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GT-d is a successful operational solution for high security web delivery of geospatial information. The Norwegian Defence uses GT-d as its core data management system. It was developed by T-Kartor and delivered to The Norwegian Defence in 2015. What it solves: • Our data management application makes it easy to locate, retrieve and share geospatial data, wherever it is located • Delivery of timely, relevant and actionable information allows you to make swift, informed decisions • Users across your organisation can quickly locate critical intelligence with advanced discovery and filtering capabilities. Whether in the field or in an operations/data center, users will have access to the data they need to make decisions with a high degree of confidence GT-g: Govermental (Smart Cities) GT-g is a web-based platform that puts a world of information at your fingertips. A core solution handles all data in a geospatial context, improving the basis for collaboration and information sharing between internal and external organisations. What it solves: • GT-g can visualises data from a diverse array of sensors to provide an unprecedented view of your world • We combine satellite imagery, social media, news and other data feeds to create real-time, relevant insights • Integration of business data and proceedures with GIS data provides a geographic location for all data GT-e: Enterprise GT-e is a web-based platform puts a world of information at your fingertips. What it solves:	https://www.t-kartor.com/our-services/web-geo-solutions/
التوظيف Careers إتصل بنا Contact us تسجيل الدخول Login ALREADY REGISTERED PLEASE LOGIN Note that you will be redirected to Saudi/National Single Sign On to complete login process. En عربي Toggle navigation Portal › Yesser › Initiatives & Products › Government Service Bus (GSB) › Mechanism for interconnection to GSB as a user: A A A Government Service Bus (GSB) Mechanism for interconnection to GSB as a user: Page Content Any government agency interested to interconnect to the Government Service Bus (GSB) should have already been linked to the Government Secured Network (GSN). While GSM represents the physical interconnection channel among government agencies, GSB is the integration platform for exchange of data and information to ensure delivery of integrated e-services. The following steps should be followed by customers to interconnect to GSB: Use e-forms page of Yesser portal yesser.gov.sa to file a request. Entitled “Request for interconnection as user of shared data and services” ,the e-form provides for all GSB existing services. The customer may select services of interest and indicate the purposes for which the services are selected. A project manager from Yesser cloud computing services will be assigned to manage the entire connectivity project. He will arrange for a meeting to discuss the requested services, connectivity requirements, review of workflow and necessary forms. The government agency will be provided with a comprehensive and clear perspective on the roles and task assignment of the parties involved in the connectivity process. A project manager should be assigned by the prospective government agency in addition to programming and networking personnel. Following completion of necessary programming and networking, tests will be conducted on the testing environment. Upon successful completion of testing, the project will be deployed. A figure showing interconnection phases as a user :	https://www.yesser.gov.sa/EN/BuildingBlocks/government_service_bus/Pages/GSB_consumer_connection.aspx
Yellowstone Caldera Chronicles is a weekly column written by scientists and collaborators of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory. This week's contribution is from Mark Stelten, research geologist with the U.S. Geological Survey. Beneath the Yellowstone caldera lies a large magma reservoir composed of mostly crystallized silicic magma called rhyolite. We can estimate what the magma reservoir may look like from seismology. But did you know that Yellowstone's magma reservoir produces a "shadow" that we can observe on the Earth's surface? At first it may seem odd to think about a volcanic system such as Yellowstone's having a shadow. How could something that is underground even create a shadow? Instead of resulting from blocking rays of sunlight, this magmatic "shadow" results from Yellowstone's magma reservoir blocking deeply sourced, mafic magma (called basalt, which is very similar to the type of magma that erupts in Hawaii) from reaching the Earth's surface. The presence of this shadow was some of the first evidence that Yellowstone hosts a large magma reservoir. This map of the Yellowstone caldera shows the distribution of rhyolites erupted after the formation of the caldera and basalts that erupted outside the caldera. You have free articles remaining. Before we can understand how this shadow forms and what it looks like, we need to know a few things about different types of magma at Yellowstone. Yellowstone erupts two different types of magma, rhyolite and basalt. Rhyolite magmas are the most famous at Yellowstone, as these can be very explosive. In fact, it was a large eruption of rhyolite that produced the present-day Yellowstone caldera. Subsequent, less explosive eruptions of rhyolite have since filled Yellowstone caldera with large lava flows. This rhyolite is derived from a magma reservoir located in the shallow crust, only 5 to 17 kilometers (about 3 to 10 miles) below the Earth's surface, which provides the heat to fuel Yellowstone's vast hydrothermal system of hot springs, mudpots and geysers. While rhyolite eruptions are the most dramatic events at Yellowstone, there is another equally important magma type that erupts at Yellowstone, but in a less dramatic fashion. This other magma type is called basalt. While rhyolites at Yellowstone are formed in the shallow crust, basalt magmas hail from much deeper parts of the Earth. Basalt magmas are commonly generated in the upper part of the Earth's mantle (below the crust) at depths greater than 40 kilometers (about 25 miles) and are injected into the Earth's crust where they provide the heat necessary to generate Yellowstone's famous rhyolites. Sometimes these basalts are erupted at Yellowstone, but only in very specific places. For example, no basalts are present inside Yellowstone caldera. Instead, basalts associated with Yellowstone caldera are located exclusively around the caldera margins. Most notably, these basalts can be found southwest of the Yellowstone caldera, as well as north of the caldera in the region between Mammoth Hot Springs and Norris Geyser Basin. A particularly nice place to view one of these basalts is at Sheepeater Cliffs, just south of Mammoth Hot Springs. So how does any of this relate to Yellowstone having a shadow? The "shadow" at Yellowstone relates to the distribution of basalt and rhyolite magmas. In particular, Yellowstone's "shadow" refers to the fact that there is a complete lack of basalt within the Yellowstone caldera (where only rhyolite is found), but an abundance of basalt surrounding the caldera. The reason for this shadow is that hot rhyolite magma is less dense than basalt magma. Just as your shadow results from you blocking the sun, the magmatic shadow at Yellowstone results from the low-density rhyolite magma reservoir in the shallow crust blocking deep-sourced basalts from reaching the surface. Instead, these basalts are either trapped under the rhyolite magma reservoir or erupt along the outside of this magma reservoir. So, the basalt-free region in the Yellowstone caldera shows the shadow of Yellowstone's shallow rhyolite magma reservoir. It is through seemingly simple observations like this that early geologists at Yellowstone and other volcanic systems recognized the presence of large magma bodies in the shallow crust. Over time, as the shallow rhyolite body cools and solidifies, it will become possible for the deeper basalt to punch through and erupt within the caldera; this is what has happened in the older calderas that predate the current Yellowstone magmatic system. But the lack of any basalt in the Yellowstone caldera — the existence of a magmatic "shadow" — is good evidence that the rhyolite magma chamber is still at least partially molten.
There are many different styles and many different reasons why people practice martial arts. If we were all the same, it would be boring and monotonous. Having the opportunity to meet others who engage in different styles, and participate in seminars or workshops that use different skill sets, is an exciting way to learn more about the immense world of martial arts. What you know can help me in my practice, and vice versa. Let’s explore these truths a little further. 1. There Are Many Reasons for Practicing There is no set reason why you should practice a martial art. Many learn to curb weight issues, get into better shape, and to keep active and fit. Some learn because they want a better chance to escape or defend if attacked. Still, others are motivated by the popular influence of Bruce Lee, Chuck Norris, Cynthia Rothrock, Don Wilson, and the other amazing action actors they see in movies and on television. Recently I received a message from a woman who described herself to me as “fat.” She wondered if she could learn a martial art. Unless you are a celebrity, it is unlikely that you have a perfect body. The truth is, martial arts don’t care how you look. Every reason is worthwhile. Martial arts promote self-discovery, no matter the exact reasons for learning. In the end, everyone comes to a similar conclusion. Martial arts improve focus and strength, and empower the mind, body & spirit. 2. Traditional v. Modern Concepts I practice traditional Korean martial arts. They are not, however, the only martial arts out there. We cannot act as if there is only one martial art in the world, or that certain ones are better than others. The truth is, other styles exist, whether we like it or not. What is the real purpose of martial arts in today’s world? Are they a defense system, a fighting art, or an art form? It all depends on the application, your perspective, and what you hope to learn. MMA, BJJ, and other grappling styles are more contemporary than Karate or TaeKwon-Do. In my classes we do some of the ground attacks and defenses because they are good to know. I can still be a traditional martial artist and explore different ideas in more modern styles. The biggest truth here is that we can all learn from each other. That does not mean that we have to become proficient in every style, or understand every concept, but it does mean that learning concepts in other styles with which you are not familiar can help to improve your overall knowledge and experience in martial arts. 3. Men and Women This topic is one of controversy and drama, at times. Is one gender better than the other? Each gender is different, but not necessarily better or worse. I think women are still trying to pave the way for their martial art practices, while men have been aligned in their systems for a while. Some women still struggle with being treated equally, whether that means sexism or lack of opportunities. Women are still fairly new to martial arts based on the history of martial arts over the course of time. Skill-wise, I have seen women and men of incredible athleticism. I’ve seen both defend, fight, and perform. I do not think I ever use gender as the deciding factor on who is better or worse. Based on skill sets, you will find that both genders have areas of strengths and weaknesses. The truth about this is that we have a passion and interest in something that we can all share together, and from which we can all build better life-long habits. We are all students in the arts, men or women, and nothing can ever diminish or change that. There is no men v. women, only men and women. What are your truths about martial arts? I suppose you have a laundry list full. Do they make you feel happier? Do you feel more fit? More able to defend yourself? Do you enjoy the competition, the camaraderie, and the instruction? Do you like the continual self-improvement, the opportunities to advance in rank, or the ability to slow life down and decrease stress through your practice? These are your truths. Why you practice is totally up to you. What style you like, and for how long you train, are also up to you. Respecting other martial artists and other styles, again, are up to you. Martial arts are whatever you choose to allow them to be in your life. They have many different applications, and that is okay, because we can all learn from each other. There is one truth that we all know for certain. It is awesome to be a martial artist! xoxo Andrea My new book, The Martial Arts Woman, is now available. Purchase through my e-commerce store: http://themartialartswoman.storenvy.com. The Martial Arts Woman book shares the stories and insights of more than twenty-five women in the martial arts, and how they apply martial arts to their lives. Unlike most other martial art books, the reader will catch a glimpse into the brave and empowered woman who dares to be all that she can be. Many of these women had to overcome great societal or personal challenges to break into the men’s world of martial arts. This book will motivate and inspire you to go after your goals in life and to fight through every challenge and defeat every obstacle. The Martial Arts Woman will open your eyes to the power of the human spirit and the martial art mindset that dwells in each of us! ABOUT THE AUTHOR: Andrea F. Harkins is a writer, motivator, life coach, martial artist, and public speaker. Her book, The Martial Arts Woman, is now available atthemartialartswoman.storenvy.com.	https://sushifitness.com/3-simple-truths-about-martial-arts/
As I am writing this a small summer storm is blowing through the city. It’s raining like crazy and I can count myself as one of the lucky ones that is sitting dry and cozy inside. I love to watch the storms and I know that they only take half an hour and they are gone again. A watery sun will appear and the world will warm itself up again. When these storms happen I open all the windows and let the wind cool down the overheated apartment I am living in. I live for summer, I love sunshine, hiking and birds falling out of trees because the temperatures go higher and higher. But that also means I spend all my time outside. I will only be inside when I really have too, or when I find a nice place with air conditioning. I guess you can say I am a lot more productive when it is cold outside, I bike faster, work harder and even cook more! This last one is pretty common, during the summer people bake less and less and eat ice cream, salads and fruit a lot more. It makes sense when you think about what the slight temperature rise the oven will do to your precious indoor climate. This is why we decided to create some no-bake cookies. An extra bonus for these cookies is that they are filled with good stuff. Instead of flour and sugar we used dates, almonds and maple syrup. We also made a peach and chia jam to fill them. Which resulted in a sticky but very tasty cookie. The cookies are stored best in the freezer, especially with the summer temperatures! When you are hungry you can just pop one (or two) out and eat them straight away. No Bake Summer Cookies Peach jam* 2 donut peaches (without the pits) or regular peaches 1 tbsp chia seeds 1 tbsp lime juice Start of by making the peach filling. Mash two donut peaches together with the lime juice and the chia seeds. Place the mixture in the fridge until it has a jam like consistency (2 to 3 hours). * This jam can also be made with for example berries! Cookies 10 juicy dates (without the pits) 2 handful almonds 5 tbsp shredded coconut 1 tbsp coconut oil 1 tbsp maple syrup Place all the ingredients in a food processor and blend until it sticks together. Take all of the dough and knead it into a ball. Roll out the dough (we used baking paper so it wouldn’t stick on the surface). Line a tray or a plate with some non sticky paper (we used baking paper). Use a cookie cutter or a knife to create the shapes and place them separately on the tray of plate. Freeze the cookies for half an hour to let them harden (or until the jam is ready). Take out the jam and the cookies. Put jam on a cookie and top with another one. Save the cookies in the freezer until you want to eat them.	https://www.inside-sprout.com/post/no-bake-summer-cookies
THE SKERKI BANK DEEP WATER ARCHAEOLOGY PROJECT, 1989, 1997 Today the discipline of archaeology underwater is undergoing technological changes just as revolutionary as the introduction of the SCUBA apparatus in the 1950s. It is now possible to locate wrecks in the deep ocean and to remove artifacts, using easily available technology. The legal and methodological framework of deep-water excavation, however, has not kept up with the technology, and many historically important shipwrecks are being plundered for commercial gain. In 1989, Dr. Robert Ballard and Dr. Anna Marguerite McCann organized a deep-water archaeological survey and excavation project focused on surveying Roman shipwrecks in 850 m of water near Skerki Bank 80 km NW of Sicily. This expedition was designed to show how archaeologists might make use of these new technologies and to bring attention to the international problem of illicit excavation. In 1997, Drs. Ballard and McCann returned with a larger team, more sophisticated equipment, and the U.S. Navy nuclear research submarine NR-1. While the NR-1 surveyed the area for new wreck sites, remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) deployed from a mother ship were used to survey, record, and remove a sample of artifacts from several Roman shipwrecks. As one of the project archaeologists, Prof. Oleson was involved with survey work on the NR-1 and recovery of artifacts by the ROVs (NR-1 bridge). In the course of the four week project, seven new shipwrecks were located and studied at depths around 850 m: four Roman merchant ships of the late Republic and early Empire (Wreck D, Wreck F), one fishing vessel possibly of the twelfth or thirteenth century, and two nineteenth-century vessels. We also documented the debris fields of Roman ships that were dumping cargo to stay afloat or spilling cargo as they sank. The Jason, the most sophisticated ROV (remotely-operated vehicle) ever used for archaeological work, documented the sites with digital and video photography, then recovered selected artifacts for study. The Roman wrecks show a fascinating mix of cargoes, including quarry-rough blocks of granite, a wide variety of amphoras, whole sets of kitchen ware and fine ware, and bronze vessels. The expedition was widely reported in international print and television media. The final report of the project has been published: A.M. McCann, J.P. Oleson, Deep-Water Shipwrecks off Skerki Bank: The 1997 Survey, Journal of Roman Archaeology, Suppl. 58. Portsmouth R.I.: JRA, 2004. Pp. 224, 228 illus., 42 colour pls.. Ballard, Robert, "High-Tech Search for Roman Shipwrecks." National Geographic 193.4 (April 1998) 32-41. Ballard, Robert, and A.M. McCann, J. Oleson et al., "The discovery of ancient history in the deep sea using advanced deep submergence technology," Deep-Sea Research I.47 (2000) 1591-1620. McCann, A.M. and J. Freed, Deep Water Archaeology. Ann Arbor, 1994. McCann, A.M., "Roman Shipwrecks from the Deep Sea: New Trade Route off Skerki Bank in the Mediterranean."Context, Boston University Center for Archaeological Studies 14.2 (Fall, 1999) 1-6. McCann, A.M., "Amphoras from the Deep Sea: Ancient Shipwrecks between Carthage and Rome."Rei Cretariae Fautorum Acta 36 (2000) 443-48. McCann, A.M., "An Early Imperial Shipwreck in the Deep Sea off Skerki Bank."Rei Cretariae Fautorum Acta 37 (2001) 257-64. McCann, A.M., J.P. Oleson, et al. Deep-Water Shipwrecks off Skerki Bank: The 1997 Survey. To be published as a Supplement to Journal of Roman Archaeology. Portsmouth, R.I.: 2004. J. Oleson, "The Extraordinary Skerki Bank Project." Discovery: Newsletter of the Royal B.C. Museum 25.5 (January 1998) 4-5.	https://web.uvic.ca/~jpoleson/SkerkiBank/Skerkibank.html
Though that was years ago, I suspect these sentiments endure through each new generation of driver, and feed the resistance to change that so many environmental managers meet when trying to promote sustainable transport within their companies and communities. After all, how do change behaviour when it is linked to something so personal? Your own vehicle provides comfort and convenience as well as a feeling of security. Things that many drivers believe are not provided by the sustainable alternatives. So what is the answer? Well, in my experience there is no single solution. Rather a strategy needs to be developed that offers options that educate the commuters and then allows them to cobble together their own sustainable transport plan. This approach has been adopted by many organisations and is increasingly popular within the tertiary education sector, where universities are keen to reduce their emissions footprint. This article looks several projects established by the Australian National University in Canberra as part of a multi-faceted transport strategy. In Australia, my home country, commuting by car is the norm. For example, on any given day, 70% of drivers use their vehicle to travel to work, while 88% use it for private commuting. Annually, Australians drive 167 billion kilometres – the equivalent of 20 return trips to Pluto. Note that as of 2013-14 the average emissions for Australian passenger vehicles were 190g/km. While this figure is reducing with more efficient motor technology, it remains substantially higher than Europe at 132.4g/km. Though not an overly large city, the culture of driving in Canberra is fed by a very effective road system and reasonably affordable parking. There is public transport in the form of a bus service – a light rail system is currently in early stages of construction – but negative perceptions about its reliability and safety have grown over the years (a common belief in many public transport systems around the world). These are often used to justify driving a car. When the Australian National University developed its campus environmental management plan, sustainable transport was a key element. However, establishing an effective strategy for change was difficult because there was very little information about commuter behaviour. To fill that gap, a series of ‘audits’ were conducted, in which auditors – mostly volunteer students – were placed at all entries to the campus, where they did a simple count of the number of single occupant and multiple passengers vehicles, cyclists, walkers and commuters disembarking at the university bus stop. The data confirmed that the majority were single driver vehicles and further analysis was then undertaken to identify any barriers that might be preventing commuters using alternative transport options. Public transport was an obvious alternative to private vehicles but interviews with drivers identified a very poor knowledge of the Canberra bus services. Additionally, services to the campus were not scheduled to meet the community needs, particularly those of students whose classes were running outside normal peak demand periods. To address this the university management collaborated with the local transport authority to develop a more effective schedule. This resulted in some increase in bus commuting, though was probably most effective in reducing ‘decay’ – that is, minimising the number of users swapping to private vehicles because they were more convenient. Like most transport strategies, attempts were made to promote carpooling, thus reducing the number of vehicles travelling to campus. A database was developed to allow drivers to find suitable matches (people living in the same area, working the same times etc) and again, while some used this service, the uptake was minimal, in part because there was artificiality in the relationship. Many people were uncomfortable with the idea of sharing a vehicle with a complete stranger. We found that a more effective approach was to encourage families to drive together where practical, emphasising in media a goal of reducing their family environmental footprint, as well as saving a few dollars on petrol. The transport audits showed there was an underlying willingness among some staff and students to ride to campus (Canberra has a very good cycle track network), but the lack of end of trip facilities was a barrier. Community interviews highlighted concerns there were no secure storage for bikes on campus and limited locker facilities in buildings. A project was established to address both these issues. Lockers were retrofitted into many areas and were part of the fit out of new buildings. Adequate shower facilities were also part of new designs. The university then began a staged construction of free-standing bike enclosures in close proximity to teaching research and accommodation areas. To date, 35 enclosures have been completed with enough storage space for more than 2,000 bikes. This is in addition to the outdoor bicycle hoops outside every campus building. Though definitive data is still being collated, anecdotal evidence suggests there has been an increase in cyclist numbers on campus, with most of the facilities being fully utilised. To further promote the use of bicycles, the university also introduced a corporate bike fleet which allows staff and students to book bikes for intra campus travel. However, perhaps the most innovative programme implemented was the Go Green, Get Lean Cycle-to-Campus Challenge, which deliberately combined sustainable travel with improving physical fitness and overall health. The key features included: The participants undertook a 10-week fitness programme, which involved a progressive substitution of motorised commuting with cycling. Weekly exercise sessions provided participants with additional strength and flexibility conditioning and built their confidence to continue a safe and effective exercise regime. In addition to exercise training, participants received instruction in rider safety, nutrition and bike maintenance. In the last couple of years sustainable transport initiatives have focused on addressing the issue of convenience provided by having your vehicle on campus. The use of car share services has increased globally and taking a lead from that broader community, the university has partnered with a commercial provider to establish its own programme on campus. This service provides an alternative for department vehicle fleets, with staff being able to book a car for business use using an online register. The same service also allows private bookings at a competitive hourly rate, thus providing people who elect to commute to campus using public transport (or any other means) with access to a motor vehicle if needed during the day. While motor vehicles are still a prominent feature on campus, the combined effect of these projects is seeing some change in attitudes. Alternative transport options are there and every now and then a commuter will make the decision to catch the bus or ride to work that day, rather than drive. Small steps but important ones on the real journey towards a sustainable lifestyle.	https://environmentjournal.online/articles/challenges-sustainable-transport/
Carbon monoxide poisoning is reportable by law whereby laboratories are required to report incidents in which a patient’s carboxyhemoglobin level meets or exceeds 9% Reported cases are then entered into the Carbon Monoxide Poisoning database. The database was initiated in October of 1997 and approximately 50 cases are reported annually. This database collects the following demographics: name, age, race, ethnicity, gender, date of birth, address and occupation. The database is used to assess level of CO concentration and use of CO detectors. The data is available to the public via a written request to the principal investigator; no patient identifiers are provided. CT Poison Control Center (CPCC)’s database Toxicall ®. Toxicall generates data as individual patient phone calls are received. The data include patient demographics (age, gender, and telephone number), exposures, and medical histories (underlying medical conditions, past prescription and over-the-counter drug use and general health). In addition, the database contains hospital poisoning admissions as all CT hospitals are required by law to report to the Poison Information Center each incident of a treated accidental poisoning. The database includes the following: patient name, gender, age, zip code (occasional address) and the name of the recorder. Possible limitation is that data… “may be coded somewhat variably by the poison specialists who are entering data, initial contact usually from home or ED where information may not be certain or still unfolding.” The database is used to assess drug abuse trends, bioterrorism threats and report human poisoning statistics. Approximately 36,000 cases are reported annually. National trend data is available to the public by written request; CT specific data may require Association approval and must follow HIPAA guidelines. CPCC’s data are uploaded in real time to the National Toxic Exposure Surveillance System, in which data are monitored for circumstances such as multiple patients reporting similar toxic clinical effects, which may indicate a sentinel event or trend in exposures.	https://portal.ct.gov/DPH/Environmental-Health/Environmental-Public-Health-Tracking/Carbon-Monoxide
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Citation: Walton S, Livermore L, Dillen M, De Smedt S, Groom Q, Koivunen A, Phillips S (2020) A cost analysis of transcription systems. Research Ideas and Outcomes 6: e56211. https://doi.org/10.3897/rio.6.e56211 We compare different approaches to transcribing natural history data and summarise the advantages and disadvantages of each approach using six case studies from four different natural history collections. We summarise the main cost considerations when planning a transcription project and discuss the limitations we current have in understanding the costs behind transcription and data quality. natural history collections, cost analysis, transcription, specimen digitisation, label information, crowdsourcing, automation Natural History (NH) collections are a critical infrastructure for meeting the most important challenge humans face – creating a sustainable future for ourselves and the natural systems on which we depend – and for answering fundamental scientific questions about ecological, evolutionary, and geological processes. In order to use collections to address these challenges, we need to have both human- and machine- readable data. Data about NH specimens remain largely human readable and only accessible physically, by looking at corresponding handwritten, typed or printed labels or registers. While digitisation rates of NH specimens have increased in the last decade ( There are four different approaches to specimen data transcription: (1) direct manual transcription into institutional collections management systems (CMS) or spreadsheets; (2) crowdsourcing using online platforms like Atlas of Living Australia's Digivol, DoeDat, and Notes from Nature; (3) outsourced transcription to a specialised commercial company like the Dutch Alembo; and (4) automated or semi-automated methods like optical character recognition (OCR) or hand-written text recognition (HTR). The majority of institutions rely on the first method and some have experimented with the others. While automated solutions continue to slowly develop, manual input and crowdsourcing are the primary transcription methods. While the differences in timing per specimen for each of these methods may vary only by a matter of seconds, these differences increase exponentially when applied to thousands of specimens. Thus the impact of subtle changes in workflow, the inclusion of certain outputs like geolocation or taxonomic resolution, the skill and experience level of transcribers, and the accuracy of the transcription quickly accumulate and may have a significant impact on the cost of digitising an entire collection. All links referenced in this report were archived using the Internet Archive's Wayback Machine save page service on 06-07-2020. Due to the numerous factors that impact the pace and cost of transcription, direct comparisons cannot be made between different methods ( An evaluation of these different methods leads to a series of recommendations and considerations for institutions that are considering different approaches to transcription. Due to limitations in collecting accurate cost comparison data, this report does not offer explicit benchmarks on how much transcription can be expected to cost - this will vary for each institution based on a host of factors discussed. However sample costs for different methods and workflows are presented where available in the context of subtle changes and operational efficiencies that will have an impact on time and, ultimately, cost. This project report was written as a formal Deliverable (D4.5) of the ICEDIG Project and was previously made available to project partners and submitted to the European Commision as a report. While the differences between these versions are minor the authors consider this the definitive version of the report. The time and costs associated with the different transcription methods can vary greatly based on two sets of factors. The two sets of factors - information and workflow - need to be managed regardless of which of the four methods (manual, crowdsourcing, outsourced or automated) are employed. The primary considerations when approaching transcription are the amount of information on the specimen’s label, the difficulty of reading this label information (e.g. handwriting or damage), and the level of interpretation required to create usable data from verbatim data (e.g. for georeferencing). The speed and accuracy of transcribing primary data are influenced by the level of expertise of the transcriber and their knowledge of the subject matter. The scope of data to be transcribed can also vary widely, with smaller collections tending to complete more fields while larger collections lean towards minimal “skeletal” or “stub” records, identifying higher priority specimens to fully transcribe later. If using the same methodology, the costs of creating records with less data are lower than those with more data. There are currently no agreed standards for the level of data capture expected in the digitisation process, although a new standard has been proposed within the ICEDIG project: ‘Minimum Information about a Digital Specimen (MIDS)’ ( The secondary factor is the workflow established for the transcription process. Some collections are barcoded, imaged and transcribed at the same time while others are done in phases, with barcoding and imaging occurring first and then a digitiser returning to the specimen later to transcribe the labels from the images. In some cases, transcription is broken out into further phases with basic information like UID (unique identifier) and taxonomy entered first and then more detailed collector and geographic information transcribed later. This phased approach is often taken when the physical organisation of the collection and sorting of specimens effectively encodes useful metadata about the specimens, most commonly taxonomy but sometimes geography, collector and other data. The speed of the workflow is influenced by the level of automation available in assigning details like UIDs and location names as well as the design of a CMS and the number of steps required to create a new item within the software. Both Some CMSs and institutions include fields for both verbatim and interpreted data, leaving it to data users to make assessments of the data later. A majority of digitisation projects include some degree of data interpretation which has the benefit of making data more useful for research, data aggregation, findability and linkage The quality of data transcription, particularly if labels are difficult to read and some level of interpretation is required, can vary greatly depending on the experience of the transcriber. A majority of institutions in this study rely on in-house staff with some, if not extensive, experience specifically in the taxa and geographic regions they are digitising. In a study comparing the quality of georeferencing between experts and volunteers, Semi-automation and automation can also play a significant role in both the time and cost of digitisation. Optical character recognition (OCR) has been shown to be effective for biodiversity literature but is only in the earliest stages of application to biodiversity labels, which may contain a number of complexities and nuances not found in literature. While manual transcription can account for minor issues like typos, OCR transcription is often entirely verbatim and cannot, at this point, be combined with higher-level interpretation such as aligning with Darwin Core standards, conducting complex georeferencing and parsing into specific database fields. Label transcription also often requires hand-written text recognition (HTR). Multiple companies now provide online API-based OCR tools to extract and interpret text, such as Google’s Cloud Vision, Microsoft’s Azure Cognitive Services and IBM’s Watson. Platforms like Transkribus ( However, these tools are still being tested for efficiency, cost and accuracy ( An ICEDIG report to understand the costs of mass digitisation ( In the absence of comparable cost data, this report focuses on tactics for reducing the time taken for transcription, which ultimately drives cost. Without a set of established standards and a large sample of equally mature workflows, it was not possible to acquire truly comparable cost data that could be quantitatively analysed. Rather, we asked for available cases, either in the format of case studies, project reports or raw data, that covered any of the four transcription methods - OCR, crowdsourcing, outsourced or in-house manual transcription. We asked for descriptions of the following information: Scope of data being transcribed (e.g. country, collector, taxon); Software being used; Transcription and/or georeferencing methodology; Associated labour (e.g. staff time and approximate grade); and Any other important considerations. All seven collections-holding partners within the ICEDIG Project were surveyed and seven cases were returned (Table Institution responses (from ICEDIG collection holding institutes) to calls for transcription cases grouped by transcription method. NB * and † indicate that these methods were used together in the same project (see the case studies). \|Institution\|\|Manual\|\|Crowdsourced\|\|Outsourced\|\|Automated\| \|Meise Botanic Garden (MeiseBG)\|\|1\|\|1\|\|1*\|\|1\| \|Naturalis Biodiversity Center (NBC)\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\| \|Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (RBGK)\|\|1†\|\|1†\|\|-\|\|-\| \|Finnish Museum of Natural History (Luomus)\|\|1\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\| \|Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\| \|University of Tartu (UTARTU)\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\| \|Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK)\|\|2\|\|-\|\|-\|\|-\| Bumblebees (Bombus sp.) and birdwing butterflies (Ornithoptera, Trogonoptera, and Troides) were digitised in two different pinned insect workflows but followed similar processes. The key difference is that the Bombus collection was georeferenced but the butterfly collection was not. The digitisers who managed the transcription have prior experience with similar collection types but would refer questions on taxonomic or name resolutions to specific curators. The date range of the collections extended to the late 18th century and, as result, the labels included a mix of both handwritten and typed information. Digitisation was carried out in three phases - 1) imaging, 2) label transcription and 3) georeferencing. For Bombus, all specimens first went through phase 1 as a group, then all went through phase 2 and then went to phase 3. For the Birdwings, the collections were grouped into batches by genera and then taken as groups through the three phases. In the first stage, labels were removed and placed next to the specimens and then the specimens were imaged. Files were renamed using an automated software with the specimen’s UID (from the barcode number) and taxonomy. In the second phase, label data were manually transcribed from the images into an Excel spreadsheet. The spreadsheet was pre-populated with the UID and taxonomy collected in phase one by exporting it from the CMS and copying into the spreadsheet. The Bombus specimens were physically arranged based on taxonomy then by sex. The following information was transcribed: Catalogue/Specimen and acquisition/registration numbers: These were captured verbatim based on what is on the label. Locality: These data differed between the two collections. The Bombus project was a UK collection and locations were easily sourced from a master site that had been developed as part of the iCollections project. A dropdown list was available within the spreadsheet that contained the master sites from which a site could be selected. If a specimen’s locality was not in the master sites list, the locality was transcribed verbatim with only the country interpreted. (For these specimens, their verbatim localities were georeferenced in phase 3 following the transcription completion). For the butterflies collection, which did not originate in the UK, all of the information on the locality label were transcribed verbatim aside from the country which was interpreted. Collection Date: Dates were transcribed verbatim, however, some exceptions were interpreted (month = roman numerals; year = last two digits etc). If a range was provided, the start and end dates were both entered into different columns. Collectors: Initially transcribed verbatim and upon completion all entries with only initials were interpreted. Type Status: Transcribed verbatim. Sex: Sex was interpreted (♂ = male; ♀ = female etc). Life Stage: Life stage was only available for butterflies and was interpreted. Preparation: Preparation was only available for butterflies and was captured verbatim. Georeferencing was only done for the Bombus collection because the research project required georeferencing data. However no georeferencing was done for butterflies. Results for both collections are in Table This case represents a standard example of a manual workflow that occurs in two phases - initial digitisation/imaging and then transcription. There was some slight automation with the ability to draw from a pre-existing list of UK locations, which may have saved some time. Also, while some of the cases were georeferenced, it was only a small portion of them and, as georeferencing tends to be the most time-consuming aspect of transcription, its absence in most cases may contribute to the short time of only approximately ~35 seconds per specimen. This collection consisted of approximately 10,000 Legume sheets, which were barcoded and imaged as part of a focused digitisation project. At the time of this study, approximately 3,000 of these were transcribed. The remaining non-transcribed specimens were used to conduct an analysis of the transcription workflow. Because of the mixed nature of the collection labels - some typed, some handwritten and some mixed - this collection provided a good case study on the time differences that can result from difficult-to-read labels. The digitiser specifically chose specimens from the Tropical Africa region because they had no prior experience with the area and thus the speed of digitisation would be less impacted by familiarity bias. Drawing specimens from a similar locality would also make the digitisation process faster and more efficient. Two different methodologies were tested to assess the difference in timings. For Test 1, 100 specimens were selected, 50 of which were transcribed in full directly into the CMS and 50 of which were transcribed in full directly into Excel, which would later be uploaded into the CMS. In Test 2, 100 different specimens were again selected, 50 of which went into the CMS and 50 of which went into Excel. However, transcription was broken out into two phases. In the first phase, only the collector, collection number and date were transcribed. Then in the second phase, the basic specimen transcriptions were grouped together by collector and collection date, thus pooling similar transcription needs together in order to improve the efficiency of georeferencing and further data input. In a final Test 3, a third set of 100 specimens was selected and measured for the length of time to transcribe three different types of labels. Specimen BM013711060 - Vigna oblongifolia A.Rich. Specimen BM013712463 - Dolichos linearifolius I.M.Johnst. Specimen BM013712122 - Sphenostylis stenocarpa (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Harms. Specimen BM013712599 Dolichos kilimandscharicus var. kilimandscharicus. Specimen BM013711153 - Vigna racemosa (G.Don) Hutch. & Dalziel. Specimen BM013712091 - Sphenostylis marginata subsp. erecta (Baker f.) Verdc. For all specimens, the following data were entered: Table Results from Test 1 comparing direct entry into a Collections Management System and Excel. \|Number of records\|\|Time taken to transcribe (minutes)\|\|Minutes per specimen\| \|Collections Management System\|\|50\|\|355.5\|\|7.11\| \|Excel\|\|50\|\|343\|\|6.86\| When transcription and georeferencing was split into two stages, the time taken decreased (Table \|Number of records\|\|Time taken (minutes)\|\|Minutes per record\|\|Total (minutes per record)\| \|CMS - stage 1\|\|50\|\|74\|\|1.48\|\|5.34\| \|CMS - stage 2\|\|193\|\|3.86\| \|Excel - stage 1\|\|50\|\|140\|\|2.80\|\|5.82\| \|Excel - stage 2\|\|151\|\|3.02\| Transcription and georeferencing timings by label category can be seen in Table The shortened time for inputting data into Excel may be different for other institutions working with a different CMS in which data entry is more streamlined or for which a user interface is more efficient. In this case, the differences between the CMS and Excel are 15 and 30 seconds, respectively, and when that is related to a 7 and 5 minute process it is unlikely that the difference between systems is significant. The researcher also noted that the staged approach is only suitable for larger collections in which there is a higher chance of multiple similar specimens grouping together than with small collections. While the time for the above Bombus and butterflies was roughly 35 seconds per specimen, these specimens required roughly 5-6 minutes per specimen. This dramatically increased length of time is likely due to the time-consuming process of georeferencing. Luomus has digitised 300,000 specimens from their pinned insect collection and 400,000 specimens from their herbarium sheet collection. The herbarium sheet workflow in this case included only general herbarium, specimens from outside of Fennoscandia, as more than 50% of Fennoscandian herbarium have already been digitised while only 1-2% of general herbarium have been digitised. The insect collection is predominantly from the early 19th century with many handwritten labels but some of the more recent specimens (1850-1950) have their data typed or printed on their labels. Even for recent specimens a significant majority still have some handwritten data on their labels. A semi-automated conveyor belt system for pinned insects and herbarium digitisation contributes considerably to digitisation throughput ( For pinned insects, transcription data was entered directly into Excel and then later uploaded into the CMS. Similar to the NHMUK’s Legumes sheet case, transcription is done in two phases - (1) imaging and transcription and (2) additional transcription, cleanup and verification. All data on the labels are interpreted rather than transcribed verbatim and read from the label images on the preview screen of the digitisation line. A minimum amount of data are collected in phase one depending on the clarity and ease of transcription from the label. Taxon and collection always immediately transcribed and, if time allows, country, locality, date and collector are also transcribed. If the specimen requires more time for transcription, the record is flagged for secondary transcription to be returned to later. In the second phase of post-processing, specimens that were tagged for errors are cleaned up: Collectors: Names are expanded if possible (from ‘Lauro’ to ‘Lauro, Viljo’; from ‘Lindbg.’ to ‘Lindberg’). Collection Date: Impossible dates are updated and then flagged for verification (from ‘31.9.1909’ to ‘30.9.1909’. Locality: Place names are modernised, checked for typos and made congruent with matching place names (from ‘Hellsinki’ to ‘Helsinki). Georeferencing: Specimens are georeferenced to find the latitude/longitude semi-automatically by comparing to a list of approximately 2000 known localities that were curated manually prior to the digitisation process. Once the data have been captured, an adhesive label with a unique barcode is printed and mounted on the sheet. For herbarium sheets, data are entered directly into a custom web-based application - LumousWBF - and then uploaded into the CMS. The following data are all entered at the same time: Collection ID, Specimen ID and Owner. Digitisation ID: This is the UID generated automatically by the digitisation system. Taxon: This is copied from what is on the folder. Continent: This is selected from a collection of 11 options, with more specific categories available for local species. Notes and Tick Marks: If needed, there is space to flag messy sheets that need manual checking after imaging. At the moment, only a minimal amount of data is transcribed in an effort to digitise as much of the collection as possible rather than go in-depth on priority specimens. For pinned insects, transcription adds 25-30% of time on top of the time for barcoding and imaging. The first phase of transcription, which includes only basic information, processes 300-500 specimens a day. Calculated across an 7.5 hour day, this amounts to 0.9 to 1.5 minutes per specimen. Phase two georeferencing and cross-checking adds additional time on top of this. The throughput for herbarium sheets is approximately 1000 sheets per day or 2.22 minutes per sheet. Unlike the NHMUK, transcription was done at the time of imaging. The pinned insect collection was georeferenced which likely contributed to the time required for each specimen, although was significantly shorter than NHMUK’s legume sheets. This may be due to the slight automation of the process by connecting to a places database. The team noted that OCR software had been tried, but because most of the specimens are old and at least partially handwritten, this did not perform well. The collection consisted of 23,700 specimens that needed to be digitised for a specific research project on Leguminosae. The funds were not available to support full label transcription for all specimens and no georeferencing was carried out as a result. In order to work efficiently with the funds available, different workflows and transcription levels were used for different specimens depending on their priority. This case also relied on different groups of transcribers with different levels of experience with collections and transcription. The two main transcribers were quite familiar with herbarium specimens with multiple years of experience in both herbarium and fungarium transcription and digitisation. The limitation in funds also led to the use of an online volunteer service in order to crowdsource transcriptions from the general public, thus providing an important case into transcription timings and costs associated with this method. The workflow was broken out into three stages - folder level transcription and imaging, full transcription and volunteer transcription. First, specimens were barcoded and data were input directly into MS Access. A form was designed specifically for the process to allow one entry for multiple specimens with the same folder level information so that a new record wouldn’t have to be created every time. Folder level information was gathered before the specimens were imaged and then, if further transcription was required, this was done from images later in the process. The following data were transcribed verbatim: Box Name (this was a temporary name used to help track specimens through the digitisation process) entered once per data entry session Barcode UID - Read using a barcode reader Entered by - selected once per data entry session Type status - dropdown Project Name - dropdown Selected once per data entry session Family, Genus, Species: Taxon names were selected from a pre-populated drop down list InfraSpec Rank and InfraSpec Name Identification Qualifier - drop down Higher Geographical Region and Country (no georeferencing) - drop down for region Restrictions - Tick box Image metadata including the list of barcodes (files), user, imaged date, harddrive number, camera asset number and resolution were then manually entered. Macros were used to generate the list of barcodes from the filename. Lastly the primary data from the records were checked against the image data using automated queries to highlight any missing records or images, which were then backfilled. In phase two, the specimens were divided into two groups - (1) priority specimens flagged as high priority and fully transcribed and (2) a second tier of priority specimens selected for more transcription, but not at the level of depth of the first group. For the first group, a list of 73 data fields were considered, although many were left blank as they were not present on the label. However all determinations on the sheet were transcribed. Only 50 specimens were transcribed per person per day to this level of depth. For the second group, the following data were transcribed: Phase three then extended all remaining transcriptions to a crowdsourcing platform called DigiVol. The majority of the information on the label was captured with the exception of the determination history - volunteers were asked to transcribe only the most recent determination on the specimen. While the funded project was running, every specimen transcribed was validated by project staff. The first phase in the process of imaging and basic data transcription cost £130 for 200 specimens (the average daily rate of digitisation for one person), or £1.50 per specimen to cover staff costs. The level of transcription for the second phase was considerably deeper. Only 50 specimens were transcribed per person per day - or 9 minutes per specimen - with each cost transcription costing £2.60 for staff time. The third phase that covered primarily collector and geographic data had a throughput of 90 specimens per person per day - or 5 minutes per specimen - at a cost of £1.44. The rate of transcription in the crowdsourcing platform was around 50 specimens per day - similar to a rate of one digitiser. The rate of validation when completed by volunteers is much slower at half the rate of transcription as there are few volunteers validating; however staff validated at a rate of approximately 100 specimens per day. The amount is variable depending on the experience of transcribers who complete the transcription. The direct cost for the volunteers was £0, but the cost for validation from £1.18 per specimen for staff. Other indirect costs for managaging crowdsourcing (e.g. platform maintenence, uploading data, and communication with volunteers) was not included. Kew reported positive results from the work with DigiVol and its use in ongoing digitisation work has continued, with the goal of digitising the remaining specimens in this project. In assessment of the dataset published by Costwise, the Google Vision API is free if the number of submitted images does not exceed 1,000 per month, after which price depends on the functionalities requested. New users receive a €270 voucher which covers all expenses incurred in this type of trial aside from the original imaging costs. All 1800 images had been uploaded in a JPEG format as part of a pilot trialing Zenodo. A summary file listing all Zenodo image URLs was also made available on Zenodo. Using a Python script which relied primarily on the Python Google Cloud Vision API Client Library (https://googleapis.dev/python/vision/1.0.0/index.html), the images were supplied to the Google API from the Zenodo URLs. The API was accessed by setting up a service account to generate a JSON bearer token. The script and some further documentation can be found at https://github.com/AgentschapPlantentuinMeise/gcloud-vision. The requested services were text detection, document text detection, label detection, logo detection and object localization. Text detection is OCR for extracting pieces of text from an image. Document text detection is a method more optimized for dense text, such as scanned documents. It is also capable of recognizing handwritten text. Label detection is the annotating of images with labels describing features present in them. For more information, see https://cloud.google.com/vision/docs/how-to. In the first run, 188 requests out of 1,800 (10%) failed. These failures are rendered through different error codes in the JSON response, so that the API itself sees them as successes. 16 failures were due to large file sizes of images, 52 were due to failed access to the image URL and the remaining 120 were assigned a vague error of ‘Bad image data.’ This message may have been due to a megapixel limit, as mentioned in a related discussion on Stackoverflow. A second run resolved a majority of the URL errors, but not the ‘Bad image data’ ones. In a final third run of 133 images, all of the images breaching the file size and presumed megapixel limits were auto-resized through a batch conversion tool (IrfanView 4.50), then uploaded to a Google Cloud Storage bucket, as per Google’s guidelines. In their guidelines, Google advises against using third party URLs for image submission. The Python script was modified to access the URLs from Google Cloud rather than Zenodo which resolved all remaining errors. Considerable time was needed to image the specimens; For more information, see Processing time through the API is in the range of ca. 15 minutes for 133 images. Previous runs took less time per image, but that is most likely due to the larger rate of failure. Using an automated service like an API requires a specific in-house skill set different than manual workflows - a computer programmer that can establish connection to the API. While the cost for this test was very low and easily covered by the voucher, it is difficult to predict the exact costs of a project from the Google console. Failed requests are still billed, even in cases where the API fails to retrieve the image such as in the cases of broken URLs. While these errors can be diminished once Google Storage URLs are assigned and images are resized according to the guidelines, the number of errors and the associated cost of re-running them, are difficult to predict. This also implies additional costs for Google Storage depending on the number of images involved. Quality assurance was not included as part of this trial but would be critical in understanding cost effectiveness compared to other methods. In 2015, Meise Botanic Garden started its first mass digitisation project DOE!. Within this project 1.2 million herbarium specimens from the African and Belgian vascular plant collection were digitised. These collections were selected among others because Meise has the reference collections for both Belgium and central Africa. The original plan was to digitize only the central African specimens, which are easily recognisable as they are stored in a brown folder, while the rest of the African specimens are kept in a green folder. However, it turned out to be very inefficient to only take the central African specimens out of storage, as they are still mixed together with the other African ones in the same cupboards. So it was decided to scan all specimens in these cupboards and thus digitize the whole African collection. In order to work efficiently with the funds available, three different workflows were used during the DOE! Project. Two different workflows - one manual in-house process and a second outsourced manual process - were used for the African collection. Staff resources for processing all specimens in-house were insufficient. For the Belgian collection, a volunteer service was used, in part as outreach to the Belgian public. The African Collection The African collection holds approximately 1 million specimens of which 60% were collected in central Africa (Congo DR, Rwanda and Burundi). The specimens are stored in alphabetical order by family, genus, species, country, phytoregion and collector, and the collection is well curated. For 407,329 specimens, only minimal data - filing name, barcode, collector, number and country (and phytoregion for central African specimens) - were entered directly into the CMS, BGBase, by herbarium technicians and volunteers. On average, 10 to 15 people encoded minimal data for 2 hours each work day for a period of 20 months. All data were entered verbatim except for the filing name. For collector, both verbatim and interpreted data were input because the link was made between the verbatim data and our collectors table in BGBase. Additional data for 117,338 of the above records were added by Alembo, a company that specialises in transcription services and has been contracted to transcribe herbarium specimen labels for Naturalis in the Netherlands and the Smithsonian Institute in the USA. Transcription is done from digital images and entered directly into Alembo’s proprietary transcription tool. In addition to basic details, date (day, month, year and date as given), altitude (height, range and unit) and coordinates are also entered (if available on the label). For another 415,364 specimens, all the minimal and additional data as described above were entered by Alembo in addition to country_as_given for collectors. Meise provided a lookup table where we linked to the collector’s codes of BGBase. It took Alembo approximately 7 months to transcribe the data. In conjunction with Alembo’s transcription, 6 people from Meise were checking 10% of the transcribed specimens, giving feedback where necessary. After Alembo’s transcription data were approved, a .csv file was created from the data. Before the data was imported into Meise’s CMS, the database manager assessed the quality of the data transcribed by Alembo to be good. In addition, thanks to the huge amount of data, he was able to further improve the quality of the data before the import by sorting on collector and collection number. Interpretation errors that could not have been determined without the availability of all other label data could be filtered out this way. For example, erroneous transcriptions for country could be addressed by sorting on collector and with ascending collector number. However, data quality improvement in this way is very time consuming and took a couple of months time to finish. The Belgian Collection For the Belgian collection a different approach was chosen because Meise wanted to get the public involved in the activities of the Garden and its collection. DoeDat was created, a multilingual crowdsourcing platform based on the code of the Atlas of Living Australia (https://www.doedat.be). Alembo was used for preliminary transcription of the filing name but then further transcription was conducted in DoeDat. During the preparatory phase of the digitisation, a cover barcode was added to a folder every time a filing name changed. These covers with the cover barcode were also imaged on the conveyor belt and were linked to all the subsequent specimens. Only these cover images were sent to Alembo who transcribed only the filing name from the cover using a lookup list which was provided by the garden. After approval, the filing name and barcode were the only information that was added to the CMS. Different projects were then created within DoeDat based on families and put up one by one. Volunteers in DoeDat were asked to transcribe the following label data from the 307,547 Belgian herbarium sheets: Scientific name as given, vernacular name, uses, collectors as given, collector (standard through a lookup table), collector number, collection date (day, month, year, range and date as given), habitat, cultivated?, plant description, misc, locality as given, altitude, IFBL grid cell (http://projects.biodiversity.be/ifbl/pages/methodology), coordinates as given and country. Transcriptions were then validated for ca. 15,000 sheets. Of these, only 4 were ruled as invalid. Validation took between 1.7 - 1.9 minutes per specimen. Minor corrections, such as typos, are not counted as invalid. Considerable time was needed for all approaches. When staff entered minimal data, up to 70 specimens per hour per person could be transcribed directly in the collection management system. Outsourcing label transcription is per item at the point of transcription, but requires staff to conduct quality control. Sufficient time is also needed for preparation of the protocol, training the transcribers and import of the data into the CMS. For crowdsourcing, data entry is much slower, and additional resource is required to maintain the portal and ongoing projects, as well as significant effort put into advertising the platform. However, it is a beneficial method if the objective is to connect with citizens who are interested in science. As of 20 November 2019, volunteers had transcribed almost 75,000 herbarium specimens since the launch early 2018 and it took an average 3.5 - 4.1 minutes to digitise a specimen between transcription and validation. The platform now has more than 300 active volunteers, but the majority of contributions to these herbarium sheet projects come from a dedicated core group of users. Most transcription sessions seem to take less than 200 seconds (Fig. Meise is pleased with the quality of the data that came from Alembo. However, the following needs to be taken into account: during the preparatory phase, it can take a number of months to come up with a good transcription protocol. The protocol must apply for all the variations in label information. Significant time for training Alembo staff must also be considered, as well as maintaining sufficient internal staff to quality assurance during the transcription process either during or after the process. Meise Botanic Garden will continue with DoeDat and try to expand the portal to other institutes to get more people to the platform. A lack of a full financial breakdown and full data quality information for many of these workflows limits our ability to understand the costs and cost-effectiveness for each transcription package. Slight differences in the way data were transcribed, the amount of data transcribed and its formatting led to differences in the pace of transcription. Differences in how institutions measure and report their data also make it difficult to make direct comparisons. Some focused on testing different input methods while others use a single process. Some institutions measured time starting at imaging through to georeferencing while others only looked at the time to transcribe. However, even with these differences, the approximate minutes per specimen per person were available for each of the different methods for each institution, providing helpful information on the time ranges associated with different methods (Table \|Project\|\|Collection Type\|\|Method\|\|Included Georeference?\|\|Verbatim or Interpreted?\|\|Resolved to Pre-Filled List?\|\|Time per specimen per person\| \|NHMUK 1a: Bombus\|\|Pinned insects\|\|In-house staff manual\|\| \| YES (UK only) \|Mixed\|\|For locality and georeference\|\|33 seconds\| \|NHMUK 1b: Birdwing butterflies\|\|Pinned insects\|\|In-house staff manual\|\|NO\|\|Mixed\|\|For locality\|\|38 seconds\| \|NHMUK 2: Leguminosae\|\|Herbarium sheets\|\|In-house staff manual\|\|YES\|\|Majority verbatim\|\|None\|\|5 - 6 minutes\| \|Luomus 1a\|\|Pinned insects\|\|In-house staff manual\|\|YES\|\|Interpreted\|\|For georeference\|\|0.9 - 1.5 minutes\| \|Luomus 1b\|\|Herbarium sheets\|\|In-house staff manual\|\|NO\|\|Interpreted\|\|For continent\|\|2.22 minutes (p/ sheet)\| \|RBGK: Leguminosae\|\|Herbarium sheets\|\|In-house staff manual & Crowdsourcing\|\|NO\|\|Mixed\|\| \| taxonomic Names Country \|9 - 14 minutes\| \|Meise 1: Various\|\|Herbarium sheets\|\|Google Vision API\|\|NO\|\|Verbatim\|\|None\|\|6.6 seconds\| \|Meise 2a: Africa Collection\|\|Herbarium sheets\|\|In-house staff manual\|\|Coordinates entered if on label\|\|Both\|\|For collectors\|\|51 seconds\| \|Meise 2a: Africa Collection\|\|Herbarium sheets\|\|Outsourced manual\|\|Coordinates entered if on label\|\|Verbatim\|\|For collectors\|\|n/a\| \|Meise 2b: Belgium Collection\|\|Herbarium sheets\|\|Crowdsourcing\|\|Coordinates entered if on label\|\|Verbatim\|\|None\|\|3.5 - 4.1 minute\| One tranche of cases reported times of less than 1 minute to transcribe a specimen. The fastest reported was for the Google Vision API test which transcribed 133 images in 15 minutes. However, this does not account for the time writing scripts for the API, troubleshooting failed transcriptions and quality checking the final result. NHMUK cases 1a and 1b followed a fairly standard manual workflow but did not include comprehensive manual georeferencing for the entire collection as was the case in the second NHMUK case. Similarly, the manual input of the Africa Collection for Meise 1a, with a transcription time of 51 seconds, did not include georeferencing. A second tranche of cases from Luomus reported times between 0.9 - 2.22 minutes. This process did include a degree of georeferencing for a subsample of the collection but was made more efficient by drawing from a list of approximately pre-named localities that were curated manually prior to the digitisation process. A third tranche of cases reported times between 5 and 15 minutes and one significant outlier of 41 minutes for crowdsourcing. The second NHMUK case which took 5-6 minutes included detailed and time-consuming georeferencing. The case from RBGK utilised both in-house staff and crowdsourcing but with similar timing per specimen for both (when the time to quality check volunteers’ outputs was not incorporated). Note that for crowdsourcing each individual might be taking longer than RBGK staff would on transcribing a single record but the community as a whole was producing ~50 transcriptions per day. The range from 9-14 minutes is based on the amount of detail transcribed as some specimens had less data added than others. A number of variables can have an impact on the time taken for transcription and, therefore, the cost. Simply put, the more data that is transcribed, the longer the transcription process. While specific times for specific sub-steps are difficult to collect, georeferencing is notable for the significant increase in time it adds to transcription. It is the most time consuming piece of digitisation and a majority of these cases did not include it in their workflow or for all specimens in the collection. It could be argued that georeferencing should not be included as part of the transcription process as it involves more than the simple translation of label text to digital text. However, as was the case for the NHMUK Birdwing Butterfly collection, some projects require georeferencing to be included in digitising a collection because the data is necessary for specific research. In this case, institutions should account for the significant increases in time and cost this will add in order to create more valuable higher quality data ( Many cases followed a two-phased approach to transcription, first documenting basic information like UID, name and collection and then returning to important specimens later to add in more detailed information like dates, georeferences, altitude, etc. In some cases, small efficiency gains were accomplished through either 1) categorising collections either by region or collector, 2) selecting inputs from a pre-set list of options or 3) designing CMS workflows for maximum efficiency. In the NHMUK example, selecting or sorting specimens for transcription by a common variable saved time by decreasing the number of unique inputs that had to be identified for each specimen. Both the NHMUK and LUOMUS provided examples of selecting collectors or geographies from a predetermined list which helps with both transcription times and data consistency. Important consideration should also be given to designing the workflow within the CMS or input system to minimise the amount of new windows, folders or objects that need to be created to add a new specimen. RBGK designed a form specifically for their workflow to allow one entry for multiple specimens with the same folder level information so that a new file wouldn’t have to be created every time. These types of efficiency gains, while small, can lead to considerable savings when multiple across thousands of specimens. While small efficiency gains in workflow can help, transcription times and costs will always be considerable when requiring manual input. Automation tools like Google Cloud Vision offer great potential to transcribe en masse. As the Meise case study shows, tests of these tools are still in their preliminary phases. While the cost savings for the actual transcription phase could be significant, consideration will also need to be given to 1) the time necessary to create a clean dataset that can easily run through an automation system; 2) development time necessary to work with the APIs; and 3) the required post-processing time for QA. Automation may be necessary for these phases as much as the transcription itself in order to see meaningful cost and time savings. Despite this potential, OCR tools like this may be out of reach for many digitisation projects either due to lack of development resources or at-scale funding in order to integrate it into workflows, modify institutional collections management systems and buy required computing infrastructure. However, there are alternative forms of automation that could be considered such as building macros to assign image metadata or pulling geography automatically into a form ( While these automated tools are still being tested, crowdsourcing offers a means for transcription at lower direct cost but as the Meise case shows, the costs saved in transcription may ultimately be offset (or exceeded) on quality checks for the transcribed data. This may be overcome by attempts to work closely with a subset of more experienced citizen scientists but this would, in turn, require more project management from staff. Considerable time will also need to be spent on setting up and managing the projects in the crowdsourcing platform as well as recruiting and sustaining volunteers. The RBGK and Meise cases show that these trade-offs in time and quality mean that pursuing a crowdsourced solution is more a matter of intentionally pursuing the engagement of volunteers and citizen scientists rather than seeking a more cost-effective means of transcription. The experience level of the transcribers is a factor not only in data accuracy but in speed as well - either because an experienced transcriber is able to more quickly identify obscure items like collector and place names or because an experienced transcriber is needed to check the work of volunteers. Some of this could potentially be overcome by pre-filled fields, and/or contextual recommendations based on data in other fields. In addition to general transcription experience some projects require, or significantly benefit from, other expertise such as the knowledge of other languages, old forms of handwriting (like the old German Kurrent) and slang. Achieving fast, efficient and cost-effective means of transcribing label data is one of the major barriers to mass-digitising natural history collections. Automated solutions like OCR with Google Vision and other tools should be further explored and tested where resources allow. Getting these tools to a point where they can be relied upon to transcribe label data accurately and cost-effectively may require significant time and upfront costs to create training data sets and conduct quality checks. Further research will also need to be conducted on the cost of tools like this when working with datasets in the millions rather than smaller tests. Little is known at this point about the differences in cost between employing in-house staff compared to an OCR service. These questions and tests are being further explored through adjacent SYNTHESYS+ work packages. However they are likely to provide the best long-term solution. In the meantime, if the objective is to transcribe as many labels as possible quickly but with limited staff resources or time, outsourcing to a service like Alembo can be an effective approach. However, as the process is still manual and significant training and project management resources are still required, it may not result in significant time or cost savings. As such, this may only be a solution for institutions who lack the in-house staff for constant transcription. A crowdsourcing platform can also be an effective means of transcription as the project management and quality assurance resources are available within the institution. However, this is primarily for institutions who have the specific aim to increase citizen engagement. A community database or resource with examples of handwriting, especially of prolific but hard to read collectors, could aid future transcription. It could also help with automated handwritten text recognition. Many institutions will likely continue to transcribe labels in-house and manually while automated solutions are tested. Forecasts on time and associated costs should take into consideration the depth of data that will be transcribed, whether this will include georeferencing, and the time required for quality assurance. Methods for improving the efficiency of the workflow, either through pre-populated pick-lists, specimen batch groups by collector or location and improvements on entry mechanisms in a CMS should all be explored. The means of aggregating data for this report - through case studies with very little cost data reported - is indicative of the difficulty in measuring and understanding the true cost of transcriptions and relies instead on time estimates of variable quality. Institutions are encouraged to run in-house tests and measure the time and cost spent on transcribing data in order to gain better insights into the true cost of the process. This will aid in building the business case for switching to an outsourced or automated solution should the need or opportunity arise. ICEDIG – “Innovation and consolidation for large scale digitisation of natural heritage”, Grant Agreement No. 777483 Authors: Stephanie Walton: Data Curation, Investigation, Visualisation, Writing - Original Draft. Laurence Livermore: Conceptualisation, Methodology, Supervision, Writing - Original Draft, Writing - Review and Editing. Sofie De Smedt: Resources, Writing - Original Draft. Mathias Dillen: Resources, Writing - Original Draft. Quentin Groom: Resources, Writing - Original Draft. Anne Koivunen: Resources, Writing - Original Draft. Sarah Phillips: Resources, Writing - Original Draft. Contributors: Elizabeth Louise L Allan: Resources. Silvia Montesino Bartolome: Resources. Richard Boyne Resources. Helen Hardy: Writing - Review and Editing. Laura Green: Resources. Phaedra Kokkini: Resources. Krisztina Loyonya: Resources. Marie-Hélène Weech: Resources. Peter Wing: Resources. Contribution types are drawn from CRediT - Contributor Roles Taxonomy.	https://riojournal.com/article_preview.php?id=56211
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Rio de Janerio, Brazil. April 14th, 2014. The First Workshop on Advances in Evolutionary Computation (WAEC 2014) is a one-day meeting that will present current progresses on evolutionary computation and related areas. We intend to provide a framework for fruitful and informal discussion on current state of the art topics in EC. WAEC is organized under the scope of the German DFG Collaboration project “Addressing Current Challenges in Evolutionary Multi-Objective Optimization: Many Objectives, Indicator-based Selection and Convergence” involving researchers from the University of Münster, TU Dortmund and PUC-Rio and the CNPq BJT project 407851/2012-7. Introduction of the speakers and workshop organization. Production industry has experienced a change from a supply-oriented to a demand-oriented product design. An efficient adaptation of the available products and processes to the changing customer needs is an important requirement for industrial success. In particular, advanced thermomechanically coupled forming processes allow a new level of flexibility to be achieved. By means of controlled phase transformations, the properties of the workpiece can be tailored to their later application. In order to exploit the full potential of these processes, the parameters of the processes, as well as their interaction in the process chain, have to be accurately controlled. Hence, efficient methods for planning the process chains and adjusting the process parameters are more and more required. Empirical surrogate models which predict the workpiece properties and the process characteristics resulting from a specific setup allow the potential of the available resources to be explored. Based on a set of initial experiments, the properties produced by parameter settings not yet conducted can be predicted. In particular, the use of kriging models from the Design and Analysis of Computer Experiments (DACE) has shown many successful applications over the last 20 years. In this talk, a framework for planning manufacturing processes is presented. This framework is based on kriging models from DACE and two process chain optimization approaches. As a part of this framework, a procedure for the model-based analysis and optimization of manufacturing processes is proposed. Enhancements with respect to the presence of noise in the empirical data are discussed and the resulting improvements are evaluated using simulation studies. Moreover, novel sequential design criteria for approximating the Pareto frontier, i. e., the set of optimal compromises with respect to the workpiece properties or process characteristics, are introduced and assessed in a theoretical and empirical manner. They allow the possibility of a local refinement provided by the kriging models to be exploited. The Pareto frontier is of particular importance, as it represents a compact overview of the potential of the corresponding manufacturing process and comprises the parameter combinations of interest for the manufacturing planner. The validity of the planning framework and the model-based procedure is documented based on a thermomechanically coupled process chain for manufacturing self-reinforced thermoplastic single-polymer composites. The formalization of this process chain by means of a collection of empirical models is motivated and presented. A particular focus is put on assessing different possibilities to predict the spatial distributions of workpiece properties measured by performing impact tests on specimens locally prepared from the resulting component. It is shown that this process chain can be accurately modeled, analyzed, and optimized using the proposed framework. How a Decision Maker (DM) should behave when unaware of the relative importances of the stated decision criteria and of the future consequences of his/her actions? The traditional premise in sequential Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) under uncertainty is that all relevant information for characterizing the problem is readly available. This is however an unrealistic statement in practical scenarios, wherein: (1) the system must resort to noisy historical observations for model building and parameter estimation; (2) the DM has little knowledge about the underlying trade-offs of the problem; and (3) the DM has little subsidies for deciding whether near or long-term performance is preferable. In this talk, we argue that eliciting complete preferences and eagerness to near-term optimized performance under little knowledge can be unattainable at best and too much speculative and deceptive at worst. We will thus present research on Anticipatory Stochastic Multi-Objective Optimization (AS-MOO) and sequential MCDM systems capable of simultaneously handling challenges (1)-(3) requiring minimal involvement from the DM. The anticipatory capabilities of multi-objective evolutionary algorithms are thus augmented with Bayesian models so as to approximately solve the formulated AS-MOO problems. As a proof of concept, we present an anticipatory approach for approximating sets of noninferior, cardinality-constrained investment portfolios that can achieve superior future trade-off performance in terms of expected return maximization and expected risk minimization for out-of-sample stock data, when compared to the traditional myopic approach. Snacks and coffee served in the workshop room. A Copula-based Estimation of Distribution Algorithm with Parameter Updating for numeric optimization problems is presented. This model implements an estimation of distribution algorithm using a multivariate extension of the Archimedean copula (MEC-EDA) to estimate the conditional probability for generating a population of individuals. Moreover, the model restarts population and uses elitism operator during the optimization. This approach improves the overall performance of the optimization when compared to other copula-based EDAs. Lunch time can be adjusted depending on the schedule. Evolutionary Algorithms are motivated by practical applications which do not allow mathematically exact description or modeling of the problem context. However, especially for the multi-objective domain, research tends to come up with generic and elaborate methods which are evaluated with mostly artificial test problems. Specific application (and applicability in general) of these algorithms – especially user knowledge integration - is usually not in the main focus of research. Reasons for this are systematical problems to integrate users' expertise into algorithms. Partial and often single-objective rules of thumb cannot easily be combined to multi-objective rule sets. Further, standard hybridization approaches usually increase complexity of methods and often necessitate a re-design of the algorithms which cannot be done by a standard user leaving him/her with unmodified standard approaches in the end. In this talk, we motivate the integration of available knowledge or expertise as a major challenge in bridging the gap between applicable single-objective scheduling rules and their application in multi-objective scheduling. We highlight this gap and briefly discuss the issues of standard approaches from evolutionary computation. As a first solution to these issues, we propose an agent-based approach inspired by evolutionary computation that may lead to a flexible framework for integrating single-objective expertise in a generic multi-objective solution strategy. Genetic Fuzzy Systems constitute an area that brings together Fuzzy Inference Systems and Meta-Heuristics that are often related to natural selection and genetic recombination. This area attracts great interest from the scientific community, due to the knowledge discovery capability in situations where the comprehension of the phenomenon under analysis is lacking. In this talk, we present a new Genetic Fuzzy System, called Genetic Programming Fuzzy Inference System (GPFIS). The main aspects of GPFIS model are the components presents in its Fuzzy Inference procedure. This structure is basically composed of Multi-Gene Genetic Programming and intends to: (i) apply aggregation operators, negation and linguistic hedges in a simple manner; (ii) make use of heuristics to define the consequent term most appropriate to the antecedent part; (iv) employ a defuzzification procedure that, driven by the fuzzification step and under some assumptions, can provide a most accurate estimate. All these features are contributions that can be extended to other Genetic Fuzzy Systems.In order to demonstrate the general aspect of GPFIS, its performance and the relevance of each of its components, several investigations are performed. These deal with problems of Classification, Forecasting, Regression and Control. Final comments and open discussion. Attendance is open and there is no need to register.	http://lmarti.com/waec2014
Please scroll down to get to the study materials. Residues of vegetables, ash, waste paper, broken glass, plastic are some of the solid wates from oue houses, educational institution, office, industry or market area.Residues of vegetables, ash, waste paper, broken glass, plastic are some of the solid wastes from our houses, educational institution, office, industry or market area. When we throw some refuse to an open place and it is mixed with some other particles it becomes solid waste. Solid waste should be managed properly. Solid waste can be classified into organic and inorganic waste. The proper management of solid waste is to collect waste from different places, store in the specific places and dispose and use them properly. The principles of solid waste management are described below: Reduce We must try to reduce the production of waste. We should use materials like plastic, chemicals, pesticides etc in less amount.This may help in managing the waste. Reuse The wastes which can be reuse should be used again and again. Plastic bags and other materials made up of plastics should be avoided. We can reuse bottles to keep different spices. Recycle Some of the wastes such as paper, plastics, etc can be collected separately. The unused paper should be recycled to make new materials. Metallic materials such as broken tin, iron pots etc can be used to make new and useful materials. This helps in making environment clean. Some of the methods of managing solid wastes are described below: Preparation of compost manure Organic wastes are separately collected and we can manage to decompose them. Organic waste materials from domestic use and industrial use can be made as compost manure. It is the natural method in which bacteria decompose the wastes and convert them into compost.At first solid wastes are separated into degradable and non-degradable. a small pit of 3ft long and 3ft wide is used in this process. This method is very useful for Nepal. Land filling In this method, wastes are collected in some places and they are thrown in dumping site. If natural land fill site is available, it is easier for this process. If we dump only non-degradable waste, it can sustain for a longer period. Incineration Materials containing carbon (such as plastic, rubber etc) cannot be burnt because it harms. These materials can be burnt in a special type of machine called incinerator. Methods that can be used to control solid waste are: Measures of managing solid waste are as follows: Environmental pollution means some direct or indirect changes in the components of the environment that degrades and deteriorates the environment. These changes are unfavorable that occur due to extra new substances or energy into the environment. Followings are the efforts for pollution control and environmental conservation: The main sources of solid wastes are as follows: Various ways of solid waste management are as follows: The differences between aerobic and anaerobic method are: \|Aerobic method\|\|Anaerobic method\| \|Aerobic bacteria decomposes the wastage\|\|Anaerobic bacteria decompose the wastage.\| \|Air is passed.\|\|Air is prevented\| \|It is less stinky.\|\|It is more stinky.\| \|The wastes are turn within a period of four to seven days.\|\|Wastes are covered with soil when the pits are filled up.\| \|It takes 3-4 months for composting.\|\|It takes 4-6 months for composting.\| Differences between reuse and recycle are: \|Reuse\|\|Recycle\| \|Reuse is the use of the resources for the next time.\|\|Recycle is the after some scientific change.\| \|It is cheaper than recycle.\|\|It is expensive than reuse.\| \|The previous model is not altered.\|\|The previous model is altered.\| Environmental health is developed through essential factors of quality of life such as physical, biological, social and cultural factors of environment. Environmental health helps in maintaining quality of life. Health shelter, balanced diet, pure drinking water, fresh air, etc are managed through environmental health. The reduction of the negative effects on human being and the maintenance of healthy environment are the goal of environmental pollution. It conserves and promotes socio-cultural aspects. Surrounding environment becomes clean. Thus, "healthy environment help us to be healthy." Healthy environment requires sanitation of surroundings. The environment should be made free from waste, dirty water, cotton things. They should be managed and environment should be made clean. Environmental sanitation means cleanliness of all aspects of surroundings. It makes the surroundings clean. It helps to prevent from diseases. Healthy environment standardizes brain, behavior and efficiency of human beings. Ultimately, it helps to develop productive capacity of human. Environmental sanitation and health are inseparable aspects. We cannot live healthy life without environmental sanitation. We must consider environmental sanitation to live healthy lives. It is our duty to maintain clean environment. Chemical fertilizers are the fertilizers that are produced from industry by using chemical substances. Urea, NPK fertilizers are the examples of chemical fertilizers. Compost is the fertilizer that is produced by using organic materials. The cattle dung, fodder, decayed plants and the organic wastes decayed by microorganisms are the examples of compost. By using chemical fertilizer, we can get more agricultural production but while using it for a long time the fertility of soil will be reduced. But by using compost, we can get healthier agriculture products and the fertility of soil will remain as well. Thus," compost is better than chemical fertilizer from the environmental point of view." The farmers should adopt following ways while applying chemical fertilizer in the soil: The effects caused by the improper disposal of human excreta upon the environment and health are: Garbage management is a challenge of environment conservation. With the rapid urbanization and industrialization, volume of garbage is ever growing. It has caused damage of environment elements like water, air, land etc. Effective programme of garbage management can reduce these effects on the environment. Garbage is first reduced at its very sources. Then it is properly classified and part can be reused and recycled. Whatever amount is left over is property disposed of or buried. This will save land, water and soil. This can also help in controlling calamities of landslide and floods. The environment elements can be kept clean fresh and unaltered. Thus garbage management programme greatly helps to conserve the environment. You must login to reply \|Forum\|\|Time\|\|Replies\|\|Report\| \| \| Sushi What is incineration \| \| Mar 05, 2017 \| \| 1 Replies \| \| Successfully Posted ... \| \| Please Wait... \| \| Aarya Ghimire Which is the best technique for the management of solid waste ? \| \| Jan 20, 2017 \| \| 1 Replies \| \| Successfully Posted ... \| \| Please Wait... \| \| prabin how can we manage water pollution? \| \| Jan 17, 2017 \| \| 2 Replies \| \| Successfully Posted ... \| \| Please Wait...	https://kullabs.com/classes/subjects/units/lessons/notes/note-detail/1052
As a manager, I can see myself inspiring my subordinates to think, grow and take responsibility for them. I do this by demonstrating belief in what my staff members can accomplish. I believe that I can help people to improve, and I enjoy managing and supporting their efforts. Moreover, observing the best in people is important to me. In fact, my ability to combine an acceptance of others as they are with the inspiration and encouragement they need to become even better is what makes me a valuable mentor, manager, co-worker, and friend. Justin Gemoll – Justin’s assessment score is ENFP. The relationship theory would apply to Justin because he provides inspiration, helps others and wants everyone to reach their full potential/ My leadership plan for Justin is for him to participate in strategy development and implementation. Mai Yang – Mai’s assessment score is ISTJ. The leadership theory that would best apply to Mai is the relationship theory because she is focused on the performance of group members, and she has high ethical and moral standards. My leadership plan for Mai is that she assists in the market research, development, and implementation of strategy Leroy Washington – My personality assessment score is ISTP. Leadership Style An effective leader generates connections between associates of the organization for the purpose of increasing performance and accomplishing exceptional results (Sullivan & Decker, 2009). An effective leader will encourage members of the organization to collaborate by delivering motivation and direction to attain organizational goals. “One thing that all leaders have in common is one or more followers. If no one is following, one cannot be leading” (Vroom & Jago, 2007, p. 1). A leader can achieve organizational goals by interpersonal skills to persuade, influence, and guide others. Trust is developed by clearly defining roles, expectations, and goals. This develops a familiarity between the different team members, which helps to produce a shared vision and reliance on each other and improves the team’s effectiveness (Bethea, Holland, & Reddick 2014). A highly effective team uses its shared vision and defined goals to foster a sense of group harmony. This allows for problems to be solved and goals to be achieved. With each problem solved or goal achieved, excitement grows within the team and a sense of accomplishment is felt once the process is completed (Bethea, Holland, & Reddick 2014). As one reported that Lewis inspired dialogue, and participated in problem solving and decision making, to ensure that the team dug deeply into the caused of the problem. They came up with the strategy to maximize direct product profitability (DPP). According to Richard Gentry Executive Vice President in Merchandising, Staples Inc. Lewis was “able to influenced people and get respect because she has a great insight combined with a great natural personality” (Bromley 2004 p82). These traits that Gentry mentioned was listed on the beyond basic traits of a leader from leadership traits. These are the traits combined with her adaptation of situational leadership, help Lewis in her journey to motivate her followers at Staples and lead them in new directions towards meeting their goals. It involves modeling the vision, forming teams, influencing them and aligning people to achieve the set goals. Leadership bears the responsibility of inspiring people and producing meaningful changes in the company. Leadership is therefore responsible for positioning people and organizations in the right positions. A good leader has the ability to articulate a vision and assign the right people the right tasks based on their talents. Leaders motivate their subordinates and in return obtain outstanding results from their employees. A democratic/participative leadership style is one of the most effective styles that leads to higher productivity, better contributions from group members, and increased group morale (Cherry, 2013). As a democratic/participative leader, good communication skills are a must. Leaders must communicate with employees by encouraging and involving them with the opportunity to share ideas, opinions, and suggestions. Giving them the opportunity of sharing the ideas, opinions, and suggestions will show how well the employees skills are and how it will affect the district. The democratic/participative leaders must communicate with its employees by taking his or her ideas, opinions, and suggestions in making the final decision.	https://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/LDR-531-Leadership-Style-PKDA4XKRMK5T.html
Case volume as a predictor of inpatient mortality after esophagectomy. Volume criteria are poor predictors of inpatient mortality after esophagectomy. Because many factors influence mortality for complex procedures, this study was designed to quantify such factors and analyze the volume-outcome relationship for esophagectomy. Retrospective review of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database for esophagectomies. We performed multivariate analysis to identify patient and institution risk factors for death and, by using all reported volume thresholds, calculated the probability of choosing a provider with a low mortality. Patients undergoing esophagectomy between January 1, 1988, and December 31, 2000, included in the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database. Inpatient mortality. We identified 8075 cases of esophagectomy; 3243 had complete data sets. The national average mortality rate was 11.4%. Independent risk factors for mortality included comorbidity, age (> 65 years), female sex, race, and surgeon volume. Choosing a surgeon or hospital on the basis of a particular volume threshold had a modest influence on the probability of that provider having a low mortality. A low-volume hospital (defined by the Leapfrog Group criterion as < 13 cases per year) had a probability of 61% of having a mortality of less than 10%, whereas a high-volume hospital had a probability of 68%. Patient factors have a greater influence on inpatient mortality than case volume does. Although there is generally an inverse relationship between case volume and mortality, there is wide scatter between individual surgeons and hospitals, with a complex volume-outcome relationship. Using volume criteria alone to choose a provider may in some instances increase the risk of mortality.
