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As the world evolves to combat climate change, our societies are increasingly looking for more sustainable ways to function. Often, as consumers, we place pressure on companies to work to be more sustainable, however, we also seek to modify our own behaviour to help cut our own carbon footprints. How do we balance modification with passion, self-expression, and creativity? In other words, how do we maintain more sustainable ways of life without compromising our love of art? One answer is to explore the world of Sustainable art. Sustainable art engages with the key principles of sustainability (ecology, non-violence, social justice) by using sustainable materials and posing questions about the environment through artworks. Sustainable art dates back to the mid-20th century, when artists increasingly sought to use natural, upcycled or recycled materials in order to create pieces. In more recent years, the art world has come to embrace sustainability. As we have seen in the debate over NFTs, there are increasing demands from artists to make art more sustainable, and sustainability is becoming one of the criteria by which experts and novices judge new trends. NFTs may make art more accessible and offer up opportunities to up-and-coming artists to make their mark, but they require a huge amount of energy to be created, which has led to criticism of this new medium. If you want to discover more sustainable artists, but don’t know where to start, then look no further; here are three to introduce you to sustainable artistry! Saule Suleimenova Saule Suleimenova is a Kazakh artist based on Almaty, Kazakhstan. She celebrates Kazakh identity through her works and has created a number of public artworks throughout the world in order to champion Kazakh culture. The rise in plastic waste across the Kazakh Steppe meant that the ecology and aesthetic of the Steppe was constantly changing. Rather than portray the Steppe as it is often imagined, a large, uninterrupted ecosystem, she sought to include the reality of plastic pollution in her artworks. In 2015, she started to use plastic bags and polycarbonate sheets to create her artworks. Saule’s work thus simultaneously reflects on Kazakh identity as well as the principles of sustainability through her use of plastic as her medium and the attention she pays to the ecological shifts in the Kazakh Steppe. Kelin initially depicted a traditional Kazakh bride, made from plastic, on a huge plastic sheet. It was hung over a street in Astana and chairs were placed underneath it so that the public could sit and look up at the piece. Since Kelin, she has used plastic as her medium in many other projects and global exhibitions in order to depict grassroots protests in Kazakhstan. Her upcoming project, Saga of Returnees, explores those who left Kazakhstan to neighbouring countries who are finally returning. We will also publish an interview with Saule Suleimenova in the next article. Olafur Eliasson Olafur Eliasson is an Icelandic-Danish artist based in Copenhagen and Berlin. He is well known for his installation art, which often features light and water to create a sensory experience. Eliasson was born in Iceland and in 1999 took pictures of the glaciers across the country. In 2019, he created a well-known sustainable art project, called The Glacier Melt Series, which compares his pictures of Icelandic Glaciers with pictures taken in 2019. The stark difference between the sizes of the glaciers in the series was shocking not only to Eliasson, who had often thought of Glaciers as immobile structures, but to people around the world. The series also helped educate people on what Climate Change actually looks like over a relatively short period of time. Eliasson also created an interactive experience with his London based exhibition, Ice Watch. He placed blocks of Icelandic glacial ice outside the Tate Modern Museum and invited people to place their hands on them, feel them melting and experience the reality of climate change. Maya Lin Maya Lin is a Chinese-American artist who came to prominence when she won a competition to design the Vietnam Veteran’s War Memorial in Washington, D.C. at the tender age of 21. Since then, she has worked on multiple sculptures and landscapes. She has long been inspired by the environment, and has stated the environment has been a constant inspiration of her works. Lin combined her experience designing memorials with her ecological inspiration and created a memorial to species and places that are now extinct. What is Missing is made up of sculptures and a media exhibit, which means it is accessible from anywhere for anyone to see. She created it both as a memorial to ecosystems that have dissipated and as a piece that will inspire advocacy for climate change. Lin is currently working on a new project, called Ghost Forest, which is a memorial and reminder of the dying forests. She has saved 49 Atlantic white cedar trees and replanted them in Madison Square Park. The result is an eery, empty forest which echoes the barren nature of East Coast forests due to over logging. About TiA Talent : We create meaningful connections that human all needs. We engage with a community of multinational emerging artists in developing their career in France and overseas. By supporting artists, TiA also makes art more visible and reachable to all. Read here to learn more about us.	https://tia-talent.com/can-sustainability-and-art-stand-together/
We discuss the split between system and measuring apparatus, i.e. non-unitary nature, of the conventional quantum mechanics to motivate a causal unitary description of nature. We then describe causal quantum mechanics of de Broglie and Bohm. We conclude by presenting a version of recently proposed causal quantum mechanics which treats position and momentum variable symmetrically. pp 17-31 July 1997 Quantum Mechanics A generalized Schrödinger formalism as a Hilbert space representation of a generalized Liouville equation A generalized Schrödinger formalism has been presented which is obtained as a Hilbert space representation of a Liouville equation generalized to include the action as a dynamical variable, in addition to the positions and the momenta. This formalism applied to a classical mechanical system had been shown to yield a similar set of Schrödinger like equations for the classical dynamical system of charged particles in a magnetic field. The novel quantum-like predictions for this classical mechanical system have been experimentally demonstrated and the results are presented. pp 33-40 July 1997 Quantum Mechanics The quantum geometric phase as a transformation invariant The kinematic approach to the theory of the geometric phase is outlined. This phase is shown to be the simplest invariant under natural groups of transformations on curves in Hilbert space. The connection to the Bargmann invariant is brought out, and the case of group representations described. pp 41-64 July 1997 Quantum Mechanics Supersymmetry in quantum mechanics In the past ten years, the ideas of supersymmetry have been profitably applied to many nonrelativistic quantum mechanical problems. In particular, there is now a much deeper understanding of why certain potentials are analytically solvable. In this lecture I review the theoretical formulation of supersymmetric quantum mechanics and discuss many of its applications. I show that the well-known exactly solvable potentials can be understood in terms of a few basic ideas which include supersymmetric partner potentials and shape invariance. The connection between inverse scattering, isospectral potentials and supersymmetric quantum mechanics is discussed and multi-soliton solutions of the KdV equation are constructed. Further, it is pointed out that the connection between the solutions of the Dirac equation and the Schrödinger equation is exactly same as between the solutions of the MKdV and the KdV equations. pp 65-69 July 1997 Quantum Mechanics Violation of signal locality and unitarity in a merger of quantum mechanics and general relativity It is shown that a violation of signal locality and unitarity occur in a particular merger of quantum mechanics and general relativity. pp 71-80 July 1997 Particle Physics Quark confinement in 2+1 dimensional pure Yang-Mills theory We report some progress on the quark confinement problem in 2 + 1 dim. pure Yang-Mills theory, using Euclidean instanton methods. The instantons are regularized Wu-Yang ‘monopoles’, whose long range Coulomb field is screened by collective effects. Such configurations are stable to small perturbations unlike the case of singular, undressed monopoles. Using exact non-perturbative results for the 3-dim. Coulomb gas, where Debye screening holds for arbitrarily low temperatures, we show in a self-consistent way that a mass gap is dynamically generated in the gauge theory. The mass gap also determines the size of the monopoles. We also identify the disorder operator of the model in terms of the Sine-Gordon field of the Coulomb gas and hence obtain a dual representation whose symmetry is the centre ofSU(2). pp 81-92 July 1997 Particle Physics CP symmetry and its violation in fundamental interactions The concept of discrete symmetries in classical and quantum physics is reviewed. An account is given ofCP violation observed in theK-meson system and of other experiments whereCP symmetry has been tested. The present theoretical ideas onCP violation within the standard model, and problems needing extension of the model are described. Finally, ideas and experimental approaches toCP violation beyond the standard model are reviewed in brief. pp 93-107 July 1997 Plasma Physics Starting with the very definition of chaos, we demonstrate that the study of chaos is not an abstract one but can lead to some useful practical applications. With the advent of some powerful mathematical techniques and with the availability of fast computers, it is now possible to study the fascinating phenomena of chaos — the subject which is truly interdisciplinary. The essential role played by fractals, strange attractors, Poincare maps, etc., in the study of chaotic dynamics, is briefly discussed. Phenomena of self-organization, coherence in chaos and control of chaos in plasmas is highlighted. pp 109-127 July 1997 Plasma Physics Nonlinear wave modulations in plasmas A review of the generic features as well as the exact analytical solutions of coupled scalar field equations governing nonlinear wave modulations in plasmas is presented. Coupled sets of equations like the Zakharov system, the Schrödinger-Boussinesq system and the Schrödinger-KDV system are considered. For stationary solutions, the latter two systems yield a generic system of a pair of coupled, ordinary differential equations with many free parameters. Different classes of exact analytical solutions of the generic system which are valid in different regions of the parameter space are obtained. The generic system is shown to generalize the Hénon-Heiles equations in the field of nonlinear dynamics to include a case when the kinetic energy in the corresponding Hamiltonian is not positive definite. The relevance of the generic system to other equations like the self-dual Yang-Mills equations, the complex KDV equation and the complexified classical dynamical equations is also pointed out. pp 129-129 July 1997 Plasma Physics Thermodynamics of nonlinear plasma systems pp 131-145 July 1997 Astrophysics The large scale structure of the universe: Dynamical and statistical aspects The description of gravitational clustering is essentially statistical but its origin is dynamical. Hence both aspects of clustering: dynamical and statistical, must be understood in order to arrive at a proper appreciation of the subject of gravitational instability and the formation and evolution of the large scale structure of the Universe. Key dynamical aspects of gravitational clustering such as the Zeldovich approximation and its extension — the adhesion model are reviewed. Statistical indicators of clustering such as the correlation function and percolation theory, as applied to the large scale structure of the Universe have also been focussed on. pp 147-154 July 1997 Astrophysics Rotation curves of galaxies: Missing mass or missing physics The rotation curves of galaxies are modelled using very special properties of an hydrodynamically turbulent fluid possessing helicity fluctuations. The development of correlations among these fluctuations leads to the formation of organized structures characterized by a new flat branch of the spatial energy spectrum in addition to the well known Kolmogorov spectrum. It is proposed that the flat nature of the rotation curves of galaxies may be a result of the energy cascading processes occuring in turbulent galactic atmospheres. Thus, in this model, there is no need of invoking dark matter to account for the flat rotation curves of galaxies. pp 155-160 July 1997 Statistical Physics Deposition and evaporation ofk-mers: Dynamics of a many-state system When the dynamics of a system partitions the phase space of configurations into very many disjoint sectors, we are faced with an assignment problem: Given a configuration, how can we tell which sector it belongs to? We study this problem in connection with the dynamics of deposition and evaporation ofk particles at a time, from a lattice substrate. Fork ≥ 3, the system shows complex behaviour: (a) The number of disjoint sectors in phase space grows exponentially with the size. (b) The asymptotic time dependence of the autocorrelation function shows slow decays, with power laws which depend on the sector. Both (a) and (b) are explained in terms of a nonlocal construct known as the irreducible string (IS), formed from a particle configuration by applying a deletion algorithm. The IS provides a label for sectors; the multiplicity of possible IS’s accounts for (a), and let us determine sector numbers and sizes. The elements of the IS are conserved; thus their motion is responsible for the slow modes of the system, and accounts for (b) as well.	https://www.ias.ac.in/listing/articles/pram/049/01
Q: Raising a RealFrac to another RealFrac power I am attempting to raise a number which is of type RealFrac to the power of another number, also of type RealFrac. This question on exponentiation helpfully explains the various exponentiation functions in Haskell, and I believe I need to use (^) in order to preserve any non integer values. But how do I deal with the types? I keep coming up against errors like this: Could not deduce (Integral a) arising from a use of ‘^’ from the context (RealFrac a) bound by the type signature for splitFunc :: RealFrac a => a -> a -> a at Procedural/City.hs:41:16-42 Possible fix: add (Integral a) to the context of the type signature for splitFunc :: RealFrac a => a -> a -> a In the expression: r ^ l In an equation for ‘splitFunc’: splitFunc r l = r ^ l A: Two issues. Firstly, you do not want (^), but rather (^^) (if your exponents are always integer numbers) or () (if you need floating exponents): Prelude> :t (^) (^) :: (Integral b, Num a) => a -> b -> a Prelude> :t (^^) (^^) :: (Fractional a, Integral b) => a -> b -> a Prelude> :t () () :: Floating a => a -> a -> a Secondly, RealFrac covers not only floating point numbers but also, for instance, exact fractions. If you really need your function to use () and work with any RealFrac you will need to convert the values with realToFrac: Prelude> :t realToFrac realToFrac :: (Fractional b, Real a) => a -> b Naturally, if you define splitFunc r l = realToFrac r realToFrac l and pass exact fractions (e.g. something of type Ratio Integer) to it, the extra precision of exact fractions will be lost, as () is a floating point operation.
Bangladesh Partnership for Cleaner Textile (PaCT) officially launches the Textile Sustainability Platform at the city’s Lakeshore Hotel, on June 26, 2016. The Textile Sustainability Platform (TSP) is a national-level dialogue program, established to address resource use efficiency, and environmental sustainability of the textile sector in Bangladesh. The platform aims to establish the social capital for dialogue between the public and the private institutions, by convening stakeholders related to the textile sector to work collectively towards lowering sectoral barriers, and improving the policy and regulatory framework. The TSP operates through Working Groups (WGs) that focus on policy and regulations, voluntary actions by industry, and access to finance. Members of these WGs include textile factories, leading global brands, industry associations like the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Exporters Association (BGMEA), Bangladesh Textile Mills Association (BTMA), BKMEA, civil society, and government agencies. Based on a series of deliberation of the WGs, with support from Policy Research Institute (PRI), the platform, to date, has proposed several recommendations to the relevant government authorities for their consideration. “That the government has developed a US$ 200 million worth Green Transformation Fund (GTF), lowered customs duty on a number of eco-friendly goods, and raised taxes on three hazardous chemicals (azo dyes, organotin compounds, and chlorophenols) are promising moves from their part in encouraging the use of environment-friendly goods and in recognizing the role of the TSP in promoting sustainable practices in the textile sector,’ said Mohan Seneviratne, Program Manager, PaCT, in his welcome speech. At the event, Dr Ahsan H. Mansur, Executive Director of PRI presented the terms of reference for the Textile Sustainability Platform, where the scope of work of the TSP and its progress to date, and the underlying issues and challenges ahead of the TSP were shared and identified, respectively. Recognizing the strategic roles of BGMEA and BUILD in the Bangladesh textile sector, the TSP members collectively agreed on the decision for the TSP to be co-chaired by the two institutions, for the interim. Members from textile factories, H&M, industry associations including BGMEA and BTMA, the Policy Research Institute (PRI), the Centre for Policy Dialogue (CPD), UNIDO, GIZ, and banks were also present at the event. “BGMEA has always been an active partner of Bangladesh PaCT. Through the Textile Sustainability Platform, together we can address the issues pertaining to the textile wet processing sector, and support the industry as a whole to develop policies that are sustainable, eco-friendly, and cost effective,” expressed Mr Faruque Hassan, Senior Vice President, BGMEA.	https://www.textilepact.net/news-and-events/launching-ceremony-of-the-textile-sustainability-platform.html
Dawkins wrote his book to promote his point of view. In it he describes a computer program that simulates evolution by drawing tree-like structures called "biomorphs" (see Figure 1) on the computer screen. Each drawing is controlled by sixteen "genes" -- twelve of them numerical values that control particular aspects of the drawing. The program randomly "mutates" one or more genes each generation, presenting the user with 14 mutated offspring from which to select a new parent for future breeding. The results are a surprising variety of shapes, resembling variously trees, flowers, bugs, and so on. Not all at once, but the accumulation of random mutations, selected for "survival" by the user, can lead to many different kinds of shapes depending on the sequences of selection choices. Figure 1. Breeding Biomorphs in the Blind Watchmaker program. Undirected random mutation leads nowhere, as Dawkins recognizes. Natural selection, however, provides direction. Supposing it to be somewhat like a target against which each mutation is tested for similarity, he contrived a computer experiment to simulate a monkey randomly typing on a typewriter, but only changing a previously "fittest" sentence, one letter at a time. Each change that more closely resembles the target line from Shakespeare survives, while each change that does not is discarded. Not surprisingly, the computer program very quickly reproduced the correct line -- Dawkins reports times well under a hundred generations. As a mathematician and computer scientist I found these figures incredible so I wrote a program to reproduce the results. I was unable to attain matches in less than 600 generations without constraining the mutations to letters not yet matching the target -- a kind of Maxwellian "demon" that allows only anti-entropic evolutionary changes. This model is biologically incorrect, but that error does not significantly affect Dawkins' point. The fundamental flaw in Dawkins' reasoning lies in anti-entropic assumptions about natural selection. I will save that discussion for another time and concentrate here on the time considerations in the evolutionary model. In other words, for our purposes now we will assume that natural selection makes no errors, is not blind, and inexorably advances evolution toward ever greater complexity and order. This assumption cannot be sustained on entropic grounds, but even if it were true, we find that evolution is not possible in the time scale allotted to it. A human being has a genetic makeup containing something like 100 billion codons or DNA radicals [see Note 2]. At each locus any one of the four possible DNA radicals could be encoded, but with the exception of perhaps a few thousand genes that determine variability such as physical features and genetic diseases, most of them must be a specific codon for the organism to be a viable human. It is widely believed that there are many "junk" codes in the DNA that do not contribute to the viability of the organism, but that has not been established. Let's assume that only one billion codons (1%) are required to specify a viable human; the other 99% are assumed to be absolutely useless, encoding no proteins and contributing nothing to the survival of the species. For natural selection to work, each generation of evolutionary improvement must contribute only improvements to the organism (or else leave the genetic code unchanged); changes away from the target do not contribute to the evolutionary progress and are killed off by being less fit for survival. Since the chance of a mutation in a particular DNA locus has only 25% probability of matching the target, multiple simultaneous mutations render evolutionary progress increasingly improbable, a fact that Dawkins recognizes. We assume, therefore, that each generation in the evolutionary tree from the dawn of life to modern humanity represents only one incremental genetic step. This means that the evolutionary tree has one billion separate (genetically different) organisms in the line from protozoan #1 to modern man. Since the current theory places the dawn of life at something like one billion years ago, we find that evolution necessarily advances on the average, one step every year. That is a full cycle, parent giving birth to a mutated child who reaches reproductive maturity and gives birth to a new mutated child, in one year. It is clear that later in the chain the reproductive cycle is many years, but early on (protozoan through early segmentation stages) it can be reasonably assumed that it was less than one year. We conclude therefore, that for evolution to have occurred, natural selection must be able to identify and select for improvements immediately in the first generation of a mutation's appearance, a supposition so ridiculously optimistic that not even the most zealous evolutionists argue for it. Note that we are concerned only with the single line of heredity from the common ancestor to the first man. Each organism in that line must bear at least one offspring with a beneficial mutation and no harmful mutations. Other siblings in the family, and other organisms in the then-current species may have beneficial or harmful mutations, or no mutations at all, since they do not contribute to the genetic heritage of humans. If the chance of a single DNA locus mutating is about 10-9 and if each organism bears four or more offspring, then the chances are good for an evolutionary improvement in that generation. If the mutation rate is significantly higher (say for example, 10-6 as suggested by some) then each offspring is likely to suffer more harmful mutations than good, and the probability of successful transmission of progress dwindles to zero -- unless there is a little demon guiding the mutations the way Dawkins' Shakespeare program did, so that mutations only occur on the DNA that has not yet matched its target. If the chance of mutation is significantly less than our assumption, then we cannot sustain the necessary evolutionary rate. We assumed for our calculations that natural selection never made any mistakes, never deviated from its distant target. Dawkins recognizes that "life isn't like that. Evolution has no long-term goal. There is no long-distance target, no final perfection to serve as a criterion for selection." [page 50] If we take this view then of course we need much more time for the evolution of man. Dawkins recognizes that the real-life genetic codes have unobvious effects on the organism, and he designed his biomorph program to have similarly unobvious connections between the genes and the shape of the biomorph. And while it is important to him to continually deny a long-term objective, it seems to creep back into his discussion from time to time. At the end of the paperback edition of his book he offers a $1000 reward for the genetic formula for a particular biomorph: since it resembled a jewel-encrusted chalice, Dawkins called it "the Holy Grail" (see Figure 2). The reward and the printed image serve as a long-term target to which the reader is thereby encouraged to guide the random evolution of the program. If the shape of the biomorph were related to the genes in some obvious way, there would be no contest and no prize. But not only is the relationship somewhat unobvious, the genes interact between themselves in unobvious ways, so that a biomorph that looks similar to the target may not necessarily be genetically related to it. Dawkins designed this property into the program to mirror his perception of life. design to deduce its "genetic code" If a person were to take Dawkins up on his challenge, using the program to try to evolve the holy grail by the accumulation of small chance mutations and selecting the best fit each time could take millions of years. Or perhaps millions of computers. On the other hand, Dawkins' program, like nature and unlike the holy grail biomorph, is the product of careful design to achieve a particular purpose -- namely the simulation of evolution -- and like all products of design, the program is susceptible to scientific investigation and analysis. Where there is no design, the results of analysis yield no coherent results and no comprehensible theory. Taken on its own terms, the holy grail was not open to analysis: it was just a pattern of pixels. But the program was something else. I am a programmer, and I understand what a program has to do to accomplish its purposes; I made a living doing that kind of design. I am also an educator now, and I see a lot of student programs that lack coherent design. I read about Dawkins' program about a year after it was published, and after asking to make sure the prize had not yet been claimed, I sent away for the program. I fully expected to disassemble it to see how it related the genes to the drawing; that proved unnecessary. Although it is not without a few bugs, the program was sufficiently well-designed that I could apply the scientific method to its functioning and infer the complete laws of genetics for its artificial world. I fiddled with the genes for a while, then began formulating hypotheses and running experiments to verify or falsify them. Within a couple hours I understood the rules well enough to write my own program by the same rules. I knew I would be busy for the next two or three weeks -- too busy to tinker with finding the holy grail -- so I wrote a program to try directed evolution. You might think of my program as a kind of theistic evolution: the mutations were systematic and directed toward the target. For three weeks my program ran continuously on two computers, churning out biomorphs at the rate of 1000 per second and testing them for similarity to the target. If I had let it go, it might have found the grail in a couple years. I chose not to wait. Taking pencil and paper in hand, I then approached the problem from a designer's perspective: What combination of genes would give the particular pattern of pixels along the top of the cup? I drew colored lines on the paper representing the computer graphics screen drawing effects, and calculated what the interactions would yield (see Figure 3). Within three days I had calculated appropriate values for all twelve genes, and breathlessly entered the numbers into Dawkins' program. The chalice appeared! Well, not quite. I often tell my clients and students, "God gets His creations right on the first cut; the rest of us have to debug our work." In this case I had misunderstood how one of the genes worked. A little more analysis and a couple more hours of testing solved the problem. I won the prize [See Note 3] in three days of creative analysis. The Watchmaker is not blind; the biologist looking over His shoulder is blind. 1. This essay was sent to the Bible-Science Newsletter in 1988 and published shortly thereafter, but I seem to have misplaced my copy as published, so I don't have an exact bibliographic reference. 2. This was written before the Human Genome Project had produced any results. The current estimate is closer to 6 billion, but that does not significantly impact the force of the time argument. 3. Actually, I barely missed winning the prize. When I didn't hear from the publisher for several weeks, I called to ask what happened. The woman who spoke to me told me I was the third to submit a solution. When Richard Dawkins was informed of the winning entry, he reportedly said "So soon? I thought my money was safe." I persuaded her to give me the name and phone number of the winner, and I spoke to him at length. I asked if he used the evolve mode of the program, and he said he tried it, but it kept undoing his progress. Instead it took him three months, fiddling with the "genes" manually.	http://ittybittycomputers.com/Essays/Watcher.htm
Walk into almost any public library and you’ll see people of all ages engaging in the community space. When libraries offer programs and services that intentionally spark connection between generations, they contribute to more vibrant and cohesive communities. Learn how your library can develop inviting opportunities to encourage more intergenerational connections on a day-to day basis. This webinar will discuss why intergenerational relationships are important and will help you develop skills to foster intergenerational communication in your library. We’ll explore ideas and resources that will turn your library into a community intergenerational catalyst.	https://wvlc.libcal.com/event/4050065
What is reckless cornering? The forces experienced by a vehicle while cornering will to some extent depend on the type of vehicle being driven, and what is dangerous will vary slightly between motorcycles, cars, vehicles towing trailers and larger vehicles like trucks. For the purposes of this discussion we’ll therefore consider dangerous cornering from the perspective of car drivers. Reckless cornering in a car can involve one or more of: - cornering without considering potential obstacles or hazards hidden by the bend - accelerating or braking while cornering - changing gear manually while in a corner (thereby removing a hand from the steering wheel) - maintaining inappropriate speed through a corner - crossing lane markers while cornering - sharp cornering – making a substantial sudden or late change in a car’s direction using the car’s steering. Typically these dangerous cornering habits will take place in combination. For example, drivers maintaining high speed into a corner are usually required to make sudden changes to car direction when encountering sharp bends. Why reckless cornering is dangerous Cornering can potentially challenge a car’s stability and safety systems, as well as driver ability, more than any other driving activity. This is because a number of factors and physical forces impact a car while cornering, and combine to determine whether or not the car will navigate the corner safely. Reduced visibility You don’t need a good grasp of physics to understand the primary risk associated with corners. Unless you’re driving on a flat, featureless landscape, any corner poses an obvious and immediate problem – you can’t see around it. Therefore any behaviour that reduces your response time while cornering leaves you exposed to a virtually endless variety of sudden, unexpected road hazards that might be lurking out of sight around the bend. For example, a car that has stalled in your lane. Centrifugal forces As soon as a car goes into a bend, centrifugal force starts to act on it. You can picture this force as one that resists the car’s turning motion by pushing the car sideways towards the edge of the curve it is taking. This force is rapidly strengthened by increases in a vehicle’s speed and mass, as well as by decreases in the radius of the corner (i.e. tighter turns). The primary parts of your car counteracting centrifugal forces while cornering are your tyres, which produce what is known as centripetal force, or ‘cornering force’. When the centrifugal force exceeds the cornering force of your car’s tyres, your vehicle will lose traction with the road and you will typically lose control of it as it departs the curve. Inertia Centrifugal forces don’t act alone. When your vehicle takes a corner it also experiences a force of inertia – physical resistance to a change in direction. Like centrifugal force, inertia will push your car towards the edge of the curve. However, unlike centrifugal force, which is applied to your tyres at ground level, inertia acts on your vehicle’s center of mass, which is usually higher off the ground. The effect of these forces in combination is to tilt your car in the direction of the curve, a movement which is called a vehicle’s ‘roll’. Two things counteract these combined forces – gravity and your car’s suspension. Your suspension is designed to generate equal and opposite force to the rolling force, effectively redirecting the force of the roll back onto the tyres on the opposite side of your car. In addition, gravity takes your side by providing an anchoring force on your inside tyres. As long as your suspension and gravity are able to balance inertia and centrifugal force your car will not roll over. However, the faster and harder you corner, the more these forces increase. At some point they will meet and exceed your car’s ability to counteract them and it will roll over. Traction Friction between tyres and the road surface is required to accelerate, stop or turn a car. You probably understand this intuitively already, and realize the importance of reducing your car’s speed in any conditions that reduce road friction, such as muddy, wet or icy roads. Every set of tyres has a maximum amount of friction it can generate with a road surface, and turning, accelerating and stopping all push a tyre towards this friction limit. The moment you drive your car into a corner you immediately take a step towards your tyres friction limit. Once in the corner any additional work the tyres do reduces their capacity to supply the friction required to navigate the corner safely. Once the friction limit is reached on a tyre it will lose traction with the road and the driver will partially or completely lose control of the vehicle’s steering, acceleration and braking systems. The deadly effects of reckless cornering Accidents involving reckless cornering will typically involve one or more of the following scenarios: - loss of control of the vehicle - departure from the road - rolling the vehicle. The danger here is, of course, that a road is by default a surface cleared of fixed obstacles. In contrast, the side of the road is packed with obstacles ranging from trees to traffic lights, lampposts, walls and pedestrians. Therefore once a car departs a curve there is an extremely high probability it will collide with an obstacle of some kind. At this point the loss of vehicle control comes into play, as a panicked driver will usually be unable to effectively brake the car – or steer it away from a collision with an obstacle. In a best case scenario all four wheels will make contact with a high friction roadside surface and bring the car to a halt. In a worst case scenario the driver will impact an obstacle without being able to slow the vehicle. And the higher the speed at point of impact the greater the risk of serious injury or death, with the lethality of impacts at 50km/h hour or above increasing rapidly for every 5 km/h increase in speed. Rollovers If centrifugal and inertia forces overpower the car’s suspension system while cornering, this will result in an ‘untripped’ rolling accident. Alternatively, while departing the curb the curb side of a car may strike the curb or hit softer ground. This will cause a sudden increase in horizontal force which will overpower the car’s ability to resist these forces, causing a ‘tripped’ rollover accident. Whether tripped or untripped, rolling accidents are the most dangerous of all accident types. This is because most cars are not equipped with roll cages or rollover bars. In simple terms this means that the car provides little, if any, structural resistance to the roof crumpling into the vehicle’s cabin on impact with the ground. Therefore car occupants will usually sustain severe head injuries from contact with the collapsing roof or road surface. Reckless cornering fatality statistics in Australia Australian states don’t record reckless cornering as a behavioural cause of accidents. However, New South Wales, Western Australia and Victoria all record and report data on accidents that occur on or around corners or curves. The following table presents the number of fatalities recorded for these accidents as a percentage of road fatalities for the relevant year, where data is available. \|2012\|\|2013\|\|2014\|\|2015\|\|2016\|\|Avg\| \|NSW1\|\|22%\|\|27%\|\|22%\|\|25%\|\|22%\|\|24%\| \|VIC2\|\|8%\|\|11%\|\|9%\|\|10%\|\|14%\|\|11%\| \|WA3\|\|28%\|\|24%\|\|27%\|\|28%\|\|–\|\|27%\| 1NSW fatalities recorded as “Off path or out of control on curb”. 2VIC fatalities recorded under “Run off road on a curb”. 3WA fatalities recorded as “Accidents on curves”. While there are minor inter-state differences in how this type of accident is categorised, this data provides the clearest available picture of fatalities caused by cornering in Australia. When the fatalities caused by cornering accidents is considered in terms of the combined road toll for these states, these account for 20% of road fatalities. This figure is in the same range as some of the heavyweights of the ‘fatal five’, including speeding, driver fatigue, and driver inattention Once you are aware of the risks associated with cornering, the next step towards safer driving is to improve your driving and observation skills when navigating corners. You’ll also need to ensure that your car’s suspension and tyres are in good condition at all times. You can improve your safety when cornering by taking the following steps: Give yourself enough space to brake When taking a corner you need to be aware of how far ahead into the corner you can see, and consider the possibility that a stationary object may be just outside your field of vision. You should then assess whether or not you’re maintaining a speed low enough to come to a stop before you reach the point where the corner bends out of sight without having to slam on the brakes. If you feel like you’d be unable to stop your car completely without emergency braking before reaching that point, then you’re going too fast. Brake before you hit the curve As explained in the section on traction, you want to avoid asking your tyres to do extra work when cornering, since they are already working hard to stop your car being pushed off the curve by centrifugal force. What this means in practice is that you want to avoid any braking once in a corner, with the exception of braking your car to prevent a collision. Instead you want to reduce your speed to the appropriate level before turning into the corner. Don’t accelerate out of a bend Accelerate only once your tyres have been straightened and your car is travelling a straight path. This will also help you to avoid changing gear while you are taking the corner. This recommendation excludes turns into corners from a stop, such as at four way stops, where accelerating your vehicle is unavoidable. In these situations accelerate gently, and only make substantial increases to your car’s speed once your steering and wheels have been straightened. Use lanes appropriately Assuming you’re driving on the left hand side of the road, you want to: - Be closer to the lane dividing line while taking a left turn. This requires less steering correction while taking the bend and generates less centrifugal force. However, be aware that driving too close to the lane divider puts you at risk of colliding with oncoming drivers who are taking a right turn inappropriately and crossing into your lane. So allow sufficient space to compensate for oncoming drivers wandering into your lane. - Drive closer to the outside lane when taking a right turn. This requires less steering correction into right turns and reduces the relevant centrifugal forces. It also prevents you from coming into close proximity with oncoming drivers who might cross the lane dividing line. However, be aware of your proximity to the curb and allow for some space between your curb-side tyres and the edge of the road, as you are also narrowing the margin for your car coming off the road if other behaviours or conditions put you at risk of losing control of your vehicle. Adhere to speed limits where possible If you’re unsure at what speed to take a corner, observe any speed limit posted near the entrance to the corner. Where corners are indicated by road signage, or where the corner clearly has a small radius, lower your speed in proportion to the sharpness of the bend. Maintain your cars tyres and suspension Your tyres and suspension are the two main systems your car requires to generate traction and push back against centrifugal and inertia forces. Therefore anything that impacts their performance will also impact your car’s ability to safely navigate turns, and lower the threshold at which things can go wrong. Ensure your tyres are inflated to the correct pressure and have sufficient tread. Also have your suspension checked and serviced at the recommended intervals. Install UbiCar on your phone It’s tough to know how well you are cornering, even if you are trying to do the right thing. Telematics apps like UbiCar can be a great help in assisting you find out how well you corner, as well as when and where you are making mistakes. Download UbiCar now to find out how well you corner, and we’ll also show you how we reward smart drivers. Get fairer car insurance. Based on how you drive 1. Crossover trim Don’t have the money to buy yourself a 4×4? Don’t worry, auto manufacturers can help you dress up your car so that the average person won’t be able to tell the difference. You can elevate your suspension, get faux roof racks fitted, put mud guards over your tyres and do all sorts of other things that will do little to compensate for the fact that your car is, in fact, a front wheel drive with a one litre engine. If you’re offered this kind of trim, turn it down. It costs money, accomplishes nothing and adds little, if any, resale value to your car. 2. Racing trim Racing trim can include anything from rear spoilers to custom sports rims on your car. While this kind of trim can make your car look like a mean machine, it’s once again about style rather than substance. And to make matters worse, the more of this stuff you add the more the pool of potential buyers dwindles. When it comes to racing trim remember that less is more, and that whatever you invest in it won’t be returned when you sell the car. 3. Tinted windows Nothing says ‘I’m definitely not trying to sell crystal meth’ to the local constabulary like heavily tinted windows. Unless you have some practical, pressing need to make yourself invisible while behind the wheel, and don’t mind being pulled over more frequently than more transparent drivers, skip the dark tints. Dark tints not only don’t add value to your car, they can actually make it difficult to sell for its book value in future. 4. Enhanced audio systems If you feel the need to share your favourite track with everyone in a five block radius, then chances are you’ll want to get your car a supercharged sound system. The problem with these systems is they can cost a fortune but have little impact on your car’s value. However, if you do want to jack up your sound system, go with the manufacturer options. Highly customized sound systems can interfere with your car’s factory systems and settings and lower its resale value. 5. Keyless entry and ignition Keyless systems are finding their way into an ever-increasing number of cars, and are typically offered as an optional add-on when buyers are customizing new cars prior to purchase. This type of convenience says ‘premium’ but will save you about five calories of effort every day. And when the time comes to sell your car, the person you’re thinking of selling it to probably won’t see freedom from the tyranny of keys as any sort of meaningful benefit and is unlikely to pay extra for it. 6. Special paint jobs Many auto manufacturers charge extra for cars in certain colours and finishes. Typically the colours involved here are the type that make your car stand out more. Which means they’re the same type of colours that will put off the majority of second hand car buyers. Special paint jobs and finishes can add as much as 10% onto the sales price of your car without increasing its value whatsoever. So stick with the standard factory colours and finishes. And don’t be tempted to add racing decals or custom spray-paint jobs to your cars unless you have no intention of selling it at book value. 7. Out-of-league trim There’s a certain logic to buying an entry level, cheap vehicle and then attempting to convert it into a luxury vehicle by adding leather seats, electric windows, a sunroof and larger wheels. This can provide you with a more pleasurable driving experience, but the only effect it’s likely to have on the car’s book value is to decrease it. That’s because the greater the deviation from the factory standard, the less likely someone is to buy your car, even if it has plush finishes. Conversely, and unfairly, if you buy a luxury car without many of these features, it’s likely to lose resale value. 8. Telematics tracking devices You may decide to install a telematics tracking device in your car to ensure it can be tracked in the event of vehicle theft, or used to generate lower insurance premiums. While these are good reasons to use tracking technology, just bear in mind that you’ll absorb the costs associated with this, as telematics devices add no value to your car in the resale market. Instead consider that there are also solutions on the market that turn your smartphone into a powerful telematics device for free. UbiCar is a smartphone-based telematics car tracking solution that rewards smarter drivers. Download UbiCar now to find out how it can reward you for good driving.	https://ubicar.com.au/blog/the-fatal-impact-of-reckless-cornering/
Remembering Woodfords’ original residents They lived in balance with these mountains. The rivers were filled with the native Lahontan cutthroat trout, called K’ik’idi in Washoe. Edible plants and berries grew in abundance. Today it is called Woodfords, but before the arrival of people seeking to find the riches of gold and silver it was part of the land that provided sustenance and life to the Hung-a-lel-ti band of the Washoe Tribe. They were undisturbed and stable here for uncounted generations. Their lands were much larger than the borders of what is now Alpine County. With so many immigrants, gold seekers, and settlers coming through their way of life could no longer be supported. Using a cycle that meshed harmoniously with the seasons, the Washoe people were able to live here by hunting and gathering. By 1849 trading posts were set up on their land. Settlers most often chose to live on parcels with abundant game and edible plants that were depended on by the tribe. Within a decade in the mid 19th century, everything about their existence and territory changed completely. After gold was found in California, silver was discovered in Virginia City and the Comstock Bonanza lured those seeking riches onto Washoe terrain. The settlers viewed the land as an object of financial opportunity. In a very short time pine nuts, seeds, game, and fish had been overused. The harmonious rhythm that the Washoe had maintained was broken. Settlers and miners cut down trees, including the sacred Piñon pine to build structures, support mine shafts, and even burn as fuel. The Piñon pine woodlands that had once provided the Washoe with more than enough pine nuts became barren hillsides. Lahontan cutthroat trout disappeared from the region’s waters after over harvesting. Today there are efforts being made to reintroduce the fish into Alpine’s rivers and lakes. The Washoe hunted sage hens, deer, and many other local animals, all of which were plentiful. Each year their rabbit drive was a huge event. Rabbits provided fur for winter warmth and were another staple of their diet. The wagon trains came by the hundreds though, and traveled the trails that had previously been used by the Washoe for hunting and gathering. It completely disrupted their way of life. All of this happened less than 10 years after John Fremont led his exploratory mission through what is now Alpine County in 1844. The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up Washoe land into individual allotments. Cattle ranchers also leased Washoe land. The tribe gained federal recognition in 1936, and filed a claim in 1951 asking for reparation for fishing and hunting rights, minerals, timber, and land that had been wrongly taken. They settled in 1970, but there was no amount of money that could replace their lost way of life or change the suffering that stemmed from that loss. In 1970, a special act of Congress granted 80 acres to the tribe. This is now known as Hung-a-lel-ti. It is no where near enough land to support their previous way of living. Their ancient traditions included seasonal migration to the shores of Lake Tahoe, and encampment locations along the rivers and streams that were revisited each year. These special areas were chosen for specific access to hunting or for plants that were ready to harvest. The Washoe people loved and still love this land, and respect the importance of every tree, animal, and plant. Each inch counts. It is possible to perceive evidence of the way it was for the people who had their beginnings on this exact spot if you know how to look. These rivers run like the blood through their veins.
Creating Shared Language and Shared Artifactsby We live in a world of conversation, of language; all full of words. Mastery of language requires learning the meanings of thousands of words. The average native English language speaker uses in the realm of 12,000 to 20,000 words, whereas a college graduate would use 20-25,000 words. Shakespeare actively used more then 30,000 words, and his vocabulary was estimated to be over 66,000 words. Yet there are, at the very least, a quarter of a million distinct English words, excluding inflections, and words from technical and regional vocabularies. The Oxford English dictionary defines more then 600,000 words. But mastery of words is not enough to allow effective conversation. That is because words themselves don't have meaning; the meaning is provided by the people who use them. Meaning is in the mind, not in the words. Words also require context, outside of which they may have different meanings. For instance, consider the word "trust". To a banker or CPA "trust" is a property held by someone to manage for someone else's benefit. To a cryptographer it is the confidence in a future outcome based on probabilistic mathematics and past experience. Finally, to the lay person "trust" is about honesty. "Spin" is another example of a word that changes with context; to a weaver it is the production of thread, to a physicist it is a property of elemental particles, to an athlete it is a type of exercise class, and to a politician or public relations professional it is a way to tell a story to sway pubic opinion. Creating a Shared Language Every time a new group of people meet together — whether in a team, in a marketplace, or in a community — one of the first activities they must do together is create a shared language. They do this in order to communicate more effectively together, to put a context on the words that they have in common, to construct a shared understanding in their minds based both on available information and their individual diversity of experience. Don't forget that the linguistic root of communication is the Latin verb commūnĭco — which doesn't mean "to communicate" but instead means "to share something with someone, to take or receive a part of, to partake, to participate in". Thus the creation of a shared language takes us to the roots of communication. Without taking the time time to create shared language, groups have a difficult time forging mutual trust. Without a shared language there will be no clarity on mutual goals — whether it involves working together, transacting a trade, or creating something. Without a shared language commitments can be hard to make, and if misunderstood can lead to disagreements. These group formation phases — trust building, goal clarification, and commitment — are essential. Yet the art of creating a shared language together is not taught. Some individuals and groups do it intuitively while others will just let it evolve naturally over time. However, some facilitators have learned that one of the best ways to help a group form a shared language is by having the group create together a shared artifact. Using Shared Artifacts A shared artifact is the creation of an object or shared space that is created collaboratively. It allows the individuals participating to ask the questions: "Is this what you mean when you are talking about this? I use these words, so suppose we change it to this? Is that what you mean? Does this reflect our new shared understanding?" Examples of shared artifacts include Watson & Crick's Tinker-Toy DNA model. Each scientist would work on the model separately, then use grad students to carry the model around to his partner to express certain ideas. Both Compaq Computer and Southwest Airlines were reportedly established after their founders wrote their ideas down together on a table napkin, another shared artifact. Both of these examples show an important factor in shared artifacts — if the shared artifact is not constrained then it will be too large or complex for the group to reach some measure of completion. Finishing the shared artifact really helps establish trust and the connections between the participants. A shared artifact is also useful because flooding someone with information and terms gives no assurance that the recipient has gained knowledge of the subject. Instead, the act of creation confirms to both parties that the knowledge was successfully assimilated. Another advantage to creating a shared artifact is that it isolates any problems to the task at hand. Often there are differences in status, purpose, or perspective that can get in the way of group formation, but a focus on a common task of the creation of a neutral shared artifact allows those issues to come later as the participants develop the trust and shared language required to talk about those tough issues. The best facilitators know what kinds of shared artifacts work best for different groups under different circumstances. Sometimes a shared artifact is just a model of a process drawn on a white wall. Often it is a creation of a mission statement or joint objectives. I personally like taking old mind maps and trying to recreate them anew with more recent knowledge. The Future of Shared Language The nature of shared language is changing in the 21st century. The conjoined social networks in the blogosphere — via Facebook, Twitter, or the attendee-focused Unconference — cause new terminology and new language to form ever faster. I've personally seen words like "retweet" and "attribution" gain important contextual meaning within my social networks. As with any shared language, newcomers have difficulty discovering their meanings only by osmosis. Tagging is another means by which shared language is rapidly expanding. Certain words are gaining context through common use at Delicious.com, Technorati, Flickr, and other tag-enabled web sites. To a certain extent, all of these new shared languages are built upon shared artifacts. Twitter, Facebook, Delicious.com and others sites each create constraints on how language is shared and with whom. However, there is little purposeful social design being applied to these new shared languages. Though there may be shared artifacts, they are not purposefully facilitated. Will these increasingly organic shared languages prove better than more purposefully created ones or worse? Is social language facilitation the next big thing in social network? Or is there just not enough space for it within the tightly constrained social artifacts of the internet? These are questions that we as social software technologists need to address as the future of the internet increasingly becomes the present of our social groupings.	http://www.lifewithalacrity.com/2009/09/creating-shared-language-and-shared-artiifacts.html
During this morning’s MedTech Exec Talk on When Machines Do Everything: How to Get Ahead in a World of AI, Algorithms, Bots and Big Data, Raj Sodhi, President of ResMed’s SaaS Business & Healthcare Informatics, discussed ReMed’s usage of innovative technologies to drive better patient outcomes. While Sodhi acknowledged that it’s a long road to fully realizing new technologies like artificial intelligence, they can certainly be harnessed to change the way providers engage with patients. For instance, artificial intelligence has the potential to drive individual patient engagement by providing a lens on disease progression and personalizing the patient experience using that information. In order to get there, however, organizations must first enable data and human interface capabilities. Thus, even early consideration around adoption of these technologies is advantageous, as demonstrated by companies exploring this to some extent. The MedTech Innovator Showcase on Healthcare IT & Digital Health similarly focused on this theme of improving the current system through leveraging technologies, this time through companies driving innovation via information technology and digital health channels. Smaller companies across the industry are introducing solutions – Redox, for instance, aims to assist companies with the access and exchange of healthcare data, while RxAssurance Corporation promises to ease providers with opioid administration. Some markets have also taken on a more active role in facilitating opportunities for increased collaboration in innovation. As William Charnetski, Ontario’s Chief Health Innovation Strategist, noted during the MedTech Exec Talks: A Catalyst for Collaboration, Commercialization and Beyond: Ontario’s Health System as a Test Bed for Innovation, Ontario is pioneering Canada’s integrated approach to rapid technology testing and clinical pathway created through its outcomes-based funding models. Another market that is looking to make headway in innovation technologies is the United Kingdom, as Lord Prior, a UK Government Minster, discussed during the Brexit as a Catalyst for Innovation: A Fireside Chat. Strong in areas like life sciences, molecular biology, robotics and quantum computing, the UK government is actively seeking to leverage and scale these innovative technologies through stronger commercialization efforts and venture capital funding. Altogether, staying ahead of the curve requires keeping abreast of what’s up and coming in technology and how that can be applied in medical technology. Realizing that understanding this might also involve some level of learning how the same technologies have revolutionized and impacted other industries is important. The Rise of the Consumer: How Can MedTech Leverage the Best of Customer Centricity from other Industries draws on this concept – applying learnings from other industries can significantly advance the medical technology space. Perhaps the biggest takeaway agreed upon by this session’s panelists is the notion that healthcare innovations must learn from other industries and deliver customer-centric offerings that might include such things as educational offerings and ways to optimize the user experience. Tying in with yesterday’s theme around value in medical technology – prioritizing patient centricity is perhaps the only way to guarantee that whatever innovations come to market, they are value-based and truly do bring forth better health outcomes among patients.	http://blog.themedtechconference.com/the-medtech-conference-day-2-recap-evolving-innovation-patient-centricity
Description: Macedonian Institute for Media, starting from 2001 every year is giving awards for the Best Investigative Story of the Year. This traditional award is most prestigious award in the Macedonian media community. Duration: 2018 - 2020 Donor: European Union Description: The Macedonian Institute for Media in partnership with the Institute for Communication Studies, the Independent Trade Union of Journalists and Media Workers and the Media Diversity Institute - London has launched the News and Digital Literacy Project – Where Fake News Fails. The aim of the project, which will be implemented in the next three years with financial assistance from the European Union, is to improve effectiveness, responsibility and ethics of civil society and journalists in using the right of freedom of opinion and expression through promotion of news and digital literacy. The project will contribute to increasing the knowledge of CSOs to effectively counteract fake news and unethical media reporting and will help social media users become knowledgeable consumers of online news and information and responsible active citizens. It will increase debate on news and digital literacy among journalists by emphasizing the economic and social conditions for freedom of expression. The activities are designed in a way to strengthen the knowledge and capacities of the target groups, so that they can further promote news and digital literacy both in the media industry and among wider audience. The project foresees trainings, mentoring and re-granting of CSOs, preparation of a Social media strategy and research on the motivations of social media users, as well as production of various educational resources (videos, tutorials, blog posts, online quizzes). Within the project, campaigns and media events for social media users, journalists and CSOs will be organized. An annual media award that promotes journalism in the public interest will be organized and monthly publications for media professionals will be published. Duration: 2018 – 2021 Donor: European Union Seven media development organizations in the Western Balkans have joined forces under an EU funded project ’Media for Citizens – Citizens for Media’ to build capacities of CSOs to advance media and information literacy (MIL) in the region. The project (2018 – 2021) strives to contribute to strengthened and vibrant civil society actively advocating for advancement of MIL policies and practices in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. What will the project do? - Research reports will map the current state of MIL policies and practices in each country and the region as the basis for following activities. - MIL coalitions will be formed in each country as inter-sectorial working groups to draft advocacy plans and coordinate their implementation, supported by advocacy campaigns. - MIL Regional Screenshot, a one-day event, will gather various stakeholders, activists/experts and practitioners in Novi Sad, Serbia, for a regional exchange on how to advance MIL. - MIL Summer Festival will gather some 150 participants in Ohrid, Macedonia for educational workshops, expert panels and networking sessions featuring leading regional and EU-based experts so as to exchange knowledge and practice on innovative and creative digital solutions for promoting and teaching MIL. - Training future trainers will create a regional pool of 50 MIL trainers to train civil society organizations eager to advance and promote MIL across the region. - 40 MIL initiatives by civil society organizations will be funded by this project to raise awareness and educate about MIL and its importance. - Online campaigns will put in the spotlight the views about MIL of journalists, teachers and citizens – students, parents, the elderly – as the main protagonists. - “Journalism for Citizens” will bring renowned journalists into high schools to bring MIL closer to students focusing on media freedom and critical understanding of media contents. The regional program “Media for Citizens – Citizens for the media: Strengthening the Capacity of NGOs for the Development of Media and Information Literacy in the Western Balkans” is implemented with the support of the European Union by partner organizations Mediacentar Sarajevo, Albanian Media Institute,Macedonian Institute for Media, Montenegrin Media Institute, Novi Sad School of Journalism, Peace Institute, SEENPM . Duration: 2020 – 2021 Donor: Civica Mobilitas Partner: National Council of Disability Organizations of Macedonia Overall Objective: Effective advocacy for the rights of people with disabilities in the public sphere. Specific Objective: Establishing substantial cooperation between CSOs representing people with disabilities, journalists and relevant institutions through networking, joint coordination and practice of human rights-based journalism. Activities: Training for strengthening the mechanisms for cooperation between PwD CSOs, journalists and relevant institutions; Training for inclusive journalism, for journalists and representatives of PwD CSOs; Production of video stories on topics related to the social inclusion of people with disabilities; Production of a video campaign for the advocacy of the rights of people with disabilities; Preparation of communication strategy and establishment of efficient channels of digital communication for the needs of NSIOM. Duration: 2018 – 2021 Donor: European Union The three-year project is coordinated by the South East European Network for Professionalization of Media (SEENPM), a network of media development organizations in Central and South East Europe, and implemented in partnership with: Albanian Media Institute in Tirana, Foundation ‘Mediacentar’ in Sarajevo, Kosovo 2.0 in Pristina, Montenegro Media Institute in Podgorica, Macedonian Institute for Media in Skopje, Novi Sad School of Journalism in Novi Sad, Peace Institute in Ljubljana, and Bianet in Istanbul. The project is implemented in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia and Turkey. The project’s (2020 – 2023) primary focus is on: - strengthening capacities of media CSOs and grassroot organisations through networking and cooperation regionally to improve understanding of disinformation and hateful propaganda models of media and communication in the Western Balkans and Turkey (WBT); - the ability of media and civil society to respond to and debunk false information, particularly online; - building the resilience of citizens against disinformation through the promotion of joint solution involving media professionals and other stakeholders. Updates on project activities, outputs and products will be featured on the websites and social media channels of the partner organisations, including the SEENPM websites www.seenpm.org and www.cimusee.org. What will the project do? - Research reports - An analysis ofpolitical-economic basis of hate, disinformation and propaganda models of media and communication; - Analysis of hate and disinformation narratives; - Research (based on opinion polls) on media trust and media-gender issues; - Countering hate, disinformation and propaganda - Production of 6 TV shows informed by the research findings and aimed at raising the awareness among media audiences of key media freedom and freedom of expression issues; - Regional workshop for creative teams to learn from EU experts and peers and apply fresh creative solutions to national countering narrative campaigns; - Disinformation countering campaign to run on social media in all seven target countries; - Editors’ forum (titled “Editors for Trust”) to underline the potential power that editors hold in restoring media trust, and to exchange experiences on approaches to developing sustainable business models that promote quality, trusted journalism as a means of countering disinformation; - Study visits to EU countries for editors from the region; - Production of cross-border stories using constructive journalism approach. - Promoting of media and information literacy (MIL) in small towns and rural areas - Sub-granting scheme aimed at capacity building of grassroots organisations to engage in the promotion of MIL in small towns and rural areas that may be particularly vulnerable to disinformation and propaganda. - Advocacy - Preparing overview on regulatory and self-regulatory framework in beneficiary and selected EU countries to serve as a basis for advocacy activities; - National advocacy activities, with findings and good practices identified in the previous activity presented to national stakeholders invited to public debates in each beneficiary country and supported by guest speakers from the region or EU member states; - Conclusions from public debates and analytical activities will be summarised in country specific set of recommendations and distributed broadly.	https://www.mim.org.mk/en/about-mim/portfolio/ongoing-projects
Donald Senior, C.P., has labored long to fathom and share the meaning of the passion of Jesus in all its aspects. The passion narratives have been a major focus of his scholarly career, beginning with his dissertation at the University of Louvain on the passion narrative according to Matthew, which is a significant contribution to scholarship on the death of Jesus. Now the harvest of his years of biblical, theological and historical studies on the passion is presented in The Passion Series. The passion is the climactic event in each of the gospels. These volumes elucidate the passion in its historical background and explore its theological breadth and depth. With scholarly finesse and pastoral awareness, the author sets the vibrant message of the passion speaking to our lives and times. The Passion Series: Donald Senior, C.P., has labored long to fathom and share the meaning of the passion of Jesus in all its aspects. The passion narratives have been a major focus of his scholarly career, beginning with his dissertation at the University of Louvain on the passion narrative according to Matthew, which is a significant contribution to scholarship on the death of Jesus. Now the harvest of his years of biblical, theological and historical studies on the passion is presented in The Passion Series.	http://www.deaconsil.com/catalog/product979.html
Was the Ark of the Covenant, the golden box of the Old Testament, constructed at the Foot of Mount Sinai by Moses really a electrical device? \| \| I would like to point out that in attempting to explain some of the powers concerning the Ark of the Covenant I am NOT dismissing the power of G-d. I am a religious person, who believes in G-d. Even if some of the powers exhibited by the Ark, or any other religious artifact can be described as scientific and not supernatural in origin then the mystery is not solved. I cannot explain the Ark communicating the work of G-d to Moses but I can put forward a theory concerning some of the other "powers" of the Ark, the lightning, the glowing, the levitiation etc. The Ark of the Covenant was a box of Shittim (Acasia) wood, layered inside and outside with pure gold. It was crowned with a golden lid, or 'Mercy seat'. Sat astride the mercy seat, two golden cherubim face inwards, extending their wings forward and outwards, sheltering the Ark. This is the description of the Ark of the Covenant, taken from the Book of Exodus, Chapter 25. It describes the construction of one of the most sacred and powerful object in the Old Testament, capable of not only parting rivers, destroying cities, levatating and striking people dead but actually being a means of communication with G-d. But was the Ark of the Covenant really a ancient electrical device capable of immense power if used correctly, or if not, an extremely leathal object. The Bible itself speaks of numerous occasions on which the Ark was not worshipped correctly, resulting in more than often fatal consequences. Modern electricity is very much like this, we have rules for the safety of both ourselves and others when working with high voltage, which also have the same fatal consquences if not observed correctly. A typical electrical capacitor is described as being a non-conductive material surrounded by two conductive material. This is an exact description of the Ark itself (refer to the drawing below). If the inner layer of gold were to become positivily charged and the outer layer negativily charged then the whole shell of the Ark would become a charged capacitor. To charge the Ark "capacitor", all that would have been required would have been for the Priests to carry the Ark through the desert. The combination of the desert heat an friction would create static electricity, which could be effectively stored in the Ark. This charging of the Ark would explain a number of mysteries surrounding the Ark. The first being the need to wrap the Ark in animal skins and fine cloth as a means of 'protection'. This procedure needed to be done in exactly the correct way to ensure the Ark was safe for transportation. This would also explain the need to keep the Ark hidden in total darkness when not being used, and the need to carry it long distances before it produced its magic (the seven days around the walls of Jericho?). This would also solve the mystery surrounding the death of anyone who touched the Ark. If the Ark was touched while charged it could have proved instantly fatal. However, if touched while not charged there would be no effect (something the High Priest may have known). Another Mystery of the Ark is its ability to lift its own weight from the priests who carried it. It was written that after the long days of walking the desert, carrying the weight of the Ark, the priests would become tired. The Ark responded to this by making itself as light as air, releaving the priests of their burdon. It was aslo said to have occasionally lifted the priests themselves off the Ground! There are also stories of the Ark lifting itself off the ground after being placed there and actually leaving the Tabernacle on its own, in apparent mid-air. The apparent lifting of the Ark could be explained as the result of it becoming more charged as it is carried through the desert. As the negative charge on the outer gold layer increases, repellent forces push the Ark away from the negativily charged earth (see diagram above). The priests carrying the Ark would perceive a decrease in weight as if the Ark was lifting itself off the ground. This effect would actually increase the more the ark was charged (by walking the desert). If the Ark was a capacitor, capable of storing a huge charge of electricity, then what what this charge for? Why were the cherubim mounted upon the mercy seat, what purpose could they have had? The Bible tells of the Ark releasing fatal sparks of lightning and of a strange glow being emitted between the wings of the cherubim. Were the cherubim in fact terminals of a Tesla coil, powered from the charge of the Arks "capacitor"? A Tesla Coil is essentially a high voltage transformer that uses air in between primary and secondary coils. It can produce extremely high voltage discharges of 'lightning', sometimes over distances of a few meters. It's design schematic as essentially this: (this diagram has been simplified for ease of reading) The Tesla coil essentially steps-up power stored in the capacitor via a free air transformer. This is achived by the ratio of turns in the primary and secondary coils of the Tesla coil. The secondary coil is wound with more turns than the primary, inducing a higher voltage (and a lower current) across the secondary coil. This increase in power, if large enough, with create a spark of 'lightning' from the positive terminal of the secondary coil to any negativily charged object (usually the other coil terminal). Refer to the photograph above for an example of the 'lightning' effect. However, if there is not quite enough charge, then often the air between the terminals will glow with a violet coloured light. This is exactly what appears to have happened with the Ark of the Covenant. If you replace the various sections of the Tesla coil design with the prominent features of the Ark then you arrive at the possiblity of the Ark as an electrical device. You can replace the capacitor with the Arks inner and outer gold layers (as detailed above). You can replace the secondary coil terminals with the solid gold cherubim. The Tesla coil itself could have formed a section of the 'Mercy seat' since this is only a vauge translation of the original obscure hebrew word 'Kapporet'. The orginal meaning of this word is unknown, and could have originally been of a scientific origin. This leaves just the spark coil to be associated with the Ark. There was, of course, something else that was kept in the Ark, something that required Moses to be away from the group for 40 days. The stones of the Ten Commandments. Were these stones actually electrical equipment, comparable to the Tesla spark coil? It would appear that Moses has access to high levels of knowledge if he was partly involved in the construction of the Ark. Moses was heavily influenced by Egyptian culture, he was probably trained as an Egyptian High Priest. Even if he wasn't, he must have had access to the vast wealth of their knowledge. Did the secret library of the Egyptian god Thoth actually exist, did Moses have access to some of its secrets? If you have any comments about these principles, feel free to contact the author here.	https://pe2bz.philpem.me.uk/Comm01/-%20-%20Parts-NonActive/Capacitor/ArkOfCovenant/AA-Main
Video Five years on, MH370 families band together as mystery remains unsolved2:16 Five years ago, their loved ones boarded a plane and never came home. The mystery surrounding the disappearance of MH370 remains unsolved. On the anniversary of its disappearance, Reuters asks if they're any closer to finding closure. Michelle Hennessy reports.
