content
stringlengths 0
1.88M
| url
stringlengths 0
5.28k
|
|---|---|
461 P.2d 944 (1969)
John E. HOFFMAN et al., Plaintiffs in Error,
v.
The CITY OF STILLWATER, Oklahoma, a municipal corporation, and Virgil Simpson, et al., Intervenors, Defendants in Error.
No. 42717.
Supreme Court of Oklahoma.
November 25, 1969.
*945 Fitzgerald, Houston & Worthington, Stillwater, for plaintiffs in error.
Daniel D. Draper, Jr., Stillwater, for defendant in error.
Robert M. Murphy, Stillwater, for intervenor Stockard.
Chilton Swank, Stillwater, for intervenor Simpson.
WILLIAMS, Justice:
Plaintiffs below, plaintiffs in error herein, have appealed to this Court from a declaratory judgment of the district court upholding the validity of an ordinance enacted by the Board of City Commissioners of the City of Stillwater which rezoned certain property located in that city.
The property rezoned by the ordinance challenged herein is located on the south side of West Sixth Avenue in the western edge of the City of Stillwater. West Sixth Avenue, which is also State Highway No. 51, runs east and west and is a four lane heavily traveled street. The tract, which consists of several lots, is bordered by Western Avenue on the west and has 140 feet of frontage on that street and 376 feet of frontage on West Sixth Avenue. In 1951, the property was annexed to the City of Stillwater and came into the city zoned for single family residences.
Surrounding the rezoned tract on the east, south and north are single family homes of the value of $25,000 to $40,000. There are restrictive covenants in effect on these residential lots which prohibit any commercial activity. Immediately to the west of the property, the land fronting West Sixth Avenue is zoned for commercial use and is presently being used for that purpose.
At the time the rezoning ordinance in question herein was enacted, the rezoned property was vacant and apparently had been since its annexation by the City in 1951. The land immediately adjoining the rezoned property to the south and to the east is also zoned for residential use and is vacant with the exception of a bulk oil storage plant to the south which was on the property at the time of its annexation *946 and zoning and is operated as a non-conforming use.
In 1962, the City of Stillwater enacted its Ordinance No. 1044 which was a comprehensive zoning plan for the City. This ordinance maintained residential zoning for the property involved herein. Sometime subsequent to the enactment of that ordinance, the owners of the various lots comprising the tract herein involved sought to have it rezoned but this request was denied by the Board of Commissioners. On appeal, this Court upheld the decision of the Board. See Preston v. City of Stillwater, Okl., 428 P.2d 215.
In 1967, the Metropolitan Area Planning Commission, a joint city-county planning commission formed under the provisions of 19 O.S. 1961, § 866.1 et seq., recommended, by a vote of 6-1, to the Board of Commissioners that the zoning of the property involved herein be changed from single family residence (classification R-1) to local commercial (C-1). Pursuant to 11 O.S. 1968 Supp. § 404, the recommendation of the Metropolitan Area Planning Commission was considered by the Board at a public hearing held on March 20, 1967. At the public hearing, the Board of Commissioners heard evidence and arguments from both proponents of and protestants to the proposed rezoning. The protestants, most of whom were owners of residences in the area surrounding the property, introduced a protest purportedly signed by owners of 20% or more of the lots immediately abutting either side of the property for which rezoning was sought. Protestants also filed a request for the disqualification of Commissioner B.K. Shaw as a voting member of the Board of Commissioners on the ground he had a personal interest in the matter. As one of its five members was absent, the Board, after receiving the protest, voted to continue the public hearing on the proposed zoning change to the next regular meeting or until all members were present. Protestants objected to this continuance.
At the next regular meeting of the Board, all members were present and the hearing on the proposed zoning change was reconvened over the objections of protestants. The City Attorney reported to the Board that protestants' petition had the requisite number of signatures, i.e., at least 20% of the abutting landowners as required by 11 O.S. 1961, § 405, and the Board recognized the petition as sufficient. Although given the opportunity, protestants did not re-present their arguments to the Commissioner who had been absent from the previous meeting and the proposed zoning amendment proceeded to a vote. On roll call, Commissioner Shaw, who did not disqualify, and three other Commissioners, one of whom was the Commissioner absent at the previous meeting, voted "aye" on Ordinance No. 1205 changing the zoning of the property in question herein from single family residence to local commercial, while the fifth member of the Board voted "nay".
Thereafter, plaintiffs, who were some of the landowners surrounding the rezoned property, filed a declaratory judgment action naming the City of Stillwater as defendant and seeking a determination that Ordinance No. 1205 was invalid. In their petition, plaintiffs alleged the ordinance was invalid on the grounds that there was no substantial evidence to support the change in zoning; that the Board could not enact the ordinance at the next regular meeting subsequent to the one for which the required public notice had been given of the consideration of the proposed ordinance; that Commissioner Shaw's personal and business relationships with one of the owners of the rezoned property required his disqualification; that the commissioner absent from the original meeting at which the ordinance was initially considered should not have been allowed to participate in the vote on the ordinance at a subsequent meeting; that the ordinance constituted spot zoning and was arbitrary and unreasonable; and, that the ordinance is contrary to the purposes and uses set forth in the comprehensive zoning plan previously enacted by the City of Stillwater.
*947 Thereafter, the various owners of the rezoned property were allowed to intervene by the trial court.
At trial, plaintiffs introduced evidence relative to the character and use of the rezoned property, the history of the zoning applicable to it and the property surrounding it, and the proceedings before the Board in its consideration and eventual passage of the ordinance, all as outlined above. In addition, other evidence was offered by plaintiffs.
The chief of police, City of Stillwater, testified that if the property in question were developed for commercial purposes, the traffic hazards on heavily traveled West Sixth Avenue would increase unless arrangements and improvements were made to accommodate the increased traffic.
The city planner for the City of Stillwater testified that after an investigation, which took into consideration the nature of the character of the surrounding properties and the purposes of the comprehensive zoning plan, it was his opinion the property involved herein should be zoned for multi-family residential use, rather than for commercial use. He further testified that he made such recommendation to the Metropolitan Area Planning Commission prior to that body's adoption of its recommendation to the Board of Commissioners that the property be rezoned for local commercial use.
Various owners of the residential property surrounding the rezoned tract testified, in summary, that when they purchased their homes they had relied on the residential zoning then applicable to the tract and had it been zoned commercial at the times of their purchases, they either would not have purchased their homes or would not have paid the prices they did.
Plaintiffs also introduced evidence which they contend required Commissioner Shaw's disqualification. There is little, if any, dispute as to this evidence and it can be briefly summarized. Shaw is the exclusive distributor, in the territory in which Stillwater is located, of products of a major oil company. One of the owners of the rezoned property, a Mr. Simpson, an intervenor below and a defendant in error here, owns and operates a retail gasoline station selling such products in another area and thus purchases these from Shaw and has since 1954. In addition, Simpson owns a lot, adjoining the rezoned property, on which the above-mentioned bulk oil plant is located. This plant has been used since 1958 by Shaw for storage of some of his products. Shaw apparently uses the plant rent-free but has made some improvements which he stated have become the property of Simpson, with title to improvements to revert to himself in event of his removal. Shaw testified that he did not believe that his personal or business relationship with Simpson influenced his decision, but admitted that if he had voted against the rezoning their business relationship might have been adversely affected, although this would have depended on Simpson.
At the conclusion of plaintiffs' evidence, the trial court entered its judgment sustaining defendant's and intervenors' demurrer thereto. From this judgment and an order overruling their motion for new trial, plaintiffs appeal.
For reversal, plaintiffs present five propositions. As these overlap in several areas, they will be combined wherever possible.
Plaintiffs contend that the trial court erred in sustaining the demurrer to their evidence, alleging such evidence to be sufficient to establish that the rezoning of this particular tract under the circumstances involved was arbitrary and unreasonable. To support this contention, plaintiffs maintain that a trial court, in passing upon a defendant's demurrer to the evidence, cannot weigh the evidence but is required to consider only that evidence most favorable to a plaintiff. This is the rule correctly to be applied in cases of legal cognizance. Wilson v. Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad Co., Okl., 429 P.2d 763. However, in cases of equitable cognizance, *948 a demurrer to plaintiffs' evidence will be treated as a motion for judgment, and when passing upon such demurrer, a trial court should consider and weigh all the evidence submitted and determine in which of the parties' favor it preponderates. Biggs v. Federal Land Bank of Wichita, 186 Okl. 99, 95 P.2d 902; and, see Henderson v. Gifford, Okl., 318 P.2d 404.
In our opinion, a suit for declaratory judgment is neither strictly legal nor equitable in nature. See Borchard, Declaratory Judgments, Second Edition, pp. 237-240, 277; 26 C.J.S. Declaratory Judgments § 105, p. 234. Therefore, neither of the above quoted rules relative to demurrers to the evidence is necessarily applicable here and we must determine from the nature of the particular cause of action involved herein the rule the lower court should have applied in passing upon the demurrer to the evidence.
When the validity of a municipal zoning ordinance is challenged, it is the duty of the court to determine whether the passage of such ordinance is an arbitrary, unreasonable and capricious exercise of police power. Oklahoma City v. Barclay, Okl., 359 P.2d 237. This determination is made by applying the so-called "fairly debatable" rule, which requires a court to uphold the ordinance if the question of the type of zoning is fairly debatable from the basic physical facts involved.
In our view, a proper application of the fairly debatable rule requires a trial court, even when passing upon a demurrer to the evidence, to consider and weigh all the evidence submitted. If plaintiff's evidence, standing alone, establishes that the reasonableness of the zoning classification is fairly debatable, the ordinance should be upheld. To hold otherwise and require the trial court to restrict its consideration to that evidence most favorable to plaintiff would only result in additional litigation in those cases where it is clear from plaintiff's evidence that the reasonableness of the zoning classification is fairly debatable and that the ordinance eventually should be upheld.
In the instant case, the rezoned tract is in a transitional area. For some distance immediately to the west, the properties are zoned commercial and are presently being used for that purpose. The property surrounding the tract on the three other sides as has been noted is residential in nature. The street on which the tract fronts is a heavily traveled one. Although such tract was zoned single-family residential, plaintiffs' evidence may well be said to have demonstrated to the trial court that the evidence and arguments in turn presented to the City Commissioners for their determination a question calling for a decision on a fairly debatable issue (i.e. whether under all the facts and circumstances before them the tract should remain zoned single-family residential or be changed to commercial-1 as requested by intervenors). From all these basic physical facts, it is our opinion that the decision of the trial court that the reasonableness of the Board of Commissioners' action in rezoning the tract for commercial use, rather than for multi-family residential use as suggested by plaintiffs' evidence, is fairly debatable. In such cases, a trial court cannot substitute its judgment for that of the legislative body and the latter's decision must be upheld. Oklahoma City v. Barclay, supra.
Plaintiffs also contend, citing, inter alia, Aldom v. Borough of Roseland, 42 N.J. Super. 495, 127 A.2d 190, that Commissioner Shaw had a personal interest (described earlier herein) in the tract and should have disqualified in the consideration and passage of the ordinance. However, this Court has previously held that the motives of a member of a city commission in voting on an ordinance cannot be inquired into for the purpose of determining the validity of the ordinance. See Finklestein v. City of Sapulpa, 106 Okl. 297, 234 P. 187; and, Baxley v. City of Frederick, 133 Okl. 84, 271 P. 257.
*949 Lastly, plaintiffs contend that the ordinance was invalidly enacted as the vote for passage was taken at a meeting subsequent to the one for which notice had been given of the consideration of the ordinance and as a member absent at the first meeting participated in the vote at the second meeting. It should be noted that one of the reasons for postponement of the consideration of the ordinance at the first meeting was to enable the Board to check the sufficiency of signatures on a protest filed at that time. It is clear that the protestants to the ordinance, some of whom were plaintiffs herein, were present at the second meeting and were offered an opportunity to represent their views. This they declined to do. In view of these facts, we find that this contention lacks merit.
The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
All the Justices concur.
| |
Details for Sunday, August 02
Mainly cloudy. A few peeks of sunshine possible. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. High 102F. Winds SSW at 5 to 10 mph.Evening: Partly cloudy skies early will give way to cloudy skies late. A stray shower or thunderstorm is possible. Low 71F. Winds W at 10 to 15 mph.
UV Index: 5 (Moderate)
Relative Humidity: 10%
Precipitation: 20%
Snow: 0%
Cloud Coverage: 76%
Sunrise: 5:44 AMSunset: 8:28 PM
Moonrise: 9:45 PMMoonset: 8:37 AM
Moonphase:
Waning Gibbous
Direction: NNW (334°) Speed: 7Mph(12Km, 6Kts)
Details for Monday, August 03
Cloudy. High near 95F. Winds WSW at 10 to 20 mph.Evening: Mostly cloudy skies early will become partly cloudy late. Low near 65F. Winds WSW at 10 to 15 mph.
UV Index: 3 (Moderate)
Relative Humidity: 27%
Precipitation: 0%
Snow: 0%
Cloud Coverage: 87%
Sunrise: 5:46 AMSunset: 8:27 PM
Moonrise: 10:19 PMMoonset: 9:52 AM
Moonphase:
Waning Gibbous
Direction: WSW (258°) Speed: 15Mph(24Km, 13Kts)
Details for Tuesday, August 04
Sunny. Highs in the mid 90s and lows in the low 60s.
UV Index: 8 (Very High)
Relative Humidity: 24%
Precipitation: 0%
Snow: 0%
Cloud Coverage: 10%
Sunrise: 5:47 AMSunset: 8:25 PM
Moonrise: 10:53 PMMoonset: 11:06 AM
Moonphase:
Waning Gibbous
Direction: WSW (258°) Speed: 16Mph(25Km, 14Kts)
Details for Wednesday, August 05
Sunny. Highs in the low 90s and lows in the low 60s.
UV Index: 8 (Very High)
Relative Humidity: 29%
Precipitation: 0%
Snow: 0%
Cloud Coverage: 7%
Sunrise: 5:48 AMSunset: 8:24 PM
Moonrise: 11:28 PMMoonset: 12:19 PM
Moonphase:
Waning Gibbous
Direction: WSW (257°) Speed: 17Mph(27Km, 14Kts)
Details for Thursday, August 06
Sunny. Highs in the low 90s and lows in the low 60s.
UV Index: 8 (Very High)
Relative Humidity: 30%
Precipitation: 0%
Snow: 0%
Cloud Coverage: 1%
Sunrise: 5:49 AMSunset: 8:23 PM
Moonrise: 11:59 PMMoonset: 1:28 PM
Moonphase:
Waning Gibbous
Direction: SW (230°) Speed: 7Mph(12Km, 6Kts)
Details for Friday, August 07
Mostly sunny. Highs in the mid 90s and lows in the mid 60s.
Cloud Coverage: 13%
Sunrise: 5:51 AMSunset: 8:21 PM
Moonrise: 12:06 AMMoonset: 2:36 PM
Moonphase:
Last Quarter
Direction: SE (131°) Speed: 4Mph(7Km, 4Kts)
Details for Saturday, August 08
Mainly sunny. Highs in the upper 80s and lows in the low 60s.
UV Index: 8 (Very High)
Relative Humidity: 34%
Precipitation: 0%
Snow: 0%
Cloud Coverage: 14%
Sunrise: 5:52 AMSunset: 8:20 PM
Moonrise: 12:47 AMMoonset: 3:39 PM
Moonphase:
Waning Crescent
Direction: WSW (256°) Speed: 18Mph(29Km, 16Kts)
Details for Sunday, August 09
Abundant sunshine. Highs in the upper 80s and lows in the low 60s.
UV Index: 8 (Very High)
Relative Humidity: 36%
Precipitation: 10%
Snow: 0%
Cloud Coverage: 17%
Sunrise: 5:53 AMSunset: 8:18 PM
Moonrise: 1:31 AMMoonset: 4:37 PM
Moonphase:
Waning Crescent
Direction: WSW (258°) Speed: 13Mph(20Km, 11Kts)
Details for Monday, August 10
Morning showers. Highs in the upper 80s and lows in the low 60s.
UV Index: 8 (Very High)
Relative Humidity: 38%
Precipitation: 40%
Snow: 0%
Cloud Coverage: 38%
Sunrise: 5:54 AMSunset: 8:17 PM
Moonrise: 2:22 AMMoonset: 5:29 PM
Moonphase:
Waning Crescent
Direction: WSW (255°) Speed: 15Mph(23Km, 13Kts)
Details for Tuesday, August 11
Plenty of sun. Highs in the low 90s and lows in the low 60s.
| |
What does the ‘gene markers present in your genome data’ section refer to?
What can you do with the information from a Carrier Status Report?
How do I know what condition I am a carrier for?
Are all inherited genetic conditions covered in Xcode’s Carrier Status Report?
What is the carrier status report about?
What does it mean to be a ‘carrier’?
What does the section titled 'Gene markers analyzed' refer to in the Carrier Status Report?
Why don’t carriers express the condition?
Does Xcode Life’s Carrier Status Report check all variants associated with each condition?
What does a potential pathogenic variant mean?
Category:
Genes and Carrier Status FAQ
These are genetic variants that have been reported to be associated with the specific condition. However, please be advised that many of these associations may not have been verified and only serve the purpose of providing preliminary caution for further screening (under qualified medical advice), if symptoms or other factors warrant one.
PRODUCTS
PRICING
HOW IT WORKS
TESTIMONIALS
GENE TOOL
COMPANY
ABOUT
CONTACT US
PARTNER WITH US
WRITE FOR US
OTHER
F.A.Qs
COOKIES
REFUND POLICY
FOLLOW US
Terms & Conditions
© Copyright 2010-20 - Xcode Life - All Rights Reserved
More info
Okay! | https://www.xcode.life/faq/what-does-a-potential-pathogenic-variant-mean/ |
Encapsulating the metallic material allows exploitation of the nanoscale properties of the metallic materials protected both mechanically and from oxidation by the carbon nanotube. State-of-the-art chemical vapour deposition synthesis techniques in conjunction with in situ monitoring technologies allow us to engineer the metallic filling and morphology of carbon nanotubes ultimately altering the physical properties of the generated materials. Other synthesis techniques include electrolysis in molten salts of the desired metallic filling and vapour filling of the desired material. Both in situ and ex situ synthesis techniques are implemented for encapsulation of different metallic materials for varying functionality. Such multi-functional nanomaterials can also be produced into flexible composites or utilised individually. For example, thin films of carbon nanotubes filled with a magnetic material are lightweight, strong, and can be perturbed by magnetic manipulation. Materials with these properties are highly sought for robotics, sensing and ultra-high-density magnetic storage devices. Alternatively, metallically filled nanotubes can provide large surface area and structural stability for anode materials in battery applications.
In order to ultimately characterise these materials and confirm their potential application, transmission electron microscopy will be utilised alongside scanning electron microscopy to gauge the degree of filling and morphology of the filled nanotubes. These techniques will be combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to obtain local compositional data on the fillings. X-ray diffraction will be utilised to characterise the presence of various phases of filled material generated inside the nanotubes to better understanding into the synthesis mechanisms. These results will be correlated to the electrochemical, thermoelectric or magnetic performance of the materials, ultimately providing a feedback loop for the modification of the synthesis procedure, in an iterative fashion, to optimise the desired properties of the materials.
The work will be conducted in collaboration with internationally leading experts in the fields of nanomaterials and electrochemical characterisation respectively. Moreover, the research group has a range of industrial collaborators and specific potential applications will be sought once progress has been made with the metallically filled carbon nanotube materials. Traditionally, the students of the Nanomaterials of Design research group are encouraged to engage with academic collaborators as well as industry partners whenever feasible.
This research project falls within the EPSRC Energy, Engineering, Healthcare technologies, Manufacturing the future, Physical sciences research areas. | https://gtr.ukri.org/projects?ref=studentship-2281764 |
Paul Woolford contributed sound design to the new Blade Runner 2049 trailer
The film hits cinemas this October...
Paul Woolford has revealed via Twitter that he had a hand in the music for Blade Runner 2049, specifically for the film's new trailer, which dropped this week.
Whether his contribution extends the film's actual score we're not entirely sure, as it's common knowledge that the film's soundtrack has been created by Jóhann Jóhannsson, who has worked with the film's director, Denis Villeneuve, on several of his previous films including the excellent Arrival, Sicario and Prisoner.
The film sees Officer K (Ryan Gosling), a new blade runner for the Los Angeles Police Department, unearth a long-buried secret that has the potential to plunge what's left of society into chaos. His discovery leads him on a quest to find Rick Deckard (Harrison Ford), a former blade runner who's been missing for 30 years.
The original film changed the sci-fi landscape when it was originally released back in 1982 tackling issues around AI, genetic engineering and corporate power and featured a stunning soundtrack from legendary electronic producer Vangelis.
Check out the new film's trailer, which features Paul Woolford's contribution, below.
In other news, Woolford has also revealed that he's nearly finished with his Special Request album, which hopefully will be released soon, too.
Blade Runner 2049 hits cinemas this October.
It's been hard keeping this to myself - I have contributed sound design to this trailer for Bladerunner 2049.... https://t.co/GmlAk8au3U— Paul Woolford (@PaulWoolford) May 10, 2017
7 days away from finishing this Special Request album...— Paul Woolford (@PaulWoolford) May 11, 2017
Title is Belief System
I don't want this process to end, but it's nearly time...
Copyright Thrust Publishing Ltd. Permission to use quotations from this article is granted subject to appropriate credit being given to www.djmag.com as the source. | https://subscribe.djmag.com/news/paul-woolford-contributed-sound-design-new-blade-runner-2049-trailer |
Vidyashilp is firmly committed to online learning, an important part of our mission to increase access to the educational resources that can help professional development.
To build and scale this vertical from scratch, we are looking for a Lead Instructional Designer - Vidyashilp Online Learning Initiatives
Role
- Lead the analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation of courses, ensuring competency alignment among courses to achieve program objectives.
- Consult with faculty to identify and integrate the appropriate instructional design and technologies
- Collaborate and consult with faculty on the effective use of Web-based resources, multimedia technologies, and instructional strategies
- Provide recommendations for interface design, sequencing of instruction, active learning, and use of assessments activities
- Coordinate the development of instructional materials that are functional, informative, engaging, and consistent with sound instructional design principles, including alignment of course objectives with learning activities, instructional resources, and assessments
- Build and a lead a team of content and multimedia specialists to create interactive and engaging instructional resources including video, audio podcasts, and graphics
Qualifications: | https://vidyashilp.edu.in/careers-instructional-design-apply-now/ |
Friendship Public Charter School operates a thriving network of college preparatory public charter schools. Headquartered in Washington, DC. Friendship serves over 4,800 students in preschool to grade 12 and guides a growing network of alumni to college completion annually. Our mission is to prepare students to become ethical, literate, well-rounded and self-sufficient citizens by providing a world-class education that motivates students to reach high academic standards, to enjoy learning, to achieve success, and to contribute actively to their communities. For 25 years, with the support and guidance of our exceptional faculty, our students have risen to the challenge with high graduation rates, college acceptances and unparalleled success academically and socially. The Experiential Learning Coordinator will be an experienced educator with demonstrated academic and professional achievement in a related field. S/he will demonstrate and model the qualities of collaboration, energy, initiative, empathy, and flexibility.
The Experiential Learning Coordinator designs experiences for scholars district-wide that focus on assisting them to develop broad, transferable skills for postsecondary education and for careers. S/he will work with all of theLeadership Teams and teachers to establish partnerships, create curricula, sustain structures, implement professional learning, and promote culture around Friendship’s approach to experiential learning.
• Design curricula to connect students to their neighborhoods with curriculum-aligned activities relating to science, history, math, art, engineering, and writing, and to train teachers in outdoor learning.
• Partner with faculty to enhance current offerings with outdoor componentsand experiential learning activities in the classroom.
• Create outdoor education opportunities to broaden and deepen students’ experience of science and service learning, establishing connections with local, aligned organizations that will increase student participation, appreciation, and understanding of earth sciences and related fields
• Empower teachers to create more exciting, engaging, and effective student-driven learning experiences, using outdoor spaces as real-world instructional tools.
• Collaborate with PK-12 faculty to create a place-based curriculum for the school year and summer for extended learning programs and school day classrooms that includes, and enhances, current offerings throughout the school
*Effective November 1, 2021, all adult employees, contractors, interns, and volunteers working in person in a public, public charter, independent, private, or parochial school in the District of Columbia, and all adult employees, contractors, interns, and volunteers working in person in a child care facility regulated by the Office of the State Superintendent of Education, shall have received a full course of a vaccination against COVID-19 unless they have been granted an exemption from such vaccination pursuant to, and are compliant with the requirements of, Section IV of this Order.”
FPCS’s policy is to provide equal employment opportunity to all qualified applicants and employees regardless of their race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, disability, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, marital status, genetic information, veteran status, status as a special disabled veteran, or any other protected criteria as established by federal, state, or local laws. This policy applies to recruitment and hiring, training, promotion, compensation, benefits, transfer, layoff, termination and all other terms and conditions of employment. Employment decisions at FPCS are based solely upon relevant criteria, including an individual’s capabilities, qualifications, training, experience and suitability. | https://careers-friendshipschools.icims.com/jobs/2846/experiential-learning-coordinator/job |
Signs You’re Sabotaging Your Own Chance At Love
As much as we would all like to live our lives never assuming any responsibility for the consequences of our actions, that’s just not realistic.
You may have had a string of bad relationships or terrible dates, but there comes a point when you have to look at the common denominator. Are all men trash, or is the reason that you’ve found no luck in love actually because you’re sabotaging yourself?
You Want It Too Much
Despite what you might have told yourself, it is absolutely possible to want something too much. Love seems to be one of those things that the more you want it or the more desperate you become for a relationship, the less likely it is that you’re going to find it.
As much as you’re tired of being single, the people who are desperate for love are often the people who most need the time alone. You’ve got to focus on yourself and be able to be by yourself before you bring someone else into the picture.
You’re Staying In A Relationship You Know Isn’t Working
It’s hard to know when to give up on a relationship or when to fight for it. If you’ve been with someone for a long time and it’s not working, you feel like you’ve committed so much time to it that you need to make it work.
That’s the wrong answer, though! If you know that something genuinely isn’t working for you, it doesn’t do you any good to stay with someone that doesn’t give you what you need. Not every person in your life deserves a second (or third, or fourth) chance. You have to be able to make that tough decision in order to give yourself a chance.
You’re Too Forgiving Of Your Partner
Just because you love someone does not mean that you’re required to forgive all their bad behavior. The idea that you have to have unconditional love for someone, that they can’t possibly do anything that’s too bad? It’s not a motto to live by.
If you’re willing to forgive anything that your partner does, they’re going to continue to push those boundaries, knowing that you won’t push back on them. Having boundaries is healthy, and you have to be able to stick to them, to enforce them. You need to know when to say enough is enough and be able to recognize when someone has done something that you’re not okay with.
You Have No Confidence In Yourself
If you aren’t even able to spend some alone time with yourself, why is anyone else going to want to be with you? You have to be confident in yourself and in what you bring to a relationship.
Insecurity is not going to help you find a person that will make you happy. They can’t take away your insecurity; you’ll just end up developing new ones or projecting those insecurities onto the other person.
You’re Not Actually Putting Yourself Out There
Literally every person who has been single for an extended period of time has been told by a friend or by their mother that they just need to put themselves out there in order to find love.
Unfortunately for you, that’s probably true. And more importantly, you’re probably not actually doing it, even if you think you are. Simply having a dating app on your phone that you casually swipe through once a week but never actually initiate a conversation on is not the equivalent of putting yourself out there. Looking at your local cute barista for more than one second of eye contact when he hands you your coffee also does not count, FYI.
You Ignore The Signs That Other People Give You
Maybe the reason that you’re not able to find love is that you refuse to believe that anyone could actually be interested in you. Because of that belief, because of your own insecurity, you aren’t able to see the signs that people are giving you.
You could be missing out on the fact that the guy at the bar was interested in you, not your friend, or the fact that your really close friend is dropping major hints because you just don’t think it’s possible.
You’re Still Keeping Your Options Open While In A Relationship
It’s perfectly normal that while you’re in a relationship, you’re still going to notice that another person is attractive. You’re dating someone, you’re not blind.
The issue is when you’re not willing to fully commit yourself to the relationship you’re already in. You’re worried about what could still be out there or you’re not ready to fully commit yourself to another person, so you let your eyes wander. This “the grass is always greener” mentality is what’s going to stop you from being able to fully explore a relationship and actually see if your current relationship is what you need. | https://www.thisiswhyimsingle.com/relationships/signs-youre-sabotaging-your-own-chance-at-love/?view-all |
At Pragma we are committed to providing equal opportunities and to avoiding unlawful discrimination in our workplace. Discrimination or advantages or disadvantages must not be conferred on any employee or prospective employee / job applicant with respect to any aspect of their personal character or circumstance, including age, gender, race, ethnicity, disability, pregnancy, marital status, sexual orientation, gender reassignment, religious background or nationality.
It is also the policy of the company that people with disabilities, whether registered disabled or not, and irrespective of the type of disability, should receive full and fair consideration for all job vacancies for which they apply. Furthermore, the training, career development and promotion of disabled persons should, as far as possible, be identical to that of other employees. | https://www.pragmauk.com/equal-opportunities |
It's important to understand what foot type you have, as it will help you better understand why you are experiencing pain. Knowing this will also identify what support you need. There are three distinct types of foot which are easy to identify with a simple test. We call this the wet test!
Each foot type is based on the height of your arches. This is separated into a High arch, a low arch, or a normal arch. To find out which you are follow these easy steps: Dip your foot into a shallow pan of water. Then simply place your foot on a thick blank piece of heavy paper. Your foot will make one of three possible imprints and based on that you either have a...
If all you can see are the ball of your foot, your heel and a thin line connecting the two, then you have the least common foot type - High Arches. This is linked with under pronation. This means that when you're standing, walking or running your arch isn't collapsing enough. Your heel isn't providing adequate shock absorption leaving your legs to take the brunt of the force. This can lead to problems throughout your whole body. If this applies to you, you need extra cushioning which will help absorb some of the shock generated while active.
If you see the imprint of your entire foot, then you have a flat foot. A low arch is associated with flat foot which can lead to what is known as 'over-pronation'. This means the second your foot hits the ground your arches revert which leads to excessive foot movement, which severely increases your chance of injury. Over-Pronators need insoles that offer more motion control.
If you see about half your arch, you're a normal pronator. Pronation is actually a positive thing, it's when you're getting too much, or too little that problems arise. Even if you are normal pronator it's always beneficial to add some extra cushion to avoid any long term damage. | https://www.myfootfirst.com/page/find-your-foot-type/67 |
Q:
Alignment of enumerate (numbered by subsection) and the existing text
I have a document full of lists which I need to refer to later in the document. Therefore I number my lists (enumerate) by subsections. I have chosen to specify this globally by this line in the preamble:
\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\thesubsection.\arabic{enumi}}
This gives me the result I want, but because each item now consists of 4 digits (chapter.section.subsection.item), some of the numbers end up in the left margin:
I would like the numbers of enumerate to (left) align with the rest of the document text (including subsection numbers as seen in the picture above). How is this done globally, since I have a massive amount of lists?
If relevant: I am using memoir.
A:
Similar to Harish's answer, but there's no need for
\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\thesubsection.\arabic{enumi}}
You can simply define
\setlist[enumerate]{leftmargin=*,align=left,label=\thesubsection.\arabic*.}
MWE:
\documentclass{memoir}
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\setlist[enumerate]{leftmargin=*,align=left,label=\thesubsection.\arabic*.}
\begin{document}
\chapter{A chapter}
\section{A section}
\subsection{A subsection}
\begin{enumerate}
\item aaa
\item bbb
\item ccc
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}
If you need it only for a few enumerate environments, instead of setting globally
\setlist[enumerate]{leftmargin=*,align=left,label=\thesubsection.\arabic*.}
use these settings locally by issuing
\begin{enumerate}[leftmargin=*,align=left,label=\thesubsection.\arabic*.]
Note that you may need to load enumitem with the shortlabels option
\usepackage[shortlabels]{enumitem}
if you have already customized enumerate lists.
A:
You can use enumitem and its align=left
\documentclass{memoir}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\thesubsection.\arabic{enumi}}
\begin{enumerate}[align=left,leftmargin=*]
\item Some item Some item Some item Some item Some item Some item Some item Some item Some item Some item Some item
\item Some item
\end{enumerate}
Some text here
\end{document}
Remember that memoir class emulates the functions of only enumerate package and for more control, enumitem is recommended. Here is an example of more control with a customized alignment.
\documentclass{memoir}
\usepackage{enumitem} % for \midrule macro
\renewcommand*{\theenumi}{\thesubsection.\arabic{enumi}}
\SetLabelAlign{myleft}{\strut\smash{\parbox[t]{\labelwidth}{\raggedright#1}}}
\begin{enumerate}[align=myleft,labelwidth=1.25cm,leftmargin=\dimexpr\labelwidth+\labelsep,
itemindent=!]
| |
Many of you have probably read or heard about the rapid growth of the human population on earth. This rapid growth has caused some concern about our environment. Humans, however, are not the only organisms which such rapid growth. Other living organisms can experience the same type of growth. Scientists have studied this growth of animals, plants and other living things, and they have come up with ways of computing this growth.
One of the original ways that scientists calculated growth of populations was by assuming that every organism in the environment gave birth to some average number of offspring every year. This results in the population growing very rapidly. For example, if we assume that we start with 2 organisms and that every year each organism gives birth to an average of 2 (note that since this is an average it could have decimal values such as 2.3) others we have the following populations by year:
|Year||1||2||3||4||5|
|Population||2||6||18||54||162|
|Births||4||12||36||108||324|
Notice that to figure out the population in a year you add the population and the births from the year before. We can write a very simple equation to figure out this kind of growth as follows:
population in this year = population from last year + population from last year * birth rate
This kind of growth is unlimited, that is the population will keep growing forever, and is called exponential growth (don't worry about the terminology).
Limited Growth
Scientists studying this kind of population growth realized that most populations could not grow forever, there had to be something that limited the population to a certain size. Think of fish in a fish tank. Obviously, they cannot go on multiplying forever. There is some maximum number of fish that the tank can hold. This number is called the carrying capacity and this type of growth is called logistic growth (again, you don't need to worry about the terminology, just the concept that there is some maximum number that the tank can hold).
The equation that describes this kind of growth is somewhat more complicated, but basically it says that growth slows down as the population gets close to the maximum value. It is not important that you understand why the equation looks this way, but you should be able to understand it well enough to make it into a program. This equation is the same as the limited growth with an extra part tacked on at the end as follows:
population this year = population last year + population last year * birth rate [(maximum - last year)/(maximum)]
It is helpful to understand that the part tacked on at the end is zero when the population is at its maximum. This means that there is no more growth at that time.
Bell Curves
(Note: You only need to read this section if you are curious or have been assigned to one of the random functions.)
As mentioned above, when the growth rates of the populations are averages. But what does that really mean? When we say that the class average on an exam is 75, it doesn't mean that everyone got a 75. It also doesn't mean that one third got 65, one third 75 and one third 85. It usually means that the grades were scattered all around, but that many of them were in the 65 to 85 range, with the most around 75. You may have heard this kind of grade range described as a bell curve as shown here:
This graph shows that a lot of people got 75 and the further you get away from 75 the less people that got that score (the horizontal range shows the grades and the vertical range shows the number of people that got that grade). This means that if we were to randomly pick someone in the class at check that person's grade, it would most likely be right around 75 but there is a small chance that it could be a lot less or a lot more. It turns out that many things have averages that look like this. In this part of the project we will assume birth rates show this kind of average. If we say the birth rate is an average of 1.5 this means that it will usually be around 1.5, but sometimes it may be a lot more or a lot less.
In order to generate random numbers like this you must use the new RandGen class that was created and is stored in the file bell.cpp. To use this file you must include bell.h in the program and add bell.cpp to the project. You may download bell.cpp and bell.h here.
You generate a random number from a bell curve in almost the same way that you generated numbers on dice. You simply create a variable of type RandGen (for example bellmaker), and then call the function RandBell function, giving it the average value from on the bell curve. For example if I wanted to generate a random number from the above bell curve which has an average of 75, I call the function bellmaker.RandBell(75).
The following sample program uses the new random number class to generate 20 random numbers on a bell curve from the same average.
Assignment 6
This sounds like a lot of information for one project, so we will work on this program as a class. The final program will allow a user to input a population and a growth rate, and then decide whether they want unlimited or limited grown and non-random or random growth rates. The program will then calculate and print out the number of organisms over 20 years using the equations above. The program must have a menu that lets the user choose if they want to continue or quit. It would be helpful to study the way the sample program works.
Click Here to Download a DOS Version of the Program
This assignment is a class project. This means that the whole class must work together. You are to divide up into seven teams with two to three members per team. As a class you should decide which team will tackle each of the following tasks:
You are responsible for coordinating data being passed between the functions. Each team is responsible for its own work. You should assist other teams if you are finished with your portion, but you may not do another team's work. Doing this will result in a loss of points from both teams. The project is done when there is a single working copy of the program that is handed in. Each portion of the program should be commented and must included the names of the people that worked on each section. When the program is done each team must explain their portion of the program to the class. Part of this presentation should involve graphs made in Microsoft Excel of the population growth shown in your part of the program. When you are ready to do this just ask for help.
Each team will be graded separately, and different grades will be awarded to different team members if teams do not work as one. This program will be graded on the following factors:
- How well your portion fits in with the other portions of the program.
- Whether your portion of the program functions correctly.
- How easy you portion of the program is to understand.
- Your explanation of your program to the class.
- How well you worked with your team members.
- Howwell you worked with other teams.
This assignment will be due by Friday, April 3. Part of that period will be devoted to explanations of the program. Only the final version of the program should be deposited in the class folder on the network (I:\COMP\C++ Class Klopfer\Assignment 6) by this date. Another folder (I:\COMP\C++ Class Klopfer\Assignment 6 Work) is available for passing parts of the program around. | http://taumoda.com/web/class/day31.html |
According to the deputy governor of the central bank in Rwanda, they will not know whether they can issue a central bank digital currency (CBDC) or not until the end of 2022. This is when they will complete a study that assesses the benefits and risks that are associated with it. Soraya Hakuziyaremya, the Rwandan central bank’s deputy governor, has recently suggested that they would first like to know the outcome of the investigation they are conducting on CBDCs before talking about its issuance. Hakuziyaremya said in her remarks that the finding of the research study that the National Bank of Rwanda (NBR) has undertaken will decide the fate of CBDC in the country.
She elaborated that they were currently in an investigation phase and were assessing the benefits a CBDC could have for the people of Rwanda. But, she also said that they would also consider its risks, not just for the economy, but also the sector itself, depending on the kind of digital currency they would issue. It had previously been reported that the Rwandan central bank had initiated a research study in June 2021, which was aimed at studying the possible implications a central bank digital currency could have on the financial and monetary stability of the country.
Furthermore, the report had also said that the report would also focus on the ‘operationalization model’. Launching the study made the NBR one of the handful of banks in Africa to highlight their intention of embracing digital currencies. However, up until now, it is only the Central Bank of Nigeria that has gone ahead and rolled out their digital currency. As for Rwanda, the deputy governor stated that if the country goes ahead with the launch of the CBDC, then it also needs to reduce the number of people who are financially excluded.
She said that looking at financial inclusion was of the utmost importance because issuing a digital currency means including all the population and not excluding anyone. Therefore, the introduction of the CBDC should also help in closing the digital divide and also ensure that people have the option of using it if they want. Rwanda Fintech Network’s chairperson, Olivier Mugabonake also talked about the potential opportunities that a CBDC could offer to the local economy in the report.
He said that there were already some companies that were ready to embrace the said technology. He said that he understood that the regulator has to make an assessment and ensure secure adoption. A number of countries all around the world are currently working on their own central bank digital currency (CBDC) projects. They have reached different stages so far, with China already testing its CBDC. The ECB is also doing its own investigation into the possible introduction of a digital euro, as is the Reserve Bank in India (RBI). Most central banks are in favor of launching a CBDC instead of regulating cryptocurrencies for widespread use, as the latter are considered unreliable. | https://finserving.com/cryptocurrency/rwandas-central-bank-official-said-decision-on-cbdc-may-come-at-end-of-2022 |
The source of crafts, sciences and arts is the power of reflection
“The source of crafts, sciences and arts is the power of reflection. Make ye every effort that out of this ideal mine there may gleam forth such pearls of wisdom and utterance as will promote the well-being and harmony of all the kindred’s of the earth”.
(Baha’u’llah)
Meditation
Photo:Prehistoric cave paintings.
Man as a universal artist.
There are more theories about the motives of our prehistoric ancestors for making cave paintings than the actual number of cave paintings. The most fundamental theory that is accepted by many is that the drawings weren’t merely decorative. This is supported by the fact that the drawings generally weren’t made in the caves where the prehistoric man lived, but instead were created in extremely inhospitable caves that were difficult to access.
Theo van Doesburg and Piet Mondriaan aimed to create a universal visual language based on the laws that control the universe. The universal character of their art would bring regional and international differences to an end and therefor contribute to world peace. Their opinion was that art can change society.
Countless theories on the meaning of ‘universal art’ were developed. An example is the next opinion: ‘Art arises from a sort of inner impulse that forces the artist to express him/herself and because this inner impulse is equal in all man, art is by definition universal.’
I personally don’t believe in this compelling malleability of art. According to me the creation of art, in all cultures, by different races, in variable circumstances, even as far back as the old prehistoric culture, proves that it is in human nature to be a universal artist or art lover. | https://www.fransart.nl/philosophy/tresure-mining?lang=en |
Don’t meditate to fix yourself,
to heal yourself,
to improve yourself,
to redeem yourself.
Rather, do it as an act of love,
of deep warm friendship to yourself.
In this way there is no longer any need
for the subtle aggression of self-improvement,
for the endless guilt of not doing enough.
– Bob Sharples
This weekend I am grateful for participating in the Mindfulness and Happiness workshop at the Sacred Treehouse by Piero Falci. The class was filled with so much wisdom and encouragement to move toward happiness through using many active steps, including the important act of truly SEEING the moment as it is, filled with both positives and negatives. Piero shared the term negativity bias, the nature of the mind to see the negative as a survival instinct, and how this automatic mechanism can become all one focuses attention on, with the exclusion of what else is also present. The mindfulness and happiness workshop is dedicated to helping people exercise the ability to expand and see what else is here, to truly feel it, to soak it in, and to allow participants to see and feel for themselves that life is filled with both and it is not their fault that they see the negative. In fact, the mind has been described as being quite like velcro for negative and teflon for positive emotions and experiences, requiring some effecting at seeing and feeling the positive.
Meditation and mindfulness were shared as ways to cultivate the positive states and to increase the ability to see beyond the negative. What I shared at the end of class was my appreciation that Piero wisely warned participants of the danger of the subtle aggression of self improvement. This encouragement to take in the lessons, the ideas, the suggestions given in class with a warning to use them with care and kindness. So often we can engage in self help courses and daily practices because we are trying to perfect ourselves, to become worthy, or lovable. This is a slippery slope because the underlining belief motivating the action is unworthiness, self criticism, and even self hatred. Actions that stem from this belief are inherently negative and therefore more likely to bring self harm.
As Bob Sharples writes above, do not meditate (or engage in any self help practices) from a place of fixing or perfecting, rather care for your self from a place love and kindness. For those of us in the world who have struggled with the idea, nonetheless the act of self love, it is perfectly ok to start with the intention to love oneself.
Try this before you start to meditate, exercise, eat, or practice any other form of self care.
ASK:
Am I trying to perfect/improve/heal/redeem myself?
If so, set the intention to drop all expectations and continue with loving and caring for yourself just as you are right now…perfectly imperfect.
With gratitude and love,
Patty and all the Sacred Treehouse faculty.
Patty Thomas Shutt, founder of Sacred Treehouse, is a licensed psychologist and co-owner of Therapeutic Oasis of the Palm Beaches. Dr. Shutt is passionate about helping others discover the benefits of mindfulness and meditation. She offers Beginner Meditation & Advanced Meditation classes at Sacred Treehouse, in addition to Mindfulness Based Stress Reduction, Mindful Self-Compassion and various book studies throughout the year. | https://sacredtreehouse.org/2020/08/meditate-as-an-act-of-self-love/ |
Currently, 17 percent of the Dutch workforce suffers from a burnout. Symptoms vary from irritability and disrupted sleep patterns to emotional lability. However, the central characteristic of a burnout is the experience of physical, emotional and mental exhaustion [pdf].
High work pressure with little autonomy and support from colleagues is found to increase the risk of burnouts, whereas being socially connected with family, friends and colleagues decreases these chances [pdf].
Burnouts are a relatively big problem in the Netherlands in comparison to other European countries. This is caused by our social structure. Under pressure from the neo-liberal market, we have traded social cohesion for flexibility, the productivity that results from it, and illusive freedom. Where long-term contracts and labor unions were the norm, we now all compete independently for the next better job. We are trapped in a system in which we tell ourselves to work harder and to be perpetually available because if we won’t, the next freelancer will.
Initially, the current corona crisis, forcing us to work from home, was thought to be the necessary brake society had been reluctant to pull. At first, when the lockdown was just announced, professionals mainly warned of increasing cases of burnout caused by the stirring global pandemic. Juggling changing work patterns with childcare was expected to lead to increased pressure, and hence, burnout symptoms. Yet currently, the “break given by the brake” seems to positively affect our work-related burnout symptoms. Even though many workers risk losing jobs or have to work harder than ever before, the lucky ones who still receive a pay check, start to express the relief accompanying empty calendars and the simplicity of the current working days. Because of the crisis, we are learning how easy it is to cancel commitments. People suffering from burnouts often struggle to say no, as everything is perceived to be important. The current crisis teaches us that, yes, we can cancel appointments. Additionally, the newly freed up time in our calendars allows us to think about what is important, and why we work in the first place. We long believed that if we worked even harder we could conquer the world, but does that belief still hold true today? “By changing how we work, we change how we relate to each other and ourselves”.
Moreover, since we are all in this together, the pandemic increases a perception of social cohesion. Naturally, a global pandemic introduces stress sources other than work, the seriousness of which should not be tempered. However, if we maintain higher levels of rest and social cohesion once normal work resumes, then some cases of burnout could decrease. Perhaps our hopeful future will have more people burning brightly instead of burning out.
Bottom Line: Dutch social structure had focused on productivity, which led to more burnouts than seen in other European countries. The current corona crisis, although catastrophic in many aspects, decreased work-related stress for salaried employees working from home. Simplicity, empty agendas, increased social cohesion and a new look at careerism is expected to decrease burnout rates. Perhaps corona gave Dutch society the break it needed.
* Please help my Economic Growth & Development students by commenting on unclear analysis, alternative perspectives, better data sources, or maybe just saying something nice :). | https://one-handed-economist.com/?p=1883 |
The High Court in Ngunjiri Wambugu v Inspector General of Police and others (July 29, 2019) has directed the state to change or develop new law and regulations to ensure peaceful assembly, and to write Codes of Conduct for organisers of demonstrations. The purpose is to prevent violence, especially by making organisers legally responsible for any damage and injuries occurring during protests.
The petitioner had requested these following the 2016 IEBC demonstrations where he claimed the violence by protesters threatened the rights of members of the public.
The judgment recommends regulations with “prescriptions for demarcation of demonstration zones, responsibilities for clean-up costs, maximum numbers, consents of persons/entities adjacent to demonstration zones with appropriate penalties when they go outside the expectations of the law.”
NEGATIVE SIDE OF THIS APPROACH
The implications of the pronouncements and orders in this judgment potentially violate the right to freedom of assembly under Article 37 of the Constitution.
A demonstration zone is exactly what it sounds like: a designated area in which protesting is permitted, to the exclusion of other public spaces. While it may sound as though protects the right, in fact, it does the opposite by confining the exercise of the right to those spaces. It is akin to a ‘designated smoking zone’, where smoking beyond the designated area attracts state sanctions.
Similar proposals elsewhere, have been fought by the American Civil Liberties Union and other civil liberties organisations, because their real effect, indeed, objective, is censorship and an unjustified limitation on the rights to freedom of speech and assembly.
Location is an important aspect of the right to assembly. The motive of a protest is to draw attention to the cause supported by the organisers and to convince others of the rightness of the cause.
This often requires that it not only be held in view of the public but also that it be in proximity to the object of the protest. For instance, a protest against MPs awarding themselves high salaries is more effective if held in front of the Parliament Buildings (or at least nearby).
Regulations demarcating demonstration zones would thus deny protesters the ability to reach their target audiences, rendering their assembly ineffective. Suppose, for example, that demonstrations were restricted to Freedom Corner (in Uhuru Park). People would only be aware of them if they came voluntarily to the park — totally defeating the purpose of confronting the public with a cause.
This, in addition to the judge’s proposal that consent of the persons/entities adjacent to demonstration zones be sought, constitutes unreasonable restrictions on the right to freedom of assembly.
The judge’s proposal that a maximum number of protesters be prescribed is unconstitutional since Article 37 protects freedom of assembly as a right that belongs to ‘Every person’. Placing a general cap on the number of people allowed to participate in a demonstration would be to deny some this important right.
BURDEN ON ORGANISERS
The judge proposes that “the regulation could specify the full organiser’s details which must be captured to ensure that in the event of loss of lives and destruction of property then they are liable.” Interestingly, the current Public Order (Amendment) Bill 2019 also seeks to impose upon organisers of protests liability to compensate for loss or damage during protests and imprisonment for as long as one year.
Holding protest organisers jointly liable for acts they may not have committed is an unfair limitation on the right to freedom of assembly. Its effect would naturally be to deter the organising of protests for fear of the possible penalties if damage occurs.
And it is not in line with basic principles of criminal law which are based on the actual fault of individuals since organisers would be held liable without their having any intention or having committed any actual criminal act.
While there is a need for regulations about protest organisers, the focus should not be to impose criminal liability on them but rather to guide their relationship and partnership with the police to effectively manage, and ensure peaceful conduct of public gatherings. Protest organisers are an important link between police and protesters, which is useful for negotiation to enable police to discharge their duty to facilitate assemblies.
Trying to ensure that demonstrations are held peacefully and to minimise loss of life and damage to property, as the judge notes, is not wrong in principle. However, we must warn against the tendency of the state to roll back on constitutional rights under the guise of ‘peace and security’. The late Justice Onguto observed the same in Eugene Wamalwa v Minister for State for Internal Security (2011):
“The machinery of criminal justice cannot be allowed to become a tool for the police (to) violate the constitutional rights of citizens. The invocation of the criminal law, in unsuitable circumstances or for the wrong ends must be stopped…”
In the Ngunjiri Wambugu case, the High Court justifies unreasonable state action to criminalise protests. Justice Makau seems to be prejudiced against protesters when he states:
“In this country, it is no longer a secret that demonstration, picketing, assembly have escalated from peaceful and unarmed gatherings to violent unruly and unlawful gatherings which end up clouding the real agenda for demonstration and in which every member of the gathering takes law into their own hands.”