[Repair of the severe cleft palate in patients over 10 years old by soft palate plasty combined with buccal musculomucosal flap]. To investigate the repair of the severe cleft palate in patients over 10 years old. First, the horizontal palate of the palatine bone was broken and the greater palatine foramen was enlarged by chisel. Then the great palatine neurovascular bundle was released. The soft palate was pushed back and lifted as described by Pro. Ruyao Song. Finally, a buccal musculomucosal flap was transferred to repair the frontal wound after pushing back the soft palate. 13 patients aged 10 - 25 years old were treated by this method. All the flaps survived completely. Both the hard and soft palate were lengthened. Velopharyngeal incompetence was corrected very well and the pronunciation improved markedly. This method can close the severe cleft palate without tension and lengthen the soft palate. It can correct velopharyngeal incompetence very well and improve pronunciation dramatically. It is especially useful for severe cleft palate in older patients.
This programme focuses on the communication of ideas and information for print and digital media. Integrating traditional design principles with new media technology, students gain the skills and knowledge essential for a successful career in the creative industry. Students are encouraged to express ideas through an understanding of visual perception, context and form, image making, typography, photography, and moving image and interactive digital media. Students explore a variety of different media and develop specialist skills in line with their own personal ideas and ambitions. Studio-based teaching and technical workshops are complemented by contextual and professional studies. Practising designers contribute throughout the programme to keep students up-to-date with current design practice and technological change. The School's Department of Communication Media for Design is a member of the Design & Art Direction College Network. Students exhibit at the New Blood and FreeRange graduate degree shows. The university is investing £76 million in a new building to house the campus library, TV studios and academic facilities for disciplines including architecture, design, and construction. Stockwell Street is a short walk from the Greenwich Campus and this programme will be delivered there from 2014. The aims of the programme are: - To encourage you to explore visual communication in a diverse and interdisciplinary way - To develop your creative and aesthetic sensibilities in a rich and varied environment - To ensure the creative process and the development of craft and technical skills are central to teaching - To equip you with the knowledge and understanding of the critical and cultural dimensions of your discipline - To develop your communication and information skills and the critical awareness required to articulate your learning.	https://www.bachelorstudies.com/BA-(Hons)-Graphic-and-Digital-Design/United-Kingdom/Uni-Gre/
Teaching students about learning. In a recent article in the Chronicle of Higher Education, Dr. Carol Holstead reported on her experiences banning laptops in her journalism course: “Although I am an engaging lecturer, I could not compete with Facebook and YouTube, and I was tired of trying.” She discussed the negative consequences of laptop note-taking based on her experience and intuition on what behaviors lead to effective learning (engagement with the lecture and selective note-taking). One reader echoed my own reaction best when he or she commented, “Bottom line. [Undergraduate] Students are adults.” Optimizing student learning (or more broadly, any behavioral change) can come from either an external force (like an instructor) and/or from an internal motivation or desire to change, and the latter is better. As instructors, we ought to teach students about the science of learning. We also might want to acknowledge that effective self-regulation requires students to make their own decisions about what works for them (e.g., taking notes on a laptop, longhand, or not at all). We all want students to use effective learning strategies and behaviors. What happens, though, when we force students to do so? By banning laptops in her course, Dr. Holstead took that choice away from her students. In my conversations with faculty at Harvard University and elsewhere, she is not alone. More and more instructors are banning laptops in their courses. I don’t mean to say that the policy is wrong – there is a growing body of research on the detrimental impact of laptops on learning (multitasking, tendency to transcribe content verbatim, potential source of distraction for other students). However, few works have documented the impact of laptop note-taking on a course-wide level. Those that have suggest the effects are a bit more complicated to interpret. During the spring 2014 semester, my collaborators and I surveyed students in two large general education courses on their note-taking habits. Linking survey responses with course grades and institutional data for those students, we discovered that students who reported taking notes on a laptop had lower GPAs than those taking longhand notes. Interestingly, we also found longhand note-takers in the first course had final course grades that were 3% higher than laptop note-takers (the difference between a B and a B+), yet we found no statistical difference between note-takers in the second course. The difference could be attributed to a variety of factors – interactions between students enrolled in either course, note-taking preferences, course-specific factors – but most salient to me were differences in assessments across in the two courses. Namely, grades in the first course were based on two multiple-choice exams, while grades in the second course were based on two submitted papers. Like the findings from the Mueller and Oppenheimer study in Psychological Science, it may also be the case that first course’s exams required more conceptual thinking or applied knowledge (as opposed to factual recall). Given the time-constraints on in-class examinations relative to the self-paced nature of written papers, differences between note-taking preferences may have been more apparent in the first course than the second. We do not know the specifics of Dr. Holstead’s journalism course, but the differences she found may be attributable to other factors, such as the assessments used in the course. Going beyond the laptop versus longhand question, there are several points I recommend for students and instructors to try based on a review of the note-taking literature. This is still a work in progress, but the main points are: For students... - Avoid transcribing notes (writing every word the instructor says) in favor of writing notes in your own words. - Review your notes the same day you created them and then on a regular basis, rather than cramming review into one long study session immediately prior to an exam. - Test yourself on the content of your notes either by using flashcards or using methodology from Cornell Notes. Testing yourself helps you identify what you do not yet know from your notes, and successful retrieval of tested information improves your ability to recall that information later (you will be less likely to forget it). - Carefully consider whether to take notes on pen and paper or with a laptop. There are costs and benefits to either option. - We are often misled to believe that we know lecture content better than we actually do, which can lead to poor study decisions. Avoid this misperception at all costs! For instructors... - Explain your course policies regarding note-taking at the start of the semester (Do you allow laptops? Do you provide slides to students before or after class?). Point to the literature/research and your own experience to support your policies. - Prior to lecture, provide students with materials so that they become familiar with main ideas or topics. This will help students identify the important concepts during class and take selective notes (however, avoid giving students so much material that they elect poor study behaviors such as relying on materials instead of attending class and taking notes). - Encourage students to take notes in their own words rather than record every word you say in class. Doing so will lead to deeper understanding during lecture, more student engagement in class, and better retention of course content. - Make connections between current and previously discussed course concepts, and encourage students to make such connections on their own. Doing so will help students retrieve related ideas when they are needed (i.e., during an exam) and assist your students in identifying relationships they would have otherwise missed. Ultimately, Dr. Holstead’s article raises an important point beyond the laptop debate: do we want to impose specific policies on students to optimize their learning and long-term retention, or do we want students to optimize their learning by showing them the evidence and letting them figure out what works best for them? Even if students make the wrong choices, they may be more motivated learners if they have the autonomy to decide for themselves. It is also possible that while students may learn more in courses with optimal learning policies, they may not appreciate the impact on their learning (and likely give lower ratings on their course evaluations). Additionally, it is unlikely that policies imposed on students within a single class would be incorporated into that student’s study habits in subsequent courses or future learning. Within Dr. Holstead’s course survey, one student expressed such a frustration: “I couldn’t get everything down! I can’t write as fast as I can type!” This particular student may very well have benefitted from handwriting notes, but is unlikely to change his or her note-taking habits in future courses. In a Harvard Initiative in Learning and Teach (HILT)-sponsored presentation by UCLA cognitive psychologist Dr. Robert Bjork, he concluded his talk by discussing the merits of designing a course that would optimize student learning versus designing a course that optimizes course ratings. Even if the courses covered identical content, their end products would look vastly different. What I am trying to convey is that instructors can design courses that get good ratings and still have optimal learning, but the latter needs to be driven by the students themselves rather than the instructor. We can expose students to effective and empirically supported study strategies and behaviors such as the research on note-taking, but it is up to the students to incorporate those behaviors into their own habits. If students go against or ignore those recommendations and their achievement suffers for it, then that feedback can motivate students to change their behaviors and figure out what works for them – an important facet of a college education. In the current landscape where blended and online courses are becoming increasingly common, the need for students to self-regulate and optimize their own learning is now more important than ever. Michael Friedman is a research fellow at the Harvard Initiative for Learning & Teaching (HILT) and a member of the Office of the Vice Provost for Advances in Learning (VPAL) at Harvard University. Read more by Topics Opinions on Inside Higher Ed Inside Higher Ed’s Blog U What Others Are Reading - Viewed - Past:	https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/higher-ed-beta/beyond-laptop-debate
Need An Argumentative Essay On Euthanasia Moral And Ethical Questions Needs To B Need an argumentative essay on Euthanasia: Moral And Ethical Questions. Needs to be 5 pages. Please no plagiarism. There is a lot of debate on the subject of euthanasia. Some of the entities whose rights, needs, desires, and views are being represented in the current debate on euthanasia include the individual being given euthanasia who is mostly a patient, the victim’s relatives, doctors and healthcare providers, law-making and law-enforcing agencies, religious groups, and human rights’ activists. The victim and/or the relatives vary in their needs and views on euthanasia from one case to another. Likewise, different countries and states have varying laws on euthanasia depending upon the consent of the majority of people or the other criteria that are considered for law-making. Most religious groups condemn the practice of euthanasia in general and involuntary euthanasia in particular as a vast majority of religions to consider murder or suicide a sin. Some religious groups and human rights’ activists even consider euthanasia as murder. Utilitarianism is an approach to ethics which is directed at maximization of happiness for the mankind. The founder of utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham argued, “nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. On the one hand, the standard of right and wrong, on the other the chain of causes and effects, are fastened to their throne. They govern us in all we do, in all we say, in all we think” (Bentham cited in Chambers, 2005). . Need your ASSIGNMENT done? Use our paper writing service to score good grades and meet your deadlines.	https://brainessay.com/need-an-argumentative-essay-on-euthanasia-moral-and-ethical-questions-needs-to-b/
Administration studies courses online are a great way for people to learn new skills and knowledge, whether for career advancement, career change, or for someone new to the workforce. Administration courses online are designed for people who would like to advance their careers with education, but need the ability to study according to their own schedule. There are excellent administration courses online that can help people build their knowledge base and become more competitive in the global job market. Administration courses online are generally administered using web broadcasts, video conferencing, email, chat rooms, and other Internet-based technologies to deliver the curriculum. Programs may address topics such as finance, accounting, management, economics, strategic decision-making, and global business practice, among others. You can learn more about administration courses online by scrolling through the program options below!	https://www.onlinestudies.com/Courses/Administration-Studies/
Sample Press Release Share: FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE CONTACT PERSON’S NAME EMAIL PHONE NUMBER (ORGANIZATION) RECEIVES MID ATLANTIC ARTS FOUNDATION GRANT IN SUPPORT OF (NAME OF PROJECT) CITY – DATE – (ORGANIZATION) has been selected to receive an ArtsCONNECT grant from Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation, a regional arts organization serving Delaware, the District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, the US Virgin Islands, Virginia and West Virginia. The grant will help support an engagement of (name) at (name of facility) on (dates). (Organization) was selected for this award through a highly competitive review process, in recognition of its role in bringing new work to (city/town/county). In announcing the grant, Alan Cooper, Executive Director of Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation, said, “We’re pleased to recognize the creativity and commitment of (organization) to making this performance available to the community.” (YOU MAY WISH TO INCLUDE A MORE COMPLETE DESCRIPTION OF YOUR PROJECT HERE.) The ArtsCONNECT program is made possible through support from [insert correct credit by-line here]. Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation develops partnerships and programs that reinforce artists’ capacity to create and present work, advance access to and participation in the arts, and promote a more sustainable arts ecology. To learn more about Mid Atlantic Arts Foundation, its programs and services, visit our website at www.midatlanticarts.org.	https://www.midatlanticarts.org/tools-resources/toolkit/press/sample-pr-materials/sample-press-release/
G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Mohal-Kullu-175126, H.P, IN About S. S. Manohar Lal G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Mohal-Kullu-175126, H.P, IN About Manohar Abstract Biodiversity crisis is being experienced throughout the world, due to various anthropogenic and natural factors. Therefore, it is essential to identify suitable conservation priorities in biodiversity rich areas. For this myriads of conservational approaches are being implemented in various ecosystems across the globe. The present study has been conducted because of the dearth of the location- specific studies in the Indian Himalayas for assessing the ‘threatened species’. The threat assessment of plant species in the Nargu Wildlife Sanctuary (NWS) of the northwest Himalaya was investigated using Conservation Priority Index (CPI) during the present study. CPI was calculated using cumulative values of various qualitative and quantitative attributes viz., habitat specificity, population size, distribution range, use values, extraction, nativity and endemism of the taxa. Out of a total of 733 species recorded in the area, 102 species (20 Trees; 14 Shrubs; and 68 Herbs) belonging to 82 genera and 54 families were identified as threatened. The study revealed that 8 species ‘Critically Endangered’, 17 species ‘Endangered’ and 77 species ‘Vulnerable’. These species must be monitored and actively managed with appropriate conservation strategies including periodical assessment of populations using standard ecological methods in order to conserve the high biodiversity in the NWS.
Internationally acclaimed, the U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha National Parks are considered to be the Mekong Delta’s most diverse region. As one of two major wetland destinations in Vietnam, ecotourism continues to grow with more visitors traveling to the national parks each year. Highlights in the area include sightseeing the natural wonders and observing the local wildlife. As a “friendly for all ages” destination, U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha have become a hotspot for families traveling through Southern Vietnam. Location U Minh Thuong National Park is located in the Mekong River Delta region of Southern Vietnam. The park protects about 30 square miles of freshwater wetland habitats. Rach Giá, the capital of U Minh Thuong’s Kiên Giang Province, is the park’s nearest major city with the distance between the two destinations being less than a 2-hour drive. Ho Chi Minh City is fairly distant from the park with a 6-hour journey by car separating the two. U Minh Ha is much further away from Saigon with the drive being about 6 and ½ hours long. Located almost at the point of the southern tip of Vietnam, U Minh Ha is less popular than U Minh Thuong because of its remote location in Cà Mau Province. While the two parks are not technically connected, they sit only a 2-hour drive apart. Together, these two wildlife areas are combined to create an Upper and Lower Park. U Minh Thuong sits just north of U Minh Ha and it is known for its river-flooded wetland habitats. To the south, U Minh Ha is renowned for its extensive network of rivers. History For Vietnam, U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha National Park have significant historical value for the country and local people. For generations, people have lived in the Mekong Delta region and archeologists have traced human habitation in the national park back to the Oc Eo civilization. Through the centuries, U Minh Thuong thrived until human habitation began to devastate the land. For two wars, U Minh Thuong was used by the Vietnamese resistance fighters as a military base. The increase of fighting began to wear on land that had already been altered by housing and cultivation. In an effort to preserve the habitat that remained, the Vietnamese government intensified its conservation efforts throughout the country starting in the 1980s. In 2002, U Minh Thuong received regional acclaim when it became a national park. In the decades that followed, its reputation grew, and today, it’s known as one of the last primary landscapes of the Mekong Delta region. With conservation efforts effectively protecting the park’s core area, this is one of the only places in the world where visitors can view an intact freshwater wetland habitat. Following the development of U Minh Thuong, U Minh Ha was established in 2006 to protect the lower wetland habitats. Similar to U Minh Thuong, the difference between the two national parks are the landscapes. U Minh Thuong features more forested wetland areas, meanwhile, U Minh Ha is more open with multiple rivers feeding into the natural habitat. What to Do Featuring mostly flooded marshland, U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha are relatively flat in elevation which makes them ideal for hiking and boating. Park visitors can book a tour for an all-inclusive experience of both national parks. Apart from the incredible landscape, there is also an animal rescue center run by the park rangers and locals in U Minh Thuong. Casual Hikes Passing through the endangered wetlands on foot gives visitors the opportunity to see the park’s rare flora and fauna. Birdwatchers will enjoy taking a leisurely stroll through the grass as they set their sights on threatened waterbird species. With peaceful views as far as the eye can see, hiking through U Minh Thuong is suitable for visitors of all ages, and a local guide is recommended. Scenic Boats Another guided tour in U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha is by boat. For areas that are significantly flooded, visitors can hire a boat to take them through the wetlands. Reaching new destinations, boating through the parks gives visitors the opportunities to view various animal species. A few tour itineraries have also expanded to include educational activities like fishing with locals. Animal Rescue Encouraging locals and visitors to learn more about conservation efforts in U Minh Thuong, the animal rescue center is open daily. Tours can be arranged at the main entrance of the national park with the park rangers and local guides. For families, the U Minh Thuong rescue center is one of the park’s biggest highlights as it gives visitors an exclusive look at U Minh Thuong’s rarest animals. Plants and Wildlife U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha National Park is a rich and diverse habitat where hundreds of species live amongst the wetlands. Recorded amid the plants and animals include several that have been listed as endangered in Vietnam’s IUCN Red Book including the hairy-nosed otter, fishing cat, Oriental darter, black-headed ibis, and Asian golden weaver. Getting There Located less than 6 hours from Ho Chi Minh City, many travelers simply drive or take a bus to U Minh Thuong National Park. U Minh Ha is 6 and ½ hours from Saigon and about 3 hours from Rach Giá. There are accommodations near and within both of the parks, so it is easy for visitors to spend a few days exploring the area. Another option is to travel to the capital of the Kiên Giang Province, Rach Giá which is 4 and ½ hours from Ho Chi Minh City. Visitors who arrange tours outside of the national parks should inquire about transportation as most companies will provide their clients with a private car and driver. When to Visit As a wetland habitat, the best time to visit U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha is during the rainy season. Summer brings the most rain with the land beginning to flood in June, but by November, the water will dry up. The driest and least visited months of the year are March and April. During the dry season, activity in the park dies down and camping is strictly monitored to prevent forest fires. The rainy season is also the only time to view the park’s bird species as the animals rely on the water to find food and nest their young. When the wetlands begin to dry up for the year, the birds tend to migrate north. Species in the park that do not partake in migration tend to recede to the forests, which means that it is unlikely for visitors to view the animals. Though, visitors are welcome to take their chances because both national parks are open year-round. Discover Pure Nature As one of only three intact wetland areas in Vietnam, the fight to keep U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha National Park from vanishing is an ongoing effort. Visitors can play their part in the conservation of Vietnam’s threatened wetlands by booking a tour of either national park. Still a secret, now is the prime time to visit U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha before they become more popular with international visitors. Those who travel to the parks won’t be disappointed as the wetland’s beauty soothes the soul.	https://www.uncovervietnam.com/u-minh-thuong-u-minh-ha-national-park-southern-vietnam/
Dimensions Variable. 49 Glass globes, Light bulbs, Solar panels, Transformer. This installation transforms sunlight into moonlight. The sunlight is absorbed into solar panels on the roof and converted into energy to power the lamps which emit light of the exact color and intensity of moonlight in New Zealand.	http://www.spencerfinch.com/view/installations/40
In Smith v. Millville Rescue Squad, et al., Docket No. A-1717-12T3, 2014 N.J. Super. Unpub. LEXIS 1548 (App. Div. June 27, 2014), the Appellate Division, while broadly interpreting the scope of the LAD’s protections, in view of the statute’s remedial purpose, reversed the trial court’s dismissal of Smith’s marital status-based LAD claim. Smith was married to a co-worker for several years without incident or prohibition by the Millville Rescue Squad (“Millville”). Smith and his wife, however, separated in January 2006 after Smith had an extramarital affair with another Millville employee. In February 2006, Smith’s employment was terminated. The reason for Smith’s termination was in dispute; ultimately the Appellate Division held that Smith established a prima facie case of discrimination through direct evidence of discrimination based upon marital status: Plaintiff testified that Redden told him he would be terminated because he and his wife were going to go through an ugly divorce. Although Redden apparently required the Board’s approval, giving plaintiff favorable inferences, the decision was Redden’s. Id. at 19. The Appellate Division rejected the notion that Smith was “terminated not because of an imminent divorce, but because of the impact the divorce was expected to have on his ability to perform in his job.” Id. Interpreting the scope of LAD broadly, the Appellate Division rejected the trial court’s narrow interpretation that “marital status” involved only being married or unmarried. As the Appellate Division explained, “marital status,” encompasses the state of being divorced because divorce unquestionably affects marital status. Ultimately, the Court found that Millville terminated Smith “because of stereotypes about divorcing persons — among other things, they are antagonistic, uncooperative with each other, and incapable of being civil or professional in each other's company in the workplace. Redden fired plaintiff to avoid the feared impact of an ‘ugly divorce’ on the workplace; and because plaintiff failed to reconcile with his wife over an eight-month period.” Id. Clearly, the LAD does not bar an employer from taking employment action against a divorcing employee who actually demonstrates antagonism, incivility, or lack of professionalism. However, here, Millville did not respond to any actual proved conduct; rather, it acted on a fear, apparently based on stereotype, that such conduct would follow. The Court explained that Millville’s assumption that a divorcing person would be unable to perform his or her job is functionally the same as an employer's prohibited assumption that a female worker cannot perform certain physical labor, or a worker of a certain age lacks the energy to complete assigned tasks. The Bottom Line. Employers are encouraged to carefully document any and all performance issues. In assessing discrimination and wrongful termination cases like these, the Courts will carefully scrutinize the employer’s reason for termination and, without clear documentation that actual performance was truly the cause, the Court may agree with a plaintiff that the real reason for termination was an unlawful discriminatory one. Smith’s case was involuntarily dismissed under Rule 4:37-2(b); defendant was granted judgment under Rule 4:40-1. This means that Smith’s case was dismissed at trial after Smith had presented his case but before Millville presented its defense.	https://www.bressler.com/publication-the-appellate-division-broadly-interprets-the-scope-of-the-lads-protection-on-the-basis-of-marital-status
Stonehenge—a UNESCO World Heritage Site managed by English Heritage—on the Salisbury Plane, 8 miles north of Salisbury in the English county of Wiltshire is the best known of the more than nine hundred stone rings which still exist in the British Isles. The prehistoric megalithic monument consists of a henge, 56 pits known as Aubrey Holes positioned in such a way as to have possible use as an astronomical calendar, and a number of presumably fallen stones, standing stones and stone structures. Stonehenge is surrounded by more than 400 burial mounds. View a full screen 360° panorama I shot on the summer solstice for the World Wide Panorama community event. One of the most popular theories—that Stonehenge was constructed by Druids—has been largely discredited because the Celtic religion that Druids came from probably didn’t exist until 1 – 2,000 years after Stonehenge was complete. There is evidence of a Druiditic connection with Stonehenge though going back to the early 1900’s when large gatherings were held at the site. Modern-day Druids make pilgrimages to Stonehenge to celebrate changing seasons, the equinox and the solstice. Begun in the Neolithic period as a simple bank and ditch—known as a henge—Stonehenge evolved into a sophisticated stone circle with mortise and tendon joined/post and lintel construction and arranged on the axis of the midsummer sunrise during the Bronze Age. Two distinct types of rock are used in Stonehenge. 3 – 4 ton Bluestones were somehow transported 240 miles (385km) from the Preseli Mountains in South Wales. Larger 15 – 25 ton sandstone blocks (sarsen stones) came from the relatively close (19 miles – 30km) Wiltshire Downs. In addition to the henge, bluestones and linteled sarsen stones an earthwork monument known as The Avenue extends from the henge to the River Avon. Currently a modern road crosses The Avenue at the edge of the henge just past a stone known as the ‘Heel Stone’ but there are restoration plans. Approximately half the original monument remains today. Stones have fallen, been used as local building materials and have been chipped away for souvenirs. Whether Stonehenge was built for spiritual purposes, as an ancient calendar, or even as supports for a large building will probably remain an enduring mystery to the hundreds of thousands of people who visit each year although continuing research frequently reveals additional clues. And modern technology can reveal hidden clues. Research reported in May 2014 found that Amesbury—including Stonehenge—in Wiltshire has been confirmed as the oldest UK settlement and may explain why the monument was built there. Remains of big game animals, feasting fires, the River Avon through the area, all provide evidence of people staying put, clearing land and building monuments. Another recent theory—advanced by Dr. Till, an expert in acoustics and music technology at Huddersfield University, West Yorks—is that Stonehenge has unique acoustics that were used to amplify a repetitive trance rythm. Dr. Till and a colleague, Dr. Bruno Fazenda, were able to develop and test their theory at a full size replica at the Maryhill Museum in the U.S. One easy way to visit Stonehenge yourself would be to do what I did and take a day trip/coach tour from London that includes Stonehenge and the city of Bath—where you visit Roman Baths—and either nearby Salisbury and the Salisbury Cathedral or Windsor Castle. A nearby henge and stone circle at Avebury is in many ways even more impressive than Stonehenge, though not as well preserved.	http://citysightseeingtours.com/london-uk/stonehenge/
It is indicated in the Vedic tradition that the sage Bharadvaja is the son of the sage Brihaspati and an exceptional woman, Amata. Another famous being in the Oriental spiritual tradition, Dronya, is a sage mentioned in the famous writing Mahabharata from the Indian tradition, and about Dronya it is said that he is the son of Bharadvaja. There are some more or less detailed mentions about Bharadvaja in Rig-Veda too. We can find the most representative references in the Ayurvedic work Charaka-Samhita, where it is indicated that Bharadvaja is the one who transferred to the great sage Atreya a consistent form of esoteric knowledge regarding Ayurveda, knowledge that exceeds by far the current framework of understanding regarding the esoteric teaching that can be transmitted in an certain human way. This essential teaching was offered to Bharadvaja by the Great God Indra, as this episode is recorded in the work Charaka-Samhita. Over time, several opinions have been formulated, regarding the existence of the sage Bharadvaja. At a certain point, there was even a supposition, mentioned and then explained by the sage Chakrapani himself in his comments to the text of Charaka-Samhita, regarding the fact that some commentators, which interpreted the Ayurvedic texts in their specific way, presumed that the sages Bharadvaja and Atreya would have been the same person. Some modern researchers of old Indian and Ayurvedic texts suppose that there are two different names of the same person, Bharadvaja and Atreya. The assumptions thus formulated were based on the fact that the implications of each teaching that was attributed differently to the two sages, within the Ayurvedic initiatory lineage, were, to a certain degree, similar, both from the viewpoint of the real aspects that were mentioned therein, and from the viewpoint of the origin and temporal correspondences. In reality, the two great sages and yogis, Bharadvaja and Atreya existed. However, what is less understood by today’s people is that between the two great sages there existed a superior form of spiritual, particularly profound, prolific and trans-individual connection, which is more difficult to understand by the current human mentality. The two sages (Bharadvaja and Atreya) were two exceptional human beings, and both of them possessed certain spiritual gifts and an exemplary state of wisdom. The very assumption of the subsequent commentators of the ancient texts actually confirms the famous statement that we all know, namely: “sages have a common world”. This proves that, in the case of certain trully wise human beings, who are exemplary exponents of a superior divine teaching, there never existed an alleged separating differentiation, nor could there have been one, as this happens in the predominantly intellectual environment or in the scientific communities of researchers, scientists or medics that exist today. In other words, these two exceptional human beings proved an exemplary spiritual solidarity, which made all those who later judged them in a limited, strictly intellectual way, thousands of years later, to believe wrongly that such a thing would have been impossible to exist. Such a wrong judgment expresses in fact the limits of modern critical intellectualism and does not offer the possibility to intuit the existence of such a framework of superior knowledge, like the one from the past, which was extremely flexible, very deep and which was based on a genuine understanding of the valuable spiritual aspects. Unfortunately, such a superior approach eludes the modern sceptic researcher, who often regards historical facts from the perspective of the intellectual ego. So, all that we need to keep in mind is that between the great sage Atreya and the great sage Bharadvaja existed a particularly profound spiritual interaction, fruitful in the sphere of knowledge, based on a mutually understood spiritual consensus, and where there was not the slightest trace, supposedly human, of asserting the individuality of one or the other in relation to the other, as some modern researchers have claimed. Regarding from this superior point of view, we can see both in case of the great sage Bharadvaja and in case of the great sage Atreya an exceptional spiritual quality, that is often hard to find in modern times, namely spiritual solidarity, doubled by a profound mutual understanding, manifested to a high level from the viewpoint of the perception in the sphere of superior consciousness. Such a gauge state excludes any kind of interference of intellectualism that would be motivated even to a very limited extent by the ego (ahamkara). The gauge state of spiritual solidarity that characterizes two beings, in fact two spirits, can make possible the manifestation even of divine miracles, as was the case with the revelation of Ayurvedic millenary science. The written record of the teachings of the great sage Bharadvaja About the recording of the teachings of the sage Bharadvaja, the Ayurvedic work Bhavaprakasha mentions in an explicit way that the sage Bharadvaja directly offered, in writing, recordings of his teachings as some medical works, as some writings about healing, like the ones generically named tantra-s. This specific kind of works (tantra-s), specifically aimed at recording some information of a very practical nature that was a kind of systematized collections of practical advice, of immediate recommendations and punctual explanations, all of them with a quick practical applicability. Then, such collections became what today we call the “Materia medica”, and in these collections punctual recommendations are grouped for certain situations, for certain remedies or for certain procedures. They were structured according to certain essential esoteric aspects, whose applicability precisely generated beneficial effects. The original Sanskrit text of the fragments attributed to the sage Bharadvaja is illustrative, especially for the concision and for the synthetic character of written recordings. If we add that the nature of the information itself that was collected in this form was a synthetic one too, we can observe another aspect, which is in fact another representative characteristic that clearly appears and specifically characterizes the sage Bharadvaja, namely his exemplary ability to synthesize in a remarkable way the essential aspects of Ayurvedic science. Researchers in the field aimed to discover if they can identify some connections which would lead them to discovering the excerpts or even the works attributed to the sage Bharadvaja, in the form of this concise expression, but it is remarked that beside the reference to some writings (Bharadvaja-Tantra) the text could not be identified with certainty. A single excerpt is supposed to have been kept, and it is called Bharadvajiyam. This text especially includes practical references regarding the treatment of urinary affections (meha-shukla-ama) by means of natural Ayurvedic practices. Beside this excerpt that is currently attributed to Bharadvaja based on the way it is written, on its synthetic character, on its concision and preferred orientation towards the necessity of an efficient and practical implementation, there is another excerpt called Dravya-Visheshaka-Bheshaja-Kalpa which is supposed to include in an explicit way direct knowledge offered in the past by the sage Bharadvaja. As we can see from the title, it is clear that this is a practical text which highlights some therapeutic formulas along with how to make and use them. Natural substances and healing plants that are necessary to prepare some natural remedies are mentioned therein. The Sanskrit terms kalpa and bheshaja refer to the Ayurvedic pharmacy, the term dravya refers to the natural substances and it is also the base for the name of the Dravyaguna branch, the science of the characterization of natural substances based on Ayurvedic principles. This text includes a series of aspects with immediate practical finality and it is also a concise text. An example of this sort is supposed to be that of one of the formulas which appeared later in the Ayurveda work Sharangadhara-Samhita, which also includes the formula called phala-ghrita, which is supposed to have been recorded in this work as a result of its already famous character, being attributed to the sage Bharadvaja. Thus, what the Ayurvedic tradition recorded as being aspects that are associated with the sage Bharadvaja have especially been a series of aspects with immediate finality in the Ayurvedic practical applications. Thus, one indicates a series of formulas, of practical advice, of recommendations, of procedures, in general a series of practical methods, the vast majority of which refer to the sage Bharadvaja. Such practical methods make direct reference to some natural substances, to some precious healing plants or even to some combinations of medical plants whose practical applicative quotation has been considered remarkable and remained so along the years, being considered in Ayurveda as genuine “super-formulas”. But in present days, neither their precise identification, nor the wholeness of their record always responds to these requirements. There are records of either the name of the ingredients or of partial compositions. It can’t be precisely said if the records of these formulas have remained exactly as they were initially composed, but the references cite something which is very appreciated in the Ayurvedic tradition. The appreciation repeatedly given to them made their records possible in some Ayurveda works which are edited in somewhat recent times, such as the Ayurveda work Sharangadhara-Samhita, whose age is not greater than 1,000 years, the work Bhava-Prakasha or the work Bhela-Samhita. This means that in the respective tradition such formulas existed and were known until that moment. However, based on the Ayurvedic knowledge, such precious formulas can be recomposed. This exercise of re-composition is based on the vast knowledge of the system of the 20 general qualities (vimshati-guna), which in this case represent the main instrument of work. In the moment when the Ayurvedic practitioner has available such a homologation key of the essential proprieties of certain natural ingredients based on the accurate knowledge of the general qualities (guna), he has at hand a valuable validation instrument of the compatibility itself of the ingredients, which can thus be identified to a lesser or greater proportion, depending on a certain source-element. This is in fact a substantiated scientific method, based on the traditional Ayurvedic teachings. Knowledge of the detailed description of the defining aspects of the 20 general qualities (vimshati-guna), especially of the descriptive aspects of the harmonious manifestations of each of these general qualities (guna), allows the identification of the representative aspects which correspond to the beneficial effects from the physical and emotional-mental level. According to the principle of factorial analysis, such key aspects can identify, based on the general key of homologation, a certain quality with a certain perceptive aspect. Some temporal GUIDING MARKS regarding the sage Bharadvaja The sage Bharadvaja was a contemporary of the sage Atreya. It is recorded that the sage Bharadvaja offered the necessary support for the knowledge of Ayurveda along with the sage Atreya. About the sage Atreya it is said that he lived more than 5,000 years ago, as it results from the records included in the work Charaka-Samhita. Based on the attestations and correspondences which have also been made with other famous ancient texts, such as Rig-Veda and Mahabharata, we can affirm that the life of the two sages is placed 10,000-12,000 years before the present days. THE ESOTERIC SCIENCE OF COGNITRONICS (PRABODHA-VIJNANA) The sage Bharadvaja is a genuine initiator of some esoteric forms of knowledge inside the Ayurvedic science. What is representative of the sage Bharadvaja is the esoteric science of the transfer of cognitronic flows. The sage and yogi Bharadvaja received this exceptional initiation from the Great God Indra. The esoteric science of cognitronic flows or, in short, cognitronics (Prabodha-Vijnana) offers to the initiated human beings access to the essential esoteric knowledge, necessary to the effective accomplishment of a subtle transfer of superior knowledge in a so-called paranormal way. In present days, the vast majority of human beings cannot even imagine what this process consists of. For intuiting the nature of these subtle processes we can use the analogy with a so-called massive information flow, a type of directed data stream. Such a cognitronic flow guarantees a simultaneous transfer of information, states and dispositions of the superior consciousness. Such a massive flow ensures a transfer of knowledge which can be comparable with nearly the whole volume of knowledge that existed in the Library of Alexandria and that can be assimilated in the consciousness in a very short time. There are numerous examples of exceptional, brilliant beings, who describe the inspiring flow in similar manners. For example, genius composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart said that he perceived the whole structure of his compositions in totality, in fact instantaneously. Genius physicist Albert Einstein said that he could have instantaneous access to a profound form of knowledge, but he needed more time to translate it into spoken language or into mathematical formulas which could then be communicated in an intelligible way to other humans. With Yogi practitioners who perform some advanced meditative techniques there can appear some exceptionally high states of consciousness and, along with them, there are certain superior forms of subtle knowledge transfer that appear. Later on, when such an experience is described, that person says that the description in words of the ineffable which has been perceived is difficult, especially in the beginning, so that the being in question says that he felt something extraordinary, but he “doesn’t know how to express himself”. It is clear that such a testimony at least attests the fact that an energisation in the supramental sphere has occurred. The considerable effort and in reality the genius to make such a supramental experience communicable represents a distinct stage of manifestation of the cognitronic flow. This whole endeavour represents the secret esoteric knowledge of expressing the specificity of the transferred cognitronic flows. In the Ayurvedic tradition this role has been given to the great sage Atreya. In this process, the first stage which implied the so-called superior receptive phase has been completed by the sage Bharadvaja. He took over this huge essential knowledge in his consciousness, whose origins is the infinite sphere of the godly consciousness, manifested through the aspect of God as Creator of the Universe (Brahma). The sage Bharadvaja became aware of the reality of this form of timeless, universal and encompassing form of knowledge, which originates in the infinite consciousness of God and thus, being initiated by Indra in certain exceptionally efficient spiritual practices, accessed this subtle sphere of superior knowledge. Such a subtle superior transfer of knowledge did not take place in a mechanic, robotic way, as most people from the present days tend to represent such an exceptional process. Accessing that certain sphere of knowledge was possible through a so-called “access key”, which exists in the corresponding sphere from the essential subtle dimension of the subtle ether (akasha-tattva) or, in other words, in the akashic dimension. The exceptional, remarkable effort that the sage Atreya later materialized in the form of the sequential progress of certain clear and accessible teachings which are at the basis of the whole Ayurvedic knowledge, represented a distinct, subsequent stage. This is why the esoteric tradition of the Ayurveda system shows the fact that the two sages, Bharadvaja and Atreya, are two exceptional beings and also two great Yogis, whose spheres of consciousness are perfectly united in the action of offering the Ayurvedic knowledge. Here is a great example of equity and correctness within a form of spiritual bonding between two great sages, in which one offered to the other access to an essential source of godly knowledge, while the other disseminated in way inspired by God, to the other humans, that specific knowledge. Looking from the perspective of millenary wisdom, it cannot be said that one is greater than the other. These two exceptional beings have been united in the godly good which they offered together to the people. The spiritual interaction itself, which existed between these two, has been a relationship of fruitful spiritual interpenetration, manifested in the sphere of their consciousness. In the Ayurvedic tradition there are many such spiritual models of such exceptional beings, sages and great Yogis, which have manifested an exemplary state of spiritual unity. In the relatively recent history of humankind, examples of this kind have become more and more rare. The great thinkers of Ancient Greece were exemplary in their own way for having allowed the godly inspiration to flow into their being, and for afterwards having transposed into words and offered their existential philosophical knowledge in the form of concrete teachings. In this respect, we have the examples of Aristotle or Plato, but the great majority of them remained in history just as individual names. The Ayurvedic tradition mentions the fact that the great sage Bharadvaja is the one who performed an exceptional Yogi process, secret in the present days, through which he accomplished a process of transfer of the consciousness, similar to the one from the Yogi technique called pho-wa. Traditional Ayurvedic records attest the fact that when he entered such a superior state of consciousness, the Yogi Bharadvaja was able to receive from the Great God Indra a teaching that is extraordinary extensive and profound, through a so-called phenomenon of instantaneous transfer of knowledge into the consciousness. It is relatively difficult to represent the way in which, in a relatively short amount of time, such a huge amount of information could be transferred from the gigantic sphere of knowledge of the Great God Indra into the then-expanded consciousness of the sage and Yogi Bharadvaja, who, in turn, offered this essential knowledge – through other secret methods of spiritual operation of a paranormal nature – to the other sages. The sage Bharadvaja remains an extraordinary inspiring model. It is a historic fact, in its way, that the sage Bharadvaja inspired – in those who are prepared – the Ayurvedic esoteric knowledge regarding the reality of the so-called cognitronic subtle particles (anu-prabodha), as well as the cognitronic subtle flows (sruti-prabodha), which are both at the basis of forming and structuring not just the material substance (sthula-dravya), but also the astral subtle substance (sukshma-dravya). The Ayurvedic sages Bharadvaja and Atreya are model beings regarding the state of spiritual solidarity that is specific to the world of the sages. The relations of spiritual interpenetration and spiritual interaction between the spheres of knowledge of the two great Ayurvedic sages represents a living illustration of the cognitronic esoteric initiatory science (Prabodha-Vijnana). This is maybe the most eloquent practical application of this esoteric knowledge, by the very way in which the sage Bharadvaja together with the sage Atreya have offered, in an impeccable spiritual bonding, the essential link of transmission of the Ayurvedic knowledge from the Great God Indra to humans. The more we will learn to assimilate such exemplary spiritual states, which are somehow rare in the history of humankind and in the relatively recent human world, the more we will note that the rising accessibility of these superior spiritual states in our inner universe will allow us to be more and more profoundly connected to the consciousness spheres of these Ayurvedic sages, who represent genuine spiritual examples for us. We can understand the superior way of spiritual interaction based on the state of spiritual unity by having as starting point the incontestable fact that wise being almost always have an expanded consciousness. Most of the time, such a wise being can easily enter states of expanded consciousness or states of cosmic consciousness. In this sense, an important milestone that is known in the spiritual tradition and in the Ayurvedic tradition, and which originates from a primary knowledge that is thousands of years old, is the one referring to the spiritual purpose (dharma). In modern language, we could say “responsibility”, “duty”, “role” or “function”. But the particularizations greatly restrain the original sphere of meaning. Each sphere of consciousness of such an exceptional being is associated with a certain spiritual godly duty, a form of dharma: Understanding this process of assumption is evident and edifying. Regarding the great sage Atreya, his role, duty and spiritual mission have been associated with a planetary consciousness, regarding the helping of humans from our planet Earth. As for Bharadvaja, his consciousness was destined, it had as role (dharma) to ensure what we may call an extra-planetary or trans-planetary communication. In the case of the two great Ayurvedic sages there is a entwining of roles (dharma), a consciousness whose dharma is trans-planetary and a consciousness whose dharma is planetary, with the role of disseminating the knowledge at the level of planet Earth. The fact of having a consciousness that is associated with a planetary dharma or a trans-planetary dharma does not imply in any way a supposed hierarchical report. Hence, in assuming these roles there is no hierarchy, just the spiritual assumption of a certain form of spiritual responsibility (dharma), which each of them carried out in a specific, exemplary manner.	https://ayurpedia.ro/2021/01/19/bharadvaja-main/
What is a Hamstring Strain? A hamstring strain (otherwise known as “pulled hamstring”) is an injury to the one or more of the muscles that are collectively known as the hamstrings. The semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris (long and short heads) are located at the back of the thigh. These muscles work together to flex the knee and extend the hip. The muscles are commonly strained, stretched or torn while running (especially sprinting) and jumping. Certain athletic endeavors that involve bursts of activity such as football, basketball, dance, track, soccer, field hockey, and baseball are more likely to result in this type of injury. Injuries may be acute (sudden onset), or they may be chronic (especially seen in distance runner who consistently stress the area). This type of injury may result in mild pain and limited disability or may cause severe pain and debilitation. Unfortunately, these types of injuries heal slowly and athletes are prone to re-injury without the appropriate treatment. Proper warm-up, stretching and conditioning of the muscles may prevent the injury. The chiropractors at Lehigh Valley Chiropractic provide strategies for optimum athletic performance that will speed recovery and prevent recurrence. ART is a unique soft tissue treatment that will enable the injury to heal faster and allow you to perform at your peak. How is Hamstring Strain diagnosed? Hamstring strains are classified by a grading system. A grade of 1 means there are micro-tears that have occurred within the muscle which cause pain and tightness in the back of the thigh. Generally there is little visual evidence of the injury (swelling, bruising, or redness). Grade 2 injuries are characterized by a loss of muscle strength against resistance due to a partial tear. Swelling, stiffness, decreased range of motion, and bruising are often present. With a grade 3 injury, there is a complete tear of muscle fibers which causes a great deal of pain and complete weakness. Inability to walk, discoloration, bruising and a bulge of muscle (where the tear occurred) are characteristic of grade 3. Generally, hamstring strains are diagnosed by history and physical examination. The chiropractors at Lehigh Valley Chiropractic will ask you questions about the mechanism of your injury and perform orthopedic tests to evaluate the condition. In certain cases an MRI or other tests will be ordered to determine the extent of the injury. What Are the Options for Treating Hamstring Strain? Hamstring strains are commonly treated at Lehigh Valley Chiropractic. Depending on the extent of the injury, you will be provided with a treatment plan that will include Active Release Technique (ART), myofascial release and therapeutic exercise. ART is a unique soft tissue treatment that will enable the injury to heal faster and allow you to perform at your peak. Many active patients have reaped the benefits of chiropractic care. Schedule your appointment with one of our chiropractors and ride, run, dance, skate or ski your way to the top. - Hamstring strain injuries: recommendations for diagnosis, rehabilitation, and injury prevention. Heiderscheit BC, Sherry MA, Silder A, Chumanov ES, Thelen DG.J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2010 Feb;40(2):67-81.Mangialardi R, Mastorillo G, Minoia L, Garofalo R, et al. Lumbar disc hernation and cauda equina syndrome. Considerations on a pathology with different clinical manifestation. Chir Organi Mov. 2002 Jan-Mar; 87 (1):35-42. - The effects of active release technique on hamstring flexibility: a pilot study. George JW, Tunstall AC, Tepe RE, Skaggs CD. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2006 Mar-Apr;29(3):224-7.	https://lehighvalleychiropractic.com/sports-injury/hamstring-strain/
The global unemployment problem is so huge that the total number of jobless in the ten most populous nations in the world totals 1.1 billion. That is only slightly smaller than the population of China. Macedonia’s 33.8% unemployment rate is the world’s highest. The figure is 65.2% when the disabled, those no longer looking for work, and the elderly are included. 24/7 Wall St. looked at unemployment data for every nation with a population of two million or more. Accurate data are far less readily available for smaller nations. We reviewed information from the International Monetary Fund, the United Nation’s International Labour Organization, and the CIA World Factbook. Perhaps surprisingly, the CIA data appears to be the most misleading, and often fails to account for the difference between unemployment rates versus the total number of those not working but of working age. The first thing that is likely to strike the reader is that most of the nations with high unemployment rates have fairly young governments. They were, usually, either colonies of larger countries or provinces of existing nations that have gained independence. The other observation, perhaps obvious, is that war-torn nations tend to have high unemployment rates, almost certainly because people are uprooted and infrastructure is upended as a result of the violence. \|Country\|\|Total Population\|\|Total Unemployed Over 14\| \|China\|\|1,330,141,295\|\|306,664,076\| \|India\|\|1,173,108,018\|\|355,747,353\| \|United States\|\|310,232,863\|\|100,753,706\| \|Indonesia\|\|242,968,342\|\|67,382,896\| \|Brazil\|\|201,103,330\|\|53,432,350\| \|Pakistan\|\|177,276,594\|\|53,908,926\| \|Bangladesh\|\|158,065,841\|\|34,502,612\| \|Nigeria\|\|152,217,341\|\|42,040,299\| \|Russian Federation\|\|139,390,205\|\|51,483,633\| \|Japan\|\|126,804,433\|\|50,294,189\| \|Total Unemployed 15 Or Older\|\|1,116,210,039\| One reason that is particularly hard to quantify unemployment is the extent to which developing nations are agrarian economies. The U.S. economy was much different 100 years ago when more people worked on farms. That may be why the American unemployment rate is now defined as non-farm payrolls. The figure most economists use when talking about joblessness on a national scale is the unemployment rate, which can mean different things depending on which country or organization is reporting the statistic. As it is used in the United States, “unemployment rate” means the percentage of the potential labor force that is currently out of work. The potential labor force, referred to by the Bureau of Labor and Statistics as the “civilian labor force,” are people who are at least 16-years-old and actively seeking employment. What many fail to realize, however, is that this number does not include people who have given up looking for jobs, people who are working part-time that wish to work full-time (i.e., the underemployed) and people who will never look for a job. It also does not include those who are unable to work because they are physically or mentally disabled. As a result, the official U.S. unemployment rate – now 9.7% – can be misleading. The effect is multiplied when it compared with the jobless rates of other nations because there is no single standard for measuring unemployment around the world. Countries cite rates in markedly different ways. Some consider applicable job age to be younger than in the U.S. Others only measure urban areas to differentiate job seekers from subsistence farmers. These discrepancies present problems for an analysis of a county’s “unemployment rate,” and skew results. The methodology that 24/7 Wall St. used to evaluate and define total unemployment includes: (1) identifying the 15 countries with the highest unemployment rates based on data collected by the United Nations’s Yearbook of Labor Statistics, considered to be the best resource for nationally reported statistics; (2) evaluating the total number of people over 14 who are unemployed in each of these countries, based on the International Labour Office’s Key Indicators of the Labour Market programme, a United Nations programme considered to be more accurate and comprehensive than the nationally reported data; (3) comparing these numbers to other sources, including the U.S. State Department, the IMF, the CIA Factbook, and Organization of Economic Co-operation; and (4) employing the United Nation’s International Labour Organization’s databases – the Yearbook and KILM – which provide the most consistent and complete set of data across the largest number of countries. This analysis suggests that most countries fail to distinguish between the unemployment rate and the greater economic picture of their economies. Even the CIA World Factbook, which is easily the most widely referenced source for country information, often does not discriminate between unemployment as reported by countries and the total number of unemployed as represented by the International Labour Organization statistics. The number of unemployed over 14 is as much as 50% greater than the reported unemployment rate. Unemployment rates as a standard for economic analysis are more complicated when considering the circumstances of each nation. War-torn regions with high displacement, areas with class inequities, gender discrimination, prevalence of disease or disability, inaccurate reporting or deliberately misleading information released as propaganda — these factors can lead to inaccurate unemployment rates. In addition to job figures, the 24/7 Wall St. profile of each country includes per capita GDP, literacy rates, types of government, and the time these nations became sovereign bodies.	https://247wallst.com/investing/2010/06/23/the-fifteen-nations-with-the-highest-unemployment-in-the-world/
FCC chair Julius Genachowski today announced two new net-neutrality measures aimed squarely at internet service providers. “The rise of serious challenges to the free and open Internet puts us at a crossroads. We could see the Internet’s doors shut to entrepreneurs, the spirit of innovation stifled, a full and free flow of information compromised,” Genachowski said during this morning's speech at The Brookings Institution in Washington DC. “Or we could take steps to preserve internet openness, helping ensure a future of opportunity, innovation, and a vibrant marketplace of ideas,” the FCC head said. Genachowski proposed adding two additional principles to the “Four Freedoms” endorsed by the FCC in 2005: non-discrimination and transparency. The principle of non-discrimination would ensure that internet providers do not block lawful content, while the principle of transparency would require them to disclose their network management practices. “The fundamental goal of what I’ve outlined today is preserving the openness and freedom of the Internet,” Genachowski said. Internet founder Vin Cerf applauds Genachowski’s moves. “Today the FCC took an important step in protecting that environment and ensuring that the Internet remains a platform for innovation, economic growth, and free expression,” Cerf wrote. Opposition has come from service providers like AT&T and Verizon. Predictably, AT&T supports the measures for broadband, but is against them for wireless. There is also partisan opposition. Sen. Kay Bailey Hutchison (R-Texas) introduced an amendment that would limit the FCC’s powers by denying it funding. "I am deeply concerned by the direction the FCC appears to be heading. Even during a severe downturn, America has experienced robust investment and innovation in network performance and online content and applications," Hutchison said. "For that innovation to continue, we must tread lightly when it comes to new regulations,” the senator added. “Where there have been a handful of questionable actions in the past on the part of a few companies, the commission and the marketplace have responded swiftly."	https://atelier.bnpparibas/en/smart-city/article/fcc-head-genachowski-outlines-net-neutrality-principles
v. MULLIGAN. District Court, W. D. Michigan, S. D. Howard, Howard & Howard, of Kalamazoo, Mich., for plaintiff. Mason, Sharpe & Stratton, of Kalamazoo, Mich., for defendant. RAYMOND, District Judge. Findings of Fact. 1. Plaintiff is a resident of the State of Illinois and is a management and industrial engineer engaged in the business of installing systems covering sales and administrative expenses, budgets, accounting, cost methods, etc. 2. Defendant was a resident of the State of Illinois at the time the contracts hereinafter referred to were entered into, but since January 1, 1939, has been and, at the time of the commencement of this suit, was a resident of the State of Michigan. 3. On or about May 10, 1937, defendant entered the employ of plaintiff under a written contract (Exhibit C), which recited the use by plaintiff of certain trade secrets and his desire to protect and preserve them for his own use. This contract contained certain restrictive covenants and, among others, the following: "4. (a) Second party agrees that he will not while this agreement remains in effect or at any time within two years thereafter * * * enter into the employ of any individual, partnership, corporation, or associate corporations having interlocking directors who may be 597 or about to become a client or clients of the First party." The contract further provided that if defendant, while the contract was in force or at any time within two years thereafter, should violate this restrictive covenant, plaintiff would be entitled to an injunction restraining defendant from the continuance thereof. 4. Defendant entered plaintiff's employ under said contract and continued thereunder until on or about June 18, 1938, on which date six engineer's working agreements were entered into between the plaintiff and defendant containing restrictive covenants applicable to various territories but including in the aggregate the entire United States and considerable portions of the Dominion of Canada. The one pertaining to Chicago territory (including the State of Michigan) is attached to the bill of complaint as Exhibit 1, the restrictive provision of which, pertinent to this case, reads: "4. Employee agrees that he will not, while this agreement remains in effect, or at any time within a period of two years from the date of cancellation or termination of this agreement * * Enter into the employ of any individual, partnership, corporation, or associate corporations having interlocking Directors, who have or are about to become a client or clients of Employer." Defendant remained in the employ of plaintiff under these contracts until about January 1, 1939. 5. During the term of his employment, defendant worked as operating engineer for several of plaintiff's clients and on October 31, 1938, became a supervisory engineer. 6. On or about August 8, 1938, the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company, of Kalamazoo, Michigan, employed the plaintiff to make a preliminary analysis or survey of its business to determine where and how reductions in costs or improvement in methods could be effected. 7. A survey report with recommendations was made to the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company by employees of plaintiff on September 8, 1938, and a supplemental report was made on September 19, 1938. The Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company did not authorize plaintiff to proceed with installation of the recommendations made and did not thereafter renew its relationship with plaintiff. 8. Defendant was in no way connected with either the survey or the report of the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company but was at that time engaged in a similar survey of the A B Stove Company at Battle Creek, Michigan. 9. On or about October 15, 1938, the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company advertised for an experienced plant executive with mechanical and industrial engineering background to fill a position made vacant through the transfer of a former employee to a newly acquired plant located in the East. Defendant applied for and obtained the position and on December 31, 1938, terminated his contract with the plaintiff and entered and still remains in the employ of the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company where he was given complete charge of production. 10. The evidence is not clear and convincing that at the time defendant entered the new employment the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company was or was about to become a client of plaintiff within the meaning of the agreement of May 10, 1937, and if the purpose of the contract of June 18, 1938, was to restrict employment with those who "have been clients" of plaintiff, such intent is imperfectly expressed. 11. While there is considerable circumstantial evidence leading to the conclusion that the contract of the defendant with and his employment by the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company was brought about by reason of his connection with and employment by plaintiff, the direct testimony is to the contrary. However, determination of this issue is not necessary. 12. The Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company is not engaged in business in any way competing with that of plaintiff and the record does not indicate that plaintiff has been or will be deprived of any business through the fact that defendant is employed by the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company. Conclusions of Law. 1. The contract in suit was made between citizens of Illinois and is an Illinois contract. 2. Contract provisions such as those here sought to be enforced are declared by Section 16667, Compiled Laws of Michigan of 1929, to be against public policy and illegal, in the following language: "All agreements and contracts by which any 598 person, co-partnership or corporation promises or agrees not to engage in any avocation, employment, pursuit, trade, profession or business, whether reasonable or unreasonable, partial or general, limited or unlimited, are hereby declared to be against public policy and illegal and void." 3. Assuming (without determining) the validity in the State of Illinois of the contracts of defendant with plaintiff, the public policy of the State of Michigan declared by its legislature is binding not only upon the courts of the State of Michigan but upon the federal courts sitting therein in a suit which seeks enforcement of contracts which are contrary to the public policy of the state thus declared. 4. It is the settled law in Michigan that a contract which is void as against the public policy of the state will not be enforced by its courts even though the contract was valid where made. 5. Where the legislature has clearly declared the public policy of the state, the courts may not determine the degree of importance to the State of Michigan involved in enforcing contracts contrary to such public policy. 6. Judgment of no cause of action will be entered in favor of defendant. The findings herewith filed sufficiently disclose the nature of the issues. The ambiguous language of the restrictive covenant relied upon and the uncertainty as to whether plaintiff has established by clear and convincing evidence that the Kalamazoo Stove & Furnace Company "have" or was "about to become" a client of plaintiff seem to preclude a conclusion that plaintiff has established by sufficiently clear and convincing evidence facts upon which could be predicated the discretionary power of the court to grant plaintiff remedy by way of injunction. Determination of these questions, however, becomes unnecessary since they are of consequence only if the validity and enforceability in Michigan of the restrictive covenant are resolved in favor of plaintiff. The court is satisfied in any event that the provisions of the Michigan statute, Section 16667, Compiled Laws Michigan, 1929, quoted in the findings, bar the remedy sought by plaintiff. Plaintiff urges that this statute applies only to Michigan contracts between Michigan citizens. The authorities do not support this contention. The correct principle is stated with ample citation of cases in 11 Am.Jur., Conflict of Laws, Sec. 125, 126, as follows, "The public policy of a state, established either by express legislative enactment or by the decisions of its courts, is supreme and when once established will not, as a rule, be relaxed even on the ground of comity to enforce contracts, which, though valid where made, contravene such policy. "Courts which declare a contract void as against public policy are not declaring the intention of the parties, as in the ordinary case, but are acting under the obligation of the higher law, which requires the enforcement of that which is for the public good. * " " * * Ordinarily, the lex fori will not permit the enforcement of a contract regardless of its validity where made or when to be performed, where the contract in question is contrary to good morals, where the state of the forum or its citizens would be injured through the enforcement by its courts of contracts of the kind in question, where the contract violates the positive legislation of the state of the forum that is, is contrary to its constitution or statutes, or where the contract violates the public policy of the state of the forum. * * " Plaintiff also contends that the constitutional provisions against impairment of the obligations of contracts forbid the application of the Michigan statute to the contract here under consideration. This argument ignores the fact that the statute, enacted in 1905, antedated the contract by many years and that it must be presumed that, as to remedies provided for, the contract was entered into in contemplation of the then existing laws of Michigan, as well as of the other states included in the various contracts relating to different territories. See 12 Am.Jur., Constitutional Law, sec. 387, 435, where it is said: "The provision of the Constitution which declares that no state shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts does not apply to a law enacted prior to the making of the contract, the obligation of which is claimed to be impaired, but only to a statute of a state enacted after the making of the contract. The obligation of a contract cannot properly be said to be impaired by a statute in force when the 599 contract was made, for in such cases it is presumed that it was made in contemplation of the existing law. * * " "Frequently, parties, in executing contracts, stipulate in the body of the contract what remedy is to be pursued in the event of a breach. In such cases the remedy agreed upon becomes a part of the obligation of the contract and any subsequent statute which affects the remedy impairs the obligation and is unconstitutional. * " (Italics added.) These principles have recently been recognized and applied in the case of Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell, 290 U.S. 398, 434, 54 S. Ct. 231, 238, 78 L. Ed. 413, 88 A.L.R. 1481, wherein Chief Justice Hughes stated, "Not only is the constitutional provision qualified by the measure of control which the state retains over remedial processes, but the state also continues to possess authority to safeguard the vital interests of its people. It does not matter that legislation appropriate to that end `has the result of modifying or abrogating contracts already in effect.' Stephenson v. Binford, 287 U.S. 251, 276, 53 S. Ct. 181, 189, 77 L. Ed. 288 [87 A.L.R. 721]. Not only are existing laws read into contracts in order to fix obligations as between the parties, but the reservation of essential attributes of sovereign power is also read into contracts as a postulate of the legal order. The policy of protecting contracts against impairment presupposes the maintenance of a government by virtue of which contractual relations are worth while,a government which retains adequate authority to secure the peace and good order of society. This principle of harmonizing the constitutional prohibition with the necessary residuum of state power has had progressive recognition in the decisions of this Court." Plaintiff further urges that in any event it is incumbent on defendant to show a strong public interest on behalf of the citizens of Michigan in enforcement of the declaration that certain contracts are against public policy, and says that here that interest is but slight. Whatever of weight might be accorded such a contention in cases where the public policy relied on finds its source in other than statutory enactments, it is the view of the court that in cases where, as here, a rule of public policy has been determined by legislative enactment, the courts may not consider the degree of public interest involved. Such declarations are prerogatives of the legislature. See 12 Am.Jur., Contracts, Sec. 171, where it is said, "What the public policy is must be determined from a consideration of the Constitution, the laws, the decisions of the courts, and the course of administration, not by the varying opinions of laymen, lawyers, or judges as to the demands of the interests of the public. * * "Where there are constitutional or statutory provisions, they govern as to what is the public policy. Where the lawmaking power speaks on a particular subject over which it has constitutional power to legislate, public policy in such a case is what the statute enacts. * * * Primarily, it is the prerogative of the legislature to declare what agreements and acts are contrary to public policy and to forbid them. Where a statute prohibiting an act is an expression of public policy of the state that the act is against good morals and public interest and provides no penalty, an agreement in violation of the statute is illegal. Some of the courts, speaking upon this subject, have said that the immediate representatives of the people, in legislature assembled, would seem to be the fairest exponents of what public policy requires, since they are most familiar with the habits and fashions of the day and with the actual condition of commerce and trade their consequent wants and weaknesses and that legislation is least objectionable, because it operates prospectively, as a guide in future negotiations, and does not, like a judgment of a court, annul an agreement already concluded. Courts have no right to ignore or set aside a public policy established by the legislature. Therefore, it is the duty of the judiciary to refuse to sustain that which is against the public policy of the state as manifested by the legislation or fundamental law of the state." In the case of Thompson v. Waters, 25 Mich. 214, 225, 12 Am.Rep. 243, it is stated, "* * * since the legislatures are the proper representatives of the public interest, and, having the exclusive power to determine what shall be the public policy of the state, if they have chosen to make no enactment upon the subject, it is natural to infer they omitted to do so because they thought it unnecessary, and that the generally recognized principles would be sufficient for such cases." *600 See, also, Bond v. Hume, 243 U.S. 15, 21, 37 S. Ct. 366, 61 L. Ed. 565; Grosman v. Union Trust Co., 5 Cir., 228 F. 610, Ann.Cas.1917B, 613; Id., 245 U.S. 412, 38 S. Ct. 147, 62 L. Ed. 368. The legislature of Michigan having declared such a restrictive provision as is here being considered to be "against public policy and illegal and void", this court may not set aside or ignore that declaration on the ground that the public interest in its enforcement is but slight. Judgment will therefore be entered in favor of defendant, and the complaint will be dismissed.	https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/36/596/1366983/
