge of the nature of the ātman was the key to liberation. Later Upanishads3 added to the requirement of knowledge of ātman yogic practices of controlling the mind and senses and/or the need for the intervention of some form of divine grace, but throughout the Upanishads it is emphasised that knowledge of ātman, and perhaps of its identity with brahman, the invisible essence of all things, ultimately leads to liberation from the cycle of birth and rebirth (samsara) conditioned by the results of one’s actions (karma).
It is in the early Upanishads that we see the earliest expositions of the doctrines of karma and rebirth in Indian religious thought. One of the earliest classic statements appears in the Brhadāranyaka Upanishad:
“What a man turns out to be depends on how he acts and on how he conducts himself. If his actions are good, he will turn into something good. If his actions are bad, he will turn into something bad.” (Brhadāranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5, translation Olivelle)
This is expanded on in the Cāndogya Upanishad:
“… people here whose behaviour is pleasant can expect to enter a pleasant womb, like that of a woman of the Brahmin, the Kshatriya or the Vaishya class. But people of foul behaviour can expect to enter a foul womb, like that of a dog, a pig or an outcaste woman”. (Candogya Upanishad 5.10.7, translation Olivelle)
For the Upanishadic sages, the question of who or what is reborn is answered simply: what is reborn is the ātman. Again, it is one of the earliest Upanishads, the Brhadāranyaka, which states this succinctly:
“It is like this. As a caterpillar, when it comes to the tip of a blade of grass, reaches out to a new foothold and draws itself onto it, so the self (ātman), after it has knocked down this body and rendered it unconscious, reaches out to a new foothold and draws itself onto it.” (Brhadāranyaka Upanishad 4.4.3, translation Olivelle)
Philosophically, the doctrine of the ātman – moving from birth to rebirth until liberated from the cycle – is compellingly simple. Clearly, the physical body cannot have this quality of continuity, as we know that from moment to moment it decays and is recreated on a cellular level. Nor can the mind have the quality of continuity, as we know that from moment to moment our thoughts change, and we know that in one life we cannot recall events from a previous life. If, therefore, there is to be rebirth, there must – says the Brahmanical tradition – be an entity with a degree of permanence beyond the physical body and the mind which is reborn. That entity is the ātman. While describing the ātman presented the Upanishadic sages with a number of challenges – the sage Yājñavalkya, for example, famously describes it as “neti, neti” (“not this, not that”) (Brhadāranyaka Upanishad 3.9.26, translation Olivelle) – it is clear that, in the Brahmanical tradition, “this ultimate metaphysical self is the unchanging constant underlying all our various and unstable experiences. As such it is indestructible and ultimately unaffected by any specific experience and quite beyond suffering.” (Gethin 1998: 134)
The Buddhist rejection of ātman
The denial of the existence of the ātman or any other form of self – the doctrine of anātman – is universally within Buddhism presented as a key feature of the early teachings of the Buddha. Yet, as Paul Williams points out, the denial of the self does not appear in the Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, which purports to contain the Buddha’s first sermon, in which he sets out what he discovered on reaching enlightenment. Tradition holds that the teaching on anātman came immediately afterwards in a discourse known as the Anattalakkhana Sutta (Williams 2000: 57). The latter text contains the Buddha’s teaching of the five skandhas: the five “aggregates” which combine to form the sentient being: rūpa (physical form); vedanā (sensation); samjñā (perception); samskāra (mental formations) and vijñāna (consciousness). In this teaching, the Buddha points out that no one of these five aggregates can itself constitute the ātman for, if it did, it would not lead to affliction and would obey the person of whom it is indeed the self. As we know that each of these five can, and does, cause affliction and as we know that each of the five is to some degree beyond our control, it follows that no one of them can have the qualities of an unchanging, indestructible self.
The teaching of non-self ties in closely with another essential element of the Buddha’s early teachings, namely that of the impermanence of all things. As we have already seen, each of the five skandhas contains within it the quality of impermanence – each of them is in a constant state of change from moment to moment. For that reason also, none of them can of itself constitute the self.
It is important to note here that the Buddha does not deny the existence, at least in conventional terms, of the individual person. To do so would make no sense, as it is apparent to all that the world is populated by a vast number of beings, all of whom have some form of distinct identity and can, if we wish, be given a name. The Buddha’s point in these core teachings is rather that each of those beings is comprised of a combination of the five skandhas, a combination which is in a constant state of flux. The name which is given to that combination of skandhas is no more nor less than a conventional and convenient way of referring to that particular combination. The most frequently cited teaching to illustrate this is from the Milindapanha, a dialogue between King Milinda and the sage Nāgasena. The relevant part of the dialogue begins with Milinda asking Nāgasena his name, and receiving this reply:
“I am known as Nāgasena; fellow monks address me… as Nāgasena. But although (my) parents gave the name of Nāgasena … yet it is but a general term, designation, and a common usage. For there is no permanent person present here.” (Olson 2005: 36)
Questioned further, Nāgasena goes on to deny – in accordance with the Buddha’s teachings on anātman – that he is any one of material form, feelings, perceptions, tendencies or consciousness, leading Milinda to the apparently nihilistic conclusion that “there is no Nāgasena”. Nāgasena, however, pointed out to the king that:
“If you… walk… on the dry ground and hot sand, trampling on sharp gravel and pebbles and sand, your feet would hurt you, your body would experience pain, your thought would be impaired, and tactile consciousness would arise, accompanied by anguish.” (Olson 2005: 36)
In other words, the conclusion that there is no person cannot be correct. To complete the teaching, Nāgasena provides the king with the analogy of the king’s chariot, pointing out that, while none of the individual parts of the chariot can be said to be the chariot, it would be wrong to deny the existence of the chariot, but that “chariot” exists “as a denotation, designation, as a common usage, as a mere name”. In the same way, while none of the individual skandhas can be said to be Nāgasena, Nāgasena exists “as a denotation, designation, as a common term, as merely a name. But according to the highest meaning the person is not present.” (Olson 2005: 37)4
This distinction between “conventional” and “higher” or “ultimate” meaning or truth is an important one to keep in mind when analysing existence in Buddhist terms. While – like Nāgasena or the chariot – beings and things may apparently exist and have a degree of continuity, that existence and continuity only operate at the conventional level – in other words, as convenient shorthand – and do not necessarily reflect the actual, ultimate reality. As we shall see, Buddhist thinkers developed a number of ways of analysing that ultimate reality, all within – or at least ostensibly within – the parameters of the core teachings of (a) impermanence; (b) that the quality of saüsāric existence is suffering and (c) anātman.
Classification into the five skandhas is just one of many ways in which Buddhists sought to classify sentient existence. Early Buddhists, for example, introduced the idea of the 12 āyatanas (the five senses and the mind, together with their respective objects) and the 18 dhātus (the 12 āyatanas together with the five kinds of sense consciousness and the mind consciousness). A little later, the Abhidharma schools came to classify existence by reference to dharmas, a word perhaps best translated as “elements”: in other words, the basic building blocks (both physical and mental) of existence incapable of further sub-division. For the Abhidharma schools, these dharmas are either “conditioned” – in other words within the realms of samsāra – or “unconditioned” – within the realm of liberation or nirvāna. Within the Abhidharma schools, the Sarvāstivādins identified 72 dharmas and the Theravādins 81. Each sentient being is composed at any given time of a combination of these dharmas, but no one dharma is capable of existing alone, so no single dharma can have the qualities of ātman. Similarly, to avoid any suggestion of permanence, conditioned dharmas flow in a constantly changing stream of momentary phases. As we shall also see, the nature of the dharmas themselves and of the way they flow eventually became a matter of debate between different schools trying to resolve the conundrum of continuity.
The question of continuity
The combination of the three basic characteristics of existence (impermanence, suffering and non-self) presents an immediate dilemma. If there is no permanence and no self, how does the conventional person continue in existence without a constant and apparently random continual change of physical and mental identity – in simple terms why am I short, blond, male and relatively placid every day and not tall, dark, female and mentally highly agitated some days? If there is no permanence and no self, how does the law of karma operate to determine the quality of my rebirth? What is it within me that stores the results of my actions and what is it within me that transmigrates to the next life? If there is no permanence and no self, how can basic norms of ethics and morality operate (or, as Rupert Gethin puts it, “If I am not the same person who robbed the bank yesterday, how can I be held responsible?” (Gethin 1998: 140))? Ultimately, what is it within me which reaches nirvāna? In other words, if Buddhist teaching denies eternalism (the existence of an essential self), does it by definition become nihilistic or is there indeed a “middle way”?
The basic key to finding this middle way lies in the law of dependent origination, or pratītyasamutpāda. Put briefly, the law of dependent origination teaches the causal interdependence of things in a chain of 12 links5. We have seen that each individual being is a conglomerate of components – whether we analyse those components as the five skandhas, the 12 āyatanas or some combination of dharmas. It is the law of dependent origination, or the causal interdependence of one link to another, which explains how those components change in a way which is not entirely random: in other words, why I remain short, blond, male and placid, and why I am older now than I was last year. It is also the law of dependent origination which helps explain how my next life is determined and brought about, though the question of exactly which part of me stores the results of my actions and transmigrates into the next life remained one which continued to vex Buddhists.
The law of dependent origination, however, begs the question of exactly what it is that I remember, and how I learn and retain skills, if all things are impermanent. Put in Abhidharma terms, if the combination of dharmas that existed when I first learned to ride a bicycle no longer exists, how is it that, many years later, I can remember how to ride, even if I have not done so for a long time? Given impermanence and non-self, what is it that stores the results of my actions and how is it that I am reborn?
Continuity in different schools of Buddhism
The generic answer to these two questions is “consciousness”. But what is “consciousness” for these purposes? For the Buddha and the Buddhists, consciousness is a process, not a thing, incapable of existence in isolation, without both an object and its retinue of concomitants (cetasikas), whether ethically good, ethically bad or undetermined6. We have already seen that the consciousness which continues cannot be the consciousness which forms one of the five skandhas, or that one skandha would begin to look uncomfortably like an ātman. And this is really the ultimate dilemma: how can the Buddhist accept karma and samsāra (and the possibility of liberation from saüsāra) if there is nothing to be reborn and therefore nothing to be liberated? So far as rebirth is concerned, the basic early Buddhist position is that cognitive consciousness cognises the external world and interacts with it through the media of the senses and mind, performing volitional activities which generate karma “in the form of potentialities for future rebirths” (Skorupski 2008a: 6). At the time of death, latent (as opposed to cognitive) consciousness performs the three functions of dying, continuing and being reborn in accordance with the karmic potentialities which have somehow been stored. In early Buddhism, the projection of consciousness from one life to the next was considered to happen instantaneously. But, as Skorupski points out, “the continuity of the stream of consciousness and of karmic potentialities has been a matter of speculations” (Skorupski 2008a: 6). Different schools of Buddhist teaching have wrestled with these problems and have come up with a number of creative answers, some of which are analysed below.
1. Sarvāstivāda
For the Sarvāstivādins, the key to analysing existence lay in dharma theory. As we have already seen, for the Abhidharma schools (of which the Sarvāstivādins are one), existence can be analysed into a number (in this case 72) of building blocks, none of which is capable of further division and none of which is capable of independent existence. For the Sarvāstivādins, not only do combinations of dharmas exist, and not only do individual dharmas arise and cease to exist in a very short space of time, but individual dharmas also have their own ultimate existence, and can exist in the past, present or future, with each dharma in its present mode arising from a karmic connection to its past mode and each dharma in its present mode establishing a karmic connection to its future consequences. However, if a dharma can exist in the past, present or future, are we getting close to the suggestion that a dharma has some degree of permanence? The Sarvāstivādin answer was to isolate the notion that each present dharma has its own form of existence, or svabhāva, separate from its past and future existence.
The question of how the results of actions might be stored was dealt with by the Sarvāstivādins by the notion of the dharma called prāpti. The question to be addressed is quite simply that of how to ensure that the karmic result of my volitional action is actually experienced by me, given that, by the time of my rebirth, I will be formed of a totally new combination of dharmas. The Sarvāstivādin analysis of this situation was to see each of my volitional actions as not only having the dharmas associated with the action itself – in other words, the dharmas associated with the physical and mental qualities of the action – but also the dharma of prāpti which, in essence, stored my action and made it “mine”. Of course, as a dharma, prāpti itself must be impermanent and momentary, but this was easily dealt with by the device of a continuous stream of similar prāptis relating to the same volitional action and ensuring that “the karmic result will occur to me because I am the one who has the prāpti series” (Williams 2000: 117).
It was the Sarvāstivāda school which also introduced the ideas of an intermediate existence between life and death, and of some form of intermediate being, or antarābhava, projected from one life to the next by the force of karma. The duration of the intermediate existence has also been a matter for speculation and debate, but “the prevailing theory maintains that it persists for seven days, and that it can be repeated seven times” (Skorupski 2008a: 7), giving a total of 49 days. The idea of the antarābhava derives perhaps from the Buddha’s teaching that conception required the three components of sexual union, fertility and a gandharva, a term later interpreted as meaning some form of consciousness arising from a previous existence. The term gandharva eventually became one of the principal terms used by the Sarvāstivādins for their antarābhava.7
2. Sautrāntika
The defining quality of the Sautrāntika school was its rejection of the Sarvāstivādin notion that dharmas could exist in the past, present or future. For the Sautrāntikas, this implied an unacceptable degree of permanence. For them, each dharma only exists in the moment (kshana) in which it is active, which moment must itself be indivisible into smaller moments, in other words each dharma comes into and out of existence instantaneously. By the time the result of an activity arises – e.g. by the time I hear a sound – the dharmas which created my perception of that sound have long ceased to exist. Or, put another way, it is impossible to step into the same river twice, as, even if it looks like the same river, the water into which I step the second time will not be the water into which I stepped the first time.
As a natural concomitant to this notion of instantaneity, the Sautrāntikas rejected the Sarvāstivādin notion of prāpti. For them, the storing of the karmic effects of action was explained by a constant modification from moment to moment of the saütāna (or stream of consciousness) of the individual. Each volitional action constitutes a seed (bīja) which “initiates a gradual transformation (parināma) of subsequent mind-events which gives rise in the next moment to the fruition of that action” (Sanderson 2004: 42). This transformation is often explained by the metaphor of “perfuming”: each of my volitional actions “perfumes” the whole series of modifications. At death, the final moment of this series of modifications produces the karmic effects in the next rebirth. For some Sautrāntikas, these modifications occurred at the level of the sūkshmacitta, a form of subtle consciousness continuing from one lifetime to the next. (Skorupski 2008b: 158)
Arguably, the Sautrāntika notion of seeds and perfuming evades the issue. While providing interesting metaphors for the process of continuity, the Sautrāntikas did not see the bījas as separate dharmas. That being the case, what was their ontological status? Did they have real existence and, if so, how could one explain their continuity in the stream of consciousness?
3. Theravāda
The Theravādins too rejected the idea that dharmas could exist other than in the present, also seeing in that notion a hint of eternalism. For the Theravādins, the key to continuity lay in the bhavanga, an inactive state of consciousness to which the mind returns, however momentarily, between each active process of consciousness. The bhavanga is the form of consciousness which first arises in the embryo, and is coloured by the karmic results of previous lifetimes. It is also the bhavanga which makes the link between a dying person and his or her next rebirth.
The Theravādins differentiated the stream of consciousness into two related series: the cognitive (vīthicitta) series and the latent (vīthimuttacitta) series (Skorupski 2008b: 160), each of which performs a number of different functions. The cognitive series arises from the bhavanga and lapses into it once the process of perception is complete (Skorupski 2008b: 160). Gethin argues that “for a given being, the bhavaïga is something of a constant throughout a being’s life” (Gethin 1991-3: 28); “a being’s bhavanga is of the same type throughout his or her life” (Gethin 1991-3: 20); and “bhavanga does not simply define what one is, it defines precisely who one is” (Gethin 1991-3: 19). That being the case, how close is the bhavanga to the self?
The important point to remember here is that the bhavanga is a form of consciousness, or citta8. As we have already seen, consciousness cannot exist without an object or without its concomitants and, as a single dharma, citta must be momentary. The bhavanga therefore cannot be static, but arises and vanishes every moment during the periods when the cognitive forms of consciousness do not occur. Nor can the bhavanga exist in isolation from other dharmas or cetasikas. Even in deep sleep, when the cognitive consciousness does not function, the bhavanga must continue to arise and fall momentarily (Gethin 1991-3: 15).
The Theravādins also rejected the Sarvāstivādin doctrine of the antarābhava, or intermediate state between death and rebirth. For the Theravādins, all that was needed to explain the continuity between lifetimes was the bhavanga which, on death of a person, arose instantaneously in the new conception with all the karmic imprints of the previous life.
4. Pudgalavāda
The Pudgalavādins were a highly controversial school, of which little original material survives, so that most of our knowledge comes from the attacks on their doctrines by other schools (Williams 2000: 124; Gethin 1998: 223), though Cousins describes them as “widely influential and accepted as part of the Buddhist tradition” (Cousins 1994: 17). According to Cousins, the Theravādin text the Kathavattu makes clear that the Pudgalavādins held there to be a “person” (pudgala) with real existence, with the qualities of an additional, indivisible dharma (Cousins 1994: 22). For the Pudgalavādins, the pudgala is that which experiences, which acts, which stores the karmic results of those actions, which transmigrates and which attains nirvāna. It follows, however, that either the pudgala has separate identity as a matter of ultimate truth – in which case, how is it different from the Brahmanical ātman? – or it merely exists conventionally as a conglomeration of the five skandhas – in which case how is the Pudgalavādins’ teaching different from more “orthodox” Abhidharma schools of Buddhism?
The Pudgalavādins’ eventual answer (as represented by Vasubandhu in chapter 9 of the Abhidharmakosha, though as to whether this represented their original position see Williams 2000: 125) was that the pudgala exists neither at the level of ultimate nor conventional truth, and that it is neither the same as, nor different from, the skandhas. It is said to be “undefinable” (avaktavya). In other words, it has the ontological status of a dharma which is neither conditioned (and so destroyed at death) nor unconditioned (for, if it were unconditioned, it would certainly fall into the trap of eternalism).
Williams 2000: 125-7 points out that the Pudgalavādins were “wrestling with genuine philosophical problems”: for ethical and moral teachings to make any sense, there has to be some way in which the same “person” who acted receives the moral and karmic fruits of that action. If that person is simply a conglomeration of the skandhas, why does he or she not simply disappear when the skandhas are destroyed at death? As Williams says: “The Pudgalavādins were constrained almost to the point of absurdity by the language of Buddhist scholasticism… [they] found puzzlement and problems where their fellow Buddhists found clarity and simplicity.”
5. Madhyamaka
When we come to the Mahāyāna schools, we find less emphasis on the analytical approach of the Abhidharma traditions outlined above. For the Madhyamikas, the key concept was the emptiness (shūnyatā) of all dharmas. Every existent thing is merely a conceptual construct existing at the level of conventional truth (samvrti-satya) without any ultimate self-existence.
“Even nirvāna… is like a magical illusion, is like a dream. How much more so anything else” (Ashtasāhasrikāprajñāpāramitā, translation Conze).
It follows, therefore, that if, as the Madhyamikas contend, all is empty at the level of ultimate truth (paramārtha-satya), the question of what continues and how is largely irrelevant. For the Madhyamikas, as for others of the Mahāyāna tradition, the more important focus was the cultivation of the wisdom (prajñā) to understand the distinction between ultimate and conventional truth through the Perfection of Wisdom (prajñāpāramitā) and the bodhisattva path. Adherence to theories – even dharma theory – is itself a source of suffering deriving from ignorance: knowledge of the ultimate truth is only accessible through yogic experience, and not by empirical analysis.
6. Yogācāra
However, the Yogācāra school of Mahāyāna, while also professing the illusory nature of all existent things, nevertheless felt that the question of continuity needed to be addressed. For the Yogācārins, the Madhyamaka teaching of emptiness of all things came too close to nihilism. The Samdhinirmocana Sūtra shows the Buddha teaching that “it is a misunderstanding of emptiness to take it as meaning that literally all things are conceptual constructs” (Williams 2000: 153). It follows, therefore, that at least one thing must be something other than a conceptual construct, and, for the Yogācārins, that one thing was to be found in their analysis of the mind, as attempts to analyse material form (rūpa) always foundered on the inability of objects to exist in their own right, other than as a conglomeration of different components.
For the Yogācārins, each existent thing has three natures (svabhāva): dependent nature (paratantra) or conditioned, or conventional, reality; imaginary nature (parikalpita) or the self-existence which is wrongly attributed to the dependent nature; and absolute nature (parinishpanna) or the complete absence of self-existence of the dependent nature (Jackson 1997: 339). In other words, each existent thing lacks what Jackson describes as a “self-sufficient externality” (Jackson 1997: 339), and so is effectively illusory and no different from the consciousness which perceives it.
The early Buddhist analysis of consciousness had focussed on the six-fold classification of the five senses and the mind itself, together with their respective objects and, sometimes, their respective forms of consciousness (e.g. eye-consciousness, ear-consciousness etc)9. The Yogācārins broadly adopted this classification, but analysed the consciousness much more deeply. For them, the active workings of the mind continued to comprise the awareness of the data presented to the mind by the five senses and the conscious thoughts. However, underlying these six forms of consciousness lie two more layers: the first (klishta-manas) being the “defiled mind”, afflicted with the defilements of thoughts of individuality, ego, clinging to self and delusion; the second (which the klishta-manas mistakenly takes to be the self) being the ālaya-vijñāna, generally referred to as the “store consciousness”.
In the Yogācārin analysis of consciousness, it is the ālaya-vijñāna which is the repository of the karmic results of the individual’s actions. At death, it is the ālaya-vijñāna store of karmic imprints which determines the quality of rebirth. During life, the ālaya-vijñāna continually interacts with the active consciousness. Although mistakenly perceived as a self by the klishta-manas, it is in fact constantly changing while nevertheless maintaining a recognisable pattern which can be mistakenly taken for the self because of the in-bred human tendency to seek a self with which to identify. While not identical, it is in many respects not far removed from the Theravādin idea of the bhavanga10 However, for the Mahāyāna Yogācārins, the goal of the path is not, as it was for the Theravādins, the state of arhat-hood, but rather the state of complete Buddha-hood. Ultimately, the bodhisattva realises that consciousness consists simply of a flow of mental constructs arising in accordance with dependent origination, with no duality of subject and object. When that happens, the ālaya-vijñāna is purified “and the world is seen as it is, with the mind of a Buddha” (Jackson 1997: 339).
The Tathāgatagarbha
We have seen that the various schools of Indian Buddhism produced a variety of sophisticated arguments in order to explain the continuity of consciousness – both before and after death – in a way which avoided acknowledging the existence of a self at the level of ultimate truth, yet in a way which also reflected conventional reality and did not fall into the trap of nihilism. In the early years of the Common Era, there arose in Mahāyāna Buddhism the notion of the tathāgatagarbha – the embryonic capacity for Buddhahood within each sentient being. This, of course, immediately presented the following difficulty: if we each have within us the capacity or potentiality for Buddhahood, what form does that capacity take, if it is not to be eternal and therefore a form of ātman? Indeed, the Mahāparinirvāna Sūtra goes so far as to refer to it as ātman. As indicated above, the Sanskrit word ātman is on one level merely the reflexive pronoun11, but it is hard to conceive that the authors or compilers of the Mahāparinirvāna Sūtra would not have understood the significance of using that word in this context. The Lankāvatāra Sūtra describes it as “hidden in the body of every being like a gem of great value… described by the Blessed One to be eternal, permanent, auspicious and unchangeable” (Suzuki 1932: 68-9).