ROLE OF POLICE IN VIOLENCE
This ignores the role that police officers play in causing or initiating violence during protests. In their report on the 2016 IEBC demonstrations, the Independent Policing and Oversight Authority observed that there was excessive use of force on demonstrators, serious injuries and deaths at the hands of police officers and occasionally, prison warders.
A new study published by the Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies, ‘Policing Protests in Kenya’, observes that the existing police structure, training and resources have had negative effects on their management of protests.
Specifically, it found that 72 per cent of police involved had never received any specialised training on public order control. The equipment available for public order control was also inadequate as reported by 60 per cent of the police officers surveyed.
Moreover, the study found that police attitudes and culture contribute to violence during protests. It found that 42 per cent of the police believe that an aggressive and overbearing culture is more useful in public order control. The study showed that police officers hold a negative perception that protesters are out to loot and damage property, which is adopted to justify the use of excessive force to disperse them.
What this reflects is the complexity of public order control where numerous factors are responsible for poor management of public gatherings, including the occurrence of violence during protests.
It is thus important that any policy or legal reforms capture this complexity by responding to an evidence basis, and include improving the capacity of police officers to manage protests. Essentially, the responses must not unfairly restrict the rights of or target protesters but rather ensure that police facilitate the right by responding appropriately and fairly to security risks.
As Marion Ogeto and Waikwa Wanyoike argue in their chapter in this study, “The police must be better equipped at crowd control, employing a much more disciplined and objective approach in policing to allow for better isolation of rogue characters in order to minimise compromising the right of those who have chosen and are practicing peaceful assembly.”
CONCLUSION
The state far too often uses ‘national security’ as a cloak to deny the fundamental right to assembly. The regulations proposed by the High Court in Ngunjiri Wambugu is a distressing instance where the court has justified state excesses under this guise.
The courts must be sure to guard against attempts to unjustifiably limit the right to assembly. To achieve this, judges ought to take a nuanced and elaborate assessment of each state attempt to limit the right in order to ensure that such restrictions do not impair the essence of the right.
This opinion piece was published in The Star newspaper September 2019
The writer is a lawyer and researcher, currently working as Junior Researcher Fellow at the Centre for Human Rights and Policy Studies. | https://www.chrips.or.ke/commentary/high-court-decision-on-demos-offends-constitutional-right-of-assembly/ |
Hessian high-performance computer
The Hessian high-performance computer ( HHLR ) is part of the high-performance computer network of the state of Hesse . The first generation of high-performance computing was the Power Cluster from 2002 to 2012 . The current generation is Lichtenberg II .
background
The most powerful computers in the world are used by the USA, China and Japan. At the European level, the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe Initiative (PRACE) was founded, in which Germany is one of five main partners among a total of 17 countries. This initiative aims to create a Europe-wide infrastructure for high-performance computing. High-performance computers of the highest performance class should be located on this level.
At the national level, the Gauss Center for Supercomputing (GCS) is a merger of the three federal data centers in Jülich, Garching and Stuttgart. The GCS represents the German interests in the PRACE initiatives.
The Gauss Alliance (GA) is the amalgamation of all supercomputer centers at state level. The Hessian interests in the Gauss Alliance are represented by the TU Darmstadt as a voting member and the Goethe University in Frankfurt as an associated member. The TU Darmstadt operated the HHLR.
tasks
The main task of the system was to make resources available for problems whose requirements exceed the local possibilities of an institute or an individual university.
The HHLR was specially designed for applications with high parallelism and high communication requirements. But applications with particularly high main memory requirements also had their place here.
Power cluster
Historically, the first generation was synonymous with the Hessian high-performance computer (HHLR).
The computer
The computer was installed in 2002. It could be used by scientists from all Hessian universities as well as the Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research GSI . It is financed by the participating universities and the state of Hesse.
It was operated by the University Computing Center (HRZ) of the TU Darmstadt on behalf of the HHLR advisory board and the competence group for scientific high-performance computing in the Computational Engineering (CE) research center.
The computer was part of the Hessian high-performance computer network. Together with the Linux PC cluster set up by the Center for Scientific Computing CSC at the University of Frankfurt for less closely coupled tasks (low communication requirements), it is one of the two pillars of the Hessian high-performance computer concept.
properties
The system consisted of 19 SMP nodes with a total of 580 processors. The 18 computing nodes each had 32 Power6 CPUs and at least 128 GB of RAM. As a shared memory computer (SMP), the machines were particularly suitable for parallel problems with very high communication requirements. In order to be able to effectively process programs that require more than one SMP node, the computers were connected to one another via a fast internal network (8 lanes DDR InfiniBand ).
Successor systems
The successor system has been the Lichtenberg high-performance computer since 2012, the performance of which exceeded that of the HHLR by a factor of 30 when it was introduced in the first expansion stage.
Web links
- hhlr.tu-darmstadt.de - Official homepage of the HHLR
- hhlr.tu-darmstadt.de/… - Overview of historical installations of the HHLR
- hhlr.tu-darmstadt.de/… - Power Cluster (1st generation of the HHLR)
Individual evidence
- ^ High-performance computing in Hesse, Hessian Ministry of Science, accessed on February 15, 2016
- ↑ Old clusters. In: hhlr.tu-darmstadt.de. Accessed July 30, 2020 (overview). | https://de.zxc.wiki/wiki/Hessischer_Hochleistungsrechner |
With the progress being made in automation technology, companies are now replacing labor-intensive manual operations with mechanical automated control systems to improve productivity and yield in the production process. Today, the economic benefits and technological developments brought by mechanical-engineering automation have become key factors for creating corporate value and enhancing industrial competitiveness.
Delta Industrial Automation has many years of professional experience in R&D technology and manufacturing of industrial automation-control machinery and electronics. We provide highly efficient, highly precise and highly reliable products, systems and solutions for mechanical-engineering automation control applications. These applications are used in areas such as packaging, machine tools, textiles, elevators, lifting and cranes and rubber and plastics, as well as electronics. Delta Industrial Automation benefits from strong R&D capability, advanced technical support and real-time global service. Our customers therefore benefit from mechanical engineering automation solutions which enhance production speed and efficiency, improve product precision and quality, reduce labor and production costs, save on materials consumption, reduce wear and tear of equipment, and enhance competitiveness. | https://industrialautomation.delta-emea.com/de/Machine-Automation-Solutions-622.htm |
As we aim to rapidly grow our Cybersecurity and Privacy practice, we are looking for consultants who are passionate about how strategy and technology can improve the role of cybersecurity, privacy and data protection in our digital world.
We are looking for consultants with extensive consulting, technological and industry experience who will help our clients solve their complex business issues from strategy through execution. A Cybersecurity and Privacy consulting career will provide the opportunity to grow and contribute to our clients' business issues every day, applying a collection of information and Cyber security capabilities, including security and privacy strategy and governance, IT risk, security testing, technology implementation/operations, and cybercrime and breach response.
Our Incident and Threat Management services help clients perform assessments and prepare for and respond to the tactical and strategic impacts of cybersecurity incidents. We assist in understanding the unique threats to clients’ organizations through analysis of the threat landscape; we also leverage government, law enforcement, and peer resources to more effectively combat threats through information-sharing opportunities such as ISAOs and information-sharing models.
Position/Program Requirements
Minimum Year(s) of Experience: 2
Minimum Degree Required: Bachelor's degree
Degree Preferred: Cybersecurity, International Relations, Political Science, Computer Science, Computer Engineering, Information Technology, or relevant field
Knowledge Preferred:
- Knowledge of conducting qualitative due diligence, internal investigations and external inquiries on corporate entities and affiliates, commercial and private sector intelligence-gathering, market/competitive research, secondary market data source research and other business intelligence data sources
- Thorough knowledge of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act provisions and current enforcement trends.
Considerable understanding of effective anti-corruption and anti-bribery programs, related international treaties and regulatory framework, corporate ethics, compliance, and transparency programs, and public and private sector counter-fraud measures.
- Practical understanding of the law, legal cases, and regulatory processes is highly preferred.Skills Preferred:
- Familiarity with, and exceptional capability when, researching various business information and investigative databases; working experience analyzing information, as well as drafting and reviewing formal written reports and presenting ideas to small or large groups.
- Ability to work effectively and utilize project management skills to manage tasks according to strict deadlines, understanding the importance of effective time management.
- Ability to build and maintain an active network of internal and external intelligence sources.
- Ability to interpret qualitative and quantitative information and weave together disparate data to develop relevant insights and determine business implications.
- Experience synthesizing large amounts of data into concise, written reports and presentations, with actionable recommendations, demonstrating functional abilities with Microsoft Office Suite (Excel, PowerPoint and Word).
- Ability to manage effectively multiple, concurrent projects and meet deadlines while working both independently and in a team environment.
Ability to think analytically, strategically, and apply good business judgment for purposes of identifying an entity or individuals subtle risk features and/or identifying and addressing client needs;; and the ability to manage and prioritize multiple projects and requirements simultaneously, required.
- Proven ability to influence and impact others through building and defending arguments and reaching consensus.
- Demonstrates a flexible work style, sufficient to function effectively with changing directives and priorities, where all information is not known.
- An ability to utilize effectively written and verbal business communication skills when collaborating and interacting with clients and firm staff and/or management in client discussions and meetings, as well as conducting interviews.
- Demonstrated business levels of fluency in a second language is a plus, especially Russian, Portuguese, Chinese, and Arabic.
- Demonstrates experience identifying and addressing client needs.
Actively participate in client discussions and meetings. | https://ninjajobs.org/job/6290a06345f069690171?utm_source=dark_reading&utm_medium=article&utm_campaign=featured_post&utm_content=hacking_application_process |
UEFA President Michel Platini has welcomed the "relationship of trust" between UEFA and the European Union in a speech at a meeting of EU sports ministers in Rome.
Article top media content
Article body
UEFA President Michel Platini has welcomed the "relationship of trust" that exists between UEFA and the European Union – reflected in long-standing positive dialogue and recent key agreements between the parties.
In a keynote speech at a meeting of EU sports ministers in Rome on Tuesday, Mr Platini took the opportunity to greet the signature last week of a cooperation agreement between UEFA and the European Commission in Brussels.
The UEFA President pledged continued collaboration with the EU on matters of mutual interest, and asked for reciprocal support to ensure that sport would be based on values of "honesty, sustainability and solidarity" in the future.
In his address, Mr Platini urged European Union sports ministers in particular to condemn third-party ownership of football players, and to fully support UEFA's financial fair play measures designed to safeguard the future stability of European club football.
"I want to set out some ideas that, I believe, will maintain high moral standards in football as well as the sport's long-term future," Mr Platini said in opening his speech. "I am counting on your active support on these fundamental issues, because we can achieve more together than alone, and because progress for one means progress for everyone."
"On several occasions in recent years, I have expressed my concern about the growing number of immoral practices that are happening on the fringes of the football pyramid," he added. "You know how determined I am to stamp them out. I do not believe they can be cast out by saying nothing, ignoring them and pretending they do not exist, but that, quite the reverse, they demand concrete action, energy and collective effort."
Mr Platini called for strong denunciation of third-party ownership of players. "With insidious methods and ruthless objectives, this phenomenon shows a blatant disregard for human dignity, the integrity of our competitions, and even the financing of grassroots sport," he said. "This terrible practice, previously seen only in South America, is now sweeping through the whole of Europe."
The UEFA President said that the practice contravened human dignity principles laid down in the EU's charter of fundamental rights. "Third-party ownership of players refers to the situation where a player is – to put it bluntly – carved up into economic rights, which are then shared between one or more investment funds," he explained. "The players concerned lose their contractual freedom, as the owners of their economic rights abuse the powers entrusted to them and secure lucrative financial deals at the players' expense. They are therefore deprived of their free will.
"And what do you think would happen if the same fund owned the economic rights of a number of players in different teams in the same competition? The answer is simple: the nightmare of match-fixing could rear its ugly head. The essential values of integrity and sincerity that should be embodied in sport are therefore being scorned, even violated."
Mr Platini described third-party ownership as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that is threating the ethics of sport at continental level. "There is no place for third-party ownership of players in European sport," he said. "A tailor-made legal framework is therefore required. If we fail to deal with this properly, it will not just be a defeat for UEFA, nor even just for the sports movement, but for all Europe. There is therefore an urgent need to act and respond."
Turning to financial fair play, Mr Platini said that measures taken aimed to guarantee football's long-term economic future. "Previously unthinkable reforms have been adopted and implemented and they have proved successful," he reflected. "The basis for [financial fair play] comes down to two sayings: 'you should live within your means' and 'there's a line that must not be crossed'."
The UEFA President explained that UEFA had been forced to act because many clubs were facing financial ruin. "We have started to put football on the right track," he stressed. "Each of us must measure how far we have come. Aggregate losses among European clubs, which had reached €1.7bn in 2011, fell to €800m in 2013, a drop of more than 50% in less than two years. Thanks to financial fair play, we are therefore heading in the right direction."
Nevertheless, Mr Platini said that legal uncertainties were still hindering the way forward. He asked for support in opposing those who wished to bring down financial fair play, and for sport's specificity to be guaranteed and freed from such uncertainties.
Mr Platini concluded by welcoming the new UEFA/EU agreement signed in Brussels last week, describing the cooperation arrangement as a "historic step forward for European sports policy". "In this current day and age, sport tends to receive a great deal of flattery," he concluded. "Let us not content ourselves with flattering sport. Let us love it, and let us serve it." | https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/about-uefa/news/021a-0e8d1e4286e2-fcea217e4a69-1000--uefa-president-urges-eu-support/?redirectFromOrg=true&referrer=%2Finsideuefa%2Fabout-uefa%2Fpresident%2Fnews%2Fnewsid%3D2168686 |
ENDORSEMENTS: The Houston Chronicle editorial board recommends...
ALSO: Why do the candidate endorsements have star ratings?
Incumbent Judge Natalie C. Fleming was appointed to this bench in 2010 and then elected in 2014. She told us that that she sought the position to help people. The warm and knowledgeable Fleming runs the first and only Spanish-language SOBER court. Her commendable volunteer effort is aimed at increasing public safety by providing enforcement, treatment, supervision and support for alcohol abusers charged with drunken driving.
Her opponent, Erica Hughes, 38, seems to be public spirited as well. Hughes, who has an insurance and criminal practice, also serves as a judge advocate for the National Guard and has amassed significant trial experience in that role. However, as the military does not rely on the Texas Penal Code, Hughes could face a steeper learning curve than we'd prefer.
If she takes the bench, Hughes should seek a mentor and squarely confront any shortfalls in her trial experience that would stand in the way of her ability to run an efficient courtroom. Nonetheless, the Thurgood Marshall School of Law graduate has the confidence of a good judge, coupled with a passion to make justice more equitable in Harris County. | https://www.houstonchronicle.com/opinion/recommendations/article/Criminal-Court-3-Erica-Hughes-Natalie-Fleming-13312661.php |
Since the late 1980s, many policymakers and members of the American public have viewed enforcement as the principal tool of the United States immigration system, either to deter migrants from coming to the country without papers or to punish immigrants who (intentionally or unintentionally) fail to comply with immigration law. As a result, hundreds of thousands of immigrants are arrested and placed in deportation proceedings, or otherwise removed from the U.S., with a disproportionate impact on Black immigrants.
Before we launched our strategy in 2015, we listened closely to our grantees whose constituents were directly affected by detentions and deportations that persisted despite policymakers’ avowed support for immigrants. Recognizing that immigrants’ needs for family unity and an end to harsh enforcement were unlikely to be met through comprehensive immigration reform in Congress, the Immigrant Rights portfolio focused on supporting advocates working on enforcement reform and their goals. In making this commitment, Ford was the first major U.S. philanthropy to establish ending harsh enforcement as a principal focus of its immigrant rights strategy.
What We Did
Over a matter of five years, we invested nearly $118 million in organizations working to achieve changes in advocacy and policy, build the field, and shift the narrative around immigrants. This included approximately $43 million invested through our BUILD initiative and approximately $23 million distributed through our 2020 Social Justice Bond. We provided general support to organizations representing immigrants directly impacted by harsh enforcement, as well as to longstanding grantees who were using litigation, mobilization, advocacy, and communications as tactics that reinforced one another. Other funding helped the movement confront strategic gaps and challenges, draw on expert advice, bring organizations together for collaborative learning, and strengthen philanthropic partnerships.
In the fall of 2020, we partnered with consultants Kathleen Sullivan and David Shorr to evaluate this strategy, deepen our learning, and make informed decisions on where to focus moving forward. The evaluation concluded in spring 2021.
What We Learned
1. Enhanced support to enforcement reform advocates helps level the playing field.
There has been an increase in the number of women of color who occupy leadership roles among organizations in the reproductive, health, rights, and justice field. Grantees shared that the foundation’s long-term grants supported women of color to participate in professional development programs to enhance their knowledge about how to lead and run an organization, build networks, and develop a vision for themselves as leaders. That said, although significant progress was made toward the foundation’s desired outcome, women of color leaders still require continued financial and other kinds of support to ensure adequate representation at the national level.
2. Well-supported enforcement reform advocates can build political and public will.
Though cards were stacked against the immigrant rights movement politically, we helped advocates working on enforcement reform enhance their capacities to maximize their influence. Their skill and ingenuity led to more favorable policy outcomes than many would have predicted. Advocates were able to galvanize congressional champions, educate many other legislators, and enlist unprecedented support by the incoming administration. They also raised public consciousness of the harms of the country’s detention and deportation regime.
3. Integrated, well-resourced strategies are essential to achieving favorable policy outcomes.
We supported all types of federal advocacy and all of them turned out to be crucial. Strong mobilization and media together with legislative advocacy held off harmful policies during the 2018 and 2019 federal budget debates. Media and mobilization secured a rollback of family separations. Litigation, mobilization, regulatory/policy and media work combined to help delay the worst impacts of DACA termination, Temporary Protected Status terminations, and public charge amendments. Interim wins in litigation staved off harms to individual immigrants and built the public’s understanding of enforcement’s cruelties.
4. With enhanced capacity and committed policymaker champions, progress is possible even in unfavorable environments.
The efforts of the last five years suggest that it may be possible to curb federal appropriations for immigration enforcement. Our grantees and their partners have succeeded in educating the public and policymakers that the country’s billions spent on immigration enforcement harm immigrants’ lives. At the same time, it’s clear that the immigrant rights movement needs an improved political environment to achieve comprehensive legislative reform without paying the cost of further criminalization and militarization.
5. State-level policy change is essential to enforcement reform at large.
When our grantees secure laws curbing local enforcement, it requires more federal resources to be spent on each deportation, thereby lowering the number of annual deportations. As individual immigrants are spared the anxiety of being detained and deported, many have organized and mobilized for candidates and policies that benefit their communities. As state and local advocacy educates the general public about the human toll of immigration enforcement and how it undercuts community safety, it garners new supporters and activists for change—and builds political will among state and federal policymakers.
6. State-level work fosters inclusive democracy, which supports an improved immigration policy climate.
Deep philanthropic investment in states has helped groups of immigrant activists grow into strong advocates for civic engagement and voter mobilization. Several immigrant rights organizations also train members of immigrant communities to run for office. As a result, immigrants are hastening political transformation across the country.
7. Joint efforts by criminal justice and immigrant justice advocates can spur enforcement reforms and magnify their impact.
Grantees active at state and local levels have worked with criminal justice advocates in ways that have helped curb the prison-industrial complex. Organizations, large and small, are centering both racial justice and criminal justice in their training and organizing, and building specific methods for Black immigrants and others who have directly experienced enforcement to have a more influential voice. The intersection of criminal justice and immigration is the focus of much local-level movement energy in an era of polarization in Washington. | https://www.fordfound.org/work/learning/program-evaluations/evaluation-of-ford-s-immigrant-rights-strategy/ |
Horror Fiction in the 20th Century encompasses the world of 20th-century horror literature and explores it in a critical but balanced fashion. Readers will be exposed to the world of horror literature, a truly global phenomenon during the 20th century.
Beginning with the modern genre’s roots in the 19th century, the book proceeds to cover 20th-century horror literature in all of its manifestations, whether in comics, pulps, paperbacks, hardcover novels, or mainstream magazines, and from every country that produced it. The major horror authors of the century receive their due, but the works of many authors who are less well-known or who have been forgotten are also described and analyzed. In addition to providing critical assessments and judgments of individual authors and works, the book describes the evolution of the genre and the major movements within it.
Horror Fiction in the 20th Century stands out from its competitors and will be of interest to its readers because of its informed critical analysis, its unprecedented coverage of female authors and writers of color, and its concise historical overview. | https://www.abc-clio.com/product/A5676C/ |
Content may be subject to copyright.
1
Pythagoras’s Theorem in Seven Dimensions
Frederick David Tombe,
Northern Ireland, United Kingdom,
[email protected]
17th January 2018
Abstract. It will be argued that if Pythagoras’s Theorem can hold outside of three
dimensions, then the only possibility might be in the special case of seven dimensions,
but that even this would be highly doubtful.
Introduction
I. The Pythagorean trigonometric identity is a special case of Lagrange’s
Identity which only holds in three and seven dimensions. This fact is closely
tied up with the vector cross product. The purpose of this article is to show that
Pythagoras’s theorem only exists in three-dimensional space. The special case
of seven dimensions will be fully investigated as an illustration.
Pythagoras’s Theorem
II. The square of the hypotenuse of a right-angle triangle is equal to the sum of
the squares of the other two sides. This ancient rule in Euclidean geometry,
better known as Pythagoras’s Theorem, is actually only a special case of the
more general cosine rule,
c² = a² + b² − 2abcosθ (1)
as applied to cases where the angle θ is equal to ninety degrees. When θ is
ninety degrees, we will have a right-angle triangle with adjacent side length a,
opposite side b, and hypotenuse c. The concept of ‘angle’ relates to rotation in a
two-dimensional plane with the rotation axis being in the third dimension. If,
however a body were to be rotating in a two-dimensional plane in a four-
dimensional space, we would have to decide which of the other two dimensions
the axis of rotation would occupy. And if we have difficulty trying to imagine
rotation in a four-dimensional space, so also will we have difficulty trying to
imagine the cosine rule, and hence Pythagoras’s theorem in 4D.
It’s assumed however in pure mathematics and relativistic circles that
Pythagoras’s theorem can actually apply in spaces of any dimensions. In fact,
2
on first examination, Pythagoras’s theorem does appear to hold in four
dimensions. The apparent legitimacy hinges on the operation of the “scalar
product” or “dot product” of two vectors, a∙b = ||a|| ||b||cosθ. If we define the
sides of a triangle using vectors, each expressed in terms of four mutually
orthogonal unit vectors, we do in fact find consistency with Pythagoras’s
theorem. A simple example is enough to demonstrate this. Consider two vectors
in a 4D space. Let vector a be defined as a = a1i + 0j + a3k + 0l and let vector b
be defined as b = 0i + b2j + 0k + b4l, where the four unit vectors i, j, k, and l,
are mutually orthogonal. Those components were specially chosen to make
vectors a and b orthogonal so that they can represent two sides of a right-angle
triangle in a hypothetical four-dimensional space. If we assume Pythagoras’s
theorem to be applicable in this four-dimensional space, then it will follow that
||a + b||2 should be equal to ||a||2 + ||b||2, and indeed this turns out to be the case,
||a + b||2 = a12 + b22 + a32 + b42 (2)
Meanwhile,
||a||2 + ||b||2 = (a12 + a32) + (b22 + b42) = a12 + b22 + a32 + b42 (3)
This is enough to convince relativists and pure mathematicians that
Pythagoras’s theorem can hold in spaces of any dimensions. But this application
of the scalar product only involved parallel and orthogonal vectors. There was
no evidence that it would hold more generally for the in-between angles if such
a concept as ‘angle’ could even be imagined in 4D.
The Minkowski Metric Tensor of Relativity
III. The metric tensor of special relativity has its roots in two consecutive
applications of Pythagoras’s Theorem. The first application is in respect of the
right-angle triangle that can be used to derive the time dilation formula of the
Lorentz transformations, while the second application relates to splitting one of
the sides of that triangle into three mutually orthogonal Cartesian components.
This results in a 4D space-time continuum, but since the Pythagorean
Trigonometric Identity cannot hold in 4D, the metric tensor cannot be said to
correspond to a 4D version of Pythagoras’s Theorem.
3
The Pythagorean Trigonometric Identity
IV. Consider the “Pythagorean Trigonometric Identity”,
sin2θ + cos2θ = 1 (4)
where the sine and cosine terms are derived from the squares of the two
perpendicular sides of a right-angle triangle. Re-arranging equation (4) and
multiplying across by ||a||2||b||2 we get,
||a||2||b||2(1 – cos2θ) = ||a||2||b||2sin2θ (5)
This introduces another binary operation known as the “vector product” or the
“cross product”. The right-hand side of equation (5) is the square of this vector
cross product. The cross product is defined as,
a × b = ||a|| ||b||sinθn
̂ (6)
where n
̂ is a unit vector mutually perpendicular to a and b. The underlying
principle behind the cross product is the idea that a bilinear map involving any
two elements in a set of three can yield the third. The original inspiration came
in 1843 when Sir William Rowan Hamilton was walking along the towpath by
the Royal Canal in Dublin. In a flash of genius, Hamilton discovered the three-
dimensional formula, i2 = j2 = k2 = ijk = −1, and in his excitement he cut it on a
stone of Brougham Bridge at Cabra. A plaque commemorating the occasion can
be seen at the location today. Hence equation (5) can be written in the form,
||a||2||b||2 − ||a∙b||2 = ||a × b||2 (7)
Equation (7) is known as the Lagrange Identity. The Lagrange identity itself
holds in any dimensions and it takes the more general form,
||a||2||b||2 − ||a∙b||2 = Σ (axby – aybx)2 (8)
where 1 ≤ x < y ≤ n, but it’s only in the case of three dimensions that it satisfies
the Pythagorean trigonometric identity. In the specific form expressed in
equation (7), it is impossible to write the Lagrange identify in any higher
dimensions, apart from one interesting exception, that being the case of seven
dimensions, which will be discussed in the next section.
4
The Special Case of Seven Dimensions
V. While it’s impossible to set up a bilinear vector cross product in an even
number of dimensions, it is nevertheless possible to set one up for any odd
number of dimensions. We can set up a table for five mutually orthogonal unit
vectors and map each unto two pairs from amongst the rest. We will not
however be able to fit the result into the Lagrange identity. And if we can’t fit it
with the Lagrange identity, then neither can we fit it with the Pythagorean
trigonometric identity. Only in the case of three and seven dimensions, ignoring
the trivial cases of zero and one, can we fit the result with the Lagrange identity.
This restriction follows from a nineteenth century theorem on composition
algebras by Adolf Hurwitz’s (1859 - 1919). More formal proofs only came
about relatively recently . It will now be shown that the equality,
Σ (axby – aybx)2 = ||a × b||2 (9)
holds in 7 dimensions, where 1 ≤ x < y ≤ 7. We can set up a table of mutually
orthogonal unit vectors as follows,
i = j×l = m×n = k×o
j = k×m = n×o = l×i
k = l×n = o×i = m×j
l = m×o = i×j = n×k
m = n×i = j×k = o×l
n = o×j = k×l = i×m
o = i×k = l×m = j×n
Table 1.
Then if vector a = a1i + a2j + a3k + a4l + a5m + a6n + a7o, and vector b = b1i +
b2j + b3k + b4l + b5m + b6n + b70, the cross product is,
a×b = c1i + c2j + c3k + c4l + c5m + c6n + c7o (10)
where,
c1 = a2b4 – a4b2 + a5b6 – a6b5 + a3b7 – a7b3
c2 = a3b5 – a5b3 + a6b7 – a7b6 + a4b1 − a1b4
c3 = a4b6 – a6b4 + a7b1 – a1b7 + a5b2 – a2b5
c4 = a5b7 – a7b5 + a1b2 – a2b1 + a6b3 – a3b6
c5 = a6b1 – a1b6 + a2b3 – a3b2 + a7b4 – a4b7
5
c6 = a7b2 – a2b7 + a3b4 – a4b3 + a1b5 – a5b1
c7 = a1b3 – a3b1 + a4b5 – a5b4 + a2b6 – a6b2
Table 2.
In order to expand ||a × b||2 we therefore need to take the sum of the squares of
c1 through to c7 and this multiplies out to 252 terms. These 252 terms can be
split into two groups. There is a group of 84 terms, which can in turn be reduced
to 21 squared terms in brackets (shown in black below). It is this group of 21
alone that makes the equality between ||a × b||2 and Σ (axby – aybx)2. Then there
is a second group of 168 terms (shown in red below) which cancels out
completely. It is this cancellation, which ignoring the special case of 3
dimensions, is unique to 7 dimensions. It will not happen in 5 dimensions, and
neither will it happen in 9, 11, or any higher dimensions. The expansion is as
follows,
||a × b||2 = (a2b4 – a4b2)2 + (a5b6 – a6b5)2 + (a3b7 – a7b3)2 + 2(a2b4 –
a4b2)(a5b6 – a6b5) + 2(a2b4 – a4b2)(a3b7 – a7b3) + 2(a5b6 – a6b5)(a3b7 –
a7b3) + (a3b5 – a5b3)2 + (a6b7 – a7b6)2 + (a4b1 – a1b4)2 + 2(a3b5 –
a5b3)(a6b7 – a7b6) + 2(a3b5 – a5b3)(a4b1 – a1b4) + 2(a6b7 – a7b6)(a4b1 –
a1b4) + (a4b6 – a6b4)2 + (a7b1 – a1b7)2 + (a5b2 – a2b5)2 + 2(a4b6 –
a6b4)(a7b1 – a1b7) + 2(a4b6 – a6b4)(a5b2 – a2b5) + 2(a7b1 – a1b7)(a5b2 –
a2b5) + (a5b7 – a7b5)2 + (a1b2 – a2b1)2 + (a6b3 – a3b6)2 + 2(a5b7 –
a7b5)(a1b2 – a2b1) + 2(a5b7 – a7b5)(a6b3 – a3b6) + 2(a1b2 – a2b1)(a6b3 –
a3b6) + (a6b1 – a1b6)2 + (a2b3 – a3b2)2 + (a7b4 – a4b7)2 + 2(a6b1 –
a1b6)(a2b3 – a3b2) + 2(a6b1 – a1b6)(a7b4 – a4b7) + 2(a2b3 – a3b2)(a7b4 –
a4b7) + (a7b2 – a2b7)2 + (a3b4 – a4b3)2 + (a1b5 – a5b1)2 + 2(a7b2 –
a2b7)(a3b4 – a4b3) + 2(a7b2 – a2b7)(a1b5 – a5b1) + 2(a3b4 – a4b3)(a1b5 –
a5b1) + (a1b3 – a3b1)2 + (a4b5 – a5b4)2 + (a2b6 – a6b2)2 + 2(a1b3 –
a3b1)(a4b5 – a5b4) + 2(a1b3 – a3b1)(a2b6 – a6b2) + 2(a4b5 – a5b4)(a2b6 –
a6b2) (11)
Re-arranging the black subscripts numerically and segregating the black terms
from the red terms, which have now been expanded, we see more clearly how
the black terms are equal to Σ (axby – aybx)2, where 1 ≤ x < y ≤ 7. Hence,
||a × b||2 = (a1b2 – a2b1)2 + (a1b3 – a3b1)2 + (a1b4 – a4b1)2 + (a1b5 –
a5b1)2 + (a1b6 – a6b1)2 + (a1b7 – a7b1)2 + (a2b3 – a3b2)2 + (a2b4 – a4b2)2
+ (a2b5 – a5b2)2 + (a2b6 – a6b2)2 + (a2b7 – a7b2)2 + (a3b4 – a4b3)2 + (a3b5
6
– a5b3)2 + (a3b6 – a6b3)2 + (a3b7 – a7b3)2 + (a4b5 – a5b4)2 + (a4b6 – a6b4)2
+ (a4b7 – a7b4)2 + (a5b6 – a6b5)2 + (a5b7 – a7b5)2 + (a6b7 – a7b6)2
+2[a2b4a5b6 – a2b4a6b5 – a4b2a5b6 + a4b2a6b5
+ a2b4a3b7 – a2b4a7b3 – a4b2a3b7 + a4b2a7b3
+ a5b6a3b7 – a5b6a7b3 – a6b5a3b7 + a6b5a7b3
+ a3b5a6b7 – a3b5a7b6 – a5b3a6b7 + a5b3a7b6
+ a3b5a4b1 – a3b5a1b4 – a5b3a4b1 + a5b3a1b4
+ a6b7a4b1 – a6b7a1b4 – a7b6a4b1 + a7b6a1b4
+ a4b6a7b1 – a4b6a1b7 – a6b4a7b1 + a6b4a1b7
+ a4b6a5b2 – a4b6a2b5 – a6b4a5b2 + a6b4a2b5
+ a7b1a5b2 – a7b1a2b5 – a1b7a5b2 + a1b7a2b5
+ a5b7a1b2 – a5b7a2b1 – a7b5a1b2 + a7b5a2b1
+ a5b7a6b3 – a5b7a3b6 – a7b5a6b3 + a7b5a3b6
+ a1b2a6b3 – a1b2a3b6 – a2b1a6b3 + a2b1a3b6
+ a6b1a2b3 – a6b1a3b2 – a1b6a2b3 + a1b6a3b2
+ a6b1a7b4 – a6b1a4b7 – a1b6a7b4 + a1b6a4b7
+ a2b3a7b4 – a2b3a4b7 – a3b2a7b4 + a3b2a4b7
+ a7b2a3b4 – a7b2a4b3 – a2b7a3b4 + a2b7a4b3
+ a7b2a1b5 – a7b2a5b1 – a2b7a1b5 + a2b7a5b1
+ a3b4a1b5 – a3b4a5b1 – a4b3a1b5 + a4b3a5b1
+ a1b3a4b5 – a1b3a5b4 – a3b1a4b5 + a3b1a5b4
+ a1b3a2b6 – a1b3a6b2 – a3b1a2b6 + a3b1a6b2
+ a4b5a2b6 – a4b5a6b2 – a5b4a2b6 + a5b4a6b2] (12)
(In order to check that the 168 red terms exactly cancel, a larger version has
been prepared in Appendix I for the purposes of printing and marking off)
Despite this miraculous cancellation though, the fact that the seven-dimensional
vector cross product can’t easily be linked to rotation, casts serious doubt on the
idea that Pythagoras’s theorem could hold in seven dimensions. The Jacobi
Identity, a×(b×c) + b×(c×a) + c×(a×b) = 0, is closely associated with rotation,
but the fact that it doesn’t apply to the seven dimensional cross product further
casts doubt on the validity of Pythagoras’s Theorem in 7D.
The Inertial Path
VI. Consider a body in motion in an inertial frame of reference. We can write
the position vector of this body relative to any arbitrarily chosen polar origin as,
7
r = rr
̂ (13)
where the unit vector r
̂ is in the radial direction and where r is the radial
distance. Taking the time derivative and using the product rule, we obtain the
velocity,
= r
̂ + rω (14)
where is the unit vector in the transverse direction and where ω is the angular
speed about the polar origin. Taking the time derivative a second time, we
obtain the expression for acceleration in the inertial frame,
r
̈ = r
̈r
̂ + ω + ω + r(dω/dt) − rω2r
̂ (15)
Re-arranging and multiplying across by mass m leads to,
mr
̈ = m(r
̈ − rω2)r
̂ + m(2vrω + r(dω/dt)) (16)
†see the note at reference regarding Maxwell’s equation (77)
where ω is the angular speed and vr is the radial speed. The radial component of
equation (16) contains a centrifugal force, mr
̈, and an inertial centripetal force,
−mrω2, while the transverse component contains a Coriolis force, mr(dω/dt),
which equals 2mvrω when angular momentum is conserved. In the case of
uniform straight-line motion, the total acceleration is zero, but when a constraint
is introduced, an imbalance occurs in the inertial symmetry. For example, if the
body is tethered to a pivot, the inertial centrifugal force pulls on the constraint,
hence inducing a reactive centripetal tension within the material of the
constraint. This tension cancels with the inertial centrifugal force and the
resultant is a net inertial centripetal force which curves the path of motion.
The inertial centripetal force −mrω2 in equation (16) with respect to one
polar origin, is an inertial centrifugal force with respect to the origin at the same
distance along a line through the moving body on the other side of it. From the
perspective of the moving body, there is therefore a centrifugal force to every
point in space giving rise to a cylindrical vector field in the likeness of the
magnetic field that surrounds an electric current. The centrifugal force to any
point on a particular cylindrical shell, concentric to the path of motion, will be a
resolution of the centrifugal force to a point on the shell, that acts
perpendicularly to the path of motion. The perpendicular centrifugal force will
drop off with an inverse cube law in distance from the moving body (see
equation (18)). Since centrifugal force is the radial gradient of kinetic energy, it
8
is now proposed that this cylindrical vector field represents the extension of the
body’s kinetic energy.
The idea that a moving entity could yield up energy to a surrounding
medium and have it returned during deceleration is observed in the case of an
electromagnetic field. When the power supply to an electric circuit is
disconnected, its magnetic field collapses and its stored energy, ½LI2, flows
back into the circuit giving the current a final surge forward. Another rather
obvious connection between the inertial forces and magnetism is the fact that
the Coriolis force has a similar form to the magnetic force, F = qv×B, if we
adopt Maxwell’s idea that it is caused by a sea of molecular vortices pressing
against each other with centrifugal force while striving to dilate , , , ,
and where the vorticity, H = 2ω, represents the magnetic intensity, where ω is
the circumferential angular speed of the vortices and where B = µH.
It is therefore proposed that kinetic energy, ½mv2, is a pressure, and an
extended pressure field which drops off with an inverse cube law in distance,
and that it is induced by the fine-grained centrifugal force interaction between
the immediately surrounding vortices and the molecules of the moving body as
they shear past each other. These vortices will be the rotating electron-positron
dipoles introduced in section I, and they will form double helix vortex rings
around the moving body, centred on the line of motion, similar in principle to
smoke rings. To the front and rear of the motion, the vortices would therefore
have to be continually aligning and de-aligning, and the associated precession of
the vortices would be fully compatible with a Coriolis force acting equally and
oppositely at the front and the rear of the motion. This process would be
identical in principle to Maxwell’s explanation for Ampère’s Circuital Law. The
kinetic energy pressure field, or inertial field, that accompanies a moving body
is therefore in principle just a variation on the magnetic field theme. It is a weak
magnetic field.
The Inertial Frame of Reference
VII. The inertial frame of reference is a relatively recent concept, introduced
mainly in connection with Einstein’s theories of relativity and retrospectively
applied to Newtonian mechanics. Newton only ever considered the background
stars as the significant frame of reference . As a proposition we’ll take the
inertial frame of reference to be Maxwell’s sea of molecular vortices with the
vortices being rotating electron-positron dipoles , . There is supposed to be
no gravitational field in an inertial frame of reference, yet if we want to have
one in practice, we have little choice but to choose a region of the electron-
positron sea which is entrained within the gravitational field of a planet. This
way we can have an inertial frame of reference providing that we ignore the
gravitational force. This is fine therefore when solving problems where gravity
9
is negligible. If on the other hand we are dealing with planetary orbital problems
where two inertial frames of reference are shearing past each other while
generating centrifugal force at the interface, this changes the physical basis
upon which the inertial forces are induced, and the only physically significant
directions are radial and transverse. In planetary orbits, conservation of angular
momentum causes the total transverse term in equation (16) to vanish. This is
recognized in Kepler’s second law, which is the law of equal areas. Meanwhile
the gravity sinks distort the inertial mechanism. Gravitational tension has a
physically cancelling effect on the centrifugal pressure forces that are measured
relative to the gravitating centres. Writing the centrifugal term in the form +rω2,
the problem in the radial direction reduces to the scalar equation,
r
̈ = −k/r2 + rω2 (17)
where k is the gravitational constant. Taking l to be the angular momentum
constant equal to r2ω, we can write Leibniz’s equation in the form,
r
̈ = −k/r2 + l2/r3 (18)
Between the two planets, the inter-play between the gravitational inverse square
law attractive force, which is a tension, and the inverse cube law centrifugal
repulsive force, which is a pressure, involves two different power laws, and this
leads to stable orbits that are elliptical, circular, parabolic, or hyperbolic. And
since the gravitational tails on the far sides of the planets will undermine the
inertial centripetal mechanism, then centrifugal force and gravity are the only
real forces acting in the radial direction.
Conclusion
VIII. The connection between rotation, Pythagoras’s theorem, the cosine rule,
the inertial forces, and electromagnetism, along with the fact that the
Pythagorean trigonometric identity only holds in three dimensions, suggests
unequivocally that space is a three-dimensional construction stabilized on
cylindrical symmetry. It is proposed that space is densely packed with tiny
dipolar vortices in which the default alignment is double helix toroidal vortex
rings forming magnetic lines of force. These vortices are responsible for the
inertial forces, magnetic force, electromagnetic induction, and electromagnetic
radiation, and they also absorb the vorticity out of the large-scale gravitational
sinks. A vortex involves a rotation in a two-dimensional plane with the rotation
axis in the third dimension.
10
References
Silagadze, Z. K., “Multi-dimensional vector product” Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics,
Novosibirsk, Russia, (2002)
file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/seven%20dimensional%20cross%20product.pdf
Clerk-Maxwell, J., “On Physical Lines of Force”, Philosophical Magazine, Volume
XXI, Fourth Series, London, (1861)
http://vacuum-physics.com/Maxwell/maxwell_oplf.pdf
† Equation (77) in Maxwell’s paper is his electromotive force equation and it exhibits a
strong correspondence to equation (16) in this article. The transverse terms 2mvrω (where
vorticity H = 2ω) and mr(dω/dt) (where rω is the transverse speed) correspond respectively
to the compound centrifugal term µv×H and the Faraday term −∂A/∂t, with m corresponding
to µ, and where A is the electromagnetic momentum.
Whittaker, E.T., “A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity”, Chapter 4, pages
100-102, (1910)
“All space, according to the younger Bernoulli, is permeated by a fluid aether, containing
an immense number of excessively small whirlpools. The elasticity which the aether appears
to possess, and in virtue of which it is able to transmit vibrations, is really due to the
presence of these whirlpools; for, owing to centrifugal force, each whirlpool is continually
striving to dilate, and so presses against the neighbouring whirlpools.”
O’Neill, John J., PRODIGAL GENIUS, Biography of Nikola Tesla, Long Island, New
York, 15th July 1944
http://www.rastko.rs/istorija/tesla/oniell-tesla.html
“Long ago he (mankind) recognized that all perceptible matter comes from a primary
substance, of a tenuity beyond conception and filling all space - the Akasha or luminiferous
ether - which is acted upon by the life-giving Prana or creative force, calling into existence,
in never ending cycles, all things and phenomena. The primary substance, thrown into
infinitesimal whirls of prodigious velocity, becomes gross matter; the force subsiding, the
motion ceases and matter disappears, reverting to the primary substance”.
Lodge, Sir Oliver, “Ether (in physics)”, Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Fourteenth Edition, Volume 8, Pages 751-755, (1937)
http://gsjournal.net/Science-
Journals/Historical%20PapersMechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/4105
In relation to the speed of light, “The most probable surmise or guess at present is that the
ether is a perfectly incompressible continuous fluid, in a state of fine-grained vortex
motion, circulating with that same enormous speed. For it has been partly, though as yet
incompletely, shown that such a vortex fluid would transmit waves of the same general nature
as light waves— i.e., periodic disturbances across the line of propagation—and would
transmit them at a rate of the same order of magnitude as the vortex or circulation speed”
Dingle, H., “On Inertia and Inertial Frames of Reference”, Quarterly Journal of the
Royal Astronomical Society, Volume 8, Page 262 (1967)
http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1967QJRAS...8..252D
Tombe, F.D., “The Double Helix Theory of the Magnetic Field” (2006)
Galilean Electrodynamics, Volume 24, Number 2, p.34, (March/April 2013)
11
http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-
Mathematical%20Physics/Download/6371
Tombe, F.D., “Induction of Electrostatic Repulsion by Strong Gravity” (2017)
http://gsjournal.net/Science-Journals/Research%20Papers-
Mechanics%20/%20Electrodynamics/Download/7167
Appendix I
Page 12 below can be printed out for the purpose of marking it off with a pen, in
order to demonstrate the total cancellation. These are 168 (2 × 84) of the 252
terms which resulted in equation (12) above when ||a × b||2 was expanded in
seven dimensions. This cancellation would not have worked in five dimensions,
nor will it work for any higher dimensions, and a product can’t even be
constructed in the first place for any even dimensions, which hence rules out the
case of four dimensions. While fifteen dimensions might have been the next
obvious one to try, based on the series 0, 1, 3, 7, 15, - - - - - (2n – 1), this would
mean dealing with 2,940 (14×14×15) terms as opposed to the 252 (6×6×7)
terms in this seven dimensional case, or the mere 12 (2×2×3) terms in the three
dimensional case. However, on knowing Adolf Hurwitz’s theorem on
composition algebras and Silagadze’s proof , there would be little point in
trying. The key below will assist with finding matching pairs on page 12.
Rows 1-21, columns A-D
(1A, 21C), (1B, 8D), (1C, 8A), (1D, 21B),
(2A, 16C), (2B, 15A), (2C, 15D), (2D, 16B),
(3A, 11B), (3B, 4D), (3C, 4A), (3D, 11C),
(4B, 11D), (4C, 11A), (5A,19C), (5B, 18A),
(5C, 18D), (5D, 19B), (6A, 14B), (6B, 7D),
(6C, 7A), (6D,14C), (7B,14D), (7C, 14A),
(8B, 21A), (8C, 21D), (9A, 17B), (9B, 10D),
(9C, 10A), (9D, 17C), (10B,17D), (10C, 17A),
(12A, 20B), (12B, 13D), (12C, 13A), (12D, 20C),
(13B, 20D), (13C, 20A), (15B, 16D), (15C, 16A),
(18B, 19D), (18C, 19A). | https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322559041_Pythagoras's_Theorem_in_Seven_Dimensions |
The Freeholder Board says it’s creating an Opiate and Heroin Addiction Awareness Task Force charged with helping them promote addiction awareness and education in the community.
The task force will be made up of parents, teachers, civic organizations, students, medical professionals, law enforcement and religious leaders, and the Board says it’s already received more than a dozen applications from candidates.
“The task force members will serve as liaisons to state and local community awareness groups as well as non-profit groups and drug addiction service providers,” explained Freeholder Director Lou Cappelli in a release. “As an elected official opiate addiction is one of my biggest concerns.”
According to officials, heroin use is up in the area. In just one two hour period back in March, there were 15 overdoses.
The Freeholder Board is planning to establish the task force by resolution on Thursday at their 7 p.m. meeting at the Cherry Hill Community Center. Members will be appointed at the July meeting in Bellmawr.
| |
I’ll share my thoughts on the wider world, piecing together ideas for living better in the world, from fascinating thinkers across many subjects who promote hope and present alternatives to dystopian futures. And I’ll promote art, music, science, architecture, literature, philosophy, or anything else that provides inspiration for how to reclaim our earth and live well in it. This is a solarpunk blog after all.
And finally, I hope to provide inspiration for anyone dreaming of escaping to their own paradise one day, and provide actionable strategies, tips, etc. for thinking and living regeneratively, wherever you live.
Thanks for visiting. I hope there’s something of value for you in these pages. Please let me know what you think either way!
It matters what stories make worlds, what worlds make stories.
How this website works…
The blog is divided into several sections, each with a distinct theme, that represent the constellation of concepts and drives that fill up my head. Within each section will be deep dives (nerdy stuff) on topics that loosely align with the theme, and you may be more interested in some sections than others. Over time, as I add evergreen resources, the sections will expand to include permanent resources as well.
Taken as a whole, these sections represent the summation of my thinking to date (as of whenever you’re reading this) since this content represents my research, for my own purposes, shared with the world for any value it might bring others.
Sections:
Escape Plans
Our adventures in expatriation, chronicled for your inspiration and amusement.
The Pirate’s Life
Tips and personal experiences with extending one’s autonomy through self-reliance and rebellion.
Solarpunk Futures
Positive, but realistic visions of the future to inspire hope and sustain the spirit. | https://timetogtfo.com/about-me/ |
The Contribution of Eye Tracking to Quality of Experience Assessment of 360-degree video
Sammanfattning: The research domain on the Quality of Experience (QoE) of 2D video streaming has been well established. However, a new video format is emerging and gaining popularity and availability: VR 360-degree video. The processing and transmission of 360-degree videos brings along new challenges such as large bandwidth requirements and the occurrence of different distortions. The viewing experience is also substantially different from 2D video, it offers more interactive freedom on the viewing angle but can also be more demanding and cause cybersickness. Further research on the QoE of 360-videos specifically is thus required.The first goal of this thesis is to complement earlier research by (Tran, Ngoc, Pham, Jung, and Thank, 2017) testing the effects of quality degradation, freezing, and content on the QoE of 360-videos. The second goal is to test the contribution of visual attention as influence factor in the QoE assessment. Data will be gathered through subjective tests where participants watch degraded versions of 360-videos through an HMD with integrated eye-tracking sensors. After each video they will answer questions regarding their quality perception, experience, perceptual load, and cybersickness.Results of the first part show overall rather low QoE ratings and it decreases even more as quality is degraded and freezing events are added. Cyber sickness was found not to be an issue. The effects of the manipulation on visual attention were minimal. Attention was mainly directed by content, but also by surprising elements. The addition of eye-tracking metrics did not further explain individual differences in subjective ratings. Nevertheless it was found that looking at moving objects increased the negative effect of freezing events and made participants less sensitive for quality distortions. The results of this thesis alone are not enough to successfully regard visual attention as an influence factor in 360-video. | https://www.uppsatser.se/uppsats/906bc3c212/ |
The slump in oil prices has lifted hopes substantially of a windfall for oil importing states, a boost to consumers' spending power generally, and in turn, an uplift in global growth. However, the response of the world's oil companies should raise concerns about the long-term impact on future energy supplies.
Billions of dollars worth of oil and gas projects have been deferred or cancelled in the last few months (a process that actually commenced before the decline in oil prices began), and US investment bank, Goldman Sachs, has calculated that some US$2trn worth of oilfield developments, which could provide a combined 20m barrels/day (b/d), are at risk. Indeed, at current price levels, we assess that new projects would probably be uneconomic in the North Sea, the Arctic, deepwater Brazil and Angola, oil sands in Canada and many US oil shale fields. Besides reducing development spending, the major energy companies have also slashed exploration spending - a decision that will not affect near-term output, but will have major repercussions on total global production in the medium-to-long term.