Geodetics, Inc. is a technology company based in San Diego, California. Its visionaries are scientists who are experts in geodesy and GNSS/IMU integration. Indeed, they have contributed three articles to LIDAR Magazine1,2,3. Founded with commercial markets in mind, the company next prospered as a defense contractor and has always been willing to diversify. When UAV systems for photogrammetry and lidar entered the market-place, enabled by Part 107, its time had come. Managing editor Stewart Walker visited Geodetics to find out more about the company’s path through the years. Here is what he discovered. Editor’s note: A PDF of this article as it appeared in the magazine is available HERE. Geodetics’ beginnings and the forces that directed it Geodetics, Inc. is housed in an industrial park tucked between La Jolla and the Pacific Beach and North Claremont neighborhoods of San Diego, just to the east of the I-5 freeway. I was hosted by president and CEO Dr. Lydia Bock, vice president business and product development Dr. Jeff Fayman, and chief navigation scientist Dr. Shahram Moafipoor. Fayman provided a succinct history of Geodetics. The company was founded in 1999 with the idea of assembling a group of scientists from academic settings in precise GPS positioning to develop products and services for various civilian markets. Their field was geodetic science, hence the name Geodetics. One of their early endeavors was CR-NET, a reference network monitoring system for large GPS networks, the first of its kind in the world and still in use today. In 2000 the US Department of Defense became aware of the company. DoD’s staple pursuit was ever higher precision in positioning, navigation and timing (PNT), for anything that moved, whether on land, at sea, or in the air—including, as time passed, UAVs. Geodetics gradually transitioned, therefore, into defense technologies, expanding from algorithms and science to various turnkey systems. The foundations of PNT are GPS, GNSS and IMUs. Accepting that many companies do similar work, Fayman argued that Geodetics’s unique contribution is to exploit its GNSS/IMU core competence as the foundation of larger capabilities. Interesting applications include systems for relative navigation, mobile mapping, sensor fusion, GPS-denied positioning (Figure 1). GNSS/IMU is the expertise, but that’s just the starting point. Market diversification As time went by, Geodetics’ products evolved into turn-key hardware and software navigation solutions. In 2008, moreover, defense expenditure waivered due to sequestration. Geodetics, therefore, decided to diversify its portfolio to ride the vicissitudes of defense funding. An emerging market became part of the vision: the prices of UAVs were falling and their use was becoming more widespread and no longer restricted to defense applications. Fayman felt that part of AUVSI’s territory had been ceded to Commercial UAV Expo, a sign of increasing UAV activity in the commercial world. Then they saw a sensor that had started to become reasonably priced—lidar! The downward driver on prices, of course, was autonomous vehicles (AVs), i.e. vehicle manufacturers were investing heavily in the development of lidar technology and the large volumes facilitated economies of scale. Geodetics was able to piggyback on these trends. But the real “game changer” was the transformation of the FAA regulations with the introduction in 2016 of Part 107 to manage the use of UAVs in civil airspace for commercial purposes, whereas the process for waivers and exemptions under Section 333 of the FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 had been rather unsatisfactory since the first approvals were granted in 2014. This trifecta of lower cost UAVs, lower cost lidar, and a more appropriate regulatory environment enabled Geodetics to prosper: mushrooming UAV applications would be the hedge against fluctuations in the defense industry, so Geodetics invested heavily in building out the Geo-MMS product line, the company’s mobile mapping system. Geo-MMS started as UAV-lidar only, but expanded to include photogrammetric image acquisition with low requirements for overlaps and sidelaps, including RGB and multispectral sensors to enable colorized point clouds. The company’s roadmap includes hyperspectral and other sensors, for example for methane detection. The company considers to be within its ambit applications that previously were prohibitively expensive, such as BIM, surveying, oil and gas, environmental, infrastructure, forestry and archaeology. While Geodetics successfully moved into several of these markets, defense budgets recovered and the company’s defense business has taken off too. The company benefits from cross-pollination between them and technologies can be used in both. Lidar has been integrated on UAVs operated by US defense forces. Working in the GPS-denied and autonomous vehicle navigation areas are other big markets, where Geodetics uses multi-sensor fusion as the keystone of its solutions. One of Geodetics’s claims to fame is its success in relative navigation for mid-air refueling (Figure 2) and autonomous ship-board landing. These solutions are based on GPS, but it can be replaced when the need arises by other sensors that can generate relative positions, for example lidar or cameras. The crux of the company Bock’s PhD was in material engineering at MIT, but her master’s was in civil engineering at The Ohio State University, where she was exposed to the university’s excellence and vibrant activity in geomatics. After graduating, she worked for Raytheon then SAIC, i.e. leading defense contractors, before founding Geodetics. It briefly occupied an office on Pearl Street, La Jolla, before moving to its current location, which was selected as it was near the center of gravity of the principals’ homes and because there was access to the roof to mount the antennae and other equipment that would be needed for GNSS work. The company was able to double its space, two years after moving in, by adding the office next door and has up to 30 employees—the number grows when there’s a need to manufacture for defense contracts. Fayman, a San Diego native with BA and MSc degrees from San Diego State University (SDSU) and a PhD in computer science from Technion Israel Institute of Technology, joined the group in 2001 and Moafipoor, who earned his PhD in geodetic science from The Ohio State University. The company is privately held, so it can work on whatever it finds interesting. The foci are innovation and new products that take science into the real world. The team consists of scientists, i.e. their profession gives them a major advantage over GNSS/IMU integrators or, indeed, less able firms that just package lidar with UAVs. We probed this more deeply, exploring how Geodetics differs from other players. Fayman explained that Geodetics was one of the first developers of epoch-by-epoch RTK. Bock explained the role of Geodetics in the development of the RTK approach to GPS positioning, using the lambda method developed by Professor P.J.G. Teunissen at Delft University of Technology in the 1990s. The company developed epoch-by-epoch RTK for kinematic ambiguity resolution, its own variants of the Kalman filter and relative extended Kalman filter, and the tight coupling of sensors. Geodetics builds its own hardware and argue that it exploits the rawest form of data from the sensors and molds it to create the optimal solution: it gains flexibility by working with the raw GNSS measurements, not the position computed by the receiver; thus it is immediately above the sensor, GNSS and IMU manufacturers in the food chain. Bock said, “The idea of our building this here is that it gives us flexibility, adaptability, and the ability to innovate.” Fayman exemplified, “We can respond to our customers. If they have a question about Kalman filter tuning, who better to ask than the people who developed it?” When customers see Geodetics’s Assured PNT suite of defense products and request changes, Geodetics can deliver. Geodetics purchases sensors, as well as GNSS and IMU components, from their manufacturers. The company has plenty of customers now and has enjoyed significant growth over the last few years. It continues to improve and respond to feedback from customers—new ideas are implemented every month. Fayman concurred, arguing that the UAV/lidar/sensor-fusion market is a large one, for which competition is a boon, ensuring good products at lower prices. Geodetics experienced its pain 15-20 years ago, when it began in GPS/IMU, so it has extensive experience. It wants to bring more capabilities to its customers, through better products at lower prices, while continuing to innovate. The scientists communicate energetically, using academic journals4 as well as vehicles such as LIDAR Magazine. Indeed, they have a blog site (https://geodetics/why-geodetics/blog/) to encourage the two-way communications. Bock emphasized, “We want our customers to feed back, so we can accommodate them.” Fayman referred to the dichotomy of defense and commercial development cycles, the former needing innovation continuously and the latter, rather slower. He quipped, “In the commercial market, if it’s shipping it’s obsolete. In defense, if it’s in initial design review, it’s obsolete.” The Geodetics team enjoys defense business, with its interesting applications and the sense of supporting the nation’s military, but conceded that the commercial UAV business is fresh and stimulating, full of potential. Geodetics, furthermore, has discovered local synergies. There is a manufacturer of multispectral sensors across the street from Geodetics, as well as two AV companies. Geodetics feels some excitement about automotive applications, for which the company’s special skills position it very well. We talked about creative market players such as Cepton, Ouster, Quanergy and Velodyne LiDAR. Solid-state lidar is central in automotive applications and is coming to UAVs. Geodetics admires the capabilities of these companies as well as mainstream sensor suppliers such as SICK, FARO, RIEGL and Teledyne Optech. Moafipoor added, “We like all these laser companies and one of our jobs is, every day, just checking out their sensors.” Geodetics was disappointed not to be involved in the DARPA Challenge events more than 10 years ago, which were such a catalyst in the development of lidar for automotive purposes and, as a result, for more efficacious TLS and MMS applications. Fayman reiterated, “It’s changing all the time and all the companies are getting better every day.” Geodetics uses Velodyne lidar sensors (Figure 3), which it regards as providing a good value for the company’s target markets and is currently adding several new LiDAR sensors to its product line including Quanergy and Optech. Numerous GNSS and IMU components are available for consideration for each project or product, the range being all the greater because Geodetics uses the GNSS sensors as measurement engines and process the raw data with its own GNSS/Inertial algorithms. One of Geodetics’s recent additions is the use of dual-antenna interferometers for the estimation of heading on its Geo-MMS product range. Cameras are a relatively new addition and the product range reflects this with the addition of Geo-Photomap (Figure 4) and Point&Pixel (Figure 5). The rationale is to use precise positioning to reduce the need for ground control points and large overlaps, i.e. to make the UAV data acquisition mission more economical in terms of greater coverage per battery. MSI imagery is used to colorize the lidar point cloud or generate orthophotos. Geodetics has found a company that offers an MSI lens for existing cameras that they already sell with RGB. “Everything is modular now,” explained Bock. Much as Geodetics has been proselytizing its off-the-shelf Geo-MMS product line, the company builds to order if that is what the customer requires. They received many requests for MSI and colorized point clouds, so it was natural to add these features. “We’re bringing these particular capabilities to a market that’s just opening up—drones,” confirmed Fayman. “The applications are just going to continue to grow and we will continue to add capabilities.” Since they start closer to the sensor and write their own software, they are well placed to be flexible. “We’ve found our niche here in San Diego and we enjoy what we do,” enthused Fayman. “We are a very happy company,” agreed Bock. “We don’t have debt.” The geodetics team reflected fondly on their mid-air refueling triumphs. There are applications in both commercial and defense. Autonomous ship-board landing is but a step further. They continue to supply products to their military customers for all sorts of applications. They write complex proposals. Often they participate by responding to RFPs from prime contractors. “We have our feet in both realms,” said Fayman. As noted above, the applications are growing in number and are becoming more and more interesting. The company’s revenue stream encompasses both defense and commercial. The balance or mix changes through time. “Both markets are expanding and the boundary between them is gray—they are really converging, these two markets,” said Bock. “Defense is moving to using our commercial products.” This also ensures more rapid development. One of the reasons Geodetics located in San Diego was a wish to work with UCSD. The company also collaborates with San Diego State University (SDSU), where its work with Professors Allen Gontz and Tom Rockwell in the university’s Department of Geological Sciences department has earned considerable publicity5. SDSU contacted Geodetics, not far from the campus, for help in applying geodesy to earth sciences. The area of interest was the San Andreas Fault and the goal was to identify precursors of earthquakes. Geodetics went out with the university team and performed a precise lidar survey at the very end of the Fault, in the area of Mecca, California, on the northern shore of the Salton Sea. Geodetics has consequently been invited to do further work in several countries. The products today The Assured PNT family is Geodetics’ commercially available product line for defense. It includes multiple GNSS/IMU solutions focused on particular applications, for example Geo-APNT, Geo-iNAV, Geo-RelNAV, Geo-hNAV, Geo-Pointer and Geo-TRX (Figure 6). Geodetics offers them to defense customers with SAASM and P(Y) capabilities and is ready for the forthcoming military (M-code) GPS. On the commercial side the product offering is the Geo-MMS family, i.e. mobile mapping, consisting of Geo-MMS LiDAR, Geo-Photomap, and Point&Pixel (Figures 3, 4 and 5). This family is growing, of course, since its main market is UAVs. The company also offers a number of software products, such as RTD-Pro, the current incarnation of the CR-NET mentioned at the beginning of this article. A support engineer at Geodetics brought some products into the room for me to admire. Moafipoor showed me Geo-MMS LiDAR, emphasizing again how important it had been over the years to refine the products in response to customers’ feedback. They call their electronics box the Geo-MMS Navigator. It contains the GNSS receivers, IMU, radio and various subsystems. “The difference,” Jeff reminded me, “is that we build the electronics that go into it—we don’t buy them from a GNSS/IMU supplier.” The goal is easy data collection. The system weighs 5-6 lbs. including two-meter boom, mounting assembly, Geo-MMS Navigator, lidar and camera, so they use the DJI M600 Pro UAV and other high lift capacity drones are available. Moafipoor, pithily referring to the output as “image with attitude”, described the system as a “piece of art”, a brilliant combination of components, beautifully integrated with the UAV. Data are downloaded to a MicroSD card and can be ready for use 20 minutes after flight. Geodetics also has a real-time capability: they download what they regard to be of greatest value to the user, i.e. a point density map, showing the density of lidar collection as it varies across the project area. The user sees this being built up as the UAV flies, assesses whether the mission goal has been accomplished, or decides on a further flight while still in the field. Geo-MMS includes its own mission planning software, so there is no need for their users to purchase licenses for third-party products. There are no annual license fees, because Geodetics develops the software and doesn’t have to pay third parties. Geo-MMS starts below $50K, surely economical given the expertise embodied in it. Fayman mentioned calibration of the Kalman filters, but they have eliminated most of that via by the dual antenna interferometer. This involves a 2 m folding boom, made of carbon fiber, fixed to the UAV at any direction relative to the flightline. The GNSS antennae at its ends, plus the software, enable the UAV’s heading to be estimated very accurately indeed, starting before take-off. The Geodetics team was adamant that the system does not change after factory calibration. Thus the customer has minimal need of special flight patterns for calibration purposes. The UAV has two rails, the relationship of which to the UAV is calibrated in the manufacturing stage (Figure 7). This is like determining the lever arm and boresighting of the rails, all in the factory with little for the user to do. The payload is rigidly attached to the mounting assembly, which in turn is rigidly attached to the calibrated rails. Hence the payload can be changed but, owing to the rigid connectivities, the calibration will not change. Geodetics has is proud of this intriguing feature, the culmination of many years of intense work. Fixing the boom to the UAV is very simple (Figure 5). The user can switch the UAV’s camera from horizontal to vertical in seconds. The UAV just takes off and the Kalman filters work! Indeed, Geodetics uses the same rail system on its vehicle mount, so the same principles extend to data acquired on the ground. It is possible, therefore, to remove a payload from a UAV and attach it almost instantly to a vehicle. Geodetics flies UAVs over a calibrated test field near its office and has confirmed the constant state of the calibration—the firm has the courage of its conviction that is has found the ideal mechanical solution, so that the relationships between the navigation system, the lidar and the camera stay the same. Altogether the system has five GNSS antennae (Figure 3). The Geodetics solution is autonomous with respect to the aircraft’s autopilot, not reliant on the UAV manufacturer or the GNSS being used to control the UAV. The latter flies way points—that’s all. Geodetics uses its own high-end dual-antenna interferometer and high-end IMU. Fayman reiterated the advantages of the boom: heading known before take-off and known calibration mean minimal need to turn Kalman filters in flight, saving precious minutes of battery life. This independence of the Geodetics solution from the UAV means they can easily fit their system to US-built UAVs as well as those from China. Geodetics—the future The firm’s future directions include further innovation and more UAV markets, both defense and commercial. The UAV revolution provides opportunities to address new applications as well as provide more economical solutions for existing ones. As UAVs proliferate, Geodetics will endeavor to remain in the forefront. The scientists will exploit new technologies and inventions. They will continue to demonstrate their class by publishing academic papers. The company anticipates an exciting future. 1 Moafipoor, S., L. Bock and J.A. Fayman, 2017. LiDAR/camera point & pixel aided autonomous navigation, LIDAR Magazine, 7(7): 36-47, October/November. 2 Nagarajan, S. and S. Moafipoor, 2017. A new approach for boresight calibration of low-density lidar, LIDAR Magazine, 7(8): 40-43, December. 3 Moafipoor, S., L. Bock, and J.A. Fayman, 2018. Realizing the potential of UAV mapping, LIDAR Magazine, 8(6): 40-45, November/December. 4 For example: Moafipoor, S., L. Bock and J.A. Fayman, 2017, Autonomous UAV navigation based on point-pixel matching, ION Pacific PNT Conference, The Institute of Navigation, Honolulu, Hawaii, May 1-4, unpaginated CD.	https://lidarmag.com/2019/10/07/gnss-imu-the-heart-of-lidar-integration/
Court Description: ORDER GRANTING 19 Motion for Summary Judgment. Signed by Judge Robert Pitman. (rf) Download PDF Krowell v. The University of the Incarnate Word Doc. 23 Case 5:15-cv-00638-RP Document 23 Filed 03/20/17 Page 1 of 7 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF TEXAS SAN ANTONIO DIVISION CARMEN KROWELL, Plaintiff, v. THE UNIVERSITY OF THE INCARNATE WORD, Defendant. § § § § § § § § § § 5:15-CV-638-RP ORDER Before the Court is the Motion for Summary Judgment of Defendant The University of the Incarnate Word (“the University”). (Dkt. 19). Having reviewed the pleadings, factual record, and relevant law, the Court finds that the University’s motion should be granted. BACKGROUND This is an action arising under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000d et seq., and the Age Discrimination Act of 1975, 42 U.S.C. §§ 6101–6107. 1 The crux of Plaintiff’s claims is that the University discriminated against her in its admissions process on the basis of her race, national origin, and age. Plaintiff is a Colombian-American woman over the age of fifty. She is also a thirty-two-year veteran of the United States Air Force. Wishing to use her military educational benefits, Plaintiff applied for admission to the Master of Health Administration (“MHA”) program at the University on May 1, 2014. According to Plaintiff, she exceeded the minimum qualifications required for admission. Over the next several weeks, Plaintiff remained in contact with Daniel Dominguez 1 Plaintiff also raised claims under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq., but she has indicated in her briefing that she is waiving those claims. Dockets.Justia.com Case 5:15-cv-00638-RP Document 23 Filed 03/20/17 Page 2 of 7 (“Dominguez”), the director of the MHA program, concerning the next steps in the admissions process. On May 29, 2014, Dominguez invited Plaintiff for an on-campus interview with him and Kevin LaFrance (“LaFrance”), a professor, on June 3, 2014. Plaintiff attended the interview and asserts that she discussed her work with a medical unit in Afghanistan and volunteerism in medical settings. Dominguez allegedly explained that the type of work Plaintiff had performed was not the experience they were looking for. Dominguez also informed Plaintiff that the MHA program required an internship initially requiring a commitment of eight hours per week and later increasing to twenty hours. Plaintiff raised concerns about this requirement, which Plaintiff felt was not adequately disclosed on the University’s website and was contrary to the University’s representation that the MHA program was geared toward working adults. She further told her interviewers that her work for the military would not permit her to be absent for twenty hours per week. Despite her concerns, Plaintiff alleges that she made it clear that she would do what was necessary to complete the internship. Further, LaFrance allegedly told Plaintiff that her inability to complete the internship would not be a bar to admission. Plaintiff’s Complaint notes some concerns with the interview. For instance, she alleges that Dominguez remarked on the fact that it had been some time since Plaintiff had previously attended school. Plaintiff also asserts that the University was “going through the motions” with the interview, which was between fifteen to twenty minutes long and ended abruptly when Dominguez stated he needed to attend another interview. On July 29, 2014, Plaintiff was informed by phone that she had not been selected for admission to the University’s MHA program. Plaintiff followed up on this phone call with an email to Dominguez requesting to know the reason she was not selected for the program. Dominguez allegedly provided no response before Plaintiff again emailed him on August 27, 2014. In this latter 2 Case 5:15-cv-00638-RP Document 23 Filed 03/20/17 Page 3 of 7 message, Plaintiff reiterated her qualifications for the program, complained that it seemed stacked against working adults, and pointed out that she had attended a higher-ranked school in the past. Dominguez thereafter responded by email that the admissions process is competitive and that, on the whole, Plaintiff’s application was not as strong as those of other candidates. Plaintiff responded the same day, complaining of what she felt was poor and unfair treatment in the admissions process. After seeking administrative remedies, Plaintiff filed this lawsuit against the University. She asserts that she was denied admission to the MHA program on the basis of her race, national origin, gender, and age. LEGAL STANDARD Summary judgment is appropriate under Rule 56 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure only “if the movant shows there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A dispute is genuine only if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 254 (1986). “A fact issue is ‘material’ if its resolution could affect the outcome of the action.” Poole v. City of Shreveport, 691 F.3d 624, 627 (5th Cir. 2012). The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of “informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of [the record] which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323 (1986). “[T]he moving party may [also] meet its burden by simply pointing to an absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party's case.” Boudreaux v. Swift Transp. Co., 402 F.3d 536, 544 (5th Cir. 2005). The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party to establish the existence of a genuine issue for trial. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co., Ltd. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 585–87 (1986); Wise v. E.I. Dupont de Nemours & Co., 58 F.3d 193, 195 (5th Cir. 1995). After the non-movant has been given the opportunity to raise a genuine factual issue, if no reasonable juror could find for 3 Case 5:15-cv-00638-RP Document 23 Filed 03/20/17 Page 4 of 7 the non-movant, summary judgment will be granted. Miss. River Basin Alliance v. Westphal, 230 F.3d 170, 175 (5th Cir. 2000). The court will view the summary judgment evidence in the light most favorable to the non-movant. Rosado v. Deters, 5 F.3d 119, 123 (5th Cir. 1993). DISCUSSION I. Age Discrimination Plaintiff alleges that the University has violated the Age Discrimination Act (“ADA”) by denying her admission to the MHA program on the basis of her age. Defendant argues that the Court lacks jurisdiction to hear Plaintiff’s claim of age discrimination because Plaintiff has not complied with the ADA’s pre-suit notice requirements. The ADA prohibits any program receiving federal financial assistance from discriminating on the basis of age. 42 U.S.C. § 6102. The ADA allows interested individuals to bring suit against programs that violate its ban on age discrimination. 42 U.S.C. § 6104(e)(1). Before bringing such a suit, however, the individual must give notice by registered mail “not less than 30 days prior to the commencement of that action to the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Attorney General of the United States, and the person against whom the action is directed.” Id. The notice must state the nature of the alleged violation, the relief requested, the court where the action will be brought, and whether or not the complainant seeks attorney’s fees. 42 U.S.C. § 6104(e)(2). Some courts have found that a failure to comply with the notice requirement leaves the courts without jurisdiction over ADA claims, see, e.g., Curto v. Smith, 248 F. Supp. 2d 132, 145 (N.D.N.Y. 2003), but the Fifth Circuit has avoided ruling on the issue. See Parker v. Bd. of Supervisors Univ. of La.–Lafayette, 296 F. App’x 414, 418–19 (5th Cir. 2008). Still, the Fifth Circuit’s case law is clear that fulfilling § 6104(e)(1)’s notice requirement is an indispensable prerequisite to suit whether or not it affects the court’s jurisdiction. See id. (affirming dismissal of ADA claims for lack of compliance with notice requirement). 4 Case 5:15-cv-00638-RP Document 23 Filed 03/20/17 Page 5 of 7 Plaintiff has provided no evidence that she has complied with, or attempted to comply with, the ADA’s notice requirement. Accordingly, her age discrimination claim is not properly before the Court and summary judgment in favor of the University is appropriate. II. Title VI Claims Plaintiff alleges that the University violated Title VI of the Civil Rights Act by denying her admission to the MHA program on the basis of her color, race, and national origin as a ColombianAmerican. Title VI provides that “[n]o person in the United States shall, on the ground of race, color, or national origin, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subject to discrimination under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000d. In cases like the present one, where direct evidence of discrimination is lacking, courts apply the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework. Washington v. Jackson State Univ., 532 F. Supp. 2d 804, 810 (S.D. Miss. 2006). Under this framework, the plaintiff bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of discrimination by showing that: (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she was qualified for the program; (3) she suffered an adverse action; and (4) she was treated less favorably than similarly situated individuals outside the protected class. Id. The University does not dispute that Plaintiff is a member of a protected class. Nor does the University deny that Plaintiff met the minimum requirements for admission or that that its decision not to admit her constitutes an adverse action under the statute. However, the University argues that Plaintiff has neither alleged nor provided evidence to substantiate that others outside Plaintiff’s protected class were treated more favorably than she was. The University points to portions of Plaintiff’s deposition in which she states that she “is not privy” to information concerning how many other individuals applied to the University’s MHA program, how many were asked to submit 5 Case 5:15-cv-00638-RP Document 23 Filed 03/20/17 Page 6 of 7 statements of purpose, or how many were interviewed and ultimately admitted. (Krowell Dep., Dkt. 19-1, 87:10–88:2). Plaintiff candidly admitted that she had no information about the applicants’ academic credentials or their demographic information, including race, national origin, gender, and age. (Id. 88:17–89:7, 99:25-20). Lacking this evidence, the University argues, she cannot show that she was treated less favorably than those outside her protected class. In response, Plaintiff argues that the University has failed to meet its burden of showing that Plaintiff was less qualified than other applicants. Plaintiff did not present any of the evidence the University claims she lacks, perhaps assuming that such evidence is not required. See John v. Louisiana (Bd. of Trustees for State Colleges & Univs.), 757 F.2d 698, 708 (5th Cir. 1985) (“[T]he nonmovant is under no obligation to respond unless the movant discharges [its] initial burden . . . .”). The Court disagrees with Plaintiff that the University has not met its initial burden. The burden rests with Plaintiff, not the University, to establish that she was treated less favorably than those outside of the protected class. Vann v. Mattress Firm, Inc., 626 F. App’x 522, 525 (5th Cir. 2015) (noting that the burden of proof “remains with the plaintiff at all times” under the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting framework). And “where the non-movant bears the burden of proof at trial, the movant may merely point to an absence of evidence, thus shifting to the non-movant the burden of demonstrating by competent summary judgment proof that there is an issue of material fact warranting trial.” Lindsey v. Sears Roebuck & Co., 16 F.3d 616, 618 (5th Cir. 1994) (citing Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322). The University has met its burden by pointing to Plaintiffs concession that she lacked evidence from which disparate treatment could be inferred and asserting that Plaintiff could therefore not prove up her case. Because the University met its initial burden, it is incumbent upon Plaintiff to present evidence demonstrating a triable issue of fact in order to avoid summary judgment. Id. The only document Plaintiff submitted along with her response is a copy of her Complaint. However, it has 6 Case 5:15-cv-00638-RP Document 23 Filed 03/20/17 Page 7 of 7 long been established that “a party cannot rest on the allegations contained in his complaint in opposition to a properly supported summary judgment motion made against him.” First Nat’l Bank of Ariz. v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289 (1968). In light of the absence of competent summary judgment evidence supporting an element of Plaintiff’s prima facie case, summary judgment in favor of the University on Plaintiff’s Title VI claims is appropriate. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the University’s Motion for Summary Judgment, (Dkt. 19), and accordingly DISMISSES Plaintiff’s claims and causes of action asserted against the University in this matter. SIGNED on March 20, 2017. _____________________________________ ROBERT PITMAN UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 7 Justia Legal Resources Find a Lawyer Bankruptcy Lawyers Business Lawyers Criminal Lawyers Employment Lawyers Estate Planning Lawyers Family Lawyers Personal Injury Lawyers More... Individuals Bankruptcy Criminal Divorce DUI Estate Planning Family Law Personal Injury More... Business Business Formation Business Operations Employment Intellectual Property International Trade Real Estate Tax Law More... Law Students Law Schools Admissions Financial Aid Course Outlines Law Journals Blogs Employment More... US Federal Law US Constitution US Code Regulations Supreme Court Circuit Courts District Courts Dockets & Filings More... US State Law State Constitutions State Codes State Case Law California Florida New York Texas More... Other Databases COVID-19 Resources Legal Blogs Business Forms Product Recalls Patents Trademarks Countries More... Marketing Solutions Justia Connect Membership Justia Lawyer Directory Justia Premium Placements Justia Elevate (SEO, Websites) Justia Amplify (PPC, GMB) Justia Onward Blog Testimonials More...	https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/texas/txwdce/5:2015cv00638/765411/23/
How many times have you wanted to prepare a good tiramisù, zabaglione or mayonnaise and stopped because you were afraid there might be bacteria in the raw eggs? In order to prepare such delights worry-free, you need to learn how to pasteurize eggs. We’ll show you. Just keep reading! What does pasteurize mean? Pasteurization derives from the name of the French biologist Louis Pasteur and means subjecting food to a heat treatment at low temperatures to kill any pathogenic germs present, which might be dangerous to our health, while at the same time keeping other microorganisms full of beneficial properties alive. With eggs, the most common risk is their becoming infected with salmonella. Eggs, egg yolks or egg whites: how to pasteurize them You can pasteurize whole eggs, or the yolk and the white separately. You can then use them for sweet recipes such as mascarpone cream, or for sauces like mayonnaise. You’ll need one indispensable tool, a kitchen thermometer, which lets you measure the temperature. Whole eggs If you’re making a dessert, consider that for 3 whole eggs you need 3/4 cup sugar and 2 tablespoons of water. Start whipping the eggs with half the sugar. Put the other half in a saucepan with water and put everything on the stove, stirring with a spoon. Use a thermometer to make sure the sugar syrup reaches 250°F and then slowly pour it over the whipped eggs, stirring gently. Voila! Now you have pasteurized eggs. When you make your dessert recipe, remember to subtract the 3/4 cup of sugar you already used. Egg whites To use 3 pasteurized egg whites, first whip them with a pinch of salt. In the meantime, heat 1/4 cup sugar with 2 tablespoons of water in a small pot and let the syrup reach 250°F before removing it from the heat. Pour the syrup over the egg whites that you have whipped until they formed stiff peaks, and stir gently to avoid ruining their stiffness. Remember to subtract 1/4 cup of sugar from your recipe! Egg yolks If you only need yolks, whip them with 1/4 cup sugar while you prepare the syrup with another 1/4 cup sugar and 2 tablespoons of water. Wait for the syrup to reach 250°F, then pour it over the whipped yolks, stirring from bottom to top. Also in this case, remove 1/2 cup of sugar from your recipe. Savory recipes If you need to pasteurize eggs for savory recipes, for example mayonnaise, then you should replace the sugar with oil. The procedure is the same as for the sweet recipes: you have to heat the oil indicated in your recipe and then add it to the whipped eggs (egg yolks, egg whites or whole eggs). Make sure you drizzle the oil in slowly and mix the eggs continuously with a whisk.	https://www.lacucinaitaliana.com/italian-food/hacks/how-to-pasteurize-eggs
Patria (homeland) is the title of a cycle of music dramas that Canadian composer R. Murray Schafer has been creating over the past forty years. At the present time, ten parts of this monumental undertaking have been performed and published. Further works are in various states of creation, but enough have already been presented to reveal the series as among the most radical and challenging works to be produced within the past half century. The exhibition highlights the process of design from script through rough sketches, final drawings to completed pieces. Masks, costumes, puppets and larger than life set pieces from stage productions will be accompanied by photos, drawings and video clips, providing a rare, behind the scenes vantage point of the Smiths’ art. In all, the Patria Cycle exhibition includes nearly 150 works created by Jerrard and Diana Smith, and will feature some rare items, including the Mask of Tefnut from RA, the only remaining mask from this elaborate collection, and design illustrations from The Crown of Ariadne, which was never performed. The Patria Cycle exhibition will inspire and be of interest to all – from young people through to theatre professionals – who delight in the magic and mystery of the theatre world. The opening will feature clarinetist Tilly Kooyman, who will be playing at least one selection of R. Murray Schafer's Patria Cycle. Creating set and costume, mask and puppet design for both dance and theatre since 1980, Jerrard Smith has gained national and international recognition and awards. Collaborating extensively with R. Murray Schafer, Smith has also created sets and costumes for Robert Desrosiers, Debra Brown, Walt Disney’s World on Ice productions, and visual pieces used in the New Year’s Eve Millennium celebration on Ottawa’s Parliament Hill. Jerrard is currently a professor at the School of English and Theatre Studies, University of Guelph. Awards and grants for his work include: The Ontario Arts Council’s 1997 Design Jury Award, Canada Council and SSHRC. Together with his wife, Diana Smith (a costume designer in her own right), Smith was among the Canadian exhibitors at the 2007 Prague Quadrennial of Scenography, where they received Honourable Scenographer awards from OISTAT. An active solo, chamber and orchestral musician, with particular interests in contemporary music, interdisciplinary works and acoustic ecology, has performed across Canada and has toured Japan with the Higashi-Hiroshima Clarinet Ensemble, and is also a member of the bass clarinet duo Bass Impact. For over two decades, Tilly has collaborated with celebrated Canadian composer R. Murray Schafer on his Patria Cycle. With a passion for new music, Tilly has premiered many works that have been broadcast on CBC and West German Radio. Introduction by Esther E. Shipman, Curator, Design at Riverside. In 1980, R. Murray Schafer contacted Jerrard Smith to create some masks for a new work. The work was the Princess of the Stars and turned out to require much more than masks. Jerrard brought Diana on board along with most of their friends to create a massive 10” high mechanical wolf, a three-headed monster, a sun and costumes for a narrator and six bird dancers – all rigged to canoes that ranged from 8-24’ long. This was the beginning of a thirty-year collaboration between the Smiths and Schafer resulting in designs for over 20 productions and eleven music dramas. The Patria Cycle exhibition features over 100 of the set pieces, costumes, puppets and masks designed and made by Jerrard and Diana Smith, whose collaboration with R. Murray Schafer has transformed each production into a larger than life visual spectacle. The exhibition is a selection of significant production works (an Egyptian tomb, 18’ Chinese junk replete with the Emperor and his entourage, 10’ high Wolf puppet, circus banners, dozens of intricate and elaborate costumes, puppets, life-size figurative sculptures and masks), design sketches, final drawings, still photography and video projections which provide a rare firsthand and behind the scenes vantage point from which to experience this unique body of work.	https://ideaexchange.org/art/exhibition/patria-cycle-theatre-designs-jerrard-and-diana-smith
Through collaboration between KTH Royal Institute of Technology, MIT and the City of Stockholm –supported by Stockholm Chamber of Commerce and Newsec, and hosted by Kista Science City and the Stockholm Room – the week starting with 4 October 2021 became Senseable Stockholm Lab Week. After two years of working together remotely, researchers from both universities finally got to meet and work together with City representatives, on location in Stockholm, the object of the joint research. They got to experience different facets of the city and had the opportunity to share the results of their research and visions for recently started projects with the city, the Stockholm business community as well as residents in Stockholm. Throughout the week, Stockholm residents and visitors also had the opportunity to experience the lab’s research presented on screens in the Stockholm room. The lab week was a highly anticipated event, that had been long postponed due to the pandemic. The opportunity to meet, get together and discuss the research in person set a great foundation for the coming years’ work of taking on the City of Stockholm’s challenges with cutting edge-research and innovative thinking. *4 October is the day of the cinnamon bun in Sweden KTH Royal Institute of Technology: “With focus on the future city” Senseable Stockholm Lab Day will allow you to experience Stockholm in unexpected ways. During two years of collaboration, MIT and KTH researchers have used sensors on moving vehicles, geotagged social network data and analyses of travel time to get new perspectives and to address challenges defined by the city. Their results – so far – will be presented as part of “The Innovation Week”, broadcasted from Stockholm City Hall and hosted by the City of Stockholm. Senseable Stockholm Lab is a collaboration between KTH, MIT and the City of Stockholm, that investigates urban socio-economic and environmental challenges in the growing city. Since 2019, the lab has studied Stockholm with unconventional methods, taking advantage of e.g. internet of things, big data and artificial intelligence. The purpose is to develop methodology and build knowledge that can be used for long-term sustainable urban development and to investigate the conditions for the development of the smart city of the future. The lab’s findings and insights can be used to improve the way the city works in areas like segregation, sustainability and transport. During the day, Senseable Stockholm Lab, ongoing research and findings so far will be presented. Professor Carlo Ratti, MIT Senseable City Lab, Mayor Anna König Jerlmyr and the president of KTH, Sigbritt Karlsson participate in the program. Date & Time: 5 October 2021, 11.30 am to 2 pm, CEST Location: Web broadcast from Stockholm City Hall Event link: https://event.vvenues.com/senseable-stockholm-lab/ Contact: Lukas Ljungqvist, City of Stockholm During the week, 4 to 9 October, you will also be able to see the lab’s findings in the Stockholm Room in the Stockholm Culture House. Barbro Fröding, associate professor in philosophy at KTH, researches the ethical perspective on when new technology and people meet. Her ongoing project is about the City of Stockholm’s work with “smart city” and about the research in Senseable Stockholm Lab.	https://www.senseablestockholm.org/author/thorb/
One of her most well known poems, Phenomenal Woman, tells of how she may not be one definition of beauty but it is the air around her that is what makes her beautiful. It tells of how she is proud of who she is and she is not afraid to be a I. Introductory Paragraph and Thesis Statement Phillis Wheatley has changed the world of the literature and poetry for the better with her groundbreaking advancements for women and African Americans alike, despite the many challenges she faced. By being a voice for those who can not speak for themselves, Phillis Wheatley has given life to a new era of literature for all to create and enjoy. Without Wheatley’s ingenious writing based off of her grueling and sorrowful life, many poets and writers of today’s culture may not exist. Despite all of the odds stacked against her, Phillis Wheatley prevailed and made a difference in the world that would shape the world of writing and poetry for the better. II. She was a very bright and intellectual women, but to Americans, all they cared about was how much she could work for them. I think she also uses benighted in past tense to show that she has overcome that and now has found what she truly loved doing, writing. 7. The word “Once” makes a huge statement in Wheatley’s poem. I believe that the first three lines show her life beginning as a Christian. Natasha Trethewey was born on April 26, 1966, in Gulfport Mississippi. She received her MA, Master of Arts, in poetry at Hollins University. Later she received her MFA, Master of Fine Arts, in poetry at the University of Massachusetts. Rita Dove, a fellow poet and English professor, said “ ‘Trethewey eschews the Polaroid instant, choosing to render the unsuspecting yearnings and tremulous hopes that accompany our most private thoughts—reclaiming for us that interior life where the true self flourishes and to which we return, in solitary reverie, for strength.’ ” Trethewey has received many prizes for her poetry such as the 2001 Lillian Smith Award for Poetry. Today Trethewey is the Robert W. Woodruff Professor of English and Creative Writing at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia (Poets.org). Foster develops the concept that an illness is never just an illness in How to Read Literature Like a Professor. This is evident in Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God through the symbolism of the illnesses that impact Janie’s life. Foster explains that a prime literary disease “should have strong symbolic or metaphorical possibilities” (Foster 224). Hurston utilizes this concept in her novel, the characters developing illnesses that represent Janie’s freedom and independence. Sarah Kay is an American educator, reader and a spoken poet, who was born to a Taoist mother and a Brooklynese father. She is also the founder and co-director of Project VOICE, a project whose aim is to entertain, educate, and inspire its audience. Thus, these three aims are important aspects of Kay’s poems and their effect on her audience. Throughout her poems, she tackles social issues widely present in today’s world, and her poem “The Type” is no different. Kay is the speaker of, “The Type” and throughout the poem, she is taking to individuals who identify themselves to be a woman. “As a woman, I’m constantly reassuring myself that it’s important for my children to see a woman doing something she is passionate about, going away and coming home, speaking publicly about the things she believes in. Our culture (our civilization!) still seems to celebrate that in men more than it does in women” (“Tracy K. Smith Talks to Gregory Pardlo \| Literary Hub"). In this poem, the poet suggests that the girl is unhappy because of loss of her parent, she has no rights to question and put her views on social and political matter, and she is At the beginning of her school year, Dickinson stood out from everyone as she was distinguished as an original thinker who, in her brother’s words, dazzled her teachers: “Her compositions were unlike anything ever heard- and always produced sensation-both with the scholars and teachers-her imagination sparkled- and she gave it free rein (Modern American Poetry 1). Her great interest in poetry and English literature is shown throughout her late teens as she read famous authors. Moreover, whilst attending Amherst Academy, Dickinson was a “serious student with a mischievous streak” (Literature California Treasures 437). She published many great poems regarding the B.A.M and she won many awards for her work including Woman of the Year from Ladies Home Journal. She also appeared multiple times on television and attended speaking engagements. She then went on to become a professor at College Mount St. Joseph and Virginia Tech University. The analysis of the poem The poet successfully illustrates the magnitude with which this disease can change its victim’s perspective about things and situations once familiar to When she had to return to chemotherapy, she was almost happy to go because it was familiar and she was accepted. She always had a companion there whether it was a doctor, nurse, or another patient. She was no longer the outcast. A lot of her time was spent criticizing “normal” people for wanting to be somebody else when all she wanted to be was like everyone else. She defined herself as an individual base on how other people saw her. This quote draws an emotional experience to many readers. Many young people grow up with fairy tales and the idea of unconditional love, regardless of our flaws. So, this emotional connection can see the tone reflects the speaker 's unconditional love for the woman. The poem 's form, diction, imagery, and tone relay the speaker 's attitude toward the woman. The order of the stanzas and the word choice makes it apparent that the speaker loves the woman. Psychoanalytic Criticism may also be applied, as her actions and thought patterns were heavily influenced by her sickness, "Better in body perhaps--" I began, and stopped short, for he sat up straight and looked at me with such a stern, reproachful look that I could not say another word. "My darling," said he, "I beg of you, for my sake and for our child 's sake, as well as for your own, that you will never for one instant let that idea enter your mind! There is nothing so dangerous, so fascinating, to a temperament like yours. It is a false Erin Hanson: Reassurance in Flaws The name Erin Hanson is one many have not heard. The young poets ideas spread confidence, self love, and acceptance. Her young age allows her to connect with her audience in ways many her fellow poets can not. For example in her poem non-officially titled “People are not poetry” Hanson covers the many struggles of being human. Sylvia Plath is considered to be one of the most significant female poets known not only to Americans but also to the whole world. Her death in 1963, followed by an unfortunate and short life did not end her input and influence inliterature, she became an icon to the female literary society. Sylvia's outstanding style of writing and themes which she portrayed in her works such as death, seeking for an identity or oppression on women in a patriarchal society began the feminist movementin America and changed the role of women. This topic is of a great importance because they way that Sylvia Plath was expressing her feelings and showing her negative view on a patriarchal society and oppression on women was a giant leap in the world of a women's liberation movement.	https://www.ipl.org/essay/Dorothy-Parkers-Poem-Symptom-Recital-PCK9LZTYT
It’s a safe bet that Amir Peretz’s Labor Party will not garner too many votes in the chareidi sector. Religious voters will continue to vote as instructed by their respective gedolei haTorah. And those who do not are far more likely to vote for one of the more right-wing parties. Yet there are, no doubt, some in our community who nevertheless entertain hopes that Peretz will form the next government and enact his so-called social agenda, including (they assume) drastically increased child support payments. Increased child support payments, after all, would also be popular among development town voters, who often have larger-than-average families, and Arab voters, who constitute a crucial Labor constituency. The Arab sector is by far the largest beneficiary of child support payments. Those closet Peretz supporters may even convince themselves that Peretz is a man of faith, citing his mother’s visits to various Babas. And indeed, Peretz is a man of faith, albeit a peculiar one. He is apparently the last person in the country who still worships at the shrine of Oslo, and believes that peace is no further away than a more forthcoming negotiating posture vis-a-vis our Palestinian peace partners. Hopes of Peretz forming the next government, however, are likely to be dashed. And even were he to do so, it is highly unlikely that Peretz would be able to provide even a fraction of the basket of goodies that he is promising. There are simply too many other actors in the budgetary process. The Bank of Israel would never tolerate the increase in government deficits that fulfillment of Peretz’s promises would entail. In addition, many of his potential coalition partners, such as Shinui, do not share his enthusiasm for welfare economics. Any benefit from Peretz’s candidacy has probably already been achieved by forcing Prime Minister Sharon’s Kadima Party to make its own appeal to the "social vote." The truth is that Peretz’s economic prescriptions would be ruinous to the Israeli economy; nor would their overall impact on the chareidi community be salutary. To understand why, chareidi voters must remember that they are not only recipients of government transfer payments. They are also consumers and, in increasingly greater numbers, participants in the labor market. As leader of the Histadrut, Peretz wreaked havoc on the economy through numerous strikes. So often was Ben Gurion Airport closed down by repeated labor actions that many foreign businessmen simply stopped coming to Israel, for fear of being grounded. For all Peretz’s populist rhetoric, his strategy of labor actions has rarely been designed to help the poorer workers, but rather some of the highest-paid workers in the economy. A case in point is the recent agreement of Bank Leumi, gained via a series of labor sanctions, to provide steeply discounted stock options to Bank Leumi employees, whose average salaries are already twice the national average. Those options were apportioned according to salary, with the highest-paid workers receiving the lion’s share of the options. Most of the strike actions called by Peretz have been designed to protect the perquisites of well-paid government workers. Thus he used strikes to battle then-Finance Minister Binyamin Netanyahu’s plans to privatize Israel’s ports and thereby introduce increased competition in the ports, which would have resulted in lower prices on imported goods. Similarly, he has been zealous in the protection of the large salaries and generous benefits (including free electricity) of Israel Electric Company workers. And he has fought against any attempt to increase the payroll taxes on even the highest-paid government workers to the levels paid by employees in the private sector. The centerpiece of Peretz’s economic policy has always been an increase in the minimum wage. Though presented as a boon to workers, an increase in the minimum wage could well cost many workers their jobs or prevent those not currently in the labor market from ever entering. There is almost unanimity among economists against increases in the minimum wage, on the grounds that such increases retard the creation of new jobs, and particularly harm those without easily marketable skills. That is precisely why rises in the minimum wage particularly ill-serve the chareidi community. A variety of factors are currently propelling chareidi men to seek employment at a younger age than formerly. Those factors include: a lack of spaces in existing kollelim to accommodate all those who are seeking a place in kollel; a lack of accessible and suitable jobs for mothers of young families, which makes it difficult for many women to contribute substantially to the family income; the inability of an increasing number of parents to purchase apartments for their children, without the latter taking on substantial mortgage obligations of their own; and, most important, dramatic reductions in child subsidy allowances. Most chareidi men seeking to enter the labor force for the first time do so without readily marketable skills. The crucial thing for them is to find that first job, in order to develop skills and to overcome the reluctance of employers to take chances on a population of whom they are typically wary. A higher minimum wage will serve to eliminate precisely the type of entry-level jobs that are so crucial for chareidi workers. The stagnant Western European economies provide the best warning against precisely the type of labor policy advocated by Peretz. Columnist Mona Charen writes that since the end of the Seventies, all the Western European economies combined have produced only four million new jobs. The comparable figure for the United States is fifty-seven million. The reason is simple: all the enshrined rights of labor in Europe have make it too expensive to hire new workers and too difficult to fire them. As a consequence, employers are unwilling to take chances on young, inexperienced workers, and many never find their way into the workforce. The recent rioting in Paris resulted, in large part, from the unemployment rates of over forty percent among the youngest segment of the immigrant population. Many have never held a job of any kind. The gifts that Peretz is bearing may look tempting, but we would be well advised to look closely inside the Trojan horse.	https://www.jewishmediaresources.com/908/beware-of-politicians-bearing-gifts
Are you interested in finding some fruit picking or harvest work in Smithton? Do you need more information about jobs & accommodation in and around Smithton? Then keep reading to discover all you need to know to make your trip to Smithton a success! Smithton is a medium sized country town, with an approximate population of 3,900 people. It is located north of Hobart, in the state of Tasmania, on the very north-western corner of the island. It is situated direct on the coast, facing onto Ducks Bay. Its postcode is 7330, which makes it an area eligible for backpackers and people wanting to come and work and travel Australia to extend their Working Holiday Visa to an Extended Working Holiday Visa. It is located about 410 km's from Hobart, which should take about 5 hours to drive if you don't take any long stops along the way. Smithton is known for growing a range of vegetables, with the best months from January to June. From July to December you may be able to find work, but it is not known as a peak season. During these months I recommend you organise a job before you get there, otherwise you may find that there is no work available. \|Jan\|\|Feb\|\|Mar\|\|April\|\|May\|\|June\|\|July\|\|Aug\|\|Sept\|\|Oct\|\|Nov\|\|Dec\| \|Vegetables:\| Generally lots of work. There may be work. Generally no work. Firstly have a look on the Jobs Board, specifically the Fruit picking & Harvest jobs in Tasmania section. Then have a look at the Employment agencies in Australia section. Simply select Hobart and Tasmania as your Location and Agriculture & Rural Services as your Speciality when using the search form to get a complete list of companies who may have job listings. If there isn't anything on there that interests you, have a look at the National Harvest Labour Information Services (run by the Australian government): Smithton is also a popular tourist destination and weekend getaway area. As such you will find a range of accommodation options available to you. This includes luxury suites, hotels, motels and bed and breakfasts, campgrounds and caravan parks. Some of the farms may offer accommodation for their workers. However, you should organise this with them before starting work. Not all have accommodation and those that do generally only have a limited number of spots available. You can also check with the local Tourist Information Centre to see what other options are available to you. It is really not that dangerous... if you know what to do! Survive driving in the Outback! Cool and interesting facts about Uluru / Ayers Rock! Uluru Facts! Don't forget anything with the ultimate coming to Oz checklist! The Coming to Australia checklist Search 100's of recruiters today, start your new job tomorrow! Recruitment agencies in Australia! Learn all about kangaroos with these fun kangaroo facts! Facts about kangaroos! Travel the world and get paid to do it! Jobs for travellers!	http://www.downundr.com/jobs-and-work/fruitpicking-towns/location/smithton/7
*I love using raw wood to bring in the natural world. Lovely powder room features reclaimed wood mirror over floating reclaimed wood vanity paired with white top and wall-mounted faucet stacke dover reclaimed wood cabinet atop white penny tiled floor. 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I also like where the tap for the shower is located. 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Garden inspirational for dream yard See more Concrete Kitchen Countertops Grey Countertops Soapstone Kitchen Floors Kitchen White Kitchens Kitchen White White Kitchen Interior Nice Kitchen Kitchen Ideas Kitchen Things Sweet Home Cement White People Recycled Wood Cuisine Design Rustic Style White Cabinets Beautiful Kitchen Countertop Home Ideas Home Remodeling New Kitchen Home Kitchens Condominium Open Plan Kitchen The Petit Prince Gray Countertops Kitchen Floors Forward Countertops with floor wood as cupboards See more Oh no! Pinterest doesn't work unless you	https://www.pinterest.es/nripollr/
MedWire News: A large genetic study has identified several new variants of the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 gene (LRRK2) that affect risk for Parkinson's disease (PD), including a haplotype that is protective across three ethnic groups. "The identification of common variants that affect risk clearly shows a greater role for LRRK2 in idiopathic disease than previously thought," the researchers write in The Lancet Neurology. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified a role for LRRK2 mutations in PD, with one variant (G2019S) present in up to 30% of Arab-Berber patients with PD. For the current case-control study, Owen Ross (Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA) and colleagues focused specifically on the role of LRRK2 in PD across three ethnic groups. They genotyped 15,540 individuals, comprising 6995 White PD patients and 5595 controls, 1376 Asian patients and 962 controls, and 240 Arab-Berber patients and 372 controls for 121 LRRK2 variants. Of the LRRK2 variants genotyped, just 26 of these occurred in more than 0.5% of any ethnic group, and only 13 occurred in more than 0.5% of all three groups. The protective haplotype consisted of the minor alleles of the LRRK2 variants N551K, R1398H, and K1423K (G, A, and A, respectively). It was present in more than 5% of all three groups, and was associated with an overall 18% reduction in the odds for PD. The team also identified a new risk variant for PD in White people - M1646T, the C allele of which increased the odds for PD 1.43-fold - and one in Asian people - A419V, the T allele of which raised the odds for PD 2.27-fold. This brings the reported number of LRRK2 risk variants in Asians to three, say the researchers. Of the other two, the G allele of G2385R raised the odds for PD 2.49-fold in the current study, but R1628P was not associated with PD risk. Ross et al also identified a new variant - Y2189C - that appeared to raised the odds for PD in Arab-Berber people, although the 4.48-fold risk increase associated with the G allele was less strongly significant than those seen for the other identified risk variants. In an accompanying commentary, Eng-King Tan (Duke-National University of Singapore) said that the findings "will be a vital resource for other researchers." But he added: "To many clinicians, knowing that at-risk healthy carriers of low-penetrance gene variants have a 1-10% lifetime risk of PD has little clinical relevance unless a therapeutic intervention is available." Tan noted that the identified mutations might prove to be viable drug targets, as has been shown in animal studies. "Research strategies that integrate GWAS and more detailed sequencing with epigenomic expression, biological pathways, proteomics, and functional imaging data might lead to new potential interventions, and carriers of particular gene variants could be candidates for clinical trials of targeted neuroprotective drugs," he concluded.	https://www.medwirenews.com/genetics/general-practice/lrrk2-variants-more-important-than-thought-in-pd-risk/100244
Impostors and impostures featured prominently in the political, social and religious life of early modern England. Who was likely to be perceived as impostor, and why? This book offers a full-scale analysis of this multifaceted phenomenon. Using approaches drawn from historical anthropology and micro-history, it investigates changes and continuities within the impostor phenomenon from 1500 to the late eighteenth century, exploring the variety of representations and perceptions of impostors, and their deeper meanings within the specific contexts of social, political, religious, institutional and cultural change. The book examines a wide range of sources, from judicial archives and other official records to chronicles, newspapers, ballads, pamphlets and autobiographical writings. Given that identity is never fixed, but involves a performative dimension, changing over time and space, it looks at the specific factors which constitute identity in a particular context, and asks why certain characteristics of an allegedly false identity were regarded as fake.	https://www.manchesterhive.com/search?q=%22impostors%22
Pinpointing the ages of stars Astronomer Saskia Hekker from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research receives ERC Starting Grant. Dr. Saskia Hekker from the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research (MPS) in Germany has been awarded a prestigious Starting Grant from the European Research Council (ERC). With these Starting Grants the ERC provides young talented scientists with the opportunity to start their own research groups. In the next five years, Hekker will receive 1.5 million Euros to determine the ages of stars through asteroseismology. Within its lifetime a star undergoes dramatic changes: A newly born protostar first develops into a hydrogen-burning main-sequence star (such as the Sun) that may be stable for several billions of years. When its fuel becomes exhausted, a Sun-like star first expands to form a red giant and finally collapses into a white dwarf. Although the basic stages of this evolution are well-known, not all details are understood. “Since stars exist for billions of years, it is impossible to study processes in real time”, says Hekker. Instead, to obtain a full picture of stellar evolution it is necessary to observe many stars in different evolutionary stages. “Accurate ages are then essential to correlate the results of the different stars meaningfully in terms of stellar evolution”, Hekker explains. However, ages of stars are difficult to determine as there is no direct observable that is sensitive to age and age only. Instead, stellar ages have to be derived from a combination of observables such as temperature, luminosity and other surface properties. Asteroseismology - the study of the internal structure of stars through their global oscillations - makes it possible to determine stellar ages with high accuracy by probing the central regions of stars, where nuclear reactions take place. “In this way, we can study directly the processes most sensitive to stellar age”, Hekker adds. From 1 October 2013, Dr. Saskia Hekker will start her ERC-project at the MPS in the new department "Solar and Stellar Interiors" lead by Prof. Dr. Laurent Gizon. After having received her PhD from the Leiden University in the Netherlands in 2007, Hekker worked at the Royal Observatory of Belgium and the University of Birmingham. In 2011 she was awarded a prestigious Veni Fellowship from the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research to continue her research at the Astronomical Institute 'Anton Pannenkoek', University of Amsterdam. The MPS is currently relocating from Katlenburg-Lindau to a new building near the North Campus of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen. The new building will host scientists and high-tech facilities to build and test instruments for space missions, such as ESA’s upcoming cometary mission Rosetta and ESA’s solar mission Solar Orbiter.	https://www.mps.mpg.de/1582306/PM_2013-08-04_Pinpointing-the-ages-of-stars-?print=yes
A detailed analysis of a piece of writing requires great dissecting abilities that most students need. When writing a critical essay, critical reading and examination of a piece of literature are essential to introduce the arguments. Comprehend that writing a critical essay is a sort of analytical essay yet not by and large the equivalent. An analytical essay writing exclusively relies upon examination, while a critical essay interprets the scholarly terms. The confidential nature of paper writing service allows them to present the content as their own. Writing a decent critical essay requires solid examination, an unmistakable outline, and an outstanding position on the subject. The following is a finished manual for writing an extraordinary critical examination essay. How to Write a Critical Essay? Following is the bit-by-bit writing interaction of a critical essay that will help each student. - Inspect the Subject exhaustively Inspecting and understanding the primary subject of the work is the first step in drafting a critical essay. Read the first text and distinguish the accompanying things: - Fundamental themes of the work - Various provisions of the text - Notice the style used to persuade the crowd. - Qualities and shortcomings of the text - Direct Research Data assembled while analyzing the work needs supporting material to be demonstrated right. Lead research by counseling solid sources for your essay. Offer your personal viewpoint and considerations on the piece and take incessant notes. - Foster Your Thesis Statement A theory explanation is a doubtful position or claim of the writer about a subject. Structure a solid theory explanation to make your essay effective. All of the substance in the body section will be supporting and demonstrating this argument. - Settle on the Supporting Material While reading the text, you may go over a ton of evidence that can make your statement. Pick the best that unequivocally upholds your viewpoint and postulation articulation. Responding to the accompanying inquiry can assist you with settling on what data to use in the substance: - Which data best perceives the experts on the subject? - Which data has the help of different creators for supporting a similar thought? - Which data best characterizes the proposition articulation? - Incorporate an Opposing Argument Assemble an opposing argument that goes against your theory explanation. It is to give a nitty gritty record of the subject to the readers. Furthermore, it tends to the writer’s finished arrangement and information. - Critical Essay Introduction Begin writing your critical essay by giving an introduction. An introduction is begun by giving a snare articulation. It is an infectious sentence that is utilized in the kickoff of an introduction. Utilize an important statement or expression from the text to use as a snare for an introduction. Set forward the subject you will talk about in the essay introduction by exactly addressing it to the crowd. Without giving the subtleties, give foundation data about the topic and your primary claim on it. The claim will be the proposition explanation that will be introduced toward the finish of your initial paragraph. - Critical Essay Body Paragraphs The body of a critical essay adjusts every one of the arguments to the evidence to help the proposition explanation. Every one of the paragraphs start with a topic sentence and talk about one thought. When writing this part, utilize momentary words and expressions to guide the reader’s starting with one thought then onto the next. Ensure that all arguments and evidence introduced in those paragraphs are in accordance with the postulation articulation. The writing system and body of a critical essay have the accompanying parts; investigation and assessment. - Analysis When talking about and writing critically, the analysis part is fundamental. There ought to be a target investigation of information, facts, hypothesis, and the methodologies used to concentrate on the work. You ought to consistently utilize works from a similar classification to examine in the body paragraphs of the critical essay. - Evaluation Evaluate the work in the light of the claims and evidence you have assembled in the first steps. The clarification in the body paragraphs makes a logical consistency and strategy. - Critical Essay Conclusion The conclusion of a critical essay sums up every one of the central matters and demonstrates the legitimacy of the theory articulation. It contains every one of the focuses examined in the essay, a personal perspective, and a target examination of the essay. - Proofread and Editing Try to figure out how to overhaul your essay. Proofread the whole archive for any spelling, syntactic, primary, and contextual mistakes. Fix all mix-ups you experience prior to presenting this scholarly writing. Follow these steps to create an impressive critical essay. Get started now!	https://www.gatesofantares.com/players/stella/activity/1221517/