LEI0065 - Practical Photoshop Course DescriptionIf you feel that Photoshop is intimidating, this may be the class for you. Structured to be interactive and to use PS tools and techniques in real-time, this class is formulated to break through any anxiety that the complexity of the program may cause. This eight-week course will take you through real-life Photoshop applications. This is not an advanced class but an introduction to the tools and techniques for adjusting photographs. The class includes photographing weekly assignments. Each week a new Photoshop tool or technique will be used as a hands-on experience. For some sessions, students will be all be assigned the same image and then through classroom exercises, we will begin to use basic and more advanced PS tools to create adjustments to the image. One objective of the class is to give students the confidence to continue to explore PS on their own. We will use raw tools and understand why shooting Raw is advantageous. Other topics are using PS itself for adjusting colors, layout, framing, cloning and most of the initial tools to create high-quality images. Course Outline Week 1. Photoshop first view. The in-class project is “Abstracts” and we will photograph around Harper College. We’ll return to the classroom and open our images in Photoshop. Take-home assignment for Week 2 is “Self Portrait”. Week 2. Using Photoshop Raw Tools. We will explore the tools available in PS Raw including color adjustments, highlights, and shadows, image and lens adjustments. An image will be provided and all students will work on the same photograph step by step using each of the tools. Students will create their own adjustments following the direction of the instructor but will be allowed to choose how they want to make the adjustments according to their own personal choice. Student’s previous assignment “ Abstracts” and “Self Portrait” will be projected and critiqued. Assignment for Week 3 is “Still Life”. Week 3. Exploring Photoshop Menu Bar, Tool Bar, and Workspace. Students will work on previous assignments in class. The instructor project a photograph and with class interaction, we will make initial adjustments. Assignment for Week 4 is to “show motion” - this can either be subject movement or camera motion. Week 4. Color adjustments. We will explore the various tools for adjusting colors of an image both in the Raw filter and the various choices in Photoshop, and we will discuss the pros and cons of each color adjustment tool. The same photograph will be made available for each student and they can make their own personal choices for how they want to express the color of the photograph. This is a hands-on process, the instructor will show the tools on the projected screen and students can follow along on their computers. Assignment for Week 5 is “Light”. Week 5. Transform tools, crop tool, cloning tool, dodging and burning tool. Each of these tools will be explained and then used for working on students’ images from previous assignments. We will critique photographs from the previous week’s “Light” assignment. The next assignment is a photograph for Multiple Image Merging. Week 6. Multiple images merging or composting. We will explore the techniques for selecting or masking parts of images to create a unique photograph of combined elements from two or more photographs. The next assignment is to photograph an image to be turned into a Black and White photograph. Week 7. Black and White. We will use various methods of dropping colors from the last assignment and explore some of the detailed adjustments Photoshop offers for creating a high quality black and white photographs. Assignment for Week 8 is to complete at least one image for framing. Week 8. Finished print for framing. In this final class, we will frame an image and have a classroom critique of the completed photograph(s). The rest of the class session is to review the topics we’ve covered and to discuss how students might use PS on their own after having this base knowledge of the program. Please note that because of the complexity of PS, this class outline will be flexible to assure that you are comfortable with the initial, basic operations and that specific topics and questions raised by students can be addressed. NotesHarold Rail Website Related Course RecommendationsNIGHT PHOTOGRAPHY PHOTO 102: BEGINNING PHOTOGRAPHY POINT AND SHOOT PHOTOGRAPHY I POINT AND SHOOT PHOTOGRAPHY II SMALL TOWN STREET PHOTOGRAPHY TestimonialsChicago’s Best Photography Teachers If you’re suspicious of photographers who want you to invest in a trip to Kauai in order to take beautiful landscape shots, you’re already more perceptive than most and perhaps you just need to get to Harper College. A photographer in the U.S. Army and a graduate of Columbia College, Harold Rail makes a living in photojournalism, commercial, and creative photography, so the man has the chops. A decade's long dedication to Zen Buddhist practice informs his images with knowing nano-second captures of infinity – and, honestly, where else can you get the combo of experience and artistry? Rail champions the art of photography teaching affordable classes for children, teenagers, and adults at Harper College. See the eccentricity and enthusiasm that blooms in his photographic work on exhibit at the new Hyatt Centric in Chicago, too.	https://ce.harpercollege.edu/search/publicCourseSearchDetails.do?method=load&courseId=6636084
CHARLESTON, S.C. (WCSC) - Residents of Charleston County struggling to make rent and utility payments during the COVID-19 pandemic might now be able to apply for relief funding. Charleston County officials say the county was awarded $12.4 million from the U.S. Treasury to implement an Emergency Rental Assistance Program that would stabilize housing and provide greater peace of mind to the county’s most vulnerable renters. While applications for the program will open Monday, county officials say in order to qualify the applicant must either have a risk of housing instability or be eligible for unemployment benefits. “Many of our residents have lost jobs in the months since the pandemic began, and they are in danger of losing their homes,” Charleston County Council Chairman Teddie Pryor said. “We are grateful to have this funding to help them, and want to encourage those who qualify to apply starting next week.” Rental assistance is available to both landlords and renters in all of Charleston County including local municipalities. The county says payments for eligible applicants will be made directly to the landlord, property management agency or utility provider for rent or utilities accrued after March 13, 2020 and up to a maximum of 12 months. Berkeley County also has an Emergency Rental Assistance Program. While applications for Berkeley County have been open for the past few weeks, that window closes Friday. Copyright 2021 WCSC. All rights reserved.	https://www.live5news.com/2021/04/12/charleston-county-opens-rental-assistance-program/
This blog post is a condensed version of a more detailed article, available here. Every day, regional development organizations (RDOs) are working to improve the lives of residents in communities across the country. Known locally as councils of governments, regional planning commissions, economic development districts, and other names, RDOs provide various types of support to their member communities in a host of service areas. Their diverse portfolio may include promoting place-based strategies in the areas of planning, housing, transportation, infrastructure, workforce development, social services, and other sectors. RDOs are typically governed by a policy board consisting of local elected officials, along with representatives from the business community, educational institutions, the nonprofit sector, and the general public. These public-based entities play an invaluable role in fostering intergovernmental collaboration among officials in all levels of government. RDOs can open the door to grant and loan funding, provide administrative support, and supply valuable staff support and access to technology. For rural places in particular, they can play a critical role in towns that may have limited capacity and resources due to part-time or volunteer staff that are tasked with carrying out the local functions of government. Because of their expertise and role as regional conveners, many RDOs serve as important players —though often behind the scenes — in supporting their region’s water systems. Below are snapshots of a few of the most important roles RDOs play to support water infrastructure. The most common way RDOs support local water systems is by helping counties and communities access funding through grant writing, administrative assistance, and capacity-building efforts. RDO staff can pursue funding from a mix of sources and provide guidance and oversight from initial grant preparation through the final project closeout. In addition to state-specific funding streams, popular federal funding sources include the US EPA Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRDF), HUD Community Development Block Grants (HUD-CDBG), USDA Rural Development (USDA RD), EDA Public Works, and grants from federal-state commissions such as the Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC) and Delta Regional Authority (DRA). RDOs serve as repositories for data, statistics, and other key information about the regions they serve. This can include information about demographics, economic development, land use, watersheds, commuter flows, and more. This knowledge can support towns and cities in making informed decisions about infrastructure planning and pursuing future investments. RDO staff’s knowledge of Geographic Information System (GIS) tools can provide critical information to communities about their utilities. Additionally, RDOs are also embracing cutting edge forms of mapping technology, such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) to acquire data for water, sewer, stormwater, gas, and other infrastructure modeling. Given their broad scope of work and array of partners, RDOs bring a regional focus to addressing water system planning and infrastructure. With their emphasis on collaboration, RDOs can initiate projects and infrastructure improvements that promote efficiency, keep costs down for consumers, improve water quality, and break down barriers between municipalities in the pursuit of funding opportunities. Without well-functioning and cost-effective utilities, economic development opportunities and business expansion prospects are severely limited for towns and cities. Water systems infrastructure and upgrades are therefore often part of larger economic development projects supported by RDOs and their partners. These can include very localized site-specific projects as well as much larger regional efforts to support an industry cluster. As key conveners and connectors in their regions, regional development organizations are well-positioned to support water infrastructure projects that lead to economic development opportunities and overall improved quality of life for residents. By providing grant writing support, technical assistance, fostering partnerships, and more, RDOs are ready and willing to assist your community in meeting your economic and community development goals. The National Association of Development Organizations (NADO) is a membership association that, in partnership with the NADO Research Foundation, provides training, research, and advocacy support for RDOs from coast to coast. To learn more about RDOs and NADO, visit www.nado.org. If your community is not yet connected with your local RDO or you are unsure which RDO serves where you live, please reach out to NADO Research Foundation Associate Director Brett Schwartz at [email protected].	https://efcnetwork.org/rdos-supporting-water-infrastructure-and-improving-quality-of-life/
October 15 Marks Seventh Annual National Latino AIDS Awareness Day in MichiganContact: James McCurtis, Jr. (517) 241-2112Agency: Community Health October 15, 2009 LANSING - The Michigan Department of Community Health recognizes Oct. 15 as the seventh annual National Latino AIDS Awareness Day (NLAAD) in Michigan. The national theme for this year's Latino AIDS Awareness Day is "United we can: Stop HIV and prevent AIDS. Para detener el VIH y prevenir el SIDA: Unidos Podemos." National Latino AIDS Awareness Day is observed on the final day of Hispanic Heritage Month. In Michigan, Hispanics are disproportionately represented in this epidemic. As of July 2009, Hispanics have a prevalence rate of 142 per 100,000 compared to 63 per 100,000 for whites. Seven counties in Michigan have a prevalence rate for Hispanics higher than the overall statewide rate of 140.5 per 100,000: Berrien (179.4); Genesee (161.7); Ingham (183.3); Kent (177.6); Oakland (155.6); Washtenaw (178.4); and Wayne (198.6). These rates are higher than last year and are cause for grave concern. "Each year on National Latino AIDS Awareness Day, we reaffirm our commitment to improve the health and well-being of Michigan's Latino communities, and to ensuring that prevention and care are culturally and linguistically appropriate," said Amna Osman, director of the Division of Health, Wellness, and Disease Control. "The Latino community continues to face challenging issues in their fight against HIV/AIDS, such as stigma, lack of access to adequate preventive care, and high poverty levels. Prevention education along with encouraging realistic lifestyle and behavioral changes are still our best weapons to eradicate this disease." Activities planned encourage those at risk to get tested, and include bi-lingual HIV counseling and testing; distribution of bi-lingual HIV prevention materials, display tables and state and local proclamations. Reynaldo Magdaleno of City Connect Detroit serves as the chair of the Latino AIDS Advisory Committee. For more information regarding Michigan NLAAD events, please contact the HIV/AIDS hotline at 1-800-872-AIDS.	https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/0,5885,7-339-73970_71692_8347-224288--,00.html
Looking for a way to further engage the creativity of budding writers, Carrollton High School English/language arts teacher Hunter Spurlock, sponsor of the CHS Creative Writing Club, decided formalizing their work through the publication of a school literary magazine would be an ideal way to encourage students and to boost confidence. The inaugural issue of The Golden Spiral was revealed at the end of the first semester with a launch party in the school’s media center. Spurlock said each issue will feature themed content; in this case, “Once Upon A Time …” The second issue is planned for publication in May. “The idea started when I took over the creative writing club at the end of last year,” said Spurlock, who inherited the duty with the retirement of another teacher. “I thought the students would be more engaged if they had more structure and something to write for.” Spurlock said he discussed the idea of the magazine with teacher peers and administration and that it was a collaborative effort with the CHS art department, with student artists providing works to enhance the publication. “Everyone thought it was a great idea, but I was still wondering how we would get students excited about submitting,” admits Spurlock. “I decided to come up with monthly challenges, where we would review the entries and pick a winner to receive a gift card and a certificate. We received more entries than I ever anticipated and the idea of a magazine to showcase some of the awesome stories became more of a reality.” Spurlock said the name came from a team brainstorming process. “I had a tough time coming up with a name and so I asked members of the creative writing club for help. They came through with some awesome suggestions. I then took those suggestions and sat down with the editing team and we all decided The Golden Spiral had a nice ring to it and nice symbolism with this almost being like a spiral notebook filled with their stories.” In addition to providing a vehicle to distribute their work, Spurlock says using this tool is a way to provide constructive feedback through a less intimidating process to help students grow and improve as creative artists. “What surprised me most is just how willing the students were to share their work,” he said. “I was sure that we had talented writers and artists at the school, but I had no idea how students and staff would get behind the project. Jake Richardson (CHS art teacher) was instrumental in helping me get students to submit amazing art and they were all so willing to share their work with me and also shape their work around the stories. It was very cool to come into contact with students I had not met before and just get to see them through the lens of how truly talented they are.” Through the development of the club, Spurlock said six students emerged as editors: Alison and Avery Sellers, co-chief editors; Charlie Brinkhof, managing editor/art editor; and Caro Dudley, Jon Van Valen, and Addison Loyd, editors at large. “I felt very strongly that this should be student-led,” said Spurlock. “When we received a submission, I would share it with the editors. They would make comments, corrections, and suggestions.” He said once a month he and the students would get together to discuss submissions to determine final inclusion. The 40-page first issue features a variety of short stories and poetry, including one short story written in Spanish. Most works are accompanied by student artwork. The issue also pays tribute to an early CHS literary magazine, “The Howler,” with an image of the May 1925 edition. “Writing is most powerful when it emerges from a place of authenticity,” said Marsha Hook, English/language arts department head. “The reboot of the CHS literary magazine is a powerful space for students to express their ideas, hone their individual voices, and publish their work so that it reaches an audience beyond their own peers, teachers, and family members.” Hook said the effort also helps students grow as members of a creative team in that the board of editors works closely with peer authors in providing critical feedback and reaching the goal of producing a polished piece of creative writing. “Ultimately, the literary magazine is an important space for continuing to grow the culture of writing and creativity that is already so vibrant here at CHS, while also empowering young creators to see their stories, words, and images as worthy of reaching larger audiences,” said Hook. CHS Principal Ian Lyle says The Golden Spiral is another example of the intentional efforts of the CHS faculty to engage students beyond their academic classes.	https://thecitymenus.com/2022/01/24/chs-launches-literary-magazine/
It is just how can you comment on the key features of the graph ? Btw, i am doing an analysis task and there is a ques abt practical problem in creating an open cylinder with max volume. How do answer this ? The Volume increases as the height increase. dV/dh = -(A^2)/ 4pih^2 We have an equation : V=(92pi-x)^2sqrt(4pix -x^2) )/ (24pi^2) Sketch the graph of dV/dh and give comment on the key features of this graph Sorry for giving unclear info ! Thx 4 ur time LOL If you did, we might be a little further along in this problem. With 14 posts in this thread, I can't see that you have actually done anything.Do you know any rules of differentiation? The ones that would be very useful here are the constant multiple rule, product rule, chain rule, in that order. After you have found the derivative dV/dx, then you can graph it. When you have the graph, you can decide what you think are key features of it.	https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/anyone-help-me-pls.313527/
Do you need to write a human development paper and you don’t know from where to start? We might have some ideas for you! Choose one of these topics for your human development research paper and you have the chance to impress your professors and get the maximum grade! - Human rights: there is no human development course that does not study the human rights. You discuss how these fundamental rights developed in time and the way they are perceived by the modern society. - The human development index: explain what are the factors that contribute to rank a country and how/why this index was formed. - The millennium development goals: is a set of eight pre-established, world-wide development goals that are supposed to be fulfilled by the end of 2015. Some of these are the eradication of extreme poverty and hunger and the promoting of gender equality. - Aid programs for Africa: here you have plenty of choices; every year there are new projects meant to improve the situation in Africa and to help with education, prevention of diseases or hunger. - Women rights: especially in part of Middle East and Asia, in the last years there was made an incredible progress when it comes to giving women the same rights as men. - Education programs: in the last decade, the number of kids without access to education reduced to almost half. Therefore, the active campaigns that are present in poor areas are very effective. - Autistic child development: many organizations put together every year projects that are meant to facilitate the introduction of autistic children in society. You can study the public perspective regarding autism and search for solutions. - Therapy through art: apparently art has a healing effect over victims or violence or traumatic events. Every city has at least one center that offers therapy with art. Pay a visit there and see how victims are regaining their life. - Minorities: the integration of minorities in society is a constant concern for human development associations. Find out more about the difficulties that minorities in your country are facing every day. - Disease prevention: there are still parts of the world where the most common vaccines are not accessible. Organizations are working hard to provide for these people medicine and medical facilities and to stop the spreading of infectious diseases. Human Development Research Paper Your task is to explore a controversy or complex issue in human development, taking into consideration various points of view and what research has to say on the subject. It isnt necessary to take sides. You may come to your own conclusions, just be sure your conclusions make sense given the facts you present. Important note on topic selection: I DO NOT want encyclopedic papers that just reports facts. You should write on a topic you are interested in thinking about. An Annotated Bibliographyis required for this paper. See your syllabus for the due date. Paper Requirements: All papers are to have a professional appearance. They are to be typed and free of grammatical and spelling errors. Papers should be about 1250 words long (5 pages). You must use the equivalent of 2 journal articles. Most articles in the popular press count as less than 1 source. Cite your sources using APA style. Begin by introducing the topic, explaining why it is a controversy and its relevance to human development. Include relevant background information from the textbook. Explain the different points of view in the controversy and the relevant evidence. For example, if one side argues that people are influenced by experiences they had before the age of 3, what experiments demonstrate that such memory exists? What experiments demonstrate that such memories have lingering influence? Summarize the points of view. If you have formed a conclusion of your own, state it and state how you came to your conclusion. If you have not formed a conclusion of your own, say why not. Do you need more information? If so, what questions remain in your mind? Grading Rubric \|Source quality\|\|Relevance\|\|Thoroughness\|\|Insight\|\|Writing/mechanics\| \|Exceeds Expectations\| \|Psychology Journals only\|\|Topic is complex and allows for multiple points of view; topic is clearly related to Human Development\|\|Sources represent a variety of points of view, and include the results of scientific research; each is fully described; information from the textbook is integrated into the paper\|\|Conclusion demonstrates thought and reflection; a synthesis of information from various sources is evident\|\|Consistently follows rules of standard English; Writing is organized, clear and coherent; Sources cited using APA style correctly in text and in Works Cited\| \|Meets Expectations\| \|In-depth articles in the New York Times, news magazines , or Psychology Today and at least 1 Journal article\|\|Topic has at least 2 points of view; is related to Human Development\|\|Sources represent at least 2 points of view and are of high quality (describe scientific research, provide strong logic and evidence; avoid anecdotes); each source is described; the textbook is used in the analysis\|\|Conclusion is logical and follows from information presented in the paper\|\|No major errors in English usage; Organized for readability; Sources cited using APA style\| \|Approaches Expectations\| \|Brief articles in the New York Times, news magazines, or Psychology Today\|\|Topic is "encyclopedic" (there is only one point of view to have); relation to Human Development is tangential\|\|Sources represent only one point of view or are simplistic (simply listing information and not providing sources, logic, or contradictory points of view); the textbook is mentioned, but not used in the analysis\|\|Conclusion does not follow from information presented or reflects no new thought\|\|Significant errors in English usage; some organizational problems; Citations are inadequate\| \|Does Not Approach Expectations\| (failing grade) \|.com sources with no author or references\|\|Topic is "encyclopedic"; topic is not related to Human Development\|\|Sources represent only one point of view and are simplistic; the textbook is not used\|\|Conclusion is weak, unclear, or illogical\|\|Multiple significant errors in English usage; poorly organized; fails to cite sources; is not stapled\| Use me as a resource at any point in your paper. Im glad to help. I may have relevant articles in my office.	http://sehdlg.mysteria.cz/226-sample-human-development-research-paper.php
Q: QR Decomposition Interpretation What is exact relationship between matrix R and input matrix A in QR factorization? Say, R gives the structure of A or R is a representation of A. How? We have Q'A = R. Does it mean A is projected to the subspcae of Q? If so, is R a representation of A in another space? A: One way to compute the QR decomposition is by Givens rotations, which means that $Q$ can be observed as a composition of many 2D rotations ("many" being at most $n(n-1)/2$ in case of a square $A$ of order $n$). Now, $Q^T$ (or $Q'$, as you denote the transpose) is just an inverse of those rotations, which are the same rotations applied in the opposite order and direction. Geometrically, this means that when you apply the rotations of $Q^T$ to the columns of $A$, the first column will fall on the first coordinate axes (so, it will have all the coordinates, except maybe the first one, equal to zero), the second column will fall into the space spanned by the first two coordinate axes (having at most first two coordinates not equal to zero), etc. Try to envision it on a 3D object: pick an edge, rotate it to an x-axis, then pick another edge, rotate it to xy-plane without moving the first one away from the x-axis, and that's your QR on the columns defined by those two edges (any additional edges will end up somewhere in 3D space, so no zeros for them, except maybe by a happy accident). P.S. Note that this is different from a projection which, unless it is identity, drops your dimension which loses you information. Like flattening an object instead of rotating it.
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) A Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) usually results from a bump, flow or jolt to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts the normal function of the brain. In recent years it has become a more common injury among military members as well as the general public. A Traumatic Brain Injury can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain. Mild traumatic brain injury may affect your brain cells temporarily, where a person may or may not lose consciousness for a few seconds or minutes. A person with a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury can sustain bruising, torn tissues, bleeding and other physical damage to the brain, along with long-term complications or loss of life. Symptoms of Traumatic Brain Injury Symptoms can appear immediately or weeks to months following a Traumatic Brain Injury. They vary according to the severity of the injury. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Full recovery can be within minutes to hours although a small percentage have symptoms that may persist months or years. Symptoms of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury may include: - Loss of consciousness for a few seconds or minutes - Headache, dizziness, confusion, lightheadedness - Fatigue or lethargy - Blurred vision or tired eyes - Ringing in the ears - Trouble concentrating, attention, thinking, and memory problems - Behavioral or mood changes, including irritability Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury A person with moderate or severe traumatic brain injury may show the same symptoms as a mild injury, but also may evidence: - Loss of consciousness with the injury, for an hour to a day - A headache that gets worse and does not go away - Repeated nausea and vomiting - Convulsions or seizures - An inability to wake from sleep - Dilation of one or both pupils of eyes - Weakness or numbness in the extremities - Loss of coordination - Slurred speech, sensory, vision and cognitive deficits - Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation for days to weeks - Mental or physical deficits that can last months or be permanent - Difficulties with attention, memory, concentration, and impulsiveness Treatment for Traumatic Brain Injury at the Yang Institute The Yang Institute uses a variety of therapies to treat Traumatic Brain Injury that are specific to each patient.	https://yanginstitute.com/traumatic-brain-injury-tbi/
Investors have been processing high inflation reports, rising interest rates, surging energy, commodity, and real estate prices. So, what is the market saying about which markets investors have favored the last couple of years vs where are they putting their money right now? A way to determine this is to simply plot the indices and then see how they stack up against each other. Price data should also be viewed and analyzed in a multi-timeframe environment: short-term, medium-term, and long-term. As a trader or investor, we know it’s important to determine if a market is in a bull, bear, accumulation, or distribution phase. Additionally, we want to know how the market we’re trading is performing compared to its peers. The following charts provide snapshots of how the SPY ETF (US S&P 500) is doing compared to the other US and global stock indices. The year-to-date chart is showing us a maximum volatility spread of 15.73%. This is simply the difference between the highest stock index, Australia 200 +1.18% vs the lowest stock index US Nasdaq 100 -14.55%. Australia’s market has recently done well due to its strong energy and commodity interests which in turn has contributed to the strengthening Australian dollar. SPY YEAR-TO-DATE DAILY: MAX VOLATILITY 15.73% www.TheTechnicalTraders.com – TradingView The volatility spread at first doesn’t seem that significant but over time it can be substantial. This is one of the reasons why our team continually tracks global money flow according to each country’s stock index but additionally other types of markets and asset classes. Our quantitative trading research is crucial in determining which markets to trade and how to efficiently employ trading capital. This maximum volatility spread during 2021-2022 is 44.42%. The highest stock index, India 50 +23.75% vs the lowest stock index Hong Kong 33 -20.67%. The Hong Kong and China stock markets have been plagued with numerous Covid issues in 2020, 2021, and now recently again in 2022. SPY 2021-2022 DAILY: MAX VOLATILITY 44.42% www.TheTechnicalTraders.com – TradingView Now we can take a longer-term view of the past 2+ years covering Covid before and after. We notice that the Nasdaq 100 is the overall leader despite its recent negative performance in 2022. This maximum volatility for 2020-2022 is 89.70%. The highest stock index, US Nasdaq 100 +69.70% vs the lowest stock index Hong Kong 33 -20.00%. SPY 2020-2022 DAILY: MAX VOLATILITY 89.70% www.TheTechnicalTraders.com – TradingView KNOWLEDGE, WISDOM, AND APPLICATION ARE NEEDED It is important to understand that we are not saying the market has topped and is headed lower. This article is to shed light on some interesting analyses of which you should be aware. As technical traders, we follow price only, and when a new trend has been confirmed, we will change our positions accordingly. We provide our ETF trades to our subscribers, and in the last six trades we entered in March, all have now been closed at a profit! Our models continually track price action in a multitude of markets, asset classes, and global money flow. As our models generate new information about trends or a change in trends, we will communicate these signals expeditiously to our subscribers and to those on our trading newsletter email list. Sign up for my free trading newsletter so you don’t miss the next opportunity! Successful trading is not limited to when to buy or sell stocks or commodities. Money and risk management play a critical role in becoming a consistently profitable trader. Correct position sizing utilizing stop-loss orders helps preserve your investment capital and allows traders to manage their portfolios according to their desired risk parameters. Additionally, scaling out of positions by taking profits and moving stop-loss orders to breakeven can complement ones’ success. WHAT STRATEGIES CAN HELP YOU NAVIGATE The CURRENT MARKET TRENDS? Learn how we use specific tools to help us understand price cycles, set-ups, and price target levels in various sectors to identify strategic entry and exit points for trades. Over the next 12 to 24+ months, we expect very large price swings in the US stock market and other asset classes across the globe. We believe the markets have begun to transition away from the continued central bank support rally phase and have started a revaluation phase as global traders attempt to identify the next big trends. Precious Metals will likely start to act as a proper hedge as caution and concern begin to drive traders/investors into Metals and other safe-havens. Historically, bonds have served as one of these safe-havens, but that is not proving to be the case this time around. So if bonds are off the table, what bond alternatives are there and how can they be deployed in a bond replacement strategy?	https://wallstreetwindow.com/2022/04/where-are-investors-putting-their-money-now-vs-then-chris-vermuelen/
This paper will discuss the Building Agent™ platform, which has been developed and deployed in a campus setting at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The Building Agent™ provides aggregated and coherent access to building data, including electric energy, thermal energy, temperatures, humidity, and lighting levels, and occupant feedback, which are displayed in various manners for visitors, building occupants, facility managers, and researchers. This paper focuses on the development of visualizations for facility managers, or an energy performance assurance role, where metered data are used to generate models that provide live predicted ranges of building performance by end use. Advanced SearchYour search resulted in 7 resources Sort by A case study of the overview, process, and results of the re-tuning that was conducted in a building in Arlington, Virginia by Vornado Realty Trust in October 2012. Re-tuning provided the facilities management team with the ability to identify and understand building scheduling opportunities that drove significant, low-cost energy savings. Five measures were conducted, many of which pertained to the HVAC system. This dynamic document provides background information to any potential audience of building re-tuning training. This document provides background information specifically geared toward small- to medium-sized commercial building operations. It introduces basic building energy terminology associated with building energy use to “prime” targeted participants to get the most out of the building re-tuning training. The intent is for participants who are less familiar with the concepts to review this material before taking the building re-tuning training class. The primary audience for this instructor manual is the person who will be teaching the re-tuning course. In addition, community college instructors, retro-commissioning training providers and building operator training providers may find value in the material presented in this instructor manual as well. The purpose of this course is to help building operations staff to learn how to operate buildings more efficiently, reduce operating cost and provide energy savings. The knowledge and skills learned through the training will be highly valued by organizations and companies seeking to improve the performance of their buildings. Provides additional information on what to highlight in each of the small building re-tuning slides. The intent of this user guide is to provide a description of the functionality of the Energy Charting and Metrics plus Building Re-tuning and Measurement and Verification (ECAM+) tool. ECAM+ facilitates the charting and analysis of energy use and point-level data from utility meters, building automation systems (BASs), and data loggers. This document describes the tool’s general functions and features, including installation, use, guidance, and limitations.The Energy Charting and Metrics Tool (ECAM) is an add-on for Microsoft Excel® which was developed to facilitate analysis of data from building (energy and other data). Key features of ECAM+ include the creation of charts to help re-tuning. Comprehensive commissioning can greatly improve the quality and energy efficiency of commercial refrigeration systems. This guide provides direction to owners and managers of commercial and industrial facilities that use refrigeration systems to help ensure that project requirements are met and that owners' expectations are achieved. This includes retail grocery, food service, refrigerated warehousing, and industrial refrigeration systems. The guide was produced as an ASHRAE special publication with funding from DOE/NREL. ASHRAE Standard 202-2013—Commissioning Process for Buildings and Systems. https://www.ashrae.org/technicalresources/ bookstore/commissioning-essentials. Available for purchase.	https://buildingdata.energy.gov/cbrd/search/resources/?f%5B0%5D=im_field_topics%3A401&f%5B1%5D=dm_field_publication_date%3A%5B2013-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z%20TO%202014-01-01T00%3A00%3A00Z%5D&f%5B2%5D=im_field_topics%3A394
In the diagram below, angle PQR=PRQ=STR=TSR, RQ=8, SQ=2. Find PQ Here is a hint. Using angle equalities what type can your prove that TSR and PQR are? As this is an AoPS question please do not post full solutions, but hints are ok. TY! THIS HELPED A LOT The hint! This diagram may help you solve this geometry problem. QR = QT = 8 XT = QS = 2 XY = TL = sqrt( QT² - QL² ) TR = QX = sqrt ( XY² + QY² ) You can take it from here; it's easy. tysm!!!	https://web2.0calc.com/questions/hello-plz-help-the-answers-i-ve-received-so-far-are
Interpretation centers can be visited in the following Islands: Santa Cruz, Isabella and San Cristobal. Sites of Interest in the Galapagos Islands \| \| Baltra: Small island (27 Km2), located north of Santa Cruz. Visit: Bachas Beach, where there are chances to hike in order to see the marine turtle nesting and Flamingoes. Snorkeling. \| \| \| \| \| \| Santa Cruz: One of the largest and most populated islands in the Archipelago (986 Km2). Visit: Charles Darwin Research Station, highlands. Chances to find several of the remaining subspecies of tortoises, marine iguanas, mocking birds, sharks and various species of land and sea birds. Flora: Mangrove, the native ever green Scalesia, prickly pear Cactus, salt brush, Palo Santo. \|Islas Plazas: Beautiful Island where we will have the chances toe enjoy the diverse fauna of the island such as sea lions, land and marine iguanas, and a huge variety of birds.\| \|Santa Fé: A beautiful island where there are high chances to find the giant cactus as well as a vast variety of iguanas, sea lions and marine turtles. Snorkeling opportunities.\| \|Española: A beautiful island with a white sand beach and the amazing Blowhole. High opportunities to find impressive colonies of sea birds such as blue-footed boobies, masked boobies among other species of fauna such as sea lions, marine iguanas, Galapagos hawk, etc. This is the only breeding site for wave albatross.\| \|Floreana: One of the best known islands. Chances to enjoy snorkeling with the Galapagos shark at the Devil's Crown (underwater crater). Visit the famous Post office bay where we will get the chance to learn more about Galapagos history.\| \| \| Rabida: A small but colorful island. Enjoy the scenery of its red sandy beaches and its fauna and flora. Common species: sea lions, flamingos, pelicans and white cheeked pintails. Flora: Palo Santo. Santiago: A beautiful island where there is the chance to find seals, blue-footed boobies, pelicans and a vast variety of sea birds. \|Bartolome: One of the most representative island in the archipelago. Here we can find the beautiful Pinnacle Rock with a Panoramic view of Sullivan Bay. Found species: Galapagos penguins, marine tortoises, white-tipped shark, lava lizard. Flora: Red mangrove, tiquilia, scalesia brush, lava cactus.\| \|North Seymour: A small island where we can hike through bird colonies. Uplifted island has large colonies of frigate birds, blue-footed boobies and sea lions.\| \|San Cristobal: The Capital of the archipelago is located in this island. A research station is located in this island too. Common species frequently found such as Giant tortoises, frigate birds, sea lions, blue-footed and masked boobies.\| \|Isabela: The largest island in the Archipelago. This island is formed by 5 active volcanoes. This island becomes an excellent site for diving. We can find in this island the larges population of giant tortoises, sea lions, flightless cormorant, frigate birds, Galapagos hawk and Galapagos penguins, marine iguanas, marine turtles, manta rays, hammerheads, eels, white-tipped sharks, blue-footed and masked boobies, groupers and snappers.\| \|Fernandina: The third larges island. Because of its dark rocky shores and black sand beaches, has become one of the most fascinating islands. This is one of the newest and the most active islands as well. Here we can find marine and land iguanas, pelicans, Galapagos penguins, fur seals, sea lions and flightless cormorants. Regarding flora, beautiful samples of pahohoe lava formations and mangroves, branchycereus cactus.\| Galapagos Islands Facts Population 2012: 26,640 Climate: The warmest months are December through June. It gets hot and rainy from January through June, during this time the islands get green and lush. Electricity Current on mainland and islands is 110v. Capital: Puerto Baquerizo Moreno, located on San Cristobal Islands Area: 3,090 square miles Recommended readings:	https://www.gotothegalapagos.com/home-page/galapagos-information
Urap (sometimes called urab) is a salad dish made from steamed vegetables mixed with sambal urap, or spiced grated coconut dressing. The dish is commonly found in Java and is an indispensable element of tumpeng, an important ritual offering. Tumpeng is a cone-shaped rice dish with side dishes of fish, meat and vegetables, each with its own philosophical significance. Tumpeng is presented as a ritual offering during celebrations or special occasions such as Independence Day, birthdays, etc. It is a symbol of gratitude to God as the creator of nature. The word urap itself derives from the word urip, or life, in Javanese. According to Javanese belief, life is both physical and spiritual, and living is not just about physical experiences. It’s also about creating, feeling and wanting. Our behaviour is influenced by intelligence, desire and emotion, which are invisible elements that are inseparable from human existence. To create harmony, it is important to be aligned physically and spiritually. All this is symbolised in the humble urap, as one of the symbolic dishes surrounding the tumpeng. Urap serves as a constant reminder, for Javanese people, that life is not just a physical but also a spiritual experience.Print Urap: Javanese Steamed Vegetable Salad - Prep Time: 20 minutes - Cook Time: 10 minutes - Total Time: 30 minutes - Yield: 4 1x - Category: Vegetables - Method: Blanching - Cuisine: Indonesian - Diet: Low Salt Description Urap is a traditional Javanese steamed vegetable salad, which is often used in ritual offerings. In Javanese culture it symbolizes the physical and spiritual aspects of life. Eaten with sambal urap, or grated coconut dressing. Ingredients - 1 small carrot, peeled, julienned - 50 gr bean sprout - 50 gr spinach, cut into bite-size pieces - 50 gr long beans, cut into bite-size pieces, around 4 cm each - 0.5 cup (or around 50 gr) sambal urap Instructions - Blanch all the vegetables separately, starting from the lightest-coloured to the darkest-coloured vegetables. - Mix all the blanched vegetables with the sambal urap. - Transfer to a serving plate, and serve immediately. It can be enjoyed with or without rice. Notes - Put a little salt when blanching the vegetables and when done, rinse immediately with cold or ice water so the vegetables will retain their bright colour.	https://www.cookmeindonesian.com/urap-javanese-steamed-vegetable-salad/
Role and Responsibilities Reporting to the Senior Director, Finance and Power Origination, the Manager – Origination, will work closely with the US Development Team to lead power marketing efforts in the U.S. with an emphasis on the ERCOT and PJM markets and will have the following main responsibilities: § Being responsible for establishing and maintaining wholesale energy customer relationships, and identifying, pursuing, and originating wholesale power transactions to support new renewable energy project development and acquisition opportunities; § Implement power hedging strategies, risk management, REC sales and supporting negotiation and administration of power contracts and representing the company in various industry forums; § Lead the development, origination, structuring, negotiation, and administration of wholesale renewable power and other offtake transactions within the U.S. in close coordination with the company’s development and finance groups; § Develop and grow relationships with existing and prospective wholesale customers, including corporate and industrial energy buyers, investor-owned and municipal utilities, cooperatives, merchant energy and commodity trading companies and banks, retail energy providers, and energy service providers; § Develop project offtake pricing strategies and present relevant options and related project economics to Innergex management, development and finance teams; § Identify and lead submission and management of requests for proposals for supply of energy from Innergex projects; § Manage trading and optimization of contracted and merchant energy, renewable energy credits (RECs), capacity, and other products across U.S. operating projects; § Participate as needed to promote and support company objectives in various industry forums addressing energy markets, power contracts, hedging structures, regulatory issues, etc. Profile § Strong track record of originating, leading, negotiating and executing successful wholesale power transactions (PPAs, hedges) and related structuring; § Deep knowledge of U.S. power markets (ERCOT and PJM experience preferred) and renewable energy project development; § Strong familiarity with renewable energy project financing processes and requirements, various forms of power contracts, environmental attributes and capacity sales, and federal and state tax credits, RPS programs, and other incentives; § Proven negotiation and deal-making skills; § Ability to work with senior management and other departments; strong customer service focus; § Exceptional oral and written communication and interpersonal skills; ability to network throughout organization; § Exude a professional, proactive, goal-oriented, and self-motivated style; § Ability to interact positively and work in and support a team environment; § Proficient PC skills using spreadsheets, PowerPoint, economic and financial models, and word processing; § Solid, verifiable contacts/relationships and negotiating experience with wholesale energy purchasers/marketers in the U.S.; § Frequent travel. Professional Requirements § Bachelor’s or advanced degree in Business, Accounting, Finance, or Engineering; § Minimum of 5 years of experience in the wholesale electric power market with a preference for demonstrable success with renewable energy projects; § Broad background of energy marketing and structuring along with a strong knowledge of wind and solar energy project development and financing; § Proficiency in French and English, both spoken and written; Spanish an asset. Company Profile Innergex Renewable Energy Inc. is a global player with an extensive and growing portfolio of assets in Canada, the United States, France and Chile. The Corporation develops, acquires, owns and operates hydroelectric facilities, wind farms and solar parks exclusively producing renewable energy. Sustainable development producing positive social, environmental and economic results guides our actions. We are not only proud of the work we do, but also of the way we do it. Our many accomplishments and continued successes are made possible by our outstanding team of employees. Innergex, a publicly traded corporation, has offices in Longueuil, Vancouver, Lyon and San Diego. The chosen candidate will preferably be based at the San Diego, California or Vancouver, BC offices. The candidate could also be based in Austin, Texas.	https://commoditytradingjobs.com/manager-origination-dev220-201deb9fdd6f
other side shall take first innings—i.e., proceed successively as batsmen, the first two as a pair together, to the wicket and try to make as many runs as possible against the bowling and fielding of their opponents. What is first and second innings in cricket? The length of innings depends on the type of match being played. In Twenty20 cricket, each inning can last up to 20 overs. The first innings of the match will usually last that long. The second inning can also go 20 but could end early for other reasons. In ODI’s, each inning can last up to 50 overs. How many innings are played in cricket? Test cricket consists of two innings per team, played over five days; while ODI and Twenty20 consist of a single innings per team. In Twenty20 and ODI matches, after the completion of both innings, the team that scored the most runs is declared the winner. What are the innings called in cricket? An innings is one of the divisions of a match during which one team takes its turn to bat, and is said to be “in to bat”. Innings is the subject of Law 13 in the Laws of Cricket. In a first-class match, there are up to four innings with each team due to bat twice (in practice, this is not always the case). What is the meaning of 2nd innings in cricket? Wiktionary. second inningsnoun. the first (or only) innings of the second side to bat in any match. second inningsnoun. the second innings played by each side in a match, considered separately, or the second innings of both sides in a match, considered together. Why are innings called innings? The term inning in baseball comes from the Old English innung — the gerund form of innian “to get within, put or bring in” — and was originally used in the sense of “a team’s turn in a game” in 1738. How many innings are there? Each half-inning formally starts when the umpire calls “Play” or “Play ball”. A full inning consists of six outs, three for each team; and, in Major League Baseball and most other adult leagues, a regulation game consists of nine innings. How long is an innings? Officially the “length” of an inning in baseball is a total of six consecutive outs, or three per team. However long that takes is up to the pitcher, batter, and fielders. What are innings and overs in cricket? The match is made up of two innings and each team takes a turn at batting and bowling. An innings is made up of 50 overs. An over involves six deliveries from the bowler. At the beginning of the match, the captains toss a coin and the winner elects to either bat or bowl. What inning means? Definition of inning 1a : a division of a baseball game consisting of a turn at bat for each team also : a baseball team’s turn at bat ending with the third out. b innings plural in form but singular or plural in construction : a division of a cricket match. c : a player’s turn (as in horseshoes, pool, or croquet) How many innings are in t20? In a Twenty20 game, the two teams have a single innings each, which is restricted to a maximum of 20 overs. What is another word for innings? In this page you can discover 27 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for inning, like: turn, , opportunity, stretch, chance to bat, period, stanza, session, heat, Often used in plural: bout and go. What are great innings? If you say that someone has had a good innings, you mean that they have had a long and successful life: He was 86 when he died so I suppose he’d had a good innings. How many innings are there in one day cricket? A one-day match is a game of one innings per side, played on a single day. Each innings is restricted to a maximum number of overs – 50 is standard, but 40 or 60 are sometimes used. When the fielding side has bowled the allotted number of overs, the batting side’s innings is complete, no matter how many wickets remain. How are cricket innings calculated? Take the overall number of runs the batsman scored. Take the overall number of times the batsman was out. Divide the number of runs by the number of times out.	https://hbqvbaa.org/clubs/what-is-first-innings-in-cricket.html
Q: Calculate the integral $ \int_{0}^{1}(ax^2+bx+c)^{-3/{2}}dx $ How to calculate the integral below: $$ \int_{0}^{1}(ax^2+bx+c)^{-3/{2}}dx $$ A: Hint: Complete the square on $ax^2+bx+c$ and then try a trigonometric substitution. Also, depending on the values of $a$, $b$, and $c$, the integral may be improper (and divergent).
