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Number of Islands
A popular problem associated with Leetcode’s online judge. Determine the count of islands in a grid of locations that are either land or water.
Problem
Consider the following grid of locations.
Each location is either land (1) or water (0).
Your task is to count the number of islands. An island is surrounded by water and consists of several pieces of land reachable from each other by moving horizontally or vertically. Whatever is outside the four edges of the grid is water.
Input. The input consists of the number of rows of the grid in one line followed by the rows of the grid. For example
Output.
The output consists of a single number, the count of islands in the grid. For example, the number of islands in the sample input is 3.
Solution
Here is a Ruby implementation.
Want to read more?
I regularly write solutions to programming problems that you may or may not find in technical job interviews. I also love to explain those solutions and answer questions. If you would like to get the latest problem + solution, subscribe to the newsletter or subscribe via RSS. You can also follow me on Twitter, GitHub, and LinkedIn. | http://ruslanledesma.com/2016/11/14/number-of-islands.html |
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The coke example Brandon gave is a good one. The essence of zero-sum games is just like he said: what one player gains is exactly offset by what the other player loses, so the sum of payoffs equals zero. That's why they're called [View full text and thread]
Thank you for replying. I only have one question....did
you stop talking about it at the "Coke" part? Because that
was as far as I could see. Thank you...if there are more
parts, please e-mail me. And if anyone else out there [View full text and thread]
Hi! I'll try my best. Here goes.....Zero-sum games are those games for which the payoffs to the players sum to zero (they add up to zero) for all possible strategy combinations. If this is represented in a payoff matrix (called the normal form) as compared to the extensive form (with game tree), only 1 payoff (the payoff to the row player) is given for each pair of strategies. This is the convention for zero-sum games. So, if you see a game which is represented by a payoff matrix and only one payoff is shown, it would be a zero-sum game. An example could be when 2 firms in the market, and only these 2 firms (duopolists) compete over market share. Here, we can understand that a firm's gain in market share is the loss of the other firm.
Say, you play a small game with your friend (perhaps Monopoly) and the loser gets to buy a drink for the winner. :) It's a zero-sum game. The winner gets a coke, the loser looses the coke. :) One coke minus one coke = zero coke[Manage messages]
Hi! I'll try my best. Here goes.....
Zero-sum games are those games for which the payoffs to the players sum to zero (they add up to zero) for all possible strategy combinations. If this is represented in a payoff matrix (called the [View full text and thread]
I am a high school student trying to learn about Zero-Sum games. I have read many things about it, but because of my lack of knowledge, it is uncomprehensible to me. Could somebody please help explain it in "elementary"
terms? Please [View full text and thread]
I am a high school student trying to learn about Zero-Sum games. I have read many things about it, but because of my lack of knowledge, it is uncomprehensible to me. Could somebody please help explain it in "elementary"
terms? Please [View full text and thread]
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Table of contents:
- Explanations
- Part of the product
- Classification
- What areproducts?
- Who makes the products?
- Product development
Everyone who produces something with his own hands or at the enterprise knows what a product is. However, people who are far from industry do not always understand this definition itself. From this publication, readers will not only be able to find out the explanation of this term, but also understand the types and classification of products based on different parameters.
Explanations
According to the regulatory framework and GOST approved by government services under the number 2.101-68, you can find out what a product is. This is, first of all, a piece item (a part or a finished product) or a set of different items produced in production and suitable for subsequent assembly.
Products are usually counted as units of production, sometimes - copies. The main reason for such a clear terminology is the need to maintain documentation at enterprises (manufacturing, warehouse, providing intermediate storage of products) and in companies involved in the sale of products.
To avoid confusion and substitution of concepts, there is a clear systemaccording to which all products are divided into specific types, depending on their purpose, configuration and stage of release (development, testing or established production).
Part of the product
In order to make it easier to understand what a product is, you need to understand what it consists of, what is its structure:
- A detail is a product that is made from only one type of material and a single, inseparable object. It is allowed to use additional or post-processing, but this should only be an improvement of the product (chrome plating, paint, varnish, etc.), and not its processing or modernization. In this case, it will already be its new look.
- Assembly unit - these are elements of one product that require the use of measures to assemble and compose a single whole. But the complex is two (possibly more) separately manufactured parts of one product, which, as a result, must interact, but their assembly does not require connection using special equipment. The production of products of a complex type also involves the additional configuration of the main subject of production with special items. For example, it can be fasteners, tools, containers or packaging material.
- A set means a number of items manufactured or supplied in one set, they can be used both separately and together, complement each other (a set of dishes, a set of wrenches).
Classification
There is a fairly extensive classification of items of production by type, each of which explains the purpose, method of creation and characteristics of products:
- Products of the main production are items that are produced at enterprises for the final consumer, with the aim of their further sale.
- Production of products for auxiliary needs. They are necessary for the work of the organization itself or the industrial group associated with it, cooperation.
In addition, there are also groups of consumers for which this or that product is designed. This is a rather broad and conditional classification of items of production, but it well demonstrates the structure of consumption of goods:
- Products suitable for meeting national economic needs - export, the general population, conducting economic activities within the state.
- Products for industrial purposes - when a factory of products of this category is established, it works mainly for certain enterprises according to a strictly limited range and strict standards.
- Products to meet consumer demand.
- Items, parts or complexes that are manufactured and delivered according to an approved plan for a particular customer.
- Products for the company's own needs.
There is also a breakdown by the number of produced copies - single (repeated and one-time), serial, mass production.
What areproducts?
When debugging production, as well as the subsequent operation of the line, technologists and controllers need to clearly monitor the quality of products. To do this, they need to correctly determine what a product is, what its normal appearance is, and when adjustments should be made to the operation of the enterprise. Production items are divided into suitable and defective. The first are made in accordance with all the requirements stated in the technical documentation. Defective refers to any part or component with a clear non-compliance with the specified standards.
Other signs of product quality include:
- completeness, which is installed according to the instructions and accompanying documentation;
- newness (obsolete or modern);
- level of technology.
Who makes the products?
The main objects of production of various kinds of products are specially equipped enterprises - plants, factories, workshops. Their work is debugged and standardized - enterprises of this level work most often in a planned manner. Adjustment of new lines, modernization of existing ones often also occur according to the schedule, as large enterprises do not accept major adjustments to their work.
However, there are craftsmen who produce single items with their own hands. These are items that are not consumer goods and demand, but are made to order according to predetermined parameters.
Product development
All products, regardless of their purpose, go through certain stages of production. The very first is development. It is handled by dedicated engineering departments.
But the design and subsequent production of products on the line is impossible without the coordination of intermediate stages and options. Among the most significant are:
- simulation followed by testing;
- creating a layout and its testing, improvement;
- execution of the product with subsequent collection and analysis of the results;
- creation of norms, names and characteristics for the finished product.
Finished products may have different possibilities for subsequent operation, so some are repairable, others are not. Most often, this factor determines whether the model of the item is collapsible or solid, which also determines the possibility of after-sales service. | https://designhomebox.com/17196810-what-are-products-definition-and-classification |
Physical Philosophy offers me a form to connect speech and dance.
Spoken language and body language.
Through language and movement we come into relationship with ourselves and with our environment. Coming from a background of law and humane sciences, language has always been an important means of expression and communication for me. A means, also, to explain oneself and to understand others. To precise individuality and to create community. That is mainly why I speak/understand six (or perhaps more) languages.
But how do I communicate when language has not (yet) been differentiated?
Where there is no common language? With children, speakers of foreign languages, thinkers of foreign thoughts?
How can I find ways, to connect my experiences in dance with my language? Speak before and while I dance. Speak afterwards.
Some of the following projects show my work around philosophical themes through language, body and art. I crystallized moments of body talk into pictures, and then let myself get inspired to words by these pictures days, weeks, months later. In this process thoughts took form that had flown through me equally or similarly in the instance of movement. And sometimes totally new connections came forth. Ideas fledged and evoked new movements: They became the inspiration for my dance. They became the foundation for my course descriptions and course contents (e.g. Body and Time; The Body Unveiled) and thus have moved others, who then again have worded their experiences. A potentially indefinite chain of movement and language.
Below you will find my dance and my thoughts on diverse topics.
I would love to experience, what you have to “say” to this (Contact)– in whatever language you choose: through dance, art, being concise and sharp, philosophical…
These could be the themes of our dialogue: | http://www.walburgaglatz.com/physical-philosophy/ |
Hello!
My nephew, Kaleb, turned 6 last Friday. This year’s theme was Spiderman! After cutting spider webs in different sizes for his friend birthday party a few weeks ago, I decided to go through my stash and figure out how to make a Spiderman card without buying anything. I am happy to say I succeeded!
I used a Tim Holtz embossing folder for the background, added a few spiders that had been cut with the webs, a number die cut and a sentiment. It came together pretty easy!
Project 14/365
Supplies~
Stamps: SU Number of Years
Ink: Memento Tuxedo Black
CS: SU Real Red, Dapper Denim, Whisper White
Other: Sizzix Texture Fades Halloween Words & Cobwebs set by Tim Holtz, spiders from Taylored Expressions dies, SU Large Number Framelits, dimensionals
Happy Independence Day!
Happy 4th of July!
I created two patriotic cards to share today. I’ve had these Taylored Expressions stamps in my stash for awhile now. I finally dusted them off yesterday and inked them up for the first time using Tim Holtz distress markers.
I hope everyone celebrating today has a safe and fun day!
Supplies ~
Card 1
Stamps: Taylored Expressions God Bless the USA
Ink: Tim Holtz distress markers in Festive Berries and Blueprint Sketch
CS: SU Night of Navy, MFT Sweet Tooth
PP: Pebbles Americana
Other: MFT Stitched Rounded Rectangle stax, SU Metallic enamel shapes
Card 2
Stamps: Taylored Expressions Freedom Fireworks
Ink: Tim Holtz distress markers in Festive Berries and Blueprint Sketch
CS: SU Real Red, Night of Navy, MFT Sweet Tooth
PP: Bo Bunny Liberty
Other: MFT Double Stitched Circle stax, Star Dust stickles, SU Metallic enamel shapes
Have a Sunny Day!
A very belated Happy New Year to you all!
If you are still here, thanks for sticking with me! I have been in a major crafty funk and decided to take an extended blogging break. I’m not sure how often I will post but since I did recently make a card, I thought I would share it.
One of my card groups does a brand swap each month. It’s one of my favorites to participate in! This month the chosen company is Taylored Expressions, a long time favorite.
I used copics to color in this Wildflower Bouquet image and the paper is from Authentique. I kept the layout pretty simple to focus on the beautiful flower arrangement.
Have a great night!
Autumn Wreath
Hi again!
Here is another card I made yesterday. This one is a fall card using Taylored Expressions Autumn Wreath stamp set and Sketch #466 from Mojo Monday.
I stamped the wreath and squirrel on Taylored Expressions Choice Buttercream cardstock and colored them with Prismacolor pencils. I then blended the images with Gamsol and fussy cut them. All the cardstock and patterned papers (Crate Paper Farmhouse) are from an old TE Key Ingredients kit (October 2011!). Here’s to using older stash!
Here is the sketch~
Have a great night! | https://mypaperlife.com/tag/taylored-expressions/ |
Exotic breeds — such as animals from the big cat family, snakes, rare birds , and non-human primates — have a place in their normal territories and not in the possession of human beings as “pets.” By their actual nature, these creatures are wild and conceivably hazardous and, in that capacity, are not meant to adapt well to an alien climate.
Since most of the states don’t keep precise records of these exotic breeds entering their state, it is difficult to decide precisely the number of these creatures that are being secretly held as pets, however the number is assessed to be very high. An expected 5,000 tigers alone are held by private people. Goverrmental bodies have created legistaltion preventing the ownership of certain non indegenous creatures by private citizens, but these laws usually remain unimplemented.
Among the most obvious reasons why people should avoid exotic animals as pets is the fact that they belong in the wild, and are not exactly suitable for domestication. Outlandish creatures don’t make great pets. They require extraordinary consideration, when it comes lodging, diet, and upkeep that the average individual cannot give. When in the possession of private civilians, the creatures experience a threat to their lives because of their helplessness. They additionally present a threat to the security and wellbeing of their proprietors and any individual that may come into contact with them. People having intriguing creatures as pets, usually tend to view them as status symbols, and rarely show any concern for the animal in question. They are made to reside in fenced in areas , beated and starved or even have to suffer through excruciating mutilations, for example, declawing and de-toothing. On the off chance that the individual introspects and acknowledges that they cannot at this point provide for a fascinating pet, as a rule it has to be sent to zoos and different conservation foundations to mitigate the owner of the obligation to care for an exotic animal. In any case, every one of the zoos and licensed establishments couldn’t realistically oblige.
Author
Isabella Panthenal is a Journalism, Literature and Psychology Undergraduate, with a fascination for all things that stem from the human psyche. She is a homegrown environmentalist on her quest to sustainability. | https://winanimallivesmatter.com/say-no-to-exotic-breeds/ |
>If you write 750 words every day for a year, you’ll have written . . . [stops to calculate] . . . 273,750 words, which is WAY longer than a novel. In fact, it’s like 3 novels, almost 4. But 750 words isn’t very much. It’s about 3 double-spaced pages. You can do it! Hell, even I can do it. Most days.
Comments
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>Whenever I read about word counts I think of Hemingway's habit of daily counting the words he wrote. He says at one place that even though he'd like to write more, writing 400-600 words a day was a pace he was very happy with. | https://cliffordgarstang.com/750-words/ |
Availability date:
Façade moulding 3001
65 x 48 x 2000 mm
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|Width x Thickness x Lenght :||65 x 48 x 1250 mm|
|Net weight (kg) :||2 kg|
|Material :||Made in plaster and lime reinforced with natural fibers or glass fibers - Exterior resistant - 100% natural product|
Plaster moulding for outdoor use. Perfect underneath cornices and window sills. Delivered in pieces of 2 meters long. | https://onlineplaster.com/en/mouldings/83-facade-moulding-3001.html |
The present invention relates to a model selection system for unsupervised learning anomaly detection and a method thereof, and more particularly, to a model selection system for unsupervised learning anomaly detection that learns evaluation criteria of an anomaly detection model through a labeled data set, and when a new unlabeled data set is received, predicts and evaluates each anomaly detection model based on the learned evaluation criteria to have a prediction evaluation result of selecting a best model, and a method thereof. The model selection system for unsupervised learning anomaly detection comprises a meta learning part, an evaluation criteria storage part, and a model selection part.
COPYRIGHT KIPO 2020 | |
The internal martial art of Bagua Zhang and the highest levels of Tai Chi are ultimately based on the sphere. In this video, Senior Instructor Lee Burkins demonstrates bagua using a motion capture monitor.
If you look at a circle, you will see it is two dimensional. This circle effectively moves on one plane. Alternatively, a sphere infinitely combines circles, moving on three primary planes—allowing for movement up, down, forward, back, left and right.
In bagua zhang, anytime you move your arm or leg, take a step or turn your waist, there should always be a sense that you’re not only moving in front of you, but simultaneously to the side of you, and to the back of you.
All these motions of front, back, and side, are a slightly more advanced level of bagua zhang, but are ultimately what you’re aiming for. So when your hand goes forward, something is also happening in back of you, and something is also happening to your left and your right side.
This eventually creates a sphere, which is the strong point of many tai chi styles, such as Wu Style tai chi.
Essential in this spherical motion is keeping your arms and the area between your legs from collapsing, while also paying attention to your thighs and your pelvis, and all the upper parts of your body. Be sure that they are always expanding equally in all directions, and that you become very conscious of what your back is doing, as well as what your ribs and your sides are doing.
In this motion, your arm or your leg is moving on a sphere; going from the edge of the sphere into the center of the sphere, and out to periphery of the sphere again. In and out, in and out. This is very different in many ways than the circular movement found in some larger styles of tai chi, such as Yang style.
Spherical Motion in Bagua ultimately does have to be taught by a teacher because although you might comprehend it intellectually, you must get these movements into your body. It’s a bit like someone explaining how to play a complex piece of music, and attempting to play that piece without sheet music simply based on their explanation. There is more to this motion than can be explained in intellectual terms.
The important thing about all Spherical Motion, which is primary to both Bagua and Tai Chi, is that every motion you do emanates equally in all directions – front, back and sidewards. You won’t feel just one arm moving spherically, rather you will feel both your arms, your legs and every part of your body, emanating in all directions.
As you practice Spherical Motion, it will begin to stretch every part of your body equally. In the commonly practiced circular motion, one part of your body may have a circular feeling such as your arm, however, that may not encompass your legs, it may not encompass your weight.
Even if only your arms and your weight have a spherical sense, this will stretch everything from your spine and your internal organs equally in all directions – forward, back, and sidewards, as well as up and down. It is critical that the pressures from your arm should always be going up, down, forward, back, left, and right.
A radically different and incredibly positive effect is created when all this is combined. However, with this said, it’s usually required that people practice circular motion, because very circular motions must be experienced before spherical ones are possible. For example, spherical motions in Bagua are primarily done by intermediate practitioners and not by beginning practitioners.
If you are practicing Tai Chi or Bagua, the first step is to start to make everything more smooth and circular. Once that is done, the real game begins as you move from the circle to the sphere. The level of experience to pull this off varies and the ways in which you get there can be many, which is why both bagua and tai chi are called ‘arts’ rather than sciences. This is also why they are lifetime practices that get deeper and deeper according to your own level of passion, enthusiasm and commitment. | https://www.energyarts.com/spherical-movements-bagua/ |
Who are we looking for?
10 new members to our team who have experience in Data Engineering and will become experts for our clients.
You will have the opportunity to work with a state-of-the-art cloud-based data platform where data-driven solutions are created with the help of analytics, machine learning and artificial intelligence.
You will become part of an international data team in a project to develop modules for automated, AI-based, linear TV coverage forecasting. This solution will help you make better decisions about placing the right content on the right channel at the best possible time.
You will have the opportunity to deal with:
- Implement data pipelines to prepare, deliver, and version data needed to teach models;
- Advising other team members on the development of machine learning models, particularly on the productive operation of these models;
- Design and implement microservices that deliver models via REST APIs, including functionality to monitor these models in production work;
- Implementing microservices in a productive cloud environment with high availability requirements.
Great if you have:
- +2 years of experience using Python language
- +2 years of experience working with PySpark
- You are well versed in Google Cloud Platform and Kubernetes
- You are familiar with REST API solutions
- You have experience working in a scrum environment
- You know how to prioritize and solve problems
- Good command of English and good communication skills
Additionally, we will appreciate: | https://polarysgroup.eu/data-engineer-2 |
Top 4 Worldwide Health Problems
When it comes to global health, there are a variety of risk factors that seem to be universal. This wide range of experiences based on similar core issues begs the question: What are the biggest health problems in the world?
Disease
From noncommunicable diseases such as cancer and diabetes to viral infections like Ebola virus and measles, the disease remains to be one of the most obvious health problems faced by world populations. Disease can have many causes depending on the population involved, including the following:
- Unclean Water – Lack of access to clean water poses a sanitation risk.
- Behavioral Habits – Tobacco and alcohol use as well as highly risky behaviors such as drug use or promiscuity are habits that increase the risk of disease.
- Overcrowded Populations – In highly dense populations, viral infection can spread like wildfire.
Malnutrition
Lack of proper nourishment can be a major factor in the health of individuals as well as entire communities. Whether food is not available due to war or famine, or educational infrastructure about nutrition isn’t in place, malnourishment affects a wide range of diverse populations worldwide. Obesity in first-world countries remains to be a link to many otherwise preventable noncommunicable diseases and other life factors that diminish the quality of life.
Violence
One of the things that poses a major risk to the world population remains to be violence. War and acts of terrorism are threats to the physical and emotional health of all ages. Whether it is domestic violence tearing families and communities apart, or the acts of genocide that are still being purported today in the name of religious fervor or ethnic hatred, violence remains a detriment to all communities and age groups in various ways, forcing many people to leave their homes to seek refuge in other countries.
Environmental Factors
As more research is found regarding the role of environment in overall health, more and more countries have put stringent regulations in place to reduce air and water pollution that pose a major threat. Regardless of what location or biome a community is dependent upon, changes in the environment affect the availability of food and clean water. Whether it is the melting of glaciers that have sustained ecosystems for small communities to thrive or the contamination of precious air and water resources, environmental factors play a large part in overall health outlook on a global scale.
From first-world countries to the developing world, the basic factors affecting the health of the world’s population are the same across the board. Though certainly affecting various nationalities and income levels in different ways, these four factors are the basis for many of the world’s afflictions and are a starting ground for policymakers to address global health. | https://globalhealthcore.org/what-are-the-biggest-health-problems-in-the-world/ |
Gujarat Titans (GT) captain Hardik Pandya was seen high-fiving Rajasthan Royals (RR) batter Shimron Hetmyer after he was hit for a four by the West Indian left-hander as RR and GT clashed in the 25th match of the IPL 2022.
Chasing a tough target of 193, RR batting couldn’t get going at any stage, as only Jos Buttler made 54 in 24 balls with 8 fours and 3 sixes and Shimron Hetmyer made 27 in 19 balls, while Riyan Parag tried his best, but could only make 18 runs.
On the other hand, Devdutt Padikkal (0), R Ashwin (8), Sanju Samson (11), and Rassie van der Dussen (6) all failed to get going. Lockie Ferguson and Yash Dayal were the notable wicket-takers for the GT side.
One of the batters who showed a glimpse of a fight was Hetmyer, who was seen taking on the likes of Hardik Pandya and Mohammad Shami. In fact, Hardik Pandya even high-fived Hetmyer after he hit him for a four on his ball.
Here is the video:
— Addicric (@addicric) April 14, 2022
Hardik Pandya Stars With The Bat As GT Puts On 192/4
Meanwhile, after being invited to bat first as RR captain Sanju Samson won the toss, the GT innings was all about Hardik Pandya, as he slammed 87* in 52 balls with 8 fours and 4 sixes. He got great support from Abhinav Manohar (43 in 28 balls) and David Miller (31* in 14 balls with 5 fours, 1 six) as the Gujarat Titans put on 192/4 in 20 overs.
It was an amazing batting performance from Pandya, especially after Matthew Wade (12) and Shubman Gill (13) and then Vijay Shankar (2) departed early. | https://notesradar.com/rr-vs-gt-watch-hardik-pandya-high-fives-shimron-hetmyer-after-rr-batter-smacks-him-for-a-boundary/ |
Yesterday we brought you a story about the selling of clothes in Dunnes Stores Enniscorthy. That story can be accessed here: Small Retailers Angry as Clothes for Sale in Dunnes | WexfordToday.com
In that article we posed the following question and promised to investigate the matter:
In trying to answer this question we made a number of enquiries.
We contacted local TD’s James Browne and Paul Kehoe who are representatives of government parties.
At the time of writing Deputy Kehoe was yet to respond, while Deputy Browne said he has referred the matter to the Department of Justice. It must be noted that Deputy Browne is in fact a Minister in the Department of Justice.
We then contacted the Department of Health and asked them to provide ‘clarity in relation to what clothing items are deemed as essential under the current restrictions’.
We did receive a response, however the response did not answer our question but instead answered a question that we didn’t ask.
We then decided to look through the government website for clarity around what clothing items were classed as essential. This information is not available on the government website.
In the last 8 hours we have contacted a Minister at the Department of Justice, the Department of Health and have trawled through the government websites, but have not been able to find a list which outlines what is considered essential clothing.
The absence of such detail places some retailers in an invidious position.
We were referred, by the Department of Health to the following section of the government website:
gov.ie – View the list of essential retail outlets at Level 5 (www.gov.ie)
As can be clearly seen here, the only mention of the sale of clothing in these restrictions is in point 10, where such clothing is an essential safety supply. Presumably items such as hobnail boots and reflective clothing fall into this category.
This finding raises 2 questions:
- Why are supermarkets selling clothing at all if they are not listed as essential above?
- What criteria are these supermarkets using to justify what they believe meet the requirements?
Below are a number of photographs taken earlier today from Dunnes Stores in Enniscorthy. There appears to be no rhyme or reason behind what they have decided to sell as essential. Take a look for yourself (bearing in mind that Dunnes Stores told us yesterday that tops are still closed off):
There are also some sections blocked off within the store. It is unclear what criteria is being used to divide the stock into ‘legal’ and ‘illegal’. It just further highlights the absurdity of the restrictions.
Yet again for the avoidance of doubt, the issue being highlighted here is the inconsistent application of the rules and the lack of clarity from Government as to what the rules actually are. If no rules are being broken, then there is no reason why other clothes shops in the same town cannot be open.
Some described yesterday’s article as pettiness. Let’s not forget that thousands of people across Ireland have been made unemployed by these restrictions. Hundreds of these businesses will never re-open. It is not unreasonable or petty to expect a clearly defined and consistent application of the rules. | https://wexfordtoday.com/2021/03/05/clothes-confusion-continues-as-restrictions-laid-bare/ |
Where can I find the diplomas for the participants?
Ordering an electronic version of certificates and diplomas, electronic versions of certificates and diplomas can be found in the sections "Student Awards" and "My Awards"of the administrator's cabinet.
Ordering delivery by post, expect delivery to the postal address you specified when registering. Check the correct address in the profile. If an error is found in the address, contact the Organizing Committee.
Why did the account write more than it was paid for? Where can I find the diplomas for the participants?
Perhaps, the testing passed more participants than you expected or souvenirs (magnets and badges) were ordered. After the order of souvenirs, immediately the money is being written off.
Can I change the data for the auto-completion of diplomas and certificates?
In the sections "Awards of students" and "My awards" there are changeable lines. At autocomplete of diplomas you can correct names of the educational organization, settlement, the status of the participant, grade. The changes are not saved when these sections are closed. They need to be made each time before preparing diplomas for autocompletion and printing. Surnames and names of students should be edited through the section "List of pupils".
I still have not received any awards. What to do?
1) You have debts in payment. To receive materials, you must pay off the debts and inform about the fact of payment to the Organizing Committee. You can check the existence of debts in the personal account of the administrator in the section "My account".
2) Perhaps the materials are waiting for you at the post office. Contact your post office.
3) You have chosen an electronic version of materials. Selecting an electronic version of materials, click "Students' awards" and "My awards" in the admin section.
Where and how to look at the arrival \ expenditure \ balance of funds?
Select the "My Account" section In your personal cabinet. In this section, debits are displayed for participation. The write-offs are divided according to the stages of the contests. To view more information about the stage click on the field with the name of the stage (or the link "Details"). Inside the stage, write-offs are divided into classes. To view detailed information about the charges in each grade, click on the field with the grade name.
I still have money in my account. How can I get them back?
The balance of funds is not refundable and remains on the administrator's personal account. It can be used in full to pay for further participation.
Where can I see the list of results?
Lists of results can be found in the news on the main page of the site, in the "Olympiads" section, and in the personal cabinet of the administrator in the section "My notifications". Information about participants in the public access on the site does not contain first names and last names (personal data protection). More information is available to administrators in the "My notifications" section.
Where to find the results of past years?
The archive of the results of the past contests is available on the main page of the site https://urfodu.ru/ru/ru/ .
Who passed to the next stage of the contest?
The information on passing points is placed in the Regulations on the 1 st and 2 nd stages of the contest.
Correct answers are not published and can not be sent to the e-mail addresses of the participants. All disputed issues are resolved by filing an appeal in the personal cabinet of the administrator with a detailed justification for the answer.
Where to find the tasks of the contest?
Testing materials are available in the administrators' cabinets on the day the testing begins, starting at 0:00. by Moscow time. Tasks for printing can be downloaded in the application table by clicking on the corresponding file icon in front of each item and class.
Where to find the tasks of the past contests?
The tasks of past years are not published and can not be sent to the e-mail addresses of participants. The demo version of the tasks is available online at the link https://urfodu.ru/en/ru/demo/ .
How to download tasks for printing them? Is it possible to download tasks for printing in one archive?
Testing materials are available in the administrators' cabinets on the day the testing begins, starting at 0:00. by Moscow time. To download tests for printing by grades, you need to go to your personal cabinet \ go to the section "My applications" \ Choose the contest you are interested in \ select the stage of this contest that is currently held \ click on the paper sheet icon with the folded corner next to the number of the grade (course). Please note that for downloading tests for printing in the browser settings, the opening of pop-up windows should be allowed, and the program the WinRar or Zip archiver should be installed.
Where can I send an appeal?
In my account in the section "Feedback" there is a button "My appeals". To file an appeal, click the "New appeal" button. On the page that opens, fill in all required fields and click the "Send appeal" button. After that, it will be sent to a specialist, and appear in the list of your appeals. The list of appeals can be filtered by the date of appeal, on the topic of appeal and on the fact of reading the messages in the appeal. In each appeal there may be several messages. The number of messages in the appeal is displayed as a number in front of the title. If there are unread messages in the appeal, it is highlighted in gray in the list. To read the messages, click on the title of the appeal.
The entrance to the testing program for participants registered by the teacher is in the student's personal area in the form of the title of the item and the button «Start testing». When the test is completed please click the "Finish" button. The score will be displayed on the screen. Testing for individual participants is only available with a positive balance. The entrance to the testing program is in the personal cabinet in the form of the title of the item and the button "Start testing". When the test is completed please click the "Finish" button. The score will be displayed on the screen.
Where to find the entrance to the electronic testing program?
To enter the electronic testing program, you need to enter your personal account. This can be done through the "Login" button, or through the "Start testing" button, which is on the main page of the site ttps://urfodu.ru/ru/ru/. After the authorization, the participant enters his / her private page, where he sees the "Start testing" button opposite each item. When you click on one of the buttons, the participant enters the test on the subject.
The student moved to another school. What to do?
Where can I see the timing of the contest?
I am a student and I forgot my login and password from my personal page. What to do?
To restore the login or password from your personal page or your legal representative, it is necessary to apply to the teacher supervising the contest in your school or to the specialist of the Teacher's House of the Ural Federal District.
If you lose your password, you need to restore it using a special password recovery mechanism. To do this, on the authorization page, enter your login or e-mail. Further instructions will be sent to the e-mail specified in your profile. If the letter with the new password does not come long - check the "Spam" folder. If you lose your login, you need to contact a specialist at the Teacher's House of the Ural Federal District.
How to fill in the list of students?
In the section "List of students", you can add one or more students by clicking the "Add student" button. In this section there is the possibility of authorization on behalf of the student and the ability to edit his data (name, class, date of birth).
How can I see my students in the list?
Select the necessary students in the "My students" list, with the help of "checkmarks", putting them opposite the surname, and click the button "Add to my pupils". To remove from the list - switch to the "Show only my students" mode, select students using the "checkboxes", putting them opposite the last name, and click the "Remove from my students" button. All the students you added automatically fall into this list. Do not add duplicate pupils, please. This makes working with the list difficult.
As a result of the first stage, my participants were distributed along the routes: red, blue and green. What does it mean?
"Blue Route" - this route is medium in length and in complexity. The questions here are less complicated than on the "Red Route", but to pass to the final you need to score at least 40 points.
The "green route" is the simplest, but at the same time the longest. The tasks here are easier than on other routes, but you can not stumble here, because to pass to the final you need to score at least 50 points.
The "Red Route" is the most complex, but the shortest. Questions on this route are more complicated, but to get to the final stage, it's enough to score 30 points.
What should I do if my school is not in the drop-down list when registering?
If your school is not in the drop-down list at registration you need to bring the school to the list by registering the school on our website. After completing the school registration, your application will be submitted for moderation by the specialist responsible for your region. After confirming it, the school will be available for registration.
How are points awarded for answers?
Questions "One option from the list": if the answer is the same as the correct one, the points are credited for the question, in accordance with its value.
Questions "Several options from the list": if the number of marked answer options exceeds the number of correct options - points for the question are not accrued (protection from the selection of all elements). If not all the correct options are marked, the number of points will be proportional to the ratio of the number of correct answers given by the participant, to the number of correct answers to the question, rounded down to an integer.
Questions for sorting: if the order of sorting answers is set correctly - the total number of points is charged for the question. If at least half of the answers are in their seats - half of the maximum score is charged for the question, rounded down to the whole number in the smaller side.
Questions for comparison: the maximum score for a question is charged in the event that the participant has correctly established all the comparisons. If a partially correct answer is given, the points are awarded in proportion to the ratio of the number of correctly established comparisons to the total number of question comparisons. Rounding also goes down to an integer.
Open questions: the maximum score for a question is calculated when the reply of the participant entered in the text field coincides with the correct answer. The rules for filling out the answer are usually indicated in the condition of the task. The case of letters does not matter.
How to complete or change the application?
To change the application, click "Edit" at the bottom of the created apllication. Then make the necessary changes and click "Save".
How to make an application for the contest?
Submission of the application takes place in two steps. First you need to fill out a list of students in the admin room, then mark for each pupil the chosen subjects in the corresponding contest.
Why is there no way in my account to apply and fill out a list of students?
Most likely, your registration is not confirmed, so you do not have access to the full functionality of your personal cabinet. To confirm your registration please contact the Organizing Committee by phone or e-mail, selecting the coordinator for your region in the "Contacts" section.
How to pay the missing amount?
Go to an existing application, click "Pay", enter the required amount in the edit field of the payment amount and download the receipt, or go to the online payment. The amount will automatically change. it is also possible to pay the missing amount in the section "My account" of the personal cabinet, the button "Add to balance".
At the bottom of the application, click "Pay", then download the receipt for payment in cash at any bank or make the online payment.
Information on the cost of participation is reflected in the annex to the Regulations on the contest, as well as in the application for participation. | https://urfodu.ru/ww/en/faq/ |
Markowitz portfolio optimization essay
©2014 the cfa institute research foundation 49 “the great confusion: reflections on mean–variance optimization” with harry markowitz (a summary. Mean–variance portfolio optimization 3 let rt =(r1t ,rmt)t since markowitz’s theory deals with portfolio re-turns in a future period, it is more appropriate. Overview about harry markowitz model finance essay harry markowitz (born in chicago on august 24, 1927) is a talented american economist and an elite educator of. Portfolio optimization - full markowitz method you are here home an investor wants to put together a portfolio, drawing from a set of 5 candidate stocks. Nobel prize winner harry markowitz introduced modern portfolio theory in a 1952 essay the mean-variance framework he described assembled a portfolio of assets such. Introduction to modern portfolio optimization to the pioneer work done by nobel prize winner harry markowitz is the portfolio with minimum.
H m markowitz portfolio theory introduction markowitz theory modern portfolio studying the markowitz mean variance portfolio optimization theory finance essay. Harry m markowitz harry markowitz “variations in economic analysis: essays in honor of eli schwartz,” “portfolio optimization with factors. The markowitz portfolio theory finance essay ten stocks will be chosen for the portfolio optimization 3 markowitz portfolio selection models. Mean variance optimization essay markowitz called this approach to portfolio formation and use these forecasted mean in portfolio optimization as. Risk optimization portfolio portfolio-optimization covariance r updated mar markowitz portfolio optimization on synthetic and real stocks.
Cluster analysis for portfolio optimization in this section we briefly discuss the basic aspects of markowitz portfolio optimization. Portfolio optimization literature review portfolio optimization without transaction costs portfolio optimization with transaction costs mean-variance model markowitz. Post modern portfolio theory finance essay the work on modern portfolio theory won markowitz his shore of a compare to variance optimization portfolio.
Portfolio optimization custom essay a-research-papercom is committed to deliver a custom paper/essay which is 100% next post next portfolio custom essay. Portfolio optimization markowitz called this approach to portfolio formation mean-variance analysis scilab optimization essayscilab datasheet. Essays on portfolio we have in order to achieve portfolio optimization the investor has to allocate the has been based on the works of dr harry markowitz, a. Portfolio optimization analysis with markowitz quadratic markowitz advanced portfolio diversification a step markowitz optimization methodology calculates.
Markowitz portfolio optimization essay
The markowitz's efficient portfolio tells us about the a large percentage of portfolio selection the measure of risk used in portfolio optimization.
The markowitz mean variance optimization model finance essay on the markowitz mean variance optimization markowitz formulated the portfolio. View portfolio optimization research papers in light of the 60 year anniversary of harry markowitz’s paper “portfolio selection,” we review some of the. Harry m markowitz - portfolio theory and the financial crisis - dipl kfm peter weyel - seminar paper - business economics - didactics, economic pedagogy - publish. 2 mean-variance portfolio theory (21) markowitz’s mean-variance formulation (22) two-fund theorem (23) inclusion of the riskfree asset 1. Modern portfolio theory his research in the area of portfolio optimization was fundamental in the capital asset • markowitz, hm (1959) portfolio.
What is 'modern portfolio theory this theory was pioneered by harry markowitz in his paper portfolio selection, published in 1952 by the journal of finance. Cvar in portfolio optimization: an essay on the french market the portfolio optimization problems have been one of the portfolio few years after, markowitz. Abstract essays on volatility derivatives and portfolio optimization ashish jain this thesis is a collection of four papers: 1) discrete and continuously sampled. Introduction markowitz (1952, 1956) pioneered the development of a quantitative method that takes the diversification benefits of portfolio allocation into account. The markowitz model selecting an efficient investment portfolio markowitz claimed that the set of all portfolios form a hyperbola portfolio optimization. | http://caessayoddp.jazmineearlyforcouncil.us/markowitz-portfolio-optimization-essay.html |
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Serotonin
Dan Brown
Serotonin
Serotonin
Length
(?)
Length of the track. First number is minutes, second number is seconds.
06:46
BPM
(?)
Tempo of the track in beats per minute. If the track has multiple BPM's this won't be reflected as only one BPM figure will show.
124
Key
(?)
Key of the track. This data comes from Spotify. I am actively working to ensure this is more accurate.
A Major
Loudness
(?)
Average loudness of the track in decibels (dB). Values typically are between -60 and 0 decibels. Tracks are rarely above -4 db and usually are around -4 to -9 db.
-5.14db
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Share
Embed
Popularity
(?)
A measure on how popular the track is on Spotify. Updates every two days, so may appear 0% for new tracks.
0%
Danceability
(?)
A measure on how suitable a track could be for dancing to, through measuring tempo, rhythm, stability, beat strength and overall regularity. Tracks near 0% are least danceable, whereas tracks near 100% are more suited for dancing to.
59%
Energy
(?)
A measure on how intense a track sounds, through measuring the dynamic range, loudness, timbre, onset rate and general entropy. 0% indicates low energy, 100% indicates high energy.
99%
Positiveness
(?)
A measure how positive, happy or cheerful track is. Values near 0% suggest a sad or angry track, where values near 100% suggest a happy and cheerful track.
4%
Speechiness
(?)
A measure on the presence of spoken words. Values below 33% suggest it is just music, values between 33% and 66% suggest both music and speech (such as rap), values above 66% suggest there is only spoken word (such as a podcast).
4%
Liveness
(?)
A measure on how likely it is the track has been recorded in front of a live audience instead of in a studio. This is measured by detecting the presence of an audience in the track. Values over 80% suggest that the track was most definitely performed in front of a live audience.
12%
Instrumentalness
(?)
A measure on how likely the track does not contain any vocals. Values over 50% indicate an instrumental track, values near 0% indicate there are lyrics.
78%
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released on 21st November 2019. It is released as a single.
Serotonin has a BPM/tempo of 124, is in the key A Major and has a duration of 06:46. Below is a table of the meta data for Serotonin. | https://musicstax.com/track/serotonin/25yusQYpggE2CJzlIroGVm |
The Ryugu asteroid sample brought back by the exploration spacecraft Hayabusa2 sent by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency may be the most pollution-free rock in outer space that humans have detected. In an in-depth analysis, a team of Japanese researchers at JAMSTEC (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology) found that the samples brought back to Earth by a Japanese plane in December 2020 were the most “uncontaminated” samples.
This will help scientists gain a clear understanding of the particle chemistry in asteroid Ryugu.The study was published in nature.
Our solar system is 4.6 billion years old. And, a lot has changed in this ever-expanding universe since the time capsules of asteroids and comets flying around in outer space. These space rocks contain traces of the chemical composition of the early solar system.
In the past, these asteroids have only been studied after entering Earth’s atmosphere, which often changes the chemical composition of the samples. Further delays in collecting samples tend to produce more variation. This transformation is known as terrestrial weathering. The samples collected by Hayabusa-2 were free of Earth weathering and other pollutants.
“The material that formed asteroid Ryugu originated in the outer solar system, and while it underwent a significant water phase change on its parent asteroid, it was never significantly heated and thus retained its original characteristics,” the researchers detailed in a statement. Explain the sample analysis, said in a statement.
The origin of Ryugu is from the outer solar system, which the researchers deduced by studying the nitrogen and hydrogen compositions found in the samples. The nitrogen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of the Ryugu particle were compared to various other extraterrestrial matter. The resulting data suggest that the Ryugu particle formed outside our solar system.
The asteroid also demonstrated “first-of-its-kind” evidence of water-mineral-organic interactions on an asteroid. This makes asteroids one of the potential sources of organic matter and water in the inner solar system (including our Earth). | https://www.technologyshout.com/ryugu-samples-are-the-least-polluting-particles-in-the-outer-solar-system-study-shows/ |
Appetite is said to be "The hunger of the mind"
Hunger can be satisfied by food but appetites are seldom satisfied.
So here is ONE reason I believe that diets fail : the battle of ones appetite
Here is a simple way to look at this
When you sit at a restaurant perusing a menu,
do you seek out food to satisfy your hunger or your appetite ?
How much thought do you give when choosing a restaurant?
Hummmm?
Again, I say that "appetite is the hunger of your mind"
Until we are honest with ourselves about our relationship with food we will be at war with our very basic decision to lose weight
Weight problems can be very complex! and not as simple as saying -
Eat less, exercise more, and you'll lose weight
If you've been reading my blog this past year, you know I have a theme
balance your physical, psychological, and spiritual being
There are psychological,physical and spiritual areas to explore when dealing with excessive weight issues
I'm on it! | http://www.denasutera.com/2010/12/are-you-hungry-or-is-it-your-appetite.html |
Q:
How to make div flexible around an image
I need the #slideshow div to wrap around each image no matter what size the image is. I don't like the gaps on the images that are smaller in height. How do you make the div change size according to image size? Note: the space around the image is actually part of the image so that it completely covers the image underneath it. Thanks.
http://www.margaretlawrence.com/mlgallery.html
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Here and There Exhibit
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box-shadow:2px 2px 5px #333,-2px -2px 5px #333;
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var $active = $('#slideshow img.active');
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$("#title").text(caption);
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<div id="main">
<h2>
Here and There
</h2><br />
<p class="c1">
Exhibition at Greenhut Gallery, Portland Maine, June 2013
</p>
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<img class="active" src="images/from_the_porch.jpg"
alt="From the Porch" title=
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<img src="images/awake_first.jpg" alt="Awake First"
title="Awake First 20"x 24"" /> <img src=
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"Evening on the Pond" title=
"Evening on the Pond 14"x 14"" /> <img src=
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"First Light 36"x 36"" /> <img src=
"images/from_shore.jpg" alt="From Shore" title=
"From Shore 36"x 36"" /> <img src=
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"Heading South 14"x 14"" /> <img src=
"images/in_the_valley.jpg" alt="In the Valley" title=
"In the Valley 48"x 48"" /> <img src=
"images/mid_day_on_the_pond.jpg" alt=
"Mid Day on the Pond" title=
"Mid Day on the Pond 24"x 24"" /> <img src=
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"Morning on the Mill Pond" title=
"Morning on the Mill Pond 24"x 24"" />
<img src="images/night_walk.jpg" alt="Night Walk"
title="Night Walk 18"x 18"" /> <img src=
"images/on_the_bay.jpg" alt="On the Bay" title=
"On the Bay 18"x 18"" /> <img src=
"images/september_sky.jpg" alt="September Sky" title=
"September Sky 24"x 24"" /> <img src=
"images/the_skys_floor.jpg" alt="The Sky's Floor"
title="The Sky's Floor 48"x 48"" />
<img src="images/watching_the_tide.jpg" alt=
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<img src="images/first_light_study.jpg" alt=
"First Light Study" title=
"First Light Study 10"x 10"" /> <img src=
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title="From Shore Study 10"x 10"" />
<img src="images/from_the_porch_study.jpg" alt=
"From the Porch Study" title=
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<img src="images/morning_study.jpg" alt=
"Morning Study" title=
"Morning Study 10"x 10"" /> <img src=
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title="New View Study 10"x 10"" />
<img src="images/night_walk_study.jpg" alt=
"Night Walk Study" title=
"Night Walk Study 10"x 10"" /> <img src=
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title="On the Bay Study 10"x 10"" />
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"Pond 3 10"x 10"" /> <img src=
"images/pond4.jpg" alt="Pond 4" title=
"Pond 4 10"x 10"" /> <img src=
"images/rolling_in_study.jpg" alt="Rolling In Study"
title="Rolling In Study 10"x 10"" />
<img src="images/september_sky_study.jpg" alt=
"September Sky Study" title=
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title="Shoreline Study 1 10"x 10"" />
<img src="images/shoreline_study2.jpg" alt=
"Shoreline Study 2" title=
"Shoreline Study 2 10"x 10"" />
</div>
</td>
<td width="25">
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<a href="Lawrence1.html">past works</a><br />
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A:
If you don't know the height and width of the images, you'll have to use jQuery:
$("#slideshow").height($next.height());
$("#slideshow").width($next.width());
Just add the above code to (preferably) the end of your slideSwitch function.
| |
Are you looking for ways to manage your financial risks? If so, you’re not alone. A growing number of people are turning to financial risk management tools to help them stay safe and secure in today’s uncertain economy.
In this article, we will discuss the basics of risk management and introduce you to some of the most popular tools currently available. So whether you’re a business owner or an individual investor, read on to learn more about how you can protect yourself and your finances.
What is Risk Management?
In a nutshell, risk management is the process of identifying, assessing, and controlling risks. It’s an important part of any financial plan, and it can help you avoid potential losses in your portfolio.
There are many different types of risks that you may face, including market risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and liquidity risk. By understanding these risks and how to manage them, you can put yourself in a better position to weather any storms that come your way.
The Types of Jobs Performed by The Tools:
There are a number of different tools available to help you manage your risks. Some of the most popular include asset allocation, hedging, and diversification.
- Asset allocation is a strategy that involves spreading your investments across different asset classes in order to minimize your exposure to any one particular risk.
- Hedging is another common strategy that involves using financial instruments to offset your losses in the event of a market downturn.
- And finally, diversification is a technique that involves investing in a variety of different assets in order to mitigate your risks.
Factors to Keep in Mind:
When it comes to managing financial risks, there are a few key things that you need to keep in mind.
- First and foremost, you need to have a clear understanding of the risks that you’re facing. Only then can you identify the best way to mitigate those risks.
- Additionally, you need to be willing to take some action in order to implement your risk management strategy.
- And finally, you need to review and update your plan on a regular basis in order to make sure it’s still effective.
Endnote:
No matter what strategy you choose, the important thing is that you take action and put some sort of risk management plan in place. There are a number of different tools available when it comes to financial risk management, but not all of them are created equal. So, choose one considering your requirements. By doing so, you can sleep easier knowing that you’ve taken steps to protect yourself and your finances. So don’t wait until it’s too late – start planning for your future today! | https://www.cdobiz.com/financial-risk-management-tools-what-you-need-to-know.html |
Summary: The enterohepatic circulation is a recycling loop for bile and nutrients between the liver and digestive tract that’s responsible for several important functions. These functions include microbial defense, maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, setting the microbiome, optimizing detoxification, inhibiting inflammation, promoting fat and fat soluble nutrient uptake, and the regulation of glucose and lipid homeostasis throughout the body. This recycling occurs 6-10 times a day and is a major factor in regulating the gastrointestinal environment. Pharmaceutical drugs as well as environmental and bacterial generated toxins also cycle through the enterohepatic circulation to promote detoxification as well as elimination toxins in the urine and feces. Defects in the enterohepatic circulation are implicated in Crohn’s disease, SIBO, fat malabsorption, and is a major cause of diarrhea in people with Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS).