After successfully completing this course, students will be able to: - Describe the principal components of a painted image, statue, monument, or building using specialized terminology. - Call upon a basic knowledge of the art historical periods, styles and movements in the painting, sculpture and architecture of Europe and America from ca. 1300 to ca. 1980. - Understand the painters, sculptors and architects from this timespan and these regions who are considered exemplary and why. - Formulate a sense of the functions performed by their works. - Acquire an emerging skepticism towards "official histories" and a willingness to question received traditions. Course topics VISA 1121: A Survey of Western Art II, includes the following seven Course Units: - Unit 1: The Renaissance in Italy and the North - Unit 2: The High Renaissance, Mannerism, and the Reformation - Unit 3: The Baroque - Unit 4: Rococo to Realism - Unit 5: The Emergence of Modernism in Art - Unit 6: The Expansion of Artistic Modernism - Unit 7: Modernist to Post-modernist Required text and materials This is a companion course to VISA 1111, therefore the materials package for this course will not include any materials that were required in VISA 1111, as follows: - Kleiner, F. S. (2020). Gardner’s art through the ages, A global history (16th ed. Vol. I). Cengage Learning. Type: Textbook ISBN: 978-1-337-69659-3. If you did not take VISA 1111 and don't already own Volume 1 of Gardner's art through the ages, 15th edition, please be aware that you will need to purchase it. To do so, contact Enrolment Services by phone at 1.800.663.9711. Students will receive the following: - Kleiner, F. S. (2020). Gardner's art through the ages: A global history (16th ed., Vol. II). Cengage Learning Type: Textbook. ISBN: 978-1-337-69660-9. Assessments Please be aware that due to COVID-19 safety guidelines all in-person exams have been suspended. As such, all final exams are currently being delivered through ProctorU, which has an approximate fee of $35 involved. There will be more information in your course shell, on how to apply, if your course has a final exam. In order to successfully complete this course, you must obtain at least 50% on the final mandatory examination and 50% overall. It is strongly recommended that students complete all assignments in order to achieve the learning objectives of the course. The total mark will be determined on the following basis: \|Assignment 1\|\|15%\| \|Assignment 2\|\|20%\| \|Assignment 3\|\|25%\| \|Final examination (mandatory)\|\|40%\| \|Total\|\|100%\| Open Learning Faculty Member An Open Learning Faculty Member is available to assist students. Students will receive the necessary contact information at the start of your course.	https://www.tru.ca/distance/courses/visa1121.html
Climate change is damaging human health now and is projected to have a greater impact in the future. Low- and middle-income countries are seeing the worst effects as they are most vulnerable to climate shifts and least able to adapt given weak health systems and poor infrastructure. Low-carbon approach can provide effective, cheaper care while at the same time being climate smart. Low-carbon healthcare can advance institutional strategies toward low-carbon development and health-strengthening imperatives and inspire other development institutions and investors working in this space. Low-carbon healthcare provides an approach for designing, building, operating, and investing in health systems and facilities that generate minimal amounts of greenhouse gases. It puts health systems on a climate-smart development path, aligning health development and delivery with global climate goals. This approach saves money by reducing energy and resource costs. It can improve the quality of care in a diversity of settings. By prompting ministries of health to tackle climate change mitigation and foster low-carbon healthcare, the development community can help governments strengthen local capacity and support better community health. Details - Author Bouley,Timothy, Roschnik, Sonia, Karliner, Josh, Wilburn, Susan, Slotterback, Scott, Guenther, Robin, Orris, Peter, Kasper, Toby, Platzer,Barbara Louise, Torgeson, Kris - Document Date 2017/01/01 - Document Type Working Paper - Report Number 113572 - Volume No 1 - Total Volume(s) 1 - Country - Region - Disclosure Date 2017/05/22 - Disclosure Status Disclosed - Doc Name Climate-smart healthcare : low-carbon and resilience strategies for the health sector - Keywords community health and safety;impact of climate change;action on climate change;Adaptation to Climate Change;project design and implementation;risks from climate change;threat of climate change;united nations population fund;solution to climate change;Environment and Natural Resources;contribution to climate change;access to public transportation;Combined Heat and Power;emissions from energy use;Human Resources for Health;impact on health outcomes;benefit of climate change;extreme weather event;burden of disease;greenhouse gas emission;access to health-care;renewable energy source;Health System Strengthening;rising sea levels;people in poverty;Human Immunodeficiency Virus;old age group;early warning system;mitigating climate change;carbon dioxide emission;outbreaks of cholera;food and nutrition;Investment Project Financing;pharmaceutical supply chain;quality of care;climate change challenge;climate change impact;public health needs;access to care;safe waste disposal;ministries of health;public health worker;efficiency and quality;green building design;human health outcome;emerging infectious disease;term of dollar;reduced air pollution;national health expenditure;environmental health impact;tons of carbon;national adaptation planning;health sector investment;health sector development;climate change increase;public health official;climate change resilience;risk of exposure;provision of care;healthcare waste management;environmental health risk;global environmental change;Health Service Delivery;national climate change;waste management strategy;exposure to ozone;health impact assessment;mental health issues;extreme weather patterns;benefits to health;climate change mitigation;healthcare waste generation;clean energy source;thermal solar energy;facility design and;quality of healthcare;health facility;natural ventilation;carbon emission;climate impact;climate resilience;Learning and Innovation Credit;safe water;climate mitigation;carbon footprint;healthcare sector;extreme poverty;health effect;disease burden;climate-sensitive disease;disaster preparedness;health threat;natural disaster;healthcare system;Cardiovascular Disease;heat wave;medical device;power grids;social disruption;local capacity;universal healthcare;climate information;development operation;global effort;friendly hospital;carbon mitigation;environmental degradation;waterborne disease;extreme heat;operational innovation;food production;climate hazard;Health Workers;health community;heat stress;extreme event;clean transport;human life;disease vector;improved health;grid energy;local food;health delivery;renewable source;energy generation;environmental pollution;healthcare services;building system;Climate Risk;natural system;Procurement Policy;international community;water consumption;health response;population pressure;fuel production;anesthetic gases;improved service;flood barrier;waste recycling;carbon reduction;Transport Systems;effective action;Health ministries;development work;population health;Medical care;water availability;national economy;water efficiency;Disease Prevention;community vulnerability;innovative solution;disease transmission;climate projections;public concern;energy practice;disease profile;food insecurity;political action;water conservation;catchment area;demographic projection;population shift;clean transportation;climate-smart agriculture;alternative energy;climatic shifts;project impact;climate response;environmental performance;adaptation strategy;local pollution;secondary prevention;human casualties;fund for health;general population;international dialogue;heart disease;traditional building;health action;accessible transportation;potential threat;medical professional;adaptation considerations;healthcare professional;societal resilience;improve waste;adaptation policy;adaptive management;long-term perspective;private actor;Proposed Investment;terrestrial ecosystem;development lending;investment program;financial incentive;global threat - See More - Language English - Topics Energy and Extractives, Climate Change, Climate Change Mitigation, Health, Health Systems, - Historic Topics Science and Technology Development, Environment, Social Development, Health, Nutrition and Population, - Historic SubTopics Climate Change Mitigation and Green House Gases, Science of Climate Change, Climate Change and Health, Health Care Services Industry, Climate Change and Environment, Health Systems Development & Reform, Energy Demand, Energy and Environment, Energy and Mining, - Unit Owning GCC - Research and Advisory Unit (GCCRA) - Version Type Final - Series Name Downloads COMPLETE REPORT Official version of document (may contain signatures, etc) - Official PDF - TXT* - Total Downloads** : - Download Stats - *The text version is uncorrected OCR text and is included solely to benefit users with slow connectivity.	https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/322251495434571418/climate-smarthealthcare-low-carbon-and-resilience-strategies-for-the-health-sector
Feng Shui is an age-old Chinese blend of spirituality and nature to channel eternal energies that lie within. In popular modern culture, it is regarded as a practice that establishes harmony between a living being and its surroundings. The philosophical base of this ancient art goes back to as long as 400 B.C., somewhere close to the times of the Han dynasty, who are believed to be the Pioneers of this amazing art. Read more: Daily Horoscope for all Zodiac Signs Setting aside the historical background, the basic principle surrounding this art are the natural elements that influence one’s perception like color, weather, greenery, etc. It was in the late 19th century that scientists realized how ambiance can have a significant impact on the sense of judgment, something that Feng Shui introduced to the world hundreds of years ago. There are a lot of skeptic theories regarding Feng Shui but its righteous implications to the real world even to this day show how this primitive art of living is well rooted within the human behavioral psychology. Historic Background Literally, "Feng Shui means wind and water". An ancient Chinese concept associating to the relationship between a man’s fortune and the environment. Legends believe, Feng Shui draws similarities from the principles of Taoism, Buddhism, and Shintoism. But the more accurate historic base has to be from the religious Chinese scriptures like Li Shu. It preaches the importance of balance between heaven and Earth or man and nature. After hundreds of years from its origin, Yang Yun-Sung created the first official Feng Shui manual describing attributes of a scenery and its impacts on daily life. Check more: What is Finance Astrology? This book was considered the reference text for all forms of #FengShui until another book was compiled related to different geographical formations, a century later. It lead to the introduction of target points which later became the school of Compass. The modern-day Feng Shui that we know today is a blend of two systems - the traditional countryside, and the modern mountains and rivers ideology. The art of Feng Shui has been around from as late as Ninth century B.C and it’s still very popular. Elements of Feng Shui The five fundamental elements of Feng Shui are Earth, Fire, Metal, Water, and Wood. As per #Feng #Shui experts, one needs to include all the five elements in its home to establish harmony and maintain balance. The element you are more accustomed to has to be a little dominant over others but the balance still needs to be there. Following are the five basic elements: Earth: Represents strength and stability. Helps in building strong and long-lasting relationships. Including Earthy tones such as brown, light orange, yellow will strengthen your bond with your loved ones. Adding items made of Earthly extracts such as clay and ceramic will be very beneficial in the same context. Earth element is the crux of the entire system and needs to be in the center of the room or the house. Read more: Online Tarot Reading Metal: In Feng Shui, metals represent financial aspect. If you wish to make more money or improve your financial status, then you should add more metallic items to your home decor. Items colored silver, golden, copperish should be placed in the Western corner of the house. Water: Items such as fountains, aquariums, help enhance communication between the people in the house. If you can’t add figures that have water, you can add objects made out of glass. The corner for water element is North. Try and place these items towards this direction. Wood: The element of Wood represents faithfulness and also helps in expressing creativity. Wood is the most commonly used material in every house. There can be plenty of ways to incorporate wooden designs and decorative items. Apart from the natural brown color, you can also use green objects to invoke the wood element. East is the direction for the Wood element. Fire: Fire is regarded as the most powerful and influential element of them all. Therefore, you need to be extremely careful while adding this element to your house. It symbolizes passion and efficiency. As per Feng Shui, Southern corner of the house is considered to be the right place for fire element. Benefits of Using Feng Shui Feng Shui is popular in almost every part of the world. Mainly because it is relatable, people find it practical and unlike other practices, it is not surrounded by skepticism and varying interpretations. Here is a list of a few benefits that everyone can identify to: Finance: One of the primary reasons for Feng Shui to flourish around the world is the fact that it attracts wealth. The element of water is often associated with wealth acquisition. Also, Check your Finance Horoscope Career: According to the traditional Feng Shui scriptures, open spaces in your house influence career. A person’s growth depends upon the positive area that you’re surrounded by. Also, Check your Career Horoscope Love: Nature goes hand in hand with romance and love. It is probably one of the most important reasons why people seek Feng Shui to get their way clear when it comes to love. Feng Shui provides some excellent natural techniques to attract people especially your loved ones. Also, Check your Love Horoscope Feng Shui has proven beneficial in fields such as marriage, health, relationships, and social status. Practically, it is worth a shot as it combines two very basic aspects of life, nature, and mind.	https://www.horoscopelogy.com/us/articles/astrology/feng-shui/
Privacy and Accessibility Every effort has been made to ensure that the original template pages for this site are W3C compatible. However, as the content of pages is supplied by the club, such content may not be compatible. Cookies: We use Google Analytics to make sure our statistics are reliable. Google Analytics stores information about what pages you visit, how long you are on the site, how you got here and what you click on. We do not collect or store your personal information (e.g. your name or address) so this information cannot be used to identify who you are. Some pages may have cookies used to integrate with Social Media sites, so that, for example, if you are logged into Facebook, you can 'like' pages. We do not collect personal data in the public area of the site - if you complete a contact form, for example, your email address is not stored in a database for re-use, nor is any information passed to third parties. The Rotary Club of Deal – Privacy Notice. The Rotary Club of Deal (we) promise to respect the confidentiality of any personal data you share with us, or that to which we have access through Rotary International (RI and RIBI), to keep it safe, and we will always take every effort to protect your privacy We will always be clear how, when and why we collect and process your information; we promise we will never do anything with your details that you wouldn’t reasonably expect Developing a better understanding of our members and supporters is crucial, and your personal data allows us to manage your membership and provide the support to which you are entitled We collect information in the following ways: When you give it to us directly: There are many ways you may give us your information. For example, when you join as a member, begin volunteering, make a donation or communicate with us either by phone, in writing, including email or in person. We are responsible for your data at all times. Updates to your personal data may be implemented by our club Secretary (or deputy), but only with your expressed request/permission When you give it to us indirectly: Your information may be shared with us by independent organisations, for example sites like Just Giving or Eventbrite or other such services. These third parties will only share your information when you have consented. You should check their Privacy Notice when you provide your information to understand fully how they will process your data Via Social Media: Depending on your settings or the privacy notices for social media and messaging services like Facebook or Twitter, you might give us permission to access information from those accounts or services Via information available publicly: This may include information found in places such websites (clubs, action groups etc.) and information that has been published in articles/newspapers What personal information we collect and how we use it: We will only ever capture the minimum amount of information that we need to in relation to your membership, volunteering or donation and we promise to keep your information secure. The personal data we will usually collect is: - Your name - Your contact details - Details of the enquiry or activity Where it is appropriate, we may also ask for additional information How we will use your data: We will use your personal data for the legitimate interest of conducting core activities, these will include: - Administer your membership or donation, including processing Gift Aid if applicable - Provide you with the support or information for which you asked - Communicating messages and information to members and supporters - To present our website and its contents to you and to allow you to participate in interactive features on our website - Keep a record of your relationship with us - Understand how we can improve our support or information - In any other way we may describe when you provide the information - For any other purposes with your consent Sensitive information: We do not collect any personal information on members classified as ‘sensitive’ under GDPR Interact, Rotakids and under 18’s data: Information that is collected from under 18s for RYLA participants, Competition entrants, Interact and Rotakids clubs, or any other organised youth activity will be managed through the identified Rotarian member contact and will require parental consent Data Sharing: 1) Our service/host providers: In the course of our legitimate activities, there may be a need for us to share, or give access to, your personal data with/to third parties that provide us with services or host our applications or software that you may access, for instance: - RIBI Template database, Data Management System (DMS) and rotarygbi.org secure hosting service provider - Rotary International (RI) or Rotary International in Great Britain and Ireland (RIBI) We will ensure that data processing agreements, compliant with GDPR, are in place before sharing with, or giving access to, your data with any of our service/host providers. 2) Sharing within the Rotary organisation: The Rotary organisation is made up of Rotary International, The Rotary Foundation (TRF), Rotary International in Great Britain and Ireland (RIBI), and the Rotary Foundation United Kingdom (RFUK) We are data processors for your personal information associated with your membership and will process your data in accordance with this privacy notice When you give information to us it may also be shared within the wider Rotary organisation to facilitate your membership or donations and to provide the service afforded to you as part of that membership or donation. We will ensure that data processing agreements, compliant to GDPR, are in place before sharing your data within the wider Rotary organisation When sharing lists of member data e.g. spread sheets, these will be circulated password protected 3) Sharing with third parties: We will never commercially sell your personal data to anyone else. We will only ever share your personal data in other circumstances, not itemised above, if we have your explicit and informed consent at the time of collection. However, we may need to disclose your details if required to the police, other agencies, regulatory bodies or our legal advisors How we keep your information safe and who has access to it: Controls: We ensure that there are appropriate physical and technical controls in place to protect your personal details. For example, confidential paper records are securely stored with a nominated person. Use of forwarding addresses: We will not publicise personal contact details on our website or in our use of social media when advertising events. We will always use forwarding email addresses in this public area Reviews: We undertake regular reviews of who has access to information we hold to ensure that your personal information is accessible only by appropriate Rotary members and our service/host providers Reporting breaches: We have a duty to report certain types of personal data breaches to the relevant supervisory authority, and where feasible, we will do this within 72 hours of becoming aware of the breach. If a breach is detected and likely to result in a high risk of adversely affecting you, we will inform you without undue delay Where we store your information: Your personal information will be hosted securely within the UK. However, Rotary International runs its operations outside the European Economic Area (EEA). Although they may not be subject to the same data protection laws as organisations based in the UK, we will take steps to make sure they provide an adequate level of protection in accordance with UK data protection law. Members submitting their personal information to us understand their personal data may be transferred, stored and processed at a location outside the EEA. How long we retain your information and how we keep it up to date: We will keep your information only for as long as we need it to assist you with your enquiry, process your membership, donation, event registration or other associated services. There are statutory timescales on how long we should keep your information, for example, gift aid transactions must be retained indefinitely. Financial records must be kept for 7 years, Information associated with Health & Safety for three years after an event. Under 18s information is required to be maintained for a period of 3 years after the young person turns 18 years of age. We shall delete your information according to these statutory limits. Individual members are responsible for keeping their own personal data up to date and have access to the RIBI Data Management System (DMS) and My Rotary on the RIBI website for this purpose. In addition, where necessary, we will keep your information accurate and up-to-date. Your rights: The General Data Protection Regulations give you certain rights which include knowledge of collection, access, correction, and portability. In certain situations, these rights may not apply, for example if you are a valid member we will need to communicate with you about your membership and those services afforded to you as part of that membership. In such case you will not be able to unsubscribe from these communications. We collect and process your personal data through legitimate interests or because you have provided it to us to enable us to deliver a service to you. We will only process your personal data as you would reasonably expect us to. You can opt out of our general member mailings at any time. Changes to this privacy notice: We may change this Privacy Notice from time to time. If we make any significant changes in the way we treat your personal information we will make this clear on our website or by notifying you directly. Our contact details Data Protection Officer- Rotary Club of Deal Email: [email protected] If you are unhappy with how we have processed your personal information, please firstly contact the club Data Protection Officer, details above. If you are still unhappy you may contact the following:	http://rotary-ribi.org/clubs/accessibility.php?ClubID=709
The Brookfield Institute for Innovation + Entrepreneurship is seeking a Digital Content + Communications Coordinator to provide input and assist with the delivery of Marketing and Communication projects, from conception to publication and post-launch, with a focus on the digital elements. The incumbent will create relevant content for BII+E’s target audience and clients, ensuring a high level of engagement and reach across all of the Brookfield Institute’s social media platforms, newsletter and website. Additionally, they will implement innovative approaches in the planning, scheduling and executing of all aspects of content creation, using various software and online tools, analyzing the performance of all content and identifying opportunities for improvement. Salary range: $58,189.04 – $69,480.75 If you are interested, please apply directly through Toronto Metropolitan University’s website (job id: 367301). Deadline to apply is August 8, 2022. About BII+E The Brookfield Institute for Innovation + Entrepreneurship (BII+E) is an independent, non-partisan policy institute, housed at Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University). We transform bold ideas into real-world solutions designed to help Canada navigate the complex forces and astounding possibilities of the innovation economy. We envision a future that is prosperous, resilient and equitable. To learn more about BII+E and why you should work with us, visit: brookfieldinstitute.ca/about and follow us on Twitter @BrookfieldIIE. Key Responsibilities Qualifications Additional Details Our Commitment to Equity, Diversity + Inclusion The Brookfield Institute’s research examines issues that impact those in Canada who have been excluded from gains of the innovation economy. Consequently we value those with demonstrated commitment to upholding the values of equity, diversity, and inclusion and help us ensure our institute and our research is inclusive in the broadest sense. We encourage applications from members of groups that have been historically disadvantaged and marginalized, including First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples, Indigenous peoples of North America, racialized persons, persons with disabilities, and those who identify as women and/or 2SLGBTQ+.	https://dlit.co/digital-content-communications-coordinator-brookfield-institute-for-innovation-entrepreneurship/
Today, I had a triggering conversation about money. In some shape or form, we’ve all been there. Money and financial struggles is a tender topic to talk about, but it’s one that can easily affect our mental health. Let me just start this off by saying that I have a stable job that allows me to live in a studio all my own, and have my emotional support animal – I realize how fortunate I am. There are plenty of people suffering devastating financial struggles all over the world. Earlier today, I spoke with my father about how I don’t have enough right now to pay for a certain bill, and he got upset with me. Thinking like the rational lawyer that he is, he was completely right. I did need to pay it now, but I just didn’t have the money available. It turned into a projection from his bad day, but in the end I was left feeling like a failure. I linked my own self worth with how much was in my bank account. Adulting is really hard – sometimes, we just don’t get it right the first, second, or even fifteenth try and that’s okay. Whether you’re rollin’ in it or stressing over getting gas each week, your self worth doesn’t have a price tag attached to it. You are always good enough – regardless of how much you make financially. I am not perfect by any means, but here are some tips I’ve learned that can help ease money anxiety: Banish the shame How you’ve handled money in the past, or even currently, can lead to a mountain of shame. Whether it’s a lack of money, incorrect budgeting, or simply being unaware of the right practices (I’m still this person, believe me), stop with the shame and realize you are doing the best you can with what you have. There’s no shame in wanting to be better with money, so don’t feel awkward if you have to bring up the subject with a therapist, partner, friend, or even a family member. Cut out the comparison This is a biggie. In my past relationship, this is all I did. My ex did pretty well for himself – much better than I did – and I gave myself some anxiety about that. It’s usually an awkward subject when a partner makes more money than you do, but it doesn’t have to be. Eventually, I realized that I should be proud of him for working hard and doing well financially. While there were moments I felt guilt or embarrassment, I did not need to link my self worth to how much I made compared to him. Our social media is filled with pictures of people’s trips, cars, and other expensive things. No matter what your friend posts, comparing yourself and your own finances to others will only trigger you. Here are some things to remember next time you feel the urge to compare money-wise: - You don’t know what’s in their bank account. While a friend may seem to enjoy plenty of nice things, it could be supplied by credit cards and debt. - Usually, you don’t see the hard work and sacrifice that goes along with financial success – just the spending. - Your friends’ journeys are not yours – your experiences are unique. - Like I previously stated in my post on comparison, people tend to post only the best version of themselves on social media, so our perception is skewed. - The only person you can change is yourself. Instead of ruminating over the success of others, focus on what you can do to better control your thoughts or make your situation more manageable. Educate yourself If you find yourself getting high anxiety over your money problems, take control by learning more about it. By turning your unknowns into knowns, you can silence some of the voices telling you you’re not good enough, or not prepared enough, or doing enough with your situation. Whether that looks like talking to a financial advisor, signing up for a local course in financial management and budgeting, or asking someone for advice who understands your specific situation, you can take matters into your own hands. Once you begin to learn, money stops being a trigger and morphs into something you’re able to understand and control. No amount of money puts a price on your self worth. If you’re struggling with money or financial problems, learning how to calm those fears and anxiety is a matter of education, understanding, and action – rather than reaction. Rich or poor, you are always good enough. Do you have anxiety about finances? What tools do you use to cope?	https://anxietyerica.com/2017/07/25/3-tips-on-coping-with-money-anxiety/
Persuading a loved one to get help takes compassion and commitment. It’s not easy to see a loved one in pain. Mental health conditions can bring on significant and ongoing emotions that may seem to change someone’s personality, such as: - sadness - anger - apathy Maybe you noticed a friend canceling plans, or perhaps a family member began talking more negatively about themselves or daily hiccups in life they used to laugh off. It’s natural to be concerned about your loved ones’ mental well-being. It’s also completely normal to have no clue where to start when it comes to persuading a loved one to take the first steps toward mental health help. However, if you approach the conversation with compassion and careful language, you can help them feel supported in finding professional help to make them feel better. When a loved one just doesn’t seem like themselves — or is acting starkly differently than usual — it can often be a sign that they might benefit from mental health treatment. Some signs your loved one may need professional treatment can be more obvious than others, such as: - behavioral: making unsafe choices, crying frequently, substance abuse, losing interest in former hobbies, withdrawing from friends and family, expressing increased anxiety about leaving the house - criticism of self or others: obsessive negative body image, making comments that are considered unusual or very dark in tone - sleep changes: unable to get out of bed, unusual sleep patterns, insomnia - cognitive difficulty: trouble concentrating on a conversation or activity, becoming disoriented, seeing or hearing things that no one else does, or forgetting important facts - self-care: change in hygiene routine, like brushing teeth, showering, or putting on clean clothes, a noticeable change in cleanliness of their home, such as an overwhelming amount of dishes piling up in their sink It can be helpful to measure these signs against their typical “baseline” of how they usually act to figure out if your loved one might benefit from mental health support. If you believe that your loved one is experiencing symptoms of a mental health condition, like depression or anxiety, it’s important to consider when, how, and where you begin a conversation about seeking professional help. As a concerned friend or family member, the last thing you want to do is make them feel ashamed or defensive. Your loved one may object to looking for help, especially if they feel stigma around mental health treatments. They might have tried to find help before but found it too challenging. Finding a therapist that’s a good fit can be time-consuming, and navigating real-life barriers to care, like insurance, is often frustrating in the midst of dealing with a mental health condition. However, if their situation becomes more severe, professional help may be the best option — even though it does take effort to find the right care. Pick a good time and place Don’t let the conversation come out of a recent fight or argument. Find a place to talk that is: - safe - comfortable - private For instance, avoid talking during family gatherings or when they’re focused ona deadline. Ask them if they have time to talk to get consent for the conversation and make it less likely a distraction will come up. Come to the conversation with compassion It can help to approach your loved ones with a caring attitude to avoid creating defensive reactions. Try asking questions, rather than giving direct advice. “What do you think about the idea of going to therapy?” can be a great conversation starter. Using “I” statements, such as “I’m concerned about you,” may help them feel less lectured or blamed. They also may be more likely to listen if they don’t feel attacked. At the core of your discussion should be empathy and concern for their well-being, not frustration with how their mood is impacting you. Normalize therapy Therapy is a wonderful judgment-free zone for anyone — even people without a mental health condition — to talk through life challenges. Communicating this during your chat can help de-stigmatize support. “It is important to talk about going to therapy as a normal part of life,” says licensed psychologist Karol Darsa, PsyD. “It is no different than going to a medical doctor for a physical illness.” If you’ve gone to therapy, you can share your experiences with them, too. It can help to let them know they aren’t alone in seeking help. Be specific If your loved one isn’t aware their mental health condition is impacting their life or that they’ve been acting differently, they may ask for specific examples. Have a few examples of their former behavior to contrast with their current behavior ready to share. Communicate these in a nonjudgemental way using an opening like, “I’ve noticed…” or, “I’ve perceived a change in…” Help with the leg work If you’re going to bring up therapy, it can be important to support your friends and family with the time or information it takes to find help. This can look like: - sharing websites of local therapists or support groups - talking to them about what their first visit to therapy might look like - sitting with them as they search for a therapist - offering to drive them to their therapy or doctor’s appointment - sitting in the waiting room during appointments Be ready in case your loved one isn’t open to the idea of seeking professional help. It’s important that you take time to hear their objections and try to understand why they feel this way about mental health treatment. It may take a few conversations to reduce their negative feelings about seeking help. They also may not change their mind at all. “The person might get angry, defensive, aggressive, or withdraw completely and stop sharing their feelings,” explains Darsa. “If the person seems too resistant, it is best not to insist unless the person is in danger to themself or others.” Try not to be defensive or pushy. You can’t force an adult to talk to you or get help before they’re ready. Some situations demand quick action. There may not be time to wait for them to open up to the idea of seeking help. These questions can help you evaluate the danger and urgency of the situation: - are they seriously threatening you or someone else with violence? - is there a severe substance use disorder causing them to act erratically? - are they contemplating suicide and have a means for carrying it out? - are they experiencing a strong manic episode that may cause harm? If the answer to any of these questions is yes, then consider taking them to an emergency room for their own safety and the safety of people around them. “If your loved one is actively suicidal, you really need to get that person to an emergency room,” says Maggie Holland, a licensed mental health counselor. “Many times, emergency room visits don’t end in hospitalization. But there are trained staff there to help plan to keep that person safe.” You can also take your loved one directly to a behavioral health center or hospital for specialized care. Therapists and mental health professionals can be scheduled later when any active danger has subsided, but in that moment, make safety your priority. Suicide prevention If your loved one is suicidal, resources are available to get them help. - Call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline 24 hours a day at 800-273-8255. - Text “HOME” to the Crisis Textline at 741741. Not in the United States? You can find a helpline in your country with Befrienders Worldwide. Helping a loved one that might benefit from professional mental health support is an act of love and compassion. When your intentions are in the right place — and you prepare in advance — you may have a greater chance of them listening and getting the help they need. “Don’t worry if the person gets angry with you,” says Darsa. “When you love someone, it is better to be honest and direct rather than enabling them with destructive behaviors.” If you’re not sure where to start, you can check out Psych Central’s guide to getting mental health help.	https://psychcentral.com/blog/how-to-persuade-your-loved-one-to-seek-professional-help
Occupational therapy (OT) helps individuals at different phases of their life to stay actively involved in the things they want and need to do. OT is beneficial when you have a physical injury or medical problem that makes it difficult to complete daily activities. Individuals who have a difficult time performing their daily work and/or household activities due to physical limitations may benefit from occupational therapy. Our occupational therapy team can help improve arm and hand strength and instruct you on ways to make your daily routines a little easier. Your independence and safety are very important to us! Your goals are our goals. Therefore, we include you in creating a personalized treatment plan to help meet those goals.	http://www.nanticoke.org/outpatient-services/rehabilitation-services/occupational-therapy/
Resources needed: - Large variety of materials – both natural and man-made - Pictures of similar objects in the selection - Large pieces of paper headed ‘natural’ and ‘man-made’ - Everyday material cards, blutack. - Show the children some of the materials from your collection and ask them to describe them using words that they know, for example rough, smooth, bumpy, see through, soft, fluffy and so on. - Now introduce the terms ‘natural’ and ‘man-made’ and ask the children what they think these terms mean. Show the children a few items from the selection and ask them to tell you which pile to place the object in. How do they make a decision? Which ones are harder to sort (for example, cork is a natural material but is often shaped or treated to make it into everyday items). - When you have sorted several of the items, let the children sort their pictures in a similar way using the pieces of paper headed ‘natural’ and ‘man-made’. If some groups finish faster than others, let them find objects from around the room and outside and add those to their selections. Teaching point: Try to include a selection of materials which will challenge the children. For example, sticks of chalk, a piece of leather, a wooden spoon, a cotton shirt – these are all natural materials, even though they have been treated or changed in some way. Paper, nylon and steel have all been chemically processed in some way and are therefore man-made. - Once the sorting activity is complete, show the children some of the everyday material cards and ask them to think of things which are made of that particular material. When some examples are given, ask why that material is suitable for the job. For example, the covers of books are made from cardboard to protect the pages and be flexible enough to allow the book to open. - Give each child a set of the word cards and challenge them to find things which are made from that material (for less able readers, it might be useful to have pictures of the materials next to the name). Each child should try to ‘allocate’ their cards, trying as hard as they can to avoid labelling something which has already been labelled by another child. - Once the labelling is complete, hold up some of the items the children have labelled and discuss their ‘suitability for purpose’. Which materials really wouldn’t be any good for the job? Why? Further Activities: Set the children investigation challenges to find suitable materials. For example, challenge them to make a raincoat for a toy bear and then test to see which one keeps the bear the driest. Introduce words such as ‘transparent’, ‘translucent’ and ‘opaque’. Give children samples of materials and let them practise holding them up to test if they can be seen through easily or not. Which everyday items are transparent, translucent or opaque? Why do they have this property (for example a car windscreen should be transparent but a bathroom window is usually translucent and black out blinds need to be opaque). Curriculum Areas covered: (Y1) Pupils should be taught to: - Distinguish between an object and the material from which it is made - Identify and name a variety of everyday materials, including wood, plastic, glass, metal, water, and rock - Describe the simple physical properties of a variety of everyday materials - Compare and group together a variety of everyday materials on the basis of their simple physical properties. (Y2)Pupils should be taught to: - Identify and compare the suitability of a variety of everyday materials, including wood, metal, plastic, glass, brick, rock, paper and cardboard for particular uses - Find out how the shapes of solid objects made from some materials can be changed by squashing, bending, twisting and stretching.	https://wp.consortiumeducation.com/exploring-materials
Short essay answer - Description of Personality Inventories This content was COPIED from BrainMass.com - View the original, and get the already-completed solution here! I need a brief description of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, 2 (MMPI-2), Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory, 2 (MCMI-III), 16-PF Myers-Briggs NEO-PI-R and an explanation of the appropriate uses of these tests. Describe how you might use each test in a specific context and provide a rationale for using each test in the context described.© BrainMass Inc. brainmass.com October 10, 2019, 4:58 am ad1c9bdddf https://brainmass.com/psychology/personality-and-belief-systems/short-essay-answer-description-of-personality-inventories-486026 Solution Preview The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory®-2 (MMPI®-2) is a personality inventory. The ten clinical scales in the older version included: hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviate, masculinity/femininity, paranoia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, hypomania, and social introversion. There have been other content scales that have been developed for MMPI, as well, but these are the main ones. MMPI has its application in a variety of career and service settings including health, occupation, law and education. It is used with anyone older than eighteen years of age. There are 567 self-reported true/false items on the inventory. The test can be completed in an hour to ninety minutes. MMPI-RF is a restructured form of the original Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. It is designed to address the currently practiced models of assessment of personality and psychopathology. Restructured clinical (RC) scales in the restructured form are different from the original version's clinical scales. There are nine scales including: demoralization, somatic complaints, low positive emotions, cynicism, antisocial behavior, ideas of persecution, dysfunctional negative emotions, aberrant experiences, and hypomanic activation. MMPI in occupational health settings is used to detect the problem with the patient and to make a ...	https://brainmass.com/psychology/personality-and-belief-systems/short-essay-answer-description-of-personality-inventories-486026
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates, generally, to pinball games and, more particularly, to a height adjustable pinball game cabinet. Pinball games typically include an inclined playfield supporting a plurality of play features such as bumpers, targets and the like and a rolling ball. The playfield is supported in a cabinet and is covered by a cover glass. The player manipulates flipper buttons mounted on the game cabinet to activate flippers mounted on the playfield thereby to control play of the game. The cabinet, in addition to supporting the playfield, also holds the mechanical workings for the play features, wiring, electronic controls and the like. A back box is supported on the top of the cabinet and typically includes the scoring displays, lights, wiring and/or electronic controls. The cabinet is supported in an elevated position on legs that are bolted to the cabinet. The legs typically include levelers that allow the game operator to adjust the length of the legs slightly to level and stabilize the game. As will be appreciated, it is desirable that the legs support the game at a height where the flipper buttons can be comfortably reached by the game player. In existing games, however, the legs are mounted to the cabinet such that the height of the cabinet is not adjustable. As a result, the height of the typical game, although suitable for most players, is not suitable for all players. The inventor has discovered that it is desirable for the game operator to be able to mount the game cabinet at different heights to accommodate all players. For example, it is desirable that games played by children or people in wheel chairs be mounted lower than those played by adults. Moreover, because pinball games are used all over the world, it is desirable to have height adjustable games to accommodate the physical characteristics of different races and nationalities. Thus, a pinball game having a height adjustable cabinet is desired. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention consists of a game cabinet supporting the playfield and back box in a manner similar to that on existing pinball games. The game legs are provided with apertures for receiving fasteners such as bolts. The bolts engage mating members formed on the game cabinet. The game cabinet, however, is provided with a greater number of mating members than the legs are provided with holes. Thus, the position of the legs relative to the game cabinet can be changed by aligning the holes with different mating members thereby to adjust the height of the game. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The FIG. is a side view of a pinball game with the height adjustable legs of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring more particularly to the Figure, the pinball game of the invention includes a game cabinet 2 that supports an inclined playfield 4. Mounted to playfield 4 are a plurality of play features such as targets, flippers, bumpers, ramps and the like (not shown). A cover glass 6 is mounted over the playfield to protect the game. Mounted to the top of the cabinet 2 is a back box 8 and located on both sides of the game are player operated flipper buttons 9 (only one of which is shown in the Figure). Four legs 10 support the game (although only two legs are visible in the Figure) and are fixed to the corners of cabinet 2. Each leg can be provided with a leveler 12 that screwthreadably engages the bottom of the leg to provide a slight adjustment for leveling and stabilizing the game. A pair of through holes 14 are provided near the top of each leg and are dimensioned to receive fasteners 16. Provided at each of the four corners of the cabinet 2 are a plurality of mating receptacles 18 for receiving fasteners 16. In the preferred embodiment fasteners 16 comprise threaded bolts and receptacles 18 comprise mating threaded holes for receiving the bolts. The receptacles 18 are vertically spaced from one another the same distance as the distance between the through holes 14. As a result, the through holes 14 can be aligned with any two adjacent receptacles such that length of leg extending below the cabinet 2 and, therefore, the height of the game can be adjusted. Conversely, it is also possible to have only two receptacles on the cabinet and a greater number of through holes formed on the legs such that the receptacles on the cabinet could be aligned with any two through holes on the legs. The means for fastening the legs to the cabinet could also consist of a plurality of threaded members extending from the game cabinet which pass through through holes 14 and are secured by nuts. Moreover, the fasteners could consist of threaded members extending from legs 10 and engaging through holes formed on the cabinet 2 to be secured by nuts. Finally, fasteners other than threadably engageable members could also be used if desired. Thus, the fastening arrangement between legs 12 and cabinet 2 provide the game operator a simple and easy way to adjust the height of the game to accommodate differences in the height of players. While the invention was described in some detail with respect to the drawings, it will be appreciated that numerous changes in the details and construction of the device can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Q: Help me how to find the limit. In this case something is strange. A fn(x) is a sequence of function. fn:[0,1]→R defined by fn(x) = n(1-x) × x^n. And I want to know limit of this function as n→∞. In my opinion we can see this like this n(1-x) × x^n. So as n→∞, lim fn(x) = lim n(1-x) × lim x^n = ∞ × 0 = 0 A: I think you are looking for pointwise convergence. First, consider endpoints. $f_n(0) = n(1-0)(0)^n = 0$. $f_n(1) = n(1-1)(1)^n = 0$. So, $\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} f_n(0) = \lim_{n\to \infty} f_n(1) = 0$. Next, consider when $0<x<1$. First, let's rewrite the function so it is easier to determine the limit. $n(1-x)x^n = n(1-x)e^{\ln x^n} = n(1-x)e^{n\ln x}$ For all $0<x<1$, $\ln x<0$. So, as $n\to \infty$, $e^{n\ln x} \to 0$. We can rewrite this again: $n(1-x)e^{n\ln x} = (1-x)\dfrac{n}{e^{-n\ln x}}$ Now, as $n\to \infty$, the numerator and denominator both approach infinity. So, you can apply L'Hospital's Rule. $\displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty}(1-x)\dfrac{n}{e^{-n\ln x}} = (1-x)\lim_{n\to\infty} \dfrac{1}{-e^{-n\ln x}\ln x} = (1-x)(0) = 0$
It is true that outdoor activities pose a lower risk of getting COVID than indoor activities; However, to avoid the spread of the virus as much as possible, masks may also be necessary outdoors, especially when there is wind. And experts from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IIT) conducted various experiments to explain why. Using mathematical models and laboratory simulations, the researchers examined how SARS-CoV-2 can spread in windy conditions at different speeds, and in still conditions, such as those found indoors. IIT Bombay specialists showed that when a COVID-infected person coughs outdoors, a gust of wind can spread the virus further and faster than when there is no current. For example, a small five-mile-per-hour breeze blowing in the same direction a person coughs increases the virus’s ability to spread by 20%. This implies that the recommended social distance should go from six to just over seven feet to avoid contagion. The authors of the research, published in Physics of Fluids, found that the wind can catch the droplets contaminated with the virus emitted by a sick person who coughs and spread them in their movement, rather than dropping them to the ground, so the pathogen could spread even outdoors. «In general, the study highlights an increase in the chances of infection even in the presence of a light breeze,» said the professor. Amit agrawal, one of the authors of the research. “The study is significant because it points to increased risk of infection that could cause coughing in the same direction as the wind”, He explained. The researchers believe their findings can apply whether a person coughs or sneezes. Since it is practically impossible to know if a person who coughs outside has COVID or not, or if he is doing it in the same direction as the wind, the best way to protect yourself is to wear a mask when doing outdoor activities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States state that “generally, no need to wear a mask in outdoor settings. In areas with a high number of COVID-19 cases, consider wearing a mask in crowded outdoor settings and for activities with close contact with other people who are not fully vaccinated, ”they suggest. Read more:	https://chicagotoday.news/health/covid-why-masks-are-necessary-outdoors-especially-when-its-windy/
Many adults experience cognitive deficits after a stroke, traumatic brain injury, or dementia. This is often experienced as memory loss, slower thinking, problems with remembering the day or time, or difficulty with reasoning and judgment. A speech-language pathologist can assist with compensatory strategy training, memory training, and improving executive function skills to allow for greater independence with daily life. Cognitive-communication disorders include problems with organizing thoughts, paying attention, remembering, future planning, and/or problem-solving. These disorders usually happen as a result of a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or dementia, although they can be congenital. Lifespan Therapy provides cognitive rehabilitation therapy (CRT) by essentially rebuilding the brain through neuroplasticity. CRT emphasizes independence in building skills that restore the rhythm of living. Tailored therapy treatments to an individual's needs can focus on the emphasis of improved language skills, increased processing speed, enhanced executive function skills (ie. proficiency in adaptable thinking, planning, self-monitoring, self-control, working memory, time management, and organization), task follow-through, and activity planning.	https://www.lifespantherapytx.com/cognitive-retraining
The exportation of products is very important for developing World Economies. Countries produce and export products not far from their production structure since they will require the same requisite capabilities. Proximity is the possibility of exporting one product, given that the Economy is exporting another. The higher the Proximity means, the higher the likelihood of two products being exported in tandem. The United States dollar is still the dominant currency in international trade transactions. Since most transactions are invoiced in the U.S dollar, the United States dollar index has been used to trace the value of the U.S dollar against other global currencies. Therefore optimization of controls on proximities and variation in USDX is essential in maximizing export rates. The outbreak of COVID-19 in December 2019 resulted in the decline of International trade activities and exportation in particular. This study used the Lotka Volterra model to examine the effect of COVID-19 on International trade; it was found that the significant impact of COVID-19 was in 2020. Lastly, Pontryagin's Maximum principle was used to optimize Proximity and USDX control to see the maximum possible achievement of exports each year. It was found that optimizing USDX control is more efficient in increasing export rate than optimizing Proximity control. However, optimization of both control is most effective for product exports in the International Trade Network. Major economic crises have continuously affected International trade. Recently the World has experienced significant economic problems such as The Federal Reserve and the financial crisis of 2007-2008 3, The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic 2, and the effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict 4. These crises resulted in unstable states for exporting products to World Market. The exportation of products is essential for the economic growth of many countries. Over the years, countries have been exporting different products. The network showing the extent of relatedness of the Product Space Network is termed "Product Space Network". Countries move through the product space by developing goods close to those they currently produce 5. Product space is a new perspective to studying countries' patterns and dynamic evolution in the global trade pattern under the evolutionary economic geography 6. The product space shows the Proximity among products, which in turn captures the similarity of the requisite capabilities to produce them 7. Therefore Proximity captures the possibility of producing and exporting two or more products in tandem. The products with a higher chance of being exported together are expected to have higher proximity index values. For the past eight decades, the United States Dollar has maintained its largely unchallenged status as the World's currency 8. Therefore most transactions in International trade are still invoiced in the U.S dollar. The United States dollar index (USDX) in this study was a weighted geometric mean of the dollar's value compared only with a "basket" of 6 other major currencies, which are the euro, Japanese yen, Canadian dollar, British pound, Swedish krona and Swiss franc 9. USDX is saving as the value of the U.S dollar against other currencies. If the index is above 100, the export sector is disadvantaged through overvaluation. Conversely, if the index is below 100, it is at an advantage through undervaluation 10. Therefore the index is said to have a negative relationship with the change in the number of products exported in the international trade market. Product space Networks are Complex network systems. The evolution and dynamics of complex network systems can be represented in the forms of ordinary differential equations. Lotka-Volterra models were initially introduced to study the dynamics of Natural systems 11, 12, 13. The uses of Lotka Volterra were recently further extended to study other systems such as Banking systems 14, Technological dimensions 15, and Currency Exchange rates 16. Most studies used the Lotka-Volterra model to study the dynamics of current systems. Less is known about optimizing product space Networks using the Lotka-Volterra model. This study will employ the optimization methods for ordinary differential equations using Pontryagin's maximum principle, as Pontryagin et al. 17 have recently studied its usefulness. The developed model will introduce two control variables: Proximity control and USDX. Furtherly, each control variable will be examined to see which one had a greater effect on increasing exports of products. The product space network is developed with the intuitive idea that the Economy's production structure is based on comparative advantages in developing new products. In a Network, nodes are the products, and edges are proximity values showing connectivity in the exportation of relatively two or more products. In a product space Network structure, some products are more connected (blue nodes) than others (red nodes). Examples of More connected products are Tobacco and Tobacco Manufactures (12), feeding stuff for animals (8), Manufactures of Metal (69), Beverages (11), and cork and wood (24). Many countries export these products and give higher possibilities to export other related products. Products that are not produced and exported in connection with many other products are such as crude rubbers (23), Pulp and waste papers (25), Coal coke and briquettes (32), Gas Natural, and Manufactures (34). Most of these products are produced by fewer countries since they require high Technology.2.2. Model Formulation Moutsinas and Guo 18 used Lotka-Volterra mode; to explain the Node-level loss in Complex networks. This study will further develop their model to portray the dynamics of growth rates of exports of products, whereby stands as the growth rate of product exports . This study will additionally include the effect of USDX in the model. The dynamics of the growth rate of exports rate is in the form of \|(1)\| Whereby is the change of export rate of product with time. is the self-regulation dynamics of the export rate of the product . is the influence of the change of export rate of product on the Export rate of . is the proximity index between product and . The self-dynamics of the export rate of product can be written as \|(2)\| Where the intrinsic growth of growth rate of a commodity is represented by , The maximum capacity for the Economy to carry the growth rate of export of Commodity is represented by , the point above which the Economy starts to have negative growth is represented by (Alee effect) and is the USDX as the function of mean USDX and the coefficient of variation of USDX . The proximity index represents the probability of exporting a commodity given that an Economy is already exporting another commodity . The proximity index will serve as the interaction index between Commodity and . Hidalgo et al. 5 developed the formula for Proximity index as; \|(3)\| Where RCA stands for the Revealed comparative advantage \|(4)\| shows whether a country exports more product as the share of its total output than the average Country; for a country to have an advantage in Transportation of output, then RCA>1 (not RCA<1). The overall interaction dynamics between commodities will be \|(5)\| Where , and are saturation rates of the response function Generally, when USDX is considered, the overall dynamics of the product space network (1) are written as follows; \|(6)\| For analysis purposes, equation (v) can be written in the form of the reduced model as \|(7)\| Such that is the effective growth rate of product exportation and is the practical Proximity, and2.3. Control Problem Optimal control theory is a branch of mathematics developed to find optimal ways to control a dynamic system 11. The control problem is of the form where =time, =state variables, and =control variables with Both control and state variables can affect the Objective function. In this study, we will introduce the control variables and to the original dynamical model equation (vi), namely the control measure of USDX variation and control measure of efficiency methods applied to increase Proximity among products The control problem becomes \|(8)\| Equation (viii) can be linearized into \|(9)\| Using the Pontryagin Maximum principle 17, we are required to minimize the cost function \|(10)\| Subject to the equation . Variables and are initial variables and free variables, respectively. A is a positive weight and are the cost of intervention. Therefore, we are required to find optimal and such that Pontryagin maximum principle will further be used to suggest the optimality condition through the Hamiltonian function; \|(11)\| Where is the Co-state variable for equation (9). Theorem: There exists a pair of optimal controls and optimal solution which minimizes also there is a presence of adjoint function for Hamiltonian function such that \|(12)\| The Transversality condition is Kayange et al. 19 suggested that optimality conditions and can be used to solve the pair of optimal controls for and \|(13)\| \|(14)\| Equation (13) and (14) gives the solutions for and to be \|(15)\| By standard argument control, as suggested by 19, \|(16)\| International data is often classified as Standard International trade classification (SITC). The SITC provides a hierarchical system for disaggregated trade statistics 20. This study uses international trade data for four years from 2018-2021 as classified into SITC-REVISION 4, published in https://comtrade.un.org/data/. The United States dollar index data are derived from the daily updated data from the Marketwatch website https://www.marketwatch.com/investing/index/dxy/download. The simulation of the control problem shows that USDX and proximities strongly affect the growth dynamics of export rates. Using optimization methods provided by Pontryagin's maximum principle, this study will show the dynamics of export rates and the possible achievement of export rates each year for four years from 2018 to 2021. The study portrays the dynamics when no control is optimized, only Proximity is optimized, only USDX is optimized, and when both proximities and Usdx are optimized each year.3.1. Growth of Global exports if no control is optimized Figure 2 shows the dynamics of growth rates of exports in the original dynamical model (blue line) and control problem (green line) when neither the USDX nor the Proximity index is optimized. The control problem shows the rate which could be achieved by the system if optimized. Results show that the Economy's export growth is highly affected by USDX and Proximity among products, regardless of other parametric values. Optimization of Proximity indices and USDX gives the maximum increase of Exports that an Economy could reach. Optimization of the USDX could be done by minimization of USDX values, while for optimizing proximity indices, we are required to maximize its values. The whole optimization is done by optimizing the control measures due to the efficiency of USDX minimization policies and control measures due to the ability of an Economy to Export commodities that are highly related in their course of production. Considering Figure 2, Figure 2(a) shows that all control variables are at a minimum (zero), which means that no deliberate action is taken to control export growth each year. Figure 2(b) shows that in 2018 there was a decline in the export growth rate at the same rate for both (dynamic and control problems). Zhang et al. 21 postulated that in 2018 there was a rise in oil prices caused by Trade disputes among exporting countries and Consumers. The increase in prices negatively affected the growth of global exports. In 2019 there was a rise in export; the dynamic and control problems were decreasing simultaneously. In December 2019, pneumonia of unknown cause jolted Wuhan city of Hubei province in China and spread across Asia and the World like wildfire. By January 2020, the WHO declared a public health emergency of international concern 2. Therefore Figure 2(c) shows that during the year 2019, the global economy was experiencing a recovery from the effect of the rise in oil prices in 2018. Figure 2(d) shows that the major impact of COVID-19 was during the year 2020. Heiland and Ulltveit-Moe 22 stated that Country Lockdowns and Restrictions led to declining global export rates of products as the major pandemic effect was vivid during this year. Figure 2(e) shows the recovery of Global Export rates as the Economies softened restrictions for exports, and the introduction of vaccination policies for populations made it easier for International trade activities to be carried on. In general, from Figure 2, the nature of the graphs for both dynamical systems and the control model will be almost the same as there were no deliberate actions taken to reduce or maximize exports each year.3.2. Growth of Global Exports if only Proximity between Products is Optimized Figure 3 compares the standard dynamical systems for Product space Network (blue line) and possible growth rates when Proximity between products is optimized. Proximity can be optimized by improving Technology, inputs, infrastructure, and institutions essential for producing available exported products. Figure 3 (a) shows the control profile graph where only Proximity between products is optimized (maximum at one), whereas no action has been taken to optimize the USDX (minimum at zero). All graphs of dynamical systems before the control variables were introduced (blue lines) from Figure 3(b-e) show the growth trends of exports for each year, as explained in Figure 2. In contrast, the graphs for a controlled model with optimized Proximity are in green lines. Figure 3(b) shows that after optimizing annual Proximity for 2018, there was an improvement in growth rates. Although the exportation of products was still decreasing after optimizing Proximity, the export growth rate was expected to be slightly higher. Figure 3(c) shows that besides the recovery happening in 2019, the export rate would have increased faster with optimizing Proximity. Figure 3(d) shows that the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic was the decrease in export rate, but with optimal control of Proximity, the rate of decline would have been slower. Therefore more exportation of products would have been higher. Figure 3(e) shows the recovery phase of export growth in the year 2021; specifically, it shows that with optimal Proximity, the recovery would have faster. The optimization of Proximity between products is essential for the improvement of export rates of products. Figure 4 shows the comparison of the original dynamics of export rates against the expected growth rates of exports if USDX only was to be optimized. USDX could be optimized by the global Economy's deliberate actions to control the exchange rate. At a country level, short-term solutions such as operational hedging are standard. Keefe and Shadmani 23 stated that keeping the currency undervalued significantly promotes economic activities. In Figure 4, the Control profile (figure 4(a)) shows that only USDX is optimal each year while Proximity for each year is kept at a minimum . Figure 4(b) shows that besides the decrease in export rates in 2018, optimizing USDX control would increase export rates. Figure 4(c) shows that in 2019 there was a recovery phase in Export rates, but optimizing the USDX would lead to faster growth of export rates compared to when it wasn't optimized. Figure 4(d) shows that in 2020 the major effect of COVID-19 in the reduction of export was apparent, but optimizing USDX would lead to an increase in export rate. Figure 4(e) shows that the recovery of global export would be faster with optimal USDX compared to when there was no controlled USDX. Figure 5 shows the trends of exportation before action is taken into consideration and possible achievements if USDX control and proximity controls have to be optimized. Figure 5(a) shows the control profile whereby both USDX control and Proximity Control are optimized ( and ). Optimizing both controls would be compared to when no deliberate action is taken to optimize global Export rates. Figure 5(b-e) shows that optimization of both controls leads to the highest growth rates of exports than optimization of individual controls separately. By optimizing USDX and Proximity for any year, Simulations show that the exportation of products in the International Trade Network will always Increase. Exportation of products can be affected by many factors such as Exchange rates, Country and international borders policies, Technology, institutions, Skilled personnel, etc. Each Country can export certain products depending on the availability of resources that are essential for exporting such products. Introducing new products that do not relate to the available produced and exported products is very rare. Thus, many countries introduce new products for exportation that are not far from the general production structure to use the available resources Proximity between products is the probability of exporting one product given that the Country is exporting another product. In international trade networks, most international trade transactions are invoiced in the U.S dollar. So we need a standard measure of the exchange rate of countries' currency against the U.S dollar, known as USDX. The volatility of USDX influence transaction negatively in the International Trade Network. Therefore to increase the export rate of commodities, it is crucial to optimize the control of proximities and USDX. In this study, the effect of each and both control is studied. The optimization of USDX control was only found to be more effective than the optimization of the Proximity index. However, both would lead to improvement in export rates of products each year. Both USDX control and Proximity control are supposed to be optimized to get the maximum growth of export rates of the products. As much as this study is beneficial, there were some challenges. The major challenge was the variation in the number of reporting countries for export data for each year; in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021 the number of countries which reported exports were 155, 132, 66, and 88, respectively. In the latter two years (2020 and 2021), fewer countries reported due to the COVID-19 epidemic. To be relevant, each year, the analysis was done depending on the reported countries, whereby the implication of the results still was valid. There were not many challenges for the United States dollar indices as the reported data from the website were timely and continuously updated. In the future, this study can be improved by introducing innovation parameter, which is essential for introducing and exporting new products. This study aimed to study the exportation of products at the Global level, and more can be studied at the country level and compare exports with their related exchange rates. This study has no conflict of interest. Open source data, https://comtrade.un.org/data/ and https://www.investing.com/indices/usdollar-historical-data.	http://pubs.sciepub.com/ajmo/9/1/2/index.html
Wall Street analysts tracking the Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corp. (NYSE: SOAC) stock on daily basis. Out of 0 analysts, 0 deeming the stock a Buy and 0 gave it a rating of OVERWEIGHT. Another 0 recommended that SOAC is a HOLD, while 0 rated it UNDERWEIGHT and the same number recommended SELL. The stock market has more often than not ended up being extremely baffling, catching even some of the more experienced traders by surprise. It happens that even when results are as projected, the market sometimes just takes a sudden turn towards the opposite direction. Often such events lead to doubt and much speculation. At such time, it may pay to keep tabs on a stock’s historical price performance. Useful also would be knowledge of the stock’s trends, both the short term and long-term. Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corp. (NYSE: SOAC) share prices have increased by 0.74% over the past week, but are up 8.29% over prices posted in the last quarter. Going further back, the stock’s price has tanked 7.65% over the last 6 months but is up 0.74% in year-to-date trading. A recent spot check on the stock’s support and resistance revealed that the publicly-traded Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corp. (NYSE: SOAC) shares are trading at a price close to -5.08% lower than its 90-day high. On the other hand, the stock is +11.18% away from its low in the 90-day period. More broadly, SOAC’s current price is -5.08% away from 52-week high. The price is 11.75% above from its 52-week low. Focusing on the company’s market volatility shows that it has a 1-Week Volatility index of 3.06%, and 2.78% for the month. This stock’s Average True Range (ATR) currently stands at 0.30. The indicator of Volatility helps exhibit the extent to which a stock is likely to plummet or climb when the rest of the market also dips or surges. If a stock has a beta score above 1, then its rate of volatility is high. Figures lower than 1, therefore, means that the stock’s volatility at that particular moment is low. Shares of the Sustainable Opportunities Acquisition Corp. (NYSE: SOAC) dropped by -$0.01 during Friday’s regular trading session to climb to $10.84. The company had a daily trading volume of 0.82 million shares, higher than its average intra-day trading volumes of about 443.70K shares. Get The Best Stocks To Trade Every Day! Samuel Moore is a looked for after product and fates dealer, a choices master and expert. Samuel went through about 35 years on Wall Street, including two decades on the exchanging work area of different firms. “I have a huge Rolodex of data in my mind… such a large number of bull and bear markets. When something occurs, I don’t need to think. I simply respond. History tends to rehash itself again and again.” Get The Best Stocks To Trade Every Day! BOVNews.com was originated in 2018 as a Company. Our team comprises Analysts and writers with the knowledge and expertise of Stock Markets and other sectors of Finance. The foremost objective is to deliver impartial opinion and detailed analysis on stock and markets. Our Research team is always keen to stay update on market highlights, earnings reports, mergers and acquisitions, analyst opinions, and pass on their knowledge and expertise to our reader.