We have dug deep into so many reading and writing concepts and skills this trimester! We have been exploring figurative language as we learned about similes, metaphors, and idioms We can identify these types of figurative language and use them in our writing as well! Who is telling the story is a question we ask ourselves every time we read! We learned how to identify the narrator of stories and how to identify and write in 1st, 2nd, and 3rd person points of view. We learned key words to look for and how different characters can have different perspectives of the events that take place! It is amazing to learn how people can see things totally different! This concept is also helping us to see things from different perspectives with our classroom peers! We have been working hard to identify and use nouns, proper nouns, plural nouns, pronouns, homophones, compound words, adjectives, adverbs, and verbs in our reading and writing! We have also been learning how prefixes and suffixes can help us determine word meanings. Check out our photos below from our field trip to Broxton Bridge and of our Cabbage Project!	https://www.riverviewcharterschool.org/mrs-fergusons-class/spring-is-here
Measuring is a compulsory process when planning to renovate any room in your home or building. Whether you create mood boards or plan your design first, measuring always has to be done at the initial stage of the renovation project. How To Measure Your Laundry Room Precision Is Key What to Measure In Your Laundry room - Wall to wall measurements of the entire room. - Floor to ceiling measurements, important to understand the maximum height of your cabinetry. It's a good idea to take the floor to ceiling measurement in each corner, especially in older homes. - Measure the floor from one end of the room to the other. Skirting boards are usually cut to make way for cabinetry so we need to add their depth back into the overall dimensions. Also make sure floors are level. If your floors are not level, you can speak to a licensed builder to do this for you. If you want to try it at home, you can use a Laser Level which projects a beam over a long distance. - Size and location of doors and windows. Note how much room is needed for doors to open as well as which way the doors open. - Waste & pipe positions, essential if you plan to relocate plumbing fixtures. - Location of light switches, PowerPoints and/or future PowerPoint locations, remembering you need PowerPoints for your washing machine, dryer and a couple accessible above the bench for smaller appliances . - Any other features that may obstruct your proposed reno, such as low hanging lights, fans, shelves. Common dimensions used by each fixture The commonly used unit of measurements in the building industry is millimetres (mm). Lengths, widths, depths and heights are usually given in millimetres. Where larger dimensions are shown such as the floor plan area of a room, metres will be used. Centimetres are rarely used. Important cabinet measurements - Depth: Measure the side of your cabinets, from the front of the cabinet to where it meets the wall. This measures how deep it is within your cabinet. - Width: Measure the front of your cabinets from side to side, starting at one end of the cabinet to the other. - Height: measured from the base of an object to the top or measured from floor up. Measure the front of your cabinets from the floor to the top of the counter or, for wall cabinets, the top of the cabinet to the bottom. Measuring specific cabinet types All cabinetry styles follow the same measurement guide as explained above. If you are a first time renovator, figuring out where to measure for the Depth, Width and Height of a cabinet will become intuitive with continued research and hands on experience. Here's the measurements for each cabinetry style explained: Floor or Base Cabinets: Measuring is a compulsory process when planning to renovate any room in your home or building. Whether you create mood boards or plan your design first, measuring always has to be done at the initial stage of the renovation project. Blind Corner Cabinets: This cabinet is used where you have cabinets continuing round a corner. The Blind Corner Cabinet extends to the adjacent wall, behind the adjacent cabinetry. Imagine a long cabinet with just one door. As items positioned toward the far end of the cabinet can be harder to reach, it is a good idea to incorporate storage baskets or boxes to make items more accessible. Wall Cabinets: Wall cabinets can be fitted on the wall above your laundry working area, usually between 500mm and 700mm above your benchtop. Wall cabinets are a great option to create additional storage space, especially in smaller rooms where storage space is a premium. Measure from wall to wall and keep in mind where windows are and any lights, fans or other features that may affect the amount of space available for this cabinetry style. Corner Wall Cabinets: This cabinetry style is fitted to the wall above the base cabinetry to fit the corner. To make sure this cabinet fit’s into place, measure from the corner of your wall to the right for the width and then measure from the corner of your wall to the left for the length of your cabinet. Open Shelves: Open shelves can be positioned below, or in place of wall cabinets to store items that are used regularly. With open shelves having no cabinet doors and only a base, it is best to install open shelves at an easily accessible height above the benchtop to store items you would use on a daily basis. Tall Cabinets: Tall cabinets are usually placed at the end of the room in a laundry floor plan in order to keep the height of cabinetry consistent and fit perfectly with the flow of wall cabinets. The most important measurement for this cabinetry style is the height. Make sure the height of your tall cabinets fits perfectly in your room or proposed space and is not obstructed by lights, ceiling fans and any other feature in your laundry room. End and Filler Panels: Where your cabinetry is finishing against a wall, you will require a filler panel. This fills any space between the wall and your cabinetry and allows doors to open completely without hitting the wall. Where your cabinetry finishes within the room you will require an end panel. Cabinet carcasses are white and are ‘dressed’ in coloured panels. End panels ensure that any visible cabinet ends are dressed. If you are leaving a gap between cabinets for a washing machine, you may also like to incorporate end panels on either side of the gap.	https://www.thebluespace.com.au/blogs/learn/how-to-measure
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search? Sort by Articles A pheromone-binding protein from the cockroach Leucophaea maderae: cloning, expression and pheromone binding Stéphane RIVIÈRE, Audrey LARTIGUE, Brigitte QUENNEDEY, Valérie CAMPANACCI, Jean-Pierre FARINE, Mariella TEGONI, Christian CAMBILLAU, Rémy BROSSUT Journal: Biochemical Journal Biochem J (2003) 371 (2): 573–579. Published: 15 April 2003 Abstract Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are thought to transport volatile compounds from air to their receptors through the sensillary lymph. In this protein family, the subgroup of pheromone-binding proteins (PBPs) is specifically tuned to the perception of the sexual pheromone. To date, the description of OBPs has been restricted to Endopterygota and Paraneoptera. Their expression in Orthopteroid has been hypothesized, but no evidence of OBP has been produced in this assemblage to date. In the present study, we describe the first OBP from a Dictyopteran insect that belongs to the cockroach Leucophaea maderae . The PBP of L. maderae (PBPLma) shares all the hallmarks of the OBP family and is expressed specifically in the female adult antennae, the sex that perceives the sexual pheromone. The affinity of the recombinant PBPLma produced in the Escherichia coli periplasm for the pheromonal compounds has been tested by displacement of a fluorophore, 8-anilino-1-naphtalenesulphonic acid (ANS). Our results suggest that two chemically close compounds of the pheromonal blend (3-hydroxy-butan-2-one and butane-2,3-diol) are capable of displacing ANS, whereas two other pheromone components (E-2-octenoic acid and senecioic acid) and other alkyl volatile compounds are not capable of displacing ANS, indicating a certain filtering of binding, which can be correlated with the putative function. Articles Amor MOSBAH, Valérie CAMPANACCI, Audrey LARTIGUE, Mariella TEGONI, Christian CAMBILLAU, Hervé DARBON Journal: Biochemical Journal Biochem J (2003) 369 (1): 39–44. Published: 01 January 2003 Abstract Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are believed to be involved in chemical communication and perception. A number of such proteins, of molecular mass 13kDa, have been isolated from different sensory organs of a wide range of insect species. Several CSPs have been identified in the antennae and proboscis of the moth Mamestra brassicae . CSPMbraA6, a 112-amino-acid antennal protein, has been expressed in a soluble form in large quantities in the Escherichi coli periplasm. NMR structure determination of CSPMbraA6 has been performed with 1 H- and 15 N-labelled samples. The calculated structures present an average root mean square deviation about the mean structure of 0.63Å for backbone atoms and 1.27Å for all non-hydrogen atoms except the 12 N-terminal residues. The protein is well folded from residue 12 to residue 110, and consists of a non-bundle α-helical structure with six helices connected by αα loops. It has a globular shape, with overall dimensions of 32Å×28Å×24Å. A channel is visible in the hydrophobic core, with dimensions of 3Å×9Å×21Å. In some of the 20 solution structures calculated, this channel is closed either by Trp-94 at one end or by Tyr-26 at the other end; in some other solutions, this channel is closed at both ends. Binding experiments with 12-bromododecanol indicate that the CSPMbraA6 structure is modified upon ligand binding.	https://portlandpress.com/biochemj/search-results?f_Authors=Audrey+LARTIGUE
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Over the past ten years in Australia there have been significant changes to the operating models of not-for-profit superannuation funds and the services they provide to members. The cumulative impact of these changes has begun to be fully realised as the flow-on effects of COVID-19 have highlighted the complexity inherent within many funds. With the aim of improving member outcomes and retaining scale, over time many not-for-profit funds have put in place a range of fund enhancements and investment related changes, such as: - Increased range of investment options, including ‘direct’ investments (with the corresponding ability to switch); - Daily unit pricing; - Relative high allocation to unlisted and real assets; - Investment management internalisation. The end result has been that many not-for-profit funds have begun to look like investment platforms on the member-facing side, while some funds are beginning to resemble fund managers in the way they manage fund investments and undertake asset allocation. Diagnosis – increased complexity and interconnectedness Assessed individually these changes have largely been successful and have improved net returns to members, and provided increased member services and benefits. However, when taken as a collective the diagnosis is that both the member and investment operations of not-for-profit superannuation funds are now a lot more complex than they were a decade ago. Incremental changes have greatly increased operating model complexity and resulted in the operations of a superannuation fund becoming much more interconnected. This has been brought to light with the confluence of factors surrounding COVID-19. The market correction, subsequent impact on market liquidity and unexpected regulatory changes have highlighted how interrelated the member and investment operations of a superannuation fund are, and how decisions made around product features provided to members greatly impact investment operations and vice versa. Treatment – integrated development and delivery of member benefits How do not-for-profit funds respond to this condition of complexity and interconnectedness? We believe that a more integrated approach to the development and delivery of member benefits is required. One that takes into account the interaction of fund features at the member account level with the underlying investments that support members’ superannuation and retirement savings. As a result we recommend a ‘whole of fund’ approach to product development built upon the following foundations: - a holistic product development mindset where customer needs, investment management capability and operating model implications are all key inputs into decisions around new product design and the development of new features for members; - an integrated operating model with functional capability across key operational areas, organisation structures to encourage interaction and collaboration, and a supporting technology, data and service provider ecosystem. Importantly a well designed and implemented integrated operating model will bring together what are often disconnected member and investment operating models within many superannuation funds; - a clearly defined product development capability with an appropriate level of skills and resources backed by supporting product development processes and governance frameworks. This capability is the glue to enable a true ‘whole of fund’ approach involving all functional areas. While this already happens to varying degrees in some not-for-profit funds, there is scope to learn from successful asset management firms who have experience in bringing together the customer insight and delivery capability of product teams with the investment focus and expertise of front office teams. An integrated approach to product development which expressly involves the investment team from the start of the process helps ensures product features are in tune with underlying investment characteristics (including risk factors and asset and liability profiles). While incorporating the subject matter expertise of other functional areas, including service providers, throughout the process provides input as to what is practical from an operational, system, process and regulatory perspective. Prognosis – benefits of an integrated approach In an environment of increased regulatory and market uncertainty, the outcome of an integrated approach to product development is expected to be two-fold: - Development of investment options and fund features that: a) meet demonstrable member needs; and b) tie-back to the underlying investment infrastructure that support them, from both an investment allocation and investment operations perspective. This may result in a simpler range of investment options being offered in the future as funds factor in upcoming Design & Distribution Obligations (DDO) requirements, the cost/benefit to members of product development and underlying investment constraints; - Greater coordination and collaboration across member and investment-related functions. Different functions coming together in a coordinated way will enable funds to have the required focus and capability to develop innovative retirement solutions for members. This ‘whole of fund’ approach treats the symptoms of increased complexity and interconnectedness that funds are currently experiencing, and provides the antidote to ensure this vitally important part of the industry will come back in an even healthier position. Shoreline can help. With extensive experience in product development and target operating model design for asset owners and asset managers, we are able to assist funds with product development frameworks and operating model design. If you would like to find out more please contact us.	https://shorelineawc.com/positive-remedy-an-integrated-approach-to-superannuation-product-development-operating-model-design-post-covid-19/
The Brookline Arts Center is pleased to present New England Thread. This exhibition presents a selection of works by artists who explore the possibilities of art using natural or synthetic fibers and employing either traditional techniques such as weaving and knitting or more unconventional methods. Works include garments, tapestries, sculptures and even installations that explore the materiality of this artistic practice. "Sheep" by Eleanor Elkin "Red Ruby" by Dora Hsiung "Audra" by Chelsea Revelle New England Thread was juried by Beth McLaughlin. Selected artists include M. Bolalek, Eva Camacho-Sanchez, William Chambers, Tarja Cockell, Jospehine Dougan, Cassie Doyon, Eleanor Elkin, Carol Fitzsimons, Dora Hsiung, Lee Johnson, Julia Luteran, Virginia Mahoney, Sandra Mayo, Elizabeth Menges, Roz Park, Kara Patrowicz, Stephanie Pereira, Hayley Perry, Chelsea Revelle, Minna Rothman, Ellen Schiffman, Susan Siefer, Adrienne Shishko, Gail Smuda, Deb Step, and Sarah Valente. Juror Beth C. McLaughlin is Chief Curator of Exhibitions and Collections at Fuller Craft Museum in Brockton, Massachusetts. Ms. McLaughlin has held leadership and curatorial roles in the arts and museum fields for over 25 years at institutions across the U.S., including Fuller Craft Museum, The Oakland Museum of California, and DeCordova Sculpture Park and Museum. She has curated over 45 exhibitions and has served as a juror/adjudicator for a number of cultural organizations including Fiber Art Now Excellence in Fibers, Massachusetts Cultural Council, Cherry Creek Arts Festival, Providence Holiday Art Sale, and the City of Worcester. Ms. McLaughlin has been published in several national periodicals, such as Fiber Art Now, the Decorative Arts Society Newsletter, and American Craft Magazine. Ms. McLaughlin is passionate about expanding awareness of the craft field, promoting the makers, and exploring the transformative powers of handmade objects.	http://www.brooklineartscenter.com/gallery/newenglandthread
An easy to use online calculator to solve trapezoid problems. The angles, the height h, the area and the diagonals of a trapezoid are calculated given its 4 sides. Formulas of angles, height and area have been found in Solve Trapezoid Given its Bases and Legs. How to use the trapezoid calculator Enter the 4 sides a, b, c and d of the trapezoid in the order as positive real numbers and press "calculate" with b being the short base and d being the long base (d > b). When the problem has a solution, the outputs are: the angles A, B, C and D, the height h, the area and the lengths of the diagonals AC and BD of the trapezoid. NOTE: b must be smaller than d.	https://www.analyzemath.com/Geometry_calculators/trapezoid_calculator.html
How do ancient viruses cause MS and other neurological diseases? Ancient viruses have left behind traces in our DNA. Researchers believe these contribute to neurological conditions. Could inhibiting our viral passengers pave the way for future treatments? What links neurological conditions and ancient viruses? Transposable elements, which scientists also call transposons or jumping genes, are stretches of DNA that harbor the ability to move around […] AI can predict psychosis risk in everyday language People’s language could reveal clues about their future risk of developing psychosis. Scientists concluded this after studying the subtle features of people’s everyday speech. Subtle differences in word use can indicate psychosis risk, and machine learning can help identify it. Researchers at Emory University in Atlanta, GA, and Harvard University in Boston, MA, used a […] Could a broccoli sprout extract help treat schizophrenia? The current schizophrenia treatments rely on antipsychotic drugs that come with unwanted side effects. However, new research has found that a chemical called sulforaphane could reduce and even prevent symptoms of the condition. Broccoli sprouts contain a chemical that may alleviate schizophrenia. Many people with schizophrenia experience hallucinations and delusions that can significantly impact their […] What really happens in the brain during a hallucination?	http://health.biz-0.com/category/schizophrenia/
people will be more tangible then other more noticeable then others depending on how you live your day to day life, your views perspective you expressions all of it. When one opens their eye to what they usually would turn a blind eye to it is hard not show some signs of change. Or to see change more tangible change. Compared to those that have lived it, who have already started the ascension or transition. For everybody ascension is different no ones will look the same. Many will be similar but not the same. Individuality is something beings cling to as if it makes you unique. But with unity there is still uniqueness and individuality as no thumb print is the same neither is no light/ individual. For focus on that light or individuality for which is unity. To be part of something that with a cause, to be part of something that has purpose and makes life better for you and those who surround you. But should you focus on yourself giving yourself purpose, giving yourself permission to ignite your light to let it shine, to encourage those around you to do the same. to have unity within your individuality, it is very possible. We are here to communicate transmissions in regards to enlightenment, the enlighten ones, and all that that entails, for some will turn away and look as if they not know what you speak of, within they know it is true. But it is a choice, just as it is your choice, to embrace it or turn away from it. there is no correct answer for each individual answer is there own. one can not decided what is best for someone else beside themselves for the journey each individually different. One should embrace the other regardless of how un resonating with themselves, for you would want the same shown for you. Tho you don not resonate you should not separate from the others, for many may not be where you are but they are following. one must interpret what it is that oneself is attempting to accomplish. one must interpret the benefits of the reasons as well as the results of the purpose. We encourage you all to look around, better yet to look within and see how daily actions/life and reactions/responses to those around you truly resonate what you believe and why you believe that? Was do to social standardize/social expectations, up bring/ raising what was shown to you, or given to you or is it because you truly searched yourself and all that you stand for and it truly resonates. For it is time for you to truly reflect within. do you mirror that that is within you or do you reflect what is shown to you. We truly hope that you will take the time to go within and reflect on how you are, review your ideals and impressions, is it that you truly believe in or is it that that society has put upon you as being ok, standardize to make it seem as if you are part of something that may actually separate you from what you truly want to be part of. Now is the time to reflect and make changes as see fit or needed. to become the being that you want to become and be. Embrace that person embrace the light within. for it is contagious the light, it will light the ways for other to do the same. It will light the way for all.You must truly stop the movement, the busy, hustle and bustle and look and listen within. Feel your way around it does it feel right? Does it fee good? Does it flow to you easy or is it forced? Does it feel false? does it feel foreign or does it feel like home/comfort?	https://www.sheas-way.com/post/channeled-message-your-light
During the Hellenistic period, various kinds of evidence demonstrate the existence of many large ships whose tonnage was greater than one hundred tonnes and could even reach several hundred tonnes. However, the accurate evolution of their tonnage is more complicated to determine for ships that sailed in the Eastern Mediterranean. It seems that an initial increase occurred in the first part of the second century BCE all over the Mediterranean. This particularly affected wheat and stone, since these goods required large ships. The increase in tonnage during this period was due to a desire for more prestige, influenced by political and military factors, and less to do with a desire for increased profits. A second rise seems to have occurred from the end of the second century to the beginning of the first century BCE. However, this growth was restricted to particular routes in the Mediterranean, and only to ships carrying very valuable merchandise, such as wine or works of art. In fact, the development in tonnage was obviously the result of the significant changes in maritime trade caused by Roman rule. Beyond these factors, the growth in tonnage during the Hellenistic period is due to developments in both ship and harbour technologies. Of course, the economic background — the growth of cities in the Hellenistic world — helped stimulate the demand for big ships. From the end of the sixth to the fourth century BCE, tonnage increased considerably. In the Archaic period, tonnage was limited to a few dozen tonnes,1 but it reached one hundred tonnes and even more in the Classical period. How did the situation develop in the Hellenistic period? Was it the same in the entire Mediterranean? Did changes in tonnage occur when Rome took control of the Eastern Mediterranean? 5.1. The Sources Shipwrecks are our most accurate sources for answering these questions. However, the tonnage of most shipwrecks is often difficult to determine. Only the shipwrecks whose tonnage can be calculated according to the three methods suggested by Patrice Pomey can be compared.2 Currently, we have results from eighteen shipwrecks matching Pomey’s criteria (Table 5.1). Thus, the evolution of tonnage in this period can be represented on a graph (Fig. 5.1). Of course, it is debatable how representative this list is of the historical reality. It does not include some well-known shipwrecks, such as the Antikythera shipwreck,3 but the tonnage of the latter is extremely uncertain. Most of the shipwrecks included in the list are located in the Western Mediterranean. We only know a few Hellenistic shipwrecks in the Eastern Mediterranean whose tonnage can be estimated,4 such as Mazotos,5 Kyrenia,6 Apollonia 1 and Kızılburun.7 Nevertheless, it should be emphasised that some of the most interesting shipwrecks from the Late Republican period that lie in Western waters actually originated from ports in the Aegean Sea, such as the Mahdia shipwreck.8 This archaeological evidence must be compared with evidence from papyri. Indeed, the Ptolemaic administration produced an abundance of documentation in order to manage the grain supply of Alexandria.9 These papyri often mention the tonnages of the ships involved in this enormous task.10 It seems that most of the ships mentioned in the papyri, such as the kerkouroi, studied by Pascal Arnaud, were sailing not only along the Nile, but also in the Mediterranean.11 Papyri have been collected that document the period between the third and the first centuries BCE; they mention eighty-eight different tonnages.12 The evolution of the tonnage can thus be represented on another graph (Fig. 5.2). The epigraphical evidence, even though it relies only on a few documents, includes an inscription from Thasos about harbour regulations, first published by Marcel Launey.13 The shape of the letters shows that this stela must have been produced during the third century BCE. \| \| (Third century BCE) \| \| IG XII, Suppl. 348 \| \| Launey 1933, ed. \| \| 1 \| \| [πλ]οῖον μὴ [ἀ]νέλκειν ἐν τοῖς τῶν ..ρ̣γ̣... τοῦ μὲν π̣ρ̣ώ̣τ̣ου ἐλά̣[σσω φόρ]- \| \| [τον ἄγον τρ]ισχι[λ]ίων ταλάντων, τοῦ <δὲ> δευτέρο[υ] ἐλάσσω ἄγο[ν] πεντα[κ]ισ- \| \| χ[ιλίων] τ̣α̣[λάντω]ν. \| \| It is forbidden to haul a ship inside the limits, the first ones if the ship has a capacity of less than 3000 talents [about 61 tonnes], the second ones if the ship has a capacity of less than 5000 talents [about 102 tonnes]. This regulation reveals that there were three parts to the harbour of Thasos:14 - one for the ships of lower tonnage, of a capacity less than 3000 talents, or 61 tonnes; - one for the ships of average tonnage, of a capacity between 3000 and 5000 talents, or 102 tonnes; - one for the ships of larger tonnage, of a capacity beyond 5000 talents, or 102 tonnes. The inscription was studied by several scholars.15 These sources provide evidence of the evolution in tonnage, which increased during this period. Nevertheless, it is hard to say whether this was a continuous rise or if it can be broken down into several sequences — although it seems possible to distinguish at least two different episodes. 5.2. An Initial Rise in the First Part of the Second Century? During the Early Hellenistic period, the tonnages mentioned in the papyri seem to be low enough. Only three kerkouroi that were mentioned ranged from 5000 artabae (114 tonnes) to 10,000 artabae (227 tonnes) — most of the tonnages remained at less than 5000 artabae during most of the third century BCE. This is more or less the same as the tonnage of the ships used in Athens to transport grain during the fourth century.16 It corresponds to higher level named in the third-century harbour stela of Thasos (5000 talents, i.e. 102 tonnes), which allowed the bigger ships to moor in a deeper basin. Thus, in the third century, the tonnages would have been quite similar to those of the Classical period. However, it appears that an increase occurred in the first half of the second century BCE, despite the fact that, as Claire Préaux has argued, the economy collapsed in Egypt during this period.17 Nevertheless, the papyri show that the tonnage increased considerably. This rise cannot be observed via the shipwrecks, because shipwrecks were a rarity in the Eastern Mediterranean. It is more surprising that only a few shipwrecks are known to have occurred in the Western Mediterranean during the first half of the second century, because there were plenty of them during the following centuries. Could the lack of shipwrecks in Western waters during this period mean that shipbuilding might have been delayed in the Eastern area? Could Eastern fleets have included bigger ships than Roman ones? Could there have been a difference in the tonnage of ships between the two parts of the Mediterranean? Actually, the lack of shipwrecks in the Western Mediterranean in the first half of the second century should not be exaggerated (Table 5.2). It seems that the population of Rome reached nearly 200,000 inhabitants in the beginning of the third century, and twice more one-and-a-half centuries later. These rough estimations should be considered very cautiously — but no doubt the grain supply required by such a population came to several hundred shipments per year. \| \| Date \| \| Population (estimated by P.A. Brunt18) \| \| Yearly consumption (in modii)19 \| \| Quantity of imported wheat, including the 20% damaged during the transportation20 \| \| Equivalent number of shipments of 30,000 modii 21 \| \| 270 \| \| 180,000 \| \| 7,560,000 \| \| 9,072,000 \| \| 302 \| \| 130 \| \| 375,000 \| \| 15,750,000 \| \| 18,900,000 \| \| 630 The importance of the grain supply is confirmed by the many gifts offered to the Romans by the Hellenistic kings of the Western Mediterranean, such as Hiero II and Massinissa (Table 5.3). These gifts must also have required a high number of large ships. Thus, the evidence shows that the increase in tonnage was not restricted to the Eastern Mediterranean. Many large ships were sailing on the Western waters too. Thus, there was an overall growth in tonnage throughout the Mediterranean. \| \| Date \| \| Event \| \| Amount (in modii) \| \| Equivalent number of shipments of 30,000 modii22 \| \| 237 \| \| Gift from Hiero II (Eutropius, 3, 1) \| \| 200,000 \| \| 7 \| \| 215 \| \| Gift from Hiero II to the Roman army protecting the Adriatic sea (Livy, 23, 38, 13) \| \| 300,000 \| \| 10 \| \| 200 \| \| Gift from Massinissa to the Roman army in Macedonia (Livy, 31, 19, 4) \| \| 400,000 \| \| 13 \| \| 198 \| \| Gift from Massinissa to the Roman army in Greece (Livy, 32, 27, 2) \| \| 200,000 \| \| 7 \| \| 191 \| \| Gift from Massinissa (Livy, 36, 4, 8) \| \| 750,000 \| \| 25 \| \| 191 \| \| Gift from the Carthaginenses (Livy, 36, 4, 8) \| \| 1,000,000 \| \| 33 \| \| 170 \| \| Gift from the Carthaginenses (Livy 43, 6, 11) \| \| 1,500,000 \| \| 50 \| \| 170 \| \| Gift from Massinissa (Livy, 6, 13-14) \| \| 1,500,000 \| \| 50 That initial overall rise indicates the importation of wheat and stone above all. An enormous volume of wheat would have been shipped in order to supply the cities, like Rome or Alexandria, which were becoming bigger and more populous. Stone, like wheat, also required big ships. During the Hellenistic era, cities built porticoes and fortifications, which both demanded large amounts of stone. Both wheat and stone were shipped in huge quantities. As in former centuries, wine was still a very sought-after commodity. But cargoes of wine were usually very small, no more than a few dozen tonnes. Other kinds of merchandise, such as copper, oil, and even wool, were also shipped in limited quantities and were therefore not conveyed in large vessels. Thus, these big ships were built essentially to carry grain and stone, heavy goods whose value was lower than wine. That first rise in tonnage was not caused by a desire to make money. Instead, it was connected to efforts to gain more prestige, as well as to political and military issues. It should be noted that this growth only happened when the three main Hellenistic kingdoms declined, and before Roman rule. 5.3. A Second Rise from the End of the Second Century to the Beginning of the First Century? A second increase occurred from the end of the second century to the beginning of the first century BCE, and this rise was confined to the Western Mediterranean. Indeed, the Albenga (500–600 tonnes),23 the Madrague de Giens (402.5 tonnes)24 and Mahdia (230–250 tonnes) 25shipwrecks are all large ships. Their tonnages were far beyond those of former centuries, and they were evidently owned by the biggest merchantmen of their age.26 However, we lack papyrological evidence for this period.27 It would be tempting to conclude that tonnage dropped suddenly in Egypt during the first century. But the lack of papyri does not mean that there were no longer any ships on the Nile. It is possible that no papyri originating in this period were found because of the timing of the discoveries. However, it is notable that the vast majority of the edited papyri date from the Late Hellenistic or the Roman era. So how could the lack of papyri from the first century BCE be explained? The transportation of the wheat may have been organized differently during this time, although the only papyrus from this period in our list, the SB 5 8754, does not seem to show this. It could also be that this lack of papyri might have been the result of a change in the Ptolemaic administration, which managed the grain supply. The Ptolemaic authorities might have systematically ceased producing these documents for some unknown reason. So far, we have only conjecture, and no definite answers have been established. Nevertheless, it should be noted that absolutely no sources in the Eastern Mediterranean show an increase in tonnage, whether they be literary, epigraphical, or even archaeological. The Doric capital and the eight column drums of the Kızılburun shipwreck did not weigh much more than 50 tonnes.28 However, this does not necessarily mean that there were no large ships sailing in the Eastern Mediterranean. It seems that the biggest ships sailed on only a few key routes, such as that from Greece to the Western Mediterranean, in order to convey works of art (including marble stones). For instance, the cargoes of the Mahdia or Antikythera shipwrecks were among the biggest of that period. The other main route was from Italy to Gaule in order to sell wine. Strabo tells us that a slave could be bought only for an amphora.29 Many ships subsequently wrecked, especially the Madrague de Giens, were involved in that trade. In fact, even the smallest ships carried wine. The vessel that sank off Cap Bénat carried no more than three pithoi, i.e. 3.3 tonnes,30 but the wine trade in that area was so successful that Roman merchants used large vessels, called dolia, to carry larger containers than amphorae.31 Although the data are patchy, there might have been more of these routes. For instance, the hulls found in Caesarea32 and Antirhodos33 almost certainly belonged to medium-sized or, perhaps, even large ships. They can likely be dated to the first century CE. However, we cannot totally rule out the possibility that both of these shipwrecks were from earlier or later. No definite date can be asserted as long as no dendrochronological analysis has been published. Contrary to the first rise in tonnage that we have considered in this chapter, the second increase did not concern only the transportation of cargoes such as grain or stone, but also wine or works of art, whose value was much higher. This increase was made possible by the considerable wealth of the Roman elites (and maybe some vassal princes of Rome) — the routes related to this second rise were all connected to the city. Such evidence reveals the significant changes to maritime trade caused by Roman rule. 5.4. The Common Reasons for the Two Increases Thus these two changes were caused by different factors, but both originally had the same roots. Above all, new techniques allowed the construction of bigger ships,34 even giant ones, such as the Syracusia.35 Nonetheless, one of the major obstacles to the increase in tonnage was the lack of deep harbours. The Syracusia, which could load up to 2580 or 2706 tonnes,36 could not enter many harbours because her draft was too large. Thus, she was useless in this capacity and Hiero II gave her to Ptolemy III. This demonstrates how restrictive the harbour depth could be for boats like these. The authorities undertook to dredge their harbours in order to make them as deep as they could. During the digging of the tube station Piazza Municipio in Naples, an excavation led to the discovery of an ancient harbour, which included several shipwrecks, including Napoli A, B and C. But there were some strange marks on the bottom, as if the harbour base had been scratched. These marks were made by a dredger between the fourth and second centuries BCE.37 It was not easy for the authorities to reserve the deepest parts of the harbour for the bigger ships. The regulations in Thasos reveal that the many small ships were cluttering the harbour and that they were docked in the deepest areas, which were the only places the bigger ships could dock. Actually, the first harbour regulations seem to be linked to the need to preserve the depth of the harbour for the bigger ships. The technical developments of both ship and harbour technologies allowed the increase in tonnage. They made the growth possible. But the root of the increase is located in the development of cities in the Hellenistic world. Those cities became more populated, and more people meant more producers, more consumers, and more trade. This trade required more ships to supply these cities with wheat and stone. Not only did the population grow, but grain and stone had to be transported across longer distances. Trade was no longer limited to the Aegean Sea or to any other part of the Eastern Mediterranean. From then on, certain ships sailed through many seas in the whole Eastern Mediterranean, and sometimes beyond, as shown by the Mahdia and Antikythera shipwrecks. In other words, the organization of trade on a much larger scale than before led to the rise in tonnage. 5.5. Conclusion There was a notable increase in tonnage throughout the Mediterranean over a period of several centuries. At the beginning of the Late Hellenistic period, that increase occurred across the entire Mediterranean. From the end of the second century to the first century BCE, there was a second rise, which was restricted to specific parts of the Mediterranean. The situation changed in the Imperial period. Even though it seems that large ships may have continued to carry large amounts of wine over the seas during the first century CE, they may have been less numerous in the following centuries. On the contrary, wheat and stone cargoes were conveyed by ships that became larger and larger. Indeed, the supply of grain to Rome became a major issue for the emperors who wished to watch over the situation in the streets of the capital city. Moreover, they wanted to provide Rome with the most impressive monuments and therefore required large quantities of marble. Bibliography Primary Sources Literary Sources Bird, H. W., ed. 1993. Eutropius: The Breviarum ab urbe condita of Eutropius: The Right Honourable Secretary of State for General Petitions, Dedicated to Lord Valens, Gothicus Maximus & Perpetual Emperor. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. Gulick, C. B., ed. 1957. Athenaeus. The Deipnosophists. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library. Moore, F. G., ed. 1951. Livy. History of Rome. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library. Oldfather, C. H., ed. 1962. Diodorus of Sicily. Cambridge, MA: Loeb Classical Library. Inscriptions Launey, M. 1933. ‘Inscriptions de Thasos.’ Bulletin de correspondance hellénique 57:394–415. Papyri Hauben, H. 1978. ‘Nouvelles remarques sur les nauclères d’Egypte à l’époque des Lagides.’ Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik 28:99–107. Hauben, H. 1997. ‘Liste des propriétaires de navires privés engagés dans le transport de blé d’état à l’époque ptolémaïque.’ Archiv für Papyrusforschung und verwandte Gebiete 43:31–68. Meyer-Termeer, A. J. M. 1978. Die Haftung der Schiffer im griechischen und römischen Recht. Zutphen: Terra. Archaeological Excavations Carlson, D. N. and W. Aylward. 2010. ‘The Kızılburun Shipwreck and the Temple of Apollo at Claros.’ American Journal of Archaeology 114:145–59. https://doi.org/10.3764/aja.114.1.145 Demesticha, S. 2011. ‘The 4th-Century-BC Mazotos Shipwreck, Cyprus.’ IJNA 40:39–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2010.00269.x Fitzgerald, M. A. 1994. ‘Chapter VI: The Ship.’ In The Harbours of Caesarea Maritima. Results of the Caesarea Ancient Harbour Excavation Project (1980–85) vol. 2, edited by J. P. Oleson, 163–223. Oxford, Bar International Series 594. Fitzgerald, M. A. 1995. ‘A Roman Wreck at Caesarea Maritima, Israel: A Comparative Study of its Hull and Equipment.’ PhD diss., Texas A&M University. Giampaola, D., V. Carsana, and G. Boetto. 2004. ‘Il mare torna a bagnare Neapolis. Parte II: dalla scoperta del porto al recupero dei relitti.’ L’Archeologo Subacqueo 10: 3:15–19. Giampaola, D., and V. Carsana. 2005. ‘Neapolis. Le nuove scoperte: la città, il porto e le macchine.’ In Eureka! il genio degli antichi, catalogo della mostra, Museo Archeologico Nazionale di Napoli, 11 luglio 2005–9 gennaio 2006, edited by E. Lo Sardo, 116–22. Naples: Electa Napoli. Hellenkemper Salies, G., ed. 1994. Das Wrack: der antike Schiffsfund von Mahdia. 2 vols. Cologne: Rheinland-Verl. Joncheray, J.-P. 1997. ‘Bénat 2, une épave à dolia du Ier s. av. J.-C.’ CAS 13:97–119. Pomey, P. 1982. ‘Le navire romain de La Madrague de Giens.’ Comptes rendus des séances de l’Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres (Paris) 126 (1):133–55. Sandrin, P., A. Belov, and D. Fabre. 2013. ‘The Roman Shipwreck of Antirhodos Island in the Portus Magnus of Alexandria, Egypt.’ IJNA 42:44–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-9270.2012.00363.x Steffy, J. R. 1985. ‘The Kyrenia Ship: An Interim Report on its Hull Construction.’ American Journal of Archaeology 89:71–101. Tchernia, A., P. Pomey, and A. Hesnard. 1978. ‘L’épave romaine de la Madrague de Giens (Var).’ Gallia Suppl. 34. Paris: Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique. Secondary Sources Arnaud P. 2015. ‘La batellerie de fret nilotique d’après la documentation papyrologique (300 avant J.-C.–400 après J.-C.).’ In La Batellerie égyptienne, Archéologie, histoire, ethnographie, edited by P. Pomey, 99–150. Études Alexandrines 34. Alexandrie: Centre d’Études Alexandrines. Casson, L. 1956. ‘The Size of Ancient Merchant Ships.’ In Studi Aristide Calderini e Roberto Paribeni, vol. 1. Milan: Ceschina, 231–38. Casson, L. 1971. Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World. 2nd ed. Ann Arbor, MI: Princeton University Press. Christopoulou, A., A. Gaolou, and P. Bougia, eds. 2012. The Antikythera Shipwreck: The Technology of the Ship, the Cargo, the Mechanism. Athens: National Archaeological Museum. Garnsey, P. 2009 . Famine and Food Supply in the Graeco-Roman World: Responses to Risk and Crisis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511583827 Heslin, K. 2011. ‘Dolia Shipwrecks and the Roman Wine Trade.’ In Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean, edited by D. Robinson and A. Wilson, 157–68. Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology monograph 6. Oxford: Oxford Centre for Maritime Archaeology, Institute of Archaeology. Houston, G. W. 1988. ‘Ports in Perspective: Some Comparative Materials on Roman Merchant Ships and Ports.’ American Journal of Archaeology 92:553–64. Kaltsás, N. E., E. Vlachogianni, and P. Bougia, ed. 2012. The Antikythera Shipwreck: the Ship, the Treasures, the Mechanism: National Archaeological Museum, April 2012–April 2013. Athens: Kapon Editions. Marlier, S. 2008. ‘Architecture et espace de navigation des navires à dolia’. Archaeonautica 15:153–73. https://doi.org/10.3406/nauti.2008.920 Nantet, E. 2016. Phortia. Le tonnage des navires de commerce en Méditerranée du VIIIe siècle av. l’è. chr. au VIIe siècle de l’è. chr. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes. Nantet, E. 2017. ‘The accuracy of the tonnage formula, and the correcting coeﬃcient.’ In Baltic and Beyond: Change and Continuity in Shipbuilding: Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Symposium on Boat and Ship Archaeology (Gdansk 2015: ISBSA, 14), edited by J. Litwin and W. Ossowski, 165–170. Gdańsk: National Maritime Museum. http://opac.regesta-imperii.de/id/2427830 Nantet, E. Forthcoming. ‘The Tonnage of the Syracusia: a metrological reconsideration.’ In ‘Under the Mediterranean’: The Honor Frost Foundation Conference on Mediterranean Maritime Archaeology (20th – 23rd October 2017), Short Report Series. Pomey, P. and É. Rieth. 2005. L’Archéologie navale. Paris: Errance. Pomey, P. and A. Tchernia. 1978. ‘Le tonnage maximum des navires de commerce romains.’ Archaeonautica 2:233–251. Tchernia, A. 2000. ‘Subsistances à Rome: problèmes de quantification.’ In Mégapoles méditerranéennes: géographie urbaine rétrospective: actes du colloque, Rome, 8–11 mai 1996, edited by C. Nicolet, 751–60. Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. Thompson, D. J. 1983. ‘Nile Grain Transport Under the Ptolemies.’ In Trade in the Ancient Economy, edited by P. Garnsey, K. Hopkins, and C. R. Whittaker, 64–75. London: Chatto and Windus. Weinberg, G. D., V. R. Grace, G. R. Edwards, and H. S. Robinson. 1965. The Antikythera Shipwreck Reconsidered. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. 1 Nantet 2016. 2 Pomey and Rieth 2004; Nantet 2016, 2017. 3 Weinberg et al. 1965; Christopoulou et al. 2012; Kaltsás et al. 2012. 4 The next four shipwrecks are briefly presented in Nantet 2016, n° 19, 20, 22 and 32. 5 Demesticha 2011. 6 Steffy 1985. 7 Carlson and Aylward 2010. 8 Hellenkemper Salies 1994. 9 Thompson 1983. 10 Hauben 1971, 1978, 1997; Meyer-Termeer 1978; Nantet 2016, 574–84. 11 Arnaud 2015. 12 For a full list of the papyri used for this study, see Nantet 2016, 575–79. 13 Launey 1933. 14 It is assumed here that a talent weighed 20.46 kg, see Nantet 2016, 573, note 29. Note that the level of 3000 talents has been debated because it is not legible. But it seems to be the most relevant suggestion. 15 Casson 1971; Houston 1988. 16 About these ships, which were carrying 3000 medimnoi (about 90–117 tonnes), see the honorific decrees studied by Lionel Casson: Casson 1956–1957; 1971, 183–84. For a discussion about these inscriptions, see Nantet 2016, 116–17. 17 Préaux 1939, 137. 18 Brunt 1971, 69. 19 A. Tchernia considers an annual consumption of 42 modii, i.e., 286 kg, for one person. Tchernia 2000. 20 Tchernia 2000. 21 The amount of 30,000 modii (204 tonnes) has been chosen, because it is very close to the amount of 10,000 artabae (227 tonnes), which was probably the common tonnage during this period. 22 See Table 5.2, note 21. 23 The cargo has been estimated at between 11,000 and 13,500 amphorae, i.e. 500–600 tonnes, by Pomey and Tchernia 1978. 24 Tchernia et al. 1978; Pomey 1982. 25 Hellenkemper Salies 1994. 26 Pomey and Tchernia 1978. 27 Hauben’s most recent list, which is not focused on ships but on owners, shows the same lack of papyri for the first century. 28 Carslon 2010. 29 Diodorus Siculus, 5.26.3. 30 Joncheray 1997. 31 Marlier 2008; Heslin 2011. 32 Fitzgerald 1994, 1995. 33 Sandrin et al., 2011. 35 Athenaeus, 5.206d–209b. 36 For more information about the estimation of her tonnage, see Nantet 2016, 126–31; Nantet forthcoming. 37 Giampaola et al. 2004, 2005. For more information about harbour maintenance, see Nantet 2016, 223–28.	https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0167/ch4.xhtml
Goddess Durga ornamented with kumkum, bangles, flowers, and jeweled attires; morning prayers accompanied by synchronized bells and the aroma of pure butter delicacies, it’s time to step into the festivities of Navratri! 21st March marks the beginning of Chaitra Navratri, is also the New Year for Sindhis, Marathis, Kashmiris and Kannadigas. Navratri is one of the holiest Hindu festivals where people across the country worship the different avatars of Goddess Durga for nine days. Goddess Durga is believed to have nine different incarnations and each female deity signifies a distinct power. The word Navratri refers to the nine auspicious nights during which Goddess Durga is worshiped and most people observe fasts. It is celebrated twice a year, the beginning of spring and at the beginning of autumn, which is considered as a sacred time to worship Goddess Durga. As per the legends mentioned in the Puranas and other Hindu scriptures, Chaitra Navratri is the actual Navratri during which Goddess Durga is worshipped. But during the time of Ramayan war, Lord Sri Ram worshipped Durga at the time of Ashwin month. Since then, Ashwin Navratri or Durga Navratri has become the main festive season to worship the Goddess. Chaitra Navratri is also called as Vasant Navratri or Basant Navratri. This festival marks the beginning of Vasant rithu (spring season). In the form of Fasting or Feasting, food plays a significant role during Navratri celebrations. Navratri festivities give you a chance to get back to the roots and deviate from the day-to-day affair. Ingredients like kuttu atta, singhara atta, fresh vegetables, milk, yogurt and makhanas are preferred as they are light on the stomach and can be digested easily. On the same Day, Gudi Padwa is celebrated by all Hindus, and especially Maharashtrians. The day marks the beginning of the Hindu New Year denoting the period when King Shalivahana fought against the Sakas. It is said that Gudi Padwa was first celebrated by Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, as a symbol of victory. On this day, the Marathi community prepares a gudi with a new saree and silver utensil. The gods are offered crops like mangoes, which can be consumed only after the ritual. The celebrations start even before sunrise when people take the auspicious bath after applying oil to their body. The main entrance of the house is decorated with mango leaves and red flowers which are considered favorable for this occasion. Prior to hoisting the Gudi, Lord Brahma is worshipped. On the eve of Gudi Padwa, people prepare food stuff such as Puran Poli, Shrikhand, Aam Panha (cool mango drink) and the dough for Poori (or Puri). A sweet dish Shrikhand is also prepared which is consumed with hot and crispy Pooris. While on one hand Maharashtra celebrates ‘Gudi Padwa’, Karnataka is all set to celebrate Ugadi (also called Yugadi) festival. Likewise, Andhra Pradesh also celebrates this festival with the same name. People in Karnataka prepare a special dish on this day known as ‘Obbattu’, or ‘Holige’. Another dish is prepared, which consists of a specific mixture of six tastes called ‘Ugadi Pachhadi’. BA Family wishes that this festive season brings joy, health and wealth to you all and may it brings in you the most brightest and choicest happiness you all have ever wished for..!!	https://www.bankersadda.com/harvest-season-heralds-festivities/
- Note: Connect access NOT included. If Connect is required for your course, click the "Learning Platform" tab. In a provocative and engaging style, Philosophy: A Historical Survey with Essential Readings consists of two main parts: the chapters, which contain the primary contributions of Western civilization's most influential philosophers, and the anthology of chronologically organized classic readings from Western philosophy. The first half of this book presents a sustained narrative of the great philosophers of Western civilization from ancient Greece until today. In the second half we offer a snapshot of the most famous discussions by many of the philosophers discussed in the first half. These readings are presented chronologically and parallel the order presented in the first half of the book. **Available exclusively through McGraw-Hill Create®, Discourses: A Database of Classical and Contemporary Readings for Philosophy by Donald C. Abel is an online collection of more than 450 readings that can be customized for your course. CHAPTER 1: Socrates’s Predecessors CHAPTER 2: The Sophists and Socrates CHAPTER 3: Plato CHAPTER 4: Aristotle CHAPTER 5: Classical Philosophy after Aristotle CHAPTER 6: Augustine CHAPTER 7: Philosophy in the Early Middle Ages CHAPTER 8: Aquinas and His Late Medieval Successors CHAPTER 9: Philosophy during the Renaissance CHAPTER 10: Rationalism on the Continent CHAPTER 11: Empiricism in Britain CHAPTER 12: Enlightenment Philosophy CHAPTER 13: Kant CHAPTER 14: German Idealism CHAPTER 15: Utilitarianism and Positivism CHAPTER 16: Kierkegaard, Marx, and Nietzsche CHAPTER 17: Pragmatism and Process Philosophy CHAPTER 18: Analytic Philosophy CHAPTER 19: Phenomenology and Existentialism CHAPTER 20: Recent Philosophy By prompting students to engage with key concepts, while continually adapting to their individual needs, Connect activates learning and empowers students to take control resulting in better grades and increased retention rates. Proven online content integrates seamlessly with our adaptive technology, and helps build student confidence outside of the classroom. SmartBook® 2.0 Available within Connect, SmartBook 2.0 is an adaptive learning solution that provides personalized learning to individual student needs, continually adapting to pinpoint knowledge gaps and focus learning on concepts requiring additional study. SmartBook 2.0 fosters more productive learning, taking the guesswork out of what to study, and helps students better prepare for class. With the ReadAnywhere mobile app, students can now read and complete SmartBook 2.0 assignments both online and off-line. For instructors, SmartBook 2.0 provides more granular control over assignments with content selection now available at the concept level. SmartBook 2.0 also includes advanced reporting features that enable instructors to track student progress with actionable insights that guide teaching strategies and advanced instruction, for a more dynamic class experience. Your text has great instructor tools, like presentation slides, instructor manuals, test banks and more. Follow the steps below to access your instructor resources or watch the step-by-step video.	https://www.mheducation.com/highered/product/philosophy-historical-survey-essential-readings-stumpf-fieser/126092419X.html
Which two resources can be used to determine the characteristics of a customer’s persona? A. Industry peers B. Social media C. Past employers D. Human resources E. Annual reports Answer: BE Explanation: You can construct personas from publicly available information such as LinkedIn, annual reports, and social media. Additional marketing material may also be available from which you can derive information about personas. QUESTION 42 Which two characteristics of customer relationship management are true? (Choose two.) A. increasing customer spend on technology hardware and software B. introducing technology solutions to the customer C. building and maintaining rapport with relevant individuals D. moving the customer toward positive decisions about investments and initiatives E. enticing customer with deep discounts and promotions Answer: CD Explanation: Customer relationship management is about: 1. Building and maintaining rapport with relevant individuals 2. Moving the customer towards positive decisions about investments and initiatives 3. Establishing and managing long-term relationships with relevant individuals QUESTION 43 Within the Cisco business architecture which three factors are considered by organizations when they execute on strategy? A. Environment, execution, resources. B. Execution, strategy, vision. C. Execution, timeframe, outcome. D. Environment, resources, timeframe. E. Environment, timeframe, vision. QUESTION 44 Which two standards are examples of an architectural framework? (Choose two.) A. ITIL B. TOGAF C. ISO 9001 D. Zachman E. ISO2701 Answer: BD QUESTION 45 Which two options comprise information you need to achieve a successful outcome-based sales? (Choose two.) A. How stakeholders receive information and what information they want to receive. B. What information is communicated to stakeholders in a timely fashion. C. The stakeholder influencers, decision makers, and participating individuals throughout the process. D. The degree of affinity stakeholders have related to risk.	https://www.ciscovceplus.com/valid-810-440-dumps-with-vce-and-pdf-for-free-question-41-question-45.html
Main contents. NGK is engaged in the maximization of corporate value through two-way communication with shareholders and investors, including efforts to provide accurate and timely explanations regarding management conditions and polices. We will release, in an accurate and timely manner, any information sought by the public; including information on our management, finance, products and services to improve transparency in management and to gain society's trust in NGK Group companies. We will promptly disclose any information required by society in accordance with applicable laws, regulations and our internal rules. We will establish and adequately operate a mechanism for internal control relating to financial reports to disclose accurate financial information. We will make good faith effort to answer any inquiry from customers pertaining to our products and services, providing responses in an appropriate manner. In August 2017, NGK participated in the Nikkei IR Fair, an investors exhibition hosted by Nihon Keizai Shimbun, Inc. at Tokyo Big Sight, where we set up a booth for the first time. In the two-day event, a total of 106 exhibitors from listed companies and trust fund managers welcomed a total of 17,000 individual investors. NGK welcomed around 500 visitors at its booth, presenting business details and growth potential. Through the opportunity for direct dialogue with current and potential investors, we were able to raise their interest in our company and deepen their understanding of our business.	http://www.ngk.co.jp/english/csr/web/stock.html