You’re probably wondering what that big word above is and why you should care about it. Perhaps it’s a weather term, a constellation in the sky, or a sweet dance move ready to replace twerking or dabbing. Unfortunately for you it’s none of those things, and if you have major digestive issues or chemical sensitivities it likely contributes to your problems.
Understanding the enterohepatic circulation, what it does, and how to improve it can lead to major improvements in your digestive health. Some major IBS symptoms are the result of defects in the enterohepatic circulation. Understanding the enterohepatic circulation can shed some light on:
- How SIBO in the ileum gets started
- Why detoxification takes so long
- Why your hormones are out of balance
- Why you can go from feeling great to horrible even during periods when have not eaten
- Why you don’t absorb fat well
Over the course of this blog, I’ll try to break down this complex topic in a way that’s easy to understand. I’ll also try to provide you with practical information to improve your IBS symptoms. So let’s begin.
The enterohepatic circulation
The enterohepatic circulation is a loop involving the intestine(Entero) and the liver(hepatic). An important function of the enterohepatic circulation is to circulate fat soluble substance between the liver and intestine until they become water soluble. These substances are then removed from the body via the feces and urine. Two types of substances that go through this process are pharmaceutical drugs and toxins. In this way, the two major organs of detoxification are the liver and intestine.
One of the major components of the enterohepatic circulation is bile. Bile is important for the digestion and absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins. The liver synthesizes bile from cholesterol and stores it in the gallbladder between meals. The liver also deposits water soluble toxins in to the bile to remove them via the feces.
The primary components of bile are bile acids, conjugated bilirubin, phospholipids and water. Bile acids can damage the gallbladder and intestine, so the liver conjugates them with glycine or taurine. This process makes them more water soluble so they don’t damage your cells and they can be removed from the body via the feces.
Once food enters the duodenum, the gallbladder contracts and forces bile in to the small intestine. Coincidentally, this is the only way to remove excess cholesterol from the body, the only other way we can lower cholesterol is by producing less of it. High cholesterol is a potential sign that bile production is insufficient.
Bile mixes with your food and makes its way through the digestive tract. Bile then emulsifies fats in the food, allowing fat digesting enzymes to do their job. Since fat doesn’t mix with water, emulsification is necessary to increase the surface area of fat exposed to digestive enzymes. The digested fats get packaged in to micelles and become absorbed. Without micelles, fat can’t enter the body. Without bile, fat can’t be rendered small enough to get packaged in to micelles.
Once the micelles and any excess bile make it to the end of the small intestine, absorption occurs. Fats enter the lymphatic system while bile salts go to the liver via the portal vein. Approximately 95% of bile salts get recycled every day. A minor amount enter the large intestine(Colon) and get sent packing out the back door.
Or that’s what you’d like to happen. Unfortunately, that’s not always how it goes. If you’ve ever experienced bile acid diarrhea, you already know this.
So what goes wrong?
So you have the basic gist of the enterohepatic circulation, but what goes awry to gum up the works? There are many factors at work here, but one of the biggest ones is the solubility of the bile and toxins. To understand this, my primer on detoxification, which you can read here, is helpful.
If you want to bale on the detox primer, here’s a basic rundown. The 3 phases of cellular detoxification make fat soluble molecules more water soluble. This allows you to remove them from the body by dumping them out via the urine or feces. Fat soluble molecules accumulate in the body because our primary method of removing things from the body requires dumping them in to the blood where they get removed via the urine, feces, and sweat. All of these substances are water based.
For the most part, the contents of the small intestine are water soluble, which is a wonderful thing. Cells lining the digestive tract separate its contents from the blood. These cells have a plasma membrane made up of lipids(aka fats) that separate the contents of the lumen from the bloodstream.
Something that’s water soluble is poorly soluble in fat and vice versa. This prevents water soluble molecules from entering cells and passing through them. Water soluble molecules can’t enter the bloodstream because they can’t pass through cell membranes. In order for a water soluble molecule to enter the blood, these cells must contain transporters to carry it across.
Most of these transporters only carry a specific molecule, which is another good thing. This makes it difficult for renegade stragglers to gain access to the blood. Most water soluble toxins stay in the intestine and make their way through the colon and out in to the feces. Any that sneak to the body can be removed easily. Bile acids get reabsorbed via transporters in the ileum and sent to the liver for recycling.
On the other hand, fat soluble molecules are problematic because they can enter cells through the plasma membrane. Fat soluble toxins that pass through a cells plasma membrane are toxic to the cell if they remain there. These toxins must enter the detoxification process or they will cause cell death. Since your intestinal wall is made up of a single layer of cells, cell death allows the contents of the intestine to enter the bloodstream.
Even bile acids are problematic. When bile acids are initially made in the liver, they are fat soluble and cell toxic. As mentioned above, they must be conjugated with either glycine or taurine or they can enter cells and cause cell death. Conjugation is one of the first phases of cellular detoxification.
This is where the bacteria in your gut enter the picture. Unfortunately, you aren’t the only one acting on bile acids and toxins. Bacteria in your digestive tract deconjugate bile acids and toxins. This makes them more fat soluble and available to damage cells of the intestinal wall. They can also pass through these cells and enter the blood. Luckily the first place they go is to the liver to re-live this entire process.
This repetitive process of detoxification/retoxification is why it takes so long to detox. It’s also why you can go through periods of feeling crummy alternated with feeling fine. The recycling of bile occurs 2-3 times for each meal. Problems caused by bile would present well after a meal, and symptoms could have an ebb and flow.
Too bad there aren’t any sentinels to ward off these evil-doers.
Bile acids-microbial defenders
Microbial defense refers to the regulation of the bacteria in your gut. Not only do you want the right type of bacteria in your gut, you don’t want too many of any kind. The primary factor that sets the stage for this is the gastrointestinal environment.
Bile acids are antimicrobial due to their action on cell membranes. Their antimicrobial effect amplifies when they bind to bile acid receptors in the ileum. This causes antimicrobial peptide secretion which impairs bacterial growth. These effects are important because the neighbor of the ileum contains trillions of bacteria. Activation of bile acid receptors in the ileum also decreases inflammation and intestinal permeability. All of these factors prevent bacteria from overgrowing in to the small intestine, aka SIBO.
As mentioned above, 95% of the bile acids bind to transporters in the ileum and get recycled to the liver. The 5% that remains enters the colon and gets converted to secondary bile acids. If excess bile acids enter the colon, they cause a rapid influx of water and diarrhea. This is bile acid diarrhea or bile acid malabsorption and is common in people with IBS-D.
Bile acid malabsorption can occur for many reasons. People with Crohn’s or Celiac disease, SIBO, or ileal resection often experience bile acid diarrhea. It isn’t clear whether SIBO is a cause or consequence of bile acid malabsorption. What is clear is that proper bile signaling is an necessary to prevent SIBO.
Estrogen and thyroid hormone got you running hot?
You may have known about the enterohepatic circulation involving bile, but there is more. It may come as a surprise to you that certain hormones take part in their own enterohepatic circulation. Excess estrogen and T4/T3 are also dumped in to the bile by the liver.
Bacteria in the gut transform these hormones where they can re-enter the circulation. This affects fertility, weight loss, energy levels and improves with dietary fiber intake(1). Coincidentally, many pharmaceutical drugs are biotransformed(aka detoxified) via the enterohepatic circulation. Fiber can also affect their processing and removal(2).
And it’s not just hormones, vitamins also take part in the enterohepatic circulation. While people search to find out if they have poor methylation genes, most aren’t even aware that folate gets recycled via the enterohepatic circulation. This means that both the liver and the intestine are primary players in the methylation cycle. A defect in the enterohepatic circulation is more detrimental to folate status than any of the polymorphisms in MTHFR, TS, or MTR. There are alternative pathways of folate methylation, but there is no back up for the enterohepatic circulation.
Environmental toxins are also recycled via the enterohepatic circulation. Toxins such as bispehol-A(BPA) and polychlorinated bipheyls(PCBs) are fat soluble molecules known as persistent organic pollutants as well as endocrine disruptors. BPA is ubiquitous in plastics while PCBs have been out of use since 1979 in the United States. Despite being banned in 1979, PCBs are still found in human blood due to their persistence in the environment and the food chain.
Due to poor biodegradation, chemicals like BPA and PCBs remain in the environment for long periods of time. When animals ingest them, they enter the enterohepatic circulation. Best case scenario, they re-enter the environment in your urine or feces. Unfortunately, they re-enter the soil, plants, and the animals that eat both.
The above is better for the health of an animal than holding the toxin in the circulation. But there is evidence that not all the toxins leave the body. Fat soluble toxins that an animal can’t detoxify get stored away in their fat cells. This includes humans(3). Here they’re relatively inert, but they get released in to the bloodstream when you burn fat(4). When an animal eats the fat of animals exposed to these environmental toxins, the torch gets passed. They enter that animals enterohepatic circulation and go through the same process.
It’s important to understand that this whole process regulates the internal environment. It’s exactly the same whether you are detoxifying an environmental toxin, metabolizing a pharmaceutical drug, or changing a hormone to make it inert or more potent. What most people call detoxification is more properly called biotransformation.
Many people know about the “detoxification” enhancing effects of blueberries, turmeric, and cruciferous vegetables. These effects are due to the body identifying a molecule in these foods as toxic. Fortunately, your body overreacts to these relatively inert molecules and your biotransformation pathways take care of actual toxins as well.
A great illustration of this process is seen with the beneficial side effects of the IBS-D drug Xifaxin. If you haven’t read it yet check it out here. It’s pretty amazing and shows why people see good results while on the drug only to see symptoms come back. Here’s a hint…It has nothing to do with the drugs antibiotic effect.
Conclusion
The enterohepatic circulation is a key regulator of the gastrointestinal environment. It can have a dramatic impact on the bacteria that make up the microbiome as well as the health of the intestinal wall. This cycle is altered in Crohn’s disease(5) and can be a primary cause of diarrhea due to bile acid malabsorption(6). It also modulates blood levels of hormones and ingested pharmaceutical drugs and toxins. Finally, it’s also critically important in the proper recycling of vitamins such as folate as well as vitamins B12, A & D.
The enterohepatic circulation is required for microbial defense and promotes a healthy gastrointestinal environment. This promotes the growth of commensal bacteria and inhibits pathogenic bacteria. Bile can be damaging to the intestinal wall, but other components of the enterohepatic circulation mitigate this damage.
Given that the enterohepatic circulation of bile occurs 6-10 times every day, it’s a major factor in gastrointestinal health. No other environmental factor cycles through the gut as much as the contents of bile. Not gastric acid, not pancreatic enzymes, nothing. Now you know how important it is, so what’s next?
What to do…What to do…
Now that you can see the importance of the enterohepatic circulation , you may be wondering what you can do to optimize it. There are some key nutrients that are critical to a smooth running enterohepatic circulation. Despite the involvement of these nutrients throughout the digestive process, they’re on no one’s radar. The roles that these nutrients play in the digestive process include:
- Enhancing gastric acid and enzyme secretion
- Preventing SIBO
- Healing ulcers and inhibiting H. Pylori overgrowth
- Promoting the growth of commensal bacteria while inhibiting pathogenic bacteria
- Optimizing cellular detoxification
- Inhibiting gastrointestinal inflammation
- Promoting apoptosis(programmed cell death) over necrosis(cell death due to disease)
- Increasing the integrity of the intestinal barrier
- Regulating gastrointestinal pH to optimize digestive enzyme activity
- Optimizing nutrient digestion and uptake
- And more…
We know these nutrients for their roles in other systems, but research is beginning to show their importance in digestion. These nutrients are prime targets for a few reasons. First, most people who experience digestive problems also have other issues caused by a lack of these nutrients. This would present as vision disturbances, brain fog, electrolyte imbalance and hormonal issues.
Recommended intakes for these nutrients are either non-existent or based on old data. A great example is vitamin K. Vitamin K has a reference daily intake(RDI). The RDI is based solely on preventing a defect in blood clotting. Thus, it completely ignores the many other roles of vitamin K. Most of these roles have only recently been discovered.
The final reason these nutrients are important is likely the most important. There is a heavy evolutionary or biological basis for their need in human nutrition. Even in the absence of hard evidence, the strong evolutionary importance of these nutrients and the unique ways we have been able to manipulate our food system make us stand out among our other primate and animal friends.
Our next steps are to peel back the curtain, identify these nutrients, and give a thorough rundown on what they do in the digestive process. The first nutrient on deck is super important, but not just anyone will get access to this information. Sign up for our facebook group here and we’ll give you a password to access this content.
I’m gonna publish this bad boy next week. Trust me, you don’t want to miss it, this information isn’t covered anywhere else, so sign up.
Hey peeps, please comment below and tell me if I’m able to resonate with you. Is this stuff too complex? Am I too wordy? Did you find it helpful? These are very complex subjects and I want to make it accessible to all. I personally believe topics like this are crucial to understanding digestive disorders. | https://hackyourgut.com/2016/11/11/the-most-important-thing-to-know-if-you-have-ibs/ |
Familiar with restarting and leaving his life again and again with his travelling mum, Jake is used to change and accepts what must be done.
But Marisol can’t let go. All she can think of is finding a way to get the money they need to save Nana’s house.
So when Marisol and Jake find a map with an X on it, that once belonged to their adventurous Nana, Marisol leaps at the chance to follow the breadcrumbs. They end up at the strange lighthouse just out at sea, and when they climb the stairs…
They fall into the World Between Blinks — the world that sits beside ours, where all the lost and forgotten things disappear to.
The World Between Blinks is a magical place, where Curators catalogue magnificent lost things, people and places: whole towns, ships lost at sea, odd socks, the Loch Ness Monster, mountains of lost treasures — it all goes somewhere, and this is where it goes.
But Marisol and Jake’s appearance in the World causes problems. They aren’t meant to be there and if they stay too long they’ll lose their memories and get catalogued just like everything else.
They make a deal with the Curators to bring them something in exchange for getting home, but Jake wonders if ending up in the World is really a mistake, and Marisol keeps getting distracted by the treasure that might save Nana’s house. If they can’t work together… if they can’t deliver what they promised to the Curators… the World Between Blinks will become their home forever.
The World Between Blinks is a magical middle grade novel filled with adventure, wonder and whimsy. With ancient places and extinct and forgotten creatures, it’s an exploration of the past and a very cool way to highlight things in our history. Amelia Earhart is only one famous someone who makes an appearance.
Marisol and Jake are both brilliant characters — different but balanced so you get to see different perspectives on the same topic and question who might have it right in different circumstances.
The World Between Blinks is an exciting adventure that will crack open imaginations and fill them with fuel for years. And I also spied a little “Book 1” image on the spine of the book, so I hope that implies this won’t be the last adventure in the World Between Blinks. | http://www.kids-bookreview.com/2021/02/review-world-between-blinks.html |
Hi. I'm a PhD student in the humanities and I and some of my fellow students are in 'discussion' with our Head of School over plans to make access to our shared office - which is currently used only by students in History - open to the whole School. At the moment, the room has 10 computers and a few more desks for a department which has around 55 research students.
The new plan is to 'refurbish' this room, to add a few more computers, and open it up to the whole School. We don't even know how many people that will add to potential users, but we do know that at least two of the other departments have research student numbers comparable to our own. At the same time, a postgraduate common room that was meant for the use of the whole School is being turned into an undergraduate room, and the graduate centre in the library, where we used to be able to book desks has been totally phased out.
I was wondering how common these lack of facilities are, especially for arts and humanities students, for comparison and to put our situation into perspective?
I wish you could beam yourself over to my uni! They've just refurbished an office for the arts crowd and I got an email from admin last week trying yo encourage us to go and work in there because apparently nobody uses it! I think what's happened is that it was so shabby and unwelcoming for so long that people have got used to going elsewhere... and working habits are hard to break.
At my university until recently there was no office space for humanities students, a very different situation from science students. There's now a dedicated area, but it's small compared to the total numbers. I don't use it though. I'm part-time (albeit funded) and work from home.
Is there anywhere else you could feasibly be relocated to? I'd worry about safety (read: stealing) when strange groups start coming in, probably because laptops, ipods etc will be around.
We used to have a store-cupboard, sorry, office, in the dept., got moved across campus to a nice, spacious room accessible to us. Would be unhappy if non-philosophy people could access it. Rumours of going back to store-cupboard next year are filling us with dread.
Well, where I am, workstations have to be applied for annually but once you get one it is usually yours unless your circumstances change. Each workstation comes with a PC and is linked to a laser printer. The office is usually shared with 10 or so other people, who either have their own desk or share one. What I hated most was when I was part-time and got allotted a desk on the only days when I had to work elsewhere for $.
Generally, the consensus with postgrads at my institution is that given the odd hours that we work, one desk per person is essential throughout the period of candidacy. Having said that though, many still prefer to work at home.
For about 70 research students we have 1) a room for teaching assistants, with one ancient dysfunctional computer and 3 desks 2) some carrels in the library, with power point for a laptop on every 4th one only 3) two or three lucky people have managed to wangle a workstation in one of the research centres.
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pentagram(redirected from Unicursal star)
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus.
pentagram
Pentagram(religion, spiritualism, and occult)
The pentagram is a five-pointed, star-shaped figure usually drawn with the single point upward. It is also known as Seal of Solomon, pentalpha, Star of Logres, goblin's foot, witch's cross, and Druid's foot.
As a magical figure, its origins are lost in time. Eliphas Levi describes the pentagram as signifying "the domination of the mind over the elements." It is generally associated with the life force, much like the ancient Egyptian ankh, and was often associated with the Microcosmic Man—a figure of a man, with arms and legs extended, superimposed on a five-pointed star. For medieval alchemists, magicians, and philosophers, the pentagram symbolized man as the microcosm. As Barbara Walker says, "Man is the world, the world is man, and his genitals are the center of the universe." It was considered an illustration of the principle "as above, so below."
The pentagram has always been associated with magic. The five points represent the four elements—earth, air, fire and water—surmounted by spirit. According to the fourteenth century tale of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the pentacle was sacred to Morgan, the Celtic death-goddess, and in the tale was carried on a blood-red shield in her honor.
The Golden Dawn's "Lesser Ritual of the Pentagram" includes a self consecra- tion by drawing the pentagram on the body, touching with the tip of a ritual knife. A similar consecration (done either on oneself or on another) is found in some traditions of Witchcraft, where the forefinger is dipped into oil or salted water and then touched to the forehead, right breast, left shoulder, right shoulder, right breast, back to forehead. In some degree systems (e.g. Gardnerian), a variation of this ritual is part of the consecration for first degree. An inverted pentagram—with the two points upward—is for the second degree, and a pentagram surmounted by a triangle is for the third degree.
An inverted pentagram is not necessarily a sign of evil. How and by whom it is used may suggest good or evil. Reportedly, Satanists use an inverted pentagram, often portrayed superimposed on the head of a goat. In that sense it is a negative symbol, whereas an inverted pentagram used in Wicca is a positive symbol.
In modern-day Witchcraft, a pentagram is described in the air, using an athamé, to seal a consecrated circle. It may also be drawn with single point uppermost to invoke and with two points upward to banish.
Pentagram
a regular pentagon on whose sides are constructed isosceles triangles of identical height. In particular, the triangles can be equilateral or can be formed by extending the side of the pentagon. In the latter case the pentagram is a star-
shaped polygon that can also be formed by the diagonals of a regular pentagon (see Figure 1). | https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Unicursal+star |
on the moduli stack of elliptic curves Mell . As we will see,
this moduli stack is built out of its p-completions Op
top
and its rationalization. The
p-completion Op top is in turn built from certain localizations of Otop with respect
to the first and second Morava K-theories.
Localizing a spectrum X at a spectrum E is a means of systematically ignoring
the part of X that is invisible to E. A spectrum A is called E-acyclic if A ∧ X is
contractible. A spectrum B is called E-local if there are no nontrivial maps from
an E-acyclic spectrum into B. Finally, a spectrum Y is an E-localization of X if
it is E-local and there is a map X → Y that is an equivalence after smashing with
E. This localization is denoted LEX or XE.
The localization LpX := LM(Z/p)X of a spectrum X at the mod p Moore spec-
trum is the p-completion of X (when X is connective); we denote this localization
map ηp : X → LpX. The localization LQX := LHQX at the rational Eilenberg–
MacLane spectrum is the rationalization of X; we denote this localization map
ηQ : X → LQX.
Any spectrum X can be reconstructed from its p-completion and rationaliza-
tion by means of the ‘Sullivan arithmetic square’, which is the following homotopy
pullback square:
X
p
LpX
LQX LQ
p
LpX .
ηp
LQ( ηp)
ηQ ηQ
The above pullback square is a special case of the localization square
LE∨F X LEX
LF X LF LEX,
ηE
LF (ηE )
ηF ηF
which is a homotopy pullback square if one assumes that E∗(LF X) = 0.
An application of this localization square gives the so-called ‘chromatic fracture
square’:
LK(1)∨K(2)X LK(2)X
LK(1)X LK(1)LK(2)X.
ηK(2)
LK(1)(ηK(2))
ηK(1) ηK(1)
Here K(1) and K(2) are the first and second Morava K-theory spectra. | https://bookstore.ams.org/surv-201/22 |
This does not taste like a light recipe. A couple weeks ago when I made The Best Lasagna Ever, I got a request to make a lightened up white lasagna (this one’s for you, Brooke!). Since my vegetarian sister was coming home to visit this past weekend and asked me to cook for her, I thought this was the perfect opportunity. When I was younger we used to have some catered holiday meals at my grandmother’s house and the dish I remember most from those was a vegetable alfredo lasagna. I wanted to re-create the same flavors using light ingredients and I think this was a huge success. My sister and I both agreed that this dish was cheesy, creamy and really flavorful and she couldn’t believe it was light (she even made me list out all the ingredients).
I’d seen Classico’s online ads for their new light alfredo sauce, and after considering creating my own, I decided to go with the jarred kind because lasagna takes enough prep time and creates enough pots to wash already! I also considered several different vegetable combinations before deciding on spinach, zucchini and carrots. I think those three vegetables worked together really well and gave me exactly the flavors and textures I was looking for, but if you wanted to use different ones (broccoli, mushrooms, etc) I’m sure they would taste good as well. This is an Emily Bites Original so I hope you like it!
Yield: 9 servings
MyWW SmartPoints per (1/9th of the recipe) serving:(SP calculated using the recipe builder on weightwatchers.com)
Green: 9 SmartPoints/ Blue: 9 SmartPoints/ Purple: 7 SmartPoints
Weight Watchers Points Plus:
8 per serving (P+ calculated using the recipe builder on weightwatchers.com)
NUTRITION INFORMATION: | https://emilybites.com/2011/02/white-vegetable-lasagna.html/print/ |
First of all, we would like to thank our coaches and assistant coaches for helping out. You are an asset to the La Habra community. Please make sure you have your volunteer form filled out and submitted. You will not receive team information until your volunteer form is completed.
Steps to complete Safe Haven, CDC Concussion and Basic Coach course, each course takes about 20 minutes.
Field Information Home team is North/West or Imperial Blvd & Target. If your team is playing the first game of the day, you will be expected to set-up your field. If your team is the last to play on that field, the team will be expected to tear down the field. To tear down field, remove stakes and net from the goals, break down goals and put them back. Remove trash from trash can, tie up bag, place nets in trash can and stakes around the side. Area E Rule- For U10 and older- parents are to sit on one side of the field and coaches (head coach and assistant coach), team parent, and players on the opposite side. We have instituted a volunteer badge system so that we can easily identify volunteers from fans. If you see a non-volunteer family setting up on the coaches side, ask them to move. We do this so that fans are not a distraction to the game. The coach is able to communicate with his or her team effectively during the game, water breaks, half-time, and post-game.
Please know that the referee may eject anyone for misconduct which may result on forfeit, suspension, and/or loss of points.
Line-up Cards Line up card must be filled out prior to each game (Division U-8 and up) and presented to the referee at check in. Cards can be found at the referee tent located on the blacktop next to the snack shack. Only rostered players are allowed to participate in games and practices. We do not allow non-registered players, guests, or substitutions for any participation in our season. All players traveling to other regions are required to have player ID cards and will need to present the line-up card and signed roster at the home regions discretion. AYSO Official Lineup Card Card-stock is available from your division coordinator. You can pre-print your cards from home using this form-Line-up card – If the Legal size pre-printed card stock is not available print the lineup card and attach it to the single card.
Points & Standings Information Win = 6 points Tie = 3 points Loss = 0 points Referee points = 2 points max per week
Tie Breakers 1 – head to head 2 – goals against (least goals allowed) 3 – referee points 4 – goal differential (goals for – goals against) 5 – playoff game
Concussion Information Forms: English / Spanish Safety/Accident Forms: For information visit AYSO.org- Insurance
Make sure the parents on your team are clear about responsibilities. If you are not okay with them dropping off players for practice, let them know at the first team meeting. Make sure you have a copy of the Player Registration form at all practices and games.
If you perceive a child requires emergency medical intervention, call 911. If a child sustains any injury during practice or at a game, fill out an Incident Report within 7 days and report it to the Region 94 Safety Director, Kevin White. He can be reached by email [email protected] You can also visit the referee tent or snack shack for information.
Walk, Ride or Drive Form is available for parents who need alternate arrangements to and from practices and games. Coaches should keep these forms with Player Registration forms. Do not leave player’s alone, this is important especially once daylight savings time ends.
Soccer Ball Sizes SIZE 3 – U5, U6, and U8 SIZE 4 – U10 and U12 SIZE 5 – U14, U16, and U-19
Beach Soccer Not Sanctioned by AYSO It’s important to know that AYSO teams participating in beach soccer and beach soccer tournaments is not authorized by AYSO. Individuals who coach and play in AYSO that decide to participate in beach soccer may do so as long as they understand that they are not covered by AYSO Soccer Accident Insurance or liability coverage for this activity. Also, AYSO logos should not be worn during these events. Why? The National Tournament Advisory Commission (NTAC) did a study on beach soccer tournaments and submitted their recommendation to the National Board of Directors (NBOD) to not permit AYSO teams to participate in these events. The deciding issue was that most beach soccer events require the teams’ parent organization to assume all medical and liability insurance during participation. The event hosts are usually unwilling to accept responsibility for injuries and incidents. Since these are non-AYSO hosted and non-AYSO reviewed events, AYSO is unable to assume that risk. If you have any question feel free to contact your Regional Safety Director. | https://www.ayso-region94.com/Default.aspx?tabid=863152 |
CBSE Class 10 Social Science Paper: Marking Scheme In Detail
CBSE class 10 exams will end tomorrow. The results will be released on June.
New Delhi:
CBSE class 10 students will appear for Social Science paper tomorrow. Along with the final revision, students must go through the marking scheme. Students should understand the mark distribution of each question so that they know how to answer a particular question and fetch the maximum marks. The question paper will carry a total of 26 questions out of which 7 will be very short answer type. The highest marks allotted to a question will be 5 marks. 11 questions will be of 3 marks each.
Students should be careful with the number of words. There will be 7 questions, carrying 5 marks each, which students have to answer in 100 words each. Likewise, for questions carrying 3 marks each, the answer should be written in 80 words. 1 mark type questions should be answered in a single sentence.
Students should take care of the presentation of the answer. Wherever required the answer should be written in points.
Map questions are compulsory in Social Science. There will be one question in this section where the History part will carry 2 marks and the Geography part will carry 3 marks.
Every question number should be mentioned clearly against its respective answer. Do draw a line after every answer so that it is easy for the examiner to check the answer. | |
In many countries and places, the true culture of the place can be found in the food, but it isn’t always what is eaten, although that is important, that truly showcases the social fabric. How the food is eaten is just as important. As globalization makes the world ever smaller, food may be the last true indicator of an area’s society.
Meal Time in China Conveys the Family Hierarchy
The majority of tables in a Chinese household are round, but that doesn’t mean there isn’t a place of honor. The most esteemed guest or the head of the household will generally sit in the chair that faces the entrance to the dining area. To the left and to the right of the head of the family will sit the next members of importance, and this hierarchy will continue on around the table meaning the youngest member of the family ends up directly across from the oldest.
Once everyone is seated, it isn’t yet time to dig in. The more traditional families will require the youngest to invite the eldest to enjoy the meal. It is also important to note that the best dishes or favorite dishes will be placed directly in front of the head of the family and the treasured guests. The first person to pick up their chopsticks and begin the meal will also be the head of the family, but once that action has begun, the younger generations can relax and enjoy the meal. Respect and duty have been served.
Etiquette at a Chinese Dinner Table
Wherever you are seated at the table, you should begin your meal with those dishes that are nearest to you. Adding a few morsels to your plate with your chopsticks before passing the dish on to the person on your left or right. No one should dig around in the plate with their chopsticks looking for a particular piece of meat or another item because this is not only very rude, but it is also extremely unhygienic.
At a formal dinner or banquet, there can be anywhere from 12-16 dishes on the table. There will generally be a handful of cold dishes such as fruit or other items typically served chilled or at room temperature. Then there will also be eight to ten dishes of heated food items. If there are items on the table that are very expensive or foods that are considered rare, this is considered an honor to the guests.
In the Chinese household, a family member may show affection by placing a particularly good morsel of food on a loved one’s plate. This is considered the equivalent of telling someone you care about them. People that have a hard time talking about their feelings of affection can generally get the point across in this manner.
At the End of the Meal
Once a diner has finished eating, he or she will place their chopsticks neatly to the side of their bowl or plate. It is considered very rude to leave them stuck inside the unfinished food bits, and it is against etiquette to leave them sticking up from a rice bowl. This act invokes leaving incense on the altar of a dead ancestor, so it is considered rude and disrespectful to do so at the dinner table.
The rules of etiquette may have morphed over the years in the Chinese household, and in any other household in the world, but there is still a lot to learn in the eating rituals of other cultures. Having a meal with a family in China, or even a Chinese household in another country is a good way to experience what it means to be Chinese. | https://www.chilihousesf.com/blog/2019/07/ |
It is often desirable to measure certain performance characteristics of a powertrain system of a vehicle in order to establish a baseline level against which a differently configured vehicle can be gauged. For example, in the case where a component of the vehicle is proposed to be changed, it is desirable to be able to objectively understand the corresponding changes in performances. For example, in the commercial vehicle (e.g., truck) context, it is known to have a number of transmission choices from different manufacturers, so vehicle owners may consider what fuel economy benefits, if any, would be available were the truck to be configured with a transmission from a different manufacturer. In the case of a driver-controlled vehicle, however, it is often difficult to conduct rigorous and meaningful “A versus B” testing due to the effects of driving behavior as well as environmental variability, such as traffic, changes in the load carried by the vehicle, and the like. Accordingly, such comparisons are frequently met with a healthy dose of skepticism.
One approach for gauging the impact of a proposed vehicle change is to conduct a simulation, for example, a simulation to evaluate and analyze fuel economy (FE) performance. However, the results of such a simulation are routinely questioned for a number of reasons.
First, vehicle configurations that are set up for use in the simulation do not often match real-world conditions. For example, in the case of a delivery truck, the vehicle weight can change over time due to the loading and unloading of cargo along a delivery route. As known, vehicle weight strongly influences fuel economy, so accurate modeling of this variable is important. However, it is difficult if not nearly impossible to have exact tracking of weight changes for the simulation setup.
Second, the operational duty cycle used in a conventional fuel economy simulation is typically limited to a road grade and speed versus distance profile. This profile is typically referred to as a metric duty cycle. With the adoption of such duty cycles, conventional simulators will not produce accurate results unless certain information is known with some degree of accuracy, for example vehicle inertia information as well as other driving environmental factors, such as wheel rolling resistance and headwind velocity.
Third, conventional metric duty cycles do not take into account traffic conditions, particularly the driver's response to such conditions, which can cause unexpected “stop and go” operation of the vehicle along the driver's route, which can adversely effect fuel economy. In sum, conventional fuel economy simulators are of limited informational value because a number of underlying assumptions do not accurately reflect real-world driving conditions.
In view of the deficiencies in accurately predicting performance due to proposed vehicle equipment changes, vehicle owners are, perhaps rightfully, reluctant to move forward in making equipment upgrades and/or deciding to configure vehicles with certain equipment. This reluctance is particularly true where the cost/benefit or savings, relative to a baseline vehicle, cannot be clearly demonstrated. This reluctance is only amplified when considering fleet vehicle owners, who may control a plurality of vehicles. In the case of fuel economy, it is therefore not uncommon for vehicle fleet owners to make vehicle equipment decisions based on their own knowledge and experience as to their particular routes, driver behavior and vehicle configurations. This human-based judgment is sometimes qualified as one involving “my route, my driver, and my truck”. In the absence of a tailored approach that quantitatively accounts for “my route, my driver, and my truck”, a vehicle owner would rely on subjective analysis of performance, likely discount, if not disregard entirely, any performance (e.g., fuel economy) pertaining to a proposed equipment change.
There is therefore a need for a system and method for simulating the performance of a vehicle that minimizes or eliminates one or more of the shortcomings described above.
| |
Hard working general assistant from an EU background required to work in customer services section of a nice pizza restaurant in the St. Helens area of the UK. You must speak English to at least Intermediate level and have previous hospitality or restaurant experence.
Duties
Customer Service Representative
Taking orders over phone and in person
Dealing with customer concerns
Greeting customers within 10 seconds
Up selling
Cash handling
Keeping the customer area clean
Assisting Pizza Makers with toppings and dough
Rate of Pay - £6.50 / hour + Performance Bonus
Local accommodation will be found for you at a reasonable rent. | http://www.easterneuropeansuk.com/jobs/work/restaurant-hotels/general-assistant-pizza-restaurant_i121 |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
BACKGROUND
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Example 4
Example 5
Example 6
Example 7
Comparative Example A
Comparative Example B
Comparative Example C
Example 8
Example 9
Example 10
Example 11
Example 12
Example 13
Example 14
Comparative Examples D-F
This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/557,578, filed Nov. 9, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
The present disclosure relates generally to curable compositions, and more particularly to curable compositions having a block copolymer.
Curable compositions may include two components that can chemically react with each other, also referred to as curing, to form a cured product. A first component may be an epoxy resin and a second component may be a hardener, sometimes called a curing agent. The epoxy resin can include one or more epoxide groups. An epoxide group refers to a group in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system. The hardener is reactive with the epoxide groups of the epoxy resin. This curing converts the resin component from a relatively low molecular weight into relatively high molecular weight materials by chemical addition of the compounds of the hardening agent.
There are many possible uses for curable compositions and products obtained by curing those compositions. There are a great variety of characteristics that may be desirable for particular applications.
One or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide a curable composition having an epoxy resin, a hardener selected from the group consisting of an anhydride, an amine, a phenolic, and combinations thereof, and a block copolymer having a thermoset-philic block and a thermoset-phobic block, wherein the block copolymer is from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of the curable composition.
One or more embodiments of the present disclosure provide a product obtained by curing a curable composition as disclosed herein.
The above summary of the present disclosure is not intended to describe each disclosed embodiment or every implementation of the present disclosure. The description that follows more particularly exemplifies illustrative embodiments. In several places throughout the application, guidance is provided through lists of examples, which examples can be used in various combinations. In each instance, the recited list serves only as a representative group and should not be interpreted as an exclusive list.
Embodiments of the present disclosure provide curable compositions. The curable compositions, as disclosed herein, include an epoxy resin, a hardener, and a block copolymer having a thermoset-philic block and a thermoset-phobic block, where the block copolymer is from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of the curable composition.
Embodiments of the present disclosure can provide benefits such as increased flexibility, e.g. a decreased modulus of elasticity, as compared to products obtained from other curable compositions. Block copolymers have been added to curable compositions to improve the toughness of products obtained from those compositions. Toughness is a quantitative way of expressing a material's resistance to fracture. Block copolymers have been found to increase the toughness of the cured products, while at the same time resulting in no, or only minor, changes to other physical properties such as modulus of elasticity, which is a measure of stiffness of a material and glass transition temperature, which is a temperature that a material transitions from a glassy state to a rubbery state. However, new curable compositions and new products in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein are disclosed. The products disclosed herein may be useful for applications including coatings, laminates, composites, and adhesives, for example. The products disclosed herein may be advantageous for some applications where an increased flexibility is desired, for example. The products obtained by curing the curable compositions disclosed herein may provide a similar or an increased percentage of elongation at break as compared to other products obtained by curing curable compositions having less than 20 weight percent of block copolymer.
The curable compositions of the present disclosure include a block copolymer having a thermoset-philic block and a thermoset-phobic block, wherein the block copolymer is from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of the curable composition. The thermoset-philic block may be from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of the block copolymer, such that the thermoset-philic block and the thermoset-phobic block combine to be 100 weight percent of the block copolymer. The thermoset-phobic block may be from 20 weight percent to 80 weight percent of the block copolymer, such that the thermoset-phobic block and the thermoset-philic block combine to be 100 weight percent of the block copolymer.
A block copolymer is a polymer consisting of multiple sequences (blocks) of one type of constitutional unit or units, e.g., derivable from one monomer or multiple monomers, alternating in series with different blocks having another type of constitutional unit or units. Examples of the block copolymer include, but are not limited to, diblock copolymers, triblock copolymers, tetrablock copolymers, and higher order block copolymers. The block copolymer may have a linear block structure, a branched block structure, a star block structure, and combinations thereof. The block copolymers may be formed via various polymerization processes, such as one or more known polymerization processes.
A thermoset-philic block may include from 5 to 1000 constitutional units. A thermoset-phobic block may include from 5 to 1000 constitutional units.
In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the thermoset-philic block includes constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from two to three carbon atoms. In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the thermoset-philic block may be from 70 weight percent to 100 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from two to three carbon atoms. All individual values and subranges from a lower limit of 70 weight percent, 75 weight percent, or 80 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from two to three carbon atoms to an upper limit of 100 weight percent, 95 weight percent, or 90 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from two to three carbon atoms. For instance, the thermoset-philic block may be from 70 weight percent to 100 weight percent, 75 weight percent to 95 weight percent, or 80 weight percent to 90 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from two to three carbon atoms. As such, the thermoset-philic block may include constitutional units that are derived from another monomer or monomers, e.g., an alkylene oxide monomer having from four to twenty carbon atoms, among other monomers, where the another monomer or monomers may be from 0 weight percent to 30 weight percent of the thermoset-philic block. Examples of alkylene oxides having from two to three carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, and combinations thereof. As such, for example, the thermoset-philic block may include a polyethylene oxide block, a polypropylene oxide block, a poly(ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide) block, or combinations thereof.
In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the thermoset-phobic block includes constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from four to twenty carbon atoms. In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the thermoset-phobic block may be from 70 weight percent to 100 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from four to twenty carbon atoms. All individual values and subranges from a lower limit of 70 weight percent, 75 weight percent, or 80 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from four to twenty carbon atoms to an upper limit of 100 weight percent, 95 weight percent, or 90 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from four to twenty carbon atoms. For instance, the thermoset-phobic block may be from 70 weight percent to 100 weight percent, 75 weight percent to 95 weight percent, or 80 weight percent to 90 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from four to twenty carbon atoms. As such, the thermoset-phobic block may include constitutional units that are derived from another monomer or monomers, e.g., an alkylene oxide monomer having from two to three carbon atoms, among other monomers, where the another monomer or monomers may be from 0 weight percent to 30 weight percent of the thermoset-phobic block. Examples of alkylene oxides having from four to twenty carbon atoms include, but are not limited to, butylene oxide, 1,2 epoxy hexane, 1,2-epoxy dodecane, and combinations thereof. As such, for example, the thermoset-phobic block may include a polybutylene oxide block, a polyhexylene oxide block, a polydodecylene oxide block, or combinations thereof.
For embodiments where the thermoset-philic block includes constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from two to three carbon atoms and the thermoset-phobic block includes constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from four to twenty carbon atoms, the block copolymer may have a number average molecular weight of from 1000 to 50000. All individual values and subranges from and including 1000 to 50000 are included herein and disclosed herein; for example, block copolymer may have a number average molecular weight in a range with a lower limit 1000, 2000, or 5000 to an upper limit of 50000, 45000, or 40000.
In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the thermoset-philic block includes constitutional units that are derived from a methacrylate ester monomer. In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the thermoset-philic block may be from 70 weight percent to 100 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from a methacrylate ester monomer. All individual values and subranges from a lower limit of 70 weight percent, 75 weight percent, or 80 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from a methacrylate ester monomer to an upper limit of 100 weight percent, 95 weight percent, or 90 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from a methacrylate ester monomer. For instance, the thermoset-philic block may be from 70 weight percent to 100 weight percent, 75 weight percent to 95 weight percent, or 80 weight percent to 90 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from a methacrylate ester monomer. As such, the thermoset-philic block may include constitutional units that are derived from another monomer or monomers, e.g., an acrylate ester monomer, among other monomers, where the another monomer or monomers may be from 0 weight percent to 30 weight percent of the thermoset-philic block.
The methacrylate ester monomer may be selected from the group consisting of methyl methacrylate, higher homologues of methyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof. Examples of higher homologues of methyl methacrylate include, but are not limited to, ethyl methacrylate, n-propyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, sec-butyl methacrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, amyl methacrylate, isoamyl methacrylate, n-hexyl methacrylate, cycloheyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, pentadecyl methacrylate, dodecyl methacrylate, isobornyl methacrylate, phenyl methacrylate, benzyl methacrylate, phnoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate, 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate, and combinations thereof.
In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the thermoset-phobic block includes constitutional units that are derived from an acrylate ester monomer. In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the thermoset-phobic block may be from 70 weight percent to 100 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an acrylate ester monomer. All individual values and subranges from a lower limit of 70 weight percent, 75 weight percent, or 80 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an acrylate ester monomer to an upper limit of 100 weight percent, 95 weight percent, or 90 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an acrylate ester monomer. For instance, the thermoset-phobic block may be from 70 weight percent to 100 weight percent, 75 weight percent to 95 weight percent, or 80 weight percent to 90 weight percent of constitutional units that are derived from an acrylate ester monomer. As such, the thermoset-phobic block may include constitutional units that are derived from another monomer or monomers, e.g., a methacrylate ester monomer, among other monomers, where the another monomer or monomers may be from 0 weight percent to 30 weight percent of the thermoset-phobic block. Examples of the acrylate ester monomer include n-propyl acrylate, isopropyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, sec-butyl acrylate, tert-butyl acrylate, amyl acrylate, isoamyl acrylate, n-hexyl acrylate, cycloheyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, pentadecyl acrylate, dodecyl acrylate, isobornyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phnoxyethyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy ethyl acrylate, 2-methoxy ethyl acrylate, and combinations thereof.
For embodiments where the thermoset-philic block includes constitutional units that are derived from a monomer selected from the methacrylate ester monomer, and the thermoset-phobic block includes constitutional units that are derived from the acrylate ester monomer, the block copolymer may have a number average molecular weight of from 1000 to 100000. All individual values and subranges from and including 1000 to 100000 are included herein and disclosed herein; for example, block copolymer may have a number average molecular weight in a range with a lower limit 1000, 2000, or 5000 to an upper limit of 100000, 90000, or 80000.
In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the curable compositions include an epoxy resin. An epoxy resin is a compound in which an oxygen atom is directly attached to two adjacent or non-adjacent carbon atoms of a carbon chain or ring system. The epoxy resin can be selected from the group consisting of an aromatic epoxy resin, an alicyclic epoxy resin, an aliphatic epoxy resin, and combinations thereof.
Examples of aromatic epoxy resins include, but are not limited to, divinylarene dioxide, glycidyl ether compounds of polyphenols, such as hydroquinone, resorcinol, bisphenol A, bisphenol F, 4,4′-dihydroxybiphenyl, phenol novolac, cresol novolac, trisphenol (tris-(4-hydroxyphenyl)methane), 1,1,2,2-tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane, tetrabromobisphenol A, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane, and 1,6-dihydroxynaphthalene.
Examples of alicyclic epoxy resins include, but are not limited to, polyglycidyl ethers of polyols having at least one alicyclic ring, or compounds including cyclohexene oxide or cyclopentene oxide obtained by epoxidizing compounds including a cyclohexene ring or cyclopentene ring with an oxidizer. Some particular examples include, but are not limited to, hydrogenated bisphenol A diglycidyl ether; 3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexyl carboxylate; 3,4-epoxy-1-methylcyclohexyl-3,4-epoxy-1-methylhexane carboxylate; 6-methyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl-6-methyl-3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate; 3,4-epoxy-3-methyleyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy-3-methylcyclohexane carboxylate; 3,4-epoxy-5-methylcyclohexylmethyl-3,4-epoxy-5-methylcyclohexane carboxylate; bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexylmethyl)adipate; methylene-bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexane); 2,2-bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)propane; dicyclopentadiene diepoxide; ethylene-bis(3,4-epoxycyclohexane carboxylate); dioctyl epoxyhexahydrophthalate; and di-2-ethylhexyl epoxyhexahydrophthalate.
Examples of aliphatic epoxy resins include, but are not limited to, polyglycidyl ethers of aliphatic polyols or alkylene-oxide adducts thereof, polyglycidyl esters of aliphatic long-chain polybasic acids, homopolymers synthesized by vinyl-polymerizing glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate, and copolymers synthesized by vinyl-polymerizing glycidyl acrylate or glycidyl methacrylate and other vinyl monomers. Some particular examples include, but are not limited to glycidyl ethers of polyols, such as 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether; 1,6-hexanediol diglycidyl ether; a triglycidyl ether of glycerin; a triglycidyl ether of trimethylol propane; a tetraglycidyl ether of sorbitol; a hexaglycidyl ether of dipentaerythritol; a diglycidyl ether of polyethylene glycol; and a diglycidyl ether of polypropylene glycol; polyglycidyl ethers of polyether polyols obtained by adding one type, or two or more types, of alkylene oxide to aliphatic polyols such as propylene glycol, trimethylol propane, and glycerin; and diglycidyl esters of aliphatic long-chain dibasic acids.
In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the curable compositions include a hardener. The hardener can be selected from the group consisting of an anhydride, an amine, a phenolics, and combinations thereof.
An anhydride is a compound having an anhydride group, e.g., two acyl groups bonded to the same oxygen atom. The anhydride can be symmetric or mixed. Symmetric anhydrides have identical acyl groups. Mixed anhydrides have different acyl groups. The anhydride can be selected from the group consisting of hexahydrophthalic anhydride, methyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride, methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, methylnadic anhydride, methylbutenyltetrahydrophthalic anhydride, and combinations thereof.
Amines include compounds that contain an N—H moiety, e.g. primary amines and secondary amines. The amine can be selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyamines, arylaliphatic polyamines, cycloaliphatic polyamines, aromatic polyamines, heterocyclic polyamines, polyalkoxy polyamines, dicyandiamide and derivatives thereof, aminoamides, amidines, ketimines, and combinations thereof.
Examples of aliphatic polyamines include, but are not limited to, ethylenediamine, diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, trimethyl hexane diamine, hexamethylenediamine, N-(2-aminoethyl)-1,3-propanediamine, N,N′-1,2-ethanediylbis-1,3-propanediamine, dipropylenetriamine, and reaction products of an excess of these amines with an epoxy resin, such as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, and combinations thereof.
Examples of arylaliphatic polyamines include, but are not limited to, m-xylylenediamine, and p-xylylenediamine. Examples of cycloaliphatic polyamines include, but are not limited to, 1,3-bisaminocyclohexylamine, isophorone diamine, and 4,4′-methylenebiscyclohexaneamine. Examples of aromatic polyamines include, but are not limited to, m-phenylenediamine, diaminodiphenylmethane, and diaminodiphenylsulfone. Examples of heterocyclic polyamines include, but are not limited to, N-aminoethylpiperazine, 3,9-bis(3-aminopropyl) 2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro(5,5)undecane, and combinations thereof.