Getting ready for bowls Following the government’s relaxation of Covid restrictions on Monday, outdoor bowlers will be joining golfers and tennis players among those who are able to pursue their favourite sport. However, despite the green light from the government, together with one of the sport’s governing bodies – the English Bowling Federation – it is not expected that ground conditions will be playable for at least two weeks, with greens still in the early stages of preparation for the new season. And, when the time comes, bowlers will still have to follow regulations closely, including ensuring equipment is sanitised, players are socially distanced and names of participants are recorded to meet track and trace rules. For those playing organised competitions, including the early rounds of county competitions of singles, pairs and triples and domestic leagues, play is allowed, as long as a spare rink is a buffer between matches. For casual play, the rule of six is applied. No spectators are allowed and changing rooms must not be used until April 12. EBF secretary Dave Woods said: “The government’s roadmap for the easing of lockdown restrictions means organised outdoor sport can re-commence provided the affiliated counties, clubs and their members follow the guidance to return to play safely. “The government has given an exemption for organised sport regarding the numbers of people that can mix and play at one time, whereas with informal sport the rule of six and mixing of only two households, strictly applies.” The EBF points out that bowlers should only handle their own equipment and where shared jacks and mats are used they should sanitise hands before and after touching them. Handshakes are not permitted and booking systems should be introduced to ensure maximum group limits are not exceeded. Further relaxation of Covid rules are expected to be announced for next month. On the subject of vaccination certificates, the EBF is unequivocal. It says:”Bowlers do not need to be vaccinated to participate.	https://www.spaldingtoday.co.uk/sport/early-stages-of-preparations-for-the-new-campaign-9193048/
At Apple’s companywide memorial event for Steve Jobs, new Apple CEO Tim Cook emphasized Jobs’s direct involvement in six revolutionary products: the Mac, the iPod and iTunes, the iPhone, the iPad, Apple the company, and Pixar. Walter Isaacson’s authorized biography Steve Jobs touches on all these topics; here are closer looks at Jobs’s direct involvement with each, straight from Isaacson’s book. We’ll start with the company Jobs built. Apple’s homegrown inspiration Jobs grew up in a subdivision where all the homes were designed by Joseph Eichler. Isaacson quotes Jobs as he discusses his appreciation of Eichler’s ability to “bring great design and simple capability to something that doesn’t cost much… It was the original vision for Apple. That’s what we tried to do with the first Mac. That’s what we did with the iPod.” (The Pixar film The Incredibles includes an Eichler-style home.) Isaacson also writes that Jobs took inspiration from the simplicity of the instructions on Atari’s Star Trek video game, which included only two instructions: - Insert coin - Avoid Klingons Once Jobs and Steve Wozniak were ready to form a company, they debated over various possible names for their new business; Isaacson writes that they rejected names like Matrix, Executek, and Personal Computers Inc. Jobs: “I was on one of my fruitarian diets [at the time]. Apple took the edge off the word ‘computer.’ Plus, it would get us ahead of Atari in the phone book.” Welcome to Macintosh Jobs recalls the famed visit he took with various Apple employees to Xerox’s PARC facility—the first place to experiment with graphical user interfaces still reminiscent of the ones we use today—as “a veil being lifted from my eyes.” Jobs wanted customers to use the mouse, and not continue to rely on the keyboard interactions that characterized earlier home computers; he thus insisted upon the removal of the standard arrow cursor keys on the original Macintosh’s keyboard. Writes Isaacson, “Jobs did not believe the customer was always right; if they wanted to resist using a mouse, they were wrong.” That decision had the added advantage of forcing developers to customize their software for the Mac and its mouse, rather than merely porting over software that relied on cursor key input. (Jobs would cite similar logic years later in describing one of the reasons he refused to allow Flash on the iPhone; developers could then target solutions that work everywhere, instead of embracing iPhone-specific functionality.) Isaacson writes later: [Jobs’s] frustration with Apple [after he was ousted from the company] was evident when he gave a talk to a Stanford Business School club at the home of a student, who asked him to sign a Macintosh keyboard. Jobs agreed to do so if he could remove the keys that had been added to the Mac after he left. He pulled out his car keys and pried off the four arrow cursor keys, which he’d once banned, as well as the top of of F1, F2, F3… function keys. “I’m changing the world one keyboard at a time,” he deadpanned. Then he signed the mutilated keyboard. The iPod and iTunes Jobs was furious when he realized that the original iMac shipped with a tray-loading CD-ROM drive, and insisted that future models use less common slot-loading mechanisms instead. But slot-loading drive models tended to lag behind on cutting-edge technologies such as CD burning, and Jobs feared he’d made a costly mistake. Jobs told Isaacson he “felt like a dope” and “thought that we had missed it. We had to work hard to catch up.” Then came the iPod. Here’s Isaacson quoting Jobs again: In order to make the iPod really easy to use… we needed to limit what the device itself would do. Instead we put that functionality in iTunes on the computer. For example, we made it so you couldn’t make playlists on the device. You made playlists on iTunes, and then you synced with the device. That was controversial. But what made the Rio and other devices so brain-dead was that they were complicated. After the iPod’s launch, Isaacson writes, Apple could have chosen to “indulge” music piracy, which at the time was fairly widespread in some circles, since most legitimate sources of online music were sorely lacking at best. But it didn’t. Jobs told Isaacson, “From the earliest days at Apple, I realized that we thrived when we created intellectual property. If people copied or stole our software, we’d be out of business.. But there’s a simpler reason: It’s wrong to steal. It hurts other people. And it hurts your own character.” And thus, the iTunes Music Store was born. Since many individual artists had contractual rights empowering them to control whether tracks could be sold online or unbundled from their albums, Jobs took to making his case to some personally, including Bono, Mick Jagger, and Sheryl Crow. Jobs later invited Dr. Dre to Apple’s headquarters to show him the seamless interaction between the iPod and the iTunes Music Store; said Dre, “Man, somebody finally got it right.” Internally, Apple predicted it would sell one million songs in the store’s first six months online. It took six days. Isaacson quotes an email (made public as part of a Microsoft lawsuit) that then-CEO Bill Gates sent to various employees of his company the night Apple launched the iTunes Music Store: Steve Jobs’s ability to focus in on a few things that count, get people who get user interface right, and market things as revolutionary are amazing things… This is very strange to me. The music companies’ own operations offer a service that is truly unfriendly to the user. Somehow they decide to give Apple the ability to do something pretty good… I am not saying this strangeness means we messed up—at least if we did, so did Real and Pressplay and MusicNet and basically everyone else… Now that Jobs has done it we need to move fast to get something where the user interface and Rights are as good… I think we need some plan to prove that, even though Jobs has us a bit flat footed again, we can move quick and both match and do stuff better. (Spoiler: They couldn’t.) Jobs was initially opposed to offering a Windows-friendly version of the iPod, in part because the iPod was driving more Mac sales than Apple had expected. But other top executives at the company wanted to see Apple really be in the music player business, not just the Mac business. Jobs told Isaacson, “It was a really big argument for months… Me against everyone else.” Jobs demanded other executives prove that porting the iPod to Windows made good business sense. At a meeting where executives demonstrated that, indeed, it made incredible business sense, Jobs suddenly declared: “Screw it. I’m sick of listening to you a—holes. Go do whatever the hell you want.” The iPhone and the iPad Isaacson reconfirms older stories explaining that the iPad project actually predated Apple’s phone project. But once Jobs saw the multitouch interface in action, he concluded that it was far superior to the company’s other approach: adapting an iPod Click Wheel as a phone interface. Oddly enough, Microsoft—or at least one zealous Microsoft engineer—spurred Jobs to begin investigating the creation of a tablet device. Jobs tells Isaacson about a Microsoft employee he met at a dinner party who “badgered me about how Microsoft was going to completely change the world with this tablet PC software and eliminate all notebook computers, and Apple ought to license his Microsoft software. But he was doing the device all wrong. It had a stylus. As soon as you have a stylus, you’re dead. This dinner was like the tenth time he talked to me about it, and I was so sick of it that I came home and, ‘F—- this, let’s show him what a tablet can really be.’” The next day, Jobs said, he told his team: “I want to make a tablet, and it can’t have a keyboard or a stylus.” Pixar At Apple, Jobs credited an exclusive team of what he termed A players with the successful creation and launch of the original Macintosh. But Apple, at the time, had too many B and C players, Jobs thought. Jobs told Isaacson: “At Pixar, it was a whole company of A players. When I got back to Apple, that’s what I decided to try to do. You need to have a collaborative hiring process. When we hire someone, even if they’re going to be in marketing, I will have them talk to the design folks and the engineers.” Isaacson writes that “Pixar was a haven where Jobs could escape the intensity in Cupertino.” More importantly, “[i]t was at Pixar that he learned to let other creative people flourish and take the lead. Largely it was because he loved [Pixar’s chief creative officer] John Lasseter, a gentle artist who, like Ive, brought out the best in Jobs.” Apple itself Jobs told Isaacson that Tim Cook—now Apple’s CEO—came to the company “out of procurement, which is just the right background for what we needed. I realized that he and I saw things exactly the same way… Before long I trusted him to know exactly what to do.” Because of that trust, Jobs said, “I could just forget about a lot of things unless he came and pinged me.” Said Cook, “Five minutes into my initial interview with Steve, I wanted to throw caution and logic to the wind and join Apple.” Isaacson describes Cook as “Jobs’s mirror image” in many ways, saying both were “unflappable.” Jobs told Isaacson: “I’m a good negotiator, but he’s probably better than me because he’s a cool customer… but Tim’s not a product person, per se.” In conclusion Isaacson quotes Jobs at length near the book’s conclusion. In summing up Apple and his own life, Jobs says this: My passion has been to build an enduring company where people were motivated to make great products. Everything else was secondary… The reason Apple resonates with people is that there’s a deep current of humanity in our innovation. I think great artists and great engineers are similar, in that they both have a desire to express themselves… We try to use the talents we do have to express our deep feelings, to show our appreciation of all the contributions that came before us, and to add something to that flow. That’s what has driven me. Note: When you purchase something after clicking links in our articles, we may earn a small commission. Read our affiliate link policy for more details.	https://www.macworld.com/article/214991/six_revolutionary_products_as_told_by_isaacsons_steve_jobs_biography.html
THE NEW AI SYSTEM TAKES ITS INSPIRATION FROM HUMANS: WHEN A HUMAN SEES A COLOR FROM ONE OBJECT, WE CAN EASILY APPLY IT TO ANY OTHER OBJECT BY SUBSTITUTING THE ORIGINAL COLOR WITH THE NEW ONE. ILLUSTRATION/CHRIS KIM. Imagine an orange cat. Now, imagine the same cat, but with coal-black fur. Now, imagine the cat strutting along the Great Wall of China. Doing this, a quick series of neuron activations in your brain will come up with variations of the picture presented, based on your previous knowledge of the world. In other words, as humans, it’s easy to envision an object with different attributes. But, despite advances in deep neural networks that match or surpass human performance in certain tasks, computers still struggle with the very human skill of “imagination.” Now, a USC research team comprising computer science Professor Laurent Itti, and PhD students Yunhao Ge, Sami Abu-El-Haija and Gan Xin, has developed an AI that uses human-like capabilities to imagine a never-before-seen object with different attributes. The paper, titled Zero-Shot Synthesis with Group-Supervised Learning, was published in the 2021 International Conference on Learning Representations on May 7. “We were inspired by human visual generalization capabilities to try to simulate human imagination in machines,” said Ge, the study’s lead author. “Humans can separate their learned knowledge by attributes—for instance, shape, pose, position, color—and then recombine them to imagine a new object. Our paper attempts to simulate this process using neural networks.” “This new disentanglement approach, for the first time, truly unleashes a new sense of imagination in A.I. systems, bringing them closer to humans’ understanding of the world.” Laurent Itti. AI’s generalization problem For instance, say you want to create an AI system that generates images of cars. Ideally, you would provide the algorithm with a few images of a car, and it would be able to generate many types of cars—from Porsches to Pontiacs to pick-up trucks—in any color, from multiple angles. This is one of the long-sought goals of AI: creating models that can extrapolate. This means that, given a few examples, the model should be able to extract the underlying rules and apply them to a vast range of novel examples it hasn’t seen before. But machines are most commonly trained on sample features, pixels for instance, without taking into account the object’s attributes. The science of imagination In this new study, the researchers attempt to overcome this limitation using a concept called disentanglement. Disentanglement can be used to generate deepfakes, for instance, by disentangling human face movements and identity. By doing this, said Ge, “people can synthesize new images and videos that substitute the original person’s identity with another person, but keep the original movement.” Similarly, the new approach takes a group of sample images—rather than one sample at a time as traditional algorithms have done—and mines the similarity between them to achieve something called “controllable disentangled representation learning.” Then, it recombines this knowledge to achieve “controllable novel image synthesis,” or what you might call imagination. “For instance, take the Transformer movie as an example” said Ge, “It can take the shape of Megatron car, the color and pose of a yellow Bumblebee car, and the background of New York’s Times Square. The result will be a Bumblebee-colored Megatron car driving in Times Square, even if this sample was not witnessed during the training session.” This is similar to how we as humans extrapolate: when a human sees a color from one object, we can easily apply it to any other object by substituting the original color with the new one. Using their technique, the group generated a new dataset containing 1.56 million images that could help future research in the field. Understanding the world While disentanglement is not a new idea, the researchers say their framework can be compatible with nearly any type of data or knowledge. This widens the opportunity for applications. For instance, disentangling race and gender-related knowledge to make fairer AI by removing sensitive attributes from the equation altogether. In the field of medicine, it could help doctors and biologists discover more useful drugs by disentangling the medicine function from other properties, and then recombining them to synthesize new medicine. Imbuing machines with imagination could also help create safer AI by, for instance, allowing autonomous vehicles to imagine and avoid dangerous scenarios previously unseen during training. “Deep learning has already demonstrated unsurpassed performance and promise in many domains, but all too often this has happened through shallow mimicry, and without a deeper understanding of the separate attributes that make each object unique,” said Itti. “This new disentanglement approach, for the first time, truly unleashes a new sense of imagination in A.I. systems, bringing them closer to humans’ understanding of the world.” Original Article: USC researchers enable AI to use its “imagination.” More from: University of Southern California Viterbi School of Engineering The Latest Updates from Bing News & Google News Go deeper with Bing News on: Imagination in artificial intelligence systems - A.I. 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I think there’s part of me which enjoys that, because I feel like some of the stuff that I’m into ... - 1990 to 2019 saw improvement in women's representation in academic medicine Representation of women in academic medicine improved from 1990 to 2019, but representation of underrepresented minorities (URM) only modestly increased, according to a study published online Dec ... Go deeper with Google Headlines on:	https://innovationtoronto.com/2021/07/unleashing-a-new-sense-of-imagination-in-artificial-intelligence-systems-2/
--- abstract: 'The quantum mechanics of two Coulomb charges on a plane $(e_1, m_1)$ and $(e_2, m_2)$ subject to a constant magnetic field $B$ perpendicular to the plane is considered. Four integrals of motion are explicitly indicated. It is shown that for two physically-important particular cases, namely that of two particles of equal Larmor frequencies, ${e_c} \propto \frac{e_1}{m_1}-\frac{e_2}{m_2}=0$ (e.g. two electrons) and one of a neutral system (e.g. the electron - positron pair, Hydrogen atom) at rest (the center-of-mass momentum is zero) some outstanding properties occur. They are the most visible in double polar coordinates in CMS $(R, \phi)$ and relative $(\rho, \varphi)$ coordinate systems: (i) eigenfunctions are factorizable, all factors except one with the explicit $\rho$-dependence are found analytically, they have definite relative angular momentum, (ii) dynamics in $\rho$-direction is the same for both systems, it corresponds to a funnel-type potential and it has hidden $sl(2)$ algebra; at some discrete values of dimensionless magnetic fields $b \leq 1$, (iii) particular integral(s) occur, (iv) the hidden $sl(2)$ algebra emerges in finite-dimensional representation, thus, the system becomes [quasi-exactly-solvable]{} and (v) a finite number of polynomial eigenfunctions in $\rho$ appear. Nine families of eigenfunctions are presented explicitly.' author: - 'A.V. Turbiner' - 'M.A. Escobar-Ruiz' date: 'March 10, 2013' title: 'Two charges on a plane in a magnetic field: hidden algebra, (particular) integrability, polynomial eigenfunctions' --- A behavior of a charged particle in a constant magnetic field (the Landau problem) is well studied. It is integrable and exactly-solvable problem, both classical and quantum, it plays a fundamental role in physics (see e.g. [@LL]). The problem of two charges in a magnetic field is much less studied, while the most of efforts were dedicated to explore the case when one charge is infinitely massive (one-center problem). The goal of the present paper is to consider the integrability properties (global and particular integrals, for notations, see [@Turbiner:2013]), the existence of algebraic structures, the presence of the hidden algebra in [quantum]{} problem of two arbitrary Coulomb charges on a plane subject to a constant uniform magnetic field. This work is a natural continuation of [@ET:2013] where the [classical]{} problem of two arbitrary Coulomb charges on a plane subject to a constant uniform magnetic field was considered. In that paper there were classified the pairs of Coulomb charges for which the special, superintegrable, closed trajectories as well as particular integrals exist. For these trajectories the distance $\rho$ between particles remains unchanged during the evolution. Hence, $I=\rho p_{\rho}$ is the constant of motion, where $p_{\rho}$ is a component of momentum along the relative distance ${\boldsymbol \rho}$ direction. Let us consider a system of two non-relativistic spinless charged particles $(e_1,\, m_1) ,\ (e_2,\, m_2)$ on a plane in a constant and uniform magnetic field $\mathbf B=B\,\hat {\mathbf {z}}$ perpendicular to the plane. The Hamiltonian is $${\cal {\hat H}}\ =\ \frac{{({\mathbf {\hat p}_1}-e_1\,{\mathbf A_1})}^2}{2\,m_1} + \frac{{({\mathbf {\hat p}_2}-e_2\,{\mathbf A_2})}^2}{2\,m_2} + \frac{e_1\,e_2}{\mid {\boldsymbol \rho}_1 - {\boldsymbol \rho}_2 \mid}\ , \label{Hcar}$$ assuming $\hslash=c=1$, where ${\boldsymbol \rho}_{1,2}$ and ${\mathbf {\hat p}}_{{}_{1,2}}=-i\,\nabla_{{}_{1,2}}$ are the coordinate and momentum of the first (second) particle and the symmetric gauge $\mathbf A_{1,2}=\frac{1}{2}\,\mathbf B\times {\boldsymbol \rho}_{1,2}$ is chosen for vector potentials. It can be checked by direct calculation that the total Pseudomomentum $${\mathbf {\hat K}}\ =\ \mathbf {\hat p}_1+e_1\,\mathbf A_{1}+\mathbf {\hat p}_2+e_2\,\mathbf A_{2}\ , \label{pseudomomentumIND}$$ is an integral, $[\, \mathbf {\hat K}, \, {\cal {\hat H}} \,]=0$ as well as the total angular momentum $$\boldsymbol {\hat L}^{\rm T } \ =\ {\boldsymbol \rho}_1 \times {\mathbf {\hat p}}_1+ {\boldsymbol \rho}_2\times {\mathbf {\hat p}}_2\,, \label{LzT}$$ $[\, \boldsymbol {\hat L}^{\rm T}, \, {\cal {\hat H}} \,]=0$. We introduce c.m.s variables $$\mathbf R = \mu_1\, {\boldsymbol \rho}_1 + \mu_2\,{\boldsymbol \rho}_2 \ , \quad {\boldsymbol \rho}= {\boldsymbol \rho}_1 - {\boldsymbol \rho}_2\ , \label{CMvar}$$ then $$\mathbf {\hat P}\ =\ {\mathbf {\hat p}}_1 + {\mathbf {\hat p}}_2 \ , \qquad \quad \, \, {\mathbf {\hat p}}\ =\ \mu_2\,{\mathbf {\hat p}}_1 - \mu_1\,{\mathbf {\hat p}}_2\ ,$$ where $\mu_i=\frac{m_i}{M}$ and $M = m_1 + m_2$ is the total mass of the system, ${\mathbf {\hat P}} = -i\,\nabla_{\mathbf R},\ {\mathbf {\hat p}} = -i\,\nabla_{\boldsymbol \rho}$ are CM and relative momentum, respectively. In these coordinates the total Pseudomomentum $$\mathbf {\hat K}\ =\ \mathbf {\hat P} + q\,\mathbf A_{\mathbf R} + e_c\,\mathbf A_{{\boldsymbol \rho}} \ , \label{pseudomomentum}$$ and the total angular momentum $$\boldsymbol {\hat L}^{\rm T} \ =\ ({\mathbf R} \times {\mathbf {\hat P}}) + ({\boldsymbol \rho}\times \mathbf {\hat p}) \equiv \mathbf {\hat L} + \boldsymbol {\hat \ell} \ , \label{LzT2}$$ (cf. (\[pseudomomentumIND\]) and (\[LzT\])), where $\mathbf {\hat L}, \boldsymbol {\hat \ell}$ are CM angular momentum and relative angular momentum, respectively, $$q = e_1 + e_2\ ,$$ is the total charge of the system and $$e_c = (e_1\,\mu_2-e_2\,\mu_1)\ =\ m_r \bigg(\frac{e_1}{m_1}-\frac{e_2}{m_2}\bigg)\ ,$$ is a coupling charge, $m_r=\frac{m_1\,m_2}{M}$ is the reduced mass of the system. The operators $\mathbf {\hat K}, \boldsymbol {\hat L}^{ \rm T }$ obey the commutation relations $$\begin{aligned} &[ {\hat K}_x,\,{\hat K}_y ] = -q\,B\,, \\ & [ {\hat L}^{ \rm T } ,\,{\hat K}_x ] = {\hat K}_y\,, \\ & [ {\hat L}^{ \rm T },\,{\hat K}_y ] = -{\hat K}_x\ , \label{AlgebraInt} \end{aligned}$$ hence, they span a noncommutative algebra. The Casimir operator ${\cal {\hat C}}$ of this algebra is nothing but $${\cal {\hat C}}\ =\ {\hat K}_x^2+{\hat K}_y^2-2\,q\,B\,{\hat L}^{ \rm T } \ , \label{Casimir}$$ It is convenient to introduce a unitary transformation $$U = e^{-i\,e_c\,\mathbf A_{\boldsymbol \rho}\cdot \mathbf R} \ . \label{U}$$ Then canonical momenta transformed as, $${\mathbf {\hat Q}}=U^{-1}\,{\mathbf {\hat P}}\,U =\ {\mathbf {\hat P}}\ +\ e_c\,\mathbf A_{\boldsymbol \rho}\quad ,\quad {\mathbf {\hat q}}= U^{-1}\,{\mathbf {\hat p}}\, U = {\mathbf {\hat p}}\ -\ e_c\,\mathbf A_{\mathbf R}\ .$$ The unitary transformed Pseudomomentum (\[pseudomomentum\]) becomes $${\mathbf {\hat K}}^{\prime}\ =\ {U}^{-1}\ {\mathbf {\hat K}}\ U\ =\ {\mathbf {\hat P}} + q\,\mathbf A_{\mathbf R}\ , \label{Kprime}$$ It looks like as the Pseudomomentum of the whole, composite system of the charge $q$. The unitary transformed Hamiltonian (\[Hcar\]) takes the form $${\cal {\hat H}}^{\prime} \ ={U}^{-1}\ {\cal {\hat H}}\ U \ = \ \frac{ {( \mathbf {\hat P}-q\,\mathbf A_{\mathbf R}-2\,e_c\,\mathbf A_{\boldsymbol \rho} )}^2}{2\,M} +\frac{{({\mathbf {\hat p}}-q_\text{w}\,{\mathbf A_{\boldsymbol \rho}})}^2}{2\,m_{r}} +\frac{e_1\,e_2}{\rho}\ , \label{H}$$ where $q_{\rm{w}} \equiv e_1\,\mu_2^2+e_2\,\mu_1^2$ is an effective charge (weighted total charge). It is evident, $[\, \mathbf {\hat K}^{\prime}, \, {\cal {\hat H}}^{\prime} \,]=0$ . The eigenfunctions of ${\cal {\hat H}}$ and ${\cal {\hat H}}^{\prime}$ are related through the factor (\[U\]), $$\Psi^{\prime}\ =\ \Psi e^{ i\,e_c\,\mathbf A_{\boldsymbol \rho}\cdot \mathbf R}\ .$$ Studying (\[H\]) we found nothing interesting except for two special situations we will focus on, namely: \(i) $e_c=0$, where separation of c.m.s. variables occurs in the Hamiltonian (\[H\]), \(ii) $q=0$, for which components of the Pseudomomentum $\mathbf {\hat K}$ become commutative (see (\[AlgebraInt\])). Case $e_c=0$ ============ This case appears for charges of the same sign and equal cyclotron frequency, $\frac{e_1}{m_1}=\frac{e_2}{m_2}$. The Hamiltonian $(\ref{H})$ becomes $$\begin{aligned} {\cal {\hat H}^{\prime}}& \ =\ {\cal {\hat H}} = {\cal {\hat H}}_{R}(\mathbf {\hat P},\mathbf R) + {\cal {\hat H}}_{\rho}(\mathbf { \hat p},\boldsymbol \rho) \\& \equiv \frac{ {( \mathbf {\hat P}-q\,{\mathbf A}_{\mathbf R} )}^2}{2\,M} + \frac{ {( \mathbf {\hat p}-\frac{e\,m_2}{M} {\mathbf A}_{\boldsymbol \rho} )}^2}{2\,m_r} + \frac{m_2}{m_1}\,\frac{e^2}{\rho}\ , \end{aligned} \label{Hec}$$ where CM variables are separated (see [@Kohn:1961] for the case of identical particles) and $e \equiv e_1>0$. Here ${\cal {\hat H}}_{R}(\mathbf {\hat P},\mathbf R)$ and ${\cal {\hat H}}_{\rho}(\mathbf { \hat p},\boldsymbol \rho)$ describe CM and relative motion of two-body composite system, respectively, like it appears for field-free case. It can be easily shown that four operators $${\cal {\hat H}}_{R}\,,\,{\cal {\hat H}}_{\rho}\,,\,{\hat {L}}_z\,,\, {\hat {l}}_z\ , \label{CSO}$$ (see (\[LzT2\])) are mutually commuting operators spanning a commutative algebra. Hence, at $e_c=0$ the system is completely integrable. Any state is characterized by four quantum numbers. Due to the relation $$\begin{aligned} &\mathbf{ \hat K }^2 = 2\,q\,B \,{\hat {L}}_z + 2\,M\,{\cal {\hat H}}_{R}\ , \end{aligned} \label{Kx}$$ the only one component of the Pseudomomentum is algebraically independent. Therefore, in addition to (\[CSO\]) there exists one more algebraically independent integral, say $K_x$. Thus, in reality, the two-body Coulomb system at $e_c=0$ in a magnetic field is globally [superintegrable]{}. These five integrals (\[CSO\]), (\[Kx\]) are [global]{}, they remain integrals for any state of the system. Due to decoupling of CM and relative motion in (\[Hec\]) the eigenfunctions are factorized $${\cal {\hat H}} \,\Psi \ = \ (E_R+E_\rho) \, \Psi \,,\qquad \Psi=\chi(\mathbf R) \, \psi(\boldsymbol \rho)\ . \label{Psi1}$$ The function $\chi(\mathbf R)$ satisfies the Schrödinger equation $$\bigg[-\frac{\nabla_R^2}{2\,M}-\frac{1}{2}\omega_c\,\hat {L}_z+\frac{M \,{\omega}_c^2\,{R}^2}{8}\bigg]\chi(\mathbf R)\ =\ E_R \chi(\mathbf R)\ , \label{EqR}$$ where ${\omega}_c=\frac{e\,B}{m_1}= \frac{qB}{M}$ and ${\hat {L}_z}={(\mathbf R \times \mathbf {\hat P})}_z$ is CM angular momentum. This equation describes the particle of the charge $q$ and mass $M$ in a magnetic field $B$. In polar coordinates $\mathbf R=(R,\,\phi)$ the eigenfunctions and eigenvalues have a form $$\begin{aligned} & \chi \ =\ R^{\| S \|}\,{\rm e}^{i\,S\,\phi}\,{\rm e}^{-\frac{M\,{\omega}_c\,R^2}{4}}\,L_N^{(\| S \|)}(2\,M^{-1}\,{\omega}^{-1}_c\,R^2)\,, \\ & E_R=\frac{{\omega}_c}{2}(2\,N+1+\|S\|-S)\ , \end{aligned} \label{Psiec}$$ where $L_N^{(\|S\|)}$ is the associated Laguerre polynomial with index $\|S\|$, $N=0,\,1,\,2...$ is the principal quantum number and $S=0, \pm 1,\,\pm 2,...$ is the magnetic quantum number. There exists infinite degeneracy of $E_R$: all states at fixed $N$ and different $S \geq 0$ are degenerate. Eventually, the spectra of the Pseudomomentum reads, $$K^2\ =\ q \,B\, (2\,N + 1 + \|S\| + S)\ .$$ All states at fixed $N$ and different $S \leq 0$ are degenerate with respect to $K^2$. From (\[Hec\]) and (\[Psi1\]) the Schroedinger equation for the relative motion can be derived $$\bigg[-\frac{\nabla^2_\rho}{2\,m_r}-\frac{1}{2}{\omega}_c\, \hat {l}_z + \frac{m_r\,{{\omega}_c}^2\,{\rho}^2}{8}+\frac{m_2}{m_1}\,\frac{e^2}{\rho}-E_\rho\bigg] \psi(\boldsymbol \rho)\ =\ 0\ , \label{Erhoec}$$ where $\hat {\ell}_z = {(\boldsymbol \rho \times \mathbf {\hat p})}_z$ is the relative angular momentum. Equation (\[Erhoec\]) does not admit separation of variables. However, because of vanishing the commutator $[{\cal {\hat H}}_{\rho},\,\hat {\ell}_z]=0$ an eigenfunction $\psi$ in polar coordinates $\boldsymbol \rho = (\rho, \varphi)$ has a factorized form $$\begin{aligned} &\psi(\boldsymbol \rho) \ =\ \zeta(\rho)\,\Phi(\varphi)\,, \\ &\Phi(\varphi) \ = \ {\rm e}^{i \,s\, \varphi}\ , \label{psi} \end{aligned}$$ where $s=0,\,\pm 1,\,\pm 2,...$ is the magnetic quantum number corresponding to the relative motion and $\Phi(\varphi)$ is the eigenfunction of $\hat {\ell}_z$. It can be shown that the solution for $\zeta(\rho)$ has the form $$\zeta_s(\rho)\ =\ \text{e}^{-\frac{m_r\,{\omega}_c\,\rho^2}{4}}\rho^{\| s\|}\,p_s(\rho)\ , \label{zeta}$$ where $p_s$ obeys the following equation $$\bigg[-\rho\, {\partial}^2_\rho+({\omega}_c m_r \rho^2-1-2\,\| s\| )\,{\partial}_\rho+({\omega}_c\,\{1+\|s\|-s\} -2 E_\rho)m_r\,\rho \bigg]\,p\ =\ -{\epsilon}\,p\ , \label{pec}$$ where we introduce $${\epsilon}\equiv 2\,m_r\,e_1\,e_2=\frac{2\,m_2\,m_r\,e^2}{m_1}\ ,$$ and ${\partial}_\rho \equiv \frac{{\partial}}{{\partial}\rho}$. It is worth noting that similar equation for the case of two electrons was found in [@Taut:2000; @Turbiner:1994]. This equation can be considered as a spectral problem where ${\epsilon}$ plays a role of the spectral parameter while the energy $E_\rho$ is fixed. The parameter ${\epsilon}$ defines a strength of the Coulomb interaction. By changing variable $\rho {\rightarrow}\sqrt{{\omega}_c m_r} \rho$, Eq.([\[pec\]]{}) is reduced to $$T\ p\ \equiv\ \bigg[-\rho\, {\partial}^2_\rho + (\rho^2 - 1 - 2\|s\|)\,{\partial}_\rho + \bigg( 1+\|s\| -s -\frac{2\,E_\rho}{{\omega}_c}\bigg) \rho \bigg] p \ =\ -\frac{{\epsilon}}{\sqrt{{\omega}_c m_r}} p\ . \label{P-ec}$$ This is the basic equation we are going to study. The operator $T$ in l.h.s. of (\[P-ec\]) is antisymmetric: $\rho \rightarrow -\rho$ and $T \rightarrow -T$. It implies the invariance of the equation (\[P-ec\]): $\rho \rightarrow -\rho$ and ${\epsilon}\rightarrow -{\epsilon}$. Hence, if there exists a solution $p(\rho)$ of (\[P-ec\]) at ${\epsilon}>0$ there must exist a solution $p(-\rho)$ with $\tilde{\epsilon}= -{\epsilon}$. It is worth mentioning the boundary conditions for (\[P-ec\]): to assure the normalizability of $\zeta$ (\[zeta\]), $p$ should not be too singular at the origin and should not grow faster than Gaussian at large $\rho$. The operator $T$ in (\[P-ec\]) has hidden $sl_2$-Lie-algebraic structure [@Turbiner:1988] and the equation can be written as $$\bigg[ -{\hat J}^0_n {\hat J}^- + {\hat J}^+_n - (1 + 2 \|s\| + \frac{n}{2}){\hat J}^- \bigg]p\ =\ -\frac{{\epsilon}}{\sqrt{{\omega}_c m_r}} \,p\ , \label{Tec}$$ in terms of the $sl_2$ algebra generators ${\hat J}$’s with $$n \equiv \frac{2\,E_\rho}{{\omega}_c} + s - \|s\| - 1\ ,$$ which defines the spin of representation, see (\[generators\]). For fixed $n$ the energy of the relative motion is $$E_\rho = \frac{{\omega}_c}{2}\,(n+1+\|s\|-s)\ . \label{Erho}$$ Thus, there exists infinite degeneracy of $E_\rho$: all states at fixed $n$ and different relative magnetic quantum numbers $s \geq 0$ are degenerate. Eventually, solutions for $p$ depends on $\|s\|$, $p = p_{\|s\|} (\sqrt{{\omega}_c m_r} \rho)$. A hidden algebraic structure occurs (the underlying idea behind quasi-exactly solvability) at nonnegative integer $n$: the hidden $sl_2$ algebra appears in finite-dimensional representation and the problem (\[Tec\]) possesses $(n+1)$ eigenfunctions $p_{n,i}, \ i=1,\ldots (n+1)$ in the form of a polynomial of the $n$th power. It implies the explicit (algebraic) quantization of ${\epsilon}$, since ${\epsilon}$’s are roots of algebraic secular equation, and thus, a quantization of the dimensionless parameter $${\lambda}\equiv \frac{{\epsilon}^2}{{\omega}_c\,m_r}\ =\ \frac{B_0}{B} \equiv \frac{1}{b}\ ,\quad B_0=4\,m_r M\, \frac{e_1^2 e_2^2}{e_1+e_2}\ , \label{lambdaec}$$ which we introduce for convenience, here $B_0$ has a meaning of the characteristic magnetic field. Hence, for a given system with fixed masses and charges at $e_c=0$, there exists an infinite, discrete set of values of the magnetic field $B$ for which the exact, analytic solutions of the Schrödinger equation occur. The parameter ${\epsilon}$ takes $[\frac{n+1}{2}]$ positive values and $[\frac{n+1}{2}]$ symmetric negative values, and zero value for even $n$, for which the problem (\[Tec\]) possesses polynomial solutions [^1]. From physical point of view, only ${\epsilon}> 0$ are admitted. It is worth noting that for even $n$, always there is a solution at ${\lambda}_n=0$, hence ${\epsilon}=0$. It corresponds to either non-normalizable wavefunction, ${\omega}_c=0$, or vanishing Coulomb interaction, ${\lambda}=0$. We should skip such a solution as unphysical when we study the spectra (see below). The interesting fact should be emphasized: for given $n$ the $[\frac{n+1}{2}]$ physically admitted functions $p_n$ have a number of nodes at $\rho >0$ varying from zero up to $[\frac{n-1}{2}]$. Below we present analytical results for ${\lambda}_n$ (${\epsilon}=\sqrt{{\omega}_c\,m_r\,{\lambda}_n}$) and the corresponding eigenfunctions $p_n$ up to $n=8$. $\bullet$ $n=0$ $$\begin{aligned} & {\lambda}_0 \ =\ 0\ . \\ & p_0 \ = \ 1\ . \label{n=0ec} \end{aligned}$$ It corresponds to either vanishing Coulomb interaction or infinite magnetic field $B$, thus, ${\epsilon}=0$. In the case of two electrons, for $N=n=0$ the total wavefunction $\Psi$ (\[Psi1\]) coincides exactly with the wavefunction proposed by R. Laughlin for the quantum Hall effect [@Laughlin:1983]. $\bullet$ $n=1$ $$\begin{aligned} & {\lambda}_1 \ = \ 1+2\,\|s\|\ , \\ & p_1(\rho) \ = \ 1 + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_1}}{1 + 2\,\|s\|}\,\rho\ . \label{n=1ec} \end{aligned}$$ This solution corresponds to the ground state: $p_1$ has no node at $\rho \geq 0$. It appears at magnetic field $$b_1\ =\ \frac{1}{1+2\,\|s\|} \ ,$$ if measured in the characteristic magnetic field $B_0$, see (\[lambdaec\]). It takes the maximal value $b_{1,max}\ =\ 1$ at $s=0$. It seems $b=1$ is the maximal magnetic field for the analytic solution exists. $\bullet$ $n=2$ $$\begin{aligned} \\ & {\lambda}_2 \ = \ 6+8\,\|s\|\,. \\ & p_2(\rho)\ =\ 1 + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_2}}{1 + 2\,\|s\|}\,\rho + \frac{{\lambda}_2-2-4\,\|s\|}{4+12\,\|s\|+8\,\|s\|^2}\,\rho^2\ . \label{n=2ec} \end{aligned}$$ Since $p_2$ has no nodes at $\rho \geq 0$, it corresponds to ground state, ${\epsilon}_2 > 0$. It appears at magnetic field $$b_2\ =\ \frac{1}{6+8\,\|s\|} \ .$$ It takes the maximal value $b_{2,max}\ =\ \frac{1}{6}$ at $s=0$. $\bullet$ $n=3$ There exist two different polynomial solutions $p_{3,j}, j=1,2,$ in a form of the polynomial of the 3rd degree with ${\epsilon}_3 >0$ with no and one (positive) node, respectively. They correspond to $${\lambda}_{3,j} \ =\ 10 + 10\,\|s\|-{(-1)}^{j} \sqrt{73 + 128\|s\| + 64{\|s\|}^2}\ ,\quad j=1,2\ ,$$ $$\label{n=3ec} p_{3,j}\ =\ 1 + \frac{\sqrt{ {\lambda}_{3,{j}}}}{1 + 2\,\|s\|}\,\rho + \frac{ {\lambda}_{3,{j}}-3-6\,\|s\|}{4+12\,\|s\|+8\,\|s\|^2}\,\rho^2 + \frac{\sqrt{ {\lambda}_{3,j} } \,( {\lambda}_{3,j}-11-14\,\|s\|)}{12\,(1+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\,\rho^3 \ .$$ These eigenfunctions appear at magnetic fields $$b_{3,j}\ =\ \frac{1}{10 + 10\,\|s\|-{(-1)}^{j} \sqrt{73 + 128\|s\| + 64{\|s\|}^2}} \ ,$$ respectively. For the case of the ground state, $j=1$, it takes the maximal value $b_{3,1,max}~=~\frac{1}{10 + \sqrt{73}}$ at $s=0$. $\bullet$ $n=4$ There exist two different polynomial solutions $p_{4,j},\ j=1,2,$ in a form of the polynomial of the 4th degree with ${\epsilon}_4 >0$ with no and one (positive) node, respectively. They correspond to $${\lambda}_{4,j} \ = \ 25 + 20\,\|s\| +{(-1)}^{j+1} 3\sqrt{33 + 40\|s\| + 16{\|s\|}^2}\ ,$$ $$\begin{aligned} p_{4,j} &=\ 1 + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{4,j}}}{1 + 2\,\|s\|}\,\rho + \frac{{\lambda}_{4,j} -4-8\,\|s\|}{4+12\,\|s\|+8\,\|s\|^2}\,\rho^2 + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{4,j}}\,({\lambda}_{4,j} -16-20\,\|s\|)}{12\,(1+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\,\rho^3 \\ & +\frac{{\lambda}_{4,j}^2-{\lambda}_{4,j}\,(34+32\,\|s\|)+24\,(3+8\,\|s\|+4\,\|s\|^2)}{96\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\,\rho^4 \ . \end{aligned} \label{n=4ec}$$ These eigenfunctions appear at magnetic fields $$b_{4,j}\ =\ \frac{1}{25 + 20\,\|s\| +{(-1)}^{j+1} 3\sqrt{33 + 40\|s\| + 16{\|s\|}^2}} \ ,$$ respectively. For the case of the ground state, $j=1$, it takes the maximal value $b_{4,1,max}~=~\frac{1}{25 + 3 \sqrt{33}}$ at $s=0$. $\bullet$ $n=5$ In this case there exist three different polynomial solutions $p_{5,j},\ j=1,2,3,$ in a form of the polynomial of the 5th degree with ${\epsilon}_5 >0$ with no, one and two (positive) nodes, $j=1,3,2$ , respectively. They correspond to $${\lambda}_{5,j} = \frac{4}{3}\,\sqrt{1251 + 448\|s\|(3 + \|s\|)}\cos\bigg(\frac{\theta+2(j-1)\,\pi}{3}\bigg)+\frac{35}{3}\,(3+2\| s\|)\ ,$$ where $$\theta = \cos^{-1}\bigg(\frac{20\,( 3 + 2\|s\|)(531+384\| s\|+128{\| s\|}^2)}{{[1251 + 448\| s\|(3 + \|s\|)]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\bigg)\ .$$ and $$\begin{aligned} p_{5,j} &=\ 1 + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{5,j}}}{1 + 2\,\|s\|}\,\rho +\ \frac{{\lambda}_{5,j}-5-10\,\|s\|}{4+12\,\|s\|+8\,\|s\|^2}\,\rho^2 + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{5,j}}\,({\lambda}_{5,j} -21-26\,\|s\|)}{12\,(1+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^3 \\& +\frac{{\lambda}_{5,j}^2-4\,{\lambda}_{5,j}\,(12+11\,\|s\|)+45\,(3+8\,\|s\|+4\,\|s\|^2)}{96\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|) (3+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^4 \\ &+ \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{5,j}}\,[ {\lambda}_{5,j}^2-{\lambda}_{5,j}\,(80+60\,\|s\|)+807+1528\,\|s\|+596\,\|s\|^2 ]}{480\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)} \ \rho^5 \ . \end{aligned} \label{n=5ec}$$ These eigenfunctions appear at magnetic fields $$b_{5,j}\ =\ \frac{1}{{\lambda}_{5,j}} \ ,$$ respectively. $\bullet$ $n=6$ There exist three different polynomial solutions $p_{6,j},\ j=1,2,3,$ in a form of the polynomial of the 6th degree with ${\epsilon}_6 >0$ with no, one and two (positive) nodes, $j=1,3,2$ , respectively. They correspond to $${\lambda}_{6,j} = \frac{4}{3}\,\sqrt{3211 + 392\|s\| (7 +2\|s\|)} \cos\bigg(\frac{\theta+2(j-1)\,\pi}{3}\bigg)+\frac{28}{3}\,(7+4\| s\|)\ ,$$ where $$\theta =\cos^{-1}\bigg(\frac{8\,(7 + 4\|s\|)(1939 + 1001\| s\|+286{\|s\|}^2)}{{[3211 + 392\|s\|(7+2\| s\|)]}^{\frac{3}{2}}}\bigg)\ . {\nonumber}$$ $$\begin{aligned} & p_{6,j} = 1 + \frac{\sqrt{ {\lambda}_{6,j}}}{1 + 2\,\|s\|}\,\rho + \frac{{\lambda}_{6,j} -6-12\,\|s\|}{4+12\,\|s\|+8\,\|s\|^2}\ \rho^2 + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{6,j}}\,({\lambda}_{6,(j)} -26-32\,\|s\|)}{12\,(1+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\,\rho^3 \\ & +\frac{{\lambda}_{6,j}^2-\,{\lambda}_{6,(j)} \,(62+56\,\|s\|)+72\,(3+8\,\|s\|+4\,\|s\|^2)}{96\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\,\rho^4 \\ & + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{6,j}}\,[ {\lambda}_{6,j}^2-{\lambda}_{6,j} \,(110+80\,\|s\|)+24\,(61+114\,\|s\|+44\,\|s\|^2) ]}{480\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)}\,\rho^5 \\ & + \frac{{\lambda}_{6,j}^3- 2{\lambda}_{6,j}^2\,(80+50\|s\|) +4{\lambda}_{6,j}[1141+2\|s\|(847+272\|s\|)]-720(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\|s\|)(5+2\|s\|) }{5760\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(3+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^6 \ . \end{aligned} \label{n=6ec}$$ These eigenfunctions appear at magnetic fields $$b_{6,j}\ =\ \frac{1}{{\lambda}_{6,j}} \ ,$$ respectively. $\bullet$ $n=7$ There exist four different polynomial solutions $p_{7,j},\ j=1,2,3,4$ in a form of the polynomial of the 7th degree with ${\epsilon}_7 >0$ with no, one, two and three (positive) nodes, respectively. They correspond to $$\begin{aligned} & {\lambda}_{7,1} = 42\,(2 + \|s\|)\, + \sqrt{z_1} + \sqrt{z_2} + \sqrt{z_3}\,, \\ & {\lambda}_{7,2} = 42\,(2 + \|s\|)\, + \sqrt{z_1} - \sqrt{z_2} - \sqrt{z_3}\,, \\ & {\lambda}_{7,3} = 42\,(2 + \|s\|)\, - \sqrt{z_1} - \sqrt{z_2} + \sqrt{z_3}\ , \\ & {\lambda}_{7,4} = 42\,(2 + \|s\|)\, - \sqrt{z_1} + \sqrt{z_2} - \sqrt{z_3}\ , \end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned} & z_i=\sqrt{ 12\,[A_1 + 896 \| s\|(4 + \|s\|)\{281+32\| s\|(4 + \|s\|)\}]}\cos\bigg(\frac{\theta + 2\,i\,\pi}{3}\bigg) + f_s\ ,\ i=1,2,3 \\ & f_s=2287+448\|s\|(4+\|s\|)\,, \\ & \theta = \cos^{-1} \bigg[ \frac{9\sqrt{3}[A_2 + 64\|s\|(4 + \|s\|)(A_3 + 64\|s\|(4 + \|s\|)\{843 + 64\|s\|(4 + \|s\|)\}) ]}{{[A_1+896 \| s\|(4+\|s\|)\{281 + 32\|s\|(4 + \|s\|)\} ]}^{\frac{3}{2}}} \bigg]\,, \\ & A_1 = 571527\,,\quad A_2 = 24416241\,,\quad A_3 = 246083\ . {\nonumber}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} & p_{7,j} = 1 + \frac{ \sqrt{ {\lambda}_{7,j}} }{1 + 2\,\|s\|}\ \rho + \frac{{\lambda}_{7,j} -7-14\,\|s\|}{4+12\,\|s\|+8\,\|s\|^2}\ \rho^2 + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{7,j} }\,({\lambda}_{7,j} -31-38\,\|s\|)}{12\,(1+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^3 \\ & +\frac{{\lambda}_{7,j}^2-2\,{\lambda}_{7,j} \,(38+34\,\|s\|)+315+840\,\|s\|+420\,\|s\|^2}{96\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^4 \\ & + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{7,j} }\,[ {\lambda}_{7,j}^2-{\lambda}_{7,j} \,(140+100\,\|s\|)+(2299+4264\,\|s\|+1636\,\|s\|^2) ]}{480\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^5\ + \\ & \frac{{\lambda}_{7,j}^3- 5{\lambda}_{7,j}^2\,(43+26\|s\|) +{\lambda}_{7,j}[7999+4\|s\|(2911+919\|s\|)]-1575(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\|s\|)(5+2\|s\|) }{5760\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(3+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^6 \\ & + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{7,j}}\,({\lambda}_{7,j}^3-7\,{\lambda}_{7,j}^2\,(41+22\,\|s\|) +28\,{\lambda}_{7,j}\,\|s\|\,(793+217\,\|s\|)+{\lambda}_{7,j}18079 + F_s) }{40320\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(3+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)(7+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^7 \ , \end{aligned} \label{n=7ec}$$ where $$F_s=-189153-6 \,\|s\|\,(72439+46138\,\|s\|+8644\,\|s\|^2) \ .$$ These eigenfunctions appear at magnetic fields $$b_{7,j}\ =\ \frac{1}{{\lambda}_{7,j}} \ ,$$ respectively. $\bullet$ $n=8$ There exist four different polynomial solutions $p_{8,j},\ j=1,2,3,4$ in a form of the polynomial of the 8th degree with ${\epsilon}_8 >0$ with no, one, two and three (positive) nodes, respectively. They correspond to $$\begin{aligned} & {\lambda}_{8,1} = 15\,(9 + 4\|s\|) + \sqrt{z_1} + \sqrt{z_2} + \sqrt{z_3}\,, \\ & {\lambda}_{8,2} = 15\,(9 + 4\|s\|) + \sqrt{z_1} - \sqrt{z_2} - \sqrt{z_3}\,, \\ & {\lambda}_{8,3} = 15\,(9 + 4\|s\|) - \sqrt{z_1} - \sqrt{z_2} + \sqrt{z_3}\,, \\ & {\lambda}_{8,4} = 15\,(9 + 4\|s\|) - \sqrt{z_1} + \sqrt{z_2} - \sqrt{z_3}\ . \end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned} & z_i = \sqrt{ 12\,[A_1 + 4528\|s\|(9 + 2\|s\|)\{ 97 + 4\|s\|(9 + 2\| s\|)\}]}\cos\bigg(\frac{\theta + 2\,i\,\pi}{3}\bigg) + f_s\ ,\ i=1,2,3 \\ & f_s = 4671 + 344\|s\|(9+2\|s\|)\,, \\ & \theta = \cos^{-1} \bigg[ \frac{9\sqrt{3}[A_2 + 8\|s\|(9 + 2\|s\|)(A_3 + 1976\|s\|(9 + 2\|s\|)\{291 + 8\|s\|(9 + 2\|s\|)\}) ]}{{[A_1 + 4528\|s\|(9+2\|s\|)\{97+4\| s\|(9+2\| s\|)\} ]}^{\frac{3}{2}}} \bigg]\,, \\ & A_1 = 2750247\,,\quad A_2 = 246596481\,,\quad A_3 = 7243319\ .{\nonumber}\label{n=8ecc} \end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned} & p_{8,j} = 1 + \frac{ \sqrt{ {\lambda}_{8,j} } }{1 + 2\,\|s\|}\,\rho + \frac{{\lambda}_{8,j} -8-16\,\|s\|}{4+12\,\|s\|+8\,\|s\|^2}\,\rho^2 + \frac{\sqrt{{\lambda}_{8,j} }\,({\lambda}_{8,j} -36-44\,\|s\|)}{12\,(1+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\,\rho^3 \\ & +\frac{{\lambda}_{8,j}^2-{\lambda}_{8,j} \,(90+80\,\|s\|)+144(3+8\,\|s\|+4\,\|s\|^2)}{96\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^4 \\ & + \frac{ \sqrt{{\lambda}_{8,j} }\,[ {\lambda}_{8,j}^2-{\lambda}_{8,j} \,(170+120\,\|s\|)+(3312+6112\,\|s\|+2336\,\|s\|^2) ]}{480\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^5\ + \\ & \frac{{\lambda}_{8,j}^3- 10{\lambda}_{8,j}^2\,(27+16\|s\|) +8\,{\lambda}_{8,j}[1539+\|s\|(2214+692\|s\|)]-2880(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\|s\|)(5+2\|s\|) }{5760\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(3+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^6 \\ & + \frac{ \sqrt{{\lambda}_{8,j}}\,({\lambda}_{8,j}^3-14\,{\lambda}_{8,j}^2\,(27+14\,\|s\|)\ +\ 7\,{\lambda}_{8,j}\,\|s\|\,(657+176\,\|s\|)+{\lambda}_{8,j}30672 + F_s) }{40320\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(3+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)(7+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^7 \\ &\ +\ \frac{{\lambda}_{8,j}^4-28{\lambda}_{8,j}^3(17+8\|s\|)+4{\lambda}_{8,j}^2[14283+224\|s\|(67+16\|s\|)] + 16{\lambda}_{8,j}G_s + D_s} {645120\,(1+\|s\|)(2+\|s\|)(3+\|s\|)(4+\|s\|)(1+2\,\|s\|)(3+2\,\|s\|)(5+2\,\|s\|)(7+2\,\|s\|)}\ \rho^8 \ . \end{aligned} \label{n=8ec}$$ where $$\begin{aligned} & F_s=-400896-576 \,\|s\|\,(1583+1000\,\|s\|+186\,\|s\|^2)\ , \\ &G_s=-100467 - 4 \|s\| (46755 + 25226 \|s\| + 4096 \|s\|^2) \ , \\ &D_s=40320 (1 + 2 s) (3 + 2 s) (5 + 2 s) (7 + 2 s)\ . {\nonumber}\end{aligned}$$ These eigenfunctions appear at magnetic fields $$b_{8,j}\ =\ \frac{1}{{\lambda}_{8,j}} \ ,$$ respectively. Particular integral ------------------- Let take the Euler-Cartan operator $$i^0_n\ =\ \rho {{\partial}_\rho} - n\ ,$$ and form the operator $$\label{INT} i_n(\rho)\ =\ \prod_{j=0}^n (\rho {{\partial}_\rho} + j)\ .$$ This operator has a property of annihilator $$i_n(\rho):\ {\cal P}_{n} \ \mapsto \ 0\ ,$$ where ${\cal P}_{n}$ is the linear space of polynomials in $\rho$ of degree not higher than $n$, (\[Pn\]). It is evident that for the operator $T(n)$ at integer $n$ (see (\[P-ec\]), (\[Tec\])) $$[T(n), i_n(\rho)]: {\cal P}_{n} \ \mapsto \ 0\ .$$ Hence, $i_n(\rho)$ is the particular integral with ${\cal P}_{n}$ as the invariant subspace. The eigenfunctions $p_{n, k}\ , \ k=1,\ldots (n+1)$ of (\[P-ec\]), (\[Tec\])) are the zero modes of $i_n(\rho)$. Taking the gauge rotated $i_n(\rho)$ with the factor $\zeta^{(0)} = \text{e}^{-\frac{m_r\,{\omega}_c\,\rho^2}{4}}\rho^{\|s\|}\ $ (see (\[zeta\])), $$\label{INT-H} \zeta^{(0)}\ i_n\ (\rho) (\zeta^{(0)})^{-1}\ =\ \prod_{j=0}^n (\rho {\cal D}_{\rho} + j) \equiv {\cal I}_n\ (\rho) \ ,$$ where $${\cal D}_{\rho} = {\partial}_{\rho} + \frac{m_r\,{\omega}_c\,\rho}{2} - \frac{\|s\|}{\rho}\ ,$$ is the covariant derivative, we arrive at $$[{\cal {\hat H}}_{\rho}(\mathbf { \hat p},\boldsymbol \rho)\ ,\ {\cal I}_n(\rho)]: {\cal V}_{n} \ \mapsto \ 0\ ,$$ at $b=b_n$, or equivalently at ${\omega}_c=({{\omega}_c})_n$. Hence, ${\cal I}_n(\rho)$ is the particular integral with ${\cal V}_{n}\ =\ \zeta^{(0)} {\cal P}_n$ as the invariant subspace. In classical limit the particular integral ${\cal I}_n(\rho)$ becomes the classical particular integral $I_n(i\ \rho p_{\rho})$ (see [@ET:2013]). The latter becomes the constant of motion on the special periodic trajectories. It manifests a connection between quasi-exact-solvability in quantum mechanics and special trajectories in classical mechanics [@Turbiner:2013]. Eventually, the planar Coulomb system with $e_c=0$ in a magnetic field $B$, both classical and quantum, is completely integrable and superintegrable with five global integrals at any $B$ and one more particular integral for a certain values of $B$. 0.5cm Neutral Case, $q=0$ =================== Let us consider a neutral system, $e_1=-e_2\equiv e$. The unitary-transformed Hamiltonian $(\ref{H})$ becomes $${\cal {\hat H}}^{\prime} \ =\ \frac{{(\mathbf {\hat P}-e\, {\mathbf B \times {\boldsymbol \rho}} )}^2}{2\,M}\ +\ \frac{{({\mathbf {\hat p}} - e(\mu_2-\mu_1)\,{\mathbf A_{\boldsymbol \rho}})}^2}{2\,m_{r}}\ -\ \frac{e^2}{\rho}\ . \label{Hq}$$ The variables in $(\ref{Hq})$ are not separated. In order to proceed we consider a bispectral problem for the unitary transformed Hamiltonian and Pseudomomentum $${\cal {\hat H}}^{\prime} \,\Psi_{{}_{\mathbf K}}^{\prime}\ =\ E \,\Psi_{{}_{\mathbf K}}^{\prime}\,, \qquad \mathbf {\hat K}^{\prime}\,\Psi_{{}_{\mathbf K}}^{\prime}\ =\ \bf K\,\Psi_{{}_{\mathbf K}}^{\prime} \label{biespectral}\ .$$ and note that for a neutral system the unitary transformed Pseudomomentum (\[Kprime\]) coincides with CM momentum, $\mathbf {\hat K}^{\prime} = \mathbf {\hat P}$. Studying the classical neutral system we found unusual special, superintegrable, closed trajectories for a vanishing Pseudomomentum, $\bf K=0$, see [@ET:2013]. These trajectories were related with the appearance of the particular integral and were described analytically. Thus, it seems natural in quantum case to consider the zero modes of Pseudomomentum, $\bf K=0$: does exist something unusual? Since $\mathbf {\hat K}^{\prime}\ =\ \mathbf {\hat P}$, the zero modes of Pseudomomentum correspond to standing composite particle, the system is at rest, there is no center-of-mass dynamics. Hence, we have to look for $R$-independent solutions of (\[biespectral\]) $$\Psi^{\prime}_{{}_{0}}(\mathbf R\,, \boldsymbol \rho)\ =\ \psi_{}(\boldsymbol \rho)\ .$$ In this case $\psi_{}(\boldsymbol \rho)$ satisfies the equation for the relative motion $$\bigg[-\frac{\nabla^2_\rho}{2\,m_r}-\frac{1}{2}{\omega}_q\, \hat {l}_z+\frac{m_r\,\Omega^2_q\, {\rho}^2}{2}-\frac{e^2}{\rho}-E\bigg]\psi(\boldsymbol \rho)=0\ , \label{Erhoq}$$ where $${\Omega}_q \ = \ \frac{e\,B}{2\,m_r} \,, \quad{\omega}_q=\frac{e \,B\,\|\mu_2-\mu_1\|}{m_r}\ . {\nonumber}$$ (cf. (\[Erhoec\])). It is easy to rewrite the equation (\[Erhoq\]) in polar coordinates $\boldsymbol \rho=(\rho,\,\varphi)$ and look for the eigenfunction $\psi$ in a factorized form $$\psi(\boldsymbol \rho)\ =\ \zeta(\rho)\,\Phi(\varphi)\ . \label{psiq}$$ It can be seen immediately, that $$\Phi(\varphi) \ =\ \text{e}^{i\, s\, \varphi}\ ,$$ where $s=0, \pm 1,\,\pm 2,\,...$, is the eigenfunction of relative angular momentum, $$\hat {l}_z = -i\,\partial_\varphi\ .$$ For $B \neq 0$ the solution $\zeta(\rho)$ is assumed in the form [^2] $$\zeta(\rho) \ = \ \text{e}^{-\frac{m_r\,{\Omega}_q}{2}\,\rho^2}\rho^{\| s\|}\,p(\rho)\ , \label{zetaq}$$ the following equation for $p$ occurs $$\bigg[-\rho\, {\partial}^2_\rho+(2\,{\Omega}_q\, m_r \rho^2-1-2\,\| s\| )\,{\partial}_\rho+(2\,{\Omega}_q\,(1+\|s\|) -2 \,E-s\,{\omega}_q)m_r\,\rho \bigg]\,p\ =\ -{\epsilon}\,p\ , \label{pq}$$ being similar to one found in [@Turbiner:1994; @Taut:1999]. The total energy $E$ takes some special values, see below, where $${\epsilon}\equiv 2\,m_r\,e_1\,e_2=-2\,m_r\,e^2\ ,$$ is introduced. The equation (\[pq\]) is strikingly similar to (\[pec\]) with the only difference that the definition of ${\epsilon}$ is opposite in sign in front of $e^2$, see (\[pec\]). Thus, the physical relevant values of ${\epsilon}$ should be negative. The equation (\[pec\]) can be considered as a spectral problem where ${\epsilon}$ plays a role of the spectral parameter while the energy $E$ is fixed. The parameter ${\epsilon}$ defines a strength of the Coulomb interaction. By changing variable $\rho {\rightarrow}\sqrt{2\,{\Omega}_q\, m_r}\ \rho$, Eq.([\[pq\]]{}) can be reduced to $$T_q\ p \equiv \bigg[-\rho\, {\partial}^2_\rho+(\rho^2-1-2\,\| s\| )\,{\partial}_\rho+(1+\|s\| -\frac{2 \,E+s\,{\omega}_q}{2\,{\Omega}_q})\rho\bigg]\,p=\ -\frac{{\epsilon}}{\sqrt{2{\Omega}_q m_r}} p\ . \label{P-q}$$ Eq. (\[P-q\]) can be written in terms of $sl_2$ generators (\[generators\]), $$\bigg[ -{\hat J}^0_n{\hat J}^- + {\hat J}^+_n - (1+2\,\|s\|+\frac{n}{2}){\hat J}^- \bigg]p = -\frac{{\epsilon}}{\sqrt{2\,{\Omega}_q\, m_r}}\,p\ , \label{Tq}$$ (cf. (\[Tec\])), where $$n \equiv \frac{2\,E+{\omega}_q\,s}{2\,{\Omega}_q} -1-\|s\|\ ,$$ plays a role of the spin of representation. Then the total energy is equal to $$E = {\Omega}_q\,(n+1+\|s\|)-\frac{{\omega}_q\,s}{2}\ ,$$ (cf. (\[Erho\])). A hidden algebraic structure occurs (the underlying idea behind quasi-exactly solvability) at nonnegative integer $n$: the $sl_2$ algebra appears in finite-dimensional representation and the problem (\[Tq\]) possesses $(n+1)$ eigenfunctions $p_n$ in the form of a polynomial of the $n$th power. It implies the quantization of ${\epsilon}$ as well as the dimensionless parameter $${\lambda}\equiv \frac{B_0}{B}\quad ,\quad B_0\ =\ 4\,m_r^2\,e^3 \ , \label{lambda}$$ which we introduce for convenience, here $B_0$ is a characteristic magnetic field (cf. (\[lambdaec\])). It is clear that the cases $e_c=0$ and $q=0$ are described by the same equation (\[Tec\]) or (\[Tq\]) with the same discrete values of ${\lambda}_n$ (!). The difference appears on the level of the spectral parameter ${\epsilon}\propto \sqrt{{\lambda}}$: it should be taken positive values for the case $e_c=0$ and negative values for the case $q=0$. Corresponding polynomial eigenfunctions of (\[Tq\]) can be obtained from those of (\[Tec\]) by replacing ${\omega}_c \rightarrow 2\,{\Omega}_q$ and $\rho\rightarrow-\rho$ , see e.g. (\[n=0ec\]) - (\[n=8ec\]). Furthermore, the polynomial eigenfunctions occur for the same discrete values of magnetic field $b_n = \frac{1}{{\lambda}_n}$ but different values of the dimensionfull magnetic field $B$. It is evident that for the operator $T_q(n)$ at integer $n$ (see (\[P-q\]), (\[Tq\])), $$[T_q(n)\ ,\ i_n(\rho)]: {\cal P}_{n} \ \mapsto \ 0\ .$$ Hence, $i_n(\rho)$ is the particular integral with ${\cal P}_{n}$ as the invariant subspace. The eigenfunctions $p_{n, k}\ , \ k=1,\ldots (n+1)$ of (\[P-q\]), (\[Tq\])) are the zero modes of $i_n(\rho)$. Taking the gauge rotated $i_n(\rho)$ with the factor $\zeta^{(0)} = \text{e}^{-\frac{m_r\,{\Omega}_q \,\rho^2}{2}}\rho^{\|s\|}\ $ (see (\[zetaq\])), $$\label{INT-Hq} \zeta^{(0)}\ i_n (\rho)\ (\zeta^{(0)})^{-1}\ =\ \prod_{j=0}^n (\rho {\cal D}_{\rho} + j) \equiv {\cal I}_n\ (\rho) \ ,$$ where $${\cal D}_{\rho} = {\partial}_{\rho} + {m_r\,{\Omega}_q\,\rho} - \frac{\|s\|}{\rho}\ ,$$ is the covariant derivative, we arrive at $$[{\cal {\hat H}}^{\prime}\ ,\ {\cal I}_n(\rho)]: {\cal V}_{n} \ \mapsto \ 0\ ,$$ at $b=b_n$, or equivalently at ${\Omega}_q=({{\Omega}_q})_n$. Hence, ${\cal I}_n(\rho)$ is the particular integral with ${\cal V}_{n}\ =\ \zeta^{(0)} {\cal P}_n$ as the invariant subspace. In classical limit the particular integral $i_n(\rho)$ becomes the classical particular integral $I_n(i\ \rho p_{\rho})$. The latter becomes the constant of motion on the special periodic trajectories. It manifests a connection between quasi-exact-solvability in quantum mechanics and special trajectories in classical mechanics [@Turbiner:2013]. Let us emphasize the existence of what is called [particular]{} integrals (see e.g. [@Turbiner:2013]), $$\label{Ltilda} {\tilde{L}}_z = U {\hat {L}}_z U^{-1} = [{\bf R} \times (\mathbf {\hat P} - e_c \mathbf A_{\boldsymbol \rho})]_z \quad , \quad {\tilde{\ell}}_z = U {\hat {\ell}}_z U^{-1} = [{\boldsymbol \rho} \times (\mathbf {\hat p} + e_c \mathbf A_{\bf R})]_z\ .$$ where ${\hat {L}}_z$ and ${\hat {\ell}}_z$ are CM and relative angular momenta. In spite of the fact that, in general, the commutators $[{\cal {\hat H}}\,,\, {\tilde {L}}_z\, ]$ and $[{\cal {\hat H}}\,,\, {\tilde {\ell}}_z\, ]$ do not vanish, for all eigenfunctions $$\Psi_{\{0\}} = e^{ - i\,e_c\,\mathbf A_{\boldsymbol \rho}\cdot \mathbf R}\ \text{e}^{i\, s\, \varphi}\ \text{e}^{-\frac{m_r\,{\Omega}_q}{2}\,\rho^2}\rho^{\| s\|}\,p_n(\rho)\ ,$$ (zero modes of $\mathbf {\hat K}$, (\[biespectral\])), it is satisfied $$[{\cal {\hat H}}\,,\, {\tilde {L}}_z\, ]\Psi_{\{0\}} = [{\cal {\hat H}}\,,\, {\tilde {\ell}}_z\, ]\Psi_{\{0\}} = 0\ , \label{ComK}$$ where $${\cal {\hat H}}\,\Psi_{\{0\}}\ =\ ({\Omega}_q\,(n+1+\|s\|)-\frac{{\omega}_q\,s}{2})\,\Psi_{\{0\}}\ , \quad{\tilde {L}}_z\,\Psi_{\{0\}}\ =\ 0\,,\quad {\tilde {\ell}}_z\, \Psi_{\{0\}}\ =\ s\,\Psi_{\{0\}}\ . \label{ComKL}$$ It is worth noting the zero modes of the Pseudomomentum, $\Psi_{\{0\}}$, are characterized by zero [modified]{} angular momentum ${\tilde {L}}_z$. It is true for a certain values of a magnetic field $B$. There exist four global integrals ${\cal {\hat H}},\,\mathbf {\hat K},\,{\hat {L}}^{\rm T}_z$, but the system is not completely-integrable since $[\mathbf {\hat K},\,{\hat {L}}^{\rm T}_z]\neq 0$ (see (\[AlgebraInt\])). However, over the (sub)space of zero modes of the Pseudomomentum $\Psi_{\{0\}}$ they commute, $[\mathbf {\hat K},\,{\hat {L}}^{\rm T}_z]\Psi_{\{0\}} = 0$. Therefore the system is completely-integrable over the (sub)space of zero modes! Besides that in the (sub)space of zero modes of the Pseudomomentum, $\Psi_{\{0\}}$, there exist three particular integrals ${\tilde {L}}_z, {\tilde {\ell}}_z, {\cal I}_n(\rho)$ for a certain values of a magnetic field. Hence, the system is maximally super-integrable over the space of zero modes. It is in a complete agreement with the study of the classical case related to special trajectories for which the system possesses a particular, maximal superintegrability. Perhaps, it has to be emphasized that in the Born-Oppenheimer approximations of the zero order (say, $m_2 {\rightarrow}\infty, m_r {\rightarrow}m_1$) at $B \neq 0$ all conclusions remain valid. Conclusions {#conclusions .unnumbered} =========== A general quantum system of two Coulomb charges on a plane subject to a constant, uniform magnetic field perpendicular to the plane is integrable with Pseudomomentum $K_{x,y}$ and total angular momentum $L_z^T$ as global integrals. No more outstanding properties of a general system we were able to find. It is in contrast to a general classical two Coulomb charge system in a magnetic field which exhibits special superintegrable, periodic trajectories and the existence of the particular integrals which become constant of motion on these trajectories. However, two particular, physically important quantum systems, $e_c=0$ and $q=0$ at rest (the center-of-mass momentum is zero), reveal a number of outstanding properties. These properties become the most visible when the center-of-mass coordinates are introduced, and parameterized by double polar coordinates in CMS $(R, \phi)$ and relative $(\rho, \varphi)$ coordinate systems, and in addition the Hamiltonian and all integrals are unitary transformed with factor (\[U\]). For [arbitrary magnetic field]{}: (i) eigenfunctions are factorizable (up to the factor (\[U\])), all factors except the $\rho$-dependable are found explicitly, they have definite relative angular momentum (relative magnetic quantum number), (ii) dynamics in $\rho$-direction is the [same]{} for both systems, it corresponds to the funnel-type potential (see (\[Erhoec\]) and (\[Erhoq\])) and it is characterized by the hidden $sl(2)$ algebra; while at some [discrete values of magnetic fields]{}, \(iii) particular integral(s) occur, (iv) the hidden $sl(2)$ algebra emerges in finite-dimensional representation, thus, the system becomes quasi-exactly-solvable (of the second type, see [@Turbiner:1988], [@Turbiner:1994]) and (v) a finite number of polynomial eigenfunctions in $\rho$ appear, they marked by extra quantum number(s). Nine families of such analytic eigenfunctions are presented in explicit analytic form. Quantum system at $e_c=0$ in a magnetic field is completely-integrable (there exist four mutually commuting global integrals) and super-integrable (there exists one extra global integral). At certain discrete values of a magnetic field we are able to find one extra particular integral (\[INT\]). Quantum system at $q=0$ in a magnetic field is not completely-integrable (there exist four mutually non-commuting global integrals, in general). However, it becomes completely-integrable over the (sub)space of zero modes of the Pseudomomentum $\Psi_{\{0\}}$ (see (\[ComK\]), (\[ComKL\])). At certain discrete values of a magnetic field we are able to find three extra particular integrals: unitary rotated CM and relative angular momenta ${\hat {L}}_z, {\hat {\ell}}_z$, respectively, and ${\cal I}_n(\rho)$, (\[INT\]). It is worth mentioning that a study of the quantum system at $e_c=0$ or at $q=0$ at rest at arbitrary magnetic field is reduced to the study of the dynamics in the relative distance $\rho$ direction. It is a sufficiently simple one-dimensional quantal problem with funnel-type potential. It is explored elsewhere [@ET-var]. The authors are grateful to J. C. López Vieyra and, A.V.T. thanks G. Korchemsky and P. Winternitz for their interest in the present work and helpful discussions. This work was supported in part by the University Program FENOMEC, by the PAPIIT grant [IN109512]{} and CONACyT grant [166189]{} (Mexico). [99]{} L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz,\ Quantum Mechanics, Non-relativistic Theory [(]{}Course of Theoretical Physics [vol 3)]{}, [3rd edn (Oxford: Pergamon Press)]{}, 1977 A.V. Turbiner,\ Particular Integrability and (Quasi)-exact-solvability\ [Journal of Physics A45*]{} (2013) 025203 (9pp)\ [math-ph arXiv:1206.2907]{} M.A. Escobar-Ruiz and A.V. Turbiner,\ Two charges on a plane in a magnetic field: special trajectories\ [Journal of Math Physics 54]{} (2013) 022901 W. Kohn,\ Cyclotron Resonance and de Haas-van Alphen Oscillations of an Interacting Electron Gas,\ [Phys. Rev. 123]{} (1961) 1242–1244 M. Taut,\ Special analytic solutions of the Schrödinger equation for two and three electrons in a magnetic field and ad hoc generalization to $N$ particles,\ [Journal of Physics: Condens. Matter 12]{} (2000) 3689 - 3710 A.V. Turbiner,\ Two electrons in an external oscillator potential: hidden algebraic structure,\ [Phys.Rev. A50]{} (1994) 5335-5337 A.V. Turbiner,\ Quasi-Exactly-Solvable Problems and the $SL(2,R)$ Group,\ [Comm.Math.Phys. 118]{}, 467-474 (1988) R. Laughlin,\ Quantized motion of three two-dimensional electrons in a strong magnetic field,\ [Phys. Rev. 27]{} (1983) 3383 - 3389 M. Taut,\ Two particles with opposite charge in a homogeneous magnetic field: particular analytic solutions of the two-dimensional Schr$\ddot{o}$dinger equation,\ [Journal of Physics A32]{} (1999) 5509 - 5515 S. Post, P. Winternitz,\ An infinite family of superintegrable deformations of the Coulomb potential,\ [Journal of Physics A43]{} (2010) 222001 M.A. Escobar-Ruiz and A.V. Turbiner,\ Two charges on a plane in a magnetic field: an approximate solution\ (in preparation) Appendix. Algebra $sl_2$* The algebra $sl_2$ is realized by the first-order differential operators $$\begin{aligned} & {\hat J}_n^+ = \rho^2 {\partial}_\rho-n\,\rho \,, \\ & {\hat J}_n^0 = \rho \, {\partial}_\rho-\frac{n}{2} \,, \\ & {\hat J}^- = {\partial}_\rho \ , \label{generators} \end{aligned}$$ where ${\partial}_{\rho} \equiv \frac{d}{d\rho}$, $n$ is a parameter, see e.g. [@Turbiner:1988]. These operators are the generating elements of the Möbius transformation. If $n$ is a nonnegative integer, the algebra $sl_2$ possesses $(n+1)$-dimensional irreducible representation realized in polynomials of degree not higher than $n$, $$\label{Pn} {\cal P}_{n+1}\ =\ \langle 1,\rho,\rho^2,...,\rho^n \rangle \ .$$ [^1]: \[$a$\] means integer part of $a$. [^2]: For $B=0$ the original problem (\[Hq\]), (\[Erhoq\]) is reduced to the planar two-body Coulomb problem, see for discussion [@PW:2010] and references therein; the limit $B$ tends to zero is singular.