--- abstract: 'We present evidence of magnetically controlled guided vortex motion in a hybrid superconductor/ferromagnet nanosystem consisting of an Al film on top of a square array of permalloy square rings. When the rings are magnetized with an in-plane external field ${\bf H}$, an array of point-like dipoles with moments antiparallel to ${\bf H}$, is formed. The resulting magnetic template generates a strongly anisotropic pinning potential landscape for vortices in the superconducting layer. Transport measurements show that this anisotropy is able to confine the flux motion along the high symmetry axes of the square lattice of dipoles. This guided vortex motion can be either re-routed by 90 degrees by simply changing the dipole orientation or even strongly suppressed by inducing a flux-closure magnetic state with very low stray fields in the rings.' author: - 'N. Verellen' - 'A. V. Silhanek' - 'V. Metlushko' - 'W. Gillijns' - 'F. Gozzini' - 'B. Ilic' - 'V. V. Moshchalkov' title: Magnetic dipole induced guided vortex motion --- During the last years there has been a considerable effort to conceive and realize new superconducting devices that allow to modulate locally the magnetic fields practically at will [@zhu-2003]. These systems rely essentially on either static arrays, such as pinning centers [@baert; @fiory; @martin; @raedts] and vortex-antivortex generators [@lange; @gillijns], or components influencing the vortex dynamics like channels [@martinoli; @pastoriza; @silhanek-03; @villegas-06] and ratchets [@villegas; @clecio]. The ultimate motivation behind the manipulation of the local vortex density is to enhance the performance of superconductor-based devices by reducing the noise in squid-based systems [@roger-02; @selders], gaining control on superconducting THz emitters [@thz] or even providing a way to predefine the optical transmission through the system [@cond-mat]. Unfortunately, for the majority of the components used in fluxonics devices, once they are created there is no margin for further modifications. In some cases this lack of flexibility becomes a limiting factor in the performance of the devices. For instance, a predefined ratchet system designed to effectively remove vortices from a specific location can work properly at low fields but ignores the inevitable reversed ratchet at higher fields thus making its functionality rather impractical [@villegas; @clecio; @lu; @silhanekapl]. A way to circumvent this shortcoming can be worked out by introducing magnetic pinning centers which have additional internal degrees of freedom not available in conventional nanostructured pinning sites or defects created via irradiation. In this work we demonstrate that reversible and switchable guidance of the vortex motion can be achieved using a square array of magnetic square rings lying underneath a superconducting film. Transport measurements unambiguously show that the vortex dynamics is fully dominated by the magnetic landscape generated by the ring structures. When the magnetic unit cell is rotated 45 degrees off the Lorentz force ${\bf F}_L$ the average vortex velocity ${\bf v}$ follows the direction of the principal axis of the magnetic lattice rather than the driving force. This channeling effect can be easily suppressed when inducing a nearly isotropic pinning landscape by setting the square rings in a flux-closure state with very low stray fields. The two samples used for this investigation consist of a 50 nm thick Al film evaporated on top of a checker-board ($CB$) patterned array and a close-packed ($CP$) square array of permalloy square rings with lateral size 1 $\mu$m, line width 150 nm and thickness 25 nm \[Fig. \[fig1\](a) and (b)\]. The magnetic template is electrically separated from the superconducting film by a 5 nm Si buffer layer added to reduce proximity effects. The ring-shaped patterns and the transport bridge were fabricated with electron-beam lithography and lift-off technique on a silicon substrate. A superconducting coherence length $\xi(0) \approx 130$ nm for the $CB$ sample and $\xi(0) \approx 138$ nm for the $CP$ sample was estimated from the superconducting/normal phase boundary as determined by 10$\%$ normal state resistance criterion of a coevaporated reference film. The superconducting critical temperature at zero field for the CB and CP sample in the onion state (i.e. maximum stray field) is $T_c = 1.356$ K and $T_c = 1.274$ K, respectively. ![(color on-line) Micromagnetic simulations of the out of plane component of the stray field at remanence for the checkerboard (a) and close-packed (b) arrays of square rings after applying a saturation field along their diagonal (onion state). The thick broken line indicates the magnetic unit cell for each pattern. The orientation of the external current ($J$), field ($B$), driving force ($F_L$), and vortex drift ($v$) is clearly indicated. The lower panels schematically show a polar plot of the pinning force $F_p$ only considering the lattice symmetry (broken line), or the local magnetic pinning force (off centered circle), and including both the lattice and the local symmetry (solid line) for the checker-board (c) and the close-packed (d) arrays.[]{data-label="fig1"}](Figure1b.jpg){width="45.00000%"} It has been shown recently that multiply connected magnetic structures make it possible to readily switch between different magnetic states [@imre; @Xiaobin-03]. For the particular square geometry chosen in this work, an in-plane external field along the diagonal of the squares can induce six different domain distributions [@Vavassori-2003], namely four dipolar states (onion states) obtained at remanence after saturation and two flux-closure states with opposite chirality when the field is reduced from saturation to $\pm$ 36 mT and then set to zero. Interestingly, when these rings are placed in close proximity to a superconducting layer, either a strong vortex pinning or weak pinning can be obtained by simply switching from onion to flux-closure state, respectively. Although the influence of these magnetic templates on the vortex pinning is relatively well understood [@silhanek-06], little is known about their influence on the vortex dynamics. In order to address this issue we carried out transport measurements recording simultaneously the electric field parallel ($E_{xx}$) and perpendicular ($E_{xy}$) to the external current. This allows us to estimate the direction $\alpha$ (see Fig.\[fig1\]) of the average vortex motion ${\bf v}$ with respect to the Lorentz force ${\bf F}_L$. Notice that in contrast to previous works studying the in-plane angular dependence of the vortex motion [@pastoriza; @silhanek-03; @villegas-06] where the orientation of the driving force was changed by combining two independent current sources, our ability to change the potential landscape in-situ allows us to use a simpler setup where the current orientation is kept constant. In all cases unwanted contributions to the measured signal like thermoelectric coupling, Hall resistance and misalignment of the transverse voltage contacts are small and have been properly taken into account. ![image](Figure2.jpg){width="100.00000%"} A representative set of experimental data for the $CB$ sample \[Fig.\[fig1\](a)\] and different magnetic states of the square rings is shown in Fig.\[fig2\] at $T/T_c=0.89$. Fig.\[fig2\](a) shows the electric field-current density ($E-J$) characteristic for the case when the squares have been set in the onion state magnetized 45$^{\circ}$ away from the current direction \[see inset in panel (a)\] and setting an out-of-plane field $H/H_1=1.2$ where $H_1=\Phi_o/d^2$, with $\Phi_o$ the flux quantum and $d$ the period of the lattice. From Fig.\[fig2\](a) it can be seen that for low enough currents ($J<8$ MA/cm$^2$) the vortex lattice remains pinned as no dissipation is detected in either direction ($E_{xx} = E_{xy} \sim 0$). Surprisingly, for currents higher than the critical current the direction of vortex motion does not coincide with the Lorentz force. More specifically since $E_{xx} \approx E_{xy}$ vortices move at an angle $\alpha=$45$^{\circ}$ as indicated in the inset of Fig.\[fig2\](a). This is a clear evidence that the net displacement of the vortices is along the high symmetry axis of the magnetic pinning landscape indicated with a dashed line in Fig.\[fig1\](a) and (b). Essentially this effect is the result of an anisotropic depinning force $F_{dp}$ which reaches its maximum $F_{dp}^{\perp}$ (minimum $F_{dp}^{\|\|}$) value perpendicular (parallel) to the channel direction defined by the principal axes of the magnetic landscape. In Fig.\[fig2\](a), since the applied force is in this case 45$^{\circ}$ away from the channel direction, the critical current $J_{c1}$ at which vortices start moving is determined by the condition $J_{c1} = F_{dp}^{\|\|}sin(45^\circ)/\Phi_o$. This situation persists up to $J_{c2}\sim 25$ MA/cm$^2$ where $E_{xy}$ and $E_{xx}$ gradually separate from each other which means that now the component of the Lorentz force perpendicular to the channels is large enough to overcome $F_{dp}^{\perp}$, i.e. $J_{c2} = F_{dp}^{\perp}cos(45^\circ)/\Phi_o$, and vortices flow along the direction of the Lorentz force. This allows us to estimate the ratio of depinning forces as $F_{dp}^{\perp}/F_{dp}^{\|\|}=J_{c2}/J_{c1}\sim3$. By keeping a constant current density and progressively increasing the applied field it is possible to realize the same dynamic behaviors, as shown in Fig.\[fig2\](b). For the low current density $J = 0.005$ MA/cm$^2$ vortices remain pinned up to a field $H/H_1 \sim 1.5$ where the vortex-vortex interaction becomes stronger than the vortex-pinning interaction. At higher fields clear commensurability effects can be seen for $H/H_1 = 2$ and $H/H_1 = 3$. In this field region ($H/H_1 < 4$) the fact that $E_{xx} \approx E_{xy}$ indicates that vortices are guided by the pinning potential as described above. These findings clearly demonstrate that under certain conditions the vortex motion can be effectively guided along the principal axes of the underlying pinning potential, but tell us little about the origin of this pinning potential. In other words, it is necessary to find out whether the guided vortex motion (GVM) is resulting from the magnetic landscape or from the corrugation of the superconducting film deposited on top of the squares. In order to answer this question we magnetized the square rings with an in-plane field 135$^\circ$ away from the current direction (0$^\circ$) as shown in the inset of Fig.\[fig2\](c). In this way the topographic pinning remains the same whereas the magnetic pinning is rotated 90$^\circ$ with respect to the previous one. If the magnetic landscape is responsible for the GVM then a channeling along the -45$^\circ$ direction with respect to ${\bf F}_L$ should be detected. This is in agreement with the results shown in Fig.\[fig2\](c) and (d), where $E_{xx}$ remains unchanged while $E_{xy}$ reverses sign. The most convincing evidence however comes from panels (e) and (f) corresponding to the square rings in the flux-closure state. In this case the stray field generated by the domain walls in each square ring is reduced to a minimum level and as a consequence it is expected a minor influence from the magnetic landscape on the vortex dynamics. This is indeed corroborated by the lack of guided motion as is evidenced by the condition $E_{xx} >> E_{xy}$ [@comment]. ![(color on-line) Parallel ($E_{xx}$) and transverse ($E_{xy}$) electric field as a function of current density $J$ (upper panel) and field (lower panel) at $T/T_c=0.94$ for square rings in a close-packed array and magnetized at 45$^\circ$ as indicated in the inset.[]{data-label="fig3"}](Figure3.jpg){width="40.00000%"} It is worth to note that the fact that for the same geometry of the pinning lattice the GVM reverses sign when switching the dipole orientation from $45^\circ$ to $135^\circ$, clearly points out the relevance of the local symmetry of the pinning centra. However, the question arises whether the geometry of the pinning lattice plays any role in the vortex guidance. In order to tackle this issue we have changed the lattice geometry from the checker-board pattern to a close-packed array \[see Fig.\[fig1\](b)\]. In this way we maintain a square lattice of nearly point-like dipoles oriented at $45^\circ$ away from the current direction but change the lattice period from 1.5 $\mu$m to 1.07 $\mu$m. In addition, the unit cell of the dipolar lattice is rotated by $45^\circ$ as illustrated in Fig.\[fig1\](a) and (b) with dashed lines. The $E-J$ characteristics and the field dependence of the electric field for this sample with the square rings in the onion state are shown in Fig. \[fig3\] for similar experimental conditions shown in Fig. \[fig2\]. Strikingly, the resulting measurements indicate the lack of vortex guidance (i.e. $E_{xx} >> E_{xy}$) at all temperatures and fields explored experimentally. This clearly demonstrate the relevance of the particular orientation of the magnetic unit cell for the GVM. In order to understand the origin of the guided vortex motion lets first hypothetically separate the different contributions arising from the lattice symmetry and from the local symmetry of the dipoles. This is schematically illustrated in panel (c) and (d) of Fig.\[fig1\] for the checker-board and close-packed arrays, respectively. In order to unveil the lattice symmetry contribution we can assume that each dipole behaves as an effective isotropic pinning center, very much like a lattice of circular antidots or magnetic dots. In this case it has been previously shown [@silhanek-03] that the minimum pinning force is along the principal axes of the pinning lattice \[broken line in Fig.\[fig1\](c) and (d)\]. On the other hand, ignoring the presence of the lattice and just considering the pinning force produced by one single dipole gives rise to a strongly anisotropic pinning force [@carneiro] \[schematically displayed as an off-centered circle in Fig.\[fig1\](c) and (d)\]. It is precisely the lack of inversion symmetry of the dipolar stray field which makes these structures efficient ratchet systems as well [@carneiro; @clecio-2007]. The solid line in Fig.\[fig1\](c) and (d) shows the resulting pinning force combining both effects: the four-fold symmetric lattice contribution and the non-symmetric local magnetic field. It is clear from this analysis that the presence of the non symmetric magnetic landscape lifts the degeneracy expected in the channeling of the $CB$ sample \[see Fig.\[fig1\](c)\] as experimentally observed. Moreover, the lack of guided motion in the $CP$ sample for the used current direction is also expected since the minimum of the pinning force is along the direction of the Lorentz force \[see Fig.\[fig1\](d)\], irrespective of the asymmetries introduced by the magnetic dipoles. It should be emphasized that although the above description helps to identify the basic mechanisms behind the guided motion of vortices, it is derived from the unphysical assumption that magnetic and non-magnetic contributions are separable. In summary, we have reported experimental evidence indicating that the anisotropic potential landscape of a square array of magnetic dipoles is capable of directing the vortex motion 45 degrees away from the driving force direction. The multiple states of the used magnetic rings allow us to switch this direction ($\pm$ $45^\circ$ for two different dipolar states and $0^\circ$ for the flux-closure state) resulting in a control of the transverse voltage signal. The contrasting behavior of the two different lattices explored (checker-board and close-packed arrays) demonstrate that the guidance of vortices is not only a consequence of the dipole orientation relative to the driving force direction but that also the orientation of the square lattice unit cell is important. This work was supported by the Fund for Scientific Research-Flanders FWO-Vlaanderen, the Belgian Inter-University Attraction Poles IAP, the Research Fund K.U. Leuven GOA/2004/02, the European ESF NES programs, the U.S. NSF, grant ECS-0202780 and CNM ANL grants Nr.468 and Nr.470. A.V.S. is grateful for the support from the FWO-Vlaanderen. We acknowledge useful discussions with C.C. Souza Silva and G. Carneiro. B. Y. Zhu, F. Marchesoni, F. Nori, Physica E [18]{}, 318 (2003); [ibid.]{} Phys. Rev. Lett. [92]{}, 180602 (2004). A.T. Fiory, A.F. Hebard, S. Somekh, Appl.Phys.Lett. [32]{}, 73 (1978). M. Baert, V.V. Metlushko, R. Jonckheere, V.V. Moshchalkov, and Y. Bruynseraede, Phys. 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As most EFL educators in Japan know, large classes are more the rule than the exception. These large classes pose serious problems in the development and evaluation of real communicative abilities in students. Even when teachers rely on pair-work or various task-based assignments to develop some communicative ability, large classes make it difficult to give students immediate feedback regarding their accuracy and to help them identify alternate modes of expression. The purpose of this article is to discuss how to use audiotapes to measure and develop communicative abilities. Audiotaped speech provides a safe medium for students who do not have the interactive competency that other students might exhibit. Moreover, I have found that if students are aware that they will be evaluated through audiotapes, they usually are more engaged and eager when doing daily class activities. Applications Audiotapes can be used to measure a student's control over specific isolated functions, functional sequences, speech acts, and conversational routines. Measuring a student's fluency, pronunciation, intonation, vocabulary use, and grammatical accuracy is possible in four different ways: (a) evaluating specific language aspects and speech acts, (b) evaluating controlled or open conversational routines, (c) evaluating the language used to accomplish a task-based assignment, and (d) oral testing. Evaluating Specific Language Aspects Introducing oneself, asking directions, giving thanks, and saying good-bye are just some of the language functions that can be done easily by two or more students at the novice level. At lower levels, several functions and cued responses should be used, while at higher levels, students should attempt various kinds of speech acts, from routine descriptions and explanations to reporting about people and products. With these higher level students, I have used pictures from Life magazine or newspaper photos and captions as a means for students to describe and clarify information. Specifically, in pairs, one student tries to provide basic information from a photo regarding a person, place, action, time, and reason; while the other student (who is unable to see the picture) tries to clarify information through who, what, when, where, why, and how questions. These magazine or newspaper pictures and short, related captions often can be arranged along basic themes and tied to the topic of the lesson. Similarly, students can also ask clarifying questions about company faxes, reports, and memos. (Reporting on a current event, festival, company, or club is also a viable alternative. As students progress, they can provide more in-depth bibliographic information on these events, organizations, and placesﾑeven explaining a specific technical process, business problem, or cultural aspect. Examining Speech through Conversational Routines Having students engage in various 'controlled'-and creative conversational routines is another avenue of assessing their language abilities. Usually when beginning a class, I would use conversational maps (see Figure 1) which outline how a particular exchange should proceed. Conversational Map 1. Introductions, bibliographical information, and invitation Probable time: 5 to 10 minutes - I. Introduce yourself to each student - II. Give background information about yourself A. your major B. your hometown C. your hobbies D. your family E. your friends F. a problem - III. Ask a question - IV. Make an invitation - V. Accept or reject an invitation - VI. Say good-bye Over the school year, these maps become more generalized and less controlled; the purpose is to lead students from tightly organized conversational routines to more open and realistic exchanges in which they have to improvise and create interactions with language. Having students act out various role plays or conversations from textbooks gives teachers a means of assessing their pronunciation, intonation, and fluency. In order to elicit some creative language, I have had students imagine how these textbook dialogues can be extended: students write out various scenarios and read them aloud onto tape. To generate more interactive exchanges, students can pick a topic and discuss it with their partner on tape. The recording is passed to another pair of students who continue the discussion, either agreeing or disagreeing with what was said or adding other insights, comments, statements, or questions. This activity can be, to a degree, a measure of some interactive competency if the students are willing to allow themselves to engage in a spirited dialogue and make mistakes. Evaluating Speech Through Task-Based Assignments Task-based assignments provide interesting possibilities for assessing a student's language. Some ideas for projects are to have students translate information, discuss and write advertisements, warranties, and directions for various products. Likewise, students can survey English majors at nearby colleges about their opinions on their schooling, American or English culture, or their difficulties in learning English. Students can tape interviews with older students in which they elicit advice on how to study: this information can be discussed on audiotapes. At advanced levels students go to various businesses which use English and interview various company managers on things they would like students to learn in preparation for working at their company; this information is then summarized on tapes. Another task-based project involves students making oral dialogue journals in which students respond on tape to questions, statements, problems, current eventsﾑeither selected by a student or by the teacher, who then responds. The tape can change hands several times before being evaluated. Testing Finally, formal assessments can be done through audiotapes. Teachers can opt to do testing similar to the ETS Test of Spoken English (TSE - the commercial version is called SPEAK) in which students answer short biographical questions, discuss what happens in a series of pictures, label and describe objects in a picture, finish sentence completions, and read aloud a schedule or brochure. Vocabulary can be tested in various ways, such as sentence completions, analogies, cued responses in a dialogue, and story telling. Procedure For evaluation purposes, a recorded speech sample should be approximately ten to fifteen minutes long to give students ample opportunity to demonstrate their fluency, their use and range of vocabulary, and their accuracy regarding pronunciation and grammar. There are numerous ways to evaluate student work through audiotapes. One option is a discrete assessment that gives students a detailed record of their communicative strengths and weaknesses (see Appendix A). The teacher assesses the student's ability to engage in certain types of speech acts, and also makes comments on the student's pronunciation and intonation (including the student's ability to pause at correct places and to adjust speed); vocabulary (range, phrasing, style, use); fluency; and grammatical control. If an in-depth holistic assessment is not possible, the teacher can give an effort grade and provide feedback to students on common errors that turned up in the class, giving a class profile of common strengths and weaknesses. An effort grade (see Appendix B) is a subjective assessment of the student time and effort spent making the tape; it is not concerned, necessarily, with communicative accuracy. In this case, the teacher determines whether or not the students attempted to do all of the required items to the best of their ability; brief comments and suggestions are then made. A third means of evaluating audiotapes is through longitudinal assessments (see Appendix C). These are perhaps the most difficult to do since they require teachers to keep track of student strengths and weakness and on student improvement from one tape to another. While the focus can be on the student's ability to gain more control over the language or improve communicative accuracy, teachers can examine the rate of improvement, identify problem areas, and give more in-depth suggestions for improvement. Again, this evaluation is problematic because it requires teachers to have more detailed records of the student, to know the student better, and to have tapes which elicit longer and more varied speech. In contrast, limited assessments do provide teachers with an easy means of evaluation. The teacher listens for only one or two things, such as pronunciation, grammatical control, or usage of vocabulary, and then either provides in-depth comments or checks off from a list particular strengths and weaknesses. Conclusion It needs to be said that using audiotapes will not be a panacea for all the problems found in large oral communication classes: evaluating such audiotapes thoroughly can be a labor-intensive and time-consuming task. This can be partly solved by having students turn tapes in at different times throughout the semester so that not all students are handing their tapes in at the same time. However, for students who are reluctant, even hostile, to speak English, audio tapes can be one sure means of getting past the silence while minimizing any possible embarrassment on the part of the student. To summarize, audiotaped tasks, tests, and journals can be a valuable pedagogical tool, one that can produce, if done consistently, substantive student progress. Most important, since students can listen to themselves and receive specific feedback on a number of language aspects, audiotapes can be used as a means of enhancing student awareness of their own true language abilities.	https://jalt-publications.org/tlt/departments/myshare/articles/2222-using-audiotapes-assess-student-speech
RDT Kanekal Hospital’s Dental Department has been operational since July 2012. The objectives behind opening this department were to bring awareness to people about dental health and prevention of dental problems, perform dental procedures at a low cost for poor people, and also to provide free treatment for poor patients. A team of Spanish Dentists support RDT’s local team by visiting various villages annually to treat patients in Free Dental Camps conducted daily for one month. Extractions, Infections, Fillings, Scaling, Complete Dentures, Surgical Extractions, and Fixed and Removable Prosthesis are done in the clinic. Since its inception, the Dental OP has seen remarkable growth in the number of villagers who come for regular check-ups, who receive timely treatment for any issues and follow-up regularly with the OPD. This is testament to the success of its various outreach camps and regular sensitisation efforts by the staff and in-house doctors with their patients.	https://rdtfvf.org/rural-hospitals/kanekal-hospital/dental-care/
The main use of Sidereal Time is in astronomy where it provides an exact timetable of the stars. The sidereal day is divided into 24 sidereal hours with the hours marked continuously from 0 hours to 24 hours (or 0 hours). To a sky observer sidereal time is the hour angle of the vernal equinox measured westward from your meridian, Figure 2. Because the earth rotates around the sun once a year, while it turns on its axis 365 times, the star day is 1/ 365th of a day shorter than 24 hours . .. about 4 minutes shorter. The star or sidereal day is 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4.09 seconds long...so a star will rise about 4 minutes earlier clocktime each night. One rotation of the earth, in reference to any star, rather than in reference to the sun, equals 24 hours of sidereal or star time. The zero hour (0 hour) at which the sidereal and the solar times are the same occurs when the vernal equinox is on your meridian. The one feature which makes sidereal time somewhat of a puzzle is that the hours are 10 seconds shorter than similar hours of solar time. While this doesn't sound like much, it amounts to 240 seconds or 4 minutes in one day, 2 hours in one month and 24 hours or one whole day in a year. Why the sidereal day is shorter than the solar day can be seen in Figure 3. Because the earth revolves around the sun, it takes four minutes extra per day between two successive upper transits of the sun. The true period of the earth's rotation is actually the transit to transit time of a star on the vernal equinox. The four minute difference per day allows the stars to advance westward by this amount before the solar day is completed, and this small time difference repeated night after night, gives us a constantly changing parade of stars. The big advantage of sidereal time is that, since it is governed by the apparent motion of the stars, it also keeps exact pace with them. THE LUNAR DAY In similar manner, the moon orbits around the earth as the earth, in turn, orbits around the sun. The new moon appears when sun, moon and earth are in a straight line with the moon in between. There are 29 days, 12 hours, 44 minutes and 3 seconds from one new moon to the next new moon. This is the lunar month, the very word month comes from the word moon. The moon rises and sets about 50 minutes later each day. On your Spilhaus Space Clock the times of the positions of the moon are given in terms of sun or standard time, and not in terms of the lunar days, etc. More pictures of Spilhaus Space Clock and how to repair it.	http://www.sandsmuseum.com/misc/spillhaus/secthree/sidereal/sidlun.html
Every nation has its own culture and its part is also literature. Literature has developed for many many years. A typical attribute of British literature is pronounced tendency towards realism. Its writers were quite successful in using humour, irony and satire. There are many famous British writers and the most famous is Shakespeare, I think. But I´d like to speak about other one – Tolkien. I love his books because they are almost like fairy tales. We often use it for making games for little girls in scout camps. J. R. R. Tolkien (1892 – 1973) was well-known man of learning in the branch “English Language”. He was the specialist for Old and Middle English. The most famous Tolkien´s stories are “The Hobbit” and “The Lord of the Rings”. They are situated into historical season in the fictious version of our world. This season was called The Middle-Earth by Tolkien. His world was inhabited by men (and women), Elfs, Dwarves, Giants and of course Hobbits. Tolkien was regularry renounced by English Literature Asociation but he was loved by milions of readers all over the world. He was called Ronald by his family and friends. He was born in South Africa, in 1892. His father died after Ronald´s birth. After it died his mother. Tolkien´s life was divided into two places – very rural seclusion with it´s own mill and threatening town Birmingham, where he studied. In 1916 he got married with Edith Bratt. He was fighting in the war. But he turned home because of typhoid fever. He had two children – son John Francis Reuel, and daughter Priscilla. Tolkien often narrated some fairy tales to his children. So then he wrote all this stories into a book and offered it to the editor. The story was published as “The Hobbit or There and Back Again”. This book has a huge succes and so the editor asked Tolkien if he could continue with writing this story. But Tolkien wrote something more – very complicated 16 year´s history of “Middle-Earth” that he called “The Lord of Rings”. The book I read of this author is called “Hobbit”. I think it isn´t only a tale in spite of it´s full of dwarves, giants and other supernatural persons. And also there are many adventures and other different signs of tale in this book. But it has something more. The psychology of this supernatural persons is very very similar to human psychology. Now I´d like to say something about the argument of this book. At the beginning of this book writer describes Hobbit´s burrow. This was builded up at the slope. His burrow was described with many details. – It was very comfortable and pleasant. Hobbit likes comfort and mainly eating. He likes living in peace without any adventure. But one day came magician Gandalf and 13 dwarves. They wanted to get the treasure from the dragon called “Šmak”. This dragon had stolen the treasure from dwarves and now he´s watching it. Eventually dwarves persuaded Hobbit (he calle “Bilbo”) to go with them. Dwarves got the magic key and the map (from Gandalf). They was obtaining many other things during their way and this things helped them to get the treasure. They met many adventures and they also risked their lives during their way. I don´t want to describe this adventures so detaily because it could be very long. But I must say that at the end they managed to get the treasure. Bilbo came back home with his part of the treasure and in spite of he was changed by all adventures during the long way and now he aren´t so frightened like in the past, he prefer to come back to his life in pace and silence. At the beginning the dwarves don´t want to believe Gandalf, that Bilbo is very handy and clever and that he can help them to get the treasure. They think that he is very slow and almost stupid. But he turned up. The dwarves found out that he is very very clever and efficient. He helped the dwarves in many dangerous situations. In the end the dwarves comprehended that Bilbo can be useful for them. My favourite scene is narrating about Bilbo´s burrow. This was builded up at the slope. His burrow was described very detailly. – It was very comfortable and pleasant. Hobbit liked comfort and mainly eating. He likes living in peace without any adventure. Bilbo liked cooking especially for many visitors, who came to his house very often. I´d like to read whole “The Lord of Rings” because if it´s as good as The Hobbit it´ll be very interesting and great reading. I heard trat it is very very iteresting book and you can know human´s characteristics in it. You can know something about people through this book.	https://www.odmaturuj.cz/anglictina/my-favourite-british-writer-j-r-r-tolkien/
Click here for directions. Not sure where to enter the building? Click here. Assessment Dr. Willson uses a variety of assessment tools -- including the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator or MBTI (to assist with the understanding of self and others) and the Strong Interest Inventory (to assist with career decisions). The MBTI instrument has four bipolar traits; it measures: E and I stand for Extraversion and Introversion, indicating whether you get energy from being around people or from time spent alone. S and N stand for Sensing and Intuition, indicating whether you primarily focus on specific facts and concrete details or you prefer to focus on reading between the lines and the 'big picture'. T and F stand for Thinking and Feeling, indicating whether you tend to make decisions based on logical analysis and the principles involved or you prefer to decide by considering your values and promoting harmony with the people involved. J and P stand for Judging and Perceiving, indicating whether you prefer your life to be planned and like it when things are decided or you prefer to go with the flow and like keeping your options open. MBTI The MBTI can help you understand why you think and behave the way you do, and how your 'type' interacts with other 'types'. It can also guide you toward strategies for working in difficult relationships, both at work and at home.
Opening hours and location State Records' Research Centre is located at 115 Cavan Rd, Gepps Cross, 5094. Telephone (+61 8) 8343 6800. Note: The voicemail on this number is regularly monitored. Opening hours at Gepps Cross are as follows: - Tuesday 9:30am - 4:30pm - Wednesday 9:30am - 4:30pm - Thursday 9:30am - 4:30pm Ordering for original records ends at 3:30pm each day. Please note the Research Centre is closed on public holidays. Getting to the Research Centre Free parking is available at our Research Centre. While there are no buses that travel directly from the CBD to a stop near our Research Centre, if you are willing to connect routes you can reach a bus stop within a minute’s walking distance. 1. Catch any of the following buses from King William St and get off at stop 25, Main North Road, Gepps Cross (it will take approximately 15-20 minutes to walk to State Records’ Research Centre from here). 2. Then catch the 225 of 255F from stop 25, and get off at stop 28, Port Wakefield Road (just outside Stratco). From here it’s just a short walk down Cavan Road to State Records. Please note, bus 225 only runs every 30mins to an hour, so time your connection to suit. To travel back to the CBD, reverse the process. User registration Researchers ordering records for the first time will be asked to register with State Records, and will receive a user ID number and card. Researchers who have registered online using the catalogue ArchivesSearch, will need to ask for a user ID card when they visit the Research Centre. Research Centre services Access to ArchivesSearch along with other guides, finding aids and indexes are available in the Research Centre. State Records staff in the Research Centre can help you by:	https://archives.sa.gov.au/content/research-centre
When did car manufacturers stop putting in indicators? Older readers may remember how cars had flashing lights on either side of the car, designed to let motorists and road users know if they were turning left or right. They were operated by a little stick near the steering wheel and were a great boost to road safety. These days, sadly, the old habits of telling other people when you are changing lane or coming off a roundabout have been consigned to history. At least that seems to be the case in Cheltenham according to a former town mayor. Klara Sudbuy, who was mayor of Cheltenham last year, issued a plaintive call on twitter which has been widely shared and commented on. She said: “I don't really understand why people do not indicate at roundabouts in Cheltenham. "I never know whether to press on and risk them going into me or just wait for no apparent reason.” In reply to the many comments she received, Klara added: “It is so irritating I am a careful driver so just wait but you never know if people aren't indicating because they are going straight on as you would expect or turn left/right. “The roundabout at The Park/Moorend Park Road is the worst for this but elsewhere too. Comedian, actor and writer Dom Joly, who lives near Cheltenham, was one of those to have his say. He wrote: “I find that pulling out a handgun and taking a couple of potshots at the offending vehicle solves this issue.” Not something we at Gloucestershire Live would endorse. A number of Cheltenham businesses also waded in on the debate, bemoaning the general state of driving around the town. Brew and Bake coffee shop in Bath Road said the roundabout by the Norwood Arms, at the junction of Shurdington Road, Bath Road and Leckhampton Road, is also bad for poor indication. They tweeted: “No one looks, no one gives, no one indicates and no one cares.” While staff at The Mayflower restaurant in Clarence Street in the town centre, said: “It does seem a lots of motorists forgets their driving manners, courtesy and appreciation!" Your cut-out-and-keep guide to roundabouts and signalling This from the Highway Code Section 184 Section 184 of the Highway Code is all about what to do when approaching a roundabout. To ensure you approach roundabouts safely you should look out for traffic signs, traffic lights and lane markings, all of which will help you to prepare for manoeuvring around the roundabout and identifying the correct lane. When approaching a roundabout you should: - Use the mirror-signal-manoeuvre process - Decide which exit you need to take as early as possible - Use the appropriate signal at the optimal time to inform other road users of your intentions - Get into the correct lane - Adjust your speed and position to the traffic conditions - Remain aware of the speed and position of the traffic around you Section 185 Section 185 explains what you should do when you reach the roundabout. Again it is important to be aware of the traffic around you and look out for road users who may be signalling incorrectly or in some cases not signalling at all! When reaching a roundabout you should: - Always give priority to the traffic coming from the right, unless you have been directed otherwise by signs, road markings or traffic lights - Check if the road markings allow you to proceed without giving way (always look right before joining just in case) - Watch out for other road users on the roundabout - Check the traffic has moved off in front of you before you proceed to enter the roundabout Section 186 This section of the Highway Code explains the signals and positions required to exit a roundabout safely. Follow the rules and you will find maneuvering roundabouts to be much less stressful. When taking the first exit (unless signs and markings indicate otherwise): - Signal left and approach the exit in the left hand lane - Keep to the left on the roundabout and signal left to leave When taking an exit to the right or going full circle (unless signs or markings indicate otherwise): - Signal right and approach the exit in the right hand lane - Keep to the right on the roundabout until you need to change lanes to reach your exit - Signal left after you have passed the exit before the one you intend to take When taking any intermediate exit (unless signs or markings indicate otherwise): - Select the appropriate lane on approach to the roundabout - Stay in the lane until you need to alter your lane to exit - Signal left after you have passed the exit before the one you want to take We would love to hear your experience of driving around Cheltenham and the behaviour of your fellow motorists. Let us know in the comments below or email us at [email protected] or via twitter and Facebook.	https://www.gloucestershirelive.co.uk/news/cheltenham-news/dont-people-indicate-roundabouts-cheltenham-1916802
Recent reports that Northern Ireland has reached ‘effectively full employment’ is good news. However, the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland‘s Statement on Key Inequalities in Northern Ireland strikes a cautionary note. The Statement identifies fourteen key inequalities in employment that affect disabled people, women, carers, lone parents, those under 24 and those over 50, migrant workers, and Irish Travellers. It also highlights that prejudicial attitudes within the workplace affect all these groups as well as LGBT and those of different religious beliefs. “Whilst improvements in the unemployment rate are welcome, if we are to make further progress in terms of participation and progression in our workplaces, we must tackle these persistent and emerging inequalities,” Dr Michael Wardlow, Chief Commissioner of the Equality Commission said. “Getting a job and progressing within it is a key driver for both economic and social wellbeing and is a key route to improved social mobility and inclusion as well as a route out of poverty. It is important that employment opportunities are open to everyone and the barriers faced by particular groups are reduced.” Employment equality laws dealing with religion, gender, disability, race, sexual orientation and age, and provisions for flexible working and leave, have had a considerable effect. We have seen significant progress in terms of both access to and participation in employment over the decades since they were introduced. They have helped transform the working environment for many people. The drive to improve participation in and progression within employment for everyone in our society remains at the heart of the work of the Equality Commission.” “We want this Statement to inform the work of Government and organisations with responsibilities for, or an interest in, employment, as we all strive to create a place where people want to live and work” Dr. Wardlow said. - Summary Statement (pdf, 19 pages) - Full Statement (pdf, 162 pages) - Website section: www.equalityni.org/KeyInequalities-Employment The Commission contracted independent research drew on research from its own archive as well as that by government, the community and voluntary sectors, and other academic research. It analysed the Labour Force Survey reports by each of the equality grounds and engaged with a wide range of stakeholder groups. Key Inequalities identified in the Statement include: Disability There is a persistent employment gap between people with and without disabilities. Only around one third of people with disabilities are in work here compared to three quarters of people without disabilities. Gender Women have a lower employment rate and a higher economic inactivity rate when they have dependents. Women experience industrial segregation in employment, that is, men and women are distributed differently across occupations, jobs, and places of work. Caring responsibilities Lone parents with dependents experience barriers to employment Carers experience barriers to getting and keeping a job Women, lone parents with dependents and carers who provide less than 49 hours of care are more likely to be in part-time employment. Women and lone parents experience occupational segregation in employment. Age Those aged 18-24 years old have higher unemployment rates than those aged 25 years and older. Those aged 50-64 years old are less likely to be in employment and more likely to be economically inactive than those aged 25-49 years old. Race Migrant workers, particularly those from Eastern European countries are subject to industrial and occupational segregation, face multiple barriers to employment, and are vulnerable to exploitation. Irish Travellers are less likely to be in employment than all other ethnic groups. Prejudice at work Prejudicial attitudes (unequal treatment, harassment, discrimination), both within and outside the workplace, are experienced by people with disabilities, women, trans people, lesbian, gay and bisexual people, people from minority ethnic groups, migrant workers and those of different religious beliefs.	https://migrate.equineteurope.org/2018/05/24/northern-ireland-key-inequalities-in-employment/
he is what linden say about textures for uploading. You can upload TGA, PNG, BMP, or JPG files with at least 24-bit color, for quality and compatibility. Files at lower bit depths may fail to upload. PNG (24-bit) and TGA (32-bit) files allow the use of transparent effects (for example, in a stained glass window) via an alpha channel. Most modern image editors can convert between formats. Supported image formats Second Life supports TGA (32-bit supports alpha channel), PNG (24-bit supports alpha channel), and BMP. When you upload an image, the Viewer internally converts it to JPG2000 for optimized future transmission. For best quality, try to avoid uploading JPGs; their already-compressed quality degrades further because of the double conversion. Texture sizes Textures should be as small as possible — texture size is highly context-sensitive so it takes experienced artistic judgment. For example, if you're texture-mapping a tiny pebble, its detail can be negligible compared to a giant tree in the same scene. For general use, 512x512 is a fair balance. The maximum resolution for an uploaded texture is 1024x1024 pixels; if you upload a bigger image, it is scaled down to 1024x1024 pixels. Even if you have a fast Internet connection and a top-end graphics card, your computer can only display a finite amount of texture data. you can find more informaton in the knowledge base tab.	https://community.secondlife.com/forums/topic/306533-how-many-meters-squared-does-the-512px-terrain-textures-cover-per-tile/
Independent opinion, expert advice and support for business leaders involved with business growth and business change. Consultancy, coaching and training options to suit your needs and budget and based on 40+ years’ experience. Options include but are not limited to: Business planning, business growth, business change, sales and marketing strategy, change management, management team “away days”, etc We’re happy to meet you to discuss what you have in mind and explore a few ideas and options without any cost or obligation.	https://www.auricas.com/category/business-growth-change/
Realism is the movement toward representing reality as it is, in art. Realistic drama is an attempt to portray life on stage, a movement away from the conventional melodramas and sentimental comedies of the 1700s. It is expressed in theatre through the use of symbolism, character development, stage setting and storyline and is exemplified in plays such as Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House and Anton Chekhov’s The Three Sisters. The arrival of realism was indeed good for theatre as it promoted greater audience involvement and raised awareness of contemporary social and moral issues. It also provided and continues to provide a medium through which playwrights can express their views about societal values, attitudes and morals. A Doll’s House is the tragedy of a Norwegian housewife who is compelled to challenge law, society and her husband’s value system. It can be clearly recognized as a realistic problem drama, for it is a case where the individual is in opposition to a hostile society. Ibsen’s sympathy with the feminine cause has been praised and criticized; as he requires the audience to judge the words and actions of the characters in order to reassess the values of society. Later on in the same act, he contradicts himself: “I’ll change. I can change-”; much after Nora confronts him: “Sit here, Torvald. We have to come to terms”. “There’s a lot to say”. Here, Ibsen shows us he has worked in depth with the psychology of the characters, giving them a sense of complexity and realism. Playgoers therefore recognize the revelation of characters through memory. Thus drama became an experience closely impinging on the conscience of the audience. Ibsen was also unique for his use of symbolism to assist realism on stage. Symbolic significance is presented through the detail of design, props and actions of the characters. For example, in Act III, Nora goes offstage to get changed; “I’m changing. No more fancy dress”. It is a symbolic representation of her personal change, one where she has come to the realization that she has been living the life of a doll, confined to the roles of a “featherbrain”, “plaything”, “dove”, “skylark” and “songbird”. Thus, symbolism enhanced realism, and its effect can be seen as positive in the sense that it stirred conscious awareness of values. The stage settings of A Doll’s House are an integral part of the theatrical design, and not mere dcor to be overlooked. The setting in Act II; “the Christmas tree stands stripped of its decorations and with its candles burnt to stumps” is symbolic of the lack of happiness in Nora’s life at that moment. Also the change of setting in Act III; “The tables and chairs have been moved centre” foreshadows a character change that will take place in Nora. The many references to doors also have significance beyond the stage directions. The play begins with the opening of the door and finishes with the “slamming” of the door. Nora enters the doll’s house with the values of society and departs from it, symbolizing her rejection of them. All these intricacies of play settings and characters depict realism on stage. Ultimately, it has been good for theatre because it presents the playwright’s ideas in interesting and original ways. Realism, as expressed through symbolism, also draws the attention of the audience, thus stimulating moral thought, and stirring reaction. Realism is also defined as art-imitating life (source). This is a fitting account of Anton Chekhov’s plays, for they tend to show the stagnant, helpless quality of Russian society in the late C19th. Quite evident in The Three Sisters, when Tuzenbakh illustrates realism; “The suffering we see around us these days – and there’s plenty of it – is at least a sign that society has reached a certain moral level. Hence, while the portrayal of life here seemed ‘gloomy and pessimestic’, it was still good for theatre in that it presented issues which audiences could identify with. It was also more intellectual theatre when the playwright could express their views, compared with the conventional dramas that merely played out fiction. Chekhov tends to portray people who are perpetually unsatisfied, such as Olga; “I felt my youth and energy draining away, drop by drop each day. Only one thing grows stronger and stronger, a certain longing. (Act 1). This is reflective of Chekhov’s realistic character work, where people dream to improve their lives, but most fail. Realism here effectively presents harsh realities onstage, and not having to promote idealistic ways of life. Reality is difficult as Olga expresses; “What is all this for Why all this suffering The answer will be known one day, and then there will be no mysteries left, but till then, life must go on, we must work and work and think of nothing else. (Act IV). Chekhov also exposes human foibles and anti-social tendencies, such as with the character Natasha; “you have so many people here. I feel awfully nervousI am just not used to meeting new people. ” Thus, audiences can sympathize and identify with characters, as these traits are reflective of certain aspects of the human condition. So realism in theatre has been good in the respect that it has greater impact when there are elements of truth in the play. In the final analysis, the arrival of realism has been good for theatre primarily because it promoted greater audience involvement. While the portrayal of realistic issues may have been contentious in some cases, such as in A Doll’s House, it nevertheless stirred reaction, which encouraged moral thought. However, one could argue that its arrival has lead to less use of the imagination. In either case, realism has raised awareness of social and moral issues and the playwright’s views serve to challenge the audience ultimately making theatre more interactive and interesting.	https://artscolumbia.org/essays/henrik-ibsens-a-dolls-house-and-anton-chekhovs-the-three-sisters-essay-44835/
Introduction {#s1} ============ With the advent of new sequencing technologies, the reconstruction of phylogenetic histories on the genomic scale has become feasible. Genomic data offer the potential to resolve phylogenies that have been difficult to reconstruct from a small number of genes [@pgen.1000729-Rokas1]--[@pgen.1000729-Zou1]. Although highly resolved phylogenies can sometimes be recovered when data sets are concatenated, such "total evidence" trees may depart from the history of population branching, the "species history" [@pgen.1000729-Degnan1],[@pgen.1000729-Kubatko1]. The measurement and incorporation of gene genealogical discordance into genomic analyses is expected to improve inferences about species history, particularly for recently derived groups [@pgen.1000729-Edwards1]. Topological discordance among gene trees is expected under several scenarios [@pgen.1000729-Maddison1]. Population subdivision and asymmetric gene flow among ancestral populations [@pgen.1000729-Slatkin1], as well as introgression between diverged populations, can generate widespread discordance. Ancestral polymorphisms can also segregate, causing some gene trees to disagree with the population tree. The effects of this incomplete lineage sorting are greatest when effective population sizes are high and internodes of the population tree are of short duration [@pgen.1000729-Tajima1]--[@pgen.1000729-Moore1]. Consistent with these predictions, substantial phylogenetic discordance has been documented on the genomic scale in a few young species groups. Pollard et al. [@pgen.1000729-Pollard1] demonstrated significant variation among 9,405 genes in Drosophila erecta, D. melanogaster, and D. yakuba. In addition, genomic discordance has been repeatedly observed in analyses of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas, with a majority of gene trees supporting a human/chimpanzee sister relationship [@pgen.1000729-Satta1]--[@pgen.1000729-Burgess1]. Although it is well established that closely related lineages will exhibit substantial genealogical discordance, few studies have quantified phylogenetic discordance across entire genomes (including non-coding regions). Consequently, the extent of variation on this scale remains poorly understood. The house mouse subspecies group (Mus musculus musculus, M. m. castaneus, and M. m. domesticus) provides an excellent system for exploring genome-wide patterns of phylogenetic discordance because (i) sources of potential discordance (incomplete lineage sorting and introgression) exist and (ii) almost complete genome sequences are available. The earliest divergences in the house mouse subspecies group occurred only 500,000 generations ago (assuming 1 generation per year) [@pgen.1000729-She1]--[@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1] and house mice are estimated to have large effective population sizes (approximately 10^5^) [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1],[@pgen.1000729-Baines1], suggesting an important role for incomplete lineage sorting. In addition, the extent of interspecific gene flow varies across the genome and among the three subspecies [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1], [@pgen.1000729-Boursot2]--[@pgen.1000729-Teeter1]. Two of the subspecies (M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus) meet in a stable hybrid zone, in which dramatic variation in introgression among genomic regions has been documented [@pgen.1000729-Payseur1],[@pgen.1000729-Macholn1],[@pgen.1000729-Teeter1],[@pgen.1000729-Munclinger1]. The other two subspecies pairs (M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus) also exchange genes in nature, as evidenced by the existence of hybrids [@pgen.1000729-Yonekawa1]--[@pgen.1000729-Yonekawa3]. Furthermore, house mice are model systems for the genetics of speciation [@pgen.1000729-Ivnyi1]--[@pgen.1000729-Good2], providing the potential to connect genomic variation in phylogenetic history to the evolution of reproductive barriers. Previous phylogenetic analyses of house mouse subspecies have revealed signs of discordance among genomic regions. Analyses of mitochondrial genes [@pgen.1000729-Prager1],[@pgen.1000729-Prager2], and studies of a handful of genes on the Y chromosome [@pgen.1000729-Tucker1],[@pgen.1000729-Lundrigan1], the X chromosome [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1], and the autosomes [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1],[@pgen.1000729-Lundrigan1],[@pgen.1000729-Liu1] have yielded support for a M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus sister relationship. In contrast, complete mitochondrial genome sequences have been unable to resolve the branching pattern [@pgen.1000729-Goios1]. As an increasing number of loci and individuals (within subspecies) have been surveyed, greater evidence for conflicting (but individually well-supported) topologies and non-monophyletic clades has surfaced [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1],[@pgen.1000729-Lundrigan1],[@pgen.1000729-Liu1]. The discordance observed in these small datasets motivated us to characterize how frequently gene genealogies fluctuate across the genome and whether a primary phylogenetic history can be identified among the discordance. The accuracy of species tree inference is improved more by increasing the number of loci sampled than by increasing the number of individuals sampled at each locus [@pgen.1000729-Pamilo1]. In this three-taxon case, the primary phylogenetic history should follow the subspecies tree [@pgen.1000729-Baum1]. We applied a recently developed analytical approach designed to measure and incorporate phylogenetic discordance to genome sequences from M. m. musculus, M. m. castaneus, and M. m. domesticus. We document substantial, fine-scale discordance among genomic regions and report a primary phylogenetic history for house mice supported by a plurality of the genome. We interpret these results in the context of population genetic processes, including speciation, in house mice. Results {#s2} ======= Species and Sequence Data {#s2a} ------------------------- To reconstruct the phylogenetic history of house mice, we analyzed genome sequences of three wild-derived inbred strains obtained by Perlegen Sciences using high-density 25-mer oligonucleotide arrays [@pgen.1000729-Frazer1]: WSB/EiJ (M. m. domesticus), PWD/PhJ (M. m. musculus), and CAST/EiJ (M. m. castaneus). With three subspecies, there were three possible rooted topologies ([Figure 1](#pgen-1000729-g001){ref-type="fig"}). We identified assays within the Perlegen data set that had a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) between one of the three strains. For each assay, we replaced the C57BL/6J genotype with the strain-specific genotype in the mouse genome [@pgen.1000729-MouseGenomeSequencing1] using positional information from NCBI build 36, to create a unique genome sequence for each strain. Between the three inbred strains, there were a total of 4,359,927 SNPs genome-wide, with an average of 2.35 SNPs/kb. Estimates from natural populations of the three species of mice have revealed an average divergence among a handful of loci of about 5 SNPs/kb (in all three pairwise species comparisons) [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1]. The lower SNP density in this data set reflects efforts by Perlegen to minimize the false positive rate at the expense of a high false negative rate during resequencing [@pgen.1000729-Frazer1],[@pgen.1000729-Yang1]. We used the Rattus norvegicus genome sequence [@pgen.1000729-MouseGenomeSequencing1] as an outgroup in all phylogenetic analyses. Rat, which diverged from house mice 12--24 million years ago [@pgen.1000729-Gibbs1],[@pgen.1000729-Adkins1], was the most closely related species with a complete genome sequence available. The entire data matrix contained a total of 1,085,916 parsimony phylogenetic informative sites across the genome, with an average of 604 informative sites per Mb. ![Three possible phylogenetic histories.\ The three possible phylogenetic relationships among subspecies of house mice are shown, rooted by rat.](pgen.1000729.g001){#pgen-1000729-g001} Genome Partitioning {#s2b} ------------------- We partitioned the genome for subsequent phylogenetic analyses using the minimum description length (MDL) principle [@pgen.1000729-Ane1], which set breakpoints where shifts in phylogenetic history most likely occurred. In this manner, the genome was partitioned into 14,081 loci with a median size of 98,238 bp and a maximum locus size of 7.21 Mb ([Figure S1](#pgen.1000729.s001){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Locus size varied widely across the genome (SD 312,637 bp) and was negatively correlated with the density of parsimony phylogenetically informative sites (Spearman\'s rank correlation, rho = −0.501, p\<0.00001), as expected because the genome was partitioned based upon 100 SNP windows rather than windows of constant physical position. In regions of lower SNP density, 100 SNP windows encompassed larger stretches of the genome. To determine whether the distribution of locus sizes correlated with relevant biological processes (rather than reflecting an arbitrary partitioning based on the density of informative sites), we compared locus size to fine-scale recombination rate across the genome. Three-species models predict that the spatial scale of phylogenetic switching caused by incomplete lineage sorting should be related to the local rate of recombination [@pgen.1000729-Slatkin2] and consequent scale of linkage disequilibrium in ancestral populations. This pattern has been observed in phylogenomic studies of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas [@pgen.1000729-Hobolth1]. We estimated recombination rate in 1 Mb windows using an updated version of the high-density mouse genetic map [@pgen.1000729-Shifman1],[@pgen.1000729-Cox1] and used these estimates to examine correlations with locus size across the genomes of the three species. As predicted, we found a low, but significant negative correlation between recombination rate and locus size (Spearman\'s Rank, n = 14,081, rho = −0.0632, p\<0.00001). Because marker density in the genetic map varies across the genome, the closest estimate of recombination rate can also vary. We repeated the correlation analysis using only loci that were within 100 kb of the nearest recombination rate estimate, resulting in a similar negative correlation (Spearman\'s Rank, n = 8,344, rho = −0.0744, p\<0.00001). We also compared median recombination rates between the longest 2.5% and the shortest 2.5% of the loci. There was a significantly lower median recombination rate in the longer loci (0.292 cM/Mb) as compared to the shorter loci (0.480 cM/Mb; p\<0.00001) ([Figure S2](#pgen.1000729.s002){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), confirming an effect of recombination on the spatial distribution of phylogenetic discordance. Estimating Single-Locus Phylogenetic Histories {#s2c} ---------------------------------------------- We separately estimated the rooted gene genealogy of each locus by identifying the best-fitting model of molecular evolution and conducting a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. These individual loci supported single topologies with high statistical confidence ([Table S1](#pgen.1000729.s009){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). For example, 84.9% of loci supported a single topology with a posterior probability of 0.9 or greater ([Figure S3](#pgen.1000729.s003){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). High posterior probabilities were observed across a wide variation of locus sizes and for each topology ([Figure 2](#pgen-1000729-g002){ref-type="fig"}; [Figure S4](#pgen.1000729.s004){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). Resolved gene trees can be supported by artificially high Bayesian posterior probabilities if the true tree is a polytomy (the "star tree paradox") [@pgen.1000729-Suzuki2]--[@pgen.1000729-Yang2]. To evaluate whether the high support we obtained for each locus was caused by this problem, we calculated the likelihood score of the Bayesian majority rule consensus tree and the likelihood score of the tree with the internal branch constrained to length zero. We computed a likelihood ratio test statistic to determine if the model with an internal branch of non-zero length was a significantly better fit than a model with an internal branch of zero length. Only 247 of the 14,081 loci had internal branches statistically indistinguishable from a tree with a collapsed internal branch (significance set at α = 0.1, 1 df, χ^2^ = 2.706) [@pgen.1000729-Ota1], indicating that the high posterior probabilities we observed generally reflected the accurate resolution of gene trees with short internal branches. ![Fine-scale phylogenetic discordance.\ The posterior probability of each topology is mapped along chromosome 19 to characterize fine-scale patterns of discordance among the 410 loci. Many regions of the chromosome rapidly switch between phylogenetic histories and are characterized by loci that have a high posterior probability for a single topology. Colors correspond to the three topologies.](pgen.1000729.g002){#pgen-1000729-g002} We compared the single-locus posterior probabilities we estimated through the Bayesian phylogenetic analyses with bootstrap support from maximum likelihood analyses to determine if the high support we obtained was due to the choice of methodology. Bootstrap supports from the maximum likelihood analyses were highly correlated with the Bayesian posterior probabilities for each of the three topologies (M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus: Spearman\'s Rank, n = 14,081, rho = 0.928, p\<0.00001; M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus: rho = 0.925, p\<0.00001; M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus: rho = 0.880, p\<0.00001), indicating that overall patterns of statistical support at each locus were robust to the method used to reconstruct phylogenetic history. Genome-Wide Discordance {#s2d} ----------------------- To measure phylogenetic discordance across all loci, we used the posterior probability distributions from all single-locus phylogenetic analyses as input for the Bayesian concordance analysis [@pgen.1000729-Ane2]. By incorporating the statistical uncertainty in phylogenetic reconstruction among the individual loci, we were able to estimate the number of loci across the genome that supported each individual topology. Bayesian concordance analysis identified a primary phylogenetic history, placing M. m. musculus and M. m. castaneus as sister subspecies ([Figure 3](#pgen-1000729-g003){ref-type="fig"}). This tree was supported by a concordance factor of 0.390±0.003, or 39% of all loci (with a prior probability of gene tree concordance at α = 1). There was also substantial support for the two other possible histories. The M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus clade had a concordance factor of 0.363±0.003, while the M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus clade had a lower concordance factor of 0.247±0.003. Although the Bayesian concordance analysis estimates the proportion of loci supporting a particular topology, the analysis does not integrate the sizes of individual loci. If the concordance factors are accurately reflecting the contributions of incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow, the median locus sizes supporting each of the three topologies should parallel the concordance factors. Median locus size followed the same rank order as the concordance factors, with the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology having the largest locus size ([Figure S5](#pgen.1000729.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). ![Genome-wide phylogenetic discordance.\ Bayesian concordance factors were calculated from the posterior probability distributions of 14,081 single-locus phylogenetic analyses. The concordance analysis is depicted using three different priors on gene tree concordance: complete independence among loci (α = infinity), a high probability of concordance among loci (α = 10^−6^), and an intermediate level of concordance (α = 1). The M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology is supported by significantly more loci than the other two topologies regardless of the prior on gene tree concordance. Colors correspond to the three topologies. Error bars are 95% credibility intervals.](pgen.1000729.g003){#pgen-1000729-g003} Other researchers have computed concordance factors using maximum likelihood methods by filtering out gene trees with less than 95% bootstrap support and calculating the proportion of loci from the filtered pool that supported each topology [@pgen.1000729-Ebersberger1]. We also repeated our concordance analysis using maximum likelihood methods. 7,260 of the 14,081 loci had at least 95% bootstrap support. Of these trees, M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus was supported by a concordance factor of 0.415, M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus had a concordance factor of 0.366, and M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus had a concordance factor of 0.219. These concordance factors were similar to those resulting from Bayesian concordance analysis, indicating that our conclusions were robust to alternative analytical approaches. The slight differences likely arose because Bayesian concordance analysis used all loci and incorporated uncertainty across loci, whereas the maximum likelihood method only used half of the available loci and did not propagate uncertainty across loci. Bayesian concordance analysis uses a prior probability of gene tree concordance, which could affect our estimates of a primary phylogenetic history. To address this issue, we recalculated concordance factors assuming two extreme priors: (1) a high probability of concordance among individual loci, and (2) complete independence among individual loci. In both cases, patterns of discordance among the three histories remained largely unchanged ([Figure 3](#pgen-1000729-g003){ref-type="fig"}), suggesting robustness to prior assumptions. This robustness was likely due to the large number of loci used in the concordance analysis combined with the high degree of support for single topologies at most individual loci. Estimates of concordance might also be affected by the parameters used in the MDL partitioning (the cost and the starting interval size). To investigate this possibility, we applied the maximum (3) and minimum (0.9039) costs against splitting concatenated fragments in the MDL partitioning on chromosomes 18, 19, and X. In all cases, partitioning the genome with the minimum cost roughly doubled the number of loci on each chromosome, but chromosome-wide concordance factors were not significantly altered ([Figure S6](#pgen.1000729.s006){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). We also calculated concordance factors on chromosomes 18 and 19 using a range of starting interval sizes (25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 SNPs). For both chromosomes, concordance factors did not significantly differ for the three topologies with starting interval sizes of 25, 50, or 100 SNPs when the full range of credibility intervals were taken into account ([Figure S7](#pgen.1000729.s007){ref-type="supplementary-material"}), indicating that partitioning with starting intervals smaller than 100 SNPs did not significantly alter the estimates of concordance. The phylogenetic histories at individual loci may not be the true histories if the divergence time between rat and house mice is too great [@pgen.1000729-Felsenstein1],[@pgen.1000729-Bergsten1]. Under this scenario, the rat branch can pair with whichever mouse lineage has the greatest amount of divergence and the largest number of sequence similarities due to homoplasy rather than orthology (long-branch attraction). To evaluate this possibility, we randomized the nucleotides of the rat sequence at each locus, erasing any phylogenetic signal and further compounding the effect of long-branch attraction. The posterior probability distributions from each shuffled locus on chromosomes 18 and 19 were used as input for the Bayesian concordance analysis [@pgen.1000729-Ane2]. If the patterns we observed in the data were due to long-branch attraction, we would expect to recover similar patterns of discordance with an artificially lengthened branch. Instead, we found a large difference in discordance between the randomized and nonrandomized data sets, with the randomized data set not differing from concordance factors of 1/3 (chromosome 18: χ^2^ = 4.900, df = 2, p = 0.086; chromosome 19: χ^2^ = 3.286, df = 2, p = 0.193) ([Figure S8](#pgen.1000729.s008){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This indicated that the rat sequence provided strong phylogenetic signal. Patterns of Discordance Within the X Chromosome {#s2e} ----------------------------------------------- Patterns of phylogenetic discordance within the X chromosome are expected to differ from those on the autosomes. The X chromosome has a smaller effective population size than the autosomes (¾ as large, assuming a breeding sex ratio of one) leading to the prediction that ancestral polymorphism should sort more quickly. Additionally, loci on the X chromosome exhibit reduced gene flow within and between species of house mice [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1],[@pgen.1000729-Boursot2],[@pgen.1000729-Sage1],[@pgen.1000729-Macholn1],[@pgen.1000729-Teeter1],[@pgen.1000729-Munclinger1],[@pgen.1000729-Tucker2],[@pgen.1000729-Dod2]. Both factors should reduce discordance across the X chromosome. In agreement with patterns for the autosomes, the primary phylogenetic history of the X chromosome was a M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus sister relationship. As predicted, this history was supported by a higher concordance factor (0.450±0.018) on the X chromosome than on the autosomes ([Figure 4](#pgen-1000729-g004){ref-type="fig"}). In addition, loci supporting a M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus topology had a lower concordance factor (0.324±0.018) on the X chromosome than on the autosomes. Although the concordance factor supporting a M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus topology (0.226±0.016) was also lower than the autosomes, the 95% credibility intervals overlapped. Median locus sizes matching each topology on the X chromosome also paralleled the concordance factors (as observed on the autosomes), with the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology showing a larger deviation in size from the two minor topologies ([Figure S5](#pgen.1000729.s005){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). ![Phylogenetic discordance between the autosomes and the X chromosome.