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Examples of polyalkoxy polyamines include, but are not limited to, 4,7-dioxadecane-1,10-diamine; 1-propanamine; (2,1-ethanediyloxy)-bis-(diaminopropylated diethylene glycol) (ANCAMINE® 1922A); poly(oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)), alpha-(2-aminomethylethyl)omega-(2-aminomethylethoxy) (JEFFAMINE® D-230, D-400); triethyleneglycoldiamine; and oligomers (JEFFAMINE® XTJ-504, JEFFAMINE® XTJ-512); poly(oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)), alpha,alpha′-(oxydi-2,1-ethanediyl)bis(omega-(aminomethylethoxy)) (JEFFAMINE® XTJ-511); bis(3-aminopropyl)polytetrahydrofuran 350; bis(3-aminopropyl)polytetrahydrofuran 750; poly(oxy(methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)); α-hydro- -(2-aminomethylethoxy)ether with 2-ethyl-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (JEFFAMINE® T-403); diaminopropyl dipropylene glycol; and combinations thereof.
Examples of dicyandiamide derivatives include, but are not limited to, guanazole, phenyl guanazole, cyanoureas, and combinations thereof.
Examples of aminoamides include, but are not limited to, amides formed by reaction of the above aliphatic polyamines with a stoichiometric deficiency of anhydrides and carboxylic acids, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,269,742.
Examples of amidines include, but are not limited to, carboxamidines, sulfinamidines, phosphinamidines, and combinations thereof
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3
2
3
2
Examples of ketimines include compounds having the structure (R)C═NR, where each Ris an alkyl group and Ris an alkyl group or hydrogen, and combinations thereof.
Examples of phenolics include, but are not limited to, bisphenols, novolacs, and resoles that can be derived from phenol and/or a phenol derivative, and combinations thereof.
The hardener may be employed in an epoxy equivalent weight to equivalent weight ratio of 1.0:1.2 to 1.2:1.0. For example, the hardener may be employed in an epoxy equivalent weight to hydrogen equivalent weight ratio of 1.0:1.15, 1.0:1.0, or 1.15:1.0, e.g., when the hardener includes an amine or a phenol, or the hardener may be employed in an epoxy equivalent weight to anhydride equivalent weight ratio of 1.0:1.15, 1.0:1.0, or 1.15:1.0, e.g., when the hardener includes an anhydride. Epoxy equivalent weight (EEW) may be calculated as the mass in grams of epoxy resin containing one mole of epoxide groups. Hydrogen equivalent weight (HEW) may be calculated as mass in grams of hardener containing one mole of hydrogen atoms that are capable of opening an epoxy ring. Anhydride equivalent weight (AEW) may be may be calculated as mass in grams of hardener containing one mole of anhydride groups.
For one or more embodiments, the curable compositions may include an additive. Examples of additives include, but are not limited to, nonreactive and reactive diluents; catalysts; fibers; fillers; aggregates; pigments; viscosity reducing agents; dyes; coloring agents; thixotropic agents; photo initiators; latent photo initiators, latent catalysts; inhibitors; flow modifiers; accelerators; surfactants; adhesion promoters; fluidity control agents; stabilizers; ion scavengers; UV stabilizers; fire retardants; toughening agents; wetting agents; mold release agents; coupling agents; tackifying agents, and combinations thereof. For various applications differing amounts of the additive may be employed.
The curable compositions, as disclosed herein, may be cured to obtain a product. In accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure, the curable composition can be cured at a cure temperature in a with a lower limit of 0 degrees Celsius (° C.), 10° C., or 15° C. to an upper limit of 200° C., 225° C., or 250° C. where a range having combinations of the lower limit and upper limit are possible. For example, the curable composition can be cured at a temperature in a range with of 0° C. to 250° C.; 10° C. to 225° C.; or 15° C. to 200° C. However, for some applications curing temperature may be varied and the curable composition may be cured at another temperature. For one or more embodiments the curable composition can be cured to obtain a product for a time interval a with a lower limit of 1 minute, 10 minutes, or 60 minutes to an upper limit of 48 hours, 36 hours, or 24 hours. For example, the curable composition can be cured to obtain a product for a time interval in a range with of 1 minute to 48 hours; 10 minutes to 36 hours; or 60 minutes to 24 hours. However, for some applications the curing time interval may be varied and the curable composition may be cured for another time interval.
In the Examples, various terms and designations for materials were used including, for example, the following:
FORTEGRA™ (block copolymer having a thermoset-philic block and a thermoset-phobic block, where the thermoset-philic block includes constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from two to three carbon atoms and the thermoset-phobic block includes constitutional units that are derived from an alkylene oxide monomer having from four to twenty carbon atoms, available from The Dow Chemical Company), diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (available from Sigma-Aldrich), potassium hydroxide (available from Sigma-Aldrich), butylene oxide (alkylene oxide monomer having four carbon atoms, available from Sigma-Aldrich), ethylene oxide (alkylene oxide monomer having two carbon atoms, available from Sigma-Aldrich), glacial acetic acid (available from Sigma-Aldrich), ECA 100 (anhydride hardener including hexahydrophthalic anhydride and methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride, available from Dixie Chemical Company, Inc.), HYCAT™ 3000S (catalyst, available from Dimension Technology Chemical Systems, Inc.), D.E.R.™ 383 (epoxy resin, available from The Dow Chemical Company), syna-epoxy 21 (cycloaliphatic epoxy resin, available from Synasia Inc.), 1-methylimidazole (accelerator, available from Sigma-Aldrich), benzyl triethylammonium chloride (acclerator, available from Sigma-Aldrich), M52N (block copolymer having a thermoset-philic block and a thermoset-phobic block, where the thermoset-philic block includes constitutional units that are derived from a methacrylate ester monomer and the thermoset-phobic block includes constitutional units that are derived from an acrylate ester monomer, available from Arkema Inc.).
Lab Synthesized PEO-PBO Block Copolymer
A lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer (a block copolymer having a thermoset-philic block and a thermoset-phobic block), was prepared as follows. A catalyzed initiator was prepared by adding diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (979.1 grams, 8.16 moles) and potassium hydroxide (29.84 grains, 85 weight percent) to a vessel. The contents of the vessel were heated to 110° C. and water was removed from the vessel under vacuum to provide the catalyzed initiator. Catalyzed initiator (123.9 grams) was added to a container and heated to 120° C. Butylene oxide (5355 grams, 74.38 moles) was slowly added to the contents of the container such that the temperature was maintained at 120° C. After addition of the butylene oxide was complete the contents of the container were digested until the pressure in the container no longer decreased. A portion of the contents of the container was removed to reduce the contents of the container to 3052 grams. Additional butylene oxide (1585 grams, 22.01 moles) was slowly added to the contents of the container such that the temperature was maintained at 120° C.; after addition of the butylene oxide was complete the contents of the container were digested until the pressure in the container leveled off to provide a butylene oxide block polymer. Butylene oxide block polymer (4016 grams) was added to a reactor. Ethylene oxide (1830 grams, 41.59 moles) was slowly added to the contents of the reactor such that the temperature was maintained at 120° C. After addition of the ethylene oxide the contents of the reactor were digested until the pressure in the reactor leveled off. Glacial acetic acid was added to the contents of the reactor to bring the pH to 6-7 (ASTM E70-90) to provide the lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer. The lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer had a number average molecular weight of 5397 as determined by titration of the polymer OH end groups (ASTM D 4274-94, Method D).
Example 1, a curable composition, was prepared as follows. FORTEGRA™ (20.00 grams), ECA 100 (11.24 grams), and HYCAT™ 3000S (0.12 grams) were added to a container. The contents of the container were mixed and held at 60° C. for approximately 48 hours. Thereafter, D.E.R.™ 383 (13.00 grams) and 1-methylimidazole (0.18 grams) were added to the contents of the container to provide Example 1. The block copolymer (FORTEGRA™) was 45 weight percent of Example 1.
Example 2, a curable composition, was prepared as Example 1 but with changes: FORTEGRA™ (30 grams), ECA 100 (9.64 grams), HYCAT™ 3000S (0.13 grams) D.E.R.™ 383 (10.99 grams), and 1-methylimidazole (0.17 grams) were employed to provide Example 2. The block copolymer (FORTEGRA™) was 60 weight percent of Example 2.
Example 3, a curable composition, was prepared as follows. Benzyl triethylammonium chloride (0.33 grams) and ECA 100 (11 grams) were added to a container maintained at 60° C. Lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer (31 grams) was added to the contents of container, which was maintained at 70° C. Syna-epoxy 21 (11 grams) was added to the contents of the container to provide Example 3. The block copolymer (lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer) was 60 weight percent of Example 3.
A curable composition was prepared as follows. Benzyl triethylammonium chloride (0.8 grams) and ECA 100 (37 grams) were added to a container maintained at 60° C. Lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer (20 grams) was added to the contents of container, which was maintained at 70° C. D.E.R.™ 383 (43 grams) was added to the contents of the container to provide Example 4. The block copolymer (lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer) was 20 weight percent of Example 4.
A curable composition was prepared as follows. Benzyl triethylammonium chloride (0.7 grams) and ECA 100 (32 grams) were added to a container maintained at 60° C. Lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer (30 grams) was added to the contents of container, which was maintained at 70° C. D.E.R.™ 383 (37 grams) was added to the contents of the container to provide Example 4. The block copolymer (lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer) was 30 weight percent of Example 5.
A curable composition was prepared as follows. Benzyl triethylammonium chloride (0.7 grams) and ECA 100 (30 grams) were added to a container maintained at 60° C. Lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer (35 grams) was added to the contents of container, which was maintained at 70° C. D.E.R.™ 383 (34.2 grams) was added to the contents of the container to provide Example 4. The block copolymer (lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer) was 35 weight percent of Example 6.
A curable composition was prepared as follows. Benzyl triethylammonium chloride (0.34 grams) and ECA 100 (19.19 grams) were added to a container maintained at at 60° C. M52N (18 grams) was added to the contents of container, which was maintained at 70° C. Syna21 (16.6 grams) was added to the contents of the container to provide Example 5. The block copolymer (M52N) was 30 weight percent of Example 7.
Comparative Example A, a curable composition, was prepared as Example 1 but with changes: FORTEGRA™ (5 grams), ECA 100 (45.1 grams), HYCAT™ 3000S (0.3 grams) D.E.R.™ 383 (52.15 grams), and 1-methylimidazole (0.5 grams) were employed to provide Comparative Example A. The block copolymer (FORTEGRA™) was approximately 5 weight percent of Comparative Example A.
Comparative Example B, a curable composition, was prepared as follows. Benzyl triethylammonium chloride (1 gram) and ECA 100 (44.24 grams) were added to a container maintained at 60° C. Lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer (5 grams) was added to the contents of container, which was maintained at 70° C. D.E.R.™ 383 (50 grams) was added to the contents of the container to provide Example B. The block copolymer (lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer) was 5 weight percent of Comparative Example B.
Comparative Example C, a curable composition, was prepared as follows.
Benzyl triethylammonium chloride (1 gram) and ECA 100 (42 grams) were added to a container maintained at 60° C. Lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer (10 grams) was added to the contents of container, which was maintained at 70° C. D.E.R.™ 383 (48 grams) were employed to provide Comparative Example C. The block copolymer (lab synthesized PEO-PBO block copolymer) was 10 weight percent of Comparative Example C.
Example 8, a product obtained by curing Example 1, was prepared as follows. Example 1 (25 grams) was placed into a mold. The contents of the mold were heated to 60° C. and maintained at that temperature for 1 hour, then heated to 90° C. and maintained at that temperature for 1 hour, and then heated to 150° C. and maintained at that temperature for 1 hour to provide Example 8.
Example 9, a product obtained by curing Example 2, was prepared as follows. Example 2 (40 grams) was placed into a mold. The contents of the mold were heated to 80° C. and maintained at that temperature for 12 hours, then heated to 150° C. and maintained at that temperature for 12 hours, to provide Example 9.
Example 10, a product obtained by curing Example 3, was prepared as
Example 8 but with change: Example 3 (40 grams) was employed to provide Example 10.
Example 11, a product obtained by curing Example 4, was prepared as Example 8 but with change: Example 4 (40 grams) was employed to provide Example 11.
Example 12, a product obtained by curing Example 5, was prepared as Example 8 but with change: Example 5 (40 grams) was employed to provide Example 12.
Example 13, a product obtained by curing Example 6, was prepared as Example 8 but with change: Example 6 (40 grams) was employed to provide Example 13.
Example 14, a product obtained by curing Example 7, was prepared as Example 8 but with change: Example 7 (40 grams) was employed to provide Example 14.
Comparative Examples D-F were obtained as Examples 6-8, with the changes that Comparative Examples A-C respectively replaced Examples 1-3.
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
FIG. 1
is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The product, i.e. Example 8 as discussed herein, shown in was obtained from a curable composition, i.e. Example 1 as discussed herein, where a block copolymer having an epoxy-philic block and an epoxy-phobic block was 45 weight percent the curable composition. As seen in , the product includes two phases represented respectively by the relatively lighter and relatively darker materials. The two phases shown in are continuous.
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
is a TEM image of a product obtained by curing a curable composition. The product, i.e. Comparative Example D as discussed herein, shown in was obtained from a curable composition, i.e. Comparative Example A as discussed herein, where a block copolymer was apporiximately 0 weight percent the curable composition. Like , the product in includes two phases represented respectively by the relatively lighter and relatively darker materials. However, unlike , the two phases shown in are not continuous. The two phases shown in are isolated, e.g., islands. The TEM image of , in comparison to the TEM image of , shows that new materials, e.g., products having two continuous phases, are obtained from the curable compositions, as disclosed herein.
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
FIG. 3
is a TEM image of a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The product, i.e. Example 13 as discussed herein, shown in was obtained from a curable composition, i.e. Example 6 as discussed herein, where a block copolymer having a thermoset-philic block and a thermoset-phobic block was 35 weight percent the curable composition. As seen in , the product includes two phases represented respectively by the relatively lighter and relatively darker materials. The two phases shown in are continuous.
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 4
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
is a TEM image of a product obtained by curing a curable composition. The product, i.e. Comparative Example E as discussed herein, shown in was obtained from a curable composition, i.e. Comparative Example B as discussed herein, where a block copolymer was 5 weight percent the curable composition. Like , the product in includes two phases represented respectively by the relatively lighter and relatively darker materials. However, unlike , the two phases shown in are not continuous. The two phases shown in are isolated, e.g., islands. The TEM image of , in comparison to the TEM image of , shows that new materials, e.g., products having two continuous phases, are obtained from the curable compositions, as disclosed herein.
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
FIG. 5
502
504
illustrates dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) data obtained for a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The DMTA data shown in corresponds to a product, i.e. Example 9 as discussed herein, obtained from a curable composition, i.e. Example 4 as discussed herein, where a block copolymer having a thermoset-philic block and a thermoset-phobic block was 35 weight percent the curable composition. As seen in , there are two glass transition temperatures. The first glass transition temperature corresponds to peak and the second glass transition temperature corresponds to peak .
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
606
608
illustrates DMTA obtained for a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The DMTA data shown in corresponds to a product, i.e. Example 9 as discussed herein, obtained from a curable composition, i.e. Example 2 as discussed herein, where a block copolymer having an epoxy-philic block and an epoxy-phobic block was 60 weight percent the curable composition. As seen in , there are two glass transition temperatures. The first glass transition temperature corresponds to peak and the second glass transition temperature corresponds to peak .
FIG. 7
FIG. 7
FIG. 7
710
712
illustrates DMTA data obtained for a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The DMTA data shown in corresponds to a product, i.e. Example 14 as discussed herein, obtained from a curable composition, i.e. Example 7 as discussed herein, where a block copolymer having an epoxy-philic block and an epoxy-phobic block was 30 weight percent the curable composition. As seen in , there are two glass transition temperatures. The first glass transition temperature corresponds to peak and the second glass transition temperature corresponds to peak .
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
FIGS. 5-7
814
illustrates DMTA data obtained for a product obtained by curing a curable composition. The DMTA data shown in corresponds to a product, i.e. Comparative Example E as discussed herein, obtained from a curable composition, i.e. Comparative Example B as discussed herein, where a block copolymer was 5 weight percent the curable composition. As seen in and in contrast to , there is a single glass transition temperature. The single glass transition temperature corresponds to peak .
FIGS. 5-7
FIG. 8
FIGS. 5-7
FIG. 8
The DMTA data of , in comparison to the DMTA data of , shows that new materials, e.g., products having two glass transition temperatures, are obtained from the curable compositions, as disclosed herein. The additional glass transition temperature shown by the DMTA data in is a significant change that can result in differing product properties as compared to a product having a single glass transition temperature, such as shown by the DMTA data in .
Modulus of elasticity was determined for Examples 11-13 and
Comparative Examples D-F according to ASTM D-638. The results are shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. Also, elongation at break was determined for Examples 11-13 and Comparative Examples D-F according to ASTM D-638. The results are shown in Table 3 and Table 4, respectively.
TABLE 1
Modulus of elasticity
Example #
(megapascals)
Example 11
1.90
Example 12
1.10
Example 13
0.48
TABLE 2
Modulus of elasticity
Comparative Example #
(megapascals)
Comparative Example D
3.40
Comparative Example E
3.30
Comparative Example F
2.80
TABLE 3
Elongation at break
Example #
(percentage)
Example 11
4.3
Example 12
5.9
Example 13
17.0
TABLE 4
Elongation at break
Comparative Example #
(percentage)
Comparative Example D
6.1
Comparative Example E
5.2
Comparative Example F
3.9
The data in Table 1 show that increasing amounts of the block copolymer result in a correspondingly lower modulus of elasticity. Table 2 show that increasing amounts of the block copolymer results in a relatively small correspondingly lower modulus of elasticity. The data in Table 1, in contrast to the data in Table 2, show that the weight percentages of the block copolymer in the curable compositions as disclosed herein have a much greater effect on modulus of elasticity, as compared to other, i.e. lesser, weight percentages of the block copolymer in other curable compositions.
The data in Table 3 show that products obtained by curing the curable compositions disclosed herein provide an increase in percentage of elongation at break. The data in Table 4, in contrast to the data in Table 3, show that products obtained by curing curable compositions having less than 20 weight percent of block copolymer provide a decrease in percentage of elongation at break, even as the weight percentage of block copolymer is increased.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1
is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2
is a TEM image of a product obtained by curing a curable composition.
FIG. 3
is a TEM image of a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4
is a TEM image of a product obtained by curing a curable composition.
FIG. 5
illustrates dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) data obtained for a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6
illustrates DMTA data obtained for a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7
illustrates DMTA data obtained for a product in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
FIG. 8
illustrates DMTA data obtained for a product obtained by curing a curable composition. | |
Segmentation, Targeting & Positioning According to Hanlon, The STP model helps in developing marketing plans mainly because it helps in prioritizing propositions for different targets. It also demonstrates an overview of a market and a company’s competitive choices within the market. Segmentation Strategy H&M used both Demographics and psychographic segmentation in reaching their customers. Based on the company’s outreach globally, it must understand various cultures, attitudes, beliefs, religion, | https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Emerging-Fashion-Market-Uae-PKNSQKE36ZZS |
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- Information
This competition will take place in a pavillion and will be entirely outdoors. Please plan accordingly.
Because of this being a rather small competition, competitors will be required to help volunteer with judging and scrambling as needed.
- Events
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- Main event
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- Competitors
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Register for this competition here.
There is a competitor limit of 20 competitors.
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Registration fees won't be refunded under any circumstance.
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Luke Garrett won with an average of 7.37 seconds in the 3x3x3 Cube event. Zayn Khanani finished second (7.69) and Phillip Lewicki finished third (8.19).
|Event||Name||Best||Average||Citizen of||Solves|
|3x3x3 Cube||Luke Garrett||5.52||7.37||United States||8.48||10.28||7.61||5.52||6.02|
|2x2x2 Cube||Zayn Khanani||1.13||1.25||United States||1.23||1.25||1.13||1.28||1.27|
|4x4x4 Cube||Dylan Cossin||31.10||33.11||United States||33.36||32.16||37.79||31.10||33.82|
|Pyraminx||Harsha Paladugu||2.26||2.59||United States||2.26||4.76||3.00||2.32||2.45|
|Event||Round||Format||Time limit||Cutoff||Proceed|
|3x3x3 Cube||First round||Ao5||10:00.00||Top 8 advance to next round|
|Final||Ao5||10:00.00|
|2x2x2 Cube||First round||Ao5||10:00.00||Top 8 advance to next round|
|Final||Ao5||10:00.00|
|4x4x4 Cube||Final||Bo2 / Ao5||4:00.00||2 attempts to get < 1:30.00|
|Pyraminx||First round||Ao5||10:00.00||Top 8 advance to next round|
|Final||Ao5||10:00.00|
You are viewing the schedule for the venue Silver Springs Park.
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Add to calendar
Schedule for Thursday (July 22, 2021)
The competition will take place in the Lakeview Shelter. Once you pull into Silver Springs Park and reach the playground, take a right and go up the hill to where the Lakeview Shelter is.
If there is no more room for parking up by the Lakeview Shelter, then parking down below by the playground will be fine.
There is no break for dinner for this competition. You are more than welcome to bring outside food with you or pack a lunch.
NO Alcohol is allowed on the premise.
This competition will be sponsored by TheCubicle.us! Thanks so much to them for their continued support.
There are a couple of measures that we will be taking for Covid safety:
- We will provide hand sanitizer, masks, and disinfecting wipes
- We recommend that participants and guests wear a mask.
- We ask that anyone showing symptoms of Covid-19 to stay at home.
- While competiting, a competitor will remain at their seat during the entire group to minimize the amount of interactions. There will be no competitor waiting area.
Time limit
If you reach the time limit during your solve, the judge will stop you and your result will be DNF (see Regulation A1a4).
Cutoff
The result to beat to proceed to the second phase of a cutoff round (see Regulation 9g).
Format
The format describes how to determine the ranking of competitors based on their results. The list of allowed formats per event is described in Regulation 9b. See Regulation 9f for a description of each format. | https://www.worldcubeassociation.org/competitions/StowhioOpen2021 |
Mohamed Zakaria wins the strongly competed student chess tournament of 2022. There were 60 participants which was twelve less than last year’s record in the midst of the corona pandemic. So no new record in the amount of participants, but never the less a very strong competition that included the winner and numbers 3 and 4 of last year’s tournament. Mohammed Zakaria became the clear winner with 7 points out of 7 games. Mohamed made it to the 4th place last year, but played many blitz games in the past year which showed during his games where he was never in time trouble. His last game of the evening was played against Tobias_V who ranked second by then, but dropped to the 5th place after his loss. After the tournament Mohamed was left with nice words for his opponents, the tournament organisers and might come back to the Wageningen Chess Club for the time left in Wageningen.
Thomas van der Polen who won the tournament last year ended up second. Only one loss against Mohamed Zakaria in round four gave him an equal score as last year’s tournament, but this time not the winning position. Thomas won his last game from Pareja who was doing well during the tournament and in reach for a podium position, but ended up 11th place.
Sufeltje (real name is unknown up to now) reached a well-deserved 3th place with 6 out of 7. With two games drawn he did not lose a single game tonight. He was also the only player at the top that did not have to play Mohamed Zakaria so we are still hoping to see that matchup.
Corniek lePoole was the highest rated member of the Wageningen Chess club with a shared 4th place of 5 out of 7. Rob Lijsters ended up 6th with also 5 out of 7 games.
We can say that 60 chess lovers enjoyed playing chess with each other. In order to continue playing chess everybody is invited to come to the Wageningen Chess Club on Wednesday evenings. We are already enjoying several students playing here. Furthermore every 1st Monday of the month there will be a tournament organised on the Lichess team of ‘Wageningen Students’. Hopefully students find their way to keep up playing this “lovely and inspiring game” as Mohamed Zakaria described it at the end of his winning strike of tonight. | https://svwageningen.nl/mohamed-zakaria-wins-student-chess-tournament-2022/ |
Escudo 247 S.C.
Active principle:
Formulation: emulsifying concentration.
Dose:
Mode of application: Load half the sprayer tank with clean water. Add ESCUDO 247 CE according with the dose and the consumption per hectare. Fully fill the tank. During operations and spraying, keep the stirrer moving. The product has to penetrate the lower parts of the crop in order to act appropriately. In aerial applications, use small drops compatible with the evaporating conditions. Use between 100 and 200 liters of water per hectare for terrestrial applications and 40 liters per hectare for aerial applications. Use adjuvant to enhance effectiveness of application (Fixfilm in 200ml/100 liter of solution).
Application method: use sprayer equipment. Calculate the volume to ensure an appropriate coverage of crop and soil. Do not make aerial applications at a distance lower than 500 meters in any urban or suburban area or populated area. Do not make mechanized terrestrial applications on extensive crops (cereals, oilseeds, forage crops) at a distance lower than 300 meters in any urban or suburban area or populated area. Do not make applications to any crop at a distance lower than 30 meters or 10 meters in aerial or terrestrial application respectively in natural (rivers, stream and creeks) or artificial water sources (lakes, lagoons, dams and ponds).
Compatibility: compatible with most phytosanitary products commonly used in soybean. In case of doubt, carry out a test in a small sample before using it. No phytotoxicity.
Waiting period: 30 days in soybean.
Re-entry period: Once the spray has dried over the plants, leave it dry for 24 hours. Wash the clothes and body parts that had contact with forage.
Toxicological profile: TOXICOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION: Class II; MODERATELY HAZARDOUS PRODUCT (IPCS/WHO, 2006). No specific antidote. | http://www.calister.com.uy/en/producto/escudo-247-s-c/ |
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Customer Reviews (1 reviews)
Tyler H.
on Judys Book
Mar 29, 2006
This is my favorite place to shop for work clothes. They carry trusted names like Carhart, Dickies, Riggs, and Wrangler. I buy my pants, shirts, boots, and overalls here. It is also a convenient place to get sporting...
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I’ve been working on some bigger projects lately, and decided I needed to take a break and finish a small project. I have been wanting to make some accessories for pet collars, so this seemed like the perfect time for this project. I made a crochet cat collar bow to start.
This project is quick and easy. It is perfect for using up scraps of yarn leftover from other projects.
For this bow I crocheted a loop to sew onto the back to slip the collar through. I left the instructions in for this, but next time I am going to sew a loop of elastic to the back to make it less bulky. This loop can be made using the method you prefer.
For this project I used Red Heart Super Saver and a 5.5mm crochet hook. You can make this with any brand of yarn you choose.
Crochet Cat Collar Bow
Materials
- Any color yarn
- 5.5mm crochet hook
- Yarn needle
Bow
Ch 11 to start
Row 1: sc in second chain and each across (10), ch 1 and turn
Rows 2-4: sc in each stitch across, ch 1 and turn
Row 5: sc in each stitch across, fasten off
Wrap yarn tightly around the middle of the bow and tie it in the back.
Loop
Ch 11 to start
Row 1: sc in second chain and each across (10), fasten off leaving a tail for sewing.
Sew the ends of the rectangle together to form a loop.
Sew the loop to the back of the bow to finish.
My old cat was not a fan of this project. Hopefully your cats will enjoy it more than mine did.
I plan on making more patterns for accessories to slip onto pet collars. Let me know in the comments if you have any suggestions for accessories you would like to see.
If you like this project you might also like my crochet cat bandana, or my crochet dog bandana. | https://www.shootingstarcrafts.com/crochet-cat-collar-bow/ |
The news that the Learning Assistance Center will no longer be having tutoring appointments for Math or English, left them feeling blindsided since they had no warning about the change.
The English Department will now cover all students who need help in English at the Writing Center and the Math Lab is introducing a one-on-one tutoring for Math classes 125, 137, 227, 245 and 260.
Students who would like an appointment now need to go to the Math Lab and set up an appointment one day in advance.
Students only need to fill out the proper paperwork provided at the front desk for the session.
The paper asks students for the class they need help in and the times they are available.
Students will be asked for class notes, attempted homework or classwork, graded quiz or exam for review, a class textbook or a Texas Instrument calculator if you are in Math 227.
On the back of the paper, the students’ available hours will be matched with tutors of similar availability.
Students can see tutors’ availability within the days of the week at a white board in the Math Lab. For East Los Angeles College students, Carlos Avilez and Jenny Grijalva, this is a cause for concern.
“This news didn’t come within a weeks notice, a semesters notice and not even a couple days notice. Nothing,” said Grijalva, who works in the Learning Assistance Center.
“It’s easy to give away your power. It’s hard to take it back,” said Avilez.
“So when the administration decides to take things away without asking the student body, they are basically saying that our opinions as students do not matter (and) that they know best for us.”
The Learning Assistance Center doesn’t know what to do with their Math or English tutors, since a majority of students according Grijalva, are looking for help for English or Math.
It’s unknown if the tutors at the Learning Assistance Center will move to the Math Lab or to the Writing Center.
If a student needs help with English, they can still go to the Writing Center and get a 30-minute one-on-one tutoring session as opposed to a 50-minute session at the Learning Assistance Center.
The Math Lab will also offer a 30-minute sessions two times a week.
“If we are limited to two 30-minute sessions at the Math Lab (and Writing Center), (and) you add two hours at the Learning Center, which is now a total of three hours a week a student could get,” said Avilez.
By getting rid of the learning center’s assistance, students are now limited to two hours of tutoring.
With all three departments available students would then have the best opportunity to pass their classes since there would be more study time. | http://elaccampusnews.com/2019/09/16/learning-assistance-center-ceases-tutoring-appointments/ |
How to Cook Spaghetti Pinoy Recipe a Noche Buena Dish. Spaghetti is a common Pasta dish which usually serve during Birthday Christmass or any event or occassion of all Filipino.
Ingredients:
350 grams Spaghetti pasta (SpaghetTipid Pack)
500 grams Tomato sauce (SpaghetTipid Pack)
1/4 kg Ground pork
1 piece Red onion (Minced)
4 cloves Garlic (Minced)
125ml All-purpose Cream
115 grams Mushroom
5 pieces Hotdogs
45 grams Cheese
1-1.5 liters Water
Salt
Ground Pepper
Cooking Oil
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Procedure:
- Add 1 to 1.5 liter of water to a pot.
- Add some cooking oil.
- Add a pinch of salt.
- Put the 350 grams of spaghetti noodles to the pot and bring to boil for 7 to 8 minutes.
- Mix from time to time to make sure that the noodles gets cook evenly.
- Onced cooked, drain the water then set aside the pasta in a separate bowl.
- Add some cooking oil into the pan.
Saute 4 cloves of garlic minced.
- Add 1 piece of onion minced then saute.
- Put the 1/4 kg of ground pork to the pan then saute.
- Add 1/4 kg of chopped hotdogs.
- Add 115 grams of mushroom, mix everything, and just let everything in the pan cook for a few minutes.
- Pour 500 ml of tomato sauce.
- Add 125 ml of All-Purpose Cream.
- Mix it well.
- Add 45 grams of grated cheese to the sauce.
- Add black ground pepper.
- Add the cooked pasta then mix until the pasta well-combined with the sauce.
5 thoughts on “How To Cook Spaghetti – Pinoy Recipe – Noche Buena Dish”
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In a large pot over medium heat, bring about 4 quarts salted water to a boil. Add spaghetti and cook 1 minute shy of package directions. Remove from heat and drain well. Keep warm. | https://wordpress-509202-1616720.cloudwaysapps.com/spaghetti-pinoy-recipe/ |
Safety ladder use instructions: Safety ladder scaffoldi […]
Safety ladder use instructions: Safety ladder scaffolding is mainly composed of vertical pole, crossbar, diagonal pole, cross bracing, ejector pole, base, adjustable base, foot pedal, stair, external wall bracket and other supporting components. The installation and use methods of each component are as follows: safety ladder hoisting test safety ladder hoisting test.
1. Adjustable base is inserted at the bottom of the pole, used as the level of the support system, the height is vertically adjusted and the pressure surface is enlarged, the force is given to the foundation, and the screw is used. The bottom plate is welded, and the adjustable base can not be adjusted too high to avoid a safety accident caused by the removal from the pole.
2. The pole is the main component that bears the load in the vertical direction. A row of pins is welded to the pipe of the pole every 495 to mount the crossbar, cross bracing, or diagonal bar. The pins are welded directly to the top of the pole to ensure no loss.
3. The crossbar is the horizontal load-bearing member of the frame. It is connected to the pole through the pin magazine. Since the pin magazine has ferroniobium, the connection between the two has excellent mechanical strength and high self-locking performance.
4. The cross bracing is the horizontal load of the frame and is used to place the ladder and pedal components. It is connected to the pole through a sales warehouse.
5. The ladder is placed on the cross brace for the access of the construction personnel.
6. The foot pedal is placed on the cross brace for the construction channel and the bridge plate of the operating platform.
7. The slanting bar is a member used to reinforce the entire frame. It is attached to the pin of the pole by a special diagonal joint.
8. In order to ensure the safety of construction workers, crossbars should be installed every 495 on the poles, and the handrails should be placed on both sides of the ladder. In addition, the diagonal poles of the safety ladders should be placed on all sides to enhance the stability of the whole frame.
9. The safety ladder will be placed with a zigzag staircase every 1.5 meters. The wall will be placed every 4-5 meters. The height is 100 meters. | https://www.china-aluminum.net/news/industry-news/safety-ladder-instructions.html |
Media Literacy Ireland (MLI) is pleased to announce the launch of the first ever dedicated awards programme to recognise and celebrate media literacy in Ireland. The Awards launch takes place on 15th December, at MLI’s annual conference, hosted this year by member Trend Micro.
Supported by the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, the awards aim to raise awareness of the importance of media literacy, recognise the existing media literacy work being undertaken in Ireland and to inspire the development of new media literacy initiatives across the country.
There are four award categories:
- Best Youth-led Media Literacy Intervention
- Best Media Literacy Intervention
- Media Literacy Media Champion
- MLI Member Special Contribution.
Commenting on the Awards, Co-chair of MLI Brian O’Neill said “Never before has digital and communications technology offered us so much opportunity to participate and engage with media, in all its forms, such as civic, cultural, economic and democratic participation. Yet the growing global information crisis shows us that these opportunities also come with risks. For example, this year’s Reuters Digital News Report for Ireland, notes Irish people continue to be concerned about fake news or misinformation.”
Media Literacy, as reflected in the BAI’s Media Literacy Policy, is the key to empowering people with the skills and knowledge to understand how media works in the changing environment. Ireland is recognised as a country undertaking significant work in this area, with the 2022 Media Literacy Index1 showing that Ireland ranks 5th out of the 41 European countries included”.
Professor O’Neill also said “With the MLI Awards we want to celebrate what we have already achieved in Ireland, shine a light on best practice, and encourage even more collaboration across the country and among the wider MLI network.”
Details on the Awards process and how to enter can be found online at medialiteracyireland.ie/awards. The closing date for entries is 10th February 2023 with winners expected to be announced in late March 2023.
A Comms toolkit is also available on MLI’s website, to help various communities and networks, including organisations, schools, libraries, and colleges, learn more, spread the message, and show how they are promoting media literacy.
#MLIAwards2023
For further information and queries, please contact
[email protected]
1 How It Started, How It is Going: Media Literacy Index 2022 | OSIS.BG
Notes to Editors
What is MLI?
Media Literacy Ireland (MLI) is an informal alliance of individuals and organisations who work together on a mainly voluntary basis to promote media literacy in Ireland. Facilitated by the BAI, MLI has over 250 members drawn from a broad range of sectors.
Our vision is for all Irish people to be empowered with the skills and confidence to be able to access and critically evaluate content and services across all platforms, understand and question how media and digital technology operate, identify and manage risks, and participate in the public sphere in a responsible, ethical and effective manner.
What is media literacy?
MLI does not narrowly define media literacy. Instead, we look to the BAI Media Literacy Policy to illustrate what media literacy looks like in real terms for both individuals and for society. It outlines the following three core competencies and associated media literacy skills.
- Understand and critically evaluate broadcast, digital and other media content and services, in order to make informed choices and best manage media use.
- Access and use broadcast and digital media content and services in a safe and secure manner, to maximise opportunities and minimise risks.
- Create and participate via media, in a responsible, ethical and effective manner, in the creative, cultural and democratic aspects of society.
Professor Brian O’Neill is Professor Emeritus of Media and Communications and Director of Research at Technological University Dublin. His primary research areas are in young people’s use of digital technologies, online safety and policy for the digital environment.
He has undertaken research for the European Commission, UNICEF, the Council of Europe, the Ombudsman for Children’s Office and the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland on various topics associated with media literacy, child rights and information society technologies.
He is a member of the EU Kids Online research network and leads its work on policy. He is also a member of Ireland’s National Advisory Council for Online Safety and chaired the Irish government’s task force on Internet Content Governance. | https://www.medialiteracyireland.ie/media-literacy-ireland-awards-2023-launch/ |
A Statistic I Hadn't Seen Before
Christian Boda, via Q&O, discusses inflation rates in the context of income (in)equality issues. He offers this bit of information:
Inflation differentials between the rich and poor dramatically change
our view of the evolution of inequality in America. Inflation of the
richest 10 percent of American households has been 6 percentage points
higher than that of the poorest 10 percent over the period 1994 "“ 2005.
This means that real inequality in America, if you measure it
correctly, has been roughly unchanged.
This actually makes a ton of sense - Walmart helps hold down food and clothing costs for average folks while the rich pay ever increasing rates to stay at the Ritz at Laguna Niguel. He argues that as a result, globalization and the growth of low-cost manufacturing in China tends to help rather than hurt the poor.
It also helps to answer a question I had yesterday -- why do metrics of median wage growth adjusted for inflation tend to look unexciting, while at the same time other metrics show the poor doing so much better materially. This notion of a graduated inflation rate by income class would go a long way to explaining these paradoxes. In short, we may be applying the wrong inflation rate to metrics of wage growth of various income groups in assessing their well-being (not to mention the usual failing of missing individual migration between income groups). | https://coyoteblog.com/coyote_blog/2008/07/a-statistic-i-h.html |
At St. Joseph Health, we are always giving our best. Our team – whether dealing with patients directly or offering outstanding support behind the scenes – strives to live by the Franciscan core values of reverence, integrity, compassion and excellence. This commitment to anticipate our patients’ needs and go above and beyond for them not only contributes to a healing environment, but also adds to our employees’ job satisfaction, too.
Contributing to our unique culture is the energy and vibrancy that comes with being part of the Bryan/College Station community. The desire to learn and grow is all around us. With our high-tech touch/small-town feel, you’ll quickly discover why patients receive the best care available and coworkers feel like family.
The Mission of St. Joseph Health is to nurture the healing ministry of the Church, supported by education and research. Fidelity to the Gospel urges us to emphasize human dignity and social justice as we create healthier communities.
The core values at St. Joseph Health define us and serve as our guiding principles They are the roots, or anchors, from which all of our activities, decisions and behaviors follow.
St. Joseph Health Behavior Standards
Our Behavior Standards guide our daily activities and strengthen our processes. They are the way we live out our values as we complete our daily work responsibilities. The standards serve as a constant reminder to our staff of who we are and what we do, and they are the foundation for continued learning and development.
Compassionate: Those who exemplify compassion care for others with kind hearts, go above and beyond whenever possible to help, and treat others with respect and courtesy. They take an interest in the wellbeing of others and approach everyone in a friendly and welcoming manner.
Mindful: Those who are mindful pay attention to the present moment respectfully, with purpose and no judgment. They carefully listen and consider the viewpoint and values of others, remain calm and considerate of emotions and the situation at all times, and follow protocols while advocating to deliver safe, quality care.
Innovative: Innovation stems from the desire for continuous improvement through original and creative thinking. Innovative people continuously learn and seek evidence-based best practices, are willing to take risks and try new approaches for the common good, and often think outside the box. They see opportunities for positive change and recommend unique, effective solutions in a collaborative manner.
Confident: Confidence is trust and faith in the ability of oneself and colleagues. Those who radiate confidence put others at ease during times of uncertainty, respect others through empowerment, and take responsibility for being knowledgeable and skilled in their jobs and about the organization. They recognize their own limitations and seek accurate answers to questions from subject matter experts.
Trustworthy: Those who are trustworthy exemplify the commitment to personal integrity and competence at all times. They value strong relationships and work to build these through effective and consistent communication, maintaining honesty and integrity always. Trustworthy people keep commitments and are accountable for follow-through and getting results, fostering a feeling of reliability among others.
Empathetic: Empathy is demonstrated through the understanding and sharing of the feelings of others. Empathetic people use their own experiences to understand and care about others, placing themselves in another’s position. They see with the eyes of another, listen with the ears of another, and feel with the heart of another.
Find available positions in the Texas Medical Center, The Woodlands, Sugar Land, Northwest Houston, Pasadena, and surrounding areas below. | https://stjoseph.stlukeshealth.org/careers/culture |
Tourism is widely considered to be a key driver of the Jamaican economy. The sector plays a strong role in generating taxes, employment, income and foreign exchange inflows. Given its linkages with other production sectors, it impacts a wide cross-section of the economy.
How much does tourism contribute to Jamaica?
Jamaica saw a serious decline in the contribution of the tourism sector to its gross domestic product (GDP) due to the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In 2020, this sector accounted directly and indirectly for 12 percent of the country’s GDP.
How does tourism impact the economy?
The economic effects of tourism include improved tax revenue and personal income, increased standards of living, and more employment opportunities. Sociocultural impacts are associated with interactions between people with differing cultural backgrounds, attitudes and behaviors, and relationships to material goods.
How does tourism affect us?
Positive and negative impacts of tourism
|Positive||Negative|
|New facilities for the tourists also benefit locals, eg new roads||Overcrowding and traffic jams|
|Greater demand for local food and crafts||Prices increase in local shops as tourists are often more wealthy than the local population|
What are the three impacts of tourism?
Tourism can generate positive or negative impacts under three main categories: economic, social, and environmental.
How has Covid affected tourism in Jamaica?
However, after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020, tourism came to a halt as many countries in the Caribbean, including Jamaica, closed borders to air and sea passengers to prevent a spike in infections and deaths.
How does tourism affect society?
There are many social benefits of tourism, demonstrating positive social impacts. These might include; preserving the local culture and heritage; strengthening communities; provision of social services; commercialisation of culture and art; revitalisation of customs and art forms and the preservation of heritage.
How has tourism contributed to Jamaica’s economy?
The Jamaican economy relies heavily on tourism and commodity exports such as minerals and agriculture. … The tourism sector is also the main source of employment in Jamaica, directly employing approximately 106,024 people, with over 74,000 employed in the accommodation and restaurant sector alone.
How tourism affects in todays pandemic?
Export revenues from tourism could fall by $910 billion to $1.2 trillion in 2020. This will have a wider impact and could reduce global GDP by 1.5% to 2.8%. Tourism supports one in 10 jobs and provides livelihoods for many millions more in both developing and developed economies.
What are the types of tourism impacts?
Williams (1979) defined three types of impact: economic, social, and environmental/physical . In 2012 Vehbi, classified tourism in three titles; economic, socio-cultural and physical (natural and built).
How does tourism affect the environment negatively?
Some of the negative environmental impacts of tourism are as follows: increase in water and energy consumption; increase in pollution (air, water, noise, etc.); destruction of flora and fauna, deforestation; increase in solid waste; disruption of wildlife behavior and feeding and breeding patterns; crowding and …
What are some problems of tourism?
Top challenges confronting tourism are taxation, travel marketing, infrastructure issues, and security and cross border regulations. Too many tourism destinations are not prepared for visitors. Tourists or travelers can at times deem travel marketing to be exaggerated. | https://notsobudgetbackpacker.com/sightseer/how-does-tourism-affect-jamaica.html |
The North Carolina Utilities Commission on June 13 amended certain of its rules pertaining to utilities’ smart grid technology plans.
As noted in the NCUC’s June 13 order, the NCUC last November issued an order approving SGTPs, declining to schedule a hearing, and requesting comments on rule revisions. In that 2015 order, the NCUC noted that it has a need to understand new technology, as well as its economic and policy implications.
“As a means of expanding the commission’s understanding of new grid technologies, this first smart grid proceeding has had some limitations,” the NCUC said in its 2015 order. “Short of presiding over an evidentiary hearing, there is no mechanism in the current rules for the commission to pose questions or dialogue with the utilities and parties about the issues posed by technology choices.”
The public staff’s numerous recommendations that future SGTPs contain additional information inform the NCUC’s finding that the current result are deficient, the NCUC said, adding that while it could increase the SGTP filing requirements, that approach could become burdensome for the utilities because of the wide range of questions that the NCUC and parties might want addressed.
In addition, while evidentiary hearings can be valuable, that aspect of the current rule appears to invite litigation, which in this sphere the NCUC believes is unproductive, the NCUC added in its 2015 order. Therefore, the NCUC requested that parties file comments suggesting ways that the smart grid rules could be amended to enhance the informative aspects of future smart grid proceedings while reducing the litigious aspects of the current rules.
The NCUC noted in its June 13 order that comments were filed jointly last December by Duke Energy’s Duke Energy Carolinas and Duke Energy Progress (together referred to in the order as Duke); Dominion Resource’s Dominion North Carolina Power; the North Carolina Sustainable Energy Association; and the public staff.
The NCUC added that Duke said that in the interest of eliminating litigation, the companies are willing to consider other means to share information with the NCUC and other interested stakeholders in addition to the formal written SGTP filings. For instance, the NCUC could choose to have the companies make biennial presentations to the NCUC about the status of their SGTPs, allowing the NCUC to ask questions in an informative and non-litigious setting.
While Duke said that those presentations could occur without a rule change, and Dominion said that rule changes are not necessary at this time, the NCSEA advocated rule changes in order to:
· Require utilities to describe the technologies and provide the cost-benefit analyses for the technologies that it has decided to deploy, as well as those it has decided not to deploy in the next five years
· Require utilities to describe in each biennial SGTP, for instance, the details of all historical customer usage information that is regularly provided on customer bills
· Require utilities to explain whether and how a third party would have access to customer usage data
The NCUC added that the public staff recommended:
· Expanding the definition of smart grid technologies to include the frameworks, architectural platforms, interactive media and other data exchanges that allow utilities and customers to access, interpret and respond to data related to the operation and consumption of electric utility services
· Increasing the amount of information on projects or initiatives that are under consideration, but not necessarily planned or scheduled for implementation in the next five years
· Increasing information on the rollout of automated metering infrastructure (AMI) in the state, and the functionality of the AMI systems
· Including information on the availability of customer usage information to customers, as well as the process by which customers can authorize release of that information to third parties
The public staff subsequently told the NCUC that it was working with the utilities and the NCSEA to develop a consensus as to the rule changes that are needed and in January, the public staff filed proposed rule revisions on behalf of all of the parties, the NCUC said.
The proposed amendments provided that:
· Rather than provide a cost-benefit analysis for each planned smart grid investment, the revised rules would require the utility to provide the analysis it used to describe whether to pursue – or not pursue – a particular smart grid initiative and the schedule of its planned capital expenditures
· The utilities would file more information about pilot projects and their results
· The revised rules would incorporate requirements from the NCUC’s November 2015 smart grid order that required the utilities to file more information about the status of their AMI deployments in their 2016 SGTPs
The NCUC added that it has reviewed the parties’ consensus proposal and finds that it is appropriate to adopt all of the proposed rule changes with the exception of the parties’ proposed “section (d).”
The NCUC said that while that proposed section is an improvement over the current rules, the NCUC prefers to simplify the provision further by, for instance, clarifying that the NCUC would conclude a smart grid plan proceeding by “accepting” a plan instead of by “approving” a plan in order to reinforce that the NCUC is not approving the recovery of any costs associated with the accepted plan.
The NCUC noted that it adopts a modified version of “section (d)” so that it states, for instance, that within 30 days of the filing of each utility’s smart grid technology update report, the public staff is to report to the NCUC whether each utility’s update report meets the filing requirements of the rule, and that the NCUC may schedule SGTP update presentations by the utilities.
“With these changes, as well as those proposed by the parties, the commission finds that the amended rules will better focus the SGTP proceedings as an informative effort to assist the commission and parties in anticipating the potential impact of new technologies on customers,” the commission said. | https://www.power-grid.com/smart-grid/north-carolina-regulators-change-smart-grid-rules-for-utilities/ |
A disease specific questionnaire for assessing behavior in individuals with Prader-Willi syndrome.
Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic multisystem disorder with various medical, cognitive, behavioral and psychiatric problems. PWS is caused by the lack of expression of paternal genes on chromosome 15q2-q13 due to a deletion (70-75%), uniparental disomy (25-30%) or imprinting center defect (<5%). The common PWS behavioral and psychiatric characteristics are very typical in all ethnicities and were reported worldwide. Still, each individual has a specific profile of these common traits and the severity of his or her symptoms varies over time. Behavioral problems are the most important factor affecting the quality of life of both the individuals and their families. There is a need for a standardized tool to assess the specific behavioral profile of each individual and its present severity, in order to enable physicians to tailor the specific treatment needed and assist in a more accurate clinical follow up. To the best of our knowledge no such a tool has been standardized and published. We developed, based on the literature (mainly Forster and Gourash's paradigm) and our clinical experience, a 37 item disease specific questionnaire, the "PWS Behavioral Questionnaire" (PWSBQ) for assessing behavior in PWS patients. The purpose of the present study was to validate this tool in the entire adolescent and adult PWS population in Israel. The PWSBQ focuses on five major domains-abnormal emotional regulation, food-seeking related behavior, lack of flexibility, oppositional behavior and interpersonal problems and lastly body related behaviors. Caregivers of all Hebrew speaking individuals with PWS over the age of 12 years attending the Israeli national multidisciplinary PWS clinic were recruited. Of the 54 eligible individuals, 53 participated. They were interviewed with the PWSBQ and in addition filled the "Hyperphagia Questionnaire" and the "Child Behavioral Checklist" (CBCL). After verifying the questionnaire's content validity, all items on the PWSBQ were analyzed for internal reliability by calculating Cronbach's α. Criterion validity was evaluated by correlation testing with regard to the Hyperphagia Questionnaire and CBCL. In order to assess the questionnaire's interpretability, the correlation between the PWSBQ and the "Clinical Global Impression" (CGI) scores was evaluated. The PWSBQ total score was positively correlated with both the CBCL total score and the CGI score (0.662 and 0.549, p<0.001 respectively). Of the five domains, four had acceptable internal reliability (excluding the body related behaviors domain, which was thus removed from the total score). Criterion validity was established for the four domains remaining in the statistical analysis (abnormal emotional regulation, food seeking related behavior, lack of flexibility and oppositional behavior and interpersonal problems). Our findings suggest that the PWSBQ is a valid and reliable tool for the assessment of current behavioral problems among individuals with PWS. Although further research is needed in order to verify PWSBQ's ability to identify changes in the behavioral status of a given individual, it can now be used both in research and in a clinical setting, enabling the physician to plan the most suitable treatment based on the current behavioral status.
| |
Do you have the Beyond Religion: Ethics for a Whole World textbook? See your enrollment options above for "I already own the text".
Construct a definition for secular ethics and what it means to enjoy mutual tolerance and respect for all.
Discuss the elements of a shared human experience: identity, perspective, equality, empathy and suffering.
Differentiate between the two levels of satisfaction we experience in the quest for happiness.
Define compassion as a concept and examine examples of compassion in a variety of situations.
Differentiate between justice and vengeance, examining the principles of compassion, punishment and fairness in dealing with those who perpetrate violent acts.
Identify the Ethics of Restraint, the Ethics of Virtue, and the Ethics of Altruism and how to apply them in everyday life.
Recognize destructive emotions and learn ways to take a stance of opposition toward these emotions.
Discover how to integrate key inner values of patience, forbearance, contentment, self-discipline and generosity into our own inner value system.
Analyze the key human values of patience, forbearance, contentment, self-discipline and generosity and consider how they impact our system of ethics.
Review techniques for transformation, including meditation and mental cultivation.
Define key terms of diversity, including: diversity, culture, race, ethnicity, tolerance, assimilation, stereotype, prejudice, discrimination, racism.
Discuss the purpose of diversity training as pertains to the massage therapy industry.
The __________ dimension is the most important aspect of ethics because when our motivation is pure, genuinely directed toward the benefit of others, our actions will naturally be ethically sound. | https://www.healthpositive.com/products/ethics-of-diversity-p-E461.html |
The Sonata was commissioned by the BBC for the Nash Ensemble of London who gave the first performance on BBC Radio 3 in August 1980. The cello soloist was Christopher van Kampen, whose playing I have always greatly admired. The Sonata was written almost entirely in the United States during the twelve months (1978-9) I spent there on a US/UK Bicentennial Arts Fellowship. The two-movement structure of the piece reflects the fact that the work was written part in California and part in New York City. But the music is not literally descriptive of those antithetical environments and the basis of both movements was in any case all written in California.
The whole work is held together not only by the primacy of the cello (the cello cadenza at the end of the first movement either weaves together seamlessly thematic threads from the two surrounding movements of the work or abruptly flashes backwards and forwards between them) but by the references made to certain aspects of jazz and popular music.
The first movement is a set of harmonic variations on the opening slow piano melody. This is a jazz form, with the soloists commenting in constantly evolving ways on a fixed set of harmonic changes. The Duke Ellington ‘chamber music’ combination of piano and a few wind instruments is relevant here; and in one variation (where the solos are shared by cello, bass-clarinet and tuba) a figuration from the Duke’s piano part to Mood Indigo momentarily breaks the surface.
Just before the climax of the first movement, the eight chords on which the second movement is based are heard in the bass register of the piano and wind instruments. When these harmonies reappear, after the cello cadenza, they are massively expanded, functioning as the whole structure of the second movement. The eight chords are in fact four cadences, four resolutions of the same dissonant chord in four different consonant directions. The dissonant chord is quite a complex one consisting of ten notes and is related to a magnificent ‘apocalyptic’ chord in the first movement of Mahler’s Tenth Symphony.
The Sonata, after a violent section featuring the percussion finally resolves itself on to a D-minor-seventh chord-section which I call Disco-Coda, for obvious reasons. (The coda is in fact not a little influenced by Donna Summer’s ‘I feel love’.) In this short peroration the whole harmonic progressions is re-run, like a speeded-up flash-back in a film. Although, as I have said, the Sonata is not descriptive music, nevertheless the two main influences of Manhattan (with its fantastically lively and multifarious jazz tradition) and California (with its breathtaking natural beauty) are clearly imprinted on the music.
The Sonata is dedicated to my two daughters, Rebecca and Joanna.
Commissioned by the BBC for studio recording and broadcast by the Nash Ensemble 0n 3 August 1980 on BBC Radio 3, with Christopher van Kampen (cello), Ian Brown (piano), Gary Kettel (percussion), conducted by Anthony Pay.
A chamber work for entirely acoustic forces. The virtuoso cello part dominates, but there are prominent soloistic parts for piano and percussion as well. It is feasible for the percussion part to be split between two players if necessary. | https://composersedition.com/tim-souster-sonata/ |
1 edition of Archaeology and anthropology found in the catalog.
Archaeology and anthropology
Duncan Garrow
Published
2010 by Oxbow Books in Oakville, CT .
Written in
Edition Notes
Includes bibliographical references.
|Statement||edited by Duncan Garrow and Thomas Yarrow|
|Classifications|
|LC Classifications||GN69 .A73 2010|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||p. cm.|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL24579801M|
|ISBN 10||9781842173879|
|LC Control Number||2010011870|
Sep 07, · When searching for resources such as books, DVDs, or maps there are a few useful starting strategies to keep in mind: Most library catalogs will tell you if the library has a book or resource, a subscription to a specific journal or magazine, and whether these include online lowdowntracks4impact.com: Zoe Borovsky. These narrower subject headings will help you find books on various subfields and areas of anthropology and archaeology. This list is not comprehensive, so ask Author: Lidiya Grote. This book will be useful to anyone interested in the archaeology and anthropology of African indigenous religions and ritual practices, as well as those interested in West African history, and the relationship between archaeology and anthropology. This book focuses on the relationship between the disciplines of archaeology and anthropology. Both disciplines arose from a common project: a desire to understand human social and cultural diversity.
James Cameron
The Confederate almanac, for 1865
blind mans house
Introduction to natural and synthetic rubbers.
Education in a rural society
The torn pages of history, or, Anything but history
A Christian funeral
From Dickens to Hardy
Home health care
Pointless truths
Taddy the toad
All night movie
Album of Toshogu of Nikko.
Index to the Reports on the census of production, 1907-1967, now republished on microfilm.
Convention on the Inter-American Institute for Cooperation on Agriculture
Explore our list of Anthropology & Archaeology Books at Barnes & Noble®. Receive FREE shipping with your Barnes & Noble Membership. In her critically acclaimed, ingenious memoir, Sarah Messer explores America’s fascination with history, family, and Great Houses.
Her Massachusetts childhood home had sheltered the Hatch family for years when her parents bought it in The will of the.
Archaeology's rigorous approach to evidence and material culture; its ability to develop flexible research methodologies; its readiness to work with large-scale models of comparative social change Archaeology and Anthropology: Past, Present and Future (Association of Social Anthropologists Monographs): David Shankland: lowdowntracks4impact.com: BooksAuthor: David Shankland.
This book focuses on the relationship between the disciplines of archaeology and anthropology. Both disciplines arose from a common project: a desire to understand human social and cultural diversity. However, in recent years, archaeologys interest in anthropology has remained largely lowdowntracks4impact.com: Duncan Garrow, Thomas Yarrow.
Anthropolgy and Archaeology provides a valuable and much-needed introduction to the theories and methods of these two inter-related subjects.
This volume covers the historical relationship and contemporary interests of archaeology and anthropology. It takes a broad historical approach, setting the early history of the disciplines with the colonial period during which the/5.
Discover the best Archaeology in Best Sellers. Find the top most popular items in Amazon Books Best Sellers. This book focuses on the relationship between the disciplines of archaeology and Archaeology and anthropology book.
Both disciplines arose from a common project: a desire to understand human social and cultural diversity. However, in recent years, archaeologys interest in anthropology has remained largely unreciprocated.
archaeology (ärkēŏl´əjē) [Gr.,=study of beginnings], a branch of anthropology that seeks to document and explain continuity and change and similarities and differences among human cultures. Archaeologists work with the material remains of cultures, past and present, providing the only source of information available for past nonliterate societies and supplementing written sources for historical.
Willey and Phillips said: “American archaeology is anthropology or it is nothing”. It was a huge breakthrough in archaeology, it was really breaking out of a narrow field and saying archaeology is about people.
The archaeological purpose is to answer questions about humans and human society, not just to build up artifact classifications.
Archaeology, or archeology (from Greek ἀρχαιολογία, archaiologia – ἀρχαῖος, arkhaīos, "ancient"; and -λογία, -logiā, "-logy"), is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture and environmental data which they have left behind, which includes artefacts, architecture, biofacts and cultural landscapes (the archaeological record).
BROWSE THIS MONTH’S NEW BOOKS & JOURNALS We’re delighted to offer a selection of latest releases from our core subjects of Anthropology, Archaeology, Cultural Studies, and History along with our new in paperback titles and new Berghahn journal issues published in September.
archaeology and anthropology has made for a book with considerable historical emphasis. Part I contains the historical material. The last three chapters concern the present scene and.
Addressing a field that has been dominated by astronomers, physicists, engineers, and computer scientists, the contributors to this collection raise questions that may have been overlooked by physical scientists about the ease of establishing meaningful communication with an extraterrestrial intelligence.
Mormon cultural belief regarding Book of Mormon archaeology Archaeological evidence of large populations. Mormon scholars have estimated that at various periods in Book of Mormon history, the populations of civilizations discussed in the book ranged betweenand million people.
(Ancient Digger's Top Pick, and favorite anthropology book Archaeology for Dummies – This is the perfect archaeology for beginners book. Archaeology For Dummies offers a fascinating look at this intriguing field, taking readers on-site and revealing little-known details about some of the world's greatest archaeological discoveries.
Archaeology and anthropology together encompass the study of humankind from the origins of the human species to the present day. Both disciplines have a long history: archaeology grew from 18th-century antiquarianism, while anthropology began even earlier in the first days of colonial encounter.
Nov 09, · Her research for the book involved trips to Scandinavia and extensive reading on archaeology and anthropology.
Here she chooses the 10 books Author: Guardian Staff. This book explores the disciplinary relationship between anthropology and archaeology. In doing so, the papers collected within it confront a series of fundamental issues of contemporary relevance to both subjects including the theorisation of temporality and materiality, the construction of disciplinary epistemologies, and the nature of interdisciplinary encounter.
Book of Mormon Archaeology and Anthropology Author Various Authors Compiler This compilation of groundbreaking Book of Mormon articles is selected from over fifty years of.
Discover librarian-selected research resources on Biblical Archaeology from the Questia online library, including full-text online books, academic journals, magazines, newspapers and more. Home» Browse» Sociology and Anthropology» Archaeology» Biblical Archaeology.
Archaeology, Anthropology, and Interstellar Communication. thank the entire team that brought this book to print. Mary Tonkinson and George Gonzalez proofread the layout, and Tun Hla handled the printing. Supervisors Christopher Yates, Barbara Bullock, Cindy. About Archaeology and Anthropology.
Though archaeologists have long acknowledged the work of social anthropologists, anthropologists have been much less eager to repay the compliment. This volume argues that the time has come to recognise the insights archaeological approaches can bring to anthropology. Dec 17, · The Archaeology and Anthropology of Landscape contributes to the development of theory in archaeology and anthropology, provides new and varied case studies of landscape and environment from five continents, and raises important policy issues concerning development and the management of heritage/5(1).
Anthropology & Archaeology. Featured journals see all. Journal of Archaeological Research. Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology. International Journal of Historical Archaeology.
Dialectical Anthropology. Human Nature. Journal of Maritime Archaeology. Historical Archaeology. Archaeologies. Featured book series. On these pages you will find information on the Routledge list which covers Archaeological Science & Methodology, Archaeological Theory, Archaeology by Period or Region, Introductory Archaeology, Landscape, Politics of Archaeology.
There is also information on books for students, series, and the latest news and events. New Books in Anthropology New Books in Archaeology New Books in East Asian Studies New Books in Geography New Books in History New Books in Peoples & Places New Books in Politics & Society New Books Network May 20, Victoria Lupascu.
Conventional portrayals of early Ryukyu are based on official histories written between and Archaeology, anthropology, and heritage in the Balkans and Anatolia: the life and times of F.W.
Hasluck,Volume 1 David Shankland Isis Press, - Biography & Autobiography. The Anthropology and Archaeology journals portfolio covers a widespread range of both general and niche topics within these disciplines, including historical and prehistorical archaeology, domestic and international archaeology, and maritime archaeology, and delves into areas from behaviour to physiology to culture, medicine and psychiatry.
As a forensic practitioner, he has acted as an expert witness in Forensic Anthropology and Archaeology. Robert Janaway is a Lecturer in Forensic and Archaeological Sciences and Course Director for Forensic Archaeology and Crime Scene Investigation at Bradford University, UK. He has acted as a forensic archaeologist and has conducted research in.
May 30, · (Ancient Digger's Top Pick, and favorite anthropology book The Archaeology Book (Wonders of Creation) – Developed with three educational levels in mind, The Archaeology Book takes you on an exciting exploration of history and ancient cultures.
You'll learn both the techniques of the archaeologist and the accounts of some of the richest discoveries of the Middle East that demonstrate.
Berghahn Books: winner of The AAA Executive Director's Award of Excellence for Publishing in Anthropology. Presented to Marion Berghahn "for her decades of courageous, risk-taking publishing work, remaining independent and without a safety net at a time of upheaval and consolidation in the publishing world.
Browse and buy a vast selection of Anthropology & Archaeology Books and Collectibles on lowdowntracks4impact.com Shop Anthropology & Archaeology Books and Collectibles | AbeBooks: Turn-The-Page Books lowdowntracks4impact.com Passion for books.
Jul 28, · With contributions from 70 experienced practitioners from around the world, this second edition of the authoritative Handbook of Forensic Archaeology and Anthropology provides a solid foundation in both the practical and ethical components of forensic lowdowntracks4impact.com Edition: 2nd Edition.
Archaeology is similar to anthropology in that it focuses on understanding human culture from the deepest history up until the recent past.
It differs from anthropology in that it focuses specifically on analyzing material remains such as artifact and architectural remnants. Anthropology and archeology students typically conduct field research during their graduate programs, often working abroad or doing community-based research.
Many students also attend archeological field schools, which teach students how to excavate historical and archeological sites and how to record and interpret their findings and data. Explore amazing art and artifacts from ancient Egypt, Greece and Italy, Mesopotamia, Asia, Africa, and the Americas and more at this world renowned museum.
Archaeology or archeology (American English) is the study of human cultures through the recovery, documentation and analysis of material remains, including architecture, artefacts, biofacts, human remains, and landscapes.
The goal of archaeology is to shed light on long-term human prehistory, history, behaviour and cultural evolution. Annals of archaeology and anthropology [Reprint] Volume: 3 and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at lowdowntracks4impact.com News about Archaeology and Anthropology, including commentary and archival articles published in The New York Times.
Chapter 3 comprises the bulk of the book. Here, Reinhard presents an easy-to-understand guide to the methods and tools used in archaeogaming. He argues that the process is the same as archaeology: project plan, survey, excavation, documentation, and then synthesis and publication.
Dec 14, - These are books that are on our SCAPOD bookshelves, and books we recommend for teachers, students, and those interested in building their own archaeology, anthropology, and history library.
See more ideas about History books, Archaeology and Anthropology.Archaeology. Return to Recommended Books Page. Return to Main Wiki. Following each recommended book is a brief summary. If you would like to recommend a book to the r/Anthropology list send u/anthropology_nerd a message with the book title, author, and a brief description of the work.Apr 10, · This book focuses on the relationship between the disciplines of archaeology and anthropology.
Both disciplines arose from a common project: a desire to understand human social and cultural diversity. However, in recent years, archaeologys interest in anthropology Author: Thomas Yarrow. | https://bitydugewucytani.lowdowntracks4impact.com/archaeology-and-anthropology-book-7848ju.php |
Location:
San Francisco, CA
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Job Type:
-
Date Posted:
4/9/2019
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Job ID:
DFS1171319
Job DescriptionThe Sales Associate is a critical role on the sales floor as he/she is on the front line and the direct link between the Product and the Customer. DFS Sales Associates deliver a seamless customer experience as exceptional people delivering an exceptional product, building customer loyalty and relationships while delivering sales and productivity targets. The role of the Sales Associate is to adhere to and achieve high quality of retailing standards. The Sales Associate will act as a representative of DFS and will strive for maximum sales results and excellent quality of customer service. Responsible for the overall promotion of the Brand by educating the customer on the product to increase of sales, while maintaining brand image.
Key Responsibilities:
• Provide high quality customer service.
• Achieve and exceed sales targets.
• Quickly and accurately ring and process sales transactions in accordance with company cash handling procedures as well as Customs policies and procedures.
• Perform various non-selling duties—receiving merchandise, housekeeping, inventory control, and prices changes 1. Responsible for the promotion of the products assigned, to strive for maximum sales results based on selling priority indicated by DFS and the vendor. 2. Strive for the highest level of productivity by servicing all customers using the high standards set by DFS and the vendor. 3. Provide excellence in customer service consistent with DFS standards to ensure the securing of sales by demonstrating and educating the customer on the products to ensure their interest in purchase. 4. Perform receiving, checking, stocking, housekeeping, and visual merchandising and various duties in order to maintain effective retail operations. Maintain display and presentation standards at all times. 5. Develop and maintain good working and effective teamwork with co-workers and managers. 6. Adhere to established policies, procedures, and regulations. 7. Responsible for the daily maintenance of brand products. 8. Responsible for “pushing” the represented brand. 9. Effectively communicate with supervisors and managers on any issues or concerns regarding the brand.
Key Requirements:
• Ability to communicate effectively to provide excellent customer service.
• Ability to work in a fast-paced, high pressure environment.
• 1-2 years of retail experience with accurate and quick transaction handling.
• Must be available to work during store operating hours of 8:00am – 1:00am.
• Bilingual in Mandarin and English preferred. | https://careers.dfs.com/job/brand-ambassador-moet-hennessy-dfs1171319/J3N26N60TWRDKPPZ1RQ/ |
A system of stratification containing unequal groups but with a relatively high degree of social mobility sociologist max weber he wrote, are based on three dimensions of stratification: class (which we will call wealth), power, and prestige. Social inequality and social stratification, according to this view, lead to a meritocracy based on ability conflict theorists, on the other hand, view inequality as resulting from groups with power dominating less powerful groups. Definition: socioeconomic stratification is the categorization of people into strata, based on their occupation, income, wealth and social status.
Two classic approaches to stratification provide interesting insights into this phenomenon, structural-functionalism and conflict theories structural-functionalism on stratification [ edit ] the structural-functional approach to stratification asks the same question that it does of the other components of society: what function or purpose does. 7 social inequality is a structured and systematic phenomenon that affects people in various social classes throughout their lives a because of this patterned inequality, social stratification affects. Interactionists criticise functionalism for being a deterministic theory - human behaviour is portrayed as being shaped by the social system, as if individuals are programmed by social institutions, being the puppets of social forces. Print social stratification: definition, theories & examples worksheet 1 in karl marx theory of social stratification, the _____ are the owners of the means of production, while the _____ are the.
Where 0= useless and 10 = perfect explanation allocate marks to the usefulness of the functionalist theory of social stratification as an explanation of differences in income, wealth, power and social status. Conflict theory's explanation of stratification draws on karl marx's view of class societies and incorporates the critique of the functionalist view just discussed. 751 the structural-functionalist perspective functionalists consider that social stratification has important consequences for the operation of society davis and moore argue that this system is both functional and inevitable. Social stratification is a kind the difference between social differentiation]] whereby a society groups people into socioeconomic strata, based upon their occupation and income, wealth and social status, or derived power (social and political. According to kingsley davis social inequality is an unconsciously evolved device by which societies insure that the most important positions are conscientiously filled by the most qualified persons stratification arises basically out of the needs of societies not out of the needs or desires of individuals.
Theories stratification functionalist vs social conflict social stratification jenn king sociology 204 winter 2012 social stratification the word stratification is defined as the building up of layers. Functionalist explanations of social stratification emphasize _____ a inherent biological differences in the abilities of people b a system of rewards for the more capable who serve in roles that benefit society as a whole. The functionalist view of stratification - functionalism is a sociological perspective that focuses on the ways in which a complex pattern of social structures and arrangements contributes to social order it was designed to carry out the essential functions of human life.
The conflict view conflict theory's explanation of stratification draws on karl marx's view of class societies and incorporates the critique of the functionalist view just discussed. An account of the origins and persistence of social stratification in terms of the contribution this makes to human societies the theory is provided by modern us functionalist sociologists, especially davis and moore (1945) for davis and moore, social stratification comes into existence as an. As malvin m tumin says, social stratification refers to arrangements of any social group or society into a hierarchy of positions that are unequal with regard to power, property, social evaluation, and/or social gratification. Social stratification is a functionalist theory that describes the unequal distribution of resources in our society (zhang, z, & wu, x (2015) according to moore and davis.
Functionalist theory is a macro sociological theory that is based on the characteristics of social patterns, structures, social systems and institutions such as family, education, religion, leisure, the economy, media, politics and sport. The functionalist and conflict views focus broadly on social stratification but only indirectly on poverty when poverty finally attracted national attention during the 1960s, scholars began to try specifically to understand why poor people become poor and remain poor.
Definition of stratification social stratification means the division of groups of people, in a hierarchy form, ie there are at least two layers of groups or more exist in a society. ← explanations of social stratification • the functionalist theory - the functionalist theory of social inequality holds that stratification exists because it is beneficial for society • the conflict theory - the functionalist theory of social inequality holds that stratification exists because it benefits individuals and groups who. Stratification is the ranking of units in a social system in accordance with the common value system those who perform successfully in terms of society's values will be ranked highly and they will be likely to receive a variety of rewards and will be accorded high prestige since they exemplify and personify common values. Dionne warwick, stevie wonder, whitney houston, luther vandross that's what friends are for - duration: 5:12 oohbaby yeahbaby jr 1,565,629 views.
2018. | http://mwtermpaperysbt.designheroes.us/functionalist-explanation-of-social-stratification.html |
Celebrating 30 Years in California
This year, as we celebrate Clean Water Action’s 30th anniversary in California, we want to take the time to look back at our 30 years of activism in the Golden State. We’ll spend this year talking to people who have made this organization a success, allies we’ve worked with to achieve victories, and members who have supported us throughout the decades. It’s those actions, those campaigns, and those stories that have brought us to where we are today.
Please visit this page often over the coming months as we add testimonials from members, staff, and friends. We’ll share blog posts, photos, and videos that will help us create an archive of Clean Water Action’s 30-years of accomplishments in California. But we won’t stop there! We’ll also provide opportunities for you to learn more about the what we are up to via events on social media and emails that give you an opportunity to get involved in our campaigns.
We invite you to participate by sharing your stories and reasons you support environmental protection – please contact us if you’d like to contribute to this page and tell us why Clean Water Action is important to you.
And while you enjoy this page, please consider supporting our campaigns and vision as we begin another decade of effort to protect California’s unique and diverse communities and environment.
We can’t do this work without you, but together we can win.
Learn more! Read this reflection from Clean Water Action Board Member, Marguerite Young. | https://cleanwateraction.org/features/celebrating-30-years-california |
A Cultural Approach to Science and Technology
Technology is the collective term for a wide variety of human endeavors in which technological systems are applied to achieve specific ends. Technological systems are therefore anything that human beings apply to achieve a goal such as the development of new products, or new methods for doing things. In this broad sense, technology can refer to any method of action that humans use to improve their efficiency at work, or to make their tasks more convenient or effective. The scope and variety of technological systems are staggering, ranging from complex communications technologies used by governments and other organizations to simpler systems developed for the home, including digital cameras and microwaves, to the computer and the Internet that we use every day.
Technology has various other uses, not least being the field of applied science. Applied science is subdivided into two fields: schatzberg syndrome and engineering science. schatzberg syndrome deals with pure research, whereas engineering science refers to the application of scientific principles in the design and fabrication of physical systems. Both of these fields are intimately connected, however, as each has its own place in the overall picture of technology. The relationship between applied science and technology is perhaps most revealing in the area of mechanical arts, particularly mechanics and electronics.
The term science was first used in 1801 by the French thinker, Napoleon Hill. According to Hill, science is defined as “the progress of knowledge”. This definition is similar to the modern understanding of the term, in that it includes a range of natural sciences including physiology, astronomy, geology and geophysics. Another thinker closely associated with the art sciences, phenomenon, also includes an extended list of natural phenomena, which can include such phenomena as light, sound, heat, magnetism and electricity. In the twentieth century, however, the term science became associated more with technological advancement, drawing together practitioners of different disciplines within a framework that they hoped would provide a comprehensive description of the world.
One way to view the relationship between science and technology is to view the twentieth century as a historical period of advancements in science and technology. For example, during the first half of the twentieth century, German engineers were highly regarded throughout Europe and were credited with a number of technological breakthroughs, including the invention of the internal-combustion engine. The onset of the Second World War appeared to cast a shadow over the field of applied science, but during the war both English and German engineers were able to use their enormous technological knowledge to produce weaponry that was unmatched in terms of lethality. Similarly, during the 1950s, the United States was engaged in an arms race with the Soviet Union, with the aim of creating a nuclear aircraft and missiles capable of destroying U.S. cities.
Another way to understand the relationship between science and technology is to see it as a combination of three elements – a theoretical base, a body of knowledge and a set of methods and practices used to bring this theoretical base into material form. In Schatzberg’s view, there are four types of technological change. These include technological progress, which refers to improvements in technology that add to the goods and services already available; Technological change, which is a change in how technology is used or produced; Scientific progress, which refers to advances in scientific knowledge and the impact these have on society; Technological change, which is, in Schatzberg’s view, inevitable because without advanced technology no society can exist. His notion of four stages helps to provide a framework within which to understand the development over time. It is important to remember that while Schatzberg does not provide a definition for the stages, he has provided a useful starting point for understanding the development over time.
In his book Science and Technology: A Cultural Approach, Johanna S. Schatzberg provides a much wider interpretation of science and technology, incorporating a social and cultural perspective as well. Although science and technology is often considered to be able to be separated from culture, this is not so and the two can indeed co-exist. In fact, as Sorkin points out in The Gamble Industry, the division between the ‘left’ and ‘right’ is often made by cultural attitudes towards science and technology. Consequently, it is not only politics that determine people’s attitudes to science and technology, but also their view of the world around them. Science and Technology are thus not only an abstract concept but a very complex and interlinked cultural system, with tremendous ramifications for society. | https://www.onelowell.net/a-cultural-approach-to-science-and-technology/ |
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Satellite Fact Sheet
Cosmos 2047
General
Designation
20279 / 89082A
Launch date
3 Oct 1989
Country of origin
CIS
Mission
Military: reconnaissance
Perigee/Apogee
165/330 km
Inclination
67.1°
Period
89.5 min
Launch vehicle
Soyuz
Launch site
Plesetsk
End of life
Decay
21 Nov 1989
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Integration of Culture in Sustainable Development Policies:
To use cultural potential for national social economic development.
The Royal Government of Cambodia recognized that the Rectangular Strategy for Growth, Employment, Equity and Efficiency is still crucial and suitable for Cambodia to pursue its implementation by keeping the four angles, expanding the coverage, and prioritizing the policies and mechanisms to be more concrete as the Rectangular Strategy Phase III, which ensures development, sustainability and poverty reduction in response to the aspirations of the people and both national and international new contexts. In its National Strategic Development Plan 2014-2018 a development framework and a road map for the implementation of Rectangular Strategy Phase III that lays out the political commitment to a socioeconomic development process. It outlines visible and realistic actions, programmes and projects that strive to make its people educated and healthy, living in harmony within the family and society. Its puts forth the principal of aim of maintaining peace, political stability, security and social order to promote rule of law and protect human rights and dignity, sustainable long-term equitable economic growth and increased outreach, effectiveness, quality and credibility of public services. Cultural sector also plays very important role in this context. Aims of National Strategic plan related to culture are to Increase education particularly the education amongst youth and children so that they understand very clearly the superb value of Cambodian culture, tradition, and customs which are the identity symbols of Cambodian nation and so they participate to preserve, promote, develop this national culture and to reduce the negative impact from the foreign cultures. The MOCFA will continue ensuring preservation and sustainable development of built living heritage, including archaeological urban and underwater heritage, traditional performing arts, minority traditions and arts, museums as well as the fight against illicit trafficking of cultural artefacts and will actively promote creativity in the domain of arts, cultural industries and cultural entrepreneurship.
Improving the performing arts promotion and dissemination to strengthen the positioning of Cambodia as a Cultural destination: Maintain traditional knowledge and forms of work as forms of sustainable development as part of the recognition of creative industries. Safeguard of traditional performing arts and promote of creativity, contemporary works and innovation through the arts and creative industries. In order to create market for art and cultural products, there needs to be access and awareness. Promotion and dissemination of performing arts and creativity in order to connect products and customers that the government will address in this regard.
MCFA uses its allocated financial resources for implementation of the measure. | https://en.unesco.org/creativity/policy-monitoring-platform/integration-culture-sustainable |
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We collect Personal Data from you, such as your name, contact details, country of residence, zip code or post code, and gender when you place order on one of our sites or when you choose to use the various services we provide. We also collect other types of Personal Data that you provide to us voluntarily, when, for instance, you make a purchase, respond to surveys and questionnaires or enter a competition. If you provide us feedback regarding our sites or services via email, we will collect your name and email address in order to send you a reply.
In order to improve our services to you, we may ask you to voluntarily complete confidential surveys. We do not ask you to provide us any personally identifiable data in association with these surveys, although we do associate your responses with Personal Data. If you do not wish to participate in a survey, however, simply decline to participate when asked. | https://inchypet.com/pages/privacy-policy |
Recipients of the annually awarded Internal Faculty Fellowships receive a one-course teaching release in the fellowship year, a $1,000 research bursary, and an office in the Glasscock Center for the fellowship year. These fellows, along with the Glasscock Faculty and Graduate Research Fellows, will present and participate in the Colloquium Series during their fellowship year.
Evan Haefeli | Professor, History
An historian of colonial North America and the Atlantic world at Texas A&M University, Evan Haefeli previously taught at Princeton University, where he received his PhD, as well as Tufts, Columbia University, and the London School of Economics, where he was a Visiting Fellow. His research primarily focuses on the religious and political origins of early America. He is the author of several books, including New Netherland and the Dutch Origins of American Religious Liberty (2012), Accidental Pluralism: America and the Religious Politics of English Expansion, 1497-1662 (2020), and editor of Against Popery: Britain, Empire, and Anti-Catholicism (2020). He has also published a number of works on Indigenous North American history.
In his time at the Glasscock Center, Haefeli will work on finishing his next book manuscript, entitled, The Perils of Pluralism: Religious Tolerance and the Rise and Fall of the First British Empire, 1660-1783.
Christopher Menzel | Professor, Philosophy
Christopher Menzel is professor of philosophy at Texas A&M. He received his PhD in philosophy from the University of Notre Dame and has been a research fellow at Stanford University (CSLI), CSIRO Melbourne, Saarland University (IFOMIS), the Munich Center for Mathematical Philosophy (LMU), and Notre Dame. He has published widely in the areas of knowledge representation, philosophy of religion, logic, philosophy of logic, and philosophy of mathematics. He is currently writing a book on the logic and metaphysics of the alethic modalities (necessity and possibility). This will be his focus during his residency at the Glasscock Center.
Glasscock Faculty Research Fellows
These fellowships are designed to address a need for funding for research that could not be accomplished otherwise in order to complete a book project, major article or series of articles, or other research project that makes an impact in the field. Fellows participate in the Colloquium Series, which will function as a working group for these works-in-progress. Projects are chosen on the basis or their intellectual rigor, scholarly creativity, and potential to make a significant impact in the candidate’s career and field.
Sarah McNamara | Assistant Professor, History
Sarah McNamara is Assistant Professor of History and core faculty in the Latina/o, Mexican American Studies Minor at Texas A&M University. Her research focuses on Latinx, women and gender, labor, and immigration histories in the modern United States. Her first book, Ybor City: Crucible of the Latina South is in press (UNC Press, spring 2023). In addition to her monograph, McNamara has published in the Journal of American Ethnic History, Labor: Studies in Working Class History, contributed to the edited volume, 50 Events that Shaped Latino History, and has an essay forthcoming in the Oxford Handbook of U.S. History. Beyond her academic work, McNamara is dedicated to interdisciplinary collaboration and sharing research on labor, Latinx, immigration, and women and gender with a broad audience. She has written for Public Seminar, The Washington Post, The Houston Chronicle and published an ethnopoetic piece about the experience of undocumented activists in the U.S. South with South Writ Large. McNamara is dedicated to student and community activism. McNamara’s work has received support from the American Historical Association, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Institute for Citizens and Scholars, and the American Association of University of Women, among others.
Cinthya Salazar | Assistant Professor, Educational Administration and Human Resource Development
Dr. Cinthya Salazar received her Ph.D. in Higher Education, Student Affairs, and International Education Policy from the University of Maryland in 2020 and joined the Educational Administration and Human Resource Development department at Texas A&M University as an Assistant Professor during the same year. Dr. Salazar's research focuses on the mechanisms used by undocumented students to access, persist, and succeed in higher education. Through her scholarship, she seeks to generate localized retention theories and student success models which can potentially reduce minoritized student's college attrition. Dr. Salazar continues to be an active member of the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators (NASPA), supporting practitioners committed to creating equitable learning environments for minoritized students. She currently serves as the Region III representative for NASPA's Undocumented Immigrants & Allies Knowledge Community.
Cara Wallis | Associate Professor, Communication
Cara Wallis is an Associate Professor in the Department of Communication and a faculty affiliate with Women’s and Gender Studies at TAMU. Her research concerns the social and cultural implications of digital media use, in particular how such use intersects with gender, class, and place (rural/urban) in China. She is the author of Technomobility in China: Young Migrant Women and Mobile Phones (NYU Press, 2013) and multiple articles and book chapters. She is wrapping up a book manuscript based on extensive ethnographic fieldwork that examined the affective and ethical underpinnings of social media use in China. Her new project focuses on the impact of China’s “zero Covid” policy on rural migrant workers in Beijing. She has been a Visiting Scholar at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Institute of Journalism and Communication and the Communication University of China. She received her PhD in Communication from the University of Southern California.
Glasscock Graduate Research Fellows
The Glasscock Center for Humanities Research annually funds Graduate Research Fellowships at $2,000 each. Departments can nominate up to two graduate students to be considered for these awards. To be eligible, students have to be working on a Doctoral dissertation or Masters thesis but could be at the initial stages of their projects. The outcome should be a dissertation or a thesis, or a significant portion thereof. These students will participate in the Colloquium Series and use the experience as a tool to improve their own writing and projects and help each other to improve the quality of the work being produced as a group.
Victoria Green | PhD candidate, Philosophy
Victoria is a current PhD student in the Department of Philosophy and has received an M.S. in Primate Behavior from Central Washington University. Her area of study is in animal and environmental ethics. Specifically, she focuses her research on scientific methodology and the relationship between scientists and their nonhuman animal subjects in wild, noncaptive settings. She is a student in the Applied Biodiversity Science graduate certificate program and works primarily on cross-disciplinary collaborations for her research projects, including projects that speak to the ethics of conservation practices, ethics of new technologies, and how science and conservation reflect society’s relationship with the natural world.
Brandon Wadlington | PhD candidate, Philosophy
Brandon Wadlington received his BA in Philosophy from California State University, Stanislaus. He is currently a PhD student in the Philosophy Department at Texas A&M. He is also pursuing a Master’s Degree in English as a part of the Philosophy PhD. His research focuses on the ethics of Plato and Aristotle, with special emphasis on their conceptions of practical wisdom and practical judgment. His Master’s Thesis explores the origins of Ancient Greek conceptions of practical wisdom as they are found in Homer, especially the Iliad.
Affiliated Fellows
Affiliated Fellows are those whose fellowships originate outside of the Glasscock Center but are incorporated into our programming and fellows' cohort. They participate in the scholarly community of the Center.
Rachel Lim
Assistant Visiting Professor, History
Rachel Lim is an Accountability, Climate, Equity, and Scholarship (ACES) Fellow and a Visiting Assistant Professor in the Department of History. Her research and teaching interests include migration, diaspora, globalization, gender, and comparative race and ethnicity at the intersection of Asia and the Américas. Her current book project, Itinerant Belonging: Korean Transnational Migration to and from Mexico, uses interdisciplinary research methods to examine the history of Korean migration to Mexico, from the twentieth century to the present. Rachel received her PhD in Ethnic Studies from the University of California, Berkeley and has written for multiple scholarly and popular venues, including The Journal of Asian American Studies, Verge: Studies in Global Asias, and The Washington Post.
Allegra Midgette
Assistant Visiting Professor, Psychological and Brain Sciences
Dr. Midgette’s research investigates the origins and social processes that support individuals in developing an understanding of justice and learning how to care for others in an inequitable and unjust world. Her work addresses two key questions: How do we come to care about each other and about justice within the family? How do we become just in the face of inequality? To investigate these questions, Dr. Midgette employs a mixed methodology that places the experiential reality of children and their families at the forefront. The long-term goal of her work is to characterize how cultural, societal, and family practices influence individual moral development, with the ultimate aim of supporting the creation of interventions that contribute to individuals’ development into more caring and just individuals.
Glasscock Summer Research Fellows
This fellowship supports faculty and graduate research from within the Texas A&M community. Each fellowship is awarded to a faculty member and allows them to hire a graduate student as a full-time Graduate Research Assistant during the 3 summer months.
Dr. Johanna Dunaway | Associate Professor, Political Science
Johanna L. Dunaway received her Ph.D. from Rice University in 2006. Before joining the faculty of Texas A&M in Fall 2016, Johanna was a Joan Shorenstein Fellow in the Shorenstein Center for Media, Politics, and Public Policy, at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. She teaches graduate and undergraduate courses in media and politics, political communication, political behavior, American politics, and research design. Her areas of research include news media and politics and political communication, with an emphasis on how the changing media environment is shaping news consumption and political knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Her publications appear in journals such as the American Journal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, the Journal of Communication, Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, Political Communication, Information, Communication & Society, Public Opinion Quarterly, and PloS One. Johanna’s recent book, Home Style Opinion: How Local Newspapers Can Slow Polarization, co-authored with Joshua Darr and Matthew Hitt, was published as part of the Cambridge University Press Elements in Political Communication series in 2021. Her forthcoming book, News and Democratic Citizens in the Mobile Era, co-authored with Kathleen Searles, will be published with Oxford University Press in October, 2022. Her current book project, The House that Fox Built? Representation, Political Accountability, and the Rise of Cable News, is co-authored with Kevin Arceneaux, Martin Johnson, & Ryan J. Vander Wielen.
Spencer Goidel | PhD candidate, Political Science
Spencer Goidel is a Ph.D. candidate in the department of Political Science at Texas A&M. He received his BA from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette in 2018. His research and teaching interests include public opinion, voter behavior, and political communication. He has published work in Public Opinion Quarterly, Research & Politics, and PS: Political Science & Politics. Spencer received the Rapoport Family Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Survey Research Grant for his research on choice overload in U.S. elections. He is currently working on completing his dissertation by May 2023.
Project Title: “Internet inequality, online surveys, and polling error in US elections”
Project Description:
Our research examines the relationship between high speed internet access and election polling error. We demonstrate how digital information inequalities can have important political implications for the accuracy with which polling data reflect voters’ prospective candidate evaluations relative to Election Day outcomes. Specifically, we use data from the 2016, 2018, and 2020 U.S. election cycles to examine whether variation in the quality of internet access—in conjunction with several other factors—helps to explain gaps between polling projections and the actual vote shares candidates earn on Election Day. We show that, while most Americans have internet access, internet quality continues to be a meaningful divide, that these inequalities in quality are negatively affecting sample representativeness, and this is causing an increase in polling error. It is necessary that public opinion scholars accurately gauge public opinion. Yet, the past two presidential elections are suggestive of many shortcomings. Our research points to one reason---poor internet quality---scholars and pollsters are experiencing such difficulty.
Dr. Sergio Lemus | Assistant Professor, Anthropology
Lemus is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology. Previously, Lemus was part of the inaugural ACES Fellow cohort class of 2019. In his research agenda, Lemus documents the centrality of labor processes in driving cultural transformations among Mexican migrants and the politico-historical changes that give rise to a working-class formation—Los Yarderos. This research is slated to be published as a book at the University of Illinois Press under Latinos in Chicago and the Midwest series titled “Los Yarderos: Mexican Yard Workers in Neoliberal Chicago.” Lemus’ second research project examines the lives of Mexican, working-class immigrants and their cultural experience living with cancer. This research acutely points to the neoliberal, necropolitical, and cultural forms that give rise to the Latino/a cancer patient as a manageable population in the United States. In general, Lemus’ projects emphasize the study of immigration along three lines of investigation: a) Mexican transborder subjectivity, b) cultural production and reproduction, and c) health and disease as these relate to class, gender, and unstable state regimes.
Aigul Seralinova | PhD candidate, Anthropology
Aigul Seralinova has more than ten years of experience working with International Organizations in Kazakhstan in the area of social and economic development and poverty reduction. She led projects/initiatives to improve analytical capacity to measure poverty and develop an inclusive pro-poor policy for the country. She holds a Master’s Degree in Social Work from Washington University in St. Louis. She was awarded the Fulbright Scholarship in 2009. Aigul worked with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe Programmed Office in Astana, Kazakhstan as a Senior Program Assistant, conducting projects related to gender equality, combating human trafficking and domestic violence before the start of the Ph.D. program in Cultural Anthropology at Texas A&M University.
Project Title: Ethnography of Latina/o Cancer Patients in Brazos County
Project Description:
The project documents how undocumented Mexican men use alternative forms of medicine and navigate between biomedical and non-traditional forms of healing to capture better how Mexican migrants culturally mediate their medical subjectivity in precarious, neoliberal conditions. This ethnographic research project takes place in Brazos County among Latina/o populations. Brazos County is central Texas’ region is an important ethnographic site for three reasons---1) there is a strong presence of migrants from Latin America as well as US-born Latinos or Hispanics, and 2) this population is representative of more significant trends nationally in terms of working-class composition and undocumented status, and 3) Brazos County is home of two major regional hospitals and cancer treatment centers that allow for the contact with patients suffering from this disease.
Dr. Lu Tang | Associate Professor, Communication
Dr. Lu Tang is an Associate Professor of Health Communication. She is also the Director of the Data Justice Lab affiliated with the Texas A&M Institute of Data Science. Dr. Tang conducts research on social media and emerging infectious diseases using computational methods such as natural language processing and social network analysis. She also studies culture, health communication, and minority health using mixed methods such as surveys, interviews and photovoice methods. Her ongoing projects seek to identify biases and other barriers of minority that contributes to health disparity. Her research has been published in journals such as Journal of Health Communication, Health Communication, Journal of Applied Communication Research, Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, and Journal of Medical Internet Research.
Jinxu Li | PhD candidate, Communication
Jinxu Li is a first-year Ph.D. student in the Department of Communication at Texas A&M University. Her research interests lie at the intersection of health communication, social media, and mixed methods. Her current research includes identifying mental health stigma and reducing AI medical bias in underprivileged populations.
Project Title: “Ethics in Medical AI”
Project Description:
Recent years have witnessed the use of artificial intelligence in decision-making in numerous areas of society, including medical research and health care. While AI research accelerates the scientific community’s understanding of human physiology and medicine, it also has important potential ethical pitfalls. For instance, in medical AI research, the training datasets used in AI research are often predominantly drawn from the Caucasian population and men, which creates biases in the findings as well as the generalizability of such research. In health care, many decisions about the approval of treatment are based on AI-based computer systems, and members of marginalized populations are much less likely to be approved for innovative treatments. In this project, we seek to understand how ethics are constructed and understood in medical AI research. | https://liberalarts.tamu.edu/glasscock/2022/09/28/2022-23-fellows/ |
In the field of computer-implemented games, there are many technical challenges facing the designer of such games when considering how, for example, the user interface is to be controlled in the context of computer devices available to play the game.
One technical challenge can involve allowing a game to be fun and compelling even when there is limited display resource available, such as when a game is being played on a smartphone, tablet or other minicomputer. Another significant challenge is that of user engagement. Engagement involves designing gameplay to be engaging and rewarding to players. This typically requires games to be easily understood at their simplest or introductory levels, providing rewarding gameplay with quite simple game mechanics, but becoming progressively more challenging so that players are not bored, but remain engaged and develop rewarding skills. Effective engagement requires various forms of feedback to reinforce player sense of success and accomplishment.
A common genre of casual games is so-called match games. This is a type of tile-matching game where the player manipulates tiles or game objects according to a matching criterion.
A match-three game is a type of casual puzzle game where the player is required to find patterns on a seemingly chaotic board. The player then has to match three or more of the same type of game element on the game board and those matched elements will then disappear. An existing type of match-three game is a so-called “switcher” game. In a switcher game, the player switches place onto adjacent game elements on the game board so that one or both of them create a chain of at least three adjacent game elements of the same type. Those matched game elements will then disappear. The game board is then repopulated with game objects.
One such known match three-type game is known by the trade name Candy Crush. In that game, the game board is repopulated with game elements which are perceived as falling downwards onto the game board from the top edge of the screen from which the game is played.
Another known type of game is “linker game”, where a sequence of game elements are linked to form a known sequence. Another type of game is a ‘clicker’ game, in which matches can be made in a board by clicking adjacent game elements.
A technical challenge exists when introducing complexity into such match games. In particular it is desirable to be able control the difficulty of a particular game level. It is desirable for the player to have some control over the game play. It can be technically challenging to achieve one or more of these objectives where a user makes a move, leading to the removal of game elements. The replenishment of these game elements can set off a “chain reaction” where the replenished game elements make a match and so on.