Equally, the oil shale industry in the US, although primarily responsible for the recent collapse in oil prices, is also concomitantly vulnerable, given the surge in US oil independents' debts in recent years (which doubled between 2009 and 2013, to US$260bn, equivalent to 17% of all US high-yield debt). With debt finance for such companies now drying up, the potential for a wave of bankruptcies among US oil independents appears very high. In such an event, although oil shale producers can react quickly to any upturn in oil prices, they may find it extremely difficult to access bank funding for new exploration and development, as banks remain shy of re-entering the sector amid the renewed oil price volatility. History also provides repeated warnings of the long-term impact of oil price slumps: the surge in oil prices to close to US$150/b in 2008, for example, can be traced back to the investment freeze across the industry in the wake of the oil price collapse in 1998.
The diminution of geopolitical risk factors in the oil price also appears to be overdone. Historically, oil prices have been closely tied to geopolitical events, and we accordingly view the present disconnect as a temporary aberration. War and violence have caused serious and repeated supply disruptions in Syria, Yemen, South Sudan and Libya, which taken together, at its height has removed almost 2m b/d from the market. Yet the potential for further disruption remains, with the jihadi group, Boko Haram, expanding its influence in Nigeria, and the Islamic State still threatening Iraq's northern oilfields. With the oil price currently being pummelled by shorters, any geopolitical event (or potentially unexpected OPEC production cut) that helped reverse momentum would lead to a sudden closing of short positions and a rapid (albeit probably short-lived) sharp rebound in oil prices.
However, we currently assess that the risk of an oil price spike in the 2015-19 forecast period as being very low, reflecting the huge amounts of new output set to come on stream from extremely low-cost producers such as Iraq (and potentially Iran), as well as the ability of many US shale oil producers to rapidly revive drilling activity in the event of a price recovery.
Any oil price spike would potentially choke off the fragile economic recovery in the EU, and add to the difficulties faced by the energy import-dependent developing countries, including once again pushing up subsidy costs and inflationary pressures. | http://gfs.eiu.com/Article.aspx?articleType=gr&articleid=2696 |
To introduce the Rule of St. Benedict to the public and to explain its relevance today. This will be achieved through a touring exhibition of carved lettering and calligraphy with extracts from the Rule accompanied by educational activities and events.
It will start in summer 2011 and be available as a loan show therefter
Charity information: Monnow Valley Arts
-
Need
Need
The loss of historical knowledge of the roots of Western Civilisation and the significance of Christian religious thinkers in the development of our cultural values.
Solution
By creating an exhibition of beautiful hand made calligraphy and carved lettering drawn from the text of the rule to demonstrate how the rule has profound insights into issues of our contemporary culture. The text will be the source of discussions on issues thrown up including what we mean by beauty, the nature of work, respect for material things and the earth, the need to listen and be heard, how to respond to persons in authority and resolve conflicts.
-
Aims
Aim 1
Create a permanent exhibition exploring the Rule of St. Benedict
Activities» Launch the exhibition at Monnow Valley Arts Centre and make it available to tour nationally
What success will look like
Success will be by commissioning 24 lettering artists to make unique works of art and mounting the preparing the exhibits for exhibition.
Aim 2
To educate the public in the beauty of the rule and its significance to religious and lay persons.
Activities» To publish a booklet explaining the rule together with teacher discussion notes.
What success will look like
Success will be by organising venues around the country to host the exhibition with the aim of attracting 3500 people to the exhibition per annum.
Aim 3
To encourage the visual arts in the UK
Activities» By commissioning 24 top lettering artists in the country, providing opportunities to them & helping to preserve the crafts of lettering & calligraphy.
What success will look like
-
Impact
Impact
The project will bring to the public's notice the importance of the Rule of St. Benedict in our everyday lives and give us strength to live our lives in a more fulfilling way. Success will be measured by visitor numbers and the number of education events held.
Risk
There is a risk that some of the 24 artist will not complete their commissions. We have close links most of the lettering artsist working in Britain today and can find find replacement artist. We have already secured the co-operation of 75% of the artists.
Reporting
Quarterly E mail reports and an updated list of venues and events
-
Budget
Budget - Project Cost: £50,000Loading graph....
Amount Heading Description £19,800 Carved lettering Commissioning 12 carved stones with text £6,500 Calligraphy Commissioning 10 pieces of calligraphy £4,700 On-costs of making Transport, travelling cases and mounting £4,000 Brochure Printing and designing brochure £5,500 Marketing Brochures, photography, advertising £3,000 Contingency Contingency incl. insuring works £6,500 Administration Administrative costs
Current Funding / Pledges
Source Amount Monnow Valley Arts £3,000 Guaranteed
-
Background
Location
The Monnow Valley Arts Centre has a particular expertise in exhibiting lettering exhibitions. The exhibition will be put on at the Centre before going on a national tour.
Beneficiaries
In addition to the visitors to Monnow valley during a season (approximately 3000 pa) the exhibition will be installed at cathedrals, monasteries, schools, universities, academies, retreat houses and conference centres. People of all ages and creeds will be have the opportunity of learning more about the Rule of St. bendict and its significance in Western Culture.
-
Why Us?
Why Us?
Because we have specialist knowledge about commissioning lettering and Dr. Esther de Waal is the leading expert on the Rule and is one of our Trustees and advisers to the project.
Read more about the Charity running this project.
People
Rupert Otten
Director and founder of the centre. 30 years experience of mounting exhibitions of art and a chartered accountant by training
Dr Esther De Waal
Trustee of the centre. Author of A Life-Giving Way, a commentary on the Rule of St. Benedict and Seeking God; The Way of St. Benedict.
Michael Woodward
Adviser to the exhibition and leader of the new Worth Lay Benedictine Community who gives a lay perspective to the exhibition
Dom Anthony Sutch
Benedictine monk, past head master of Downside school, parish priest of Beecles, Suffolk and broadcaster and speaker will give religious perspective. | https://secure.thebiggive.org.uk/projects/view/8009/the-rule-of-st--benedict-a-life-giving-way |
However, if someone comes that has a different idea about the training of their child we should listen and to their perspective? There may be no easy solution, but we can start by building a good trusting relationship and using good communication skills. In the Gonzalez-Mena text, she explains a process called RERUN to help work out diversity issues. The acronym stands for reflect, explain, reason, understand, and negotiate. (2008) These steps do not necessarily follow any particular order, but we have to recognize our own feelings before we can honestly communicate with others.
If we do not do many reading we will not project the confidence we should. My writing is similar as Burke’s “Unending Conversation” before talking I had to listen and be prepared to have a strong valid argument in a controversy. Many people have disagreed with my opinion but others have agreed just as in Burke’s metaphor. When it comes to a conversation and academic reading and writing we need to keep in mind that not everyone will have the same opinion as we
They distance themselves from ideas to form a better judgment. One’s critical thinking skills are used in both methods because they try to find any contradictions or additional reasons about why they do or don’t believe the writer’s ideas. Critical thinking in this way is crucial because it will lead to critical readers, reiterating the important role it plays in other
Interpretation is the main purpose in an inquiry discussion question because interpretations will be different for every student. Interpretation questions stimulate conversation and appeal to the text for evidence. A good interpretive question composes questions from the text to prepare discussion and forces the leader to work with ideas about its meaning. The characteristics for good interpretive questions are that they should make you think and have you doubt yourself. When you are going to answer there should be two
Have you ever tried to influence the audience’s view on a certain subject? Have you ever found yourself arguing with someone over something you believed to be true, but you couldn’t find a way to convince them to believe you? If so, what other strategies you will try to convince your audience? Now, delivering clear and persuasive communication is becoming more and more important. The communicators need to try to make their point in a different way that best suits the message they are sending.
My classmate’s critique offered me several different positive viewpoints in regards to the body and flow of my paper. Thus, encouraged me to elaborate more about time management, modes to overcome obstacles when faced with unexpected situations, and to explain in greater depth why I identify myself as a kinesthetic learner. Critiquing another classmate’s written work helps to learn how to better communicate with one another and how to accept corrective criticism from their peers. Most positions, within the workforce, require staff to effectively collaborate with one another. Therefore, learning to accept corrective criticism is a must and it will help you achieve success not solely within the workforce, but also in your day to day life
It can be difficult to understand what it means to be a discourse or what communities fall under that category, and that is why I feel like John Swales’ definition of a discourse community is the the one that makes the most sense and the one that almost anybody can apply to communities they are part of and determine if they are discourses or not. Even though Gee and Porter had good points regarding discourses and good arguments, one almost had to be a linguist to fully understand what they were saying. They did help Swales get his point across more clearly in some instances though. Thanks to Swales I now know for a fact that my English 1113 class is a discourse community and I achieved that by following the six rules Swales presented as necessary to be a discourse community. Gee, James P. “Literary, Discourse, and Linguistics.” Writing About Writing, A College Reader.
The Majorian / Minorian excersise gave rise to explore collaboration, individuals behavourial propensities, communication and how trust is a vital part of any collaboration. This exercise also gave me a clearer understanding of how the individuals or groups might feel when collaboration is set up to address an issue arising from identified perceived needs. From the onset of this exercise there was a lack of trust, this was a direct result of having very limited information, such as why the Majorians had come to offer support, what were they offering, also what would they gain from the offer? On reflection the Ladder of Inference was very evident, as throughout the short discussion and with the limited information available assumptions were made, past experiences influenced these assumptions beliefs, values, mind-sets determined the way we thought and acted. I have learnt that challenging or clarifying assumptions and encouraging people to reframe is essential.
Learning Autobiography (LAB #2): Four Liberal Arts Breadth Areas A liberal arts education encompasses much more than just the requirements necessary for the degree program chosen. It seeks to teach students how learn in a distinct way. It creates a desire to increase knowledge of the world and how to improve communications in society. It provides the skills to use multiple intelligences, as described by Howard Gardner (1983), to engage people and foster connections. Understanding the value of a liberal arts education is an important factor to getting the most out of it.
I have also learnt that to be an effective counsellor, you need to be able to understand the importance of each client’s beliefs. As a counsellor it is good to understand that I will have a different set of views and beliefs than what the client may have, this does not mean I am right and the client is wrong. It just means that once I can acknowledge and push aside my beliefs, I can really focus on what this client is trying to say, and how I can help them. Some of the key values that I think would help make me a good counsellor is, treating clients with respect, try to be understanding and empathetic and being a good listener to
This is a resource used to help find credible and scholarly information. Without learning how to properly search for your essays topic, you could potentially get false information. That is why learning the how to use this was very helpful within this course. Within the subject of finding reliable sources, we also learned how to properly cite these sources found. When writing a paper, you need to find research that backs up your statement. | https://www.ipl.org/essay/The-Importance-Of-Understanding-Communication-Theory-PK2Z9Q7ESCP6 |
Supreme Court of Louisiana
FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #028
FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
The Opinion handed down on the 13th day of May, 2016, is as follows:
BY GUIDRY, J.:
2015-C -1676 YESTERDAYS OF LAKE CHARLES, INC. v. CALCASIEU PARISH SALES AND
USE TAX DEPARTMENT C/W COWBOY'S NIGHTLIFE, INC. v. CALCASIEU
PARISH SALES AND USE TAX DEPARTMENT (Parish of Calcasieu)
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse in part the court of
appeal's decision affirming the trial court's judgment, affirm
that decision in part, and remand to the trial court. More
specifically, we reverse the trial court's judgment ordering a
refund of the taxes and interest paid under protest by the clubs.
We further reverse the trial court's award of attorney fees. In
all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
The matter is remanded to the trial court to calculate the amount
of taxes, interest, and penalties due the Collector and to render
judgment consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
Page 1 of 1
05/13/2016
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA
NO. 2015-C-1676
YESTERDAYS OF LAKE CHARLES, INC. VERSUS CALCASIEU
PARISH SALES AND USE TAX DEPARTMENT
CONSOLIDATED WITH
COWBOY'S NIGHTLIFE, INC. VERSUS CALCASIEU PARISH
SALES AND USE TAX DEPARTMENT
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,
THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF CALCASIEU
GUIDRY, J.
This matter involves the interpretation and application of the Uniform Local
Sales Tax Code (“ULSTC”), La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.1 et seq. The trial court found
ambiguity in the language of the ULSTC requiring the plaintiff nightclubs to “keep
and preserve suitable records” of all sales and expenditures. The trial court then
found the tax collector had failed to show that the records actually kept by the
clubs, in this case, bank statements and deposit slips, were not “suitable records”
within the meaning of the ULSTC. The trial court further found the tax collector’s
assessment was arbitrary and that the tax collector had failed to establish that its
methodology for auditing the taxpayer was proper. Accordingly, the trial court
ordered the tax collector to refund amounts paid under protest by the clubs. The
trial court further determined that prescription had run on the sales taxes for the
years 2005 and 2006 for one of the clubs, aside from those taxes admittedly
withheld by the clubs. Finally, the trial court denied the tax collector’s motion for
new trial and awarded attorney fees to the clubs. For the reasons set forth below,
we reverse the trial court’s judgment ordering a refund of the taxes and interest
paid under protest by the clubs. We further reverse the trial court’s award of
1
attorney fees. In all other respects, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed, and
the matter is remanded to the trial court for further proceedings.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Yesterdays of Lake Charles, Inc. (Yesterdays) and Cowboy’s Nightlife, Inc.
(“Cowboy’s”) are cash-based bars or nightclubs located adjacent to each other in
Calcasieu Parish. The clubs are owned by Clarence Vallet, who opened Cowboy’s
in 1991, with a capacity of up to 1,000 patrons, and Yesterdays in 2001, with a
capacity of 350.1 They both offered various promotions, giveaways, and incentives
to attract customers, while Yesterdays hired bands. The clubs conceded their
taxable transactions included selling alcohol and collecting cover charges. As
retail vendors who make taxable sales, the clubs were thus “dealers” required by
law to charge, collect, and remit sales taxes as the tax collector’s agents. See La.
Rev. Stat. 47:337.18(A)(5). The clubs must report “gross sales” and sales taxes
each month. See La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.18(A)(1)(a). The clubs were audited
commencing on November 3, 2009, by the Calcasieu Parish School System Sales
and Use Tax Department (“Collector,” see La. Rev. Stat. 47:301) for years 2005
through 2008, on the basis that the clubs had violated their duties as tax collection
agents for the Calcasieu Parish School System.
The clubs, as the trial court found and about which there is little dispute,
used the following system for the reporting and remitting of sales taxes: To
account for cash sales, the managers would meet at the end of the night with the
bartenders, each of whom was assigned a cash register. The bartenders would each
bring the drawer from their register, along with the register’s “z-tape.” According
to the testimony of the Collector’s auditor, a “z-tape” or register tape is a printed
1
A new Yesterdays was later built and opened sometime in 2010 with a capacity of 1000.
2
tape produced by the cash register that reflects the amount of all sales transactions
recorded on the particular machine. See also Travia’s, Inc. v. Dept. of Taxes, 86
A.3d 394, 396 (Vt. S. Ct. 2013). The manager would count the cash and match the
total against the z-tapes to balance the registers at the end of the night. The cash
was then placed into a safe located on the premises of the nightclubs. On the
following Monday, the cash was deposited by the managers into each club’s
respective bank account. Mr. Vallet testified that it was solely the managers’
responsibility to deposit the cash. The clubs’ bookkeeper, a Certified Public
Accountant (“CPA”), was then given the deposit receipts and monthly bank
statements. The CPA would then report the bank deposits as the taxable sales,
multiply that amount by the applicable tax rate, and remit that sum as sales taxes.
Mr. Vallet testified that he has used this system for twenty-two years on the advice
of his CPA for reporting and remitting sales taxes, and that at no point prior to the
audit period in question was this system deemed unacceptable by the Collector.
Although the clubs conceded the z-tapes would be the best evidence of sales,
the tapes were neither printed nor retained after their use for internal purposes. Mr.
Vallet admitted the clubs kept no record of the number of people who entered the
bars or the cover charges collected and deposited. The testimony further revealed
the clubs used undocumented amounts of cash revenue to pay undocumented
expenses before making the bank deposits. These expenses included cash payments
to bands at Yesterdays, totaling some $205,000, according to Mr. Vallet, as well as
cash disbursements to off-duty sheriff’s deputies and bouncers for both clubs,
totaling some $14,400. 2 The clubs kept no records of these cash expenditures and
2
In its Motion for New Trial based on newly discovered evidence, the Collector asserted the
clubs paid the off-duty sheriff’s deputies an amount closer to $312,000 during the audit period.
However, as discussed below, we find no error in the trial court’s denial of the Collector’s
motion.
3
disbursements. Both Mr. Vallet and his CPA later admitted the bank deposit slips
were therefore imprecise records of actual gross sales because an unrecorded
portion of the moneys collected was not deposited in the bank. The bank deposit
records did not accurately reflect actual sales, necessarily resulting in an
underpayment of taxes.
The parties stipulated Yesterdays reported total sales of $2,249,098.00 for
the tax period at issue and paid total sales taxes to the Collector of $107,637.94.
Cowboy’s reported total sales of $3,945,053.00 and paid the Collector taxes
totaling $188,951.00 for the period at issue. The parties also stipulated, for the
same period, Yesterdays paid state sales taxes totaling $89,964.00 and Cowboy's
paid the state $157,801.00.
As a result of the audit, the Collector issued a Notice of Collector’s Intent to
Assess additional taxes due to the Calcasieu Parish School System, dated January
19, 2010. An accompanying cover letter explained that an examination of the
clubs’ sales tax returns indicated a discrepancy in the reporting of sales
transactions for the audit period. The letter stated the sales tax returns were unable
to be reconciled due to the lack of support for the amounts on the sales tax returns
“such as z-tapes, shift change reports, etc.” Consequently, the auditors reviewed
all purchases of beer and liquor from the clubs’ vendors for three months in each
year of the four-year period, and a mark-up was applied to determine the taxable
sales the Collector stated should have been reported. The sales figures were also
used to determine the cover charges that should have been reported as sales. For
liquor, the number of bottles was converted to ounces, and the number of drinks
was calculated at 1.5 ounces per drink, which price was estimated at $4.75 per
drink. Cover charges were determined at a ratio of three drinks for every cover
4
charge, which was estimated to be $5. For beer, the number of bottles of beer
purchased was adjusted for dollar nights at the club by dividing the number by four
(four weeks in a month) and multiplying that number by $1; the remaining bottles
were estimated to have been sold at $2.75 per bottle on average. Like liquor, one
cover charge of $5 was assigned for every three bottles of beer sold.
The Notice of Intent to Assess dated January 19, 2010, estimated
Yesterdays’ taxes due to the Calcasieu Parish School System in the amount of
$217,190.49, and with interest and penalties, totaled $376,088.65. The Notice
informed the clubs they could timely file a written protest and request a hearing.
Protests by the clubs resulted in two hearings before the School Board, following
which the clubs gradually provided additional information such as closure of the
clubs due to Hurricanes Rita and Ike, promotional nights, spillage, frozen beer,
door charges, non-alcoholic drinks, happy hours, and complimentary beverages.
As more information was provided to the Collector by the clubs, Yesterday’s
estimated taxes due were reduced to $115,712.16 in the first Amended
Assessment, dated July 10, 2010, then lowered to $92,362.81 on July 29, 2010, in
the second Amended Assessment, and ultimately assessed at $85,353.60 on August
26, 2010. With interest and penalties the final assessment resulted in a tax bill for
Yesterdays totaling $155,662.95. In the Collector’s initial Notice of Intent to
Assess for Cowboy’s, issued on January 19, 2010, the amount due was assessed at
$219,161.87 and with interest and penalties totaled $366,989.50. The first
Amended Assessment dated July 10, 2010 lowered the assessed amount to
$56,183.17; the second Amended Assessment again lowered the amount to
$35,415.15; and the Final Assessment for Cowboy's was $29,292.42. With interest
and penalties added to the tax assessed, the final total for Cowboy’s was
$49,973.99.
5
The clubs ultimately paid the amounts under protest and filed suit
challenging the final assessments and the methodology used in reaching them. The
trial court ruled in favor of Yesterdays and Cowboy’s, ordering a refund of the
amounts paid, but deferred a ruling on the issue of attorney fees due the clubs. The
Collector filed a motion for new trial, which the trial court denied. At the hearing
on the motion for new trial, the court awarded attorney fees to the clubs pursuant to
La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.13.1(B)(1).
Thereafter, the Collector appealed the trial court’s judgment. In a split
decision, the court of appeal affirmed the trial court’s judgment in favor of the
clubs. Yesterdays of Lake Charles, Inc. v. Calcasieu Parish Sales and Use Tax
Department, 14-413, 2014-414 (La. App. 3 Cir. 5/13/15), 169 So.3d 689. We
granted certiorari to review the judgment of the court of appeal. Yesterdays of
Lake Charles, Inc. v. Calcasieu Parish Sales and Use Tax Department, 15-1676
(La. 11/16/15), 184 So.3d 20. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the
judgments of the lower courts in part, and remand to the trial court for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
DISCUSSION
The Collector first asserts the trial court legally erred in finding ambiguity in
the requirement of La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29(A)(1) that the dealer must “preserve
suitable records of the sales, purchases, or leases taxable pursuant to this Chapter.”
The Collector further asserts the trial court erred in effectively finding the clubs’
bank statements and deposit slips were “suitable records” within the meaning of
the statute, when the clubs had actually destroyed their records of actual gross sales
while keeping only records of net sales. Accordingly, we must determine whether
the lower courts properly interpreted and applied the statute.
6
When a law is clear and unambiguous and its application does not lead to
absurd consequences, the law shall be applied as written and no further
interpretation may be made in search of the intent of the legislature. La. Civ. Code
art. 9; La. Rev. Stat. 1:4. This principle applies to tax statutes. Tarver v. E.I. Du
Pont de Nemours and Co., 93-1005 (La. 3/24/94), 634 So.2d 356, 358 (collecting
sources). When there is reasonable doubt as to the meaning of a tax law, the courts
should strictly construe the law against the state and in favor of the taxpayer. Id.
With respect to the “suitable records” issue in the present case, we find for
the reasons below that La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29(A)(1) and its implementing
regulation, La. Admin. Code, Title 61, Part 1 § 4359, are clear and unambiguous
and do not lead to absurd consequences. The statutes clearly provide that for the
purpose of reporting and paying sales taxes, the dealer must “keep and preserve
suitable records of the sales...and such other books of accounts as may be
necessary to determine the amount of tax due hereunder….” La. Rev. Stat.
47:337.29(A)(1).
Louisiana Revised Statutes 47:337.29 and its implementing regulation, La.
Admin. Code Tit. 61, pt. 1 § 4359, provide the basis for the record keeping
requirements for establishments such as Yesterdays and Cowboy’s. La. Rev. Stat.
47:337.29 provides in pertinent part (emphasis added):
A. (1) Every dealer required to make a report and pay any tax under
this Chapter shall keep and preserve suitable records of the sales,
purchases, or leases taxable pursuant to this Chapter, and such other
books of accounts as may be necessary to determine the amount of
tax due hereunder, and other information as may be required by the
collector; and each dealer shall secure, maintain and keep until the
taxes to which they relate have prescribed, a complete record of
tangible personal property received, used, sold at retail,
distributed, or stored, leased or rented, within the taxing jurisdiction
by the said dealer, together with invoices, bills of lading, and other
pertinent records and papers as may be required by the collector
for the reasonable administration of the tax, and a complete
7
record of all sales or purchases of services taxable as provided in
this Chapter until the taxes to which they relate have prescribed.
(Emphasis supplied.)
Louisiana Administrative Code, Title 61, Part 1 § 4359 provides in pertinent
part (emphasis added):
A. As provided in R.S. 47:309 and R.S. 47:337.29, every person
required to collect or remit the tax imposed under R.S. 47:302, 321,
331, and local ordinances shall keep a permanent record of all
transactions in sufficient detail to be of value in determining the
correct tax liability. The records to be kept shall include all sales
invoices, purchase orders, merchandise records, inventory
records, credit memoranda, debit memoranda, bills of lading,
shipping records, and all other records pertaining to any and all
purchases, sales, or use of tangible personal property whether or
not the person believes them to be subject to state or local sales or
use tax. Full detail must be kept of all property leased or rented from
or to others and all services performed for or by others. They must
also keep all summaries’ recapitulations, totals, journal entries,
ledger accounts, accounts receivable records, accounts payable
records, statements, tax returns, and other documents listing,
summarizing, or pertaining to such sales, purchases, inventories,
shipments, or other transactions dealing with tangible personal
property.
In finding the term “suitable records” ambiguous, the trial court and the
majority in the court of appeal first noted the term “suitable records” is not defined
in the statute. The court of appeal further noted Mr. Vallet’s long history of using
bank deposits, on the advice of his CPA, for reporting and remitting sales taxes,
and that the Collector had never before deemed his methods to be unacceptable.
The court below faulted the Collector for not providing specific guidance to
taxpayers as to what records should be maintained, such as lists of suitable records.
The trial court believed the Collector was remiss in failing to adopt “a formal set of
rules or regulations detailing to the public exactly what constitutes the requisite
suitable records.” The court of appeal, noting that the clubs’ method of estimating
8
revenue had been accepted by other entities over the years, reasoned the clubs had
no notice their tax reporting system was improper or incorrect.3 The lower courts,
though no other court in Louisiana has previously done so, concluded there was
uncertainty in the types of records to be preserved, and thus held the statute must
be interpreted liberally in favor of the dealer or taxpayer and against the taxing
authority. The lower courts then effectively concluded the bank deposit records
kept by the clubs, which the testimony revealed reflected only net sales and not
gross sales, were “suitable records” within the meaning of La. Rev. Stat.
47:337.29.
We find legal error in such reasoning. Both the statute and its implementing
regulation, La. Admin. Code Tit. 61, pt. 1 § 4359, clearly use the mandatory
“shall” in requiring specific documentation to be kept by the clubs, including for
“all sales,” while the regulation mandates records be kept of “all services
performed for or by others,” which would include payments to the sheriff’s
deputies and bouncers hired for security, the bands performing at the clubs, as well
as all the “free giveaways” to various groups and organizations. 4 While the clubs
had never before been audited by the Collector, we agree with the dissenters below
that there is no requirement under the statutes mandating the Collector tell the
3
The court of appeal relied on United States v. Dorsey, 499 Fed. Appx. 176, 178 (3rd Cir. 2012),
for the premise that bank deposits can be used to establish proof of taxes owed by a taxpayer.
Yesterdays, p. 7, 169 So.3d at 694. We do not disagree that bank deposits can be relevant to
proving income in an appropriate case. However, we find they are not “suitable records” in and
of themselves for recording all actual sales as required by law, especially here, where the clubs’
owner effectively conceded the bank deposits did not accurately reflect “all sales.”
4
See La. Rev. Stat. 1:3, which provides:
Words and phrases shall be read with their context and shall be construed
according to the common and approved usage of the language. Technical words
and phrases, and such others as may have acquired a peculiar and appropriate
meaning in the law, shall be construed and understood according to such peculiar
and appropriate meaning.
The word "shall" is mandatory and the word "may" is permissive.
9
dealer or taxpayer exactly what records he or she should “keep and preserve.” See
La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29(A)(1). Nor does not providing such explicit guidance
transfer the burden of proving what constitutes “suitable records” to the Collector.
Instead, the statute clearly and logically places such responsibility directly on the
dealer or taxpayer. The clubs’ reliance on their CPA, who admitted he was not
familiar with the pertinent statute, does not excuse them from the mandates of the
statute. See La. Civ. Code art. 5 (“No one may avail himself of ignorance of the
law.”).
We find support for our holding today, that there is no ambiguity in La. Rev.
Stat. 47:337.29, in previous cases examining La. Rev. Stat. 47:309, which has an
identical “suitable records” requirement. 5 In Calcasieu Par. Sch. Bd. v. Parker,
02-339 (La. App. 3 Cir. 10/2/02), 827 So.2d 543, 546, writ denied, 02-2719 (La.
1/10/03), 834 So.2d 440, the taxpayer did not keep adequate records, precluding an
accurate audit of his taxable sales, because he could not produce 440 invoices out
5
Entitled “Dealers required to keep records,” La. Rev. Stat. 47:309 provides:
A. (1) Every dealer required to make a report and pay any tax under this Chapter
shall keep and preserve suitable records of the sales, purchases, or leases taxable
under this Chapter, and such other books of accounts as may be necessary to
determine the amount of tax due hereunder, and other information as may be
required by the secretary; and each dealer shall secure, maintain and keep until the
taxes to which they relate have prescribed, a complete record of tangible personal
property received, used, sold at retail, distributed, or stored, leased or rented,
within this state by the said dealer, together with invoices, bills of lading, and
other pertinent records and papers as may be required by the secretary for the
reasonable administration of this Chapter, and a complete record of all sales or
purchases of services taxable under this Chapter until the taxes to which they
relate have prescribed.
(2) These records shall be open for inspection to the secretary at all reasonable
hours.
(3) The secretary is authorized to require all dealers who take deductions on their
sales tax returns for total sales under the minimum taxable bracket prescribed by
him pursuant to R.S. 47:304 to support their deductions by keeping written or
printed detailed records of said sales in addition to their usual books and accounts.
B. Any dealer subject to the provisions of this Chapter who violates the provisions
of this Section may be fined not more than five thousand dollars or imprisoned for
not more than sixty days, or both, for any such offense.
10
of a total sequenced number of 616. The Parker court, in upholding the
assessment made by the School Board, reasoned as follows:
Pursuant to Louisiana Revised Statute 47:309, it is the duty of the
retailer to keep and preserve suitable records until the taxes to which
they relate have prescribed. Parker cannot now complain that an
arbitrary assessment was inequitable when it was his duty to maintain
records. With no records to determine what his actual sales were, the
School Board had the right to utilize some method of determining
what taxable sales Parker had for the audit period. Schwegmann Bros.
Giant Super Mkts., Inc. v. Mouton, 309 So.2d 686 (La. App. 4 Cir.
1974), writs denied, 310 So.2d 845 (La. 1975). We do not find that the
method used by the School Board was unconscionable or inequitable.
Parker, p. 6, 827 So.2d 546-47.
Having found the lower courts made a legal error in interpreting La. Rev.
Stat. 47:337.29(A)(1) and assigning the burden of proof to the Collector rather than
the taxpayers, we engage in a de novo review of the facts bearing on the issue of
whether the clubs kept “suitable records” within the meaning of La. Rev. Stat.
47:337.29(A)(1). Based on our review of the record, we find the lower courts
erred in effectively concluding the bank statements and deposits alone, reflecting at
best net sales, were sufficient to meet the record keeping requirements of La. Rev.
Stat. 47:337.29(A)(1). Mr. Vallet’s own testimony belies the contention the bank
statements alone could provide reliable proof of actual taxable sales. The z-tapes
from the cash registers at the doors of both clubs reflected the amount of cover
charges actually collected; thus, the clubs, to comply with the statute, were
required to keep such records. The clubs were also required under the statute and
regulation to keep records for services provided by the bands, the sheriff’s
deputies, and bouncers. Tellingly, Mr. Vallet used the actual cash register z-tapes
to calculate bar sales for his own purposes. He explained that he used the z-tapes to
prevent employee theft by making sure the bartenders and managers had cash in
the register to match the sales totals on the z-tapes. He testified that he allowed the
11
bartenders a $10 nightly leeway on drink sales when the cash was balanced against
the z-tapes. Nevertheless, Mr. Vallet testified the z-tapes were not kept with the
nightly cash takes or sent to the clubs’ CPA for comparison with the bank deposits,
but were instead disposed of in some manner. Although the trial court found the
failure of Mr. Vallet to maintain these z-tape records was “nothing more than an
honest mistake, and that this was not done for the purpose and intent to evade
taxes,” the clubs were not released from their duty of keeping and preserving the
records of “all sales” required under the clear language in La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29
and La. Admin. Code Tit. 61, pt. 1 § 4359. As the clubs effectively conceded,
because various cash amounts were deducted from the gross sales each night, the
net cash bank deposits alone could not accurately reflect actual sales. The bank
deposit records alone were thus not “suitable records” of “all sales” within the
meaning of La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29.
Accordingly, we find the trial court committed reversible error in
determining that La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29 was ambiguous, thereby improperly
shifting the burden to the Collector to prove that bank statements alone did not
constitute “suitable records.” We hold the legislature intended, from the clear
wording of the statute, to place the burden on the dealer or taxpayer, rather than the
Collector, to prove he or she has kept “suitable records” of all taxable transactions.
Based on the trial record, there can be no other conclusion than the clubs failed to
establish they had kept and preserved “suitable records” of “all sales” as required
by La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29.
The Collector next asserts the trial court erred in finding “the Collector’s
arbitrary tax calculation methodology was improper.” Upon reviewing the
interplay among La. Rev. Stats. 47:337.35, 47:337.28, and 47:337.28.1, we find
12
merit in the Collector’s contention for several reasons. As explained below, we
find La. Rev. Stats. 47:337.28 and 47:337.28.1 are applicable under the facts of
this case.
Under La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(A), entitled “Collector’s duty to determine
correct tax,” the Collector “shall” examine every report filed under the ULSTC
“and may make such further audit or investigation as he may deem necessary for
the purpose of determining the correct amount of tax.” (Emphasis supplied.) Thus,
the Collector has the sole discretion under this statute to audit or investigate a
report to ascertain the correct tax. Furthermore, under La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.48(B),
entitled “Determination and notice of tax due,” the Collector “shall cause an
audit, investigation, or examination, as provided for in R.S. 47:337.35, to be made
to determine the tax, penalty, and interest due,” if the “return or report made and
filed does not compute the liability of the taxpayer.” La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.48(B)
further provides: “Having determined the amount of tax, penalty, and interest due,
the collector shall send by mail a notice to the taxpayer … setting out his
determination and informing the person of his purpose to assess the amount so
determined against him after thirty calendar days from the date of the notice.” The
Collector obviously exercised its authority in this case under either of these
provisions when it commenced an audit of the clubs’ reports.
So as to determine the correct tax, the taxpayer and the Collector “may enter
into a binding agreement to use a sampling procedure as a basis for projecting
audit findings….” La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(B). Thus, the parties have the
discretion to agree to a particular sampling method for projecting taxes due, which
could result in either an underpayment or overpayment of tax. Contrary to the
13
holdings of the lower courts, there is no requirement in this statute that such an
agreement must be in writing to be binding on the parties.
However, under La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28, which is notably titled
“Collector’s authority to determine the tax in certain cases,” the Collector is
mandated to estimate the retail sales of a dealer who “fails to make a report and
pay the tax as provided in [the ULSTC]” or makes a “grossly incorrect report or a
report that is false or fraudulent.” The statute provides in pertinent part:
A. In the event any dealer fails to make a report and pay the tax
as provided in this Chapter or in case the dealer makes a
grossly incorrect report or a report that is false or fraudulent,
the collector shall make an estimate of the retail sales of such
dealer for the taxable period…and of the gross amounts paid
or charged for services taxable; and it shall be the duty of the
collector to assess and collect the tax together with any interest and
penalty that may have accrued thereon, which assessment shall be
considered prima facie correct and the burden to show the
contrary shall rest upon the dealer. (Emphasis added.)
Thus, under this statute, if the Collector determines the taxpayer failed “to make a
report and pay the tax as provided in [the ULSTC]” or filed a “grossly incorrect
report,” the Collector “shall” make an estimate of the retail sales of such dealer for
the taxable period. We agree with the dissents below that there is no additional
requirement for the Collector to prove the clubs’ reports were “false or fraudulent,”
or filed with the intent to defraud or evade taxes that are due. The word “or” has a
clear meaning in the statute. Accordingly, the lower courts committed legal error in
placing the burden upon the Collector to also prove the clubs’ reports were false or
fraudulent before it could invoke the mandatory assessment required by this
statute. Reviewing the record de novo then, we find the clubs failed to “make a
report and pay the taxes as required by [the ULSTC]” or filed reports that were
14
“grossly incorrect” under La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29. 6 The record establishes the
clubs at minimum failed to remit the required sales taxes on all taxable
transactions. Thus, La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28(A) applies in this case, and the
Collector was bound by that statute to “make an estimate of the retail sales of such
dealer for the taxable period … and of the gross amounts paid or charged for
services taxable.”
In this case, it was reasonable for the Collector to commence an audit or
further investigation under its statutory duty and discretionary authority in La. Rev.
Stat. 47:337.35(A), or under its mandate pursuant to La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.48, but
once it determined the clubs had failed “to make a report and pay the tax as
provided in this Chapter or … [made] a grossly incorrect report,” the Collector
then became obligated by La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28(A) to make “an estimate of the
retail sales of such dealer for the taxable period ... and of the gross amounts paid or
charged for services taxable.” Accordingly, we find no merit to the clubs’
argument the Collector is now precluded from relying on La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28
and La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1 simply because the Collector did not invoke those
statutes when it initially commenced the audit or investigation authorized under
La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(A).
We further find the lower courts erred in determining the Collector’s
assessment was “arbitrary” and that the Collector, rather than the dealers/clubs, had
the burden of proving the Collector’s assessment was in compliance with the law.
As explained above, La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28(A) provides that, when the dealer
fails to comply with the ULSTC or files a “grossly incorrect” report, the Collector
6
Although applicable by its language to the section on the Collector’s entitlement to
reimbursement of examination and hearing costs, the term “grossly incorrect report” is defined in
La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.75 as “any report filed where there is substantial understatement of tax for
any taxable period. The understatement is substantial if it exceeds the greater of: (a) Ten percent
of the tax required to be shown on the return for the taxable period, or (b) Ten thousand dollars.”
15
has a statutory duty to make an assessment and collect the taxes due. The statute
further provides that such assessment made by the Collector “shall be considered
prima facie correct.” La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28(A). The statute thereafter explicitly
provides that the burden to show that the Collector’s assessment of taxes owed was
not made in compliance with the law is squarely placed on the dealer by virtue of
the clear language of the statute. La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28(A). The lower courts
legally erred in finding otherwise.
Furthermore, although La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1, entitled “Arbitrary
assessments prohibited,” forbids the Collector from “issuing an arbitrary
assessment,” the Collector’s assessment cannot be considered an “arbitrary
assessment” if the taxpayer fails to comply with the records requirements of La.
Rev. Stat. 47:337.29. Because, as we have determined previously, the clubs failed
to provide “suitable records” as set forth in the La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29, the trial
court erred in determining that the Collector’s assessment was “arbitrary” and then
placing the burden on the Collector to show the assessment was made in
compliance with the law. La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1(A) provides as follows:
Notwithstanding any provision of this Chapter to the contrary, the
collector shall be prohibited from issuing an arbitrary
assessment. For purposes of this Chapter, the term “arbitrary
assessment” shall mean an estimated assessment issued by the
local collector which does not comply with R.S. 47:337.28,
47:337.48(A), or 47:337.53. However, no provision of this Chapter
shall prevent the collector from determining correct tax as
provided for in R.S. 47:337.35. An assessment shall not be
considered an “arbitrary assessment” if the taxpayer does not
provide records as required by R.S. 47:337.29 and/or R.S.
47:337.36. The taxpayer shall bear the burden of proving that
the assessment was not in compliance with the law. (Emphasis
added.)
16
Pursuant to this statute, an estimated assessment by the Collector pursuant to
La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28 cannot be considered “arbitrary” if, as here, the clubs
failed to provide “suitable records” pursuant to La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29, in this
case the z-tapes, or any other record of actual gross sales, as well as accurate
records of cash payments to security personnel, bouncers, and bands. Accordingly,
as clearly provided in La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1(A), the clubs then had the burden
of proving the assessment made by the Collector “was not in compliance with the
law.” Mr. Vallet admitted to not preserving the very records he used for the clubs’
internal purposes in calculating sales and balancing the amount sold against the
cash collected to prevent employee theft. Thus, because the assessment made by
the Collector cannot be considered “arbitrary” under these conditions, the clubs
necessarily bear the burden of proving the Collector’s assessment was “not in
compliance with the law.” We thus agree with the dissenters below that the trial
court erred when it found that, even if the clubs did fail to maintain suitable
records as required by La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29, the Collector’s assessment was
nevertheless “arbitrary” and that the Collector failed to show that its tax calculation
methodology was proper.
Having established that the clubs failed to provide the records required by
La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29, that the Collector was therefore mandated to make an
assessment of the tax due, La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28, that such a mandatory
assessment made by the Collector cannot be deemed “arbitrary,” and that the clubs
therefore had the burden of proving the assessments made were not in compliance
with the law, La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1, we must determine whether the trial court
erred in applying La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35 to find that the Collector’s assessment
did not comply with the law and that it should have used an alternative
17
methodology. We agree with the dissenters below that the lower courts made
numerous legal errors in interpreting and applying La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35.
First, mindful that under La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1 the Collector’s
assessment may not be deemed “arbitrary” under the facts of this case and that the
clubs therefore had the burden of proving the Collector’s assessment was not made
in compliance with the law, we find the trial court improperly interpreted and
applied La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35 to shift the burden of proof once again back to the
Collector to show that it had not engaged in an “arbitrary” estimated assessment
and that its methodology did not comport with the law.
La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(C) provides:
(1) Before using a sampling procedure to project the findings of
an audit and establish a tax liability, the collector or his designee
shall notify the taxpayer in writing of the sampling procedure he
intends to use, including but not limited to how the tax will be
computed, the population to be sampled, and the type of tax for which
the tax liability will be established.
(2) The sampling procedure used shall produce a sample which shall
reflect as nearly as possible the normal conditions under which the
business was operated during the period to which the audit applies. If
either the taxpayer or the collector can demonstrate that a transaction
in a sample for a particular time period is not representative of the
taxpayer’s business operations during that time period, the transaction
shall be eliminated from the sample and shall be separately
determined in the audit.
(3) If the taxpayer demonstrates that any sampling procedure used by
the collector was not developed or applied in accordance with
generally recognized sampling techniques, that portion of the audit
established by a projection based upon the development or application
of the disputed sampling procedure shall be replaced by a projection
based upon a new sample that conforms to generally recognized
sampling techniques.
(4) Generally recognized sampling techniques and standards set forth
by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants shall be
used as guidance in developing audit sampling techniques for
purposes of this Section.
18
First, we find the lower courts erred in holding the dealer or taxpayer must
agree in writing to the sampling procedure to be used by the Collector. There is no
requirement in La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(B), as explained previously, that an
agreement between the taxpayer and the Collector regarding the sampling
procedure to be used to determine the correct tax must be in writing in order to be
binding on the parties. Nor is there any suggestion in the statute that, if agreement
on the “sampling procedure” to be used is not in writing, then the Collector’s
assessment may then be deemed “arbitrary,” or not in compliance with La. Rev.
Stat. 47:337.35. The lower courts simply erred in so holding. Instead, the only
writing requirement in La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35 is that the Collector must notify the
taxpayer in writing of the sampling procedure it intends to use to project the
findings of an audit and establish a tax liability. La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(C)(1).
But even in applying La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(C)(1), the trial court
manifestly erred in finding the Collector failed to notify the clubs “in writing” of
the “sampling procedure” the Collector intended to use “[b]efore using a sampling
procedure to project the findings of an audit and establish tax liability.” According
to the record, the Collector’s auditor, Jonathan Thomas, contacted the clubs’ CPA
as directed and explained to him that the Collector was scheduled to perform a
sales and use tax audit of the clubs. When the CPA expressed reservations about
the quantity of documents that would be required for the audit, Mr. Thomas
proposed “block sampling” using three months of each of the years during the tax
period in question. The CPA verbally agreed, so Mr. Thomas explained that he
would send a letter informing the clubs of the months that would be selected and
the documents required. 7 Thereafter, on November 3, 2009, the Collector mailed
7
According to the testimony of Mr. Thomas, he emailed the clubs’ CPA with proposed months
to be used, but he received no response or objection.
19
an audit packet to the clubs’ CPA containing an audit letter informing the clubs of
the period under audit and the information needed to perform the audit. The audit
letter specified the actual months to be sampled and the documents to be produced,
including copies of actual sales invoices and copies of actual purchase invoices for
consumables and mixed assets. The letter explained that the Collector would “do a
block sample audit for sales for the [selected months]” and “do a complete
examination of your purchase invoices for all years.” Mr. Thomas’s supervisor,
Kathy Pettis, the School Board’s audit manager at the time, explained that using
the “block sample” produces a ratio, which is then applied to the other months of
the taxable year. If a dealer declines to agree to block sampling, then the auditor
would perform a review of all purchases for all 48 months of the subject period.
The clubs provided copies of actual purchase invoices and bank statements,
as well as tax returns. However, Mr. Thomas testified that in an audit of a retail
establishment, he did not consider bank statements as proper sales documentation.
Accordingly, Mr. Thomas informed the clubs’ CPA that he would need additional
documentation to justify the bank statements. When those were not forthcoming,
Mr. Thomas offered to use the purchase invoices and allocate a dollar amount
thereto, to which the CPA agreed. Mr. Thomas also requested other documentation
from the clubs’ CPA regarding drink prices and the like; however, the clubs
provided no further information. Thereafter, on January 19, 2010, the Collector
mailed a Notice of Intent to Assess, issued pursuant to La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.48(B),
accompanied by a letter explaining the procedure and mark-up methodology used
to conduct the audit review of the purchase invoices provided by the clubs, the
results of which would then be used to make the assessment and establish the tax
liability of the clubs. The Notice of Intent to Assess included an initial projected
estimate based on the procedures outlined in the letter. Thereafter, as discussed
20
previously, the Collector’s assumptions were adjusted and the mark-ups modified
as the clubs gradually provided more information regarding closures, spillage,
complimentary beverages, and the like.8
We find the initial audit letter and the letter accompanying the Notice of
Intent to Assess were sufficient to inform the clubs of the “sampling procedure”
the Collector intended to use to project the findings of the audit so as to determine
the correct tax. The clubs were notified of and agreed to “block sample” three
months for each of the four years at issue, but when records of all actual sales were
not provided, records we have previously found the clubs were required by law to
keep and preserve, the Collector proposed a review of the purchase invoices made
with a resale certificate. The clubs provided no further information regarding
actual sales, according to Mr. Thomas. The Collector also informed the clubs in the
letter accompanying the Notice of Intent to Assess of the methodology that would
be used with regard to the purchase invoices. The clubs never objected to the use
of the purchase invoices or the mark-up methodology to project the findings of the
audit and determine the tax, nor did they provide records of actual sales as required
by law; instead, the clubs objected only to the Collector’s assumptions or requested
certain allowances. The Collector accommodated those objections and requests to a
large extent, as evidenced by the multiple reductions in the assessed taxes due.
That the initial assumptions made by the Collector were adjusted as more
information was provided by the clubs did not render unreasonable the method
used by the Collector, because these adjustments did not substantially change the
general “sampling procedure,” that is, “block sampling” by selecting three months
8
According to the record, during the assessment process the clubs made various objections to
some of the assumptions and mark-ups used by the Collector to estimate the tax. However, a
complete drink price list was not provided to the Collector until after the interrogatories were
issued in the subsequent legal proceeding.
21
from each year of the subject period and analyzing the purchase invoices for those
months, as was outlined by the Collector in the letters to the clubs’ CPA. 9 In
addition, the clubs did not object to the “block sampling” method or the “mark-up”
analysis of the purchase invoices during either the audit or the assessment
proceedings. Thus, we conclude from the record before us that the Collector
adequately complied with the notice requirements of La. Rev. Stat.
47:337.35(C)(1).
Having determined the clubs failed to keep “suitable records” as required by
La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29, and because the Collector complied with the notice
requirements of La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(C), we next turn to the issue of whether
the clubs carried their burden of proving the Collector’s method of projecting the
audit findings and determining the correct amount of tax due “was not developed
or applied in accordance with generally recognized sampling techniques….” See
La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(C)(3); see also La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28. If the taxpayer
meets that burden, “that portion of the audit established by a projection based upon
the development or application of the disputed sampling procedure shall be
replaced by a projection based upon a new sample that conforms to generally
recognized sampling techniques.” Id. It is well settled, and the provisions embody
this general rule, that “if a tax payer fails to keep proper records, or for some other
reason exact information is unavailable, some formula must be devised to
determine the tax established by the legislative authority.” Schwegmann Bros.
Giant Super Markets, Inc. v. Mouton, 309 So.2d 686, 692 (La. App. 4th Cir. 1974)
(quoting Russo v. Donahue, 226 N.E.2d 747 (Ohio 1967)), writ denied, 310 So.2d
9
When the clubs’ CPA requested a suspension of the audit, the Collector agreed, so long as the
clubs kept the z-tapes for the two-month suspension period in April and May of 2010, as well as
documentation showing items such as spillage, breakage, and comps. The clubs agreed to
provide that information, which the Collector used to compare to the audit and assessment
determinations.
22
845 (La. 1975). For the following reasons, we find the lower courts erred in
finding the clubs overcame the presumption of correctness and carried their burden
of proof.
First, we find the trial court erred in reasoning that the large discrepancy
between the initial and the final assessment alone provided a basis for its
conclusion the Collector was required to employ an alternative methodology in
calculating the taxes, interest and penalties due by the clubs. As we have noted
previously, the audit and initial estimated assessment necessarily resulted from the
employment of generic assumptions because the clubs had provided no specific
information as to their operating procedures or pricing, much less their actual sales.
As the clubs provided some of this information to the Collector during the
assessment proceedings, the Collector revised its assumptions to arrive at a more
accurate estimated tax due. Accordingly, the discrepancy between the initial and
final tax determinations was not due to the “improper” methodology of the
Collector, which used a mark-up analysis on purchased inventory, but was instead
due to the lack of information provided by the clubs, which, as we have held, failed
to maintain suitable records as required by law. We thus agree with the dissenters
below that there is no evidentiary support for the trial court’s determination that the
Collector should have used an alternative methodology simply because of the
difference between the initial and final assessments.
Additionally, we find the clubs failed to present any evidence the audit and
assessment methods used by the Collector failed to comply with the requirements
of either La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28(A) or 47:337.35(A). Neither of these statutes
incorporates any specific estimating standards, nor could they, given the wide
variety of businesses and taxable transactions. However, when a “sampling
23
procedure” is utilized by the Collector to project audit findings to determine the
correct amount of tax, pursuant to La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(B) and (C), the
Collector is required to seek guidance from “[g]enerally recognized sampling
techniques and standards set forth by the American Institute of Certified Public
Accountants” (“AICPA”), to “develop[] audit sampling techniques.” The clubs
made no objections to the Collector’s methodology during the assessment
proceedings; instead, they protested the amounts estimated were too high and
failed to take into account spillage or closures, for example. At trial, they likewise
presented no testimony, expert or otherwise, that the block sampling and mark-up
analysis used by the Collector failed to follow generally recognized sampling
techniques or AICPA standards.