How then are we to understand the “eternal, permanent… and unchangeable” tathāgatagarbha if not as something which flies in the face of the doctrines of anātman and impermanence? The Lankāvatāra Sūtra explains that it is a doctrine taught “to make the ignorant cast aside their fear when they listen to the teaching of egolessness” (Suzuki 1932: 69). It is a potentiality within each being, but without any form of ultimate reality. We must remember that the tathāgatagarbha idea grew up within Mahāyāna Buddhism. For the Madhyamikas, therefore, it, like everything else, is ultimately empty of its own existence. For the Yogācārins, it is possible to identify it with the ālaya-vijñāna. Perhaps ultimately Buddhahood is permanent and unconditioned, so that it is not inconsistent with anātman to invest the tathāgatagarbha with those same qualities.
Did the Buddha actually deny the existence of the self?
The question is sometimes raised as to whether the Buddha in fact ever denied the existence of the self, or whether, by refusing to equate the self with any one of the five skandhas, he simply explained what the self was not. As we have already seen, he did not deny the existence of the self in his first sermon, and the Samyutta Nikāya12 tells how the Buddha refused to answer Vacchagotta’s questions as to whether the self did or did not exist. The Buddha’s later explanation of this refusal was that, had he answered that the self did exist, he would have been seen to have been siding with the eternalists; had he answered that the self did not exist he would have been seen to have been siding with the nihilists. However, there are also several teachings where the Buddha describes the thoughts “this is mine, I am this, this is my self-essence” as a wrong view13. Again, we return to the constant imperfection of language as a way of explaining the middle path. The Buddha’s refusal to answer Vacchagotta can be seen in exactly the same light as his refusal to answer Māluïkyāputta’s questions about whether the world is eternal or non-eternal; whether the world is finite or infinite; whether the soul and body are the same thing or different; and whether the Tatāgatha after death exists, does not exist, both exists and does not exist, or neither exists nor does not exist14. In other words, each of the questions rests on the “mistaken assumption that a real entity exists as a referent for terms such as “Tatāgatha”, “being” and the like” (Collins 1982: 135). As a result they are linguistically inappropriate, and, if they are capable of being answered at all without causing confusion, they are only capable of being so answered at the level of conventional and not absolute reality.
Conclusion
When analysing the Buddhist views of the self, we must not ignore the historical context in which these views arose: a time of transition in Indian religious and philosophical thought generally, and a time of, at some level, tension between the Brahmanical tradition and the shramana, or unorthodox, traditions such as Buddhism and Jainism. The extent to which the traditions overlapped and influenced each other is beyond the scope of this essay, though we have already noted the possibility of early Buddhist teachings having influenced and been adopted into some of the later Principal Upanishads towards the end of the period before the Common Era15. Later – in the early centuries of the Common Era – we see, on a superficial level, distinct similarities between the Mahāyāna view that all existent things are ultimately illusory, and that one of the principal goals of the bodhisattva is the development of the wisdom to understand that, and the teachings of the Advaita Vedānta school of Indian philosophy which too sees the tangible world as illusory (māyā) and the key to liberation from samsāra as lying in the attainment of knowledge or wisdom. The Tattwasangraha acknowledges these similarities in its extensive critique of non-Buddhist schools of philosophy which devotes relatively little space to Advaita Vedānta:
“the error in the view of these philosophers is a slight one – due only to the assertion of eternality” (Tattwasangraha 7: 330, translation Jha)
But, while slight, this error is nevertheless, in Buddhist eyes, fundamental. As the Tattwasangraha puts it:
“if the “soul” consists of a single (eternal) cognition, how can there be any “bondage” and “liberation”?…. what could the mystic set aside or accomplish by the practice of yoga?” (Tattwasangraha 7: 333-4, translation Jha)
The sub-title of this essay – “Substitutes for the Self in Buddhism” – is deliberately provocative for, of course, Buddhists would deny that any of the concepts of prāpti, bhavaïga, sūkùmacitta, pudgala, ālaya-vijñāna or tathāgatagarbha could be substitutes for something of which they refute the existence. As the Abhidharmakosha teaches “… this doctrine of non-existence of the soul is the only road to the city of Nirvāna” (Abhidharmakosha chapter 9: Pruden 1990: 1355). However, while, as Jackson points out, “It is an exaggeration to see the entire history of Buddhist philosophy after the Buddha as an attempt to articulate the implications of no-self..” (Jackson 1997:324), a remarkable amount of time and thought appears to have gone into attempting to find ways to resolve the conundrum of continuity without resorting to an acceptance of an underlying, absolutely existing entity which effects that continuity. Each of those attempts16 produces a result which those versed in the relevant school of Buddhist doctrine presumably felt was a justification of the teaching of anātman and the “middle way” between eternalism and nihilism; the fact that each of them also attracted criticism from other schools perhaps suggests that none of them totally succeeded in providing an adequate solution to the conundrum. While Yājñavalkya may have been unable to describe the ātman17, its existence as the solution to the conundrum of continuity at least found general acceptance in the Brahmanical tradition. Ultimately, perhaps, as Paul Williams says in an only slightly different context (Williams 2000: 166) these issues are “precisely the deepest issues accessible only to the Tathāgatas themselves.”
Bibliography
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Verse Summary Bolinas: Four Seasons Foundation
Cousins, L.S. 1994 “Person and Self” in Buddhism into the Year 2000 Bangkok: Dhammakaya Foundation
Flood, Gavin 1996 An Introduction to Hinduism Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Gethin, Rupert 1991-3 “Bhavaõga and Rebirth According to the Abhidharma” in The Buddhist Forum Vol III. London: SOAS
Gethin, Rupert 1998 The Foundations of Buddhism Oxford: Oxford University Press
Gombrich, R.F. 1997 How Buddhism Began New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Hamilton, Sue 1996 Identity and Experience London: Luzar Oriental
Harvey, Peter 1990 An Introduction to Buddhism Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Huntington, C.W. and Namgyal Wangchen 1989 The Emptiness of Emptiness Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press
Jackson, R.R. 1997 “Buddhism in India” in Companion Encyclopaedia of Asian Philosophy (ed. Carr and Mahalingam) London: Routledge
Jha, G. (tr.) 1937 The Tattwasangraha of øantarakùita Baroda: Oriental Institute Olivelle, Patrick (tr.) 1996 Upaniùads Oxford: Oxford University Press
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Rahula, Walpola 1959 What the Buddha Taught Oxford: Oneworld Publications Roebuck, Valerie J. 2003 The Upaniùads. London: Penguin Books
Sanderson, Alexis 1994 “The Sarvāstivāda and its Critics: Anātmavāda and the Theory of Karma” in Buddhism into the Year 2000 Bangkok: Dhammakaya Foundation
Skorupski, Tadeusz 2008a “Buddhist Visions of Death and Rebirth” London: unpublished paper
Skorupski, Tadeusz 2008b “The Buddhist Permutations of Consciousness” in
Proceedings of the International Conference on Esoteric Buddhist Studies, Koyasan University, 5-8 September 2006. Esoteric Buddhist Studies: Identity in Diversity. Editorial Board, ICEBS, Koyasan University, 2008, 155-70.
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context of Indian Buddhist thought London: Routledge Curzon
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Footnotes
- See, e.g., Flood 1996: 37; Roebuck 2000: xxvi. It is worth noting at this point thatcertain of the Vedic Upanishads were almost certainly composed after the life of the Buddha, and several are often thought to reflect Buddhist influences, though that is of marginal relevance to this essay.
- Literally “oneself”, the reflexive pronoun
- E.g. Svetāsvatara and Maitrī
- The use of the chariot image here may well not have been accidental. In a number of places the Upanishads use the image of the chariot when discussing the self.
- The 12 links are ignorance, karmic formations, consciousness, mind and body, the six senses (including the mind), sense contact (birth), feeling, craving, grasping, life, rebirth, old age and death.
- The Pāli sources identify 52 cetasikas, a minimum of 7 of which exist at any given moment.
- The term gandharva was also found in earlier Indian religious teaching as a form of celestial spirit musician, and might have had origins in Indian folk religion as well as in Vedic teaching.
- And, although latent, is not unconscious.
- See page 6.
- Discussed by, amongst others, Gethin 1991-93.
- See note 2.
- iv 400-1; Gethin 1998: 161
- See, e.g., the Algaddūpama Sūtra; Gombrich 1997: 38
- The well-known avyakçta or undetermined, questions
- See note 1.
- There are other schools’ ideas not discussed in this essay – e.g. the mūla-vijñāna of the Mahāsamghikas and the āsamsārika-skandha of the Mahīshāsakas (see Skorupski 2008b:158)
- Brhadāranyaka Upaniùad 3.9.26, see page 4. | https://www.embodiedphilosophy.com/conundrum-continuity-substitutes-self-buddhism/ |
FTIR and soil micromorphology were applied to selected sediments from the archaeological deposit of Esquilleu Cave, a late Middle Palaeolithic site in Cantabria, Spain. The main goal was to assess the integrity of the archaeological record before continuing with further excavation and research at the site. Field observations and previous sedimentological studies point to diagenetic alteration of part of the deposit, but the extent and precise nature of such processes had not been established. The results show that the upper layers are composed of fresh elements and have not undergone diagenetic transformations, although their components have been physically disturbed by cryoturbation. The rest of the deposit is well preserved with mild phosphatization due to partial dissolution of bone and calcitic ash contained in the sediment, and compression from trampling. Further excavation is necessary to have a more complete picture of the taphonomic processes taking place at the site. | https://www.researchwithrutgers.com/en/publications/microstratigraphy-and-diagenesis-at-the-upper-pleistocene-site-of |
As of March 2021, MPPTCL’s line length stood at 39,582 ckt. km. Most of its line length of about 54 per cent is at the 132 kV level, followed by 220 kV lines with a share of 36 per cent and the rest is accounted for by 400 kV lines. The length of 400 kV lines stood at 3,815 ckt. km, that of 220 kV lines at 14,265 ckt. km and that of 132 kV lines at 215,012 ckt. km. The line length at different voltages has grown at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.54 per cent, 3.72 per cent and 6.19 per cent, respectively, from 2016-17 to 2020-21.
MPPTCL’s substation base, as of March 2021, stood at 396, an increase of 3.94 per cent from 2019-20. Of the total, 14 are 400 kV substations, 84 are 220 kV substations and the remaining 298 are 132 kV substations. The total number of substations has grown at a CAGR of 4.66 per cent. Meanwhile, substation capacity stood at 70,300 MVA, as of March 2021. The capacity of 400 kV, 220 kV and 132 kV substations stands at 10,595 MVA, 28,410 MVA and 31,295 MVA respectively, growing at a CAGR of 9.57 per cent, 6.61 per cent and 6.8 per cent, respectively, from 2016-17 to 2020-21. The total substation capacity has increased at a CAGR of 7.87 per cent during the same period. MPPTCL has been successful in reducing its transmission losses, which declined from 2.71 per cent in 2016-17 to 2.59 per cent in 2019-20. The losses, however, increased to 2.62 per cent in 2020-21. During the same period, system availability increased from 98.39 per cent in 2016-17 to 99.6 per cent in 2020-21.
Financials
The company’s revenue for financial year 2020-21 stood at Rs 50,113 million and its profit at Rs 118.3 million. The expenditure during the same period was Rs 49,994.7 million, of which 11.12 per cent was in operations and maintenance at Rs 5,558.3 million. Over the five-year period from 2016-17 to 2020-21, the company incurred a total capex of Rs 69.9 billion. During 2020-21, its capex stood at Rs 12,233 million, a decline of 29.8 per cent from Rs 17,425.6 million in 2019-20.
Issues and challenges
The transmission network of Madhya Pradesh has grown significantly in terms of size and complexity, driven by the phenomenal growth of power demand, increasing number of players, location of generation pockets and implementation of open access. With this, the transco is facing certain issues and challenges. The key challenges pertain to financial resource mobilisation, loss containment within regulatory limits, maintaining high system availability, timely strengthening of available transfer capability/ total transfer capability of network, influx of renewable energy and ramping-up problems, cybersecurity, efficient data acquisition and control and ageing network infrastructure. In addition, network expansion is severely hampered by right-of-way (RoW) issues, which cause time overruns in transmission projects.
New initiatives
To overcome these challenges, MPPTCL is taking several measures such as network strengthening, systematic replacement of old transformers by new units, replacement of other equipment like isolators, circuit breakers, battery sets, etc., tower strengthening, replacement of old disc insulators, stub repairing of old lines and resagging of conductors. The transco is also adopting new grid technologies. For instance, it is planning to set up a hybrid gas-insulated switchgear (GIS) substation and two GIS substations for the first time in order to overcome space constraints. Also, MPPTCL is introducing the use of self-designed narrow-base towers to overcome RoW issues. Other initiatives include use of monopoles for overcoming urban RoW problems, use of high temperature low sag conductors and extra high tension cables and laying of optical ground wire (OPGW) network.
Some other new practices adopted by the transco include the use of resin impregnated paper bushing for transformers, installation of polymer (silicone rubber) current transformer at the 132 kV level, polymer arresters at the 33 kV level, dissolved gas analysers, incorporation of aerial work platform and scaffoldings, thermovision or night cameras, fault locator, puncture insulator detector and use of bird guards, bird stools and bird flappers for the reduction of trippings. MPPTCL has also initiated a pilot project of line patrolling through drones.
Besides, MPPTCL has implemented a state-of-the-art supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system which has helped in improving operational efficiency and in maintaining more than 99 per cent system availability. Three SCADA control centres have been established, at Jabalpur, Bhopal and Indore, and so far, 312 substations have been integrated with the respective control centres. Further, Madhya Pradesh’s state load despatch centre (SLDC) has also become the first SLDC in the country to implement a cyber crisis management scheme. This scheme has been approved by the Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In). MPPTCL also deploys an emergency restoration system sourced from Lindsey Systems, USA, for repairs and maintenance of transmission lines during breakdowns. It also implements high standards for preventive maintenance of EHV lines. Additionally, to promote the use of green energy, MPPTCL has installed solar panels in seven of its substations.
Future plans
Going forward, MPPTCL has planned a capex of Rs 38,209.6 million over the 2021-22 to 2025-26 period. It plans to add 3,776 ckt. km of transmission lines and 13,000 MVA of substation capacity. A total of 47 substations are planned to be added. The company also plans to award projects under the tariff-based competitive bidding route.
The company has adopted many state-of-the-art technologies and it plans to focus on using technology in the future too, to overcome challenges. MPPTCL plans to integrate SCADA with intelligent electronic devices, automated EHV substations, and surveillance systems, among others. With a robust capex plan and an ambitious capacity addition strategy in place, the transco is set to meet the future electricity requirements of Madhya Pradesh. | https://smartutilities.net.in/2022/03/04/mpptcl/ |
(CNN) -- The court of public opinion weighed in decidedly against Lance Armstrong ahead of the broadcast of his interview with Oprah Winfrey, who confirmed media reports Tuesday that the cyclist acknowledged using performance-enhancing drugs after years of denials.
After CBS and other media outlets reported that Armstrong admitted using banned substances, Winfrey said her team and Armstrong's camp had originally agreed not to leak details of the interview. She said she decided to appear on "CBS This Morning" because Armstrong's acknowledgment had "already been confirmed."
Winfrey, appearing on "CBS This Morning" on Tuesday, did not describe Armstrong's statements in detail but said the former cyclist was forthcoming in what she said was an exhausting and intense interview taped in Armstrong's hometown of Austin, Texas.
"We were mesmerized and riveted by some of his answers," she said, adding that "he did not come clean in the manner that I expected." She didn't elaborate.
On CNN's Facebook page, the opinions were passionate and pointed.
"This guy is a loser and a liar!!" Melinda Morgan said. "He is not sorry for what he did, he is sorry that he got caught!!"
Margaret Midkiff said there's no hope of Armstrong reviving his career. "He's lied to folks way too long."
For more than a decade, Armstrong has denied he used performance-enhancing drugs, but he was linked to a doping scandal by nearly a dozen other former cyclists who have admitted to doping.
Some media outlets have reported that Armstrong has been strongly considering the possibility of a confession, possibly as a way to stem the tide of fleeing sponsors and as part of a long-term comeback plan.
But Gretta Michellé said it's too late for redemption.
"He had the opportunity to be honest from the beginning and he should have," she posted on the Facebook page. "Winning was more important."
Armstrong's admission is a sharp about-face after more than a decade of vehemently denying he cheated en route to winning a record seven Tour de France titles, which were later stripped away by the U.S. Anti-Doping Agency.
The interview will air over two nights, beginning at 9 p.m. ET Thursday on the Oprah Winfrey Network. Winfrey has promised a "no-holds-barred" interview, with no conditions and no payment made to Armstrong.
"I hope the ratings are (a) record low on that show," Matthew Black said in a Facebook comment.
Winfrey declined to characterize Armstrong's statements, saying she preferred that viewers make up their own minds. She said the interview was at times emotional and surprisingly intense.
"I would say that he met the moment," she said.
Word that Armstrong may have allowed some emotion to show through didn't seem to soften many critics.
"Go ahead and cry, Lance ... it won't help you one bit," Lori Polacek said. You "blew it a long time ago!"
Cancer charity: The trump card?
Some were willing to cut Armstrong a break because of his long-running cancer charity: the Livestrong Foundation.
"Who cares?" said Pedro Murillo. "He raised so much for cancer research, that's more important (than) if he doped for some races."
David Flowe said he doesn't care if Armstrong was involved in doping or if he even confesses to it.
"The man is an inspiration for those battling cancer," he said. "Quit being so judgmental of others especially someone who has done so much good for the world!"
Armstrong, 41, has been an icon for his cycling feats and celebrity, bringing more status to a sport wildly popular in some nations but lacking big-name recognition, big money and mass appeal in the United States.
He fought back from testicular cancer to win the Tour de France from 1999 to 2005. He raised millions via his Lance Armstrong Foundation to help cancer victims and survivors, an effort illustrated by trendy yellow "LiveSTRONG" wristbands that helped bring in the money.
Before the his interview with Winfrey, the disgraced cycling legend apologized to the staff of his cancer charity, a publicist for Livestrong Foundation said.
Armstrong was tearful during the 15-minute meeting and didn't address the issue of steroid use in cycling, said Rae Bazzarre, director of communications for the foundation.
Bazzarre added that Armstrong offered to the staff a "sincere and heartfelt apology for the stress they've endured because of him."
He urged them to keep working hard to help cancer survivors and their families.
Banned for life
The USADA hit Armstrong with a lifetime ban after the agency issued a 202-page report in October, which said there was overwhelming evidence he was directly involved in a sophisticated doping program.
The report detailed Armstrong's alleged use of performance-enhancing drugs and blood transfusions. The USADA said it had tested Armstrong less than 60 times and the International Cycling Union conducted about 215 tests.
"Show one failed test, just one," Ron Berg said, challenging the wave of public opinion against Armstrong. "You can't, because he passed them all. ... They hate him for his success and tried to fail him, they could not."
The agency did not say that Armstrong ever failed a test, but his former teammates testified as to how they beat tests or avoided them altogether.
CNN's Steve Almasy and Michael Pearson contributed to this report. | https://www.theskanner.com/8-news/17198-public-takes-its-shots-at-armstrong-after-admission-to-oprah-2013-01-15 |
(e)Xperience ChemEd X through the ideas and opinions of its community members.
Xperience is where contributed, but not reviewed, ChemEd X resources such as blogs and opinion pieces are found. Here you can find blogs in which our contributors express their personal empiricism and polls in which you the community can provide your opinions.
These are a few reflections from an AP Chemistry Exam reader after reading the 2020 online AP Chemistry Exam.
This post is comprised of questions (Qs) that challenge students to apply the knowledge acquired in their chemistry education to COVID-19. The questions encourage students to think across scientific disciplines, to think 'outside the box', and/or 'connect the dots'. Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 works inside the human body is every bit about chemistry as it is about biology as it is about physiology.
One of our new Two Year College (2YC) lead contributors describes some lessons learned for increasing attendance, participation, engagement, discussion, assessment, and building community in the online classroom.
This is the first of three consecutive blogs about online labs. This first blog centers on the question, "Is chemistry laboratory coursework still relevant?" The second and third blogs discuss if the lab curricula we currently use is achieving our goals and if lab coursework can be effectively moved to an online platform.
The 2020 global pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 forced millions of teachers to switch from in-person to online instruction. With minimal training in online teaching, many substandard learning environments were quickly rolled out. In this post, the author describes two metacognitive learning activities that are easy to incorporate into an online learning environment.
Twelve years teaching a fully online GOB (General Organic Biochemistry) chemistry course have revealed many benefits for faculty and students alike. This blog focuses on some positive aspects of teaching online.
The practice and the promulgation of science, its ideas, and knowledge acquired about how the biotic and abiotic world works depend significantly on what words are chosen to communicate scientific ideas, methods, thought, and information. This blog post looks at how a recently published NY Times article on the growing evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 virus can be transmitted via the air can be used in the classroom to promote discussion and challenge students to think about the distinction between data and evidence. If applicable, it could be expanded to also include the difference between opinion and information, if desired.
The process of making beverages from fermented grain is a chemical synthesis slightly newer than human civilization itself. This article descibes the chemistry of the first step- malting the raw mature grain.
AACT has organized eight virtual symposia to provide professional development for teachers this summer. These symposia can truly help teachers plan for the next school year and virtually “see” one another to share ideas and concerns.
Liquid nitrogen is used to visualize the aerosol particles emitted while speaking, coughing, breathing, and sneezing. The ability of various masks to block these droplets was also tested. | https://www.chemedx.org/page/xperience?page=11 |
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Every day The Salvation Army helps cure hunger by providing nutritious meals to neighbors in need.
17.4 million families go to bed hungry each night in the U.S. And an additional 6.9 million families face very low daily food security - that means they don't always know where their next meal is coming from.
These meals are served to anyone in need - this includes homeless people of all ages, as well as individuals and families who may be down on their luck and in need of a helping hand. In addition to addressing the immediate symptoms of food insecurity, our programs are designed to help identify and treat its root cause. This approach focuses on meeting the physical, mental and spiritual needs of each person and helps move many from hungry to fully healed.
Breakfast, Lunch and Dinner
With the help of tireless volunteers, we serve sit-down meals that provide nutritious food and valuable human interaction as we work to ensure that the most vulnerable members of society do not go hungry. | https://olympia.salvationarmy.org/olympia_corps/cure-hunger/ |
OC Reilly Blog: How Long Can You Wait to Innovate?
By Vicki L. White, Executive Director, Business Operations, OC Reilly Inc.
(July 5, 2015)–It used to be that, to be the first to try a new idea or technology, one needed to be either very comfortable with risk or rich enough to not have to worry whether it paid off or not.
These “early adopters” traditionally have served a useful role in business, being the first to suffer the pain or enjoy the fruits of a new approach, and therefore paving the way for others to follow on and enjoy a lower level of risk. And while this basic formula promises to remain in place for the foreseeable future, the landscape is nonetheless changing, even if it’s ever-so-slightly.
For administrators of any type of business – including health care systems – continues to inch up to a new basic question: How long can you wait to innovate?
In the May/June edition of Supply Chain Management Review magazine, Editorial Director Bob Trebilcock writes, “As supply chain managers we are challenged year in and year out to figure out new, innovative ways to improve our operations. We have to translate educated guesses about what’s next into new investments in our processes. Such may be the case with robotics, 3-D printing and additive manufacturing, and investments in new mobile technologies.”
Trebilcock then references The 2015 MHI Annual Industry Report: Supply Chain Innovation – Making the Impossible Possible, issued by Deloitte Consulting, saying, “Only 35 percent of companies are early adopters that expect to deploy these innovations before their competitors.” He quotes one of the reports authors as stating, “But by delaying now, a company may be forced by the competition to take action. That may have worked in the past, but in this new environment, I really think the companies that adopt these emerging technologies now may get a sustainable competitive advantage.”
Ideas and technologies that looked, sounded, and performed like new three years ago may feel outdated today. Bold new concepts, on the other hand, can either pan out to achieve great and sustainable success, or could become just as obsolete and outdated even more quickly. Risk remains inherent in any innovation.