This patent specification describes not only various ideas and functions, but also their creative expression. A portion of the disclosure of this patent document therefore contains material to which a claim for copyright is made and notice is hereby given: Copyright King.com Limited 2016 (pursuant to 17 U.S.C. 401). A claim to copyright protection is made to all screen shots, icons, look and feel and all other protectable expression associated with the games illustrated and described in this patent specification.
The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but reserves all other copyright rights whatsoever. No express or implied license under any copyright whatsoever is therefore granted.
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Dr. Rory Mac Sweeney returns for the final show of a three part series discussing some of the ideas in his book The Paradox of Lucid Dreaming – A Metaphysical Theory of Mind.
During the show, we further probe the blurring boundaries between the micro world of quantum physics and the macro realm of our so-called reality, and those between the waking and dreaming states of consciousness. It would appear that as these apparently discrete worlds collide and cross over, the gulf between mind and matter, between thought and the physical realm, is narrowing at an increasing rate. Developments in technology, language, and evolutionary biology are converging as we become more conscious of our individual and collective creative processes, carving reality from a field of potential where everything theoretically exists. Subjective experience, which mainstream science says we should ignore, is becoming increasingly significant. As these phenomena exponentially expand, what then happens to our preconceived notions of what is fact and what is truth? Is there, in the end, a hard, fast reality out there, or is all just a story that consciousness is telling itself? | https://img.beforeitsnews.com/alternative/2017/03/wide-asleep-deep-awake-rory-mac-sweeney-2-3483959.html |
The lab investigates the computational mechanisms underlying human object recognition as a gateway to understanding the neural bases of intelligent behavior. The ability to recognize objects is a fundamental cognitive task in every sensory modality, e.g., for friend/foe discrimination, social communication, reading, or hearing, and its loss or impairment is associated with a number of neural disorders (e.g., in autism, dyslexia, or schizophrenia). Yet despite the apparent ease with which we see and hear, object recognition is widely acknowledged as a very difficult computational problem. It is even more difficult from a biological systems perspective, since it involves several levels of understanding, from the computational level, over the level of cellular and biophysical mechanisms and the level of neuronal circuits, up to the level of behavior.
In our work, we combine computational models with human behavioral, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography (EEG) data. This comprehensive approach addresses one of the major challenges in neuroscience today, that is, the necessity to combine experimental data from a range of approaches in order to develop a rigorous and predictive model of human brain function that quantitatively and mechanistically links neurons to behavior. This is of interest not only for basic research, but also for the investigation of the neural bases of behavioral deficits in mental disorders. Understanding the neural mechanisms underlying object recognition in the brain is also of significant relevance for Artificial Intelligence, as the capabilities of pattern recognition systems in engineering (e.g., in machine vision or speech recognition) still lag far behind that of their human counterparts in terms of robustness, flexibility, and the ability to learn from few exemplars. Finally, a mechanistic understanding of the neural processes endowing the brain with its superior object recognition abilities opens the door to supporting and extending human cognitive abilities in this area through hybrid brain-machine systems (“augmented cognition”).
Most of the work is focused on the domain of vision, reflecting its status as the most accessible sensory modality. However, given that similar problems of specificity and invariance have to be solved in other sensory modalities as well (for instance in audition), it is likely that similar computational principles underlie processing in those domains, and we are interested in understanding commonalities and differences in processing between modalities. Current projects include research on neuromorphic learning, multitasking, vibrotactile speech, and plasticity in the auditory system.
After Learning New Words, Brain Sees Them as Pictures
“The findings not only help reveal how the brain processes words, but also provides insights into how to help people with reading disabilities, says Riesenhuber. ‘For people who cannot learn words by phonetically spelling them out — which is the usual method for teaching reading — learning the whole word as a visual object may be a good strategy.’”
Why Sometimes, We Don’t See What We Actually Saw
Georgetown neuroscientists say they have identified how people can have a “crash in visual processing” — a bottleneck of feedforward and feedback signals that can cause us not to be consciously aware of stimuli that our brain recognized. | https://neuro.georgetown.edu/directory/riesenhuber/ |
CDKN’s United Kingdom-based offices help run the LEDS GP’s global Secretariat, while CDKN’s African hub supports the Africa LEDS Partnership.
This year, the LEDS GP is ramping up its support for regionally-based learning groups or ‘Communities of Practice’ that will explore specific economic sectors and financing mechanisms. As countries tackle the complex business of delivering on the Paris climate agreement, government officials, businesspeople, NGO staff, researchers and others will find these targeted, specialised groups to be of great value in advancing their day-to-day work.
These Communities of Practice build on the initial, positive experiences of the Africa Mini Grids Community, which started last year. Margaret Kamau of the Africa Development Bank, a member of that group, said: “The Mini Grids Community of Practice … provides an opportunity to network with experts in the mini-grids sector, to share technical knowledge. More importantly, the training on mini-grids financing was useful in understanding how to further stimulate private sector investment in the area, particularly by creating awareness on the barriers or gaps to financing, and the various financing opportunities available for the development of the sector”.
In the longer term, the participants in the LEDS GP’s Communities of Practice will benefit from access to support – such support is free for developing country members at the point of access. The idea is that these active community members will go on to become ambassadors for low emission development: they will be more confident and influential spokespeople for the opportunities and benefits of ‘going low carbon’.
Online peer-to-peer learning and training on the communities’ specific topics (see below).
In-person training and peer learning workshop – limited travel support is available to developing country participants from national and subnational governments.
Compiling resources, good practices, case studies and tools to advance implementation.
Delivery of no-cost remote expert advisory support service – limited to developing country national and subnational governments.
The Communities of Practice all examine specific sub-sectors, low emission technologies or investment approaches, and are led by our Working Group leads (which cover the broad areas of Agriculture forestry and other land use, Energy, Finance, Subnational Integration and Transport and the Regional Platforms (Asia, Africa, Latin America and Caribbean, and Eastern Europe and Eurasia.
Launched in 2017, the Community of Practice engages over 10 countries in Africa on mini-grids, looking at technical, regulatory and financial barriers and solutions. In 2017, discussions and training focused on quality assurance frameworks and tariff setting. In 2018, the Community of Practice will focus on facilitating peer learning and providing technical assistance on financing and policies for mini-grid systems.
Agroforestry action as a driver of socio-economic development and emission reduction.
Linking agricultural production with small-scale energy sources to enable socioeconomic development and emission reductions.
The Community of Practice is supporting Asian countries to accelerate action towards achieving a greater integration of renewable energy generation into their electricity mix. The Community is providing training, technical assistance, technical resources and peer learning opportunities to participating countries on the building blocks for grid renewable energy development and grid integration issues.
Participating countries to date: Vietnam, Laos PDR, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Nepal, China, Myanmar and others TBD.
The Asia Clean Mobility Community of Practice focuses on supporting countries on policies and technical solutions for transitioning to clean mobility by strengthening the operational and energy efficiency of public transport policies and systems. Community members will benefit from participation in online and in-person exchange meetings, seminars and training with other peers working on efficient and cleaner mobility. These will include subtopics such as clean fuel alternatives, electric public transport fleets, improving public transport’s operational efficiencies, supporting infrastructure creation, policy and regulatory frameworks, analysis and tools for planning approaches, institutional arrangements (including multilevel governance) and private sector involvement.
Rapidly identify key barriers to investment mobilisation in clean energy at the political, regulatory and financial levels on a country-by-country basis.
Develop rapid response political, regulatory and capital markets interventions to address those barriers.
Coordinate with partner country governments, donors, philanthropy and the private sector to implement the identified interventions and solutions in a targeted and cost-efficient manner.
LEDS GP is providing in-depth support to strengthen multi-level governance to selected countries in Asia. A Community of Practice will be launched to disseminate the learning through development of case studies, exchange among countries, and light advisory support for replication of approaches.
This Community of Practice is an interactive network comprising national and subnational governments, technical institutions, academia, private companies, not-for-profit and other international organisations addressing real-time policy, financing and technical barriers and solutions related to electric mobility in Latin America and the Caribbean. It is a platform for ongoing collaboration to allow for peer to peer learning, a deeper understanding of the options available to overcome barriers, continuous access to tools and expert assistance, and to foster leaders that will serve as coaches for other countries in the region. The Community is designed with a bottom up approach in order to address the main barriers for the transition to electric mobility in the LAC region and to offer support to countries to do so.
The Subnational Integration Working Group is providing in-depth support to strengthen multilevel governance to selected countries in LAC. A Community of Practice is being launched to disseminate learning through developing case studies, exchanging knowledge among countries, and providing light advisory support.
Launched in 2016, the Bioenergy Community of Practice is providing support and facilitating peer exchange amongst countries working to advance bioenergy policies and actions. Based on participants’ feedback, in 2018 the focus will be on the design of effective policy and regulation environment that attract investment in sustainable biogas projects.
Approaches to harmonising budgeting processes.
Policies and other measures that support rural development across various sectors and governance levels.
Approaches to strengthen multi-level governance.
Tools and approaches to harmonising greenhouse gas accounting systems. | https://cdkn.org/2018/05/leds-communities/?loclang=en_gb |
Steve Keen Debunking Economics
Part 3 : Complexities: issues omitted from standard courses that should be part of an education in economics.
(9) Let’s do the Time Wrap again.
Addendum Misunderstanding Bill Phillips, wages and “the Phillips Curve”
“Bill Phillips the man was undoubtedly one of the most dynamic human beings of all time. Compared to that of Phillips , the lives of most economists – even non – neoclassical ones – are as pale as the theories that neoclassical economists have concocted about the world. He left school at fifteen , worked as a crocodile hunter and gold miner in Australia , learnt engineering by correspondence , was awarded an MBE for his role in the defence of Singapore in 1942 , and , as a prisoner of war , made a miniaturized radio from components he stole from the camp commander’s radiogram . Despite the effects of malnutrition and abuse in the camp , within five years of the war finishing – and while still an undergraduate student of economics – he had his first paper published in a leading journal ( Phillips 1950 ) . The paper described an analog computer dynamic simulation model of the economy ( MONIAC ) that he constructed at a cost of £ 400 , just three years after the first digital computer ( ENIAC ) had been constructed at a cost of US $ 500,000 ( Leeson 1994 , 2000 ) .
MONIAC put into mechanical – hydraulic form the principles of dynamics that Phillips had learnt as an engineer , and it was this approach which he tried to communicate to economists , on the sound basis that their preferred methodology of comparative statics was inappropriate for economic modeling :
9.3 Phillips’s functional flow block diagram model of the economy
RECOMMENDATIONS for stabilizing aggregate production and employment have usually been derived from the analysis of multiplier models , using the method of comparative statics . This type of analysis does not provide a very firm basis for policy recommendations , for two reasons .
First , the time path of income , production and employment during the process of adjustment is not revealed . It is quite possible that certain types of policy may give rise to undesired fluctuations , or even cause a previously stable system to become unstable , although the final equilibrium position as shown by a static analysis appears to be quite satisfactory .
Second , the effects of variations in prices and interest rates cannot be dealt with adequately with the simple multiplier models which usually form the basis of the analysis .” ( Phillips 1954 : 290 )
Phillips instead proposed that economists should build dynamic models of the economy – models in which time was embraced rather than ignored via the device of comparative statics – and his underlying method here was the functional flow block diagram . This had been devised by engineers in the 1920s as a way to visually represent dynamic processes , which previously had been shown as either differential equations , or transformations of these equations into other mathematical forms . 10 Phillips drew such a diagrammatic representation of a simple dynamic economic model ( ibid . : Fig . 10 , p . 306 ; see Figure 9.3 ) , with symbols to indicate operations like time lags , differentiation and integration with respect to time , addition and subtraction , etc . The model recast the standard comparative – static , multiplier – accelerator models of the time into dynamic form .
This model was only the starting point of a project to develop a complete dynamic model of the economy , in which the feedback effects and disequilibrium dynamics that were ignored by the conventional ‘ Keynesian ’ models of the time could be fully accounted for.
In particular , Phillips extended his model to consider the impact of expectations upon prices . Given how much his work has been falsely denigrated by neoclassical economists for ignoring the role of expectations in economics , this aspect of his model deserves attention prior to considering the Phillips Curve itself :
“Demand is also likely to be influenced by the rate at which prices are changing [ … ] this influence on demand being greater , the greater the rate of change of prices [ … ] The direction of this change in demand will depend on expectations about future price changes . If changing prices induce expectations of further changes in the same direction , as will probably be the case after fairly rapid and prolonged movements , demand will change in the same direction as the changing prices [ … ]
If , on the other hand , there is confidence that any movement of prices away from the level ruling in the recent past will soon be reversed , demand is likely to change in the opposite direction to the changing prices [ … ] .” ( Ibid . : 311 ; emphases added )
9.4 The component of Phillips’s Figure 12 including the role of expectations in price setting
Phillips didn’t merely talk about expectations : he extended his model to incorporate them – see Figure 9.4. As part of this project , Phillips also hypothesized that there was a nonlinear relationship between ‘ the level of production and the rate of change of factor prices [ labor and capital ] ’ ( ibid . : 308 ) , and he sketched a hypothetical curve for this relationship – see Figure 9.5 .
9.5 Phillips’s hand drawing of the output – pricechange relationship
The role of this relationship in his dynamic model was to limit the rate at which prices would fall when unemployment was high , in line with ‘ the greater rigidity of factor prices in the downward than in the upward direction ’ ( ibid . : 308 ) . In a dynamic model itself , this does not lead to a stable trade – off between inflation and unemployment – which is the way his empirically derived curve was subsequently interpreted – but rather limits the volatility of the cycles that occur compared to what a linear relationship would yield .
This was hard for Phillips to convey in his day , because then functional flow block diagrams were merely means to describe a dynamic model – they didn’t let you simulate the model itself . But today , numerous computer programs enable these diagrams to be turned into active simulations . There is also an enormous analytic framework for analyzing stability and incomplete information supporting these programs : engineers have progressed dramatically in their capacity to model dynamic processes , while economics has if anything gone backwards .
9.6 A modern flow – chart simulation program generating cycles , not equilibrium
Figure 9.6 illustrates both these modern simulation tools , and this difference between a linear and a nonlinear ‘ Phillips Curve ’ in Goodwin’s growth cycle model . One of these programs ( Vissim ) turns the six – step verbal description of Marx’s cycle model directly into a numerical simulation , using a linear ‘ Phillips Curve . ’ This model cycles as Marx expected , but it has extreme , high – frequency cycles in both employment and wages share .
Embedded in the diagram is an otherwise identical model , which has a nonlinear Phillips Curve with the shape like that envisaged by Phillips . This has smaller , more realistic cycles and these have a lower frequency as well , closer to the actual frequency of the business cycle .
What this model doesn’t have – and this is a very important point – is an equilibrium ‘ trade – off ’ between inflation ( proxied here by the rate of change of wages ) and unemployment . Instead the model economy is inherently cyclical , and Phillips’s overall research agenda was to devise policy measures – inspired by engineering control theory – that might attenuate the severity of the cycles .
Had Phillips stuck with just a sketch of his hypothesized nonlinear relationship between the level of production and factor prices , it is possible that he would be known today only for these attempts to develop dynamic economic analysis – and possibly relatively unknown too , given how other pioneers of dynamics like Richard Goodwin ( Goodwin 1986 , 1990 ) and John Blatt ( Blatt 1983 ) have been treated . Instead , he made the fateful decision to see whether he could find such a relationship in the UK data on unemployment and the rate of change of money wages .
This decision led to him being immortalized for work that he later told a colleague ‘ was just done in a weekend ’ while ‘ his best work was largely ignored – his early control work ’ ( Leeson 1994 : 613 ) .
9.7 Phillips’s empirically derived unemployment – money – wage – change relation
To do his statistical analysis , Phillips assembled annual data for the UK from 1861 until 1957 from a range of sources . He then used the subset from 1861 till the outbreak of World War I to derive a nonlinear function that appeared to fit the data very tightly ( see Figure 9.7 ) . When he fitted the post – WWI data to this curve , the ‘ out of sample ’ data also had a relatively close fit to his equation ( except for some deviations which he explained as due to negotiated inflation – wage deals between unions and employers , and the impact of World War II on forcing up agricultural prices in Britain ) .
He then summarized his results in the following accurate but poorly considered statement :
Ignoring years in which import prices rise rapidly enough to initiate a wage – price spiral , which seem to occur very rarely except as a result of war , and assuming an increase in productivity of 2 per cent per year , it seems from the relation fitted to the data that if aggregate demand were kept at a value which would maintain a stable level of product prices the associated level of unemployment would be a little under 2 per cent . If , as is sometimes recommended , demand were kept at a value which would maintain stable wage rates the associated level of unemployment would be about 5 per cent .” ( Phillips 1954 : 299 ; emphases added )
To actually achieve the preconditions that Phillips set out here – keeping aggregate demand ‘ at a value which would maintain a stable level of product prices ’ or ‘ at a value which would maintain stable wage rates ’ – would have required a whole host of control mechanisms to be added , even to Phillips’s model of the economy , let alone the real economy itself . As the Goodwin model indicates , a dynamic model of the economy will have endogenous tendencies to cyclical behavior , and these in turn are merely a caricature of the cyclical nature of evolutionary change in a capitalist economy .
Developing these control mechanisms was , as noted , Phillips’s main research agenda , but the economics profession at large , and politicians as well , latched on to this statement as if it provided a simple menu by which the economy could be controlled . If you wanted stable prices ( in the UK ) , just set unemployment to 2 percent ; if you wanted stable money wages instead , set unemployment to 5 percent ; and pick off any other combination you like along the Phillips Curve as well .
This simplistic , static ‘ trade – off ’ interpretation of Phillips’s empirically derived curve rapidly came to be seen as the embodiment of Keynesian economics , and since the 1960s data also fitted the curve very well , initially this appeared to strengthen ‘ Keynesian ’ economics .
But in the late 1960s , the apparent ‘ trade – off ’ began to break down , with higher and higher levels of both inflation and unemployment . Since the belief that there was a trade – off had become equivalent in the public debate to Keynesian economics , the apparent breakdown of this relationship led to a loss of confidence in ‘ Keynesian ’ economics – and this was egged on by Milton Friedman as he campaigned to restore neoclassical economics to the position of primacy it had occupied prior to the Great Depression .
Phillips’s empirical research recurs throughout the development of macroeconomics , as I am about to recount in the next chapter – as Robert Leeson observed : ‘ For over a third of a century , applied macroeconomics has , to a large extent , proceeded from the starting point of the trade – off interpretation of the work of A . W . H . “ Bill ” Phillips . It is hardly an exaggeration to say that any student destitute of the geometry of the Phillips curve would have difficulty passing an undergraduate macroeconomics examination ’ ( Leeson 1997 : 155 ) .
However , even his empirical research has been distorted , since it has focused on just one of the factors that Phillips surmised would affect the rate of change of money wages – the level of employment . Phillips in fact put forward three causal factors :
When the demand for a commodity or service is high relatively to the supply of it we expect the price to rise , the rate of rise being greater the greater the excess demand . Conversely when the demand is low relatively to the supply we expect the price to fall , the rate of fall being greater the greater the deficiency of demand . It seems plausible that this principle should operate as one of the factors determining the rate of change of money wage rates , which are the price of labor services .
When the demand for labor is high and there are very few unemployed we should expect employers to bid wage rates up quite rapidly , each firm and each industry being continually tempted to offer a little above the prevailing rates to attract the most suitable labor from other firms and industries . On the other hand it appears that workers are reluctant to offer their services at less than the prevailing rates when the demand for labor is low and unemployment is high so that wage rates fall only very slowly . The relation between unemployment and the rate of change of wage rates is therefore likely to be highly non – linear .
Phillips then added that the rate of change of employment would affect the rate of change of money wages :
It seems possible that a second factor influencing the rate of change of money wage rates might be the rate of change of the demand for labor , and so of unemployment . Thus in a year of rising business activity , with the demand for labor increasing and the percentage unemployment decreasing , employers will be bidding more vigorously for the services of labor than they would be in a year during which the average percentage unemployment was the same but the demand for labor was not increasing . Conversely in a year of falling business activity , with the demand for labor decreasing and the percentage unemployment increasing , employers will be less inclined to grant wage increases , and workers will be in a weaker position to press for them , than they would be in a year during which the average percentage unemployment was the same but the demand for labor was not decreasing .
Thirdly , he considered that there could be a feedback between the rate of inflation and the rate of change of money wages – though he tended to discount this except in times of war : ‘ A third factor which may affect the rate of change of money wage rates is the rate of change of retail prices , operating through cost of living adjustments in wage rates ’ ( Phillips 1954 : 283 ) .
In subsequent work , Phillips went farther still , and considered that attempts to control the economy that relied upon the historically observed relationship could change the relationship itself : ‘ In my view it cannot be too strongly stated that in attempting to control economic fluctuations we do not have two separate problems of estimating the system and controlling it , we have a single problem of jointly controlling and learning about the system , that is , a problem of learning control or adaptive control ’ ( Phillips 1968 : 164 ; Leeson 1994 : 612 , n . 13 ) .
Phillips didn’t consider the other two causal relationships in his empirical work because , at the time he did it , and with the computing resources available to him ( a hand – operated electronic desk calculator ) , quite simply , it was impossible to do so . But today it is quite feasible to model all three causal factors , and adaptive learning as well , in a modern dynamic model of the kind that Phillips had hoped to develop . | https://gaiageld.com/misunderstanding-the-phillips-curve/ |
Entrepreneurship, creativity, and regional development richard florida entrepreneurship and economic growth indeed, entrepreneurship is more than an economic process and extends beyond the process of new business formation at bottom, entrepreneurship is a social process that stems from a broad set of social and types of creativity: (1. The impact of entrepreneurship on economic growth martin a carree and a roy thurik introduction since the late 1980s, we have witnessed many studies examining the consequences the influence of economic development on entrepreneurship in section 3, types of entrepreneurship and their relation to economic growth are discussed the. In this paper, we empirically investigate the effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth at the country level we use data from the global entrepreneurship monitor, which provides comparative data on entrepreneurship from a wide range of countries. Some of the research that i have done would suggest that there are four broad categories of entrepreneurs: survivalists, lifestyle entrepreneurs, growth entrepreneurs and revolutionaries survivalists are in business merely as a means of economic survival.
Entrepreneurship plays an influential role in the economic growth and standard of living of the country as a startup founder or small business owner, you may think that you are simply working hard to build your own business and provide for yourself and your family. In particular, the paper focuses on the analysis of the literature about (a) the institutional factors affecting entrepreneurship (b) the entrepreneurship impact on economic growth and (c) the overall sequence from institutions to the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth. As the growth of china's smartphone market and its smartphone industry shows, technological entrepreneurship will have profound, long-lasting impacts on the entire human race.
Entrepreneurship and economic growth suggested a u-shaped relationship between various types of economies, particularly with regard to the various stages of economic development we assume that each type of economy has its main source of economic growth, and set. This paper analyzes the effect of entrepreneurship capital types on economic growth we use an augmented cobb–douglas production function, which introduces variables such as entrepreneurship. Types of entrepreneurship and economic growth in this paper, we empirically investigate the effect of entrepreneurship on economic growth at the country level we use data from the global entrepreneurship monitor, which provides comparative data on entrepreneurship from a wide range of countries. Entrepreneurial diversity and economic growth abstract: most studies investigating the relationship between entrepreneurship and economic growth treat entrepreneurs as a homogeneous group this study investigates the impact of been paid to different types of diversity, for example investigating differences between female and male. This policy briefing examines how regional entrepreneurship initiatives can help arab countries achieve the sdg of inclusive growth and explores existing political, economic, and socio-cultural.
The entrepreneur who is a business leader looks for ideas and puts them into effect in fostering economic growth and development entrepreneurship is one of the most important input in the economic development of a country the entrepreneur acts as a trigger head to give spark to economic activities. Promoting smes for development to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and employment and a rising standard of living in member countries, while maintaining financial stability, and thus to contribute to the development of the world entrepreneurship whose comments have been incorporated into the final version non member. In section 3, types of entrepreneurship and their relation to economic growth are discussed the effect of the choice between entrepreneurship and employment is covered in section 4 section 5 considers with entrepreneurship in endogenous growth models. They are: economic freedom, efficiency, equity, security, full employment, price stability, and growth describe some of the economic choices people and producers in the united states are free to make. Unless certain conditions prevail in the economy, entrepreneurship impact on economic growth would be undefined, these conditions are in the form of the institutional framework (including tax regimes, human capital, the level of economic development and many other factors.
Growth of entrepreneurship in india the proper understanding of the growth of entrepreneurship of any country would evolve within the context of the economic history of the particular country becomes the subject matter of this section. Entrepreneurship in economic growth show mixed evidence (stam 2008) since there is much heterogeneity in both the types of entrepreneurship and the kinds of economic contexts. The gem data are used to determine the effect of different types of entrepreneurship on gdp growth the gcr data operationalize additional control variables suggested by three economic growth theories: new economic geography, endogenous growth theory and national systems of innovation. The role of entrepreneurship in economic growth abstract this study confirms that the level of entrepreneurship in a given country has a significant positive effect.
Different types of entrepreneurs require different resources and cannot all be served by a one-stop shop policymakers should consider gaps in the local ecosystem and ways in which different programs can be connected to each other. 9 importance of entrepreneurship entrepreneurship is the dynamic process of creating incremental wealth and innovating things of value that have a bearing on the welfare of an entrepreneur it provides civilization with an enormous amount of goods and services and enhances the growth of social welfare. Impact of entrepreneurship on the economy of a country by francis nwokike entrepreneurship play a vital role in the development of a country’s economy as this is the key contributor to innovativeness , product improvement, reduction of unemployment and poverty. Workingpaper2010:02 2 entrepreneurship, innovation and economic growth past experiences, current knowledge and policy implications 1 february2010.
Does entrepreneurship under fire contribute to economic development and growth a significant number of studies show that some entrepreneurial activities increase during violent conflicts 1 entrepreneurship is a key driver of economic development (bandiera et al 2013) however, macro evidence consistently shows that a conflict is a critical obstacle to growth (collier 1999. Baumol’s and boettke’s idea is consistent with the data and research linking economic freedom, which is a measure of the presence of good institutions, to both entrepreneurship and economic growth.
2018. | http://fhpaperyfli.blogdasilvana.info/types-of-entrepreneurship-and-economic-growth.html |
The government has promised to fully electrify Myanmar by 2030. Yet, insufficient public funds have been allocated to power generation and there are no immediate plans to restructure loss-making tariffs or charge more for electricity.
One of the government’s top promises since it came into power is to supply electricity to the entire country by 2030. Yet, supply has consistently lagged behind demand. At the same time, the government continues to fund tariffs at a loss, and there are no immediate plans to raise electricity prices.
Currently, there are around 6.5 million households, or some 40 percent of the population, which has no access to electricity. With more foreign investments needed to boost growthin power-intensive industries such as manufacturing and technology, electricity consumption will only increase in the years to come.
Despite mounting pressure to meet growing demand though, public funds allocated towards developing and expanding the power sector has so far been insufficient. In fact, public spending has fallen over the last few years.
According to a report by the Public Accounts Joint Committee, spending on power generation when the NLD-led government first took office in 2016-17 totalled K5.1 trillion, or about a quarter of the budget for that fiscal year.
In 2017-18 however, spending in the sector is estimated to have fallen to K4.4 trillion, or about 22pc of the total budget. In 2014-15 and 2015-16, the previous government had allocated around 28pc of the budget per year, respectively, to power generation.
For the six-month interim period between April 1 and the start of the 2018-19 fiscal year on October 1, the government plans to spend just around K116.7 billion on generating electricity.
“There hasn’t been muchpriority on allocating more funds to support growth in the power sector,” said U Zaw Pe Win, advisor to the Public Accounts Joint Committee.
One of the consequences is that numerous hydropower projects have been put on hold. “Many of these projects can be completed within five years but due to insufficient budget allocations they have been delayed indefinitely, which actually adds to costs,” said U Khin Maung Win, managing director of state-owned Electric Power Generation Enterprise (EPGE).
Importantly, the delays may derail the government’s plans for full electrification by 2030. “This sector needs yearly investments to generate more megawatts (MW) of electricity. We need more transmission lines and more sub-stations within the next 10 years to deliver our promise of 100 percent electrification,” said Dr Tun Naing, deputy minister at the Ministry of Electricity and Energy (MOEE).
The government is constrained in its ability to spend because of the widening budget deficit, which rose to 3.5pc of GDP in 2017-18 compared to 2.5pc in 2016-17. “The government has had to curb public spending on power to keep the budget deficit under control. As a result, some hydropower projects have been delayed to make more room for spending in other areas, such as healthcare and education,” U Aung Than Oo, former deputy minister at the MOEE, said at a recent energy talk.
The budget deficit is expected to widen further to 4pc of GDP in 2018-19, according to estimates provided by the Asia Development Bank.
In fact, the government is already spending more than it can afford on energy infrastructure. Of the eight loss-making state-owned enterprises in Myanmar, the EPGE, which was formed under a 2016-17 merger between Myanmar Electric Power Enterprise and Hydropower Generation Enterprise, is chalking up the steepest losses.
That year, EPGE made a loss of about K370 billion. In 2017-18, the loss widened to by more than 16pc to some K430 billion, according to government data.
“There is lesser public funds available for power generationbecause our state-owned enterprises are making huge losses which have contributed to the budget deficit. So, the amount available for us to spend is less. This is according to financial regulations,” said U Khin Maung Win.
Last year, the MOEE said it will restructure the tariffs and reduce subsidies to the public to free up more room for additional spending. This month though, ministry officials told The Myanmar Times there are no plans to raise electricity prices until after 2020.
That’s when the MOEE is targeting completion of a string of service improvements to existing infrastructure, such as repairing old transmission lines, reducing the risk of electrocution through replacement of old wires and optimising existing power stations to improve capacity.
It is also when the next general election is scheduled to take place.
By 2020-21, the aim is to curb all losses made on tariffs to the private sector. Meanwhile, subsidies will be reduced for those who can afford to pay higher electricity prices, such as the middle-class and above, an MOEE official said.
“We will still continue subsidising the poorest people but those running businesses for profit should not expect the same treatment,” he said.
Currently, for residential use, K35 is collected per unit if the electricity used is between one and 100 units; K40 is collected per unit if it is between 101 and 200 units and K50 collected per unit for over 201 units.
For businesses, K75 is collected per unit if the electricity used is between one and 500 units and K100 collected per unit for over 3,001 units, The Myanmar Times understands.
The government isn’t sitting idly by with just three years left to its term though. By working with the private sector, it has committed to doubling the volume of power from 3,000MW currently to 6,000MW by 2020-21.
In January, the MOEE announced that the shortfall will be met with imported liquefied natural gas (LNG). It also issued a Notice to Proceed for the construction of three LNG-to-electricity projects in the country.
France’s Total and Germany’s Siemens will invest $2.1 billion in a 1,230 MW LNG power plant in Kanbauk, Tanintharyi Region, while Zhefu Holding Group from China and Supreme Trading from Myanmar will invest $2.5 billion for the 1,390 MW plant in Mee Laung Gyaing, Ayeyarwady Region. Thailand’s TTCL Public Company will invest $321 million to implement 356MW of power in Ahlone, Yangon Region.
A fourth project utilising natural gas from an offshore gas field will be implemented at Kyaukphyu in Rakhine State.
Last month, as scheduled, a 106MW combined-cycle gas power plant commenced operations in Thaketa township, Yangon region, two years after a Power Purchase Agreement was signed between the MOEE and China’s Union Resources & Engineering Co (UREC). The plant will generate enough electricity for around 42,000 households.
There are now 52 power plants in Myanmar with total installed capacity of 5,000 MW. Around 60pc of those plants are hydro-powered plants, while about a third is powered by natural gas. The remaining 10pc generates electricity through solar and other sources of power.
The government has also revived several stalled hydropower projects and given orders for development to resume on projects in Kachin, Rakhine, Chin and Kayin states, which badly require electricity.
For example, development of the halted Tha Htay hydropower project in Rakhine Stateand Lay Myo hydropower project in Chin State have resumed, said U Aung Kyaw Htoo, an MOEE official.
If all goes to plan, the projects are expected to start supplying electricity to the Special Economic Zones by 2020-21, he said.
The next three years will be crucial for the government as it strives to deliver what it has promised. | https://kve.biz/news/electrifying-the-nation-interrupted/ |
Flashcards in Chapter 2 - The Methods Of Psychology - Terms And Concepts Deck (34)
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1
Case Study
Method of research that involves in-depth study of one or more participants who are examined individually using direct observation, testing, experimentation, and other methods
2
Coefficient of Correlation
Statistic used to describe the degree of relationship between two or more variables in which positive correlations indicate that variables vary together in the same direction and negative correlations indicate the opposite.
3
Control Group
In experimental psychology, a group of participants who experience all the same conditions as participants in the experimental group except for the key factor (independent variable) the researcher is evaluating
4
Correlational Method
Research Method that uses statistical techniques to determine the degree of relationship between variables
5
Dependent Variable
In experimental research, the behavior that results from manipulation of an independent variable
6
Descriptive Statistics
Mathematical and graphical methods for reducing data to a form that can be readily understood
7
Experimental Group
In experimental research, a group of participants who are exposed to different varieties of independent variables, so that resulting behaviors can be compared
8
Experimental Research
Research conducted in precisely controlled laboratory conditions in which participants are confronted with specific stimuli and their reactions are carefully measured to discover relationships among variables
9
Hypothesis
Statement proposing existence of a relationship between variables, typically as a tentative explanation for cause and effect, and often designed for research testing
10
Independent Variable
Condition or factor that the experimenter manipulates in order to determine whether changes in behavior (the dependent variable) result
11
Inferential Statistics
Process of using mathematical procedures to draw conclusions about the meaning of research data
12
Mean
In descriptive statistics, the arithmetic average obtained by adding scores and dividing by the number of scores
13
Median
In descriptive statistics, the score that falls in the middle of a distribution of numbers arranged from the lowest to the highest
14
Mode
In descriptive statistics, the score that occurs most frequently in a distribution of numbers
15
Measure of Central Tendency
In descriptive statistics, a value that reflects the middle or central point of a distribution of scores. The three measures are mean, median, and mode
16
Measure of Variability
In descriptive statistics, a measure that indicates whether distribution sores are clustered closely around their average or widely spread out. The two measures of variability are the range and the standard deviation.
17
Theory
A scientific theory is a logical explanation for all the relevant data or facts scientists have observed regarding certain natural phenomena. An essential aspect of scientific theories is that they must be both testable and refutable, not to be confused with the common usage of the term used to signify a hunch a speculation, or an opinion
18
Replication Studies
Research conducted for the purpose of verifying previous findings
19
Survey
Research method that provides descriptive information in which a representative sample of people is questioned about their behaviors or attitudes
20
Sample
Selected segment of a larger population that is being studied in psychological research. Two kinds of samples are the representative sample and the random sample
21
Representative Sample
Sample in which critical subgroups are represented according to their incidence in the larger population that the researcher is studying
22
Random Sample
Sample group of a larger population that is selected by using randomization procedures
23
Observational Method
Method of psychological research providing descriptive information, in which participants are observed as they go about their usual activities
24
Naturalistic Observation
Psychological research using the observational method that takes place in a natural setting, such as a participant's home or school environment
25
Observer Bias
Tendency of an observer to read more into a situation than is actually there or to see what he or she expects to see. Observer bias is a potential limitation of the observational method.
26
Observer Effect
Tendency of participants to modify behavior because they are aware of being observed
27
Statistics
Mathematical methods for describing and interpreting data. Two kinds of statistics are descriptive and inferential statistics. | https://www.brainscape.com/flashcards/chapter-2-the-methods-of-psychology-term-2744820/packs/4675031 |
Fun Easy English - Environment - Global warming - Climate change Impacts international.
Climate change may also threaten key natural resources, affecting water and food security. Conflicts, mass migrations, health impacts, or environmental stresses in other parts of the world could raise economic, health, and national security issues for the United States.
Changes in climate could have significant impacts on food production around the world. Heat stress, droughts, and flooding events may lead to reductions in crop yields and livestock productivity. Areas that are already affected by drought, such as Australia and the Sahel in Africa, will likely experience reductions in water available for irrigation.
At middle to high latitudes, cereal crop yields are projected to increase slightly, depending on local rates of warming and crop type. At lower latitudes, cereal crop yields are projected to decrease. The greatest decreases in crop yields will likely occur in dry and tropical regions. In some African countries, for example, wheat yields could decline by as much as 35% by 2050.
Climate change is affecting many fisheries around the world. Increasing ocean temperatures have shifted some marine species to cooler waters outside of their normal range. Fisheries are important for the food supply and economy of many countries. For example, more than 40 million people rely on the fish caught in the Lower Mekong delta in Asia, which is the largest freshwater fishery in the world. Projected reductions in water flows and increases in sea level may negatively affect water quality and fish species in regions like these, affecting the food supply for communities that depend on these resources.
Climate change is very likely to affect global, regional, and local food security by disrupting food availability, decreasing access to food, and making utilization more difficult. Climate risks to food security are greatest for poor populations and in tropical regions. The potential of climate change to affect global food security is important for food producers and consumers in the United States.
Semi-arid and arid areas (such as the Mediterranean, southern Africa, and northeastern Brazil) are particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change on water supply. Over the next century, these areas will likely experience decreases in water resources, especially in areas that are already water-stressed due to droughts, population pressures, and water resource extraction.
As climate changes, water is very likely to become scarce at least part of the time in many areas, but more plentiful part of the time in some areas as well. The availability of water is strongly related to the amount and timing of runoff and precipitation. With a 2.7°F rise in global mean temperature, annual average streamflow is projected to increase by 10-50% at high latitudes and in some wet tropical areas, but decrease by 10-50% in some dry regions at mid-latitudes and in the subtropics. As temperatures rise, snowpack is declining in many regions and glaciers are melting at unprecedented rates, making water less available in areas that depend on it from melting snow and glaciers during spring and summer. Droughts are likely to become more widespread. When it does rain, more precipitation is expected to fall in extreme heavy precipitation events. Increases in heavy precipitation events would not increase water supply, but instead result in increased flooding, except in river basins with large dams able to hold excess water until it is needed.
Water quality is important for ecosystems, human health and sanitation, agriculture, and other purposes. Increases in temperature, changes in precipitation, sea level rise, and extreme events could diminish water quality in many regions. Large rainstorms may cause large amounts of pollutants to enter rivers and estuaries, as excess water may overwhelm wastewater systems and natural buffers. Increased pollution as well as increasing water temperatures can cause algal blooms and potentially increase bacteria in water bodies. In coastal areas and small islands, saltwater from rising sea level and storm surges threaten water supplies. These impacts may require communities to begin treating their water in order to provide safe water resources for human uses.
The risks of climate-sensitive diseases and health impacts can be high in countries that have little capacity to prevent and treat illness. There are many examples of health impacts related to climate change.
Worsened air quality that often accompanies heat waves or wildfires can lead to breathing problems and exacerbate respiratory and cardiovascular diseases.
Impacts of climate change on agriculture and other food systems can increase rates of malnutrition and foodborne illnesses.
Climate changes can influence infectious diseases. The spread of meningococcal (epidemic) meningitis is often linked to climate changes, especially drought. Areas of sub-Saharan and West Africa are sensitive to the spread of meningitis, and will be particularly at-risk if droughts become more frequent and severe.
The spread of mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus may increase in areas projected to receive more precipitation and flooding. Increases in rainfall and temperature can cause spreading of dengue fever.
The effects of global climate change on mental health and well-being are integral parts of the overall climate-related human health impacts. Mental health consequences of climate change range from minimal stress and distress symptoms to clinical disorders, such as anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress, and suicidal thoughts.
Certain groups of people in low-income countries are especially at risk for adverse health effects from climate change. These at-risk groups include urban people living in poverty, older adults, young children, traditional societies, subsistence farmers, and coastal populations. Many regions, such as Europe, South Asia, Australia, and North America, have experienced heat-related health impacts. Rural populations, older adults, outdoor workers, and those without access to air conditioning are often the most vulnerable to heat-related illness and death. For more information about the climate impacts on vulnerable populations, please visit the Society Impacts & Adaptation page.
Climate change affects the migration of people within and between countries around the world. A variety of reasons may force people to migrate into other areas. These reasons include conflicts, such as ethnic or resource conflicts, degraded ecosystem services, such as lack of viable agricultural land or fresh water, and extreme events, such as flooding, drought, and hurricanes. Extreme events displace many people, especially in areas that do not have the ability or resources to quickly respond or rebuild after disasters. Many types of extreme events are becoming more frequent or severe because of climate change, which exacerbates existing conflicts. This will likely increase the numbers of people migrating during and after these types of events.
Coastal settlements and low-lying areas are particularly vulnerable to climate change impacts, such as sea level rise, erosion, and extreme storms. Rising ocean temperatures and acidity may also threaten coastal ecosystems. As coastal habitats (such as barrier islands, wetlands, deltas, and estuaries) are destroyed, coastal settlements can become more vulnerable to flooding from storm surges and erosion. Both developing and developed countries are vulnerable to the impacts of sea level rise. For example, Bangladesh, the Netherlands, and Guyana are particularly at-risk.
Indigenous groups in various regions--such as the United States, Latin and South America, Europe, and Africa--are already experiencing threats to their traditional livelihoods. Rising sea levels and extreme events threaten native groups that inhabit low-lying island nations. Higher temperatures and reduced snow, ice, and permafrost threaten groups that live in mountainous and polar areas. Climate effects in these areas can affect hunting, fishing, transport, and other activities.
Approximately 1.4 billion people, close to one fifth of the world’s population, live below the World Bank's measure of extreme poverty, earning less than US $1.25 a day. Many lower-income groups depend on publicly provided resources and services such as water, energy, and transportation. Extreme events can affect and disrupt these resources and services, sometimes beyond replacement or repair. Many people in lower-income countries cannot afford or gain access to adaptation mechanisms such as air conditioning, heating, or disaster insurance. This lack of adaptive capacity makes the world’s poor especially vulnerable to the impacts of climate extremes, exacerbating existing conditions of poverty and inequality, and ultimately leading to more poverty.
Older and younger people are also especially sensitive to climate change impacts. Children's developing immune, respiratory, and neurological systems make them more sensitive to some climate change impacts, including more frequent or severe extreme events, increased heat, and worsened air quality. Elderly populations are also at risk due to frail health and limited mobility. Extreme heat and storm events can disproportionately affect older people.
Climate change impacts can differ according to gender. Worldwide, women have a higher rate of mortality than men from severe storms or other extreme events, although there is regional variation. In some regions, working-age men who work outdoors are more vulnerable to heat-related deaths. Women developing countries women may be particularly vulnerable to extreme events due to differences in poverty and physical vulnerability due to undernutrition or pregnancy. As climate change causes extreme events to become more frequent or severe, women may be disproportionately affected.
Many concerns revolve around the use of natural resources, such as water. In many parts of the world, water issues cross local and national borders. Access to consistent and reliable sources of water in these regions is greatly valued. Changes in the timing and intensity of rainfall would threaten already limited water sources and potentially cause future conflicts. Evidence suggests most conflict is likely to occur between local communities, socioeconomic groups, and states, while bilateral and multilateral interactions have shown evidence of formal cooperation over resources.
Threatened food security in parts of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa could also lead to conflict. Rapid population growth and changes in precipitation and temperature, among other factors, are already affecting crop yields. Resulting food shortages could increase the risk of humanitarian crises and trigger population migration across national borders, ultimately sparking political instability.
The ongoing loss of the ice cover in the Arctic Ocean is very likely to have with national security implications. The Arctic Ocean has a long history of modest, though growing, shipping activity, including trans-Arctic shipping routes. Declining sea ice coverage will allow more access to these waters. However, a number of other international issues will influence the potential growth in shipping. In the case of the Arctic Ocean, increasing access to these waters means that issues of sovereignty (priority in control over an area), security (responsibility for policing the passageways), environmental protection (control of ship-based air and water pollution, noise, or ship strikes of whales), and safety (responsibility for rescue and response) will become more important.
Cascading and interacting economic, social, and daily life circumstances have accompanied prolonged drought in rural regions. Drought-related worry and psychological distress increased in drought-declared Australian regions, particularly for those experiencing loss of livelihood and industry. Long-term drought has been linked to increased incidence of suicide among male farmers in Australia.
Climate change effects—such as increases in coastal erosion, changes in the ranges of some fish, increased weather unpredictability—are already disrupting traditional hunting and subsistence practices of indigenous Arctic communities, and may force relocation of villages. | http://funeasyenglish.com/new-environment-global-warming-climate-change-impacts-international.htm |
BIOGRAPHY:
Dr. Zhou completed her PhD thesis studying the gap junction protein regulation by Src oncogene. From 1999 to 2001, Dr. Zhou worked as a Research Associate at HHMI under Dr. John Lowe’s supervision to study how fucosyl- glycans modify selectin ligand activity in myeloid cell homeostasis. Since being recruited to Case Western Reserve University, Dr. Zhou has conducted research to try to understand the functional regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) fate specification and differentiation, myeloid and lymphoid cell homeostasis, and HSC self-renewal and niche development by fucosylated glycans present on Notch and selectin ligands. Dr. Zhou has also been interested in the role of Notch signaling in pancreatic cancer and aberrant glycosylation in colon carcinogenesis and tumor surveillance. Her long term research goals include
1) to understand the mechanism(s) of which Notch as a signaling molecule and an adhesion molecule in HSC niche retention and quiescence maintenance
2) to identify cellular and/or soluble factors that are critical for suppression of hematopoiesisby leukemia cells that are amenable to disruption
3) to develop a deeper understanding of the role of Notch signaling in pancreatic cancer progression
4) to use mouse models to investigate the mechanisms of aberrant glycosylation induced colitis and colon cancer development.
RESEARCH INTERESTS:
Dr. Zhou long term research focus is to understand the normal hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) niche regulation by Notch and associated adhesion processes, how leukemia regulates marrow micro-environment, and the role of aberrant Notch signaling in pancreatic cancer and colon cancer carcinogenesis and immuno-surveillance. | http://www.annexpublishers.co/editorial-board/member/265/Lan-Zhou-Journal-of-Immunology-and-Infectious-Diseases/ |
And this is his commandment, that we believe in the name of his Son Jesus Christ and love one another, just as he has commanded us. – 1 John 3:23 ESV
Two simple things: Believe in Jesus and love one another. But oh, how difficult those two things can be to do. The first one seems so easy. In fact, all of us who have placed our faith in Christ as our Savior have already done it. We have already believed in Jesus. But there is a sense in which we must continue to believe in Jesus. The word “believe” that John uses is in the aorist tense. Typically, we end up translating aorist verbs as past tense, but in the Greek the concept of an aorist verb is considered without regard for past, present, or future time. We don’t have an equivalent tense in English. So in reality, our belief in Jesus is to be past, present and future. It is non-ending. One of the reasons John put so much emphasis on abiding in Christ is that it is the key to our fruitfulness and without abiding we can do nothing. “Abide in me, and I in you. As the branch cannot bear fruit by itself, unless it abides in the vine, neither can you, unless you abide in me. I am the vine; you are the branches. Whoever abides in me and I in him, he it is that bears much fruit, for apart from me you can do nothing” (John 15:4-5 ESV). To abide in Him is to believe in Him. We must continue to rely upon Him for our sanctification just as we did for our salvation. Without Christ, we cannot be fruitful. Without Christ, we cannot grow in Christ-likeness. Without Christ, we cannot love others. Without Christ, we cannot do anything.