The Collector’s audit manager, Ms. Pettis, explained at length how they had
reached the assumptions made in the audit and initial assessment, after the clubs
indicated they could provide no specific information as to actual sales, other than
their bank deposits, which Mr. Vallet admitted did not accurately reflect actual
sales or cover charges. Ms. Pettis testified she did research on auditing bars and
nightclubs to determine the best assumptions for the mark-up analysis using the
purchased inventory: she consulted colleagues; reviewed guidelines such as the
California State Board of Equalization Audit Manual for Bars and Restaurants, and
the IRS Audit Technique Guide for Bars and Restaurants; was familiar with a
presentation by the Louisiana Association of Tax Administrators (LATA) entitled,
“Audits of Bars, Lounges and Restaurants”; and consulted online sources such as
www.bringingfuntoyou.com to determine how much liquor is poured in a typical
drink. Notably, the clubs’ CPA was provided with both the California manual and
the IRS guidelines before the Notice of Intent to Assess was mailed on January 19,
2010, according to Ms. Pettis. The source for the amount of alcohol in a typical
24
drink was specifically noted in the January 19, 2010 letter accompanying the
Notice of Intent to Assess. Although the trial court ultimately did not allow the
introduction of the IRS and California manuals in evidence, the court did allow
Ms. Pettis to testify she had consulted these resources in developing the audit and
assessment methodology. 10
Ms. Pettis explained how she had developed a procedure for the audit of the
clubs, given the clubs had failed to maintain “suitable records” of “all sales” as
required by law. After consulting various sources, the auditors decided to sample
the beer and liquor purchase records for the selected months, and estimated three
drinks per person to determine cover charges, for the audit and initial assessment.
After the hearings before the School Board, the auditors made a number of
concessions, based primarily on Mr. Vallet’s memory and estimates, such as
allowing for dollar nights, determining a percentage for spillage and theft, and
allowing adjustments for closure due to hurricanes. In addition, the auditors
removed champagne purchases, because the clubs claimed to have always given
champagne away, and soft drinks when given to designated drivers. All of these
concessions inured to the benefit of the clubs. Ms. Pettis noted the Collector did
not, however, make any allowance for “open bar” nights for employees, also
described as “self-consumption” in the record, or giveaways of drinks to other
persons or organizations, because the clubs could produce no hard records of such.
10
The trial court excluded both manuals from evidence, but allowed the Collector to submit both
as Defense Proffers 1 and 2. Citing La. Code Evid. Art. 801(C), the Collector argues the manuals
were not hearsay, but were “offered to show that the auditors consulted generally-recognized
accounting techniques in developing their assessment, not to prove the truth of the manuals’
contents.” The Collector notes these manuals have been cited and accepted in other jurisdictions
in similar cases involving the audits of bars and restaurants. See, e.g., Yilmaz, Inc. v. Dir., Div. of
Taxation, 22 N.J. Tax 204, 230 (N.J. Tax Ct. 2005). We note the trial court correctly allowed Ms.
Pettis to testify that she had consulted these manuals. We need not reach the issue of whether the
trial court erred in also excluding them from evidence, despite the Collector’s claim the manuals
were relevant to show the Collector had developed a methodology that comported with La. Rev.
Stat. 47:337.35(C)(4). As explained infra, it was ultimately the clubs’ burden to prove the
Collector’s “sampling procedure” did not comport with such generally recognized sampling
techniques and standards set forth by the AICPA, and the clubs failed to satisfy that burden.
25
Ms. Pettis also testified regarding the z-tapes that were provided by the clubs
for the months of April and May in 2010. She believed the assumptions made by
the Collector were “in line” with the results of the actual sales records provided by
the clubs, pointing out that in some cases, for example, spillage, the Collector’s
allowance was higher than actually recorded by the clubs. The clubs and the court
of appeal cite the 2010 z-tapes to challenge the accuracy of the Collector’s
methodology, specifically as it pertained to actual sales and the number of patrons.
However, Ms. Pettis explained that the clubs did not provide the inventory
purchases for those months, and thus she could not directly compare how the sales
amounts actually recorded on the z-tapes correlated with the liquor and beer
purchases for those same months. Without the corresponding inventory purchases
for the months of the z-tapes, she could not determine whether estimated sales
under the Collector’s assessment correlated unfavorably with actual sales recorded
on the z-tapes.11 As she explained, she could only compare apples to apples, and
the Collector’s assumptions as to mark-up and ratio of drinks-per-patron were in-
line with the numbers recorded by the z-tapes.
There was no countervailing testimony that the mark-up analysis used by the
Collector failed to comply with generally recognized sampling procedures. The
clubs point to alleged flaws in the Collector’s final assessments that show they
were unreliable and unreasonable. They contend the mark-up analysis presented in
the LATA publication, “Audits of Bars, Lounges Restaurants,” contained a more
accurate mark-up analysis, which the Collector should have used rather than the
mark-up analysis it actually used. There was no expert testimony that the LATA
11
When questioned as to whether the z-tapes showed the audit technique as being “way off
base,” Ms. Pettis disagreed and explained: “If I could see [the clubs’ beer and alcohol] purchases
for that period, that would be a better way to compare. I can’t compare sales to sales. If [the
clubs’] purchases were more [in 2010] than what they were back then [during 2005-2008], that’s
a different story. If [the clubs’] purchases were less, then the bottom line is [the club] made the
purchases of this alcohol and [they] sold it.”
26
analysis cited by the clubs was more in line with generally recognized sampling
techniques or that it complied with AICPA guidelines, while the Collector’s
method did not. Next, they contend the z-tapes for April and May 2010
demonstrated the inaccuracies in the Collector’s assumptions and assessment, but
Ms. Pettis explained that the 2010 data generally confirmed assumptions the
Collector had made, and in other respects were not comparable to the data
necessarily reviewed by the Collector because the clubs lacked adequate records of
sales and cover charges.
In short, it was the clubs’ burden to overcome the prima facie correctness of
the Collector’s assessment, in light of La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28(A), and to prove the
block sampling and mark-up analysis used by the Collector failed to comply with
generally recognized sampling procedures, under La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(C)(3).
While the clubs object to specific percentages and assumptions used by the
Collector, the fact remains they failed to keep any records for the subject tax
period, 2005-2008, showing their actual drink sales, cover charges, or the amounts
paid to bands or security, much less amounts due to spillage, theft, giveaways, or
open bar nights. Additionally, there was no testimony presented by the clubs’ own
CPA either that the sources consulted by the Collector or the methodology used by
the Collector did not comport with “[g]enerally recognized sampling techniques
and standards set forth by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.”
Indeed, there is no indication in the record, nor have the clubs directed our
attention to such evidence, as to what the AICPA standards might require that the
Collector allegedly failed to follow. We thus conclude the clubs failed to show the
Collector’s assessment was not in compliance with the law. See La. Rev. Stat.
47:337.28.1(A).
27
Because of our findings above, we find merit to the Collector’s assertion the
trial court necessarily erred in granting attorney fees to the clubs as the “prevailing
party” pursuant to La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.13.1(B)(1). “The prevailing party is
defined as the party which has substantially prevailed with respect to the amount in
controversy or substantially prevailed with respect to the most significant issue or
set of issues presented. A position is substantially justified if it has a reasonable
basis in law and fact.” La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.13.1(B)(1). Because the clubs are not
the prevailing party following our decision today within the meaning of this
provision, they are not entitled to reimbursement of attorney fees and costs.
We next turn to the issue of prescription for tax years 2005 and 2006 for
Yesterdays. After trial had commenced, Yesterdays filed an “Amended Petition
For Refund,” asserting prescription for the tax years 2005 and 2006. Yesterdays’
Amended Petition For Refund was precipitated by discussions between counsel
that revealed the Collector was no longer in possession of a document entitled
“Agreement to Suspend Prescription of Sales and Use Taxes Administered by the
Calcasieu Parish School Board,” also referred to as the waiver or suspension
agreement, executed for Yesterdays. This agreement purported to suspend the
prescriptive period for Yesterdays for the tax years 2005 and 2006 until December
31, 2010; however, the document could no longer be found in the trial record.
The applicable law provides that taxes, except real property taxes, and
licenses shall prescribe in three years after the thirty-first day of December in the
year in which they are due, but prescription may be interrupted or suspended as
provided by law. La. Const. art. VII, § 16; see also La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.67(A).
Therefore, any taxes, penalties, or interest claimed by the Collector as against
Yesterdays for the year 2005 prescribed on December 31, 2008, and any taxes,
28
penalties, or interest claimed for the year 2006 prescribed on December 31, 2009.
Here, the Notice of Intent to Assess was issued on January 19, 2010, and the
Notice of Assessment 60-Day Notice was issued on July 10, 2010; accordingly, the
taxes, penalties, and interest for years 2005 and 2006 were prescribed on their face.
The burden, therefore, fell on the Collector to prove the prescriptive period had
been interrupted or suspended. The peremptory exception of prescription may be
filed at any stage of the proceeding in the trial court prior to submission of the case
for a decision. La. Code Civ. Proc. art. 928(B). Yesterdays thus timely raised the
issue of prescription. The trial court sustained the exception of prescription, and
the court of appeal affirmed. We find no error in the trial court’s ruling for the
following reasons.
In this court, the Collector argues three bases for finding the trial court erred
in sustaining the exceptions. First, the Collector asserts it proved the existence and
contents of the missing document under La. Code Evid. art. 1004, which permits
testimony to prove the contents of a document that has been lost. That article
provides that an original is not required, “and other evidence of the contents of a
writing, recording, or photograph is admissible if …[a]ll originals are lost or have
been destroyed, unless the proponent lost or destroyed them in bad faith….” The
Collector contends both clubs signed the waiver agreements and that counsel for
the clubs “tacitly acknowledged during trial and confirmed post-trial that the last
suspension agreement between the School Board and Yesterdays had been lost.”
However, we can find no sworn testimony or evidence in the record regarding the
contents of the lost document. At most, counsel for the clubs acknowledged on two
occasions, when discussing the amended petition and the issue of prescription, that
the document purporting to be a waiver of prescription between the Collector and
29
Yesterdays had been lost. We do not find this to be sufficient testimonial evidence
as to the contents of the lost document.
Second, the Collector suggests the dissent below properly concluded
Yesterdays made a judicial confession pursuant to La. Civ. Code art. 1853 in its
petition as to the “tax period in question” being years 2005-2008, thereby
admitting that taxes for that period had not yet prescribed. 12 We disagree that
Yesterdays made a judicial confession with respect to the suspension of
prescription. In Traina v. Sunshine Plaza, Inc., 03-1003, p. 6 (La. 12/3/03), 861
So.2d 156, 160, this court explained that “a judicial confession has the effect of
waiving evidence relating to the subject matter of the admission and withdrawing
the subject matter of the confession from issue.” However, a judicial confession
must be explicit and cannot be implied. Collins v. State Farm Ins. Co., 14-0419
(La. App. 4 Cir. 2/14/15), 160 So.3d 987. Although the petition certainly refers to
the subject tax period in question, specifying years 2005-2008, we do not find the
language of the petition expressly acknowledges the existence of an agreement to
suspend prescription, nor does it expressly waive prescription as to years 2005 and
2006 for Yesterdays. That the Collector presumably intended to rely on the
suspension agreement it allegedly executed with Yesterdays for those tax years is
of no moment. Accordingly, we find no merit to the Collector’s argument in that
regard.
Third, the Collector contends prescription was interrupted during each
month of the four-year audit period, including years 2005 and 2006, by the clubs’
filing of false or fraudulent sales tax returns for each and every month during the
12
Louisiana Civil Code Article 1853 defines judicial confession as follows:
A judicial confession is a declaration made by a party in a judicial proceeding.
That confession constitutes full proof against the party who made it. A judicial
confession is indivisible and it may be revoked only on the ground of error of fact.
30
period. Under La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.67(B)(4), the Collector asserts, filing a false
or fraudulent return interrupts prescription. However, the trial court clearly found
no intent on the part of the clubs to defraud the Collector of taxes due. See La. Rev.
Stat. 47:337.75, referenced in note 6, supra. We find no basis in the record to
disturb the trial court’s factual determination. The clubs’ owner testified that he
had calculated and filed his tax reports in the same manner for over twenty-two
years, and that his failure to include taxes for the cash amounts disbursed for
security, bouncers, and bands was merely an honest mistake. The trial court
obviously accepted that testimony, and the Collector has not directed our attention
to any evidence in the record to upset the trial court’s credibility determination.
Accordingly, we find no error in the ruling sustaining the exception of prescription
for years 2005 and 2006 for Yesterdays.
Last, we turn to the Collector’s assertion the trial court erred in denying its
motion for new trial on peremptory grounds under La. Code Civ. Proc. art. 1972,
because the Collector “discovered, since the trial, evidence important to the cause,
which [it] could not, with due diligence, have obtained before or during the trial.”
In its motion for new trial, the Collector asserted newly-discovered records kept by
the Sheriff’s Department showed the clubs had grossly underestimated the cash
sums paid to the off-duty sheriff’s deputies for security during the years 2005-
2008. However, because we reverse the trial court’s judgment in favor of the
Collector, by finding the clubs failed to show that the methodology used by the
Collector was not in compliance with the law, the Collector’s motion for new trial
based on newly-discovered evidence is necessarily moot.
CONCLUSION
31
In sum, we hold La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29(A)(1) is clear and unambiguous,
contrary to the trial court’s ruling. The statute clearly provides that for the purpose
of reporting and paying sales taxes, the dealer must “keep and preserve suitable
records of the sales...and such other books of accounts as may be necessary to
determine the amount of tax due hereunder….” La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29(A)(1).
The lower courts erred in finding ambiguity in this language and placing upon the
Collector the burden of proving the bank statements and deposit slips presented by
the clubs were not “suitable records.” Applying de novo review, we find the clubs
failed to show the bank statements and deposit slips alone were “suitable records”
of “all sales” as required by law, when at best they were evidence of net sales.
We further hold the trial court erred in finding “the Collector’s arbitrary tax
calculation methodology was improper.” First, we hold La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1
applies in this case because the clubs failed to provide “suitable records” as
required by La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.29. Therefore, the Collector’s assessment could
not be deemed “arbitrary,” and the clubs bore the burden of proving the assessment
was not in compliance with the law. La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1(A). Next, we hold
there is no requirement in La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(B) that the agreement between
the taxpayer and the collector to use a particular sampling procedure must be in
writing to be binding. Furthermore, we find the audit package and the notice of
intent to assess, along with the accompanying letter, were sufficient to inform the
taxpayer in writing of the sampling procedure the Collector intended to use to
project the findings of the audit and establish a tax liability. Thus, under both La.
Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1(A) and La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(C), the clubs bore the
burden of demonstrating any sampling procedure used by the Collector was not
developed or applied in accordance with generally recognized sampling
techniques. La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(C)(3).
32
Based on our de novo review of the record, we find the clubs failed to carry
their burden of proving the assessment was not in compliance with the law. La.
Rev. Stat. 47:337.28.1(A). The Collector was required to make an assessment, and
because the clubs clearly failed to produce suitable records of actual sales or cash
disbursements to sheriff’s deputies, bouncers, or bands, or keep a record of the
number of patrons in the bars, the Collector was allowed to use a “block sampling”
procedure and a “mark-up analysis” of liquor and beer sales purchased for resale
by the clubs. The clubs agreed to the methodology chosen by the Collector, and
while the clubs provided additional information during the assessment proceeding,
which resulted in the modifications of initial assumptions made by the Collector
and reductions in the assessed tax due, the clubs failed to establish the “sampling
procedure” and mark-up analysis of the inventory purchase records used by the
Collector were neither developed nor applied in accordance with generally
recognized sampling techniques. La. Rev. Stat. 47:337.35(C)(3).
DECREE
For the foregoing reasons, we reverse in part the court of appeal’s decision
affirming the trial court’s judgment, affirm that decision in part, and remand to the
trial court. More specifically, we reverse the trial court’s judgment ordering a
refund of the taxes and interest paid under protest by the clubs. We further reverse
the trial court’s award of attorney fees. In all other respects, the judgment of the
trial court is affirmed. The matter is remanded to the trial court to calculate the
amount of taxes, interest, and penalties due the Collector and to render judgment
consistent with this opinion.
REVERSED IN PART, AFFIRMED IN PART, AND REMANDED
33
| |
Introduction: The purpose of this study was to identify and characterize the presence of low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLr) in LLC-PK 1 cells. Methods: LLC-PK 1 cells were assessed for the presence of LDLr by conducting dose–response, LDL specific binding and competitive studies with DiI-LDL, and Western blot and RT-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. Assay conditions with IgG-C7, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to the LDLr, were optimized, including temperature, preincubation time, and concentration in LLC-PK 1 cells. Results: LLC-PK 1 cells express LDL receptors as determined by LDL specific and competitive binding studies and Western blot and RT-PCR analysis (specific binding 0.5 ng DiI-LDL/μg of cellular protein). Discussion: Taken together, these findings confirm the presence of LDL receptors on LLC-PK1 cells and support the appropriateness of using these cells in studies involving renal cell cholesterol uptake and metabolism.
References 20
-
1.Effects of cyclosporine A on a kidney epithelial cell line (LLCPK1). Research Communications in Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology. Vol. 11. 778783(1987) Becker G.M. et al.
-
2.
-
3.Regulation of the activity of the low density lipoprotein receptor in human fibroblasts. Cell. Vol. 6. 307316(1975) Brown M.S. et al.
-
4.
-
5.Toxic effects on renal cells in culture—A comparison of cyclosporine A and its metabolites. Transport Processes. Vol. 21. 943945(1989) Cole E.
-
6.Catabolism of human low density lipoproteins by human hepatoma cell line hepG2. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. Vol. 794. 373394(1984) Dashti N. et al.
-
7.Receptor-mediated endocytosis of low-density lipoprotein in cultured cells. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 98. 241260(1983) Goldstein J.L. et al.
-
8.Binding and degradation of low density lipoproteins by cultured human fibroblasts: Comparison of cells from a normal subject from a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Journal of Biological Chemistry. Vol. 249. 51535162(1974) Goldstein J.L. et al.
-
9.Apoptosis and necrosis: Mechanisms of cell death induced by cyclosporine A in a renal proximal tubular cell line(1998) Healy, E. et al. KIDNEY INTERNATIONALInternal Medicine cited 0 times
-
10.Regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the human hepatoma cell line hepG2. Experimental Cell Research. Vol. 155. 518526(1984) Illingworth D.R. et al. | https://academic.naver.com/article.naver?doc_id=67240986 |
Association rules presents a unique algorithm which does not perform like any others we worked with. We used an implementation described b Kim et. al .
Fundamentals of Association Rules
Association rules try to connect the causal relationships between items. An association rule essentially is of the form A1, A2, A3, ... => B1, B2, B3, ... It attempts to show how a series of items can determine another series of items. For a more concrete example, if we said A => B, C, that would mean that the appearance of item A in someone's history would imply that B and C would be there as well.
It's not just the items that matter, however; another important factor is the confidence of a rule. Confidence is the intuitive idea of how applicable a rule is. It can range from 0 to 1. If the confidence is 1, then we know that the rule always applies - that is, every time we see A, we also see B and C. However, if the confidence is 0, it means it's never correct - A does not imply B and C.
Association Rules for Recommendations
For our purposes we used association rules of the form A => B. This means that we looked at all single-item relationships. That is, what is the likelihood of the active user rating the item B, given that the active user has rated A?
We created a square matrix of all these single-item relationships and their associated confidence values between all n items in the dataset. Then, we treat the user as a vector in n-dimensional space. If you multiply the matrix by the vector, you get what is called a recommendation vector - the most likely items that the user will rate, given the ones they have rated in the past.
You can easily use is recommendation vector to order preferences of a user.
Advantages
- It is incredibly fast. Building the matrix takes a very short amount of time, and then all recommendations after that are instantaneous.
- It generates credible results - what you might think of recommending a person given what they have seen.
- It works well with sparse data sets, especially if we implement a multi-level association rule index which has higher levels of generalization (in case the lower ones don't have enough information). We didn't feel the need to implement it, but the option was there.
Disadvantages
- It generates obvious results. For example, because everyone rated and enjoyed Star Wars, it almost always recommend that you go watch it if you haven't.
- It cannot predict ratings, only order preferences. If you want to actually predict ratings you need to use a different algorithm.
References
C. Kim and J. Kim. A recommendation algorithm using multi-level association rules. In Proceedings of Web Intelligence 2003., 2003. | https://www.cs.carleton.edu/cs_comps/0607/recommend/recommender/association.html |
Ready for your next "a-ha" moment?
Subscribe now
September 24, 2020
Associations
How Associations Can Win with Events & Conferences (even in a pandemic)
Yes, the pandemic created challenges for association and nonprofit events and conferences. But it also created opportunities...
Continue reading
September 17, 2020
Associations
What Opportunities are Associations Leaving on the Table?
Many associations and nonprofits are missing out on the Age of Engagement. What opportunities are your organization leaving on the table?
Continue reading
August 04, 2020
Personalization
Personal is Powerful: Engagement in the Age of the Individual
Lev Kaye, Founder + CEO of CredSpark recently spoke at DrupalCon Global 2020 about Personalization in the Age of the Individual [VIDEO]
Continue reading
February 03, 2020
Data
The First Party is Just Getting Started
For media firms, publishers, marketers and associations, there’s now a party you can’t skip - it’s called the First Party.
Continue reading
September 10, 2019
Personalization
6 Things You Need to Know About Conversations
There's nothing more powerful than a personal conversation. But how can you leverage that experience in marketing...at scale?
Continue reading
January 31, 2019
Lead Generation
How Interactive Content Makes Lead Generation More Efficient
Savvy marketers are now leveraging new engagement features to turn their narrative content into interactive discovery experiences and collecting actionable data and highly qualified leads in the process.
Continue reading
July 10, 2018
Events
The Problem with Conferences
During media’s recent Decade of Disruption, ad-supported revenue models have stumbled and legacy brands have crumbled. But there’s been a bright spot: Events. But there's a dirty secret: Most events are a waste of time. Here's how to fix it...
Continue reading
May 10, 2018
Interview
Podcast: The Crisis of Trust
People trust less and less in the media, institutions, & the government. Lev Kaye, CredSpark's CEO was interviewed on the topic by the podcast, Trending in Education. Can deeper audience engagement rebuild trust? Let's listen and find out.
Continue reading
April 24, 2018
Audience Data
The Death (and Dawn) of Personal Data Collection
The media circus around the Facebook scandal has died down and the news cycle has moved on. But the true impact of this and other data privacy scandals will last a long time and will be widely felt. This is about to get real...
Continue reading
March 14, 2018
Publishing
Niche Publishing: A Path to Sustainable Success
The publishing industry has taken a beating of late. But there's one segment that's beaten the odds. And there's a way they might just build the future of the industry.
Continue reading
© 2021 CredSpark. All rights reserved.
Solutions
Use Cases
Features + Services
Industries
CredSpark in Action
Client Examples
Case Studies
Insights
Subscribe
Company
About
Contact
Privacy + Terms
Client Login | https://www.credspark.com/blog-tag/marketing |
Step into David R. Smith’s home studio in Excelsior and a framed painting featuring a cluster of pumpkins arrests your gaze. The pumpkins are so vibrant and realistic, you wonder aloud if it isn’t a photograph. You can tell that Smith is used to this question, because he grins and shakes his head. “Oh no, that’s watercolor,” he says, laughing.
Smith has a variety of tools in his arsenal: paper towels, sponges, brushes, syringes, spray bottles and even razor blades. Seated at his computer, Smith pulls up an image of one of his seascape paintings and points to the areas where he used a razor blade to carve out flecks of sea spray. In other areas, Smith allowed the paints to do all the work. By applying wet paint to a wet canvas, the colors seamlessly meld to create stunning effects.
“You have to relinquish a certain amount of control and know that [watercolor] has a will of its own,” Smith says. “If you try to work against it, it’ll look like you struggled with it.”
Watercolor is Smith’s medium of choice, but it took a visit to the East—literally and figuratively—to prepare him for the unpredictability of the fluid medium.
Twenty years ago, Smith discovered Chinese brush painting, a form of art in which every brushstroke becomes a shape that, put together, make an entire subject. Smith’s mom taped a PBS show for him that featured an artist named Ning Yeh demonstrating the technique. When Smith watched the show, he was amazed at how beautiful and effortless the technique looked. He just had to try it.
Ning Yeh, the artist featured in the show, used to travel from his home in California to the Bloomington Theater and Art Center in Minnesota every summer to teach Chinese brush painting. In 1992, Smith, who had begun studying brush painting on his own, was among Yeh’s students eager for deeper knowledge. “The great thing about Chinese brush painting is the process, because there’s no room for error, you just have to go for it,” Smith says. “It teaches you to be brave and courageous in every brush stroke because you can’t change it; you can’t be timid.”
As a member of a tour group that Ning Yeh organized in July 2000, Smith spent 3 weeks traveling all over China visiting historic sites, ink factories and artists’ studios. After the group left, Smith stayed on for another week to study with two of the artists. One of the artists, interested to see what Smith knew, asked him to paint some bamboo. The outcome was one Smith would never forget. “I had these really small brushes,” he says, “and [the artist] smiled and then he demonstrated with a brush that was three times the size of the brush I was using, and within a minute he had this bamboo that was incredible, and I thought, ‘I need that brush!’ And he says, ‘Oh, you like it? Here you go!’ He just gave it to me. He didn’t care about the brush at all; it was about his ability, his talent, and all his years of practice. It was his skill level that was amazing.”
Later, Smith took a watercolor workshop at Dillman’s Resort in Fond du Lac, Wis. The instructor, Gordon MacKenzie like Yeh, had the uncanny ability to manipulate fluid mediums effortlessly. “I just was amazed at the process and how it looked like he was dancing that brush across the page,” Smith says. Just as when he watched Ning Yeh demonstrate brush painting for the first time, Smith was immediately hooked on watercolor.
Smith feels watercolor has plenty to offer and isn’t sure he’d expand to oil or acrylics. “There are so many different techniques, with wet on wet, and wet on dry, and dry on wet,” says Smith. “The variety of effects you can get with the different techniques is mind-blowing. I don’t think I could get those effects and have as much fun and enjoyment with a different medium.”
To see more examples of Smith’s artwork, visit mnartists.org/David_R._Smith. | https://lakeminnetonkamag.com/david-r-smith-masters-chinese-brush-painting |
Tasmanian Government could unveil its future gambling bill in Parliament in a couple of days, with the debates on the proposed piece of legislation expected to begin on October 14th.
In August 2021, the Government received a total of 26 submissions to the exposure draft of the proposed bill, called the Gaming Control Amendment (Future Gaming Market) Bill 2021. Furthermore, a consultation paper on gaming amendments gathered a total of 68 submissions before the aforementioned piece of legislation was even drafted.
The proposed bill seeks to introduce individual operating licences for electronic gaming machines hosted in brick-and-mortar venues in Tasmania. It also seeks to impose certain tax rates on gaming revenue in the state.
With the state’s Parliament set to start the debates of the long-awaited legislation that would overhaul Tasmanian gambling laws, there has been a growing concern that local lawmakers will miss the chance to introduce stricter harm minimisation measures for poker machines, also known as pokies.
According to Premier Peter Gutwein, the proposed piece of legislation had been the most discussed one he has seen in his entire political career so far. He further noted that the bill delivered on the 2018 election policy of the Liberal Party. Mr Gutwein hopes that the Legislative Council would see that the legislation is robust and stable and it will deliver on the future plans of the Tasmanian Government.
Campaigners Seek the Introduction of Harm Minimisation Measures on Tasmanian Pokies
Although the Liberal Party has taken their gambling policy to 2 state elections – the ones in 2018 and the ones in 2021 – detailed plans regarding the changes, including the plan to reduce the tax rate on casino-based pokies by almost 50%, were not made public until a draft bill was announced in July 2021.
The legislation would put the almost 50-year monopoly held by the Federal Group on the gambling licences in Tasmania to an end, as it seeks to introduce individual operating licences for clubs and pubs that offer poker machines and to create 2 new high-roller casino licences.
Josh Willie from the Labor Party commented that it would be interesting to see whether the State Government responded to the submissions made during the second phase of the consultation. He further noted that if the Government does not consider the implementation of some harm minimisation measures, his party would do that.
The introduction and adoption of special measures aimed at reducing gambling-related harm have also been backed by the independent Member of Parliament Andrew Wilkie, who is known as a long-time anti-gambling campaigner. According to Mr Wilkie, Tasmanian lawmakers need to roll out some harm minimisation measures, such as suspending the addictive features of pokies, implement a maximum bet limit of AU$1, slow down the poker machines’ spinning time and introduce stricter penalties for clubs and pubs that do not comply with the rules. He also wants to see the proposed piece of legislation examined by a special parliamentary committee before being passed by Tasmanian lawmakers.
Proposed Gambling Amendment Likely to Pass the House of Assembly
Although not all Members of Parliament back the proposed bill, the piece of legislation is likely to pass at this stage. The Tasmanian Government is expected to have the necessary numbers to give the green light to the bill in the House of Assembly.
However, the legislation’s passage through the Legislative Council is not guaranteed, or at least without some significant amendments brought to the bill. At this point, the bill will need to get the support of the Labor Party in order to proceed further in the legislative process.
Years ago, before the 2018 state election, the Labor Party in Tasmania adopted a policy aimed at removing so-called pokies from local clubs and pubs, but then abandoned this policy after losing the election. Since then, the party has promised to raise the lawmakers’ engagement with harm minimisation measures but has not revealed the exact measures it wants to see established in the state. For the time being, it remains unknown whether the Labor Party would line up with the measures suggested by other campaigners such as Mr Wilkie or would prefer to roll out their own ones.
Josh Willie MP has not revealed whether his Party would support a potential motion of the Upper House to send the proposed bill to a special committee.
Cassy O’Connor, leader of the Greens, said that the party would not support the proposed piece of legislation but would propose some amendments seeking to bolster gambling harm minimisation measures. She also revealed that a no-confidence motion in Resources Minister Guy Barnett is to be moved by the Greens. | https://www.casinoguardian.co.uk/2021/10/12/gambling-amendment-bill-to-be-discussed-by-tasmanian-parliament-later-this-week/ |
A Guardian article from 28 May describing the EU green recovery package. Two minute read.
The UK’s first live pilot to inject zero carbon hydrogen into a gas network to heat homes and buildings at Keele University is now fully operational.
Hydrogen is a zero carbon gas that when burned produces just heat and water. The Committee on Climate Change has determined that the use of hydrogen in our energy system is necessary in order to reach Net Zero. Heating for domestic properties and industry accounts for half of the UK’s energy consumption and one third of its carbon emissions. If a 20% hydrogen blend was rolled out across the country it could save around six million tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions every year, the equivalent of taking 2.5 million cars off the road.
HyDeploy is a ground-breaking green energy trial at Keele University that could help Britain cut its carbon emissions and open the door to a low-carbon hydrogen economy. Backed by Ofgem’s Network Innovation Competition, the £7 million project is led by Cadent in partnership with Northern Gas Networks, Keele University, the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Science Division, ITM-Power, and Progressive Energy.
From Keele Impact Magazine 2019
An interesting article from the World Economic Forum, posted by Ecowatch on 22 May 2020. In brief, the 5 reasons they list are:
The Story of Plastic
2020
Notes by Linda Whitebread (personal take on the film)
This film from ‘The Story of Stuff’ stable reviews the situation today regarding the build-up of plastic waste throughout the world. Crucial points for me were:
Plastic was first mass manufactured in the 1950s. It has many wonderful qualities – cheap to manufacture; versatile; attractive to use; durable. However its durability also represents its huge disadvantage. Elsewhere I have read that all the plastic ever produced still exists today.
The oil giants need to keep producing oil to make a profit. As well as being used as fuel, oil can be used in the manufacture of products such as fertilisers and plastic. This is especially true now that the demand for oil for energy is reducing.
So the rise of plastic manufacture has been supply- (of oil) led rather than demand-led.
A major use of single-use plastic Is in packaging. Paraphrased quotes from film:
1950’s: In response to the first laws limiting disposable packaging, US companies formed ’Keep America Beautiful Inc.’ Campaigning shifted the focus to litter, causing limits on disposable packaging to disappear for decades.
This later extended to recycling:
1990’s: The packaging industry continued to fight restrictions on disposables while promoting municipal-funded recycling. In the US, plastic recycling rates increased four-fold, funded by the tax-payer. The American Chemistry Council promoted recycling; under pressure municipalities in the US accepted hard plastics for the first time.
Recycling
Figures given by the film
91% of plastic has never been recycled
Currently (? not sure at what date, or whether this is one country or globally):
32% ends up as litter
40% goes to landfill
14% incinerated
14% recycled: but only 2% effectively recycled, ie becomes something as useful as what it was before. Most is downcycled – becomes something worse – and most is only recycled once before being incinerated, going to landfill, or ending up as litter.
2000s: The fast-moving consumer goods industry experienced slowing growth for the first time and began marketing to the rapidly developing middle class in the Global South. Packaged and processed foods replaced fresh.
Plastics have a real benefit, for example in hospitals, surgery. The real problem is packaging, especially multi-layered single-use sachets. Under the influence of aggressive marketing by the west, developing countries are moving from traditional sustainable, natural packaging to plastic packaging.
Double whammy: countries in Asia etc are encouraged to buy toxic single-use plastics, AND to receive plastic waste shipped from the west. We have exported the problem to other parts of the world and now say they are the problem.
Climate Change
Fossil fuel used for plastics, much of which are incinerated.
2018: As other nations joined China in banning scrap imports, plastic incineration increased around the world.
Incineration releases many toxic materials (eg cadmium, lead, mercury) into the environment. People living in the vicinity of incinerators have reported respiratory problems, dermatitis, infertility.
Yet the new incinerators need a supply of plastic to keep going. There is a huge web of infrastructure from oil refineries to incinerators all working together to increase the amount of plastics in the world and reduce recycling.
Fracking
2005: US Energy Policy Act gave oil and gas companies exemptions to environmental and health regulations. Resulted in a shale gas boom and a glut of raw materials for plastic production.
As well as shale gas, the oil and gas pockets release other chemicals, eg benzene, xylene, harmful to health. Residents living near shale gas plants report headaches and respiratory problems.
2015: In the midst of the ongoing fracking boom, the US lifted a 40-year-old ban on crude oil exports, setting off a rush of oil, gas and ‘plastic feedstock’ sales worldwide.
Huge increase in number of petro-chemical plants producing plastic. Eg in2017 Exxon and Saudi-Arabia’s SABIC jointly opened the world’s largest plastic manufacturing facility of its kind, receiving billions in US tax breaks and other subsidies.
These plants must continue to maximise production in order to pay off the debts incurred by building them.
Latest developments
2018: public awareness of plastic pollution increased because of media coverage of plastic in oceans.
Response: plastic companies say that the fault lies with consumers and countries with inadequate waste recycling infrastructure. The clean-up message, not the use of plastic packaging in the first place, has dominated the narrative.
The Alliance to End Plastic Waste was founded in 2019 by companies that make, use, sell, process, collect and recycle plastics. It pledged $1.5 billion to a clean-up programme.
Meanwhile $204 billion was spent on 334 new petrochemical facilities (when/where?)
Nanoplastics ‘recently’ found in 83% of global tapwater sampled and 93% of bottled water.
Can we find new alternatives to plastic?
Research ongoing.
Bioplastics: (ie plant based) also have sustainability challenges, including effective biodegradability.
Cost of new fossil-fuel based plastic is artificially low because of oil and gas subsidies of $5.2 trillion pa. This disincentivises the use of recycled content and other alternatives.
Way forward
Reduce and re-use.
Ban single-use plastics: recent increase in banning of different products throughout the world, eg EU, China, Rwanda, Morocco.
Fight to end fossil fuel subsidies.
Require plastic packaging manufacturers to use a minimum amount of recycled plastic.
Companies have profited by externalising the environmental costs of the plastic (eg to taxpayers who fund recycling schemes; to developing countries). They must be made to absorb these costs.
Multinational companies are locked into their need for growth; and massive supply chains forcing them to rely on plastic packaging. Try to move to small-scale firms, more local, alternative delivery systems, building communities.
Support/join Break Free From Plastic https://www.breakfreefromplastic.org/about/
Linda Whitebread 21/05/2020
On 18 May Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau announced a new programme of corporate relief designed to help companies that are struggling during the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic.
The new programme will provide bridge loans of up to $60 million and guarantees of up to $80 million for companies earning more than $300 million in annual revenue. Companies that receive the loans, however, have to abide by a set of rules that include restricting executive bonuses and investing in climate action. More here
A new UN report suggests that the pandemic provides countries with a unique opportunity to reverse the decades-long deterioration of the oceans. Read an item by Global Citizen about this here. | http://2g3s.staplefordvillage.org.uk/category/nationalglobal-developments/page/4/ |
Sr Business Analyst
Performs complex analyses of business goals, objectives and needs and of the general business environment of $800M business line. Plans and designs business processes and makes recommendations and changes in order to improve and support business systems and activities. Utilizes systems and data to resolve business issues in the most effective and productive manner.
- Create statistical evaluation metrics and proof-of-concept prototypes of projection models, analyze business performance and areas of opportunity for the whole sales force in the PC market.
- Query and report key metrics and actionable insights utilizing Tableau 9.1, Excel, SQL skills and other business intelligence software to leadership team.
- Led successful analytics projects that streamlined business process and improved financial performance.
- Started the Tableau initiative for reporting for the Executive Leadership Team, Sales Management and other business partners.
workforce
at this job
Sr Business Analyst
- Primary responsibilities included all aspects of EVMS; cost, schedule, and EAC development, program visibility and tracking; development of performance metrics, charts, and ad hoc reports, development of staffing plans; and the ability to communicate and summarize detailed data to Management/IPTs
- Created Dashboards to monitor business performance, insight analytics, role based dashboards
- Responsible for translating BRD into functional specifications and test plans. Closely coordinated with both business users and developers for arriving at a mutually acceptable solution.
- Assist departments and project teams in overcoming inefficiencies, problems and inconsistencies by coming up with feasible solutions
- Granted Secret Clearance
workforce
at this job
Sr Business Analyst
Gathered the requirements for the customization of the Front office Trading application encompassing Derivative instruments including Vanilla Swaps, Futures, Credit Default Swaps, Warrants, convertible Bonds, Index Swaps, Interest Rate Swaps, Bond Options, FX etc
- Responsible for the development of the FIDO application to customize the Benchmarks feed to create Sub Indices, Synthetic and Constraint Benchmarks
- Involved in the Data Validation of the Benchmarks feed from external sources.
- Responsible for the Pre Trade Compliance (PTC) and validation of the trades
- Extensively used SQL for the validation of positions feed
- Involved in the Preparation of the Test Data for the QA team
- Responsible for the Data mapping of the Credit Ratings feed from S&P, Moody's and Fitch
workforce
at this job
Sr Business Analyst @mnc Bank
PRA require most UK banks to provide a set of quarterly data submissions for stress testing comprising all risk types in pre-defined templates under initiative known as Firm-wide Data Submission Framework (FDSF). In response, the Bank is running a programme of work to deliver a solution that meets PRA's FDSF requirements.
- To support the development of the Bank's FDSF Credit Risk solution by streamlining implementation of Moodys Risk AnalyticsTM (RAY) platform supported by Qlikview (QV) Reporting covering Credit Risk for bank's 7 business lines and 18 host applications.
- To document requirements that adheres to RWA and Non-RWA reporting for Mortgage & Non Mortgage LoBs that gets reported through Historical, MI and RWA reports in accordance with PRA guidelines.
- To Design checks, validations, mappings, calculations, data reconciliations and implement changes relevant to regulatory reporting.
- Review FDSF data for RWA/Non-RWA, MI reporting by comparing current against historical submissions, including quarter-on-quarter analysis, variance analysis and other checks to identify and resolve errors originating from hosts/RAY/reporting systems.
- To query source data and calculations for monthly, quarterly and adhoc periods to provide decisioning information to internal customers
- To coordinate with different internal customers, vendors and solution providers to get task done.
- Participate in vendor software customization, configuration requirements, analysis, mapping and stakeholder signoff on key BRD, SDI documentation.
- Support Programme management with weekly statuses on planned activities, deviations, issues, queries, milestones and escalations along with mitigation plans to senior management.
- Perform functional testing, log defects in HP QC and re-test fixes for QV.
workforce
at this job
Business Analyst/sr Business Analyst
Implement new share point site to use as an intake tool for work requested from technical teams
- Train and mentor new Analysts on internal processes and tools
- Project manage data migration implementations
- Develop internal updates to processes; devise solutions to efficiently manage resources.
- Advise Specialist on how to conduct effective meetings.
- Provide leadership in project activities and problem resolution
- Work with programmers to meet critical deadline; conduct follow-up to analyze efficiency of project.
workforce
at this job
Sr Business Analyst
- 8+ years of experience as Business analyst and Quality Analyst, with strong experience in Banking (Business Process Flows, Case Tools, and Business Analysis).
- Collaborated deliverables with QA testing teams, business users (gathering user's requirements to develop necessary Test plans, Test Cases and Test scripts etc.).
- Gathering Business and Functional Requirements, Business Requirement Document (BRDdeveloping Use Cases, conducting Gap Analysis and preparing Training manuals.
- The enterprise content manager (ECM) to identify and manage the project requirements.
- Specifications, Functional Specifications, and System Requirements Specifications (SRS).
- Team player work in conjunction with testing, development and other teams in validation and testing complex scenarios and projects and in the maintenance of Quality Standards in Projects.
- Knowledge in documentation project related information like test execution procedures, backup plans, new tester training documents, maintaining test logs, release notes etc.
- Creative and aggressive self-starter with integrative thinking skills, capable of communicating creative ideas through graphical analysis charts and statistical data display.
Sr Business Analyst
- Play leadership role in Medicaid Information Technology Architecture (MITA) program in identifying and documenting state Medicaid business processes, systems and technology platforms with key stakeholders.
- Expertly evaluate each business process against framework to determine current MITA maturity of clients’ Medicaid program through intensive interviews with business process owners across project lifecycle.
- Identify and confirm organizational inventory/contacts, allocate business processes, build preliminary/future views, interview state business owners and subject matter experts, and document key planning influences.
- Expertly manage complex mission-critical strategic financial and technology initiatives for multi-million dollar projects by balancing sound business judgment, a strong sense of urgency, and quality-driven focus.
- Act as subject matter expert in all aspects of project management including understanding current processes, identifying challenges, providing possible solutions, and project performance monitoring. | https://www.jobhero.com/resume-samples/sr-business-analyst/ |
The Nigerian players at the second leg of the Lagos Open International Tennis Championship have an uphill task of qualifying for the second round of the competition, Nigeria Tennis Live can report.
The trio of Joseph Imeh, Sylvester Emmanuel and Emmanuel Idoko will have to be at their very best when they take on the tournament’s top seeds in their first round matches.
According to the draws, the Nigerians take on Skander Masouri (1), Calvin Hemery(5) and Aldin Sektic (7) respectively in a mission that seems almost impossible.
Hemery and Sektic played the final of the men’s singles while Masouri won the men’s doubles with his Tunisian partner, but they are not unbeatable by the Nigerians.
Idoko, in his second round game during the first leg of the competition, already showed Imeh how to cause troubles for the top seed, hopefully, the Nigerian number one will take a cue from this.
But for Sylvester and Idoko, they will have to dig deep when they come up against the finalists at the first leg of the competition.
In other matches, youngster Abayomi Philips, Oyinlomo Quadre, Paul Emmanuel and Godsgift Timibra will be seeking a second round berth against relatively tough oppositions too.
Nigeria Tennis Live will monitor the players’ performance and report to our teeming audience from all over the world. | https://www.nigeriatennislive.com/2019/10/lagos-open-tennis-sylvester-imeh-idoko-battle-top-seeds-for-2nd-round-berths/ |
Aarya Kakade of Std IX had participated in ‘Sphoort’,Nagpur major Cup and national Archery championship held from 11th to 14th November .He participated in Under -14 category for Compound Round Box event and secured fifth position among top ten students.
Siddharth Marathe of Std VIII won the double crown (singles and doubles title) at the national level TS-7 Under-14 Category organised by the Maharashtra mandal.
Archan Apte of Std IX A won two trophies at the District Ranking Badminton Tournament organized by Sharda Sports Centre and Radiant Sports Academy.
Mann of Std V C and Aarya of Std II Neptune received a medal at Chosun University Presidential International Taekwondo Championship.
Vansh Khandelwal of Std III B received a gold Medal at the 32thPune International Marathon.
Shreeya Kelkar of Std VI A received gold and a silver medal at the UK‟s Taekwondo Academy championship.
Aum Runwal of Std X C got a Silver Medal for the Karate Competition organized by Karate association of India, Balewadi
*Shreya Nankar and Sahil Khan won gold medals in national sports climbing competition held at Indore between 27 – 30th December 2017. Shreyanankar won gold medal in lead climbing and silver medal in bouldering event. *Shreya won the gold in lead for second time consequtively (ie. 2016 & 2017 nationals). *Sahil Khan won gold medal in bouldering and bronze medal in speed climbing. Around 150 athletes are selected from the country for the national competition. Shreya Nankar&Sahil Khan also were a part of the Indian team for the Asian youth championship held in August at Singapore.
Symbiosis primary won against Symbiosis Secondary in the Zilla Parishad Table tennis tournament under -14 held in Symbiosis school.
• Meenakshi Bhoite of Std X won gold medal in chess ZP match in U-17 Girls group at District level.
• Badminton girls won Bronze medal in 17 age group category at district level.
• Anushka Chitnis of Std IV C won a prize in gymnastics competition held in Uzbekistan.
Malika Marathe of Std IX played the qualifying event at the Junior French Open at Roland Garros in Paris this month. At 14 ,she is the youngest Indian to do so . Malikaa played against Japanese and Brazilian players much older than her and gave a very good account of herself. She now aims to play in the main draw at the Junior Grand Slams in two years time. Our best wishes are with her!
• Vedang Joshi of Std. VI D received the runners –up trophy and a silver medal at the first district Table Tennis ranking U/12. He also received trophy and certificate at the Symbiosis Sports Centre in the Semi finals for the Friendship Cup.
• Savli Patil of Std. VA won a trophy, bronze medal, three gold’s and got the third place for LathiKathi competition at KasbaPeth.
• Seeya Goyal of std. IX D received a Certificate for attending a camp conducted by ALL INDIA NCC TREKING EXPEDITION
• Anuj Dandekar of Std IVC secured first prize in Chess competition held at Symbiosis.
Ananya Anbhule Std. III won Gold Medal under Junior category in the Open National Bouldering Competition organized at Bhopal on 24th Dec 2016. She was the only girl to complete all the routes in the first attempt.
• Mihir Shah Std. VI A received up coming player trophy in Volleyball on 19th February 2017 by Millineim School.
• Dhwaj Bora Std. VI A received first prize in running race organized by English Marathon.
• Siddharth Marathe Std. VI D received 1st prize in national level tennis U/12 organised by all India Tennis Association
• Swayam Birla Std. VI D received 1st prize in National Abacus and became the centre topper .
SPORTS ACHIEVERS
From L-R (Yug Solanki,Vedang Joshi,Aarav Gangakhedkar, Manas.Patrudkar, Swara
Dixit,Asmi.Lodha,Arya.Patil,Jaanhavi.Phanse
• Yug Solanki of Std VI C received and all round trophy and Rings event trophy for gymnasticts organised by Maharashtra Mandal.
• Vedang Joshi of Std.V received the 3rd prize for U/ 12 and Runner up for U/ 10 for Pune Mayors Trophy for Table Tennis .
• Aarav Gangakhedkar participated in Intra
Club Skating tournament 2016 organised by solaris club on 9th December2016, at Pune and won the Bronze Medal and certificate of merit.
• Manas Patrudkar of Std. III B secured the fifth position in 3rd ISST roller skating championship on 11th December 2016 at Kaveri sports centre.
• Swara Dixit of Std III B won the Bronze Medal in Intra Club Skating competition organised by solar Platinum Pune (age 8-10 years) on 9th December 2016.
• Asmi Lodha of Std.III B got the 2nd price for English Marathon (Grammar Exam) at school level on 5th January. Now she will be appearing for state level in March.
• Arya Patil of Std. III B received a Gold medal in Swimming for Free style, Butterfly & Breast stroke He got a Silver medal in Backstroke at champions aquatic club.
• Jaanhavi Phanse of Std.III B got the 3rd place in Table Tennis Competition.
• Sarvesh Kumbhar of Std.III B won the 2nd place and got a Silver Medal in Inter school Taekwondo
meet at Euroschool. Undri, Pune. on 3rd December 2016.
• Tej Oak of Std. III D (OM DALVI TENNIS
COMPETITION) – Winner, U/8 2nd Rank -2 for Tennis Tournament.
• Ishwari Bahirat of Std.VI A got a Black Belt in karate.
• Atharv Dhamdhere of Std IV A won a silver medal at the 31st Pune International Marathon held at 29th January at Sanas ground.
CONGRATULATIONS VARAD!!!!
• Varad Kulkarni of Std IX C has been selected for Maharashtra cricket team and will be playing at Rajkot
SAKAL SCHOOLYMPICS WINNERS
GOLD MEDAL WINNERS
1. SalsaAher Std. IX Lawn Tennis
2. Sanjyot.M&Ria.W Std. VII Lawn Tennis – Doubles
3. Sujan.P and Yash.S Std. X Lawn Tennis – Doubles
4. AaryaDhamale Std. V Archery
5. AjinkyaChaudhari Std. X Taekwond
6. PrasanaaKhedekar Std IX Swimming
7. Tanishka Deshpande Std. IX Badminton
8. Prasanna.K/ Angad.M/ Abhishek.S/ Sukant.HStd X Swimming relay
9. MeenakshiBhoite Std. IX Chess
SILVER MEDAL WINNERS
1. SanikaSonwane Std. VII Judo
2. AaryaKakade Std V Archery
3. PrasannaKhedekar Std. IX Swimming
4. Yog Solanki Std VI Gymnastic
5. Tanishka& Sara Std. IX Badminton – Doubles
6. Sanashree and Mihir Std X Badminton- Doubles
7. Sahaniya Kulkarni Std VII Badminton
8. SahaniyaandRiddhi Std VII Doubles
9. Pancham Dhoot Std VI Skating
Volley ball Event
Std VII
VinamraBamane, GargiGhate, Rujul More, DnyadaTayade
Std VIII
Aryan Khaire, Aditya Bhilare, AshayPatil, YashPhondge,
Arnav Barmecha, SaarthakKad, Arya Deshmukh, GayatriSangle
Std IX
Varun Kulkarni, PraticheeMalpani
Std X
SiddharthKhedekar, SahilSaraph, Raj Birla, IndraneelIngawale ,
VinayaBamane, TanuKamat, Shrawani Hartalkar, Pauravi Mane,
SejalGupta , Aishwarya Bhilare
BRONZE MEDAL WINNERS
1. Riya Washimkar StdVII Lawn Tennis
2. Mrunmayee & Shreya Std IX Lawn tennis Doubles
3. Aditya Bhosale Std X Shooting
Gayatri Sangle, Aarya Deshmukh, Arnav Barmecha, Sarthak Kad of Std VIII and Rujul More of Std VII received trophies for their excellent play.U-17 Boys won the Bronze medal.
U-14 Girls won the Bronze medal.
Malikaa Marathe of Std VIII gets selected to INDIA TEAM representing our country,at The Indian Junior Tennis Team playing the Division 1 ITF Asia 14 & Uchampionshps.
• She was also awarded as BEST PLAYER OF THE YEAR.