Supply chain managers may indeed make the impossible possible. But the smart ones know how to balance risk and reward. The basic question is changing, however. It’s a question worth asking yourself, and perhaps worth seeking out an independent, objective opinion in the process.
How long can you wait to innovate? | http://www.ocreilly.com/2015/07/05/oc-reilly-blog-how-long-can-you-wait-to-innovate/ |
I'm wondering what would perform better, point sprites (GL_POINTS) or regular sprites (GL_TRIANGLES). Here's the scenario:
I am developing a simple particle system to allow me to produce various effects like fire (in a very simple way). Each particle will be rendered using a texture, but the rub is I want different textures depending on the "age" of the particle (imagine a fire particle transitioning from a "burning" style texture to a "smoke" style texture).
As I understand it if I use point sprites I would have to bind different textures during the lifetime of the particle set based on the age of the various particles still alive. That is, as many texture bind operations as there are "stages" for a particle (at most).
Conversely if I use regular sprites I can do a single bind of an atlas then just render away.
I'd also "like" to be able to rotate the particles, but that's probably not a deal breaker if the performance gain for point sprites is significant. I would definitely want to scale, but I'm assuming I can do that by changing the point size... not sure what the max is for that.
My sense is that a few additional texture bind operations is going to have less of a performance impact than drawing 4 times the number of vertices (4 verts per sprite vs 1 per point). Of course there'd also be an additional sort operation in the point sprite approach so I can batch up the particles with the same texture, but again that shouldn't be too heavy if there are only 3-4 states per particle.
I'm developing for mobile (Android/iOS) so chipset will vary (not sure how much impact that will have on the decision).
Now the "right" thing to do would be to implement both and test, but that sounds like way too much hard work ;)
Would I be correct in assuming point sprites are still the better approach? | https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/49877/point-sprites-vs-textured-quads-in-open-gles-2-0 |
The Healing Power of Forgiveness
Forgiveness is a commitment, and the process may bring feelings and emotions to the surface. Consider breaking forgiveness down into more manageable parts. The journey to forgiveness is opportunity to learn, heal and grow from your experiences. This growth will assist in providing space to add more happiness and health into your life.
VALIDATION
When you've been treated poorly provide yourself validation of your thoughts and feelings. Seek to understand those whom have harmed you, even if they haven’t asked for forgiveness. Take a moment to assess if you are responsible for any part of the pain you are experiencing. This acknowledgment, though painful, is empowering. It takes a great deal of courage to admit when you’ve moved out of your integrity or made a mistake in judgement.
Your goal is to attain knowledge, emotional growth and heal from the experience, so do not dwell in ideas of “what if” or “it’s not fair.” Validation of your experience from multiple perspectives will help you make adjustments for better choices and behaviors.
Helpful Tip
Morning affirmations: Start your morning with positive statements. Perhaps it’s as simple as a positive affirmation you say out loud, or maybe it’s a practice of writing in a journal. If you have spiritual faith it could be a prayer. Whatever works for you, as the goal is to acknowledge and validate your personal journey.
EVOLUTION
The evolution stage can be painful. This is the stage where you access your feelings and do something with those feelings. Be careful not to move through this stage too quickly (or not at all). What is your growth opportunity in the experience? How can you modify for the future? When you hold onto hurt (consciously and subconsciously) you store it within you. Pain stored in the body can come out in the form of illness and “dis-ease.”
Are you ready to approach your pain differently so you are able to fully heal? If you are still vacillating on your next step you may need to go back to the validation stage. There's no shame in reworking stages of forgiveness. If you're holding onto your pain as protection, find safety in knowing your intention is to heal, and you are deserving of a life free of resentment and ill-will.
Helpful Tip
Mindful inner dialogue: It's important to change negative inner dialogue so you are able to move through the stages of forgiveness. Start with five to ten minutes of deep breathing in a quiet place, and if your internal voice is negative, flip the switch and create a positive dialogue. Be present about what you are mentally perpetuating and modify accordingly.
RELEASE
My mother has a saying, “release them with love.” Releasing with love is a blessing to those whom have harmed you and also a blessing to yourself. This may seem counter-intuitive, but you’ve been through the validation and evolution stages so you’re ready! If someone has caused you harm you have a choice to either dwell in a place of victimization or thrive in a place of courage and strength. Provide those whom have harmed you with something they may be unable to source themselves...love. Provide yourself compassion if you’ve behaved poorly and consider it an opportunity and motivation to do better next time…and there will be a next time.
We are all on our own individual journey and have our own priorities to manage. However, we are also here to help each other. When love is given freely and without expectation it adds positivity to our lives. What if we entered into each relationship with the mindset we were going to offer a gift to someone, with lessons and knowledge included? Wouldn’t love be perceived as a blessing which helps us grow and not an emotion we need to struggle to receive and control?
Helpful Tip
Integrity check: True forgiveness will require you to be in your integrity. This means you must let go of revenge or ill-will. When we want others to suffer (even if they’ve done something cruel) we are not in our integrity. Wishing ill-will on others only perpetuates ill-will to self. Remind yourself it is not your place to judge others and be cognizant while navigating your intentions.
The stages of forgiveness take time, so remember to have compassion for others and yourself. Take the time to practice these three steps when a situation comes up where you feel deceived, slighted, or harmed in some way. These stages will help you navigate your feelings and emotions during difficult times and will assist you in understanding others and yourself without judgement, and from a place of compassion.
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Michelle MartinAs a Certified International Health Coach (CIHC), Michelle supports Cascade Centers' health and wellness initiatives through a holistic approach, and believes true well-being is based on bio-individuality. Along with supporting wellness initiatives, she is part of the account management team and assists with providing proactive service and solutions for clients and their employees. Michelle writes and speaks about holistic health related issues including sleep hygiene, sugar addiction, forgiveness and mindfulness. For more health information and wellness inspiration, you can follow her on Twitter and Facebook @sohowellbeing. | http://cascadecenters.com/The-Healing-Power-of-Forgiveness |
This memorial website was created in memory of our loved one, Marvin M Small, 60, born on August 5, 1936 and passed away on January 11, 1997. We will remember him forever.
Share Your Memories and Sympathies and Join the Bereaved! to show all important data, death records and obituaries absolutely for free!
Followers are people who receive the updates and information about the deceased person.
View the latest documents, pictures, photos and images of or upload the files of your loved one.
Note: Do you have a family photo of Marvin M Small? Consider uploading your photo of Marvin M Small so that your pictures are included in Marvin M Small's genealogy, family trees & family history records. Sysoon enables anyone to create a free online tribute for a much loved relative or friend who has passed away. | https://www.sysoon.com/deceased/marvin-m-small-36/followers |
Biology, also referred to as the biological sciences, is the study of living organisms utilizing the scientific method.
What is the difference between biological science?
Physical science is the science concerned with the study of inanimate natural objects, including physics, chemistry, astronomy, and related subjects. And biological science is the study of life and living organisms, their life cycles, adaptations and environment.
Is biological sciences a good major?
Strong Career Outlook Biological Sciences graduates are highly sought after as candidates for medical school, dental school and veterinary medical school. In the past four years 68 Biology majors have received 89 acceptances to 28 medical schools.
What are the branches of biological science?
There are mainly three branches of Biology- botany, zoology and microbiology.
What are the 4 types of biology?
There are four primary categories: botany, human biology, microbiology and zoology.
What do you study in biological sciences?
WHAT IS A MAJOR IN BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES? The biological sciences major lives at the leading edge of science, using the latest technology to explore molecular medicine, ecology and the environment, genetic regulation of plant and animal development, microbial physiology, and cell dynamics and motility.
Is biological science good for pre med?
Is biology a good major for pre-med? Yes, biology is a great major for pre-med. Biology is the study of life and all living organisms. By looking into the chemical makeup of humans, animals, plants and all environments, biology majors will be prepared for a graduate degree or career in medicine.
How many years does it take to study biological sciences?
How Long Does It Take to Earn a Degree in Biological Science? A bachelor’s degree in biological science can be earned in four years. A bachelor’s degree in biological science provides students with a wide base of knowledge with which they can hone should they decide to pursue an advanced degree.
Can I do medicine after biological science?
Yes, you can change your career path from biomedical science to medicine. You can apply for graduate entry medicine or a dentistry programme.
What is the best biology degree?
- Harvard University.
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
- Stanford University.
- University of California–San Francisco.
- University of California–Berkeley.
- University of California–San Diego.
- Johns Hopkins University.
- Cornell University.
What are the 3 major division of biological science?
The Division of Biological Science consists of the three departments of zoology, botany, and biophysics.
What jobs can you get with biology?
- Research scientist.
- Pharmacologist.
- Biologist.
- Ecologist.
- Nature conservation officer.
- Biotechnologist.
- Forensic scientist.
- Government agency roles.
What are 3 types of biology?
The three major branches of Biology are: Medical Science- It includes the study of several plants used in medicines. Botany- It includes the study of plants. Zoology- It includes the study of animals.
What is an example of biological science?
genetics. microbiology. sport and exercise science. molecular biology, biophysics, and biochemistry.
Who is father of biology?
Therefore, Aristotle is called the Father of biology. He was a great Greek philosopher and polymath. His theory of biology also known as the “Aristotle’s biology” describes five major biological processes, namely, metabolism, temperature regulation, inheritance, information processing and embryogenesis.
Is biology hard in college?
Broadly speaking, biology is a comparatively simple science major to get into without a huge amount of training or expertise in the subject. One advantage students and professors will point out is that there is less complex mathematics to do in biology compared to your average science class in another subject.
Can a biology student become a doctor?
These courses typically include biology, chemistry, physics, math, statistics, and English. This means that a student of any major can apply to medical school as long as these required courses are completed. In other words, whether you major in biology, math, economics, history, or art, you can apply to medical school.
Why do people study biological sciences?
Studying Biological Sciences helps you develop a broad understanding of the nature of living things, from molecules and cells, organisms and populations, to communities and biomes.
How many subjects are there in biological science?
Optional Subjects with Science. Apart from the 4 compulsory subjects in the Science stream (Physics, Chemistry, English and Biology/Mathematics), you are required to take on a 5th optional subject.
What is the hardest pre-med class?
Organic Chemistry: It shouldn’t surprise you that organic chemistry takes the No. 1 spot as the hardest college course. This course is often referred to as the “pre-med killer” because it actually has caused many pre-med majors to switch their major.
What type of biology should I major in for medical school?
Biochemistry. Like a biology major, biochemistry majors study living organisms as well as chemistry and how it affects those living organisms. This is also a common choice for those who want to attend medical school.
Which course is best for biology students?
- Bachelor of Veterinary Sciences.
- BTech Genetic Engineering.
- Bachelor of Pharmacy.
- BTech/BSc Food Technology.
- Bachelors in Neuroscience.
- BSc in Nutritional Biology.
- Bachelors in Molecular Biology.
- Bachelors in Biochemistry and Cell Biology.
Is a biological science degree worth it?
The average salary for people with a biology degree is around $70,000 — $10,000 more than the median household income in the U.S. However, biology degrees — like the STEM designation itself — are incredibly diverse, and your earning potential may vary widely depending on what you choose to do with your degree.
Can I go to medical school with a biology degree?
Share: A bachelor’s degree in biology is a common and extremely popular first step toward medical school. In fact, more than half of all medical school matriculants enter into their residencies with a degree in biological sciences.
Can I go into medicine with a biology degree?
Research is one of the most exciting areas graduates can go into with a medical biology degree. As a medical researcher, you will be contributing to the field of medicine positively, by arming the healthcare industry with much-needed insight into different drugs and treatments. | https://scienceoxygen.com/what-is-biological-science-called/ |
Technical Assistance for the protection and development of Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou, Morocco
Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou, in Morocco, is a fortified village of adobe buildings and is an interesting example of earthen architecture in North Africa. It contains barns and dwellings within its defensive walls, which are reinforced by corner towers. Ksar of Ait-Ben-Haddou in the Ouarazate province of Morocco was inscribed on the World Heritage List in 1987.
The CERKAS (centre for conservation and rehabilitation of the architectural heritage of the atlas and sub-atlas zones) and the Moroccan authorities requested the World Heritage Centre’s support in the implementation of a management plan. Funded under the France-UNESCO Cooperation Agreement, a team from CRAterre-ENSAG was sent in June 2008. Mission activities included analysis of the condition of the property, establishing recommendations, defining plans of action, as well as technical recommendations for the fortification wall built on the upper side of the rock and the building constructed at the summit of the rock (popularly known as “Ighrem n iqddarn”, or community barn).
Implementation of a management plan enabled significant achievements: an Arabic translation of the management plan was widely distributed and stakeholders met regularly to adjust and decide on activities to undertake. Since it was distributed and discussed during meetings, the management plan became a reference document for decisions concerning activities to be carried out on the ksar. Furthermore, special budgets were allocated by the government (Ministry of Culture of Morocco) and several of the plan’s actions were launched and received funding. | http://whc.unesco.org/en/activities/772/ |
Ebola is terrifying for adults – but even more so for children.
Children exposed to Ebola witness death and suffering, lose loved ones, are infected themselves, or have to spend weeks in isolation because they have had contact with someone infected with the virus.
Children account for a significant proportion of those infected with Ebola in the Democratic Republic of Congo, where the latest outbreak has been declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization. Preventing infection among children must therefore be at the heart of the Ebola response.
The effects of Ebola aren’t just physical. The stigmatization can be isolating for children who are already struggling to cope with incredible hardship and loss, and the emotional scars can take years to heal.
Preventing infection among children must be at the heart of the Ebola response.
Working alongside the government and partners, UNICEF is continuing to scale up its response to control and prevent the spread of the disease, and ultimately stop the outbreak; reduce Ebola-related deaths among those infected; and provide protection, alleviate suffering, and give assistance to affected children and families.
The Ebola crisis is further exacerbating the vulnerability of communities already grappling with conflict, displacement and disease outbreaks. Together with partners, UNICEF is therefore addressing critical needs of communities beyond Ebola, providing health, water sanitation and hygiene, nutrition, and other essential services in the Ebola affected areas.
Why Ebola is so devastating for children
- Children infected with Ebola need comprehensive child-specific care, including medical, nursing, nutritional, psychosocial and rehabilitation services. Already malnourished children require treatment with food specifically formulated for children.
- Children who are separated, often abruptly and brutally, from their parents and/or care providers due to Ebola need dedicated care and attention while their parents undergo treatment, including nutritional support for infants whose mothers are infected with Ebola and are therefore unable to be breastfed.
- Children who are orphaned need longer term care and support. This includes mediation with extended families that refuse to take them in; health and nutrition support to make sure they stay healthy; and, for those who need it, school fees and other material aid to enable children to go back to school, which is so critical to their overall well-being.
- Virtually all of them need help to counter the debilitating effects of the stigma and discrimination that taints children affected by Ebola, so that they are accepted, valued and loved by their families and communities.
How UNICEF is helping fight Ebola
UNICEF’s Ebola response focuses on a cross-cutting community-based approach. This includes engaging with communities; providing safe water and improving sanitation and hygiene as part of infection prevention and control; boosting psychosocial support, education and child protection services; and providing assistance with nutrition. UNICEF and partners are:
Engaging with communities
Communication and community engagement are essential to stop and prevent the spread of Ebola. UNICEF is supporting the establishment of community committees, and together with partners we are engaging with trusted individuals and networks, including religious leaders, youth and women’s groups, business leaders, as well as Ebola survivors themselves. Survivor testimonies help to reduce fear and encourage people to seek early treatment. The interpersonal communication is reinforced by mass communication, including regular programmes on local radio stations.
In the Democratic Republic of Congo, UNICEF is working to bring together social and political influencers, community leaders and members of armed groups to allow Ebola response teams to work within communities in a safer and more trusting environment.
Supporting physical and mental health
UNICEF and partners are providing critical support to those affected by Ebola, to health facilities and to schools. This includes providing supplies for handwashing, personal protection, waste management, cleaning and decontamination, as well as thermometers to screen for fever – a key symptom of the disease.
To help with the care of patients in Ebola treatment centres, UNICEF is also incorporating teams of nutritionists and psychosocial workers who are providing individualized, specialized nutritional and psychosocial care for children and adults who are suspected or confirmed to have the contracted the virus.
Based on lessons learned from the 2014-2016 outbreak in West Africa, UNICEF and partners are providing psychosocial support, helping to ensure children’s well-being and get them back to school.
UNICEF psychosocial support teams are often the first to be in contact with families affected by the disease or the death of a member. They help the families through the difficult process of accepting the transfer to a treatment facility, agreeing to the disinfection of their household, or accepting a Safe and Dignified Burial. In this way, these teams play a major role in the success of the response by ensuring that families accept the interventions that will interrupt the chain of transmission of the virus.
UNICEF and partners are also providing care for people who have been in contact with infected people, helping to protect their well-being, provide early detection of the disease, and a timely referral to health facilities.
Fighting other disease outbreaks
Ebola isn’t the only health threat facing the Democratic Republic of Congo. By early October, more than 200,000 cases of measles had been reported across the country, and more than 4,000 children had died. Children under the age of five represent 74 per cent of infections and nearly 90 per cent of deaths.
Some of the early symptoms of Ebola – fever, redness around the eyes, diarrhoea – are virtually indistinguishable from those of measles, malaria or cholera – all of which are prevalent, especially in severely congested displacement sites.
To prevent a potentially massive loss of life, the Ministry of Health, with the support of UNICEF and Médecins Sans Frontières, launched a measles vaccination campaign in July to vaccinate 67,000 children in Ituri. The Ebola outbreak means the measles vaccination campaign must incorporate extra measures to protect against infection, as well as meticulous triage.
Preventing Ebola in schools
Schoolchildren are being taught how to protect themselves from Ebola through handwashing and by avoiding unnecessary contact. The strategy focuses on encouraging them to talk about what they’ve learned with their families and neighbours, further reinforcing the awareness raising work already taking place in the community.
Other Ebola prevention measures being supported by UNICEF and partners include:
- Mapping schools to identify their proximity to confirmed cases;
- Training students, teachers, inspectors and parents’ associations, among others, on Ebola prevention in schools, including water and hygiene practices, psychosocial support in classrooms;
- Providing infrared thermometers and handwashing kits in schools including clean water;
- Supplying cabins for entry checking at schools;
- Issuing documentation and protocols for prevention, guidance, and management of suspected Ebola cases in school.
By early September 2019, UNICEF and partners had trained more than 32,400 teachers on how to teach children about Ebola prevention and how to make schools a protective environment for children, and reached more than 928,000 students with vital information about Ebola.
Helping neighbouring countries prepare
The risk of Ebola spreading in the region remains very high, but the quick and effective response to imported cases in the densely populated city of Goma, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and in Uganda have demonstrated the importance of investing in preparedness.
In neighbouring Burundi, Rwanda, South Sudan and Uganda, UNICEF is scaling up readiness by focusing on:
1) Risk communication, social mobilization and community engagement to inform and protect local populations;
2) Infection prevention and control, and access to safe water and sanitation in communities, health facilities and schools;
3) Access to health services, Ebola-related supplies, and training for health workers;
4) Leadership and coordination assistance in prevention and preparedness.
In South Sudan, UNICEF is focusing on and engaging populations that are most at risk in the areas bordering the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Uganda. Between January and July 2019, for example, UNICEF and partners had reached more than 850,000 people through 450 trained front-line community mobilizers. UNICEF and partners had also reached two million people with Ebola prevention messages by 18 radio stations in six languages. | https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/ebola |
Commentary: Want to understand what health care workers are feeling right now? Read this.
Dr. Diana Concannon’s Op-Ed on Psychological First Aid for our Health Care Workers
At least 283 million of the 330 million people in the United States — nearly nine in 10 — have been asked to remain safely at home to slow the spread of novel coronavirus through a public health crisis response we all know now as social distancing.
A significant number of Americans still move about on the frontlines, including our nation’s health care first responders and those in hospitals, urgent care centers and primary care facilities.
By training, experience, and inclination, these people are healers of others — and accustomed to running toward those in distress.
Read the article here. | https://www.alliant.edu/blog/commentary-want-understand-what-health-care-workers-are-feeling-right-now-read |
A training programme for diplomats from a number of various agencies of Kurdistan Regional Government took place from December 18 to 29, at the Diplomatic School of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. The programme aimed at improving the professional knowledge and skills of the participants and providing key knowledge about international relations and diplomacy (introduction to international relations, international law, international political economy, etc.). The programme also included talks on global and regional policies and development in international relations, various aspects of foreign policy implementation, cooperation with international organizations and the relations between the Republic of Armenia and the countries of the region.
The programme included tours to various cultural venues in the capital city Yerevan and beyond: the participants also visited the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, Matenadaran and Armenian Genocide Memorial, among others.
Upon completion of the programme the Director of the Diplomatic School of Armenia, Ambassador Vahe Gabrielyan handed certificates to the participants. Ambassador Gabrielyan congratulated them and expressed confidence that the knowledge obtained during the programme would contribute not only to their professional achievements but also to a deeper cooperation between Armenia and Iraqi Kurdistan.
The participants expressed their gratitude for the unique opportunity to expand their professional knowledge and get acquainted with the history and cultural heritage of the Republic of Armenia. | http://diplomaticacademy.am/en/announce/item/2021/12/29/KRG_29.12.2021/ |
Sassari is the second largest city in Sardinia with a population of 122,000; it is also one of the oldest settlements in the city and has a great deal of history and important cultural establishments. Located in the north west region of Sardinia, this city is actually the fifth largest municipality in Italy and has a large economy based on tourism and the services industry.
Although findings have dated settlements in Sassari to the Neolithic age, the main settling of the city occurred during the Middle Ages. Throughout this time period, ruling of the city changed hand numerous times as conflicts raged throughout Sardinia. As time progressed, Sassari developed and grew in size and now stands as the main city in the northern region of the island.
As a tourist destination, Sassari has a great deal of historical buildings and monuments, but it also benefits from a great location and is an idea base from which to explore northern Sardinia. From this city, you can visit the coastal regions and find some simply stunning beaches. | http://slam.bravo-bih.com/sassari/ |
“Migraine sufferers could find relief in three aspirin tablets,” reported The Times . It said that researchers have suggested that one in four migraine sufferers could be pain-free within two hours if they take up to 1,000mg of aspirin in one go.
This well-conducted Cochrane review combined the results of 13 trials, which compared aspirin to placebo or another migraine drug. It found that 24% of people given aspirin were pain-free at two hours compared to 11% of those given placebo. Nausea and vomiting associated with migraines were improved with the addition of an anti-sickness drug.
The studies in this review used 900–1,000mg of aspirin. This is a high dose and aspirin is not without adverse effects, nor is it a suitable treatment for everyone. Regular use can increase the risk of stomach irritation and ulceration.
Also, the review found no evidence that aspirin was any more effective than sumatriptan, the most common migraine treatment, or other migraine treatments. Individuals should refer any questions about their treatment to their GP.
The research was carried out by Varo Kirthi and colleagues from the Pain Research and Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics. The work was funded by Pain Research Funds, the NHS Cochrane Collaboration Programme Grant Scheme and the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Programme. The research was published in the Cochrane Library, an online database of systematic reviews by the Cochrane Collaboration.
The review found no evidence that aspirin is more effective than other migraine treatments, and the Mail’s headline, “Why aspirin could be the best remedy for a migraine”, is incorrect.
This systematic review searched multiple medical databases to find all randomised controlled trials to date on aspirin for treating migraine episodes. Systematic reviews are the best way to reliably collect evidence to assess the overall effectiveness and safety of a particular treatment. Combining the results of different trials can make the effects of a treatment more apparent, but the different methods of the individual trials need to be considered when deciding whether the trials are similar enough for their results to be pooled.