Which brings us to the second simple statement we find so hard to do: Love one another. It would seem that our struggle with loving one another is directly linked to our unwillingness to believe in Christ. Yes, we believed in Him for our salvation, but we sometimes fail to believe in Him for all that follows after that. When Jesus said that He would send us the Holy Spirit, we must believe that what He said was true. We must believe the promise of Jesus even when we don’t feel the Holy Spirit’s presence in our lives. We must also believe that the Holy Spirit is our helper, comforter and guide just as Jesus said He would be. We must believe that He, the Spirit, is the Spirit of truth just as Jesus said He would be. We must believe that the Holy Spirit will teach us “about everything, and is true, and is no lie” (1 John 2:27 ESV). Our capacity to love one another is not some self-manufactured, man-made kind of love we conjure up out of our own will power. It is a fruit of abiding in Christ and relying upon the Spirit of God. Believing and loving go hand in hand. We love because He first loved us. Without Christ, we will find it impossible to love others. In the very next chapter, John tells us, “Beloved, let us love one another, for love is from God, and whoever loves has been born of God, and knows God” (1 John 4:7 ESV). Our capacity to love comes from the love of God for us. But we must believe that. We must rely upon that. We must understand that all of our righteous deeds, apart from Christ, are like filthy rags. Even on our best day, our best efforts don’t measure up. We are completely dependent upon Christ for all that we need to walk as He walked (1 John 1:6) and love like He loved ( John 15:12).
To believe in the name of His Son Jesus Christ is to believe that Jesus is who God claimed Him to be. He is the Son of God. He is the Messiah, the Savior of the world. He is the sinless Lamb of God who died on the cross in order to satisfy the just demands of a righteous God. He is the risen Lord of lords. He is our advocate, our mediator, who sits at the right hand of God interceding on our behalf. He is our source of strength, hope, salvation, mercy, grace, and love each and every day of our lives. He is the vine and we are the branches. Without Him we can do nothing. We can’t live without Him. We can’t love without Him. But we must believe that. We must abide in that. We must remain totally dependent upon Him for all that we need, from our salvation all the way to our ultimate glorification, and everything in between. | https://devotionaryblog.com/2015/02/13/believe-and-love/ |
Creating meaningful employment opportunities for Africa’s youth is already a major development policy issue. Given Africa’s population bulge and the surge of young Africans expected to enter the job market over the next two decades, it will undoubtedly remain a concern. Recent research has heralded emerging technologies in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) as a game changer that can accelerate economic transformation of developing countries. African governments are being advised to organize and invest for this revolution by building labor force skills.
While adoption of 4IR technologies in sub-Saharan Africa could bring substantial economic growth and welfare benefits, it could also bring social and economic disruption—creating an asymmetry of opportunities, earnings, and incomes between lower and highly educated workers—and exacerbating inequality trends. What countervailing policies should African policymakers adopt to strike a balance between creating an enabling environment for private investment needed to create jobs using advanced technology, and ensuring that all new labor force entrants have the basic skills and infrastructure to make an adequate living?
Also, just how likely are African producers to adopt the new technology? Thus far, Africa’s adoption of new productive technology has been slow, because of the high costs and because many technologies do not sufficiently address the unique barriers to increasing productivity and profitability that confront African producers.
On September 26, 2022, the Brookings Africa Growth Initiative (AGI) will host a discussion on the new report,“From subsistence to disruptive innovation: Africa, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, and the future of jobs” with authors Louise Fox and Landry Signé. As part of the discussion, the authors will seek to answer the following questions:
- What are the current and potential benefits of 4IR technology for economic transformation in Africa?
- Just how likely are African producers to adopt the new 4IR technology, given the long-standing obstacles to technological adoption?
- What are the consequences for inclusive development and future employment, if Africans fully embrace the deployment of 4IR technology?
After a discussion with the authors, Justice Tei Mensah (Office of the Chief Economist, Africa Region at the World Bank) will provide comments and distill the key policy options for African countries as they navigate this new era of emerging technologies and the future of work in Africa.
Viewers can submit questions for the panelists by emailing [email protected] or via Twitter at #Africa4IR. | https://deca-press.net/emerging-technologies-and-the-future-of-work-in-africa/ |
INSIGHT: Energy sector contests Obama’s state of the union
27 January 2011 17:13[Source: ICIS news]
By Joe Kamalick
WASHINGTON (ICIS)--US energy industry officials and members of Congress were harsh in their assessment of President Barack Obama’s promise this week of changes designed to “win the future”, charging that he was reverting to failed policies of the past.
In his annual address to Congress on Tuesday, Obama called for new government spending on biomedical research, information technology “and especially clean-energy technology” to help spur employment.
To pay for that new spending, Obama said, “I’m asking Congress to eliminate the billions in taxpayer dollars we currently give to oil companies”.
The National Petrochemical and Refiners Association (NPRA) charged that Obama was trying to vilify the nation’s petroleum producers and refiners.
“If his attack demonizing the petroleum industry succeeds, it will destroy jobs instead of creating them,” said NPRA President Charles Drevna.
He said that in singling out the oil industry for higher taxes, the president would only succeed in “raising costs for consumers instead of lowering them, and require billions in taxpayer dollars to fund unending subsidies for untested technologies unable to survive on their own”.
“It makes no sense to destroy existing jobs held by hard-working Americans today in hopes of creating new jobs that may never materialise tomorrow,” Drevna added.
“Throughout history, government efforts to create economic winners and losers - no matter how well-intentioned - have been disappointments,” he said.“We need to grow our economy and increase the number of jobs, not simply try to shift jobs from one sector to another.”
Jack Gerard, president of the American Petroleum Institute (API) termed the president’s remarks “unfortunate” and challenged Obama’s suggestion that oil producers get special treatment under US tax laws.
“The US oil and natural gas industry pays taxes at effective rates far higher than most other industries,” Gerard said.
He noted too that the nation’s energy producers “do not receive payments from the government to support oil and gas development”, a reference to federal subsidies and tariffs that support US biofuels manufacturing.
Gerard said that the taxpayer dollars that Obama described as being given to oil companies are the same tax deductions provided to other industries to encourage energy production and new jobs.
“It’s unfortunate that the administration seems poised to stifle what remains one of America’s strongest job creating industries,” Gerard said.
“The president focused on job growth through federal spending,” Gerard said, adding, “But he was silent on one of the best ways to create jobs: allow more energy development.”
Gerard said that in last November’s national elections, “The American people spoke loud and clear and directed the president and the new Congress to focus on one main issue = job creation”.
But in his state of the union speech, said Gerard, the president “missed an opportunity to highlight real job creation and economic recovery opportunities”.
Thomas Pyle, president of the energy industry-funded Institute for Energy Research (IER) charged that the Obama administration’s own policies and restrictions were impeding US energy development and employment growth.
“The president continues to talk about how America needs to become more competitive,” Pyle said.“But this administration’s plans do nothing but hurt our ability to compete.”
“We don’t have a competitiveness problem, an innovation problem or a resource availability problem,” he said, “we have a government problem.”
“We have the ability to produce nuclear power, but can’t get a permit to build a plant,” Pyle said. “We have the world’s largest coal supplies, but the administration is halting construction on even the cleanest plants.”
“We have vast resources offshore, but 97% of our ocean energy lands are not leased for oil and gas production,” he added. “We have enough oil shale to free us from any imports, but his administration stopped development.”
“If the president and his government will just get out of the way, our energy problems might not be solved, but it’d certainly be an improvement,” Pyle said.
Republican leaders in Congress who will have legislative and oversight authority over the Obama administration’s energy policies also were quick to contrast the president’s promises and goals with his actions.
“However, it’s the spending and job-destroying policies of his administration that are jeopardising our economic future,” Hastings said.
“The president needs to embrace a robust plan to produce all types of American energy - from renewables to American oil and natural gas = and it has to be done without harmful government subsidies or unrealistic mandates,” he added.
Hall also said that the president’s plan to focus new federal research and development (R&D) spending on clean energy technologies “suggests an emphasis not on basic research but on commercialisation”.“These are activities best left to the private sector.”
Sterling Burnett, a senior energy analyst at conservative think-tank National Center for Policy Analysis (NCPA), warned that the administration’s efforts to side-line or restrict traditional hydrocarbon energy resources in order to channel funding to alternative technologies that otherwise would not survive, will end badly for both.
“If Washington continues to politically direct or ‘incentivise’ technology research and development, we will continue to suffocate new ideas and fall further behind our competitors,” he said.
Burnett cited Thomas Jefferson, principal author of the Declaration of Independence and third US president.
“Were we directed from Washington when to sow and when to reap, we should soon want bread,” Jefferson wrote in his 1821 autobiography.
Of Jefferson’s advice, said Burnett, “What was true about government involvement in agriculture then is even more true about energy policy today.”
| |
New Delhi, April 25, 2018: The Martha Farrell Awards for Excellence in Women’s Empowerment were first awarded in 2017. Instituted in the memory of Dr. Martha Farrell, a prominent activist for gender equality and women empowerment, the Award is co-sponsored by Rizwan Adatia Foundation (RAF) and Participatory Research in Asia (PRIA), and supported by Martha Farrell Foundation (MFF). Martha was killed in Kabul (Afghanistan) in a terrorist attack in 2015, while leading a gender training workshop for the Aga Khan Foundation. The Martha Farrell Award for Excellence in Women’s Empowerment takes forward her ideals and principles.
The Award gives a prize money of INR 1,50,000 to each of the winners in two categories.
- Most Promising Individual(any gender) who has worked on promoting gender equality and women’s empowerment consistently, and
- Best Organization for Gender Equality, which has been implementing practices to create gender sensitive and secure workplaces
This year’s Most Promising Individual Award has been won by Nadiya Shafi from a pool of 82 nominated entries. A Srinagar resident, Nadiya is a video reporter, associated with the Kashmir Unheard Project and Video Volunteers. Having been associated with the Project since 2014, after completing her Master’s in Social Work from the University of Kashmir, Nadiya has been defying patriarchal norms in a society where domestic and sexual violence are more the norm than exception. Nadiya has been leading gender discussions clubs in her hometown. The club comprises the citizens of Srinagar – students, housewives, labourers, artisans, farmers, and engages them in discussions about sexuality, patriarchy and gender inequality. She is currently in the process of expanding these clubs to the Shopian and Phulwama districts of Southern Kashmir, which are some of the most disturbed areas of the decades-long armed and cross-border conflicts.
On winning the Award, Nadiya said, “It is indeed an honour to receive the Martha Farrell Award. The valley is a beautiful place, but the women here have never been able to appreciate this beauty due to the turmoil within; from generations of unfortunate subjugation. And I have only just scratched the surface in making them and people aware about the importance of being equal. This Award will only make my resolve stronger to work towards this cause with even more conviction.”
The Best Organization for Gender Equality category has been won by the Maharashtra- based Resource and Support Centre for Development (RSCD) for sustained efforts towards promoting inclusion of women in political processes across 30 districts of Maharashtra and in developing gender sensitivity in its workplace. Established in 1994, RSCD’s vision is to promote a society with equal and appropriate opportunities for the deprived sections, so that they may live a life with dignity, justice and freedom. They started the Mahila Rajsatta Andolan (MRA) in 2000, and have since seen increased women’s participation in local governance structures. The Centre’s mission for strengthened women’s leadership is seen in its organisational practices as well. Senior leadership and district teams are women-only teams. Male staffers reflect on their experiences of care-giving responsibilities at home and encourage their wives and other female family members to participate in local political activities, contest local elections, ensuring joint property ownership, etc. RSCD’s work reflects Dr. Farrell’s commitment to gender mainstreaming within organisations and reiterates her mantra of ‘The Personal is the Political’.
Rizwan Adatia, Founder of Rizwan Adatia Foundation, said, “Both Nadia and the RSCD exemplify the intent behind the Martha Farrell Awards; strong individuals and groups, who are undeterred in their paths to promote gender equality and awareness. Both Nadia & the RSCD should be emulated across the country so that women’s empowerment moves from being just a catchphrase to a reality.”
Dr Rajesh Tandon, Founder-President, PRIA, who co-sponsor the Award said, “The current scenario, perhaps more than ever, calls for active engagement with women’s empowerment. Martha Farrell Awards are proof of the different ways in which we can collectively work towards a gender equitable society.”
A total of 147 nominations were received across both categories this year, which were carefully reviewed for merit by an eight-member jury comprising eminent jurists, women’s rights proponents, film makers, social activists, and media entrepreneurs. | https://www.csrmandate.org/jammu-kashmir-and-maharashtra-show-the-way-in-achieving-excellence-in-womens-empowerment/ |
to sign up via Active.com.
Topic 4
3:30-5:00 PM
Wayne Vartabedian
Effort Based Training is arguably the most effective way for an
endurance athlete to train. But, what exactly is Effort Based Training?
We will discuss effort based training from perceived effort to physiological
testing to establish training zones based on anaerobic threshold.
Why is HR a good indicator of effort? How do you establish training
zones? What types of workouts should be included in each training
zone? These questions will be answered and discussed in detail.
We will also cover modifying training phases for different levels
of athlete - from novice through advance competitor.
Wayne Vartabedian
For the past 7 years Wayne has worked for Polar as a Technical Rep.
His responsibilities include knowledge of all HR monitor units from
pre-launch to current support. He informs Polar USA of features
and uses of the various HR monitors from an athlete's and coach's
point of view. Wayne regularly provides technical support for both
coaches and athletes on the use of HR monitors, training zones and
training techniques.
Wayne is also an accomplished athlete with two Ironman finishes
(including Kona), a sub 3 hour marathoner and Powerman Zofingen
finisher.
View prior presentation
details.
Return to program page. | http://breakwatersportstraining.com/usat_ceu_2008-03-29_4.html |
After years of spinning its wheels, the controversial proposal to build dedicated bus lanes along El Camino Real appears to be dead in the water.
Originally proposed more than a decade ago, the $223 million project known as Bus Rapid Transit has languished in recent years amid pushback from residents and many elected leaders. Valley Transportation Authority officials say they are now pulling the plug on the idea after gaining insufficient support from cities along the El Camino corridor, even for a scaled-down version to test out the idea.
"It just wasn't being well-received," said Brandi Childress, VTA spokeswoman. "We were having a really difficult time getting consensus on this corridor for taking a lane of traffic."
In the end, studies and engineering for the Bus Rapid Transit project have cost a total of $10.5 million, Childress said. Even though the project is now shelved, that money wasn't wasted, she said. The studies and analysis of traffic patterns could still be useful for future improvements along El Camino, she said.
The original idea for Bus Rapid Transit called for an elaborate series of new bus stops and infrastructure that would dedicate two of El Camino's six traffic lanes primarily for bus traffic. Once completed, the project would have streamlined bus service, potentially making it a viable transit option for more commuters.
Overall travel time for a ride from Palo Alto down to San Jose would have been reduced by about 40 minutes, according to VTA studies.
The same VTA studies predicted that regular traffic along El Camino would experience no significant disruption despite losing two traffic lanes. Many observers found that claim hard to believe.
As the dedicated bus lane project moved forward in 2015, it drew fierce resistance. Many residents warned the project would divert traffic into their neighborhoods. Those opponents cried betrayal after a thin majority of the Mountain View City Council came out in support of the idea. In the days following, critics launched an effort to recall the council's supporters, but that backlash eventually lost steam.
While Mountain View was officially on board with the plan, most other cities along the route were not. In Palo Alto, the plan was criticized for its potential to increase traffic on streets parallel to El Camino Real.
VTA officials decided to drastically scale back the plan. They presented plans for a cheaper pilot program that would create dedicated bus lanes only during peak commute hours on El Camino.
But by that point, the project's limited political support had evaporated. No city government along the route endorsed the proposal, and even Mountain View's council came out in opposition.
The final blow for Bus Rapid Transit came last week. Los Altos Councilwoman Jeannie Bruins, who chairs the project's advisory committee, wrote to VTA officials that the project was infeasible and should be brought to an end.
The project's demise probably won't be mourned by anyone, said Mountain View Mayor Lenny Siegel, who also sat on the advisory committee.
"The whole idea was weak in the first place, and we couldn't salvage it," he said. "Now we have to look for more imaginative solutions for getting people to work or school."
For Siegel, the challenge now is to convince VTA officials to consider other North County transit improvements, even though Bus Rapid Transit failed. He is now working to build support for an elevated transit system along the Highway 85 corridor. Mountain View city staff is also studying a new automated transit system to connect the North Bayshore area with the city's downtown. | https://www.paloaltoonline.com/news/2018/01/29/plan-for-dedicated-el-camino-bus-lanes-fizzles-out |
Q:
Round a divided number in Bash
How would I round the result from two divided numbers, e.g.
3/2
As when I do
testOne=$((3/2))
$testOne contains "1" when it should have rounded up to "2" as the answer from 3/2=1.5
A:
To do rounding up in truncating arithmetic, simply add (denom-1) to the numerator.
Example, rounding down:
N/2
M/5
K/16
Example, rounding up:
(N+1)/2
(M+4)/5
(K+15)/16
To do round-to-nearest, add (denom/2) to the numerator (halves will round up):
(N+1)/2
(M+2)/5
(K+8)/16
A:
Good Solution is to get Nearest Round Number is
var=2.5
echo $var | awk '{print int($1+0.5)}'
Logic is simple if the var decimal value is less then .5 then closest value taken is integer value. Well if decimal value is more than .5 then next integer value gets added and since awk then takes only integer part. Issue solved
A:
bash will not give you correct result of 3/2 since it doesn't do floating pt maths. you can use tools like awk
$ awk 'BEGIN { rounded = sprintf("%.0f", 3/2); print rounded }'
2
or bc
$ printf "%.0f" $(echo "scale=2;3/2" | bc)
2
| |
In this article you can find the result presented as text, image as well as in the output field of our rounding calculator.
Also included, for instance, is a related quiz. If you are happy with our information, please hit the share buttons.
Rounding Calculator
As an aside, are you perhaps interested in taking our rounding quiz?
45.19 Rounded to the Nearest Dollar
To round 45.19 to the nearest dollar consider the tenths’ value of 45.19, which is 1 and less than 5. Therefore, we have to round the amount down: the dollar ones place value of 45.19, 45, remains 45, and the decimal point and all digits (.19) are removed.
The table ahead contains starting amounts close to 45.19 rounded to the nearest whole dollar.
|Amount||Rounded to Nearest Dollar|
|$45.19||$45|
|$45.29||$45|
|$45.39||$45|
|$45.49||$45|
|$45.59||$46|
|$45.69||$46|
|$45.79||$46|
|$45.89||$46|
|$45.99||$46|
|$46.09||$46|
Summary
In conclusion,
Similar conversions include, for example: | https://nearesttenth.com/round-45-19-to-nearest-dollar |
NIH awards $18.15 million to seven projects focused on interoception
The National Institutes of Health is awarding seven projects a total of $18.15 million over five years to a new effort focused on interoception—the ways in which organisms sense and regulate signals within their bodies. Interoception is not well understood and is a new area of research focus for NIH. This coordinated effort, which involves multiple NIH Institutes and Centers, will address critical knowledge gaps and challenges in understanding interoception that are not tackled by other major NIH research initiatives.
The interoception research effort is part of NIH’s Blueprint for Neuroscience Research, and the seven studies receiving grants are expected to advance researchers’ understanding of nervous system function and disorders and the role of interoception in human health.
Dysfunctions in interoception may play important roles in many neurological, psychiatric, and behavioral disorders. Gaining a better understanding of how interoception works may help us develop better ways to treat these conditions.”
Helene Langevin, M.D., Director, NIH’s National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
The Blueprint for Neuroscience Research is a collaborative framework through which 14 NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices, including NCCIH, jointly support research on the nervous system. The seven projects funded through this award will study the neural circuits involved in functional communication between organ systems and the brain for processes such as digestion, metabolism, and breathing in experimental model systems. They will also seek to understand the health consequences of disrupting signals between the brain and these organ systems.
“Research is needed to understand how a host of bodily functions interact with our neural circuits to determine ‘how we feel,’ and how neural activity automatically modulates critical body functions on a continuous basis. Understanding the integration of neural systems with our bodies may lead to treatment for a host of illnesses, and help many to ‘feel better’,” said Walter Koroshetz, M.D., director of the National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).
The seven projects funded by the Blueprint for Neuroscience Research are:
- Functional Neural Circuits of Stomach-Brain Interoception; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Zhongming Liu, Ph.D. and Jiande Chen, Ph.D. This project will map the two-way communication pathways between the brain and the stomach. It will also examine how nutrients and other stomach stimuli affect brain activity as well as study the regions of the brain that send signals to control gastric function. (Grant # R01 AT011665-01)
- Dissecting the Interoception Circuit That Controls Airway Constriction; University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California: Xin Sun, Ph.D. This project will map the neural circuits by which signals travel between the lungs and the brain when an allergen is detected. It also seeks to determine which neurons are activated by signals in the peripheral ganglia and brain regions including the nucleus of the solitary tract, among others. It will use various stimuli to assess gain and loss of lung function relating to key vagal, spinal, and brain connections. (Grant # R01 AT011676-01)
- Metabolic Changes: Connecting Temperature Sensing Neurons to Sympathetic Adipose Tissue Stimulation; Louisiana State University Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Heike Muenzberg-Gruening, Ph.D. This project will investigate how the brain and adipose tissues communicate using the sympathetic nervous system to regulate leptin hormone levels. It will use cutting-edge techniques to identify new excitatory and inhibitory neural circuits to brown and white adipose tissue. It will also study how various physiological conditions—high versus low body temperature, fasting versus fed states—influence interactions between adipose tissues and areas of the brain involved in temperature control and taste perception. (Grant # R01 AT011683-01)
- Functional Identification of Vagal Sensory Neurons Innervating the Liver; Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York: Young-Hwan Jo, Ph.D. This project will map the pathway through which the liver and the brain communicate using the sympathetic nervous system to regulate the body’s glucose production, metabolism, and control processes and direct other functions governed by the liver. It will also explore the potential effects of disruptions in this pathway. (Grant # R01 AT011653-01)
- Dissecting Neural Circuits for Breathing Patterns; University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, Michigan: Peng Li, Ph.D. This project seeks to understand if brain stem neurons that express one of two peptides—gastrin-releasing peptide (Grp) or tachykinin 1 (Tac1)—are central in the control of two respiratory reflexes that protect the airways during breathing: sighing and coughing. It will also study brain circuit responses to signals associated with these reflexes. By identifying the cells and molecules involved in this signaling, the project expects to demonstrate how the brain processes interoceptive signals related to sighing and coughing. (Grant # R01 AT011652-01)
- Unravelling Lung Interoception and Its Functional Consequence in the Developing Ovine Lung; Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California: Arlin B. Blood, Ph.D. and Christopher G. Wilson, Ph.D. This project will investigate the role of intrinsic lung interoceptors and their circuits in the normal development of the lung and central respiratory networks. It will map the pulmonary interoceptor circuitry from the lung to the brain as well as explore the potential effects of disruptions in this pathway on lung structure and function during the fetal and newborn stages of life. (Grant # R01 AT011691-01)
- Spinal Sensory Ganglia and Gut Sensation; Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York: Ivan De Araujo, Ph.D. This project will study how the body uses sensory nerves in the spine to send signals to the lateral reticular nucleus area of the brain about changes in the gut such as distension. It will also investigate how stomach-spine-brain pathways influence brain circuits in the parietal cortex, insular cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex as well as functions such as the reward response in the brain. (Grant # R01 AT011697-01)
“Interoceptive processes play important roles in a range of different cognitive and emotional behaviors. Basic research studies, such as those supported under the Blueprint Initiative, will provide the foundational anatomical and functional data needed to further our understanding of interoception, and to foster future studies focusing on how dysfunction in interoceptive pathways might contribute to mental illnesses and other brain disorders,” said Joshua A. Gordon, M.D., Ph.D., director of the National Institute of Mental Health.
Source: | https://biznewspost.com/health/nih-awards-18-15-million-to-seven-projects-focused-on-interoception/ |
The utility model is applicable to the technical field of mobile hard disks, and provides a portable solid state disk connecting structure, which comprises a bottom mounting strip, a top mounting strip, a top mounting strip, a top mounting strip, a top mounting strip, a top mounting strip and a bottom mounting strip, and is characterized in that the top mounting strip is fixed on the front side of the top mounting strip; connecting rods are arranged on the inner side of the front mounting strip and the inner side of the bottom mounting strip, limiting blocks are fixed to the outer ends of the connecting rods arranged on the inner side of the bottom mounting strip, placing blocks are fixed to the outer ends of the connecting rods arranged on the inner side of the front mounting strip, and positioning rods are fixed to the front ends of the placing blocks. The mounting rod is arranged on the inner side of the limiting block, the front end of the mounting rod is provided with a positioning block used for limiting the hard disk, the outer side of the limiting block is provided with a hook, and the inner side of the hook is provided with a rubber block. According to the portable solid state disk connecting structure provided by the utility model, the mobile hard disks with different sizes can be limited and installed, and the mobile hard disks can be adaptively installed according to notebook computers with different thicknesses, so that the adaptability is relatively high. | |
This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority from the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2000-020298, filed Jan. 28, 2000, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
The present invention relates to an information writing device for writing desired information in disk-shaped information storage media such as magnetic disks.
A hard disk drive, as an example of an information storage apparatus provided with disk-shaped information storage media, comprises a casing in the form of an open-topped rectangular box and a top cover that is fastened to the casing by means of screws and closes a top opening of the casing.
The casing contains therein magnetic disks for use as information storage media, a spindle motor for supporting and rotating the magnetic disks, magnetic heads for writing in and reading information from the magnetic disks, a head actuator that supports the magnetic heads for movement with respect to the magnetic disks, a voice coil motor for rotating and positioning the head actuator, and a substrate unit including a head IC and the like. A printed-circuit board for controlling the respective operations of the spindle motor, voice coil motor, and magnetic heads is screwed to the outer surface of the bottom wall of the casing with the substrate unit between them.
The hard disk drive constructed in this manner is shipped after desired servo information is written in the magnetic disks after assembly. Normally, the servo information is written in the following manner. More specifically, a rotary positioner is mounted on the head actuator after the hard disk drive is assembled. The rotary positioner includes a rotating shaft coaxial with the rotating shaft of the head actuator and a push pin for pushing and rotating the head actuator. The push pin is pressed against a side face of the head actuator in a manner such that the magnetic disks are rotated at a given speed by means of the spindle motor of the hard disk drive as the rotary positioner is rotated for a given angle. By doing this, the head actuator is rotated so that magnetic heads are moved in the radial direction of the magnetic disks. In this state, predetermined servo information is written in the magnetic disks by means of the magnetic heads. Thereafter, the magnetic heads are successively moved to predetermined positions by means of the rotary positioner, and the servo information is written in regular sequence.
The following problems will be aroused, however, if the servo information is thus written in the magnetic disks that are incorporated in the hard disk drive. In general, a spindle motor of a hard disk drive uses a ball bearing, so that its shaft slight moves as it is driven. If the magnetic disks are rotated by means of this spindle motor as information writing operation is carried out, therefore, the movement of the motor shaft is inevitably recorded as deflection of tracks for servo information that is written in the magnetic disks. More specifically, the shaft movement of the spindle motor is not synchronous with the rotation of the magnetic disks, and the tracks for the written servo information fail to be perfectly circular.
Further, the engagement between the push pin of the rotary positioner and the head actuator is based only on the offset force of the head actuator and can be influenced by friction and sympathy between the push pin and the head actuator. It is difficult, therefore, to improve the positioning accuracy for the magnetic heads.
Thus, it is hard to write servo information accurately in the magnetic disks that are incorporated in the hard disk drive.
The present invention has been contrived in consideration of these circumstances, and its object is to provide an information writing device capable of accurately writing information in disk-shaped information storage media and a magnetic disk drive provided with magnetic disks loaded with servo information by means of the information writing device.
In order to achieve the above object, an information writing device according to the present invention comprises: a spindle motor; a disk loading hub detachably attached to a rotating shaft of the spindle motor, configured to be rotated by means of the spindle motor, and coaxially fitted with a plurality of disk-shaped storage media arranged at given spaces; a stacked head assembly including magnetic heads for writing information in the disk-shaped storage media mounted on the disk loading hub, the magnetic heads being as many as the storage media and arranged at given spaces from one another; a rotary positioner detachably supporting the stacked head assembly for rotating motion and capable of moving to and locating the magnetic heads of the stacked head assembly in predetermined positions over the disk-shaped storage media corresponding thereto; a plurality of ramps configured to load and unload the magnetic heads with respect to the disk-shaped storage media; and a moving mechanism configured to relatively move the spindle motor, rotary positioner, and ramps in a direction such that the distance between the rotating shaft of the spindle motor and the rotating shaft of the rotary positioner changes.
According to the information writing device constructed in this manner, the disk-shaped storage media are supported and rotated by using the dedicated spindle motor that is independent of a magnetic disk drive, and the information is written by means of the dedicated rotary positioner that supports the magnetic heads. Therefore, the information can be written in the storage media with higher accuracy than in the case where the information is written by means of the magnetic disk drive.
According to the information writing device described above, moreover, information can be simultaneously written in a large number of disk-shaped storage media, so that the processing efficiency can be improved considerably. The disk loading hub can be easily detached from the spindle motor by moving the rotary positioner and the ramps away from the motor. Further, information can be written in disk-shaped storage media of various sizes if the distance between the rotary positioner and the spindle motor is adjusted.
Additional objects and advantages of the invention will be set forth in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description, or may be learned by practice of the invention. The objects and advantages of the invention may be realized and obtained by means of the instrumentalities and combinations particularly pointed out hereinafter.
| |
Q:
Confirmed Bug: Why does Eliminate fail while Solve succeeds?
OP EDIT: Wolfram Technical Support got back to me and confirmed this is a bug. But the Answers below provided good workarounds.
I have two polynomials respectively in {z,c} and in {r,z,c}. I'd like to eliminate z and get a tidy expression in {r,c}. For some reason, Eliminate[] never completes this simple task, while Solve[] quickly succeeds at the harder task of finding r as a function of c. But the Solve[] result is messy, so I'd like to know how to get just Eliminate[] to work.
Edit: I believe the solution should be a fairly simply polynomial in {r,c}.
The first three lines of code just generate and display my two polynomials.
w[n_, z_, c_] := If[n > 0, w[n - 1, z, c]^2 + c, z];
p1 = PolynomialQuotient[w[4, z, c] - z, w[2, z, c] - z, z]
p2 = 2^4; Do[p2 = p2*w[i, z, c], {i, 0, 3}]; p2
Solve[{p1 == 0, p2 == r}, r, {z}]
Eliminate[{p1 == 0, p2 == r}, {z}]
A:
I'm not sure what the hang-up for Eliminate[] is. This is fast:
GroebnerBasis[{p1, p2 - r}, {c, r}, {z}]
(*
{4096 + 8192 c^2 + 12288 c^3 + 12288 c^4 + 12288 c^5 + 4096 c^6 -
768 r - 256 c^2 r + 256 c^3 r + 256 c^4 r + 48 r^2 - 16 c^2 r^2 - r^3}
*)
A:
I offer the following approach. Let
soln = Solve[{p1 == 0, p2 == r}, r, {z}]
Then find the polynomial that has these roots:
0 == Times @@ ((r - Last[#]) & /@ Flatten[soln]) //
Collect[#, r, Simplify] &
(* 0 == -4096 (1 + 2 c^2 + 3 c^3 + 3 c^4 + 3 c^5 + c^6) -
256 (-3 - c^2 + c^3 + c^4) r + 16 (-3 + c^2) r^2 + r^3 *)
| |
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes that affect gene expression but are not due to the underlying genetic code . Such changes may include alterations in methylation patterns of DNA and histones that ultimately affect DNA packaging and gene expression . Intuitively if DNA is more tightly packed, it can be challenging to facilitate transcription because transcription factors cannot bind to the DNA where they are required to, and methylation of DNA can result in decreased transcription. Modification by methylation or acetylation of terminal amino acids of histones can also change gene expression . These different patterns of methylation and chromatin modifications can lead to cellular diversity and affect the future of an individual's phenotype . Environmental factors that can affect diseases by inducing changes to the epigenome include where one lives, stress, nutrition, toxicants, alcohol, lifestyle, climate, and exposure to chemicals, bacteria, heavy metals, and viruses . Most of these factors do not influence the genome but rather result in modifications to the DNA methylation patterns and affect the packing of DNA, thus resulting in altered expression patterns.
Epigenetics and Aging
The transgenerational effect of epigenetics places a key emphasis on individuals' lifestyle choices ahead of reproduction; in addition to genetics, parenting styles and the psychological conditions one experiences through their upbringing, epigenetics serves as another avenue in which parents can have an impact on the future health of their children. A common question is then whether epigenetics is reversible or not? Initially, epigenetics was thought to be irreversible. However, more studies have suggested otherwise. Specifically, López-León & Goya (2017) reviewed the evidence for the pluripotency of gene-based cell reprogramming, erasing epigenetic marks of aging and rejuvenating cells, this type of research is promising for individuals and potential therapies to come. More interestingly, the evidence discussed in this study supports an emerging view of aging as a reversible process because of the association between progressive epigenetic dysregulation and organismal aging, which can be challenging to explain the confines of aging as an irresistible process. Therefore, epigenetics plays a significant role in human health and can hold the key to increased health and prolonged life through further investigation.
The Dutch Hunger Winter: A Milestone for Epigenetics
Since the introduction of the concept of epigenetics in the mid-20th century, it has sparked much attention and debate. However, one of the most historically relevant examples of epigenetics' role in human health was the Dutch Hunger Winter which specifically was demonstrated in individuals who were deprived of food during 1944-1945: a period towards the end of World War II in which there was a food ban imposed on individuals in The Western Netherlands . Through careful registration of pregnant women at the time and documentation of official food rations, scientists have been able to link the environment to offspring's epigenome and health .
A paper by Heijmans et al. (2008) attempted to investigate if prenatal exposure to famine is associated with heritable differences in methylation of the insulin-like growth factor II (IGF2) gene, specifically a region which is maternally inherited known as the differentially methylated region (DMR). IGF2 is of particular interest because it is a well-characterized locus, a critical factor in human growth and development, and epigenetically regulated . The analysis results showed that pre-conceptual exposure to famine during the Dutch Hunger Winter was associated with lower methylation of IGF2 DMR 60 years later. This study was the first evidence of short-lived environmental conditions occurring from early preconception leading to persisting changes in the epigenome .
To elaborate, a meta-analysis by Yohannes (2015) attempted to shed some light on the role of genetic and epigenetic influences in the etiology of type-2-diabetes thus expanding on the Dutch Hunger Winter families cohort studies, which previously suggested the involvement of prenatal epigenetic insulin in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The analysis showed that epigenetic insults are significantly linked to the first trimester instead of the mid-second and least to any time beyond the mid-second trimester . Regardless, the meta-analysis furthers the possibility of such a link between T2DM and the prenatal environment. It is hypothesized that such environmental factors include vitamin D or melatonin levels and fetal toxicity due to products of surface water chlorine treatments (Yohannes, 2015). Overall, the Dutch Hunger Winter study demonstrates the power of environmental factors on future phenotypes of offspring through the epigenome.
Epigenetic Therapies
In addition to genetics, epigenetics can cause or be associated with many different diseases and therefore, it is of scientific interest to investigate potential therapies that can help alleviate these diseases. Understandably, epigenetic mechanisms are essential for normal development, and if certain environmental factors result in the change to epigenetic patterns, one can develop or be more susceptible to developing the disease. Examples of epigenetic therapy medicines are DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitors and Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors for cancer . These technologies work by inhibiting the enzymes that catalyze modifications to the epigenome that change chromatin structures and gene inactivation. In cancer specifically, overexpression of DNMTs is observed and might be involved in carcinogenesis; also, when gene targeting technologies are used to deplete DNMTs, more extensive demethylation of genes is observed, thus demonstrating the importance of this enzyme in tumour progression . Therefore, DNMT is an optimal target for anticancer therapy development . So far, many different inhibitors have been developed, and resulting anticancer effects have been observed, which is promising and why the study of epigenetics should continue.
Future Outlook
Given substantial evidence for epigenetics supporting the association between environmental conditions and one's phenotype despite the underlying genetic sequence, epigenetics should continue to be investigated and researched thoroughly. This research should bring more information about human health and how diseases can be treated and prevented. Additionally, the link between aging and the epigenome is also of interest to scientists and the future of humankind, and some may argue that considering aging as an epigenetic consequence may open up the possibilities for aging to be considered a reversible process, know how this will be utilized and understood is far from the current investigation. However, it emphasizes a promising future in light of understanding how the
epigenome works. Finally, knowledge of epigenetics emphasizes the transgenerational impact of daily lifestyle choices, which can have applicability’s today in the form of educating individuals on how their current daily lives can impact the future of their bloodline.
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About the Authors
Paige Breedon is a second-year medical sciences undergraduate student at the University of Western Ontario with an interest in epidemiology, public health, and the biological sciences.
Dr. Austin Mardon is a geographer, author, researcher, assistant adjunct professor at the University of Alberta and the founder and director of the Antarctic Institute of Canada. | https://en.mesopotamianacademy.org/epigenetics-and-human-health/ |
Frigid temperatures of the Southern Ocean are known to be an evolutionary driver in Antarctic fish. For example, many fish have reduced red blood cell (RBC) concentration to minimize vascular resistance. Via the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin, RBCs contain the vast majority of the body’s iron, which is known to be a limiting nutrient in marine ecosystems. Since lower RBC levels also lead to reduced iron requirements, we hypothesized that low iron availability was an additional evolutionary driver of Antarctic fish speciation. Antarctic Icefish of the family Channichthyidae are known to have extreme alteration of iron metabolism due to loss of two iron-binding proteins, hemoglobin and myoglobin, and no RBCs. Loss of hemoglobin is considered a maladaptive trait allowed by relaxation of predator selection, since extreme adaptations are required to compensate for the loss of oxygen-carrying capacity. However, iron dependency minimization may have driven hemoglobin loss instead of a random evolutionary event. Given the variety of functions that hemoglobin serves in the endothelium, we suspected the protein corresponding to the 3’ truncated Hbα fragment (Hbα-3’f) that was not genetically excluded by icefish, may still be expressed as a protein. Using whole mount confocal microscopy, we show that Hbα-3’f is expressed in the vascular endothelium of icefish retina, suggesting this Hbα fragment may still serve an important role in the endothelium. These observations support a novel hypothesis that iron minimization could have influenced icefish speciation with the loss of the iron-binding portion of Hbα in Hbα-3’f, as well as hemoglobin β and myoglobin.
Introduction
The waters of the Southern Ocean are the coldest on Earth, with temperatures beneath the surface varying between −1.9 and +1.5 Celsius (Sidell and O’Brien 2006). Such frigid conditions are lethal for most mammals, in which blood plasma will quickly freeze (Verde et al. 2007), yet this marine environment hosts many fish species in an ecosystem that exhibits an unexpectedly high amount of biomass despite the harsh conditions (Lam and Bishop 2007; Thresher et al. 2011). Species of the suborder Notothenioid make up 90 percent of the fish biomass in the seas surrounding Antarctica (Sidell and O’Brien 2006), and to withstand cold conditions, they have evolved adaptations such as decreased concentration of red blood cells to minimize blood viscosity, with hematocrit correlating with temperature tolerance across species (Beers and Sidell 2011). An underappreciated consequence of reduced hematocrit is a significant decrease in utilization of elemental iron, since 70 percent of red-blooded mammals’ iron is found in red blood cells in the oxygen-carrying protein hemoglobin (Andrews 2000). Iron is not only considered an essential nutrient for use in various iron-binding proteins (Cairo et al. 2006), but is also established as a limiting nutrient in many aquatic ecosystems (Martin and Fitzwater 1988) including the Southern Ocean (Thomas 2003), where addition of iron is sufficient to induce transient spikes in biomass (Buesseler et al. 2004). Other limiting nutrients have been shown to contribute directly to natural selection in bacteria and yeast (Lewis et al. 1986; Merchant and Helmann 2012). Therefore, we propose that iron limitation could be a selection pressure resulting in adaptations associated with iron binding proteins in the oceans surrounding Antarctica.
Out of all the Notothenioids, Antarctic Icefish of the family Channichthyidae are canonically known for the most extreme alterations in iron requirement, lacking expression of hemoglobin, and in half of all species, also myoglobin (Kock 2005a). In this family of icefish, oxygenation is thought to occur purely through diffusion-based transport of dissolved oxygen in the blood (Sidell and O’Brien 2006). The high energetic cost of circulating blood at a rate sufficient for diffusion-based oxygen transport has led previous research to conclude that hemoglobin loss is a net-negative or neutral trait that evolved by chance and remained due to relaxed predator selection (Sidell and O’Brien 2006). However, preservation of such a deleterious trait, even when paired with relaxed selection pressure, is not consistent with the extreme cardiovascular adaptations found in icefish that are required in order to compensate for such inefficient diffusion-based oxygen transport (Kock 2005a). Rather than the random loss of a beneficial trait followed by selection for several necessary compensatory traits, it is plausible that these traits are the product of directional selection resulting from an environmental factor such as limited iron availability.
Knock-out of hemoglobin occurred with the complete genomic deletion of hemoglobin beta (Hbβ), and partial ablation of hemoglobin alpha (Hbα). Given Hbα’s significant role in modulating endothelial nitric oxide signaling (Straub et al. 2012a) in vertebrates, independent of its function in blood oxygen transport, as well as the preservation of a 3’ fragment of hemoglobin alpha (Hbα-3’f) across the genomes of all icefish (Near et al. 2006), we examine whether Hbα-3’f is actively expressed in icefish tissue. While this gene fragment has been classified as an inactive pseudo-gene, we present evidence that Hbα expression in the endothelium has been preserved in icefish retina. This result prompts a reconsideration of whether Antarctic icefish are truly a complete hemoglobin knockout, and reveals the limitation of iron as a possible novel selection pressure in aquatic Antarctic environments. Studying hemoglobin expression in Antarctic icefish may yield insights into how icefish avoid pathological consequences from heightened endothelial nitric oxide production seen in other species and could inform future therapeutics modulating this fundamental vascular signaling pathway.
Materials and Methods
Animal Collection & Sample Preparation
Two species of Antarctic notothenioid fishes were collected from the waters of the Antarctic Peninsula region during the austral autumn (April-May) of 2009. Champsocephalus gunnari, an icefish species, was caught by otter trawls deployed from the ARSV Laurence M. Gould at water depth of 75-150 m in Dallmann Bay (64°08’S, 62°40’W). Lepidonotothen squamifrons, a red-blooded notothenioid, was collected in baited traps set at a depth of 200-500 m in both Dallmann Bay and Palmer Basin (64°50’S, 64°04’W). Animals were transferred to the US Antarctic research base Palmer Station, where they were maintained in flowing-seawater aquaria at ambient water temperatures of 0° ± 0.5°C prior to sacrifice. Individuals were first anesthetized in MS-222 in seawater (1:7,500 w/v), and then killed by cervical transection. Retinal tissues were excised quickly, frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at −80°C until use. All research was in compliance with the University of Alaska guidelines for work conducted on vertebrate animals (institutional approval 134774-2) and endorsed by the University of Maine (UM) Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.
Whole mount & Immunostaining
Retinal samples were thawed from storage at −80°C for 30 minutes or until equilibrium reached with room temperature. Samples were placed in a petri dish, freezing medium drained, and incubated in 4% PFA for 40 minutes, and washed 3 times with PBS for 5 minutes each. Tissue was then flat mounted on a microscope slide outlined with a hydrophobic pen (Sigma-Aldrich Z377821). For staining, samples were blocked and permeabilized with 1 mg/mL Digitonin (Sigma-Aldrich D141) with 10% normal donkey serum (Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories 017-000-121) for 3 hours. The following primary antibodies were applied in Digitonin and samples incubated overnight: rabbit anti-hemoglobin beta (1:400, Abcam cat #), rabbit anti-hemoglobin alpha (1:200, Abcam cat 102758), rat anti-CD31 (1:300, Biolegend 102504), and IB4 Lectin conjugated to Alexa Flour 488 (1:200, ThermoFisher 121411). Samples were washed with 0.2% saponin in PBS (Sigma-Aldrich S7900) and incubated overnight with the follow secondary antibodies in 1 mg/mL Digitonin: Donkey anti-rabbit (1:500, Abcam ab150155), Donkey anti-rat, DAPI (1:200, ThermoFisher D1306). Samples were then washed in 0.2% saponin in PBS 6 times for 30 minutes for two days and the mounted with a coverslip, sealed with nail polish.
Imaging
samples were imaged on a laser point-scanning confocal microscope (Nikon Eclipse TE2000-E Confocal). Z stacks were acquired with a 20x/0.6 oil lens, using a 488 nm laser paired with a 515/30 bandpass, a 546 laser with a 590/50 bandpass, and 647 nm laser with a 650 long pass filter. Fluorophores were excited and imaged sequentially with each laser and filter combination to minimize crosstalk with 1024 pixel resolution and saved as 8-bit images.
Results
Vascular Network and Hbα fragment Localization via Wholemount
First we mapped the predicted Hbα-3’f onto the hemoglobin alpha protein (blue; Figure 1) and identified topographically the protein was lacking the heme-binding region. Next, we mapped an alpha globin antibody on the predicted Hbα-3’f (magenta; Figure 1).
Using our antibody against the Hbα-3’f, we investigated where Hbα protein was localized in whole-mount retinal tissue. In the hyaloid vessels of the vitreoretinal interface of C. gunnari, Hbα expression was localized within the vessel wall, denoted by CD31 and IB4 lectin, in blood vessels of all sizes (Figure 2A). As a negative control, there was no detectable expression of Hbβ as expected with its ablation from the icefish genome (Near et al. 2006) (Figure 2B), and no comparable signal observed in unstained tissue with only the secondary antibody present (Figure 2C).
Whole mount and immunostaining of C. gunnari retina revealed a dense network of IB4 lectin labeled hyaloid blood vessels in the vitroretinal interface radiating from a central optic disk (Figure 3). Of note were the large luminal diameters of the vessel network, with the smallest capillary diameter approximately 30 micrometers and the diameters of the primary vessels ranging from 30 to 150 micrometers.
To confirm that Hbα expression is present in more than one notothenioid, the retina of Lepidonotothen squamifrons was also examined. Wholemount immunostaining revealed Hbα expression localized to the endothelial cells contained within the vessel wall of the vasculature residing at the vitroretinal interface (Figure 4A). Similar to C. gunnari, there was no detectable Hbβ expression in L. squamifrons (Figure 4B), and no comparable signal was observed in unstained tissue with only the secondary antibody present (Figure 4C).
Discussion
Our data demonstrate using high-resolution confocal microscopy that fish devoid of RBCs and the genetic deletion of myoglobin and hemoglobin β, express the alpha hemoglobin fragment (Hbα-3’f) in their endothelium. This remarkable discovery demonstrates that alpha hemoglobin localization to endothelium is not confined to mammalian species, and more importantly, it may have more broad implications that originally thought. Some of these concepts are discussed below.
The frigid temperatures of Antarctica have contributed to numerous adaptations for organism to survive in low temperatures (Whittow 1987; Cossins and Macdonald 1989). The Southern Ocean is an especially unique environment because frigid temperatures lead to an oxygen-rich environment with near maximal oxygen saturation (Kock 2005b). This unique combination of extreme environment conditions, paired with relaxation of selection from predation from a historical a lack of apex predators on the food chain (Cocca et al. 1995), has led to especially extensive and unique temperature adaptations compared to more temperate locations.
Adaptations in the fish of the suborder Notothenioid, which make up 90% of the biomass in the Southern Ocean, include the formation of antifreeze glycoproteins that confer resistance to freezing (Coppes Petricorena and Somero 2007) and enzymes optimized for activity at low temperatures to maintain metabolism in frigid conditions (Coppes Petricorena and Somero 2007). These adaptations are mirrored by selection against traits for heat tolerance, such as the loss of functional heat-shock response genes found in other fish species that allow survival at warmer temperatures (Coppes Petricorena and Somero 2007). These highly specialized adaptations to cold come at a cost, however, in that they make notothenioids highly stenothermal, able to survive only in a narrow temperature range from approximately −1.86 to 4°C (Ostadal and Dhalla 2012).