\ Significantly less discordance is observed across loci of the X chromosome (X: 442 loci) than the autosomes (A: 13,639 loci). This is shown by significantly higher support for the primary phylogenetic history, the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology, at the expense of loci supporting the other two topologies. Colors correspond to the three topologies. Error bars are 95% credibility intervals.](pgen.1000729.g004){#pgen-1000729-g004} Increased support for the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus primary phylogenetic history and decreased support for the M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus minor history indicated reduced phylogenetic discordance on the X chromosome. To determine whether the reduced discordance simply arose from differences in sample size (n~X~ = 442 loci, n~autosomes~ = 13,639 loci), we compared the concordance factors on the X chromosome to concordance factors estimated from sets of 442 randomly drawn loci from the autosomes (5000 replicates). The reduced discordance on the X chromosome persisted in these comparisons (M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus: higher, p = 0.0062; M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus: lower, p = 0.038; M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus: no difference, p = 0.326). Reduced discordance on the X chromosome thus appears to reflect processes differentially affecting the X chromosome and the autosomes. Ascertainment Bias in SNP Discovery {#s2f} ----------------------------------- A potential source of discordance in our results comes from ascertainment bias in SNP identification. Sequences for the three house mouse species were obtained using arrays designed from a C57BL/6J reference sequence, which assayed for SNPs from the reference sequence by hybridizing oligonucleotide probes. Strong sequence divergence from the reference sequence could result in inefficient hybridization of the probes, increasing the false negative rate by incorrectly calling a C57BL/6J genotype. Consistent with such a bias, a deficiency of SNPs from the three species was documented [@pgen.1000729-Yang1]. The strongest bias was against M. m. castaneus specific SNPs -- SNPs at which the M. m. castaneus strain differs from the M. m. domesticus and M. m. musculus strain. This deficiency could reduce the number of loci supporting a M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus sister relationship (consistent with our results). To determine whether ascertainment bias would affect our ability to resolve a primary phylogenetic history, we simulated increased ascertainment bias against M. m. castaneus. M. m. castaneus informative SNPs were randomly removed from each locus across chromosomes 18 and 19 at varying levels of severity (ranging from 10--80% removed) by converting the M. m. castaneus specific SNP to the C57BL/6J genotype. All phylogenetic analyses were then repeated. These simulations modeled the effects of artificially increasing the false negative rate of SNP identification against M. m. castaneus. For each chromosome, as ascertainment bias against M. m. castaneus was increased, the concordance factor supporting the M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus topology decreased linearly ([Figure 5](#pgen-1000729-g005){ref-type="fig"}). Importantly, introducing ascertainment bias did not differentially affect the inferred concordance factors for the other two topologies; both factors increased at equal rates. Although ascertainment bias against M. m. castaneus SNPs existed in this data set, our main conclusions of a M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus primary phylogenetic history and substantial phylogenetic discordance across the genome were mostly unaffected by this bias. ![Simulated ascertainment bias against M. m. castaneus.\ Varying proportions of M. m. castaneus specific SNPs were removed from chromosomes 18 and 19 to simulate increased ascertainment bias against this taxon. The difference in concordance factors between M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus and M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus do not significantly differ at all levels of artificial bias. This indicates that recovery of a M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus primary phylogenetic history is robust to increased ascertainment bias. Colors correspond to the three topologies. Error bars are 95% confidence intervals.](pgen.1000729.g005){#pgen-1000729-g005} A second form of bias could also increase the branch length of M. m. domesticus in relation to the M. m. musculus and M. m. castaneus branches. Perlegen discarded SNPs that were polymorphic in only one of the 15 strains sequenced. As a majority of the strains were M. m. domesticus in origin [@pgen.1000729-Frazer1],[@pgen.1000729-Yang1], the analysis favored SNP discovery in this subspecies. If this bias increased the branch length of M. m. domesticus across the genome, this could raise support for the primary M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology through long-branch attraction to rat. When the rat sequence was randomized, support for the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus and M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus topologies both decreased. However, on both chromosomes, the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology decreased to a greater degree ([Figure S8](#pgen.1000729.s008){ref-type="supplementary-material"}). This result indicated that the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology was least affected by long-branch attraction and that the high support we observed for the primary phylogenetic history came from orthology to the rat sequence rather than ascertainment bias. Discussion {#s3} ========== Our genomic analysis revealed a primary phylogenetic history across the house mouse genome, placing M. m. musculus and M. m. castaneus as sister subspecies. We also documented striking phylogenetic discordance on a genome-wide scale. Discordance was observed in previous phylogenetic studies of house mice based on a small number of loci [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1],[@pgen.1000729-Lundrigan1],[@pgen.1000729-Liu1]. In addition, gene trees reconstructed from large population samples have shown that reciprocal monophyly between subspecies is higher on the X chromosome than the autosomes [@pgen.1000729-Salcedo1]--[@pgen.1000729-Baines1], a result that agrees with our genomic comparisons. In summary, our results extend previous observations from phylogenetic analyses of a few loci to the entire genome, thereby providing the power needed to resolve the history of these closely related subspecies for the first time. In the case of three taxa where there is an underlying tree-like population history (the "species tree"), the primary phylogenetic history is expected to match the species history, whereas the frequencies of the minor trees should reflect the contributions of incomplete lineage sorting and differential gene flow [@pgen.1000729-Maddison1],[@pgen.1000729-Slatkin1],[@pgen.1000729-Pamilo1],[@pgen.1000729-Baum1],[@pgen.1000729-Rosenberg1]. Several additional factors might shape the discordance we observed. We now discuss the importance of each potential source of discordance in turn. Biases in Phylogenetic Reconstruction {#s3a} ------------------------------------- Errors at several stages of phylogenetic reconstruction could generate phylogenetic discordance [@pgen.1000729-Rosenberg1]--[@pgen.1000729-Galtier1]. First, mis-estimated models of molecular evolution could introduce disagreement among loci. However, by statistically selecting the best-fitting model of molecular evolution separately for each locus, we minimized errors associated with assuming the same model across loci. Second, the alignment with rat might have inflated discordance if the error rate in the whole-genome alignment was high. Contrary to this idea, randomizing the rat sequence in respect to the three mouse sequences across chromosomes 18 and 19 strongly reduced the posterior probabilities at individual loci and instead exacerbated discordance, suggesting that the rat sequence contributed a strong phylogenetic signal. Third, estimates of concordance might be affected by the parameters used in the MDL partitioning. Applying the minimum cost against splitting concatenated fragments roughly doubled the number of loci, but concordance factors were not significantly altered. In addition, partitioning the genome using starting intervals less than 100 SNPs had no significant effect on the concordance factors. Finally, concordance factors might have been inaccurately estimated because many SNPs were missed by resequencing [@pgen.1000729-Frazer1]. Although comparable analyses of complete genome sequences would likely reveal variation in the exact breakpoints of partitions, reduced numbers of informative sites did not seem to be responsible for the observed discordance. Our analyses demonstrated that MDL partitions the genome in a phylogenetically informative manner and that individual loci generally favor one history with high posterior probability. In addition, we found a significant correlation between locus size and recombination rate across the genome (as predicted by theory), suggesting that this dataset contains information about the evolutionary processes responsible for phylogenetic discordance. Although we detected a significant negative correlation between locus size and recombination rate, the correlation coefficient was relatively low, indicating that most of the variation in locus size was explained by other variables. The weakness of this correlation was expected for several reasons. First, our data set was limited by the number of informative sites generated by the resequencing project. Additional sequence data might change the locations of breakpoints inferred by the MDL partitioning, which would alter the locus sizes and the correlation with recombination rate. Second, the recombination rate estimates came from crosses between other inbred strains of mice [@pgen.1000729-Shifman1],[@pgen.1000729-Cox1], not the wild-derived strains used in our analyses. Differences in recombination rate between some of the strains used to construct the mouse genetic map and one of the wild-derived strains included in our analysis (CAST/EiJ) have been observed [@pgen.1000729-Koehler1]. Patterns of Discordance across the House Mouse Genome {#s3b} ----------------------------------------------------- Pairwise divergence times between house mouse subspecies pairs are roughly similar when the full range of confidence intervals is considered [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1], suggesting a rapid, sequential splitting of the three subspecies. This scenario is expected to result in concordance factors that differ only slightly from 0.333, due to the short internal branch of the phylogeny. Our results are consistent with these patterns, with a primary phylogenetic history supported by a concordance factor of 0.390 across the autosomes. In contrast, three-taxon cases in Drosophila and primates feature phylogenies with longer internal branches, resulting in a greater proportion of the genome supporting the primary phylogenetic histories [@pgen.1000729-Pollard1],[@pgen.1000729-Patterson1],[@pgen.1000729-Ebersberger1],[@pgen.1000729-Burgess1]. If incomplete lineage sorting is solely responsible for phylogenetic discordance, the two minor topologies should occur at equal frequencies in the genome [@pgen.1000729-Maddison1],[@pgen.1000729-Pamilo1],[@pgen.1000729-Baum1],[@pgen.1000729-Rosenberg1], and these frequencies should decrease at equal rates as effective population size decreases and the length of the internal branch increases [@pgen.1000729-Tajima1],[@pgen.1000729-Hudson1]. In contrast, our analysis revealed asymmetric genomic proportions supporting the two minor topologies, indicating a strong deviation from the model of pure lineage sorting. Similar patterns were observed in Drosophila species [@pgen.1000729-Pollard1], and on the X chromosome in primates [@pgen.1000729-Slatkin1],[@pgen.1000729-Patterson1]. Gene flow following divergence can drive asymmetries between the minor histories. Patterns of shared polymorphism among populations [@pgen.1000729-Salcedo1]--[@pgen.1000729-Baines1] and introgression across hybrid zones [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1], [@pgen.1000729-Boursot2]--[@pgen.1000729-Munclinger1],[@pgen.1000729-Tucker2],[@pgen.1000729-Dod2] indicate that gene flow differs among the subspecies pairs and across the genome. If the primary phylogenetic history (M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus) represents the subspecies history, high levels of gene flow from the outgroup (M. m. domesticus) into M. m. castaneus or M. m. musculus could raise support for the minor histories. Significant levels of gene flow have only been detected between M. m. musculus and M. m. castaneus and between M. m. domesticus and M. m. castaneus [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1]. This introgression is expected to increase support for the M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus minor history in respect to the M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus minor history, as observed in our data. In addition to gene flow in nature, sequencing error likely contributed to differences in concordance factors between the two minor histories. It has been suggested that sequencing errors could have caused differences in the genomic proportions supporting alternative minor histories in Drosophila and on the primate X chromosome [@pgen.1000729-Slatkin1]. Resequencing studies have detected a high false negative rate against M. m. castaneus specific SNPs in this data set [@pgen.1000729-Yang1]. This bias probably led us to underestimate the concordance factor for the M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus topology. Although we cannot separate the contributions of recent gene flow and ascertainment bias to the asymmetry between minor histories in our analyses, ascertainment bias seems to have played a larger role in producing this pattern. If the asymmetry between minor histories was mostly due to gene flow, we would expect it to be less apparent on the X chromosome because recent introgression has been relatively reduced on the X chromosome [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1], [@pgen.1000729-Payseur1]--[@pgen.1000729-Macholn1],[@pgen.1000729-Munclinger1],[@pgen.1000729-Tucker2],[@pgen.1000729-Dod2]. In contrast, differences between minor histories were similar for the X chromosome (0.099) and the autosomes (0.117) when the full range of credibility intervals was considered, suggesting that gene flow was not the primary underlying cause. Furthermore, the asymmetry was still present after the rat sequence was randomized at each locus across chromosomes 18 and 19. Because the shuffling erased phylogenetic signal due to orthology, lowered support for the M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus topology was apparently caused by a shorter M. m. castaneus branch. This result also supports the idea that ascertainment bias contributed to the difference in concordance factors between the two minor histories. Although ascertainment bias appears to have affected the relative frequencies of the minor histories, it does not seem to have interfered with our identification of a primary phylogenetic history. Randomly removing M. m. castaneus informative sites in our simulation study did not alter the difference between the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus and M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus topologies; both decreased at equal and linear rates as M. m. castaneus informative sites were removed. Assuming the asymmetry was entirely driven by ascertainment bias, we adjusted the data according to the simulations by lowering the concordance factors of the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus and M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus topologies equally until the two minor histories had equal concordance factors (M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus: 0.349; M. m. castaneus/M. m. domesticus: 0.326; M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus: 0.326). Although these concordance factors do not include any effect of gene flow (an unrealistic assumption), these rough estimates allowed us to calculate the length of the internal branch of the subspecies tree that would maximize the likelihood of our dataset under a model of pure lineage sorting [@pgen.1000729-Wakeley1]. Using an ancestral population size of 120,000 (an average value across the three pairwise subspecies comparisons) [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1] and assuming one generation per year, the concordance factors are consistent with an internal branch length of only 5,520 generations (95% CI: 2,640--8,400 generations). The high level of phylogenetic discordance we observed suggests a rapid splitting of the three house mouse subspecies, consistent with close divergence times among the three subspecies estimated from large population samples [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1]. A Phylogenetic History for House Mouse Subspecies {#s3c} ------------------------------------------------- The M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus primary phylogenetic history has significantly higher support across the genome, indicating that it is an accurate reflection of the subspecies tree. Several additional lines of evidence support this conclusion. First, there is significantly higher support for this topology on the X chromosome (relative to the autosomes) where incomplete lineage sorting is expected to be reduced. If either of the minor histories were the true subspecies tree, rates of gene flow would need to be higher on the X chromosome than on the autosomes to explain the difference in concordance factors. However, gene flow on the X chromosome is considerably lower [@pgen.1000729-Geraldes1],[@pgen.1000729-Boursot2],[@pgen.1000729-Sage1],[@pgen.1000729-Macholn1],[@pgen.1000729-Teeter1],[@pgen.1000729-Munclinger1],[@pgen.1000729-Tucker2],[@pgen.1000729-Dod2]. Second, we observed increased support for the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus primary history at a hybrid male sterility locus. In species that experience gene flow after the initial development of reproductive isolation, loci underlying reproductive barriers might better reflect species history because discordance generated by gene flow is reduced in these regions [@pgen.1000729-Rosenberg1],[@pgen.1000729-Wu2]. Increased phylogenetic resolution of species history has been observed at loci associated with hybrid male sterility [@pgen.1000729-Ting1]--[@pgen.1000729-Dopman1]. Within house mice, loci that affect hybrid male sterility have been mapped repeatedly to the X chromosome in crosses between M. m. musculus and M. m. domesticus [@pgen.1000729-Storchov1],[@pgen.1000729-Good1],[@pgen.1000729-Good2]. As a preliminary examination of the association between reproductive isolation loci and phylogenetic history, we performed concordance analyses in sliding windows comprised of four contiguous loci across the X chromosome. We identified several adjacent regions supporting a M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology with significantly higher concordance factors than the remainder of the X chromosome (p\<0.05; calculated by comparison to results using random subsets of four loci; [Figure 6](#pgen-1000729-g006){ref-type="fig"}). The highest peak spanned a 1.55 Mb region and was supported by a concordance factor of 0.998 (p = 0.0196). This region matched the estimated location of the hybrid male sterility locus identified by Storchová et al. [@pgen.1000729-Storchov1]. As might be predicted from the mapping results, concordance factors supporting the M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus topology were also markedly reduced in these regions. We did not detect similar associations for other known hybrid sterility loci, including Hst1 on chromosome 17 [@pgen.1000729-Mihola1]. However, the results from the X chromosome should motivate similar analyses across the entire genome once more information is available about the regions contributing to reproductive isolation in house mice. ![Sliding window analysis of discordance across the X chromosome.\ Discordance within a four-locus sliding window was calculated across the X chromosome and is plotted as the midpoint position of each window. The M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology (red) shows significantly higher regions along the X chromosome where known hybrid male sterility loci are mapped (Hstx1) [@pgen.1000729-Storchov1]. The M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus topology (blue) decreases within these regions. The entire Hstx1 interval is indicated by the purple line, whereas the peak of this quantitative trait locus is indicated by the orange line. The black line indicates the chromosome-wide concordance factor for the M. m. musculus/M. m. castaneus topology (0.450).](pgen.1000729.g006){#pgen-1000729-g006} In addition to informing speciation studies, the phylogenetic history of house mouse subspecies has important implications for mouse genetics. The classical inbred mouse strains widely used in genetic studies of disease and other phenotypes are descended -- in unequal proportions -- from the three subspecies examined here [@pgen.1000729-Silver1],[@pgen.1000729-Wade1]. Analyses of the Perlegen sequences documented substantial genomic variation in relationships among the classical strains and attempted to attribute the ancestry of different genomic regions to M. m. domesticus, M. m. musculus, and M. m. castaneus [@pgen.1000729-Frazer1],[@pgen.1000729-Yang1]. Our results suggest that much of this phylogenetic variation likely reflects incomplete lineage sorting and differential introgression in wild mice. Genomic comparisons involving larger numbers of wild mice will be needed to interpret the patterns of genetic variation observed in the classical strains. Methods {#s4} ======= Sequence Data {#s4a} ------------- Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using genome sequences from three wild-derived inbred strains: WSB/EiJ (M. m. domesticus; Maryland), PWD/PhJ (M. m. musculus; Czech Republic), and CAST/EiJ (M. m. castaneus; Thailand). Although WSB originated in North America, M. m. domesticus from eastern North America are genetically similar to European M. m. domesticus that are closer to the ancestral subspecies range [@pgen.1000729-Selander1]. For each strain, a genome sequence was reconstructed using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) resequencing data generated by Perlegen Sciences [@pgen.1000729-Frazer1]. This data set was obtained by using an oligonucleotide array designed with the C57BL/6J strain as a reference sequence. We identified 4,359,927 million assays within this dataset that were polymorphic in one of the three strains (WSB/EiJ, PWD/PhJ, or CAST/EiJ). For each assay, we replaced the C57BL/6J genotype with the strain-specific genotype in the mouse genome [@pgen.1000729-MouseGenomeSequencing1] using positional information from NCBI build 36. Any missing SNP data (N\'s) were also substituted in to the subspecies-specific genome sequence. The completed genome sequences consisted of SNPs at an average density of 2.35 SNPs/kb, surrounded by large tracks of C57BL/6J genome sequence, which were invariant between the three subspecies. Whole-Genome Alignment {#s4b} ---------------------- To root the phylogenetic analyses, the genome sequence from Rattus norvegicus [@pgen.1000729-Gibbs1] was used as an outgroup. Rat was chosen because it was the most closely related species to mouse with a whole-genome sequence available. The entire C57BL/6J genome was used in the alignment except for chromosome Y, as there is no rat chromosome Y sequence available. The NCBI build 36 mouse genome sequence was aligned to version 3.4 of the rat genome using a combination of the Mercator and MAVID programs [@pgen.1000729-Dewey1]. Mercator was used to build a one-to-one colinear orthology map between the two genomes and MAVID was run on the resulting colinear blocks to produce nucleotide-level alignments. The input to Mercator consisted of all coding exon annotations for mouse and rat available from the UCSC Genome Browser [@pgen.1000729-Karolchik1] as well as the results from running BLAT [@pgen.1000729-Kent1] on the coding exon sequences in an all-vs-all fashion. Although coding regions formed the basis for the whole-genome alignment, all sequence data (coding and non-coding sequences) were utilized in subsequent phylogenetic analyses. Minimum Description-Length Genome Partitioning {#s4c} ---------------------------------------------- Orthologous blocks created from the alignment with rat were further partitioned into loci by measuring phylogenetic incongruence within the blocks using a minimum description length (MDL) principle [@pgen.1000729-Ane1]. Each orthologous block was split into consecutive 100 SNP intervals. Partitions were formed by combining these intervals into longer fragments. The Description Length (DL) of a partition was determined by the sum of the maximum parsimony tree lengths of each fragment in the partition, plus a penalty for the number of fragments. The penalty was set to be a constant cost (C) times the number of fragments. The partition with the smallest DL was selected. For example, consider the comparison between a partition with two adjacent fragments and a partition with the two fragments concatenated into a single large fragment. The penalty was 2\C for the former partition and 1\C for the latter. Concatenation was favored when the difference between the tree length of the two concatenated fragments and the sum of the tree lengths of the non-concatenated fragments was smaller than C (the penalty difference). Alternatively, two adjacent fragments were kept separate if the difference was greater than C, reflecting a shift in phylogenetic history of one region. The maximum and minimum costs for four taxa were used. The maximum cost favored fewer breakpoints whereas the minimum cost favored more breakpoints. A maximum cost of three was based on equation (2) in Ané and Sanderson [@pgen.1000729-Ane1]. A lower cost of 0.9039 was also used. A range of starting interval sizes was used (25, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 SNPs) on chromosomes 18 and 19 to determine the largest starting interval size that had similar concordance factors as the smaller interval sizes. This ensured the highest possible resolution while maintaining a reasonable computational time. Single-Locus Phylogenetic Analyses and Bayesian Concordance Analysis {#s4d} -------------------------------------------------------------------- Each locus identified from the MDL partitioning was subjected to a separate Bayesian phylogenetic analysis. Each locus was allowed to follow an independent model of molecular evolution, as determined by MrModelTest (Nylander 2004; <http://www.abc.se/~nylander/mrmodeltest2/mrmodeltest2.html>). The highest scoring model was selected based upon Akaike\'s information criterion (AIC) [@pgen.1000729-Posada1]. Each locus was subsequently analyzed using Mr.Bayes [@pgen.1000729-Huelsenbeck1],[@pgen.1000729-Ronquist1], with four Markov chains running for 2,000,000 generations (two simultaneous runs), discarding the initial 25% of the trees as burn-in. Topology and branch length priors were left at default settings. Convergence of runs was examined in a random subset of loci. Two million generations was sufficient to reach convergence in all examined cases. Each posterior distribution was used as input for a second-stage MCMC, Bayesian concordance analysis, using Bayesian Untangling of Concordance Knots (BUCKy) software [@pgen.1000729-Ane2] with 100,000 MCMC updates. The Bayesian concordance model incorporates a prior distribution of gene tree concordance (α). To examine the effects of variation in this prior, several values were compared: complete independence among loci (α = infinity), a high probability of concordance among loci (α = 10^−6^), and an intermediate level of concordance (α = 1). Analyses of locus size were performed for each topology by filtering out loci that did not have a posterior probability of at least 0.95, allowing unambiguous assignment of each locus to one of the three topologies. Locus size was defined with only the mouse sequences rather than including gaps introduced from the alignment with rat. All phylogenetic analyses were repeated in a maximum likelihood (ML) framework to determine if inferences of the single-locus phylogenetic histories were robust to methodology. Each locus was allowed to follow an independent model of molecular evolution, as determined by ModelTest [@pgen.1000729-Posada2]. The highest scoring model was selected based upon Akaike\'s information criterion (AIC). ML searches were conducted using PAUP\* version 4.0b10 [@pgen.1000729-Swofford1] using 500 bootstrap replicates to assess support. Because of the small number of taxa, heuristic search settings were left at default (TBR branch swapping, stepwise starting tree, simple taxon addition, 10 replicates). Rank correlations between posterior probability from Mr.Bayes and bootstrap support from PAUP\* were calculated for each topology using Spearman\'s rank correlation test. Concordance factors were calculated from the maximum likelihood trees by filtering out loci that did not have at least 95% bootstrap support and calculating the proportion of loci that supported a particular topology [@pgen.1000729-Ebersberger1]. Star Tree Paradox {#s4e} ----------------- Resolved gene trees can be supported by artificially high posterior probabilities when the actual tree is a hard polytomy or has a very short internal branch (the "star tree paradox") [@pgen.1000729-Suzuki2],[@pgen.1000729-Lewis1]. To determine whether the gene trees across the house mouse genome were resolved by a short internal branch or were actually polytomies, the maximum likelihood of the Bayesian majority rule consensus tree was calculated along with the maximum likelihood of the tree with an internal branch constrained to length zero. Both likelihood scores were calculated with PAUP\, using identical model parameters summarized from the Mr.Bayes runs. The likelihood ratio test statistic was calculated as -2(-ln(restricted model) -- ln(full model)). This test statistic was assumed to fit a mixed chi-square distribution where α was twice the comparable value in a non-mixed, chi-square distribution of one degree of freedom (significance was set at α = 0.1, 1 df, χ^2^ = 2.706) [@pgen.1000729-Ota1]. Correlation with Recombination Rate {#s4f} ----------------------------------- A sliding window analysis was used to compare locus size and recombination rate across the genome. Recombination rate was estimated within 1 Mb windows by linearly regressing genetic map position [@pgen.1000729-Shifman1],[@pgen.1000729-Cox1] on physical position of NCBI build 36 of the mouse genome. Windows were shifted at 250 kb intervals. The slope of this regression was used as an estimate of recombination rate (in cM/Mb) for the physical position at the midpoint of the window. If the window had less than three markers, it was discarded. The midpoint of each locus was paired with the closest estimate of recombination rate. Correlations were calculated using Spearman\'s rank correlation test. Statistical significance was estimated by permuting the recombination rate estimates while holding locus size constant, calculating the correlation, and repeating this permutation 100,000 times to generate a null distribution of correlation coefficients. Because the distance between a locus midpoint and the nearest estimate of recombination rate varied, correlation analyses were conducted by progressively restricting the data set from all data to only including loci within: 1 Mb, 500 kb, 2501kb, 100 kb, 75 kb, and 50 kb of a recombination rate estimate. This procedure tested whether the correlation became stronger when the analysis was restricted to loci associated with the closest estimates of recombination rates. To ascertain whether there were statistical differences in recombination rate between loci with different sizes, the median recombination rate was determined for the 352 (2.5%) largest and smallest locus sizes. Statistical significance was estimated under the null hypothesis that the largest and smallest loci were actually from the same distribution. Both the largest and smallest loci were pooled. Random samples of loci were drawn with replacement from the combined pool to generate 352 large loci and 352 small loci test sets. The difference in median recombination rate between the two test pools was used as the test statistic. Sampling with replacement was repeated 100,000 times to generate a null distribution of test statistics. Long-Branch Attraction {#s4g} ---------------------- To determine whether the phylogenetic discordance observed across gene trees was caused by long-branch attraction to one of the mouse lineages within the ingroup [@pgen.1000729-Felsenstein1],[@pgen.1000729-Bergsten1], we compounded any effect of long-branch attraction by randomizing the nucleotides of the rat sequence at every locus across chromosomes 18 and 19 [@pgen.1000729-Wheeler1]. This increased the length of the rat branch, erasing phylogenetic signal between rat and house mice. Each randomized locus was then subjected to Bayesian phylogenetic analysis and used as input for the Bayesian concordance analysis as described above with a prior of complete independence among loci (α = infinity). The entire randomization test was repeated five times. A chi-square test was conducted on each replicate to determine whether the concordance factors of the three topologies differed from the 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 proportions expected if rat was randomly pairing with any of the three ingroup taxa. Only one replicate is reported, as each replicate had nearly identical results. Ascertainment Bias Simulation {#s4h} ----------------------------- Yang et al. [@pgen.1000729-Yang1] documented an ascertainment bias in these data against SNPs that are consistent with a M. m. musculus/M. m. domesticus* topology. To understand the effects of this bias on our results, we conducted a series of simulations that mimicked varying degrees of bias in SNP discovery by artificially shortening the length of the M. m. castaneus branch. Ten percent to 80% of M. m. castaneus specific SNPs were randomly removed from the orthologous blocks generated by the whole-genome alignment with rat, resulting in eight separate concordance analyses with increasing levels of ascertainment bias. To remove the SNPs, a randomly selected M. m. castaneus genotype was changed to the corresponding C57BL/6J genotype at that position to simulate a false negative result on a high-density oligonucleotide array [@pgen.1000729-Frazer1]. Each biased orthologous block was partitioned by MDL, subjected to Bayesian phylogenetic analysis, and used as input for the Bayesian concordance analysis as described above. For computational tractability, the ascertainment bias simulations and analyses were restricted to chromosomes 18 and 19, which exhibited different patterns of chromosome-wide concordance. Supporting Information {#s5} ====================== ###### Distribution of locus sizes. Using a minimum description length principle, the genome was partitioned into 14,081 loci with a median size of 98,238 bp (SD 312,637 bp) and a maximum locus size of 7.21 Mb. Loci greater than 1 Mb in size are not shown. (0.30 MB TIF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Recombination rate within large and small loci. The 2.5% largest loci (blue) have a significantly lower recombination rate as compared to the 2.5% smallest loci (red) (p\<0.00001), suggesting the minimum description length principle partitioned the genome in a biologically informative manner. (0.33 MB TIF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Single locus posterior probabilities. 84.9% of loci are supported by a high posterior probability (\>0.9) from the single-locus Bayesian phylogenetic analyses, suggesting the minimum description length principle partitioned the genome in a phylogenetically informative manner. (0.58 MB TIF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Fine-scale phylogenetic discordance. The posterior probability of each topology is mapped throughout the genome to characterize fine-scale patterns of discordance. Position along the chromosomes is indicated on the x-axis (Mb) and the posterior probability of each topology is on the y-axis. Colors correspond to the three topologies. (6.81 MB TIF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Median locus size for each of the three topologies. Median locus size for each topology parallels the rank order of the concordance factors on both the autosomes and the X chromosome. Colors correspond to the three topologies. (0.28 MB TIF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Maximum and minimum penalties against breakpoints for the minimum description length partitioning. Both the maximum (3) and minimum (0.9039) penalties were applied to the partitioning of chromosomes 18, 19, and X. Using a minimum penalty roughly doubles the number of loci on each chromosome, but the chromosome-wide concordance factors remain similar. Colors correspond to the three topologies. Error bars are 95% credibility intervals. (0.32 MB TIF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Varied starting interval sizes for the minimum description length partitioning. A range of SNP intervals was applied to the partitioning of chromosomes 18 and 19. There are no significant differences in the concordance factors between the first three starting intervals: 25, 50, or 100 SNPs. Colors correspond to the three topologies. Error bars are 95% credibility intervals. (0.38 MB TIF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Phylogenetic discordance and long-branch attraction. The rat sequence was randomly shuffled to erase any phylogenetic signal between rat and house mice on chromosomes 18 and 19. Without the sequence shuffled (A), topologies significantly deviate from a 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 ratio. With the rat sequence shuffled (B), the topologies converge to a 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 ratio. This indicates the rat sequence provides a strong phylogenetic signal and the patterns of discordance are not driven by long-branch attraction. Colors correspond to the three topologies. Error bars are 95% credibility intervals. (0.38 MB TIF) ###### Click here for additional data file. ###### Genomic locations and posterior probabilities of the 14,081 loci (computed with a prior probability of gene tree concordance set at α = 1). (1.29 MB XLS) ###### Click here for additional data file. We thank M. Livny and Z. Miller for providing computational resources and assistance using the CONDOR distributed computing environment. We thank S. Smith for insightful advice during the course of this project and J. Good and A. Geraldes for helpful comments on the manuscript. We are also extremely grateful for thoughtful guidance provided by D. Baum. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. MAW was supported by an NLM graduate training grant (NLM 2T15LM007359) to the Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine Training Program at the University of Wisconsin. The research was supported by an NSF grant (DEB 0918000) to BAP. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. [^1]: Conceived and designed the experiments: MAW CA BAP. Performed the experiments: MAW CND. Analyzed the data: MAW BAP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: CA CND BRL. Wrote the paper: MAW BAP.
Interpretation of interlaboratory trials based on accuracy profiles. Validation is a very active field in analytical chemistry as illustrated by the numerous publications addressing this topic. According to most definitions, method validation is required to confirm the fitness-for-purpose of a particular analytical method. When considering interlaboratory validation, organization and calculation of parameters that describe method performance follow well-recognized standards. But the strategy used to verify whether the method is fit for a particular purpose is still under discussion. This paper presents a method for assessing the fitness-for-purpose of analytical methods based on results produced during interlaboratory trials. It is based on the construction of accuracy profiles, which can be used as a graphical decision support tool, and demonstrates how accuracy profiles, initially developed for in-house validations, can be extended to interlaboratory studies. These interlaboratory accuracy profiles use measurements collected under reproducibility conditions to give an interval where an expected proportion of future measurements will be located. This interval can be compared to an acceptability interval defined by the end-user to simply decide whether a method is fit-for-purpose or not. Several examples of application illustrate how data can be interpreted to draw conclusions about produced accuracy profiles and fitness-for-purpose. Hence, the accuracy profile could be used as a harmonized procedure to assess the performance of analytical methods that undergo interlaboratory validation.
Soil greenhouse gas fluxes (N2O, CH4, CO2) and nitrogen (N) leaching in the humid tropics are expected to increase substantially in the near future due to increased deforestation, atmospheric N deposition, and agricultural intensification. However, only relatively few studies have investigated the biogeochemical implications of these anthropogenic and natural changes on soil greenhouse gas fluxes and N leaching in the tropical ecosystems. This PhD project is focused on the role of soil nutrients for soil biogeochemical processes in two contrasting ecosystems; tropical rain forest and sugarcane plantations in Uganda. More specifically, the study aims to investigate (1) how nutrient limitations affect soil greenhouse gas fluxes in the tropical rain forest; and (2) how conversion from natural forest to sugarcane production affects trace greenhouse gas fluxes and N leaching along a fertilizer intensification gradient. The research plans to explore soil factors controlling trace gas fluxes, net soil N cycling rates, and N leaching rates under nutrient elevated tropical forest ecosystems and large scale fertilizer-intensive sugarcane plantation. Our findings will contribute to (1) the scientific discourse about the likely effects of increased nutrient additions (through N deposition) to soil gas fluxes and N leaching in the humid tropics, (2) permit assessment and comparison of land use specific greenhouse gas fluxes budgets in order to inform policy makers about the likely impacts of converting forest land to sugarcane production; and (3) provide insights on fertilizer use efficiency and optimum fertilizer use in large scale intensive sugarcane production. Publications Fiener P., Wilken F., Aldana-Jague E., Deumlich D., Gómez J.A., Guzmán G., Hardy R.A., Quinton J.N., Sommer M., Van Oost K., Wexler R. (2018). Uncertainties in assessing tillage erosion – How appropriate are our measuring techniques? Geomorphology, 304, 214-225.	https://www.uni-augsburg.de/en/fakultaet/fai/geo/prof/georwa/research/sobio/
Paige Reynolds, PT, DPT, coming to us from the Keystone State of Pennsylvania, has brought her talents in physical therapy to Mahaska Health. The native of Pittsburgh said she is so excited to make a difference in the lives of patients in our community. “I have always been very fascinated with the human body and how it can adapt and heal itself,” said Reynolds. “Physical therapy allows me to connect with people and assist them in achieving their goals and participating in the activities that they enjoy.” Reynolds sees the individual as the key rather than the malady they are facing. Assisting the patient in achieving their goal and healing is her priority. “I think that it’s important to treat the individual and not the diagnosis as everyone is different,” said Reynolds. “I chose to be a physical therapist because I enjoy helping people to learn, adapt and achieve their goals in order to improve their quality of life or pain experience.” When not performing her duties as a physical therapist, she enjoys rooting for Penn State and the Pittsburgh Steelers. She spends quality time with her dogs in addition to playing board or video games. She finds fulfillment in educating individuals on ways they can decrease pain and improve their overall health while achieving their goals. Just as she enjoys her activities, Reynolds helps her patients get back to enjoying theirs.	https://www.mahaskahealth.org/providers/paige-reynolds-pt/
Abstract: In order to evaluate hemostasis preoperatively, clinical history and physical examination are required, and the use of coagulation tests is recommended only when there is an indication, and not as a routine procedure. Objetive: the present study aims to determine the usefulness of TP and APTT in the preoperative assessment of coagulopathies in scheduled minor and outpatient surgeries. Methods: we conducted a prospective, observational study in a tertiary surgical hospital; we selected patients undergoing minor and ambulatory procedures, excluding those with comorbidities, high surgical bleeding risk or with medication that interferes with coagulation. Results: 69 patients were recruited, clinical history and directed physical examination were applied identifying 1 patient suspected of coagulation disorder (later discarded); 218 complementary examinations were performed: 69 routine (TP, APTT, hemogram) and 149 non-routine (arbitrarily indicated), obtaining mean values in normal ranges and not being able to identify or rule out coagulation disorders with them, but observing 21% (15 cases) abnormal results, which additionally caused behaviors to confirm or correct these values, ranging from repeating the test to transfusing hemoderivatives; generating an overall average cost of 102 Bs. 102 Bs. per patient, without benefit or change in clinical or surgical conduct. Conclusion: the study established that routine preoperative screening tests are of little use and are not very cost-effective in the evaluation of hemostasis for minor or ambulatory procedures, compared to a clinical history and directed physical examination; their indication is appropriate when there are abnormal findings in the physical examination and clinical history or based on concomitant diseases. Keywords: screening, hemostasia, pediatric surgery, preoperative assesment. Resumen: Para evaluar la hemostasia preoperatoriamente una historia clínica y examen físico dirigidos están indicados, siendo el uso de pruebas de coagulación recomendados solo cuando existe alguna indicación, y no de rutina; Objectivo: el presente estudio pretende conocer la utilidad del TP y APTT en la valoración preoperatorio de coagulopatías en cirugías programadas menores y ambulatorias. Métodos: se realizó un estudio prospectivo, observacional en un hospital quirúrgico terciario; seleccionamos pacientes sometidos a procedimientos menores y ambulatorio, excluyendo aquellos con comorbilidades, riesgo quirúrgico de sangrado alto o con medicación que interfiera con la coagulación. Resultados: se reclutaron 69 pacientes, se aplicó la historia clínica y el examen físico dirigido identificando 1 paciente sospechoso de trastorno de coagulación (posteriormente descartado); Se realizaron 218 exámenes complementarios: 69 rutinarios (TP, APTT, hemograma) y 149 no rutinarios (Indicados de forma arbitraria), obteniendo valores medios en rangos normales y no pudiendo identificar o descartar trastornos de coagulación con ellos, pero observando un 21% (15 casos) resultados anormales, lo que adicionalmente ocasiono conductas para confirmar o corregir estos valores, que van desde repetir la prueba a transfundir hemoderivados; generando un costo promedio global de 102 Bs. por paciente, sin un beneficio o cambio en la conducta clínica o quirúrgica. Conclusion: el estudio estableció que las pruebas rutinarias de screening preoperatorio tienen poca utilidad y son poco costo-beneficiosas en la valoración de la hemostasia para procedimientos menores o ambulatorios, en comparación de una historia clínica y examen físico dirigido; siendo apropiada su indicación cuando existan hallazgos anormales en el examen físico e historia clínica o en base a enfermedades concomitantes. Palabras clave: screening, hemostasia, cirugía pediátrica, valoración preoperatoria. Surgical pathology in pediatrics represents a frequent cause of care in daily practice. It is currently accepted, when scheduling minor surgery or an outpatient procedure, to request complementary tests to screen for coagulation disorders only in cases where a family history of coagulopathy or a clinical history and physical examination suggestive of a coagulation disorder is identified, or if genetic information on the biological family is not evaluable1-3. The level of evidence supporting these recommendations is based on observational studies, but not on randomized clinical trials, which generates controversy when applying these recommendations, especially in establishments with limited resources and in populations with a high prevalence of anemia and malnutrition, which could have repercussions and in some way differ from the population studied in the aforementioned studies4-15. Knowing these data will provide useful information at the time of pediatric preoperative evaluation and will allow cost/benefit decisions to be made for the patients and the institution. The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of TP and APTT in preoperative screening for coagulopathies in children undergoing ambulatory surgery or minor programmed operations in the Department of Surgery of the Hospital del Niño Manuel Ascencio Villarroel (HNMAV). Material and methods A single-center, prospective, observational study was designed in the pediatric surgery area of the HNMAV, the only public sector hospital of 3rd level of complexity with this service, a sample size of 69 patients was established, considering a margin of error of 5%, and 95% confidence for a finite universe of 321 minor and scheduled surgeries; they were recruited from January 2019 to completion of the sample in June 2020. Patients without previous comorbidities (known hepatic, hematologic, oncologic or nutritional), with outpatient procedures or minor surgeries, low estimated bleeding risk, without medication that interferes with coagulation, were included in the study. Data collections were performed in two times: Time 1: During the preoperative outpatient pediatric evaluation or on the first day of hospitalization, the following measurements were performed: Completion of the questionnaire suggested by Rapapport1 Searching and recording of clinical findings suggested by Chee2. Request and recording of TP, APTT and platelet test results and others suggested by the attending surgeon or the anesthesiology team. Time 2: Early and late postoperative period. Record of early (hours) and late (days) bleeding complications after surgery. Recording of laboratory costs, medication and hemoderivates consumed by the patient to correct coagulogram alterations. The data was analyzed with the IBM statisttics SPSS v25 program, performing descriptive statistics of central tendency and a bivariate analysis of linear correlation between the variables studied and the results (hospital outcomes and costs). The study was approved by the bioethics committee of the HNMAV in October 2018, being a descriptive study without human intervention, the use of a specific informed consent was obviated, all ethical considerations suggested by the committee were kept in mind. Results The study enrolled a total of 69 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the study, showing a variety of different ambulatory and minor surgical procedures within the sample (Graph1). In 69 patients 218 complementary examinations were performed (69 routinely and 149 non-routinely), in the cases in which non-routine examinations were requested the most frequently required were creatinine 47.8%, urea 36.2%, glycemia 26.1% Na and K 17%, Cl and Ca 14.5%, GOT and GPT 11.5%, coagulation time 18.8% and bleeding time 2.9%; The reason for these requests is based mainly on the criteria of the treating surgeon or the anesthesiologist who will assist in the procedure, it is worth mentioning that no patient has known comorbidities or underlying pathology in the clinical history and that only in one case was there evidence of a finding suggestive of coagulopathy on physical examination, the other patients having no pediatric indication that clinically justifies the request for these studies. The results of the tests requested in terms of mean values and standard deviation were within normal ranges for age (Table 2). As for the benefits of applying the clinical history aimed at assessing hemostasis, it was found to be useful in detecting patients suspected of having problems in hemostasis in 1.5% of the cases; however, the use of screening by requesting complementary tests did not allow identifying or ruling out cases of coagulation disorders, although in 21% (15 cases) the results, mainly of TP, were altered (false positives), which additionally caused to engage in actions to confirm or correct the altered results, resulting in 4 main conducts, 1: repeat the altered studies 4 cases (6%), 2: repeat the altered studies and administer vitamin K 3 cases (4%), 3: administer vitamin K 7 cases (7%), 4: transfuse Fresh Frozen Plasma 3 cases (4%) (Table 3). As for the costs generated by the performance of routine examinations in patients undergoing minor or outpatient procedures, we found an average cost of 47 Bs. per patient, an average additional cost of 164 Bs. for non-routine examinations and 91 Bs. for corrective or confirmatory measures in the event of altered results; with an overall average cost of 102 Bs. per patient undergoing minor or outpatient surgical procedures (Table 3). Discussion In daily practice, it is still widely accepted to request blood tests for hemostasis screening in children undergoing minor or ambulatory surgery,10,14 although their utility is low diagnosing severe coagulopathies or predicting perioperative bleeding in healthy children; on the other hand, their value is unquestionable in patients with anticoagulation, or in patients with known preoperative coagulation factor deficiencies. The clinical findings and the physical examination aimed at assessing hemostasis identified only one patient with a positive finding of suspected coagulopathy, which was subsequently discarded, with no intraoperative or postoperative complications observed in the series of studied cases; similar results were evidenced in a study of 56,000 surgeries, of which 5,120 were performed without preliminary studies and only with a normal clinical examination, showing that the patients were able to undergo anesthesia and surgery safely and with good intraoperative and postoperative results6. Another study of 169 adults undergoing herniorrhaphy concluded that it is rare for a normal history and physical examination to show perioperative bleeding, suggesting that routine preoperative testing in healthy patients is of little value9. Despite the available evidence, the preoperative routine in many pediatric surgical centers includes a laboratory screening of hemostasis, the most requested tests are TP, APTT and hemogram, although we also observed tests such as bleeding time and clotting time; in our study of 69 routine studies we observed alteration in 21% of them, mainly in TP, however we did not observe intraoperative or postoperative bleeding complications, nor was any coagulation disorder diagnosed in children with altered tests. This is explained on the basis of the findings of a meta-analysis that evaluated 9 good quality observational studies, corroborating that coagulation tests have a low positive predictive value (0.03-0.22) and likelihood ratio (0.94-5.1) indicating that they are poor predictors of bleeding, and recommending that patients with a negative clinical history of bleeding do not require laboratory screening prior to surgery2. The study also provides information on tests requested arbitrarily (non-routine) and on some measures taken into account to correct any altered results in routine tests; we observed that 149 tests (out of 218 tests) were requested non-routinely and without clinical justification, without providing any benefit in terms of clinical or surgical management; Similar results were analyzed in 2 studies in 520 patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, which concluded that routine tests are neither useful nor cost-effective, recommending that they be requested only on the basis of concomitant diseases and the type of surgery to be performed5,7. Something not described in similar literature is this practice of correcting values of some altered complementary test, without corroborating with the clinic, a practice identified in 18% of the patients and that includes from repeating and confirming the altered study to the transfusion of blood products, a very striking situation, because it could not only be considered useless and not cost-effective, but also risky because of the possible complications of the transfusion of hemoderivatives, which in these cases far outweigh the benefits; For the purposes of the study, the transfused patients were not followed up; however, none of them presented complications during their hospital stay. The benefit of a laboratory screening for coagulation disorders with the tests is low, mainly because of its low sensitivity and specificity, as well as its low positive predictive value and likelyhood ratio2, in addition to this mention that coagulation disorders are rare diseases; in the HNMAV in 2018 of 55 000 patients attended 2 cases of hemophilia were diagnosed per year mainly by clinic, no other coagulopathies were diagnosed in that year. Charges to patients amounted to 47 Bs per patient on a routine basis, and of 255 Bs per patient for charges associated with non-routine tests or intended for the correction of altered values in 15 patients; so on average a cost in preoperative laboratory tests of approximately 102 Bs per patient is disbursed. If laboratory tests for all surgery outpatients or for minor procedures had been ordered according to the findings of the patient’s medical history and physical examination instead of by routine or arbitrary criteria, in 69 patients studied, laboratory tests were justified in only 1 case; therefore, our hospital could have potentially reduced patient costs by more than 7000 Bs. in the study group, and it can be inferred that during the period of one year it can be reduced between 32100 Bs. to 187 000 Bs. without expected adverse results. In conclusion, the study established that routine preoperative screening tests have little utility and are not very cost-effective in the assessment of hemostasis for minor or outpatient procedures, compared to a clinical history and directed physical examination; their indication being appropriate when there are abnormal findings in the physical examination and clinical history or on the basis of concomitant diseases; Additional multicenter studies are required16 to extend the recommendations to other cities with the same geographic, sea level altitude and sociodemographic characteristics of our country, trying to guide medical behaviors to be more efficient with the use of resources, in a context of limited resources. Conflict of interest: the authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.	http://portal.amelica.org/ameli/jatsRepo/414/4141743027/index.html
The role: Within Citi, the Cryptographic Engineering Team is focusing on cryptographic protocols, mainly but not limited to, defining next generation PKI architecture,post quantum cryptography, PKI solutions, and strategic vendor interaction. In this role you will design/architect and engineer Cryptography and PKI Systems alongside existing team members. You will work on next generation crypto ecosystem and define cryptographic standards, architectures, and governance, develop large scale enterprise security solutions using advancements in cryptography and information security. Tasks: - be primarily responsible for developing crypto solutions at the enterprise level, which will include working on PKI architectures, defining post quantum crypto algorithms and solutions with main focus on Enterprise PKI and certificate management. - work with all disciplines, in collaboration with junior engineers, and operational product owners to integrate PKI and certificate management related technologies with Citi platforms to protect and manage the cryptography of mission critical systems. - perform product evaluation, testing and certification of PKI and Crypto technologies. Ensure that all security products meet or exceed Citi internal and regulatory requirements. - provide occasional 4th level engineering support for the product toolset. - prepare documentation of processes and procedures for the usage of the product. - follow the Technology Development Life Cycle in the development of all security tools. Requirements: - 5+ years experience in cryptography, PKI, and strong understanding of cryptography and mathematical algorithms. must understand the principles related to PKI, private keys, encryption methods, CRL, and advanced key usages - Deep Understanding of Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems and cryptographic protocols - Knowledge of Crypto Libraries (bouncy castle) - Symmetric Key Encryption and Asymmetric Encryption - Experience with a variety of HSM platforms - Experience with Certificate Authority systems - Experience with EJBCA is a plus. - Working with Trust Providers is a plus. - Fluent English language skills - Bachelor’s Degree in any STEM area Contact us today at [email protected] to discuss this interesting opportunity.	https://www.antaljobs.ro/jobs/senior-pki-cryptography-engineer-citi/
The goal of the Training Program is to provide an environment that will encourage the pursuit of research that applies emerging methods for the study of brain/behavior relationships to the topic of language and language disorders Theoretical and technical advances in the last decade have encouraged the development of the field of Cognitive Neuroscience- the study of how cognitive processes are carried out in the development of the field of Cognitive Neuroscience-the study of how cognitive processes are carried out in the brain. This program is conceived as a part of that general effort, with special emphasis on the cognitive processes that are related to language. The faculty members contributing to this proposal represent the academic disciplines of Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology, Computer Science, Physiology, Linguistics, Neurology and Neuroanatomy, yet all of them are engaged in research investigating language/brain relationships. These faculty members will serve as mentors for post-doctoral trainees from clinical fields such as Speech/Language Pathology or Clinical Neuropsychology, or from basic science disciplines such as Computer Science, Neuroscience, Linguistics or Psychology. The training program emphasizes hands/on research training with a primary mentor, supplemented by measures that assure a breadth of contact with other faculty and experience in related disciplines. Available training facilities support techniques employing computational (neural network) modeling, cognitive neuropsychological investigation of normal subjects and aphasic patients, functional neuroimaging of language activities using fMRI, study of Event Related Potentials recorded from scalp during cognitive tasks, and neuroanatomical study of the effects of brain lesions. Tow first-year and second-year Fellows will be supported after the first year of the program, and trainees will typically complete the program within two years. The long-term goal of training is to produce independent investigators who will pursue a career of scientific research on topics related to language and language disorders using techniques available from the field of cognitive neuroscience.