Badminton State Level held at Baramati
Sarah Navare (X D), Shivani Deshpande (X D), Sanashree Dhamdhere (X C), Tanishka Deshpande (IX B), Vaishnavi Sangve (IX A) received a Gold Medal.
Singles and Doubles both titles. She won the tournament without dropping a set and with a loss of just 9 games in the entire tournament.
Boys won the final against KHS school in volleyball U-10 age group and girls won the silver medal.
In badminton,U-17 category the girls won gold medal in Z.P at the
District Level matches.The winners are VaishnaviSangve (std IX),Sarah Navare(std X),
Shivani Deshpande(stdX), SanashreeDhamdhere (std X),Tanishka Deshpande(std IX)
•Nandini Menkar of Std. V B won a Bronze Medal for Biathlon & Silver Medal for Trathel National level held at Haryana.
•Abhijay Dandawate of Std. IV D came first in a Dr.BabasahebAmbedkar for Chess Competition.
• On 2nd August, Pune district metropolitan Badminton association organized Badminton tournament in which Tanishka Deshpande of Std IX was winner in singles and doubles. Tanishka Deshpande also received Rs. 20,000 scholarship.
• On 10th August, Yonex Sunrise India Junior International Badminton Tournament, qualifying draws were held in which Tanish Deshpande of Std IX was selected.
• 12th August – Gold medal was won by under 17 girl’s badminton team in the
Z.P district level interschool badminton tournament. Under 1to 4 girls won
the bronze medal.
• 23rd August – Gold medal was won by under 14 boys Table Tennis Team in
the Z. P district level interschool Table Tennis Tournament. | http://symbischools.ac.in/SchoolPune/sports/ |
My passion is community storytelling — helping people find their voice, share their stories, and listen to each other. This work has grown out of a deep commitment to inclusion, pluralism, and empathy. I’m also well-versed in the needs of small and start-up museums. I know their challenges and I believe they are uniquely positioned to do amazing things. I’ve spent my career so far translating big, innovative ideas in the museum field into manageable programs for small-but-mighty institutions.
How does a small museum staff build a robust oral history program from scratch? Through partnerships and volunteer power.
While at the Museum of Durham History, I established and ran an oral history volunteer group called the Story Squad. The Story Squad collects and archives stories from their friends and neighbors. Collaborating with the brilliant audio documentarians behind Audio Under the Stars took this group to the next level.
The Story Squad has gathered hundreds of stories around themes like Love and Home (these were a partnership between the Story Squad and a local audio festival), and experiences like being an entrepreneur.
I’m especially proud of how diverse this group is: from college students to seniors, from many walks of life. Having diverse interviewers is one of the best ways I know to have diverse interviewees.
What a pleasure it has been teaming up with Brad Lason Media and Friends of Waterfront Seattle on a community storytelling project that is focused on people’s connections to the waterfront.
We took Brad’s innovative Story Kiosk to different public spaces, tinkering with different questions and formats that help people find their voice on this topic as Seattle prepares to develop new public greenspace along the waterfront.
It has been really great to tinker with the community storytelling approach in the context of a large public parks project. Brad did a thoughtful write-up over on his blog.
Historic Oak View County Park has been working for years to give visitors a more complete history, inclusive of the farmers who were enslaved, or worked as tenants and wage laborers. It has been amazing to play a role along the way.
-In 2011 I collaborated with Oak View and local churches to collect and share information on the people who were enslaved at Oak View and worked there as tenants and sharecroppers after the Civil War. These dialogues opened up new interpretive possibilities and more diverse representation on the site's advisory board.
-In September, 2012, Wake County Parks, Recreation and Open Spaces moved a late 19th-century tenant house onto the property. (The tenant houses originally on the site were torn down in the mid-1980s before the property became a public historic site.) The house that was moved was architecturally similar to the original tenant houses. Staff then embarked on several years of fundraising and restoration work.
-With restoration complete, I am now (2017-18), developing a permanent exhibition for the tenant house that explores the concept of home in the context of the sharecropping and tenant farm labor system. How did people create their homes with strength and dignity in spite of tremendous hardship and uncertainty?
How do you gather and share stories that feel authentic to the people they are about and are also engaging to outsiders?
This was my task in the Museum of Durham History's "Ar-Razzaq History Project," supported by the Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art. This project gathered stories from one of the oldest Muslim communities in North Carolina, and shared them with visitors to the MoDH. Survey data showed that most museum visitors had very little prior knowledge about this community.
Through a series of community storytelling events and a collaborative exhibition planning process we built rapport with the local community and mined our growing collection for the shiniest gems. We used Brad Larson's Story Kiosk to gather short video clips, and trained interns to conduct longer oral histories. Creative control was shared with a longtime member of the Muslim community: together we served as co-curators. Museum staff, volunteers, and Muslims in Durham worked side by side to put on events and engage with exhibition development.
The resulting exhibition put oral histories at the center: personal, emotionally rich stories that built bridges between Muslims and non-Muslims. | https://katiedspencer.com/ |
Processes that have changed the earth. Relation between these processes and their products (e.g., earthquakes, minerals and rocks, mountains, oceanic features); interactions between processes affecting the solid, liquid, and gaseous components of earth; impact on humans.
EES 3340/5340 Structural Geology and Rock Mechanics
Principles of rock deformation from microscopic to mountain range scale. Topics include analysis of stress and strain, mechanisms of deformation, and the geometry of faulting and folding. Analysis of the geologic history of selected regions through interpretation of geologic maps and construction of cross sections. Applications to various tectonic environments. Field trips.
EES 3891/5891 Special Topics- Applied Structural Geology and Tectonics
Techniques for interpreting structural geometry and timing in a variety of tectonic settings. Applications to natural resources, basin evolution, and surface-tectonic feedbacks. Methods include fault and fold kinematic modeling, balanced cross sections, thermochronology, tectonic geomorphology, and interpretation of seismic reflection data. Students will gain experience using software packages for seismic interpretation and for structural modeling. Class format will include lectures, readings with discussion, problem sets, and integrated projects. Prerequisite: Structural Geology (EES 3340)
MLAS 6500 Understanding Natural Disasters
Natural disasters seem to dominate the headlines every day, appearing to strike at random and leaving devastating impacts of damage and loss of life. These events and the geologic cycles of which they are part constantly re-shape the world around us, simultaneously contributing to both a habitable and hazardous environment. This course will examine a wide variety of natural disasters, ranging from earthquakes and volcanoes to floods and hurricanes. We will study the causes of each in detail and the settings where they typically occur, as well as preventative measures and predictive capabilities. We will also study important links to human society, including the profound historical impacts of several major events and the human influences on disaster frequency in the present and future. The class format will include readings, discussions, practical exercises, papers, and a group field trip to study local geology in the Nashville area. | https://my.vanderbilt.edu/gtate/teaching/ |
Evaluation Period:
- Formative evaluations throughout the school year as per MCS Performance and Assessment procedures.
- Annual summative evaluation prior to July 1.
Purpose of the Position: To create an educational program and a class environment that is multicultural, gender-fair, and disability/sensitive, is favorable to learning and personal growth in accordance with each student’s ability and is based on a commitment that all students can learn.
Classified as Confidential Employee: Functional responsibilities or knowledge in connections with the issues involved in dealings between the school corporation and its employees require strict adherence to confidentiality.
Minimum Requirements: The following qualifications represent the minimum requirements necessary for an individual to perform this position effectively.
- A valid Indiana teaching license, certificate, or other legal credentials required for level of
- Prior successful experience in urban, multicultural education desirable.
- Demonstrates continued professional development through course work, research, and peer
- Has working knowledge of the subject matter, classroom management techniques, and current researched best practices and strategies, and students’ learning styles and needs, both academic and affective.
Essential Functions of the Position: The following functions have been determined by Marion Community Schools to be essential to the successful performance of this position.
- Acquire knowledge of the goals of the Marion Community Schools and site/School Improvement Plan (SIP) to support and achieve those goals.
- Establish developmentally appropriate instructional and behavioral expectations for students and for him/herself and communicates those to students and their families.
- Create lessons and learning environments that are safe, respectful, and interesting, as well as multicultural, gender-fair, disability sensitive. Selects, adapts, and individualizes materials appropriate for diverse student populations and skills.
- Teach students the required curricula using strategies that foster thinking, reasoning, and problem solving.
- Collaborate and communicate regularly with families in making educational decisions and uses family and community resources.
- Assess student’s developmental, cognitive, and social needs and provides developmentally appropriate instruction to meet those needs.
- Regularly assess student learning by using multiple forms of assessment.
- Facilitate positive interactions between students and teacher, student and peers, and student and other adults.
- Model learning and behavior consistent with the expectations for student.
- Evaluate own instructional effectiveness.
- Participate in ongoing and regular staff, team, and individual professional development. Implements the Professional Development Process.
- Collaborate with peers to develop, plan, and implement best practices based on the needs/abilities of the students.
- Participate in site-based decision making.
- Always keep the student’s needs and rights first and foremost in any educational decision-making.
Secondary Functions of the Position: The following functions, while important and necessary to the position, have been determined by Marion Community Schools to be marginal to the successful performance of this position.
- Perform other duties and responsibilities as directed by the Building Principal
Knowledge of:
- Teacher Code of Ethics.
- Indiana State Department of Education curriculum .
- Marion Community Schools Strategic Plan.
- Staff training and professional development.
- Policies, procedures and functions of Marion Community Schools Board of Trustees and the Indiana Department of Education.
- Applicable software and applications.
Ability to:
- Plan, organize, and schedule priorities.
- Use independent judgment and initiative in making sound decisions and in developing solutions to problems.
- Discreetly handle confidential and politically sensitive matters.
- Make independent decisions in accordance with established policies and procedures.
- Tactfully and courteously respond to requests and inquiries/complaints from the general public and staff.
- Communicate clearly and concisely, both orally and in writing.
- Establish and maintain effective working relationships with students, staff and the community.
Equipment Used:
- General Office Equipment (computer, telephone, copier, fax machine, etc.).
- Classroom instructional equipment .
Place where work is performed:
- School building and classroom.
Physical Demands:
- Ability to stand or sit for long periods of time.
- Ability to stoop, bend, climb stairs.
- Must be able to hear and speak clearly.
- Must be able to lift items up to 25 lbs. occasionally.
How this Job Description was developed:
This job description was developed by the HR Department.
Marion Community Schools assures Equal Employment Opportunities for job candidates and employees. Reasonable accommodations may be made to enable individuals with disabilities to perform the essential tasks. This job description is intended to accurately reflect the position activities and requirements. However, management and administration reserves the right to modify, add, or remove duties and assign other duties as necessary. It is not intended to be and should not be construed as an all-inclusive list of all the responsibilities, skills, or working conditions associated with the position.
I have read and agree to the expectations of this job description. | https://www.k12jobspot.com/Job/691963 |
- This event has passed.
QQA: Holiday Social
December 4, 2021 @ 5:00 pm
The QQA Executive Director, Patricia Blick, is pleased to announce that the organization is holding a new Holiday Social fundraiser this year. Plan to join the QQA to visit three historic houses decorated for the holidays to enjoy good fellowship, food, and beverages. The Holiday Social will be limted to 120 participants.
The event will start at 5:00 p.m. Each attendee will be assigned a house for check-in and kickoff their evening. Throughout the night attendees will move with their group to two additional houses. Once all three houses have been visited, all of the party goers will meet at the Governor’s Mansion at 7:00 p.m. for champagne, dessert, entertainment by the Rodney Block Collective and participate in a silent art auction. Attendees will bid on art by Carla Davis, John Kushmaul, and Celia Storey.
The co-chairs for the Holiday Social are Laura Sergeant and Ashli Ahrens. Tickets are $100 per person and can be purchased at quapaw.com or by calling 501-371-0075 ext. 3. At the end of the evening every attendee will receive a special keepsake to take home and enjoy. Funds raised will support the work of the QQA.
Tell us about your upcoming event! | https://www.invitingarkansas.com/calendar-event/qqa-holiday-social/ |
The Chair position is responsible for the following activities:
- Co-ordinate Parent Council Meetings: Establish dates for Parent Council meetings based on feedback from the Council. Facilitate childcare for all who require it.
- Prepare Meeting Agendas: Set the agenda for each meeting based on the TDSB requirements, the minutes from the previous meeting, as well as requests from other Council members. Prioritize each point on the agenda based on the needs of the Council. Create a time limit for each point on the agenda.
- Chair Council Meetings: Begin and end the meeting based on the established times. Introduce each point of the agenda and ensure that allotted times are followed in order to keep the meeting on track. Keep the discussion on point for each agenda item.
- Oversee Meeting Minutes: Work with the Secretary during each meeting to ensure significant points are recorded. Following the meeting, review the minutes with the Secretary and keep records of the minutes from each meeting for the Council to review at any time.
- Facilitate the Resolution of Conflict: Work to resolve any conflicts which may arise within Council in a respectful manner to all parties involved.
- Participate as an Ex-Officio Member of any Council Committees Established: Maintain an awareness of the goals and activities of any Council committees and participate within each committee.
- Represent the Council and Maintain Active Dialogue with William Burgess’ Principal: Act as the point person for the communication of issues, concerns and any other feedback from the Council to the principal. | https://www.williamburgesspc.com/council/ |
Many rail services around the world continue to use diesel as the primary fuel source and enclosed railway stations have been identified as a possible hotspot for exposure to harmful diesel exhaust exposures. Little is known about the occupational exposure to air pollution for railway station workers due to their mobility around the station and variations in station design. A detailed understanding of the concentration of black carbon (BC), a diesel exhaust tracer, inside railway stations and the factors driving occupational exposures is required to minimize occupational exposure. Real-time personal exposure to BC was measured during 60 work-shifts encompassing different roles at three large enclosed railway stations of different design in London, Birmingham and Edinburgh (UK). Sampling was conducted by the train station workers over a period of 27 days between January 2017 to October 2018. Worker shift-mean BC exposures ranged 0.6–20.8 μg m−3 but 1-min peak exposures reached 773 μg m−3, with train dispatchers experiencing the highest BC exposures. Station design, job role, and frequency of diesel trains were the main drivers of occupational BC exposure. Elevated exposures for some station workers indicate that mitigation measures to reduce their exposure should be implemented to lower the risk of occupational health impacts. These could include improving ventilation and reducing engine emissions.
Muxworthy A, Lam C, Green D, et al., 2022, Magnetic characterisation of London’s airborne nanoparticulate matter, Atmospheric Environment, Vol: 287, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 1352-2310
Iron-bearing particulate matter produced by vehicle emissions is known to be toxic. To better quantify potential health risks, we have conducted the first magnetic study of a time-series of London's inhalable particulate matter (<10 μm, PM10), captured by three monitoring stations in central London (Marylebone Road, Earl's Court Road and Oxford Street) through 2010 and 2012. We conducted room-temperature analysis on all the samples, and a limited number of samples were analysed at both high and low temperatures. The high-temperature measurements identified magnetite as the dominant magnetic phase. The low-temperature measurements revealed high numbers of nanoparticles, which, assuming magnetite, are in the grain-size range 1–4 nm. It is estimated that as much as ∼40% of the total magnetic signal at 10 K is from particles <4 nm, that are magnetically ‘invisible’ at room-temperature and are being routinely under-estimated in room temperature-based magnetic studies. From the low-temperature measurements, the total concentration of magnetite was estimated at ∼7.5%, significantly higher than previously reported. The room-temperature magnetic data were compared with other pollution data, e.g., NOX and PM10, and meteorological data. Mass-dependent terms like the saturation magnetisation were found to display a strong correlation with NOX and PM10, indicating a common source for these pollutants, i.e., vehicle emissions. Magnetic coercivity measurements, which are independent of abundance, and provide information on grain-size, were consistent across all three sampling localities, again suggesting a major dominant source. Relatively small variations in coercivity were correlated with meteorological events, e.g., temperature and precipitation, suggesting preferential removal of larger airborne grains, i.e., >50 nm.
Chen G, Canonaco F, Tobler A, et al., 2022, European aerosol phenomenology - 8: Harmonised source apportionment of organic aerosol using 22 Year-long ACSM/AMS datasets, Environment International, Vol: 166, ISSN: 0160-4120
Organic aerosol (OA) is a key component of total submicron particulate matter (PM1), and comprehensive knowledge of OA sources across Europe is crucial to mitigate PM1 levels. Europe has a well-established air quality research infrastructure from which yearlong datasets using 21 aerosol chemical speciation monitors (ACSMs) and 1 aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were gathered during 2013-2019. It includes 9 non-urban and 13 urban sites. This study developed a state-of-the-art source apportionment protocol to analyse long-term OA mass spectrum data by applying the most advanced source apportionment strategies (i.e., rolling PMF, ME-2, and bootstrap). This harmonised protocol was followed strictly for all 22 datasets, making the source apportionment results more comparable. In addition, it enables quantification of the most common OA components such as hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), cooking-like OA (COA), more oxidised-oxygenated OA (MO-OOA), and less oxidised-oxygenated OA (LO-OOA). Other components such as coal combustion OA (CCOA), solid fuel OA (SFOA: mainly mixture of coal and peat combustion), cigarette smoke OA (CSOA), sea salt (mostly inorganic but part of the OA mass spectrum), coffee OA, and ship industry OA could also be separated at a few specific sites. Oxygenated OA (OOA) components make up most of the submicron OA mass (average = 71.1%, range from 43.7 to 100%). Solid fuel combustion-related OA components (i.e., BBOA, CCOA, and SFOA) are still considerable with in total 16.0% yearly contribution to the OA, yet mainly during winter months (21.4%). Overall, this comprehensive protocol works effectively across all sites governed by different sources and generates robust and consistent source apportionment results. Our work presents a comprehensive overview of OA sources in Europe with a unique combination of high time resolution (30-240 min) and long-term data coverage (9-36 months), providing essential information
Fussell JC, Franklin M, Green DC, et al., 2022, A Review of road traffic-derived non-exhaust particles: emissions, physicochemical characteristics, health risks, and mitigation measures., Environmental Science and Technology (Washington), Vol: 56, ISSN: 0013-936X
Implementation of regulatory standards has reduced exhaust emissions of particulate matter from road traffic substantially in the developed world. However, nonexhaust particle emissions arising from the wear of brakes, tires, and the road surface, together with the resuspension of road dust, are unregulated and exceed exhaust emissions in many jurisdictions. While knowledge of the sources of nonexhaust particles is fairly good, source-specific measurements of airborne concentrations are few, and studies of the toxicology and epidemiology do not give a clear picture of the health risk posed. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge, with a strong focus on health-related research, highlighting areas where further research is an essential prerequisite for developing focused policy responses to nonexhaust particles.
Stettler MEJ, Nishida RT, de Oliveira PM, et al., 2022, Source terms for benchmarking models of SARS-CoV-2 transmission via aerosols and droplets., R Soc Open Sci, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2054-5703
There is ongoing and rapid advancement in approaches to modelling the fate of exhaled particles in different environments relevant to disease transmission. It is important that models are verified by comparison with each other using a common set of input parameters to ensure that model differences can be interpreted in terms of model physics rather than unspecified differences in model input parameters. In this paper, we define parameters necessary for such benchmarking of models of airborne particles exhaled by humans and transported in the environment during breathing and speaking.
Manousakas M, Furger M, Daellenbach KR, et al., 2022, Source identification of the elemental fraction of particulate matter using size segregated, highly time-resolved data and an optimized source apportionment approach, Atmospheric Environment: X, Vol: 14, ISSN: 2590-1621
Source emissions with high covariance degrade the performance of multivariate models, and often highly-time resolved data is needed to accurately extract the contribution of different emissions. Here, we use highly time-resolved size segregated elemental composition data to apportion the sources of the elemental fraction of PM in Zürich (May 2019–May 2020). For data collection, we have used an ambient metals monitor, Xact 625i, equipped with a sampling inlet alternating between PM2.5 and PM10. By implementing interpolation and a newly proposed uncertainty estimation methodology, it was possible to obtain and use in PMF a combined dataset of PM2.5 and PMcoarse (PM10-2.5) having data from only one instrument. The combination of the inlet switching system, the instrument's high time resolution, and the use of advanced source apportionment approaches yielded improved source apportionment results in terms of the number of identified sources, as the model, additionally to the diurnal and seasonal variation of the dataset, also utilizes the variation from the size segregated data. Thirteen sources of elements were identified, i.e., sea salt (5.4%), biomass burning (7.2%), construction (4.3%), industrial (3.3%), light-duty vehicles (5.4%), Pb (0.7%), Zn (0.7%), dust (22.1%), transported dust (9.5%), sulfates (15.4%), heavy-duty vehicles (17%), railway (6.6%) and fireworks (2.4%). The Covid-19 lockdown effect in PM sources in the area was also quantified. High-intensity events disproportionally affect the PMF solution, and in many cases, they are getting discarded before analysis, removing thus valuable information from the dataset. In this study, a three-step source apportionment approach was used to get a well-resolved unmixed solution when firework data points were included in the analysis. This approach can also be used for other sources and/or events with very high contributions that distort source apportionment analysis. Optimized source apportionment techni
Tremper A, Jephcote C, Gulliver J, et al., 2022, Sources of particle number concentration and noise near London Gatwick Airport, Environment International, Vol: 161, ISSN: 0160-4120
There is increasing evidence of potential health impacts from both aircraft noise and aircraft-associated ultrafine particles (UFP). Measurements of noise and UFP are however scarce near airports and so their variability and relationship are not well understood. Particle number size distributions and noise levels were measured at two locations near Gatwick airport (UK) in 2018–19 with the aim to characterize particle number concentrations (PNC) and link PNC sources, especially UFP, with noise. Positive Matrix Factorization was used on particle number size distribution to identify these sources. Mean PNC (7500–12,000 p cm−3) were similar to those measured close to a highly trafficked road in central London. Peak PNC (94,000 p cm−3) were highest at the site closer to the runway. The airport source factor contributed 17% to the PNC at both sites and the concentrations were greatest when the respective sites were downwind of the runway. However, the main source of PNC was associated with traffic emissions. At both sites noise levels were above the recommendations by the WHO (World Health Organisation). Regression models of identified UFP sources and noise suggested that the largest source of noise (LAeq-1hr) above background was associated with sources of fresh traffic and urban UFP depending on the site. Noise and UFP correlations were moderate to low suggesting that UFP are unlikely to be an important confounder in epidemiological studies of aircraft noise and health. Correlations between UFP and noise were affected by meteorological factors, which need to be considered in studies of short-term associations between aircraft noise and health.
Green D, 2022, Source attribution and quantification of atmospheric nickel concentrations in an industrial area in the United Kingdom (UK), Environmental Pollution, Vol: 293, Pages: 1-10, ISSN: 0269-7491
Pontardawe in South Wales, United Kingdom (UK), consistently has the highest concentrations of nickel (Ni) in PM10 in the UK and repeatedly breaches the 20 ng m−3 annual mean EU target value. Several local industries use Ni in their processes. To assist policy makers and regulators in quantifying the relative Ni contributions of these industries and developing appropriate emission reduction approaches, the hourly concentrations of 23 elements were measured using X-ray fluorescence alongside meteorological variables and black carbon during a four-week campaign in November–December 2015. Concentrations of Ni ranged between 0 and 2480 ng m−3 as hourly means. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) was used to identify sources contributing to measured elements. Cluster analysis of bivariate polar plots of those factors containing Ni in their profile was further used to quantify the industrial processes contributing to ambient PM10 concentrations. Two sources were identified to contribute to Ni concentrations, stainless-steel (which contributed to 10% of the Ni burden) and the Ni refinery (contributing 90%). From the stainless-steel process, melting activities were responsible for 66% of the stainless-steel factor contribution.
Desouza CD, Marsh DJ, Beevers SD, et al., 2021, A spatial and fleet disaggregated approach to calculating the NOX emissions inventory for non-road mobile machinery in London, Atmospheric Environment: X, Vol: 12, Pages: 1-8, ISSN: 2590-1621
The latest London atmospheric emissions inventory (2016), which is calculated using fuel consumption and construction employment, estimates that, the construction sector contributes 34% of the total PM10 emissions (the largest source), and 7% of the total NOX emissions (5th largest source). These contribute significantly to NO2 and PM2.5 pollution problems in London, which is a major concern for public health. Real-world emission factors from tail-pipe measurements were coupled to a register for construction machinery, to develop a novel ‘spatial and fleet disaggregated’ emissions inventory for the construction sector in London. This method estimated 1294 tonnes of NOX in 2018 and 1578 tonnes of NOX in 2019 from non-road mobile machinery in the construction sector, approximately 55% and 45% lower for 2018 and 2019 respectively, than the current (2016) London atmospheric emissions inventory (2850 tonnes). However, compared to the current London atmospheric emissions inventory, the new NOX emissions are higher in central London, under-estimating the importance of this source in central London. The fleet-disaggregated emissions inventory enables potential policy to be developed by focusing on high-emitters registered on the London database. As a demonstration, two emission abatement scenarios were modelled – first: by retrofitting older generators with a SCR-DPF system, a potential 53% reduction in overall NOX emissions was predicted from all NRMM; and second: by accelerating the excavator fleet-turnover – a more modest 2-tonne reduction in overall NOX emissions was predicted from all NRMM in London.
Ciupek K, Quincey P, Green DC, et al., 2021, Challenges and policy implications of long-term changes in mass absorption cross-section derived from equivalent black carbon and elemental carbon measurements in London and south-east England in 2014-2019, Environmental Science: Processes and Impacts, Vol: 23, Pages: 1949-1960, ISSN: 2050-7895
Determining the concentration of carbonaceous particles in ambient air is important for climate modelling, source attribution and air quality management. This study presents the difficulties associated with the interpretation of apparent long-term changes in the mass absorption cross section (MAC) of carbonaceous particles in London and south-east England based on equivalent black carbon (eBC) and elemental carbon (EC) measurements between 2014 and 2019. Although these two measurement techniques were used to determine the concentration of carbonaceous aerosols, the concentrations of eBC and EC changed at different rates at all sites, and exhibited different long-term trends. eBC measurements obtained using aethalometer instruments for traffic and urban background sites demonstrated consistent trends, showing decreases in concentrations of up to −12.5% y−1. The EC concentrations showed no change at the urban background location, a similar change to eBC at the traffic site and a significant upward trend of +10% y−1 was observed at the rural site. Despite these differences, the trends in the MAC values decreased at all sites in a similar way, with rates of change from −5.5% y−1 to −10.1% y−1. The different trends and magnitudes of change for the eBC and EC concentrations could lead to uncertainty in quantifying the efficacy of intervention measures and to different conclusions for policy making. This paper provides possible explanations of the observed decrease in MAC values over time.
Weiss D, Resongle E, harrison R, et al., 2021, Strong evidence for the continued contribution of lead deposited during the 20th century to the atmospheric environment of today, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of USA, Vol: 118, ISSN: 0027-8424
Although leaded gasoline was banned at the end of the last century, lead (Pb) remains significantly enriched in airborne particles in large cities. The remobilization of historical Pb deposited in soils from atmospheric removal has been suggested as an important source providing evidence for the hypothetical long-term persistency of lead, and possibly other pollutants, in the urban environment. Here, we present data on Pb isotopic composition in airborne particles collected in London (2014 to 2018), which provide strong support that lead deposited via gasoline combustion still contributes significantly to the lead burden in present-day London. Lead concentration and isotopic signature of airborne particles collected at a heavily trafficked site did not vary significantly over the last decade, suggesting that sources remained unchanged. Lead isotopic composition of airborne particles matches that of road dust and topsoils and can only be explained with a significant contribution (estimate of 32 ± 10 to 43 ± 9% based on a binary mixing model) of Pb from leaded gasoline. The lead isotopes furthermore suggest significant contributions from nonexhaust traffic emissions, even though isotopic signatures of anthropogenic sources are increasingly overlapping. Lead isotopic composition of airborne particles collected at building height shows a similar signature to that collected at street level, suggesting effective mixing of lead within the urban street canyon. Our results have important implications on the persistence of Pb in urban environments and suggest that atmospheric Pb reached a baseline in London that is difficult to decrease further with present policy measures.
Danko D, Bezdan D, Afshin EE, et al., 2021, A global metagenomic map of urban microbiomes and antimicrobial resistance, Cell, Vol: 184, Pages: 3376-3393.e17, ISSN: 0092-8674
We present a global atlas of 4,728 metagenomic samples from mass-transit systems in 60 cities over 3 years, representing the first systematic, worldwide catalog of the urban microbial ecosystem. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) markers, and genetic elements, including 10,928 viruses, 1,302 bacteria, 2 archaea, and 838,532 CRISPR arrays not found in reference databases. We identified 4,246 known species of urban microorganisms and a consistent set of 31 species found in 97% of samples that were distinct from human commensal organisms. Profiles of AMR genes varied widely in type and density across cities. Cities showed distinct microbial taxonomic signatures that were driven by climate and geographic differences. These results constitute a high-resolution global metagenomic atlas that enables discovery of organisms and genes, highlights potential public health and forensic applications, and provides a culture-independent view of AMR burden in cities.
Leung MHY, Tong X, Bøifot KO, et al., 2021, Characterization of the public transit air microbiome and resistome reveals geographical specificity, Microbiome, Vol: 9, ISSN: 2049-2618
BACKGROUND: The public transit is a built environment with high occupant density across the globe, and identifying factors shaping public transit air microbiomes will help design strategies to minimize the transmission of pathogens. However, the majority of microbiome works dedicated to the public transit air are limited to amplicon sequencing, and our knowledge regarding the functional potentials and the repertoire of resistance genes (i.e. resistome) is limited. Furthermore, current air microbiome investigations on public transit systems are focused on single cities, and a multi-city assessment of the public transit air microbiome will allow a greater understanding of whether and how broad environmental, building, and anthropogenic factors shape the public transit air microbiome in an international scale. Therefore, in this study, the public transit air microbiomes and resistomes of six cities across three continents (Denver, Hong Kong, London, New York City, Oslo, Stockholm) were characterized. RESULTS: City was the sole factor associated with public transit air microbiome differences, with diverse taxa identified as drivers for geography-associated functional potentials, concomitant with geographical differences in species- and strain-level inferred growth profiles. Related bacterial strains differed among cities in genes encoding resistance, transposase, and other functions. Sourcetracking estimated that human skin, soil, and wastewater were major presumptive resistome sources of public transit air, and adjacent public transit surfaces may also be considered presumptive sources. Large proportions of detected resistance genes were co-located with mobile genetic elements including plasmids. Biosynthetic gene clusters and city-unique coding sequences were found in the metagenome-assembled genomes. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, geographical specificity transcends multiple aspects of the public transit air microbiome, and future efforts on a global scale are warranted to in
Bressi M, Cavalli F, Putaud JP, et al., 2021, A European aerosol phenomenology - 7: High-time resolution chemical characteristics of submicron particulate matter across Europe, Atmospheric Environment: X, Vol: 10, Pages: 1-16, ISSN: 2590-1621
Similarities and differences in the submicron atmospheric aerosol chemical composition are analyzed from a unique set of measurements performed at 21 sites across Europe for at least one year. These sites are located between 35 and 62°N and 10° W – 26°E, and represent various types of settings (remote, coastal, rural, industrial, urban). Measurements were all carried out on-line with a 30-min time resolution using mass spectroscopy based instruments known as Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (ACSM) and Aerosol Mass Spectrometers (AMS) and following common measurement guidelines. Data regarding organics, sulfate, nitrate and ammonium concentrations, as well as the sum of them called non-refractory submicron aerosol mass concentration ([NR-PM1]) are discussed. NR-PM1 concentrations generally increase from remote to urban sites. They are mostly larger in the mid-latitude band than in southern and northern Europe. On average, organics account for the major part (36–64%) of NR-PM1 followed by sulfate (12–44%) and nitrate (6–35%). The annual mean chemical composition of NR-PM1 at rural (or regional background) sites and urban background sites are very similar. Considering rural and regional background sites only, nitrate contribution is higher and sulfate contribution is lower in mid-latitude Europe compared to northern and southern Europe. Large seasonal variations in concentrations (μg/m³) of one or more components of NR-PM1 can be observed at all sites, as well as in the chemical composition of NR-PM1 (%) at most sites. Significant diel cycles in the contribution to [NR-PM1] of organics, sulfate, and nitrate can be observed at a majority of sites both in winter and summer. Early morning minima in organics in concomitance with maxima in nitrate are common features at regional and urban background sites. Daily variations are much smaller at a number of coastal and rural sites. Looking at NR-PM1 chemical composition as a func
Hicks W, Beevers S, Tremper A, et al., 2021, Quantification of non-exhaust particulate matter traffic emissions and the impact of COVID-19 lockdown at London Marylebone Road, Atmosphere, Vol: 12, Pages: 1-19, ISSN: 2073-4433
This research quantifies current sources of non-exhaust particulate matter traffic emissions in London using simultaneous, highly time-resolved, atmospheric particulate matter mass and chemical composition measurements. The measurement campaign ran at Marylebone Road (roadside) and Honor Oak Park (background) urban monitoring sites over a 12-month period between 1 September 2019 and 31 August 2020. The measurement data has been used to determine the traffic increment (roadside – background) and covers a range of meteorological conditions, seasons and driving styles, as well as the influence of the COVID-19 ‘lockdown’ on non-exhaust concentrations. Non-exhaust PM10 concentrations are calculated using chemical tracer scaling factors for brake wear (barium), tyre wear (zinc) and resuspension (silicon) and as average vehicle fleet non-exhaust emission factors, using a CO2 ‘dilution approach’. The effect of lockdown, which saw a 32% reduction in traffic volume and a 15% increase in average speed on Marylebone Road, resulted in lower PM10 and PM2.5 traffic increments and brake wear concentrations, but similar tyre and resuspension concentrations, confirming that factors that determine non-exhaust emissions are complex. Brake wear was found to be the highest average non-exhaust emission source. In addition, results indicated that non-exhaust emission factors are dependent upon speed and road surface wetness conditions. Further statistical analysis incorporating a wider variability in vehicle mix, speeds and meteorological conditions, as well as advanced source apportionment of the PM measurement data, will be undertaken to enhance our understanding of these important vehicle sources.
Analitis A, Barratt B, Green D, et al., 2020, Prediction of PM2.5 concentrations at the locations of monitoring sites measuring PM10 and NOx, using generalized additive models and machine learning methods: A case study in London, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol: 240, ISSN: 1352-2310
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 9
Font A, Tremper AH, Lin C, et al., 2020, Air quality in enclosed railway stations: Quantifying the impact of diesel trains through deployment of multi-site measurement and random forest modelling, ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, Vol: 262, ISSN: 0269-7491
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 5
Desouza CD, Marsh DJ, Beevers SD, et al., 2020, Real-world emissions from non-road mobile machinery in London, Atmospheric Environment, Vol: 223, ISSN: 1352-2310
The 2016 London atmospheric emissions inventory estimates that, the construction sector contributes 34% of the total PM10 and 7% of the total NOX – the largest and 5th largest sources, respectively. Recent on-road light duty diesel vehicle emission tests have shown significant differences between real-world NOX emissions compared with results from laboratory based regulatory tests. The aim of this study was therefore to quantify the ‘real-world’ tail-pipe NOX, CO2, and particle emissions, for 30 of the most commonly used construction machines in London under normal working conditions. The highest NOX emissions (g/kWh) were from theolder engines (Stage III-A ~4.88 g/kWh and III-B ~4.61 g/kWh), these were reduced significantly (~78%) in the newer (Stage IV ~1.05 g/kWh) engines due to more advanced engine management systems and exhaust after treatment. One Stage IV machine emitted NOX similar to a Stage III-B machine, the failure of this SCR was only detectable using PEMS as no warning was given by the machine. Higher NOX conformity factors were observed for Stage IV machines, due to the lower NOX emission standards, which these machines must adhere to. On average, Stage III-B machines (~525 g/kWh) emitted the lowest levels of CO2 emissions, compared to Stage III-A (~875 g/kWh) and Stage IV (~575 g/kWh) machines. Overall, a statistically significant (~41%) decrease was observed in the CO2 emissions (g/kWh) between Stage III-A and III-B machines, while no statistically significant difference was found between Stage III-B and IV machines. Particle mass measurements, which were only measured from generators, showed that generators of all engine sizes were within their respective Stage III-A emission standards. A 95% reduction in NOX and 2 orders of magnitude reduction in particle number was observed for a SCR-DPF retrofitted generator, compared to the same generator prior to exhaust gas after-treatment strategy.
Zhang T, Wooster M, Green DC, et al., 2020, A Mathematical Approach to Merging Data from Different Trace Gas/Particulate Sensors Having Dissimilar (T90) Response Times: Application to Fire Emission Factor Determination, AEROSOL AND AIR QUALITY RESEARCH, Vol: 20, Pages: 281-290, ISSN: 1680-8584
Rivas I, Beddows DCS, Amato F, et al., 2020, Source apportionment of particle number size distribution in urban background and traffic stations in four European cities, Environment International, Vol: 135, ISSN: 0160-4120
Ultrafine particles (UFP) are suspected of having significant impacts on health. However, there have only been a limited number of studies on sources of UFP compared to larger particles. In this work, we identified and quantified the sources and processes contributing to particle number size distributions (PNSD) using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) at six monitoring stations (four urban background and two street canyon) from four European cities: Barcelona, Helsinki, London, and Zurich. These cities are characterised by different meteorological conditions and emissions. The common sources across all stations were Photonucleation, traffic emissions (3 sources, from fresh to aged emissions: Traffic nucleation, Fresh traffic - mode diameter between 13 and 37 nm, and Urban - mode diameter between 44 and 81 nm, mainly traffic but influenced by other sources in some cities), and Secondary particles. The Photonucleation factor was only directly identified by PMF for Barcelona, while an additional split of the Nucleation factor (into Photonucleation and Traffic nucleation) by using NOx concentrations as a proxy for traffic emissions was performed for all other stations. The sum of all traffic sources resulted in a maximum relative contributions ranging from 71 to 94% (annual average) thereby being the main contributor at all stations. In London and Zurich, the relative contribution of the sources did not vary significantly between seasons. In contrast, the high levels of solar radiation in Barcelona led to an important contribution of Photonucleation particles (ranging from 14% during the winter period to 35% during summer). Biogenic emissions were a source identified only in Helsinki (both in the urban background and street canyon stations), that contributed importantly during summer (23% in urban background). Airport emissions contributed to Nucleation particles at urban background sites, as the highest concentrations of this source took place when the wind
Barratt BM, Fuller GW, Kelly FJ, et al., 2020, PM2.5 on the London Underground, Environment International, Vol: 134, ISSN: 0160-4120
Introduction: Despite the London Underground (LU) handling on average 2.8 million passenger journeys per day, the characteristics and potential health effects of the elevated concentrations of metal-rich PM2.5 found in this subway system are not well understood. Methods: Spatial monitoring campaigns were carried out to characterise the health-relevant chemical and physical properties of PM2.5 across the LU network, including diurnal and day-to-day variability and spatial distribution (above ground, depth below ground and subway line). Population-weighted station PM2.5 rankings were produced to understand the relative importance of concentrations at different stations and on different lines. Results: The PM2.5 mass in the LU (mean 88 μg m−3, median 28 μg m−3) was greater than at ambient background locations (mean 19 μg m−3, median 14 μg m−3) and roadside environments in central London (mean 22 μg m−3, median 14 μg m−3). Concentrations varied between lines and locations, with the deepest and shallowest submerged lines being the District (median 4 μg m−3) and Victoria (median 361 μg m−3 but up to 885 μg m−3). Broadly in agreement with other subway systems around the world, sampled LU PM2.5 comprised 47% iron oxide, 7% elemental carbon, 11% organic carbon, and 14% metallic and mineral oxides. Although a relationship between line depth and air quality inside the tube trains was evident, there were clear influences relating to the distance from cleaner outside air and the exchange with cabin air when the doors open. The passenger population-weighted exposure analysis demonstrated a method to identify stations that should be prioritised for remediation to improve air quality. Conclusion: PM2.5 concentrations in the LU are many times higher than in other London transport Environments. Failure to include this environment in epidemiological studies of the relationship between PM2.5 and health in
Saunders BM, Smith JD, Smith TEL, et al., 2019, Spatial variability of fine particulate matter pollution (PM2.5) on the London Underground network, URBAN CLIMATE, Vol: 30, ISSN: 2212-0955
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 9
Freney E, Zhang Y, Croteau P, et al., 2019, The second ACTRIS inter-comparison (2016) for Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitors (ACSM): Calibration protocols and instrument performance evaluations, AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ISSN: 0278-6826
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 27
Green DC, Fuller GW, 2019, Evaluation of tire wear contribution to PM2.5 in urban environments, Atmosphere, Vol: 10
Vehicle-related particulate matter (PM) emissions may arise from both exhaust andnon-exhaust mechanisms, such as brake wear, tire wear, and road pavement abrasion, each ofwhich may be emitted directly and indirectly through resuspension of settled road dust. Severalresearchers have indicated that the proportion of PM2.5 attributable to vehicle traffic will increasingly come from non-exhaust sources. Currently, very little empirical data is available to characterize tire and road wear particles (TRWP) in the PM2.5 fraction. As such, this study was undertaken to quantify TRWP in PM2.5 at roadside locations in urban centers including London, Tokyo and Los Angeles, where vehicle traffic is an important contributor to ambient air PM. The samples were analyzed using validated chemical markers for tire tread polymer based on a pyrolysis technique. Results indicated that TRWP concentrations in the PM2.5 fraction were low, with averages ranging from < 0.004 to 0.10 g/m3, representing an average contribution to total PM2.5 of 0.27%. The TRWP levels in PM2.5 were significantly different between the three cities, with significant differences between London and Los Angeles and Tokyo and Los Angeles. There was no significant correlation between TRWP in PM2.5 and traffic count. This study provides an initial dataset to understand potential human exposure to airborne TRWP and the potential contribution of this non-exhaust emission source to total PM2.5.
Warren E, Charlton-perez C, Kotthaus S, et al., 2019, Observed aerosol characteristics to improve forward-modelled attenuated backscatter in urban areas, ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, ISSN: 1352-2310
Numerical weather prediction (NWP) models often parameterise aerosols to reduce computational needs, while aiming to accurately capture their impact adequately. Increasingly, aerosols are monitored in-situ directly and/or indirectly (e.g. by automatic lidars and ceilometers, ALC). ALC measure the aerosol optical characteristic of attenuated backscatter. This can also be estimated using forward models that combine forecast aerosol and relative humidity to parameterise aerosol physical and optical characteristics. The aerFO is one such forward model, designed to use Met Office NWP model output and parameterisations from the MURK visibility scheme. Given the aerFO-MURK scheme link, assessing the aerFO and its output could therefore be used to inform future developments of the MURK scheme. To identify which parameterised physical and optical aerosol characteristics in the scheme are the most critical in urban settings, aerFO is driven with different in-situ aerosol observations at a background site in central London. Estimated attenuated backscatter is then assessed against ALC observations. It is shown that the original MURK scheme parameterisation underestimates the variance of both dry mean volume radius and total number concentration. Representing both the accumulation and coarse mode aerosols in the aerFO reduces the median bias error of estimated attenuated backscatter by 69.1%. Providing more realistic temporal (monthly to hourly) variability of relative mass for different species leads to little improvement, compared to using monthly climatological means. Numerical experiments show that having more realistic estimates of number concentration is more important than providing more accurate values of the dry mean volume radius for the accumulation mode. Hence, improving the parameterisations for number concentration should be a main focus for further development of the MURK scheme. To estimate aerosol attenuated backscatter, the aerFO requires an extinction to back
Tremper AH, Font A, Priestman M, et al., 2018, Field and laboratory evaluation of a high time resolution x-ray fluorescence instrument for determining the elemental composition of ambient aerosols, ATMOSPHERIC MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES, Vol: 11, Pages: 3541-3557, ISSN: 1867-1381
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 27
McEneff GL, Murphy B, Webb T, et al., 2018, Sorbent film-coated passive samplers for explosives vapour detection Part A, Materials Optimisation and Integration with Analytical Technologies, Vol: 8, Pages: 1-13, ISSN: 2045-2322
A new thin-film passive sampler is presented as a low resource dependent and discrete continuous monitoring solution for explosives-related vapours. Using 15 mid-high vapour pressure explosives-related compounds as probes, combinations of four thermally stable substrates and six film-based sorbents were evaluated. Meta-aramid and phenylene oxide-based materials showed the best recoveries from small voids (~70%). Analysis was performed using liquid chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry which also enabled tentative identification of new targets from the acquired data. Preliminary uptake kinetics experiments revealed plateau concentrations on the device were reached between 3–5 days. Compounds used in improvised explosive devices, such as triacetone triperoxide, were detected within 1 hour and were stably retained by the sampler for up to 7 days. Sampler performance was consistent for 22 months after manufacture. Lastly, its direct integration with currently in-service explosives screening equipment including ion mobility spectrometry and thermal desorption mass spectrometry is presented. Following exposure to several open environments and targeted interferences, sampler performance was subsequently assessed and potential interferences identified. High-security building and area monitoring for concealed explosives using such cost-effective and discrete passive samplers can add extra assurance to search routines while minimising any additional burden on personnel or everyday site operation.
McEneff GL, Richardson A, Webb T, et al., 2018, Sorbent film-coated passive samplers for explosives vapour detection Part B, Deployment in Semi-Operational Environments and Alternative Applications, Vol: 8, Pages: 1-13, ISSN: 2045-2322
The application of new sorbent-film coated passive samplers for capture of bulk commercial and military explosives vapours in operationally relevant spaces such as luggage, rooms, vehicles and shipping containers is presented. Samplers were easily integrated with in-service detection technologies with little/no sample preparation required. Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN) was detected within 4 h in a container holding a suitcase packed with 0.2 kg Perunit 28E. Within a 22,000 dm3 room, 1 kg of concealed Seguridad was detected within 24 h and in an adjoining room within 7 days. Exposed samplers also successfully captured components of 1 kg TNT after 72 h and 1 kg concealed Perunit 28E after 6 h in both a furnished room and a large, partially filled shipping container. For the latter, samplers captured detectable residues outside the container after 24 h and were stable during wet weather for 72 h. A one-week trial at three operationally relevant venues including a university, a theatre and a government building revealed a nuisance positive rate of <1.4% (n = 72). Finally, two alternative applications are presented for extraction of liquid samples and use a particulate contact swab showing flexibility for a range of different search activities.
Ots R, Heal MR, Young DE, et al., 2018, Modelling carbonaceous aerosol from residential solid fuel burning with different assumptions for emissions, ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS, Vol: 18, Pages: 4497-4518, ISSN: 1680-7316
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 5
Wooster MJ, Gaveau DLA, Salim MA, et al., 2018, New Tropical Peatland Gas and Particulate Emissions Factors Indicate 2015 Indonesian Fires Released Far More Particulate Matter (but Less Methane) than Current Inventories Imply, REMOTE SENSING, Vol: 10
- Author Web Link
- Cite
- Citations: 29
This data is extracted from the Web of Science and reproduced under a licence from Thomson Reuters. You may not copy or re-distribute this data in whole or in part without the written consent of the Science business of Thomson Reuters. | https://www.imperial.ac.uk/people/d.green/publications.html |
Emotional exhaustion is a state of feeling emotionally worn-out and drained as a result of accumulated stress from your personal or work lives, or a combination of both. Emotional exhaustion is one of the signs of burnout.
What is physical and emotional exhaustion?
Burnout is a state of emotional, physical, and mental exhaustion caused by excessive and prolonged stress. It occurs when you feel overwhelmed, emotionally drained, and unable to meet constant demands.
Is it bad to be mentally exhausted?
Over time, mental exhaustion can lead to full-blown burnout, physical issues, and stress-related illness. But, as soon as you realize why you are feeling so tired, you can take steps to restore and feel better fast. Mental fatigue can manifest in many ways: Physical fatigue.
What are the signs and symptoms of exhaustion?
Fatigue can cause a vast range of other physical, mental and emotional symptoms including:
- chronic tiredness or sleepiness.
- headache.
- dizziness.
- sore or aching muscles.
- muscle weakness.
- slowed reflexes and responses.
- impaired decision-making and judgement.
- moodiness, such as irritability.
What are the signs of emotional distress?
Symptoms of emotional distress
- feeling overwhelmed, helpless, or hopeless.
- feeling guilty without a clear cause.
- spending a lot of time worrying.
- having difficulty thinking or remembering.
- sleeping too much or too little.
- having changes in appetite.
- relying more heavily on mood-altering substances, such as alcohol.
26 нояб. 2020 г.
What are the 5 stages of burnout?
The 5 stages of burnout
- Honeymoon Phase. When we undertake a new task, we often start by experiencing high job satisfaction, commitment, energy, and creativity. …
- Onset of Stress. The second stage of burnout begins with an awareness of some days being more difficult than others. …
- Chronic stress. …
- Burnout. …
- Habitual Burnout.
20 авг. 2020 г.
What are 5 emotional signs of stress?
What are psychological and emotional signs of stress?
- Depression or anxiety.
- Anger, irritability, or restlessness.
- Feeling overwhelmed, unmotivated, or unfocused.
- Trouble sleeping or sleeping too much.
- Racing thoughts or constant worry.
- Problems with your memory or concentration.
- Making bad decisions.
What are the 3 types of fatigue?
There are three types of fatigue: transient, cumulative, and circadian:
- Transient fatigue is acute fatigue brought on by extreme sleep restriction or extended hours awake within 1 or 2 days.
- Cumulative fatigue is fatigue brought on by repeated mild sleep restriction or extended hours awake across a series of days.
28 февр. 2020 г.
What is a mental breakdown?
A nervous breakdown (also called a mental breakdown) is a term that describes a period of extreme mental or emotional stress. The stress is so great that the person is unable to perform normal day-to-day activities.
What is brain fog?
What Is It? “Brain fog” isn’t a medical condition. It’s a term used for certain symptoms that can affect your ability to think. You may feel confused or disorganized or find it hard to focus or put your thoughts into words.
What exhaustion feels like?
People experiencing emotional exhaustion often feel like they have no power or control over what happens in life. They may feel “stuck” or “trapped” in a situation. Lack of energy, poor sleep, and decreased motivation can make it difficult to overcome emotional exhaustion.
What does extreme exhaustion feel like?
With fatigue, you have unexplained, persistent, and relapsing exhaustion. It’s similar to how you feel when you have the flu or have missed a lot of sleep. If you have chronic fatigue, or systemic exertion intolerance disease (SEID), you may wake in the morning feeling as though you’ve not slept.
Can you go to the ER for exhaustion?
Get someone to take you to an emergency room or urgent care if fatigue is accompanied by: Abnormal bleeding, including bleeding from your rectum or vomiting blood. Severe headache.
What are the 5 signs of mental illness?
Symptoms
- Feeling sad or down.
- Confused thinking or reduced ability to concentrate.
- Excessive fears or worries, or extreme feelings of guilt.
- Extreme mood changes of highs and lows.
- Withdrawal from friends and activities.
- Significant tiredness, low energy or problems sleeping.