Antarctic icefish of the family Channichthyidae are even more stenothermal than the other members of the suborder Notothenioidei (Cheng and William Detrich 2007; Mueller et al. 2011: 11), with noticeable stress to the organism outside of the −2 to 2 °C range (Sidell and O’Brien 2006). These species are unique in the animal kingdom, exhibiting complete loss of red blood cells and Hbβ, as well as nearly complete loss of Hbα (Sidell and O’Brien 2006). Yet the Channichthyidae family inhabits much of the same aquatic environment as the other notothenioids, typically between 800m and 1,500m depth below sea level (Kock 2005b). Since they coinhabit the same environment, comparing the evolution and physiology of icefish to those of closely related red-blooded notothenioids may yield insight into their diversification. This examination may reveal whether other evolutionary factors, such as minimization of the limiting nutrient iron, played a role in the unique adaptations found these fish and other species of the Southern Ocean.
Iron Flux Hypothesis: Iron Limitation as a Notothenioid Evolutionary Driver
Similar to the hemoglobin loss found in channichthyids, other notothenioids have evolved a low red blood cell count to counteract the approximately 40% increase of blood viscosity as salt water temperatures near freezing (Near et al. 2006). Hematocrit correlates robustly with thermal tolerance across species (Beers and Sidell 2011). The loss of oxygen carrying capacity that results from reduced hemoglobin expression is viable in cold water environments because oxygen saturation in saltwater nears maximal levels as temperature approaches freezing (Mel’nichenko et al. 2008). Since hemoglobin (with iron bound) makes up 90% of the dry weight content of red blood cells (Rishi and Subramaniam 2017), iron levels in an organism correlate with hematocrit. Hematocrit levels for many of the Notothenioids species are often below 25% (Beers and Sidell 2011), with Antarctic icefish lacking hematocrit entirely, compared to 40-50% typically found in humans.
Iron is critical for several basic biologic functions, including cellular aerobic respiration, oxygen transport through the circulatory system via hemoglobin, and myoglobin function in skeletal muscle (Kaplan and Ward 2013). In humans and red-blooded vertebrates, approximately 70% of the body’s iron content is found in hemoglobin in red blood cells (Andrews 2000), 15% in myoglobin in muscle tissue (Kaplan and Ward 2013), and 6% in other proteins essential for cell metabolism, neurotransmission, and immune system function, with the remaining 9% kept in reserve. An organism with 25% hematocrit would have as much as a 35% reduction in iron requirements. Considering the additional storage and trafficking requirements needed to supply iron for higher hematocrit (Gammella et al. 2014), Notothenioids could have a reduction in iron demand approaching 50% of that needed by many temperate fish species (Gallaugher and Farrell 1998).
In oceanography, the Iron Hypothesis posits that iron is a limiting nutrient in oceanic ecosystems, sufficient to produce phytoplankton blooms on a large scale (Martin et al. 1994). Iron has been demonstrated as a limiting nutrient for biomass in a multitude of open ocean experiments, including the Southern Ocean (Conway et al. 2015). Arctic oceans are especially known to have deficiencies in iron content and flux (Street and Paytan 2005), resulting from the limited input from benthic sediment, atmospheric deposition, and icebergs, alongside limited trafficking of iron between vertical layers of ocean waters (Graham et al. 2015). There have been previous documented cases of limiting nutrients serving as a driver for evolution with plants (Lynch and Brown 2001; López-Bucio et al. 2003; Rennenberg and Schmidt 2010) and microorganisms (Lewis et al. 1986; Merchant and Helmann 2012), providing ample precedent for the possibility that iron limitation may be an underappreciated driver for of Antarctic aquatic species. Mammals have all developed highly specialized iron-binding proteins that act as means of transport and storage (Ganz and Nemeth 2012), offering further demonstration that iron availability can be an significant evolutionary driver. Such extensive biological machinery is necessary because iron is an essential nutrient for all vertebrates (Chen and Paw 2012), and while plentiful on the earth’s surface, is found in low amounts in bioavailable forms (Monsen 1988). Additionally, atomic iron must be kept bound to proteins in a chaperoned state because free iron induces free radical formation that can damage tissue (Emerit et al. 2001).
Further evidence of iron minimization adaptations include Southern Ocean phytoplankton, autotrophs that form the base of the aquatic food chain (D’Alelio et al. 2016), that exhibit unique adaptations that reduce biochemical demand and increase the intracellular flux of bioavailable forms of iron (Strzepek et al. 2011), leading to an 80% reduction in iron requirements compared to temperate oceanic species (Lane et al. 2009). This scarcity of iron availability at the bottom of the food chain means that organisms higher on the food chain only receive a fraction of the iron per mass from phytoplankton compared to other environments, hinting at the Southern Oceans’ unique iron flux. Minimization of iron requirements across the food chain could lead to an ecosystem to support more biomass than otherwise possible. Despite the harsh conditions, there is indeed evidence of higher total biomass than expected in the Southern Ocean (Lam and Bishop 2007; Thresher et al. 2011). Comparing biomass production and iron flux between Antarctic and temperate aquatic environments with ecosystem-level modeling awaits confirmation, but may provide insight to unique iron utilization efficiency between them.
We posit that limited iron availability in aquatic Antarctic environments has led to the selection of traits that conserve its use. In warmer aquatic environments, reducing hemoglobin iron content comes at a steep cost of oxygen-carrying capacity, aerobic respiration ability, and overall organismal fitness. In frigid environments, however, organisms that minimize red blood cell count and iron content would theoretically have the dual benefits of decreased dependence on iron for biomass support paired with an added benefit of lower blood viscosity from reduced hematocrit. Therefore, the oxygen-rich cold waters surrounding Antarctica are uniquely positioned to encourage decreased independence on iron via tenable trade-offs for organismal survival and species fitness. We propose that iron limitation could be a significant driver of icefish evolution, and possibly of portions of the Antarctic ecosystem as a whole.
Antarctic Icefish as Model of Extreme Iron Metabolism Adaptations
Icefish from the family Channichthyidae are known for especially extreme alterations in iron metabolism, making their phylogenic history ideal for examining the evolutionary drivers related to iron minimization. Analysis of iron metabolism in icefish reveals an organism optimized for low iron requirements. Although we present evidence of the expression of a truncated Hbα fragment in icefish tissue, the iron-binding portion of the protein has been ablated along with the entire Hbβ reading frame in all but one icefish species, with Neopagetopsis ionah retaining both hemoglobin subunits but thought to form a nonfunctioning complex (Cocca et al. 1995; Near et al. 2006). Loss of hemoglobin and red blood cells leads to 90% decrease in oxygen-carrying capacity (Wujcik et al. 2007) and up to 40% decrease in blood viscosity (Sidell and O’Brien 2006) compared to red-blooded notothenioids. Oxygen transport is therefore purely driven from passive diffusion of surrounding blood vessels into peripheral tissues, dramatically reducing the ability of the circulatory system to deliver sufficient oxygen (F. Garofalo et al. 2009). Not only is the iron demand from hemoglobin absent in icefish, but 6 of the 16 species of Antarctic icefishes have also lost myoglobin expression, an iron binding protein in muscle tissue used for oxygen storage (Sidell and O’Brien 2006). Intriguingly, previous research has concluded that this myoglobin loss was carried out via four independent events during radiation of the species (Sidell and O’Brien 2006), illustrating what could be a strong diversifying selection pressure on icefish myoglobin expression.
Based on iron distribution of red-blooded vertebrates, exclusion of hemoglobin and myoglobin in an organism could lead up to a 90% reduction in iron demands required for homeostasis. Indeed, without iron-binding hemoglobin, iron content in icefish blood plasma is less than 5% of closely related red-blooded species (di Prisco et al. 2002). Yet there is even further evidence of additional iron minimization beyond loss of hemoglobin and myoglobin: concentrations of non-heme iron in Antarctic icefish plasma are one-sixth of that in closely related red-blood species, and are lower by roughly half across various tissues (Kuhn et al. 2016). With a tissue level reduction in iron content, paired with the knockout of two primary iron binding proteins, the iron requirements of icefish normalized to biomass could be greater than 95% compared to other organisms and awaits confirmation.
Iron Minimization Explains Antarctic Icefish Hemoglobin loss
The loss of hemoglobin is thought to be a non-beneficial evolutionary event paired with a series of compensatory vascular adaptations meant to counteract the loss of oxygen-carrying capacity (Kock 2005a). An energetic analysis of icefish suggests that cardiac function accounts for 22% of resting metabolic demand in icefishes, compared to around 3% with other notothenioids (Sidell and O’Brien 2006). Consequently, hemoglobin loss is perceived as an energetic net negative, requiring far more energy for circulating the high volume of blood plasma required for sufficient oxygen transport than with hemoglobin-mediated oxygen transport (Sidell and O’Brien 2006). Hemoglobin loss is seen as an evolutionary accident, hypothesized to be caused by the presence of a recombination hotspot within the hemoglobin reading frame (Cheng and William Detrich 2007). This predisposition of the disruption of the hemoglobin gene complex (Cocca et al. 1995), paired with a relaxation of selection pressure from predators and oxygen transport from colder temperatures during the speciation of icefish, allowed for the non-beneficial trait to be passed on (Cocca et al. 1995).
We show that a conserved fragment of Hbα is expressed in the vessel walls of the retina of an icefish species, providing evidence that the protein is translationally active. While previous research uniformly references the complete lack of hemoglobin expression in icefish (di Prisco et al. 2002; Kock 2005a; Sidell and O’Brien 2006; Cheng and William Detrich 2007; Mueller et al. 2011), Hbα expression has only been examined in a single species, with mRNA probed indirectly via southern blot with Hbα cDNA fragments from a related red-blooded species (Cocca et al. 1995). Intriguingly, the protein fragment that is detected excludes known interaction and coordination sites, lacking known binding sites for heme (from Leu(F1) to Phe(G5) (Inaba et al. 1998)), eNOS (amino acid sequence LSFPTTKTYF (Keller et al. 2016)), and the α-hemoglobin stabilizing protein that inhibits Hbα precipitation (Feng et al. 2004) (Figure 1). In addition to the endothelial-specific promoter machinery preserved in icefish, BLAST analysis of the Hbα fragment demonstrates high homology with red-blooded vertebrates and humans (Figure 5), and the fragment has been conserved with the species and other vertebrates throughout the phylogenic tree (Figure 6).
The preservation of functional endothelial-specific expression and conservation of amino acid sequence despite ablation of the majority of the gene suggests that a selection pressure has prevented the complete loss of Hbα. This resistance to complete ablation is most likely explained by Hbα-3’f expression significantly contributing to the fitness of the organism, with complete loss or variation in amino acid sequence being detrimental or even lethal. When considered with the genomic ablation of related iron-binding genes Hbβ and myoglobin, the extreme alterations of three iron binding genes makes it unlikely that these changes are a result of random genetic drift, but implies instead that there was some selection pressure. These changes suggest that rather than a maladaptive (Near et al. 2006) or coincidental neutral benefit trait (Sidell and O’Brien 2006), loss of Hbα could have been the product of diversifying selection pressure, favoring a range of hemoglobin phenotypes (Bargelloni et al. 1998) driven by the recombination hotspot found in close proximity in the genome to Hbα (Cheng and William Detrich 2007), with a niche favoring the near complete loss of the gene.
The existence of an evolutionary driver for hemoglobin loss is further supported by the extreme vascular adaptations required to compensate for the loss of hemoglobin-mediated oxygen carrying capacity. Antarctic icefish exhibit dramatic cardiac hypertrophy (Doake 1987) and a 6-15 fold increase in pump volume compared to other teleosts (Hemmingsen et al. 1972), leading to a dramatic increase in cardiac output (F. Garofalo et al. 2009). Thin, scaleless skin facilitates cutaneous oxygen absorption (Kock 2005a), although its contribution to total oxygen supply is thought to be minor (Doake 1987). Via higher blood vessel density and larger capillary diameter (Wujcik et al. 2007), the icefish vasculature contains 4-fold greater blood volume than red-blooded notothenioids (F. Garofalo et al. 2009), resulting in higher oxygen flux to compensate for the reduced oxygen carrying capacity of diffusion-based oxygen delivery. To minimize oxygen demand, icefish have also evolved lower metabolism (O’Brien et al. 2003; Kock 2005a) and enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis (Coppe et al. 2013).
Building upon prior findings, our results indicate a unique vascular structure of hyaloid vessels at the vitreoretinal interface in icefish. Icefish retinae have been previously visualized on a macroscopic scale through perfusion of opaque silicon rubber and imaged with light photography (Wujcik et al. 2007). Those images revealed a dense hyaloid vascular network branching out from a central optic disk connected to a dense and high-volume capillary network composed of highly isolated branches with few cross-connecting vessels. Higher resolution confocal images of immunostained icefish retina reveal a similar basic vascular network structure, but also a prevalence of smaller vessels connecting vessel branches to form a highly interconnected vessel network. Vessels ranged from 30 µm for the smallest connecting capillaries to 150 µm for the primary vessels emerging from the optic disk. The unusual thickness of these vessels compared to those typically found in vertebrates (Egginton et al. 2002) corroborates previous research demonstrating that mean capillary diameters in Antarctic icefish are 50% larger than capillary diameters in the retina (Wujcik et al. 2007) and skeletal muscles (Egginton et al. 2002) of red-blooded notothenioids. The high density and thickness of the retinal capillary bed is attributed to adaptation to the cold environment of the Antarctic waters (Cheng and William Detrich 2007) to minimize vasculature resistance and maximize oxygen diffusion. The energetic investment needed to maintain such a wide range of adaptations that are required to oxygenate tissues without hemoglobin-mediated oxygen transport further suggests that intense selection pressures are responsible for their initiation and preservation in the gene pool. While there is precedence of complex compensatory adaptations for traits seen as maladaptive, such as the evolution the mammalian retina with sight cells positioned on the far side of the tissue opposite incoming light (Lamb 1995), there are a lack of cases where a maladaptive trait associated with organism morbidity is retained through a series of compensatory adaptations (Crespi 2000) as seen with icefish hemoglobin loss.
Icefishes co-inhabit the same environments as closely related red-blooded notothenioids, and there is no evidence of any advantages to fitness with hemoglobin loss (Sidell and O’Brien 2006). In fact, evidence points to the reverse, where hemoglobin loss is paired with significant metabolic trade-offs compared to closely related red-blooded notothenioids (Sidell and O’Brien 2006), casting doubt on the possibility of a pure directional selection pressure on hemoglobin concentration, where the extreme phenotype of hemoglobin loss yields a competitive advantage. If the near complete loss of hemoglobin is driven by a diversifying selection pressure, rather than a maladaptive event or neutral drift, then an additional driver could be required to more fully explain why a diversity of phenotypes of hemoglobin concentration are found in fish of the Southern Ocean (Beers and Sidell 2011). We propose that iron limitation may be the missing evolutionary force behind icefish adaptation, and an underappreciated driver with the evolution of many of Antarctic aquatic species in general. We present evidence that supports the notion that a diversifying selection pressure may have driven icefish evolution with hemoglobin-mediated oxygen transport, where frigid temperatures and minimization of blood plasma viscosity are insufficient to explain the driving forces behind icefish evolution. Minimization of iron requirements could contribute to organism fitness when prey populations are restricted or contain reduced iron content, as found with phytoplankton (Strzepek et al. 2011) and fish (Beers and Sidell 2011) in the Southern Ocean. Low iron usage may have aided survival during the crash in Antarctic biodiversity that co-occurred with icefish speciation (Eastman 1993) roughly 8.5 million years ago (Near 2004). The evolutionary importance of conservation of metabolic inputs has precedence that includes adaptations with hibernation of mammals in winter (Geiser 2013), dormant states in bacteria during environmental stress (Watson et al. 1998), and starvation responses found across mammals (Wang et al. 2006).
Antarctic Icefish as a Model of Heightened Endothelial NO Bioavailability
Recently, hemoglobin alpha, canonically known for its role in oxygen transport via binding with hemoglobin beta in red blood cells, has been shown to modulate vascular remodeling in protrusions of endothelial cells called myoendothelial junctions (MEJ) (Straub, Zeigler, et al. 2014). These regions are on the basolateral membranes of endothelial cells, proximal to smooth muscle cells, and facilitate communication between the two cell types in the vascular wall. Hbα modulates endothelial NO flux at the MEJ (Straub et al. 2012b) in resistance arteries by binding to eNOS and acting as a scavenger of NO (Butcher et al. 2014). Due to NO’s short biological half-life (Thomas et al. 2001), Hbα serves as a significant negative regulator for the availability of endothelial NO reaching proximal smooth muscle cells. Disruption of the Hbα-eNOS interaction can lead to smooth muscle vasodilation and reduction in blood pressure (Keller et al. 2016), while eNOS inhibition leads to vasoconstriction of the peripheral vasculature and can induce significant increases in blood pressure (Li and Förstermann 2000). Indeed, pharmacologically increasing the bioavailability of endothelial NO (Kurowska 2002) is perceived as a promising therapeutic strategy in atherosclerosis (Barbato and Tzeng 2004), ischemia (Barbato and Tzeng 2004), diabetes (Masha et al. 2011), and hypertension (Hermann et al. 2006). Paradoxically, completely unregulated hyperactive endothelial NO generation can be pathological. A pronounced example is a recent preclinical study in rhesus monkeys, where an antibody exhibiting off-target effects leading to elevated NO production (Pai et al. 2016) caused severe systemic vasodilation, as well as hypotension, hematemesis, hematochezia, and morbidity. Additionally, elevated levels of NO is used a biomarker is various diseases (Arkenau et al. 2002; Pham et al. 2003), results in apoptosis (Blaise et al. 2005), produces cytotoxic oxygen radicals, exerts cytotoxic and antiplatelet effects (Sim 2010), inhibits enzyme function, promotes DNA damage, and activates inflammatory processes (Hollenberg and Cinel 2009).
In the absence of Hbα scavenging NO, as evident via the exclusion of the binding sites for NOS and heme in Hbα-3’f, production of NO might be up regulated. Icefish could potentially serve as a model organism to study up regulation of endothelial nitric oxide signaling (Beers and Jayasundara 2015) while avoiding the pathological ramifications that are experienced in Hbα-expressing vertebrates (Pai et al. 2016). A possible function of Hbα-3’f could include NO binding at Cysteine 5 in a similar fashion to the established Cysteine-NO interaction found at Cysteine 93 in Hbβ (Sampath et al. 1994; Helms and Kim-Shapiro 2013). Instead of trapping NO in the Hbα-eNOS complex at the point of generation, NO trapping would be carried on in a diffuse form with the freely disassociated Hbα fragment throughout the cytosol. Altered nitric oxide kinetics could represent a safe method to up regulate nitric oxide metabolites in the vessel wall while still maintaining negative regulation that avoids NO toxicity.
The vascular evolutionary adaptations compensating for loss of heme-mediated oxygen-carrying capacity are thought to be facilitated through nitric oxide signaling (Cheng and William Detrich 2007). Enriched endothelial NO has been shown to play a role in modulation of vasodilation (Palmer et al. 1987), angiogenesis (Ziche and Morbidelli 2000), cardiac hypertrophy (Wollert and Drexler 2002), mitochondria size (Urschel and O’Brien 2008), and mitochondrial biogenesis (Nisoli and Carruba 2006; O’Brien and Mueller 2010), all of which are exaggerated phenotypes found in hemoglobin-lacking icefish (Kock 2005a). Several studies provide evidence of the presence of a functional NOS signaling system (Pellegrino et al. 2004) and expression of eNOS has been preserved in endothelial cells of icefishes (Filippo Garofalo et al. 2009), along with a 50% greater plasma load of NO metabolites (NOx) in icefish compared to red-blooded notothenioids (Beers et al. 2010). However, it is important to note that a significant portion of this elevated NO metabolite load could be from a physiologic response to hemoglobin loss, revealed that, at least in a transient fashion, when red-blooded notothenioids were subject to chemically induced anemia that resulted in a 70-90% reduction in hemoglobin concentration, NOx metabolites also increased by 30% (Borley et al. 2010).
Nitric oxide metabolite buildup in icefish is theorized to be caused by reduced degradation rather than increased generation. Previous studies have shown that vascularized icefish tissue has a 50% decrease of NOS (Beers et al. 2010), the primary source of endothelial NO generation, compared to closely related red-blood species. The alteration of Hbα’s heme-based NO scavenging ability in the Hbα −3’f could explain how icefish simultaneously express less NOS but exhibit greater NO load in the vasculature (Beers et al. 2010).
Conclusion
We demonstrate that Hbα-3’f is expressed transcriptionally, translationally, and localized to the vasculature. Conservation of the Hbα-3’f amino acid sequence between icefish species and red-blooded vertebrates, along with preservation of endothelial-specific promoter machinery alongside loss of all known Hbα interaction regions, suggests that this Hbα-3’f fragment plays a novel, unknown role in the endothelium. These findings demonstrate that icefish do not technically have both hemoglobin genes knocked out, but do suggest that all known Hbα functions have been disabled, including known interaction regions with eNOS, heme, and NO. The ablation of the majority of the Hbα gene may essentially represent a natural mutagenesis experiment where nonlethal portions of the gene are eliminated, offering a possible opportunity to identify a novel role of the Hbα fragment region that may translate back to red-blooded vertebrates.
Preservation of the Hbα-3’f protein fragment suggests that a diversifying selection pressure could have driven the process. We propose that iron is a novel evolutionary driver for icefish hemoglobin loss, and perhaps even for the decreased hemoglobin concentration found in various other Antarctic aquatic species. Testing this hypothesis will require an examination of iron flux and iron utilization on an organism and ecosystem level.
Conflict of Interest
Author D.A.K. was employed by the company Sanofi, Paris France. All other authors declare no competing interests. | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/707810v1.full |
The Republic of Turkey adopted a new Turkish Commercial Code in 2012 (Law No. 6102) which contains provisions on the formation and operation of entities in the jurisdiction, and stipulates the accounting, auditing, and ethical standards to be applied by companies and professionals. The Code requires application of Turkish Accounting Standards (TAS) in the preparation of the financial statements of public interest entities (PIEs). Entities under this definition include (i) listed entities, brokerage and portfolio management firms, debt issuers; (ii) banks and their subsidiaries; (iii) insurance companies; and (iv) pension companies. In addition, limited liability companies that meet certain criteria are also required to apply TAS in the preparation of their financial statements.
TAS are issued by the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (KGK). KGK was established in 2011 with the legal authority to set and issue accounting and financial reporting standards (Statutory Decree No. 660) and took over accounting standard setting responsibilities from the Turkish Accounting Standards Board. KGK adopted and translated IFRS without modifications as TAS to be applied in both separate and consolidated financial statements of PIEs.
All other entities are mandated to prepare financial statements in accordance with the Uniform Chart of Accounts as outlined in the 1993 Communiqué of Accounting System Implementation issued by the Ministry of Finance.
The Turkish Capital Markets Board, under the Capital Markets Law, establishes financial reporting requirements with respect to listed entities, financial intermediaries, and portfolio management companies, along with their subsidiaries, associates, and joint ventures. Similarly, the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency sets financial reporting requirements for entities under its purview, while the Under secretariat of Treasury supervises insurance, reinsurance companies as well as pension funds. As mentioned above, as PIEs all regulated entities are required to apply TAS.
The 2012 Code on the Validity and Application of the Turkish Commercial Code (Law No. 6103) grants authority to the Council of Ministers to determine the scope of entities subject to mandatory audit requirements in Turkey. In January 2013, the Council of Ministers enacted the Resolution on the Determination of Companies Subject to Independent Audit (Official Gazette No. 28509) which stipulates that listed companies, banks, insurance companies, and brokerages are required to have mandatory annual audits of their financial statements. The Council of Ministers also sets the audit requirements based on the size of entities. Companies which meet at least two of the following criteria during two consecutive financial years are required to have mandatory audits: (i) total assets > 50 million Turkish Lira (TL) (approximately US$17 million); revenue > 100 million TL (approximately US$34 million); and average number of employees > 200.
Under the law, the right to conduct statutory audits is granted to members of the Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants who satisfy the requirements established by KGK.
KGK, under the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority’s Organization and Responsibilities Statutory Decree No. 660, has the authority to approve auditors and audit firms, and is also responsible for setting auditing standards. KGK has adopted and translated into Turkish the 2012 version of ISA as Turkish Auditing Standards.
The accountancy profession is regulated both at the state level (auditors) and through self-regulation.
Prior to 2011, the profession was largely self-regulated under the Law on Certified Public Accountancy (CPA) and Sworn-in Certified Public Accountancy (Law No. 3568), enacted in 1989 and amended in 2009. The Law defines accounting and auditing as a profession and recognizes two qualifications of accounting and auditing professionals granted by the Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants (TÜRMOB): Certified Public Accountant (SMMMs) and Sworn-in Certified Public Accountant (YMMs). Only accountants who have been awarded a license by TÜRMOB are entitled to render professional services. TÜRMOB and its mandate, organizational structure, operations and obligations, have been established in accordance with Law No. 3568.
In distinguishing between the two titles, SMMMs may keep books, prepare financial statements, conduct general audits, but cannot perform tax audits nor provide consulting services. With the exception of bookkeeping, YMMs are allowed to perform all the services provided by CPAs in addition to tax audits and certifying financial statements that are prepared for tax purposes and tax returns.
The Law stipulates the qualifications for entry to the profession, establishes TÜRMOB, and defines its mandate, organizational structure, operations, and obligations. TÜRMOB is also authorized to set and administer education and certification requirements, operate an investigative and disciplinary (I&D) system for non-compliance of its members with relevant standards and regulations, as well as other instances of professional misconduct. The activities of TÜRMOB, as the national umbrella organization for the 81 local chambers of SMMMs (73) and YMMs (8), are subject to oversight by the Ministry of Finance.
TÜRMOB is also authorized to set and administer education and certification requirements, operate an (I&D system for non-compliance of its members with relevant standards and regulations, as well as other instances of professional misconduct. The activities of TÜRMOB, as the national umbrella organization for the 81 local chambers of SMMMs (73) and YMMs (8), are subject to oversight by the Ministry of Finance.
Since 2011, the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (KGK), in accordance with Statutory Decree No. 660, regulates and oversees the audit profession. The KGK regulates the audit profession by (i) setting Turkish accounting and auditing standards in compliance with the international standards and supporting their implementation; (ii) carrying out examination, licensing and registration for members of profession who would perform independent audit; (iii) executing discipline and investigation procedures; (iv) determining continuing education standards and professional ethic rules; and (v) organizing a quality assurance system.
In addition, the Turkish Capital Markets Board and the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency authorize auditors who provide services to entities under the purview, oversee auditing firms, and perform quality control reviews of their work.
The Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (KGK), was created by the Statutory Decree No. 660 in 2011 as the regulatory and oversight agency of the audit profession. KGK regulates independent auditors and audit firms through monitoring their activities within a quality assurance framework and determining auditing and ethics standards.
Based on Statutory Decree No. 660, KGK has the following responsibilities: (i) to set financial reporting and auditing standards in compliance with international standards and supporting their implementation; (ii) to establish working principles, requirements and qualifications of statutory auditors and audit firms; (iii) to approve statutory auditors and audit firms as part of the public oversight system and monitor their activities; (iv) to organize a quality assurance system independent from the reviewed statutory auditors and audit firm; (v) to determine the rules of professional ethics and continuing education standards; and (vi) to conduct disciplinary and investigative procedures on statutory auditors or audit firms.
The oversight agency is a member of the International Forum of Independent Audit Regulators.
The (EAAT is a private organization established in 1942 and serves as the oldest association of professional accountants in the country. The EAAT is a voluntary association and has no formal legal recognition or mandate. It cooperates with the Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants and Sworn-in Certified Public Accountants of Turkey (TÜRMOB) on providing professional accountancy education and training as well as in the implementation of standards that regulate the profession. Regarding membership requirements, candidates for EAAT membership must hold a licensed Certified Public Accountant or Sworn-in Certified Public Accountant qualification awarded by TÜRMOB. The EAAT awards the Expert Accountants Certificate to members, a distinguished title however it does not give its holder any practicing rights unlike the professional licenses issued by TÜRMOB. EAAT and TÜRMOB maintain a collaborative partnership to strengthen the accountancy profession in Turkey. EAAT is a member of IFAC.
The TÜRMOB was founded in 1989 based on Law No. 3568. TÜRMOB is a professional accountancy body in the country and its organizational structure is supported by two distinct chambers, the Chamber of CPA and the Chamber of Sworn-in CPAs. As the national umbrella organization for the 81 local chambers of CPAs (73) and Sworn-in CPAs (8), TÜRMOB’s activities are subject to oversight by the Ministry of Finance and the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority.
TÜRMOB’s mandate includes: (i) to perform activities related to development of the profession; (ii) protect the interest of the profession and ensure that ethical standards are upheld by its members; (iii) represent members of the profession; prepare relevant regulations to enable the Union to fulfill its duties; and (iv) represent the profession nationally and internationally. Under the Law 3658, TÜRMOB is authorized to set and administer education and certification requirements for its members, operate an investigative and disciplinary system for non-compliance of its members with relevant standards and regulations, as well as other instances of professional misconduct.
TÜRMOB is a member of IFAC, the Federation des Experts Comtables Mediterraneens, Federation des Experts-Comptables Europeens, South Eastern European Partnership on Accountancy Development, and the Edinburg Group.
The Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (KGK), established in 2011 under Statutory Decree No. 660, is responsible for the oversight of quality assurance (QA) review system for auditors and has been working to establish a QA review system, in which all auditors and audit firms are subject to a system of QA reviews.
As of 2016, only auditors who provide services to the entities regulated by the Banking Regulatory Supervision Authority (BRSA) and the Turkish Capital Markets Board (CMB) are subject to QA reviews. The BRSA and CMB share the results of the inspections with KGK. However, it is not clear whether the systems operated by the regulators fulfill the requirements of SMO 1.
In addition, the Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants and Sworn-in Certified Public Accountants of Turkey (TÜRMOB) has the authority for establishing a QA review system for its members in accordance with the Union’s internal regulations. TÜRMOB reports that it is in the process of establishing a QA review system that complies with the requirements of the revised SMO 1.
Audit firms in Turkey are required to comply with the 2013 version of ISQC 1, which has been adopted by the KGK and translated by TÜRMOB.
The Law on Certified Public Accountancy (CPA) and Sworn-in CPA (Law 3658) establishes initial professional development (IPD) and continuous professional development (CPD) requirements for the accountancy profession. The responsibility for implementing these requirements is shared between the providers of higher education, the public oversight authority, and the profession. Although many of the requirements of IES have been incorporated into national education programs, the extent of compliance with all the requirements of IES needs to be clarified.
Universities and the Turkish Higher Education Council determine the curriculum for initial entry to the profession based on Law 3658. The Law also grants the Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants of Turkey (TÜRMOB) authority to establish IPD and CPD requirements and programs, including professional examinations and certification, for members of the profession subject to approval by the Ministry of Finance. An amendment in 2009 introduced mandatory CPD requirements.
The Expert Accountants Association of Turkey (EAAT), whose members must have certification from TÜRMOB, are also required to meet educational requirements as prescribed by TÜRMOB. In addition to the TÜRMOB requirements, EAAT also determines experience prerequisites and sets additional examinations for entry to the association and CPD obligations for its members.
In accordance to the more recent Statutory Decree No. 660 which came into force in 2011, the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority was given the authority to determine CPD requirements and carry out examinations for the audit profession. No information on the status of development of these requirements is available.
Under Statutory Decree No. 660, since 2011 the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (KGK) has been responsible for setting and promulgating auditing standards in Turkey.
According to its website, the KGK adopted and translated into Turkish the 2012 version of ISA as Turkish Auditing Standards.
The responsibility for setting ethical standards for the profession is shared between the professional accountancy organizations and the public oversight authority.
The Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants and Sworn-in Certified Public Accountants of Turkey (TÜRMOB) has the responsibility for establishing professional ethics standards for its members in accordance with Law 3658 of Certified Public Accountancy (CPA) and Sworn-In CPA 1989. In collaboration with the Experts Accountants Association of Turkey (EAAT), TÜRMOB has adopted, translated (in accordance with the IFAC Translation Policy), and published the 2014 version of the IESBA Code of Ethics. Members of EAAT must also comply with the Code as issued by TÜRMOB.
The Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (KGK), which oversees auditors, has been granted authority to determine standards of professional ethics for the audit profession in accordance with the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority’s Organization and Responsibilities Statutory Decree No. 660. KGK has also adopted and translated the 2014 version of the IESBA Code of Ethics according to IFAC Translation Policy.
In 2006, the Public Financial Management and Control (PFMC) Law of 2006 required the government of Turkey to adopt international accounting standards in the public sector. Based on the PFMC Law, the government established a Public Accounting Standards Board, which by 2013 had issued 22 Government Accounting Standards based on IPSASs. The timeline for complete convergence with IPSASs and whether IPSAS have been translated into Turkish needs further clarification.
The responsibility for the implementation of an investigative and discipline (I&D) system is shared between the public oversight authority and the professional accountancy organizations (PAOs). The Statutory Decree No. 660 in 2011 mandates the Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (KGK) to implement I&D system for the audit profession while the PAOs have also established I&D systems for their members.
In accordance with Statutory Decree No. 660, KGK is authorized to sanction registered auditors and audit firms for non-compliance with applicable standards and legislations, with respect to the performance of statutory audits. The KGK is also mandated to conduct disciplinary and investigative procedures and in case of breaches, suspend or cancel the license of the statutory auditors or audit firms. As of 2016, more information is needed to confirm if the system has become fully operational and whether it is in line with the revised SMO 6 requirements.
Both IFAC member organizations in Turkey have established I&D systems for their members. The Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants of Turkey (TÜRMOB) has established an I&D system to enforce compliance by its members with applicable professional standards, rules and regulations in accordance with the Law 3658 of Certified Public Accountancy and Sworn in Certified Public Accountancy of 1989 and its internal disciplinary regulations. TÜRMOB reports that its system is fully in line with the revised SMO 6 requirements.
The Expert Accountants Association of Turkey maintains a supplemental I&D system for its members; however, more information is required to assess if the system is aligned with the requirements of the revised SMO 6.
The Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority (KGK), established in 2011 in accordance with Statutory Decree No. 660, is responsible for setting accounting standards in Turkey. The KGK, which took over accounting standard setting responsibilities from the Turkish Accounting Standards Board, adopted and translated IFRS without modifications as Turkish Accounting Standards (TAS).
The Union of Chambers of Certified Public Accountants of Turkey reports that as of 2016 the latest version of IFRS is being applied.
Statutory Decree No. 660 and the Turkish Commercial Code requires the application of TAS in the preparation of financial statements of public interest entities and LLCs that meet two of these three criteria: total assets > 75 million Turkish Lira (TL) (approximately US$25 million); revenue > 150 million TL (approximately US$51 million); and average number of employees > 250.
Entities that are not required to apply TAS must apply the Uniform Chart of Accounts and accounting principles stipulated in the Communiqué of Accounting System Implementation issued by the Ministry of Finance.
IFRS for SMEs Standard has not been adopted.
Altintas N. & Yilmaz F, “The Accounting Profession: A Descriptive Study of the Common and Code Law Countries,” 2012.
EAAT, SMO Action Plan, November 2016.
Global Accountancy Development Institute, “Global Accountancy Education Country Characteristics: Turkey,” 2012.
IFIAR, “Member Profile: Turkey,” 2016.
IFRS Foundation, “IFRS Application Around the World?Jurisdictional Profile: Turkey,” June 2016.
KGK, Introductory Booklet: Public Oversight, Accounting and Auditing Standards Authority, April 2015.
OECD, “OECD Policy Round Tables—Competition and Regulation in Auditing and Related Professions,” 2009.
TÜRMOB, Dashboard Report, January 2016.
TÜRMOB, SMO Action Plan, January 2016.
World Bank, Report on the Observance of Standards and Codes: Accounting and Auditing—Turkey, September 2006. | http://www.ifac.org/about-ifac/membership/country/turkey |
Well, more accurately, everything we know might be wrong, or might be right, or both, because, you know… quantum stuff. For the uninitiated, just in case you’re wondering what we’re on about, anything to do with the quantum world is just inherently confusing and cannot be easily understood or tested. And because everything in the quantum world is neither this nor that, or rather, both this and that, it’s pretty much impossible to know anything for sure until we can better understand quantum mechanics.
The field of Quantum Biology is basically the joining of hands of quantum physics and biochemistry to mess with our minds even more than theoretical physics can. Of course, some think that quantum biology is really just the typical quantum physicist’s ego acting up and wanting to show superiority in yet another field… but we’ll avoid this in order to prevent World War III.
What is it?
So what’s the idea behind quantum biology? Well, as quantum physicists would remind you, everything is just quantum particles in the end. Whether it’s a single hydrogen atom or the entire visible universe (which is about a billion light-years across), it’s all essentially made up of little quantum particles. Now, we’ve differentiated the science fields by using the logic that made sense back when we didn’t know that quantum mechanics existed, and so we went by what was visible. Stuff to do with bodies and motion, and mass, etc. were all lumped into physics, anything to do with how elements react with one another by using bonds, and swapping electrons, etc, was lumped into chemistry, and of course, the study of everything living was dumped under biology.
Even with classical science, we have an overlapping of sorts. For example, we learned that DNA was just a chemical (a really insane chemical compound, but a mere chemical nonetheless). Then there was always the physics of living things that invaded biology – when you want to know how fast the cheetah runs, it’s calculated using physics, even though the question might seem like a biology one.
Because of the overlapping, we had biochemistry and biophysics; what we didn’t have was phemistry or chemysics, or whatever… Then, once we discovered that we could observe far smaller things, and then even tinier organisms, etc., we had microbiology. Now, going down to the extreme levels of zoom, and witnessing the tiniest of particles in the quantum world, we finally have the field of quantum biology, which is nothing more than physics, chemistry and biology meeting biochemistry and biophysics, and throwing in quantum mechanics and quantum theory for good measure. Only the string theorists are left alone in the corner wondering about infinite universes…
Of course, quantum physicists are used to isolating quantum effects and studying them at near absolute zero temperatures (-273 degrees C), while biology is done at relatively hot temperatures with a billion different things happening at once… so it’s certainly not an easy field to study.
Is it new?
Heck no! As early as 1944, Erwin Schrödinger, the famous Austrian physicist, known more for his cat thought experiment than anything else, published a book called What is Life? In it, he looked at life (or biology in general) through the lens of a physicist. Much before DNA was discovered, in this book, he suggested that perhaps there was some storage mechanism of information inside all living things which told them what they were and how to grow, etc. He thought it might be a special crystal of some type which contained information inside its chemical covalent bonds. Needless to say, when James Watson and Francis Crick discovered DNA’s structure in 1953, using an amazing photograph taken by Rosalind Franklin, they listed Schrödinger’s book as an inspiration.
The lies you’re told
You might think it’s all been discovered, and there’s nothing really left to work on in biology. Nothing could be further from the truth. Take DNA, for example, we all know it’s a chemical compound, we even know the shape, the base pairs, the structure, and although expensive, the Human Genome Project (HGP) spent billions of dollars sequencing a whole human genome. Except, they didn’t.
Most of us think the DNA analysis that crime labs do are merely a case of popping some DNA into a machine, which reads the whole sequence from start to finish, and then compare that to a suspect’s DNA and then we go “Aha! Caught you!”, if it’s a match.
Nothing is further from the truth. We all know DNA is made up of the “letters” A C G T. Here, A = Adenine, which is actually C5H5N5, Cytosine is C4H5N3O, Guanine is C5H5N5O, and Thymine is C5H6N2O2. Now, when we heard that the HGP had sequenced the human genome, we tend to think of it as the entire genome of a human was read from start to finish, it wasn’t. Human DNA is 3 billion base pairs long – in sperm and eggs with 23 chromosomes; and 6 billion pairs long in non-sex cells or 46 chromosomes. This makes it impossible for any technology we have currently to just read the entire DNA strand. Instead, the DNA is broken into chunks, and then the bits and pieces read and then arranged together to form the readout. Think of it like a jigsaw puzzle, except this one has a hundred million pieces! When the HGP was completed in 2003, it still had gaps in the DNA that weren’t sequenced. This is because although all the chunks of DNA were read (think of it as having all the pieces of the jigsaw), there were a few patches where everything seemed to fit, and thus, we couldn’t tell what was the actual piece that went there. Think of this as a clear blue sky in a jigsaw where many pieces are almost identically shaped, and you really don’t know which one goes where in order to be able to complete that featureless patch of blue sky. (An oversimplification, obviously).
In essence, there’s a lot about DNA that we still don’t know but can guess, and even more that we have no clue about.
The reason we took the DNA detour is to establish that we really don’t know a lot about things laymen like us think scientists know everything about… and it’s not just limited to DNA.
Birds
For decades we’ve known that birds migrate to and from very specific places on earth, down to a meter accuracy on journeys that can last thousands of kilometres, and in varying weather conditions, and even when flying at night. So how do they do it? We’ve set up radar stations, GPS satellites and use advanced techniques to navigate in our high tech aircraft, while birds have been doing it successfully for far longer than we’ve even been human.
In school, we’re all told that birds can sense the magnetic field of the earth, and that’s how they migrate. Something inside them allows them to feel the extremely weak lines of magnetism, and follow them due north or south, depending on the season. This part was never explained to us though – not if you had a good science teacher who didn’t speculate because we just don’t know how they do it. No theory was able to properly explain how birds are able to sense magnetic fields.
So how do they do it?
That’s where quantum biology comes in. A whole lot of researchers have done experiments and found that birds need light to hit their eyes to be able to sense the magnetic field. Not even sunlight, but even the dim lighting of night time works. There were a ton of experiments run to settle on this, including putting hoods on birds to cover their eyes, and playing with magnetic fields, and it became obvious that light had something to do with a bird being able to sense magnetic fields. Now, even more research has shown that there are cells in all birds’ eyes which contain a light-sensitive protein called cryptochrome, and these proteins are activated by blue or green light and create what is known as a radical pair. This is a pair of electrons in a molecule with opposite spin – quantum-entangled electrons.
So when a photon is absorbed by one of the electrons, it jumps to a higher state (or a higher orbit), and this makes the electron pair more susceptible to the magnetic field of the earth. The longer the electron stays in the higher orbit, the more accurate the reading. This reading is done when the electron finally jumps back to its original state and lets off a small quantum of energy, which is dependent on how perturbed the electron was by the magnetic field. Birds may be sensing the magnetic lines of the earth and actually seeing them the way we draw them on maps ourselves!
Honestly, this could still be proven wrong, but all experiments done so far have upheld the theory. So, birds? That’s what quantum biology is about? Actually no. There’s even more evidence emerging that is pointing to quantum effects being responsible for all life as we know it!
Photosynthesis
Although most life isn’t photosynthetic, and some doesn’t even depend on the process at all, not even for food, it’s pretty obvious that life on earth thrives because of its ability to use sunlight to make food. Plants and bacteria make food from sunlight, then they are food for herbivores and other bacteria, which in turn are food for carnivores, and everything eventually dies and becomes plant food or bacteria food, and the circle of life is complete. Take away photosynthesis, and earth would be a very barren place indeed, with (maybe) a few extremophiles living near undersea volcanoes, and that’s about it.
For decades we’ve felt that we understand all there is to know about photosynthesis. All of us have learnt that sunlight falls on leaves that contain chlorophyll and then something happens and the plant is able to make food by using sunlight and carbon dioxide to “eat” carbon and give out oxygen… and it’s why we’re all here… so plant more trees… Sound familiar?
If you’re a little more into biology you will know the explanation that involves chloroplasts and photons and reaction centres. The shortest version we can muster for the purpose of this article is that photosynthesis happens in light-dependent and light-independent reactions, and it’s the light-independent one that actually breaks apart carbon dioxide. The light-dependent reaction breaks water into hydrogen and releases oxygen. Thus, the whole “plants use sunlight to extract oxygen from carbon dioxide” idea can be considered wrong depending on how much of a stickler you are for accuracy.
For the light-dependent reaction, photons hit chlorophyll molecules, which excites an electron in the molecule. These excited electrons are transported away, and the chlorophyll molecule replaces its missing electron with one from a water molecule, which ends up breaking up the molecule into hydrogen ions (protons) and oxygen. The hydrogen ions then attach to some complex compounds with the help of enzymes, and all of these undergo a light-independent chemical reaction that we know as the Calvin cycle – named after American chemist Melvin C Calvin who mapped the cycle using radioactive carbon. Although far more complex a reaction than we can explain here, what this cycle essentially does is absorb and use carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
The reason for that crash course in photosynthesis is to explain that the excited electron (called an exciton) jumps from one chlorophyll molecule to another, making a pathway to what’s called the reaction centre, where all the chemical reactions occur. Think of it as how you eat with your mouth, but digest with your stomach, because it would be inefficient to have stomachs where our mouths are.
However, transport of electrons uses up energy, and there’s no one path that this electron can take because of how many paths there are. Plants are always growing new leaves and new cells and the system is very dynamic, so it seems obvious that there should be energy loss when transporting excitons, and yet there isn’t. Turns out, the electron transport process in the reaction is almost perfect, which is more indicative of something quantum happening there, rather than a classical physics explanation.
This is where the probability wave that electrons use comes into play, and another effect we call quantum coherence. Basically, while classical physics thinks of it as the exciton traversing a path down from the chlorophyll molecules to the reaction centre, quantum coherence suggests that the electron is a wave, and so is essentially finding the most efficient path, without losing energy. The excited electron is actually taking all the paths, and none of them, at the same time! (Don’t blame us, everything quantum is weird.)
Do you smell that?
We’ve already overshot the word count for this article, but we cannot leave before mentioning something that isn’t about birds and plants. There’s quantum biology at work inside us as well, and one place it’s being studied is inside your nose.
We’re not going to go into depth here, so you might need to do some of your own research as well. The sense of smell that we have (or rather that all animals capable of it have) works by having various receptors in the smelling apparatus (the nose in our case) which is like an incomplete jigsaw puzzle. Actually, it’s like many different two-piece jigsaw puzzles.
Imagine a few hundred molecules of something near you (dog poo, for instance) wafts into your nose. Your nose actually has receptors that have holes in the shapes of various commonly found chemical compounds and when a molecule fits into place, a signal is sent to your brain saying “found molecule xyz”. Your brain has trained itself to recognise xyz as something (dog poo in our example), and then you go “eww”! Depending on the saturation of molecules entering your nose (which is a function of how close you are to something), the smell can be anything from faint to intense to even overpowering. This is the classical biology understanding of the sense of smell.
So why do some things with the exact same shape, still smell different then? This was what was found by researchers who replaced hydrogen in compounds with deuterium (a heavier hydrogen atom with a proton and a neutron). Chemically it’s the same compound, has the same shape, and should fit perfectly into the same smell receptor in our noses, and yet it smells different. This has been confirmed by double-blind tests, so it’s apparent the shape theory of smell is sorely lacking. Quantum biology comes up with a hypothesis, and it has to do with the vibrations of the molecule. Because the mass of the deuterium molecule is higher, it vibrates differently. Could noses be sensing not just molecules but also how they vibrate? A theory suggests that receptors in noses might be utilising quantum tunnelling of electrons to detect vibrations of molecules that attach to them.
Imagine quantum tunnelling to be akin to wanting to throw a ball (an electron) into a house (another molecule) that has locked glass windows (barrier). Instead of breaking through the barrier and smashing the window, imagine if the ball just disappeared from this side of the window and appeared inside the house. Because quantum mechanics suggests that electrons can be in two places at once, this is totally commonplace in the quantum world, and experiments have very much proven this. Tunnelling happens all the time when it comes to electrons or photons, and other quantum particles, so there’s no reason to assume it is not happening inside our noses. What hasn’t been proven is that it is the cause for us smelling heavy hydrogen elements differently.
Problems
As you can see, the biggest problem with us being able to put these quantum biology theories to test is the problem of noise and complexity. We are just not skilled enough, and might never be capable of testing some of these theories, but we certainly should keep trying. We all know that the same quantum effects are responsible for a universe existing, when none should have, and there are quantum biologists who insist that the very reason for evolution and natural selection of life… mutations… might very well happen because of quantum effects.