The researchers reviewed medical databases for relevant studies published up to March 2010. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to have included at least 10 adults with migraines. Migraines had to have been diagnosed according to specific diagnostic criteria, and included people with and without visual aura (the visual changes that some people experience with migraines). Studies also had to compare aspirin to either placebo or to an active drug treatment. Aspirin could have been used either alone or with an antiemetic (anti-sickness medicine).
The researchers assessed the quality of each study. The main outcomes of interest of the review were based on the outcomes considered in the available studies, those that the researchers thought were important outcomes for migraine sufferers, and those suggested by International Headache Society guidance. Based on these considerations, the researchers looked at:
Pain intensity and pain relief were subjective measures rated by the migraine sufferers themselves on a visual scale. Study results were combined using standard statistical methods. The researchers also looked at the rate of adverse effects experienced with aspirin, placebo or the other active treatment tested.
The review included 13 studies with a total 4,222 participants and 5,261 treated migraine attacks. All participants had a history of migraines over the past 12 months, with between one and six attacks of moderate to severe intensity each month. The studies varied in whether they included people taking migraine preventative medicines (prophylaxis) and whether they included people whose migraines were associated with vomiting.
Five studies compared aspirin with placebo, four compared aspirin with active treatment and four compared aspirin with both placebo and active treatment. The amount of aspirin used varied between studies:
Active comparators included sumatriptan, zolmitriptan, paracetamol plus codeine, ibuprofen, and ergotamine plus caffeine. The researchers considered the 900mg and 1,000mg doses of aspirin to be similar enough for the results of these studies to be combined.
The main results for being pain-free at two hours were:
Summary of other outcomes:
The reviewers concluded that 1,000mg of aspirin is an effective treatment for acute migraine headaches with effects similar to sumatriptan. Addition of the antiemetic (10mg of metoclopramide) gave better relief from nausea and vomiting.
This well-conducted review has identified and combined the results of 13 trials that compared the use of aspirin with inactive placebo or another medicine to treat a migraine attack in diagnosed sufferers. It combined studies of different populations of migraine sufferers and several different treatments. Some important points to note are:
Migraines can be extremely debilitating, particularly when associated with their typical symptoms of nausea, vomiting and intolerance to light and sound. Different people have different symptoms and severity of migraines, and some may find relief from aspirin while others may not.
Anyone who has an extremely severe headache and is not known to have migraines or is experiencing a migraine that is more severe than usual should immediately seek medical attention. | https://www.nicswell.co.uk/health-news/migraine-relief-from-aspirin |
Summit on Justice Reforms and Human Rights in Kano State, organised by CURE-Nigeria in collaboration with the NHRC North-West Zonal Office and the Ministry of Justice, Kano State with the support of NBA, Kano Branch
Theme: The Role of Human Rights and the Rule of Law in the Administration of Criminal Justice System Reforms and Prison Decongestion in Kano State.
from all discussed at the summit, a Communique was adopted by all participants which is to serve as a guide for the criminal justice systems reforms in Kano State, Nigeria.
Participants at the Summit on Criminal Justice Reforms and Human Rights in Kano State, held on 25th, October, 2018 at the Nigerian Bar Association Secretariat, Kano State, declare:
Whereas there are 2,448 pretrial detainees in Kano State;
Whereas 1,024 detainees do not have lawyers
Whereas Kano State Legal Aid Council is only staffed with five lawyers and has no operational vehicle;
Whereas the criminal justice institutions in Kano State lack critical and key infrastructure;
Whereas there are 72 women prisoners, 9 babies residing in prison and 38 lunatics languishing in prison in Kano State;
Be It Resolved
That we affirm and recommend that the Kano State judiciary is granted financial autonomy in compliance with the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended)
We further recommend that:
- Kano State criminal justice system personnel, particularly the judiciary, require urgent training and retraining
- The proposed Administration of Criminal Justice Bill in Kano State and the Child Rights Act, 2003 be passed quickly into law
- Alternatives to custodial sentences should be used in order to decongestion prisons in Kano State
- All lunatics in Kano prisons and other prisons across the country should be removed to hospitals for treatment.
- The Government of Kano State must invest in electronic infrastructure in all Kano State judicial and law enforcement institutions to achieve effective and efficient administration of justice in the State.
- Alternatives to incarceration should be used for women, particularly pregnant women and nursing mothers.
- Kano State Government invests in ‘State Brief’ to assist the needy and decongest the prisons.
- Private legal practitioners in Kano State should be encouraged to take up cases on pro bono for indigent detainees.
- Kano State judiciary must strive to develop an effective case management system and effective data collection system to be more efficient.
- The three arms of the criminal justice system in Kano State should work in harmony to fight corruption and abuse of power and the rule of law
List of participating agencies: CURE-Nigeria, National Human Rights Commission, Nigeria Bar Association, Judiciary, National Drug Law Enforcement Agency, Legal Aid Council, Nigerian Prison Service, Ministry of Justice, Nigerian Police Force, Sharia Courts, HISBA Board, Public Defendant Office, Young Leaders Rights and Patriotic Initiative of Nigeria (YOLPIN), Isa Wali Ewip Initiative, Media, e.t.c.
CURE-Nigeria has continued its advocacy for justice reforms and respect for human rights across the country. Here is one of such events on the 6th March, 2018 in Asaba, Delta State.
On The Role of the Rule Of Law And Human Rights In Reforming the Criminal Justice System in Delta State Organized By Citizens United For The Rehabilitation Of The Errants (Cure) – Nigeria And Bonum Seeds Foundation In Collaboration With High Court Of Justice, Delta State At Orchid Hotel, DBS Road, GRA, Asaba, Delta State. …Read More
Advocacy Visits
One critical part of our work involves visiting places of detention to assess physical conditions of detention facilities and how these affect detainees’ social, health welfare being. Also, we assess human rights condition of inmates. The findings from these visits form part of our advocacy programming and activities.
Here, the Executive Director, Mr. Sylvester Uhaa, visits SARS Detention Facility in Abuja, in partnership with the National Human Rights Commission, Nigerian Bar Association, the National Committee Against Torture and NOPLIN, ASO Radio, to assess human rights conditions and access to justice for inmates in the facility. This visit was conducted in the wake of the national outcry for the reform of SARS following series of human rights violations.
Visit to Senator David Umaru
Visit to key stakeholders such as the law and policy makers, law enforcement, religious and traditional institutions, among other, is a vital part of effort to achieve justice reforms and promote human rights in Nigeria. Here, members of CURE-Nigeria paid a visit to Distinguished Senator David Umaru, the Chairman, Senate Committee on Human Rights and Judiciary at the National Assembly.
Among other things, CURE-Nigeria asked the Committee to visit places of detention to assess human rights and prison conditions, as well as take steps to ensure the full implementation of the Administration of Criminal Justice Act, 2015, particularly, the use of alternatives to incarceration. We also brougt to his attention some serious loopholes in the Act and the urgent need for amendment of those parts for effective and efficient justice administration in Nigeria. The Senator was pleased with the visit and promised to take our requests to his Committee for consideration and necessary action.
Media Advocacy
In November 2017, CURE-Nigeria carried out an intensive advocacy on the perennial issue of high rate of awaiting trial inmates in our prisons through the use of press conferences to reach relevant stakeholders. This became imperative as most of the ills in our prisons are linked to congestion due to the large awaiting trial proportion of our prison population. More than 70% of the people in prisons in Nigeria are awaiting trial. CURE-Nigeria visited prisons in Lagos, Port Harcourt, Kano and Enugu, states that are amongst those with the highest awaiting trial population before the press conferences were done at these locations.
Some pictures from the press conference
Two of CURE-Nigeria’s main activities are advocacy visits to stakeholders and training of criminal justice actors. Through these visits, we challenge policies, legislations and practices that do not conform to domestic and international law, and make suggestions for reforms.
Through the training, we are able to train stakeholders such as judicial, police and prison officers, as well as prosecutors on the law and international standards. We invite experts to deliver presentations on various topics, and participants are given plenty of opportunity to ask questions, share ideas and learn from each other. This has contributed to justice reforms in Nigeria. Also, major decisions have been reached at some of these trainings which have huge impact on justice reform in Nigeria. For example, at our training in 2012, a representative of the Federal Ministry of Justice announced the Ministry’s decision to withdraw its proposal to the Federal Government to build more prisons following CURE-Nigeria’s persistence argument that the country does not need new prisons in order to de-congest the prisons, as contained in a letter to the then President Goodluck Jonathan. See link to the letter…….
Here are pictures of some of our advocacy visits and training sessions.
2011 conference, organized by CURE-Nigeria and supported by International CURE; Federal Ministry of Justice, Nigeria; and Jane Addams School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA.
2011 training in Abuja, organized by CURE-Nigeria and the Federal Ministry of Justice, Nigeria
2012 training in Lagos, organized by CURE-Nigeria and the Federal Ministry of Justice, Nigeria. | https://curenigeria.org/advocacy-visits-trainings/ |
The Key Aspects of Civil Sitework Prior to ConstructionJune 24, 2014
The term "sitework" is a general term used in the construction industry to refer to the preliminary work of getting a construction site ready for building and development. It encompasses a range of different preparatory activities and may vary somewhat depending on the particular environmental conditions of the site and the goals and needs of the construction project. Sitework is an extremely important step in good construction practices because it sets the stage for everything that is to come, protects the site, and helps minimize or eliminate a range of potential future problems.
Key Aspects of Good SiteworkThe following is an overview of six highly important aspects of good sitework, what each different type is, why it is important, and the factors that affect it. These different areas of sitework are common to most types of construction projects, though depending on the circumstances of the project, some may require more intensive work than others. Clearing and Grubbing
- What Is Clearing and Grubbing and Why Is It Important? - Clearing and grubbing refers to the removal unwanted of vegetation such as trees, shrubs, bushes, and other plants, as well as general debris, from a construction site. Clearing and grubbing is a crucial aspect of sitework for the obvious reason that it physically clears the area of things that might be situated directly in the way of the new building or development, or which might block access to the worksite.
- What Factors Matter for Successful Clearing and Grubbing? - Several factors influence the success of clearing and grubbing. One important factor is the tree, bush, or plant size. Naturally larger, thicker vegetation requires more extensive grubbing than smaller, sparse vegetation. Likewise the particular type of vegetation is an influencing factor. Some trees and shrubs are harder to remove than others or may simply require different removal techniques. The depth below the surface to which the site is cleared and grubbed is also important and may depend on the intended depth of foundation to be laid. The disposal method of the vegetation and debris removed from the site is also a significant consideration. For example trees and shrubs may be cut up and chipped as a means of disposal, burned, or buried. Environmental considerations, ecological factors, state and local regulations, and the demands of the construction project itself will all likely play a role.
- What Is Subgrade Stabilization and Why Is It Important? - Subgrade stabilization refers to the process of stabilizing soil levels below topsoil. This is done to prevent the ground from shifting or caving in while the construction work is being done. Subgrade stabilization is also important because it prevents the soil beneath the foundation from later shifting or caving after construction has been completed, which could in turn cause cracks or structural damage.
- What Factors Influence Subgrade Stabilization? - Subgrade stabilization is typically performed by using a stabilizing or reclaiming agent which is blended with cement or lime and then added to the soil. As a result the soil type and moisture content present in the soil are very important because they influence the type and amount of additives used. Soil tests and samples are usually taken first to determine the best approach to subgrade stabilization. Shoring and Erosion Control
- What Is Shoring and Erosion Control and Why Is It Important? - Shoring and erosion control is a method of protecting the worksite against collapse as well as the effects erosion and weathering. This is an extremely important element of good sitework because it helps ensure the safety and integrity of the worksite, materials, and equipment.
- What Factors Influence Shoring and Erosion Control? - Because shoring and erosion are so heavily dependent on environmental factors those are also the factors that influence how the shoring and erosion control will be undertaken. Rainfall, wind, and other weather conditions in the area are also important.
- What Are Heavy Haul Roads and Why Are They Important? - Heavy haul roads are the service roads used to access the construction site. They are important because without them accessing the site would be impossible or impractical. Heavy haul roads also prevent equipment and vehicles from getting bogged down or damaged en route.
- What Factors Influence Heavy Haul Road Construction? - The construction of heavy haul roads is influenced in large part by the demands that will be placed on the road. Such demands include the volume, size, and weight of the equipment, vehicles, and machinery that will be using the road.
- What Is Excavation and Why Is It Important? - Excavation refers to the process of removing soil and rock from the worksite. It is important because excavation may be required to dig out an area that will need to be occupied by something else as part of the construction and development project.
- What Factors Influence Excavation? - Excavation requires large earthmoving equipment and work crews who are experienced and knowledgeable at the process. It is influenced in large part by the depth of excavation required as well as the soil and rock type present.
- What Are Drainage and Water Systems and Why Are They Important? - Drainage systems are used to clear stormwater from the area. Water distribution systems are used to bring safe, potable water into the site. These types of systems are crucial because just about all commercial, industrial, or residential sites will need a means of bring clean water in and pumping wastewater out.
- What Factors Influence the Construction of Drainage and Water Systems? - Construction of the drainage and water systems is likely to be influenced by the water source and wastewater destination, required volume and capacity, and the needs of particular facilities. | https://setxind.com/the-key-aspects-of-civil-sitework-prior-to-construction/ |
Too often, empathy is seen as a pleasantry to be dispensed with as quickly as possible. It is viewed as a prelude to action rather than as an action in its own right, with its own weight and merit. That is not the view taken, however, by evolutionary biologists. Their research indicates that empathy is a necessity, not a luxury, for social animals such as human beings and other primates. But what is empathy and how do we express it? Read on for the philosophy and protocol of empathy.
LifeTrek Provision
I was touched by the many readers who replied to last week’s Provision on The Empathy Factor in human well-being. It’s not enough to eat right and be physically fit. We also need to make a benevolent connection with ourselves and with others as well as with our families, communities, and universes. Empathy is the key to making that connection.
Last week’s Provision explained this to people by distinguishing between pity, sympathy, and empathy in ways that were both illuminating and helpful to many readers. Those distinctions deserve a little more explanation:
- Pity is grieving someone’s experience, usually because of circumstantial hardships. We may pity a starving child, for example, or an outcast member of society. Such sorrow can lead to charitable actions such as giving assistance or showing mercy. Although helpful, such actions usually do not empower people; that’s because pity views and relates to people primarily as casualties.
- Sympathy is identifying with someone’s experience, especially on an emotional level. When someone feels sad, for example, sympathy can make us feel sad as well. So too with every other emotion, both positive and negative. That’s because emotions are contagious. No words are necessary to sympathize with another. Sympathy is typically not discretionary; it wells up in ways that are sometimes helpful and sometimes not.
- Empathy is understanding someone’s experience. It uses both emotional and cognitive information to connect with and give voice to what people are feeling, needing, and desiring. It does so with the utmost of respect and appreciation. There is no hurry or judgment in empathy. There is rather a safe, calm, no-fault zone where people can discover and develop their truth.
Notice that pity, sympathy, and empathy can all relate either to ourselves or to others. We can pity ourselves, for example, just as easily as we can pity others. Either way, it tends to promote a victim mentality that works against long-term solutions. Pity is more about giving someone a fish than about teaching them how to fish.
Empathy, however, is on the other end of the spectrum from pity. It, too, can relate to ourselves as well as to others. But instead of promoting a victim mentality, empathy promotes an empowered mentality. By understanding the feelings, needs, and desires that lie behind thoughts, words, and actions, we are better able to discern and to do the things that will make life more wonderful. We are better able to go catch a fish.
Unfortunately, it is at times harder to understand our own feelings, needs, and desires than to understand the feelings, needs, and desires of others. That’s because many people hear loud, internal voices that get in the way of empathic understanding. Rick Carson wrote of these voices as “gremlins,” the ones that have nothing good to say about who we are or what we do, in his now classic book, Taming Your Gremlin: A Surprisingly Simple Method for Getting Out of Your Own Way.
Although Rick did not have or use this language, empathy is the antidote to gremlins. The more we try to argue with or talk down our gremlins, the harder they push back and the louder they become. The more we try to accept and empathize with our gremlins, seeking to understand their feelings, needs, and desires, the more we can learn from them and the more they become our allies in life and work.
That’s the beauty of empathy. It is powerful, in and of itself. It is not just a prelude to action; it is an action worth taking for its own sake and value. Empathy does not require a “so that.” In fact, having a particular outcome in mind usually works against our ability to offer empathy to ourselves or to others. It can come across as fake or manipulative.
Empathy is possible only when we let go of any agenda other than to fully and respectfully understand the feelings, needs, and desires that lie behind thoughts, words, and actions. To do that, we have to set aside whatever interpretations and stories we may have ascribed to thoughts, words, and actions. Marshall Rosenberg, in his excellent work on empathy in Nonviolent Communication (NVC), notes that the following interpretations and stories always interfere with empathy:
- Enemy Images and Labels
- Moralistic Judgments
- Making Demands
- Denying Responsibility
- Talking At & Over
- Rewards & Punishments
- Making Comparisons
He cites Holley Humphrey as noting that the following actions also interfere with empathy, whether they are intended to be constructive or not. That’s because they come more from pity and sympathy, than from empathy.
- Advising: “I think you should…” “How come you didn’t…?”
- Educating: “This could turn into a very positive experience for you if you just…”
- Consoling: “It wasn’t your fault; you did the best you could.”
- One-Upping: “That’s nothing; wait till you hear what happened to me.”
- Story-telling: “That reminds me of the time…”
- Shutting down: “Cheer up. Don’t feel so bad.”
- Interrogating: “When did this begin?”
- Commiserating: “Oh, you poor thing.”
- Explaining: “I would have called but…”
- Correcting: “That’s not how it happened.”
The following perspective can help us to set aside the things that work against empathy: whatever is happening right now is the only thing that could be happening right now. It makes perfect sense in light of the underlying feelings, needs, and desires. The more curious we become, therefore, as to those underlying feelings, needs, and desires, while suspending our judgments, interpretations, assumptions, evaluations, and agendas, the more chance we have of making a life-giving connection.
We also have a better chance if we expand our vocabulary of feelings and needs. When I was a child, I had a two-word vocabulary for feelings: “I feel good.” “I feel bad.” As I got older, my vocabulary expanded to four words, and they all rhymed: “I feel mad, sad, bad, or glad.” Through NVC I have been introduced to a rich vocabulary of feeling words that is challenging me to become much more articulate about my feelings.
When needs are being met, I may, for example, feel:
- Awed, Amazed, Astonished, Enchanted, Inspired, or Wonderful
- Calm, Peaceful, Composed, Relaxed, Quiet, or Tranquil
- Excited, Energetic, Buoyant, Creative, Eager, or Vital
- Happy, Content, Pleased, Cheerful, Delighted, or Playful
- Interested, Absorbed, Curious, Intrigued, Fascinated, or Stimulated
- Jubilant, Ecstatic, Elated, Exhilarated, Joyous, or Thrilled
- Thankful, Appreciative, Expansive, Grateful, Moved, or Touched
When needs are not being met, I may feel:
- Afraid, Anxious, Dread, Jittery, Nervous, or Worried
- Angry, Enraged, Furious, Indignant, Outraged, or Vengeful
- Confused, Conflicted, Dizzy, Doubtful, Torn, or Uncertain
- Disappointed, Discouraged, Dismayed, Dissatisfied, Troubled, or Upset
- Disengaged, Aloof, Apathetic, Cold, Reluctant, or Withdrawn
- Embarrassed, Ashamed, Deflated, Insecure, Shy, or Sorry
- Sad, Anguish, Depressed, Despondent, Heartbroken, or Sorrow
- Tired, Bored, Fatigued, Heavy, Lethargic, or Weary
Those lists are representative and not exhaustive. Indeed, there is no way to exhaust the range of human feeling and emotion. It helps, however, to have a more robust vocabulary than two or four words.
As the statements imply, what’s happening to needs gives rise to those feelings. When needs are being met, I feel good. When needs are not being met, I feel bad. So what are those needs? They are the same for every human being. They include such things as:
- Autonomy (Choice, Freedom, Independence, Space, and Spontaneity)
- Connection (Acceptance, Affection, Appreciation, Belonging, Closeness, Communication, Community, Companionship, Compassion, Consideration, Consistency, Cooperation, Empathy, Inclusion, Intimacy, Love, Mutuality, Nurturing, Respect / Self-Respect, Safety, Security, Stability, Support, To know and be known, To see and be seen, To understand and be understood, Trust, and Warmth)
- Honesty (Authenticity, Integrity, and Presence)
- Meaning (Awareness, Celebration of Life, Challenge, Clarity, Competence, Consciousness, Contribution, Creativity, Discovery, Effectiveness, Efficacy, Growth, Hope, Knowledge, Learning, Mattering, Mourning, Participation, Purpose, Self-expression, Stimulation, Understanding, and Work)
- Peace (Beauty, Communion, Ease, Equality, Harmony, Inspiration, and Order)
- Physical Well-Being (Air, Food, Movement / Exercise, Rest, Sleep, Safety, Hygiene, Sexual expression, Shelter, Touch, and Water)
- Play (Humor, Joy, Leisure, and Relaxation)
The more I can assist myself and others to connect the dots between feelings and needs, the more I can understand the actions and desires of people. I may not agree with the strategies, I may even find those strategies to be repulsive, but at least I can respect and appreciate the underlying motives and objectives: to meet universal human needs. That’s as true for ourselves as it is for others; for our friends as for our enemies. Everyone is thinking, talking, and acting in ways that they think will meet their needs.
So why do so many thoughts, words, and actions make matters worse rather than better? Because we are not connected to the underlying feelings and needs. That’s why empathy is, in and of itself, an action and why it is often the most important action we can ever take. By getting clear about feelings and needs, we gain new perspective on the strategies to take. Empathy creates a possibility zone that didn’t exist before; it lessens resistance and opens the door to change.
Take your time, then, when it comes the work of empathy. Do not rush through the discovery process. Test the waters to explore the full range of feelings and needs that may be swirling beneath the surface. Remember: empathy is not a prelude to action; it is not something to rush through in order to get on to the real business at hand. Doing that will only make us less successful with the business at hand.
Instead, think of empathy as the work that makes all other works possible. Whether it be with your family or in the office, in your own head or in your conversations with others, take whatever time is required and use whatever resources are available to connect with those feelings and needs. Therein lies the keys to life.
One resource that I was introduced to this summer is called The No-Fault Game by Sura Hart and Victoria Kindle Hodson. It is a board game that assists people to calm down and to find just the right words to express their choices, feelings, and needs. It can be used with both children and adults either for self-empathy or to facilitate empathy in communication. I recommend it highly for those who want to build their empathy muscles.
Coaching Inquiries: How strong are your empathy muscles? Do you think of empathy as a luxury or as a necessity? How could empathy become more part and parcel of your life and work? Who could you practice with? What’s keeping you from starting with yourself?
To reply to this Provision, use our Feedback Form. To talk with us about coaching or consulting services for yourself or your organization, Email Us or use our Contact Form on the Web for a complimentary coaching session.
LifeTrek Readers’ Forum (selected feedback from the past week)
Editor’s Note: The LifeTrek Readers’ Forum contains selections from the comments and materials sent in each week by the readers of LifeTrek Provisions. They do not necessarily reflect the perspective of LifeTrek Coaching International. To submit your comment, use our Feedback Form or Email Bob..
Thank you so much for the very thought-provoking Provision on The Empathy Factor. I have never seen the differences between sympathy and empathy expressed so clearly, and it has given me a good deal to ponder as I strive to improve my own “empathic intelligence”. Thank you for this and many other Provisions that have helped lighten my days and enlighten my life overall.
What a great Provision on empathy. Thanks!
I think you would enjoy a brand new book by Jim Loehr, The Power of Story: Rewrite Your Destiny in Business and in Life. Do you mind if I send it to you? (Ed. Note: Who, me? Turn down a free book? I don’t think so! Thanks.)