Citations: AC 108; 1 All ER 33. Facts The claimant was an agent. They entered into an oral agreement with the defendant to find buyers for the defendant’s properties. The defendant would pay the claimant commission if he successfully introduced to them buyers willing to pay a particular sum. The claimant produced appropriate buyers, but the defendant ultimately decided not to sell to them. They eventually sold the properties to another buyer they had found elsewhere. The claimant argued that they were in breach of contract. He argued that the defendant implicitly undertook not to do anything to impede the claimant earning his commission. Accordingly, the defendant had to sell to any appropriate buyer which the claimant introduced to them. Issue(s) - Did the implied term which the claimant contended for exist in this contract? Decision The House of Lords held in favour of the defendant. There was no such implied term in this contract, as a matter of fact or law. This Case is Authority For… An implied term will only be found where: - It is necessary for the business efficacy of the contract; or - A reasonable bystander would assume that the parties would obviously have agreed to the term had it been brought up at the time of contracting. Viscount Simon noted that the implied term argued for in this case would cause serious difficulties. The claimant was not the only agent the defendant hired. What if, for example, immediately after meeting the claimant’s buyer, a competitor brought the defendants a buyer with a better offer? On the claimant’s case, the defendant would be bound to proceed with his buyer and ignore the better offer. This would defeat the point of having multiple, competing agents. It was unlikely, therefore, that a reasonable bystander would assume that the parties had obviously agreed to the term proposed. Similarly, the term was clearly not necessary for the contract to make any business sense. Some prior cases held in similar circumstances that there is implied term to avoid impeding the agents without ‘reasonable cause’. Viscount Simon and Lord Wright thought that formulating what constitutes a reasonable cause is so uncertain that the better view is that either no such implied term exists or those cases should be confined to their particular facts. Other This case also hints that there may be an exception to the rule that a unilateral offer cannot be revoked once performance has begun. Though there was a completed contract in this case, in a different version of the facts the defendant might have instead made a unilateral offer to pay commission to any agent who brought them a buyer which ultimately led to a concluded sale. The same circumstances which deterred the court from finding an implied term in this case would likely lead the court to conclude that the defendant is not barred from revoking the offer just because an agent has started looking for or has presented a buyer.	https://ipsaloquitur.com/contract-law/cases/luxor-eastbourne-v-cooper/
Our work draws together design, the social sciences, and the humanities to investigate the role of information and communication technologies in shaping public life. This involves both prototyping experimental digital systems and services, and critically analyzing existing digital systems and practices. Much of our current work involves the Internet of Things (IoT) and exploring how IoT technologies and services might be re-imainged and differently configured to support civic and collective endeavors. For instance, we are researching the design and use of IoT in smart cities, to support urban foraging, and in co-housing communities. Another strand of research explores the design and use of computational media (and more broadly, data) for political engagement and expression. Currently we are focusing on two particular media forms: bots and maps. With bots we are researching the design of Twitter bots for political parody and commentary. With maps we are researching how the visual representation geographic data supports arguments about urban development. For more information, contact:	http://publicdesignworkshop.net/about/
The Triangular General Contracting Company was established in 2015 and is a general contractor offering construction services in terms of Site Analysis, Feasibility Studies, Preliminary Design Studies, procurement and execution of power and control system, etc. We handle various industrial, distribution power substations, in the field of oil & gas and commercial projects in the UAE. Triangular General Contracting Company is a leader in providing value-added construction services to our customers by creating a successful partnership with them throughout the construction process. Our pledge is to establish lasting relationships with our customers by exceeding their expectations and gaining their trust through exceptional performance by every member of the construction team. Our mission is: To perform for our customers the highest level of quality construction services at fair and market competitive prices. To ensure the longevity of our company through repeat and referral business achieved by customer satisfaction in all areas including timeliness, attention to detail and service-minded attitudes. To maintain the highest levels of professionalism, integrity, honesty, and fairness in our relationships with our clients, suppliers, subcontractors, professional associates and customers. Our mission is to provide our employees with an honest and helpful working environment, where every employee individually and collectively, can dedicate themselves to providing our customers with exceptional workmanship, extraordinary service, and professional integrity. Our commitment to this mission will allow TGC to become not only a premier construction company but also the second home of the employees as well.	https://www.triangularllc.com/management-team/
0001 This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119 to Swiss patent application 2000 2252/00, filed Nov. 17, 2000 and Swiss patent application 2000 2281/00, filed Nov. 23, 2000. 0002 The present invention relates to a method for determining the volume of a sample of a liquid (A), wherein, in order to stain the liquid (A), a specific concentration of a chromophoric indicator is provided in this liquid (A), a sample is separated from the liquid (A), the optical absorption of the separated sample is measured, and the volume of the separated sample is determined by correlation of the measured optical absorption with the concentration of indicator in this liquid (A). 0003 It is known that droplets with a volume of more than 10 l can be dispensed from the air very easily, since if the pipette is correctly manipulated, the droplets leave the pipette tip of their own accord. The droplet size is then determined by the physical properties of the sample liquid, such as surface tension or viscosity. The droplet size thus limits the resolution of the quantity of liquid to be dispensed. 0004 The aspirating and dispensing, i.e. the pipetting of liquid samples with a volume of less than 10 l, in contrast, typically requires instruments and techniques which guarantee the dispensing of such small samples. The dispensing of a liquid with a pipette tip, i.e. with the endpiece of a device for aspirating and/or dispensing sample liquid, can occur from the air (from air) or by touching a surface. This surface can be the solid surface of a container (on tip touch), into which the liquid sample is to be dispensed. It can also be the surface of a liquid in this container (on liquid surface). A mixing procedure following the dispensing is recommendedparticularly for very small sample volumes in the nanoliter or even picoliter rangeso that uniform distribution of the sample volume in a diluent is ensured. 0005 Systems for separating samples from a liquid are known as pipettors. Such systems serve, for example, for dispensing liquids into the wells of Standard Microtitration Plates (trademark of Beckman Coulter, Inc., 4300 N. Harbour Blvd., P.O. Box 3100 Fullerton, Cailf., USA 92834) and/or microplates with 96 wells. The reduction of the sample volumes (e.g. for filling high-density microplates with 384, 864, 1536, or even more wells) plays an increasingly important role, with the precision of the sample volume dispensed being of great importance. The elevation of the number of samples typically also requires miniaturization of the experiment, so that the use of a pipettor is necessary and special requirements must be placed on the precision of sample volumes and the accuracy of the movement control and/or of the dispensing of this pipettor. 0006 Disposable tips significantly reduce the danger of unintentional transfer of parts of the sample (contamination). Simple disposable tips are known (so-called air-displacement tips), whose geometry and material is optimized for the exact aspirating and/or dispensing of very small volumes. The use of so-called positive-displacement tips, which have a pump plunger inside, is also known. 0007 For automation, two procedures must be differentiated from one another: the defined aspiration and the subsequent dispensing of liquid samples. Between these procedures, typically the pipette tip is moved by the experimenter or by a robot, so that the aspiration location of a liquid sample is different from its dispensing location. For the precision of dispensing and/or aspiration/dispensing, only the liquid system is essential, which comprises a pump (e.g. a diluter implemented as a syringe pump), tubing, and an endpiece (pipette tip). 0008 The precision (ACCaccuracy) and reproducibility (CVcoefficient of variation) of the dispensing and/or aspiration/dispensing of a liquid sample can be influenced by greatly varying parameters. The speed of dispensing largely determines, for example, how the droplet breaks away from the pipette tip. 0009 In principle, two basic modes are differentiated in pipetting: single pipetting and multipipetting. In the single pipetting mode, a liquid sample is aspirated and dispensed at another location. In the multipipetting mode, a larger volume of liquid is aspirated at one time and subsequently dispensed in severaltypically equivalentportions (aliquots) at one or more different locations, e.g. in various wells of a Standard Microtitration Plate. 0010 The measurement of the volume of a liquid sample, however, does not take into consideration the way in which a droplet was separated: in Europe, the norm ISO/DIS 8655-1 of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (whose main offices are in Geneva, Switzerland) has been available at least in draft form since 1990. This norm defines the basic conditions for performing laboratory work with dispensing devices, such as pipettes, dispensers, and burettes. Known national norms, such as ASTM (USA), British Standard (GB), or the newest draft DIN 12650 (Germany), have to fit themselves into the system of the ISO norm ISO/DIS 8655-1. 0011 The norm DIN 12650 essentially differentiates two methodical categories for testing measurement accuracy of dispensers in its 4th draft from 1996. These are the gravimetric and non-gravimetric methods. Since not every laboratory has available sufficient balanced weighing stations and costly scales with the necessary resolution (six decimal places) for performing gravimetric measurements, photometric tests for hand pipettes, e.g. for the range of sample volumes from 0.2 to 1 l, have been offered by the industry (e.g. the firm EPPENDORF AG, Barkhausenweg 1, D-22339 Hamburg, Germany). 10 0 0 10 1 0012 A further method is known from the article Performance Verification of Small Volume Mechanical Action Pipettes by Richard H. Curtis Cal.Lab, May/June 1996. In consideration of the difficulties (e.g. evaporation, vibrations, static charge of the samples) of the application of gravimetric methods to a liquid sample in the microliter range, in this article an integrated system was suggested based on using calorimetric substances. However, the concentration of indicator substance whose optical density is to be measured must be known exactly. This optical density is calculated as log(/T), with T referred to as transmittance. This transmittance corresponds to I/I, i.e. the ratio of output intensity and input intensity of the light beams penetrating the sample. Furthermore, the device used for measuring the optical density must also meet international norms. In addition, problems such as a dependence of the measurement on the sample temperature, the appearance of changes in the solution, and the appearance of wear in the measurement cuvette must be considered. The firm ARTEL Inc., 25 Bradley Drive Westbrook, Maine, USA, produces the Artel PCS Pipette Calibration System of this type. It essentially consists of a prefilled, sealed test glass with 4.75 ml of an exactly defined concentration of a copper chloride solution and an instrument for measuring the optical absorption (wherein optical absorption AI/IlogT) of this solution at a wavelength of 730 nm. The test glass is inserted in the instrument and remains in place during the entire calibration process. The experimenter opens the seal of the test glass and adds a sample corresponding to the desired measurement precision to the glass with the pipette to be checked, and then reseals the seal. The sample added is a solution of Ponceau S, an organic test substance, which, among other things, is selected due to its long-term stability and good pipettability (similar to water, even at high concentrations) and its wide, well-defined absorption peak at 520 nm. The absorption peaks of the copper chloride solution and of the test solution Ponceau S do not overlap. In addition, the test solution contains biocides, in order to prevent the growth of microorganisms, and a pH-stabilizing buffer. The device mixes the two solutions with an integrated mixer and determines the absorption at 520 nm (Ponceau S) and at 730 nm (copper chloride). The volume of the sample added is then calculated on the basis of these two measured values and the known initial concentrations. Although this system has the advantage that the measurement of the optical absorption is allowed independently of the path length and irregularities in the test glass, it nonetheless has the disadvantage that it cannot be adapted at a reasonable expense for usage in a multichannel pipetting robot. 0013 A further calibration method of this type uses Orange G as the test substance, which allows an absorption measurement with high sensitivity. However, it is disadvantageous in this case that the flat molecules of this test substance have a high adhesion to the inner walls of the pipette tip and/or to the tubings, troughs, and/or wells of microplates. Therefore, an uncontrollable reduction of the Orange G concentration in the test liquid occurs, which makes the reliability of the test questionable. 2 4 3 2 2 4 3 2 2 6 2 6 3+ 3+ 0014 Another method of this type is known from Belgian patent No. BE 761 537, which describes the analysis of various substances with increased precision, particularly automatic analysis, which depends on the sample volume of the substance. According to this invention, one mixes chromium in the form of Cr(SO).10HO into a sample as an indicator, in order to obtain a specific concentration of chromium (III) therein. With reference to the chromium (III) concentration measured, the effective volume of the sample is calculated. The sample volumes are in the milliliter range. Cr(SO).10HO exists in aqueous solution as Cr(HO). According to the literature (see, for example, W. Schneider in Einfhrung in die Koordinationschemie, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1968, pp. 115-117), the aqueous complex Cr(HO) has a molar extinction coefficient () of only approximately 13 (where an of less than 100 is a low to average value). In pure aqueous complexes, the extinction coefficient is approximately 50. The concentration of a pigment and the optical absorption are linked via the Beer-Lambert law 0015 where: 0016 Aoptical absorption 0017 cconcentration of the dissolved material MMol/L 0018molar extinction coefficient of the dissolved material 1/(M.cm) 0019 llayer thickness (the liquid which the light must pass through) cm. 2 6 3+ 0020 Due to limitations in spectrophotometric hardware reasons, the art (cf. Bruno Lange et al. in Photometrische Analyse, VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim, 1987, p. 21) recommends that measurements only be performed in the absorption range from 0.1 to 1. The sensitivity of the measurement system increases with higher . In order to be able to measure a volume of 1 l in a final volume of 200 l with an optical absorption of 0.1, the concentration of Cr(HO) must be at least 15 Mol/L according to the Beer-Lambert law. However, the physical properties of the sample are significantly changed by these high concentrations, and this, of course, is undesirable. 0021 The object of the present invention is to provide an alternative method and a corresponding device for determining the volume of a sample of a liquid that eliminates the inadequacies from the prior art and allows calibration even in the sub-microliter range. 1 15 0022 The methods of the invention are provided according to the features of independent claim . The devices of the invention are provided according to the features of the independent claim . Additional and/or refining features arise from the dependent claims. 24 16 2 6 2 3 20 12 4 6 2 3 23 13 2 9 24 16 2 6 2 2 4− 4− − 3− 0023 The metal complex pigments used according to the present invention have extinction coefficients of more than 10,000, which, when compared to the prior art , permits significantly more sensitive measurement systems to be used. For example, iron-tris-bathophenantroline-disulfonic acid disodium complex Fe(CHNOS) has an of approximately 18,700 (at 532 nm), while the iron-tris-ferrozine complex Fe(CHNOS) has an of approximately 22,000 (at 560 nm), the copper Chromazurol S complex Cu(CHClOS has an of approximately 16,000 (at 522 nm), and the copper-bis-bathophenantroline-disulfonic acid disodium complex Cu(CHNOS) has an of approximately 13,800 (at 481 nm). 0024 Intensively colored organic pigments known in the prior art (typically large conjugated -system are, in principle, planar (e.g. Orange G). Due to this planarity, they have a disadvantageous high affinity, caused by the Van der Waals forces, for apolar surfaces such as the inner walls of the pipette tip, of the tubing, or of the well. FIELD OF THE INVENTION BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS 0025 An example of a molecule from the prior art is shown in FIG. 1 and two examples of metal complex pigments as provided herein for use in the method according to the present invention for determining the volume of the sample of a liquid are shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. 0026FIG. 1 shows Orange G a 0027FIG. 1shows the structural formula b 0028FIG. 1shows a horizontal projection, space-filling c 0029FIG. 1shows a side view, space-filling 0030FIG. 2 shows copper(I)-bis-(bathophenantroline-disulfonic acid disodium) complex a 0031FIG. 2shows the structural formula b 0032FIG. 2shows a space-filling view 0033FIG. 3 shows iron(II)-tris(ferrozine) complex a 0034FIG. 3shows the structural formula b 0035FIG. 3shows a space-filling view DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 0036 Metal complex pigments provided according to the present invention have (in contrast to, for example, the prior art organic pigment Orange G) a three-dimensional, e.g. tetrahedral or octahedral, coordination geometry, which for steric reasons greatly hinders adsorption of this type of molecule to apolar surfaces. In addition, the ligands can be substituted with ionic groups such as sulfonic or carboxyl groups, which further amplifies the hydrophilic or lipophobic properties. Indicator ions in aqueous systems are very hydrophilic due to their charge and the spherical hydrate shell and therefore also do not tend to adsorb on apolar surfaces. 0037 Adsorption tests with various complexes suggested according to the present invention have shown that no significant adsorption occurs on the walls of the pipetting needle or tubing. 0038 It is desirable that the liquid properties relevant for pipetting be changed as little is possible during the measurement process. The addition of an indicator salt, which reacts in the well of a microplate with a chromogen ligand, to the pipetting solution only influences the liquid properties slightly due to its good solubility. Influence of the physical properties is additionally reduced because the high extinction coefficient of the resulting complex permits the use of low initial concentrations of the indicator salt. 0039 At least a stoichiometric quantity of the chromogen ligands must be present in the well before or after pipetting of the indicator salt solution. For reliable and rapid quantitative reaction, an excess of ligand can also be used. Any necessary buffer salts or redox active substances that convert the indicator ion into a suitable oxidation state are also present in the well. The actual pipetting procedure is therefore not influenced in any way, which makes this measurement system widely variable. 5 7 2 3 0040 Most pigments are only suitable for a specific range of solvents due to their solubility. By complexing the indicator ion with a suitable auxiliary ligand, the indicator ion can be brought into solution in a suitable concentration in any desired solvent or mixture of solvents. For example, iron(III) ions can be brought into solution in nonpolar solvents with 2,4-pentane dione as an Fe(CHO) complex. A wide palette of derivatives is accessible from 2,4-pentane dione, from which the solubility of the iron complex in any desired solvent can be adjusted. In the well, an auxiliary ligand is either quantitatively suppressed by a more chromogenic ligand and/or the complexed indicator ion is reduced by an oxidation number through a redox reaction, which allows the quantitative formation of a stronger complex with the chromogen ligand. Care must be taken that the absorption spectrum of the auxiliary ligands does not overlap with that of the chromophoric complex. rd 0041 ELISA-Tests (ELISAEnzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay) (cf. PSCHYREMBEL Klinisches Wrterbuch Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin 1999, 258th edition) are now an integral part of clinical diagnostics and life science research. These tests frequently require one or more washing steps in the course of the test (cf. Lubert Stryer in BIOCHEMISTRY, Freeman and Company, New York 1988, 3Edition, Page 63). In practice, the reaction liquid is suctioned from the coated microplates. Subsequently, buffer solutions or test reagents are dispensed into the wells. These two functions are conventionally performed by a microplate washer. In the first step, the device acts as a suction element, while in the second step, the device is used as a dispenser. New commercially available devices (such as those from TECAN Austria, Untersbergstrasse 1a, 5082 Groedig, Austria) can dispense several different buffer solutions, which can be used individually or together. In addition to standard, art-recognized criteria for dispensing, microplate washers must fulfill additional specifications in regard to the residual volume (e.g. 2 l at most) after suctioning in a well. 0042 Microplates are preferably made of optically perfect materials. (If it were otherwise, positive absorption measurements would be obtained even with reagent blank solutions.) Microplates with flat bottoms and parallel walls are particularly preferably used. In microplates, particularly those with 384 or more wells, amplified meniscus formation can occur due to surface tension and liquid/wall interaction. If the menisci are irregular from well to well, different path lengths for the photometric measurements result, which negatively influences the reproducibility. Therefore, it is advisable to use microplates with low binding properties or otherwise modified surfaces to suppress the amplified meniscus formation. 4 0043 In a first exemplary embodiment of quantitative measurements provided according to the methods of the invention, the system FeSOin aqueous solution with FerroZine was used; FerroZine is the registered trademark of Hach Company, P.O. Box 389, Loveland, Colo. 80539 USA. The samples were pipetted both in the single pipetting mode (12 single pipettings each) and in the multipipetting mode (12 aliquots). 20, 100, 200, or 1000 individual droplets, (intended droplet volume500 pl) respectively, were dispensed. 4 0044 An aqueous 0.25 M FeSOsolution with FerroZine and ammonium acetate buffer was used for producing a calibration curve. The resulting complex solution was stabilized with ascorbic acid. From this initial solution, measurement solutions were produced through dilutions that corresponded to pipetting volumes of 2.5 nl, 5.0 nl, 10.0 nl, 20.0 nl, 40.0 nl, and 80.0 nl in 200 l . Twelve 200 l aliquots of each of these measurement solutions were pipetted by hand into a microplate and the optical absorption and/or the optical densities (OD) were measured with a microplate photometry reader. The calibration curve was calculated through the measurement points by means of linear regression. 4 4 0045 For the volume determinations, 100 l of a 3.25 mM FerroZine solution with ascorbic acid, buffered with ammonium acetate, was placed in the wells of a microplate. Ten nanoliters and 50 nl of a 0.25 M FeSOsolution stabilized with ascorbic acid was pipetted into this with a pipetting robot. The pipettings of 100 nl and 500 nl were performed with a 0.025 M FeSOsolution stabilized with ascorbic acid. 0046 After pipetting, the volume was topped up to a total volume/well of 200 l with demineralized water in the individual wells and the solutions were mixed well in the microplates by mechanical shaking. The optical absorption of the colored complex solution in the wells of a microplate was then measured in a microplate photometry reader and the volumes were calculated with reference to the calibration curve. 4 TABLE 1 Single Pipetting Mode Intended Average volume of the volume 12 single pipettings ACC CV &ensp;10 nl &emsp;9.7 nl 3.0% 2.9% &ensp;50 nl &ensp;48.0 nl 4.0% 1.2% 100 nl 101.8 nl 1.8% 1.5% 500 nl 497.5 nl 0.5% 1.5% 0047 The results achieved with the system FeSOin aqueous solution with FerroZine are shown in the following tables 1 and 2: TABLE 2 Multipipetting Mode Intended Average volume of the ACC of the CV of the volume 12 aliquots aliquots aliquots &ensp;10 nl &ensp;9.8 nl 2.0% 1.4% &ensp;50 nl 48.1 nl 3.8% 2.5% 100 nl 99.3 nl 0.7% 4.0% 500 nl 509.0 nl&ensp; 1.8% 2.8% 0048 0049 In a second exemplary embodiment of quantitative measurements obtained according to the methods of the invention, the system iron-tris(acetyl acetonate) in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with FerroZine was used. The samples were pipetted both in the single pipetting mode (12 single pipettings each) and in the multipipetting mode (12 aliquots). Individual droplets (numbering 20, 100, 200, or 1000 individual droplets, respectively, with an intended droplet volume400 pl) were dispensed. A 0.063 M iron-tris(acetyl acetonate) solution in pure DMSO was used for the calibration curve. From this initial solution, measurement solutions were produced, through dilutions with ammonium acetate buffer, ascorbic acid, and FerroZine, which corresponded to pipetting volumes of 2.5 nl, 5.0 nl, 10.0 nl, 20.0 nl, 40.0 nl, and 80.0 nl in 200 l . Twelve 200 l aliquots of each of these measurement solutions were pipetted by hand into a microplate and the optical absorption and/or the optical densities (OD) were measured with a microplate photometry reader. The calibration curve was calculated through the measurement points by means of linear regression. For the volume determinations, 100 l of a 3.25 mM FerroZine solution with ascorbic acid buffered with ammonium acetate was placed in each of the wells of a microplate. Aliquots (8 nl, 40 nl, 80 nl, and 400 nl) of a 0.063 M iron-tris(acetyl acetonate) solution in pure DMSO were pipetted into this solution with the pipettor. TABLE 3 Single Pipetting Mode Intended Average volume of the volume 12 single pipettings ACC CV &ensp;8 nl &ensp;8.3 nl 3.8% 1.7% 40 nl 37.8 nl 5.5% 2.6% 80 nl 71.2 nl 11.0% 1.1% 400 nl&ensp; 356.9 nl&ensp; 10.8% 1.8% 0050 After pipetting, the volume was topped up to a total volume of 200 l/well with demineralized water in the individual wells and the solutions were mixed well in the microplates by mechanical shaking. The optical absorption of the colored complex solution in the wells of the microplate was then measured in a microplate photometry reader and the volumes were calculated with reference to the calibration curve. The results achieved with the system iron-tris(acetyl acetonate) in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with FerroZine are shown in the following tables 3 and 4: TABLE 4 Multipipetting Mode Intended Average volume of the ACC of the CV of the volume 12 aliquots aliquots aliquots &ensp;8 nl &ensp;8.0 nl 0.0% 1.2% 40 nl 38.1 nl 4.8% 1.0% 80 nl 75.8 nl 5.3% 0.8% 400 nl&ensp; 377.9 nl&ensp; 5.5% 1.1% 0051 0052 As these examples show, the methods of the invention provide a way to accurately and reproducibly dispense varying small amounts of liquid, and to have confidence in the amount dispensed. The method provided by the present invention actually permits the volume of a sample of a liquid to be determined and calibrated in the sub-microliter range, using the metal complex pigments and devices provided herein. − − − 2 4 Angew. Chem. 0053 The present invention can also be used to determine the volume of a sample of a liquid and calibration in the sub-microliter range if anions are used as the indicator to stain the liquid (A). Complexing with a specific ligand also generates the staining of the sample in these cases. Examples of ligands for complexing of F, Cl and/or HPO ions in (dichloromethane) are described in the article by Miyamji et al. (2000, 112:1847-1849): anthraquinone functionalized systems covalently bonded at the position, particularly calix4pyrrole-anthraquinone, have been shown to be very sensitive sensors for detecting these anions.
Note: This poster has been formatted to fit this screen. Click here to download the published version. Laboratories utilizing liquid handling devices appreciate the efficiency benefits that these important instruments provide. Fast and repeatable volume transfers, however, do not always contribute to accurate assay results. Assays are dependent on reagent concentrations and reagent concentrations are volume-dependent. If a liquid handler is inaccurate in the volumes it dispenses, reagent concentrations can be very different in the reaction vessel when comparing theoretical and experimental concentration values. Undoubtedly, most liquid handlers can be highly precise, but some can also be very inaccurate when default methods/settings are employed. When errors are discovered a game of finger-pointing often occurs – is it the reagent kit? The robot? The tips? The method? The user? This presentation highlights: (a) the importance in checking volume transfer accuracy for all pipettors associated with a specific assay using a standardized metric; (b) how reagent concentrations are critically affected by as much as 50% when as few as two successive volume transfer steps are inaccurate; and (c) how with simple tools/knowledge, liquid handlers and their associated methods can be quickly optimized to deliver accurate volumes to ensure proper reagent concentrations in a reaction vessel. This presentation offers specific information for optimizing the pipetting accuracy for the Beckman Coulter Biomek series (FX, NX, and 3000), the Qiagen QIAgility, PerkinElmer Sciclone and a Thermo WellMate bulk dispenser. It is hoped the information provided will help users, programmers and overseers of automated liquid handlers to gain control of liquid handling QA & QC processes to help eliminate liquid handlers as sources of error. All sample solutions were aqueous and all target volumes were measured with the MVS® Multichannel Verification System1. Additionally, only MVS Verification Plates were employed. The MVS was employed to show simple and quick optimization processes for four different liquid handlers. The details pertinent to each optimization process are included, whereas some of the experimental information (tip type, environmental conditions, etc.) are not discussed herein. A 1-tip Qiagen QIAgility liquid handler was optimized to wet dispense 2 µL into a 384-well plate by adjusting the p-value. An 8- channel Thermo WellMate dispenser was optimized to dispense 25 µL into a 96-well plate by adjusting the cartridge assembly’s set screws. A 96-tip Beckman Coulter Biomek NXp was optimized for wet-dispensing three target volumes in a 96-well plate (2, 5 and 8 µL) by adjusting the scaling and offset factors as described in Beckman application note2. A 96-tip PerkinElmer (Caliper) Sciclone was optimized to dispense 10 µL into a 96-well plate by sequentially adjusting pipetting variables3. One can optimize volume transfer of a QIAgility by adjusting the p-value, which changes the amount of liquid pipetted by approximately 0.04 µL/step. Without a “measurement stick” for determining volume transferred to a vessel, however, one cannot make p-value adjustments to improve accuracy. The process for optimizing accuracy is quite simple: (1) perform “as found” testing; (2) determine the volume difference for measured vs. desired; (3) convert the volume difference to p-value steps; (4) add/subtract steps to/from current p-value; (5) re-test with new p-value. In the data presented here, the pre-optimized mean volume was 0.168 µL higher than the desired target of 2 µL (Figure 1). The p-value was decreased by 4.2 steps to 71.16 ([0.168 µL] / [0.04 µL/step] = 4.2) and the 2-µL target was retested and optimized in one simple experiment. Figure 1. (left) Tweaking the p-value once for the 2-µL dispense improved the relative inaccuracy from 8.4% to 1.25%. (right) Image of Qiagen QIAgility from www.qiagen.com. The volume transfer performance of an 8-tip Thermo WellMate, fitted with a standard bore cartridge, was monitored at 25 µL. Interestingly, though the target volume is relatively high, the performance was pretty good for this common bulk dispenser. Initial testing showed an overall accuracy to be within 5%. Two additional tests were conducted after the set screws were either tightened (to decrease volume transfer) or loosened (to increase volume transfer). Two of the tips (6 and 8, Figure 2) were initially adjusted in the wrong direction, which was immediately obvious in this cause-and-effect testing process. Simply by tweaking the set screws, the tip-by-tip accuracy was optimized within minutes. The as found, pre-optimized mean volume, relative inaccuracy and CV values were 26.15 µL, 4.6% and 2.87%, respectively. The as left, optimized values were 25.03 µL, 0.12% and 0.68%, respectively Figure 2. The WellMate can be optimized tip-by-tip by adjusting the set-screws within the cartridge assembly. A Biomek liquid handler can be optimized for pipetting accuracy by adjusting the scaling factor (slope, m) and the offset (y-intercept, b) in the Calibration tab within the Technique Editor. The calibration is based on y = mx + b. However, the scaling factor and offset values are meaningless without a way to measure volume transfer accuracy. Adjusting pipetting accuracy is a simple and effective process: (1) measure volume transfer performance (three or more target volumes is recommended); (2) plot measured vs. theoretically displaced volume2; (3) determine the new slope and offset values; and (4) enter values and re-test. In the example shown, a default non-optimized universal technique was employed to dispense 2, 5 and 8 µL. The as found performance was (linearly) inaccurate: -27.85%, -14.68% and -9.6% (respectively for the three volumes; Figure 3). New scaling and offset factors were calculated and employed, and in one test, the relative inaccuracies improved to -0.05%, -1.14% and 1.05%., respectively. Figure 3. (left) The measured volumes for the Biomek NX as tested before, and after, optimization. The scaling and offset values were changed from 1 and 0 to 1.032 and 0.548, respectively, for the as found and as left data sets. (right) Image of Biomek NX from www.beckmancoulter.com. The volume transfer performance of a 96-tip Sciclone was employed to show that sequentially tweaking volume transfer parameters, on nearly any type of air-displacement liquid handler with any tip configuration, can have a direct impact on the amount of liquid transferred3. Table 1 shows the parameters and values used for each 10-µL target volume dispense, as well as the resulting volume measurement statistics for each trial (A-D). Of most important note, the original settings employed showed an inaccuracy of -32% (note that all CVs are within 4%). By introducing a 5-µL leading air gap, the accuracy immediately improved to -8.2%. Though this process for optimizing the automated task could have been performed with alternative approaches (different parameters, different order, defining liquid classes, etc.), it highlights the importance of performing a cause and-effect volume verification method during method optimization. The results show that after three sequential parameter adjustments, the optimized data reflect mean volume, relative inaccuracy and CV values of 9.97 µL, -0.30% and 0.80%, respectively. Table 1. Sequentially Adjusting Liquid Handler Parameters has a Direct Impact on the Transferred Target Volume* Subset of data from reference 3. The mean volume in trial C was 9.12 µL,so the requested volume in the software for trial D was increased by 0.88 µL before running the final (optimized) transfer. Compound concentration values can vary by > 30% if one transfer is inaccurate and by > 50% if two successive transfer steps are inaccurate (Table 2). The mean pre- and post-optimization volumes from Experiments 1 to 4 were employed in two simple calculation models that assess the effect of the dispensing errors described would have on the final concentration of a compound after just two liquid delivery steps. Model 1 was designed to assess the effect that an inaccurate dispense of reagent into an accurate amount of buffer would have on reagent concentration. Model 2 assesses the maximum effect that inaccurate dispensing of both reagent and buffer would have on reagent concentration. Liquid handlers can be inaccurate, but with tools and know-how, simple adjustments can ensure volume transfer accuracy, and confidence in assay results. Table 2. Theoretical Percent Differences in Compound Concentrations: Pre- and Post-Optimized Target Volumes With Both Accurate and Inaccurate Buffer Additions Total target working volume in 384-well and 96-well plates: 50 and 200 µL, respectively. Starting compound concentration is 10 mM. Percent Difference = \| Conc1 – Conc2 \| / [Conc1 + Conc2] /2 . [Pre-Optimized target in accurate buffer volume] minus [Optimized target in accurate buffer volume]. * [Pre-Optimized target when buffer volume is off by 10%] minus [Optimized target when buffer volume is off by 10%]. *** The lower target is paired with the higher buffer volume, and vice versa.	https://www.artel.co/learning_center/optimize-volume-transfer-methods-to-avoid-reagent-concentration-error/
The Food & Beverage department at Garza Blanca in Puerto Vallarta has been going through a major upgrade over the past several months. The restaurants have been renovated, new staff have been brought on board, and the menus have been updated! We caught up with Chef Ovidio Pérez, the brand new head chef at Blanca Blue, for an interview. Chef, please tell me about your background. I am originally from Zimatlán de Álvarez, Oaxaca, where I first learned my love of food and passion for cooking from my grandmother and my mother. My mother’s name is Juana Amaya Hernandez, and she is one of the top chefs in Oaxaca known for traditional style cooking, especially mole. She is one of the 3 most important traditional style female chefs from Oaxaca. People seek her out to learn about the kitchen; she is well known through word of mouth. All my creativity starts from my mom and my grandma. I studied cooking at Instituto Culinario De Mexico (ICUM), which is a university in Puebla, and I specialized in Mexican cuisine. After graduation I started working in Puebla in hotels and restaurants. I started as a cook and eventually became an Executive Chef. I have worked in cities throughout Mexico, such as Puebla, Cabo San Lucas, Mexico City, Chiapas, Guadalajara, Durango, and Oaxaca. I’ve also worked in the United States in New York City and Chicago. Now, I’m here in Puerto Vallarta. I have participated in different symposiums on a national and international level. - Mesamerica – a symposium in Mexico City where many chefs from Europe and other parts of the world gather. I spoke about my kitchen, my ingredients, and how I prepare my food. - Mitotl – in Cuernavaca, Morelos - Oaxaca Pinta De Colores – a symposium in Madrid, Spain. There is a restaurant in Madrid called Punto MX. It’s a Michelin star restaurant. I cooked for one week in this restaurant. - Oaxaca En Cabo – a festival in Cabo San Lucas. I participated 3 times in this festival. I also teach cooking traditional Oaxacan cuisine, “Cocina Oaxaca”. René Redzepi is a very well known chef who was one of my students. He was the best chef in the world for 5 years. Wow, you have an extensive background and impressive credentials. Tell me about how you ended up at Garza Blanca. Garza Blanca’s food and beverage manager, Jonathan Diaz, found me in Oaxaca in the hotel where I was working at the time. He tasted 3 dishes in my restaurant, and he asked me if I was interested in coming to Garza Blanca. I said yes, of course, and I went to Puerto Vallarta for an interview. For my interview, I had to design a menu and cook the dishes on the menu. I presented two menus. Each had 4 dishes: a starter, a soup, a main course and a dessert. I share the menus from my interview here. Demo Menu 1 - Taco Camaron con Chapulines (Shrimp taco with grasshoppers) - Caldo de Piedra (Soup with a Stone) - Cornish Hen with Black Mole - Sweet and Salty Dessert – Cotija Cheese Flan with Beetroot Ice Cream with Pork Chicharon Crumble on top Demo Menu 2 - Carnitas Michoacanas (tacos made with pork jowls) - Sopa Espesado de Guías (a traditional soup made with Flor de Calabaza) - Short Ribs with Mole Coloraditos (a type of mole from Oaxaca City) with cabbage polenta (similar to normal polenta but made from cabbage) - Biscocho bread in tres leches, grilled, served with yogurt soup, black mole ice cream and caramel covered cacao nibs I cooked both menus, and the team liked them, so they hired me! I moved to Puerto Vallarta and started working at Blanca Blue as Head Chef a month and a half ago. What an interview! Those are very interesting dishes. How did you learn how to cook like that? I learned this in all my travels. I started to make different types of mixed flavors because I learned cooking with traditional women. They always told me, “Please taste this with this, and taste this with with this…” so I started to mix flavors. When I start designing a menu I start with a circle like my plate, and then I think of one flavor, and then I think of what I can do differently with this flavor. And my mind starts to remember the different flavors I know, for example some chile, some sweet, some sour, different things, and I start to mix it. It’s weird but it works! When I present the menu on a piece of paper, all the people read the paper and say, “Really?’” And I say, “Yes, please taste it first.” Then they taste it, and they love it. Everybody likes my food, and that’s why I’m still here. After you were hired, you developed a brand new menu for Blanca Blue. How would you describe the new menu? It’s Mexican food with a lot of flavor, and it’s a new level of Mexican cuisine. Presentation, combination of ingredients. I wanted to renovate what people think of Mexican cuisine, to change their minds about what they think Mexican cuisine is, with this menu. Blanca Blue is the Mexican Contemporary Cuisine restaurant at Garza Blanca. My specialty is Mexican contemporary cuisine, so this is a perfect fit. Some of the dishes from your interview ended up on the new Blanca Blue menu. Yes, the Caldo de Piedra (soup with a stone) and Sopa de Guías de Calabaza are both on the new menu. And there are also two moles on the new menu. One is black mole from Oaxaca. What’s your favorite dish on the new menu? I love all the dishes, my favorite dish is carnitas tacos. And for dessert, my favorite is the Tributo al dia de Muertos, which is chocolate mousse, bread, tejocote ice cream, chocolate sauce, and orange blossom. Anything else our guests would like to know about you, or about Blanca Blue? They need to come and see new Blanca Blue, the new concept. Let me change your mind about Mexican cuisine, at the new Blanca Blue!	https://www.garzablancaresort.com/blog/dining/interview-with-head-chef-ovidio-perez
We are seeking a Deep Dive Analyst for one of our leading customers. This person can sit in Martinsburg, WV or Hines, IL. The successful candidate must be well-versed in security operations, cyber security tools, intrusion detection, and secured networks. You will be responsible for coordinating resources across the VA enterprise and consolidating log data into a centralized repository (Splunk) where they will be correlated, analyzed and enriched by other threat analysts to identify Indicators of Compromises (IOCs), Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) and other unauthorized activities on the VA network. - Provide proactive event monitoring/event management/configuration of the following security tools for targeted threats and malicious activity including but not limited to: Splunk, Palo Alto Networks, McAfee EPO, Cisco Ironport, Netscout, Sourcefire Defense Center and Bigfix - Determine if an event meets the criteria for additional cyber hunt investigation and/or constitutes a security incident subject to investigation and notify team lead or designate within 15 minutes - Review audit logs and identify any unusual or suspect behavior - Provide targeted attack detection and analysis, including the development of custom signatures and log queries and analytics for the identification of targeted attacks - Develop and execute custom scripts to identify host-based indicators of compromise - Provide advanced technical capabilities to senior leadership, including Big Data Analytics, and Predictive Intelligence - Provide proactive APT hunting, incident response support, and advanced analytic capabilities - Profile and track APT actors that pose a threat to the organization in coordination with threat intelligence support teams - Support the incident response process by providing advanced analysis services when requested to include recommending containment and remediation processes, independent analysis of security events, and reporting of identified incidents to Incident Handling (IH) - Competency: Senior Specialist/SME - Knowledge: Expert knowledge in specialized functions. Exhaustive understanding of, both general and specific aspects of the job and its application. - Problem Solving: Works on unusually complex technical problems and provide solutions which are highly innovative and ingenious. - Supervision: Work is unsupervised and assignments are often self-initiated. Work checked through consultation and agreement with client rather than by formal review of superior. May supervise others. - Education Bachelor’ s degree (or Associates degree & 2 years relevant experience with professional certifications, such as CISSP, GREM, or GCIH. - Experience: 12 years total relevant experience, including: - Minimum of 6 years information technology - Minimum of 4 years advanced Cyber Threat Information experience - Professional certifications, such as CISSP, GREM, or GCIH - PWS Specified Certifications: Must have at least one of the following certificationss (or obtain within the first 90 days of hire): Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH); Certified Information Systems Auditor (CISA); GIAC Systems and Network Auditor (GSNA); GIAC Certified Incident Handler (GCIH); CERT - Certified Computer Security Incident Handler (CSIH); SPLUNK Certified Knowledge Manager; SPLUNK Certified Admin; SPLUNK Certified Architect - Background Investigation: Must be able to pass and maintain a Government Background Investigation. U.S. citizenship is also required by law, regulation, executive order, or government contract for this particular position To get started, enter your information below	https://flashrecruit.com/jobs/633290
. The PDA Europe is the European Association for the Development Officer, Research and implementation of Polyurea in Europe and has close links with the PDA America was formed in 1999. Being part of the PDA Europe is to be in the elite of formulating companies and manufacturers of this product and is helpful for research and development of new and improved application systems based on polyurea. PDA Europe, provides members with tools to promote intercanvio of ideas for new uses and characteristics of the polyurea, develop improved methods of manufacturing processes, development, and implementation and finally join forces to promote this product in the European industry. It consists of companies throughout the European chemical industry and provides expert technical advice on product quality and their different uses and practical applications focused on its many success stories. The association also provides information on how to improve practices and applications in the areas of environment and security, while providing a key forum for participation by the industry to discuss their future and expectations in the market and its implementation in the markets . This is done through annual conferences that bring together all its members for the upgrading of the existing projects and new innovations, where applications are presented and discussed practices by its members.	https://www.tecnopolgroup.com/news-and-updates/we-are-members-of-the-pda-europe
Tropenbos Ghana is empowering 30 farming communities in the Bono East Region on climate smart agriculture practices, under its ‘LEAN’ project. Tropenbos is implementing the “LEAN” project, which aims at improving the landscape for agricultural and forestry activities in the region, and targets to empower 12,000 smallholders farmers in the region. Speaking at a stakeholders meeting attended by farmers and forestry officials held at Nkoranza, Mrs Mercy Ansah-Owusu, Director at Tropenbos-Ghana, explained the project “is looking at landscape fertility initiatives across the country”. It is being implemented in three ecological zones – Traditional, Forest, and Savanna, she said explaining some farmers in the project area had been selected to be trained on organic manure. “The project has been structured in a way that would drive home benefits to the individual farmer, community, district, and region as a whole”, she said. Mrs. Ansah-Owusu expressed concern about the effect of climate change particularly the unpredictability of the weather hence the need to encourage farmers practice climate smart agriculture practices to enable them to monitor the rainfall patterns. She noted Bono East had lost most of its original forest and agriculture conditions, and advised farmers to reduce the application of agro-chemicals and opt for organic manure. “Agro-chemicals are hazardous to both livestock and human health and have huge effects on the food value chain”, she said, and urged the farmers to adopt climate smart agriculture practices to help restore biodiversity. Mrs. Doreen Asuman-Yeboah, the Project Manager said the project would also empower the farmers to expand and improve on their farming activities, improve on their knowledge on forest and farming management as well and urged the farmers to protect the environment by engaging in sustainable farm practices. The Ghana news Agency (GNA) was established on March 5, 1957, i.e. on the eve of Ghana's independence and charged with the "dissemination of truthful unbiased news". It was the first news agency to be established in Sub-Saharan Africa. GNA was part of a comprehensive communication policy that sought to harness the information arm of the state to build a viable, united and cohesive nation-state. GNA has therefore been operating in the unique role of mobilizing the citizens for nation building, economic and social development, national unity and integration.