For now, we put quantum biology under our ignorance section, but if all it proclaims to happen actually does happen, we might have to put everything we think we know about biology in this section! Either way, there is so much to learn still. In science, ignorance is bliss, because it means big grant money! | https://geek.digit.in/2018/01/quantum-biology-what-physics-can-tell-us-about-life/ |
Continental Cement exceeded the nitrogen oxide emission limit during 2007 and 2008, in violation of the federally approved Missouri State Implementation Plan and the Clean Air Act.
What does SIPS stand for?
SIPS stands for State Implementation Plan(s)
This definition appears very rarely and is found in the following Acronym Finder categories:
- Military and Government
See other definitions of SIPS
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We have 70 other meanings of SIPS in our Acronym Attic
- Abbreviation Database Surfer
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- Session Initiation Protocol Secure (IETF)
- Short Interval Production Schedule (construction scheduling)
- Side Impact Protection System
- Side Impact Protection System (Volvo)
- Signal Processing Systems Design and Implementation (IEEE Workshop)
- Siilinjärven Palloseura (Finnish soccer team)
- Simple Internet Publishing System
- Simulation Interface & Processing System
- Small Instrument Pointing System (US NASA)
- Spartan Improved Performance Study
- Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms
- Sunrise Intracoastal Plastic Surgery Center (Florida)
- Social Inclusion Partnership South East (UK)
- Simposio Iberoamericano sobre Protección de Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia (Spanish)
- Signal Processor Simulation
- Subjective Index of Physical and Social Outcome
- School Improvement Programmes in Small States (UK)
- Science and Informatics Professional Services Sector (Canada)
- Scheduling Integrated Process Team
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Samples in periodicals archive:
The petition claimed that Pennsylvania is failing to implement requirements in its State Implementation Plan and asked EPA to impose sanctions on Pennsylvania.
EPA will publish a Federal Register notice of availability in the near future to approve MOVES2010 for meeting official State implementation plans and transportation conformity requirements.
Each state must develop a state implementation plan describing how it will attain and maintain the NAAQS.
The papers outline three options for future emissions reductions: maintain reductions offered by the existing EPA rule; adopt a Model Rule similar to OTC Model Rule and obtain an estimated 14% in additional reductions; or adopt CARB 2003 state implementation plan (SIP) measures.
Both the Regional Transportation Plan and the TIP are required to meet regional clean air "budgets" as established by the New York State Implementation Plan (SIP) for mobile sources of air quality under the Federal Clean Air Act (CAA).
As a result, the report states, counties, and cities likely will be motivated to force diesel engine operators to cut their particulate emissions to help jurisdictions comply with a state implementation plan required by the Clean Air Act.
This is a relatively new field, and we're always looking for more accurate ways to value ecosystem services," says Nowak, who is researching other opportunities for urban trees by studying whether they could be counted as a "biotechnology" in EPA's State Implementation Plans for reducing pollutant levels. | http://www.acronymfinder.com/State-Implementation-Plan(s)-(SIPS).html |
KOTA KINABALU: Sabah’s economic sector will be able to recover quickly through close cooperation between the state and federal governments, with various assistance and stimulus packages provided, said Sabah Yang Dipertua Negeri Tun Juhar Mahiruddin. (pix)
He said this could be seen with the close relationship between the two governments in the implementation of several stimulus packages and recovery plans, by channelling various assistances in an effort to reduce the negative impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on the lives of the people and the state’s economic development.
He added that several assistances were channelled to the affected people and business communities, including the Sabah Economic Stimulus Package; the Covid-19 Sabah Prihatin Aid and the reopening of economic sectors in phases by the state government.
“The federal government is implementing several economic recovery plans, including the Prihatin Rakyat Economic Stimulus Package; National Economic Recovery Plan; Strategic Programme to Empower the People and Economy; and People’s Protection and Economic Recovery Package,” he said.
He said this when delivering a policy speech in conjunction with the opening of the First Meeting of the Second Session of the 16th Sabah State Legislative Assembly here today.
Juhar also expressed his appreciation and gratitude to the federal government for the attention, support and all assistance given to Sabah, not only in reviving the economy but also in the implementation of the National Covid-19 Immunisation Programme in the state.
He said that the large allocation given to Sabah, amounting to RM5.1 billion under the 2021 Budget for the implementation of development projects including various assistances to tackle the Covid-19 pandemic, demonstrated the federal government’s concern for the people and the state.
“For the Covid-19 Sabah Prihatin Aid 2.0 and the Covid-19 Sabah Prihatin Aid 3.0, Sabah has spent RM324 million to help the people and all sectors affected by the pandemic. | |
Is calculus in college difficult?
Is Calculus Harder Than Algebra? Calculus is harder than algebra. They're about the same in terms of difficulty but calculus is more complex, requiring you to draw on everything you learned in geometry, trigonometry, and algebra. If you did well in algebra and trigonometry, you will do well in calculus.
What is the hardest math in college?
The Harvard University Department of Mathematics describes Math 55 as "probably the most difficult undergraduate math class in the country." Formerly, students would begin the year in Math 25 (which was created in 1983 as a lower-level Math 55) and, after three weeks of point-set topology and special topics (for
Why is college calculus so hard?
Originally Answered: Why is it so hard to grasp the concepts of calculus? It's because the algebra and trig and geometry skills needed are not there. The foundation of your mathematics is very low. The basics of Calculus are very easy if you are strong at the subjects that come before it.
What's harder precalculus or calculus?
Calculus is harder than Pre-Calculus. Pre-calculus gives you the basics for Calculus… just like arithmetic gives you the basics for algebra… etc. They are all building blocks that are very important in your “math development.”
What is the hardest math ever?
These Are the 10 Toughest Math Problems Ever Solved
How do you survive college calculus?
Is calculus useful in life?
Calculus is the language of engineers, scientists, and economists. The work of these professionals has a huge impact on our daily life – from your microwaves, cell phones, TV, and car to medicine, economy, and national defense.
Is trigonometry harder than calculus?
The rigorous study of calculus can get pretty tough. If you are talking about the "computational" calculus then that is a lot easier though. On the other hand, computational trig as it's generally taught in high school is a lot easier than calculus.
What math is after calculus?
After completing Calculus I and II, you may continue to Calculus III, Linear Algebra, and Differential Equations. These three may be taken in any order that fits your schedule, but the listed order is most common.
What is the most failed college course?
Is Statistics harder than calculus?
Statistics does tend to be harder than calculus, especially at the advanced levels. If you take a beginning statistics course, there will be very simple concepts that are rather easy to work out and solve. Calculus is often thought of as the most difficult math because it can be rather abstract.
Does calculus get easier?
Yes, an individual idea in calculus might take longer to learn than, for example, addition. It's also a way more complex idea.
Is physics harder than calculus?
No, Physics is definitely harder than calculus.
Is calculus advanced math?
Advanced math usually refers to complex fields such as trigonometry, calculus, or algebraic number theory. It's true that you can get into a decent college or a good job without studying these, but advanced math puts you a step ahead of other applicants.
Is Calculus easier than PreCalc?
Calculus is harder than Pre-Calculus. Pre-calculus gives you the basics for Calculus just like arithmetic gives you the basics for algebra etc.
Why is Precalculus so hard?
Why is precalculus hard? Precalculus, which is a combination of trigonometry and math analysis, bridges the gap to calculus, but it can feel like a potpourri of concepts at times. Students are suddenly required to memorize a lot of material as well as recall various concepts from their previous math courses.
Does Precalculus have Algebra 2?
Pre-Calc is more or less a combination of functions and trigonometry. Usually, Algebra 2 is a prerequisite for Precalculus. Precalculus includes Trigonometry and more advanced algebra than Algebra 2. Algebra 2 prepares you for Precalculus, while Precalculus prepares you for Calculus (and other university-level math).
What math is harder than calculus?
The following mentions the level of difficulty of the question is linear algebra harder than calculus. Linear algebra needs less brain work than Calculus. Linear algebra is easier than elementary calculus.
What is the easiest math class in college?
The easiest would be Contemporary Mathematics. This is usually a survey class taken by students not majoring in any science. The hardest is usually thought to be Calculus I. This is the full on, trigonometry based calculus course intended for science and engineering majors.
Who invented calculus?
Sir Isaac Newton was a mathematician and scientist, and he was the first person who is credited with developing calculus.
Is it normal to struggle with calculus?
People fail in calculus courses because it is at a slightly higher conceptual level than pre-calculus and (high school) algebra. Calculus requires that you put in a lot of work doing practice problems, which is something a lot of people aren't willing to do.
Is it hard to pass calculus?
Calculus is a class that can be quite difficult for students. Calculus II, in particular, is notorious for being a weed-out class. The key to success in calculus, much like any other technical class like physics or microeconomics, is to understand, deep down, what every topic is getting at.
How do you not fail calculus?
What jobs do you use calculus?
12 jobs that use calculus
Why do I like calculus?
Finding Real World Applications. Recognize that calculus is the study of change. It is easier to enjoy something if you understand it, and it is easier to understand something if you can see a purpose for it. Calculus has many real world applications every day.
Why did Isaac Newton invent calculus?
Newton developed his fluxional calculus in an attempt to evade the informal use of infinitesimals in his calculations.
Can the average person learn calculus?
Can the average person learn calculus? It is, however, not very easy for most people and takes practice to learn at a more rigorous level. The average person could do calculus at the high school level with some difficulty, but at the collegiate level would struggle more.
Is calculus required in college?
Almost no college or university in the country requires a calculus course for admission. The rare exceptions are science and engineering schools, where the majority of majors actually use calculus. Often, schools allow students to skip eighth-grade math in order to start Algebra 1 during middle school.
Do you use geometry in calculus?
In some sense, the prerequisite for Calculus is to have an overall comfort with algebra, geometry, and trigonometry. After all, each new topic in math builds on previous topics, which is why mastery at each stage is so important.
Do colleges prefer calculus or statistics?
AP Statistics is considered to be a strong math course by most colleges. An outstanding grade in AP Statistics would look better on a transcript than a weak grade in AP Calculus. It's important to have some AP courses on your transcript if your high school offers them.
Is there a CALC 4?
Calculus IV is an intensive, higher-level course in mathematics that builds on MAT-232: Calculus II and MAT-331: Calculus III. It also discusses topics of vector integral calculus such as line and surface integrals, theorems of Green, Gauss and Strokes, and their applications to the physical sciences.
What math do 12th graders take?
By 12th grade, most students will have completed Algebra I, Algebra II, and Geometry, so high school seniors may want to focus on a higher level mathematics course such as Precalculus or Trigonometry. Students taking an advanced mathematics course will learn concepts like: Graphing exponential and logarithmic functions.
Which calculus is the hardest?
In a poll of 140 past and present calculus students, the overwhelming consensus (72% of pollers) is that Calculus 3 is indeed the hardest Calculus class.
What college year is the hardest?
While it is true that college classes increase in difficulty as the curriculum progresses, the year that is actually the most difficult for college students is freshman year. For most, it is their first year away from home.
Do doctors need calculus or statistics?
The majority of medical schools (M.D. and D.O.) with a math requirement will look for between one and two semesters of math. Most of them would expect a semester of calculus and a semester of statistics. No health professions schools require multivariable calculus.
Is high school calculus hard?
Calculus is so evidently a college course. Calculus is hard. But that same fall, about 450,000 high school students took an Advanced Placement exam in Calculus! Hundreds of thousands more took high school Calculus without taking the AP exam. | https://copash.com/is-calculus-hard-in-college/ |
January 30, 2013 — In the age of the Anthropocene, when human beings have their fingerprints on everything, even altering the climate, does it make sense for ecologists and conservation biologists to talk about pristine Nature? As it becomes apparent that humans have been tampering with the natural ecology for centuries or even millennia, is the pre-Columbian world a useful benchmark in conservation biology and restoration of plant and animal communities in large natural areas? We invited Emma Marris, author of Rambunctious Garden, and Sean Gerrity, president of American Prairie Reserve, to continue a conversation on this topic, which began last summer at the Aspen Environment Forum.
Emma Marris
Author
Rambunctious Garden: Saving Nature in a Post-Wild World
“The more we learn about humanity’s effects on North American ecosystems before the arrival of Europeans, from day-to-day management with fire and agriculture to potentially anthropogenic extinctions of large animals, the clearer it becomes that using 1491 as a baseline only makes sense in human, cultural terms. In the long view of ecology, 1492 was just a historical moment marking a divide between different kinds of human management of the landscape, not some sort of mystical veil, before which the continent was somehow ‘pristine.’ I think the word pristine is nonsensical and unhelpful as applied to ecosystems.
Now, that doesn’t mean that 1491 should be forbidden as a restoration goal. It may be that we decide we like the way people back then were managing the land better than we like our current management practices. A restoration in this spirit would bring back not only the plants, animals and ecological relationships of an earlier time, but also the management tools, including rule-bound hunting, fire and perhaps even planting.
This is subtly different than a more traditional goal of reassembling an ecosystem and then letting it go out of our control. I think ‘un-managed-ness’ or wildness is a worthy goal, too, though a piece of land that we have chosen to let run wild will very likely not look anything like it did in 1491. Even if we started with a piece of land populated only by native species, we would soon have exotics moving in and competing for space and resources with the natives. And as the climate changes, species would move in and out and change in abundance. The result, according to emerging research on novel ecosystems, might well be as diverse or more diverse than the native system. But it would be unfamiliar.
This is the paradox of modern conservation. If you want historical ecosystems, you have to manage them intensively, wrestling them to your benchmark against their propensity to change in a changing world. If you want wild or unmanaged ecosystems, they won’t be historical.”
Sean Gerrity
President
American Prairie Reserve
“Even in these times, I believe it is important to set aside big, fully functioning ecosystems. While we are not likely to wholly understand their scientific value for another few hundred years, by then it would be too late.
In one historically important area of the Great Plains, American Prairie Reserve is working to do just that by building a wildlife park of more than 3 million acres for the public’s enjoyment. An abundance of animal, insect and bird species thrived here for thousands of years. Archaeologists have carbon-dated bones of bison, pronghorn antelope, elk, bears and other grassland animals found around the fire pits of early hunters as far back as 9000 BC. Written accounts of the abundant wildlife started in the late 1700s with Hudson Bay fur trappers, continued through the journals of explorers Meriwether Lewis and William Clark in the early 1800s and were later corroborated in paintings by artists like George Catlin. This diversity, however, was largely wiped out by pastoral newcomers in an astonishingly short period between 1860 and 1900.
With agricultural pursuits and their associated human populations now in decline here due to harsh weather and poor soils, at APR, we are betting that it is entirely possible to return wildlife populations to Serengetilike numbers, especially since the mixed-grass prairie habitat is still mostly intact even if the wildlife abundance and many natural processes are currently missing. By looking to the past to understand the full suite of species that coexisted with humans for thousands of years, I believe that eventually it will be possible to restore species to numbers that will enable fully functioning ecosystems, yet this time surrounded by modern commerce. I believe it is a matter of scale, so at APR we are working to assemble enough habitat to support plant and wildlife diversity, migrations and ecosystem processes, even in times of drought or disease.
In such a future scenario, humans will be integrated into the system, hunting ungulates and torching the prairie as they have done for nearly 11,000 years. Proactive human manipulation of the system existed on this landscape for thousands of years and will continue to do so.”
Ensia shares solutions-focused stories free of charge through our online magazine and partner media. That means audiences around the world have ready access to stories that can — and do — help them shape a better future. If you value our work, please show your support today.Yes, I'll support Ensia! | https://ensia.com/articles/should-we-try-to-keep-nature-natural/ |
An Electrical Project Engineer is tasked with the duty of designing, developing and maintaining electrical control systems of an assigned project. A well-drafted Electrical Project Engineer Resume mentions the following duties and tasks – maintaining the electrical components as per the specifications, designing and manufacturing electrical equipment, taking responsibility for understanding the electrical needs of a project; ensuring all the electrical equipment and components are maintained as per the budget; identifying the needs of the customer, designing electrical systems; reading the specifications of the design as well as technical drawings, and coordinating with engineers regarding engineering projects and products.
Hiring managers look for the following skills and abilities in the resume – experience in researching, developing and testing a variety of electrical systems; expertise in conducting field studies for determining the product capabilities; and troubleshooting skills. A bachelor’s degree n electrical engineering is required on the applicant’s resume.
Objective : To have a Electrical Project Engineer position in a company where can utilize abilities that have developed through experience and education, and where can achieve goals and ambitions.
Skills : Management, Organizing.
Description :
Summary : Electrical Project Engineer with extensive experience in building infrastructure design, utility distribution and monitoring systems as well as project management / construction management skills, seeks a position to maximize the efficiency, productivity, and safety within a pharmaceutical / cGMP environment; while delivering acceptable results to customers on time, on budget and right the first time.
Skills : Network Engineering, OSI Model, Subnetting.
Description :
Objective : Electrical Engineer with 10 years of design and project management experience is seeking a project design engineering related position. Possesses significant experience in designing automation system and equipment including factory acceptance tests (FAT).
Skills : Microsoft Office, Engineering, Business Analysis, Instrumentation, Sales Support.
Description :
Objective : Electrical Project Engineer is responsible for the design and construction of electrical infrastructure and electrical equipment, as well as the installation of electrical systems.
Skills : Management, Organizing.
Description :
Headline : Electrical Project Engineer responsible for the design and preparation of construction plans, ensuring compliance with specifications/codes, and for construction oversight of overhead transmission and distribution power lines and power distribution, lighting, and ancillary systems in a variety of facilities including retail, restaurant, industrial, medical/dental/healthcare, educational, institutional, and commercial.
Skills : PLC And HMI Programming, Electrical Toubleshooting.
Description :
Summary : A position utilizing comprehensive professional background as an Electrical Project Engineer. Responsible for the design, development, and construction of electrical systems for commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings. This includes the installation, commissioning, and testing of electrical systems in a variety of environments including commercial buildings, schools and universities, hospitals, public buildings and street lights.
Skills : Microsoft Office, Matlab.
Description :
Objective : Managed multi-discipline engineering group to meet project completion datelines. Conducted inspection of all electrical equipment and facilities. Ensure that all completed electrical project documents complied with all applicable Company and International standards. Developed a competency program of skills/tasks for training young Saudi Arabian engineers and track their development.
Skills : Python, C++, C, Java, Visual Basic, R, HTML, CSS, Proteus,.
Description :
Headline : Desire to exhibit working abilities especially in a globally reputed people oriented organization Where can get a competitive environment and apply knowledge to the practical field in a global scenario to achieve and accomplish a solid initiation to career.
Skills : Electronics, Management, Maintenance, Oracle, SAP, Procurement, AFE And Capital Expenditures, Engineering.
Description :
Summary : Dependable, enthusiastic worker with experience in custodial services, housekeeping, care giving, coin laundry mat services attendant and knowledge in electrical and plumbing works. Self -starter, dedicated to achieving high quality results.
Skills : Revit, Autocad, Electrical, Visual Design, Matlab, Microsoft Office.
Description :
Summary : Responsible for overseeing aspects of our construction projects from commencement to completion, ensuring that projects are completed timely and within budgetary constraints.
Skills : Industrial Controls, PLC Programming.
Description : | https://www.qwikresume.com/resume-samples/electrical-project-engineer/ |
Ayurveda is the ancient art of healing that deals with all aspects of a person's life as an entity. This holistic system of medicine from India uses a constitutional model for every person is an individual, unique and complete being. Its aim is to provide guidance regarding food and lifestyle so that healthy people can stay healthy and persons with health challenges can improve their health.
Ayurveda is a Science of Life as well as a medical system. Hence, the meaning of Ayurveda; two Sanskrit words: Ayu which means life and Veda which means the knowledge of. To know about life is Ayurveda and according to the ancient Ayurvedic scholar Charaka, "ayu" is comprised of four essential parts: the combination of mind, body, senses and the soul. With Ayurveda healing, the purpose is not just to bring remedy to an illness but also to bring harmony to out-out-balance factors.
In Ayurveda, when the body doshic balance of vata-pitta-kapha is agitated or in disorder, or if any of these types are accumulated, the individual may become unwell. Ayurveda philosophy views a person as a unique individual made up of five primary elements: ether (space), air, fire, water, and earth just as in nature. Should any of these elements be present in the environment, they will have an impact on us. Two examples are the weather and the food in our diet.
In addition, certain elements are seen to have an ability to combine and form various physiological functions as follows:
Ether + air = Vata dosha
Vata governs the principle of movement and therefore can be seen as the force which directs nerve impulses, circulation, respiration, and elimination.
Fire + water = Pitta dosha
Pitta is the process of transformation or metabolism, metabolism in the organ and tissue systems as well as cellular metabolism. An example is the transformation of foods into nutrients that our bodies can assimilate.
Water + earth = Kapha dosha
Kapha is responsible for growth, adding structure unit by unit and protection. Types of Kapha found in the body, for example, are cerebral-spinal fluid protecting the brain and spinal column and the mucousal lining of the stomach protecting the tissues.
Ayurveda sees each person as a special mixture because ratios of the doshas: vata, pitta and kapha vary in each individual, giving us diversity and uniqueness.
Ayurveda healing first deal with any emergency or life-threatening symptoms like high fever or asthma attacks, and then look into the problem of the fundamental causes. Remedies like herbal medication, changes in diet and nutrition, cleansing procedures like bathing, yoga postures, exercises and even breathing techniques in Ayurveda, remove symptoms and eradicate the underlying causes of a disease or health problem. If these underlying problems are not dealt with, it will manifest again either in the same way or another form.
Ayuveda disease management
Chikitsa, also known as disease management, is the Ayurveda approach to restoring health. There are eight traditional components in the complete healing program and its purpose are:
7. Rejuvenate the body in general in order to strenthen specific ogans and tissues
8. Two types of therapies based on the principle that opposite qualities give balance:
Antagonistic therapy to the provoked dosha
Antagonistic therapy to the disease
When a person becomes ill, the illness is not likely completely cured unless you change behaviours that caused it such as poor diet, inadequate exercise, bad lifestyle habits like excessive alcohol or smoking, even stress (caused by work or other factors), unresolved relationships and related psychological factors. Getting to the bottom of these factors is important in the process of healing and complete recovery.
Diagnosis:
It is necessary to identify the health problem discriminatingly and determine whether the constitutional condition of the individual. The specific treatment will not be benefit the person if diagnosis is inaccurate. So it is important to look at all symptoms physically to help you determine if it is a vata, pitta or kapha condition.
Treatment:
Once the condition is diagnosed, the treatment is given according to constitutional type. Some general treatment can benefit all types of constitutional types.
Ayurveda remedies are simple and natural, using common household herbs and strategies such as a warm bath and soothing herbal tea. Common Ayurveda herbs are also recommended in the remedies. There are several remedies for each health condition. Every person is unique and the remedies will work differently so you do not have to try all of them. Some may work better for you and not others. If it dissolves the problem, stick with it, otherwise, try the other approaches.
Always keep a fundamental therapeutic guideline when using self-treatments like Ayurveda principles and remedies. If they do not work, do not be discouraged. Sometimes it's hard to determine constitutional type and your diagnosis may not be correct. Reassess your illness and the reactions to the approach taken, and treat your actual condition. Its very rare but possible that your illness may not coincide with your own constitutional type. So be discerning to select the right remedy that fits your symptoms of your sickness, and not just body type. However, if your health condition is critical or fatal, consult your doctor immediately. Should your problem be chronic, give some time for healing and it may be months before symptoms diminish. Ayurveda is not a quick remedy so allow your body healing mechanism to process at its own pace, momentum and duration.
In Ayurveda healing, each condition comes with not only medication and herbal formulas, but also other measures like special diets, exercise, yoga, relaxation therapies like massages, tea and healing paste, among others, to provide healing. Together with medicinal treatment, changing your daily routine can help you improve health and live harmoniously in your surrounding with nature. The human body is always resilient, working to restore balance and complete health so the natural process of healing recommended in Ayurveda will support the body and bring benefits in keeping you in the pink of health and your life in harmony.
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Further Opportunities
Intellectual Property
Trade and Intellectual Property
(July 29-31, 2008 - Meeting in Washington, D.C.) Discussion on the proposed Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement continued in Washington, D.C. July 29-31. Participants in the discussion included Australia, Canada, the European Union (represented by the European Commission and Member States, including the EU Presidency (France)), Japan, Korea, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Singapore, Switzerland, and the United States.
The participants welcomed the statement in the July 2008 G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit Declaration on the World Economy that G8 members support “the acceleration of negotiations to establish a new international legal framework, the Anti-Counterfeiting Trade Agreement (ACTA), and seek to complete the negotiation by the end of this year.” Participants reaffirmed their goal to combat global infringements of intellectual property rights, particularly in the context of counterfeiting and piracy, by increasing international cooperation, strengthening the framework of practices that contribute to effective enforcement, and strengthening relevant IPR enforcement measures themselves.
The July 29-31 meeting was the latest in a series of meetings to develop different aspects of the proposed agreement. The discussion at this meeting focused on civil remedies for infringements of intellectual property rights, including such issues as availability of preliminary measures, preservation of evidence, damages, and legal fees and costs. Participants also continued their previous discussions of border enforcement of intellectual property rights.
Participants agreed to continue consulting with stakeholders through domestic processes, share the results of these consultations at their next meeting, and to continue exploring opportunities for stakeholder consultations in connection with future ACTA meetings.
The participants made steady progress in these discussions, and agreed to continue their work at another substantive meeting to be held at a mutually convenient time in the near future.
- Date Modified: | http://www.international.gc.ca/trade-agreements-accords-commerciaux/topics-domaines/ip-pi/washington.aspx?lang=eng |
Today I am re-posting an article written by Lisa Phillips and published January 14, 2013 on ArtsBlog. This article addresses a topic I often ponder myself – the relative value we place on creativity in learning. At risk of sounding like an armchair anthropologist, albeit one with a bachelor’s degree in anthropology, I believe that creativity is a capability that has been positively selected for in humans. We didn’t get where we are as a species by sitting on our rumps and waiting for the weather to improve. Creativity got us here.
By increasing the likelihood that creative types were able to reproduce and protect their young, the desire to create, or rather, the pleasure we get from the act of creating, has become part of our species’ genetic programing. That’s my theory, anyway. It explains why my own need to create is so strong I suffer withdrawal symptoms if I don’t have a project in the works.
To create is not the same as to produce, however. Creating is the act of making something new that did not exist in that exact form before. Production is manufacturing which ultimately results in reproduction. Creation implies innovation, which is why we don’t have production myths to explain the universe. Unfortunately, there has been an emphasis on product in education in the US for many decades. High scores on tests. The reproduction of what we are taught.
Coupled with that we have all the recent technological advances that allow us to sit on our rumps while ignoring the weather altogether. How do children learn to create if they never get the chance? Boredom is second only to necessity as the great progenitor of invention.
However, some educators, such as those promoting the STEAM model, others that stress the value of the Artists’ Habits of Mind and 21st Century skills, and our very own crew that are presenting the Seattle Public Schools K-12 Arts Learning Collaborative proposal to the Wallace Foundation this month, are now emphasizing the value of creativity as a foundation for learning.
In her article below, Lisa Phillips asks, “why do we put our cultural icons on a pedestal but undervalue arts education?” Her answer is a good one, but I also think that deep down we understand the value of creativity, envy it even, but we have developed a culture that sees productivity, or product, as more tangible and immediate, and thus, more worthy of investment. As Lisa writes, “If CEO’s of some of the largest companies in the world are craving talent who can think creatively … why aren’t we teaching our children how to do that?”
♦
We Aren’t Preparing Young People for Careers at Disney or Apple
Lisa Phillips with Steve Wozniak
There seems to be a major disconnect between how creativity is valued in society and the career advice we give our children. We all know that the arts are a valuable means of expression, a means to share stories across cultures and an uplifting and moving source of entertainment.
We revere our cultural icons, whether they are movie stars, literary authors or artists, but we seem to limit the possibility of careers in the arts to only a talented few.
How many of us arts professionals have heard from family and friends, “When are you going to get a real job?”
So, why do we put our cultural icons on a pedestal but undervalue arts education? I think one of the reasons is that as a society we are preoccupied with the idea that the arts are reserved only for those with talent. However, in the reality of today’s job market, we need to change this idea.
There is a significant gap between what children are told is important for their future career success and what business leaders actually want from the emerging workforce. Creative individuals are actually in demand. Not just for arts careers, but for careers in business as well.
For example, Disney and Apple are two of the most successful companies of our time, largely because of the creativity, innovation, and the leadership they have demonstrated in their respective industries.
In an era when businesses are constantly struggling to find creative ways to stay at the top of their market, arts education can be a powerful tool to nurture the creative abilities of our young people, ensuring they are ready for the skills that are in demand.
Lisa Phillips with Michael Eisner
I have had the unique pleasure of learning from some of the top business and marketing experts in the world including Jay Abraham, Eric Trump, Steve Wozniak (Co-Founder of Apple), Stedman Graham (expert in identity development and branding), and Michael Eisner (former CEO of Disney) to name a few. One of the consistent messages I hear from all of these successful business leaders is the importance of creativity in business.
Top CEO’s around the world are seeking out new employees who can think creatively, be innovative in business development and marketing strategies and show outstanding leadership qualities that will “wow” clients. This is what businesses need to compete in the global marketplace. In a 2010 study by IBM, interviews with CEO’s representing 33 industries and 60 countries identified creativity as the most important leadership skill for the future.
The problem is, our children are not spending their formative years honing this crucial skill. They are spending thousands of hours practicing math, science, history and other core subjects in the hopes of getting into excellent universities and gaining a highly coveted degree. A degree is important, but what about when it’s time to get a job?
Let’s face it, in today’s marketplace a university degree is a bare minimum, much like a high school diploma was decades ago. Everyone has a degree…so what? What matters most is what is going to set young people apart from their peers. What is their competitive edge?
Remember, the job market is very different now than it was 20 years ago. Competition for jobs is now global and if young people are going to succeed in any career they need to stand out. We are doing our children a disservice by not preparing them for the challenges that lie ahead. The point is that we are all creative and if we nurture that creativity then we can all find the career success we desire.
So, what if our young people spent thousands of hours as they grew up honing their creativity through participating in performing and visual arts programs? What if they studied leadership skills so they knew how to communicate effectively, find solutions to challenges and build relationships that would help them achieve success? They would be prepared for whatever life threw at them, whether it was a career in the arts or business or something else.
If CEO’s of some of the largest companies in the world are craving talent who can think creatively, find solutions to challenging problems, build relational capital with clients and partners, communicate effectively, and adapt to constantly changing global market why aren’t we teaching our children how to do that?
I firmly believe that arts education not only teaches creativity, but also, when the facilitators are intentional, it has the capacity to teach countless other important leadership skills. So, let’s squash the myth of the talented few and embrace the idea that arts education should be for anyone who wants to soar to the top of the interview pile and meet the growing demand for creativity in the marketplace.
♦
Lisa also posted The Top 10 Skills Children Learn From The Arts on ArtsBlog, and has released a book, The Artistic Edge, which explores why leadership skills taught through the arts are what young people need most to be successful in life. | https://pebblesinthejar.org/2013/02/02/creative-edginess/ |
Recruiting and Hiring a Diverse and Talented Public Sector Workforce
With support from the Volcker Alliance, the Southern California Association of Governments and the RAND Corporation launched a study to explore why graduates of colleges and universities may not be considering the public sector and whether government agencies are doing all they could to attract the next generation of workers.
The resulting report helps bridge these gaps by identifying the most promising strategies that public-sector agencies, colleges and universities, and community organizations can pursue to increase the flow of talented and underrepresented workers into public-sector careers.
Key insights include:
- College and university students have low awareness of the range of opportunities available in the public sector.
- Many students view public-sector work as a way to improve their communities, but they also tend to have a variety of negative perceptions about public-sector work.
- Jobseekers place a high value on workforce diversity. The Southern California public-sector workforce reflects the racial and ethnic composition of the local population in a general way, but Hispanic and Black workers in the sector are much less represented in the highest earnings group.
- Internships often lead to applicants being more competitive for employment, but there is a perception that public-sector internship opportunities are not widely and equitably publicized to potential audiences, thus limiting the diversity of the applicant pool.
- Agencies, colleges, and students all rely on informal connections and personal networks for recruiting, but informal networks tend to connect people of similar characteristics and exclude people from traditionally underrepresented backgrounds from opportunities.
- Government hiring processes are often very lengthy and complicated, which may limit the pool of talented and diverse applicants with the knowledge, patience, and resources to persist through these processes.
Recommendations:
- Consistently articulate leadership commitment to increasing recruitment of talented and underrepresented individuals into the public sector.
- Emphasize the public sector's purpose-driven mission, employee benefits, and job stability, and publicize improvements.
- Improve the awareness and sharing of job and internship opportunities, including by making job titles and descriptions clearer and helping students navigate the hiring process.
- Foster preparation for career entry and retention by promoting funded internships and mentoring and professional development programs.
- Institutionalize connections between government and higher education. | https://www.volckeralliance.org/recruiting-and-hiring-diverse-and-talented-public-sector-workforce |
There are four laws of thermodynamics. But instead of having a first, second, third and fourth law we have a zeroth law to start with!
define fundamental physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterise thermodynamic systems at thermal equilibrium.
forbid certain phenomena (such as perpetual motion).
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.
This law helps define the notion of temperature. When in thermal equilibrium there is no net heat transfer. heat moves from hot to cold areas so they must be at the same temperature.
When energy passes, as work, as heat, or with matter, into or out from a system, the system's internal energy changes in accord with the law of conservation of energy.
This means that perpetual motion machines (of the first kind) are impossible.
In a natural thermodynamic process, the sum of the entropies of the interacting thermodynamic systems increases.
Equivalently, perpetual motion machines (of the second kind) are impossible.
The second law of thermodynamics indicates that natural processes lead towards spatial homogeneity of matter and energy, and especially of temperature. This movement implies that processes are irreversible.
The existence of a quantity called the entropy of a thermodynamic system is implied - choas or complexity - the 'mixing up' of materials - a movement away from order, separation into a single kind and regimentation.
When two isolated systems in separate but nearby regions of space, each in thermodynamic equilibrium with itself but not with each other, are then allowed to interact, they will eventually reach a mutual thermodynamic equilibrium.
The sum of the entropies of the initially isolated systems is always less than or equal to the total entropy of the final combination - it is rather like haveing the contents of two drawerers merged into one big drawer - more confusion - more dificult to locate things.... less order!.
Equality can only occur if the two original systems have all their respective intensive variables (temperature, pressure etc.) equal; then the final system also has the same values.
This statement of the second law is founded on the assumption, that in classical thermodynamics, the entropy of a system is defined only when it has reached internal thermodynamic equilibrium (thermodynamic equilibrium with itself).
The second law is applicable to a wide variety of processes, reversible and irreversible. All natural processes are irreversible. Reversible processes do not occur in nature. A good example of irreversibility is in the transfer of heat by conduction or radiation. It was known long before the discovery of the notion of entropy that when two bodies initially of different temperatures come into thermal connection, the heat always flows from the hotter body to the colder one.
Entropy is given the symbol 'S'.
With the exception of non-crystalline solids (glasses) the entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically close to zero, and is equal to the logarithm of the product of the quantum ground states. | https://cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/heat/Thermodynamics/lawsofthermodynamics.html |
Definition
Hypopituitarism is a rare disorder in which your pituitary gland either fails to produce one or more of its hormones or doesn't produce enough of them.
The pituitary is a small bean-shaped gland situated at the base of your brain, behind your nose and between your ears. Despite its size, this gland secretes hormones that influence nearly every part of your body.
In hypopituitarism, you have a short supply of one or more of these pituitary hormones. This deficiency can affect any number of your body's routine functions, such as growth, blood pressure and reproduction.
You'll likely need medications for the rest of your life to treat hypopituitarism, but your symptoms can be controlled.
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Featuring an outdoor swimming pool and a hot tub, each apartment at this Whistler Village North property includes a kitchen. Free WiFi is provided. Whistler Olympic Plaza is 4 minutes' walk away.
A flat-screen TV and a fireplace are offered in the lounge of each unit at Twin Peaks by Whistler Vacation Club. A washing machine and dryer are included in each unit. Some units have more than one bathroom.
Underground parking allows guest direct access to their apartment. Ski equipment is available for hire on site. Guests also have access to a barbecue.
Blackcomb Excalibur Gondola is 1 km away. Squamish Lil'wat Cultural Centre is 10 minutes’ walk away from this property.Guests are required to show a photo identification and credit card upon check-in. Please note that all Special Requests are subject to availability and additional charges may apply.
A damage deposit of CAD 500 is required on arrival. This will be collected by credit card. You should be reimbursed within 7 days of check-out. Your deposit will be refunded in full via credit card, subject to an inspection of the property.
This property will not accommodate hen, stag or similar parties.
Hot tub/jacuzzi is closed from Tue 28 May 2019 until Mon 01 Jun 2020
Swimming pool #1 is closed from Tue 28 May 2019 until Mon 01 Jun 2020
Swimming pool #2 is closed from Tue 28 May 2019 until Mon 01 Jun 2020
Please note that the swimming pool is currently closed until further notice.
Please note that at least one person over the age of 25 must be present for check-in.
A security deposit of CAD 500 is required upon arrival for incidental charges. This deposit is fully refundable upon check-out and subject to a damage inspection of the accommodation.All units are non-smoking and pets are prohibited. Any violation of these policies will be subject to a CAD 500 hypo-allergic cleaning fee. | http://hotel.tripwolf.com/en/guide/edit/958746/Canada/West-Canada/Whistler/Twin-Peaks-Resort-by-Whistler-Vacation-Club |
In 1852, Italian astronomer Anibale De Gasparis discovered the spirit star for the first time, and named it after the Puxie (the incarnation of the soul) in Greek mythology, so it was translated as the spirit star. Since it is the sixteenth asteroid discovered by humans, it is numbered 16, so it is called 16 Psyche.
Spirit star is shaped like a cut potato, with a size of 279 × 232 × 189 km, which is a very large celestial body in the asteroid belt. Its mass occupies 0.6%of the entire asteroid belt, enough to interfere with other small celestial bodies nearby, which is also our means of measuring its mass.
(picture Note:The image of the spirit star taken by the very large telescope array)
It is not its size and shape, but its life experience that really interest scientists. Various signs indicate that it used to be a large celestial body, but after a devastating impact, it was eventually exploded into fragments. And now the spirit star is just the core left by the celestial body.
Scientists say this because it consists almost exclusively of iron and nickel. As for the legend of the Internet that there are trillions of dollars worth of gold on the Spirit Star, I have not found relevant data and introductions by scientists.
Even so, Spirit Star is still a very special celestial body. Whether it is Earth or other rocky planets, the main structure is still rocks such as calcium carbonate. Although the surface is doped with some metals, most of the metals are concentrated in the inner core. The spirit star is different, it is full of metal elements from the surface. Therefore, scientists boldly speculated that it may have been the inner core of an asteroid with a diameter of 500 kilometers, and the result was shattered in a collision and exposed in space.
This is undoubtedly good news for scientists, It allows us to directly understand what secrets the planet’s inner core has. In order to explore the most bizarre asteroid in the solar system, NASA decided to launch a special probe to go to the spirit star 300 million kilometers away to trace its past.
According to reports, this project was proposed as early as 2015, and was selected in 2017. Recently, NASA has ended the planning phase and started to build the fourth human probe to explore asteroids, and it is also named after Psyche.
Lindy Elkins-Tanton, general manager and co-chair of Arizona State University’s Interplanetary Project, is the head of the Psyche project. She told us:“This is one of the most intense phases of a mission in the entire cycle. We successfully passed the review, but the challenge did not end, and we did not reach the end, but began to strive forward.”
(picture description:the solar electric propulsion system that Psyche will be equipped with)
Although this is already For the fourth time, mankind is preparing for a special exploration of asteroids, but Spiritual Star is the first all-metal asteroid to be explored by humans. Therefore, scientists attach great importance to this, hoping to answer as many questions as possible brought us by Ling Shenxing, which puts higher requirements on the equipment carried by Psyche.
NASA scientists said:”In order to ensure that all equipment of the spacecraft can work in coordination to ensure our scientific observations, data collection and transmission to the ground, this asteroid plan has 7-8 The level of detail has been analyzed in depth, and its complexity is quite amazing.”
According to the introduction, Psyche will carry a lot of advanced equipment for the spirit star–
- Avionics subsystem:including a flight computer to coordinate all equipment;
- Magnetometer:used to measure the magnetic field of the spirit star, to prove that the magnetic field of the planet comes from the core;
- multi-spectral imager:observe and photograph the surface of the spirit star, Determine its chemical composition and surface topography;
- Spectrometer:carry a total of two to analyze the neutron and gamma rays on the surface of Neptune, which helps scientists understand its overall structure;
- Others:There are many devices, NASA did not introduce it in depth, they will help scientists reveal the secrets of the spirit star.
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(Picture description:Psyche explores the imaginary picture of the screen of psyche)
Affected by the new coronary pneumonia epidemic, only part of the project is working on site, and the rest can work at home without having to visit the site. According to the plan, around April 2021, all of Psyche’s instruments will be built and shipped to NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Southern California. In JPL’s clean room, Psyche will enter the next process:assembly, testing and launch operations (collectively, ATLO).
Henry Stone, a member of JPL and Psyche’s project manager, said excitedly:“I’ve started goose bumps, really. When we came to that stage (assembly), we completed an important Process, after all, you have done enough testing on the prototype, almost equal to already have a working spacecraft.”
(Picture description:Hall thrusters that Psyche may use are being tested, the blue light is produced by xenon propellant )
Like Mars, there will also be a window period for the exploration of Neptune. According to calculations by scientists, the next window period is the second half of 2022 and the first half of 2023. NASA originally planned to launch Psyche through SpaceX’s Falcon heavy rocket in 2023, but the person in charge seemed to be more anxious and advanced the planning time to August 2022. This means that almost two years are left for NASA. Therefore, the team is also working hard to complete all construction and testing tasks before the window period.
The reason why NASA advances the time is because they hope that Psyche can pass by Mars in May 2023 and accelerate with the help of Mars’ gravitational slingshot effect. Even so, Psyche’s flight to Spirit Star will be in 2026.
(picture description :Propaganda picture of the proposed Psyche plan)
If Neptune is indeed proved to be the core of an asteroid, it will be of great significance to us, because it is likely to be the core of the earth. Looks like. We know that the main components of the earth’s core are also iron and nickel, but the core is in a molten state, and the spirit star has cooled and solidified. Even so, we can still learn about the core of the earth that we cannot directly see through the spirit star.
At present, humans can only detect up to 12 kilometers below the surface, but they can’t even penetrate the crust. Therefore, the emergence of the Spirit Star is definitely good news for us. Perhaps, the secrets hidden under the crust and mantle will be unlocked on the spirit star. | https://www.yqqlm.com/2020/07/humans-cant-dig-through-the-earths-crust-how-to-study-the-core-of-the-earth-scientists-there-is-a-planetary-nucleus-300-million-kilometers-away/ |
Problem and Inquiry Based Learning (PBL) are innovative, student-centred teaching methods where key competencies are gained through students’ self-directed learning and collaboration which revolves around solving real-world, open-ended problems or questions. In this course you will learn about all aspects of PBL and its successful implementation into your pedagogical practice.
Application form relevant topics
Inclusion - equity, Key Competences (incl. mathematics and literacy) - basic skills, New innovative curricula/educational methods/development of training courses
Course Methodology
This course is a practical guide for teachers of all subjects to incorporate PBL into their practice. Thematic content will be introduced in 11 thematic modules by several tutors. From practical examples to designing your own lesson plans, this hands-on training method incorporates collaborative and reflective activities that will encourage and prepare you for a new role as a facilitator of education rather than as a teacher.
Modules
- Module 01 – Introduction to PBL – Examples, Terminology, Organisation
- Module 02 – Preparing Resources for PBL Session
- Module 03 – Designing and Presenting Problems
- Module 04 – Learning Styles, Multiple Intelligences
- Module 05 – Students Collaboration
- Module 06 – Creative Thinking, Methods for Generating New Ideas
- Module 07 – Critical Thinking, Questioning and Metacognition
- Module 08 – Problem Solving and Decision Making
- Module 09 – Using ICT in PBL
- Module 10 – Student’s Presentations and Classroom Discussions
- Module 11 – Learning Outcomes and Assessment
- Module 12 – PBL Workshop
Guided City Tour
Learning Outcomes
- Apply Problem and Inquiry based learning as a student-centred teaching method, encourage learning in the context of real world problems that are likely to be encountered by students.
- Develop students learning autonomy by self-directed learning approach, elaborate on student’s prior knowledge, trigger an effective use of arguments and evidence, use questioning as a tool of learning
- Generate ready‐to‐use materials and ideas to support the school or organisational development in the field of PBL with regards to interdisciplinary approach.
- Develop relevant, high-level skills (creativity, critical thinking, problem solving) and other key competences through PBL approach to enhance good quality of mainstream education.
- Learn to motivate, guide and assess PBL in practice, encourage peer exchange and participation with regards to inclusive approach.
- Meet colleagues of different nationalities within the EU, engage in cross-cultural learning experience, exchange ideas and build a network for future international cooperation.
- Gain broader understanding of practices, policies and systems of education of different countries, cultivate mutual respect, intercultural awareness and embed common educational and training values.
- Revise and develop personal and professional competences, build confidence in promoting innovative and active pedagogies.
- Enrich communication skills, improve foreign language competencies, broaden professional vocabulary and promote EU’s broad linguistic diversity.
General Course Information
Before the Course:
You would be required to fill a Questionnaire.
You will receive “ITC Guide Document” where you will find all the necessary information.
After the Course:
Course evaluation form
Certificates
Course materials in electronical form / Other materials for self-study and dissemination of the techniques.
Year 2020
Prague
13. 01. - 17. 01. 2020
23. 11. - 27. 11. 2020
Year 2021
Prague
22. 11. - 26. 11. 2021
courses in BARCELONA, HELSINKI, KARLSHAMN, LONDON,
custom courses, | https://www.itc-international.eu/erasmusplus/problem-based-learning-inquiry-based-learning |
This first article, in a series of five, introduces Fractal Physics Theory, which is founded on extending the two Special Relativity postulates to scale. The first postulate assumes absolute uniform scale cannot be detected. The meter, kilogram, and second relate to a person’s size, mass, and awareness of time passage, the human scale. Atoms are tiny and stars are enormous, both relative to the human scale. In addition to obvious size and mass-energy differences, there also exists a time scale difference between the quantum and cosmic scales as viewed from the human scale. Quantum scale objects appear to exist in accelerated time frames, while cosmic scale objects appear to exist in decelerated time frames, both relative to the human scale. The second postulate assumes the speed (c) of electromagnetic radiation photons in vacuum is independent of scale. This series of articles is intended to call attention to the remarkable self-similarity that exists between the quantum and cosmic scales.
This third article in a series of five applies Fractal Physics Theory to the electron. The magnetic dipole moment of a cosmic scale electron is obtained from known properties of ordinary matter. Fractal Physics Theory (FPT) considers electrons to be composed of 1052 subquantum scale iron atoms with an excess of 1040 subquantum scale electrons. Like all human scale matter, the fractal electron is proposed to exist in solid, liquid, gaseous and plasma phases. This provides insight into the wave-particle duality of quantum particles. FPT considers a photon to be composed of 1080 subquantum scale photons. The initial and final states of atomic absorption and atomic emission have long been understood and described by Quantum Mechanics. This article illustrates the process occurring between these initial and final states in spatial and temporal resolution. The Hydrogen atom’s discrete spectra are reproduced from transitions occurring between atomic spherical capacitors. The capacitor is formed from a vaporized and delocalized electron that has a proton center and outer shell of subquantum scale (sqs) electrons. It temporarily stores the absorbed photon energy in its electric field. | http://scalativity.com/articles-publications/ |
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