May you be filled with goodness, peace, and joy. | https://www.lifetrekcoaching.com/provision-532-empathy-as-action/ |
Spiropyran-functionalized photochromic nylon webbings for long-term ultraviolet light sensing
This research was performed under the direction of Maurizio Porfiri, Institute Professor of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Civil and Urban Engineering and incoming Director of the NYU Center for Urban Science and Progress (CUSP) at NYU Tandon. Collaborators were Peng Zhang, former researcher in Porfiri’s group and now faculty member at Tennessee Tech, and John Ohanian, research scientist at Luna Innovations.
Webbing structures — from chin straps and parachute material, to space habitats — are extensively employed in engineering systems as load-bearing components. They are frequently subjected to extended ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation, which can affect their integrity and reduce their mechanical strength. Despite technological advancements in structural health monitoring, long-term UV sensing techniques for webbings remain under-developed.
In the study, "Spiropyran-functionalized photochromic nylon webbings for long-term ultraviolet light sensing," published as the lead research (and featured cover) in the Journal of Applied Physics, the investigators explored an enticing solution: a photochromic nylon webbing that, because it comprises spiropyran (SP) functionalized polymers, demonstrates color variation in response to extended UV exposure with controlled, color variation over multiple time scales that is conducive to UV sensing.
The team developed a mathematical model grounded in photochemistry to interpret experimental observations, unveiling the photochromic phenomenon as a multi-step, multi-timescale photochemical process involving several chemical species offering the basis for the inference of the webbing’s color
In their research, the team found that the decay rate of the webbings’ color demonstrated a dependence on the initial concentration of the SP dye. Webbings with the lowest dye concentration maintained sensitivity for four weeks, whereas at the highest dye concentration, they exhibited sensing capability after eight weeks. Thus dye concentration could be customized to meet the lifetime of the targeted applications.
The proposed photochromic webbing and the photochemistry-based mathematical model could inform future designs of UV-sensitive structures that maintain sensitivity under weeks of continuous sunlight UV exposure. | http://www.nyu.engineering/news/spiropyran-functionalized-photochromic-nylon-webbings-long-term-ultraviolet-light-sensing |
Headline this morning in The Hill:
Cuba’s next president faces choice between economy and communism
Excerpt:
“Cuba’s Soviet-style economic model IS NOT WORKING. Raul has acknowledged as much and in 2011 began to implement economic reforms that allowed many Cubans to become self-employed and buy and sell residences. These changes have allowed some Cubans to achieve relative prosperity, while the majority is stuck in low-paying jobs.” [emphasis is my own]
The socialist-communist Soviet-style economy is not working in Cuba. Well, is this a surprise, considering the socialist-communist Soviet-style economy did not work in the former Soviet Union?
John Walters, writing for Reason Magazine, reports, “…communism was the leading ideological cause of death between 1900 and 2000. The 94 million that perished in China, the Soviet Union, North Korea, Afghanistan, and Eastern Europe easily (and tragically) trump the 28 million that died under fascist regimes during the same period.”
Let’s parse socialist-communist.
Socialism is “a political and economic THEORY of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole.” Why, after all these years is socialism called a theory? Why, indeed. Socialism remains a theory because it has NEVER been proven to work.
What about communism? Communism is “a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.”
No doubt you are familiar with the hammer-and-sickle insignia of communism. Let’s allow the hammer to represent the coercive theoretical component of the Cuban government and the sickle to represent the economic component. A socialist society ‘hammers’ the people into conformance while the communistic economic model ‘cuts’ everyone down to the same size, except, of course, the ruling elites. Raul and Fidel Castro were never deprived of comforts and luxuries otherwise prohibited to the general population.
But, there is more to communism we must recognize. Communism is a religion, “the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power”. Communist countries strive to quash all Christian and Jewish influences because the State demands total loyalty and worship from the common people.
Bernie Sanders promotes socialism. The ACLU, George Soros, and the Democratic Party effectively promote communism.
The promises of ObamaCare – single-payer medical care – sound good. Barack Obama spoke glowingly of his signature law, promises that he did not and could not keep.
Do you not remember these? “If you like your health care plan, you’ll be able to keep your health care plan, period.”If you like your doctor, you will be able to keep your doctor, period.” “In an Obama administration, we’ll lower premiums by up to $2,500 for a typical family per year.” “Under my plan, no family making less than $250,000 a year will see any form of tax increase.” There are even more unfulfilled promises, impossibilities.
2018 Elections loom large. I see a fork in the road ahead. Do we ignore the reality of free-market capitalism that enriches all or will we choose to slide into the abyss of a communist-socialist democracy promoted by the Democratic Party?
President Trump is a gift from God, a reprieve from certain judgment. Under his leadership the economy soars, unemployment is at a record low, employment is at a record high, manufacturing is moving back to our shores, taxes have been dramatically lowered, and, contrary to the rants of Democrats, federal revenue is also at a record level.
But, the good things that are happening across the fruited plain are the product of the blessings of God, not anything else. God is truly sovereign over the weather, the heavens, over everything.
We will arrive at that fork in the road in November when we, as a people will choose the failed socialist-communist model promoted by the Democrats or the proven socio-economic system prescribed by God in the Bible. | https://rockwallconservative.me/2018/04/05/2018-elections-a-fork-in-the-road/ |
“That government is best which governs least” (Thoreau). Civil disobedience continues to be a controversial issue in America. Understanding the two viewpoints on the issue can give better insight into whether the act of breaking the law, when nonviolent, is correct or not. There are many examples of acts of civil disobedience throughout history that we can analyze to conclude whether or not their effects positively or negatively impact a free society.
“One Nation, under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all” powerfully concludes the American pledge, an oath declaring to the globe our unique commitment to uphold these righteous ideals. Unfortunately, as a result of human error, even a government founded upon these righteous principles may waver from the administration of justice and require redirection by its citizens. Through amendment of the Constitution, the founders allowed for this avenue of change, but unfortunately, historical events reveal this process often remains inaccessible. Consequently, individuals express their legislative discontent through two methods: Violent Revolution or Civil Disobedience. To avoid both regression into barbaric anarchy and maintain the principles
I believe peaceful resistance to laws positively impacts a free society. As citizens of the United States, we are born with certain natural rights. According to John Locke, an eighteenth century philosopher, natural rights are not bestowed by the government, but inherited by birth by virtue of the fact that we are human beings. These natural rights include life, liberty, and property. He theorized that the purpose of government was to protect those rights; and if it did not, it would lose its legitimacy and need not be obeyed.
Throughout the history of society, civil disobedience has become a key tool in combating laws seen as unjust. It was used thoroughly in the civil rights movement and was integral to the advancement of equality. The reason that civil disobedience plays such an important role in the advancement of rights is because of how effective it has been. The best way to make people aware of and relate to a movement is to make it well known. Events such as Bloody Sunday and the Montgomery Bus Boycott helped the civil rights movement gain much of the momentum that guaranteed its success.
The United States of America would be a different place without civil disobedience. Breaking the rules is usually considered wrong; however, sometimes there are exemptions to these rules, to fight for a good cause. Much of history was made through civil disobedience. Without it, we would still have slavery. We would have an overpowering government.
Civil disobedience makes a statement. It is a tool that can be used to make a difference. Peaceful resistance to unjust laws helps a free society by allowing people to be heard without violence. Anyone can attack brutally, either verbally or physically, to get attention. But the best way to be noticed is to, “create such a crisis and establish such a creative tension...that it can no longer be ignored,” as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote in his letter from a Birmingham jail.
On the 28th of June, 1969, a police raid on the Stonewall inn, a mafia-owned gay bar in New York, became a turning point in the fight for LGBT rights when the bar’s patrons began violently protesting their mistreatment. While the police had a warrant to search the bar for the sale of alcohol without a liquor license, they were also motivated by morality laws which included many anti-gay restrictions. The Stonewall riots continued for several more nights, and gave rise to an extreme increase in the number of gay liberation organizations and gave the LGBT community a more powerful voice, with the protests coming to symbolize the beginning of the gay liberation movement. Homosexuality in the 1960s
Civil disobedience is an act or exercise that is employed so that change through direct or indirect action is taken in order to seize the attention of immoral objective found within a situation. The African Americans living in Chicago used this by exhibiting the civil movements through their visual art and music. The time period in which their art influences took place was during the Harlem Renaissance of 1920’s through 1930’s.
This was a significant moment in our history, a time in which we have somewhat overcome. We have made extreme progress now since the 60s, making it more acceptable for homosexuals to live their lives in peace. Although, it has not been one hundred percent successful. Times have changed and it is no longer considered a dark age for homosexuals like it was back in the 60s. Homosexuals are sometimes still targeted, but more now by individuals rather than big groups of people and government officials.
Drag has a rich history in society, and it was not always pleasant history. Before the 1960s, drag was essentially used for theater purposes back in the Shakespearian age, because women were not allowed to act in productions, so men dressed as women. In the 1960s however, there were around 500 drag queens actively working in the United States. Drag at that point was completely underground and taboo, as most of LGBT community was. The turning point of the LGBT rights movement was the Stonewall Riots in 1966 at the Stonewall Inn in New York.
Peaceful or violent resistance? If one day you found a discriminating law you have to do something to change. To do that you have different types the violent and the nonviolent one. One type of peaceful resistance is the civil disobedience.
The formal definition of civil disobedience is any act or process of public defiance of a law or policy enforced by established governmental authorities. The term disobedient generally means to defy, or for the "normal" to be disobeyed. The term "normal" from one person to the next may be different. I believe that Freedom of Speech intervenes to a point. When a law is set, it is understandable that that law must be obeyed.
Civil disobedience is the refusal to comply with certain laws or to pay taxes and fines, as a peaceful form of political protest. Civil disobedience has been perform as an act of peaceful protest for plenty of years. I believe civil disobedience does indeed work. Civil disobedience opens the eyes of the civilians. It makes them aware of the treatment and their privileges as a citizen of the United States of America.
Civil disobedience has been an enormous event throughout American history, but is currently increasing in our daily lives. I believe that protesting against the laws in a peaceful manner is an appropriate and a brilliant idea to get your opinions across to the American people. If certain causes or people are violent about their opinions, nobody would want to follow them because of the ignorance involved. When I see violence in a protest, I instantly disagree with their fight due to the forcefulness and viciousness of their cause. We need to conduct ourselves in a professional manner when expressing what we believe in, if you do not, people will not take you seriously. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/Stonewall-Riots-Rhetorical-Analysis-PCSP838JDSB |
The current cloud-computing based frameworks are potentially neglecting fundamental database properties regarding atomicity and durability issues, finding that challenges have been gaining momentum in this area from 2008 to 2013.
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---
abstract: 'Time evolution of a black hole lattice universe with a positive cosmological constant $\Lambda$ is simulated. The vacuum Einstein equations are numerically solved in a cubic box with a black hole in the center. Periodic boundary conditions on all pairs of opposite faces are imposed. Configurations of marginally trapped surfaces are analyzed. We describe the time evolution of not only black hole horizons, but also cosmological horizons. Defining the effective scale factor by using the area of a surface of the cubic box, we compare it with that in the spatially flat dust dominated FLRW universe with the same value of $\Lambda$. It is found that the behaviour of the effective scale factor is well approximated by that in the FLRW universe. Our result suggests that local inhomogeneities do not significantly affect the global expansion law of the universe irrespective of the value of $\Lambda$.'
author:
- 'Chul-Moon Yoo'
- Hirotada Okawa
title: 'Black Hole Universe with $\Lambda$'
---
5.5mm
[ ]{}
introduction {#sec:intro}
============
The so-called “black hole lattice universe" has been firstly investigated by Lindquist and Wheeler in 1957[@RevModPhys.29.432]. They regularly arranged $N$ potions of the Schwarzschild spacetime on a virtual 3-sphere ($N=5$, 8, 16, 24, 120 and 600), and discussed evolution of this lattice universe based on the intuitively derived junction conditions between the Schwarzschild shell and the 3-sphere. The black hole lattice universe is often used as one of tools to evaluate effects of local non-linear inhomogeneities on the global expansion. Recently, black hole lattice universe models have been revisited by several authors[@Yoo:2013yea; @Yoo:2012jz; @Clifton:2012qh; @Clifton:2009jw; @Uzan:2010nw; @Bentivegna:2012ei; @Bentivegna:2013xna; @Bruneton:2012cg; @Clifton:2013jpa; @Clifton:2014lha; @Korzynski:2013tea]. Time symmetric initial data for $N$-black hole systems on a virtual 3-sphere have been analyzed in Refs. [@Clifton:2012qh; @Korzynski:2013tea]. Time evolution of the 8-black hole system has been performed and analyzed in Ref. [@Bentivegna:2012ei]. Initial data for a black hole inside a cubic box with a periodic boundary condition have been constructed and analyzed in Refs. [@Yoo:2012jz; @Bentivegna:2013xna], and those time evolutions have been investigated in Refs. [@Yoo:2013yea; @Bentivegna:2012ei]. We call this cubic lattice model the “black hole universe" in this paper. The purpose of this paper is to extend the black hole universe so that it admits a positive cosmological constant.
In Ref. [@Yoo:2013yea], it has been reported that, if the box size of the black hole universe is sufficiently larger than the horizon radius, the global expansion law can be well approximated by that in the Einstein-de Sitter universe. Our final purpose is to check this fact with a positive cosmological constant. Since our universe is likely to be filled with dark energy components, such as the positive cosmological constant, it is important to investigate the effect of local non-linear inhomogeneities on the global expansion law with the cosmological constant. In the all references listed above, the cosmological constant is set to be zero. Therefore, solving technical problems to consider non-zero cosmological constant cases, we investigate it in this paper.
One of non-trivial technical problems is how to construct an initial data set which is appropriate as a initial condition for the time evolution. In this paper, we describe a procedure to construct puncture initial data for the black hole universe with a positive cosmological constant. Another interesting problem is to find different kinds of marginal surfaces. As in the case of Kottler(Schwarzschild-de Sitter) solution, the black hole universe with a positive cosmological constant can have not only black hole horizons but also de Sitter cosmological horizons. As far as we know, it is first time to numerically find the ${\bf S}^2$ cosmological horizons without any symmetry which makes it possible to reduce the number of the effective dimension. To check the existence and structure of marginal surfaces is very useful to understand the spacetime structure.
This paper is organized as follows. In Sec. \[sec:initial\], we describe how to construct initial data of the black hole universe with a positive cosmological constant. Then, we analyze the structure of the initial data in Sec. \[sec:marginal\] searching for different kinds of marginal surfaces. In Sec. \[sec:evolve\], time evolutions are described. The evolution of the configuration of marginal surfaces and the expansion law are discussed there. Sec. \[sec:summary\] is devoted to a summary.
In this paper, we use the geometrized units in which the speed of light and Newton’s gravitational constant are one, respectively.
Initial Data {#sec:initial}
=============
Constraint equations
--------------------
Let us consider solutions of vacuum Einstein equations with a positive cosmological constant $\Lambda$ described by the intrinsic metric $\gamma_{ij}$ and the extrinsic curvature $K_{ij}$. The Hamiltonian constraint and the momentum constraint equations are given by $$\begin{aligned}
&&\mathcal R+K^2-K_{ij}K^{ij}-2\Lambda=0,
\label{hamicon1}
\\
&&D_jK^j_{~i}-D_iK=0,
\label{momcon1}\end{aligned}$$ where $\mathcal R$ and $D_i$ are the Ricci scalar curvature and the covariant derivative with respect to $\gamma_{ij}$, and $K=\gamma^{ij}K_{ij}$. We perform conformal decomposition in a conventional way as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
\gamma_{ij}&=&\Psi^4\tilde\gamma_{ij}, \\
K^{ij}&=&\Psi^{-10}\left[\tilde D^iX^j+\tilde D^jX^i-\frac{2}{3}\tilde \gamma^{ij}
\tilde D_k X^k
+\hat A^{ij}_{\rm TT}\right]+\frac{1}{3}\Psi^{-4}\tilde \gamma^{ij}K,
\label{decomposition}\end{aligned}$$ where $\Psi:=\left(\det \gamma_{ij}\right)^{(1/12)}$, $\tilde D_i$ is covariant derivative with respect to the conformal metric $\tilde \gamma_{ij}$, and $\hat A^{ij}_{\rm TT}$ satisfies $$\tilde D_j\hat A^{ij}_{\rm TT}=0~,~~\tilde \gamma_{ij}\hat A_{\rm TT}^{ij} =0.$$
To minimize effects of artificial gravitational radiation, we assume $$\begin{aligned}
\tilde \gamma_{ij}&=&\delta_{ij}, \label{conf-metric}\\
\hat A^{ij}_{\rm TT}&=&0, \end{aligned}$$ where $\delta_{ij}$ is the Kronecker’s delta. Then, from Eqs. and , we obtain $$\begin{aligned}
\triangle\Psi&+&\frac{1}{8}(\tilde L X)_{ij}
(\tilde L X)^{ij}\Psi^{-7}-\frac{1}{12}K^2\Psi^5+\frac{1}{4}\Lambda \Psi^5=0,
\label{eq:hamicon3}
\\
\triangle X^i&+&\frac{1}{3}\partial^i\partial_jX^j-\frac{2}{3}\Psi^6\partial^iK
=0,
\label{eq:momcon3}\end{aligned}$$ where $$(\tilde L X )^{ij}:={\partial}^i X^j+{\partial}^j X^i-\frac{2}{3}\delta^{ij}{\partial}_k X^k.$$ First, we need to solve these constraint equations in appropriate settings for puncture initial data with $\Lambda>0$.
Puncture structure with $\Lambda$
---------------------------------
In this paper, we adopt the Cartesian coordinate system $\bm x=(x,y,z)$. We consider a cubic region $\mathcal D$ given by $-L\leq x \leq L$, $-L\leq y \leq L$ and $-L\leq z \leq L$ with periodic boundary conditions on all pairs of faces opposite to each other. Thus, the domain $\mathcal D$ is homeomorphic to the 3-torus ${\bf T}^3$. The black hole is represented by a structure like the Einstein-Rosen bridge around the origin $\mathcal O$($\bm x=0$), therefore the origin corresponds to the asymptotic infinity. The origin $\mathcal O$ is often called the “puncture". Since the infinity is not a region of the spacetime, our initial data $\mathcal D-\{\mathcal O\}$ is homeomorphic to ${\bf T}^3$ with one point removed. In the rest of this section, we describe how to construct the puncture initial data with $\Lambda>0$.
### constant mean curvature slice in the Kottler universe
First, we consider a constant mean curvature(CMC) slice in the exact Kottler solution(Schwarzschild-de Sitter) to understand the puncture structure with $\Lambda$(see Refs. [@Beig:2005ef; @Nakao:1990gw] for details of CMC slices in the Kottler solution). Line elements of the Kottler solution is given by $${\mathrm{d}}s^2=-f(r){\mathrm{d}}t^2+\frac{1}{f(r)}{\mathrm{d}}r^2+r^2{\mathrm{d}}\Omega^2,$$ where $$f(r)=1-\frac{2M}{r}-\frac{\Lambda r^2}{3}.$$ Let us consider a time slice given by $$t=h(r).$$ The unit normal vector field to this time slice can be expressed as $$n^\mu=\frac{1}{\sqrt{f^{-1}-fh'^2}}\left[f^{-1}({\partial}_t)^\mu+fh'({\partial}_r)^\mu\right],$$ where $({\partial}_t)^\mu$ and $({\partial}_r)^\mu$ are coordinate basis vectors. The CMC slice condition with the mean curvature $K$ is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\nabla_\mu n^\mu&=&-K
\Leftrightarrow\frac{1}{r^2}{\partial}_r(r^2n^r)=-K\cr
&\Leftarrow& n^r=-\frac{1}{3}Kr\cr
&\Leftrightarrow& f^{-1}(1-f^2h'^2)=1/F(r;M, \Lambda, K)
=\left(1-\frac{2M}{r}-\frac{1}{3}\Lambda r^2+\frac{1}{9}K^2r^2\right)^{-1}, \end{aligned}$$ where we have dropped the integration constant and defined $F(r;M, \Lambda, K)$ as $$F(r;M, \Lambda, K):=\left(1-\frac{2M}{r}-\frac{1}{3}\Lambda r^2+\frac{1}{9}K^2r^2\right).$$
The induced metric on the time slice is given by $${\mathrm{d}}\ell^2=F(r;M, \Lambda, K)^{-1}{\mathrm{d}}r^2+r^2{\mathrm{d}}\Omega^2.$$ Transformation to the isotropic coordinate can be performed as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
{\mathrm{d}}\ell^2&=&\Psi^4({\mathrm{d}}R^2+R^2{\mathrm{d}}\Omega^2), \\
R&=&C\exp\left[\pm \int^r_{r_{\rm min}} \frac{{\mathrm{d}}r}{r\sqrt{F(r;M, \Lambda, K)}}\right], \\
\Psi&=&\sqrt{r/R}, \end{aligned}$$ where $r_{\rm min}$ is the throat radius given by $F(r_{\rm min};M, \Lambda, K)=0$. The minus sign branch is used in the region inside the throat. For this branch, the puncture structure requires $$R=0 ~{\rm for}~r\rightarrow \infty.$$ This requirement can be satisfied by setting $$K^2=3\Lambda.$$ This implies that we need to impose this condition near the origin of the numerical box. Under this condition, the conformal factor $\Psi$ is given by $$\Psi=1+\frac{M}{2R},$$ where we have set the integration constant $C$ as $C=M/2$ to fix the mass of the black hole measured in the infinity inside the black hole as $M$(see Ref. [@Yoo:2012jz]).
### Form of $K$ and the asymptotic solution near the origin
In this paper, we adopt the following form of $K$ $$K(\bm x)=K_{\rm \Lambda}+\left(K_{\rm b}-K_{\rm \Lambda}\right)W(R),$$ where $R:=|\bm x|$, $K_{\rm \Lambda}=-\sqrt{3\Lambda}$ and $$W(R)=
\left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
0&{\rm for}~0\leq R \leq \ell \\
\sigma^{-36}[(R-\sigma-\ell)^6-\sigma^6]^6&{\rm for}~\ell\leq R \leq \ell
+ \sigma\\
1&{\rm for}~\ell+\sigma \leq R \\
\end{array}\right..$$ $K_{\rm b}$ is a constant determined by a integrability condition discussed below. We set $\ell=0.1M$ and $\sigma=L-0.2M$. Asymptotic solution near the center is given by $$\begin{aligned}
&&X^i\simeq 0, \\
&&\Psi\simeq1+\frac{M}{2R}, \label{Psi-def}\end{aligned}$$ To extract the $1/R$ divergence, we define a new variable $\psi$ as follows: $$\psi(\bm x):=\Psi(\bm x)-\frac{M}{2R}\left[1-W(R)\right]. \label{psi-def}$$ Then, the Hamiltonian constraint becomes $$\triangle\psi=\triangle \left(\frac{M}{2R}W(R)\right)
-\frac{1}{8}(\tilde L X)_{ij}
(\tilde L X)^{ij}\Psi^{-7}+\frac{1}{12}K^2\Psi^5-\frac{1}{4}\Lambda\Psi^5.$$
### Integrability condition and equations
Integrating Eq. over the physical domain ${\cal D}-\{O\}$, we obtain the following equation: $$2\pi M
+\frac{1}{8}\int_{{\cal D}-\{O\}} (\tilde L X)_{ij}(\tilde L X)^{ij}\Psi^{-7}{\mathrm{d}}x^3
-\frac{1}{12}\left(V_1K_{\rm b}^2+2V_2K_{\Lambda}K_{\rm b}-V_3K_{\Lambda}^2\right)=0,
\label{eq:effHub1}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
V_1&:=&\int_{{\cal D}-\{O\}}W^2\Psi^5{\mathrm{d}}^3x, \label{V1-def}\\
V_2&:=&\int_{{\cal D}-\{O\}}(1-W)W\Psi^5{\mathrm{d}}^3x, \label{V2-def}\\
V_3&:=&V_1+2V_2. \label{V3-def}\end{aligned}$$ This equation is the integrability condition and we choose the value of $K_{\rm b}$ so that Eq. is satisfied. That is, $K_{\rm b}$ cannot be freely chosen but it must be appropriately fixed through the numerical iteration.