The kind of fear which I shall tackle in this article is an every day feeling or phenomenon. Fear is a totally human reaction and feeling disregarding man’s age, looks, nerves, muscles or how bold he/she is. From the psychological point of view, fear is defined as one of the basic senses or emotions that man feels. However, it may accompany anger, pleasure, grieve, or sadness. Generally speaking, fear is associated with those emotions emanating from real tangible or intangible dangers. But, it stands in the opposite side with concern or yearning, which are normally resulting from a surprise, threat, danger of whatsoever. Fear may appear when a man is exposed to an embarrassing or humiliating situation, or when watching others undergoing such fear themselves, or when receiving some horrific news. Frequency or long exposure to fear may lead a man to a state of lack of balance, especially when a man resists his fatigue, emotional setbacks, agitation, the organic changes he is undergoing resulting from the nervous apparatus, like increased rate of adrenaline, abnormal cardiac beats, which are all accompanied by excessive sweating, dry mouth and other symptoms. But, this is not the case at all. The case is, how can the graphic designer face this fear ? How can her control such fear in a positive way? How can he succeed to make use of his fears in a creative way? This phenomenon is widely known among graphic designers regardless of their professionalism, but it hits it utmost levels among graphic design students. However, it takes a special form when it is brought to the work with all its problems. It stems from two main sources: Insufficiency of the student, and the expanding gap between what he has learned and the market demands. The other case is the inconsistency between the student and his co-workers, i.e. lack of a language of communication between the two. Insufficient knowledge of the task of the graphic designer, would also create an awkward situation to the designer himself and would lead him to frustration and tension. Like other creative men, a graphic designer needs to live a unique state of creativity by which he can reach the climax by producing a complete work which realizes the long aimed hopes. Living such a state would require him to bring out a design, which is a simple and direct visual means of communication that penetrates deeply into the conception of the receiver. But, where can this case be ? How does the concept evolve ? How can the graphic designer reach to a state of both creativity and invention? Both states mainly rely on the ability of the designer to overcome the state of confusion and uncertainty, which usually starts with the initial steps of concepts evolution. Afterwards, such state would gradually develop and turn to fear. It is quite essential that the designer should overcome his fears by overlooking this state, which the fear might reach. To overcome this barrier, the designer should have three main things: 1- Self-awareness , 2- Self-acceptance, and 3- Self-respect. These conditions and perquisites can help the designer maintain his ideas, and the tools of executing them. On owning such conditions, the designer will be able to utilize and employ his personal potentialities, and be open to creative and artistic ideas and experiences. They would enable him to explore the truth, and to be responsible in his feelings, behaviors and practices. These main aspects would form an ideal setting to encourage the designer to work either alone or within a team, with a positive effect and outcomes which will guide him towards creativity. However, creativity, or lets say “creative thinking”, and problem-solving skills largely depend upon the designer’s ability to organize and classify his information, and extract the important and useful pieces of information. To realize this, he should be acquainted with the required work, his environment, the message he intends to deliver, and the means to execute his ideas. All these would grant him a kind of self-protection and defense to his ideas. He would always be strong to break down his confusion and fear. When would fear & creativity be created? Both professional and non-professional designers have their shares in these feelings, no matter where they are or how old they are. It is a quite common phenomenon among workers if this creative field. But, graphic designers would reflect these feelings quite differently from the others. They work with high sense of professionalism and efficiency to convey a certain message to a certain audience, to present a certain service or a product in an attractive and distinctive way. Naturally, it is not necessary that the graphic designer has a belief in what he is creating; instead, he should employ his ideas or deigns to satisfy the desires of the client. Here comes fear and concern. The good graphic designer may wish to realize perfection in his pieces of arts, by introducing a simple and good idea, a unique theme, unused before, and implementing it in a different way using distinctive techniques. We believe that these are the conditions of any creative work on invention, and they reflect the personality of the inventor himself, and therefore they should contribute to create a state of fear or concern which may lead to some kind of imbalance, they would identify the designer’s potentialities intuition and intelligence in overcoming this ordeal. We must not ignore the correlation between graphic design and the different aspects of life, i.e. cultural, economic, political, social and other, which keep forcing themselves upon the designer. It would necessitate that he become informative and educated in various aspects of life. This would be a vital requisite in any advertising or media equation. The graphic design has become one of the most significant industries today. It is closely related to information technology and computer sciences. Moreover, a graphic designer is measured by his ability to speaking the Era’s language fluently! Therefore, we realize that the task if the graphic designer whether he was a student or a worker is very difficult, because it requires a great deal of reading, development, competency, personal abilities, and technical skills. It is not enough that the graphic designer knows how to use the design programs, or software, simply because now every one can master them so easily, but he should be able to develop his techniques and qualifications, just like the driver. Still, the most important thing of all is the ability to create and idea and implementing it. This is and integral part of creativity and which would finally contribute to realize higher expectations. The most creative, informative, conscious, and knowledgeable graphic designers are those who can completely controls their fears and concerns. When a graphic designer reaches that level, he would be so mature and most capable of completing the work even if he was under pressure and would reach creativity at the end. Unfortunately, fear and concern are a wide spread phenomena among higher studies students of graphic design or designers who explore the labor market. Academically, the state of confusion which the student or the employee undergo is but a part of the fear which the academic plan would create, or the method adopted by the executers of this plan or that. It is also attributed to the absence of accurate specialization among people of graphic design, absence of correct understanding to the identity of the designer to be made, multiple producing bodies of this cadre, lack of a clear strategy to gather all these people and identify the components of the producer (or the type of designer) and the wrong mix between knowledge of computer and concept of graphic design. People working in the graphic design are living this fear, concern and confusion, and what complicates the matter is the absence of the real criteria of the graphic designers, that is accepted in this realm. Moreover, what add to this problem are the lack of taste among the clients and their ignorance of the role played by the designer, the chaos and disorganization in the market, and the mixing between the academic and the non-academic graphic designer. However, due to the limited scope of this paper, it wont be proper to address this subject elaborately. I will explore it in another paper. How to identify the sate of fear among the graphic designers ? There is some kind of integration between the hidden personality and behaviors of the graphic designer, and what he doesn’t want anyone to about him. Therefore, we are looking for a designer who is a real leader, and who can control his hidden shadow, giving the fact that this shadow is a strong and powerful personality currying a large suitcase, he know what is there inside it, he knows as what he takes out of it, and he knows as well what he can put inside. He should be able not to waste the first part of his life filling that suitcase with things, and wasting the other half emptying the same suitcase ! This is what actually reflects a huge instability, insecurity, and a struggle with the first half of his life.. or just accept it the way it is and try to deal with the other half. ! Designer’s shadow is the mask that he wears to hide many facts.. trying to choose a mask which suits the world he is searching for to gain the acceptance or help. Indeed, we admit that the designer is like any one else, he also has weaknesses and strengths. The other mask which the designer may wear id the strength factor. It reflects his physical, conceptual, social, economic stability, and which we consider the major components for success and creativity. Doubtless to say that fear helps to intensify a state of physical, psychological and conceptual depression which leads to negative results, especially if the designer does not possess the components to absorb the shock, contain the consequences, correct the matters, and to direct them in a way he deems appropriate. Here, we are not calling for facing fear, but, we call the designer for learning some tricks to contain fear and to terminate it by encouraging hi to identify the objectives and find means to realize them, identifying his own potentialities, upgrading his talents and qualification by increasing his knowledge, experiences, practice and training to realize some kind of physical and psychological comfort. In addition to that, belief in ones abilities and self-encouragement is a kind of an intellectual and mental sport, and some of the main tools that would enable the designer to overcome his fears. Knowledge is an indispensable requisite and nourishment to the mind and soul with useful information in addition to the physical sport would all contribute to face fears, promote one’s experiences and self-confidence. Fears and creativity: Opposite Powers Whenever there is fear, there will be stagnation, strangling one’s abilities and willingness to stat far from moving forward, preventing any attempts to resurrect once again with richer production, and would lead to seclusion and to a paralyzed life, empty of vigor and ambition. And whenever you see creativity, you find pleasure, happiness, satisfaction, balance, stability, strong-will and above all, challenge. Now, lets take a closer look to these expression, how did they change and develop, when we tackle fear and creativity. This is similar to asking two little children to draw a picture. One would reject the idea, maybe out of fearing that others might mock at him, while the other is bashful, chaotic, he would take the brush and colors and draws what jumps to his mind uncaring of what others think about his work. This is called challenge. One is challenging to overcome his fears, rejection, failure and as a way of change & innovation. Creativity is a symbol of life changing. It is a motivation to overcome a feeling of threat of anything that is new, even if was produced out of change. It is a motivation to develop the ability, strengthen the willingness and call for innovation and transformation in both public and personal life. Leaders, businessmen and graphic designers would not become great, successful, and creative if they wouldn’t become innovative and moving forward in firm steps towards adventure and prosperity. How can you defeat your fears? It is by seeing things as they are in reality, trying to accept them, believing in them, and endeavoring to look at them with different perspectiveH try to handle them in a completely untraditional, way, especially when you embark on building a concept, implement it, and adapt with your surrounding because deep in your heard you know that unusual, untraditional things would make a creative designer of yourself. Hence, creativity is having a designer doing anything without fear, the fear from rejection or failure, and from losing control, and be open to everything that is exceptional and different. Creativity is a deep belief in that every form of difference or change is a positive state more than a negative one. Because there is a stat of change.. Because there is an ability to see extraordinary things, to find a different and untraditional answer to every question, and the ability to create and to execute an idea, and tackle it in a very unique and unprecedented way. That’s why we say that fear and creativity are two opposite powers. One of them is confined on itself and vanishes, and the other grows and persist, bringing to the researcher dozens of questions which help him to reach to better results, with a very traditional thinking which thinks in the present and in the future in a different perspective, that is armed with the tendency to innovation, and admiration and interest in everything that is different and unique.	https://www.newsinmag.com/graphic-designer-torn-between-his-fears-and-creativity/
How many mph in 1 knots? The answer is 1.1507794480235. We assume you are converting between mile/hour and knot. You can view more details on each measurement unit: mph or knots The SI derived unit for speed is the meter/second. 1 meter/second is equal to 2.2369362920544 mph, or 1.9438444924406 knots. Note that rounding errors may occur, so always check the results. Use this page to learn how to convert between miles/hour and knots. Type in your own numbers in the form to convert the units! 1 mph to knots = 0.86898 knots 5 mph to knots = 4.34488 knots 10 mph to knots = 8.68976 knots 20 mph to knots = 17.37952 knots 30 mph to knots = 26.06929 knots 40 mph to knots = 34.75905 knots 50 mph to knots = 43.44881 knots 75 mph to knots = 65.17322 knots 100 mph to knots = 86.89762 knots You can do the reverse unit conversion from knots to mph, or enter any two units below: mph to millimeter/second mph to foot/hour mph to benz mph to league/second mph to centimeter/day mph to dekameter/hour mph to kilometer/second mph to megameter/hour mph to centimeter/minute mph to nautical mile/day Miles per hour is a unit of speed, expressing the number of international miles covered per hour. It is commonly abbreviated in everyday use in the United States, the United Kingdom, and elsewhere to mph or MPH, although mi/h is sometimes used in technical publications. A knot is a non SI unit of speed equal to one nautical mile per hour. Knot is usually abbreviated kt. ConvertUnits.com provides an online conversion calculator for all types of measurement units. You can find metric conversion tables for SI units, as well as English units, currency, and other data. Type in unit symbols, abbreviations, or full names for units of length, area, mass, pressure, and other types. Examples include mm, inch, 100 kg, US fluid ounce, 6'3", 10 stone 4, cubic cm, metres squared, grams, moles, feet per second, and many more!	https://www.convertunits.com/from/mph/to/knots
The monoclonal antibody daratumumab may offer a new treatment for the incurable blood cancer multiple myeloma Multiple myeloma is one of the more common blood cancers, affecting the plasma cells that produce antibodies. These accumulate in the bone marrow, where they affect the production of normal blood cells. While it is currently incurable, a number of relatively effective treatments are available. However, relapse occurs and typically responses to successive alternative treatments get shorter and less effective. Eventually new treatment options run out. Novel drugs to treat multiple myeloma are thus very much needed. One such treatment is the monoclonal antibody daratumumab, which is being developed by Genmab in collaboration with Janssen.1 It is a humanised antibody to CD38, and may have potential in other tumour types, too. It is being investigated both as monotherapy and in combination with other agents. In the first part of a Phase I/II dose escalation study, 32 patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma were given daratumumab according to a 3+3 dose escalation designed over a nine-week period, with two pre-doses and seven full doses. The Phase II dose was established at 8mg/kg, and given every week for eight weeks, every other week for a further 16 weeks, and then every fourth week until disease progression or toxicity, for a maximum of two years. In the Phase I part of the study, of the 12 patients given at least 4mg/kg, five achieved partial responses and three minimal responses.2 In an expansion of this trial, patients who were resistant to or had relapsed after at least two prior lines of therapy were enrolled. Of these, 30 were given 8mg/kg either with or without a 10mg pre-dose for the first eight infusions, or 16mg/kg with no pre-dose with a three-week washout period after the first two doses, followed by a further seven weekly doses. All patients were then given the drug every second week for 16 weeks, then every fourth week until disease progression, toxicity, or until two years had elapsed.3 Preliminary results indicated an overall response rate of 46% in the higher dose group, with three very good partial responses, three partial responses, a minimal response and three patients achieving stable disease, with three having disease progression. In the lower dosed group, there were two partial and five minimal responses and 16 patients with stable disease, and nine disease progressions. The overall safety profile was described as ‘manageable’. It is also being investigated in combination with other agents. In one trial, its safety and efficacy when dosed with lenalidomide and dexamethasone was evaluated.4 Pre-treated patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma were given 2–16mg/kg of daratumumab every week for eight weeks and then twice a month for 16 weeks, and then monthly until disease progression, unmanageable toxicity or two years had elapsed, alongside weekly 25mg lenalidomide and 40mg dexamethasone doses. Initial results from 11 patients indicated that eight achieved a partial or very good partial response, and two a minimal response. The median time to response was four weeks. This trial is ongoing.	https://manufacturingchemist.com/news/article_page/Multiple_myeloma_daratumumab/105629
Bavencio (avelumab) is a programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blocking antibody. Bavencio is specifically indicated for the treatment of adults and pediatric patients 12 years and older with metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma. Bavencio is supplied as a solution for intravenous infusion. The recommended dose of Bavencio is 10 mg/kg administered as an intravenous infusion over 60 minutes every 2 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. The FDA approval of Bavencio was based on the JAVELIN Merkel 200 trial, an open-label, single-arm, multi-center study conducted in patients with histologically confirmed metastatic MCC whose disease had progressed on or after chemotherapy administered for distant metastatic disease. A total of 88 subjects received Bavencio 10 mg/kg as an intravenous infusion over 60 minutes every 2 weeks until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Patients with radiological disease progression not associated with significant clinical deterioration, defined as no new or worsening symptoms, no change in performance status for greater than 2 weeks, and no need for salvage therapy, could continue treatment. Tumor response assessments were performed every 6 weeks. The major efficacy outcome measures were confirmed overall response rate (ORR) according to RECIST v1.1 as assessed by a blinded independent central review committee (IRC) and IRC-assessed duration of response. The efficacy analysis was conducted when the last patient enrolled had completed 12 months of follow-up. The ORR was 33%, with a Complete response (CR) rate of 11.4% and a Partial response (PR) rate of 21.6%. Bavencio (avelumab) is a programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) blocking antibody. PD-L1 may be expressed on tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells and can contribute to the inhibition of the anti-tumor immune response in the tumor microenvironment. Binding of PD-L1 to the PD-1 and B7.1 receptors found on T cells and antigen presenting cells suppresses cytotoxic T-cell activity, T-cell proliferation and cytokine production. Avelumab binds PD-L1 and blocks the interaction between PD-L1 and its receptors PD-1 and B7.1. This interaction releases the inhibitory effects of PD-L1 on the immune response resulting in the restoration of immune responses, including anti-tumor immune responses.	https://www.centerwatch.com/drug-information/fda-approved-drugs/drug/100193/bavencio-avelumab-?mp=NationalStroke
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search? Sort by Journal Articles Individual Differences in the Enjoyment of Negative Emotion in Music: A Literature Review and Experiment Music Perception. 2011; 283279–296 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2011.28.3.279 Published: 01 February 2011 ... individual differences in dissociation, absorption, fantasy proneness, empathy, and rumination would be related to the enjoyment of negative emotion in music. Fifty-nine participants completed a survey pertaining to this question. Results revealed statistically significant positive relationships between... Abstract Why do People Seek out Music that Makes Them cry? This paradox is a complex one that appears to have no single answer. Rather, numerous factors appear to be interacting in the diverse responses of individuals to music. The present study tested the hypothesis that individual differences in dissociation, absorption, fantasy proneness, empathy, and rumination would be related to the enjoyment of negative emotion in music. Fifty-nine participants completed a survey pertaining to this question. Results revealed statistically significant positive relationships between enjoyment of evoked negative emotion in response to music with both absorption and the recently reported construct of 'music empathy,' Factor analysis and a regression model confirmed these results, and the approach suggests that further study of individual differences will continue to provide new insights into some of the subtleties of the enjoyment of negative emotions in music. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2018; 362175–200 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.36.2.175 Published: 01 December 2018 ... timbral characteristics. Novelty introduced by instrument entrances was the strongest determinant of listening times, though harmonic variability and timbral features were also important. Subjective enjoyment was the best predictor of listening times, mediating the effects of the degree of perceived... Abstract W hat are the factors that determine how long a person chooses to listen to an unfamiliar piece of music? We examined this question across three experiments in which we played participants novel repeating multi-instrument stimuli and recorded their listening times and reasons for their decisions to either continue or stop listening. To influence the habituating effects of repeating musical material drawn from a large stimulus library (> 450 items), we manipulated novelty along several musical dimensions. In Experiment 1, all instruments entered simultaneously. In Experiment 2, instrument entrances were also offset in time. In Experiment 3, we composed core multi-instrument loops and manipulated them to further minimize harmonic variability, minimize rhythmic variability, introduce spatialization, or change timbral characteristics. Novelty introduced by instrument entrances was the strongest determinant of listening times, though harmonic variability and timbral features were also important. Subjective enjoyment was the best predictor of listening times, mediating the effects of the degree of perceived groove in a stimulus, the urge to move, interest in a stimulus, perceived complexity, and congruency with current mood. We conclude that naturalistic looping musical stimuli serve well to examine the diverse psychological and musical determinants of choice behavior underlying music consumption. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2017; 352235–248 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2017.35.2.235 Published: 01 December 2017 ... assessments of personality and general listening tendencies were administered at the end of the session. Results showed qualified support for the notion that contrast makes people likelier to hear music in terms of narrative, with stylistic familiarity and enjoyment seeming to play a greater role. The most... Abstract Listeners frequently talk about music in terms of imagined stories, but little empirical research has investigated this tendency. In this study, 47 participants listened to eight 90-second musical excerpts—four of which featured programmatic music composed between 1857-1935 and were selected by music theorists to feature high contrast, and four of which featured Baroque and minimal music and were selected by music theorists to feature low contrast. After each one, they answered a variety of questions intended to assess their narrative engagement with the music. Brief assessments of personality and general listening tendencies were administered at the end of the session. Results showed qualified support for the notion that contrast makes people likelier to hear music in terms of narrative, with stylistic familiarity and enjoyment seeming to play a greater role. The most striking aspect of the results was the emergence of broad areas of consensus among the free descriptions of imagined narratives. People with high AIMS scores also tended to experience more narrative engagement with the music, as did people low in Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2012; 293311–317 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2012.29.3.311 Published: 01 February 2012 ..., suggesting that aesthetic appreciation and empathetic engagement play a role in the enjoyment of sad music. © 2012 by The Regents of the University of California 2012 19 April 2011 14 September 2011 Jonna K. Vuoskoski, Finnish Centre of Excellence in Interdisciplinary Music Research... Abstract although people generally avoid negative emotional experiences in general, they often enjoy sadness portrayed in music and other arts. The present study investigated what kinds of subjective emotional experiences are induced in listeners by sad music, and whether the tendency to enjoy sad music is associated with particular personality traits. One hundred forty-eight participants listened to 16 music excerpts and rated their emotional responses. As expected, sadness was the most salient emotion experienced in response to sad excerpts. However, other more positive and complex emotions such as nostalgia, peacefulness, and wonder were also evident. Furthermore, two personality traits – Openness to Experience and Empathy – were associated with liking for sad music and with the intensity of emotional responses induced by sad music, suggesting that aesthetic appreciation and empathetic engagement play a role in the enjoyment of sad music. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2020; 374339–346 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.4.339 Published: 11 March 2020 ... such polyrhythmic structures create “gaps” in which metric accents are not accompanied by objective auditory onsets, motivating listeners to move their bodies in order to physically enact the missing beats. This engenders the intrinsically enjoyable sensation of “…losing [oneself] and…actively becoming... Abstract Integrating methods from experimental social psychology and music perception, we tested the hypothesis that when listeners personally like a musician, they will be more inclined to experience his or her music as both provoking movement and as subjectively pleasurable, the two core features of perceived groove. In Experiment 1, participants were exposed to a set of moderately-syncopated, high-groove drum-breaks which they were led to believe were either produced by a relatively likable or unlikable musician. In line with predictions, participants led to find the musician more versus less likable rated the same drum-breaks as more evocative of both the urge to move and of feelings of pleasure. When participants in a follow-up study (Experiment 2) were administered the exact same manipulation of likability, but exposed to highly-syncopated, low-groove drum-breaks, these effects were eradicated, suggesting that the results of Experiment 1 were not merely due to demand characteristics or response biases. Together, these findings support the notion that listeners are more responsive to “participating in the music” when they are relatively motivated to affiliate with the musician(s). Methodological limitations and directions for future research on the social psychological underpinnings of groove are discussed. Journal Articles A Critical Cross-cultural Study of Sensorimotor and Groove Responses to Syncopation Among Ghanaian and American University Students and Staff Music Perception. 2020; 374278–297 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.4.278 Published: 11 March 2020 ... dance ( Carl & Kutsidzo, 2016 ), syncopation affects Ghanaians’ and Americans’ wanting to move and feelings of pleasure similarly. We did not find a group difference in rated groove enjoyment and listening frequency in the present study, but as noted in the discussion for Experiment 1, this may... Abstract The pleasurable desire to move to a beat is known as groove and is partly explained by rhythmic syncopation. While many contemporary groove-directed genres originated in the African diaspora, groove music psychology has almost exclusively studied European or North American listeners. While cross-cultural approaches can help us understand how different populations respond to music, comparing African and Western musical behaviors has historically tended to rely on stereotypes. Here we report on two studies in which sensorimotor and groove responses to syncopation were measured in university students and staff from Cape Coast, Ghana and Williamstown, MA, United States. In our experimental designs and interpretations, we show sensitivity towards the ethical implications of doing cross-cultural research in an African context. The Ghanaian group showed greater synchronization precision than Americans during monophonic syncopated patterns, but this was not reflected in synchronization accuracy. There was no significant group difference in the pleasurable desire to move. Our results have implications for how we understand the relationship between exposure and synchronization, and how we define syncopation in cultural and musical contexts. We hope our critical approach to cross-cultural comparison contributes to developing music psychology into a more inclusive and culturally grounded field. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2020; 374347–358 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.4.347 Published: 11 March 2020 Abstract Speech and song have frequently been treated as contrasting categories. We here observe a variety of collective activities in which multiple participants utter the same thing at the same time, a behavior we call joint speech. This simple empirical definition serves to single out practices of ritual, protest, and the enactment of identity that span the range from speech to song and allows consideration of the manner in which such activities serve to ground collectives. We consider how the musical elements in joint speech such as rhythm, melody, and instrumentation are related to the context of occurrence and the purposes of the participants. While music and language have been greatly altered by developments in media technologies—from writing to recordings—joint speech has been, and continues to be, an integral part of practices, both formal and informal, from which communities derive their identity. The absence of joint speech from the scientific treatment of language has made language appear as an abstract intellectual and highly individualized activity. Joint speech may act as a corrective to draw our attention back to the voice in context, and the manner in which collective identities are enacted. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2020; 373240–258 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2020.37.3.240 Published: 01 February 2020 ... : MIT press . Huron , D. ( 2015 ). Affect induction through musical sounds: An ethological perspective . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences , 370 ( 20140098 ). Huron , D. , & Vuoskoski , J. K ( 2019 ). On the enjoyment of sad music... Abstract When designing a new study regarding how music can portray and elicit emotion, one of the most crucial design decisions involves choosing the best stimuli. Every researcher must find musical samples that are able to capture an emotional state, are appropriate lengths, and have minimal potential for biasing participants. Researchers have often utilized musical excerpts that have previously been used by other scholars, but the appropriate musical choices depend on the specific goals of the study in question and will likely change among various research designs. The intention of this paper is to examine how musical stimuli have been selected in a sample of 306 research articles dating from 1928 through 2018. Analyses are presented regarding the designated emotions, how the stimuli were selected, the durations of the stimuli, whether the stimuli are excerpts from a longer work, and whether the passages have been used in studies about perceived or induced emotion. The results suggest that the literature relies on nine emotional terms, focuses more on perceived emotion than on induced emotion, and contains mostly short musical stimuli. I suggest that some of the inconclusive results from previous reviews may be due to the inconsistent use of emotion terms throughout the music community. Journal Articles Enjoy The Violence: Is Appreciation for Extreme Music the Result of Cognitive Control Over the Threat Response System? Music Perception. 2019; 37295–110 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2019.37.2.95 Published: 01 December 2019 Abstract T raditional neurobiological theories of musical emotions explain well why extreme music such as punk, hardcore, or metal—whose vocal and instrumental characteristics share much similarity with acoustic threat signals—should evoke unpleasant feelings for a large proportion of listeners. Why it doesn't for metal music fans, however, is controversial: metal fans may differ from non-fans in how they process threat signals at the sub-cortical level, showing deactivated responses that differ from controls. Alternatively, appreciation for metal may depend on the inhibition by cortical circuits of a normal low-order response to auditory threat. In a series of three experiments, we show here that, at a sensory level, metal fans actually react equally negatively, equally fast, and even more accurately to cues of auditory threat in vocal and instrumental contexts than non-fans; conversely, we tested the hypothesis that cognitive load reduced fans' appreciation of metal to the level experienced by non-fans, but found only limited support that it was the case. Nevertheless, taken together, these results are not compatible with the idea that extreme music lovers do so because of a different sensory response to threat, and highlight a potential contribution of controlled cognitive processes in their aesthetic experience. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2019; 3711–25 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2019.37.1.1 Published: 01 September 2019 Abstract S killed ensemble musicians coordinate with high precision, even when improvising or interpreting loosely defined notation. Successful coordination is supported primarily through shared attention to the musical output; however, musicians also interact visually, particularly when the musical timing is irregular. This study investigated the performance conditions that encourage visual signaling and interaction between ensemble members. Piano and clarinet duos rehearsed a new piece as their body motion was recorded. Analyses of head movement showed that performers communicated gesturally following held notes. Gesture patterns became more consistent as duos rehearsed, though consistency dropped again during a final performance given under no-visual-contact conditions. Movements were smoother and interperformer coordination was stronger during irregularly timed passages than elsewhere in the piece, suggesting heightened visual interaction. Performers moved more after rehearsing than before, and more when they could see each other than when visual contact was occluded. Periods of temporal instability and increased familiarity with the music and co-performer seem to encourage visual interaction, while specific communicative gestures are integrated into performance routines through rehearsal. We propose that visual interaction may support successful ensemble performance by affirming coordination throughout periods of temporal instability and serving as a social motivator to promote creative risk-taking. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2019; 364390–405 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2019.36.4.390 Published: 01 April 2019 Abstract T he current study explores how individuals ' tendency to empathize with others (trait empathy) modulates interaction and social entrainment in dyadic dance in a free movement context using perceptual and computationally derived measures. Stimuli consisting of 24 point-light animations were created using motion capture data selected from a sample of 99 dyads, based on self-reported trait empathy. Individuals whose Empathy Quotient (EQ) scores were in the top or bottom quartile of all scores were considered to have high or low empathy, respectively, and twelve dyads comprised of four high-high, four low-low, and four high-low empathy combinations were identified. Animations of these dyads were presented to 33 participants, who rated the degree of interaction and movement similarity for each stimulus. Results showed a significant effect of empathy combination on perceived interactivity and perceived similarity. High-low stimuli were rated as significantly more interactive than either high-high or low-low stimuli, while high-high stimuli were rated as significantly less similar than high-low and low-low. Dyads’ period-locking, bodily orientation and amount of hand movement were all significantly correlated with rated amount of interaction, while rated similarity only related significantly to period-locking. Results suggest that period-locking is important for social entrainment to be perceived, but that other signals such as bodily orientation and hand movement also signal social entrainment during free dance movement. Journal Articles Peak Experiences with Electronic Dance Music: Subjective Experiences, Physiological Responses, and Musical Characteristics of the Break Routine Music Perception. 2019; 364371–389 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2019.36.4.371 Published: 01 April 2019 ... state and reduce carry-over effects between trials. The five trials were followed by a questionnaire gathering demographic and non-stimuli-specific information. Participants reported finding the experiment enjoyable and interesting. The SC data were exported from the BioGraph Infiniti software and... Abstract T his paper investigates the role of musical features in shaping peak-pleasurable experiences of electronic dance music (EDM). Typically, large structural and dynamic changes occur in an EDM track, which can be referred to as the break routine , consisting of breakdown, build-up, and drop. Twenty-four participants listened to four EDM excerpts featuring break routines, and one excerpt without a break routine. Measures were taken of skin conductance, self-reported affect, and embodied aspects of subjective experience, and incidence of pleasant bodily sensations. Participants reported intense affective experience with EDM despite being removed from the club context, and attributed this experience to the drop in particular. They described these experiences as energizing and uplifting, and pointed to an embodied, kinaesthetic experience of the music. Drop sections of the music were associated with significantly higher skin conductance response than other sections of the break routine. Analysis confirms correlation between specific acoustic and musical features and peak-response as observed with other music genres, and also identifies novel musical characteristics particular to EDM associated with peak experience. This shows that pleasurable peak experience with EDM is related to specific musical features, and has embodied spatial and kinaesthetic experiential qualities even when listened to without dancing and away from the club context. Journal Articles Playing Together, Apart: Musicians’ Experiences of Physical Separation in a Classical Recording Session Music Perception. 2019; 363289–299 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2019.36.3.289 Published: 01 February 2019 ... much that's part of making music together. That can't be in place when you're working in separation.” This sense of enjoyment is valuable in a recording session to allow the musicians to stay relaxed and play well. The relationships between the musicians were key, both from a musical and social... Abstract C lassical musicians in ensembles are accustomed to performing in the same physical space. However, situations such as networked music performance (NMP) require physical separation with audio and sometimes video links. Effects of latency on synchronization have been extensively studied; however, research is limited on the effects of physical separation on the subjective experience of musicians. This separation is likely to have an effect on interaction between musicians as usual channels of communication are interrupted. The impact of this physical separation on the experience of classical musicians in a woodwind soloist and piano accompanist setting was investigated. Three pairs of musicians were recorded in acoustically isolated spaces with audio and video links, and were then interviewed using semi-structured interview techniques. Five themes emerged from the data, namely: adaptability, communication, performance, impact on the musicians, and relationships. Within these themes, musical issues, communication, and social interactions were found to be most challenging for separated musicians, while adaptability helped the musicians in this situation. The video link was used rarely when playing. These issues are important in NMP and are related to the physical separation of the musicians, rather than problems such as latency, which are well documented. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2019; 363314–330 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2019.36.3.314 Published: 01 February 2019 Abstract T his article introduces the notion of pleasant musical imagery (PMI) for denoting everyday phenomena where people want to cherish music “in their heads.” This account differs from current paradigms for studying musical imagery in that it is not based a priori on (in)voluntariness of the experience. An empirical investigation of the structure and experiential content in 50 persons’ experiences of PMI applied the elicitation interview method. Peer judgments of the interviews helped to bridge a phenomenological investigation of particular experiences with systematic between-subjects analysis. Both structural features of the imagery (e.g., Looseness of structure or Looping ) and content features of the imagery (e.g., Embodied evocativeness and Object-directedness ) showed significant associations with participants’ individual characteristics, personality, and/or cognitive style. The approach taken suggests a new paradigm for studying musical imagery—one that is based on tracing the interactional and enactive processes of “inner listening.” Journal Articles Making an Impression: Error Location and Repertoire Features Affect Performance Quality Rating Processes Music Perception. 2018; 36160–76 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.36.1.60 Published: 01 September 2018 ... – 120 . Thompson, S. ( 2007 ). Determinants of listeners’ enjoyment of a performance . Psychology of Music , 35 , 20 – 36 . Thompson, S. , & Williamon, A. ( 2003 ). Evaluating evaluation: Musical performance assessment as a research tool . Music Perception , 21 , 21 – 41... Abstract T his article examines the effects of composition length, familiarity, and likeability—as well as the location of performance errors—on the process of forming performance quality ratings. Five piano works by Chopin and a twentieth-century composer were chosen to vary by length and familiarity. Three of these pieces were then manipulated to contain performance errors in the opening material, and two of those the same error at the recapitulation. Forty-two musicians provided continuous quality evaluations and final quality ratings of the performances, hearing one version of each piece. The results showed that familiarity had no effect within works of a well-known composer, but times to first and final decision were significantly extended for an unfamiliar work of an unfamiliar composer. A shorter piece led to a shorter time to first decision. An error at the beginning of a performance caused a shorter time to first decision and lower initial and final ratings, where the same error at the recapitulation did not have a significant effect on the final judgment, despite causing a temporary negative drop. These findings demonstrate how evaluators’ knowledge of a work can affect their rating process and the importance of making a strong first impression in performance. Includes: Multimedia, Supplementary data Journal Articles Music Perception. 2018; 36140–52 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.36.1.40 Published: 01 September 2018 ... evidence that for most CI users the enjoyment of polyphonic music through a CI is impossible. Numerous reports have found that CI users enjoy listening to music at home, attend concerts, and go dancing (e.g., Lassaletta et al., 2007 ). Many of them are well aware of the advantage in comparison to when... Abstract A cochlear implant (CI) restores hearing for profoundly deaf patients by transmitting sound to an array of electrodes that stimulates the inner ear. The small number of frequency bands and limited transmission of temporal fine structure affects the music perception. The present work investigates the pleasantness of chords and chord sequences in adults using such electric hearing. In the first task, participants compared chord types according to their perceived pleasantness. Normal-hearing listeners judged the major chord and the minor chord as the most pleasant ones compared to other chord types. CI users appraised the major chord as more consonant than other chord types. The second task used four-chord sequences, half of which ended on an authentic V-I cadence. In the other presentations, the final tonic was replaced either by a transposed major chord or by a dissonant chord. The participants had to judge whether the ending was conclusive. While normal-hearing listeners preferred authentic cadences, all but one CI user assessed the modified cadences as similarly satisfying. The results indicate that CI users appreciated consonance of isolated chords to a certain extent similar to normal-hearing listeners. Nevertheless, the majority of CI users fail to register the musical syntax in the harmonic progression of cadences. Journal Articles Action-sound Latency and the Perceived Quality of Digital Musical Instruments: Comparing Professional Percussionists and Amateur Musicians Music Perception. 2018; 361109–128 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.36.1.109 Published: 01 September 2018 ... behind the strike.” (Participant 3) “ … With percussionists, we're so used to, you hit it and, bang, it's there. So any kind of delay is a bit disconcerting.” (Participant 7) “When it sits on top it's a lot more enjoyable to play. I know when that happens you tend to forget that you're playing... Abstract A synchrony between tactile and auditory feedback (action-sound latency) when playing a musical instrument is widely recognized as disruptive to musical performance. In this paper we present a study that assesses the effects of delayed auditory feedback on the timing accuracy and judgments of instrument quality for two groups of participants: professional percussionists and non-percussionist amateur musicians. The amounts of delay tested in this study are relatively small in comparison to similar studies of auditory delays in a musical context (0 ms, 10 ms, 10 ms ± 3 ms, 20 ms). We found that both groups rated the zero latency condition as higher quality for a series of quality measures in comparison to 10 ms ± 3 ms and 20 ms latency, but did not show a significant difference in rating between 10 ms latency and zero latency. Professional percussionists were more aware of the latency conditions and showed less variation of timing under the latency conditions, although this ability decreased as the temporal demands of the task increased. We compare our findings from each group and discuss them in relation to latency in interactive digital systems more generally and experimentally similar work on sensorimotor control and rhythmic performance. Journal Articles Music Perception. 2018; 355573–578 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.35.5.573 Published: 01 June 2018 ... identification of exact intervals (Deutsch, 1979). This account is supported by work showing that random tone sequences are rated as more musical and more enjoyable after repetition (Margulis, 2013a; Margulis & Simchy-Gross, 2016) and work showing that explicit memory for novel melodies is relatively poor after... Abstract Certain spoken phrases, when removed from context and repeated, begin to sound as if they were sung. Prior work has uncovered several acoustic factors that determine whether a phrase sounds sung after repetition. However, the reason why repetition is necessary for song to be perceived in speech is unclear. One possibility is that by default pitch is not a salient attribute of speech in non-tonal languages, as spectral information is more vital for determining meaning. However, repetition may satiate lexical processing, increasing pitch salience. A second possibility is that it takes time to establish the precise pitch perception necessary for assigning each syllable a musical scale degree. Here we tested these hypotheses by asking participants to rate the musicality of spoken phrases and complex tones with matching pitch contours after each of eight repetitions. Although musicality ratings were overall higher for the tone stimuli, both the speech and complex tone stimuli increased in musicality to a similar degree with repetition. Thus, although the rapid spectral variation of speech may inhibit pitch salience, this inhibition does not decrease with repetition. Instead, repetition may be necessary for the perception of song in speech because the perception of exact pitch intervals takes time. Includes: Multimedia, Supplementary data Journal Articles Did You Hear the Vocalist? Differences in Processing Between Short Segments of Familiar and Unfamiliar Music Music Perception. 2018; 355607–621 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.35.5.607 Published: 01 June 2018 ... transition from the unfamiliar to the familiar ultimately has to do with repetition. In a striking finding from Margulis (2013), participants rated that they found more enjoyment with, were more interested in, and thought as more artistic excerpts of music that were modified to include repetition. The... Abstract Previous research indicates that people gain musical information from short (250 ms) segments of music. This study extended previous findings by presenting shorter (100 ms, 150 ms, and 200 ms) segments of Western popular music in rapid temporal arrays; similar to scanning through music listening options. The question remains, is there a critical feature, such as the song’s vocalist, that listeners used when processing the complex timbral arrangements of Western popular music? Participants were presented with familiar and unfamiliar music segments, four segments in succession. Each trial contained a female or a male vocalist, or was purely instrumental. Participants were asked whether they heard a vocalist (Experiment 1) or a female vocalist (Experiment 2) in one of the four music segments. Vocalist detection in Experiment 1 was well above chance for the shortest stimuli (100 ms), and performance was better in the familiar trials than the unfamiliar. When instructed in Experiment 2 to detect a female vocalist, however, participants performed better with the unfamiliar trials than the familiar trials. Together, these findings suggest that the vocalist and vocalist gender may be stored as separate features and their utility differs based on one’s familiarity with the musical stimulus. Journal Articles Time Dilation Caused by Oddball Serial Position and Pitch Deviancy: A Comparison of Musicians and Nonmusicians Music Perception. 2018; 354425–436 doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/mp.2018.35.4.425 Published: 01 April 2018 ... age, enjoyment, and practical musical experience on retro- spective estimate of elapsed duration during music listening (pp. 125 136). httpdoi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-21478-3_11 RAMMSAYER, T., & ALTENMULLER, E. (2006). Temporal infor- mation processing in musicians and nonmusicians. Music Perception, 24... Abstract When a deviant stimulus is presented within a stream of homogeneous stimuli, its duration tends to be overestimated. Two experiments investigated the effects of oddball serial position and pitch deviancy on perceived duration. In Experiment 1, the oddball method was used, in which an oddball stimulus is embedded in a series of standard stimuli and randomly positioned in each trial. In Experiment 2, the oddball position was stable and its deviancy varied from trial to trial. Musician and nonmusician participants were asked to judge whether the comparison interval was shorter or longer than the standards. The study indicates that for nonmusicians, the duration of an oddball stimulus appears longer than the repeated standard stimuli. Moreover, the oddballs occurring in later positions in the stream of stimuli are perceived to be longer than oddballs occurring in earlier positions in the stream. Also, a higher degree of oddball deviancy results in a greater dilation of perceived duration. In contrast with the results of nonmusicians, there is neither a position nor a deviancy effect with musician participants; the subjective duration remains constant. Several explanations are discussed in order to account for these group differences.	https://online.ucpress.edu/mp/search-results?page=1&q=enjoyment
Find The Button: No Cakewalk is a difficult find the button map consisting of 20 detailed levels spanning across many different environments and builds, your goal is to progress and complete all of them. Important Information Feedback If you have any feedback (suggestions, opinions, etc) regarding the map, feel free to comment below and I will respond to them as quickly as possible. Walkthrough A walkthrough for all 20 levels can be found here. 2022-04-25 - Map Released. v1.02:- Fixed a bug with the hint system. If the player has not touched the hint signs and now right clicks the button locater item, the appropriate text will now show up.- Added a sound when pressing start.- Next update will include more levels. You may also be interested in playing these maps from the same category. Users Online: 876 Copyright © MinecraftMaps.com 2011-2022. All rights reserved. Minecraft was created by Mojang AB. MinecraftMaps.com is not endorsed or affiliated with Mojang AB.	https://www.minecraftmaps.com/finding-maps/find-the-button-no-cakewalk
When you’re a high school student, the world is your oyster. You can choose your classes, schedule, and extracurricular activities. With an abundance of options in high school, you have plenty of ways to fulfil your academic requirements outside of the traditional classroom. Whether through a club, an after-school job, or volunteering at a local organisation, you can fulfil your class requirements without dropping any credits. The 10th-grade science project will require students to do various experimental endeavours to learn more about the field. At this point, students should be familiar with the chemical/physical properties of various compounds and materials. Some projects may require students to conduct chemical reactions or even use simple testing equipment to explore the relationship between chemicals and their physical effects. 1. Groovy Airplane Using basic principles of aerodynamics, students will create a paper airplane that can fly across the room simply using a hole puncher. This is an easy project that will demonstrate basic aerodynamic principles. Make a wooden plane with airfoils. Make dimples in the wings like a golf ball and fly it. Record your findings and test your hypothesis. 2. Hydrogen Fuel Cell Students will create an electrolysis cell to separate hydrogen and oxygen gases using electricity. Using this technique, they’ll be able to light your household appliances similarly to how the power plants work today. 3. Alginate Farming This project will allow students to conduct experiments and evaluate the growth of algae. Students will also study the growing environment (nutrients in water) to determine which are necessary for algae growth. Then, students can create their homemade alginate solution for cosmetic purposes. 4. Drought – Fighting Orange Peels By collecting the orange peels and applying UV-A light, you can kill off the bacteria that cause decay in these peels. With this technique, you’ll have a chance to experiment with developing new products. 5. Density of Vegetables To determine their density, you can use a scoop to measure the weight of different types of lettuce, spinach, potatoes, and tomatoes. You can also weigh different foods with varying shapes/sizes/densities. See which ones are lighter than others (and why) and how this relates to cell division. 6. Gravitational Investigation Students will experiment to isolate basic physics principles such as inertia, conservation of energy, acceleration due to gravity, and momentum. They’ll measure specific variables such as the acceleration of moving objects and the speed of falling objects, study the effect of gravity on bodies (falling or not), and learn about the strength of materials. You can conduct this experiment with objects such as a feather, ball bearing, rock, or marble. 7. Cardboard Solar Lamp Students will set up a cardboard solar lamp to create light using direct sunlight. This is a very simple project that will demonstrate the basic principles of electricity. They can use this technique to help power their lamps during power outages. 8. Automated Quasar Search Students will use a telescope and computer to discover distant galaxies. This is a fun project that will show students that they can search the skies with some simple equipment. They can then determine which ones are quasars. 9. Wet and Dry Worms A pot of wet soil, dry soil, and worms are all you need. Wet and Dry Worms are especially useful for students who are studying vertebrates. They’ll be able to observe the worm’s wet and dry reactions and their hibernation phases. You’ll also be able to investigate the effects of environmental changes on organisms. 10. Bottle Rockets The Bottle Rocket is a great science project that requires minimal materials. Students will experiment with an old bottle and shoot off the “bottle rockets” while working to determine the acceleration of these objects. Demonstrating basic physics principles and constructing a rocket that can fly into the night sky enhances the learning experience. 11. Sparkly Soap Against Germs You can use a little dish soap to make some sparkly bubbles by simply heating the liquid in a glass. Then, you can let the odors of your dish soap saturate your hands and see how many germs you can grow on them. 12. Bioplastics from Banana Peels Students will use banana peels to make bioplastics. By heating the banana peels, they will be able to turn them into a plastic similar to Bakelite. This is an interesting project that many students find appealing because it’s something that most people have seen in real life (except for plastic). 13. Cell Phone Radiation Cell Phones are everywhere these days, even at school. Cell phone radiation detectors are available for purchase, but students can make one independently by using a simple circuit. The cell phone detector will not only determine whether there is any electromagnetic radiation being emitted but also measure the intensity of such energy. 14. Fuel – Less Cars A car is not made of gasoline. Most cars are fueled with oil. The students need to find and reduce the amount of oil that a car requires for its operation. They can do this by using their science project to find the amount of fuel required for a certain amount of distance or by doing another experiment such as accelerating a certain amount and finding out how much mass they lost due to friction. 15. How Different Drinks Affect Bladder Students will use simple equipment and techniques to determine how different drinks affect the bladder. Students will have to undergo a few preliminary procedures before beginning the experiment. They’ll fill their bladder with several different drinks and measure how much each drink can hold when they’re ready. This is an educational project that many students find interesting because it results in a product that the student can consume. 16. Lemon Battery Students will use baking soda and vinegar to demonstrate how electrochemistry works. Many students are amazed when they find out that you can use lemons to create electricity. This experiment will teach students the basic principles of electricity. 17. Photomultiplier Students can create a small tube that uses ordinary household items to investigate how cathode ray tubes work. The Photomultiplier allows them to recognize the differences in light from various sources and conduct an experiment with different types of materials. After that, they can study how you can use this device for other purposes such as radiation research, medicine, biology, and more. 18. Speed of Light: Air vs Water Students will use simple techniques to measure the speed of light in various fluids such as water and air. The result of this experiment is a valuable data set for students to compare the speed of light in these different fluids. After that, they can also use their data to make predictions about the speed of light in other fluids. 19. The Power of Citrus Learners will observe how citric acid reacts with various home items. They’ll be able to add various household items to lemon juice, boil them, and then test the properties of these items. You can also investigate how this process changes the color of these objects. This is a useful science experiment that will demonstrate the basic principles of chemistry to students. The results are usually pretty interesting as well. 20. Homerun Hitters Educators will experiment to determine the effect of various variables on baseball velocity. They are then required to find a person skilled in baseball and ask them to hit a variety of objects with the ball so that the students can conduct their experiment. After that, students can analyze their data and make several conclusions about their experiment. 21. Ocean Currents This DIY science experiment utilizes food coloring to generate colored water to study ocean currents. They can use an electronic circuit to experiment with various variables like the voltage, current, brightness, and power source to track their results. It’s a good science project that will demonstrate how water currents flow in nature. 22. Bird Beak Investigations This experiment is a good project that allows students to investigate the adaptation of bird beaks. They use corn cob, plastic drinking straw, and ping pong ball to examine how they can change their beaks to get the best food. For example, if the coucal bird has a curved beak, it can eat worms, but it will have a flattened end if it eats seeds. It allows students to understand how these birds have adapted to their environments and make them realize how crucial this process is for evolution. 23. Wind-Powered Energy Students will investigate how the wind can be used as an energy source. They will demonstrate how they can use their science project to harvest energy from the wind. They need only a simple motor, suitable knobs and washers or nuts, and some wires and plastic to get started. Once they finish, they’ll be able to use this information in multiple ways, including building a helpful device such as a wind turbine for power generation. 24. Moon Phases Students who want to study the moon’s phases will enjoy this experiment. It allows them to examine the moon over time in different light settings and determine whether they can find evidence of a full or crescent moon. This is a simple project that students can use to determine how light is reflected off of the moon during all phases of its cycle through the sky. 25. How Plants Use Water This experiment uses a variety of everyday household items such as water, jelly, and a plant. Students will observe how the plant and jelly react to various amounts of water. Students will find out how much water is required for the healthy growth of plants. The results and conclusions are usually quite interesting as well.	https://www.aneverydaystory.com/10th-grade-science-projects/
Our mission at Saint Martin’s is to enable pupils to “learn the best that has been thought and said”, studying everything from ancient Greek literature in English to the most beautiful art that has been created. Part of this education is to provide pupils with opportunities to experience the world, develop deeper friendships with fellow students and have some adventures to remember. Staff at Saint Martin’s therefore happily give up their time and energy to offer a wide range of trips to suit different interests and budgets. There are trips across the UK, and from Italy or Iceland to the USA. This Trip Brochure is designed to give you an idea of the trips likely to be offered over the next couple of years in order for you to budget and select any that your son or daughter might be interested in. This brochure will give you an insight in to the experience pupils can have, the time of year it will probably take place, the approximate price and the year groups it is aimed at. Please note that all trips are provisional and may not take place. As places will always be limited, attendance and behaviour will always be considered when a trip is oversubscribed. When any trip is confirmed, you and your child will receive more information with plenty of time to save and plan.	https://www.saint-martins.net/trips-brochure.html
September is Prostate Cancer Awareness Month – an opportunity to increase awareness and educate Canadians about one of the most common cancers in men. Within Canada, prostate cancer is the most diagnosed non-skin cancer in men and the third leading cause of cancer-related death in this group. So, what can be done to prevent it and what does the research say about screening options? Living a healthy, active lifestyle is an important part of prevention for many cancers, including prostate cancer. Eating a nutritious and balanced diet, full of fruits, vegetables, and fibre, and low in red and processed meats can reduce your chance of getting cancer. In terms of screening and detection, the conversation will likely include the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test. However, research suggests that there are benefits and harms associated with PSA testing. Your physician will help you determine if PSA testing is the best course of action based on your personal preferences and individual circumstances (including ethnicity, family history of disease, and other risk factors). Decision aids in the form of brief booklets are also available to help you make informed choices about tough issues such as prostate cancer screening. While lower urinary tract symptoms are common, especially in older men, one of the most common causes of an obstruction is an enlarged prostate, which can lead to issues if left untreated. If you experience symptoms, including difficulty urinating, urinating too often, or find that you are getting up frequently at night to urinate, talk to your doctor about your testing and treatment options. Cancer prevention starts with a healthy lifestyle and being in tune with your body and any irregularities can help with early detection. If you are considering screening for prostate cancer, consult your physician to evaluate whether it is suitable for you. To learn more about prostate cancer and cancer prevention, read through our resources below.	https://www.mcmasteroptimalaging.org/hitting-the-headlines/detail/hitting-the-headlines/2020/09/09/prostate-cancer-awareness-month-prevention-and-screening
The apa essay format involves while this style is used mostly in the citing of sources used in all pages under an apa style essay must have the page. A full template and example to help you write a citation for a artwork in the apa style. Apa style (american psychological association): bible subsequent citations of the same bible version do not need to be included after citing the first time. You can cite wikipedia in apa style just like any other web page for which there is no author for an article with no author, use the title of the article as the reference in your reference section, give the full details of the citation beginning with the title. How can the answer be improved. Wikipedia:citing wikipedia apa style citation in apa style requires that you provide a separate reference entry for each term you are citing in your paper. Tips for writing an essay in apa format in addition to ensuring that you cite your sources properly and present information according to the rules of apa style, there are a number of things you can do to make the writing process a little bit easier. Figures defined: figures are any type of graphical illustration other than a table, such as: graphs, charts, maps, drawings, diagrams, and photographs usage guidelines. Apa for academic writing other people’s ideas and information used within your essay or term paper apa style guide for electronic references. Introduction to apa style in-text citations abbreviations used in referencing if quoting or citing a source which has been cited within another document. What is apa citing this citation style is used by american psychological association's your essay or project you can follow the style guide for. Apa or american psychological association is a referencing style used to cite social sciences to write a formatted paper, follow our specific style guide. Here is a free and simple apa web citation generator use it for your papers written in apa style and get your formatting done perfectly. The apa style reference format is the most frequently utilized when citing papers on social disciplines, like education, humanities or sciences when writing an essay using the apa format, you need to abide by the guidelines we’ll explain in this article. In apa style, the methods of citing how to cite a lecture in text apa style cite printed lecture materials also in the resource list at the end of your essay. How to cite sources in apa format proper apa citing demonstrates that you are familiar with the research on do you know how to write an essay using apa style. Apa citation examples based on apa publication acceptable to use the older style of doi format in a citation, for clearly in the text of your paper. Mla style -- references in the body of the paper mla documentation style uses brief parenthetical citations in the text that lead to the list of works cited to cite government documents in parenthetical references, the mla handbook refers users to page 224, section 645 citing a work by a corporate author. This page offers guidelines on how to properly format your cover page, reference page (the bibliography) and general in-text citing before you start your essay or research paper, you should familiarize yourself with some general apa rules. Apa style: handling quotations page and only within parentheses when citing multiple authors of a single of the publication manual of the american. Apa style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (jones, 1998, p 199) citing an author or authors a work by two authors: name both authors in the signal phrase or in the parentheses each time you cite the work. Determine if apa is the right style for your document apa is the formatting style for the american psychological association, but it's used in the social sciences, business, and nursing as well just as you would for any paper, check assignment sheets and submission guidelines to make sure apa is appropriate. What is an apa citation generator at grademiners if you need to create an a-winning paper in apa format, citation generator citations use our apa style. How to cite a website in text in apa doing in-text citations for a website in apa style for an academic paper or essay can be confusing, especially if you are not sure how much information you are required to include.	http://ffpaperjbxx.michellany.us/citing-in-essay-apa-style.html
Addiction linked to impulsive nature When it comes to take wise decisions, alcoholics certainly miss something crucial – the capacity to take decisions firmly, as a new study having brain scans on nine sober recovering alcoholics, confirms that frontal cortex – the part of the brain that helps us make wise long-term decisions- works less activity if compared to those who with no history of any such addiction. As per the findings of this study, majority of alcoholics were found having impulsive nature, which prevents them from taking long-term decisions. And this impulsive nature may certainly leads to wrong decision, which may even give way to drastic effects. However, the way addiction affects orbital frontal cortex is not very clear yet. Still, study leads Charlotte Boettiger, from the University of North Carolina assumes: Their brains may not fully process the long-term consequences of their choices. So, things would be clearer only after further research over this issue. So, let’s wait and watch!	https://drprem.com/globalhealthcare/addiction-linked-to-impulsive-nature
The DRAO project allowed us to make significant progress over our objectives of understanding how people draw and helping professional artists and novices alike. - Understanding how people draw We first performed an extensive survey of the art literature to identify specific techniques to draw shape, material and lighting effects. We complemented this survey with interviews in an automotive design studio and in an illustrator studio. Finally, we ran an observational study to better understand how people use drawings and physical prototypes to perform casual design tasks. - Teaching and guidance Based on our observations on how people draw shape, we developed an interactive drawing tool that provides automated guidance to practice traditional drawing-by-observation techniques. Our tool extracts constructions lines from a user-provided photograph and generates visual feedback to help users understand their mistakes. We also proposed a system that augments traditional pen and paper with a projector to enable professional illustrators to zoom into parts of their drawings and work at different levels of detail on paper. - Drawing illumination and materials Our observations on how to draw materials inspired us to propose a compact shade tree representation to automatically generate stylized depictions of materials in vector graphics. This representation encapsulates the creation of vector primitives (paths, gradients) that artists routinely use to convey material effects. Thanks to our approach, inexperienced users can quickly turn a line drawing into a fully colored illustration. We also proposed a user-assisted method to convert bitmap images into vector graphics with editable layers, which allows a variety of edits, such as modifying the shape of highlights, adding texture to an object or changing its diffuse color. Finally, we introduced a new numerical solver to generate smooth color gradients controlled by a few Diffusion Curves. This approach relies on an adaptive triangulation to combine the ease of use of vectorial curves with the speed and accuracy of finite element representations. - Drawing 3D shapes We proposed several algorithms to estimate normal fields and 3D shapes from design drawings. These algorithms leverage specific construction lines that designers draw to convey surface curvature. The first algorithm takes a single vector drawing of the shape as input, while the second method works from a bitmap drawing and is robust to sketchy lines made of many overlapping strokes. We also described an algorithm that exploits the structure of an existing scene to interpret architectural drawings in context. - From drawings to physical prototypes Our interviews with designers revealed the increasing use of digital fabrication in the design process. While we did not consider this workflow in our proposal, we explored the use of drawings as support for the creation of physical prototypes. In particular, we developed a system to help hobbyist create unique pieces of jewelry from drawings.	https://www-sop.inria.fr/members/Adrien.Bousseau/drao/results.html
Maine State Task Force The Maine Music Therapy Task Force is a group of leading music therapists promoting advocacy, education, and legislative efforts in order to increase the recognition and accessibility of music therapy services to Mainers. In cooperation with the American Music Therapy Association and Certification Board for Music Therapists, we identify important state-level issues and work together to ensure the safe, ethical, and accessible practice of music therapy in Maine. Our primary aims are: - Increased access to music therapy services for clients and families in need. - Public protection from misrepresentation and potential harm by uncredentialed individuals who claim to provide 'music therapy' services, potentially turning clients away from a beneficial evidence-based treatment option. - Title protection of the designation ‘music therapist’, and state recognition of the MT-BC credential.	https://www.mainemusictherapy.com/task-force
Q: How to start building a regression model when the most strongly associated predictor is binary I have data set containing 365 observation of three variables namely pm, temp and rain. Now I want to check be behavior of pm in response to changes in other two variables. My variables are: pm10 = Response (dependent) temp = predictor (independent) rain = predictor(independent) The following is the correlation matrix for my data: > cor(air.pollution) pm temp rainy pm 1.00000000 -0.03745229 -0.15264258 temp -0.03745229 1.00000000 0.04406743 rainy -0.15264258 0.04406743 1.00000000 The problem is when I was studying the construction of regression models, it was written that the additive method is to start with the variable that is most highly related to response variable. In my data set rain is highly correlated with pm (as compared to temp), but same time it is a dummy variable (rain=1, no rain=0), so I have now clue from where should I start. I have attached two images with the question: The first is a scatterplot of data, and the second image is a scatterplot of pm10 vs. rain, I am also unable to interpret scatterplot of pm10 vs. rain. Can some one help me how to start? A: Many people believe that you should use some strategy like starting with the most highly associated variable, and then adding additional variables in turn until one is not significant. However, there is no logic that compels this approach. Moreover, this is a kind of 'greedy' variable selection / search strategy (cf., my answer here: Algorithms for automatic model selection). You do not have to do this, and really, you shouldn't. If you want to know the relationship between pm, and temp and rain, just fit a multiple regression model with all three variables. You will still need to assess the model to determine if it is reasonable and the assumptions are met, but that's it. If you want to test some a-priori hypothesis, you can do so with the model. If you want to assess the model's out of sample predictive accuracy, you can do that with cross-validation. You needn't really worry about multicollinearity either. The correlation between temp and rain is listed as 0.044 in your correlation matrix. That is a very low correlation and shouldn't cause any problems. A: While this doesn't directly address your already gathered data set, another thing you could try the next time you are gathering data like this is to avoid recording "rain" as a binary. Your data would probably be more informative if you had instead measured rain rate (cm/hour), which would give you a variable distributed continuously (up to your precision of measurement) from 0...max_rainfall. This would let you correlate not just "is it raining" to the other variables, but also "how much is it raining".