8 июн. 2019 г.
Can your body shut down from stress?
But when we experience too much stress for long periods of time, it can have the opposite effect, and we may begin to notice the physical effects of stress. Our bodies may shut down due to the effects of stress on the body. We may get sick, fatigued, or develop mental health issues.
What are the common warning signs of emotional distress for adults?
What are the warning signs and symptoms of emotional stress?
- Heaviness in your chest, increased heart rate or chest pain.
- Shoulder, neck or back pain; general body aches and pains.
- Headaches.
- Grinding your teeth or clenching your jaw.
- Shortness of breath.
- Dizziness.
- Feeling tired, anxious, depressed.
29 дек. 2020 г. | https://omegavector.org/learn-psychology/frequent-question-what-does-it-mean-to-be-emotionally-exhausted.html |
Ref #:
25485
Employment type:
Permanent - Full-Time
Location:
Home-Based, UK
Posted:
27-Nov-2020
Description
In this new role with the Study Start-Up Team in Site Management and Monitoring, UK, you will actively support the coordination and set-up of clinical studies by working across the Local Study Teams (LST) whilst ensuring quality and consistency of study deliverables to our time, cost and quality objectives.
Role
Our client’s clinical studies span a range of therapeutic areas including respiratory, oncology, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. You will play an important role in driving the costings and contracts negotiations for our clinical studies during set up and also modifications required as a result of protocol amendments. You will have regular communication with hospital trusts and study team members at our trial sites as well as other key external and internal stakeholders.
Responsibilities
You will be responsible for negotiating costings and contracts across our clinical studies from start-up through execution and close-out.
Specific tasks could include:
• Drafting financial and study agreements with Investigators and Trusts / Health Boards
• Negotiating costings with Trusts / Health Boards and private health care institutions, covering the NIHR costings template and maintaining appropriate records to support improving efficiencies in future negotiations with key sites
• Driving the prompt review and approval of contracts and costings with external and internal stakeholders
• Assisting in preparation, review and tracking of documents for the clinical trial application process (regulatory and ethics). | https://careers.docsglobal.com/externalcareers/JobDetail/Contracts-Costings-Specialist-Clinical-Study-Administrator/34841 |
Ethical, Regulatory and Market related aspects of Deploying Triple Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapies for Malaria treatment in Africa: A study protocol.
Tindana P., de Haan F., Mokuolu OA., Guissou R., Bolarinwa OA., Ouedraogo JB., Tou F., Boon WPC., Moors EHM., Dondorp A., Dhorda M., Amaratunga C., Cheah PY.
Introduction: According to the World Malaria Report 2019, Africa accounts for 94% of the global malaria deaths. While malaria prevalence and mortality have declined over the years, recent reports suggest that these gains may stand the risk of being reversed if resistance to Artemisinin Combination Therapies (ACTs) spreads from Southeast Asia to Africa. Efforts are being made to develop new treatments that will address the looming threat of ACT resistance, including the development of triple artemisinin combination therapies (TACTs). The proposed study seeks to explore the views of stakeholders on the key ethical, regulatory and market-related issues that should be considered in the potential introduction of triple artemisinin combination therapies (TACTs) in Africa. Methods: : The study employed qualitative research methods involving in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with stakeholders, who will be directly affected by the potential deployment of triple artemisinin combination treatments, as regulators, suppliers and end-users. Participants will be purposively selected and will include national regulatory authorities, national malaria control programs, clinicians, distributors and retailers as well as community members in selected districts in Burkina Faso and Nigeria. Discussion: The proposed study is unique in being one of the first studies that seeks to understand the ethical, social, regulatory and market position issues prior to the development of a prospective antimalarial medicine. | https://www.ndm.ox.ac.uk/publications/1185134 |
"In the not too distant future a device the size of a sugar cube will exist able to record an entire life time of human memories." So says Professor Nigel Shadbolt, President of the British Computer Society, at the Memories for Life colloquium held Tuesday at the British Library.
The event brought together a diverse range of academics in a bid to understand how memory works and to develop the technologies to enhance it. It has been recognized as a Grand Challenge for computing, by the U.K. Computing Research Committee. Such challenges are international in scope and promise revolutionary advances.
The Memories for Life (M4L) concept, funded by the British Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC), states on its website: "It is now possible to store digital versions of life's memories. It takes 100Kbit/s to get high quality audio and video. If we imagine someone with a camera strapped to his or her head for 70 years (2.2 x 109 seconds), that is something of the order of 27.5 terabytes of storage required, or about 450 60GB iPods. And if Moore's Law continues to hold over those 70 years (admittedly a large assumption), it would be possible to store a continuous record of a life on a grain of sand."
Shadbolt's ideas are presented more fully in an issue of the Journal of The Royal Society Interface. In it, he and his fellow authors write: "Analysing stored information to model a person's lifestyle (with potential commercial implications in the insurance and security industries), behaviour and health (the 'virtual general practitioner'), or intelligent Web pages that can adapt themselves to a person's linguistic and other competence: as examples of the kind of applications a sugar cube memory might make possible.
However, accumulating and storing a lifetime of memories will take place over a time span much longer than that since digital storage first began. Within the lifetime of digital storage so far there have many different representations of stored data, most of which can no longer be read, such as punch cards and early tape formats. Developing a very long lived stored data medium will be crucial.
The paper's authors write: "One possible development to achieve this may be an increasing move towards information being held in online managed services, with personal devices acting solely as access points." But this is no real solution; it merely shifts the problem onto the managed service providers who somehow have to migrate masses of data onto new storage devices as they arrive.
Another problem concerns information management: "As computers become increasingly able to store a lifetime's worth of memories, in various forms -- digital photographs, emails, documents, accounts, blogs, video diaries -- the question of managing such stores is becoming serious." Another problem they have identifies is multi-media searching.
The grand challenge is to embed artificial memory stores into real life, and by understanding the operation of human memory, to augment it with technological support from artificial memory storage.
Merely storing the data, even if there is 27.7TB in a sugar-cube-sized box, is not that great a problem compared to searching and retrieving data the from multi-media stores within it and integrating those with human memories and life. | https://www.arnnet.com.au/article/170340/lifetime_memories_sugar_cube_/ |
No data is found for the course objective.
Course ContentExamines the literature of Turkish diasporic communities in Germany in its historical, social, political and cultural context. Focuses on the literature that emerges out of the experience of being marginalized as a foreigner or guest, experience of Turkish immigrants. Examine how a variety of concerns represented in these writings such as the question of determining what is ones own culture, tensions of defining a non-German self, cultural differences, the role of language in establishing identity in an alien culture, the loss of mother tongue, assimilation and alienation, cultural signs of hybridity, loss of the past, longing for home in displacement.
Learning Outcomes
No data is found for the learning outcomes. | http://soc.metu.edu.tr/programs/courses/?code=2320455 |
BACKGROUND
0001 The invention relates to a method and a device for regulating a pressure difference between a wafer handling chamber and a process chamber of an epitaxy reactor.
0002 Epitaxy reactors are used to produce epitaxial layers on single-crystal materials, for example for producing an epitaxial coating on semiconductor wafers, particularly silicon wafers. A reaction medium, generally a reaction gas, reacts on a surface which is to be coated to deposit further material in single crystal form, which generally also forms gaseous byproducts.
0003 The epitaxy reactors which are used, substantially comprise a wafer handling chamber (WHC), a process chamber (PC) and a gas-supply system. The wafer handling chamber forms a connection between the process chamber and the environment, generally a clean room. The wafer handling chamber is continuously purged with inert gas, such as nitrogen, to keep it clean.
0004 The workpieces, or semiconductor wafers, which are to be epitaxially coated, are transferred from a clean room via a lock into the wafer handling chamber, where these workpieces may be temporarily stored. These workpieces are then generally transferred individually, via a robot arm, through a gate valve (GV) into the process chamber. Then, the gate valve is closed and the epitaxial coating process is performed. During the epitaxial coating process, various gases, including at least a carrier gas and a reaction gas, are supplied via a gas supply and passed in laminar flow at high temperatures over the semiconductor wafer.
0005 During this process, the reaction gas reacts on the wafer surface. Excess gas and gaseous byproducts are discharged via an exhaust and an off-gas scrubber.
0006 After the process has ended, the gate valve is opened again, and the wafer is transferred back into the wafer handling chamber and is replaced by an untreated wafer.
0007 A crucial factor regarding the quality of the epitaxially coated semiconductor wafers is the number of unwanted particles which settle on the wafers. To reduce the number of particles, it is crucial for there to be no gas turbulence or pressure surges which activate inactive particles lying, for example, at the bottom of the wafer handling chamber.
0008 If a wafer is being conveyed from the wafer handling chamber into the process chamber, the connection between the two chambers, through the gate valve, has to be opened. It is crucial for the two chambers to be at approximately the same pressure level before the gate valve is opened. Otherwise, a sudden pressure compensation may cause particles to be swirled up.
0009 However, the pressure in the wafer handling chamber must always be at a slightly higher level than the pressure in the process chamber, so that when the gate valve is opened there is a gentle flow in the direction of the process chamber. The pressure differential is provided to prevent substances such as gases or particles from being able to move from the gas outlet of the process chamber back into the process chamber, or from the process chamber into the wafer handling chamber.
0010 While the wafer handling chamber can be kept at a constant pressure without problems, the pressure conditions in the process chamber are subject to considerable changes over the course of time. These changes are caused by the off-gas pipe being occupied, or by changes in the state of the off-gas scrubber.
0011 The wafer handling chamber can now be kept at a constant pressure which is so high that this pressure is higher than the variable pressure in the process chamber. If there is a constant incoming flow of inert gas, the outgoing flow of inert gas from the wafer handling chamber can be regulated by a backpressure regulator so that the pressure in the wafer handling chamber remains constant. However, this so-called dynamic pressure regulation leads to a strong pressure surge, and therefore to turbulence when the gate valve is opened if the pressure in the process chamber is low at the time. A further drawback is the high inertia of the system, with the result that only slight pressure differences can be compensated for within a short time period. Regulation of the incoming flow of inert gas to the wafer handling chamber via the power of a delivery system also has the same drawbacks.
0012 To regulate the incoming flow, a compensation line is provided between the wafer handling chamber and the process chamber, which can be opened using a valve. The wafer handling chamber can then be set to a relatively high, constant pressure as described above, wherein this constant pressure is always higher than the fluctuating pressure of the process chamber. Before the gate valve is opened, the valve of the compensation line is opened, so that the pressure in the two chambers can be matched in a regulated manner. However, this results in a relatively higher pressure gas stream being formed in the compensation line, and this in turn generates turbulence, with the associated risk of particles being activated. Moreover, this pipeline and the valve have been designed to be very small, to limit the gas stream and thereby avoid turbulence, leading to a relatively high inertia. Furthermore, when the compensation line is open, back-flows from the process chamber into the wafer handling chamber are possible, which is, as stated above, preferably to be avoided.
0013 A further known possible solution consists in applying an additional pressure to the wafer handling chamber via a regulated inert gas purge shortly before the gate valve is opened, to prevent a gas stream from flowing from the process chamber into the wafer handling chamber. In this way, the wafer handling chamber can be kept at a low pressure throughout the majority of the time required for a process. This method, unlike the dynamic-pressure regulation, offers the possibility of discharging inert gas through an outlet valve, with the result that particles can escape from the wafer handling chamber without obstacle. However, this method also leads to considerable pressure fluctuations during the opening and closing of the gate valve. Therefore, it is impossible to prevent particles from being activated.
0014 One object of the invention is to provide a system that ensures that when the gate valve is opened, gas does not flow back out of the off-gas system of the wafer handling chamber and gas does not flow out of the process chamber into the wafer handling chamber even with pressure fluctuations in the process chamber. Another object is to avoid a high pressure differenceeven if only temporarybetween the two chambers, which leads to considerable turbulence and therefore, to particles being activated when the gate valve is opened. Another object is to provide a system having a low inertia wherein the two chambers are completely separated with the gate valve closed.
0015 The object is achieved by providing a method for regulating the pressure in an epitaxy reactor, which has a wafer handling chamber, a process chamber and a gate valve connecting the two chambers. The wafer handling chamber is continuously purged with inert gas, wherein the pressure difference between the wafer handling chamber and the process chamber is measured, and the resulting measurement signal is used in a control circuit to regulate the pressure in the wafer handling chamber. The pressure in the wafer handling chamber is reduced if the pressure difference is above a predetermined value. The pressure in the wafer handling chamber is increased if the pressure difference is below a predetermined value. With this method, the pre determined pressure difference, which is defined as the pressure in the wafer handling chamberpressure of the process chamber which is between 5 and 500 Pa.
0016 The method according to the invention makes it possible to maintain a constant pressure difference between the wafer handling chamber and the process chamber. Since the pressure difference is always kept constant by means of the regulation, even when the pressure in the process chamber fluctuates, it is possible to forego with a high excess pressure in the wafer handling chamber. Therefore, the set value for the pressure difference can be fixed between 5 and 500 Pa, but preferably between 10 and 100 Pa, according to the invention, depending on the pressure conditions prevailing in the process chamber. This defined, low pressure difference ensures a gentle stream of gas from the wafer handling chamber toward the process chamber when the gate valve is opened, whereas flows in the opposite direction are avoided. Since the pressure difference is very low, when the gate valve is opened, the gas turbulence with the associated risk of particles being activated, is minimized. Under these conditions, it is possible to dispense with a compensation line between the two chambers. The chambers always remain separated when the gate valve is closed. The pressure-difference stabilization according to the invention can be achieved over a relatively wide pressure range.
0017 The object of the invention is also achieved by providing a device for regulating the pressure in an epitaxy reactor which has a wafer handling chamber, a process chamber, a gate valve connecting the two chambers and in each case, one gas feed line and one gas discharge line for each of the two chambers. This device has at least one pressure-measuring appliance for measuring the pressure difference between the chambers and a control unit or circuit for regulating the pressure in the wafer handling chamber.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
0018 Other objects and features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description considered in connection with the accompanying drawings which disclose at least one embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood, however, that the drawings are designed for the purpose of illustration only and not as a definition of the limits of the invention.
0019 In the drawings, wherein similar reference characters denote similar elements throughout the several views:
0020FIG. 1 shows a schematic block diagram of control circuit according to the invention for regulating a pressure difference between a wafer handling chamber and a process chamber of an epitaxy reactor;
0021FIG. 2 illustrates a time curve of the pressure difference between the wafer handling chamber and the process chamber of an epitaxy reactor during an epitaxy process with a constant pressure in the wafer handling chamber; and
0022FIG. 3 illustrates a time curve of the pressure difference between the wafer handling chamber and the process chamber of an epitaxy reactor during an epitaxy process when a differential-pressure regulation is used.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1
EXAMPLE 1
0023 Referring in detail to the drawings FIG. 1 shows the process for regulating a pressure difference between a wafer handling chamber and a process chamber.
100
110
0024 The basis of the regulating method according to the invention is the measurement of the pressure difference between wafer handling chamber and process chamber . In principle, the pressure in the two chambers can be measured using any two independent pressure-measuring appliances, and the pressure difference can then be determined by arithmetic means.
126
106
100
110
114
110
126
130
0025 However, in the context of the invention, it is preferable to use a commercially available differential-pressure sensor connected to an output line and handling chamber . The reference pressure used is the pressure prevailing in the process chamber once the pressure prevailing in the off-gas line is the same as in the process chamber. This pressure can also be used as reference pressure. This pressure difference is shown in FIG. 2. The pressure prevailing in the wafer handling chamber is applied to the second pressure-measuring terminal. A differential-pressure sensor preferably generates an electrical signal which corresponds to the differential pressure. This electrical signal is preferably amplified by an upstream amplifier and is then transmitted to a control unit or circuit .
130
126
130
100
100
100
0026 Control unit evaluates the signal obtained from differential-pressure sensor or from the independent pressure-measuring appliances and compares it with a pre-set value corresponding to the predetermined set pressure difference. Finally, control unit regulates the pressure prevailing in wafer handling chamber so that the pressure in wafer handling chamber is reduced if the pressure difference is above a predetermined value and the pressure in wafer handling chamber is increased if the pressure difference is below a predetermined value. The pressure difference is defined as the pressure in the wafer handling chamberpressure in the processing chamber.
100
130
0027 According to the invention, the pressure in wafer handling chamber is kept constant by regulating the outgoing flow of off-gas with an unregulated, preferably constant supply of inert gas. Control unit regulates the capacity of a suction pump to adjust the pressure in the wafer handling chamber according to the predetermined set pressure difference.
140
150
0028 The suction pump should be in a form of gas jet ventilator which operates according to the venturi principle. The suction capacity thereof is regulated by a regulated inert-gas stream , preferably in a form of a regulated stream of nitrogen.
100
130
160
160
140
100
100
140
0029 If the measured actual value of the pressure difference deviates downward, for example, if the pressure in wafer handling chamber is too low, control unit emits a signal to a regulating valve , which leads to a reduction in the flow of inert gas through regulating valve and therefore to a reduction in the suction capacity of the gas jet ventilator or suction pump . As a result, the pressure in wafer handling chamber rises. If the measured actual pressure difference is too high, the flow of inert gas through the regulating valve, and therefore the suction capacity of the gas jet ventilator are increased. This leads to a reduction in the pressure in wafer handling chamber . A high reaction rate of the control system is preferably achieved via an oversized gas jet ventilator . Therefore, if necessary, large quantities of inert gas can be discharged from the wafer handling chamber within one second.
170
102
100
140
170
140
170
0030 It is preferable for a limiter valve , which ensures a variable dynamic pressure, to be fitted in the off-gas line of the wafer handling chamber , downstream of gas jet ventilator . Limiter valve is designed, as a ball valve. This valve makes it possible to change the back pressure of gas jet ventilator , resulting in additional degrees of freedom, for optimization of the system. The optimum combination of parameters is preferably determined on a one-off basis and is kept constant as the method proceeds. This is also true of the setting of limiter valve .
180
140
170
180
182
180
100
102
140
180
170
180
180
140
140
112
110
0031 Furthermore, it is preferable to use a bypass line which bypasses the gas jet ventilator and limiter valve . The capacity of bypass is preferably adjusted by means of a bypass valve , for example a ball valve. Bypass line is used to ensure a constant outgoing flow of inert gas from wafer handling chamber into off-gas line and thereby to allow threshold-free reaction of gas jet ventilator . Bypass line , like limiter valve , provides an additional degree of freedom to optimize the system. After optimization has taken place, the capacity of bypass line is preferably kept constant. In addition, bypass line ensures that gas jet ventilator does not switch off even when a very low capacity is required. Gas jet ventilator should be prevented from switching off, since there would be a sudden pressure change when it is switched on again. A gas feed line is coupled to process chamber .
110
100
110
100
110
0032 According to the invention, the measurement, evaluation, and pressure compensation take place at short intervals, but preferably continuously. This circuit process reacts very quickly to pressure changes in process chamber and dynamically matches the pressure in wafer handling chamber to the changes in process chamber . This ensures a constant pressure difference between wafer handling chamber and process chamber .
0033 The effect of the pressure regulation according to the invention is explained below with reference to examples and comparative examples:
100
100
110
120
100
110
120
110
110
120
120
110
WHC
PC
0034 Wafer handling chamber is regulated to a constant excess pressure or positive pressure of approx. 2.0 kPa compared to the environment. This pressure is stabilized by a conventional backpressure regulator. FIG. 3 shows the time curve (time t in seconds) of the pressure difference pppbetween the wafer handling chamber and process chamber during a typical epitaxy process. The pressure difference rises to approx. 1.2 kPa, then gate valve is opened so that a semiconductor wafer can be transferred from wafer handling chamber into process chamber . This results in an unfavorable pressure surge wherein p is approx 0 kPa, which leads to particles being activated. After a short time, gate valve is closed again, and the semiconductor wafer is disposed inside process chamber for epitaxial coating. The pressure difference during the epitaxy process is approx. 0.36 kPa. The process is repeated when the semiconductor wafer is discharged from process chamber , wherein as the pressure difference rises, gate valve is opened so that the semiconductor wafer can be removed and a pressure surge occurs once again. Then, gate valve is closed, and process chamber is made ready for the next semiconductor wafer.
100
140
110
0035 The same epitaxy process as in Comparative Example 1 is carried out, except that the pressure in wafer handling chamber is regulated in accordance with the invention via differentialpressure measurement, a control unit BO, and a gas jet ventilator . The preset pressure difference between wafer handling chamber and process chamber is 50 Pa. As shown in FIG. 4, this value is maintained with relatively minor fluctuations as long as the gate valve is closed. Even if the opening and closing of the gate valve remains clearly evident, nevertheless, a maximum pressure difference of approx. 0.3 kPa is not exceeded throughout the entire process. Consequently, the maximum pressure difference and therefore, also the pressure surge when the gate valve is opened are reduced to a quarter compared to the method shown in Comparative Example 1. This result is virtually independent of the pressure in the process chamber and therefore of the state of the off-gas system, such as in the off-gas scrubber. The result is that the pressure in process chamber is lower than ambient pressure. This corresponds to the standard pressure conditions in epitaxy processes.
100
110
110
100
110
100
110
0036 In principle, the system according to the invention can also be used to regulate the pressure difference between wafer handling chamber and process chamber so that the pressure in process chamber is regulated instead of the pressure in the wafer handling chamber . However, since the pressure in process chamber is subject to numerous conditions, for example, on account of the procedure used for the epitaxial coating, it is preferable to match the pressure of wafer handling chamber , which is not subject to any imperative external influences, to pressure of the process chamber .
0037 The method according to the invention and the device according to the invention can be used in epitaxy reactors which are used, for example, for the epitaxial coating of semiconductor wafers, such as silicon wafers. However, it can in general terms be used wherever a constant pressure difference is to be set between two unsealed chambers or vessels.
0038 Accordingly, while at least one embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, it is to be understood that many changes and modifications may be made thereunto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims. | |
Pynchon, Philosophy, Ethics
By Martin Paul Eve.
Thomas Pynchon ranks among the most critically acclaimed American authors of the past fifty years; certainly so when viewed in terms of academic scholarship. He has two academic journals devoted solely to his work and influence (Pynchon Notes and Orbit: Writing Around Pynchon), over twenty monographs exploring his writing and, since 1978, there have been 23 doctorates awarded in the United Kingdom alone on, or in major part concerning, his fiction. This trend shows no sign of stopping; with apologies to the well-known formulation of James Joyce, almost a century ago, it seems as though Thomas Pynchon will continue to keep the professors busy.
The reasons for this critical proliferation are not hard to fathom. Pynchon is a man of mystery, refusing to be photographed or interviewed, who has published some of the finest works of post-war literature, particularly V., Gravity’s Rainbow, The Crying of Lot 49 and Mason & Dixon. His novels have most frequently been type-cast as exemplary of the postmodern – saturated as they are with paranoia, indeterminacy and failed quest-narratives – but this seriously underplays the scale of Pynchon’s writing. Consider that Pynchon is also a writer of enormous historical scope. V. spans the defining moments of crisis in the twentieth century, Gravity’s Rainbow re-casts the sixties in terms of World War II and the history of Calvinism (including a flashback to a Mauritian Dodo hunt) while Mason & Dixon explores the interrelation of its eponymous protagonists with the Age of Reason and slavery in America. If this weren’t enough, his novels are interdisciplinary, incorporating metaphors from science and technology, cartography, popular culture, cartoons, aural puns, mathematical in-jokes, outrageous character names (and sexual practices) and sublime prose poetry.
More important than any of these preceding aspects, though, is the fact that Pynchon is a politically engaged, ethical writer. Gravity’s Rainbow is not just a dense, postmodern sprawl, but instead makes one of its central observations on the fact that the evil of mankind, parallel to nature, “does not know extinction; all it knows is transformation”, a spatio-temporal transposition to a new setting, persisting Beyond the Zero of any Pavlovian deconditioning, and always collecting around centres of power, embodied by the novel’s final, America-bound, transatlantic V-2/ICBM. Through this impossible moment, Pynchon highlights that behind twentieth-century America’s technological and economic supremacy lies the dark negotiations of Operation Paperclip and a re-embodiment of the right-wing politics supposedly vanquished in the Second World War. How many of us notice, inscribed upon our antibiotics, the second label, permanently hidden beneath the surface-level, reading “sulfonamide” and “I.G. Farben”? How many of us see, when we watch satellite television, the German technician crying: “Vergeltungswaffe”?
This mode of history, the excavation of sub-surface, repressed counter-histories, is akin to the style of analysis formulated by the twentieth-century French philosopher-historian Michel Foucault as “genealogy”. Yet Foucault’s philosophy seems to sit, in general, uncomfortably with Pynchon’s work. In fact, although Foucault was the most cited post-War thinker in the academic humanities from 2004-2006, and possibly more recently, there has been relatively little work on Pynchon’s relationship to Foucault. Furthermore, those accounts that do interrelate the two tend to posit a fundamental incompatibility. We are told that Foucault’s concepts of a “discursive” and “productive” power sit ill-at-ease with Pynchon’s model of a dominating, repressive power. However, it’s not the details of this specific engagement that I want to get into here – this will be much better covered in my forthcoming revisionist take on this – but rather the fact that mentioning this opposition to Foucault leads us to a curious aspect of Pynchon’s writing: it seems directly hostile to philosophical thought and interpretation.
This is in some ways odd. Pynchon name-checks a relatively high number of philosophers, from Deleuze and Guattari to Wittgenstein. In other ways, though, it is expected. It is expected because Pynchon’s work trains us as postmodern readers. It thwarts modernist reading techniques by disallowing grand, coherent narratives of one singular truth and instead asks questions about the nature of being. Brian McHale calls this a shift from epistemological, to ontological dominant between modernism to postmodernism and Pynchon’s works here serve as the exemplar. On the other hand again, though, it is unexpected because some forms of theorization seem acceptable. For instance, Gravity’s Rainbow has frequently been read, with its cinematic allusions and moviehouse finale, in terms of film theory. Despite the ironic assertion in V. that “the only consolation he drew from the present chaos was that his theory managed to explain it”, some theories in Pynchon do seem to actually tell us something.
Looking at this further, perhaps a good case-in-point is to examine the use of Wittgenstein in Pynchon’s first novel, V. There have been a large number of scholarly articles that have taken up this theme and, for the most part, they try and read affinity between Wittgenstein’s early work in the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (an attempt to logically specify those propositions in language that are actually meaningful) and Pynchon’s writing. As I see it, this effort is misguided and neglects the fact that fiction is not philosophy, but that the two can feed into one another. In Pynchon’s fiction, it seems to me, it is more important to look at the placement and political situation of Wittgenstein, and philosophy, than to attempt to read a parallel of purpose. So then: where and when do we get Wittgenstein?
The answer to this is fairly straightforward: in almost every case in V., Wittgenstein is introduced in situations saturated by Nazism and death. Weissman, who later becomes the sadistic Nazi Blicero in Gravity’s Rainbow, decodes a transmission from the atmospheric disturbances that spells out the first line of the Tractatus. The further parody of the Tractatus song sits in the proximal shadow of SHOCK and SHROUD’s invocation of the Holocaust and Mafia’s anti-Semitic statements. Rachel Owlglass’ invocation of Wittgenstein is locked within a nexus of sterility, abortion and the hypocrisy of the Whole Sick Crew.
Similarly, thinking about Pynchon’s political affiliation suggests the areas in which it would be possible to find a philosophy that stands to resonate more highly with his work. Vineland intimates that the prime situation of the author would be “a step leftward of registering to vote as a Democrat”, but Pynchon is no pure Marxist; Gravity’s Rainbow depicts Marx as a “sly old racist”, perhaps in relation to Marx‘s concept of oriental despotism, and Pynchon’s non-fiction essay, “Is it OK to be a Luddite?” does not chime well with Marx’s notions of appropriating the means of production.
In fact, it seems that Pynchon’s political affiliation sits more squarely with the revisionist accounts of Marx effected in the twentieth century by the loose group known as the Frankfurt School. For instance, Marcuse‘s take on Marx in One-Dimensional Man sits far better with Pynchon’s attitude towards technology, while the philosophy of Theodor W. Adorno is, in some areas, although not all, much nearer to correctness in Pynchon’s universe than those directly cited. This affiliation with the Frankfurt School also helps to understand why Pynchon puts Wittgenstein into these situations. Adorno is heavily critical of Wittgenstein’s logical positivism, believing that it is the assertion of a world that is “all that is the case” that has led the Enlightenment project to the death camps. If you think this seems extreme, then perhaps you’re right. There is, however, a certain logic at work here. If we always accept that what is logical is what is true and right, then no change will ever be possible; a sort of modern Pangloss. There will be no room for a valuation of the human that does not see living beings as objects: objects to be used; objects to be killed and destroyed. Regardless of whether, as readers, we feel this interpretation of a purely logical view is merited (I suspect many do not), the political situations into which Pynchon injects Wittgenstein seem to suggest this critique.
This is, then, the way in which we should re-evaluate philosophical interpretation of literature. Yes, it remains important to work out whether a theoretical worldview seems to sit well with the world depicted by fiction, but it is also key to look critically at the political situation of a philosopher or philosophical concepts. Fusing this triad of critique, politics and philosophy results in a reading style that I have dubbed, in a forthcoming work, “The Critical Pynchon”. This method also admits the difference between philosophy and literature; it does not attempt a one-to-one mapping. Instead, it triangulates among philosophy; some parts of Wittgenstein are rejected, others are taken. Likewise with Foucault. Likewise with Adorno. Intersecting these stances and acknowledging their convergence and divergence allows us to deal with Pynchon’s polyvocality – for his works are, like Prospero’s island, full of noises and voices – but from a univocal perspective. We don’t go down the route of postmodern nihilism, admitting no truth whatsoever, but we do acknowledge that there are multiple narratives that contribute to our truths and certainties.
Undoubtedly, there will be those who feel that we don’t need another label, another way of reading. Texts are not self-explanatory, though, and authors are not monolithic entities. They contain contradictory multitudes and it is only through drilling-down into niche applications, imposing constraints that help us achieve something (enabling constrains), that the full intellectual pleasure of reading can be achieved. Pynchon is an author who deserves such attention. Beckett and Joyce are others. I suspect that Roberto Bolaño would be a good up-and-coming candidate for those who would like to place bets. Of course, as Derek Attridge has pointed out, we must also be wary of succumbing to a form of literary instrumentalism, wherein we just “use” texts in order to extract an interpretation; we have to chart a course between freedom and authority in our own reading practices. In the meantime, I’ll only bet that we won’t be hearing from Thomas Pynchon himself any time soon. From this, though, I know that he gives us the gift of freedom from authority, to think as critically as we like.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Martin Paul Eve is a researcher and associate tutor at the university of Sussex, where he is finishing his Ph.D. on Thomas Pynchon and philosophy. His work has appeared, or is forthcoming, in Textual Practice, Literature and History, C21 Journal, Pynchon Notes and Insights. In addition to blogging here, he regularly tweets here. Martin is also a frequent contributor to The Guardian Higher Education Network and is the founding editor of Orbit: Writing Around Pynchon.
First published in 3:AM Magazine: Thursday, March 29th, 2012. | https://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/pynchon-philosophy-ethics/ |
- attending the 27th IAJGS International Conference on Jewish Genealogy,
July 15-20 in Salt Lake City.
Not only is a Conference in itself a marvelous learning tool, this year's is
being held in the city that holds the most fabulous genealogy "candy store"
(Gary Mokotoff's term) in the world, the Family History Library:
"The collection includes over 2.4 million rolls of microfilmed genealogical
records; 742,000 microfiche; 310,000 books, serials, and other formats;
4,500 periodicals; 700 electronic resources.
"The International Genealogical Index database contains approximately 600
million names of deceased individuals" (Christian and Jewish birth, marriage
and death records).
"The Pedigree Resource File database contains over 80 million names that are
linked into families.
"Records available are >from the United States, Canada, the British Isles,
Europe, Latin America, Asia, and Africa.
"In 2003, the collection increased monthly by an average of 4,100 rolls of
film, 700 books, and 16 electronic resources.
"A majority of the records contain information about persons who lived
before 1930.
"Approximately 200 cameras are currently microfilming records in over 45
countries. Records have been filmed in over 110 countries, territories, and
possessions.
There are:
202 patron computers
509 microfilm readers
36 microfiche readers
28 microfilm and microfiche copiers
4 microfilm scanners
15 book copiers
Seating capacity for 396 at tables
Orientation and research classes
If you don't know the site, go to www.familysearch.org to learn more about
the Library and its holdings.
If you have not yet registered for the Conference, go to www.slc2007.org,
read all about it, register and join hundreds of your fellow Jewish
genealogists at the genealogical capital of the world!
"The conference will provide:
World-renowned speakers,
Daily Jewish Film Festival,
Special Interest Group (SIG) programming,
Computer Genealogy Track,
Computer Workshops,
Free WIFI Access,
Breakfast with the experts,
Special Photographic Exhibits,
On-site Resource Room and
Genealogical Vendors
And more...
The convention site is the Hilton Salt Lake City Center."
Come a few days early or stay a few days longer to take advantage of the
Library and its holdings. I promise you, the 5-day Conference and your
research in the Library will be a genealogy experience like none other.
I am not on any Board, I am not a speaker. I am just a more-than-satisfied
genealogist who has attended many conferences where I have made many friends
with whom I have shared research stories and frustrations and learned a lot. | https://groups.jewishgen.org/g/main/message/185697 |
If you think you’re having a bad day at work spare a thought for the driver of a six-wheeled removals truck who’s contents estimated to be worth one million baht went up in flames in Sattahip.
It took fire crews almost half an hour to get the blaze under control after it was reported that the fire started in the engine compartment under the cab before spreading to the trucks cargo of furniture which was all completely destroyed.
No one was injured as a result of the fire but a traffic jam was caused outside of the Najomtien Temple off of Sukhumvit as a result of the blaze.
The driver of the vehicle registered to the Samut Sakhon truck said that he along with three co-workers were delivering furniture to customers in Pattaya and Sattahip.
After making their first delivery they noticed smoke bellowing out from under the bonnet of the lorry.
He said upon seeing the smoke he pulled the lorry over to the side of the road and all the workers jumped out in time to watch the lorry and its contents go up in flames.
Next articleVideo : Who needs a guard dog when you have a guard cat! | https://news.lovepattayathailand.com/video/truck-fully-loaded-furniture-flames-sattahip/ |
The agricultural industry must revolutionise its approach to skills and training if it wants to attract the right people to drive productivity in the future.
This ambition is the foundation of a new industry coalition which will work collaboratively with all sectors to revolutionise the skills gap in agriculture.
The Senior Skills Leadership Group, which includes AHDB, retailers, manufacturers, leading food producers, farmers and agricultural colleges, will create a framework with new qualifications relevant to the needs of employers in the future, develop career paths and fresh approaches to recruitment, and encourage mechanisms for continued professional development and business support.
The move follows recommendations from The Swadling Report, funded by AHDB and co-commissioned by Lord Don Curry to analyse work undertaken in the development of skills and the support available for the agricultural and horticultural industry.
The report revealed UK agricultural productivity lags behind other countries and the lack of the right skills has been widely identified as a key factor. While the agricultural and horticultural industry is highly skilled, the level of qualifications is low by comparison with other sectors, there is poor uptake of continuing professional development and less than 35% of UK farmers have any formal management training.
It highlighted this is largely due to a lack of awareness of options and benefits, a mismatch in funding and industry needs and a general inertia to develop people. There is recognition of the need to bring more professionalism to the industry and that this is necessary to meet public expectations for post-Brexit support for agriculture to continue. The impending implications of Brexit means there is a recognised urgency to address the situation in a transformational manner.
Transforming our approach
Only by professionalising the industry will we be able to attract the right people and this need for change is already being spearheaded by a new coalition which aims to revolutionise the skills gap in agriculture.
The UK agricultural sector was criticised in an AHDB paper from January last year for falling behind other countries on offering training programmes for staff. It said: “British farmers and growers underinvest in new skills and training relative to their competitors.”
The sector is already facing a big skills gap on middle and general managers, technical staff and low-skilled, seasonal labour, compounded by a lack of agricultural knowledge among young people today.
Jane King, chief executive of AHDB, wants the group to work collaboratively across all sectors as it progresses in the forthcoming months.
“We need transformation of our skills in primary agriculture and horticulture for the industry to thrive in the future,” she says. “This includes a fresh approach to attracting and recruiting talent, clearer career routes, employer-led training and qualifications and new tools and a positive attitude towards lifelong learning.
“The Senior Skills Leadership Group is working closely with the Food and Drink Sector Council to introduce a new skills strategy which will be a cornerstone to helping us lift our productivity long-term.”
The need to attract skilled individuals into agriculture and showcase the wealth of career opportunities also forms the basis of a campaign launched by Farmers Guardian in conjunction with 21 key industry organisations.
#ThisIsAgriculture aims to educate the wider world about the wealth of opportunities available in the sector, as well as dispelling common myths about careers in agriculture.
It is also working with industry bodies and our industry partners to see where we can work together to shape the political agenda, drive educational reform and provide learning resources. | https://careers.jobsinagriculture.com/article-details/42/industry-unites-to-promote-careers-in-agriculture/ |
:
MA
|
ME
|
NH
|
RI/CT
|
VT
|
Ski
Hiking Trail Conditions Report
Peaks
Mt. Field, Mt. Willey, Mt. Tom, NH
Trails:
Avalon Trail, Willey Range Trail, Mt. Tom Spur, A-Z Trail
Date of Hike:
Sunday, November 10, 2013
Parking/Access Road Notes:
Surface Conditions:
Ice - Blue, Wet/Slippery Rock, Ice - Breakable Crust, Mud - Minor/Avoidable, Snow - Wet/Sticky, Snow - Trace/Minimal Depth
Recommended Equipment:
Light Traction
Water Crossing Notes:
No issues, water was low and rocks weren't icy today
Trail Maintenance Notes:
One blowdown between Field and Willey at an annoying height (difficult either over or under), shouldn't be an issue with a few feet of snow - four blowdowns between Field and the col but all easy to get around - otherwise trails in good shape
Dog-Related Notes:
Hannah had a good day, plenty of tracks to sniff up high (bear, pine marten, rabbit and grouse among others) and not too cold with one coat - one small slip on an icy flat section but no issues with the steeps - still plenty of open water down low for a drink
Bugs:
Lost and Found:
Comments:
Started in 1-2" fresh powder from the Highland Center, gradually increasing to 3-4" in places on the ridge. We headed to Field first and the icy patches started shortly after the Mt. Avalon spur - I put my micros on there and left them on until down low in the afternoon. There were a few icy sections on the ridge where I was glad to be wearing them but for the most part it would have been navigable without them since the snow was sticky, I just feel more sure-footed with rock spikes with the changing conditions this time of year. Some tricky ice on the Mt. Tom spur and down to the junction, spikes definitely helped there. Snow became slushy heading down from Tom and the trail was down to mud below the junction where it was probably above freezing most of the day. I would definitely recommend bringing spikes since some of the slush will likely freeze over in the coming days, especially if there is some melting from the trees. Saw 8-10 people on the trail, most were reasonably dressed for the conditions - one group had come up the ladders on Willey Range Trail and said they weren't too bad. Not as windy as forecasted and we had some decent views from the outlooks near all three peaks. Great day to get out and start getting used to colder weather, mixed conditions and all the fun the comes with winter hiking - thanks to Tim and Hannah for another fun hike!
Name:
Hikes with Hannah
E-Mail:
Date Submitted:
2013-11-10
Link:
http://
Disclaimer: Reports are not verified - conditions may vary. Use at own risk. Always be prepared when hiking. Observe all signs. Trail conditions reports are not substitutes for weather reports or common sense. | https://www.newenglandtrailconditions.com/nh/viewreport.php?entryid=14473 |
Support devices, particularly orthopaedic supports are required in numerous circumstances. For example, supports may be required for any portions of the body, for disabled persons. Insoles may be required for shoes, to provide support for the feet. Joint supports may be required for various joints of the body which may have become injured or defective for any reason.
A support may be required for the head or neck, or back. A seat may be required conforming to the shape of an individual.
In addition, in very many cases supports are required for the hand or hands of a person suffering from some kind of disability, A person with no disability at all, may require to have a handle on an article which conforms precisely to the shape of his or her hand. Persons requiring such hand supports may simply require a shaped grip, which conforms precisely to the shape of their hand. Such persons may be craftsman, or it may be professionals such as surgeons, or may be sportsmen such as players of various games such as racquet sports, golf and the like or other sportsmen such as fishermen, hunters, and the like any of whom may require an article such as the handle of a golf club, fishing rod, or the stock of a weapon, to be shaped to particularly conform to the hand.
In most cases such a person will not be suffering from any disability, but will merely require a precise match between the shape of the hand grip and their hand. Conversely, persons suffering for example from arthritis of the fingers or other joints may require a hand grip of a peculiar shape, to conform to the somewhat deformed shape of their hand resulting from such a disability.
In the case of certain other sports, shoe, or boot liners may be required to conform precisely to the shape of the foot. This is particularly required for example in the sport of skiing where the boot is required to fit snugly under the instep and all over the foot.
Conformable support devices may also be required in many other cases other than orthopaedic situations. Such cases may arise in the case of packaging or containing of precision or scientific instruments, to prevent damage. Other cases may involve the provision of a shaped work support for holding a particular work piece, such as, an item of jewelry for example, while it is being worked upon.
In the past, various different systems have been proposed of more or less considerable complexity and expense. Orthopaedic supports requiring special forming and molding techniques are of course well known and are manufactured routinely from fast setting plaster materials. In other cases, supports have been shaped from bendable metal sections. In other cases, a complex multi-stage formation process is involved including the steps of making a "plug" in the shape of a limb, or portion of the body or an article, and them forming a support of glass fiber reinforced resin material, with or without padding. In other cases supports such as for example gun stocks are actually carved by hand out of wood, in an effort to as far as possible conform to the hand and body of the user.
Clearly, where such a conformable support device is required, it is desirable if it can be manufactured in a simple one step technique out of low cost materials. Preferably it will be made by direct contact with the portion of the body, or the article, which it is intended to support. In this way any loss of accuracy due to the making of intermediate articles such as plugs, molds and the like is avoided.
In the particular field of dentistry, it has been known to utilize settable materials for obtaining a form from the mouth or teeth. These settable materials are then used in a multi-stage process for making dentures, or denture supports, or for example making caps for teeth. Such settable materials are of such a nature that generally speaking they do not set completely hard, and are relatively easily distorted out of shape. Consequently, once the form has been taken from the mouth, the materials must then be treated with considerable care.
In the manufacture of dentures, it is customary for example that some parts of the denture shall be shaped so that support portions of the denture will actually fit on ridges formed by the gums, and thus be retained in position in the mouth.
It is however well known that in these cases the retention formations on the dentures must be made with great care. If they conform precisely to the shape of the ridges and grooves in the gums, then the insertion and removal of the dentures may cause considerable discomfort. On the other hand, if there is any substantial degree of clearance or play, then they may easily become displaced. The use of denture retention materials only partially overcomes this problem.
Clearly, it would be desirable if it were possible to incorporate in such a denture or denture plate, a moldable and settable portion, such that it could be inserted into the mouth, and then shaped to precisely fit the ridges and grooves in the gums, or fit the tongue to provide a secure retention of the denture plate within the mouth, and also to the floor of the mouth and to the bottom of the tongue, and furthermore that it could readily and easily be softened and reshaped and re-molded from time to time or even on a daily basis, as the dentures are inserted and removed, or as often as is required, so as to ensure complete comfort for the wearer at all times.
Similarly, it is clearly desirable to provide a moldable body support for any other part of the body such as in the case of spectacles, which may be required to fit the bridge of the nose, or over the ear, which may readily be molded directly to conform to the shape of the body and will then retain its shape, for as long as is required, but which may be remolded and reshaped from time to time in accordance with the needs of the user.
Helmets may also advantageously be provided with liners conforming to the shape of the skull.
It is clearly desirable to provide such a moldable support for other purposes other than supporting parts of the body whether for orthopaedic purposes or otherwise, and which again will retain its shape, and which may yet be remolded readily from time to time.
The present invention addresses the above problems.
| |
Microscopy imaging of mouse growth plates is extensively used in biology to understand the effect of specific molecules on various stages of normal bone development and on bone disease. Until now, such image analysis has been conducted by manual detection. In fact, when existing automated detection techniques were applied, morphological variations across the growth plate and heterogeneity of image background color, including the faint presence of cells (chondrocytes) located deeper in tissue away from the image’s plane of focus, and lack of cell-specific features, interfered with identification of cells. We propose the first method of automated detection and morphometry applicable to images of cells in the growth plate of long bone. Through ad hoc sequential application of the Retinex method, anisotropic diffusion and thresholding, our new cell detection algorithm (CDA) addresses these challenges on bright-field microscopy images of mouse growth plates. Five parameters, chosen by the user in respect of image characteristics, regulate our CDA. Our results demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed numerical method relative to manual methods. Our CDA confirms previously established results regarding chondrocytes’ number, area, orientation, height and shape of normal growth plates. Our CDA also confirms differences previously found between the genetic mutated mouse Smad1/5CKO and its control mouse on fluorescence images. The CDA aims to aid biomedical research by increasing efficiency and consistency of data collection regarding arrangement and characteristics of chondrocytes. Our results suggest that automated extraction of data from microscopy imaging of growth plates can assist in unlocking information on normal and pathological development, key to the underlying biological mechanisms of bone growth.
Keywords
Anisotropic Diffusion, Cell Detection, Growth Plate, Mouse, Retinex
Share and Cite:
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflicts of interest.
References
Copyright © 2022 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. | https://scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=51047 |
This is an assignment that focuses on the identification of a brand and audit performance. The paper involves understanding the sources of brand equity.
The identification of a brand and audit performance
BRAND AUDIT: COURSE PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS Course book: Keller, K. L. (2013). Strategic brand management: Building, measuring, and managing brand equity (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. ISBN: 9780132664257
Your assignment is to choose a brand and perform a brand audit on it. Using the template provided and delivering recommendations and current status under each of the topics within the template. Firstly, you must add your recommendations based on the marketing theory that you research. Keller (2013) states the following in the text: A brand audit…is a more externally, consumer-focused exercise to assess the health of a brand, uncover its sources of brand equity and suggest ways to improve and leverage its equity.
A brand audit requires understanding the sources of brand equity from the perspective of both the firm and the consumer. From the perspective of the firm, what products and services are currently on offer to consumers From the perspective of the consumer, what deeply held perceptions and beliefs create the true meaning of brands and products? Conducting brand audits on a regular basis, such as during the annual planning cycle, allows marketers to keep their fingers on the pulse of their brands. Brand audits are particularly useful backgrounds for managers as they set up their marketing plans and can have profound implications on brands’ strategic direction and resulting performance. (p. 265).
Guidelines
Your paper must be at least 2,500 words. You must follow the provided template, must be in current APA format. Ensure to include at least 10 scholarly references (including the course textbook), with 5 of the references being from marketing journals. The title page, executive summary (abstract) page, and reference page do not count toward the 2,500-word minimum. Also, how would this product be modified/marketed to appeal to a Christian? Lastly, consider this as you write your paper. Grading will be based on how well the paper demonstrates that you have read, understood, and considered the assignment, textbook, and all other required resources. | https://submityourassignments.com/the-identification-of-a-brand-and-audit-performance/ |
Building a career isn’t easy. It requires planning, hard work and belief in your ability to do the job. And sometimes, it requires taking risks.
By its very nature, risk taking implies that you can gain something—or lose something. And the thought of losing your hard-earned job, salary or reputation can be intimidating. Yet the truth is that if you don’t take risks, you might be missing out on important opportunities that could either help propel your career to the next level or make a career change that will increase your happiness.
Signs you need to take a risk
According to Forbes, there are several signs that you need to take a risk in your career:
You’re not advancing anymore:
If you’ve hit a ceiling at your job and feel as if you’re wasting your potential, it’s probably best to start looking for another opportunity to use your talents.
You’re bored at work:
When your work becomes boring, your performance can suffer because you might not be motivated to work as hard as usual. This means it’s time to look for a new direction.
Your life is changing:
When your life is in flux, it can create a natural inclination to make a change in your career. Sometimes this is an emotional reaction—but it can also be the final push you need to move on.
Your friends don’t share your fears:
If you’ve told some good friends that you want to take action but are afraid of what could go wrong, they might think your fears are overblown. If they can justify their opinion, it’s time to start working towards the change you want.
You have a calling:
Yes, you can pursue a calling and make money at the same time. If a specific occupation or objective is calling you, you’ll feel dissatisfied in your career until you pivot towards it.
Take calculated risks
It’s important to understand that taking a risk doesn’t mean that you have to be reckless. Instead, do your research to get to know the lay of the land before making any career moves.
For example, if you want to reach the next level in your career, it’s wise to have a conversation with your supervisor to see what your options are before looking outside of your company.
Or if you’re in marketing but you’d prefer to work as a designer, take some tutorials and take on a couple of freelance gigs in the evenings and on weekends. Then, when you know what you’re getting yourself into, you can start taking some practical steps towards actually making that career change.
Taking risks can be just what you need to propel your career to the next level or to find the calling you love—but make sure you take calculated risks. Don’t burn any bridges behind you, and make sure that you always have something to fall back on.
Source: | https://www.kellyservices.be/blog/2021/04/why-not-taking-risks-is-the-riskiest-career-move-of-all |
Math affects our lives in sometimes the simplest of ways. If you’ve ever rode on a boat you probably don’t think about the thousands of years of innovation that made it possible. Hydrographic surveying basically maps out the depth and floor of the ocean or any other body of water. It is very important to know the depths of the water a boat is sailing on so that they can safely pass. Ever since larger boats came in to use, depths were measured simply with sticks. Obviously this wasn’t very practical and eventually, as technology advanced, people progressed to what is called a lead line. This method has been used for the last thousand years, essentially it was a long rope with a piece of lead attached. The high density of lead ensured it would sink completely. After the lead hit the bottom, the rope would be measured. Measurements couldn’t encompass a large area, because like land the ocean floor has many mountains and valleys, so depths would have to be gathered about every half a mile and then would be put in a chart or map.
Most of these measurements, of various countries were gathered by the British, whose empire was very vast at the time. An example of one of these maps is Map A which is an Antique Nautical Navigation Chart, of Rockport Harbor in Massachusetts, this map was made in 1859. On the map there are various numbers scattered, each refers to the depth of the ocean at that particular spot measured using lead lines. Obviously it was a challenge, because they would have to sail to each spot and measure the depth and record it accurately, but at the time it was the only way to ensure safe sailing.
It wasn’t until World War I, when man started studying acoustic principles for war craft, that RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging) was discovered. Radar was developed for air only as a way to determine the distance of particular object or any surface. The same technology was then applied in water, and was critical to the use of submarines, and became what is known as SONAR (SOund Navigation And Ranging).