Introducing $Z$ defined by $$Z:={\partial}_iX^i,$$ we can derive the following coupled elliptic equations $$\begin{aligned}
\triangle\psi&=&\triangle \left(\frac{M}{2R}W(R)\right)
-\frac{1}{8}(\tilde L X)_{ij}
(\tilde L X)^{ij}\Psi^{-7}+\frac{1}{12}K^2\Psi^5-\frac{1}{4}\Lambda\Psi^5, \\
\triangle Z&=&\frac{1}{2}{\partial}_i(\Psi^6{\partial}^iK), \\
\triangle X^i&=&-\frac{1}{3}{\partial}^iZ+\frac{2}{3}\Psi^6{\partial}^iK. \end{aligned}$$ We solve these equations by using the same procedure described in Ref. [@Yoo:2012jz].
Marginal surfaces {#sec:marginal}
=================
As is explicitly shown below, in our initial data, there are 4 marginal surfaces at most: two cosmological horizons(CHs) and two white hole horizons(WHs) or black hole horizons(BHs), if the cosmological constant is smaller than the Nariai bound $\Lambda =1/(9M^2)$[@1950SRToh..34..160N; @1999GReGr..31..963N]. We focus on $\Lambda <1/(9M^2)$ cases in this paper.
Hereafter, we use the words “inner", “outer", “ingoing" and “outgoing" based on the value of the numerical coordinate $\bm x$. That is, the innermost region is near the puncture and outermost region is near the boundary of the numerical box.
The expansions of the future directed null vector fields normal to a 2-surface are given by $$\chi_\pm=(\gamma^{ij}-s^is^j)(\pm D_is_j-K_{ij}),$$ where $s^i$ is the outgoing unit vector on the initial hyper surface which is normal to the 2-surface. The subscript “$+$" means outgoing and “$-$" means ingoing null expansion. If the initial hypersurface is passing through a black hole region as in the case $\Lambda=0$ [@Yoo:2012jz], there are two black hole horizons(future outer trapping horizons in terms of Ref. [@Hayward:1993wb]). In this case, the outer black hole horizon(OBH) satisfies $\chi_+=0$, and the inner black hole horizon(IBH) satisfies $\chi_-=0$. If the initial hypersurface is passing through a white hole region, two white hole horizons(past outer trapping) exist. In this case, the outer white hole horizon(OWH) satisfies $\chi_-=0$, and the inner white hole horizon(IWH) satisfies $\chi_+=0$. In addition, we have cosmological horizons(past inner trapping). The inner cosmological horizon(ICH) satisfying $\chi_+=0$ always exists inside IBH or IWH, although we may not always find it due to low resolution of numerical grids. If the box size $L$ is sufficiently large and $1/(9M^2)>\Lambda>0$, we can find the outer cosmological horizon(OCH) satisfying $\chi_-=0$ outside OBH or OWH.
Equations for marginal surfaces can be rewritten as $$\begin{aligned}
\chi_+=0\Leftrightarrow D_is^i- K+ K_{ij}s^is^j=0 {\rm ~~for~~IWH(OBH)~and~ICH},
\label{eqmarg1-I}\\
\chi_-=0\Leftrightarrow
D_is^i+ K- K_{ij}s^is^j=0 {\rm ~~for~~OWH(IBH)~and~OCH}.
\label{eqmarg1-O}\end{aligned}$$ Assuming that the marginal surfaces are expressed by $R=h(\vartheta,\varphi)$ in the spherical coordinate, we can rewrite Eqs. and as $$\frac{{\partial}^2h}{{\partial}\vartheta^2}+\cot\vartheta\frac{{\partial}h}{{\partial}\vartheta}+\frac{1}{\sin^2\vartheta}
\frac{{\partial}^2h}{{\partial}\varphi^2}-\left(2-\eta\right)h=\eta h+S_\pm(h),
\label{eqmarg2}$$ where $\eta$ is a constant and $S_\pm$ is a complicated function of $h$ and geometric quantities(see e.g. [@Shibata:1997nc]). We set $\eta=3$ for CHs and $\eta=1$ for WHs(BHs). Although the reason is not clear, our experience shows that if we set $\eta=1$($\eta=3$), we cannot find CHs(BHs and WHs) irrespective of the initial trial for the iteration[@KNpriv].
In our settings, we may find 4 kinds of possible horizon configuration. For each case, existing horizons can be listed from inside to outside as follows:
- ICH, IWH, OWH
- ICH, IWH, OWH, OCH
- ICH, IBH, OBH
- ICH, IBH, OBH, OCH
To understand these configurations, it is convenient to consider the Carter-Penrose diagram of the Kottler solution with an outside portion removed. A schematic figure of possible configurations is described in Fig. \[fig:slices\].
![Possible hyper-surface configurations. []{data-label="fig:slices"}](Kottler_slices.eps)
We briefly show the configuration of marginal surfaces on initial hypersurfaces. We note that, differently from the $\Lambda=0$ case in Ref. [@Yoo:2012jz], the hypersurface may pass through the white hole region for a sufficiently large value of $\Lambda$. In this subsection, we only show the cases in which the hypersurface is passing through the white hole region, that is, the case (a) or (b). As is shown in Fig. \[fig\_100\_260\], there are 4 marginal surfaces for $\Lambda=0.1/M^2$ and $L=2.6M$. If we increase the value of $\Lambda$ to $0.111/M^2$, two pairs of WHs and CHs get closer as shown in Fig. \[fig\_111\_260\] and all marginal surfaces disappear for $\Lambda>1/(9M^2)$. If we decrease the value of $L$ to $2M$, OCH disappears as is shown in Fig. \[fig\_100\_200\]
![Inner(left) and outer(right) marginal surfaces with $\Lambda=0.1/M^2$, $L=2.6M$. The left panel is a closeup figure of the central part of the right panel. This configuration is classified in the case (b). []{data-label="fig_100_260"}](ahfig_inner_CC100L260.eps "fig:") ![Inner(left) and outer(right) marginal surfaces with $\Lambda=0.1/M^2$, $L=2.6M$. The left panel is a closeup figure of the central part of the right panel. This configuration is classified in the case (b). []{data-label="fig_100_260"}](ahfig_outer_CC100L260.eps "fig:")
![Inner(left) and outer(right) marginal surfaces with $\Lambda=0.111/M^2$, $L=2.6M$. The left panel is a closeup figure of the central part of the right panel. This configuration is classified in the case (b). []{data-label="fig_111_260"}](ahfig_inner_CC111L260.eps "fig:") ![Inner(left) and outer(right) marginal surfaces with $\Lambda=0.111/M^2$, $L=2.6M$. The left panel is a closeup figure of the central part of the right panel. This configuration is classified in the case (b). []{data-label="fig_111_260"}](ahfig_outer_CC111L260.eps "fig:")
![Inner(left) and outer(right) marginal surfaces with $\Lambda=0.1/M^2$, $L=2M$. The left panel is a closeup figure of the central part of the right panel. This configuration is classified in the case (a). []{data-label="fig_100_200"}](ahfig_inner_CC100L200.eps "fig:") ![Inner(left) and outer(right) marginal surfaces with $\Lambda=0.1/M^2$, $L=2M$. The left panel is a closeup figure of the central part of the right panel. This configuration is classified in the case (a). []{data-label="fig_100_200"}](ahfig_outer_CC100L200.eps "fig:")
Time Evolution {#sec:evolve}
==============
Settings and constraint violation
---------------------------------
We solve the following evolution equations by using the BSSN formalism[@Shibata:1995we; @Baumgarte:1998te]: $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{{\partial}\gamma_{ij}}{{\partial}t}&=&-2K_{ij}, \\
\frac{{\partial}K_{ij}}{{\partial}t}&=&R_{ij}+KK_{ij}-2K_{ik}K^k_{~j}-\Lambda \gamma_{ij}. \end{aligned}$$ We describe line elements of the spacetime as follows: $${\mathrm{d}}s^2=-N^2{\mathrm{d}}t^2+\gamma_{ij}\left({\mathrm{d}}x^i+\beta^i{\mathrm{d}}t\right)
\left({\mathrm{d}}x^j+\beta^j{\mathrm{d}}t\right).$$ Following the previous paper[@Yoo:2013yea], we use the following gauge conditions: $$\begin{aligned}
\left(\frac{{\partial}}{{\partial}t}-\beta^i\frac{{\partial}}{{\partial}x^i}\right)N
&=&-2N\left(K-K_{\rm c}\right), \\
\frac{{\partial}\beta^i}{{\partial}t}&=&B^i,\\
\frac{{\partial}B^i}{{\partial}t}&=&\frac{{\partial}\tilde \Gamma^i}{{\partial}t}-\frac{3}{4M}B^i. \end{aligned}$$ where $\tilde \Gamma^i:=-{\partial}_j\tilde \gamma^{ij}$ and $K_{\rm c}$ is the value of $K$ at the vertex of the box.
Numerical simulations are performed with the coordinate grid intervals $\Delta x/M$=4/51, 4/115, 4/179 and 4/243. The convergence of the Hamiltonian constraint violation is demonstrated in Fig. \[fig:hamcon\] for the case $\Lambda =10^{-4}/M^2$. We also show the convergence of the expansion law defining an effective scale factor in Sec. \[sec:exp\].
![Time evolution of the L1 norm of the Hamiltonian constraint violation. The value is appropriately normalized so that the minimum and maximum values are zero and one, respectively. []{data-label="fig:hamcon"}](prop_hamcon.eps)
Evolution of marginal surfaces
------------------------------
### Appearance of OCH
One typical example($\Lambda=0.1/M^2$ and $L=2M$) is shown in Fig. \[fig\_100\_200ev\]. As is shown in Fig. \[fig\_100\_200\] there is no OCH for this case at the initial time. After the time evolution, at a time $t\sim0.2M$, the OCH appears near the boundary of the box. That is, the horizon configuration can change from the case (a) to the case (b) through time evolution(see. Fig. \[fig:slices\]).
![Inner(left) and outer(right) marginal surfaces with $\Lambda=0.1/M^2$, $L=2M$ on the time slice given by $t\sim0.2M$. The left panel is a closeup figure of the central part of the right panel. This configuration is classified in the case (b). []{data-label="fig_100_200ev"}](ahfig_inner_CC100L200ev.eps "fig:") ![Inner(left) and outer(right) marginal surfaces with $\Lambda=0.1/M^2$, $L=2M$ on the time slice given by $t\sim0.2M$. The left panel is a closeup figure of the central part of the right panel. This configuration is classified in the case (b). []{data-label="fig_100_200ev"}](ahfig_outer_CC100L200ev.eps "fig:")
### Bifurcation surface crossing
The other typical example is the bifurcation surface crossing. As is shown in Fig. \[fig\_bifurcate\], for $\Lambda =10^{-3}/M^2$ and $L=2M$, IWH($\chi_+=0$) exists outside OWH($\chi_-=0$). After the time evolution, at the time $t\sim0.15M$, the surface satisfying $\chi_+=0$ comes out outside the surface satisfying $\chi_-=0$. This implies that the hypersurface is passing through the black hole region and those surfaces are BHs. That is, the transitions from (a) to (c) or from (b) to (d) may happen through time evolution.
![For $\Lambda =10^{-3}/M^2$ and $L=2M$, the initial hypersurface is passing through the white hole region and these marginal surfaces are WHs(left). After the time evolution, the time slice crosses the bifurcation 2 surface and the marginal surfaces become BHs(right). Note that, while IWH and OBH satisfy $\chi_+=0$, OWH and IBH satisfy $\chi_-=0$. []{data-label="fig_bifurcate"}](ahfig_CCm3_t0.eps "fig:") ![For $\Lambda =10^{-3}/M^2$ and $L=2M$, the initial hypersurface is passing through the white hole region and these marginal surfaces are WHs(left). After the time evolution, the time slice crosses the bifurcation 2 surface and the marginal surfaces become BHs(right). Note that, while IWH and OBH satisfy $\chi_+=0$, OWH and IBH satisfy $\chi_-=0$. []{data-label="fig_bifurcate"}](ahfig_CCm3_tev.eps "fig:")
Cosmic expansion {#sec:exp}
----------------
We obtain the geodesic slices parametrized by the proper time $\tau$ by using the same procedure described in Ref. [@Yoo:2013yea]. Then, we calculate the effective scale factor defined by $$a_{\mathcal A}:=\sqrt{\mathcal A(\tau)},$$ where $\mathcal A$ is the proper area of a surface on the geodesic slice. On the other hand, the scale factor for flat dust FLRW with $\Lambda$ can be written as $$a_{\rm FLRW}=a_{\rm f}\left[\frac{\left(1-\exp\left[\sqrt{3\Lambda}(t+t_{\rm f})\right]
\right)^2}{\left(1+\exp\left[\sqrt{3\Lambda}(t+t_{\rm f})\right]\right)^2
-\left(1-\exp\left[\sqrt{3\Lambda}(t+t_{\rm f})\right]\right)^2}\right]^{1/3},$$ where we have two free parameters $t_{\rm f}$ and $a_{\rm f}$. We fix these parameters by fitting this form to results of numerical calculation.
Results are shown in Figs. \[fig:prop\] and \[fig:dev\]. The evolution of the effective scale factor is well fitted by $a_{\rm FLRW}$. We also show the convergence of the result with smaller grid intervals in Figs. \[fig:dev\]. The fitted values for $t_{\rm f}$ and $a_{\rm f}$ are listed in Table \[tab:fit\].
$\Lambda M^2$ $10^{-3}$ $10^{-4}$ $10^{-5}$
--------------- ----------- ----------- -----------
$t_{\rm f}$ 3.29M 3.21M 3.18M
$a_{\rm f}$ 29.2M 62.8M 135.3M
: The fitted values for $t_{\rm f}$ and $a_{\rm f}$. []{data-label="tab:fit"}
This result explicitly shows that, if the box size of the black hole universe is sufficiently larger than the horizon radius, the global expansion law can be well approximated by corresponding flat dust FLRW universe irrespective of the value of the positive cosmological constant.
![Effective scale factors and $a_{\rm FLRW}$ for $\Lambda=10^{-3}/M^2$, $10^{-4}/M^2$ and $10^{-5}/M^2$, where we set $\Delta x=4/179$. []{data-label="fig:prop"}](prop.eps)
![Deviation of the effective scale factors from $a_{\rm FLRW}$. We also show the convergence of the result with smaller grid intervals in this figure. []{data-label="fig:dev"}](prop_convm3.eps "fig:") ![Deviation of the effective scale factors from $a_{\rm FLRW}$. We also show the convergence of the result with smaller grid intervals in this figure. []{data-label="fig:dev"}](prop_convm4.eps "fig:") ![Deviation of the effective scale factors from $a_{\rm FLRW}$. We also show the convergence of the result with smaller grid intervals in this figure. []{data-label="fig:dev"}](prop_convm5.eps "fig:")
Summary {#sec:summary}
=======
In this work, a black hole lattice universe model with positive cosmological constant has been simulated. The construction of puncture initial data with a positive cosmological constant has been described in Sec. \[sec:initial\]. The vacuum Einstein equations in a cubic box with a black hole in the center have been numerically solved with periodic boundary conditions by using the BSSN formalism[@Shibata:1995we; @Baumgarte:1998te]. Configurations of marginal surfaces on the initial hypersurfaces and those time evolution have been analyzed. We found two impressive transitions of the configuration in time evolution: appearance of the outer cosmological horizon and the bifurcation surface crossing. Finally, comparing the effective scale factor defined by the surface area and the scale factor for the corresponding flat dust FLRW universe, we have concluded that the expansion law of the black hole universe can be well approximated by that of the corresponding flat dust FLRW universe in the sufficiently late time irrespective of the value of the cosmological constant.
Acknowledgements {#acknowledgements .unnumbered}
================
We thank T. Tanaka, M. Sasaki and K. Nakao for helpful discussions and comments.
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| |
Published 1978 by Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University in Kyoto .
Written in EnglishRead online
Edition Notes
|Statement||by Kyoto University Team ; team members, Kazutake Kyuma ... [et al.].|
|Series||Discussion paper - Center for Southeast Asian Studies ; no. 96, Discussion paper (Kyōto Daigaku. Tōnan Ajia Kenkyū Sentā) ;, no. 96.|
|Contributions||Kyūma, Kazutake., Kyōto Daigaku.|
|Classifications|
|LC Classifications||SB191.R5 S76|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||ii, 76 p. :|
|Number of Pages||76|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL4172665M|
|LC Control Number||80450055|
Download study of padi cultivation in the State of Sarawak
A case study was conducted to determine the obstacles to participation of peasants in a land development project in Sarawak, : Peter Songan. In Sarawak, Malaysia, the annual rate at which land is cleared for shifting cultivation by local people ranges f toha or 0,6 to % of the total.
Rice is an important staple food in Asia. However, modernization and rapid development have reduced and threatened the practice, especially maintaining traditional hill rice cultivation, as in this case study by the Iban in Kuala Tatau located in the largest state in Malaysia, called Sarawak.
It is important to understand the problems and challenges of this issue to ensure food security among Author: Daniel Ugih Echoh, Norizan Md Nor, Salfarina Abdul Gapor, Tarmiji Masron.
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Subok. study is carried out to examine the factors influence the adoption of technology in pepper farming among pepper farmers in Sarawak.
The results show that the total pepper vines, farming experience, and education level, are significant factors influencing technology adoption in pepper farming.
A Cultivation and agriculture in East Malaysia government report on shifting cultivation in Sarawak asserts that: the shifting cultivation system is an extremely fragile one and easily breaks down under the impact of population pressure.
The official website for Department of Agriculture Sarawak, Malaysia. varietal & fertilizer evaluation for large scale rice cultivation in Sarawak - hybrid rice evaluation in collaboration with Agritech (S) (b) Smallholders The laboratory provides analytical services support for research on crops and soils in the State.
Paddy cultivation is a very water intensive and laborious job. Paddy crop can be cultivated in different methods with different level of water and labour requirement.
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It was spread in prehistoric times by the Austronesian expansion to Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Melanesia, Micronesia. Kota Belud’s granary set to re-energise paddy cultivation in Sabah 0. Posted on October 1, (Sarawak), Rompin and Pekan (Pahang).
“The BR1M 2 payout, additional pension, book. Subsistence agriculture based on the shifting cultivation of upland rice is still widely practised in Sarawak. It has been estimated that the average rice yield in was Ib paddy/ac. In trials in the selected upland rice cv. Sebulu A, Paya Ulu and Sait B yielded an average ofand Ib paddy/ac.-E.B.O.
Our PADI 5 STAR IDC DIVE RESORT caters to veteran divers and novices alike with a full array of PADI courses. Whether you choose to study in our air conditioned classroom or prefer to revise beachside, our training pool and state of the art facilities will ensure you have nothing to. Sago (Metroxylon sagus, a smooth variety, and Metroxylon rumphii, the thorny variety) is grown in the natural peatswamps of Sarawak and elsewhere in the Malay-Indonesian archipelago under wild and semi-wild conditions.
There is evidence that the crop could give reasonable returns, and organized production on a large scale could be lucrative. HOKI: Farming Operations and Labor Requirements for Paddy Cultivation in Sarawak 3.
Weeding Rampant weed growth is a major problem to a wet paddy farmer. Climatic conditions are favorable for continuous weed growth throughout the year, since Sarawak receives occasional rainfalls even during the dry season. Yet due to a lack of irriga. Site selection methods for shifting cultivation of the Iban were studied at five longhouses in the Mujong River area of Sarawak, Malaysia with special reference to their knowledge of secondar y vegetation.
Shifting cultivation practices in the area were more intense than reported in previous studies and were conducted with one-time cropping of upland rice followed by about a 2−10 year fallow.
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Search the world's most comprehensive index of full-text books. My library. General Notes: Study in 69 villages and 7 estates in 9 states in Peninsular Malaysia; disaggregated data for 5 types of communities (fishing, padi-growing, rubber.
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The industry consists of 67, pepper farmers, with the majority residing in the rural areas of Sarawak. The state accounts for more than 90% of the country’s total pepper production of aro metric tonnes in Apart from Sarawak, pepper is also planted in.
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). It is also alternatively called as Slash and Burn method of cultivation. The mediated production of ethnicity and nationalism among the Iban of Sarawak (II), The AJN Richards Collection at the Centre for Academic Information Services (CAIS), Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
Transformation of the Iban land use system in post independence Sarawak. | https://pypepixupijasikoz.oazadlaciebie.com/study-of-padi-cultivation-in-the-state-of-sarawak-book-23845gw.php |
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- Post a picture of the front cover of a middle grade book which you have read and would recommend to others, with details of author, illustrator and publisher.
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Unfortunately I cannot find my book as I think my daughter has taken it to school with her so I won’t be able to find the sentence from page 11.
Three Words to describe the book…mystery, family and puzzles
My Recommendation: Flick idolises her older brother Jack. With four years between them, they are good friends and share a bond over solving puzzles. Jack is off on an adventure to South America and Flick will miss him greatly. He sends them video messages, texts and love from across the miles.
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Finding herself spending time in Jack’s room, she finds a locked box under his bed. A clue saying “For S.F to keep until I’m Back” leads her on a chase to find Jack. Who is S.F? Flick begins to put clues together and it may just be enough to find Jack!
Completely enthralling, I found myself willing the clues to fall into place and for Flick to have a happy ending. I really enjoyed reading this book and found it the perfect blend of family, love and mystery. A story within a story, there is much to enjoy with this book! | https://myshelvesarefull.com/2020/09/03/mgtakesonthursday-16/ |
Academic Discipline:
Interests Keywords:
Data Science, Development Economics, Randomized Evaluations, statistics
About me:
When Mathematics, Economics and Data Science meet together, there’s no business, R&D or ML problem that can’t be solved.
Educator, Scholar, Advocate. A certified teacher passionate about furthering students’ access to education, Bertrand combines strong academics with extensive intercultural experience. In 2013 he graduated from the Higher Teachers Training College of Yaounde in Cameroon and earned a Secondary and High School Teacher’s Certificate. He has served as Mathematics’ teacher in Cameroon in different regions and noticed the disparities in education attainment level and their impact on regional growth. He took the opportunity to hone his skills in Impact Evaluation methods and Statistics and Economics through a Master’s program in Mathematics, Economics and Statistics while serving as a research assistant at the Institute for Empirical Research in Political Economy. He, therefore, gained valuable skills in addressing issues in education and in Social Science at large. His ability to combine tools from Data Science and Economics to make data-driven decisions gives him the opportunity to participate to addressing some of the most pressing problems face by the world poor.
Sustainable Development Goals:
Decent Work and Economic Growth, Gender Equality, Good Health and Well-being, No Poverty, Quality Education, Reduced Inequalities, Zero Hunger
I am interested in the following geographical area(s):
Europe, Sub-Saharan Africa
Central Africa, Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Northern Europe, West Africa
Components of the GCRF I am interested in:
Equitable Access to Sustainable Development; Sustainable Economies and Societies; Human Rights, Good Governance and Social Justice. | http://gsan.essex.ac.uk/profile/bertrand-tagne-tameza/ |
PURPOSE: To evaluate cost-effectiveness of penetrating keratoplasty (PK), femtosecond laser-assisted Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (FS-DSEK), and Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK).
DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness analysis based on data from a randomized multicenter clinical trial and a noncomparative prospective study.
METHODS: Data of 118 patients with corneal endothelial dysfunction were analyzed in the economic evaluation. Forty patients were included in the PK group, 36 in the FS-DSEK group, and 42 in the DSAEK group. The primary incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was the incremental costs per clinically improved patient, defined as a patient with a combined effectiveness of both a clinically improved BSCVA (defined as an improvement of at least 2 lines) and a clinically acceptable refractive astigmatism (defined as less than or equal to 3.0 diopters). Analysis was based on a 1-year follow-up period after transplantation.