Perform your best in each section of the IELTS test with these few tips. Listening 1. At the beginning of each section read the questions carefully before the recording starts. This will help you to follow the recording and identify the answers. 2. Listen carefully for clues that indicate which stage of the recording you are listening to – for example, words such as ‘firstly’, ‘my next point’, ‘to sum up’. These words will help you identify which question you have reached. Reading 1. To improve your performance in the Reading test you need to practise by reading a variety of English texts. This will help you develop the ability to read quickly as required under test conditions. 2. The texts included in the Reading test always contain the information you need to answer the question. You won’t have to use your own knowledge of a topic. Writing 1. Be careful to use your own words. The examiner will not include words copied from the question in the word count. 2. Make your position or point of view as clear as possible in your essay for Academic Writing Task 2. Your last paragraph should be a conclusion which is consistent with the arguments you have included in your essay. Speaking 1. In the lead up to the Speaking test, make sure you take the time to practise speaking English – with friends, at work and on the phone. You should also consider recording yourself, so that you are more confident when speaking English during your test. 2. There are no right or wrong answers in the Speaking test. The examiner will assess you on how well you can express your ideas and opinions in good English.	https://ieltsonline.com.au/blog/?p=142
In December we’re reading two chapters from the book The Idea of Communism (2010), chapter 6 Lear or Gonzalo by Terry Eagleton (pp. 101 – 110), and chapter 15 How to begin from the beginning by Slavoj Zizek (pp. 209 – 226). This book club is facilitated by Neil Lamont. DOWNLOAD Costas Douzinas and Slavoj Zizek ed. (2010). The Idea of Communism. Verso. Much recent political and economic analysis – especially on the left – has focused on the triumph of global capitalism or late capitalism, the collapse of structures of opposition and – as a perceived consequence – the impossibility of change. (Some would include Mark Fisher within that category.) However, other voices on the left argue that – far from triumph – capital is at a point of material and existential crisis and have begun to look at how Marx’s ideas can be applied afresh in the 21st century. The only true question today is: do we endorse the predominant naturalization of capitalism or does today’s global capitalism contain antagonisms powerful enough to prevent its indefinite reproduction? (Zizek) I want to explore these perspectives through two chapters in the The Idea of Communism edited by Zizek and Douzinas. At some point in the discussion I also want to briefly add in a 3 minute outline of Streeck’s book How will capitalism end – a structural analysis of capital’s economic development from 1945 to the present. Terry Eagleton explores communism through two Shakespearean characters – Gonzalo from The Tempest and Lear. Gonzalo envisions a world of plenitude and freedom for all – of ease, plenty and liberation from labour. But Lear represents a world of inner and outer turmoil, of a humanity driven by its culture into desire, excess and destruction. Eagleton explores the ambiguity that capitalism provides the material resources to liberate us from material need but creates a world of lack and poverty. Instead, communism aims to harness the material to release us from the confines of materialism. Eagleton explores the catastrophe of environmental damage and asks if the species of communism we will find will be Gonzalo’s comic superfluity or the catastrophic one of Lear’s destitution. Zizek starts with Lenin in 1922, at the end of the Civil War and the Russian economy in ruin. In a text called On ascending a high mountain Lenin contemplates how communism can ‘begin again from the beginning’. Zizek asks how (post 1989, post 2008) communism can again begin at the beginning. He references an article by Eric Hobsbawm titled Socialism failed, capitalism is bankrupt. What comes next? “The answer is communism” (Zizek). He explores the ideas of Hardt and Negri on reclaiming ’the commons’ of culture, external nature, internal nature and – most importantly – the re-inclusion of the excluded. Zizek also looks at agency, especially the role of the state (“the true task should be to make the State work in a non-statal mode”). There are large debates on the communist left about the state (post 1989 some reject the state model entirely) and immaterial production. Zizek concludes by explaining that the working class has been – or become – split – into three separate components “…the ‘three main classes’ of today’s developed societies, which are precisely not classes but three fractions of the working class: intellectual labourers, the old manual working class, and the outcasts…” The task is to reunite them! The session will start with everyone having a brief input. Then we’ll explore some of the following questions - does Eagleton think global co-operation and restructuring more likely to emerge from global plenty or from catastrophe? - what do both authors have to say about climate change? Are they right? - what does Zizek mean by the ‘communist-egalitarian emancipatory Idea’? - what is Zizek’s argument about the 3 way split in the working class? Is this correct? How might the 3 parts be brought back together? - what do both authors have to say about the role of the state in realising communism? What do you think? Could communism be achieved without the state? If so, how? - is capitalism now in its deepest ever crisis or is it strong and invulnerable? - is late capitalism the most recent adaptation or development of capital or is it a new phenomenon? - what is your vision of what a communist society would look like, feel like? (Marx said very little about this!) - what would be the essential steps to replace capitalism with communism? - is it feasible?	https://artandcritique.uk/events/eagleton-zizek-the-idea-of-communism/
ORG parliamentary and policy update(Redirected from Parliament and policy monitoring project) If you want to subscribe to our weekly email, please do so here. Purpose ORG wants to monitor UK and also EU policy developments, and make sure our activists and allies are properly informed about debates and developments. Specifically we wish to: MPs and MEPs - Develop detailed profiles and histories for individual MPs and UK MEPs - Understand their viewpoints - Help our supporters understand their local representatives - Find who we need to influence Policy - Alert people about relevant policy and parliamentary timetables - Track developments to help us intervene more effectively Who and how ORG will advertise for volunteers and interns to help. ORG staff should help. Local groups will be encouraged to monitor their local representatives and ask for comment, commitments and help on our issues. Individual supporters can help by building the profiles of their local MPs, including quotes from correspondence and press statements. Alerts RSS searches from They Work for You is a good way to start: these have been converted to email alerts to an ORG email address. Suggested general keyword searches include: "internet" "cyber" "computer" "web" What Wiki The project should keep Bill pages, politician profiles, committees etc all updated with relevant information. Email list The emails will be available via an email list here. Email Editorial preferences Upcoming Consultations and committee inquiries Make sure these have deadlines and contact details Use descriptive titles, eg "XXX Bill Second Reading" Titles should indicate to a casual reader why the section is of interest All information must be placed on the relevant wiki pages - Any content in the email must appear on the issue page, and any individual's page of the ORG wiki - This helps people find the information and for ORG to keep track of what is happening over time - People need to track by MP and by issue - Wiki pages should be fuller, and more analytical, than the email Link to Wiki pages Link to the relevant Wiki pages, where the topics should be properly covered. Place relevant external links on Wiki pages Please make sure that relevant links are recorded on the Wiki pages for further reading. Use headline markup for titles Use the equals-sign style mark up for "H2" or "h3" rather than "bold" mark up. This makes it easier to read the contents to see what's covered. Make sure the reason something is relevant is mentioned Remember that people won't know everything you do. So for instance, don't say "This Bill has a second reading on X date". Say also, "this Bill will make these changes that we are interested in". Prefer the theyworkforyou pages for references - They Work for You is searchable and a more useful user tool Annotate TWFY pages if relevant - They Work for You allows annotation; thus ORG's wiki can be referenced back where relevant Link to timetable information to the ORG public calendar Punctuation: use double quotes What should be covered - Questions and debates in the Houses of Parliament that mention ORG issues. - Developments in committees - Relevant legislative timetables, for instance - Digital Economy Act Initial Obligations Code and Costs Order - UK Reports and debates on the new EU Data Protection Directive - Private Members' Bills of interest - see Proposed legislation Less interesting or don't cover - Internet infrastructure questions, investments, etc are not as interesting to us, unless there are clear rights questions Timetabling sources Committees of particular interest - CMS Select Committee - Justice Select Committee - Joint Committee on Human Rights - Public Administration Committee Note, Bill committees should be covered under "legislation", as they are ad hoc All Parliamentary Groups of interest - All Party Parliamentary Intellectual Property Group - All Party Parliamentary Communications Group - Parliamentary Internet, Communications and Technology Forum Departmental and ministerial work - Ministry of Justice - Home Office - BIS - Department for Education - Parental controls consultation - Department for Culture, Media and Sport - Ofcom - http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/ - some consultations will be of interest Lobbying information - Information from Who's Lobbying to see who is trying to influence public policy Upcoming timetable information - This is very helpful for ORG and others to plan work. - This can cover all aspects of policy work, from consultation deadlines to Parliamentary debates Wiki updates - Keep pages on relevant committees updated - Quotations, with citations (references linking to TWFY), on relevant pages. Usually this should be the individual politician's page. Weekly email content The week's developments should be put in the email. The email will go to this public list every Friday. Fridays are best as Parliament is not sitting so the week's work can be compiled without missing anything. The email should particularly aim to give relevant ORG Wiki and website links. The content can be structured like this: ORG's work - Any major meetings ORG has had with policy makers can be referenced here Departmental and ministerial announcements - Any important statements or changes from Departments and their ministers Debates - Details of debates that took place Committees - Any relevant committee work Parliamentary Questions - Details of any relevant PQs tabled or answered Upcoming consultations and debates - List of relevant dates, expected debates etc - Any relevant advance published consultation responses from ORG Legislation Government bills - Details of any legislative measures that are currently being looked at - Title: Bill name, reading or stage,	https://wiki.openrightsgroup.org/wiki/Parliament_and_policy_monitoring_project
Fiction is one of the most powerful ways that we absorb societal cues that can shape our character. How many characters do you carry with you long after, maybe even years after, you’ve finished reading their story? How do characters, often very different from us, stay vital in our bodies and experiences? Inscribed, a site-specific dance theater piece for three performers will follow a journey of personal revelation through literature. Using movement and constructed artifacts, the performance will move through stacks of the Central Library and will end in Kirk Hall. Viewers become participants as they encounter the performers in the library and choose their vantage point. They can watch the performance unfold from the point of view of a single performer or move at their own pace between the three performers. All three performers will converge in Kirk hall for the final section of the work. Location Friday, August 4, 2017 5:30 p.m. Kansas City Public Library Central Library 14 W 10th Street Bio Jeramy Zimmerman is the founder and Director of CatScratch Theatre, a scrappy band of misfit dancers. She spent her formative years in Kansas City, but spent most of her adult life in New York City and Washington DC, where she performed, made dances, and created opportunities for other artists by producing dance festivals and performance series. She holds a BFA from Stephens College and an MFA from NYU Tisch School of the Arts, both in dance. In 2016, Jeramy returned to Kansas City and is excited to be part of the expanding performing arts world in her hometown.	http://www.artintheloop.com/portfolio-item/inscribedjeramy-zimmerman/
BERLIN (Reuters) – Acknowledging that her government disappointed many Germans in 2018, Chancellor Angela Merkel sought to pull the country together for 2019 with a call for solidarity and cooperation to overcome deep political divisions. In her New Year speech, Merkel said she recognized that many Germans “bemoaned” the ruling coalition that took office in March, an alliance of her conservative bloc and the center-left Social Democrats (SPD), which has been blighted by infighting. Challenges - Times - Others - Borders But she added: “We will only master the challenges of our times if we stick together and collaborate with others across borders.” Germany is still feeling the impact of Merkel’s 2015 decision to leave open the country’s borders to more than 1 million refugees, mainly fleeing war in the Middle East. Resentment - Decision - Rise - Alternative - Germany Resentment at that decision helped feed the rise of the anti-immigration Alternative for Germany (AfD), which surged into the Bundestag for the first time at last year’s federal election, fracturing the country’s political landscape. Merkel has given up the leadership of her... (Excerpt) Read more at: www.oann.com 50 Top Stories Breaking Now! Where The World Finds Its News - LongRoom News! Wake Up To Breaking News! SUBMIT Individuals can exist without government but government can't exist without individuals. Tagged: merkel urges germans Sign In or Register to comment. Religion 5 Ways to Survive the Mental Game of Leadership One of the problems I struggled with for years in leadership was taking every... No, Millennials Aren’t Killing Evangelism Half of millennial Christians say it’s wrong to evangelize. Get the best from CT... THE EVIL OF BANALITY A famous phrase was coined after the Nuremberg trials…”the banality of evil.” Wishing to stand things on... SciTech Existing climate models useful in forecasting, model testing A team of scientists has figured out a shortcut way to produce... Machine learning unlocks plants' secrets Credit: Michigan State University Shin-Han Shiu is a professor of plant biology at MSU. Harmonisation of forest information takes a step forward in Europe: Shared practices adopted in over 20 countries Face recognition technology in classrooms is here – and that's OK Recently, the Victorian Government brought in new rules... Study suggests female reproductive tract may have evolved to favor faster swimming sperm A trio of researchers with Cornell... Scientists find persistent organic pollutants in animal fur Scientists of the Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU), working as... Entertainment Rosie Huntington-Whiteley shows off slender stems in skintight denim as she runs errands in LA She is known for showing off... The Five Best Adrien Brody Movies of His Career Interestingly enough Adrien Brody was one of those kids whose... ‘The Devil All The Time’ Replaces Chris Evans with Sebastian Stan When Chris Evans goes somewhere, Sebastian Stan usually isn’t... Jussie Smollett's Story Has Race Discrepancy A key part of Jussie Smollett's story is not tracking ... law enforcement sources... Ben Affleck dons 'Detroit' hoodie to pick his kids up from school He's a proud Bostonian. But on Friday, Ben Affleck... Exclusive: Marvel, Scarlett Johansson Tap Ned Benson to Rewrite ‘Black Widow’ Movie Marvel has hired Ned Benson (The... Culture Raccoons Keep Calm and Carry On! These cute raccoons appear to be waiting to be fed with the front one looking to keep every... Rare "Dumbo" Octopus! This octopus fans out its tentacles as if showing off while having its picture taken! Subway in 1905 - New York City, NY! This short glimpse into the past reveals a time radically different from today. This Turkey Gives Out Hugs! This turkey has a great strategy for avoiding being a Thanksgiving dinner - just give another way,... Tornado Coming in Laramie! This classic stovepipe in Laramie is causing some havoc as it continues on its way looking very... Short, But Torrential Downpour in Nevada! This microburst drops lots of water on the Nevada landscape! Welcome to Long Room! Where The World Finds Its News! Sign In Register Latest News Best Of...	https://www.longroom.com/discussion/1308957/merkel-urges-divided-germans-to-pull-together-in-2019
Oct 11 Conduct preliminary researchlearn who your interviewer is. It includes elaborating an intriguing introduction, the body with a detailed description, and a strong conclusion. Here are basic steps to follow: It is more difficult to analyze a piece of art like a movie from another author than something that happened to the individual. Original impression is crucial. It sounds a little bit weird; we will explain everything precisely. There is freedom to develop your paper the way you want it, however, there are guidelines and recommendation to consider always. You can opt to focus on a section or passage or respond to the major theme or premise of a book. Does the experience or lesson from the book leave you with many questions. Some students want to criticize certain courses. It is usually in the latter part of the essay. When you know how to write a reflection paper, you can easily compose one analytically when required to do so. You may also want to continue reading more guidelines on writing different academic papers or other non-related material. Explaining your suggestions and interpretations, you help them to understand how this piece has affected you. You will easily lose credibility from your readers if you present false information in your paper. What is a reflection paper. The reflections, analysis and discussion should be based on personal opinion. The first thing is to avoid summing up a lecture or a book's central idea into your own words because that is not what a reflection is. Conduct the interview, make records and take notes. Usually in universities students are said to write reflection papers where they need to put in words their reactions and response to a particular book, experience, a lecture or anything else. Apply what you have amassed from the book Your conclusion should sum up for readers of your reflection paper on how you plan to use the new knowledge acquired and how it applies to your life. Make notes of all the key points you will talk about, and arrange them in a logical order. How to Write a Reflection Paper on an Interview?. Sep 08, · Is it a book report, it's not reflection letter only? Aug 14 Refer to this excellent information on how to write a reflection paper: "In order to write an effective reflection paper it is imperative to understand what a reflection paper is. A reflection paper is simply a reply or a response to a particular read may that be of. How to Write a Reflection Paper on a Book? It is necessary to know how to write a reflection essay on a book - every potential journalist or reviewer should know that. Each blogger will benefit from having this knowledge because many people decide whether to read a book or watch a movie based on the reviews from the top bloggers. How to Write a Reflection Paper on a Book? The task is simple: using your own voice, tell your readers what you think about some novel, story, different articles you have read. Many interdisciplinary courses ask students to submit a reading reflection essay. A reflection paper is not a summary of the course readings or a stream of conscious mind dump on paper. Main themes Readings Integrate A reflection paper is your chance to add your thoughts and analysis to what It may be helpful to write the body of the paper first by using Stepsand. How to Write a Reflection Paper on a Book What is a reflection paper? A reflection paper is a two to three page piece that lets you share your thoughts on an experience that can be reading a book of choice and apply what you have learned or gained to your life and education.	https://jusymifujunuculo.schmidt-grafikdesign.com/how-to-write-a-reflection-paper-on-book-38007ho.html
Sign up for AdaptNY climate conversation here! Part of AdaptNY’s aim is to foster a conversation based around primary source documents. We’re continuously collecting and presenting documentation on how New York will adapt to climate change. As part of our initial experimentation, we’re asking a handful of knowledgeable stakeholders to weigh in on one particular document, Mayor Bloomberg’s climate resiliency report. This behind-the-scenes discussion will help give us a better sense of how document-based discussions may unfold. Then, in the coming weeks once we’re fully underway, everyone will have a chance to join the discussion around our document library. You’ll be able to not only read any of this documentation, but also to comment on it publicly and to read others comments. We hope this approach – developed with our technology partner DocumentCloud – will lead to a more informed, constructive discussion, one that will be useful to stakeholders, citizens and policymakers alike. UPDATE: We’ve improved our document annotation tool so that all you need to do is to just go to the Bloomberg resiliency report, log in using one of your usual social networks and have at it! AdaptNY’s central aim is to foster discussion around the issue of climate adaptation, using primary source documentation to help inform that dialogue. Curation – We’re using social media and the web site’s blogging tools to keep track of the reporting and information circulating around climate adaptation in New York City. Documentation – We’re experimenting with document annotation tools through our partner DocumentCloud, to allow our users to share and annotate source documents for their own private notes and for public discussion. Conversation – In concert with our public watchdog news partner Gotham Gazette, we’ll explore numerous ways to promote dialogue around the issue of climate adaptation. One example will be, over time, to create original coverage, from data journalism and mapping to multimedia storytelling. Another example will be to conduct two grant-funded workshops this summer and fall in which participants can meet face-to-face to support their online discussions. Read more about our project here. Share ideas and suggestions by emailing editor(at)adaptny.org. And stay tuned! Today, we formally launch AdaptNY – which aims to curate, document and foster conversation about how New York will adapt to the coming challenges of climate change. We have a great team for the project. Our editor is A. Adam Glenn, a long-time digital journalist, innovator and educator who is building on the lessons of his earlier Knight News Challenge project, which also focused on citizen participation and climate change. AdaptNY’s launch coincides with Mayor Bloomberg’s release of an important report today as part of his Special Initiative on Rebuiding and Resiliency following Superstorm Sandy – a report that will put forward a long-term plan to address the growing threats of climate change. The report’s recommendations will have potentially enormous implications for the city and its citizens. Accordingly, AdaptNY’s first initiative is to foster an online conversation based around this primary source documentation. In order to find out what important stakeholders and the general public think of the Bloomberg plans, we’re working with DocumentCloud to develop a cutting-edge, easy-to-use online tool that will allow an informed public policy discussion around documents like the Bloomberg report. Over time, the project will also work to improve engagement over the issue of climate change adaptation in NYC through a wide range of existing tools and techniques, from expansive curation to data journalism, mapping, and other original interactive and multimedia storytelling techniques. We’ve also running grant-funded workshops on adaptation this summer and fall. Stay tuned for our initiatives. And contact us at [email protected] with any thoughts or questions.	http://www.adaptny.org/category/about-adaptny/page/2/
- Dr. Soumi Eachempati What in the world were the Gridiron Dinner planners thinking? What in the world were the Gridiron Dinner planners thinking? Here is how not to plan an event during the pandemic. Last Thursday, the Gridiron Club met in person after two years of not meeting. Everyone remarked that it was great to be back to normal after two-plus years of COVID-19 dominating the conversation around in-person events. The talk about BA.2 seemed to be zoned out. Some thought the ease of getting back together was too good to be true. The good ole days appeared to be back. Except they weren’t. After the event, 72 COVID-19 cases and counting surfaced from those who attended the Gridiron Club dinner. The positive individuals revealed a veritable Who’s Who of DC. The afflicted individuals included two Cabinet members, multiple congressmen, numerous aides to high-profile officials, one US Senator, the Mayor of New York, and, to complete the national security threat, the sister of the President. Instantly everyone questioned how this could happen. Event participants had been checked for the presences of vaccinations, but they were not required to have received any boosters. Curiously, a recent negative COVID-19 test was not required for entry, even though many locales in DC and elsewhere require them. Masking was not required. The event was crowded by all reports and did not allow social distancing. The positive cases reflected a combination of symptomatic individuals and the worried souls who saw the torrent of positive cases and obtained their own surveillance COVID-19 testing. The number of total cases may have reflected an undercounting as COVID-19 tests were not mandated in contract tracing efforts for any of the participants. Additionally, the real damage done by this event has not been fully understood, as a multitude of contacts exposed to the positive cases from the event is virtually incalculable in the DC world of nonstop meetings and dinners – which went on as usual after the event. The Speaker of the House did not attend the event, but tested positive after the event and may have had an exposure from an attendee. The Fallout There were many negative consequences to the ill-fated Gridiron dinner. Further trust was eroded in the government and its version of public health rules. People became more confused as to whether events should go on as scheduled. Others wondered how little attention could have been paid to the entry of an event with so many high-profile people. Frighteningly, others concluded erroneously that vaccinations were useless since they did not prevent any cases (although they undoubtedly did prevent some hospitalizations in the older population). The event devastated the brand of the Gridiron Club, which will be forever remembered as a pandemic punchline. The name will represent the hubris of DC gone awry and the incompetence of insufficiently screened group planning. The significant role of the Gridiron Club as a charitable organization has largely been forgotten. A Call to Action for Event Planners: COVID-19 is Not Over The first obvious lesson from the Gridiron super-spreader event was that COVID-19 is not over. Also evident was that simple vaccination checks were insufficient for the security of an important event. Anyone planning or attending crowded gatherings should be very hesitant to rely solely on the original COVID-19 vaccine to keep the event fully safe. More strict guidance would be needed to diminish business risk and should include potentially boosters or additional COVID-19 tests before and after the event. Organizations should not have to experience the DC debacle before they improve their own processes. Instead, smart precautions considering the characteristics of the event should be considered when planning any such larger gatherings. The world of managing events is simply more complicated now. What should the density / attendee volume be for the event? What is the local infection rate and the specific type of vaccinations required / mandates? How will I ensure attendees’ vaccines are valid/real (not faked) for attendees? How will I validate attendee vaccines from across international locations? How will I turn around the validations quickly enough to grant timely entrance to the event? How will I deliver access passes to attendees, once vaccines are validated? What’s my backup plan if something goes wrong – tech issues, for example – in validating vaccines on-site? What is our staff’s liability for vaccine attestation and validation? Events can be done safely during this pandemic. However, a laissez-faire approach in high-risk settings will not be the answer for the foreseeable future.	https://www.cleared4.org/post/what-in-the-world-were-the-gridiron-dinner-planners-thinking
Ablation of a critical surfactant protein B intramolecular disulfide bond in transgenic mice. The 79-amino acid, mature SP-B peptide contains three intramolecular disulfide bonds shared by all saposin-like proteins. This study tested the hypothesis that the disulfide bond formed between cysteine residues 35 and 46 (residues 235 and 246 of the SP-B proprotein) is essential for proper function of SP-B. To test the role of this bridge in SP-B function in vivo, a construct was generated in which cysteine residues 235 and 246 of the human SP-B proprotein were mutated to serine and cloned under the control of the 3.7-kilobase hSP-C promoter (hSP-B(C235S/C246S)). In two transgenic mouse lines, expression of the mutant peptide in the wild-type murine SP-B background was invariably lethal in the neonatal period. In four additional lines, survival was inversely related to the level of transgene expression. To test the ability of the mutant peptide to functionally replace the wild-type protein, transgenic mice were crossed into the SP-B null background. No animals that expressed hSP-B(C235S/C246S) in the murine SP-B-/- background survived the neonatal period. hSP-B(C235S/C246S) proprotein accumulated in the endoplasmic reticulum and was not processed to the mature, biologically active peptide. The results of these studies demonstrate that the intramolecular bridge between residues 235 and 246 is critical for intracellular trafficking of SP-B and suggest that overexpression of mutant SP-B in the wild-type background may be lethal.
The Templeogue College Wind Band programme was established in 1972 by the headmaster, the Rev. Michael McCarthy CSSp. The band’s first ever performance was in January 1974 in Colaiste Mhuire in Dublin’s city centre. The small ensemble comprised of four students. At present the Wind Ensemble programme has over 140 members from first to sixth year. They all receive weekly instrumental tuition on their instrument and perform in different ensembles based on age and standard. The Beginner band is primarily made up of first and second year students who are in their first year of studying an instrument. The band meets after school on a Friday in the Music room and aims to develop a passion for playing in a musical ensemble in a relaxed and social atmosphere. The Junior Band is made up of second and third year students who have been playing an instrument for one or two years. Here the students develop their musical skills even further and move on to playing more challenging repertoire mixing rock, pop, and classical music. The Senior Band consists of the most advanced members of the Wind Ensemble programme. The students in the senior band see their musical skills honed and are trained in performing on their instrument to the highest level. Some of the students also take part in a separate Jazz ensemble where they play a mixture of traditional jazz pieces and modern arrangements. The band has a long history of touring with successful tours taking place across the globe, including the USA, Canada, Finland, The Netherlands and Spain. The band is recognised as an integral part of the College fabric. Many Templeogue College students who have taken part in the programme during its long history have gone on to perform in ensembles such as the RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra, the RTÉ Concert Orchestra, the Irish Youth Wind Ensemble and the National Youth Orchestra of Ireland.	http://templeoguecollege.ie/page/Band/91212/Index.html
FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the technical field of refrigeration equipment, and in particular to a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device and a refrigerating and freezing device. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION With the development of society and economy and the improvement of people's living standards, refrigerating and freezing devices have also become indispensable household appliances in people's daily lives. At present, the temperature of a storage compartment of the refrigerating and freezing device will not change according to whether new foodstuffs are put into the storage compartment. In the existing refrigerating and freezing device, when new foodstuffs are put into the storage compartment, the temperature of the storage compartment is still kept within a temperature range before the new foodstuffs are put in. This kind of refrigerating and freezing device is not conducive to the preservation of the newly put foodstuffs. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In view of the above problem, the present invention provides a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device and a refrigerating and freezing device to solve the above problem or at least partially solve the above problem. One purpose of the present invention is to enhance the preservation effect of a refrigerating and freezing device on foodstuffs. A further purpose of the present invention is to make the refrigerating and freezing device more intelligent. The present invention first provides a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device. The refrigerating and freezing device includes a cabinet defining a storage compartment. The control method includes: a refrigerating operation step: controlling a temperature of the storage compartment to be within a first preset temperature range; a foodstuff determining step: determining whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment; and a cooling operation step: when a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment, cooling the storage compartment. Optionally, after the cooling operation step, the control method further includes: a temperature determining step: determining whether the temperature of the storage compartment is less than or equal to a preset copious cooling temperature value, the preset copious cooling temperature value being less than the lowest temperature of the first preset temperature range; and a copious cooling operation step: when the temperature of the storage compartment is less than or equal to the preset copious cooling temperature value, controlling the temperature of the storage compartment to be continuously within a second preset temperature range for a preset time threshold, the highest temperature value of the second preset temperature range being the preset copious cooling temperature value. Optionally, the refrigerating and freezing device further includes a prompt module, and the copious cooling operation step further includes: controlling the prompt module to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the copious cooling operation step. Optionally, the control method further includes: returning to the refrigerating operation step after the copious cooling operation step; and the refrigerating operation step further includes: controlling the prompt module to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. Optionally, the second preset temperature range is −20° C. or below, and the preset time threshold is 23 h to 25 h. Optionally, the first preset temperature range is −17° C. to −19° C. Optionally, the foodstuff determining step includes: a first determining step of determining whether the storage compartment is opened and whether the temperature of the opened storage compartment rises to a preset temperature threshold; and when the storage compartment is opened and the temperature of the opened storage compartment rises to the preset temperature threshold, determining that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment. Optionally, the refrigerating and freezing device includes an input module; the input module is used for acquiring information input by a user indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment; and the foodstuff determining step includes: a second determining step of determining whether the input module acquires the information input by the user indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment; and when the input module acquires the information input by the user indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment, determining that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment. Optionally, the refrigerating and freezing device includes a weighing module used for acquiring a weight of foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment; and the foodstuff determining step includes: a third determining step of determining whether the weight of the foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment is increased; and when the weight of the foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment is increased, determining that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment. According to another aspect of the present invention, a refrigerating and freezing device is further provided, including: a cabinet defining a storage compartment inside; a controller including a memory and a processor, the memory storing a control program, and the control program, when executed by the processor, being used for implementing any above control method of a refrigerating and freezing device. The present invention provides a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device and a refrigerating and freezing device. The refrigerating and freezing device includes a cabinet defining a storage compartment. The control method includes a refrigerating operation step, a foodstuff determining step, and a cooling operation step. The refrigerating operation step is to control a temperature of the storage compartment to be within a first preset temperature range. The foodstuff determining step is to determine whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment. The cooling operation step is to, when a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment, cool the storage compartment. Since the temperature of the new foodstuff is greater than that of the original foodstuffs in the refrigerating and freezing device, cooling the storage compartment can change a storage temperature suitable for the foodstuffs originally stored in the storage compartment into a storage temperature suitable for the new foodstuff and the storage temperature is more convenient for the preservation of the new foodstuff and ensures good storage conditions for the newly put foodstuff. Furthermore, the preservation effect on the original foodstuffs will not be affected, and the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff is enhanced. Further, the second preset temperature range is −20° C. or below; the preset copious cooling temperature value is −20° C.; and the preset time threshold is 23 h to 25 h. By setting the second preset temperature range, the preset copious cooling temperature value, and the preset time threshold, parasites in the foodstuffs can be killed, so as to further enhance the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff. Still further, the refrigerating and freezing device further includes a prompt module, and the copious cooling operation step further includes: controlling the prompt module to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the copious cooling operation step. The refrigerating operation step further includes: controlling the prompt module to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. This setting mode is convenient for the user to master the operation status of the refrigerating and freezing device at any time, so that the refrigerating and freezing device is more intelligent. The above and other objectives, advantages, and characteristics of the present invention will be better understood by those skilled in the art according to the following detailed description of specific embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the following part, some specific embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail in an exemplary rather than limited manner with reference to the accompanying drawings. The same reference numerals in the accompanying drawings indicate the same or similar components or parts. Those skilled in the art should understand that these accompanying drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. In figures: FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a refrigerating and freezing device according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of a refrigerating and freezing device according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is an execution flowchart of a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is an execution flowchart of a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device according to another embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 6 is an execution flowchart of a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIG. 1 FIG. 2 10 10 is a schematic structural diagram of a refrigerating and freezing device according to one embodiment of the present invention, and is a schematic block diagram of a refrigerating and freezing device according to one embodiment of the present invention. 10 100 500 10 10 A refrigerating and freezing device includes a cabinet and a controller . In some embodiments, the refrigerating and freezing device may be a refrigerator. In some other embodiments, the refrigerating and freezing device may also be a freezer or the like. 110 100 110 110 A storage compartment is defined in the cabinet . In some embodiments, the storage compartment may be a storage area defined by a drawer subassembly. In some other embodiments, the storage compartment may also be an independent storage area divided by other separators such as a separation plate in a storage space. 10 110 The refrigerating and freezing device may also have a refrigerating system, and the refrigerating system is used for providing cooling capacity for the storage compartment . The refrigerating system may include a compressor or a semiconductor subassembly. Since the refrigerating mode of the compressor and the refrigerating mode of a semiconductor are familiar to those skilled in the art, descriptions are omitted here. 10 200 300 400 200 300 110 400 110 The refrigerating and freezing device may further include a prompt module , an input module , and a weighing module . The prompt module may send a prompt signal. The input module is used for acquiring information input by a user indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment . The weighing module is used for acquiring a weight of foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment . 500 510 520 510 511 511 520 10 500 110 500 200 110 300 400 The controller includes a memory and a processor . The memory stores a control program . The control program , when executed by the processor , is used for implementing a control method of the refrigerating and freezing device . The controller may control the refrigerating system to control a temperature of the storage compartment . The controller may control the prompt module to send a signal, and may also control the temperature of the storage compartment according to the information input by the user through the input module or the weight information of the foodstuffs acquired by the weighing module . 10 500 10 10 10 FIG. 3 This embodiment further provides a control method of the refrigerating and freezing device . The control method may be implemented by the controller in the refrigerating and freezing device of the above embodiment. is a schematic diagram of a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device according to one embodiment of the present invention. The control method of the refrigerating and freezing device according to one embodiment of the present invention may generally include: 302 110 110 S, a refrigerating operation step: a temperature of the storage compartment is controlled to be within a first preset temperature range. The first preset temperature range is −17° C. to −19° C. Causing the temperature of the storage compartment to be within the first preset temperature range can not only ensure a preservation effect on foodstuffs, but also avoid the phenomenon of waste of energy. 200 10 10 10 In some embodiments, in the refrigerating operation step, the prompt module may be further controlled to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. The prompt signal may be a sound signal, a light signal, or a smell signal or the like. This setting mode is convenient for the user to master the operation status of the refrigerating and freezing device at any time, so that the refrigerating and freezing device is more intelligent, and the user experience is enhanced. 304 110 306 302 S, a foodstuff determining step: whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment is determined. If yes, step S is executed; and if not, returning to step S. 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 10 In some embodiments, it can be determined that whether the storage compartment is opened and whether the temperature of the opened storage compartment rises to a preset temperature threshold; and when the storage compartment is opened and the temperature of the opened storage compartment rises to the preset temperature threshold, it is determined that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment . The preset temperature threshold may be 1° C. to 5° C., such as PC, 3° C., 5° C., or the like. The specific numerical value may be measured according to an experiment. When the storage compartment is opened, a new foodstuff is possibly put into the storage compartment , and putting the new foodstuff into the storage compartment will cause the temperature of the storage compartment to rise. Therefore, this method for determining whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment achieves an accurate determining result, and additional smart equipment for determining whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment is not required, so that the refrigerating and freezing device is low in cost. 10 300 300 110 300 110 300 110 110 100 10 110 110 In some other embodiments, the refrigerating and freezing device may include an input module . The input module is used for acquiring information input by a user indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment . Whether the input module acquires the information input by a user indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment can be determined. When the input module acquires the information input by a user indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment , it is determined that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment . For example, a button is arranged on an outer surface of the cabinet of the refrigerating and freezing device . The user operates the button to input the information indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment . This method for determining whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment is more accurate and effective. 10 400 110 110 110 110 400 110 110 10 In other embodiments, the refrigerating and freezing device may include a weighing module used for acquiring a weight of foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment . Whether the weight of the foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment is increased can also be determined. When the weight of the foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment is increased, it is determined that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment . This scheme for determining, by means of the weighing module for acquiring the weight of the foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment , whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment does not need to be manually operated, so that the refrigerating and freezing device is more intelligent. 306 110 10 110 110 10 S, a cooling operation step: the storage compartment is cooled. Since the temperature of the new foodstuff is greater than that of the original foodstuffs in the refrigerating and freezing device , cooling the storage compartment changes a storage temperature suitable for the foodstuffs originally stored in the storage compartment into a storage temperature suitable for the new foodstuff, and the storage temperature is more convenient for the preservation of the new foodstuff and ensures good storage conditions for the newly put foodstuff. Furthermore, the preservation effect on the original foodstuffs will not be affected, and the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff is enhanced. After the cooling operation step, the control method further includes a temperature determining step and a copious cooling operation step. 110 110 110 110 The temperature determining step: whether the temperature of the storage compartment is less than or equal to a preset copious cooling temperature value is determined, the preset copious cooling temperature value being less than the lowest temperature of the first preset temperature range. The copious cooling operation step: when the temperature of the storage compartment is less than or equal to the preset copious cooling temperature value, the temperature of the storage compartment is controlled to be continuously within a second preset temperature range for a preset time threshold, the highest temperature value of the second preset temperature range being the preset copious cooling temperature value. That is, the new foodstuff put into the storage compartment may be preserved for certain time at a low temperature. This control method makes the new foodstuff faster enter a status suitable for preservation. 10 In some embodiments, the second preset temperature range may be −20° C. or below. That is, the preset copious cooling temperature value is −20° C. The preset time threshold may be 23 h to 25 h. By setting the second preset temperature range, the preset copious cooling temperature value, and the preset time threshold, parasites in the foodstuffs can be killed, so as to further enhance the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff. 200 10 110 10 The copious cooling operation step further includes: the prompt module is controlled to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the copious cooling operation step. This setting mode is convenient for the user to master the operation status of the refrigerating and freezing device at any time and reminds the user trying not to open the storage compartment within this period, so that the refrigerating and freezing device is more intelligent. FIG. 4 FIG. 4 10 10 is an execution flowchart of a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device according to one embodiment of the present invention. As shown in , an execution flow of the control method of the refrigerating and freezing device according to the embodiment of the present invention may include: 402 110 200 10 110 S, the refrigerating operation step: the temperature of the storage compartment is controlled to be within the first preset temperature range, and the prompt module is controlled to send the prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. The first preset temperature range is −17° C. to −19° C. Causing the temperature of the storage compartment to be within the first preset temperature range can not only ensure a preservation effect on foodstuffs, but also avoid the phenomenon of waste of energy. 404 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 10 402 406 S, a first determining step: whether the storage compartment is opened and whether the temperature of the opened storage compartment rises to the preset temperature threshold are determined. The preset temperature threshold may be 1° C. to 5° C., such as PC, 3° C., 5° C., or the like. The specific numerical value may be measured according to an experiment. When the storage compartment is opened, a new foodstuff is possibly put into the storage compartment , and putting the new foodstuff into the storage compartment will cause the temperature of the storage compartment to rise. Therefore, this method for determining whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment achieves an accurate determining result, and additional smart equipment for determining whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment is not required, so that the refrigerating and freezing device is low in cost. If not, step S is executed; and if yes, step S is executed. 406 110 10 110 110 10 S, the cooling operation step: the storage compartment is cooled. Since the temperature of the new foodstuff is greater than that of the original foodstuffs in the refrigerating and freezing device , cooling the storage compartment changes a storage temperature suitable for the foodstuffs originally stored in the storage compartment into a storage temperature suitable for the new foodstuff, and the storage temperature is more convenient for the preservation of the new foodstuff and ensures good storage conditions for the newly put foodstuff. Furthermore, the preservation effect on the original foodstuffs will not be affected, and the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff is enhanced. 408 110 406 410 S, the temperature determining step: whether the temperature of the storage compartment is less than or equal to the preset copious cooling temperature value is determined, the preset copious cooling temperature value being less than the lowest temperature of the first preset temperature range. If not, step S is executed; and if yes, step S is executed. 410 110 200 10 110 S, the copious cooling operation step: the temperature of the storage compartment is controlled to be continuously within the second preset temperature range for the preset time threshold, the highest temperature value of the second preset temperature range being the preset copious cooling temperature value; and the prompt module is controlled to send the prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the copious cooling operation step. This control method causes the new foodstuff to enter a status suitable for preservation. The refrigerating and freezing device may have a timing unit. Timing starts when the copious cooling operation step is started, and retiming starts when the temperature of the storage compartment is not within the second preset temperature range. The copious cooling operation step ends till the time counted by the timing unit reaches the time threshold. 10 In some embodiments, the second preset temperature range may be −20° C. or below. That is, the preset copious cooling temperature value is −20° C. The preset time threshold is 23 h to 25 h. By setting the second preset temperature range, the preset copious cooling temperature value, and the preset time threshold, parasites in the foodstuffs can be killed, so as to further enhance the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff. 200 10 110 10 200 10 10 10 In some embodiments, after the copious cooling operation step, returning to the refrigerating operation step, so as to save energy. In the refrigerating operation step, the prompt module may be controlled to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. The user is promoted that parasites in the foodstuffs in the storage compartment have been killed and the foodstuffs can be safe to eat. Furthermore, since a frequency of a compressor or the like will change due to returning from the copious cooling operation step to the refrigerating operation step, the operation sound of the refrigerating and freezing device will change. By the prompt signal sent by the prompt module , the user knows the operation status of the refrigerating and freezing device and will not doubt the change in the operation sound of the refrigerating and freezing device . This improves the intelligence of the refrigerating and freezing device . FIG. 5 FIG. 5 10 10 is an execution flowchart of a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device according to another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in , an execution flow of the control method of the refrigerating and freezing device according to the embodiment of the present invention may include: 502 110 200 10 110 S, the refrigerating operation step: the temperature of the storage compartment is controlled to be within the first preset temperature range, and the prompt module is controlled to send the prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. The first preset temperature range is −17° C. to −19° C. Causing the temperature of the storage compartment to be within the first preset temperature range can not only ensure a preservation effect on foodstuffs, but also avoid the phenomenon of waste of energy. 504 300 110 300 110 110 100 10 110 110 502 506 S, a second determining step: whether the input module acquires information input by the user indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment is determined. When the input module acquires the information input by the user indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment , it is determined that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment . For example, a button is arranged on an outer surface of the cabinet of the refrigerating and freezing device . The user operates the button to input the information indicating that a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment . This method for determining whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment is more accurate and effective. If not, step S is executed; and if yes, step S is executed. 506 110 10 110 110 10 S, the cooling operation step: the storage compartment is cooled. Since the temperature of the new foodstuff is greater than that of the original foodstuffs in the refrigerating and freezing device , cooling the storage compartment changes a storage temperature suitable for the foodstuffs originally stored in the storage compartment into a storage temperature suitable for the new foodstuff, and the storage temperature is more convenient for the preservation of the new foodstuff and ensures good storage conditions for the newly put foodstuff. Furthermore, the preservation effect on the original foodstuffs will not be affected, and the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff is enhanced. 508 110 506 510 S, the temperature determining step: whether the temperature of the storage compartment is less than or equal to the preset copious cooling temperature value is determined, the preset copious cooling temperature value being less than the lowest temperature of the first preset temperature range. If not, step S is executed; and if yes, step S is executed. 510 110 200 10 10 110 S, the copious cooling operation step: the temperature of the storage compartment is controlled to be continuously within the second preset temperature range for the preset time threshold, the highest temperature value of the second preset temperature range being the preset copious cooling temperature value; and the prompt module is controlled to send the prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the copious cooling operation step. This control method causes the new foodstuff to enter a status suitable for preservation. The refrigerating and freezing device may have a timing unit. Timing starts when the copious cooling operation step is started, and retiming starts when the temperature of the storage compartment is not within the second preset temperature range. The copious cooling operation step ends till the time counted by the timing unit reaches the time threshold. 10 In some embodiments, the second preset temperature range may be −20° C. or below. That is, the preset copious cooling temperature value is −20° C. The preset time threshold is 23 h to 25 h. By setting the second preset temperature range, the preset copious cooling temperature value, and the preset time threshold, parasites in the foodstuffs can be killed, so as to further enhance the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff. 200 10 110 10 200 10 10 10 In some embodiments, after the copious cooling operation step, returning to the refrigerating operation step, so as to save energy. In the refrigerating operation step, the prompt module may be controlled to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. The user is promoted that parasites in the foodstuffs in the storage compartment have been killed and the foodstuffs can be safe to eat. Furthermore, since a frequency of a compressor or the like will change due to returning from the copious cooling operation step to the refrigerating operation step, the operation sound of the refrigerating and freezing device will change. By the prompt signal sent by the prompt module , the user knows the operation status of the refrigerating and freezing device and will not doubt the change in the operation sound of the refrigerating and freezing device . This improves the intelligence of the refrigerating and freezing device . FIG. 6 FIG. 6 10 10 is an execution flowchart of a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device according to yet another embodiment of the present invention. As shown in , an execution flow of the control method of the refrigerating and freezing device according to the embodiment of the present invention may include: 602 110 200 10 110 S, the refrigerating operation step: the temperature of the storage compartment is controlled to be within the first preset temperature range, and the prompt module is controlled to send the prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. The first preset temperature range is −17° C. to −19° C. Causing the temperature of the storage compartment to be within the first preset temperature range can not only ensure a preservation effect on foodstuffs, but also avoid the phenomenon of waste of energy. 604 110 400 110 110 10 602 606 S, a third determining step: whether a weight of foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment is increased is determined. This scheme for determining, by means of the weighing module for acquiring the weight of the foodstuffs stored in the storage compartment , whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment does not need to be manually operated, so that the refrigerating and freezing device is more intelligent. If not, returning to step S; and if yes, step S is executed. 606 110 10 110 110 10 S, the cooling operation step: the storage compartment is cooled. Since the temperature of the new foodstuff is greater than that of the original foodstuffs in the refrigerating and freezing device , cooling the storage compartment changes a storage temperature suitable for the foodstuffs originally stored in the storage compartment into a storage temperature suitable for the new foodstuff, and the storage temperature is more convenient for the preservation of the new foodstuff and ensures good storage conditions for the newly put foodstuff. Furthermore, the preservation effect on the original foodstuffs will not be affected, and the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff is enhanced. 608 110 606 610 S, the temperature determining step: whether the temperature of the storage compartment is less than or equal to the preset copious cooling temperature value is determined, the preset copious cooling temperature value being less than the lowest temperature of the first preset temperature range. If not, returning to step S; and if yes, step S is executed. 610 110 200 10 10 110 S, the copious cooling operation step: the temperature of the storage compartment is controlled to be continuously within the second preset temperature range for the preset time threshold, the highest temperature value of the second preset temperature range being the preset copious cooling temperature value; and the prompt module is controlled to send the prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the copious cooling operation step. This control method causes the new foodstuff to enter a status suitable for preservation. The refrigerating and freezing device may have a timing unit. Timing starts when the copious cooling operation step is started, and retiming starts when the temperature of the storage compartment is not within the second preset temperature range. The copious cooling operation step ends till the time counted by the timing unit reaches the time threshold. 10 In some embodiments, the second preset temperature range may be −20° C. or below. That is, the preset copious cooling temperature value is −20° C. The preset time threshold is 23 h to 25 h. By setting the second preset temperature range, the preset copious cooling temperature value, and the preset time threshold, parasites in the foodstuffs can be killed, so as to further enhance the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff. 200 10 110 10 200 10 10 10 In some embodiments, after the copious cooling operation step, returning to the refrigerating operation step, so as to save energy. In the refrigerating operation step, the prompt module may be controlled to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. The user is promoted that parasites in the foodstuffs in the storage compartment have been killed and the foodstuffs can be safe to eat. Furthermore, since a frequency of a compressor or the like will change due to returning from the copious cooling operation step to the refrigerating operation step, the operation sound of the refrigerating and freezing device will change. By the prompt signal sent by the prompt module , the user knows the operation status of the refrigerating and freezing device and will not doubt the change in the operation sound of the refrigerating and freezing device . This improves the intelligence of the refrigerating and freezing device . 10 10 10 100 110 110 110 110 110 10 110 110 10 This embodiment provides a control method of a refrigerating and freezing device and a refrigerating and freezing device . The refrigerating and freezing device includes a cabinet defining a storage compartment . The control method includes a refrigerating operation step, a foodstuff determining step, and a cooling operation step. The refrigerating operation step is to control a temperature of the storage compartment to be within a first preset temperature range. The foodstuff determining step is to determine whether a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment . The cooling operation step is to, when a new foodstuff is put into the storage compartment , cool the storage compartment . Since the temperature of the new foodstuff is greater than that of the original foodstuffs in the refrigerating and freezing device , cooling the storage compartment changes a storage temperature suitable for the foodstuffs originally stored in the storage compartment into a storage temperature suitable for the new foodstuff and the storage temperature is more convenient for the preservation of the new foodstuff and ensures good storage conditions for the newly put foodstuff. Furthermore, the preservation effect on the original foodstuffs will not be affected, and the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff is enhanced. 10 The second preset temperature range may be −20° C. or below; the preset copious cooling temperature value is −20° C.; and the preset time threshold is 23 h to 25 h. By setting the second preset temperature range, the preset copious cooling temperature value, and the preset time threshold, parasites in the foodstuffs can be killed, so as to further enhance the preservation effect of the refrigerating and freezing device on the foodstuff. 10 200 200 10 200 10 10 10 The refrigerating and freezing device further includes a prompt module , and the copious cooling operation step further includes: the prompt module is controlled to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the copious cooling operation step. The refrigerating operation step further includes: the prompt module is controlled to send a prompt signal that the refrigerating and freezing device proceeds to the refrigerating operation step. This setting mode is convenient for the user to master the operation status of the refrigerating and freezing device at any time, so that the refrigerating and freezing device is more intelligent. Hereto, those skilled in the art should realize that although a plurality of exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described in detail herein, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, many other variations or modifications that conform to the principles of the present invention can still be directly determined or deduced from the contents disclosed in the present invention. Therefore, the scope of the present invention should be understood and recognized as covering all these other variations or modifications.