Sonar deals with the sound waves and acoustics branch of physics. Basically there is an instrument called a transducer that sits at the surface of the water, right above the desired measurement. This transducer sends out a longitudinal sound wave (a longitudinal sound wave looks like a pulse see Fig. A) at a very particular frequency that hits the floor of the body of water and reflects back to the transducer, which records the time from when it sent out the sound to the when it receives it back. This time has to be extremely accurate to get a correct reading and always records at the millisecond level. It is also very important to have a unique frequency that won’t be interfered with by naturally occurring sounds in the ocean, it is also usually a very high pitch that human ears cannot hear. The time is then plugged into a formula: Water Depth = Time2×Sound Velocity in Water
It’s a very simple formula, the reason the time is divided by 2 is because the time includes the depth down and back up. See example 1. However in order to get the Sound Velocity of Water a Sound velocimeter must be used. This device measures three environmental parameters that affect the sound velocity, temperature, salinity, and pressure. Salinity is measured on a scale of parts per thousand, this is how many salt molecules there are in every thousand water molecules. The denser the water is, the faster the sound wave moves because sound travels by vibrating molecules. Salinity is measured using an electric shock that goes between another instrument, the better it conducts, the higher the salinity, because salt conducts electricity. Pressure is measured by a much more complex instrument and it varies the entire depth. After those three factors are calculated, they are plugged into an equation, many of which are very complex, however one equation can be used in shallower water where pressure isn’t a large issue, Wilsons Equation for Sound in Water: c=1449.2+4.623T-0.0546T2+1.391×S-35
S = SalinityT = Temperaturec = Sound Velocity in Water
Once c is found it can be plugged into the formula for water depth. This can get much trickier because many factors vary as it gets deeper, temperatures get lower, pressures higher, and salinity varies, all of which affects the sound velocity in turn affecting the first equation. But that is much deeper into the topic and what is covered above is simply the basics, which is mostly done by computers now.
I chose this topic for many reasons but mostly because of my father, who works as a Hydrographic Surveyor. He works with the company Fugro and I even worked there as an office assistant. He also works some time out of the year for the NOAA (National Oceanographic Atmospheric Administration) on the Services Review Panel. Another reason is that this connects what I learned in Physics about sound waves to real life uses. This project helped me to really understand a concept that is not only used in oceanography, but many other things. Transducers are used in many way in our lives one of their most popular and everyday uses being ultrasounds. While most of this math is only used in specific Professions, the same math concepts can be used for various everyday things such as calculating how long it will take you to get to a destination at a specific speed. Although what fascinates me most is the amount of math used in everything we do, I would have never thought of all that goes into simply sailing a boat across a harbor.
Bibliography
Beemster, Cor, Tim Haycock, Peter Jansen, Huibert-Jan Lekkerkerk, Jelle Roders, Robert van der Velden, and Rein de Vries. Handbook of Offshore Surverying Volume 2. London: Skilltrade, 2006.
Carothers, Jeff. Personal interview. 20 May 2012.
United States. National Oceanographic Atmospheric Administration. 17 Nov. 2011. 22 May 2012 <http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/navigation/hydro/>. | https://blablawriting.net/acoustics-in-hydrographic-surveying-essay |
The Need for Self-Determination Skills
All too often, individuals with disabilities are either not aware of the possible life choices they have, or they have a vision that professionals or others dismiss as “unrealistic.” This gap in expectations can be severely limiting for individuals who wish to achieve a goal in life. Self-determination is a concept that acts to close this gap. It includes both the right and capacity of people who have disabilities to exert control over and direct their lives. This concept is also mandated by a number of federal disability policies and legislation. And promoting self-determination has become best practice for supporting those with intellectual and developmental disabilities.
The concept of self-determination has its origins in the field of special education with the writings of Birje, a founder of one of the core foundational concepts of modern human services (normalization) who discussed individuals’ rights to have control over decisions regarding their personal lives and access to information to make those decisions.
Recent research from Michal Wehmeyer and others supports that increased capabilities in self-determination is related to better life outcomes and improved access to employment, housing and relationships, all keys to a self-satisfying life. Supporting research also has demonstrated that the ability and opportunity of individuals with disabilities to shape their chosen outcomes has a positive impact on their future outcomes (Hadre & Reeve, 2003) and overall quality of life (Lachapelle et al., 2005).
But practicing self-determination and being an advocate for one’s one life goals, and for others who might also be underserved or marginalized, requires a foundation of learning and then being able to practice a certain set of related skills. These include self-representation abilities (expressing opinions and preferences, asking questions, uncovering available avenues to pursue, networking, presenting one’s values and skills, etc.), and self-advocacy, as well as understanding disability-related policy, learning about options available, and learning how to confront and overcome practical obstacles.
People with disabilities become more self-determined not only by gaining skills, but also by learning how to use available supports as well as developing new ones. And supports need not be only from disability professionals, but also can include family, friends, neighbors, and other networks based in community participation. Developing this type of network can enable people to be, in the words from the National Gateway to Self-Determination, “the actors in their lives” to make things happen for themselves.
Introduction
Having available training in self-determination becomes crucial for individuals with disabilities to achieve self-fulfillment. In Florida, providing this training can be compounded by the geographic and cultural diversity found in the state.
Through funding from the Florida Developmental Disabilities Council, the Route to Self-Determination project developed a face-to-face training module for individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and their allies to promote and increase knowledge in self-determination.
The central objective of this web site is in response to the following as stated in a Florida Developmental Disabilities Council RFP from 2017:
Many individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities find it challenging to attend training. A self-paced online Train the Trainer module is needed by family members and individuals with intellectual and developmental disabilities and who live in the diverse geographical locations of Florida. Accessible online components will enable the learner to obtain information on the principles of self-determination. | https://routetoselfdetermination.org/about/ |
In 1969, SNCC member and Third World Women’s Alliance founder Francis Beal wrote The Black Women’s Manifesto; Double Jeopardy: To Be Black and Female. While Beal was certainly not the first woman to raise questions about the different ways differently raced women were impacted by sexist oppression, The Black Women’s Manifesto marks the birth of modern intersectional political thought. In The Black Woman’s Manifesto Beal argued that black women were not the women the Moynihan report painted them to be and that they experienced a unique form of economic exploitation because, unlike white middle class women, they had always worked. Beal also argued that black women experienced a unique form of sexual repression because they served as the medical testing ground for the white middle class and that, because aspects of the white women’s movement were not anti-capitalist and anti-racist, aspects of the white women’s movement were irrelevant to the struggle for black women’s liberation.
Over the next forty years women like Audre Lorde, Patricia Hill Collins, bell hooks, and Gloria Anzaldua have followed up with Beal’s project. In recent years, a handful of white feminists have begun to examine the ways in which they as white women are impacted by oppression at different locations within a nexus of oppressions. On the other hand, most men still fail to understand that most of us are both oppressed and advantaged because we live in a society that is patriarchal in addition to being white supremacist and capitalist. Consequently, organizations whose political line utilizes an intersectional analysis are typically led by women.
This past April, I attended the third annual New School University Social Justice Conference, Inter-SEXions, because Kaila Story, an old friend from grad school, was the keynote and I hadn’t seen her in years. The conversation after her keynote was so engaging that I came back on Sunday and had a transformative experience.
Kaila’s keynote was largely personal narrative dealing with the lack of conversation concerning intersecting oppressions in various academic and political spaces she’s been a part of. She shared how, as an undergrad, her white colleagues in women’s studies would call her divisive when she brought up black things and how black men in black studies would call her divisive when she brought up gender and sexuality. She talked about her experience as a faculty member at the University of Louisville and said that her white female colleagues have a hard time with her not only because of her racial presence but also because of her way of dress and age. She urged us to take Audre Lorde’s suggestion that we begin to embrace difference as a place of strength, and not focus on sameness as a prerequisite for political work.
Because what Kaila said made sense, I questioned what her position meant for the way we organize in radical circles. Radical organizers, who have, at some level, all been influenced by Marxism-Leninism, tend to think of the agents of revolution as monolithic groups such as workers, black people, women, gays folks and lesbians, transgender folk, or disabled people. We think of these separate groups as self determining collectives, without paying any attention to the fact that there are black lesbian workers, and think that once they get what they need, we can all get together. There is very little intersecting.
Our support for self-determination is partly selfish. In practice, it’s easier and safer to think about separate groups than struggling across and against them. Historically, the woman’s movement is rife with examples of situations where white women have refused to unpack their racism and learn from the experiences of nonwhite feminists. Consequently, there is no cross race woman’s movement. Black women do their thing, white women do their thing, Chicana’s theirs, Native American women theirs, and Asian women theirs. Given this historical reality, and Kaila’s comments concerning the embrace of difference, I wondered how useful groups were as collectives around which to organize. I asked this question and didn’t really get an answer about organizing but got something far more valuable. Kaila, like myself, confessed that when she is in a room and a white woman says something racist, which prevents the conversation from developing, her first reaction is to say, “Get this motherfucker out the room. They fucking up.” She confessed that this is not an effective response.
She then referenced an earlier session where a young white woman said something racist. Kaila didn’t confront the woman and became angry. She said there was a young white man in the room, Harper, who handled the situation much better than her. Harper said something constructive to the group like, “Well, if she had framed her comment this way, it would have been less offensive,” or “If she had thought about it this way she could have said this.” What he said is not as important as the conclusion I drew from his statement.
Harper’s statement taught me that, to embrace difference— to think intersectionally, we have to let others learn and grow. I have to let old white male leftists in the corner say what it is he has to say, be willing to confront him for trying to make the conversation about his agenda, and then work with him to find an alternative model. In order to do that however, I must be willing to empathize with him.
As an able-bodied, working class white male with academic training, who does not work in the academy, if I want to think intersectionally, it requires a willingness to undergo personal transformation. I must be willing to listen to others, learn from others, and then let that knowledge change the way I see the world, which changes me. This goes for all people who occupy advantageous positions in the nexus of intersecting oppressions. Able bodied people must be transformed through experience of disabled people, white people must be willing to be transformed by the experiences of nonwhite people, men must be willing to be transformed by the experiences of women, straight people must willing to be transformed by the experience of queer folk, and gay folks must be willing to be transformed by trans folk.
This is hard for many reasons. Two reasons are that it requires a high level of personal development and that we be objective. Empathy, one of the hallmarks of practicing love, requires that we be objective. If we are not objective, we can never understand the other’s position and therefore cannot possibly extend ourselves for the purposes of theirs, or our growth. According to Erich Fromm, “The faculty to objectivity is reason; the emotional attitude behind reason is that of humility. To be objective, to use one’s reason, is possible only if one has achieved an attitude of humility, if one has emerged from the dreams of omniscience and omnipotence which one has as a child.” Fromm goes on to say that because love requires the absence of narcissism, in order to practice love, we must practice “the development of humility, objectivity and reason. One’s whole life must be devoted to this aim. Humility and objectivity are indivisible, just as love is. I cannot truly be objective about the stranger, and vice versa. If I want to learn the art of loving, I must strive for objectivity in every situation, and become sensitive to the situations where I am not objective. I must try to see the difference between my picture of his behavior, as it is narcissistically distorted, and the person’s reality as it exists regardless of my interests, needs and fears.
Fromm’s suggestion that I see the difference between my picture of the other’s behavior and their behavior as it exists objectively, detached from my interests, needs and fears, is a prerequisite to thinking intersectionally because intersectional thinking requires that we embrace difference by listening from others experience, learning from that experience, then letting it transform us and the way we see the world. |P
Matthew Birkhold is a Brooklyn based writer and educator. He can be reached at birkhold(at)gmail(dot)com. | https://platypus1917.org/2008/09/01/on-the-corner-intersectionality-and-transformation/ |
CCTV IN A STRATA COMMUNITY: THE BLURRED LINE BETWEEN SECURITY AND PRIVACY
There are many security measures that strata communities can take, and one of the most popular is Closed-Circuit Television (CCTV).
There are many factors to consider if a body corporate intends to install security devices, such as CCTV, in strata buildings. The concerns most commonly raised are:
- The installation of a CCTV device is an invasion of privacy.
- An occupier installs a CCTV camera without body corporate approval.
- Someone wants access to the CCTV footage.
I explore these in more detail.
Invasion of privacy
The starting point for what a body corporate can and cannot do is the Body Corporate and Community Management Act 1997 (Qld) (BCCMA) and the BCCM regulation module that applies to the scheme. But that isn’t always the finishing point. A body corporate is also subject to many other laws.
The BCCM regulation modules empower a body corporate to make improvements to its common property, and the installation of CCTV equipment would constitute an improvement. But that does not mean the power can be exercised without restraint.
Section 227A(1) of the Criminal Code 1899 (Qld) provides that:
A person who observes or visually records another person, in circumstances where a reasonable adult would expect to be afforded privacy—
- without the other person’s consent; and
- when the other person—
- is in a private place; or
- is engaging in a private act and the observation or visual recording is made for the purpose of observing or visually recording a private act;
commits a misdemeanour.
Penalty—
Maximum penalty—3 years imprisonment.
Example—
1 A person changing in a communal change room at a swimming pool may expect to be observed by another person who is also changing in the room but may not expect to be visually recorded.
2 A person who needs help to dress or use a toilet may expect to be observed by the person giving the help but may not expect to be observed by another person.
I won’t be giving a detailed analysis of where CCTV cameras can be positioned so as to avoid exposure under the Criminal Code. Each building is different. But I will illustrate some of the difficulties that can be encountered.
A unit, townhouse, etc, can be a private place. But that isn’t to say that a CCTV camera positioned in such a way as to have an incidental view of an open-air, unfenced front garden forming part of a lot would contravene section 227A(1). But a CCTV camera positioned at height to view down into a fenced, private courtyard area would, in my view, be intruding in a private place. Similarly, justifiable objections will be raised if a CCTV camera has been positioned towards the door of a lot to monitor its coming and goings.
Conventional thinking about common property would have most consider that it is not a private place because it is accessible to everyone. But the example given above shows that this conventional thinking can be perilous. If there is a common property change room, any resident or guest using it would absolutely expect privacy. It doesn’t matter that others could be using it at the same time.
CCTV cameras are an increasingly common feature of strata developments. Many object to them on privacy grounds because they simply don’t want to be monitored. But a key feature of the test is whether the CCTV is capturing footage in circumstances where a reasonable adult would expect to be afforded privacy. That expectation could not be reasonably held in, for example, a common reception or foyer.
An occupier installs the CCTV camera without body corporate approval
Why does the occupier need body corporate approval?
If they are installing the CCTV camera on common property, then they need body corporate approval because they are making an improvement to the common property and the BCCM regulation module requires it in those circumstances.
But the BCCMA and the BCCM regulation modules say nothing about improvements to a lot. So, an owner or occupier will only need body corporate approval to establish CCTV equipment wholly within their lot if the by-laws require it.
Without an empowering by-law, an owner or occupier may use their lot so long as it does not cause a nuisance or hazard, or interfere unreasonably with the use and enjoyment of another lot or the common property – see section 167 of the BCCMA.
A neighbour who establishes a CCTV camera wholly upon their lot, but then positions it to record what is happening on another lot may very well contravene section 167 of the BCCMA. If it is positioned towards a private place in a neighbouring lot, then spare the time and resources of the Commissioner’s Office and consider contacting the Queensland Police Service instead.
Access to the CCTV footage
Herein lies the double-edged sword of establishing and maintaining CCTV equipment on the common property.
Adjudicators have consistently held that CCTV footage captured and stored by electronic means falls within the definition of a body corporate record: see Plantation at Rainbow Accommodation Scheme QBCCMCmr 533 at , particularly footnote 14.
If the body corporate owns the equipment, then it will not matter that the caretaker / building manager is the only one permitted to use it – the footage remains a body corporate record.
Going one step even further, in The Astor Centre QBCCMCmr 345 an adjudicator determined that an audio recording taken of a body corporate meeting is a body corporate record even though the recording device was owned and operated by a body corporate manager.
Interested persons, which includes lot owners, are entitled to inspect body corporate records so long as the requirements of section 205 of the BCCMA are met.
Sometimes lot owners will not be interested in trawling through hours, if not days, of CCTV footage. They may be looking for the footage from a very particular time and date, so will ask for a copy of that. The BCCMA sets a fee of $0.65 per page supplied. That fee isn’t practicable when a copy of electronic footage is being requested. Adjudicators have instead taken a pragmatic approach of requiring the lot owner to supply a digital storage device to hold the record, and even allowing the body corporate to request that its reasonable costs of downloading the footage be paid.
Closing remarks
Security equipment, such as CCTV cameras, is often established with the best intentions: to deter crime, to monitor appropriate use of common property, and to give residents a sense of security. Sometimes, CCTV cameras are put in place to provide evidence of by-law breaches in the hopes of finally catching that persistent offender “in the act”.
But the means does not always justify the end. Careful thought needs to be given to where these devices are positioned and to the expectations of ordinary occupiers.
By Jason Carlson, Partner
This information is intended to provide a general summary only and should not be relied on as a substitute for legal advice. | https://gracelawyers.com.au/cctv-in-a-strata-community-the-blurred-line-between-security-and-privacy/ |
What are the key qualities that make an effective leader?
During our BNC session this week, we talked about qualities that are important for leadership, discussing which of these was the most important and which was the least important.
The qualities we looked at were selflessness (which means that you care about other people over yourself), objectivity (which means that you are able to make decisions fairly without discrimination), integrity (which means acting with honesty and not making decisions based on how they will benefit you), openness (which means making decisions without holding things back), honesty (which means being truthful, regardless of the situation), being a role model (which means that you challenge poor behaviour when you come across it) and accountability (which means that you are ready to answer questions from those that you lead).
We didn’t manage to agree on which quality was most important! I think this is probably because we all admire different things in a leader and, actually, leadership style depends a lot on the situation. Good leaders can adapt to the situation, showing each of these qualities effectively when they need to.
We then tried really hard to think of an example of a leader who has shown all of these qualities. This was a difficult job because it is rare to find somebody who shows all of them all the time. However, we finally settled on Martin Luther King Jr.
- He demonstrated selflessness during his ‘I have a dream’ speech, where he focused on the needs of those around him rather than himself.
- He demonstrated objectivity throughout his time in the spotlight, treating people equally and speaking up to promote equality and to fight against discrimination.
- He demonstrated openness and honesty because he told people the truth (even though they might not have wanted to hear it at the time) and was very clear that he didn’t care about the consequences.
- He demonstrated integrity because he tried to make a difference without violence. He acted with honesty in everything he did and constantly talked about the benefits to others.
- He was a role model because he inspired (and continues to inspire) many people to stand up for what they believed in and to act honestly and openly when sharing their ideas.
- He demonstrated willingness to be accountable during his famous speech. There is also a quote of his that we came across in which he said, ”You are not only responsible for what you say, but also for what you do not say.”
Can you think of any other leaders, past or present, who have demonstrated all of these key qualities? Is it important for leaders to have all of these skills or are some more important than others?
Comments (3)
-
methodical_ocean | Upton Cross Primary School | United Kingdom
16 Jan 2020
I loved your points you have used and also the references like 'I have a dream'Keep up the great work
-
storytelling_frog | Tendring Primary School
24 Jan 2020
i think to be a good leader you need to have selflessness and be a role model
-
versatile_molecule | Hammond Junior School B
30 Jan 2020
A politician should not be too honest. Here is the reasoning behind my argument. A politician should be honest so constituents know what they think about political affairs. For example: Jeremy Corbin stumbled over childcare figures at an interview but did not really admit it, this should not happen. However this does not mean that they should say everything openly. I think this because somethings could be seen as hurtful and as a result the politician could get bombarded by the media, some people will not vote for that person and a lasting impression will be left. I will provide examples to support my answer. Donald Trump said this: 'If Hillary Clinton can't satisfy her husband, what makes her think she can satisfy America.' He also called Hillary 'heartless Hillary' He obviously felt this way but he should not have tweeted that on social media. Boris Johnson called Muslim women something incredibly hurtful in his journal that would get published, he should not have done this, he could have kept his feelings to himself, he should not have told the truth about what he thought they looked like.
In conclusion, politicians should be honest because then the public know what their views are but should not be too honest and say things that could be seen as hurtful.
You must be logged in with Student Hub access to post a comment. Sign up now! | https://talk.economistfoundation.org/projects/politicians-and-power/the-discussion/what-are-the-key-qualities-that-make-an-effective-leader/ |
In this episode, I interview Corey Dennis, Director of Privacy and Counsel at Pharmaceutical Product Development in North Carolina. Corey talks about his transition from an associate focused on litigation to in-house corporate counsel and how he leveraged his expertise in privacy to make this transition.
I speak to a lot of lawyers about their careers and over the years, I have seen a number of themes. One recurring theme is that many lawyers express interest in transitioning into in-house roles. In-house is seen as a place where a lawyer can become more part of the “team”. It is also perceived as an opportunity for better work/life balance. Whether this is actually true is a good subject for debate but it remains a goal of many lawyers in private practice.
For corporate transactional lawyers, there is a path to in-house that seems clear and we have spoken about this in other episodes of Counsel to Counsel. But for litigators, the path is less obvious. Litigation is a service that many corporations outsource. While some companies regularly handle litigation in-house, there are fewer direct opportunities to apply these skills in a corporate environment.
Corey Dennis is someone who has successfully made this transition and he did it by establishing himself as an expert in privacy.
Since 2013, he has worked for PPD, a global contract research organization provides clinical research, laboratory, and related services to leading biopharma and medical device companies. But prior to that, Corey was an associate at midsized and boutique law firms in Massachusetts focusing on corporate litigation, compliance, and employment law. He is a graduate of Suffolk University School of Law.
Why don’t we start by talking about your current role. What do you do for PPD on a daily basis?
Sure. I’ll start by giving a bit further background on my company.
PPD manages clinical research for pharma and medical device companies seeking to bring therapeutics to market, from small start-ups and biotechs to the largest pharma companies in the world. This includes clinical trial monitoring, conducting clinical trials, patient recruitment, laboratory testing, and post-approval/real-world evidence consulting services. We are a large organization of 21,000 employees in 48 countries. As you can imagine, this is a highly regulated industry, which is complex and evolving; to succeed in it, you must be analytical, collaborative, adaptable, and business savvy.
At PPD, I’m responsible for managing global data protection compliance, specifically focusing on the U.S./North America, Latin America, and Europe. After being promoted to the Director level in 2017, I took on additional responsibility, and am now managing a team of three attorneys reporting to me, who are based in the U.S. and Spain.
My role involves monitoring legislative developments and building/maturing our global privacy program in response to those developments. I work closely with our Chief Privacy Officer, based in the UK, who has been working in the field for over 20 years. I develop policies/procedures, training programs, and guidance to ensure compliance with the challenging regulatory framework in this space, manage privacy-related M&A diligence, and manage other privacy-related issues, such as security incidents.
PPD also offers an EU Data Protection Representative Services to our clients, which is akin to a compliance-oriented consulting service to ensure compliance with EU privacy laws. My group spends quite a bit of time focused on this, and EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) related issues generally.
GDPR and global privacy law compliance has been a challenge for companies in our industry as well as industry wide. Suffice it to say, we’ve been very busy and there’s never a dull moment in this space.
I enjoy working in a challenging field, collaborating with bright and dedicated colleagues throughout the world in a growing and highly successful company, and being focused on the mission of improving health and helping our clients to deliver life-changing therapies.
I also enjoy being a subject matter expert in a niche area, and the challenge of staying on top of an evolving regulatory environment.
I’m fortunate that I’m able to use my subject matter expertise to help solve complex legal, compliance, and business issues, and ultimately facilitate our mission of improving health while helping the company to operate in a compliant, successful, and ethical manner.
Why is privacy such an important issue to life sciences companies and companies in other industries as well?
The concepts of privacy and healthcare privacy in particular are not new, dating back as far as ancient times to the Hippocratic oath. What has changed over time, especially in the past 10 years, is that the regulatory framework in this space has rapidly evolving, in part in an attempt to keep up with the new technologies and greater uses of personal information.
There are many reasons why privacy is so important for companies, the most obvious being the need to remain compliant with law and avoid significant fines and liability. Data breaches have been a major area of risk/liability for companies for many years, and the risk of resulting litigation and regulatory enforcement continues to increase. The EU GDPR brought this prominently to the attention of c-suites and boards of directors, given the potential for fines of up to 4% of global revenue.
For many companies, it’s important to focus efforts on privacy to ensure customer trust and maintain a strong reputation from a PR perspective. Privacy-related issues, such as security breaches, tend to diminish consumer trust, company reputation and good will, so it is critical to invest in compliance and ensure a mature program is in place.
What are some examples of challenging privacy issues you confront in your current job?
We face a number of challenging issues in our day to day work. Prior to the EU GDPR becoming effective on May 25, 2018, we spent many months preparing.
After May 25 came and went, there was a brief moment of respite, but we soon saw a new set of challenges in relation to other new laws enacted globally, including the recently enacted General Data Protection Law in Brazil and California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (effective January 2020). These laws have brought significant challenges, not only in matters of legal interpretation, but also simply due to the volume of work and resourcing (e.g., vendor diligence, contract review).
I also spend a lot of time on privacy/security diligence for M&A deals. I’m fortunate that PPD has grown through several strategic acquisitions over the past few years. These have been challenging from a resourcing and time-management perspective, but have been very interesting and rewarding experiences.
What are some of the things you do beyond work to build your reputation as a subject matter expert?
I’m actively involved in groups and associations in both the privacy and pharma/clinical research fields, including the Association of Clinical Research Organizations (ACRO) and the International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP). I regularly publish articles and speak at events on privacy and data security developments.
I obtained a certification in information privacy for the US in 2012 (CIPP/US), and for Europe in 2018. These have helped in terms of demonstrating the required subject matter expertise in this field.
I’ll be speaking on a panel on the extraterritorial applicability of the GDPR—i.e., in what circumstances the law applies to U.S. companies and what they should do about that—at the IAPP Global Summit conference in early May, along with a good group of co-panelists: Ruby Zefo (CPO of Uber), Ed McNicholas (Sidley Austin), and Felicity Fisher (FieldFisher). This is a very important and challenging topic, which is relevant to many companies, so it should be interesting.
What did you do when you were in private practice? Where did you work?
I started my legal career as a law clerk in the Connecticut Superior Court, working on behalf of a panel of judges. This was a great learning experience and transition from the academic environment of law school to the law firm world.
I was first exposed to data privacy/security law when practicing employment law at Skoler Abbott Presser, which is a boutique management-side employment law firm based in western Massachusetts, with a national practice. When the Massachusetts data security regulations (which were the strictest state regs imposing data security measures generally) were coming into effect back in 2009-2010, our clients had many questions on privacy/security compliance, and I quickly learned how to provide solid advice in this area, at a time when there was little guidance on interpretation for them.
I later practiced litigation defense with firms in Boston, but continued to hone my expertise in data privacy compliance, regularly publishing and speaking on the topic, until I ultimately made the transition to in-house privacy at PPD nearly 6 years ago in October 2013.
How is your role now different than when you were in private practice? How is the day to day rhythm different?
No billable hours—that about sums it up. But in all seriousness, in-house roles can be demanding and challenging just as law firm roles are. In private practice, you have the pressures brought on by billable hours as a young associate, and later, for business development.
The day to day challenges when in-house in a global company include meeting time-sensitive business/legal objectives (e.g., urgent contract review and M&A deals), navigating the complexity of a highly matrixed corporate environment, and working with global colleagues (of different time zones and cultures), at times with limited resources. Work life balance and job security tend do to be better in-house.
Which environment is preferred will depend on the person, but I think most, including myself, tend to prefer in-house.
When you were thinking about making the transition to an in-house role, were you consciously thinking that privacy could be a good bridge?
Yes—I would say so. I was very interested in transitioning into the privacy field, and I knew that much of the challenging and interesting work in the privacy was being done inhouse (and this has turned out to be true), so this transition was ideal for me.
Are there other skills you tried to develop while in private practice?
I practiced primarily litigation while in private practice, and I’ve found that the skills I learned have been very helpful inhouse as well. I do handle some litigation matters now, so these skills have been useful there, and are also helpful in evaluating legal risk/liability and making risk-based judgment calls on important issues.
While in private practice, I was also involved in business development activities, including publishing articles on legal developments and speaking at seminars; these skills have also served me well in my career.
When you were ready to make a move, how did you conduct your search?
Primarily online. Networking is certainly important in any job search for a number of reasons; you will gain valuable advice, meet professionals/contacts in your field, and it will help you to better understand your career goals and objectives. But, at least in my case, I found the position itself online and applied through that channel.
Corey, we are just about out of time, are there any parting pearls of wisdom you’d like to share with our audience?
Well, in terms of career advice, I would reiterate the common advice that hard work, dedication, and developing a focused area of interest in a marketable area are important. Research your areas of interest, network with professionals in those areas, and try to find a position where you’ll get some experience in your chosen field, over time building your resume, credentials, and reputation.
The legal field has become more competitive in the last couple decades, so it’s important to find a marketable niche or focus on a growing industry. For me, developing a niche expertise in the growing areas of privacy and healthcare/pharma/clinical research has been useful in my career development. So, look for growing niche areas.
Aside from that, a lawyer’s role as a business partner and consultant has become more important than in the past, so be prepared to demonstrate that you have not only analytical legal skills, but also can succeed in a business capacity.
Corey, I want to thank you for taking the time to speak with me today. If anyone in our audience has follow up questions, how can they reach you?
Thank you Steve. I enjoyed the discussion with you today and hope it will be helpful to others. I’d be happy to address questions and can be reached at [email protected].
This has been the CounseltoCounsel Podcast with Stephen Seckler. We’ll be back soon with additional episodes to help you sort out your own career and marketing questions.
Until then, thank for listening and please feel free to reach out with any comments to [email protected] . If you like this show, please review us on iTunes. | https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/seckler-legal-recruiting-and-coaching/counsel-to-counsel |
The Marine Museum of the Great Lakes at Kingston endeavors to connect people with the maritime heritage of Kingston and the Great Lakes by collecting, preserving and interpreting material and artifacts related to the maritime history of the region. We are the owners of a national historic site - the Kingston Dry Dock - that we will be moving back to this year once property repairs are completed. The Museum is a Canadian Heritage designated 'Category A' museum that has demonstrated the ability to ensure the long-term preservation of Canadian Cultural Property that is deemed of 'outstanding significance and national importance'. | https://marmuseum.ca/about/our-future/9-uncategorised/193-job-opportunities |
,
Haverford's
, or
Swarthmore's
library websites for additional resources during COVID-19.
Tri-College Libraries
Research Guides
Previous Semester Courses
PEAC 071B: Strategy and Nonviolent Struggle (SC)
Social Media
Search this Guide
Search
PEAC 071B: Strategy and Nonviolent Struggle (SC)
Peace Studies / Sociology / Political Science 71B: Lee Smithey - Spring 2019
Home
How to Find Research (Books, Articles)
News Databases
TV & Radio News
Social Media
Tips: Broken Links + Web Archives
Tips: Organizing Your Research
Tips: Many Words for Protest
Tips: Advanced Google Searching
Recommended Sources on Nonviolent Action
More: Finding Statistics & Data
Still stuck? (more strategies)
Other Research Guides
Social media - tools
Social Media Research Tools
Explore a topic, term, or hashtag:
Social Media Analysis Toolkit (SMAT)
Take a search term and visualize how often it appeared on Twitter, Reddit, 4chan, and 8kun. Find popular hashtags related to search terms. (Open-source project supported by the Mozilla Foundation.)
twXplorer (Knight Lab)
TwXplorer helps you understand what people are talking about on Twitter. Search for a word or phrase and twXplorer shows you:
• Most commonly used words and hashtags
• Frequently shared links.
more...
less...
Requires a Twitter account
Social Shares: Track Links
Count shares of a link across Facebook, Pinterest, LinkedIn, and Buffer
(Note: try both http:// and https:// - these will get different results.)
TalkWalker Social Search
Search for a particular keyword or hashtag and identify mentions of it across some social platforms and news outlets
Identify trends and popular stories
AlgoTransparency (Youtube)
Identifies the most recommended videos on YouTube based on a given search - choose from pre-selected popular topics
Trends24
Lists the top trending topics on Twitter every hour; lets you focus on a specific country or city
TrendsMap
Visually browse Twitter trends by location
Note: One-week free trial (no credit-card needed)
Tag Sleuth
Create a report including posts matching a certain hashtag from Instagram, Tumblr, or Twitter (requires free 3-day trial)
How-To & Data Journalism Resources
Data Driven Journalism
Useful analysis and context for data journalism work. Covers current issues in data journalism (e.g.
political bots
). Highlights award-winning reporting and projects (e.g.
European Press Prize- 5 shortlisted stories
.)
Learn how to
analyze social media ads
and
spot bots
from the
Verification Handbook
.
Global Investigative Journalism Network: Data Journalism
Features visualizations, analysis, and award-winning data journalism from around the world.
Using social media to find the news
Excellent guide from FirstDraft.
Walks you through effective ways to find content from Twitter, Facebook, and other platforms
Web Literacy for Student Fact-Checkers
Handbook for critically evaluating what you read online.
Learn how to
track the source of viral photos
,
find out when a page was published
, and
use reverse image search
.
<<
Previous:
TV & Radio News
Next:
Tips: Broken Links + Web Archives >>
Subjects:
Peace & Conflict Studies
,
Political Science
, | https://guides.tricolib.brynmawr.edu/c.php?g=285235&p=6585408 |
Learning to navigate the challenges in a constructive and beneficial manner produces a confident, well-adjusted person. I provide complementary therapy approaches to improve overall functioning to couples and individuals.
My experience is preparing couples for marriage, helping couples identify critical areas of need and resolution as well as individuals transitioning to single life after divorce. Whether it is repairing the damage of an affair, blended family issues, or you can't understand how your spouse became your roommate, understanding your core issues is step one. Life transitions impact our daily functioning and the stress may be overwhelming. Understanding the challenges, behavior patterns, and developing a plan for improved functioning will decrease the stress that often leads to depression and anxiety.
A special area of treatment includes individuals suffering from chronic health conditions, including infertility. I have extensive experience and research working with women suffering from unexplained infertility, endometriosis and other reproductive associated illnesses. Have your bundle of joy now and suffering from overwhelming feelings due to new responsibilities and trying to manage your new life as a parent? Learning new ways to handle this transition will help you manage your emotions. Happier and Healthier.
If you are looking for support and guidance for challenging situations contact Van Pelt Counseling Center. | https://www.vanpeltcounselingcenter.com/ |
Trainer:
Becky Russell, LPC/MHSP
Dates/Time:
Friday and Saturday, September 16 and 17, 2022
8:00 AM – 5:00 PM, Central Standard Time (Chicago Time)
Location of Training: ONLINE Live Streaming
Training Description: In this two-day training, participants will learn how to conceptualize and utilize The Comprehensive Resource Model® relevant to developmental stages in Children and Adolescents.
Participants must have completed the Basic CRM Training, where they will have learned the CRM® Conceptualization of powerful interventions needed to effectively work with the most fragile populations in the therapeutic setting.
Learning Objectives:
- Understand how/where to begin when utilizing CRM® with Children, Adolescents, and Caregivers, as well as how to implement CRM® across the developmental spectrum.
- Understand how to combine the language of children (expression through art, play, sand tray) with CRM® Resource Scaffolds.
- Learn developmentally appropriate terminology for effective use of CRM® resourcing and process work with Children and Adolescents
- Understand how to facilitate attachment work with Children/Adolescents and their Caregivers from a CRM® perspective; and also within Children/Adolescents when a Caregiver is not available.
Prerequisite: In order to attend this training, you must have completed the CRM® Basic Training. | https://comprehensiveresourcemodel.com/event/september-16-17-2022-using-the-comprehensive-resource-model-with-children-and-adolescents/ |
What kind of mindset does the proactive, interventionist foreign policy of the U.S. government require? Eight characteristics are fundamental, and each one conflicts with liberal values. This approach to foreign policy contains an inherent tension. Its adherents claim a commitment to liberal values but successfully implementing the strategy requires, attracts, and reinforces a mentality fundamentally at odds with those values. We discuss the defining characteristics of the interventionist mindset and how the adoption of this mentality is incentivized by government bureaus which reward those who successfully implement the government’s foreign policy strategy. Those who rise to the top will tend to be those who are most comfortable and willing to engage in illiberal behaviors toward foreign populations. | https://ppe.mercatus.org/publications/economics-and-public-policy/empire-state-mind |
No matter how much you prevent and prepare for medical emergencies, it is during these chaotic times when competent and timely care from trained paramedics plays a crucial part in saving lives and preventing complications which may be equally lethal. Paramedics are the most highly trained professionals who administer pre-hospital medical care and life-support services to individuals who are either injured or sick. Because the chances of one’s survival and the level one’s recovery greatly depend on the skills and judgment of a paramedic, appropriate education and training is required before one can be admitted to this highly dynamic profession.
Paramedic programs are offered by technical schools and community colleges. The program is usually completed after one to two years of training and education, and may result in an associate’s degree. Before admission, students are required to obtain an EMT-Basic certification. A course in anatomy and physiology is a pre- or a co-requisite before entry is usually required by paramedic colleges and schools. Preparatory courses may include classes in EMS systems, illness and injury prevention, medical/legal issues, ethics, life span development, medication administration, therapeutic communication and pharmacology. Paramedic classes focusing on airway management and ventilation, patient assessment, trauma, specific body systems, toxicology, obstetrics and gynecology, infectious disease and psychiatry are also included. Courses that emphasize on assessment-based management operations, such as ambulance operations, medical incident command, hazardous materials incidents and rescue awareness and operations are incorporated into the program as well. In addition to didactic and skills laboratory courses, students are required to complete certain number of hours in clinical education conducted in hospitals and field environments. After completion, students are evaluated through field internship. It is during this stage of the paramedic program that the knowledge and skills of potential paramedics are evaluated to determine whether or not they are qualified to function as paramedics at an entry level.
Anyone who has the passion to save lives and desires of having a rewarding occupation should consider starting a career as a paramedic. In addition to having the chance to make a difference, the job outlook of paramedics in the next 5 to 7 years is favorable, especially those employed in local governments and in metropolitan areas. The growth of demand for paramedics is expected to increase by 9% between 2008 and 2018. The increasing demand for paramedics is mainly due to the expanding aging population. Those included in the baby boom generation are aging, consequently increasing the number of emergency medical situations directly or indirectly caused by aging. The number of emergency situations necessitating immediate medical attention, such as falls, trauma, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases and other chronic illnesses. In addition, because of the changing health care system, the increasing shortage of health care professionals in emergency departments and the increasing number of medical facilities directing towards specialized care, the length of time devoted by paramedics per patient increases. This further increases the need for paramedics to respond to the increasing number of medical emergencies.
In 2008, about 210,700 emergency medical technicians and paramedics are employed in the United States. The opportunities for career advancement are great and favorable for paramedics. With further training, paramedics can become operations managers, supervisors, administrative directors and executive directors of institutions that provide emergency services. Some paramedics may obtain additional paramedic programs and training to become registered nurses or physicians. | http://www.medicalcareerbook.com/paramedic/paramedic-course-online/ |
Sometime in the mid-2020s, the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) telescope is expected to deliver its first science data. When completed, it will be the largest scientific instrument ever built, spanning thousands of kilometres and two continents. It is expected to collect so much data that entirely new computer technologies will need to be invented to process it all. But for some, the greatest benefit will not be the science questions that it answers, but the investments in countries across Africa that are required to build it in the first place. The supporting infrastructure alone will provide new roads, electricity and Internet access to millions of people for the first time, and thousands of local engineers and technicians will be trained and directly involved in creating brand new technologies that are essential for the project’s success.
The SKA is going to be the world’s most sensitive radio telescope, able to observe the universe in fine details across multiple wavelengths. The name comes from the total collecting area of one square kilometre, but rather than try to create a single enormous dish, the designers opted to construct a vast array of thousands of smaller dishes and antennae. The different types of receiver will be sensitive to different radio bands, with some listening to the low frequencies commonly used by commercial radio and television stations, and others looking in higher frequency microwave bands. The different bands reveal different aspects of the universe, in a similar way to how infrared cameras reveal a different view of the world to colour cameras that see visible light.
But ultra-large radio telescopes already exist, like the 305 meter Arecibo telescope in Puerto Rico, or the 500meter FAST telescope in Guizhou, China. Their telescopes are the current sensitivity champions, in their given bands, but they do have certain limitations. For starters, a radio dish has to hold a very precise shape for it to work, and the only way to build such enormous dishes is to bury them in the ground. Both Arecibo and FAST were built in natural depressions in the ground, and are fixed in place – they are aimed by waiting for the Earth’s rotation to point them in roughly the right direction. They also have limited resolution – radio waves do not focus as finely as visible light, so radio telescopes need to be many thousands of times wider than their optical equivalents to achieve the same sharpness.
Fortunately, it is possible to improve a radio telescope’s aperture by dividing it into many smaller receivers, which can then be distributed as widely as needed. Their signals are then combined through a process called “baseline interferometry” to synthesize an image as if it were created by a single telescope as wide as the distance between the actual receivers. One of the largest examples of this is the Event Horizon Telescope, an array assembled from radio telescopes all over the Earth, to synthesize a virtual telescope the size of the entire planet. SKA will not have as wide a baseline as this, but the higher density of receivers, the enormous total surface area, and the wide range of bands in which it can see will make it the most powerful radio telescope ever built.
The original SKA design called for a single array, to be built in a suitable location. The area needed to be radio-quiet, meaning that it had to be relatively unpopulated, and the search for a home eventually came down to a decision between the Karoo in South Africa, and a remote region in Western Australia. Both countries made strong cases for being the host country, so the decision was eventually made to divide the array by function, with the low-frequency parts being built in Australia, and the remainder being built in Southern Africa. Dividing the telescope like this adds to the logistical and infrastructure challenges of its construction, but adds the advantage of allowing it to observe the same target for almost 24 hours at a time – as the Earth rotates and a target sets below the horizon in Australia, it becomes visible in Africa, and the telescope can continue observing.
The Australian site is in Murchison, near the western coast of Australia and several hundred kilometres north of Perth. The African site is centred near Carnarvon in the Northern Cape province of South Africa, extending into Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia and Zambia.
The central portion of the SKA’s African site will be built 90km from Carnarvon, a small Karoo town supporting local sheep farmers. Carnarvon, and other towns in the region, have already benefited from infrastructure improvements needed to build the SKA, such as improved roads, more reliable electricity, and access to very high-speed broadband Internet.
However, Not all locals are embracing the project. Many farmers are concerned that the large amounts of land which have been purchased by the SKA and which are no longer available for farming will impact their livelihoods. And the Astronomy Geographic Act, which allows the government to place restrictions on radio broadcast activity within a certain range of radio telescope equipment, is also a matter of concern for the widely distributed population who rely on the radio spectrum in their daily lives.
For this reason, SKA management realises how important it is to build strong relationships with the local communities living in the area where the dishes will be built, and are making a concerted effort to provide jobs and education to local residents. Schools have been upgraded with modern computer centres, Bursaries have been awarded to local students studying science and engineering, and over R420 million (about USD 29 million) has been invested in the region so far.
Although the final design of the SKA is still being completed, it is already returning groundbreaking science data. As part of their bids to host the SKA, both South Africa and Australia built precursor telescopes to demonstrate their ability to complete such a large and sophisticated engineering project. South Africa built the eight dish Karoo Array Telescope (KAT), later upgraded to the 32 dish MeerKAT telescope, and Australia built the Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope. Both will eventually be incorporated into the full SKA telescope. Although each has only a small fraction of the eventual power of the finished telescope, they are world-leading instruments which are already revealing aspects of our galaxy which had never been seen before.
And when the final phase of construction is completed and the SKA is fully operational? History shows that while the project has a well-defined list of science goals, the real benefit will come from new discoveries in areas that could not have been anticipated. And the host countries will reap the practical benefits of having contributed to the development of the entirely new technologies underpinning the telescope itself, for decades to come.
© Space in Africa 2020All rights reserved. Any redistribution or reproduction of part or all of the contents in any form is prohibited. You may not, except with our express written permission, distribute or commercially exploit the content. Nor may you transmit it or store it in any other website or other forms of electronic retrieval system.
New Report: The African space economy is now worth USD 7 billion and is projected to grow at a 7.3% compound annual growth rate to exceed USD 10 billion by 2024. Read the executive summary of the African Space Industry Report - 2019 Edition to learn more about the industry. You can order the report online.
Allen Versfeld is a science writer, an amateur astronomer and a consulting cloud technologist. He has been writing on space and astronomy since 2009, and is the host and producer of the Urban Astronomer Podcast. Allen lives in a major South African city, where he likes to complain about the steady increase in light pollution. | https://africanews.space/ska-africa-what-the-worlds-biggest-telescope-means-for-africas-development/ |
Topic : Medical field research paper topics.
Author : .
Published : Tue, Nov 26th 2019 16:34 PM.
Format : jpg/jpeg.
How to choose bedding for the guest bedroom must be carefully thought about so as not to clash colors. If the walls in the bedroom are painted a pale color and the curtains have a print on them. A nice soft color for the bedding would be suitable for instance if there is a pink theme in the room then try different shades of pink for the bedding. The scatter cushions on top try a richer deeper pink so they complement each other.
Studies show that ideally, beds need to be replaced every 10 years, which means they should be able to last and serve you well for that duration and if possible even more. When choosing and buying the best beds, comfort and support are the absolutely essential factors to consider. More than just the mattress and the bed base, being comfortable is important to the overall health of your mind and body. If you are sharing the bed with your partner, husband or wife, then it is all the more important that you choose wisely and not hastily.
Also browse through some magazines for ideas before decorating the room. There is also the option before purchasing any fabrics, try and obtain some swatches of fabric or may be buy a cheep cushion of a color that you like. This way you will get some idea of the colors that you like before spending a lot of money only to find at the end you made the wrong choice. Because of the lighting in many stores what may seem your dream color in the store may later on inspection at home can look totally different. | http://www.rosemarygemmell.com/medical-research-paper-topics/effect-of-community-based-behavior-change-communication-on-medical-laboratory-research-paper-t/ |
The 20th edition of the International Street Festival ‘Cest is d’Best’ will be held this year in the Croatian capital Zagreb from 26 May – 5 June 2016.
The festival, which was first held in 1997, will see around 700 street entertainers from around the globe, including clowns, trumpet players, musicians, dancers, jugglers, and acrobats, will entertain locals and tourists daily on 6 stages, bringing over 300 hours of laughter at a number of locations around the city centre.
One of the highlights this year will again be the annual Street Cleaners Race, where city centre rubbish collectors are put through their paces in a test of their speed and expertise in a race around Zagreb’s main square.
Cest is d’ Best, by the Kings of the Street, is an international multimedia street festival, which preserves Zagreb’s identity, livens city streets and squares, bringing them back charm and optimism. It erases the borders between the established forms of culture and alternative culture, brings closer all generations of citizens through various cultural preferences because each and one of them can take part in the programme. | https://www.croatiaweek.com/croatias-oldest-street-festival-cest-is-dbest-to-celebrate-20th-edition/ |
|Students from ten universities in Africa including some from Uganda will converge at the Rhodes University in Grahamstown, South Africa from March 29 to April 1, to take part in 2016 European Law Students Association (ELSA) African Regional Round Moot Court Competition on WTO Law.
|
The ELSA Moot Court Competition is a simulation of a WTO panel proceeding, and the competition is student-run, organized annually by ELSA in co-operation with the WTO.
This year, the third African Regional Round will have ten universities from Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda gather to compete against each other and the best three teams will qualify for the world finals taking place at the headquarters of the WTO in Geneva, Switzerland in June 2016. Participation of the teams in the African Regional Round is generously sponsored by the African Trade Policy Centre of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, as well as other local, regional, and international donors.
‘The purpose of this initiative is to support the continuing participation of African universities in a student competition designed to enhance knowledge of international trade law and WTO dispute settlement procedures, with a view to enhancing capacity in Africa in the long term, a release by the Africa Press Organisation, on behalf of the organisers, states.
Stories Continues after ad
it adds: ‘Through this competition the participants will gain invaluable experience as a supplement to their university degree. By practicing and seeing for themselves how the WTO dispute mechanism works they will have a great insight and advantage for later career purposes’.
“Though the organization of the African Regional Round, ELSA is fulfilling its social responsibility throughout the students worldwide, providing them with life time chance to make their dreams about the international career come true,“ said Ada Gawrysiak, Vice President for Moot Court Competitions, ELSA International. | https://eagle.co.ug/2016/03/14/uganda-varsity-students-for-sa-law-competition.html |
Innovation is the application of scientific, design, and mechanical principles to solve issues and make things far better. In the onset of human being, technical advancements were the result of individual experience, and strategies were passed down via generations. Today, technical developments are discovered in a wide array of areas. Broad city areas and mechanized transportation are one of the most visible effects of modern-day technology, as are high-rise buildings. Even medication has actually been changed with technical developments. While this may appear counterproductive, it is a typical method for people to boost their lifestyle.
The development of innovation is based upon lots of concepts. Initially, there are those that believe that modern technology began with human beings. These individuals and also teams typically make and also make use of tools that are adjusted to their needs. However, these breakthroughs do not necessarily cause brand-new innovations. While people do have technical advancements, they do not always generate them themselves. The advancement of these tools has likewise brought about a requirement for more sources, consisting of energy resources. Some innovation has actually been made use of by animals that are not human. InventHelp idea
One more sort of technology consists of advanced equipment. The advancement of modern technology in various areas has changed the means humans live. It enables us to connect and produce items, and it has actually transformed the method we work. And also it has actually made it possible to enhance our lives via a selection of methods. And it has assisted us endure in the past, in addition to get ready for the future. In the case of science, innovation is the process of using expertise to complete something.
The development of innovation was not straight. Scientists established new techniques of communicating and also computing, as well as these discoveries have actually influenced the means we live our lives. Whether a technology is created on a tiny range or big range, it involves individuals and also the setting. A suggested brand-new innovation will need people as well as resources, which will call for energy to generate and run. And it will generate waste materials. The advancement of a new innovation will certainly additionally develop a demand for new technologies.
Besides its practical applications, technology can likewise be a term for methods and also other types of source incorporating. The term innovation is typically made use of to explain the state of expertise in an area, as well as it includes a range of tools as well as processes. Its applications vary from hand devices to equipment to automobiles. Some are likewise the result of scientific research and design. An innovation is the mix of these methods to satisfy a demand and enhance an element of human life.
In addition to being a collection of methods, technology likewise consists of the expertise and also skills of people. The innovation of agricultural innovations has transformed the way we live, while modifications in sanitation as well as avoidance have actually added to the surge of human populations. The growth of weapons has additionally changed culture. In some cultures, innovation has developed brand-new ways to connect as well as produce points. As an example, it is the resource of lots of work. Using technical resources has transformed our day-to-days live. how to invent new ideas
An innovation can be a skill that is used by people. As an example, an adult gorilla uses a branch to walk over water. It also uses a branch as a walking stick as well as actions water deepness. Various other forms of innovation are stemmed from the experiments of humans and are continuously boosting. While it’s vital to recognize current modern technologies as well as their effects, a technically smart society will certainly be extra efficient and reliable.