Since the company was founded in 2002, we have been driven by the guiding principle of digitizing product know-how. Together with our team, you will collect all the know-how about your product in our system and all documents generated will be based on this. This principle has remained, what has changed over time is only the technology used. So, we have experienced and are actively participating in the transition from 2D to 3D, the advancing globalization and the current trends of digitization and BIM. We realize this with a small, highly qualified team, which mainly works in Limburg, but also partly at other locations. Founder and Managing Director, Klaus Kreckel, sees this "Task Force" as an essential success factor in the cooperation with you, our customers. Interacting with each other and with our customers in a spirit of partnership is extremely important to us. We therefore encourage constructive cooperation that is characterised by open-minded and helpful behaviour. This leads to a fair, productive cooperation that benefits both our product and our customers. For us, solution-oriented work means always looking at one's own tasks in a context - in other words, never losing sight of the big picture, while at the same time completing the individual tasks with deep technical know-how. New approaches are always important in order to find the best possible solution for each individual situation. For you, the customer, this means that we see your project as a part of your entire business process and thus strive for the best possible solution for your whole company. For us, reliability means that communication is open and honest - both internally among colleagues and externally with customers. This naturally includes only making realistic promises and setting realistic deadlines and keeping them. customX is located in Limburg in the State of Hesse. But that doesn’t mean that all the employees work in Limburg. Some will, of course, be there all the time, others use the possibility of working in their home office and are connected to the office in Limburg via modern systems. And others travel around the whole DACH region where they serve our numerous customers located all over Germany, Switzerland, Austria and other European countries. The tasks they solve are as diverse as the industries our customers work in. As we are looking for a German speaking person, this job posting is only in German. Du bist der/die kompetente Ansprechpartner/in für alle technischen Fragen unserer Kunden bei der Umsetzung ihrer Konfigurationsprojekte aus den unterschiedlichsten Branchen überwiegend in der DACH Region. Nach einer entsprechenden Einarbeitung setzt du selbstständig Projekte mit customX um, implementierst die Lösungen bei den Kunden, übernimmst die Ausbildung der Administratoren und betreust die Kunden während der Anwendung mit technischem Support. Den Vertrieb unterstützt du bei der Erarbeitung und Präsentation einer optimalen Lösung für den Kunden. Dein Feedback und deine Ideen tragen zur Weiterentwicklung unserer Software bei. Die Stelle ist eine zeitlich unbefristete Vollzeitstelle, aber auch ein Splitting in Teilzeitstellen ist vorstellbar. as CEO of customX GmbH I am your direct contact for your application. If you are intereted in one of the jobs, please send your application in PDF format to [email protected]. Even if you havn't found the right job in our job vacancies, feel free to send a speculative application! Since 2009 customX GmbH has belonged to Man and Machine, one of the leading European software providers for CAD/CAM applications and PDM solutions. The headquarters of the company, founded in 1984, is located in Wessling near Munich. In the DACH region, Man and Machine is represented at 40 locations, with another five in non-German-speaking Europe. In addition, there are the subsidiaries which - like customX - develop and advance their own software with a total of 340 employees. All subsidiaries are well connected, and this enables us to offer our customers comprehensive know-how and context-oriented solutions. Man and Machine is Autodesk Platinum Partner. This status is only awarded to partners who meet the highest standards of competence and customer satisfaction. Our colleagues and specialists can be found throughout Europe - please do not hesitate to contact us!	https://www.customx.de/en/company/
President Rodrigo Duterte has expressed support for Senator Christopher Lawrence “Bong” Go’s proposed “Balik Probinsya” program that seeks to decongest overcrowded Metro Manila once the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic is put under control. Go said his proposal is being studied by the government.Under the Balik Probinsya program, the government would provide the ff: 1. free transportation and; 2. livelihood assistance to Metro Manila residents who want to be relocated to their respective provinces. Agency that will provide incentives: 1. Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) - The Department of Trade and Industry expressed desire to provide more incentives for businesses that will be put up in provinces to encourage more people to return there because of increased job opportunities. Affirming his support for the "Balik Probinsya" program, Trade Secretary Ramon Lopez said "we will give more incentives papunta sa probinsya, kaysa sa maglo-locate sa Metro Manila. Ibig sabihin nun, attraction to looking outside." DTI has existing program to develop micro, small and medium enterprises, involving, among others, small business capitalization starting in the barangay level. 2. Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD) - The Department of Social Welfare and Development will be preparing to adopt the community-driven development approach in designing its own initiatives to support the "Balik Probinsya" program. This will involve encouraging people affected by disasters or internally displaced persons (IDPs) to return to their original abodes. Eventually, DSWD hopes to address many issues, such as families preferring to stay in big cities for lack of regular sources of income in the province, children enrolled in different schools, housing problem forcing them to live with poor relatives in cramped dwellings, absence of farm land to till, and constrained support system, among others. 3. Department of Finance - Department of Finance Secretary Carlos Dominguez III and Chua believe that passage of Senate Bill 1357 or the Corporate Income Tax and Incentives Rationalization Act (CITIRA) will reinforce the "Balik Probinsya" program where more incentives will be given to businesses in the provinces. Effectivity (Proposed): The planned relocation would start after Pres. Duterte lifts the implementation of the ECQ in Metro Manila and other areas with confirmed Covid-19 cases. Sources:	https://www.apttrendingph.com/2020/04/gov-ph-balik-probinsya-program.html
A calcaneal spur (or heel spur) is a small osteophyte (bone spur) located on the calcaneus (heel bone). Calcaneal spurs are typically detected by a radiological examination (X-ray). When a foot bone is exposed to constant stress, calcium deposits build up on the bottom of the heel bone. Generally, this has no effect on a person's daily life. However, repeated damage can cause these deposits to pile up on each other,causing a spur-shaped deformity, called a calcaneal (or heel) spur. Obese people, flatfooted people, and women who constantly wear high-heeled shoes are most susceptible to heel spurs. An inferior calcaneal spur is located on the inferior aspect of the calcaneus and is typically a response to plantar fasciitis over a period, but may also be associated with ankylosing spondylitis (typically in children). A posterior calcaneal spur develops on the back of the heel at the insertion of the Achilles tendon. An inferior calcaneal spur consists of a calcification of the calcaneus, which lies superior to the plantar fascia at the insertion of the plantar fascia. A posterior calcaneal spur is often large and palpable through the skin and may need to be removed as part of the treatment of insertional Achilles tendonitis. These are also generally visible to the naked eye. Causes Bone spurs form in the feet in response to tight ligaments, to activities such as dancing and running that put stress on the feet, and to pressure from being overweight or from poorly fitting shoes. For example, the long ligament on the bottom of the foot (plantar fascia) can become stressed or tight and pull on the heel, causing the ligament to become inflamed (plantar fasciitis). As the bone tries to mend itself, a bone spur can form on the bottom of the heel (known as a ?heel spur?). Pressure at the back of the heel from frequently wearing shoes that are too tight can cause a bone spur on the back of the heel. This is sometimes called a ?pump bump,? because it is often seen in women who wear high heels. Symptoms Most people think that a bone "spur" is sharp and produces pain by pressing on tissue, when in fact, these bony growths are usually smooth and flat. Although they rarely cause pain on their own, bone spurs in the feet can lead to callus formation as tissue builds up to provide added cushion over the area of stress. Over time, wear and tear on joints may cause these spurs to compress neighboring ligaments, tendons or nerves, thus injuring tissue and causing swelling, pain and tearing. Diagnosis Diagnosis of a heel spur can be done with an x-ray, which will be able to reveal the bony spur. Normally, it occurs where the plantar fascia connects to the heel bone. When the plantar fascia ligament is pulled excessively it begins to pull away from the heel bone. When this excessive pulling occurs, it causes the body to respond by depositing calcium in the injured area, resulting in the formation of the bone spur. The Plantar fascia ligament is a fibrous band of connective tissue running between the heel bone and the ball of the foot. This structure maintains the arch of the foot and distributes weight along the foot as we walk. However, due to the stress that this ligament must endure, it can easily become damaged which commonly occurs along with heel spurs. Non Surgical Treatment Acupuncture and acupressure can used to address the pain of heel spurs, in addition to using friction massage to help break up scar tissue and delay the onset of bony formations. Physical therapy may help relieve pain and improve movement. The Feldenkrais method could be especially helpful for retraining some of the compensation movements caused by the pain from the spur. Guided imagery or a light massage on the foot may help to relieve some of the pain. Other treatments include low-gear cycling, and pool running. Some chiropractors approve of moderate use of aspirin or ibuprofen, or other appropriate anti-inflammatory drugs. Chiropractic manipulation is not recommended, although chiropractors may offer custom-fitted shoe orthotics and other allopathic-type treatments. Surgical Treatment Surgery involves releasing a part of the plantar fascia from its insertion in the heel bone, as well as removing the spur. Many times during the procedure, pinched nerves (neuromas), adding to the pain, are found and removed. Often, an inflamed sac of fluid call an accessory or adventitious bursa is found under the heel spur, and it is removed as well. Postoperative recovery is usually a slipper cast and minimal weight bearing for a period of 3-4 weeks. On some occasions, a removable short-leg walking boot is used or a below knee cast applied. Prevention There are heel spur prevention methods available in order to prevent the formation of a heel spur. First, proper footwear is imperative. Old shoes or those that do not fit properly fail to absorb pressure and provide the necessary support. Shoes should provide ample cushioning through the heel and the ball of the foot, while also supporting the arch. Wearing an orthotic shoe insert is one of the best ways to stretch the plantar fascia and prevent conditions such as heel spurs. Stretching the foot and calf is also helpful in preventing damage. Athletes in particular should make sure to stretch prior to any physical activity. Stretching helps prevent heel spurs by making tissue stronger as well as more flexible. In addition, easing into a new or increasingly difficult routine should be done to help avoid strain on the heel and surrounding tissue.	https://wholesalehealth65.jimdo.com/2015/09/29/the-treatment-of-heel-spur/
When we think of leisure time, certain images tend to come to mind. It is not unusual to imagine leisure as an exercise in self-indulgence, whether sprawled on a couch watching yet another box-set on television or perhaps on holiday, stationed at poolside with a full glass close at hand. However, there is a lot more to leisure than that, and psychology has long since appreciated the beneficial role it can play in our mental life, with recent research making a specific connection between leisure-type activities and well-being. As with so much else, the key is not whether we make time for leisure, but what activities we engage in during those moments and what our priorities are regarding the personal time we have at our disposal. Paula Loveday, Geoff Lovell, and Christian Jones published an article in The Journal of Positive Psychology earlier this year explicitly exploring the psychological mechanisms involved in the process through which leisure can enhance well-being. They did so by undertaking a line-by-line analysis of pre-existing Best Possible Self written data from more than one hundred participants. As detailed in an earlier blog in this series, participants in Best Possible Self studies are asked to produce written accounts of how they imagine their life unfolding when asked to picture themselves as having achieved all/some of their main goals. When reporting their results, the first point the authors noted was that 41% of the 447 sentences analysed mentioned leisure-related pursuits, while 59% were described as ‘non-leisure’. Ten participants (9%) made no mention of leisure at all, while four were said to have produced BPS accounts entirely focused on leisure. They coded the BPS data through the DRAMMA framework. This model identifies five core psychological mechanisms – Detachment-recovery (disconnecting from work/life pressures for the purposes of rest and recovery), autonomy (self-determination in your life), mastery (overcoming challenges and nurturing skills), meaning (purpose and value), and affiliation (a sense of achieving well-being through social connection). Breaking down the sentences deemed to have referred to these five mechanisms and therefore linked with leisure activity, the authors reported that affiliation was most commonly identified (mentioned in 33% of the leisure sentences) – consistent with psychological literature on the correlates of well-being – followed by autonomy (23%), detachment-recovery (21%), mastery (12%), and meaning (11%). Long-time readers of this blog might find these ideas resonant of both the set-point theory of happiness and Seligman’s idea of the Three Happy Lives, and yes, there does appear to be some crossover. Set-point emphasises the importance of volitional activities in terms of individual happiness, i.e., how you choose to spend the personal time at your disposal, and how this, combined with genetic factors and life circumstances combine to influence happiness. The logic is that genetics account for about 50% of our capacity to experience positive emotions and happiness, with life circumstances only accounting for about 10%, with volitional activities accounting for the rest, suggesting that if we can make the most of our nominal leisure, then we can impact positively on our general happiness and well-being. Seligman’s Three Happy Lives model, meanwhile, emphasises pleasure, engagement, and the meaningful life, with the latter two of these most relevant to the deeper, more considered sense of leisure. What we can take from this is that the idea of leisure as being purely about self-indulgence and ‘taking it easy’ is far too narrow. Instead, the leisure time choices we make can be of vital importance to our well-being and we should not underestimate the possibilities associated with that.	http://www.mphc.ie/2018/11/leisure-and-well-being/
Policy and discuss how their approach to the delivery of welfare services differ. Use examples to illustrate your answer. 2 The changing provision of community care is the consequence of historical, social, political and ideological change. Critically discuss. 3 To what extent and why did New Labour’s proposals for the NHS differ from those of the previous New Right Conservative Government? 4 According to the previous New Labour government, a ‘third way’ approach to the delivery of welfare is the most appropriate way forward for Britain. What is the ‘third way’ and how does it compare with the ideology of the previous New Right Conservative Government? 5 How does the coalition governments approach to the delivery of welfare compare with the previous new labour governments? Discuss 6 Discuss the feminist critique of post war social policies. 7 What has been the impact of devolution on the delivery of social policy in ‘Britain’? Discuss. Solution Preview These solutions may offer step-by-step problem-solving explanations or good writing examples that include modern styles of formatting and construction of bibliographies out of text citations and references. Students may use these solutions for personal skill-building and practice. Unethical use is strictly forbidden.Introduction Lowe (1993, P.7) states that the Germans first used the term 'welfare state' associated with the formulation of social policies against Weimar Republic. He argues that the founders initially coined the term as being an organ of the community. It had the responsibility of ensuring that its citizens were well protected and that they respected the international law (Lowe, 1993, P. 10). However, critics argue that the definition of the term has defied its manifestation in society. Feminists have been the latest critiques who view welfare states as gender insensitive arguing that the regime does not acknowledge the inequality between men and women in society. According to Hawkesworth (2006, P.26), feminism is a collection of movements and ideologies sharing the common goal of defining, establishing and ensuring there is equity in the political, social and cultural rights of women. This includes advocating for the rights of women in education and employment too. Feminist campaigns are considered to be the main force behind historical and societal revolutions that achieved success in women’s suffrage and legal and social equality for women. Feminism takes various ethnically distinct forms ranging from liberal feminism, radical feminism, post-modern feminism and social feminism.... By purchasing this solution you'll be able to access the following files: Solution.docx.	https://www.24houranswers.com/college-homework-library/Sociology/Sociology-Other/10389
The International Doctoral Program in Integrative STEM Education at National Taiwan Normal University is designed to develop future STEM innovative educators, leaders, scholars, and researchers prepared to invent and disseminate new integrative approaches to STEM education. Our focus on creating an industry-based context for integrating STEM knowledge and competency practices uniquely sets us apart from other STEM education programs. Moreover, it aims at cultivating researchers and professionals dedicated to addressing the challenges of providing high quality STEM education to students through a variety of departments in STEM education and innovative methods of delivery, e.g., e-learning, hands-on projects, and keynote speeches from outstanding STEM experts from around the world. Features of Curriculum This program focuses on cultivating high-level research talents in integrative STEM education. Our educational objectives are: ⦁ To develop students’ integrative research competency in integrative STEM education according to the needs and development of technological industry ⦁ To develop students’ professional competency in cultivating STEM innovative talents ⦁ To develop students’ leadership, innovation, and collaborative problem solving in leading STEM education team. According to previous educational objectives, the program has a comprehensive curriculum in accordance with industrial developments and demands in the field of STEM education. Graduates from this program will forge new ground in developing theories, designs, and practical solutions for future generations. Career Prospects We have high expectation in our graduates’ future development. The Ph.D. degree of International Doctoral Program in Integrative STEM Education is best suited for students who are interested in pursuing the following career pathways: ⦁ Professors in colleges/universities ⦁ Researchers in academic research institutions ⦁ Professionals in research department of technological industries ⦁ Leaders in educational administrative authorities. Graduation Requirements (Overview) ⦁A minimum of 18 graduate credit hours in total is required. (2 required courses +13 program course + 3 selective course) 1.Students must take 12 credits of course and publish one paper that must meet one of the following conditions before you can apply for the qualification examination. ⦁Have published at least one journal article indexed by SCI、SCIE or SSCI. ⦁Have published at least one symposium paper, which must be fully reviewed and approved, and be orally presented. 2. Students must pass the qualification examination to be eligible for doctoral candidates 3. The qualification examination would be the oral examination of the thesis plan. Those who fail the qualification examination shall not apply for the oral examination of the thesis. 4. There is no limit to the number of applications for the qualification examination, and those who fail the examination may apply again. 5. Eligibility for thesis oral examination: ⦁Four months after passing the oral examination of the thesis plan ⦁Complete 18 course credit Click Here to download the full regulation (will be uploaded soon!) Joint Faculties & Research Expertise Department of Industrial Education Technical and Vocational Education Administration, Technical and Vocational Education Systems, Research Methods in Education, Statistics, StaData Processing and Analysis Learning theories in career and technical education, Adolescent academic achievement and career pathway, policy analysis in career and technical education, postsecondary career and technical education of the U.S.	https://www.cot.ntnu.edu.tw/index.php/en/departments/stem01/
This research was conducted to determine the influence of combined environmental factors on the optimum number of spores released from Gelidium sp. The research was done at the laboratory of Marine Science Development in Jepara.The design of the experiment used was split plot design based on Completely Randomized Design with three factors : light intensity, photoperiod and salinity. Each treatment has three replications. As main plot was combination between light intensity and photoperiod with three levels respectively ( 100 lux ; 500 lux ; 1000 lux ) and photoperiod 14 hours light 10 hours dark ( 14 : 10 hours ; 16 : 8 hours ; 18 : 6 hours ) sub plot was salinity ( 25 %o ; 30 %o ; 35 %o ). The collected data were statistically analyzed with ANOVA, followed by DMRT.The result revealed that the treatment gave the significant effect on the spores released. The optimum average number of spore released of Gelidium sp. Were the combination of light intensity 500 lux, photoperiod 16 : 8 hours and salinity 30 %o. There was a positive interaction between these three factors in affecting the spore released.	http://eprints.undip.ac.id/34361/
How To Stay Productive While Working From Home Even as the pandemic winds down, many businesses have resolved to maintain the work from home formula, even if just for part of the work week. There have been many benefits realised from this mode of operation including a reduction in costs for the businesses in terms of maintaining office spaces, lower commute stress, improved work-life balance, and flexible work schedules. While increased productivity is sometimes touted as one of the benefits, it is not easily achieved when you consider the more distractions, less supervision, and limited communication that comes from working from home. For those trying to gain more focus and be more efficient and effective at their jobs while working remotely, here are a few tips to get you started on the right path. - Create a dedicated workspace With the convenience of a laptop, it can be easy to just sit on the sofa or lie back propped up in bed and think you can get in some solid hours of work. However, when in these environments, our minds are accustomed to rest and will affect how much focus and energy we bring to our job. It is better to create a dedicated workspace with a proper desk and chair as you would have in the office that you can report to and immediately feel you are at work. Preferably in an area of the home where you will be away from distractions like the television and outdoor noises so you can focus better. - Have a set schedule Just as you would wake up at a regular time to get ready for work and commute to your office, you need to maintain regular work hours while at home. While working from home does give you flexibility over your schedule, you can end up derailing yourself if you keep taking breaks and become easily tempted to start your day late or end it early. Setting a schedule and being consistent with your work hours will help ensure you get your work done in good time and even allow your boss and colleagues to know when they are sure to be able to get in touch, enhancing communication. It also helps to communicate with your team and clients about your availability. - Organize your workflow Besides setting your work hours, you need to also plan on how to get your tasks done. Know when to check your email and other communication channels and allocate time for sending back responses. Also, plan to work on tasks of the highest priority when you have the most energy and alertness. Plan ahead for when you will take breaks and limit their number and duration. If in a job role that requires supervision of multiple projects, tasks, teams, or functions, the use of project management software in the UK could be of great help. It provides a single platform on which to oversee all project activities in real-time and the ability to easily identify risks and opportunities. You can remotely monitor the progress of your teams and ensure everyone is on track to accomplishing their set goals. - Keep off social media Social media platforms are a time suck that can be difficult to break away from once you get going. Ensure that you do not access your social media apps from your work computer and keep your personal phone away. You can even use certain settings on your devices or apps to help limit how long you spend on social media and the time of day. This restriction will allow you to better focus on your work with fewer distractions. - Set boundaries This is especially important with family or friends that may assume that just because you work from home you are more available to socialise or help them with other tasks like babysitting. You need to firmly establish that even if you are working from home, you are still working and will not be available to them during work hours. - Have downtime Just because you can set your schedule does not mean you should entirely devote it to work. Overdoing it can lead to a decline in the quality of your work and burnout. You need to figure out a good work-life balance that lets you be as productive as possible while also taking enough rest to recharge and de-stress. - Finding focus The home environment is much different from the office one. Some people find it hard to adjust and find focus while at home after having grown accustomed to the noises of machinery, people talking, typing, footsteps, and other office common office noises. Try different methods of focusing including working from the quietest area of the house, playing some soothing nature sounds in the background or even opening up the window to hear the birds chirping. Try to figure out what works best for you and will help engage your mind and focus. - Get some exercise Without the commute, most people have extra time that can be devoted to enjoying some physical exercise. Even working from home can lead to a sedentary lifestyle that is bad for both physical and mental health. Allocate some time each day to get in some exercise, be it indoors or outdoors. You can also make it as simple as taking a walk or skipping jump rope. Not only will it improve your physical conditions, but it will also boost the level of endorphins in your system that promote higher energy levels and alertness. These are benefits that can improve your concentration and work performance.	https://www.worksavi.com/articles/how-to-stay-productive-while-working-from-home/
The Physical and Mental Health Committee of Gary Alumnae Chapter is known for its deep roots within the community. We continuously strive to raise awareness to address the importance of living a healthy lifestyle not only physically, but mentally as well. As an organization of predominantly African American women, Delta Sigma Theta Sorority, Inc. is uniquely positioned to impact not only the well-being of its membership but also the well-being of families and communities at large. Gary Alumnae Chapter is proud to participate in numerous activities throughout the year. This committee reached out on a more personable level with “Lunch with the Doctor,” with our very own, Dr. Deborah McCullough, a leading OB/GYN in the NWI area who hosted the lunch series since from 2008 – 2017. During Lunch with the Doctor, Dr. McCullough addressed the rising number of health issues that impact the African American community such as Diabetes, HIV/AIDS, and Cancer. Most importantly, Lunch with the Doctor offered resources to address these issues head-on. Information was presented that was educational on health, life’s resources and on government resources that people don’t know are available. Another example of how this committee has planted its roots in the community includes the Breast Cancer Walk (Making Strides Against Breast Cancer). This is one of the largest networks of breast cancer awareness events in the nation, uniting nearly 300 communities with a shared determination to finish the fight. By signing up, fundraising, and participating in one of our non-competitive, three- to five-mile walks, you will help us be there for everyone in every community touched by breast cancer. You will help those who are currently dealing with a breast cancer diagnosis, those who may face a diagnosis in the future, and those who may avoid a diagnosis altogether thanks to education and prevention. Over the years, Gary Alumnae Chapter has raised over $3000.00 for supporting the fight against Breast Cancer. Please join us in October at Hidden Lake Park in Merrillville for this annual walk. The Domestic Violence Candlelight Vigil with the City of Gary has been held since 2015. This vigil remembers those who have lost their lives to domestic violence and to acknowledge those individuals that are survivors as well. We host DV workshops & presentations that feature leading activists, lawmakers, and specialists who educate the masses on this growing problem in the U.S. Our goal is to continue to educate and bring awareness on the importance of balancing physical and mental health locally and nationally. National Diabetes Day is celebrated every November. GAC participates in the national campaign, “I Stop Diabetes.” ID is the Association’s movement to end the devastating toll that diabetes takes on the lives of millions of individuals and families across our nation. Join the Millions® in the Movement. Together we can Stop Diabetes. ® We make our communities aware by posting information at local church services simultaneously throughout the NW Indiana surrounding area. The information keeps our audiences who may not be engaged with social media informed of how diabetes can affect your life. March of Dimes (March for Babies)- This walk takes place every May in Highland, IN at Highland High School. This walk is dedicated to one of the number one killers of children and that is prematurity. Each year 15 million babies are born prematurely costing families over $50,000 in medical cost. Please join us in the spring as we fight against premature births. Do you know what causes heart disease in women? What about the survival rate? Or whether women of all ethnicities share the same risk? The fact is: Heart disease is the No. 1 killer of women, causing 1 in 3 deaths each year. That’s approximately one woman every minute! The American Heart Association’s Go Red For Women movement advocates for more research and swifter action for women’s heart health for this very reason. In this section, we’ll arm you with the facts and dispel some myths – because the truth can no longer be ignored. GAC’s “GO RED for Women” is celebrated in February and usually recognizes women who suffer from heart disease and celebrates survivors. Lupus is one of the cruelest and mysterious diseases on earth. It strikes without warning, has unpredictable and sometimes fatal effects, lasts a lifetime and has no known cause or cure. It is more pervasive than you think and impacts people on a scale that the public does not realize. GAC has participated in the walk since 2014. Please join us for the walk that takes place in Crown Point, IN in May. National MOTTEP® is the National Minority Organ and Tissue Transplant Education Program. It is the first program of its kind in the country designed to: Educate minority communities on facts about organ and tissue transplantation; Empower minority communities to develop transplant education programs which allow them to become involved in addressing the shortage of donors; Increase minority participation in organ/tissue transplant endeavors including signing organ donor cards; Encourage and increase family discussions related to organ and tissue donation; Increase the number of minorities who donate organs and tissues. GAC participates in an annual Youth Summit & Bowl-A-Thon to help continuously spread the word about the importance of minority organ transplants. Watch for us on Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and this website to see where we’re doing. Check us out on our next walk/run. JOIN US!	https://garyalumnaechapterdst.org/programs/physical-and-mental-health/
I retired in June 2019 and have been able to spend a lot more time on photography as a result. I have always photographed the candid moments going on around me. As I age, those recorded moments become more precious for the memories they evoke. I bought a DSLR in 2015, so to make best use of that investment, I have been actively learning about photography, online, in the classroom at structured courses, and at workshops. How would you describe your photography, is there a genre you’re most passionate about? I think my style is still evolving as I am very much still learning. As above, I enjoy photographing the candid moments that occur around our property, within our family, and out on the street. My photography is simple, I try to make the subject obvious and to create a good quality image. I am enjoying learning how to use my camera more creatively and to manipulate images in Photoshop. I am still very much a learner in this regard. However, it is very therapeutic to make an image which tells a story through photography and helps one to move forward in a more positive frame of mind. What are you shooting with? I shoot with a Nikon D850 and various lenses: 50mm prime, 16-35mm, 105mm prime and a very flexible 28–300mm. I practice with a specific lens consistently for a while to best understand what I can do with it. I have a set of Benro filters which I don’t use often enough and various CPL and other filters. I borrow my husband’s Manfrotto tripod a lot and there’s also a Godox flash that I need to master. Tell us about your photo, ‘Living Art’ This photo is a multiple exposure made in camera. My camera will allow me to make a series of images with a range of multiple exposures in each image. Often, I will set my camera to make a series of multiple images with usually two exposures in each image. Then I will shoot away and review the multiple exposures later to see what images I made, essentially by chance, that I like, or which ones “worked”. For this image I liked the look of the tiles on the wall and decided to try a more deliberate approach for multiple exposure. I shot the tiles and then selected “multiple exposure mode” selecting the tiles as my “first exposure”. My camera gives me a choice of overlay modes: Add, Average, Lighten or Darken. This meant I could take the first exposure of the tiles, then go outside and shoot a range of images using the tiles as the first exposure and various plants and trees in our garden as the second exposure. Using the “select first exposure” option, and my preferred overlay mode, I had more control over the composition and look of the final image. I was deliberately trying to learn and apply a new way of working as I made this image, and I had been thinking about the tiles and potential images that might work with them for a while. It was a process of trial and error and applying my camera to blend art and nature in a way that worked for me and created the image I had imagined in my head. What editing did you do to the final image? I didn’t do much editing at all, mainly just used the standard sliders in Lightroom, increasing the whites and reducing the highlights, adding some clarity and dehaze, some sharpening and some noise reduction. I also removed some spots off the wall. How happy are you with this multiple exposure, is there anything you would do differently? I am reasonably happy with the image given I was trying to learn a new process. It worked as I envisioned and I will probably use the “select first exposure“ option more often in the future, instead of mostly shooting multiple exposures at random and hoping I will get a “lucky shot” that I like. Of course, I would probably also try to get the tiles straighter if giving this another go! What tips can you share with readers for achieving a similar shot? Check to see if you can easily make multiple exposures in camera with the model that you have. Try the different overlay modes to learn how they impact your image. This might also help you to understand some of the blend modes in Photoshop. Have fun, experiment with your camera - turn on the multiple exposure mode and shoot away to see what comes up. Then, once you understand what your camera can do, be more deliberate.	https://nzphotographer.nz/behind-the-shot-58/
[RRI Good Practice] Gender Equality Plan at the University of Banja Luka What is the good practice about? The Gender Equality Plan (GEP) at the University of Banja Luka (UNIBL) for the period 2022-2026 has been developed as a result of the UNIBL team's effort and management commitment to bringing institutional change and fostering gender equality. It is based on the first-ever gender equality audit conducted throughout 2021 at UNIBL and it used an adjusted combination of methodologies for GEP audit and development from different projects (such as PLOTINA, SAGE etc.). GEP at UNIBL represents a starting point for continuous improvement and regular monitoring of gender equality at UNIBL. It has been endorsed not only by UNIBL top management but also by the Senate (gathering Deans of the Faculties, student representatives and the top management) as well as by the Gender Equality Advisory Board at the UNIBL (appointed in September 2021). Why is this initiative needed? UNIBL had no analysis of the current state of affairs in terms of gender equality prior to engaging in the gender equality audit and subsequent GEP development in 2021. A dedicated team at UNIBL suggested to top management that there is no knowledge of the current situation, and in light of the HR Excellence in Research logo that has been awarded to UNIBL, as well as in light of the requirements of the Horizon Europe participation, the top management decided that there should be a detailed analysis of the situation followed by a plan for action. What are the main objectives? The main objective of GEP at UNIBL was to define the mechanisms and actions for improvement of gender equality at the institutional level, based on the gender equality audit conducted. What are the main activities? The activities towards the development of GEP included the following steps after there was a commitment by top management to dive into this endeavour: 1) Setting up a "task force" for GEP audit and development; 2) Obtaining funding from the Ministry of Civil Affairs of B&H through grant (support to ongoing H2020 project WBC-RRI.NET), 3) Team of 4 dedicated persons at different levels and with different tasks established, 4) Exploring the landscape and useful examples/tools (GEAR, SAGE, PLOTINA), 5) Obtaining advice and support – Centre for Social Innovations (ZSI), Vienna, 6) Taking part at events to exchange knowledge and experience (Gender Equality Event, July 2021, WBC-RRI.NET), 7) Conducting gender equality audit (quantitative check and qualitative interviews with employees + legal documents analysis), 8) Drafting of the Gender Equality Plan with specific actions under 6 domains (Institutional setting; Work-life balance and organisational culture; Gender balance in leadership and decision-making; Gender equality in recruitment and career progression; Integration of gender dimension into research and teaching content; Measures against gender-based violence including sexual harassment), 9) Having the draft GEP reviewed by internal (Gender Equality Advisory Board) and external (ZSI) parties, 10) Finalizing the GEP and 11) Adoption by the Senate and publishing at UNIBL website. Who is involved? The top management has been involved from the very beginning (in the planning phase) by committing the resources for gender equality audit and GEP development. The employees at UNIBL have been involved as interviewees, but through the interviews, they had the possibility not only to describe their views of the current state of gender equality at UNIBL but also to provide their ideas and opinions on what should be done for improvement of the situation. The Gender Equality Advisory Board provided comments and suggestions to the draft GEP and they will be actively involved in the implementation of the designed activities of the GEP. The Senate was involved in the final part of the process, adopting the GEP as an official document of UNIBL. Our partners, ZSI, have been actively engaged in the process as support for the development of the methodology and approach, sharing their knowledge and experiences, and providing comments on the draft versions of the gender equality audit and GEP. Can this good practice be replicated? UNIBL is available to share the experience in conducting gender equality audit and subsequent GEP development, provide advice on what to avoid while planning and developing the methodology (based on our own mistakes), and what to bear in mind when conducting qualitative interviews and analysing them, how to approach the stakeholders and have them involved (especially the decision-makers) etc. It can be done through one-on-one consultations/meetings or through the development of a "best practices and mistakes to avoid" manual (maybe together with others who have gone through the same process) bearing in mind some of the specifics of the public universities in B&H/WB. GEP at UNIBL (and gender equality audit) are publicly available in both English and the local language. However, one has to bear in mind that it is a document developed for a university with around 15000 students and around 1400 employees and the approach to gender equality audit and GEP actions might be different than for larger or smaller size organizations. More information about the necessary resources are available and contacts with the project promoters can be established in case of interest! Further links:	https://wbc-rti.info/object/link/22736
--- abstract: 'We prove that some subquotient categories of one-sided triangulated categories are abelian. This unifies a result by Iyama-Yoshino in the case of triangulated categories and a result by Demonet-Liu in the case of exact categories.' address: - ' School of Mathematical sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou362021, China.' - ' School of Mathematical sciences, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou362021, China.' author: - Zengqiang Lin and Yang Zhang title: 'QUOTIENTS OF ONE-SIDED TRIANGULATED CATEGORIES BY RIGID SUBCATEGORIES AS MODULE CATEGORIES' --- [^1] Introduction ============ Cluster tilting theory gives a way to construct abelian categories from some triangulated categories. Let $H$ be a hereditary algebra over a field $k$, and $\mathcal{C}$ be the cluster category defined in \[1\] as the factor category $D^b(\mbox{mod}H)/\tau^{-1}\Sigma$, where $\tau$ and $\Sigma$ be the Auslander-Reiten translation and shift functor of $D^b(\mbox{mod}H)$ respectively. For a cluster tilting object $T$ in $\mathcal{C}$, Buan, Marsh and Reiten \[2\] showed that $\mathcal{C}/{\text{add}\tau T}\cong\text{mod }\text{End}_{\mathcal{C}}(T)^{\text{op}}$. Keller and Reiten \[3\] generalized this result in the case of 2-Calabi-Yau triangulated categories by showing that ${\mathcal{C}/\Sigma\mathcal{T}}\cong \mbox{mod}{\mathcal{T}}$, where ${\mathcal{T}}$ is a cluster tilting subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$. A general framework for cluster tilting is set up by Koenig and Zhu. They \[4\] showed that any quotient of a triangulated category modulo a cluster titling subcategory carries an abelian structure . Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a triangulated category and $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory, i.e. Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(\mathcal{M},\Sigma\mathcal{M})=0$. Iyama and Yoshino \[5\] showed that ${\mathcal{M}\ast\Sigma\mathcal{M}/\Sigma\mathcal{M}}\cong\mbox{mod}\mathcal{M}$. In particular, if $\mathcal{M}$ is a cluster tilting subcategory, then $\mathcal{M}\ast\Sigma\mathcal{M}=\mathcal{C}$, thus the work generalized some former results in \[2,3,4\]. Recently, Cluster tilting theory is also permitted to construct abelian categories from some exact categories. Let $\mathcal{B}$ be an exact category with enough projectives and $\mathcal{M}$ be a cluster tilting subcategory. Demonet and Liu \[6\] showed that $\mathcal{B}/\mathcal{M}\cong\mbox{mod}\underline{\mathcal{M}}$, which generalized the work of Koenig and Zhu in the case of Frobenius categories. The main aim of this article is to unify the work of Iyama-Yoshino and Demonet-Liu, and give a framework for construct abelian categories from triangulated categories and exact categories. Our setting is one-sided triangulated category, which is a natural generalization of triangulated category. Left and right triangulated categories were defined by Beligiannis and Marmaridsis in \[7\]. For details and more information on one-sided triangulated categories we refer to \[7-9\]. The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review some basic material on module categories over $k$-linear categories and quotient categories etc. In Section 3, we prove that some subquotient categories of right triangulated categories are module categories, which unifies the Proposition 6.2 in \[4\] and the Theorem 3.5 in \[5\]. In Section 4, we prove that some subquotient categories of left triangulated categories are module categories, which unifies the Proposition 6.2 in \[4\] and the Theorem 3.2 in \[5\]. And we will see that the case of right triangulated categories and the case of left triangulated categories are not dual. Preliminaries ============= Throughout this paper, $k$ denotes a field. When we say that $\mathcal{C}$ is a category, we always assume that $\mathcal{C}$ is a Hom-finite Krull-Schmidt $k$-linear category. For a subcategory $\mathcal{M}$ of category $\mathcal{C}$, we mean $\mathcal{M}$ is an additive full subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$ which is closed under taking direct summands. Let $f:X\rightarrow Y$, $g:Y\rightarrow Z$ be morphisms in $\mathcal{C}$, we denote by $gf$ the composition of $f$ and $g$, and $f_{\ast}$ the morphism $\hom_{C}(M,f): \mbox{Hom}_\mathcal{C}(M,X)\rightarrow \hom_{\mathcal{C}}(M,Y)$ for any $M\in\mathcal{C}$. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a category and $\mathcal{X}$ be a subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$. A right $\mathcal{X}$-approximation of $C$ in $\mathcal{C}$ is a map $f: X\rightarrow C$, with $X$ in $\mathcal{X}$, such that for all objects $X'$ in $\mathcal{X}$, the sequence Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(X',X)\rightarrow$Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(X',C)\rightarrow0$ is exact. If for any object $C\in\mathcal{C}$, there exists a right $\mathcal{X}$-approximation $f:X\rightarrow C$, then $\mathcal{X}$ is called a contravariantly finite subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$. Dually we have the notions of left $\mathcal{X}$-approximation and covariantly finite subcategory. $\mathcal{X}$ is called functorially finite if $\mathcal{X}$ is contravariantly finite and covariantly finite. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a category. A pseudokernel of a morphism $v: V\rightarrow W$ in $\mathcal{C}$ is a morphism $u: U\rightarrow V$ such that $vu=0$ and if $u':U'\rightarrow V$ is a morphism such that $vu'=0$, there exists $f: U'\rightarrow U$ such that $u'=uf$. Pseudocokernels are defined dually. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a category. A $\mathcal{C}$-module is a contravariant $k$-linear functor $F:C\rightarrow$ Mod$k$. Then $\mathcal{C}$-modules form an abelian category Mod$\mathcal{C}$. By Yoneda’s lemma, representable functors Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(-,C)$ are projective objects in Mod$\mathcal{C}$. We denote by mod $\mathcal{C}$ the subcategory of Mod$\mathcal{C}$ consisting of finitely presented $\mathcal{C}$-modules. One can easily check that mod$\mathcal{C}$ is closed under cokernels and extensions in Mod$\mathcal{C}$. Moreover, mod$\mathcal{C}$ is closed under kernels in Mod$\mathcal{C}$ if and only if $\mathcal{C}$ has pseudokernels. In this case, mod$\mathcal{C}$ forms an abelian category (see \[10\]). For example, if $\mathcal{C}$ is a contravariantly finite subcategory of a triangulated category, then mod$\mathcal{C}$ forms an abelian category. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be an additive category and $\mathcal{B}$ be a subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$. For any two objects $X,Y\in\mathcal{C}$, denote by $\mathcal{B}(X,Y)$ the additive subgroup of Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(X,Y)$ such that for any morphism $f\in\mathcal{B}(X,Y)$, $f$ factors through some object in $\mathcal{B}$. We denote by $\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{B}$ the quotient category whose objects are objects of $\mathcal{C}$ and whose morphisms are elements of Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(M,N)/\mathcal{B}(M,N)$. The projection functor $\pi:\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{B}$ is an additive functor satisfying $\pi(\mathcal{B})=0$, and for any additive functor $F:\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\mathcal{D}$ satisfying $F(\mathcal{B})=0$, there exists a unique additive functor $G:\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{B}\rightarrow\mathcal{D}$ such that $F=G\pi$. We have the following two easy and useful facts. Let $F: \mathcal{C}\rightarrow \mathcal{D}$ be an additive functor. If $F$ is full and dense, and there exists a subcategory $\mathcal{B}$ of $\mathcal{C}$ such that any morphism $f:X\rightarrow Y$ in $\mathcal{C}$ with $F(f)=0$ factors through some object in $\mathcal{B}$, then $F$ induces an equivalence $\mathcal{C}/\mathcal{B}\cong\mathcal{D}$. Let $\mathcal{A}$ be an additive category, $\mathcal{B}$ and $\mathcal{C}$ be two subcategories of $\mathcal{A}$ with $\mathcal{C}\subset\mathcal{B}$. Then there exists an equivalence of categories $(\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{C})/(\mathcal{B}/\mathcal{C})\cong\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$. Let $\pi_{\mathcal{B}}:\mathcal{A}\rightarrow{\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}}$ and $\pi_{\mathcal{C}}:\mathcal{A}\rightarrow{\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{C}}$ be the projection functors. Note that $\mathcal{C}\subset\mathcal{B}$, we have $\pi_{\mathcal{B}}(\mathcal{C})=0$, thus there exists a unique functor $F:\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$ such that $F\pi_{\mathcal{C}}=\pi_{\mathcal{B}}$. Since $\pi_{\mathcal{B}}$ is full and dense, $F$ is full and dense too. Let $f:X\rightarrow Y$ be a morphism in $\mathcal{A}$ such that $F(\pi_{\mathcal{C}}(f))=0$, that is $\pi_{\mathcal{B}}(f)=0$. Then $f$ factors through some object in $\mathcal{B}$, thus $\pi_{\mathcal{C}}(f)$ factors through some object in $\mathcal{B}/\mathcal{C}$. According to Lemma 2.1, we have an equivalence of categories $(\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{C})/(\mathcal{B}/\mathcal{C})\xrightarrow{\sim}\mathcal{A}/\mathcal{B}$. Subquotient categories of right triangulated categories ======================================================= Firstly, we recall some basics on right triangulated categories from \[8\]. A right triangulated category is a triple $(\mathcal{C},\Sigma,\rhd)$, or simply $\mathcal{C}$, where: (a)$\mathcal{C}$ is an additive category. (b)$\Sigma:\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\mathcal{C}$ is an additive functor, called the shift functor of $\mathcal{C}$. (c)$\rhd$ is a class of sequences of three morphisms of the form $U\xrightarrow{u}V\xrightarrow{v}W\xrightarrow{w}\Sigma U$, called right triangles, and satisfying the following axioms: (RTR0)If $U\xrightarrow{u}V\xrightarrow{v}W\xrightarrow{w}\Sigma U$ is a right triangle, and $U'\xrightarrow{u'}V'\xrightarrow{v'}W'\xrightarrow{w'}\Sigma U'$ is a sequence of morphisms such that there exists a commutative diagram in $\mathcal{C}$ $$\xymatrix{ U\ar[r]^{u}\ar[d]^{f} & V\ar[r]^{v}\ar[d]^{g} & W\ar[r]^{w}\ar[d]^{h} & \Sigma U\ar[d]^{\Sigma f} \\ U'\ar[r]^{u'} & V'\ar[r]^{v'} & W'\ar[r]^{w'} & \Sigma U', }$$ where $f,g,h$ are isomorphisms, then $U'\xrightarrow{u'}V'\xrightarrow{v'}W'\xrightarrow{w'}\Sigma U'$ is also a right triangle. (RTR1)For any $U\in\mathcal{C}$, the sequence $0\xrightarrow{}U\xrightarrow{1_{U}}U\xrightarrow{}0$ is a right triangle. And for any morphism $u:U\rightarrow V$ in $\mathcal{C}$, there exists a right triangle $U\xrightarrow{u}V\xrightarrow{v}W\xrightarrow{w}\Sigma U$. (RTR2)If $U\xrightarrow{u}V\xrightarrow{v}W\xrightarrow{w}\Sigma U$ is a right triangle, then so is $V\xrightarrow{v}W\xrightarrow{w}\Sigma U\xrightarrow{-\sum u}\Sigma V$. (RTR3)For any two right triangles $U\xrightarrow{u}V\xrightarrow{v}W\xrightarrow{w}\Sigma U$ and $U'\xrightarrow{u'}V'\xrightarrow{v'}W'\xrightarrow{w'}\Sigma U'$, and any two morphisms $f:U\rightarrow U'$, $g:V\rightarrow V'$ such that $gu=u'f$, there exists $h:W\rightarrow W'$ such that the following diagram is commutative $$\xymatrix{ U\ar[r]^{u}\ar[d]^{f} & V\ar[r]^{v}\ar[d]^{g} & W\ar[r]^{w}\ar@{-->}[d]^{h} & \Sigma U\ar[d]^{\Sigma f} \\ U'\ar[r]^{u'} & V'\ar[r]^{v'} & W'\ar[r]^{w'} & \Sigma U'. }$$ (RTR4)For any two right triangles $U\xrightarrow{u}V\xrightarrow{v}W\xrightarrow{w}\Sigma U$ and $U'\xrightarrow{u'}U\xrightarrow{v'}W'\xrightarrow{w'}\Sigma U'$, there exists a commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ U'\ar[r]^{u'}\ar@{=}[d] & U\ar[r]^{v'}\ar[d]^{u} & W'\ar[r]^{w'}\ar[d]^{f} & \Sigma U\ar@{=}[d] \\ U'\ar[r]^{u\cdot u'} & V\ar[r]^{p}\ar[d]^{v} & V'\ar[r]^{q}\ar[d]^{g} & \Sigma U' \\ & W\ar@{=}[r]\ar[d]^{w} & W\ar[d]^{\Sigma v'\cdot w} \\ & \Sigma U\ar[r]^{\Sigma v'} & \Sigma W', }$$ where the second row and the third column are right triangles. A triangulated category $\mathcal{C}$ is a right triangulated category, where the shift functor $\Sigma$ is an equivalence. In this case, right triangles in $\mathcal{C}$ are called triangles. (cf.\[7,11\]) Let $\mathcal{B}$ be an exact category which contains enough injectives. The subcategory of injectives is denoted by $\mathcal{I}$. Then the quotient category $\overline{\mathcal{B}}=\mathcal{B}/\mathcal{I}$ is a right triangulated category. For any morphism $f\in\mbox{Hom}_\mathcal{B}(X,Y)$, we denote its image in Hom$_{\overline{\mathcal{B}}}(X,Y)$ by $\overline{f}$. Let us recall the definitions of the shift functor $\Sigma$ and of the distinguished right triangles. For any $X\in\mathcal{B}$, there is a short exact sequence $0\rightarrow X \xrightarrow{i_X} I_X\xrightarrow {d_X}C_X\rightarrow 0$ with $I_X\in\mathcal{I}$. For any morphism $f:X\rightarrow Y$, we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows $$\xymatrix{ 0\ar[r] & X\ar[d]_{f}\ar[r]^{i_{X}} & I_{X}\ar[r]^{d_{X}}\ar[d]_{i_{f}} & C_{X}\ar[r]\ar[d]_{c_{f}} & 0 \\ 0\ar[r] & Y\ar[r]^{i_{Y}} & I_{Y}\ar[r]^{d_{Y}} & C_{Y}\ar[r] & 0,}$$ where $I_{X},I_{Y}\in\mathcal{I}$. Define $\Sigma(X)=C_X$ and $\Sigma\overline{f}=\overline{c_{f}}$. We can show that the functor $\Sigma$ is well defined. For any morphism $f:X\rightarrow Y$, we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows $$\xymatrix{ 0\ar[r] & X\ar[d]_{f}\ar[r]^{i_{X}} & I_{X}\ar[r]^{d_{X}}\ar[d]_{i_{f}} & C_X\ar[r]\ar@{=}[d] & 0 \\ 0\ar[r] & Y\ar[r]^{g} & Z\ar[r]^{h} & C_X\ar[r] & 0,}$$ where $Z$ is the pushout of $f$ and $i_X$. Then $X\xrightarrow{\overline{f}}Y\xrightarrow{\overline{g}}Z\xrightarrow{\overline{h}}\Sigma X$, or equivalently $X\xrightarrow{\tiny\left( \begin{array}{c} \overline{f} \\ \overline{i_X} \\ \end{array} \right)}Y\oplus I_X\xrightarrow{(\overline{g},-\overline{i_f})}Z\xrightarrow{\overline{h}}\Sigma X$ is a distinguished right triangle. In this case, there is a short exact sequence $0\rightarrow X\xrightarrow{\tiny\left( \begin{array}{c} f \\ i_X \\ \end{array} \right) }Y\oplus I_X\xrightarrow{(g,-i_f)}Z\rightarrow0$. And we have the following commutative diagram of short exact sequences $$\xymatrix{ 0\ar[r] & X\ar@{=}[d]\ar[rr]^{\tiny\left( \right)}& & Y\oplus I_{X}\ar[d]_{(0,1)}\ar[rr]^{(g,-i_{f})} & & Z\ar[d]_{-h}\ar[r] & 0\\ 0\ar[r] & X\ar[rr]^{i_X}& & I_X\ar[rr]^{d_X} & & \Sigma X\ar[r] & 0. }$$ So a distinguished right triangle in $\overline{\mathcal{B}}$ give rise to a short exact sequence in $\mathcal{B}$. On the other hand, Let $0\rightarrow X\xrightarrow{f}Y\xrightarrow {g}Z\rightarrow0$ be a short exact sequence in $\mathcal{B}$, then we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows $$\xymatrix{ 0\ar[r] & X\ar@{=}[d]\ar[r]^{f} & Y\ar[r]^{g}\ar[d]_{i_{Y}} & Z\ar[r]\ar[d]^{h} & 0 \\ 0\ar[r] & X\ar[r]^{i_Y} & I_Y\ar[r]^{p} & \Sigma X\ar[r] & 0,}$$ where $I_Y\in\mathcal{I}$, and $X\xrightarrow{\overline{f}}Y\xrightarrow{\overline{g}}Z\xrightarrow{-\overline{h}}\Sigma X$ is a right triangle in $\overline{\mathcal{B}}$ \[11\]. Thus, a short exact sequence in $\mathcal{B}$ give rise to a right triangle in $\overline{\mathcal{B}}$. The following lemma can be found in \[7\]. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a right triangulated category, and $U\xrightarrow{u}V\xrightarrow{v}W\xrightarrow{w}\Sigma U$ be a right triangle. \(a) $v$ is a pseudocokernel of $u$, and $w$ is a pseudocokernel of $v$. \(b) If $\Sigma$ is fully faithful, then $u$ is a pseudokernel of $v$, and $v$ is a pseudokernel of $w$. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a right triangulated category. A subcategory $\mathcal{M}$ of $\mathcal{C}$ is called a rigid subcategory if Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(\mathcal{M},\Sigma\mathcal{M})=0$. Let $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$. Denote by $\mathcal{M}\ast\Sigma\mathcal{M}$ the subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$ consisting of all such $X\in\mathcal{C}$ with right triangles $M_{0}\rightarrow M_{1}\rightarrow X\rightarrow\Sigma M_{0},$ where $M_{0},M_{1}\in\mathcal{M}$. Now we can state the main theorem of this section. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a right triangulated category, and $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$ satisfying: (RC1)$\Sigma$ is fully faithful when it is restricted to $\mathcal{M}$. (RC2)For any two objects $M_{0},M_{1}\in\mathcal{M}$, if $M_{0}\xrightarrow{f}M_{1}\xrightarrow{g}X\xrightarrow{h}\Sigma M_{0}$ is a right triangle in $\mathcal{C}$, then $g$ is a right $\mathcal{M}$-approximation of $X$. Then there exists an equivalence of categories $\mathcal{M}\ast\Sigma\mathcal{M}\big{/}\Sigma\mathcal{M}\cong\mbox{mod}\mathcal{M}$. Before prove the theorem, we prove the lemma as follow. Under the same assumption as in Theorem 3.6, for any right triangle $M_{0}\xrightarrow{f}M_{1}\xrightarrow{g}X\xrightarrow{h}\Sigma M_{0}$ where $M_0, M_1\in\mathcal{M}$, there is an exact sequence in $\text{Mod} \mathcal{M}$ $$\text{Hom} _{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{0})\xrightarrow{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,f)} \mbox{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})\xrightarrow{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(-,g)} \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(-,X)\|_{\mathcal{M}}\rightarrow0.$$ Thus, $\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(-,X)\|_{\mathcal{M}}\in\text{mod}\mathcal{M}$. Let $M_{0}\xrightarrow{f}M_{1}\xrightarrow{g} X\xrightarrow{h}\Sigma M_{0}$ be a right triangle with $M_{0},M_{1}\in\mathcal{M}$. For any $M\in\mathcal{M}$, we claim that the following sequence is exact $$\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,M_{0})\xrightarrow{f_{\ast}}\text{Hom} _{\mathcal{C}}(M,M_{1})\xrightarrow{g_{\ast}}\text{Hom} _{\mathcal{C}}(M,X)\rightarrow0.\quad(\star)$$ In fact, by Lemma 3.4 (a), we have $ gf=0$, hence Im$f_{\ast}\subseteq$Ker$g_{\ast}$. For any $ t\in$Ker$g_{\ast}$, we have the following commutative diagram of right triangles by (RTR3) $$\xymatrix{ M\ar[r]\ar[d]^{t} & 0\ar[r]\ar[d] & \Sigma M\ar[r]^{-\Sigma1_{M}}\ar@{-->}[d]^{m'} & \Sigma M\ar[d]^{\Sigma t} \\ M_{1}\ar[r]^{g} & X\ar[r]^{h} & \Sigma M_{0}\ar[r]^{-\Sigma f} & \Sigma M_{1}.}$$ Since $\Sigma\|_{\mathcal{M}}$ is full, there exists a morphism $m:M\rightarrow M_{0}$ such that $m'=\Sigma m$, so $\Sigma t=\Sigma (fm)$. Since $\Sigma\|_{\mathcal{M}}$ is faithful, $t=fm=f_{\ast}(m)\in$Im$f_{\ast}$, then Im$f_{\ast}\supseteq$Ker$g_{ \ast}$. Hence Im$f_{\ast}$=Ker$g_{ \ast}$. On the other hand, by (RC2), $g_{\ast}$ is surjective. So ($\star$) is exact. Since $M$ is arbitrary in $\mathcal{M}$, there exists an exact sequence $$\mbox{Hom} _{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{0})\xrightarrow{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,f)} \mbox{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})\xrightarrow{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(-,g)} \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(-,X)\|_{\mathcal{M}}\rightarrow0.$$ [Proof of Theorem 3.6.]{} By Lemma 3.7, we have an additive functor $F:\mathcal{M}\ast\Sigma\mathcal{M}\rightarrow \text{Mod}\mathcal{M}$, which is defined by $F(X)=\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(-,X)\|_{\mathcal{M}}$. Firstly, we show that $F$ is dense. For any object $G\in$ mod$\mathcal{M}$, there exists an exact sequence $$\mbox{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M')\xrightarrow{\alpha} \mbox{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M'')\rightarrow G\rightarrow0$$ with $M',M''\in\mathcal{M}$. By Yoneda’s Lemma, there exists a morphism $f:M'\rightarrow M''$ such that $\alpha$=Hom$_{\mathcal{M}}(-,f)$. Then by (RTR1), there exists a right triangle $M'\xrightarrow{f}M''\xrightarrow{g}Z\xrightarrow{h}\Sigma M'$. By Lemma 3.7, there exists an exact sequence Hom$_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M')\xrightarrow{\alpha}$ Hom$_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M'')\rightarrow F(Z)\rightarrow0$, thus $G$=Coker$\alpha\cong F(Z)$. Hence $F$ is dense. Secondly, we show that $F$ is full. For any morphism $\beta:F(X)\rightarrow F(Y)$ in mod $\mathcal{M}$, because Hom$_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})$ is a projective object in mod$\mathcal{M}$, we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows in Mod$\mathcal{M}$ $$\xymatrix{ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{0})\ar[rr]^{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,f_{1})}\ar@{-->}[d]^{\gamma_{0}}& & \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})\ar[r]\ar@{-->}[d]^{\gamma_{1}} & F(X)\ar[d]^{\beta}\ar[r] & 0 \\ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,N_{0})\ar[rr]^{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,f_{2})}& & \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,N_{1})\ar[r]& F(Y)\ar[r] & 0.}$$ By Yoneda’s Lemma, for $i=0,1$, there exists a morphism $m_{i}:M_{i}\rightarrow N_{i}$ such that $\gamma_{i}$=Hom$_{\mathcal{M}}(-, m_{i})$ and $m_{1}f_{1}$=$f_{2}m_{0}$. Hence by (RTR3) we have the following commutative diagram of right triangles $$\xymatrix{ M_{0}\ar[r]^{f_{1}}\ar[d]^{m_{0}} & M_{1}\ar[r]^{g_{1}}\ar[d]^{m_{1}} & X\ar[r]^{h_{1}}\ar@{-->}[d]^{s} & \Sigma M_{0}\ar[d]^{\Sigma m_{0}} \\ N_{0}\ar[r]^{f_{2}} & N_{1}\ar[r]^{g_{2}} & Y\ar[r]^{h_{2}} & \Sigma N_{0}. }$$ Then by Lemma 3.7, we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows in Mod$\mathcal{M}$ $$\xymatrix{ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{0})\ar[rr]^{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,f_{1})}\ar[d]^{\gamma_{0}}& & \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})\ar[r]\ar[d]^{\gamma_{1}} & F(X)\ar[d]^{F(s)}\ar[r] & 0 \\ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,N_{0})\ar[rr]^{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,f_{2})}& & \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,N_{1})\ar[r]& F(Y)\ar[r] & 0.}$$ So $\beta=F(s)$. Hence $F$ is full. At last, in order to show $\mathcal{M}\ast\Sigma\mathcal{M}/\Sigma\mathcal{M}\cong\text{mod}\mathcal{M}$, by Lemma 2.1 we only need to prove that any morphism $t:X\rightarrow Y$ in $\mathcal{M}\ast\Sigma\mathcal{M}$ satisfying $F(t)=0$ factors through some object in $\Sigma\mathcal{M}$. In fact, let $M_{0}\xrightarrow{f_{1}}M_{1}\xrightarrow{g_{1}}X\xrightarrow{h_{1}}\Sigma M_{0}$ be a right triangle with $M_0, M_1\in\mathcal{M}$, then $tg_{1}=0$ since $F(t)=0$. Thus by Lemma 3.4(a), $t$ factors through $h_{1}$, so $t$ factors through $\Sigma M_{0}\in\Sigma\mathcal{M}$. $\Box$ Applying Theorem 3.6, we can get the following two corollaries. (\[4, Proposition 6.2\]) Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a triangulated category with the shift functor $\Sigma$ and $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory of $ \mathcal{C}$. Then there exists an equivalence of categories $\mathcal{M}\ast\Sigma\mathcal{M}\big{/}\Sigma\mathcal{M}\cong\text{mod}\mathcal{M}$. Since the shift functor $\Sigma$ is an equivalence, we know that $\Sigma\|_{\mathcal{M}}$ is fully faithful. Let $M_{0}\xrightarrow{f} M_{1}\xrightarrow {g}X\xrightarrow{h}\Sigma M_{0}$ be a triangle in $\mathcal{C}$, where $M_{0},M_{1}\in\mathcal{M}$. Since $\mathcal{M}$ is rigid, we know that $g$ is a right $\mathcal{M}$-approximation of $X$ by Lemma 3.4(b). Thus, condition (RC1) and (RC2) hold. Let $\mathcal{B}$ be an exact category and $\mathcal{M}$ be a full subcategory of $\mathcal{B}$. $\mathcal{M}$ is called rigid if Ext$^1_B(\mathcal{M},\mathcal{M})=0$. (\[6, Theorem 3.5\]) Let $\mathcal{B}$ be an exact category which contains enough injectives, and $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory of $\mathcal{B}$ containing all injectives. Denote by $\mathcal{I}$ the subcategory of injectives, and by $\overline{\mathcal{M}}$ the quotient category $\mathcal{M}/\mathcal{I}$. Denote by $\mathcal{M}_{R}$ the subcategory of objects $X$ in $\mathcal{B}$ such that there exist short exact sequences $0\rightarrow M_{0}\rightarrow M_{1}\rightarrow X\rightarrow0$, where $M_{0},M_{1}\in\mathcal{M}$. Denote by $\Sigma\mathcal{M}$ the subcategory of objects $Y$ in $\mathcal{B}$ such that there exist short exact sequences $0\rightarrow M\rightarrow I\rightarrow Y\rightarrow0$, where $M\in\mathcal{M}$, $I\in\mathcal{I}$. Then $\mathcal{M}_{R}\big{/}\Sigma\mathcal{M} \cong\text{ mod}\overline{\mathcal{M}}$. According to Theorem 3.6, we prove the corollary by several steps. \(a) $\overline{\mathcal{M}}$ is a rigid subcategory of the right triangulated category $\overline{\mathcal{B}}=\mathcal{B}/\mathcal{I}$. Let $\Sigma$ be the shift functor of $\overline{\mathcal{B}}$, then it is easy to see that $\Sigma \overline{\mathcal{M}}=\overline{\Sigma\mathcal{M}}$. We claim that Hom$_{\overline{\mathcal{B}}}(\overline{\mathcal{M}},\Sigma\overline{\mathcal{M}})=0$. In fact, for any $\overline{f}\in\hom_{\overline{\mathcal{B}}}(M, Y)$, where $M\in\overline{\mathcal{M}}$ and $Y\in\Sigma\overline{\mathcal{M}}$. There is a short exact sequence $0\rightarrow M'\xrightarrow{i} I\xrightarrow{d} Y\rightarrow0$, where $M'\in\mathcal{M}$, $I\in\mathcal{I}$. Since $\mathcal{M}$ is rigid in $\mathcal{B}$, applying Hom$_\mathcal{B}(M,-)$ to the short exact sequence, we have an exact sequence $$0\rightarrow \mbox{Hom}(M,M')\xrightarrow {i_\ast}\mbox{Hom}(M,I)\xrightarrow {d_\ast}\mbox{Hom}(M,Y)\rightarrow0.$$ So $d$ is a right $\mathcal{M}$-approximation of $Y$. Thus, $f$ factors through $I$, hence $\overline{f}=0$. \(b) $\overline{{\mathcal{M}}_{R}}=\overline{\mathcal{M}}\ast\Sigma\overline{\mathcal{M}}$. It follows from Example 3.3. \(c) $\mathcal{M}_{R}\big{/}\Sigma\mathcal{M}\cong\overline{\mathcal{M}_{R}}\big{/}\Sigma\overline{\mathcal{M}}$. It follows from Lemma 2.2 since $\mathcal{I}\subset\Sigma\mathcal{M}\subset\mathcal{M}_{R}$ and $\Sigma \overline{\mathcal{M}}=\overline{\Sigma\mathcal{M}}$. \(d) $\Sigma\|_{\overline{\mathcal{M}}}$ is fully faithful. For any $M',M''\in\mathcal{M}$, there exist two short exact sequences $0\rightarrow M'\xrightarrow{i_{M'}}I_{M'}\xrightarrow{d_{M'}}\Sigma M'\rightarrow0$ and $0\rightarrow M''\xrightarrow{i_{M''}}I_{M''}\xrightarrow{d_{M''}}\Sigma M''\rightarrow0$, where $I_{M'},I_{M''}\in\mathcal{I}$, and $d_{M'}$,$d_{M''}$ are right $\mathcal{M}$-approximations. For any morphism $\alpha:\Sigma M'\rightarrow\Sigma M''$ in $\mathcal{B}$, since $d_{M''}$ is a right $\mathcal{M}$-approximation and $I_{M'}\in\mathcal{I}\subset\mathcal{M}$ , we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows in $\mathcal{B}$ $$\xymatrix{ 0\ar[r] & M'\ar@{-->}[d]^{m}\ar[r]^{i_{M'}} & I_{M'}\ar[r]^{d_{M'}}\ar@{-->}[d]^{j} & \Sigma M'\ar[r]\ar[d]^{\alpha} & 0 \\ 0\ar[r] & M''\ar[r]^{i_{M''}} & I_{M''}\ar[r]^{d_{M''}} & \Sigma M''\ar[r] & 0.}$$ Hence we have $\overline{\alpha}=\Sigma\overline{m}$ by the definition of $\Sigma$, thus $\Sigma\|_{\mathcal{M}}$ is full. For any morphism $f:M'\rightarrow M''$ in $\mathcal{B}$, Since $I_{M'}$ is an injective object, we have the following commutative diagram of short exact sequences $$\xymatrix{ 0\ar[r] & M'\ar[d]^{f}\ar[r]^{i_{M'}} & I_{M'}\ar[r]^{d_{M'}}\ar[d]^{i_{f}} & \Sigma M'\ar[r]\ar[d]^{\Sigma f} & 0 \\ 0\ar[r] & M''\ar[r]^{i_{M''}} & I_{M''}\ar[r]^{d_{M''}} & \Sigma M''\ar[r] & 0.}$$ Suppose $\Sigma \overline{f}=0$, then $\Sigma f$ factors through some object in $\mathcal{I}$. Because $d_{M''}$ is right $\mathcal{M}$-approximation, $\Sigma f$ factors through $I_{M''}$, i.e. there exists a morphism $a:\Sigma M'\rightarrow I_{M''}$ such that $\Sigma f=d_{M''}a$. Then $d_{M''}(i_{f}-ad_{M'})=d_{M''}i_{f}-(\Sigma f)d_{M'}=0$, thus there exists a morphism $b:I_{M'}\rightarrow M''$ such that $i_{M''}b=i_{f}-ad_{M'}$, so $i_{M''}(f-bi_{M'})=i_{M''}f-i_{f}i_{M'}+ad_{M'}i_{M'}=0$. Since $i_{M''}$ is a monomorphism, $f=bi_{M'}$, thus $f$ factors through $I_{M'}$. Hence $\overline{f}=0$ and $\Sigma\|_{\mathcal{M}}$ is faithful. \(e) Let $M'\xrightarrow{\overline{f}}M''\xrightarrow{\overline{g}}X\xrightarrow{\overline{h}}\Sigma M'$ be a right triangle in $\overline{\mathcal{B}}$ with $M',M''\in\mathcal{M}$, then $\overline{g}$ is a right $\overline{\mathcal{M}}$-approximation of $X$. According to Example 3.3 and $\mathcal{I}\subset\mathcal{M}$, we can assume that there is a short exact sequence $0\rightarrow M'\xrightarrow{f} M''\xrightarrow{g}X\rightarrow0$. Since $\mathcal{M}$ is rigid, there exists an epimorphism Hom$_{\mathcal{B}}(M,g):$ Hom$ _{\mathcal{B}}(M,M'')\rightarrow$Hom$_{\mathcal{B}}(M,X)$ for any $M$ in $\mathcal{M}$. Thus we have an epimorphism Hom$_{\mathcal{\overline{B}}}(M,\overline{g}):$ Hom$ _{\mathcal{\overline{B}}}(M,$ $ M'')\rightarrow$ Hom$_{\mathcal{\overline{B}}}(M,X)$, i.e. $\overline{g}$ is a right $\overline{\mathcal{M}}$-approximation of $X$. Subquotient categories of left triangulated categories ====================================================== The definition of left triangulated category is dual to right triangulated category. For convenience, we recall the definition and some facts. (\[7\]) A left triangulated category is a triple $(\mathcal{C},\Omega,\lhd)$, or simply $\mathcal{C}$, where: (a)$\mathcal{C}$ is an additive category. (b)$\Omega:\mathcal{C}\rightarrow\mathcal{C}$ is an additive functor, called the shift functor of $\mathcal{C}$. (c)$\lhd$ is a class of sequences of three morphisms of the form $\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{y}Y\xrightarrow{z}Z$, called left triangles, and satisfying the following axioms: (LTR0)If $\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{y}Y\xrightarrow{z}Z$ is a left triangle, and $\Omega Z'\xrightarrow{x'}X'\xrightarrow{y'}Y'\xrightarrow{z'}Z'$ is a sequence of morphisms such that there exists a commutative diagram in $\mathcal{C}$ $$\xymatrix{ \Omega Z\ar[r]^{x}\ar[d]^{\Omega h} & X\ar[r]^{y}\ar[d]^{f} & Y\ar[r]^{z}\ar[d]^{g} & Z\ar[d]^{h} \\ \Omega Z'\ar[r]^{x'} & X'\ar[r]^{y'} & Y'\ar[r]^{z'} & Z', }$$ where $f,g,h$ are isomorphisms, then $\Omega Z'\xrightarrow{x'}X'\xrightarrow{y'}Y'\xrightarrow{z'}Z'$ is also a left triangle. (LTR1)For any $X\in\mathcal{C}$, the sequence $0\xrightarrow{}X\xrightarrow{1_{X}}X\xrightarrow{}0$ is a left triangle. And for every morphism $z:Y\rightarrow Z$ in $\mathcal{C}$, there exists a left triangle $\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{y}Y\xrightarrow{z}Z$. (LTR2)If $\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{y}Y\xrightarrow{z}Z$ is a left triangle, then so is $\Omega Y\xrightarrow{-\Omega z}\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{y}Y$. (LTR3)For any two left triangles $\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{y}Y\xrightarrow{z}Z$ and $\Omega Z'\xrightarrow{x'}X'\xrightarrow{y'}Y'\xrightarrow{z'}Z'$, and any two morphisms $g:Y\rightarrow Y'$, $h:Z\rightarrow Z'$ such that $hz=z'g$, there exists $f:X\rightarrow X'$ making the following diagram commutative $$\xymatrix{ \Omega Z\ar[r]^{x}\ar[d]^{\Omega h} & X\ar[r]^{y}\ar@{-->}[d]^{f} & Y\ar[r]^{z}\ar[d]^{g} & Z\ar[d]^{h} \\ \Omega Z'\ar[r]^{x'} & X'\ar[r]^{y'} & Y'\ar[r]^{z'} & Z' }$$ (LTR4)For any two left triangles $\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{y}Y\xrightarrow{z}Z$ and $\Omega Z'\xrightarrow{x'}X'\xrightarrow{y'}Z\xrightarrow{z'}Z'$, there exists a commutative diagram $$\xymatrix{ & \Omega Y'\ar[r]^{\Omega y'}\ar[d]^{x\cdot\Omega y'} & \Omega Z\ar[d]^{x} & \\ & X\ar@{=}[r]\ar[d]^{g} & X\ar[d]^{y} & \\ \Omega Z'\ar[r]^{u}\ar@{=}[d] & X'\ar[r]^{v}\ar[d]^{h} & Y\ar[r]^{z'\cdot z}\ar[d]^{z} & Z'\ar@{=}[d] \\ \Omega Z'\ar[r]^{x'} & Y'\ar[r]^{y'} & Z\ar[r]^{z'} & Z', }$$ where the third row and the second column are left triangles. A triangulated category is a left triangulated category. Let $\mathcal{B}$ be an exact category with enough projectives. Denote by $\mathcal{P}$ the subcategory of $\mathcal{B}$ consisting of projectives. Then the quotient category $\underline{\mathcal{B}}=\mathcal{B}/\mathcal{P}$ is a left triangulated category. By (LTR0) and (LTR2), we have the following easy lemma. Let $\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{y}Y\xrightarrow{z}Z$ be a left triangle, then so is $\Omega Y\xrightarrow{\Omega z}\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{-y}Y$. (cf. \[8\]) Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a left triangulated category. Then for any left triangle $\Omega Z\xrightarrow{x}X\xrightarrow{y}Y\xrightarrow{z}Z$ and any object $U$ of $\mathcal{C}$, there exists an exact sequence $\cdots\rightarrow$Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(U,\Omega Z)\xrightarrow{x_{\ast}}$Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(U,X)\xrightarrow{y_{\ast}}$ Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(U,Y)\xrightarrow{z_{\ast}}$Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(U,Z)$. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a left triangulated category. A subcategory $\mathcal{M}$ of $\mathcal{C}$ is called a rigid subcategory if Hom$_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega\mathcal{M},\mathcal{M})=0$. Let $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$. Denote by $\Omega\mathcal{M}\ast\mathcal{M}$ the subcategory of objects $X$ in $\mathcal{C}$ such that there exist left triangles $\Omega M_{1}\rightarrow X\rightarrow M_{0}\rightarrow M_{1}$, where $M_{0},M_{1}\in\mathcal{M}$. Now we consider the functor $H:\Omega\mathcal{M}\ast\mathcal{M}\rightarrow \text{Mod }\mathcal{M}$ defined by $H(X)=\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega(-),X)\|_{\mathcal{M}}$. Let $(\mathcal{C},\Omega,\lhd)$ be a left triangulated category and $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$. If $\Omega\|_{\mathcal{M}}$ is fully faithful, then for any left triangle $\Omega M_{1}\xrightarrow{f}X\xrightarrow{g}M_{0}\xrightarrow{h}M_{1}$ where $M_0, M_1\in\mathcal{M}$, there is an exact sequence in Mod$\mathcal{M}$ $$\mbox{Hom} _{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{0})\xrightarrow{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,h)} \mbox{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})\rightarrow %{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,g)} H(X)\rightarrow0.$$ Thus, $H(X)\in$ mod$\mathcal{M}$. For any $X\in\Omega\mathcal{M}\ast\mathcal{M}$, there exists a left triangle $\Omega M_{1}\xrightarrow{f}X\xrightarrow{g}M_{0}\xrightarrow{h}M_{1}$, where $M_{0},M_{1}\in\mathcal{M}$. Then $\Omega M_{0}\xrightarrow{\Omega h}\Omega M_{1}\xrightarrow{f}X\xrightarrow{-g}M_{0}$ is a left triangle by Lemma 4.4. Thus there exists an exact sequence by Lemma 4.5 $$\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,\Omega M_{0})\xrightarrow {(\Omega h)_{\ast}}\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,\Omega M_{1})\xrightarrow{f_\ast}$$$$\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,X)\rightarrow \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,M_0)=0.$$ Since $\Omega\|_{\mathcal{M}}$ is fully faithful, we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows $$\xymatrix{ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,M_{0})\ar[d]\ar[r]^{h_{\ast}}& \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,M_{1})\ar[d]\ar[r]& \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,X)\ar[r]\ar@{=}[d]& 0 \\ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,\Omega M_{0})\ar[r]^{(\Omega h)_{\ast}} & \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,\Omega M_{1})\ar[r]& \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,X)\ar[r]& 0 ,}$$ where $M\in\mathcal{M}$ and the vertical morphisms are isomorphisms. Thus we have an exact sequence in Mod$\mathcal{C}$ $$\mbox{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{0}) \xrightarrow{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,h)}\mbox{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})\rightarrow H(X)\rightarrow0.$$ So $H(X)\in$ mod$\mathcal{M}.$ Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a left triangulated category, and $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$ satisfying: (LC1)$\Omega$ is fully faithful when it is restricted to $\mathcal{M}$. (LC2)Let $\Omega M_{1}\xrightarrow{f}X\xrightarrow{g}M_{0} \xrightarrow{h}M_{1}$ be a left triangle, where $M_0, M_1\in \mathcal{M}$. Let $Y\in\Omega\mathcal{M}\ast\mathcal{M}$ and a morphism $t:X\rightarrow Y$ such that $tf=0$, then $t$ factors through $g$. Then there exists an equivalence of categories $\Omega\mathcal{M}\ast\mathcal{M}/\mathcal{M}\cong\mbox{mod}\mathcal{M}$. According to Lemma 4.7, we have a functor $H:\Omega\mathcal{M}\ast\mathcal{M}\rightarrow \text{mod }\mathcal{M}$. Firstly, we show that $H$ is dense. For any object $G\in$ mod $\mathcal{M}$, there exists an exact sequence $$\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M')\xrightarrow{\alpha}\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M'')\rightarrow G\rightarrow0$$ with $M',M''\in\mathcal{M}$. By Yoneda’s Lemma, there exists a morphism $h:M'\rightarrow M''$ such that $\alpha$=Hom$_{\mathcal{M}}(-,h)$. Then by (LTR1), there exists a left triangle $\Omega M''\xrightarrow{f}Z\xrightarrow{g}M'\xrightarrow{h}M''$. Hence by Lemma 4.7, there exists an exact sequence $$\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-, M')\xrightarrow{\alpha}\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M'')\rightarrow H(Z)\rightarrow0,$$ so $G$=Coker$\alpha\cong H(Z)$. Hence $H$ is dense. Secondly, we show that $H$ is full. For any morphism $\beta:H(X)\rightarrow H(Y)$ in mod$\mathcal{M}$. By Lemma 4.7 and because Hom$_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})$ is a projective object of mod$\mathcal{M}$, we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows in Mod$\mathcal{M}$ $$\xymatrix{ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{0})\ar[rr]^{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,h_{1})}\ar[d]^{\gamma_{0}}& & \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})\ar[r]\ar[d]^{\gamma_{1}} & H(X)\ar[d]^{\beta}\ar[r] & 0 \\ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,N_{0})\ar[rr]^{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,h_{2})}& & \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,N_{1})\ar[r]& H(Y)\ar[r] & 0.}$$ By Yoneda’s Lemma, for $i=0,1$, there exists a morphism $m_{i}:M_{i}\rightarrow N_{i}$ such that $\gamma_{i}$=Hom$_{\mathcal{M}}(-, m_{i})$ and $m_{1}h_{1}$=$h_{2}m_{0}$. Hence by (LTR3), we have the following commutative diagram of left triangles $$\xymatrix{ \Omega M_{1}\ar[r]^{f_{1}}\ar[d]^{\Omega m_{1}} & X\ar[r]^{g_{1}}\ar@{-->}[d]^{s} & M_{0}\ar[r]^{h_{1}}\ar[d]^{m_{0}} & M_{1}\ar[d]^{m_{1}} \\ \Omega N_{1}\ar[r]^{f_{2}} & Y\ar[r]^{g_{2}} & N_{0}\ar[r]^{h_{2}} & N_{1}. }$$ According to the proof of Lemma 4.7, for any object $M\in\mathcal{M}$, we have the following commutative diagram with exact columns. $${\tiny\xymatrix{ &\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,M_{0})\ar[dd]_{h_{1\ast}}\ar[dl]_{m_{0\ast}}\ar[rr]&&\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,\Omega M_{0})\ar[dl]_{(\Omega m_{0})_{\ast}}\ar[dd]_{(\Omega h_{1})_{\ast}}\\ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,N_{0})\ar[rr]\ar[dd]_{h_{2\ast}}&&\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,\Omega N_{0})\ar[dd]_{(\Omega h_{2})_{\ast}}&\\ &\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,M_{1})\ar[dl]_{m_{1\ast}}\ar[rr]\ar[dd]&& \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,\Omega M_{1})\ar[dl]_{(\Omega m_{1})_{\ast}}\ar[dd]\\ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(M,N_{1})\ar[rr]\ar[dd]&&\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,\Omega N_{1})\ar[dd]&\\ &\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,X)\ar[ld]_{s_{\ast}}\ar@{=}[rr]\ar[dd]&&\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,X)\ar[ld]_{s_{\ast}}\ar[dd]\\ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,Y)\ar@{=}[rr]\ar[d] &&\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{C}}(\Omega M,Y)\ar[d] &\\ 0&0&0&0. }}$$ Thus we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows in Mod $\mathcal{M}$ $${\footnotesize\xymatrix{ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{0})\ar[rr]^{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,h_{1})}\ar[d]^{\gamma_{0}}& & \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,M_{1})\ar[r]\ar[d]^{\gamma_{1}} & H(X)\ar[d]^{H(s)}\ar[r] & 0 \\ \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,N_{0})\ar[rr]^{\text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,h_{2})}& & \text{Hom}_{\mathcal{M}}(-,N_{1})\ar[r]& H(Y)\ar[r] & 0.}}$$ So $\beta=H(s)$. Hence $H$ is full. At last, let $X, Y$ be objects of $\Omega\mathcal{M}\ast\mathcal{M}$. We have a left triangle $\Omega M_{1}\xrightarrow{f}X\xrightarrow{g}M_{0} \xrightarrow{h}M_{1}$, where $M_0, M_1\in \mathcal{M}$. Let $t: X\rightarrow Y$ be a morphism with $H(t)=0$, then $tf=0$. Thus $t$ factors through $M_0$ by (LC2). So $\Omega\mathcal{M}\ast\mathcal{M}/\mathcal{M}\cong\text{mod} \mathcal{M}$ by Lemma 2.2. Since a triangulated category is a left triangulated category such that the shift functor is an equivalence, the conditions (LC1) and (LC2) holds automatically. Thus we have the following corollary. Let $\mathcal{C}$ be a triangulated category with the shift functor $T$ and $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory of $\mathcal{C}$, then $T^{-1}\mathcal{M}\ast\mathcal{M}/\mathcal{M}\cong\text{mod} \mathcal{M}$. (\[5\], Theorem 3.2) Let $\mathcal{B}$ be an exact category which contains enough projectives, and $\mathcal{M}$ be a rigid subcategory of $\mathcal{B}$ containing all projectives. Denote by $\mathcal{P}$ the subcategory of projectives, and by $\underline{\mathcal{M}}$ the quotient category $\mathcal{M}/\mathcal{P}$. Denote by $\mathcal{M}_{L}$ the subcategory of objects $X$ in $\mathcal{B}$ such that there exist short exact sequences $0\rightarrow X\rightarrow M_{0}\rightarrow M_{1}\rightarrow0$, where $M_{0},M_{1}\in\mathcal{M}$. Then $\mathcal{M}_{L}\big{/}\mathcal{M} \cong$ mod$\underline{\mathcal{M}}$. Similar to the proof of Corollary 3.10, we can prove that $\underline{\mathcal{M}}$ is a rigid subcategory of the left triangulated category $\underline{\mathcal{B}}$, and $\underline{\mathcal{M}_{L}}=\Omega\underline{\mathcal{M}}\ast\underline{\mathcal{M}}$, and $\mathcal{M}_{L}\big{/}\mathcal{M}\cong\underline{\mathcal{M}_{L}}\big{/}\underline{\mathcal{M}}$, and $\Omega\|_{\underline{\mathcal{M}}}$ is fully faithful. To end the proof, we only need to show that $\underline{\mathcal{M}}$ satisfies the condition (LC2). In fact, let $\Omega M''\xrightarrow{\underline{f_{1}}}X\xrightarrow{\underline{g_{1}}}M'\xrightarrow{\underline{h_{1}}}M''$ be a left triangle in $\underline{\mathcal{B}}$, where $M',M''\in\mathcal{M}$. Since $\mathcal{P}\subset\mathcal{M}$, we can assume that $0\rightarrow X\xrightarrow{g_1 }M'\xrightarrow{h_1}M''\rightarrow0$ is a short exact sequence. Let $t:X\rightarrow Y$ be a morphism satisfying $\underline{tf_{1}}=0$, where $Y\in\mathcal{M}_{L}$. Then there exists a short exact sequence $0\rightarrow Y\xrightarrow{g_{2}}N'\xrightarrow{h_{2}}N''\rightarrow0$, where $N',N''\in\mathcal{M}$. Since $\mathcal{M}$ is rigid, it is easy to see that $g_{1}$ is a left $\mathcal{M}$-approximation, then we have the following commutative diagram with exact rows in $\mathcal{B}$ $$\xymatrix{ 0\ar[r] & X\ar[d]_{t}\ar[r]^{g_{1}} & M'\ar[r]^{h_{1}}\ar[d]_{m_{1}} & M''\ar[r]\ar[d]_{m_{2}} & 0 \\ 0\ar[r] & Y\ar[r]^{g_{2}} & N'\ar[r]^{h_{2}} & N''\ar[r] & 0.}$$ The lower exact sequence induces a left triangle $\Omega N''\xrightarrow{\underline{f_{2}}}Y\xrightarrow{\underline{g_{2}}}N'\xrightarrow{\underline{h_{2}}}N''$. We claim that $\underline{tf_{1}}=\underline{f_{2}}\Omega\underline{m_{2}}$. In fact, we have the following diagram with exact rows in $\mathcal{B}$ $${\footnotesize\xymatrix{ 0\ar[rr] & & \Omega M''\ar[ld]_{f_{1}}\ar[dd]_{\Omega m_{2}}\ar[rr]^{i_{M''}} & & P_{M''}\ar[ld]_{p_{M}}\ar[rr]^{d_{M''}}\ar[dd]_{p} & & M''\ar@{=}[ld]\ar[r]\ar[dd]_{m_{2}} & 0 \\ 0\ar[r] & X\ar[rr]^{g_{1}}\ar[dd]_{t} & & M'\ar[rr]^{h_{1}}\ar[dd]_{m_{1}} & & M''\ar[rr]\ar[dd]_{m_{2}} & & 0 \\ 0\ar[rr] & & \Omega N''\ar[ld]_{f_{2}}\ar[rr]^{i_{N''}} & & P_{N''}\ar[ld]_{p_{N}}\ar[rr]^{d_{N''}} & & N''\ar@{=}[ld]\ar[r] & 0 \\ 0\ar[r] & Y\ar[rr]^{g_{2}} & & N'\ar[rr]^{h_{2}} & & N''\ar[rr] & & 0,}}$$ where $P_{M''},P_{N''}\in\mathcal{P}$, and all squares are commutative except the left one and the middle one. Since $h_{2}(m_{1}p_{M}-p_{N}p)=m_{2}d_{M''}-m_{2}d_{M''}=0$, there exists a morphism $q:P_{M''}\rightarrow Y$ such that $g_{2}q=m_{1}p_{M}-p_{N}p$. Then $g_{2}(tf_{1}-f_{2}\Omega m_{2}-qi_{M''})=(m_{1}p_{M}-p_{N}p)i_{M''}-(m_{1}p_{M}-p_{N}p)i_{M''}=0$. Since $g_{2}$ is a monomorphism, we get $tf_{1}-f_{2}\Omega m_{2}=qi_{M''}$. Thus $\underline{tf_{1}}=\underline{f_{2}}\Omega\underline{m_{2}}$. Hence we have the following commutative diagram of left triangles in $\underline{\mathcal{B}}$ $$\xymatrix{ \Omega M''\ar[d]_{\Omega\underline{m_{2}}}\ar[r]^{\underline{f_{1}}} & X\ar[d]_{\underline{t}}\ar[r]^{\underline{g_{1}}} & M'\ar[r]^{\underline{h_{1}}}\ar[d]_{\underline{m_{1}}} & M''\ar[d]_{\underline{m_{2}}} \\ \Omega N''\ar[r]^{\underline{f_{2}}} & Y\ar[r]^{\underline{g_{2}}} & N'\ar[r]^{\underline{h_{2}}} & N''. }$$ By Lemma 4.4, we have the following commutative diagram of left triangles in $\underline{\mathcal{B}}$ $$\xymatrix{ \Omega M'\ar[d]_{\Omega\underline{m_{1}}}\ar[r]^{\Omega\underline{h_{1}}} & \Omega M''\ar[d]_{\Omega\underline{m_{2}}}\ar[r]^{\underline{f_{1}}} & X\ar[r]^{\underline{-g_{1}}}\ar[d]_{\underline{t}} & M'\ar[d]_{\underline{m_{1}}} \\ \Omega N'\ar[r]^{\Omega\underline{h_{2}}} & \Omega N''\ar[r]^{\underline{f_{2}}} & Y\ar[r]^{\underline{-g_{2}}} & N'. }$$ Since $\underline{f_{2}}\Omega \underline{m_{2}}=\underline{tf_{1}}=0$, there exists a morphism $n':\Omega M''\rightarrow\Omega N'$ such that $\Omega\underline{m_{2}}=(\Omega\underline{h_{2}})\underline{n'}$. Because $\Omega\|_{\mathcal{M}}$ is fully faithful, there exists a morphism $n_{1}:M''\rightarrow N'$ such that $\underline{n'}=\Omega\underline{n_{1}}$ and $\underline{m_{2}}=\underline{h_{2}n_{1}}$. Hence $m_{2}-h_{2}n_{1}$ factors through $P\in\mathcal{P}$. Since $h_{2}$ is a epimorphism, we have the following commutative diagram in $\mathcal{B}$: $$\xymatrix{ & & M''\ar[ld]_{a}\ar[dd]^{m_{2}-h_{2}n_{1}} & \\ & P\ar[ld]_{c}\ar[rd]^{b} & \\ N'\ar[rr]^{h_{2}} & & N''. & }$$ Let $n=ca+n_{1}$. Then $m_{2}=h_2n_1+ba=h_2n_1+h_2ca=h_{2}n$ and $\underline{n}=\underline{n_{1}}$. Since $h_{2}(m_{1}-nh_{1})=h_{2}m_{1}-m_{2}h_{1}=0$, there exists a morphism $s:M'\rightarrow Y$ such that $g_{2}s=m_{1}-nh_{1}$. Hence $g_{2}(t-sg_{1})=g_{2}t-m_{1}g_{1}+nh_{1}g_{1}=0$. Because $g_{2}$ is a monomorphism, $t=sg_{1}$, i.e. $t$ factors through $g_{1}$. Hence $\underline{t}$ factors through $\underline{g_{1}}$ in $\underline{\mathcal{B}}$. [99]{} A Buan, R Marsh, M Reineke, I Reiten, G Todorov. Tilting theory and cluster combinatorics, preprint math. RT/0402054, (2004) A B Buan, R J Marsh, I Reiten. Cluster-tilted algebras, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 359 (2007), no. 1, 323-332. B Keller, I Reiten. Cluster-tilted algebras are Gorenstein and stably Calabi-Yau, Adv. Math. 211 (2007), no. 1, 123-151. S Koenig, B Zhu. From triangulated categories to abelian categories: cluster tilting in a general framework. Math. Z. 258 (2008), no. 1, 143-160. O Iyama, Y Yoshino. Mutation in triangulated categories and rigid Cohen-Macaulay modules, Invent. Math. 172 (2008), no. 1, 117-168. L Demonet, Y Liu. Quotients of exact categories by cluster tilting subcategories as module categories. arXiv: 1208.0639v1. A Beligiannis, N Marmaridis. Left triangulated categories arising from contravariantly finite subcategories. Communications in algebra. 22(12), 5021-5036, 1994. I Assem, A Beligiannis, N Marmaridis. Right Triangulated Categories with Right Semi-equivalences. Canandian Mathematical Society Conference Proceeding. Volume 24, 1998. A Beligiannis, I. Reiten. Homological and homotopical aspects of torsion theories (English summary), Mem. Amer. Math. Soc. 188 (2007), no. 883. M Auslander. Coherent functors. 1966 Proc. Conf. Categorical Algebra (La Jolla, Calif., 1965) pp. 189-231 Springer, New York. D Happel. Triangulated Categories in the Representation Theory of Finite Dimensional Algebras. London Mathematical Society, LMN 119, Cambridge, 1988. [^1]: Supported by the NSF of China (Grants 11126331, 11101084)
Real-Time Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Amygdala Neurofeedback Changes Positive Information Processing in Major Depressive Disorder. Young KD., Misaki M., Harmer CJ., Victor T., Zotev V., Phillips R., Siegle GJ., Drevets WC., Bodurka J. In participants with major depressive disorder who are trained to upregulate their amygdalar hemodynamic responses during positive autobiographical memory recall with real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) training, depressive symptoms diminish. This study tested whether amygdalar rtfMRI-nf also changes emotional processing of positive and negative stimuli in a variety of behavioral and imaging tasks.Patients with major depressive disorder completed two rtfMRI-nf sessions (18 received amygdalar rtfMRI-nf, 16 received control parietal rtfMRI-nf). One week before and following rtfMRI-nf training, participants performed tasks measuring responses to emotionally valenced stimuli including a backward-masking task, which measures the amygdalar hemodynamic response to emotional faces presented for traditionally subliminal duration and followed by a mask, and the Emotional Test Battery in which reaction times and performance accuracy are measured during tasks involving emotional faces and words.During the backward-masking task, amygdalar responses increased while viewing masked happy faces but decreased to masked sad faces in the experimental versus control group following rtfMRI-nf. During the Emotional Test Battery, reaction times decreased to identification of positive faces and during self-identification with positive words and vigilance scores increased to positive faces and decreased to negative faces during the faces dot-probe task in the experimental versus control group following rtfMRI-nf.rtfMRI-nf training to increase the amygdalar hemodynamic response to positive memories was associated with changes in amygdalar responses to happy and sad faces and improved processing of positive stimuli during performance of the Emotional Test Battery. These results may suggest that amygdalar rtfMRI-nf training alters responses to emotional stimuli in a manner similar to antidepressant pharmacotherapy.	https://www.psych.ox.ac.uk/publications/695711
Great nervousness around new interest rates The big question before Thursday’s monetary policy meeting concerns ‘Norges Bank’ opening for an interest rate hike as a result of new monetary policy rules. The analysts do not think Norges Bank will touch the record low interest rate of 0.5% now, but several economists believe the government’s new inflation target may open for an interest rate hike earlier than had been previously assumed. The experts will therefore look for signs of this in the central bank’s monetary policy report on Thursday. ‘’The change of regulation is essentially primarily a reality orientation. But it is clear that a lower inflation target, from 2.5 to 2%, could mean a somewhat higher interest rate in the long run to keep inflation down,” said economist, Professor Ola H. Grytten, at the Norwegian University of Business Administration to NTB news. “No significant change” Inflation has been at approximately 2% since the inflation target was introduced in 2001. There is little evidence that inflation in Norway will exceed the inflation target in the short term.Unemployment is still significant, and therefore the consequences of the lower goal become insignificant, concluded chief economist, Andreas Benedictow of ‘Socio-economic Analysis’. “But it is easy to imagine a situation of high activity and rising inflation. Then the interest rate will necessarily increase earlier, and more-so with the new regulation’’, he noted to NTB news. Norges Bank has previously signalled a possible interest rate hike towards the end of the year. ‘’I do not think the change in the regulation will be of any significance in the short term. Norges Bank has said that the change will not have a significant effect on the execution of monetary policy, and they can not make any significant changes now,’’ said economist, Professor Steinar Holden at the University of Oslo to NTB news. Won’t touch it right now In the big picture, probably the period of historically low interest rates will go in the end, and in the US,interest rates are raised already. Even in Norway, the arrows point upwards, but analysts still agree that Norges Bank won’t yet touch the key rate. Benedictow pointed out that growth has cleared up in the Norwegian economy, but inflation is still low and well below Norges Bank’s new inflation target. “There are indications that housing prices are approaching the end of their low run, and an important argument against setting interest rates disappears. However, unemployment is still relatively high, and the uncertainty in the housing market is high’’, he stated. “Overall, there are therefore good reasons why Norges Bank will see what developments there are for a while before it starts to set interest rates. It is unlikely that there will be any interest rate hike until the autumn, in line with what the bank has previously suggested. Seeing increased interest rates on the horizon Other factors are involved than the new regulations, and they point to interest rates soon being on their way upwards. “You may see signs of interest rate hikes in the course of the year, and perhaps a bit earlier than previously assumed, due to improved growth prospects in the Norwegian and international economies, as well as the possibility of somewhat higher inflation. Holden pointed out that the economic upturn continues and that Norges Bank’s regional network reported a little stronger growth than it did in November. ‘’Global growth is also somewhat stronger, and interest rate expectations outside have been somewhat higher. All of this speaks of increasing interest rates somewhat earlier and higher than previously estimated’’, he said. Over the next four years, interest rates are expected to rise by around 1.25%, according to Statistics Norway (SSB). About us Norway Today Media, is an independent newspaper. Our goal is to bring you the latest Norwegian news and happenings in English. We are not connected to any political party, and do not belong to any of the major newspapers in Norway. As a result of this, we are able to give you a neutral view of what is happening in Norway on a day to day basis.. Copyright Articles and photos that you find in this newspaper, are copyright protected and owned by Norway Today Media. Copying content from the newspaper for commercial use is prohibited. If you should wish to use any of the paper’s content, you are welcome to contact us.