The US Dollar Index (DXY), which measures the greenback vs. a basket of its rival currencies, extends the rebound and approaches the 93.00 mark at the beginning of the week. US Dollar Index now re-targets 93.00 The index now advances for the second session in a row and navigates the area of multi-day peaks in the vicinity of the 93.00 mark at the beginning of the week. The positive move in the dollar comes in spite of the steady/bearish performance of US yields, which so far appear capped by recent tops around 1.35% when comes to the 10-year benchmark. No data/events scheduled in the US calendar on Monday, with only the 3m/6m Bills auctions due later in the session. What to look for around USD The index puts further distance from recent tops in the 92.30 zone and now re-targets the 93.00 mark once again, as higher yields and the softer sentiment in the risk complex collaborates with the ongoing recovery in the buck. In the meantime, perseverant COVID jitters, doubts surrounding the rebound in the US economic activity and inflation risks remain as key factors underpinning the dollar for the time being. US Dollar Index relevant levels Now, the index is gaining 018% at 92.80 and a break above 92.87 (monthly high Sep.13) would open the door to 93.18 (high Aug.27) and then 93.72 (2021 high Aug.20). On the flip side, the next down barrier emerges at 91.94 (monthly low Sep.3) followed by 91.78 (monthly low Jul.30) and finally 91.71 (100-day SMA). Information on these pages contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Markets and instruments profiled on this page are for informational purposes only and should not in any way come across as a recommendation to buy or sell in these assets. You should do your own thorough research before making any investment decisions. FXStreet does not in any way guarantee that this information is free from mistakes, errors, or material misstatements. It also does not guarantee that this information is of a timely nature. Investing in Open Markets involves a great deal of risk, including the loss of all or a portion of your investment, as well as emotional distress. All risks, losses and costs associated with investing, including total loss of principal, are your responsibility. The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of FXStreet nor its advertisers. The author will not be held responsible for information that is found at the end of links posted on this page. If not otherwise explicitly mentioned in the body of the article, at the time of writing, the author has no position in any stock mentioned in this article and no business relationship with any company mentioned. The author has not received compensation for writing this article, other than from FXStreet. FXStreet and the author do not provide personalized recommendations. The author makes no representations as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability of this information. FXStreet and the author will not be liable for any errors, omissions or any losses, injuries or damages arising from this information and its display or use. Errors and omissions excepted. The author and FXStreet are not registered investment advisors and nothing in this article is intended to be investment advice. Latest Forex News Editors’ Picks EUR/USD is trading under 1.18, the lowest since late August as a cautious market mood boosts the safe-haven dollar. Worries about rising US inflation, the Fed's tapering intentions and German elections are pushing the pair lower. Gold (XAU/USD) begins the key week on a positive note, on the bids near $1,793 while flashing 0.3% intraday gains at the latest. The yellow metal snapped a four-week uptrend the previous week as Fed tapering concerns escalate. SafeMoon price has been on a downswing for roughly two weeks, but this downswing has pushed it close to a stable demand barrier. Assuming the bulls make a comeback here, investors can expect a new uptrend to originate here. Global markets have been anticipating the end, or at least the beginning of the end, of central bank intervention since January. Bankers, led by the US Fed, have been very reluctant to end their accommodation. Note: All information on this page is subject to change. The use of this website constitutes acceptance of our user agreement. Please read our privacy policy and legal disclaimer. Trading foreign exchange on margin carries a high level of risk and may not be suitable for all investors. The high degree of leverage can work against you as well as for you. 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The Airbus A is a wide-body airliner made by Airbus. In the mids, Airbus conceived several derivatives of the Aits first airliner, and developed the A twinjet in parallel with the A quadjet. In JuneAirbus launched both designs with their first orders. The A, the first variant, took its maiden flight in November and entered service with Air Inter in January The slightly shorter A variant followed in InAirbus launched the Aneore-engined with Trent turbofans, which entered service in November The A shares its airframe with the early A variants, having two engines instead of four, two main landing gear legs instead of three, lower weights and slightly different lengths. Both airliners have fly-by-wire controls, which was first introduced on the Aas well as a similar glass cockpit. As of DecemberA orders stand at 1, of which 1, have been delivered and 1, remain in operation. Its largest operator is Turkish Airlines with 68 aircraft. The A has allowed Airbus to expand its wide-body market share. It competes with the Boeing and smaller variants of the and the Airbus's first airliner, the A, was envisioned as part of a diverse family of commercial aircraft. Pursuing this goal, studies began in the early s into derivatives of the A During these studies Airbus turned its focus back to the wide-body aircraft market, simultaneously working on both projects. Airbus vs Boeing: what you need to know about the stocks In the mids, Airbus began development of the AB9, a larger derivative of the A, which would eventually become the A The B9 was essentially a lengthened A with the same wing, coupled with the most powerful turbofan engines available. It was targeted at the growing demand for high-capacity, medium-range, transcontinental trunk routes. At the same time, a seat four-engine version, the B11 which would eventually become the A was also under development. Another factor was the split preference of those within Airbus and, more importantly, those of prospective customers; twinjets were favoured in North America, quad-jets desired in Asia, and operators had mixed views in Europe.Yu gi oh pc The first specifications for the TA9 and TA11, aircraft that could accommodate passengers in a one-class layout, emerged in The flight crews could transition from one type to another after only one week's training, which reduces operator costs. Airbus briefly considered the variable camber winga concept that requires changing the wing profile for a given phase of flight. Airbus estimated this would yield a two per cent improvement in aerodynamic efficiency, but the feature was rejected because of cost and difficulty of development. With necessary funding available, the Airbus Supervisory Board approved the development of the A and A with potential customers on 27 January The designations were originally reversed and were switched so the quad-jet airliner would have a "4" in its name. Airbus hoped for five airlines to sign for both the A and A, and on 12 May sent sale proposals to the most likely candidates, including Lufthansa and Swissair. Rolls-Royce's Trent features a mixed exhaust. The GE CF6 also has an unmixed exhaust, but adds a pointed exhaust cone. In preparation for the production of the A and the A, Airbus's partners invested heavily in new facilities. On 12 MarchAirbus received the first orders for the twinjet. Domestic French airline Air Inter placed five firm orders and fifteen optionswhile Thai Airways International requested eight aircraft, split evenly between firm orders and options. Northwest Airlines signed a letter of intent for twenty As and ten As on 31 March.Genio civile Of the order total, forty-one were for As. The wing-to-fuselage mating of the first A, the tenth airframe of the A and A line, began in mid-February This aircraft, coated with anti-corrosion paint, was rolled out on 31 March without its General Electric CFE1 engines, which were installed by August.Airlines all across the world have been largely grounded in an attempt to restrict travel and contain the spread of the coronavirus. Share prices of airlines and airplane producers have taken a big hit as a result.Airbus Wins Huge A320neo Family Order Many investors are now wondering if it is a good time to invest at discounted prices. As a result of this pandemic, many smaller airlines will go bust due to mounting debts and frozen revenues. Its vital MAX range has been grounded for a year following a pair of fatal crashes. Boeing was confident that its Max planes would be allowed to start flying again in the coming months, with the company having over 4, active orders. However, with the ongoing pandemic, a significant number of order cancellations and deferrals appear likely as the airlines creak under the pressure of their balance sheets. Its upcoming X commercial plane has been delayed numerous times and will likely be ready for the market at a time when there is less of a demand for larger planes. It has a number of major deals with the U. Naturally, Airbus was similarly affected by the coronavirus outbreak as Boeing. Its dividend for the period has been withheld and it has withdrawn its earnings forecasts for the year. The company has a well-diversified geographic order book and has a lot of skin in the narrow-body market which should be an advantage in these distressed times. Airbus also has a couple of innovative aircraft in development that Boeing has yet to respond to. While Boeing may not be about to go under, the short term is going to be a bumpy road. Uncertainty about commercial air travel will persist for a long time. Its share price has dropped significantly in recent weeks, but with more uncertainty ahead and some airlines potentially going bust and bailing on orders, its price could drop even further. It has also suspended its dividend and with slow growth ahead, it does not look like being the best buy. Airbus in contrast looks like a decent buy at the moment. It is one of the lowest risk investments to make in the commercial aerospace company at the moment with its geographical diversification and advantages over Boeing. The heavy price discount of this high-quality stock is certainly very enticing. MyWallSt operates a full disclosure policy. MyWallSt staff currently hold long positions in companies mentioned above. The new year is well underway, and with it, we have seen much market movement, but what Warren Buffett stocks look set to dominate in this new decade? Your email address will not be published. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Skip to content. The airline industry is in tatters with the ongoing coronavirus pandemic. Is this a good opportunity to invest in Boeing or Airbus? BA Quotes by TradingView. Share on Facebook. He is a full-time finance writer, having spent time working in the industry. He studied Economics and Finance and has been fascinated with the financial markets since his teens. The first stock that Andrew bought was Apple, reflecting his love for its products.View more search results. Airbus and Boeing have long fought for supremacy of the skies. We explain what you need to know about the rivalry and explore whether they can continue their ascent. But Boeing was also a pioneer in non-military aircraft, creating the first purpose-built commercial planes designed to ship mail from coast-to-coast and from the US to Canada. The unit that managed its postal business went on to merge with several other companies in the early s to form United Airlines, which was forcefully separated from the rest of the business by the US government. But, as World War Two erupted, Boeing was once again drawn into the conflict. The first US fighters were soon battling the Germans who had managed to capture up to 50 Boeing aircraft that had been kept in France. For example, the US Navy halved its orders for patrol seaplanes once World War One ended, prompting its move into mail by designing the first plane able to carry a load heavier than itself in The cycle of World War Two was even more severe. Although US aircraft had proven integral for the US and its European allies, over 70, direct Boeing employees lost their jobs after the end of the war with anotherbecoming unemployed across the wider supply chain. Boeing helped launch the first-ever weather satellite into space and has contributed vital work to the likes of the International Space Station and the Hubble Telescope. By the s, Boeing was at the forefront of global aviation and the US representative on the world stage. The three European countries, during a meeting at the Paris Air Show ofpledged to the 'joint development of airbus' that could rival both the dominance of Boeing and the US. By the time the corporate structure of Airbus was established inownership was divided between four French firms and five German ones. Because Boeing was unrivalled, the emergence of Airbus meant it had competition that inspired aviation improvement. But, despite striking deals with European airlines and ones further afield in the likes of India and South Africa, Airbus struggled to secure orders in its initial years and production fell to as low as one plane every two months in Orders picked up again bylargely thanks to its bet on Asia but also because Britain formally rejoined as a partner of the project, leading to the first order for Airbus aircraft from a British customer. Although Airbus was gaining traction it still had a long way to go before it could prove itself a viable alternative to its US counterpart. By — a decade after being founded — Airbus had managed to capture over a quarter of the market and shown itself to be a serious threat to Boeing. Its viability was cemented further by the end ofwhen Airbus delivered its debut operating profit after selling over aircraft over 20 years. It was undeniable that Airbus was the upcoming rival but it was still dwarfed by Boeing, which declared its commercial jetliner the most successful in history after selling over 1, units — taking total commercial aircraft sales to over 6, Both Airbus and Boeing make the majority of their revenue and earnings by selling commercial aircraft to airlines around the world, but the pair also have sizeable defence divisions serving the military. Both the US and Europe use Boeing and Airbus as critical representatives on the world stage and although their vital roles mean they secure floods of work and subsidies, it also makes them vulnerable to being used as political pawns. For example, Germany is currently under pressure to replace its ageing Tornado fleet with Eurofighters from Airbus rather than Fs made by Boeing to reinforce the purpose of Airbus: a European firm for European countries. Airbus even issued a statement that said it was hopeful Germany would send 'a signal in favour of a sovereign Europe'. This is happening while US President Donald Trump is calling on its allies to increase their spending on defence while at the same time lobbying for US-built jets and other equipment from Boeing and other US firms like Lockheed Martin.Skyworth support Almost every government contract sees some form of political wrangling going on in the background. When the WTO supported the US view that Airbus was receiving unfair subsidies inBoeing said it was 'good news for aerospace workers across America who for decades have had to compete against a heavily-subsidised Airbus'. Two years later it said Airbus and European leaders had 'thumbed their noses at the WTO, providing Airbus with billions of taxpayers euros and pounds' to develop new models. This argument continues today.The competition between Airbus and Boeing has been characterised as a duopoly in the large jet airliner market since the s. In the 10 years from toAirbus received 9, orders while delivering 5, and Boeing received 8, orders while delivering 5, During their period of intense competition, both companies have regularly accused each other of receiving unfair state aid from their respective governments. Airbus and Boeing have wide product ranges including single-aisle and wide-body aircraft covering a variety of combinations of capacity and range. As Airbus builds only one new freighter, the AFselling poorly with 42 orders including 38 already delivered, Boeing is almost in a monopoly and can keep producing the FF and F while their passenger variants are not selling anymore. The Airbus A family was the best-selling jet airliner in and in — While the Boeing Next Generation outsold the Airbus A family since its introduction init is still lagging overall with 7, orders against 7, in January Airbus received 4, orders since the Aneo family launch in Decemberwhile the MAX got 3, from August till January In the same timeframe, the neo had 3, orders. In terms of deliveries, Boeing has shipped 10, aircraft of the family since latewith 8, of those deliveries since March and has a further 4, on firm order as of December While Boeing ramp-up monthly production from 47 in to 57 in and Airbus from 46 to 60, both consider accelerating further despite supplier strain. By Septemberthere were 7, A family ceo aircraft in service versus 6, NGswhile Airbus should deliver 3, Aneos compared with 2, Boeing MAX through Airbus sold well the A to low-cost startups and offering a choice of engines could make them more attractive to airlines and lessors than the single sourcedbut CFM engines are extremely reliable. The ultra-long-range variants of new types enable new routes between far away city pairs: the 9, nmi Airbus A ULR entered service in and the 8, to 9, nmi Boeing is expected in East Coast: Auckland and New York are 7, nmi apart. During the s both companies researched the feasibility of a passenger aircraft larger than the Boeingwhich was then the largest airliner in operation. Airbus subsequently launched a full-length double-deck aircraftthe Aa decade later while Boeing decided the project would not be commercially viable and developed the third generationBoeinginstead. Rival performance claims by Airbus and Boeing appear to be contradictory, their methodologies unclear and neither are validated by a third party source. The precise increase in maximum take-off weight is still unknown. British Airways and Emirates will be the first customers to take this offer. As of DecemberAirbus had orders for the passenger version of the A and is not currently offering the A freighter. Production of the AF has been suspended until the A production lines have settled with no firm availability date. Some A launch customers converted their AF orders to the passenger version or switched to the F or F aircraft. At Farnborough in JulyAirbus announced that in a "prudent, proactive step," starting in it expects to deliver 12 A aircraft per year, down from 27 deliveries in The firm also warned production might slip back into red ink on each aircraft produced at that time, though it anticipates production will remain in the black for and The firm expects that healthy demand for its other aircraft would allow it to avoid job losses from the cuts. As of JuneBoeing had 51 orders for the I passenger version and 69 for the F freighter. In FebruaryAirbus announced the end of A production byafter its main customer, Emirates, agreed to drop an order for 39 of the aircraft.Boeing and Airbus have reveled in a decade of airplane sales that outshined any other in history—but the period is ending on a sour note. The biggest shock by far has been the grounding of the Boeing Max after two fatal crashes in a span of five months killed people. What Is A Better Investment Right Now: Boeing or Airbus? The worldwide flight ban — now in its 10th month — forced Boeing to stop deliveries and has ground new orders of Boeing's best-selling jetliner nearly to a halt, draining cash and tarnishing the image of the biggest U. Last week, Boeing abandoned its projection that regulators would lift the grounding by the end of the year after the Federal Aviation Administration chief chastised the manufacturersaying he wanted to "directly address the perception that some of Boeing's public statements have been designed to force FAA into taking quicker action. The beleaguered plane traces back to an arms race between Boeing and Airbus to deliver as many fuel-efficient planes as quickly as possible to airlines eager to cash in on a boom in air travel. The companies also sought to respond to airlines' demands to cut fuel consumption with more efficient engines. Boeing rolled out what became the Max months after Airbus launched its new fuel-efficient model of its workhorse single-aisle jet, calling it the neo line. Boeing, based in Chicagois now under scrutiny for failing to put in sufficient safeguards on the Max in the case of malfunctions. But cracks in the rally of jetliner orders aren't limited to the Max crisis. Both manufacturers will enter the next decade amid slowing air traffic growth and trade wars. Demand growth for their higher-priced wide-body jets that can fly longer distances has slowed the most, as carriers opt for nimbler, fuel-saving planes that can fly travelers on ever-longer nonstop flights, a trend that helped kill the largest jetliner in the worldthe Airbus A Demand for wide-body planes remains relatively weak amid some softness in international travel and a slump in cargo. In addition to cheap interest rates, wanderlust helped fuel the surge in orders over the last decade. On the heels of the financial crisis through last year, air travel demand grew at about twice the rate of the global economy. Airlines raced to fit more seats on their planes and flights have been flying fuller than ever. People of today's generation are very much not of that mindset. They actually covet experiences," Delta Air Lines ' chief marketing and communications officer Tim Mapes said at an industry conference in August. It's all about the selfie shot in front of some exotic place with somebody that you care about. Orders peaked in the middle of the decade. Airlines were concerned about the high cost of fuel, their single biggest expense after labor, and pushed for fuel-saving options, but when prices cratered their needs became less urgent. There are also concerns about meeting demand. The two manufacturers are sold out on single-aisle planes until the middle of the coming decade and had already been struggling to keep up with demand. Aside from the airlines like Southwest and American that have lost hundreds of millions of dollars in revenue because of the prolonged Boeing Max grounding, Airbus production delays have hit customers like JetBlue and Lufthansa.Ruby hash sum by key But those backlogs they have accumulated have helped send both companies' stock prices to record highs. Even after the first crash of the Max, a Lion Air jet that went down shortly after takeoff from Jakarta in OctoberBoeing's stock hit a record high earlier this year.Baxter fenwal Less than two weeks after the company's stock hit a record, another nearly-new Max crashed, that time an Ethiopian Airlines flight headed to Nairobi from the Ethiopian capital of Addis Ababa. The losses could have been even deeper if Boeing wasn't sitting on that backlog since many investors assume regulators will eventually allow the planes to fly again. Airbus' stock hit a record last month of Growth in air travel demand has slipped globally.The immediate future for Airbus looks "brighter than ever" thanks to a mature portfolio offering reliable cash flow over the next five years, according to equity analysts at Barclays. The researchers believe Airbus's range of jet planes "should outgrow" Boeing's byaided by the U. Barclays believe Airbus's "more mature" product range would guarantee smoother income and free cash flow could triple from 3 billion euros in to around 9 billion euros in It says this discount is undeserved and doesn't properly factor in Airbus's share of the single-aisle jet market. Barclays said Airbus's popular A jets alone should contribute 3. In its note, Barclays said: "Investors should be aware that it does seek to do business with companies covered in its research and that investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect objectivity. Sign up for free newsletters and get more CNBC delivered to your inbox. Get this delivered to your inbox, and more info about our products and services. All Rights Reserved. Data also provided by. Skip Navigation. Markets Pre-Markets U. Key Points. Analysts at Barclays have put a price target of euros on Airbus. The firm's current share price sits just under euros.Ni imaqdx download 2018 As a result, Airbus has a larger order backlog than its American rival. However, Boeing leads Airbus by a wide margin in terms of both profitability and cash flow. The two companies' recently released Q3 earnings reports show that Airbus is still struggling to turn strong order activity into big profits. Last quarter, Boeing faced plenty of challenges, as engine production delays disrupted MAX deliveries. Boeing expects to catch up on aircraft deliveries in the fourth quarter. As a result, it will still end the year with between and deliveries. Meanwhile, the aircraft manufacturer raised its full-year guidance for several key financial metrics. Airbus' profitability has improved significantly in relative tobut it still lags Boeing by a wide margin. For the first nine months of the year, Airbus' adjusted operating profit more than doubled to 2. The difference in performance is even more stark when looking at free cash flow. Year to date, Airbus' free cash flow is steeply negative. For the full year, it expects free cash flow excluding merger and acquisition activity and customer financing of less than 2. To be fair, while Boeing and Airbus are roughly neck and neck in terms of commercial aircraft production, Boeing has a much larger defense business. But even adjusting for its smaller size relative to Boeing, Airbus is dramatically less profitable. Some of the reasons for Boeing's superior profitability and cash flow are easy to pin down. For example, Airbus is still in the midst of ramping up production of its A widebody and the new A narrowbody program it acquired from Bombardier.	https://mzj.narmizarysowany.site/airbus-vs-boeing-market-share.html
Recruiting practices will continue in accordance with NCAA regulations. W&J is inviting prospective student-athletes to campus and coaches will be on the road attending events. Campus visits must be scheduled through a coach or admissions counselor 72 hours in advance and visitors will be required to submit a health and wellness check-in survey. The NCAA determines any changes regarding eligibility policies. The latest NCAA information on the 2020-21 season states that Division III student-athletes will not be charged with participation for the 2020-21 season if their team can complete only 50 percent or less of the sport’s maximum contests/dates of competition due to the ongoing impact of the … Discussions are ongoing with the Presidents’ Athletic Conference and the NCAA regarding a potential fall-to-spring season shift. Similarly, the Empire 8 (field hockey) and CWPA (men’s water polo) have initially discussed a shift to the spring semester. Our desire is to provide a championship experience for our fall student-athletes and we plan on working hard to … The recent Presidents’ Athletic Conference statement specifically applied to competition during the Fall 2020 semester. Decisions about winter or spring sport competitions starting in the new calendar year will be made and announced during the Fall 2020 semester. Our sports medicine team will be taking the necessary precautions for risk mitigation including increased cleaning, distancing when possible, and masking. The sports medicine team will announce appointment-based scheduling due to space considerations in the Henry Memorial Center athletic training room. Our hope is to utilize the athletic training rooms at all athletic facilities in order … As with the fall sports, we are considering practice opportunities with the respective coaches in attendance for winter and spring sports. The NCAA has provided additional flexibility in terms of playing and practice seasons which will guide our decision-making for all sports. After considering all of the health and safety factors involved with competition, our conferences have canceled the fall seasons for soccer, football, cross country, field hockey, volleyball, and men’s water polo. Individual return-to-play protocols will be in place for varsity sports to offer an athletic experience without competition within the parameters of federal, state, and … Our public health practices in athletic facilities include physical distancing, which will significantly limit the number of people within the facilities at any given time. As a result, only students, faculty, and staff will be allowed to use athletic facilities. The Eaton Fitness Center will be limited to 15 users at a time, while the current … All activities will observe state and institutional guidelines for gatherings, including physical distancing and limitations on group size and contact sports. The Department of Athletics will assist students with scheduling needs when possible. Limited facility availability should be expected and safety restrictions will be in place.	https://www.washjeff.edu/faqcategory/athletics/
Optimized axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) husbandry, breeding, metamorphosis, transgenesis and tamoxifen-mediated recombination. The axolotl (Mexican salamander, Ambystoma mexicanum) has become a very useful model organism for studying limb and spinal cord regeneration because of its high regenerative capacity. Here we present a protocol for successfully mating and breeding axolotls in the laboratory throughout the year, for metamorphosing axolotls by a single i.p. injection and for axolotl transgenesis using I-SceI meganuclease and the mini Tol2 transposon system. Tol2-mediated transgenesis provides different features and advantages compared with I-SceI-mediated transgenesis, and it can result in more than 30% of animals expressing the transgene throughout their bodies so that they can be directly used for experimentation. By using Tol2-mediated transgenesis, experiments can be performed within weeks (e.g., 5-6 weeks for obtaining 2-3-cm-long larvae) without the need to establish germline transgenic lines (which take 12-18 months). In addition, we describe here tamoxifen-induced Cre-mediated recombination in transgenic axolotls.
Honesty is the most important ingredient. You don’t have to be or have gone through something to write about it but you must have a heartfelt feeling about it so you can expose that emotion through your writing. MORE IDEAS FROM THE ARTICLE You need to have a beginning that builds to a middle and an ending, or at least an idea of where you’re going, as it is key to explore your themes and foreshadow things properly. Another important thing is to revise your writings. Your first draft is likely to contain multiple errors, poorly phrased sections, and inconsistencies. To do it, you must know what your audience expects from the type of writing you’re doing and then defy it. Without the surprise, without the twist, if you don’t pull the wool over the audience’s eyes, then it’s unlikely you’re going to be memorable. It’s precisely the fact that things are not what they seem that makes a story interesting. Good writing comes from perfectionism; meaning it lets you identify what isn’t working and how to fix it, and the rewritings hone your technique. Perfectionism is fundamental when you may only have one chance to show your work to an agent or a publisher. But you also need to stay optimistic, otherwise, you'll get depressed and quit. RELATED IDEAS The first words you write are the first draft. Writing is thinking. You'll rarely know what exactly you want to say when you start writing. The time you put into editing, reworking and refining turns your first draft into a second draft, and then into a third. If you keep refining it over days or weeks or even years, it eventually becomes something great. Peer pressure works. And a good support network shows us that change is possible. Hang out with pals who have the habit you want. Across many different kinds of behavior (voting, smoking, weight loss and weight gain, happiness, etc), people are very meaningfully affected by the behaviors of other people to whom they’re connected. Awe-inspired people feel a diminished sense of their own importance compared to others, and they abandon the conceit, which many of us have, that they are the center of the world. There are experiences that provide that feeling of just how big and amazing life is. Going out in nature is one of them.	https://deepstash.com/idea/20406/make-the-readers-feel-something
Research shows that in developed countries such as Australia, population growth translates into increased demand for new housing, infrastructure, education centers, health facilities and transportation. All of this increases employment, as well as private and government spending which are the main drivers of a countries economy. As an investor, it is important to look at these key indicators when choosing where and how to invest, especially when thinking of investing in the property market. Identifying cities where potential growth has not yet been realised, is critical in securing investments with yield and capital growth potential that will secure returns on your investment. This blog will identify why Brisbane is one of Australia’s capital cities with most untapped growth potential, as well as the areas that we expect to experience the highest potential growth in the coming years. DEMOGRAPHICS Projected percentage growth in Australiaʼs capital cities (2011-2031) Australian Government, Infrastructure Australia (2015). Australian Government, Infrastructure Australia (2015). - The total population of Greater Brisbane expects to reach 3,190,129 inhabitants by 2031. - Brisbane with a projected growth of 48.6% (2011–2031) is expected be the city with the second highest percentage growth among the countries capital cities. - 820,000 New residents are expected to settle in metropolitan Brisbane alone, which represents a sharp increase in population to the region. - Brisbane is forecast to experience 15% of South East Queenslandʼs growth, with Logan and Ipswich representing 13% and 23% of SEQ total population growth. EMPLOYMENT Projected employment growth by Region (2020) Australian Government, Department of Employment (2016). Australian Government, Department of Employment (2016). Regional Employment projections for five years to November 2020. Brisbane South is the region with the highest projected emplyment growth within Brisbane with an expected increase of 11.8% by 2020. Greater Brisbaneʼs projected employment level is expected to increase by 1,2887,000 by 2020. Greater Brisbane is expected to experience a 9.1% increase itʼs employment level by 2020. This represents the 3rd highest percentage growth amongst the capital cities. Ipswich and Logan are projected to be the region with lowest percentage growth in employment with an expected percentage growth of 7.7% and 7.6% by 2020. Gold Coast is projected to be the area in Australia with the second highest employment growth (in thousands) (35,700 or 11.4%). Brisbane North is the region expected to have the second greatest percentage employment growth 11.1% by 2020. PRIVATE & PUBLIC SPENDING Brisbane Live World Class Entertainment Prescint 2021 2 Billion AUD New CBD Schools High Rise Schools 500 Million AUD Howard Smith Wharves Reconstruction – Dining, Retail and Tourist Centre 2020 110 Million AUD Brisbane Metro 30,000 Passangers P/h 1.54 Billion AUD 7,000 Jobs Queens Wharf World Class Casino & Resort 2022 3 Billion AUD 8,000 Jobs Brisbane Airport Redevelopment 2022 3.8 Billion AUD 4,000 Jobs More than 11 billion dollars being invested in these projects alone All Aiming to turn Brisbane into a World Class City. Expected to create in excess of 28,000 new jobs. * Australian Government, Department of state development. MARKET TRENDS House Gross Rental Yield Domain 2017. State of the market report. Unit Gross Rental Yield Domain 2017. State of the market report. Median Sale Prices 2017 \| \| \| \| WHERE TO INVEST? Low housing affordability across the Australian capital cities as well as the current price gap between the Brisbane median house/unit price and those of Sydney and Melbourne, represents an opportunity for investors that wish to secure a property with relatively low capital investment in comparison, and with high growth prospects as reflected by the regions key economic indicators including; demographics, employment, private and public spending. High amounts of private and public spending in infrastructure, commercial and residential developments, aim to turn Brisabne into a world city, show an overall confidence in the future of the Region and will in-turn add value to all existing and future residential properties. BEFORE YOU INVEST, LOOK FOR: \|Quality School Catchment\|\|Current or Upcoming Development Activity\| \|Good Access to Public Trasport\|\|Suburbs where prices are only just starting to grow or that show strong demand.\| LOW HOUSING AFFORDABILITY THOUGHOUT AUSTRALIA LOWER MEDIAN SALE PRICES (UNITS & HOUSES) WHEN COMPARED WITH THE OTHER AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL CITIES. HIGH LEVELS OF PROJECTED EMPLOYMNET & POPULATION GROWTH INCREASING DEMAND FOR BRISBANE HOUSING IN BOTH RENTALS AND SALES MARKETS.	https://www.avisiongroup.com.au/brisbane-secret-place-investors/
If you're thirsty, drink. Otherwise, don't worry about it. In endurance sports, there is evidence from Triathlons in New Zealand and South Africa, and footraces in South Africa to suggest that the best performances are associated with higher levels of dehydration. Further yet, there is significant evidence to suggest that there is no link between even moderate levels of dehydration and hyperthermia. Going even further than this, the issuance of guidelines for athletes by the American College of Sports Medicine that they should "drink as much as is tolerable" is likely to have directly contributed to the rise in fatalities from exercise-associated hyponatraemia and exercise-associated hyponatraemia encephalopathy** which were essentially unknown until the early 80s when the hydration fad started. In summary, the best evidence currently available says that athletes should drink to thirst. Evidence to the contrary is surprisingly limited, quite often flawed and mostly sponsored by the sports drink industry. OK, that's great for marathons and triathlons but what about shooting? As far as I am aware there has been no real study on hydration and performance in shooting sports for me to draw on. Most of the things I have managed to find online have quoted general guidelines and no actual backing evidence. The key difference in the case of shooting is going to be the effect of hydration on the eyes; however if you're drinking to thirst then I would suggest that this is unlikely to be a major issue. It's still always worth having a bottle of water on the range to sip at when you get thirsty especially in warm conditions, but there's no value in trying to drink ahead of thirst. Desperately needing to pee while on the firing point is probably also not good for performance. * Noakes TD. Waterlogged. Chapter 2. Wyndham CH, Strydom NB. The danger of an inadequate water intake during marathon running. South African Medical Journal. 1969; 43, 893-896. Adolph EF, Dill DB. Observations on water metabolishm in the desert. Americal Journal of Physiology. 1938; 123, 369-378. Jardon OM. Physiologic stress, heat stroke, malignant hyperthermia - a perspective. Military Medicine. 1982; 147, 8-14. Noakes TD, Adams BA, Myburg KH. The danger of an inadequate water intake during exercise. A novel concept re-visited. Euopean Journal of Applied Physiology & Occupational Physiology. 1988; 57, 210-219. * Convertino, V. A.; Armstrong, L. E.; Coyle, E. F.; Mack, G. W.; Sawka, M. N.; Senay, L. C.; Sherman, W. M. (1996-01-01). "American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and fluid replacement". Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise. 28 (1): i–vii. ****Noakes TD. Waterlogged. Chapter 10. Nearman S. Drinking too much water can kill you; death of a marathon runner. Metro Competitor. 2003; 24 October. Noakes TD, Goodwin N, Rayner BI, et al. Water intoxication: A possible complication during endurance exercise. Medical Science Sports Exercise. 1985; 17, 370-375.	http://www.gunandrun.com/2017/02/why-everything-you-think-you-know-about.html
Wireless communication systems, for example cellular telephony or private mobile radio communication systems, typically provide for radio telecommunication links to be arranged between a plurality of base transceiver stations (BTS), referred to as Node Bs with regard to a universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS), and a plurality of subscriber units, often referred to as user equipment (UE) in UMTS. In a cellular network, such as UMTS, the power transmitted by a UE is regulated in order to minimise interference with other UEs. Typically, the output power generated by the radio frequency (RF) power amplifier (PA) in the UE will vary due to any number, or combination, of factors, such as the manufacturing process, operating temperature, supply voltage, antenna loading and other such factors. One feature associated with most wireless communication systems, which is particularly needed in a wireless cellular communication system, allows the transceivers in the Node B and UE to adjust their transmission output power to take into account a geographical distance between them. The closer the UE is to its serving Node B, the less power the UE and Node B's transceivers are required to transmit, for the transmitted signal to be adequately received by the other unit. This ‘power control’ feature saves battery power in the UE and also helps to reduce interference effects. Initial power settings for the UE, along with other control information, are set by information provided on, say, a beacon physical channel for a particular cell. Furthermore, if an output power range is greater than that allowed by the system, then it is necessary to have feedback control of the PA to reduce the output power to an acceptable level. In this manner, it becomes necessary to measure the radio frequency transmit power at, or after, the PA output and to control a PA gain, typically by controlling the gain of amplifiers located earlier in the amplifier chain, in response to this measurement. A typical approach to PA power control is to measure DC power in the PA using a current sensing resistor. This DC power information is then used as feedback to control either the PA gain or the RF input power of the input to the PA. This feedback will allow power control regulation to compensate for variations in PA supply voltage, operating temperature & manufacturing process. This is often referred to as internal PA power control, being limited to the PA module itself. Thus, such power control limited to the PA module will not compensate for variations in the antenna loading (often referred to as mismatched load that deviates from an ideal matched load (i.e. VSWR=1:1). In signal transmission, standing wave ratio (SWR), usually defined as a voltage ratio called the VSWR, is the ratio of the amplitude of a partial standing wave at an antinode (maximum) to the amplitude at an adjacent node (minimum), in an electrical transmission line. In a wireless communication unit, the VSWR performance is important at the Power amplifier to antenna node, where reflections can occur as a result of a mismatched load or an imperfection in an otherwise uniform transmission line between the antenna and the PA, or when a transmission line is terminated with other than its characteristic impedance. For example, this characteristic impedance of the antenna may change with a body of material placed physically near the antenna. Matched impedances provide a maximum power transfer; whereas mismatched impedances provide sub-optimal VSWR and thereby reduced power transfer to the antenna. To facilitate compensation for VSWR variations external to the PA module, a directional coupler is placed between the PA output and the antenna input. In this manner, the directional coupler routes the coupled signal in a feedback path through a detector, which generates a signal proportional to the power transferred to the antenna, as present at its input. This feedback signal can then be processed and used by signal processing logic to control either the PA gain or power of the RF input signal to the PA. If the detector output is used in a continuous-time loop to control the PA then the question of loop stability arises. The control loop must be stable over all possible variations in PA output power. The main advantage of employing a continuous-time loop is that changes in VSWR can be compensated for very quickly. The main disadvantage of employing this technique is that the control loop performance is strongly dependent on the PA characteristics. For a wireless system, where the wireless communication transceiver and the PA may both be sourced from different manufacturers, this often creates a logistical problem, as manufacturers are often not willing to divulge sufficient information to each other. Thus, power control circuits are typically PA module specific and need to be over-designed to accommodate for variations in PA module tolerances. Similarly, the cost of supporting multiple potential PAs within a single transceiver is impractical. U.S. Pat. No. 6,466,772 discloses a continuous closed loop control system using a gain shaper element to improve linearity. The gain shaper characteristic must be designed to be reciprocal to the characteristic of the power amplifier. Therefore, this control approach is closely linked to the PA within the loop, which makes it unsuitable for use with multiple potential PAs. Thus, there currently exists a need wireless communication unit, integrated circuit and method of performing power control in a transmitter, wherein the abovementioned disadvantages may be alleviated.
Global Warming, and what we as humanity are doing to help or hinder it, has been hitting the headlines once more recently. President Trump’s recent policy changes that will roll back the Obama administration changes look set to continue this massive global problem. Global Warming is the phenomenon whereby the planet is experiencing a gradual increase in the overall temperature of our atmosphere. It is most widely believed to be due to increased levels of certain gases and pollutants, such as carbon dioxide and CFC’s, causing what is commonly known as the ‘greenhouse effect’. Global Warming is thought to be the cause behind a wide range of global problems, such as melting ice caps, sea level change, and more. Importantly, global warming is having a significant impact on the world’s animal and plant species. The planet’s ecosystems work in a complex balance. Global Warming, and its associated temperature change affects this complex balance. Together with other human-caused problems, global warming can therefore severely affect animals, plants and birds. At the moment we are witnessing this through changes in animal and plant global distribution, as well as their behaviour. At its worst, it is feared that Global Warming may cause as many as a staggering quarter of all land animals, birdlife and plants to become extinct. Changes that are being witnessed include things such as birds laying eggs earlier each year, plants blossoming earlier, and animals ending hibernation sooner. But is this actually a problem? The answer is, unfortunately, yes. For example, the balance of our global ecosystems is so delicate and complex that a sea level rise of just 50cm could cause sea turtles to lose their nesting beaches to the degree that some species are predicted to be extinct. Similar problems threaten the survival of different species of Monk Seals. The problem seems particularly severe for migratory wildlife. The negative effects on wildlife are not only limited to fauna either. Plants are also at risk of destruction. For example, there has been a gigantic mangrove die-off in Australia linked to climate change. Seagrass and coral have also died off. Overall, it is thought that Global Warming will stunt plant growth. It would be an error to think this doesn’t directly affect us. Malaria-carrying mosquitoes extending their range is just one example of how people will directly be negatively affected. There will likely be a reduction in the populations of many of the fish we rely on for our diets. These are just two examples of a range of negative associations of Global Warming that are often overlooked in terms of the big headlines of flooding, droughts, and severe weather events. Beyond this we also need to consider the impacts of Global Warming on our health and well-being, viewing the problems faced by flora and fauna as an early warning sign of what’s to come. Air pollution causes a wide range of problems, most notably those of a respiratory nature, and allergies increase. Water sources are threatened. And as temperatures rise so do deaths related to higher temperatures such as cardiovascular disease and kidney disease. If we can’t listen to what the world’s animal and plant life are telling us about the dangers of global warming, we should at least be able to listen to problems directly affecting us. The reality is that many of the causes of Global Warming come about from big industry. However, we can all take steps to reduce our own carbon footprint and reduce our impact on Global Warming. Specifically, consider installing solar panels for your energy requirements. Installing solar panels may not be as expensive as you think, will save you money over time, and may even make you money if your panels create a surplus of energy.	https://blog.theecoexperts.co.uk/the-impact-of-global-warming-on-animals-and-plants
This is the fifth installment of my workflow series. Check out the links above to follow along. I will be posting previous entries at the start of each new entry in the series. Part of everyone's development is to learn new skills. This is an unavoidable yet time-consuming process. Most people have a relatively low success rate. While everyone learns differently and has their own study habits, there is one technique that has proven to be extremely effective for all types of learners. Spaced repetition learning Spaced repetition is an evidence-based learning technique that is usually performed with flashcards. Newly introduced and more difficult flashcards are shown more frequently while older and less difficult flashcards are shown less frequently in order to exploit the psychological spacing effect. The use of spaced repetition has been shown to increase rate of learning. Although the principle is useful in many contexts, spaced repetition is commonly applied in contexts in which a learner must acquire many items and retain them indefinitely in memory. It is, therefore, well suited for the problem of vocabulary acquisition in the course of second-language learning. A number of spaced repetition softwares have been developed to aid the learning process. Alternative names for spaced repetition include spaced rehearsal, expanding rehearsal, graduated intervals, repetition spacing, repetition scheduling, spaced retrieval and expanded retrieval. - Wikipedia If that didn't make much sense, let me break it down for you. I will first explain the technique, then show you how you can save even more time using free software. Spaced Repetition is the process of using flashcards to learn new skills and repeating the process on a regular basis until you master a subject. This is done by prioritizing and repeating parts you are unable to answer correctly. The first process is to create a deck of questions or clues for as much of the subject you can think of. You then set a schedule to regularly quiz yourself a few each session. If you get one wrong, you schedule to review it over your next session. If you get one right, you schedule the review further out. This creates a process where you are always learning new cards but repeating cards you have difficulty with. Over time you will get over those difficulties and those cards will be reviewed less often. Using real flashcards this becomes a very tedious process. There is software that will automate this entire process. You can also find premade cards for many popular topics from programming, science, and even foreign languages. There is a good chance you won't even need to make your own flashcards. Introducing Anki Anki is one of the more popular software solutions for Spaced Repetition Learning. Anki is free for PC & Web and has a paid solution for mobile. Source After reviewing the answer for a card, you then decide how easy the card was. The harder the card was, the sooner you will revisit that card. Anki will also allow you to decide how many cards you will review per session and keep track of your progress with statistics. Anki will intelligently schedule which new cards to show you and which cards to review based on how you rate your comfort level of each answer and how frequently you study. While the download version of Anki is better than the web version, I recommend trying the web version with a shared deck to get familiar with the process. You won't be able to track statistics, but it is really easy to get up and running quickly. The desktop software can sync your decks with the web and mobile versions so you can work from anywhere. Ultimately I highly recommend the download version as it is free and has a lot more features. These are not your standard flashcards One of the great things about Anki is your flashcards don't have to be just text. Cards can include text, pictures, audio, syntax highlighting, mathematical formulas, and even CSS styling. There is almost no limit to what you create for flashcards. Where to download premade decks You can download decks on almost every topic by going to: https://ankiweb.net/shared/decks/ Once you add a deck to your account, they will remain there on any device you use as long as you sync. Want to learn Git? There is a premade deck for that! Want to study US presidents? There is a premade deck for that! Need to study Amino Acids? You bet there is a deck already made. Have kids? You can have them make their own cards for subjects they have difficulty with and dramatically increase their performance.	https://hive.blog/workflowseries/@themarkymark/workflow-series-increase-retention-and-speed-up-learning
Geopolitical Risk - Time to play Defense? - 25 October 2019 - Views636 - Updated at 05 November 2019 With potential binary events lurking, everyone should have a plan! Geopolitical risks, currently most prominent in the shape of potential impeachment, the destabilising effect on markets of tweets on the progress (or otherwise!) of US - China trade tariffs, protest movements, or the ebb and flow of Middle East tensions are key factors that investors need to consider. All these 'event risks' have the potential to disrupt markets and impact upon portfolios to a greater or lesser degree. To be forewarned is to be forearmed! Once appraised of the risks, investors can potentially mitigate the worst of any of any shocks using a variety of approaches. Savvy Investor offers a number of recent white papers that discuss the broader subject of geopolitical risks, their likely impact on markets and how one might defend against the worst of any impacts. DEFENSIVE APPROACHES Minimum Variance: A Leg Up on Geopolitical Risk? (Axioma, 2019) Axioma examines the performance of minimum variance strategies during prior periods of high geopolitical risk. Can Volatility Actually Help Protect Your Capital? (Intech, Oct 2019) For compliance reasons, this paper is only accessible in certain geographies Intech suggests that market volatility measures, at both stock and market level can be used to enhance portfolio returns The four pillars to face a world of uncertainty (Franklin Templeton, Oct 2019) For compliance reasons, this paper is only accessible in certain geographies Franklin Templeton identifies a number of challenges and potential threats, (both political and economic) that may affect portfolios. They suggest a number of strategies that portfolio managers might adopt in order to mitigate some of these risks. GEOPOLITICS ROUNDTABLE: OBSERVATIONS AND OPINIONS Country Risk: Determinants, Measures and Implications (Aswath Damodaran, 2019) In this paper, Aswath Damodaran examines country risk through many lenses, but with the end game of being able to incorporate it into decision making both for investors and businesses. Video: The New World (Dis)Order - Peter Zeihan, Sep 2019 In this video with the CFA, Peter Zeihan discusses major geopolitics trends occurring currently, as well as the importance of geopolitics for financial professionals. House Report: When investment is political (Sarasin & Partners, Oct 2019) Sarasin's outlook paper contains a piece which examines the intersection of politics and investment. MARKET STRESS AND DISLOCATION Stress testing Brexit: Deal or no deal? (MSCI blog, Oct 2019) “Deal” and “no-deal” scenarios and their impact for equities and bonds are examined by MSCI Stress Testing a Presidential Impeachment – Part Deux (Axioma blog, Sep 2019) Axioma investigates the implications of recent impeachment proceedings and how investors might best react. Brexit: can capital market fragmentation be avoided? (ICMA, Oct 2019) This paper focuses instead on the implications of Brexit for the fragmentation of international capital markets. Brexit: Extension is likely, but the final outcome remains uncertain (Amundi AM) For compliance reasons, this paper is NOT accessible in the United States Amundi Asset Management provides updates on the ongoing Brexit negotiations and possible scenarios that could arise. THE US - CHINA DEBATE AND IMPEACHMENT PROCCEDINGS Capital Flows, China and Pending Impeachment Conflict (Ray Dalio, Oct 2019) Ray Dalio examines some of the key risks to the markets, including geopolitics. Trade tightrope: Investors eye U.S.-China “mini” deal (Capital Group blog) For compliance reasons, this paper is only accessible in the UK & Europe Capital Group reviews the pros and cons of the recent US-China trade deal. The Next Digital Superpower: The U.S. or China? (Vontobel AM, Sep 2019) Vontobel examines the geopolitics of the US - China relationship, offering insights into some of the key drivers and explores several potential scenarios as to how this might develop. Timing of Trump impeachment could further weaken global economy (Fidelity Intl) For compliance reasons, this paper is only accessible in the UK & Europe The timing of the recent impeachment proceedings are the last thing the markets need now, suggests Fidelity.	https://www.savvyinvestor.net/blog/geopolitics-defensive-strategy

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