RESULTS: The percentage of treated patients who met the combined effectiveness measures was 52% for DSAEK, 44% for PK, and 43% for FS-DSEK. Mean total costs per patient were €6674 (US$7942), €12 443 (US$14 807), and €7072 (US$8416) in the PK group, FS-DSEK group, and DSAEK group, respectively. FS-DSEK was less effective and more costly compared to both DSAEK and PK. DSAEK was more costly but also more effective compared to PK, resulting in incremental costs of €4975 (US$5920) per additional clinically improved patient.
CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that FS-DSEK was not cost-effective compared to PK and DSAEK. DSAEK, on the other hand, was more costly but also more effective compared to PK. Including societal costs, a longer follow-up period and preparation of the lamellar transplant buttons in a national cornea bank could improve the cost-effectiveness of DSAEK. | https://output.eyehospital.nl/en/publications/economic-evaluation-of-endothelial-keratoplasty-techniques-and-pe |
‘Chicagohenge’ returns March 19: Here’s where to catch the best views
It’s when the sun lines up exactly with Chicago’s east-west streets during sunrise and sunset, and it makes for a killer photo.
Every year around the fall and spring equinoxes, Chicagoans stop and stand in the middle of downtown streets for the perfect photo: the sun shining directly through the Loop’s grid, illuminating the buildings in a fierce orange.
The phenomenon is known as “Chicagohenge,” and it refers to the week following the spring equinox (or the week leading up to the fall equinox) when the sun lines up exactly with Chicago’s east-west streets during sunrise and sunset. This unique phenomenon occurs because during the equinoxes, the Earth is not tilted toward or away from the sun; the sun follows a path across the celestial equator, said Michelle Nichols, director of public observing at the Adler Planetarium.
“What it boils down to, and what you can see on the days of the equinoxes ... is the full sun shining right down our east-west streets,” Nichols said during an interview last fall.
The name “Chicagohenge” is a nod to Stonehenge in England, a prehistoric monument that at certain points aligns with seasonal paths traveled by the sun.
“People have realized that our east-west grid of streets is sort of reminiscent of some of the more ancient places and structures that have some sort of sky alignment properties,” said Nichols, who has worked at the Adler for nearly 25 years.
It’s not just Chicago that exhibits this feature; Nichols said there’s a “Manhattanhenge,” too. But it occurs on different days because Manhattan’s streets aren’t aligned in the same way.
This year, the spring equinox is on Thursday, March 19. To see “Chicagohenge,” you need to stand on an unobstructed east-west street around sunset or sunrise in the days right after Thursday.
One of Nichols’ favorite spots is at the western end of the 606 Trail, which follows a former east-west rail line.
“You have kind of an unobstructed view of the horizon there,” she said.
If you do decide to check it out, make sure you look up at the sky instead of directly into the sun. And if you miss it, you’ll get another chance in September.
Going out to take a photo of “Chicagohenge” today? Tag us on Twitter@suntimesor on Instagram@chicagosuntimesin your post, and we might feature your photo on our website. | https://chicago.suntimes.com/2020/3/12/21176522/chicagohenge-when-where-march-19-what |
Bobby Rydell, who rode his good looks and voice to success on the pop charts and the silver screen in the late 1950s and early 1960s, died Tuesday at age 79.
The singer died of complications from pneumonia unrelated to COVID, a release on his official website said.
Rydell was known to film fans as Hugo Peabody in the 1963 hit “Bye Bye Birdie,” which also starred Ann-Margret and Dick Van Dyke. He was so popular and tied to teen culture that Rydell High School in the stage and screen musical “Grease” was named for him.
“It was so nice to know that the high school was named after me,” he told the Allentown Morning Call in 2014. “And I said, ‘Why me?’ It could have been Anka High, Presley High, Everly High, Fabian High, Avalon High. And they came up with Rydell High, and once again, total honor.”
The Philadelphia native’s rise to fame began when “Kissin’ Time” climbed to No. 11 on the Billboard pop chart in 1959. The singer with the boyish good looks — highlighted by a lush head of dark hair he styled into a pompadour — made the girls swoon.
While he was still a teen, he became the youngest singer to play New York’s iconic Copacabana nightclub.
His follow-up single, “We Got Love” did even better, reaching No. 6. Rydell then hit his highest spot on the chart in 1960, when “Wild One” reached No. 2.
The Daily News Flash
Rydell was a popular guest on TV shows, appearing with funnymen Danny Thomas, Red Skelton and Milton Berle, among others.
Hollywood summoned the heartthrob when “Bye Bye Birdie” flew from Broadway to the movies. The producers beefed up the role of Kim MacAfee to showcase Ann-Margret, and gave Hugo a bigger part as well, letting Rydell — who was not part of the Broadway cast — sparkle on screen.
Like many teen idols, Rydell was hit hard by the British invasion. “Forget Him,” which reached No. 4 in 1964, was his last big hit. But another song, 1963′s “Wildwood Days,” perhaps had a more lasting impact. His ode to the New Jersey beach town led the town to paint a mural of him, visible from the boardwalk, in 2014.
Rydell’s first wife, Camille, died in 2003. He struggled with alcoholism and depression after that, his website reported, but he turned his life around after getting a liver and kidney transplant in 2012, saving his life.
He detailed the struggle in his autobiography, “Teen Idol on the Rocks: A Tale of Second Chances.” He worked with The Gift of Life, an organization that supports organ donation.
In his 2014 interview with the Morning Call, Rydell, who toured for decades with his peers Frankie Avalon and Fabian, spoke of audiences who still turned out to hear him decades after he had his last hit. | https://www.nydailynews.com/snyde/ny-20220406-523i34cztvefhmmq2v2ywtp274-story.html |
This paper describes the process of designing an authoring tool for virtual environments, using constructivist principles. The focus of the tool is on helping novice designers without coding experience to conceptualise and visualise the interactions of the virtual environment. According to constructivism, knowledge is constructed by people through interactions with their social and physical environments. Major aspects of this theory are explored, such as multiple representations, reflexivity, exploration, scaffolding and user control. Its practical application to the design of the tool is then described. | https://pubs.cs.uct.ac.za/id/eprint/192/ |
This month, we hear back from the highlands of the Cuchumatanes in Guatemala, where Edy Benjamin López Castillo conducted an introductory workshop on Ancient Maya Writing for Popti’ speakers in Jacaltenango this past May. This is one of the first workshops of its kind for Popti’ speakers, and we are very gratful to learn that it was inspired in large part by last year’s Congreso in Huehuetenango, in which Edy López was an active participant. Following instruction in the syllabary, the group created a Popti’ alphabet, using illustrations and Popti’ words for each letter.
Workshops like this one are made possible by the generous donations of our supporters like you, and through this work, the ancient script has returned to live again in many more communities and language groups than ever before. We applaud the insipiring work being carried out Edy López and our other Maya colleagues and teachers, and we look forward to supporting more workshops like this in the future.
Yuch’antihoxh,
Michael Grofe, President
MAM
Report on the Maya Hieroglyphic Writing Workshop
Place: Jacaltenango, Huehuetenango, Guatemala.
Headquarters: Popti’-ALMG- Linguistic Community
Date: May 16, 2019.
Responsible: Edy Benjamín López Castillo
Beneficiary ethnicity: Maya Popti’.
Location: The Popti’ Maya ethnic group is located in the northwest of the department of Huehuetenango, Guatemala, also known as the Huista or Wuxhtaj (Brother) Region. It is made up of seven municipalities: Jacaltenango, Concepción Huista, Petatán, Unión Cantinil, San Antonio Huista, Santa Ana Huista and Nentón.
Description
The workshop was conducted over a period of 8 hours, focusing on the Introduction to Reading and Writing in the Mayab’ Tz’ib’ system with the participation of a group of middle level students, Jacaltenango diversified training cycle, university students, and professionals from the Popti’ Linguistic Community of the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala.Originally, the workshop was organizedfor 25 people. However, for reasons unrelated to the activity, only 20 participated.
OBJECTIVES
General:
Promote the use and recovery of the Mayab’ Tz’ib’ system in the Popi’ Maya population.
Specific:
- Value Mesoamerican hieroglyphic writing as part of Mayan cultural and scientific wealth.
- Identify the basic reading and writing rules of the Mayab’ Tz’ib’ system.
- Apply the Mayab’ Tz’ib’ system in writing words in the Popti’ Maya language.
ACTIVITIES
According to the planning carried out, the relevant activities in the workshop are described below:
- General description: each participant was given a booklet with examples of words and texts in the tz’ib ’system. With the support of the staff of the Popti’ Linguistic Community and the Administrative Technical Coordination 13-07-051 of Jacaltenango, the participants were welcomed and given the workshop objectives. A description was given of the basic characteristics of the system, type of signs, reading and writing standards.
- Dissemination: Through exhibitions and the technique of the clock, the history, theory, terminology and basic foundation of the Mayab’ Tz’ib’ system were disseminated to assess the hieroglyphic writing.
- Exercises: Words or examples written in the Mayab’ Tz’ib’ system were deciphered using the writing rules.
- Application: knowing the rules of reading and writing, as well as the characteristics of the signs of the system, the participants formed words in the Mayab’ Tz’ib’ system. Therefore, an album of the Popti’ alphabet was created in Mayab’ Tz’ib’. Here are several examples of the work of the participants:
- Participants:
FOLLOW UP:
The participants expressed their interest in learning the Mayab’ Tz’ib’ system and suggestd that this theme be followed up, because it helps strengthen and value identity, and the Maya culture specifically, in the scientific contributions that they inherited from their Mayan ancestors.
Participants are expected to be motivated and interested in writing the Mayab’ Tz’ib’ system and to continue practicing from their homes or in educational activities.
Thanks to the Ahaw for the knowledge acquired; to Mayas for Ancient Mayan (MAM), the Technical Administrative Coordination of the middle level of Jacaltenango and the Popti’ Linguistic Community of the Academia de Lenguas Mayas de Guatemala for supporting the coordinationof the activity.
For the use, promotion and rcovery of the great knowledge of our Maya Grandfathers and Grandmothers, it is a pleasure to share and replicate the learning acquired in the IV Congress on Maya hieroglyphic writing held in Huehuetenango in 2018. | http://discovermam.org/2019/08/6-ajaw-8-yaxkin-august-7-2019-stzibal-abxubal-popti-a-popti-maya-alphabet/ |
Discussion in 'Fonts and Typography' started by Decal_Designs, Apr 29, 2005.
Just curious as to why image fonts are called wingdings or dingbats, and if you wanted to use one, what is the best way to find it?
There are lots of wing dings and dingbats here in the links section under fonts/freeware. Every font has a discription written about it and the ones with wing dings etc. say wing dings or dingbats.
If you're looking to know what the images look like you should use a font viewer like Typograf, Font Navigator or Font Thing. Or simply type out a full character set on a page in any word processor or illustration program, then with your wings and dins installed ant the text selected, change to each font and print the page.
There are actually some good images in those fonts that you would never guess. One day, a slow day, I sat down and typed every character on the keyboard (upper and lower case) then went through my entire font collection and replaced the characters with the graphic fonts and printed them out for reference. There are some great ones: geographic symbols, multiple MiniPics, Plants, media, food, animals. IF you have free time, I would suggest it. | https://signs101.com/threads/wingdings-dingbats.3202/ |
What is ICT education?
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education is the mode of education that use information and communications technology to support, enhance, and optimise the delivery of information. Worldwide research has shown that ICT can lead to an improved student learning and better teaching methods.
When was ICT introduced in schools in South Africa?
This new system, introduced in 1996 as Curriculum 2005, was considered one of the most ambitious and far-reaching reform programmes in southern Africa because it signalled a fundamental shift from South Africa’s apartheid past by promoting the principles of equity, democracy, human rights, and economic prosperity.
Does ICT cover School curriculum?
Applying ICT as a tool for learning in curriculum areas enables all students to have the opportunity to become competent, discriminating, creative and productive users of ICT. This is because ICT is a means to help achieving future curriculum goals by providing a learner-centered environment, as studies have shown.
How is ICT used in schools?
ICT enables the use of innovative educational resources and the renewal of learning methods, establishing a more active collaboration of students and the simultaneous acquisition of technological knowledge. It is much easier for them to create team projects, cooperate and learn from each other.
What school subject is ICT?
ICT stands for information and communication technology. Year 7 students study ICT/Computing as a discrete subject and across the curriculum.
Why schools should invest in ICT?
The importance of ICT in education during pandemic is that when successfully integrated into your teaching and learning, you can help close the gap on the digital divide. You can help show students the ICT capabilities that they need in the future when and if another pandemic is to occur.
What are the 10 advantages of ICT?
10+ Advantages of ICT in Education
- Enhanced the modes of communication.
- Cost-efficient.
- Paperless: Eliminate the usage of paper.
- Better teaching and learning methods.
- Enhanced data and information security.
- Minimize cost and save time.
- Easy student management.
- Automatic solutions to manual paper-based process and procedures.
What is the purpose of technology education in South Africa?
A new kind of adult is needed for the future South Africa. Technology is how we enable our children to become those adults. Educators need to move towards using technology as a tool to enable learners to become creative, empathetic, higher-order thinkers.
Who are ICT students?
ICT capability involves students learning to make the most of the digital technologies available to them, adapting to new ways of doing things as technologies evolve and limiting the risks to themselves and others in a digital environment.
How do teachers apply ICT?
(6) In some contexts, ICT has also become integral to the teaching-learning interaction, through such approaches as replacing chalkboards with interactive digital whiteboards, using students’ own smartphones or other devices for learning during class time, and the “flipped classroom” model where students watch lectures …
Is ICT a science subject?
For a start, ICT is not just about computers, rather, it has a broad approach that studies how digital information is communicated. In contrast, IT is focuses on hardware and the way computers process data, while computer science focuses on theory and programming.
How many subjects are there in ICT?
Over the last few years there has been a dramatic change to the curriculum in ICT. The subject has moved from having one main strand, to 3 equally important strands, which are ICT, Digital Literacy and Computer Science. | https://www.terasolartisans.com/john/student-helper/what-is-ict-education/ |
Our mission is to promote the health, strengths, and well-being of humans and animals through transdisciplinary partnerships that foster innovative research, education, and service programs in human-animal interaction.
Vision Statement
To enhance the lives of humans and animals through mutually beneficial interactions.
How to Get Involved
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Sign Up for UpdatesIf you are either currently involved in HAI-related activities, or wish to become involved, please click here to sign up for updates about the Tufts Institute for Human-Animal Interaction. » sign up now
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Paws for PeopleFind out more about Tufts Paws for People, our volunteer animal-assisted therapy group » go to website
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Contact Us200 Westboro Rd,
Grafton, MA 01536
[email protected]
Animal Instinct: Cummings School scientists seek to put some evidence behind what we intuitively know is a wonderful thing: our special relationship with the animals in our lives. Read more…
News and Announcements
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2019 Student Scholars applications open! | https://hai.tufts.edu/ |
Several factors not included in prior prediction models were important for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prediction among patients with chronic kidney disease.
Adding these factors could aid clinicians and patients with decisions related to heart disease prevention.
Newswise — Washington, DC (February 10, 2022) — A new study reveals that certain changes to models that predict the risk of developing cardiovascular problems in the general population can help clinicians improve risk prediction in individuals with kidney disease. The findings, which are published in JASN, may be used to help protect the heart health of patients with kidney disease.
Individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD) often develop atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD)—such as strokes and heart attacks—but common prediction tools to determine a person’s risk of CVD were developed for the general population and may not include certain factors relevant to patients with CKD. Improving CVD risk prediction in patients with CKD may help identify those among this growing population who are truly at high risk, as well as identify those who are at low risk and less likely to benefit from invasive interventions.
A team led by Jiang He, MD, PhD and Joshua D. Bundy, PhD, MPH (Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine) aimed to create new equations using many clinically available variables and novel biomarkers that may be especially important in patients with CKD. In the researchers’ analysis of 2,604 participants of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study, they found that several factors not included in prior prediction models were important for atherosclerotic CVD prediction among patients with CKD. These included measures of long-term glycemia (HbA1c), inflammation (high-sensitivity C-reactive protein), kidney injury (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio), and cardiac injury (troponin-T and NT-proBNP).
“We created two new prediction tools for patients with CKD: the first is a simple model that includes factors routinely measured by healthcare providers and the second is an expanded model with additional variables particularly important to patients with CKD, including measures of long-term blood sugar, inflammation, and kidney and heart injury,” said Dr. He. “We found that the new models are better able to classify patients who will or will not have a stroke or heart attack within 10 years compared with the standard models.”
“The new tools may better assist healthcare providers and patients with CKD in shared decision-making for the prevention of heart disease,” added Dr. Bundy.
The article, titled “Risk Prediction Models for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: The CRIC Study,” will appear online at http://jasn.asnjournals.org/ on February 10, 2022; doi: 10.1681/ASN.2021060747.
The content of this article does not reflect the views or opinions of The American Society of Nephrology (ASN). Responsibility for the information and views expressed therein lies entirely with the authors. ASN does not offer medical advice. All content in ASN publications is for informational purposes only, and is not intended to cover all possible uses, directions, precautions, drug interactions, or adverse effects. This content should not be used during a medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. Please consult your doctor or other qualified health care provider if you have any questions about a medical condition, or before taking any drug, changing your diet or commencing or discontinuing any course of treatment. Do not ignore or delay obtaining professional medical advice because of information accessed through ASN. Call 911 or your doctor for all medical emergencies.
About ASN
Since 1966, ASN has been leading the fight to prevent, treat, and cure kidney diseases throughout the world by educating health professionals and scientists, advancing research and innovation, communicating new knowledge, and advocating for the highest quality care for patients. ASN has more than 21,000 members representing 131 countries. For more information, visit www.asn-online.org and follow us on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, and Instagram. | |
Billy J. Seabolt holds an AA and BA from Hillsdale College (OK) in Biblical Studies and Pastoral Ministries, a MA in Government from Robertson School of Government (VA), and a JD in Law from Regent Law School (VA). He also has a MBA in progress from Regis University (CO). He has practiced law since 1998 and has his own law firm. Born and raised in Tulsa, Oklahoma, Billy has three children with his wonderful wife, Claire who was born in the land down under, Australia. . He also performs Colonial Times Interpretations (1774-1780, i.e. the Founding Fathers).
Billy J. Seabolt is a well respected, established and experienced attorney-at-law limiting his practice to Wills, Trusts and Estates and Elder Law.
Give Billy a call today to see how he can meet your individual needs as client that deserves the utmost in personal attention.
Law Offices of Billy J. Seabolt, Esq.
Note: The information given on this website does not constitute legal or accounting advice or opinion, and should not be relied upon for any planning purposes. it is provided solely and exclusively for general, non-specific educational purposes and to advise the reader of the nature of the services offered individually by my law firm. Planning of this nature is necessarily very circumstance-specific and therefore it would be dangerous to apply the very general rules described herein to any singular fact-pattern. Prudence demands that you consult with an experienced professional licensed in Virginia before attempting any of the planning techniques described herein. Additionally, the information given is not meant to be a substitute for legal representation. It provides general legal information to help people understand their legal rights but is not a substitute for personal legal advice from an attorney. however, laws change and individual circumstances vary. – Billy J. Seabolt, Esq. | http://familywealthlaw.com/ |
A native Long Islander, Dr. Syeda Hossain received her Bachelor and Master’s degrees from Harvard University and went on to receive her Doctor of Medicine degree from New York Medical College. She returned to Harvard to complete her training in Internal Medicine at Massachusetts General Hospital and completed fellowship training in Gastroenterology and Hepatology at NYU School of Medicine. Dr. Hossain is board-certified in Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine. With training from elite academic institutions, Dr. Hossain is equipped to meet the clinical needs of every patient.
Dr. Hossain’s expertise includes the inflammatory bowel diseases, functional disorders/IBS, and cancer screening as well as the management of a spectrum of liver diseases including the treatment of Hepatitis B and C. Her affiliation with Mount Sinai Medical Center allows seamless access to a world class tertiary care facility. Dr. Hossain performs an array of procedures both in the office and in the hospital including endoscopy/colonoscopy, polypectomy, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement, and video capsule endoscopy. She also has a particular interest in women’s health.
As the Medical Director of Mount Sinai Physician Endoscopy Center-Nesconset, Dr. Hossain is dedicated to a safe and comfortable experience for patients both in the office as well as the procedure suite.
Dr. HOSSAIN has not yet completed reporting of Industry relationships. | https://www.mountsinai.org/profiles/syeda-t-hossain |
ML4CS 2022 welcomes original and innovative work from academia, industry and government presenting novel research efforts on all theoretical and practical aspects of machine learning, data mining and big data applications in cyber security. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to:
Machine learning based malware detection and analysis
Machine learning based spam and phishing detection
Machine learning based vulnerability discovery
Machine learning based botnet detection
Machine learning based Intrusion detection and prevention
Machine learning based social network security
Machine learning based computer Forensics
Anomaly detection using machine learning and data mining
Game theory for cybersecurity
Machine learning based privacy protection
Machine learning for user authentication
Adversarial machine Learning
Cybersecurity incident prediction
Machine learning based insider attack detection
Information leakage attack and defence using machine learning
Machine learning based attack and defence of advanced persistent threat
Security of machine learning algorithms
Machine learning meets cryptography
Machine learning based cyber data analytics
Advanced machine learning for big cyber data
Sensitive information protection in machine learning based service
Cyber traffic analytics using machine learning
Data driven cybersecurity
AI driven cybersecurity
Security analytics of AI systems
Big data analytics for cybersecurity
Privacy issues related to ML for cybersecurity
Authors are invited to submit original papers not previously published nor submitted in parallel for publication to any other conference, workshop or journal. All submitted papers must be anonymous, with no author names, affiliations, acknowledgements, or obvious references.
Submissions should be in English, as a PDF file with all fonts embedded, in the Springer-Verlag LNCS format, typeset with 11pt font, and using reasonable spacing and margins. Papers should not exceed 16 pages in LNCS style including the bibliography, but excluding well-marked appendices (no more than 18 pages in total). Submitted papers may risk being rejected directly without consideration of their merits if they do not follow all the above submission instructions. | http://www.wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=171333©ownerid=13149 |
This programme engages you in structured teaching through a series of design labs, which provide thematic focus to open project briefs, encouraging independent interpretation in the design studio. These labs have several aims for developing your design based skillset – to develop the innovative use of analytical design research methods; to encourage application of contemporary methods of production and prototyping to discover new insights; and to facilitate cutting-edge forms of communication, presentation and dissemination of your work. The design labs are complemented by options from subjects across the wider College of Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences.
The programme concludes with an independent dissertation embracing student-led, situated, and practical interventions, and addressing real-world challenges. Opportunities to undertake a work-based dissertation with a local, national, or international partner, applying your skills to real world applications, may be available.
The professional knowledge, skills and abilities you develop will prepare you for a career as a designer, strategist or consultant in a variety of private sector organisations including design studios and government or non-governmental organisations.
We encourage you to think about a future career in academia leading to emerging fields of inquiry, including digital humanities, developmental studies and emergent forms of design study and practice as an academic researcher.
a collection of visual support material (maximum 15 pages) which demonstrates your affinity and aptitude for engaging in creative, design-led, studio based work. This can be existing project work, a portfolio of drawings; sketchbook development; whatever exemplifies your creative approaches to thinking and communicating complex information and ideas.
If you do not meet the academic entry requirements, we may still consider your application on the basis of your portfolio and/or relevant professional experience. Please contact us prior to applying for more information.
You must submit a statement as part of your application. | https://www.ed.ac.uk/studying/postgraduate/degrees/index.php?r=site/view&edition=2019&id=951 |
Tack is an adhesive characteristic that must be considered when layering prepregs. Contradictory requirements are imposed on the tack of prepregs: on the one hand, it is necessary to ensure adhesion of the prepreg to the laid layers or to the shaping equipment, on the other hand, it is necessary to ensure that the binder does not stick to the release film when it is removed.