Also asked,is it hard to make ceramic plates? Making plates isn’t the easiest thing to do, but you can handle it if you learn a little ceramics. To make a ceramic plate, you’ll need to roll out clay or throw it on a potter’s wheel, create a shape, let it dry, and fire it in a kiln. Similarly,how is ceramic plates made? Ceramics are generally made by taking mixtures of clay, earthen elements, powders, and water and shaping them into desired forms. Once the ceramic has been shaped, it is fired in a high temperature oven known as a kiln. Often, ceramics are covered in decorative, waterproof, paint-like substances known as glazes. Likewise,how do you make a ceramic plate without a kiln? When firing without a kiln, it may help to pre-dry you clay pieces in a kitchen oven set to 190 degrees F. With a kitchen oven, the pots are dried by “baking” below the boiling temperature of water for several hours. What kind of clay do you use for plates? Stoneware clay is typically used for pottery with practical uses like plates, bowls and vases. Kaolin clay, also called white clay, is used to make porcelain. It goes by many other names as well, including China clay and white cosmetic clay. Things to consider Below are some things to consider when trying to figure out how to make your own ceramic plates. How are plates are made? Flat items such as plates and bowls are made using a mould. A wad of clay is placed onto the mould, then the roller head (tool which forms the item) comes down to make the item by rolling the clay over the mould. Is ceramic plates good for health? Ceramic is a healthy option to have your food in as there are no chemicals present in it. Can you make pottery without firing? Air dry clay has a quite telling name: it’s a natural clay that doesn’t need firing or baking, as it dries solid when it’s exposed to air. It’s a good alternative to regular clay when you need to make something quickly, something small or inexpensive. Can you bake ceramics in the oven? Although it isn’t possible to fire pottery clay in an oven at home, it is possible to oven bake ceramics decorated and painted with special paint. When they have set you bake them in the oven to ‘fix’ them. You first need to dry the paint for 24 hours, then bake for 35 minutes at 150°C (300°F) in your oven. How do you fire ceramic in the oven? One way to do this is to put your pieces in your kitchen oven, and heat them to 194F (90C). This is just below the boiling point of water. Leave them in the oven for 30 minutes to an hour at this heat. This will be enough to evaporate any left-over moisture left between the clay particles. What kind of clay is food safe? For pieces made from lowfire clays, any surface that comes in contact with food or drink must be covered with a foodsafe glaze that has been correctly fired in order to be considered foodsafe. Even when fired, lowfire clay remains porous enough that fluids may penetrate the surface and soak into the clay. What kind of clay do you use to make mugs? What Are You Making? Stoneware is a good choice if you are making cups, bowls, plates, and other liquid holding vessels like vases. There are a few reasons for this: When fired Stoneware clay is non-porous and therefore leakproof. Can air dry clay be used for food? Air dry clay is not food safe. With regular clay, as long as you work with food-safe glaze, you and your students can create things like functional mugs, bowls, and plates safe to use for eating and drinking. What is the difference between ceramic and porcelain? The main difference between a porcelain and ceramic tile is the rate of water they absorb. Porcelain tiles absorb less than 0.5% of water whilst ceramic and other non-porcelain tiles will absorb more. This is down to the stuff used to make porcelain tiles. The clay is denser and so less porous. How do you make a Pixelmon plate? To make an aluminium plate, an aluminium ingot must be placed on an anvil and a hammer must be used on it. Pictured below are the four stages of an aluminium ingot being hammered into an aluminium plate on an anvil. DIY Clay Dishes What is the best clay for slab work? Porcelain and kaolin clays are virtually identical and are considered the best clays available for making pottery. They are also the most expensive. They are a largely silicate clay and are resistant to high temperatures. If you want to make high-quality ware, then this type of clay is best for you. How thick should clay slabs be? You want your slab to be no less than a 1⁄4 inch (6.4 mm) thick so that it is sturdy enough to use without breaking. If your rolling pin is too thin, you may end up with ridges in the middle of the clay. It should be wide enough to fit across the entire slab of clay. How do you paint on a plate? Pottery to the People - Trace Stencil. Wash and dry plates. Position stencil in desired location on plate and hold firmly or tape into place. - Paint Design. Using a 1.0 liner brush, fill in design with ceramic paint. - Bake Plates. Follow manufacturer’s instructions to bake plates and cure paint. What is a terracotta plate? Terracotta, terra cotta, or terra-cotta (pronounced [ˌtɛrraˈkɔtta]; Italian: “baked earth”, from the Latin terra cocta), a type of earthenware, is a clay-based unglazed or glazed ceramic, where the fired body is porous. The term is also used to refer to the natural brownish orange color of most terracotta. How do you seal a plate after painting? To seal acrylic paint to a ceramic surface, you need to heat cure the paint. Instead of letting it air dry, you want to bake the painted piece, then seal the paint with a water-based polyurethane varnish, clear acrylic coat, or modge podge. A kiln is the best option to make food-safe dishware. Are painted plates safe? Paint Type Plates are meant to be eaten off of, so make sure the paint you use to decorate your plate is safe. Food-safe paints are often labeled as such and can be found at your local art supply store. These paints will work well on ceramic plates and will typically last longer than basic acrylic paints.	https://www.whyienjoy.com/how-to-make-your-own-ceramic-plates/
Firms choose where to locate across space for a variety of reasons. For example, sector pairs with strong input-output linkages (e.g. shoes and leather) tend to co-locate in many countries to reduce transport costs. However, if firms within a given sector face different tax rates across space, even within a country, this may distort their location choices and have consequences for aggregate efficiency and welfare. On the other hand, central governments in many lower-income countries may not necessarily want to harmonise taxes across space, perhaps because of a desire to redistribute across regions or because of political economy constraints. This project studies this issue both theoretically and empirically. Theoretically, the main research question asks under what conditions is it optimal for a central government to harmonise taxes across space. Empirically, the project’s focus is on India, where, prior to a large reform in 2017, each state had discretion in setting sector-specific tax rates. The primary empirical research question asks whether and to what extent the 2017 harmonisation brought the Indian economy closer to the theoretical optimum. First, for the theoretical section, the research team develops a Ramsey model of commodity taxation that incorporates: (i) a potential preference for the central government to redistribute across regions; and (ii) potential constraints on the central government on their ability to change existing local taxation policies. Second, for the empirical section, they use a quantitative model of trade (that will be a special case of the more general, Ramsey model). This is important as, in the empirical setting: (i) taxes change across all locations at the same time; and (ii) it makes it possible to study aggregate welfare impacts. The team uses this quantitative model to study counterfactuals, one of which will be the 2017 harmonisation while another will be guided by the theoretical findings. The research will provide insight into the trade-offs involving in having harmonised versus varying taxes across regional units within a country. On the one hand, harmonising taxes may improve aggregate efficiency, for the reasons discussed above. If the central government is able – and willing – to redistribute the excess revenue, this is likely Pareto improving. On the other hand, if the government cannot do this, or is unwilling to, then it may be optimal to have non-uniform taxes. While this project’s empirical focus is India, which has a somewhat unique system tax system, the primary question of tax decentralisation is general. For example, Fjelstad, Chambas, and Brun (2014), in a review of local government taxation in sub-Saharan Africa, argue that these are likely to generate economic distortions, tax competition, and poor intra-governmental coordination.	https://steg.cepr.org/projects/tax-dispersion-and-spatial-allocation-economic-activity
Today, during the University of Rochester Medical Center Board’s annual meeting, Board Chair Ron Zarrella presented the 2010 Excellence Awards to some of the institution’s employees who have demonstrated outstanding commitment to quality care. Six individuals and four teams were recognized for their unwavering personal and professional dedication to integrity, compassion, accountability, respect and excellence. The awards are among the highest honors given to Strong Memorial Hospital employees. Individual Awards Diane Chiesa, an analyst/programmer at the Eastman Institute for Oral Health, was honored for improving operations and efficiency by leading the implementation of a new electronic patient medical information system. Leaders say her extraordinary energy, dedication and skill made the effort go smoothly. She was praised for her leadership, integrity and commitment to advancing care. Chiesa lives in Rochester. Surgeon Jenny Speranza, M.D., received the Excellence Award in the physician category for providing compassionate care to patients and demonstrating a commitment to quality with colleagues. She joined the Medical Center four years ago, as an assistant professor of Surgery, and is director of the Colorectal Physiology Center at Highland Hospital. A colleague pointed out that one day, after more than 15 hours of surgeries, Speranza visited an anxious patient and took a great deal of time to calm her worries, demonstrating that the human touch is key to recovery. Speranza resides in Penfield. Transplant Administrator Nancy Metzler, received the Excellence Award in the business/administrative category. Metzler is an exemplary leader and part of a complex multidisciplinary team working in one of the most challenging areas of medicine today, solid organ transplant. Her tireless pursuit of patient relations and her ability to communicate with patients and families make her stand out. She is a rising star among her peers and serves in a leadership capacity for several transplant-related organizations. She was recently appointed vice chair of the United Network for Organ Sharing, Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network. Metzler lives in Fairport. Aldwin Perez received this year’s Excellence Award in the administrative support category. As Strong Hospital’s Main Loop Ambassador, Perez is the warm and smiling face who greets hundreds of people daily, from all walks of life. Perez treats each with the highest level of respect and consideration. Known for his problem-solving skills, Perez also assumes responsibility readily and will follow through on a task to completion, regardless of the time required. Perez’s compassionate and caring personality has made him well known at the hospital, but occasionally he is even stopped on the street when he is out in public with his daughters. Perez lives in Rochester. The Excellence Award in the clinical staff category went to Senior Rehabilitation Therapist Cynthia Thieleman, M.S.P.T., who sees some of the most gravely injured patients in the hospital – those who have often had lengthy recoveries and are now attempting to re-enter daily life and regain the use of their bodies. Challenged by new physical limitations, patients find themselves dealing with powerful emotions which can complicate rehabilitation and physical therapy. Thieleman masterfully combines the qualities of psychologist, motivational counselor and caring partner to encourage her patients to forge ahead. Thieleman lives in Greece. The Medical Center honored Maureen Kiernan, R.N., with its Excellence Award in nursing. She is known for managing a busy Urology clinic and creating a warm, compassionate environment for patients. Colleagues call her a “one-of-a-kind practitioner” who is able to balance the many responsibilities with grace each day. A 32-year veteran in urology nursing, she’s a strong advocate for educating and supporting people through their experiences. Team Awards The overuse of antibiotics has caused superbugs like MRSA and C. Diff to build up resistance, wreaking havoc in health care settings. Since 2002, the Antimicrobial Stewardship Team has worked steadily to change the culture of antibiotic use at Strong. The team oversees the use of antibiotics through education, evaluation and optimization, to choose the right medication, select how it’s administered and how long therapy should last. The team, led by Paul Graman, M.D., and Elizabeth Dodds Ashley, Pharm.D., has not only improved patient care, but – as an added plus – has reduced overall costs of treatment by 49 percent. Other team members include Elizabeth Rightmier, Pharm.D, Dwight Hardy, Pharm.D., and Ghinwa Dumyati, M.D. The Sawgrass Surgery Center Perianesthesia Team was honored for demonstrating that quality patient care extends to families as well. This group of caring professionals works closely with patients and families before, during and after outpatient surgery. Based upon the outstanding feedback the group receives from patients, it is clear that their attention to detail – from the warm hugs they offer parents as their child is taken into the operating room, to the gentle, squeeze of the hand they give a nervous patient – means the world to them. This group is led by Stefan Lucas, M.D., Michael Maloney, M.D., and Janet Remizowski, R.N., M.S.H.A. The Bone Marrow Transplant Unit received a Team Excellence Award for its ability to provide life-saving care and a welcoming environment to patients who are often hospitalized for several weeks. Program leaders Gordon Phillips, M.D., Jane Liesveld, M.D., and interim Nurse Manager Tammy Clarke, R.N., praise the team of clinicians for its commitment to making the process of undergoing a transplant as positive as possible for each patient, as well as their families. In addition, the group, which is part of the James P. Wilmot Cancer Center, hosts an annual picnic to bring patients together with survivors and provide inspiration and hope that patients will move past their cancers. In 2002, new safety initiatives instituted by the Obstetrics Leadership Team resulted in dramatic improvements within the department. Thanks to the leadership of Chair James R. Woods and Associate Director of Nursing Deborah Phillips, team education, orientation and debriefings are now the norm, as is developing a common language competency for electronic fetal monitoring. The creation of the Simulation Lab has not only benefited hospital staff, but provides community emergency medical workers with much-needed hands-on training. Another added benefit from the department’s transformation: insurance claims have dropped by 26 percent.	https://medicinezine.com/news/medical-center-presents-prestigious-annual-awards-top-staff/
Install, administer, operate, maintain and troubleshoot security solutions. Recommend security policies and develop training documents about security procedures. Defend systems against unauthorized access, modification and/or destruction. Scan and assess network for vulnerabilities. Monitor network traffic for unusual activity. Review systems logs for anomalies. Configure and support security tools such as firewalls, anti-virus software and patch management systems. Implement network security policies, application security, access control and corporate data safeguards. Develop and update continuity of operations and disaster recovery protocols. Required: BA/BS and 5+ years of related professional experience. Must have TS/SCI clearance. Shiftwork will be required for this role. CompTIA Sec+ CE (8570 compliant) MCSA certification desired. #SCITES #SCITESGDITReferrals GDIT is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. All qualified applicants will receive consideration for employment without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, national origin, disability, or veteran status, or any other protected class.	https://www.gdit.com/careers/job/7ba536f73/scites-systems-security-administrator/
The time we have on our hands during this pandemic turned into a period of inspiration for many people nowadays. That is exactly what happened to our fellow citizen Lucijana Margaretić. Her ‘Sinjorine’ illustrations, which she frequently posts on Instagram, started to intrigue the public very quickly. You are wondering who these ‘Sinjorine’ are? We were equally as interested, so we decided to satisfy our curiosity and visit this 25-year old artist and her mother Mrs. Nataša Margaretić in their home and find out all the answers. They shared their secrets with us over a cup of coffee on their beautiful terrace. It was her mother, imaginative soul herself, who was her biggest supporter in the effort of making ‘Sinjorine’ come to life and has recently join her daughter in the creative process. Nataša decided to paint ‘Sinjorine’ on – mugs! Lucijana started creating the original ‘Sinjorine’ character during the Covid-19 lockdown and was determined to somehow implement the City in the whole story. And she succeeded! It is that very combination that people found most appealing. She received her Masters degree in the Study of Restoration and Conservation in Dubrovnik, and her favourite subject was painting, which she occasionally practiced throughout her life. Now, she decided to focus solely on painting. Her mother Nataša says she couldn’t be happier for her daughter finding her own artistic path and she started creating mugs with ‘Sinjorine’ and the City as well. “She was creating ‘Sinjorine’ for a while, and when I saw the right one, I knew this was it. I tried to motivate her during the entire process. I’m overjoyed she found her true self and that she’s happy and satisfied,” says Nataša. Throughout the years of painting, what Lucijana really wanted to achieve was to create a female character the resembles herself. She wanted to show how every woman is special in her own unique way and is in no way ideal. Bare breasts, long necks, bold eyebrows, and a lot of colour are all parts of a surreal image of her ideal woman. The young artist points out she was told her artwork resembles Picasso’s. Every ‘Sinjorine’ character has a distinctive face expression, ‘very unbothered,’ she adds. She shows us an example of her ideal woman, lying on the beach, holding a cigarette, enjoying some coffee to go. In addition to mugs, they also want to produce t-shirts and handbags with their own illustrations in the near future, with Lucijana adding she would one day love to have her very own exhibition. We are keeping our fingers crossed for Lucijana, Nataša and ‘Sinjorine’.	https://justdubrovnik.com/lucijana-and-natasa-margaretic-charm-the-public-with-their-sinjorine/
Norse is a North Germanic language spoken by about 5 million people, mainly in Norway, Sweden and Denmark. It is descended from Old Norse, the common language of the Scandinavian countries in the Viking Age. The language has two main written forms, Bokmål and Nynorsk, both of which are official languages in Norway. How To Speak Norse There is no one definitive way to speak Norse, as the language evolved and changed over time, and was used in different ways in different parts of Scandinavia. However, there are some general tips that can help you to approximate the pronunciation of Old Norse words. First, it is important to remember that Norse was a tonal language, which means that the pitch of your voice can affect the meaning of a word. High pitches indicate happiness or irony, while low pitches indicate sadness or 1. A dictionary of Old Norse and Modern Icelandic. 2. A grammar of Old Norse and Modern Icelandic. 3. A textbook on Old Norse and Modern Icelandic. 4. Audio recordings of native speakers of Old Norse and Modern Icelandic. - To speak norse, you must first learn the alphabet. the letters are pronounced as follows - Bb is pronounced like “be” cc is pronounced like “ts - Aa is pronounced like “ah” 1. How to speak Norse is not difficult, but it is different from English. 2. In order to speak Norse, you will need to learn the alphabet and pronunciation rules. 3. Once you know the basics, you can start using simple phrases to get started. Frequently Asked Questions Is Norse Still Spoken? The Norse language is no longer spoken. It was a North Germanic language that was spoken in Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Iceland, and Faroe Islands. It was closely related to Old Icelandic and the two languages were mutually intelligible. Is Norse A Hard Language To Learn? No, Norse is not a hard language to learn. It is a North Germanic language, similar to Swedish and Norwegian. How Long Does It Take To Learn Norse? There is no definitive answer to this question as it depends on the individual. Some people may take longer than others to learn the language, and some aspects may be easier or harder for different people to pick up. Generally, though, it takes a considerable amount of time and effort to become proficient in Norse. In Summary One way to learn to speak Norse is by studying the many resources available online or in libraries. There are also classes that can be taken which will give you a more hands-on experience learning the language.	https://procuracolombia.com/how-to-speak-norse/
Crimes that involve varying degrees of deception in order to receive a benefit are fraudulent crimes by classification. Crimes of fraud can range from simple to complex scams, with varying degrees of legal consequences depending on the severity and impact of the scheme. Common forms of fraud Fraud schemes take many forms, targeting a number of different people, sources and circumstances to obtain money, power, property or some other personal gain. These include: - Identity theft - Credit card fraud - Mail fraud - Embezzlement - Securities and investment fraud - Insurance fraud - Phishing and spoofing - Telemarketing - Money and check counterfeiting Fraudulent crimes can occur with or without the injured party’s knowledge and can take place over the internet, in person, by mail or through a third party. Fraud crimes typically use lies or false statements to gather money or personal information, but they also frequently involve deception in order to gain property, relationships, loans, products or access to certain benefits such as insurance or member-only groups or situations. Criminal fraud penalties Theft and fraud charges can be serious enough to warrant severe penalties. In order to determine whether a crime should receive classification as fraud, an investigation will assess whether the accused has made knowingly deceitful attempts to achieve benefits. If convicted, a defendant may have to pay restitution and could be subject to other penalties, such as jail time, additional fines or probation. The courts, both state and federal systems, assess the damages involved in the crime and whether the defendant had any known rights or legal access to the benefits.	https://www.londonlawofficene.com/blog/2022/03/what-are-the-most-common-fraudulent-crimes/
In this text the ancient philosophical question of determinism (“Does every event have a cause ?”) will be re-examined. In the philosophy of science and physics communities the orthodox position states that the physical world is indeterministic: quantum events would have no causes but happen by irreducible chance. Arguably the clearest theorem that leads to this conclusion is Bell’s theorem. The commonly accepted ‘solution’ to the theorem is ‘indeterminism’, in agreement with the Copenhagen interpretation. Here it is recalled that indeterminism is not really a physical but rather a philosophical hypothesis, and that it has counterintuitive and far-reaching implications. At the same time another solution to Bell’s theorem exists, often termed ‘superdeterminism’ or ‘total determinism’. Superdeterminism appears to be a philosophical position that is centuries and probably millennia old: it is for instance Spinoza’s determinism. If Bell’s theorem has both indeterministic and deterministic solutions, choosing between determinism and indeterminism is a philosophical question, not a matter of physical experimentation, as is widely believed. If it is impossible to use physics for deciding between both positions, it is legitimate to ask which philosophical theories are of help. Here it is argued that probability theory – more precisely the interpretation of probability – is instrumental for advancing the debate. It appears that the hypothesis of determinism allows to answer a series of precise questions from probability theory, while indeterminism remains silent for these questions. From this point of view determinism appears to be the more reasonable assumption, after all. Keywords Categories categorize this paper) PhilPapers/Archive ID VERDCH Revision history First archival date: 2015-11-21 Latest version: 2 (2015-11-21) View upload history Latest version: 2 (2015-11-21) View upload history References found in this work BETA The Scientific Image.Friedman, Michael Philosophical Theories of Probability.Gillies, Donald Chasing Reality: Strife Over Realism.Bunge, Mario Causal Determinism.Hoefer, Carl The Charybdis of Realism: Epistemological Implications of Bell's Inequality.Van Fraassen, Bas C. View all 14 references / Add more references Citations of this work BETA No citations found. Added to PP index 2014-03-01 Total views 273 ( #15,387 of 47,408 ) Recent downloads (6 months) 29 ( #25,922 of 47,408 ) 2014-03-01 Total views 273 ( #15,387 of 47,408 ) Recent downloads (6 months) 29 ( #25,922 of 47,408 ) How can I increase my downloads? Downloads since first upload This graph includes both downloads from PhilArchive and clicks to external links.	https://philarchive.org/rec/VERDCH
Q: One parameter families of elliptic curves over rings of integers of number fields Let $A(n), B(n) \in \mathbb{Z}[n]$ be polynomials, not both constant, such that $4A^3(n) + 27B^2(n)$ is not the zero polynomial and the polynomial (in variables $x, y$) $$y^2 - x^3 - A(n)x - B(n) \in \mathbb{C}(n)[x, y]$$ has no zeroes in $\mathbb{C}(n) \times \mathbb{C}(n)$. Let $K$ be a number field. Furhter, let $Z$ denote the common complex zeroes of the above polynomials when $n$ runs through $\mathbb{N} = 1, 2, 3, ...$ I wonder if it is known whether there always exists an $n_0 \in \mathbb{N}$ such that when $n = n_0$, all the zeroes of the respective polynomial that belong to $\mathcal{O}_K \times \mathcal{O}_K$ must also belong to $Z$. A: Let $E_n$ denote your elliptic curve. It's probably easier to ask for an integer $n_0$ such that the Mordell-Weil groups $E_{n_0}(\mathbb{Q})$ and $E_{n_0}(K)$ coincide. There has been a fair amount of attention given to the question of elliptic curves $E/K$ and extensions $L/K$ such that both $E(K)$ and $E(L)$ have rank 1, because this turns out to be useful in studying Hilbert's 10th problem. So the following article (and its reference list) might be helpful for your problem: MR2041072: Bjorn Poonen, Using elliptic curves of rank one towards the undecidability of Hilbert's tenth problem over rings of algebraic integers. Algorithmic number theory (Sydney, 2002), 33–42, Lecture Notes in Comput. Sci., 2369, Springer, Berlin, 2002
Marine bacteria may be the dominant force responsible for carbon sequestration in the ocean according to a study published in Nature Communications. The findings suggest that these bacteria play a key role in converting simple organic molecules into structurally complex organic matter that is resistant to degradation. Marine phytoplankton draw carbon dioxide down from the atmosphere and, via photosynthesis and respiration, convert it into a large reservoir of organic carbon, collectively known as dissolved organic matter (DOM). The fate of this DOM is dependent on how difficult to break down it is. DOM that is easily broken down will be recycled within the marine ecosystem, whereas refractory (difficult to break down) DOM, and the carbon it contains, will be locked away for thousands of years. Bacteria are thought to play a role in this sequestration, but the chemical complexity of bacterially modified DOM and its role in the global carbon cycle is not well constrained. Oliver Lechtenfeld and colleagues use bioassay experiments and ultra-high resolution metabolic profiling to analyse the chemical complexity of DOM, following modification by marine bacteria. The authors conduct a 29-day incubation of coastal seawater microbes mixed with carbon sources and inorganic nutrients, and show that marine bacteria can rapidly convert relatively simple organic molecules into complex molecules that are very difficult to break down. While the authors’ experiment was conducted in the lab, their findings show that bacterial DOM is similar in chemical composition and structural complexity to DOM commonly found in seawater, which suggests a key role for marine bacteria in sequestration of organic carbon.	http://www.natureasia.com/en/research/highlight/9834
But only if they have to do it on punch cards, like I did. Give each student a can of WD40 to keep the machines working smoothly, too. I specialized in programming languages in general in school. I'm one of those people that can honestly say he has forgotten more languages than most people will ever learn. While fortran isn't a language I ever intend to use, having learned it was a useful experience. Other odd languages like lisp, algol, assy, sequence/state, etc, also provide you with unique insight into how to do things. I occasionally run into problems today where I think "that would be SO much easier to do in (name a language)", and that gets me to thinking of how to modify the simple solution in the other language to the language I'm currently working with. It's a bit like the towers of hanoi problem, it seems dreadfully complicated until you realize that done correctly the solution is very simple, and you just need to change your point of view. This also makes you extremely flexible. I have absolute confidence that I can sit down at any new job using any language I've never so much as heard of before, and be able to read and understand the existing code immediately, write useful code that same day, and be highly proficient with it in under a week. The only reason I can do this is I've "seen it all" for the most part and so I've already beaten the basic obstacles like "object oriented", "pointers", "procedural based" etc that a new language might throw at me and would at least temporarily derail/disorient another newbie. --No one-- should be taught FORTRAN. Ever... sobs in fetal position Right. Teach COBOL instead! Job security well into the next millenium! The Mayan Long Count Calendar turns over in 2012 [today.com]. Mayan date 12.19.19.17.19 will occur on December 20, 2012, followed by the start of the fourteenth cycle, 13.0.0.0.0, on December 21st. The event was first flagged by megalith scientist Terence McKenna. The end of the thirteenth cycle would break many megalith calculations — which conventionally use only the last four numbers to save on standing stones — with fears of spiritual collapse, disruption of ley lines, Ben Goldacre driving the chiropractors back into the sea and the return of the great god Quetzalcoatl and the consequent destruction of all life on earth. Megalith programmers from 4000 years ago are being dredged up from peat bogs and pressed into service to get the henges updated to handle the turnover in the date. "It could be worse," said one. "I could still be programming COBOL." Actually, the most hardcore lecturer/professor at my University in Australia both promoted the use of Ada and drinking heavily. I guess he taught me how to be a man. but for math geeks FORTRAN is probably the easiest language to get from pencil-n-paper to computer. Math functions in FORTRAN translate nicely from their paper counter parts. If you can do math and "show your work", or punch numbers in a calculator, you're 2/3 of the way to a FORTRAN command line program. I don't think it's a useful first language anymore. Something like Python would be more useful "out of college". FORTRAN is really easy to pick up later anyway as it's "old fashioned" and line numbered based. I'd think the biggest problem teaching the class now would be getting students to take it seriously because it's a much older way of thinking about programs from our modern OOP languages. but for math geeks FORTRAN is probably the easiest language to get from pencil-n-paper to computer. Math functions in FORTRAN translate nicely from their paper counter parts. If you can do math and "show your work", or punch numbers in a calculator, you're 2/3 of the way to a FORTRAN command line program. Yes, but with a good functional language like Haskell, you're 9/10 of the way there, not 2/3. Indeed, even the creator of Fortran said "actually, that was a shit idea, we should all ignore it and use functional programming instead" in this paper [stanford.edu]. It's definitely not a language for amateurs in the sense of people who like to fiddle with the system, are interested in how the compiler works, or who just want to make gee-whizz web mashups. It's a language for people who don't care a rat's ss about computers or programming, but who need to get their calculations done without wasting time on fiddling with pointers and who need reliable answers without being bitten by silent array-boundary overflows to boot. So Slashdot might not be the best place to ask for an opinion. Besides, most of today's numerical libraries (BLAS, LAPACK, ATLAS, EISPACK, FFT) are written in Fortran. If you want to use them, you could do worse than learn Fortran. True, it's not a language you'd want to do sophisticated datastructures in, or tree-searches or text-processing or payroll accounting or database manipulation. But especially chemists (and to a lesser extent physicists) have more call for numerical software than they have for non-numerical software. So no. It's not at all ridiculous to teach Fortran as a first programming language to non-computer-science students. Alongside Matlab (or Octave or Scilab) it will do fine for chemists. Fortran has it's place, even though it's a bit of a fringe language today. It has evolved since Fortran 77, and is better. It's also one of the languages where it doesn't require the programmer to have a detailed knowledge about how to parallelize a problem since later versions has those features built in. The programmer just have to be aware that it can be parallelized, but not waste time on the details about how to do it. Unfortunately GNU Fortran doesn't support this yet (unless it has been enabled lately). Python is certainly not an alternative - unless you want to have a replacement for Basic. Education shall primarily be done in type-safe languages that forces the developers to learn the importance of type safety. Way too many bugs have been created through history that are related to operations that aren't type-safe. Ada is one language that is really strict. Java is acceptable. C# is not acceptable since it has some unsafe parts when it comes to data typing. And Visual Basic should be taken out, shot, drowned, burnt and sterilized for all it's abilities to make things unsafe and bug-ridden. How new does the book need to be for the language standard when it hasn't changed much in 2 decades? It's a simple, easy to use tool for serious engineering. Actually, Fortran has changed quite a bit in the last two decades. The Fortran 90, Fortran 95, and Fortran 2003 [wikipedia.org] standards have come out during that time. They added quite a number of major features, such as free-form source code, recursive procedures, operator overloading, dynamic memory allocation, and object-oriented programming. The Fortran of 2009 is not like the Fortran of 1989 at all. Real men can read Hollerith like Braille. At 20 cards per second. It is my opinion that learning two fundamentally different languages makes someone a better programmer. I see value in teaching both Fortran and (for example) Python, using Fortran for number crunching and Python for smarter algorithms. Use both. I used Fortran to create some python modules at my last job, and it was dead easy. Take a look at this [cens.ioc.ee]. Fortran is still one of the best, fastest, most optimized tools for number crunching. Agreed. It's also very easy to write simple programs in it. This is a strength of Python too. No way I'd use Python for serious large data set numerical calculations. It's not either/or, with F2Py you can put your inner loops in Fortran, and deal with the higher level abstractions with Python. So you get fast number crunching and all the 'batteries included' too. ...if somebody studies astronomy and will have to work with old legacy Forth code, he should better be taught to program in Forth at university... This is exactly the wrong reason to teach any programming language. You teach a language to teach programming concepts and methodologies, and so you use languages that emphasize the concepts you want to teach. You don't teach a language so someone will know it later. That makes no sense at all. The plus of teaching Python is that it's a badass OOP language with clean and simple syntax. It's an excellent language for conveying object oriented methodologies. You learned Lisp and Prolog? I learned Scheme and Prolog. Wasn't because anyone thought I'd ever actually professionally program in those langauges, it's because they represent different paradigms, and, as a student, I learned something from seeing the different types of programming languages. After you've mastered the basics, you go out in the world, and use the right tool for the job. For all that you argue against fanboyisms, you commit a few of them yourself. Keep an open mind. ... You're WAY behind the times. I got a buddy who is an astrophysicist and worked at NASA, and he tells me his department ditched FORTRAN years ago in favor of Python+Numeric. I hear you about the need for badass number crunching tools. It's your assumption that only FORTRAN fits that particular bill which is erroneous. Not to say that FORTRAN doesn't have its use. It's just that other tools have since become better at some of those. Python Numeric homepage [scipy.org]. Check it out. Isn't as hard to write fast python code as fortran code? When you're paying large money for supercomputer time, your multi-day molecular dynamics simulations better run quickly. No, not really. The point everyone misses with Python is that Python was designed to play very nicely with external libraries. Python isn't as fast as C at some things, and isn't as fast as Fortran at some things, but is much easier to develop in than either, and can incorporate libraries in both of those languages. You can eat your cake and have it to. Does it really matter what language they're taught in? They should be learning the concepts of programming, not just a language. However, FORTRAN has the benefit of already having a large existing code base and deployment in the field in which students in those particular disciplines are studying. There's no reason for them NOT to learn it, and if they feel like learning Python later, then then may. Python isn't the solution for every god damned thing in the world, even if it can do it. What do people in the Slashdot community think? The easy route is just to let them teach what they want to. Professors will talk and push whatever they feel is valuable and they sure the hell aren't going to listen to a Slashdot user half their age that will get on his knees and write Java for an extra buck. If you get a whack job professor teaching only archaic languages, the University will probably hear complaints from alums about getting into the job market and wishing they had learned R instead of Fortran. I don't know about the other engineering programs but I'd sure rather be a master with R than Fortran. Is Fortran more efficient? Depends on if you're talking about cycles or amount of time it takes to write a quadratic sieve for prime numbers. I had to learn C and I actually like plain jane C in all its simplicity. I think colleges should stick to a low level language for numerical computation courses (in my case C but I believe Fortran would function fine), an intro course to an interpreted language like lisp scheme perl whatever and should of course offer full courses in whatever is the latest craze for usable languages like C++, Java I wager this will be a hot debate and I think it's fine if people want to teach Fortran, I learned scheme and I've never used it in my professional work! Just so long as when they enter the job market, they're prepared. i spoke to someone studying engineering in 1990 who was being taught fortran. they were using a mathematical library that would solve partial differential equations, by presenting the user with the actual mathematical formulae to them. these kinds of libraries are staggeringly complex to write, and they have been empirically proven over decades of use to actually work. to start again from scratch with such libraries would require man-centuries or possibly man-millenia of development effort to reproduce and debug, regardless of the programming language. so it doesn't matter what people in the slashdot community think: for engineers to use anything but these tried-and-tested engineering libraries, that happen to be written in fortran, would just be genuinely stupid of them. The surest way to corrupt a youth is to instruct him to hold in higher esteem those who think alike than those who think differently. - Nietzsche If all you need is to crunch numbers, Fortran is a good choice even today. It might not be the best language to introduce someone to computer science, but it is very powerful for anything that has to do with matrix operations. A few years ago in a physics graduate course we had a simulation project which left the choice of language to the student. We compared performance between implementations in C C++ and Fortran. Fortran was consistently faster by a big margin. It's also very easy to learn. That said, I do most of my coding in C. My first engineering class after leaving the Marine Corps in '86 was a 3 credit hour class that met twice a week. The first class each week focused on engineering graphics (drafting), the second was Fortran 77 programming. The computers in the lab were, I believe, 286 based Epson machines with dual 5.25" drives, running MS-DOS. As an added bonus our "development environment" as you say now, was edlin! At that time I had no personal experience with computers. I didn't know the difference between the OS, the There's no problem for teaching Fortran if it's the right tool for the job. It was 13 years ago that I took Fortran in College. It went great with physics and modeling courses. These days I write web-based database apps in Java/Perl/whatever language-du-jour is required of me, but I wouldn't want to use many of these languages for scientific purposes. I'll leave that to Fortran and C. I work at a university research lab and Fortran is still very much present. If nothing else, students need to be able to work with legacy code. I agree, however, that new projects should make use of more modern languages. Special consideration should be given to functional programming which naturally fits many science problems and is easily parallelizable due to its "no side effects" philosophy. Are you serious? Python? I am somewhat a Python fan boy. I love it. Its freaking wonderful for prototyping and really has a great, natural flow that reminds me a lot of pseudocode I might just invent on a napkin. Great language. But its also a factor of 30 times slower than a compiled language like C. (http://www.osnews.com/story/5602/Nine_Language_Performance_Round-up_Benchmarking_Math_File_I_O/page3/) And Fortran is able to do optimizations (due to differences in the language for evaluation of expressions) that C is unable to do. This has to do with guarantees of ordering that Fortran does not give that C does. My point is that Fortran is even faster than C. Why do you think its still around? The physical sciences aren't using a fast language because they are bored, or obsessed with speed for the hell of it. They use them because the problems they solve are typically deep into polynomial space, like O(n^3) or O(n^4). Having something 30 times faster means they can run 30 simulations instead of just 1. It makes a big difference to them. I think the author of this article has lost some of this perspective. That said, what this article should have tackled is, what do we want to teach engineering students about computer science? Right now, they take a class that teaches them C++, Java, Python, or whatever. They get some procedural programming skills with maybe a little tiny bit of object-oriented stuff (without really covering OO fundamentals IMHO, which are a more advanced topic) and they are thrown into a world where they are writing code in C for embedded controllers or Fortran for computational codes. As a result, there is a huge body of code out there written by people who know how to get the job done, but don't exactly write code that is very maintainable. They relearn the lessons of CS he hard way over 10-20-30-40(?) years of experience. Are we really giving these young students (who are not CS majors) what they need? What kind of curriculum would be ideal for someone who is going to end up writing code for something like a robot control system in C? * I didn't really look too closely at this particular source, but I've seen numerous benchmarks all saying the same thing. If you want a surprise, go look at how LISP stacks up compared to C. It is better than you think. You're advocating premature optimisation. Now, I'm speaking from a position of ignorance about Fortran - but I'm guessing if it were as expressive as a modern scripting language (Python, Ruby, Groovy etc.) then it would be more generally popular. The new scripting languages are so condusive to exploratory programming, it seems to me a no-brainer that undergrads would benefit from learning one. When speed becomes an issue, optimise whichever 1% of the routines are taking up the time. IMO universities should be teaching core principles and methods, not attempting to impart up-to-date job skills. If you are going to teach FORTRAN because it's of use in the real world, then why stop there? Why not also (god forbid) teach No! Teaching programming should be done in a langauge that imparts the principles easily and teaches good habits. You could do a lot worse than Pascal which was often used in this role, or maybe today just C++. I'd argue against Java and scripting languages as the core language since they are too high level to learn all the basics. You could throw in Perl, Python or any modern scripting langauge as a secondary, and for a Computer Science (vs. Physics, Engineering, etc) it's appropriate to teach a couple of other styles of programming - e.g. assembler, and functional programming. We're not talking CS here, we're talking Engineering. Teaching them a specific language used in their field IMO universities should be teaching core principles and methods, not attempting to impart up-to-date job skills. IMIO, Fortran is not about "imparting up to the date job skills" as much as showing students a powerful tool to accomplish a high-level task that they'd otherwise have to learn more programming to do - and that takes from time spent with the science they are trying to learn. Just because something is real does not make it a "trade skill" with al of the scorn you heaped upon it bountifully. Nail guns have been around for a while, but a lot of houses still get built with hammers. If a simple tool does a job efficiently and effectively then why "change for the sake of change"? This was clearly written by someone who doesn't actually do any scientific computing. As hard as it may be for some CS-types (myself included) to believe, Fortran is still the language for scientific computing. I've worked at flight simulation companies for two different companies (and 5 different groups) for the last 15 years. The math required to simulate a flying aircraft in realtime is ungodly hairy. It also has to get done fast. We typically have 50 or so different simulation models (plus all the I/O) that have to run to completion 60 times a second. That's about 17ms, or 8ms if we want %50 spare. In addition, for a realtime app like a simulatior it needs to take the same time to execute every time (no runtime dynamic allocations, GC, etc.) or things "jitter". Everywhere I've worked, with the exception of Ada mandated jobs, had this code done in Fortran. Yes that includes today. We are today writing new Fortran, and we are not alone. When we request models from the aircract manufacturers, they come in Fortran (or occasionally Ada). Fortran is still, and quite possibly always will be, the language for Scientific Computing. Suggesting non-CS math and science students learn some other programming language instead is just wrong. Further suggesting that it should be the author's favorite hip new interpreted languge is just laughable. I'll add a "+2" to this. My background is in Astrophysics, and the coding there is largely done in Fortran. The friends and people I know spread between 4-5 different universities all program in Fortran. I'm moving into Geophysics/Atmospheric/Oceanic sciences, and all that work is done in Fortran. From fluid dynamics to stress fault calculations, Fortran is the de facto language. To be clear, we're not talking about programming here. We're talking about math. Pure, hardcore, overwhelming math. The crunching of terabytes of data. Matrices with millions upon millions of cells, being combined with more of the same. If we were talking about pure programming, Fortran is a terrible language. What we're talking about here is automating massively complex mathematical calculations on enormous amounts of data. The Elders feel that if they had to go through it, so do the young'uns gol durn it! Seriously, though - as far as I know, Fortran has always been the language of those humonguous numerical models because of its optimizations with regard to array handling. I think it makes perfect sense as a first (or second) language for science majors. However I imagine the person asking this question is likely one of the young'uns being forced to learn it; and that person doesn't really have the perspective as to why this is so. After all, he's been hacking around in C and Python for years - they're in his comfort zone and have been good enough for the sorts of things he's been dealing with.	https://ask.slashdot.org/story/09/06/11/1228209/should-undergraduates-be-taught-fortran?sdsrc=next
In 2005, a very strange event was observed. An unknown object, not detectable through visible light, released an intense flare of X-rays. It took about a minute for the flare to reach its full brightness, about 90 times brighter than its resting output and about a million times as bright as the Sun. The flare lasted for about an hour before petering out. Four years later, it flared up again. X-ray flares are not unheard of, but this event defied classification. Astronomers normally look at the length of the flares as well as how often they occur to determine what kinds of processes produce them. These flares don’t match any known mechanism, making them mysterious indeed. To find out more, a team of researchers decided to look over archival data from the Chandra and XMM-Newton space observatories. They wondered if similar phenomena are taking place anywhere else in the Universe. If so, it might provide clues about the nature of these strange flares. And the researchers weren’t disappointed. Their search, which included 70 nearby galaxies, turned up two more such flares. Anomalous characteristics Like the first flare, the other two reached their peak luminosity in under a minute and lasted for about an hour. One of the flares recurred as many as five times during the observations, and the researchers estimate the recurrences could be as often as every 1.8 days. When not flaring, the objects looked like normal black holes or neutron stars. All the flares were almost certainly coming from their apparent host galaxies—meaning they’re not closer stars within our own Milky Way galaxy that happened to be situated in the foreground. Instead, the flares are in globular clusters (though one might be a dwarf galaxy) on the outskirts of their galaxies. Globular clusters are blobs of stars that orbit outside the galaxy proper. This is problematic because the easiest phenomena to compare them to—long-duration gamma ray bursts (incredibly bright bursts of gamma rays, lasting more than two seconds) as well as high-energy supernovae—requires a population of young stars. And the stars in globular clusters are pretty old, making those explanations unlikely. The source of these flares is also enigmatic because even when not flaring, they’re brighter than a neutron star can normally get. Neutron stars are the remains of a dead star that has been crushed down as far as it can go without turning into a black hole. Imagine a body with more than twice the mass of the Sun in a sphere the size of Manhattan. Because neutron stars are so compact, they have intense gravity, which allows them to shine as they gobble up matter. This matter can heat up as it spirals in, even triggering runaway thermonuclear combustion in some cases. This process emits a lot of light. It also triggers repeating flares, but they last for only a few seconds and are about a hundred times less luminous, so they couldn’t be the same thing. So what the heck are they? This question doesn’t currently have an answer beyond “we’ll find out more with more research." But the viable explanations put forward by the researchers all involve black holes. One possibility is that the black holes are of intermediate mass, between roughly a hundred and a thousand Solar masses. Based on their luminosity, these two new flare sources would have 800 and 80 Solar masses, respectively. Black holes of these masses, consuming matter as fast as they possibly can, might produce the observed flares. Another possibility is that the black holes are smaller but that their poles are aiming right at us. They might produce a tight, cone-shaped beam of X-rays from their magnetic poles, which gets pointed at us every few days as they rotate. When the poles are aimed our way, we’d perceive it as a flare. This doesn’t explain why the flares slowly decrease after flaring up, however. It’s also possible that a black hole, or even a neutron star, sometimes consumes matter faster than its normal physical limits. This could happen if it had a companion star with a very wide orbit. In the closest part of the star’s orbit, this star would pass the black hole or neutron star and cause matter to fall in more quickly. Future research might investigate the frequency of these bursts more closely to gain clues about the source of these strange new phenomena.	https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/10/we-are-seeing-strange-x-ray-flares-defy-explanation/
Bag I contains 1 white, 2 black and 3 red balls; Bag II contains 2 white, 1 black and 1 red balls; Bag III contains 4 white, 3 black and 2 red balls. A bag is chosen at random and two balls are drawn from it with replacement. They happen to be one white and one red. What is the probability that they came from Bag III. This is a question of CBSE Sample Paper - Class 12 - 2017/18.	https://www.teachoo.com/7213/2242/Question-22/category/CBSE-Sample-Paper-Class-12---2017-18/
As a society, there is an accepted agreement that a disability is not a barrier to education. What’s more, American colleges and universities have legal obligations to make reasonable accommodations for people with disabilities under the American Disability Act. However, the conversation thus far has largely focused on the physical requirements of accessibility. But as Jay Timothy Dolamge, disability studies academic and author notes, ramps and elevators are also metaphors for the broader need for inclusion. Despite good intentions, many students and staff with disabilities report that they routinely find themselves excluded from campus life in one way or another. Sure, the school built wheelchair accessible ramps for buildings and classrooms, but that tends to be where schools begin and end their path to accessibility. Hiring more college administrators who are differently-abled, however, can help take good intentions and morph them into actions that make colleges and universities into truly diverse and inclusive institutions for learning. Schools Fall Short on Creating the Right Experience The focus on academic and physical accessibility through infrastructure and technologies like e-learning that schools already have is undoubtedly important. At the same time, social inclusion is equally vital to a student’s success. While this inclusion comes naturally for many students, the same space isn’t made for students who are differently-abled or who have special needs. The student experience is where the metaphor of the ramp or elevator becomes most relevant. Differently-abled students need to feel they are not just included, but that they’re a natural part of their school’s society in order to succeed in campus life and in the classroom. Studies show that students with disabilities of all types have a lower participation rate in extracurricular activities, and the cause of this is a lack of social inclusion in campus culture. Students in the study cited negative attitudes of faculty and admin staff as reasons that they couldn’t fully participate. Many also said that they felt they couldn’t even share their needs to get the accommodations they required. What’s more, students with disabilities are far less likely to finish school: 34% complete a four-year program in four years compared to 51% of their peers. At the same time, students with needs have an overwhelming capability for completing the work required to graduate on time. Poor experiences at college not only “other” students unnecessarily, but they actively contribute to students being unable to fulfill their academic potential. Why Having More College Administrators with Disabilities Can Help The stigma of disability lingers even in the most physically accessible campuses, but in order to change it, schools need college administrators who not only understand it in terms of legal obligations. They also need to know it intimately and understand that disability isn’t a barrier in any respect. More school administrators with disabilities will not only empower teams to even the playing field for students with disabilities, but they do so with authenticity and through a voice that is also self-empowered. It is a perfect example of the Social Model of Leadership (SML), which empowers people with disabilities and highlights the validity and uniqueness of their viewpoints. It takes a lot to forge a career in academic administration; being a college dean requires intense education as well as many years of experience. When people with disabilities make the time and effort to work for these types of positions, they not only lead but they lead by example. By seeing other people with disabilities in a position to influence change, college students can see how important their unique voices are and understand that they have the power to shape their worlds. They will also likely be more comfortable sharing both their struggles and their requirements. Why You Should Be a College Administrator According to Maryville University, human services based careers are some of the top options for job seekers with disabilities. One such career is a college administrator, which is perfect for people with any disability, whether it’s physical and includes limited mobility or it’s an invisible disability. As a college administrator, you do things like: - Participate in the admissions process - Oversee materials - Track university records - Plan curricula - Oversee budgets Through your work, you can play a role in developing the most important features of all student life and share your experiences to make improvements both for students with disabilities and for the campus culture as a whole. You can be the change that’s necessary to help other people with disabilities realize their full potential in the college setting. Inclusion Is the Way Forward Too often, the conversation around inclusivity in higher education focuses on distance learning and building accessibility. While these things are important, they focus too heavily on the disability and not enough on the student’s social needs. Students with special needs may enjoy the option to attend online classes or receive course materials in multiple formats. But if they’re still isolated from their peers, then they aren’t truly included in the college experience By focusing on building college administration teams that represent the student experience and hiring administrators with disabilities, schools can make themselves into centers of learning that are not only physically accessible to all but places that also represent all different types of human experiences.	https://www.rollingwithoutlimits.com/view-post/Why-More-People-with-Disabilities-Should-Become-College-Administrators

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