The tackiness of prepregs largely determines the efficiency of the production of high quality composites using automated stacking processes such as automatic fiber placement or automatic tape stacking . The c of prepregs is regulated by adhesion and cohesive processes, which depend on the parameters of the equipment used in the production process, as well as on the properties of the binder and reinforcing filler, on the type and content of the resin, the amount of inert volatiles, the degree of curing, temperature and humidity, and other factors [2, 3].
Considering the enormous costs of equipment and materials, control of prepeg tack ness is necessary, as lack of prepeg tack control can lead to defects in the laminate or equipment breakdown. The lack of a standardized measurement technique has led to the use of various methods for quantifying the tackiness of a pre-impregnated fibrous material with a thermosetting matrix [4–7].
Using the probe tack method on an Instron 5543 tensile testing machine, the micromechanics of the detachment of a metal cylindrical rod from the adhesive surface was studied. The technique used makes it possible to evaluate the load with uniform tearing of prepreg samples from the separating film at temperatures from 20 to 60 °C, the tear-off rate is 5 mm/min, the clamping force is from 30 N to 50 N, the contact time is 60 — 90 sec. To form the matrix, an epoxidation resin of the ED-20 brand was used with a mass fraction of epoxy groups of 21.3 % produced by the plant. Ya.M. Sverdlov, Dzerzhinsk. The reinforcing filler is ELUR carbon fiber. As a hardener — an industrial amine hardener of the Aramine brand based on aromatic amines, produced by «Stekloplastik». To reduce the viscosity, active diluents were introduced into the polymer matrix: diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, oligoester cyclocarbonates.
It has been found that the prepeg tack depends on the compaction load and on the compaction time. With a clamping force of 50 N for 60 sec, the prepeg tack is 150 kN/m2, with a clamping force of 30 N for 30 sec. — 115 kN/m2. If the effect on the prepreg of a load of 30 N is increased to 90 s, the prepeg tack increases to 145 kN /m2. A sharp decrease in prepeg tack is observed with decreasing load, which can be compensated for by increasing the holding time under load. Due to the fact that this method of regulating prepeg tack reduces the process productivity, optimization of the temperature regime during the laying of thermosetting material seems to be the most effective method for regulating prepeg tack.
The tackiness of the prepreg was found to be very sensitive to temperature fluctuations: in all studies, tackiness increases to a maximum and drops to almost zero when the temperature rises to 60 °C. It was found that at low temperatures (20...25 °C) the prepeg tack values are due to insufficient wetting of the interface, which leads to disruption of adhesion between the prepreg and the substrate. At higher temperatures, wetting is improved and the epoxy matrix cannot provide high shear resistance during delamination due to reduced viscosity.
The viscosity of the binder has a decisive influence on the prepeg tack. Requirements for the viscosity of the binder are contradictory: to ensure the wetting of the substrate (as well as the impregnation of the reinforcing filler), a low-viscosity binder is preferred, and at the same time, a high viscosity of the binder is required for shear resistance. Therefore, the effect of active diluents on prepreg tack is of particular interest.
Studies of the dependence of the prepeg tack on the content of active diluents showed that the prepeg tack monotonically increases with an increase in the content of diethylene glycol diglycidyl ether and neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether. With an increase in temperature to 60 °C, an increase in the prepeg tack based on modified binders was also observed. Apparently, at a temperature of 20 °C, the active diluent contributes to the separation of the metal cylindrical rod from the prepreg surface, and at temperatures above 40 °C, less mobile components of the polymer binder. The results of studying the effect of temperature (short-term exposure), compaction load, compaction time, binder composition on prepeg tack can be explained by the balance of adhesion and cohesion, as well as by the processes that determine adhesion, viscoelastic deformation and the formation of an adhesive bond. It has been found that the optimal prepeg tack values are achieved in the transition region from adhesive to cohesive detachment. | https://korolev.bmstu.press/preprints/1117/ |
The findings are likely to increase the current discussion around the over-reliance of controls by pilots.
An Asiana Airlines Inc. pilot nervous about making a manual landing in San Francisco inadvertently disabled a speed-control system before the plane crashed on July 6, newly released documents show.
Captain Lee Kang Kuk, a veteran pilot with Seoul-based Asiana who was being trained on the Boeing Co. 777-200ER wide- body, had momentarily adjusted the power without realizing the plane’s computers then assumed he wanted the engines to remain at idle, according to information released today by the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board.
The documents released at the start of a hearing into the first U.S. fatal airline crash since 2009 raise new questions about how the auto-throttles on Boeing planes are designed and whether pilots are trained enough on how to use them. The safety board hasn’t concluded what caused the accident.
Lee told investigators the approach “was very stressful, very difficult.” He wasn’t accustomed to landing without an instrument-landing system guiding him to the runway, as pilots had to do in San Francisco that day because of airport construction, according to an NTSB summary of his statement.
In most modes of operation, the speed-protection system on the 777 and several other Boeing aircraft won’t allow planes to slow too much, protecting against accidents such as the Asiana crash. The plane, on the verge of losing lift because it was almost 40 miles (64 kilometers) an hour slower than its target speed, slammed into a seawall short of the runway and broke apart. Three teenage girls died.
In some combinations of auto-throttle and autopilot settings, such as during Asiana Flight 214’s approach to San Francisco, the system becomes dormant, according to NTSB documents.
A pilot for the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration told investigators he was surprised in 2010 when a 787 Dreamliner slowed that way during a test flight. The issue raised safety concerns from the FAA and the European Aviation Safety Agency, according to NTSB documents.
An FAA study released last month found that pilots’ growing reliance on automation in the cockpit has led to occasional confusion and new safety risks.
Autopilots, automatic throttles and computerized navigation systems have helped improve safety in recent decades, the FAA study concluded. The price for that is occasional confusion because the systems, which sometimes interact with each other, may be improperly set or act in ways that crews don’t anticipate, it said.
Lee, asked whether he was concerned about his ability to perform the visual approach, told investigators he was “very concerned, yea,” according to the NTSB.
He didn’t think he could turn down the air-traffic controller’s clearance to land because other pilots were accepting approaches using visual guidance instead of instruments, he said in an interview.
Two former Asiana pilots said in interviews that most of the carriers’s crews were uncomfortable with manual flight maneuvers, according to NTSB documents. The pilots gave a similar account in interviews with Bloomberg News in July.
As Flight 214 from Seoul neared San Francisco, it was being flown by Lee, 45. Because he was so new to the 777, Lee Jung Min, 49, an instructor pilot, was monitoring him from what would normally be the co-pilot’s seat. Another pilot, Bong Dong Won, 40, one of two crew members on board to give the pilots a rest break, was seated behind the other two in the cockpit.
While descending near the runway, the training pilot entered a series of parameters into the flight-management and auto-throttle systems that made the plane think he wanted to accelerate and climb.
To counter the plane’s increase in thrust, he pulled the power back so he could resume his descent, according to the documents.
Because of the way the auto-throttle had been set, combined with the fact that he had shut off the autopilot, the throttles stayed in the lowest setting, according to the NTSB. Neither pilot noticed the plane slowing until adding power and attempting to climb seconds before the impact.
The collision with the seawall and the runway sheared off the tail section and one of the engines, according to the NTSB. Besides the three passengers who died, an estimated 182 people were taken to hospitals. The plane held 291 passengers, 12 flight attendants and four pilots.
The airline since the accident has increased the hours of flight-simulation training its pilots receive and taken other steps to make a “fundamental improvement” in safety, Akiyoshi Yamamura, senior executive vice president of safety and security management, said Dec. 3.
A Boeing spokesman, Marc Birtel, said in an e-mail prior to the hearing that the company declined to comment.
Investigators weren’t able to determine what caused the auto-throttle to switch off, according to the report.
Such failures were “not an unusual event,” the investigation concluded. The AAIB found another case on a 737-300 in June 2007 in which the auto-throttle shut off while the plane was approaching Belfast, Northern Ireland. The pilots lost 300 feet of altitude before recovering, it said.
Editors: Bernard Kohn, Michael Shepard. To contact the reporter on this story: Alan Levin in Washington at [email protected]. To contact the editor responsible for this story: Bernard Kohn at [email protected]. | https://skift.com/2013/12/11/ntsb-san-francisco-crash-investigation-reveals-asiana-pilot-didnt-understand-controls/ |
In the brief guide, we are going to answer the question ‘How much is the juice of one lime’ with a detailed analysis of what safety measures are to be kept in mind when preparing it.
How much is the juice of one lime?
The average weight of lime is 70 g. A quarter of lime will yield 20 mL of juice. An average lime can be cut into 8 circles that are nearly identical. You’ll need at least 5 kg of fresh fruit to make one liter of lime juice. After all, one glass of juice necessitates nearly a kilogram of lime.
How to make lime juice?
Ingredients
- Lime
- Water
- cup
Preparation
- Wash 6 limes and remove the pith and most of the peel.
- Place in a blender with a rough chop.
- Save the peels for later drying in the oven at 200 degrees for 1 hour. Toss a couple of pieces into a cup of tea.
- Pour the mixture through a strainer, pressing down with a spoon to extract all of the juices. This recipe yields 1 cup of concentrated juice.
Is lime juice perishable?
Lime’s shelf life is determined by how it is stored. Lime can be stored for up to two weeks in a dry, cool environment; the ideal storage temperature is 5-9 degrees. Lime spoils quickly at room temperature, and after a week, you can discard it.
Lime juice can be kept frozen for a long time. It should be kept in an ice mold, and the zest should be kept in a plastic bag. The shelf life of this method is between 4 and 12 months. Whole fruits cannot be stored in the freezer.
Because of its acidity, bottled lime juice does not spoil easily, but it does not last indefinitely. Its smell and taste will deteriorate over time, and you will eventually decide that it is no longer suitable for use. Fresh lime juice, like other juices, should be consumed within a few days of purchase.
When it comes to lime juice, how long does it last?
Lime juice in a bottle has a long shelf life and can be kept for months after the printed expiration date. Unlike other juices, once opened, they can be kept in the refrigerator for up to a year and a half after opening. It may turn a little brown, but it’s still safe to eat.
Fresh juices are the healthiest beverages. Citrus juices are far from last among all fruits and vegetables in terms of juice content. These drinks are simple to make if you have a cheap citrus juicer on hand. Lime juice that has been freshly squeezed, on the other hand, has a much shorter shelf life.
The fresh lime juice will last 3 to 5 days in the refrigerator. If you buy it in a grocery store, the bottle has a limited shelf life, and the label usually instructs you to consume the juice within a few days of opening.
Is it necessary to keep store-bought lemon juice refrigerated?
Freshly squeezed lemon juice should be refrigerated right away. Lemon concentrate bottles that have been opened should be kept in the refrigerator to extend their shelf life. Pour the juice into an airtight container for best results.
Is it possible to get sick from old lime juice?
You will get food poisoning if the expired lemon juice contains many bacteria, viruses, or toxins from going sour. Within a few hours to two days after ingesting expired lemon juice, you will experience symptoms.
What are juicing techniques for citrus fruits?
Citrus juices have the benefit of being high in vitamin C. It is preserved for a long time in citrus fruits. However, it is best to consume freshly squeezed citrus juice within half an hour of preparation. The amount of juice in a citrus fruit varies depending on the type of fruit, but here are some guidelines
- You can get more juice by using a manual juicer. Microwave the fruit for 10 seconds before eating. This will aid in the disintegration of the membrane that holds the juice.
- You can roll out the fruits on the table to make cutting them easier.
- Limes should not be kept at room temperature. This fruit should be kept in the freezer. Limes that are left at room temperature lose moisture over time, and their peels become hard. Put limes in a plastic bag to keep the juice from evaporating.
- Knowing how much juice you can get from each citrus fruit is crucial. This will make determining how much fruit to use for any recipe much easier.
Conclusion
In the brief guide, we discussed answering the question ‘How much is the juice of one lime’ with a detailed analysis of what safety measures are to be kept in mind when preparing it.
Citations
https://www.doesitgobad.com/does-lime-juice-go-bad/#:~:text=How%20long%20does%20 fresh%20 lime,a%20 few%20days%20of%20opening. | https://thewholeportion.com/how-much-is-the-juice-of-one-lime/ |
'The next frontier': NSW government to transform Pyrmont into economic hub
Pyrmont will become Sydney's next "economic and jobs hub" according to the NSW government, under plans likely to smooth the path for high-rise development after a proposed Star Casino tower was controversially opposed by government bureaucrats.
Premier Gladys Berejiklian said new planning controls to be developed by the government would see Pyrmont and the precinct west of Sydney Harbour become the "gateway to the CBD".
The NSW government has announced an overhaul of the precinct west of Sydney Harbour.
The government would also accelerate investigations into building a Metro station to support the area's growth, she said.
It comes after the NSW Department of Planning refused to support Star Casino's plan for a $500 million Ritz-Carlton hotel and 204 residential apartments in July, warning the 66-storey building proposed would have "unacceptable visual impacts due to its scale".
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The decision triggered a wave of opposition from media supporters of the tower, including 2GB's Alan Jones and The Daily Telegraph.
The following month Ms Berejiklian ordered the Greater Sydney Commission to conduct a snap review of Pyrmont's planning controls, which is now complete.
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The review found the peninsula at the western edge of the CBD was not living up to its "economic potential", major projects were "disconnected from each other" and planning processes were becoming "increasingly complex and difficult to understand".
The review recommended developing a masterplan and economic strategy for the Pyrmont precinct considering the individual character and potential of its various districts, and establishing a timeframe and options for implementing the strategy.
On Saturday the Berejiklian government announced it would adopt all three of the review's recommendations.
"We have successfully transformed Barangaroo into a spectacular waterfront precinct and are in the midst of revitalising Central. Pyrmont is the next frontier," Ms Berejiklian said.
We have successfully transformed Barangaroo into a spectacular waterfront precinct and are in the midst of revitalising Central. Pyrmont is the next frontier.
NSW Premier Gladys Berejiklian
Planning Minister Rob Stokes added the government would "immediately" move to amend the planning controls with a focus on jobs and economic activity to better support proposals to develop the area.
“We can support larger scale development and maintain the unique heritage nature of Pyrmont – it’s not an 'either/or’ choice,” Mr Stokes said.
“However, we must plan for the precinct strategically, rather than on a site-by-site basis.”
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Mr Stokes said the government would ensure there was greater coordination of large-scale developments in Pyrmont, including the Star Casino, the future Fish Market site and the Harbourside Shopping Centre.
“This is our opportunity to work together to develop a vision and collaboratively plan for the future of Pyrmont, which hasn’t been done in more than 20 years,” Mr Stokes said.
The comments have triggered concerns about the state government overriding the role of local councils in guiding the development and rezoning of key precincts.
Linda Scott is the President of Local Government NSW, the peak body for councils across the state, as well as a councillor for the City of Sydney.
Speaking on behalf of Local Government NSW, she argued "local governments must retain the powers to develop strategic plans for the areas we are democratically elected to represent".
"The Greater Sydney Commission has recommended a new place-based plan for Pyrmont and the City of Sydney is best placed to drive this," she said.
Pyrmont was named on a list of potential sites for "intermediate stations" for the Sydney Metro West last year, alongside Kings Bay, North Burwood or Five Dock, and Camellia or Rydalmere. | |
How long can you go without sleep?
The longest recorded time without sleep is approximately 264 hours, or just over 11 consecutive days. Although it’s unclear exactly how long humans can survive without sleep, it isn’t long before the effects of sleep deprivation start to show. After only three or four nights without sleep, you can start to hallucinate.
Is it bad to be awake for 48 hours?
The effects of sleep deprivation intensify the longer a person stays awake. After going without sleep for 48 hours, a person’s cognitive performance will worsen, and they will become very fatigued. At this point, the brain will start entering brief periods of complete unconsciousness, also known as microsleep.
How can I stay awake for 2 days?
How to Stay Awake Naturally Get Up and Move Around to Feel Awake. Take a Nap to Take the Edge Off Sleepiness. Give Your Eyes a Break to Avoid Fatigue. Eat a Healthy Snack to Boost Energy. Start a Conversation to Wake Up Your Mind. Turn Up the Lights to Ease Fatigue. Take a Breather to Feel Alert. If You’re Driving, Pull Over When Sleepy.
How do you recover from lack of sleep?
Tips for catching up on lost sleep Take a power nap of about 20 minutes in the early afternoon. Sleep on the weekends, but not more than two hours past the normal time you wake up. Sleep more for one or two nights. Go to bed a little earlier the next night.
Is 2 hours of sleep enough?
Ideally, you should try to get more than 90 minutes of sleep. Sleeping between 90 and 110 minutes gives your body time to complete one full sleep cycle and can minimize grogginess when you wake. But any sleep is better than not at all — even if it’s a 20-minute nap.
What’s the longest anyone has slept?
Many of us might wonder how someone can sleep for more than 8 or 10 hours at a stretch. Yet, Peter Powers, a Hypnotist from the UK holds the record of longest sleep to date. He stayed asleep for eight days straight and this feat was even covered by the European media exclusively.
Can you survive on 4 hours of sleep?
For most people, 4 hours of sleep per night isn’t enough to wake up feeling rested and mentally alert, no matter how well they sleep. There’s a common myth that you can adapt to chronically restricted sleep, but there’s no evidence that the body functionally adapts to sleep deprivation.
How do I survive an all nighter?
For when you need to pull an all – nighter to ace that test or hit that deadline, here are some ways to survive. Bank Your Sleep. Eat Protein. Chew Gum. Take a Nap. Drink Coffee. Related: How to Beat Procrastination This School Year. Check This Out:
How much sleep do you need by age?
National Sleep Foundation Recommends New Sleep Times
|Age||Recommended||May be appropriate|
|School-aged Children 6-13 years||9 to 11 hours||7 to 8 hours 12 hours|
|Teenagers 14-17 years||8 to 10 hours||7 hours 11 hours|
|Young Adults 18-25 years||7 to 9 hours||6 hours 10 to 11 hours|
|Adults 26- 64 years||7 to 9 hours||6 hours 10 hours|
How can I fall asleep in 10 seconds?
The military method Relax your entire face, including the muscles inside your mouth. Drop your shoulders to release the tension and let your hands drop to the side of your body. Exhale, relaxing your chest. Relax your legs, thighs, and calves. Clear your mind for 10 seconds by imagining a relaxing scene.
How long is a power nap?
Naps lasting 10 to 20 minutes are considered the ideal length. They are sometimes referred to as “ power naps ” because they provide recovery benefits without leaving the napper feeling sleepy afterward.
Are all nighters bad?
All – nighters are also bad for your mental health. People who are sleep deprived are likely to be more irritable than their usual selves. They are also at increased risk for depression and anxiety (3). You might also consider whether your mental health impacts your sleep schedule and causes you to pull all – nighters. 4 дня назад
Can you make up for lost sleep with naps?
Research has shown that just a few minutes of shut-eye will improve alertness, performance and mood, and a short afternoon nap can make up for the loss of one hour of nighttime sleep. Napping is a bit of an art, though. Here are some rules for making that snooze a success: Try not to nap after dark.
How much sleep is too much?
The “right” amount of sleep proves somewhat individual as some people will feel great on seven hours and others may need a little longer. However, in most studies and for most experts, over nine hours is considered an excessive or long amount of sleep for adults.
Can you function on 3 hours of sleep?
Is 3 hours enough? This will depend largely on how your body responds to resting this way. Some people are able to function on only 3 hours very well and actually perform better after sleeping in bursts. Though many experts do still recommend a minimum of 6 hours a night, with 8 being preferable. | https://www.virginialeenlaw.com/trends/question-how-many-days-can-you-stay-awake.html |
“For Sale, Baby Shoes, Never Worn”Ernest Hemingway
Much lore now surrounds this six-word story, accredited to Ernest Hemingway. So much has been made of these six words that the story now stretches around the world with countless book clubs holding annual six-word story contests, with the first and most well-known contest in Key West, Florida, Ernest Hemingway’s home where he allegedly gave this answer to a journalist.
So, what would your six-word story be about Jesus? To get things rolling here’s two of mine.
Gary
The Lamb of God saved me.
In Death, Thought Lost, Arose Victorious.
Include your six-word story in the comment section!
The story must present the truth about Christianity in a positive light. I reserve the right to remove any comments that are not appropriate for this site. | https://rockexcavationservice.org/2021/11/20/between-my-ears-34/ |
The Baynes Sound Connector recently marked its third year of service on the Buckley Bay–Denman Island route, achieving savings of more than 415,000 litres of fuel compared with the traditional vessel that previously serviced the route.
The smaller power requirements of a cable ferry mean BC Ferries can reduce fuel consumption, leading to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions of approximately 50 per cent. With no propellers and twice the fuel efficiency as conventional ferries, a cable ferry is a sustainable option for marine transportation. In addition, with no propellers it’s an exceptionally quiet ship both above and below the waterline.
“The Baynes Sound Connector has met and exceeded our expectations,” said Corrine Storey, BC Ferries’ vice-president and chief operating officer. “The ship has the ability to make more trips at peak times when demand is high, and its on-time performance was 97.8 per cent last year. While cable ferry technology is over 100 years old, it’s the perfect application to reduce our carbon footprint for this particular route.”
At 1,900 metres, the Baynes Sound Connector is the world’s longest saltwater cable ferry crossing. The vessel has a maximum speed of over 8.5 knots, and the capacity to carry 50 vehicles, and 150 passengers and crew. | https://www.vancouverislandfreedaily.com/news/denman-island-cable-ferry-surpasses-30000-sailings-in-three-years/ |
"From Space to Spacetime"
Location: Martin Wood Lecture Theatre, Department of Physics
Date: Saturday 9 June 2018
Time: 10:30 - 17:00
Since antiquity there has been a fascination with the notions of space and time with Aristotle's philosophy remaining dominant until the advent of the heliocentric Copernican system of the Solar System marked the first steps of modern rational science in its understanding of these concepts. This culminated in the Newtonian theory of familiar three-dimensional space and absolute time. However, the absence of a supposed ether, as established by Michelson and Morley, ushered in the Special Theory of Relativity and the entwined relationship between space and time, whilst Einstein's General Theory revealed a more complicated geometry of the two through curved spacetime. This conference will trace our understanding of space and time across the ages up to the latest knowledge of spacetime and the expanding Universe.
The programme for the day is below:
MORNING CHAIR: Dr Paola Castaño (Cardiff University)
10.30 am WELCOME
10.40 am Dr Inna Kupreeva (University of Edinburgh) - Conceptualising Space: Place, Location and Dimensions in Ancient Greek Philosophy [VIDEO]
11.30 am Dr Vincenzo De Risi (Université Paris-Diderot - CNRS) - From Substance to Function: the Structure of Space in Leibniz and Newton [VIDEO]
12.20 pm Dr Ioannis Votsis (New College of the Humanities, London) - Taking Up Space: The Case of the Ether [VIDEO]
1.15 pm LUNCH BREAK
AFTERNOON CHAIR: Dr Vincent Smith (University of Bristol)
2.15 pm Dr Maria Rodriguez (Albert Einstein Institute, Potsdam-Golm/Utah State University) - Welt: The Concept that Changed Physics [VIDEO]
3.05 pm Professor John Barrow (University of Cambridge) - Bending Space and Time [VIDEO]
4 pm TEA/COFFEE BREAK
4.30 pm SUMMARY OF THE DAY'S PROCEEDINGS - Dr Adam Caulton (University of Oxford) [VIDEO]
There will be a conference dinner at St Cross in the evening following the end of the conference with an after-dinner talk by Dr Alastair Reynolds (former European Space Agency physicist and science fiction author) on space and wormholes in science fiction. | https://www.stx.ox.ac.uk/event/from-space-to-spacetime-one-day-conference |
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