There are various interpretations of modern technology. The term is sometimes utilized in an academic context to refer to a particular area of knowledge. In its many fundamental sense, innovation describes the production and also use of tools and also processes. It also defines the way in which individuals make points. Besides making tools, modern technologies additionally include utensils. Several of these devices serve for farming and also various other markets. They serve for protecting food and also various other items.
There are lots of kinds of technology. There are numerous write-ups that take care of details elements of this topic. A basic definition is that of a specific tool. An equipment, on the other hand, is a tool constructed from a material. The term technology is used to refer to any kind of tool, or to a particular procedure. For example, a tool is a device that is utilized for a job. In a similar way, a technical device might be a maker that makes the process less complicated.
Some individuals think that technology is a necessary evil. While innovation has its advantages, it is often linked with numerous unfavorable effects. It is not uncommon for a technology to make life a hellhole for a human. As an example, a kid might inadvertently kill a parent. A kid may be contaminated with an infection that can cause permanent injury to a human. However a technical advancement can lead to a better life.
Along with software application, a computer can also be a device for an individual. For example, a gorilla uses a branch to guide himself as well as to discover food. Various other pets have used similar innovation to do their work. It is not uncommon for a monkey to use a stay with evaluate the deepness of a swimming pool. After that there are the sandhill cranes. A gorilla might be a danger, however it is not a dangerous animal.
In 1937, Read Bain specified innovation as “all the methods whereby people could combine resources in different ways.” He defined it as “all the materials we use to make points.” This is the typical meaning of the term in a dictionary. This meaning consists of any type of device used to make something, consisting of the human body. A robot can also be a technology. Agricultural modern technologies are an instance of innovation. Some pets are utilized to expand plants as well as to ranch.
The first devices we utilize to make our lives easier and easier are called technologies. Besides using devices and also machines, human beings additionally utilize various other modern technology to develop structures and to make our lives easier. Actually, they are an excellent instance of innovation. The human race was the very first to make use of devices, and later to create instruments that we can utilize to make our lives much more comfy. The body has a terrific ability to adjust to transform, as well as innovation is no various. how do i patent an idea
In the last couple of years, innovation has actually come to be a valuable tool in our lives. We use it daily, yet it has definitions for us. It has ended up being an essential part of our lives, from our residences to our tasks. It is also a vital part of our individual and professional lives. A much deeper understanding of technology can assist us improve our lives or seek a job in this area. So, if you are interested in modern technology, it can help you to understand exactly how it affects our lives. | https://toppest123.com/2022/03/03/new-words-concerning-modern-technology-that-will-turn-your-world-upside-down/ |
Use the Tab and Up, Down arrow keys to select menu items.
This course provides intensive training in the foundational skills and knowledge required for communicating news and information to various publics. Students will learn how to conduct effective research and develop writing and multimedia skills to produce engaging digital content. Students also gain knowledge of their ethical responsibilities, and learn to critically reflect on their news and media practice. The course combines analytical skills with practical experience, including fieldwork opportunities and a final work placement, to help consolidate the links between theory and practice, and develop independence in professional work.
This course is a core paper in the Postgraduate Diploma in Journalism. It aims at preparing graduates for significant careers in the media through intensive training in newsgathering and writing, research and analysis, and multimedia skills. We aim to produce highly competent and multi-skilled professionals who think critically about standards and, each year, most, if not all, of our graduates win jobs in top newsrooms and in social and online media roles with various government and corporate organisations.JOUR401 has a strong emphasis on practical work and we maintain a close relationship with the profession through our many guest lecturers. You will report for local newsrooms and contribute to a range of media, including radio station RDU 98.5 and our own digital news outlet, The Record. In addition, you may be sent on work placement in the June break (see below).
The successful completion of this course enables you to develop the critical insight, writing, reporting and multimedia skills, and flexibility needed to excel in a rapidly changing media world. By the end of this course, you are expected to be able to gather news and information expertly using a range of tools, including social media, to report news and information with speed and accuracy across different media platforms, including the web and radio, and to critically reflect on your own practice. You are expected to demonstrate: Personal Attributesa high standard of communication skillsindependent judgmentorganisation and time management skills, including an ability to work under pressure and meet deadlinescomputer technology skills, including an ability to use and critically evaluate new media and digital tools a critical knowledge of news and current affairsan ability to locate, critically evaluate and use information in a range of contextsself-reflection and critical evaluation of your own practiceInteractive Attributesan ability to work effectively and collaboratively with others to plan and produce newsan ability to relate to and communicate with people from a range of backgrounds, including journalism professionals Specific Programme Attributesan ability to independently and effectively gather and research news an ability to write and edit journalism across a range of styles and platforms to recognised industry standardsstrong research and investigative skills, including the retrieval and critical analysis of information from a range of sources using a range of toolsan ability to conduct interviews to a recognised industry standardeffective use of digital, audio and visual technologiesan ability to reflect critically on journalism practice a critical understanding of journalism within its social, cultural and international contexts
Subject to approval of the PGDipJ coordinator
Students must attend one activity from each section.
Tara Ross
JOUR401 Learn page
Course structurePlease see the lecture outline on Learn for the detailed class schedule. Note, you are also required to attend a tutorial session with our writing coaches each Wednesday afternoon. There will be times where you are required to work a full day, such as for our breaking news exercises and when you are on your first internship in the June break. Work placementsIf your work and conduct is up to the required standard, you may be assigned an internship at a professional newsroom in the mid-year break, 4-14 June, and again at the end of the year, 14-25 October. When assigning internships, we take account of the quality of your work, your attendance and progress in the course, your professionalism and the newsroom environment. We will ask you to indicate your preference for placement, but the decision on whether and where to send you is ours. There is no automatic right to an internship and we reserve the right to decline a placement if we believe you are not yet ready or competent to carry out an internship and/or if we do not have an internship position to fit your needs.
Domestic fee $2,229.00
International Postgraduate fees
* Fees include New Zealand GST and do not include any programme level discount or additional course related expenses.
Maximum enrolment is 25
For further information see
Language, Social and Political Sciences. | https://www.canterbury.ac.nz/courseinfo/GetCourseDetails.aspx?course=JOUR401&occurrence=19S1(C)&year=2019 |
The Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (German: Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda or Propagandaministerium) was Nazi Germany's ministry that enforced Nazi Party ideology in Germany and regulated its culture and society. Founded on March 13, 1933, by Adolf Hitler's new National Socialist government, the Ministry was headed by Dr. Joseph Goebbels and was responsible for controlling the press and culture of Nazi Germany.
The Ministry was based in the Ordenspalais in Berlin-Mitte on the Wilhelmplatz across from the Reich Chancellery.
Role in the Nazi State
When the Nazis took power the Propaganda Ministry was established almost immediately. It was charged with enforcing Nazi doctrine on the people and controlling public opinion. However, the Ministry became even more important after the outbreak of war.
World War II was conducted with a much greater level of propaganda than World War I, especially in the new media of film and radio. Because of practical experience and scientific occupation with propaganda in Europe and USA, propaganda was organised in a planned fashion. A new psychological warfare was born.
In a related move, Eberhard Taubert founded the Antikomintern, an umbrella organisation of all German anticommunist groups. From 1939 he led the Antisemitische Aktion (Anti-Semitic Action group) and worked on the script for the movie Der Ewige Jude.
Organization
The Ministry grew steadily. It began in 1933 with five departments and 350 employees. By 1939, there were 2000 employees in 17 departments. Between 1933 and 1941, the Ministry's budget grew from 14 million to 187 million Reichsmarks. Three state secretaries were subordinate to Joseph Goebbels:
Propaganda
Main article: Nazi propaganda
The Propaganda Ministry used many media to further the National Socialist message and maintain control over the people. Posters, newspapers, publishing, and the arts were all used and explicitly controlled by the Ministry.
Speeches were also used to great effect by the German Government. Goebbels commented on Hitler's first speech as Chancellor: "It will have great propaganda value...be used and viewed in cinemas for years to come...what an achievement." Just before Hitler delivered this speech Goebbels introduced him and used the opportunity to highlight the importance of propaganda. "It seems you cannot have a good government without good propaganda, but then, you can't have good propaganda without a good government. However, you cannot lie! We must never lie! It is the Jews who must be made to pay for their lies to our people!' However, perhaps the most iconic speech of the whole second World War was also a product of the German Propaganda Ministry. Dr. Goebbels' Sportpalast speech which was delivered after the German defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad was intended to build popular support for "total war." Hitler did make speeches over the radio but his speeches in person (i.e., the Nuremberg Rallies) were more effective uses of his oratorical skills.
"I consider radio to be the most modern and the most crucial instrument for influencing the masses.." was a famous and important quote from Goebbels. Radio was undoubtedly exploited to its full potential by the Nazis. Radio manufacturers received grants from the government to build cheaper receivers; these sets were manufactured so that they could not pick up foreign, non-Nazi broadcasts. In addition, criminal penalties were set in place for listening to non-German radio stations; by the height of World War II, persons in Nazi Germany or in lands under Nazi occupation could be executed for this act.
See also
References
This article is based on one or more articles in Wikipedia, with modifications and additional content by SOURCES editors. This article is covered by a Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 License (CC-BY-SA) and the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL). The remainder of the content of this website, except where otherwise indicated, is copyright SOURCES and may not be reproduced without written permission. (For information use the Contact form.)
SOURCES.COM is an online portal and directory for journalists, news media, researchers and anyone seeking experts, spokespersons, and reliable information resources. Use SOURCES.COM to find experts, media contacts, news releases, background information, scientists, officials, speakers, newsmakers, spokespeople, talk show guests, story ideas, research studies, databases, universities, associations and NGOs, businesses, government spokespeople. Indexing and search applications by Ulli Diemer and Chris DeFreitas.
For information about being included in SOURCES as a expert or spokesperson see the FAQ or use the online membership form. Check here for information about becoming an affiliate. For partnerships, content and applications, and domain name opportunities contact us. | https://www.sources.com/SSR/Docs/SSRW-Ministry_Public_Enlightenment_Propaganda.htm |
What is Night Job?
Night Job is a dark 2D role-playing adventure game that is focused on telling a story in which your decisions impact the outcome. We've developed a deep storyline to immerse yourself in and a variety of characters who will want to help & harm you during your journey. Animated cutscenes will allow you to see deeper into the world and learn more about the characters as the game advances. The game is being developed for the PC running Windows.
The Story
You work a night job cleaning crime scenes. You thought no mess was too dirty for you to tackle. Now a serial killer runs loose in your city, and you're the only one cleaning up after him. He won't stop killing. It feels like he's taunting you with messages hidden in the crime scenes. Is there a meaning behind all the murder? Who can you trust? How far will you go to expose the killer?
Gameplay & Art
The gameplay will be centered around the decisions you make and overcoming puzzles. It features a dark concept with a theme of mystery which is supported by a custom soundtrack. It has pixel art gameplay in the classic JRPG style with 2D motion comic animated cutscenes. The cutscenes will include voice acting and composed audio. | https://pixelation.org/index.php?action=profile;area=showposts;sa=messages;u=43499 |
Q:
On finding the complex number satisfying the given conditions
Question:- Find all the complex numbers $z$ for which $\arg\left(\dfrac{3z-6-3i}{2z-8-6i}\right)=\dfrac{\pi}{4}$ and $|z-3+i|=3$
My solution:-
$\begin{equation}
\arg\left(\dfrac{3z-6-3i}{2z-8-6i}\right)=\dfrac{\pi}{4} \implies \arg\left(\dfrac{z-2-i}{z-4-3i}\right)=\dfrac{\pi}{4}
\end{equation}\tag{1}$
Now, what this suggests is that $z$ lies on a segment with the end points of the segment being $(2,1)$ and $(4,3)$. Now to find the equation of the circle we find the center and radius of the circle which comes out to be $(4,1)$ and $2$, respectively. So, the equation of the circle comes out to be
$$(x-4)^2+(y-1)^2=4$$
Now all we need to do is find the point of intersection of the circles $|z-4-i|=2$ and $|z-3+i|=3$ to find the desired $z$, which comes out to be
$$\boxed {z=\left(4 \mp \dfrac{4}{\sqrt{5}}\right) + i\left(1 \pm \dfrac{2}{\sqrt{5}} \right)}$$.
Now just to check which one is the solution I substituted both these $z$ back into $(1)$ but I found out that neither satisfy the condition as the argument comes out to be $\dfrac{\pm\sqrt{5}+5}{2}$, instead of 1, so according to my solution neither are the answer.
My problem with the question:-
But as it turns out as per the book I am solving, the answers are both the complex numbers $z$ that I found out. Also, I think only one of these is the solution because on some rough plotting I found out that the circle $|z-3+i|=3$ intersects the segment $|z-4-i|=2$ with end points as mentioned in the solution only once at $z=\left(4+\dfrac{4}{\sqrt{5}}\right) + i\left(1-\dfrac{2}{\sqrt{5}} \right)$.
So, is it me that is wrong or the book or maybe both. If there is anything wrong in my solution please point it out.
A:
From the following where $\circ=\pi/4$,
$\qquad\qquad\qquad $
the circle $$(x-4)^2+(y-1)^2=4$$
you've found is correct, but note that we have only the part below the line $y=x-1$ passing through $(2,1)$ and $(4,3)$.
This is because the angle (as measured in counter-clock wise direction) from $\vec{zz_1}$ to $\vec{zz_2}$ is $\pi/4$ where $z_1=4+3i,z_2=2+i$.
$\qquad\qquad\qquad$
Thus, solving
$$(x-4)^2+(y-1)^2=4$$
$$y\lt x-1$$
$$(x-3)^2+(y+1)^2=3^2$$
gives only one solution $$x=4+\frac{4}{\sqrt 5},\quad y=1-\frac{2}{\sqrt 5}$$
(and this satisfies $(1)$.)
| |
It’s not necessarily the ingredients that make caramelized onions a success, it’s time and patience. Low and slow is the name of this caramelized onion game. Like all simple recipes, the fewer the ingredients, the more important it is to do it right because there’s no cover to mask mistakes.
I typically use yellow onions for this recipe, but sweet Maui onions and even red onions each work well too. Slice the onions in half from stem to stem, then slice into half moons. You’ll have a whole lot of onion at the start, but as it cooks, those onions melt down considerably.
I use a cast iron skillet or a heavy bottom skillet so the onions deepen and darken and create little bits of frond (the buttery sugar remnants) on the bottom of the pan that are periodically stirred into the whole goodness.
Oil, either vegetable, olive, or canola, is added with butter, melting together to create a higher smoke point so the onions slowly brown but don’t burn.
Kosher salt is always my go-to and helps draw out the moisture as the onions so they soften as they cook. I add the salt at the beginning of the process.
I add fresh thyme to my onions because I love the herbal flavor it imparts. It’s really the perfect partner for the caramelized flavor.
Mom, Are We There Yet? How Long Does It Take to Cook Caramelized Onions?
You want the onions to cook slowly to release their sugars and caramelize, stirring just every so often so the onions become bronzed and jammy. Sure this process takes time—at least one hour over medium low heat—but this isn’t a dish you have to sit and babysit the entire time. In fact allowing the onions to gel together without stirring deepens their flavor.
If the onions look like they’re on the verge of burning or get dry, add a little water or stock to loosen them and rehydrate. Some recipes suggest adding a splash of vinegar to brighten the process, and sometimes I do and sometimes I don’t. It’s your call.
The onions are done once they’ve reached their bronzed beauty look. I feel they’re a success when I have deep and dark strands entwined with lighter plump strands holding all that onion essence. Once you’ve made these a few times you’ll discover your favorite way too.
If your craving doesn’t jive with the hands on the clock and those onions need to be done in a hurry, take this short cut route. They’re not quite as good as the low and slow method, but they’ll do in a pinch.
Caramelized onions take time for the flavor to develop but not a whole lot of hand-holding. Allow the onions to cook undisturbed in between stirring times for the caramelization to happen naturally.
Melt the butter with the canola oil in a large cast iron or heavy bottomed skillet over medium high heat. Add the onions and sprinkle with the kosher salt and fresh thyme leaves. Cook the onions for 5 minutes or until they start to soften, stirring so they don't crisp or brown in spots. Reduce the heat to medium low, cover with a lid, and continue to cook, stirring the onions every 10-15 minutes or so. The onions will reduce and become more golden and jammy as they cook, giving off a rich nutty aroma. If the onions look like they're beginning to burn or crisp, stir in a splash of water or broth and scrape the caramelized fond from the bottom of the pan for the onions to absorb. Add the vinegar if desired in the last 10 minutes of cooking. Continue to cook up to 1 hour or so for a deep, rich caramelized flavor. Serve immediately or refrigerate for up to one week.
Agreed Sally! Low and slow is the way to go, otherwise the flavor and color simply don’t deepen for that lush candy sweetness. I haven’t tried them in the slow cooker but it sounds like your plan of popping them outdoors is a good one to remember. Thanks for the tip!
What does the vinegar do?
Thanks for the comprehensive explanation for how to do this. After learning by “winging it” many years ago, I’ve made this a number of times, usually to go with roast beef or a steak, using Vidalia onions. I also grind up some fennel and anise seeds to sprinkle into the onions while they’re cooking, but will have to try them with fresh thyme. Depending on what they’re to accompany, I will use a bit of beef or chicken broth instead of or in addition to water.
Can I use clarified butter instead of regular butter plus oil?
Stretchy plunge that has a place at each Game Day festivity. Queso Fundido with Chorizo is the most straightforward tidbit regularly consolidating fresh chorizo frankfurter with melty cheddar for the best nibble of paradise you would ever envision.
Trying to obtain a better bargain than spending time composing a dreary piece of finance essay writing task? Then on that account, get in touch with the amiable and cordial customer care service of one of the best essay writing service UK, which is Essays On Web, as they can curate essays with precision and perfection.
Wondering how to manage your control project? Don’t hassle and speak to the management professional crew at The Dissertation Help and allow them to manage your apprehensions. Providing excessive first-rate, no plagiarism and nicely referenced work we are charging fairly low prices for all of the proficiencies. | https://www.foodiecrush.com/how-to-make-caramelized-onions/ |
China urges Obama to cancel meeting with Dalai Lama
The Dalai Lama greets the audience before his conference "A guide to the way of life of Bodhisattva" in Mexico City, October 12, 2013. REUTERS/Edgard Garrido
BEIJING (Reuters) - China urged the United States on Friday to scrap plans for U.S. President Barack Obama to meet exiled Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama later in the day, warning that the planned meeting would “seriously damage” ties between the countries.
The White House National Security Council said Obama would meet the Dalai Lama at the White House on Friday in a show of concern about China’s human rights practices.
Obama’s planned meeting with the Dalai Lama is a “gross interference” in China’s internal affairs, Chinese Foreign Ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying said in a statement on the ministry’s website. | |
St. Peter Canisius (1521-1597)
The energetic life of Peter Canisius should demolish any stereotypes we may have of the life of a saint as dull or routine. Peter lived his 76 years at a pace which must be considered heroic, even in our time of rapid change. A man blessed with many talents, Peter is an excellent example of the scriptural man who develops his talents for the sake of the Lords work.
He was one of the most important figures in the Catholic Counter-Reformation in Germany. His was such a key role that he has often been called the second apostle of Germany in that his life parallels the earlier work of Boniface.
Although Peter once accused himself of idleness in his youth, he could not have been idle too long, for at the age of 19 he received a masters degree from the university at Cologne. Soon afterwards he met Peter Faber, the first disciple of Ignatius Loyola, who influenced Peter so much that he joined the recently formed Society of Jesus.
At this early age Peter had already taken up a practice he continued throughout his lifea process of study, reflection, prayer and writing. After his ordination in 1546, he became widely known for his editions of the writings of St. Cyril of Alexandria and St. Leo the Great. Besides this reflective literary bent, Peter had a zeal for the apostolate. He could often be found visiting the sick or prisoners, even when his assigned duties in other areas were more than enough to keep most people fully occupied.
In 1547 Peter attended several sessions of the Council of Trent, whose decrees he was later assigned to implement. After a brief teaching assignment at the Jesuit college at Messina, Peter was entrusted with the mission to Germanyfrom that point on his lifes work. He taught in several universities and was instrumental in establishing many colleges and seminaries. He wrote a catechism that explained the Catholic faith in a way which common people could understanda great need of that age.
Renowned as a popular preacher, Peter packed churches with those eager to hear his eloquent proclamation of the gospel. He had great diplomatic ability, often serving as a reconciler between disputing factions. In his letters (filling eight volumes) one finds words of wisdom and counsel to people in all walks of life. At times he wrote unprecedented letters of criticism to leaders of the Churchyet always in the context of a loving, sympathetic concern.
At 70 Peter suffered a paralytic seizure, but he continued to preach and write with the aid of a secretary until his death in his hometown (Nijmegen, Netherlands) on December 21, 1597. | https://www.beliefnet.com/faiths/catholic/saints/p/peter-canisius.aspx |
Family Involvement in their child’s learning is highly important to our student’s success.
Children’s Day Social Service Supervisor and the Family Workers provide an array of support services to involve families in their children's education and also to help them achieve family and personal goals.
Family Workshops
Families are provided with a array of relevant workshops throughout the year to promote positive parent development- including topics such as good nutrition, behavior management, deepening the connection between parent and child, promoting resilience, and encouraging self-care.
Support Groups
Support groups provide parents with the opportunity to gather for less formal meetings where they can share their struggles as well as successes. The opportunity to participate in these monthly emotional and social support groups has proven to be a treasured experience for many of our parents.
Home Visits
Family Workers make a home visit at least once a year to get to know the student and their families- an essential step towards building the connection that will grow over the time the child remains at Children’s Day and beyond.
Family Partnerships
Family Workers strive to establish a written “family contract” with each student’s family that documents the family’s goals for the year. Family Workers review this contract to determine progress and provide support when needed.
Ongoing Communication
All of our staff- including directors, managers, family workers and teaching and office staff interact regularly with parents in person, on the phone, and through Children’s Day gatherings to maintain a close working relationship. | https://www.cdnfc.com/family-services |
This study aims to determine body size and body size of pre-age old goat breeds traditionally maintained in Kabila Bone District, Bone Bolango District and to find out the local goat maintenance system applied by farmers in Kabila Bone District, Bone Bolango District. The research material was local goat aged pre-age from 1 week to 10 weeks as many as 30 individuals. This study used a survey method. Retrieval of data by purposive sampling and sample determination by accidental sampling. The data obtained were analyzed by calculating the mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, regression equation, and growth rate between age and body size. Based on the statistical results, the average value obtained was 8.62 cm head length, 6.92 cm head width, 9.47 cm head height, 15.16 cm chest width, 19.94 cm chest inside, 34.25 cm shoulder height, chest circumference 33.49 cm, body length 34.36 cm, canon circumference 6.31 cm and body size increase between age and head length is 0.056 cm.
Keywords
Full Text:PDF
DOI: https://doi.org/10.35900/jjas.v3i1.2345
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. | https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jjas/article/view/2345 |
As the report notes, many small-scale farmers resort to growing illicit crops out of poverty and a lack of legal alternatives. For this reason, the UNDP urges policymakers to address the reasons why small-scale farmers cultivate prohibited plants. The paper presents successful initiatives, regarding poppy in Thailand and coca in Bolivia, as alternative options for reducing the cultivation of these plants through economic development.
The positive results in Thailand stem from a provision that issues economic support in exchange for voluntary crop reductions and from official recognition that opium plays a role in indigenous medical and ritual practices. However, the report also recognizes that there is room for improvement, particularly in terms of integrating the most vulnerable groups–such as landless farmers and women–into the programs.
In the case of Bolivia, in 2006 President Evo Morales formalized a community coca control program which allows farmers to grow small plots of coca for the legal market, while also providing economic assistance and infrastructure development in coca-growing regions. The program ensures subsistence income for farmers, reduces police and military violence, and benefits from close government monitoring. The European Union continues to cooperate with Bolivia through programs that include a biometric register of coca farmers, international monitoring of coca fields, and support for development projects. As a result, the UNODC reported that areas of coca cultivation in Bolivia declined by 34 percent between 2010 and 2014. This trend appears to have held throughout 2015, as WOLA has noted in an analysis of updated UNODC data.
Many governments are concerned about the disproportionate harm that drug criminalization has in their communities, particularly with regards to the incarceration of individuals for small quantities intended for personal use. Moreover, multiple analyses have shown that there is no clear link between incarceration and a reduction in personal drug use.
For these reasons, various countries, including Portugal and the Czech Republic, have decriminalized the possession of small quantities of drugs for personal use. Uruguay and four US states have taken a further step by legalizing and regulating cannabis markets for recreational use. While outcome data remains limited from these recent policies, in Colorado there has been no increase in drug use among youth, while cannabis-related arrests and prosecutions have fallen dramatically.
Marginalized women often join the drug trade due to the ongoing discrimination that limits their opportunities for education and employment. Consequently, women are being incarcerated for non-violent drug offenses at an alarming rate and are facing severe sentences. For example, those employed as “drug mules” are often subject to the same penalties as large-scale traffickers. Many, if not most, are mothers and the primary caregivers for their children.
In order to protect these households, several countries have taken steps to reduce the sentencing of women living in conditions of vulnerability. For instance, in 2012 England and Wales introduced a new set of guidelines for drug offenses. These protocols seek to ensure proportionality between the offender’s level of involvement and the sentencing of the crime. Thus, these guidelines create a distinction between those who play a “leading” role in drug-related offenses and those who play a minor role. As a result, policy makers can have a better understanding of the circumstances that lead individuals towards committing drug-related offenses, in addition to offering better protection for women who are coerced into illicit activity.
While drug policy experts admit that there is still much to do in terms of addressing the disproportionate sentencing of non-violent drug offenses, they also point out that reducing sentences for women in vulnerable situations is an important step forward.
Overall, the UNDP report offers policymakers a set of innovative approaches for countries to consider as alternatives to their current drug policies. It also clearly outlines the harmful consequences of the current drug prohibition regime on marginalized sectors of society. The UNDP report thus encourages nations to adopt drug policy programs that take into account specific socioeconomic and political circumstances, and that simultaneously provide protections for vulnerable communities.
*Paula Martínez Gutiérrez is a Summer 2016 intern. | https://www.wola.org/analysis/undp-report-highlights-promising-drug-policy-alternatives/ |
Most noise levels are given in dBA, which are decibels adjusted to reflect the ear's response to different frequencies of sound. Sudden, brief impulse sounds, like many of those shown at 120 dB or greater, are often given in dB (no adjustment) 132 dB: Noise becomes physically painful 140 dB: Explosive noise at this level can cause permanent damage almost immediately. Noise-induced hearing loss is an equation of volume and duration of sound exposure Example - Daily Noise Dose Level. During a working day a person is exposed to 100 dB in 5 minutes and 94 dB in 30 minutes. The maximum noise exposure time for 100 dB is 15 minutes and for 94 dB 60 minutes. The daily dose can be calculated as. D = ((5 min) / (15 min) + (30 min) / (60 min)) 100% = 83 % The Time-Weighted Average -TWA can be.
Räkneexempel. dB-skalan är logaritmisk på så sätt att en ökning med 10 dB (1 Bel) innebär en ökning av effekten med en faktor 10. 0 dB innebär att värdet motsvarar referensnivån, 10 dB innebär att effekten är 10 gånger högre än referensnivån, 20 dB innebär att effekten är 100 gånger högre än referensnivån och 30 dB innebär att effekten är 1000 gånger högre än. The safe distances from the noise source (less than 140 dB peak SPL) were 50-200 m for large-caliber weapons. Rifle impulses (assault rifle, caliber 7.62) had a peak SPL of 154 dB at a distance of 4 m from the muzzle. The peak SPLs of different explosives ranged from 125 to 185 dB at distances of 10 to 300 m Noise Source Decibel Level comment; Jet take-off (at 25 meters) 150: Eardrum rupture: Aircraft carrier deck: 140 : Military jet aircraft take-off from aircraft carrier with afterburner at 50 ft (130 dB). 130 : Thunderclap, chain saw. Oxygen torch (121 dB). 120: Painful. 32 times as loud as 70 dB . dB OPERATIONS and. NOISE. ENGR. CARLO ROMERO dB CALCULATIONS DECIBEL A means of expressing change in power level. Comparison of two powers and does not express a fixed value unless it refers to dB above or below some specific reference point. dB CALCULATIONS Change in POWER expressed in Decibels. PdB = 10 log (Pout/Pin) Change in VOLTAGE expressed in Decibels. VdB = 20 log Vout/Vin
dB Noise Reduction Inc. is an engineering company and our products continue to supply essential industries.YES, during COVID-19 dB Noise Reduction Inc. is continuing to supply Medical and Hospital grade equipment such as SILENCERS (intake and exhaust), GENERATOR SILENCING, Acoustic and Noise Control ENCLOSURES, MUFFLERS and many other acoustical and noise control products for permanent. . The overall NR value , i.e. the highest of the individual NR values over all the frequency bands, is 58. Therefore the room can be said to have a value of NR 58. Important note Noise Rating (NR) is mos The new Noise Directive 2003/10/EC therefore reduces the exposure limit value from 90 dB(A), as set up in 1986 directive, to 87 dB(A), which represents clear progress. Britain HSE allows users to calculate their daily doses of noise The amplifier's gain has boosted the signal by 20 dB. It also boosted the input noise level by 20 dB and then added its own noise. The output signal is now only 30 dB above the noise floor. Since the degradation in signal-to-noise ratio is 10 dB, the amplifier has a 10 dB noise figure. - 40 - 60 - 80 - 100 - 12
A typical false statement: No noise levels can exceed 194 dB ever. Is the end at 194 dB? In addition to this perception threshold is discussed more often a physical limit to 194 dB. Sound is nothing more than a minor disturbance of air pressure and 194 dB is theoretically the same as the disturbance itself. It must be distorted Fill in the boxes L1 and L2 with the amounts (in dB) that you want to subtract. Remember that L1 must be greater than L2; The values of L1 and L2 can be modified. If you make a mistake entering the values, you can enter them again. At the LT box the subtraction result will appear (in dB) dB(A) dB(B) dB(C) dB(A) The decibel A filter is widely used. dB(A) roughly corresponds to the inverse of the 40 dB (at 1 kHz) equal-loudness curve for the human ear. With the dB(A) filter the sound level meter is less sensitive to very high and very low frequencies. Measurements made with this scale are expressed as dB(A). Note 131 decibles is extremely loud. The noise from the loudest sporting events is about 131 decibles So, if the noise level increases by 3dB(A), as shown in the table below, this doubles the amount of the noise and reduces the recommended amount of exposure time allowed by half. When dealing with workplace noise measurement, it is important to remember that the accepted standard to minimise hearing risk is based on an exposure to 85dB(A) for a maximum limit of eight hours per day
So, you ask the person to speak louder, but even at 60 dB, you may still be asking them to repeat things. Speaking at 90 dB may seem more like a shouting match, but at least words will be clearly heard and understood. That's the idea behind signal-to-noise ratio Common Sources of Noise and Decibel Levels. Sound is measured in decibels (dB). A whisper is about 30 dB, normal conversation is about 60 dB, and a motorcycle engine running is about 95 dB. Noise above 70 dB over a prolonged period of time may start to damage your hearing. Loud noise above 120 dB can cause immediate harm to your ears Here, we compare cochlear aging after two types of noise exposure: one producing permanent synaptic damage without hair cell loss and another producing neither synaptopathy nor hair cell loss. Adult mice were exposed (8-16 kHz, 100 or 91 dB SPL for 2 h) and then evaluated from 1 h to ∼ 20 months after exposure
When the difference between two noise levels is 10 dB(A) or more, the amount to be added to the higher noise level is zero. In such cases, no adjustment factor is needed because adding in the contribution of the lower in the total noise level makes no perceptible difference in what people can hear or measure The decibel (abbreviated dB) is the unit used to measure the intensity of a sound.The decibel scale is a little odd because the human ear is incredibly sensitive. Your ears can hear everything from your fingertip brushing lightly over your skin to a loud jet engine.In terms of power, the sound of the jet engine is about 1,000,000,000,000 times more powerful than the smallest audible sound Märklin H0 - 3179 - Electric locomotive - BR 132 - DB AC - Alternating current/Analogue - Near mint - In original box The photos are part of the description. It works perfectly. Lot details No. of items 1 Type Electric locomotive Brand Märklin Railroad company DB Scale H0 Catalogue Numbe Or in dB: In this case, we already have a signal and we want to generate noise to give us a desired SNR. While noise can come in different flavors depending on what you are modeling, a good start (especially for this radio telescope example) is Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN)
Theory for dB add (dB plus) In almost situation, background noise level is always present, and it is necessary to consider the adding noise level by adjacent ambient noise sources. Below figures show how to add the individual level to estimate total noise level. For example, 80 dB plus 80 dB is equal to 83 dB (80 dB + 80 dB = 83 dB). Add dB (dB. Press release for Zero dB Noise Canceling Beverages. Sign up for Zero dB updates. Your information will only be used to send you emails featuring the latest Zero dB news, products and promotions. You can unsubscribe at any time simply by clicking on the link at the bottom of emails you receive from us. Email. Subscribe. I.
By the end of 2020, these measures will benefit people living along some 2,000 kilometers of track. In the years before 2019, the German government and Deutsche Bahn invested more than 1.4 billion euros in noise control measures on existing lines as part of an ongoing voluntary noise reduction program Expressing S/N ratio in dB is more practical than doing it in % values, because signal is normally far higher than noise (in audio hifi gears, tipically 90 - 100 dB), so a % value would be a. dB antenna noise. Bit Number 13 Structure u8 Unit dB. RF noise power at the antenna, decibel difference from an arbitrary, fixed reference. This field contains a single unsigned 8-bit value 80 to 120 dB(A) and power tools commonly used in construction produce sound levels up to 115 dB(A). (1) The focus of this research was to determine the noise exposures of heavy construction equipment operators while documenting the workers' tasks, (i.e. hauling, moving, and/or pushing construction material). Time-motion studies wer Limit the time spent in noisy areas - every halving of the time spent in a noisy area will reduce noise exposure by 3 dB. Proper and regular maintenance of machinery and equipment is essential as it will deteriorate with age and can become noisier. Listen out for changes in noise levels - it may be time to replace worn or faulty parts
'n Lied as 'n mens spesiaal na die tempel (kerk) toe gaanMoet asseblief nie vir Dawid en alles wat hy deurgemaak het, vergeet nie, Here. Hy het mos vir die Here beloof: -5Ek sal ni LAeq,8h of 85 dB(A) LC,peak of 140 dB(C). LAeq,8h of 85 dB(A) means that over an eight-hour shift a worker can't be exposed to more than 85 decibels. Whether this is exceeded depends on the level of noise involved and how long a worker is exposed to it. LCpeak of 140 dB( To state that a certain pump has an 80 dB noise level means that the ratio between its sound level and that of the selected zero base (0 dB) is 80 on the dB scale. The dB Pressure Scale The standard reference base selected for the intensity (pressure) of a sound wave is 0.000,000,003 PSI because this is the least sound wave intensity that can be detected by the average human ear Starting May 2009, our discussion of noise temperature has been moved to a separate page. Noise figure of passive devices. Time for another Microwaves101 rule of thumb! Linear passive devices have noise figure equal to their loss. Expressed in dB, the NF is equal to -S21(dB). Something with one dB loss has one dB noise figure
Noise control: Enclosures, barriers and screens Noise control: Compressed air noise Noise Noise control: Circular saws Noise control: A step-by-step approach Guide to safety in wood products manufacturing industry Mobile plant in civil. DdB: How loud is too loud? - Dangerous Decibel Noise in RF Systems Typical Stochastic Cooling Feedback System Pickup Kicker Beam Beam preamp Power amp coax NF1=0 dB=1 Atten=0 dB=1 Gain=0 dB=1 NF2=1 dB=1.25 Gain=30 dB=1000 NF3=10 dB=10 Gain=100 dB=1010-80 dBm Signal-89.6 dBm noise 80K System BW= 1GHz-80 dBm Signal-89.6 dBm noise-50 dBm Signal-58.6 dBm noise SNR=9.6 dB Case III Buy better.
occasional noise level of up to 140 dB, but this is not recommended over a prolonged time period. Noise induced hearing impairment is the most common irreversible (and preventable) occupational hazard worldwide. Interference with communication Noise can mask important sounds and disrupt communication between individuals in a variety of settings The DR 130 family of locomotives comprises the DR Class 130 (DBAG Class 230), DR Class 131 (DBAG Class 231), DR Class 132 (DBAG Class 232 as well as Classes 233, 234 and 241 produced through modifications) and DR Class 142 (DBAG Class 242).. They were produced in the Soviet Union in Luhansk, Ukraine from the 1970s onwards, and were imported into the GDR Normal conversation is about 60 dB(A) to 65 dB(A). 85 dB(A) is the level at which you have to raise your voice, while at 90 dB(A) you will have to shout to make yourself heard. Prolonged exposure to noise above the level of 85 dB(A) significantly damages hearing. This is the level at which noise control measures must be taken by employers
Fan noise 7/12/2000 11.1 11. FAN NOISE PREDICTION The sound power produced by centrifugal and axial fans can be approximated by a simple equation (ref. ASHRAE Handbook) LW = KW + 10 log10 Q + 20 log10 P +BFI +CN where: LW= sound power level (dB) KW = specific sound power level depending on the type of fan (see Fig 9-3), from empirical data. Brief exposure to an 85 dB sound (such as a blender) is O.K. However, prolonged continuous exposure (8 or more hours) to the same sound could damage hearing. Some sounds (such as gunfire or standing next to a helicopter) are so loud (120-160 dB), that any brief exposure to them without wearing earmuffs or earplugs can damage hearing ernments reported a total of 295* noise complaints from air conditioner units, with 93* of these reports from evaporative units alone. The total reported noise complaints are consistent with those from previous years, staying relatively steady between 250 and 300 from 2001 through to 2008 (Figure 4)
All sites whose environmental or community noise exposure exceeds the day night average sound level (DNL) of 65 decibels (dB) are considered noise-impacted areas. For new construction that is proposed in high noise areas, grantees shall incorporate noise attenuation features to the extent required by HUD environmental criteria and standards contained in Subpart B (Noise Abatement and Control. For noise measurements of devices connected to the input, this may be too low and may load the circuit being measured down. Rp should be raised so that it is 100x or greater than the output impedance of the connected input device to be measured or amplified. 60 dB Low Noise Preamp: Single op-amps The example above used a double op-amp layout Slash attack (strong) on a single enemy. Inflicts Water-elemental Continuous Damage for 3 turns. Incarnate Charge 20,00 This is our review of the NVIDIA RTX 3080 video card, looking at the new Ampere GPU and its Founders cooler vs. the GTX 1080 Ti, RTX 2080 Ti, RTX 2080, 2070,.. Bose has finally launched its noise-cancelling Bluetooth QuietComfort Earbuds, a pair that hope to replicate the success of the firm's legendary overhead QC35 headphones that dominate flights.
How to get professional audio on any microphone and remove background hum Voice Meeter https://www.vb-audio.com/Voicemeeter/ -----.. The noise level meter or sound pressure level Meter(SPL meter) use the smartphone or tablet microphone to measure environmental noise in decibels(dB). The decibel(dB) value of this noise level meter or soundmeter might be vary compare with an actual Sound Meter(dB Meter). You can now easily perform a noise measurement with your smart phone Noise pollution, unwanted or excessive sound that can have deleterious effects on human health, wildlife, and environmental quality. Noise pollution is commonly generated inside many industrial facilities and some other workplaces, but it also comes from road, rail, and air traffic and from construction activities 132 Tryck: BrandFactory Hela stadens galleri September 2020 36 41 42 42 Övriga utställningsplatser Läs mer om dessa till höger. Konstnärsateljéer och verkstäder Läs mer om konstnärerna på baksidan. Helena Theise Gamlestadsvägen 4 (Easy living butik) Hanna Dahl Gamlestadsvägen 4 (Easy living butik) Jessica Abony Kortedala Torg 3 Elin.
Welche Kriterien es vorm Kaufen Ihres Db 132 zu untersuchen gibt. Damit Ihnen als Kunde die Auswahl etwas leichter fällt, hat unsere Redaktion zudem das beste aller Produkte gewählt, welches unserer Meinung nach aus allen Db 132 stark hervorragt - vor allem der Faktor Qualität, verglichen mit dem Preis Db 132 - Die besten Db 132 ausführlich analysiert Auf welche Faktoren Sie bei der Wahl Ihres Db 132 achten sollten! Hallo und Herzlich Willkommen hier bei uns. Unsere Mitarbeiter haben uns der Aufgabe angenommen, Produkte jeder Variante zu vergleichen, damit Kunden auf einen Blick den Db 132 ausfindig machen können, den Sie zu Hause haben wollen Soft and thick headband with low‑key appearance, comfortable fit, good toughness, make the earmuffs close to the ear. Item Type: Anti‑Noise Earmuffs. Feature: 1. Noise Reduction Level (NRR): 30 dB. Color: Black + Yellow Db 132 - Der Favorit . Um Ihnen als Kunde die Produktwahl minimal abzunehmen, haben unsere Produktanalysten auch das beste aller Produkte gekürt, das unserer Meinung nach aus allen Db 132 extrem auffällt - vor allem im Blick auf Preis-Leistung
Signal-to-Noise Ratio(dB) vCalc Reviewed. Last modified by . MichaelBartmess. on . Jul 24, 2020, 6:28:07 PM. Created by . MichaelBartmess. on . Jul 17, 2014, 6:22:33 AM (S) Signal (S) Signal (N) Noise (N) Noise . Tags. Electrical Engineering Computer Science Networking Verified. UUID. bd31e316-0d7a-11e4-b7aa-bc764e2038f2 Comments; Attachments. Noise Curtains - Fast delivery of solutions for noise and vibration contro
• A 10 decibel (dB) decrease is perceived as a halving of noise. A 10 dB increase corresponds to a doubling of noise. • For a single vehicle, a 1dB change in loudness is normally only perceptible under laboratory conditions. But on a busy road, with a mix of traffic, a reduction of 1dB can be noticeable because it signals The World Health Organization (WHO) defines noise above 65 decibels (dB) as noise pollution. To be precise, noise becomes harmful when it exceeds 75 decibels (dB) and is painful above 120 dB. As a consequence, it is recommended noise levels be kept below 65 dB during the day and indicates that restful sleep is impossible with nighttime ambient noise levels in excess of 30 dB Read reviews, compare customer ratings, see screenshots, and learn more about Decibel 2017 - Real-time Noise & dB Meter. Download Decibel 2017 - Real-time Noise & dB Meter and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch
Decibel X is one of very few noise meter apps on the market that has highly reliable, pre-calibrated measurements and supports dBA, dBC. It turns your iOS device into a professional sound level meter, precisely measures the sound pressure level (SPL) all around you. This extremely useful and beau 0-1 dB then add 3 dB to the higher level to give the total noise level. 2-3 dB then add 2 dB to the higher level to give the total noise level. 4-9 dB then add 1 dB to the higher level to give the total noise level. 10 dB and over, then the noise level is unchanged (i.e. the higher level is the total level) So, 35 dB plus 35 dB equals 38 dB Noise measurements relating to loud noise at work are more normally given in dB(A) or dB(C) - these are frequency weightings that are applied to the decibel measurements (A and C frequency weightings), in effect they are decibel scale readings that attempt to replicate the sensitivity of the human ear to different frequencies of sound Best noise-canceling headphones of 2020, tested by CNN Underscored. We continually test the latest and greatest headphone offerings as they come onto the market (from Beats to Sony to JBL) to find. | https://birra-skull.com/db-132/u0j342654sktwps |
AbstractComparative research into animal communication has been and continues to be highly informative regarding the general principles underlying the evolution of communication (including human communication). However, our tendency to focus on specific modes of production of these signals (i.e. facial expressions, gestures or vocalisations) in isolation of each other, and in a limited number of species, may be obstructing our progress. Therefore, in this thesis, I adopted a novel and more comprehensive approach to a highly understudied primate, the crested macaques (Macaca nigra).
First, I consider the effects of the strength of social bonds and dominance relationships between individuals (and, when possible, their kin relationships) when investigating the function of communicative signals. The findings show that communication can be flexible depending on social factors, possibly reflecting functional relevance to the context. Social bonds in particular, influenced communication between individuals facing immediate socio-ecological challenges (finding food and deterring predators).
Second, I address the significance of multimodal communication in this species. I test the influence of the composition of communicative signals on the outcome of social interactions. The results show that subtle changes in the composition of communicative signals (multicomponent and multimodal) can have a profound effect on the outcome of social interactions.
The findings resulting from this work constitute one of the first quantitative accounts of the communication system of crested macaques, thereby adding to the pool of data available to study communication from a comparative perspective. The comprehensive approach adopted in this thesis provides much needed insight into the importance of considering communication as multimodal and highly intertwined with species’ social style. Such an approach seems highly productive and provides insight into aspects of social and communicative complexity that have been overlooked so far. | https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/social-communication-in-crested-macaques-macaca-nigra |
As I previously mentioned in my Games I Play post our group has some problems with History of the World and yet lately we’ve played it a lot.
One of our problems is that there is too much of a chance of a person in last ending up with the worst Empire because while they get to pick a card to either keep or pass, if they draw a bad one and pass it they often end up with whatever is left over in the end (and that left over Empire could easily be pretty horrible or even the worst of the bunch).
I tend to talk to myself a lot and often wonder what exactly this implies. I don’t really do it when other people are around (though sometimes I get ignored pretty badly so it’s kind of like talking to myself) so I figure at least I have not passed that juncture yet. I do find that it helps me to reason things out sometimes, however.
Also over the years I have had a number of jobs that left me alone for hours at a time. I worked alone in a convenience store on the overnight shift for years and then I worked a job where I had an office by myself and had about two and a half hours of driving per day. Currently I only drive about two hours per day but my office is even more solitary since I work an hour away from my closest “co-worker”.
So, I thought to myself, how can we fix this? And after a bit of muttering to myself about possibilities I came up with an idea.
This variant centers around two rules changes to keep players at the low end of the totem pole from getting dumped on too harshly.
Instead of drawing one Empire card the player in last place draws two cards and chooses one. The card that they choose can either be kept or given to another player as normal. The card that they did not choose is shuffled back into the deck. Then the player in second to last repeats this process and so forth.
The idea is to avoid players in last getting the worst Empire by giving them more of a chance to get something good.
So far in play it has resulted in more players keeping their Empire card unless they draw something mediocre and something very bad. In those cases the “very bad” card was passed to the player in the lead.
To go along with this we changed the way Preeminence Markers work. In the normal Hasbro version of the game Preeminence Markers are given out to the player in the lead at the end of an Epoch with numbers between 3 and 6, there being more 3s than 6s.
In this variant we are experimenting with two sets of Preeminence Markers. One set is number between 4 and 6 with an equal number of each value. The second is numbered between 1 and 3, also carrying an equal number of each value. The player in first place gets a large marker and the player in second gets a small marker. If the players are tied the player with the weaker empire for that round gets the large one and the other player gets the small similar to breaking ties for winning the game (in fact if there is still a tie use those rules to break it).
The idea behind this change was that too often people did not want to be in first place before and it was feared that with the change to the way Empires were distributed there would be even less interest in being in first.
Has the Jury Reached its Verdict?
We haven’t made any decisions about the changes for this variant but are still playing around with it. One of the reasons I wanted to do this was that I am considering making a History of the Galaxy Game/Variant. It would essentially be a new game that steals from History of the World and would thus not be at all commercially publishable. Still it might prove fun for people to try if the rules are distributed for free.
If anyone tries my variant rules please send me some feedback or post it here! Also if anyone else has any variants or house rules I would love to hear about them.
Posted on April 21st, 2008. Tags: Game Articles, Avalon Hill, Board Games, History of the World, House Rules.
The only part I liked about the pick two empires variation was it made for more interesting decisions, although most people made the same choices (pick the best one of the two and keep for themselves). However while it seemed to keep the person in last from getting boned as much, it did leave the person in first unscathed most of the time by the end of the process. Meaning that they were able to pick two and keep one as no one had given them something. Again we’ve only done it once so it’s a limited observation.
The additional points for 2nd was nice because lately I’ve been pretty consistant saying close to the top most rounds. However it seems like being in 2nd in a round would be worse then any other position. If you are in first at least you would get some bonus points with the markers, but in second you wouldn’t get that and you’d get handed a crappy empire (if first was passed one already) and of course being in last gets you first pick (more or less). There have been games where I sat in second more rounds then not and I felt like that I was getting nothing for it.
The game we played with the additional markers I ended up with 6 markers total (3 big, and 3 small) meaning I only missed one round. It gave me a boost for playing a good consistant game, and ultimately became the reason why I won in the end. Basically it made being in second in a round worth something. You get some bonus points for playing a decent round and it offsets the possible crap that’s coming your way with the next round of Empire selection.
I think the everyone pick two empires rule needs a tweak. For instance in a 4-5 player game have only the last place person pick two and the rest the standard one. In a 6 player have last, and second to last pick two and the rest pick one. I think with that you allow the person in last to have more opportunties to catch up (the reason why that system is in the game in the first place), while not giving the people up top that same advantage (which giving everyone the pick two method seems to do).
Here’s a suggestion but it may make it extremely sucky to be first. After shuffling the empires take out randomly a # of cards equal to 7 – the number of players. These empires are not available this turn. Give the rest to the last player. Now he has to pick one to keep or give one to another player. When he’s done he passes the rest to the next player in line. Repeat except the last person (first in place) won’t be choosing anything, he’ll have to take whatever card remains unless he was already given a card in which case he’ll have to hand over the last card to whoever is missing an empire.
This means players will have to choose carefully between picking a strong empire for themselves or smacking the leader. | http://games-blog.pairodicegames.com/game-articles/history-of-the-world-house-rules |
Violence is in the very nature of collage. The physical acts of cutting and tearing precede the reconstruction of the resulting fragments into a new whole that is inherently jarring. A sense of tension and opposition necessarily remain between the external reality from which the foreign materials originated and the space of the picture that receives them.
|
Art historian Dawn Ades speaks to the way that collage succeeds in creating a dreamlike alter-reality: “By the juxtaposition of elements by nature strange to one another, hallucinatory landscapes are formed; commonplace objects become enigmatic when moved to a new environment. Our thought struggles to encompass them and is baffled, or a new thought is made for them. Different realities are thus revealed.”
This notion of deconstructing existing versions of reality and then reconstructing them to create a new hallucinatory landscape began with the German Dada artists, who were living and working in the aftermath of the ruinous World War and trying to make sense of what had happened and what was to come. Kurt Schwitters, a member of this group, wrote, “One can even shout with refuse, and that is what I did, nailing and gluing it together… Everything had broken down, in any case, and new things had to be made out of fragments.”
The notion of shouting with refuse is at the core of Mutu’s work, from her collages to her videos. Her work tackles issues ranging from race to consumer culture and draws from a wide variety of influences – from Catholic ritual to traditional West African religion, histories of oppression to current events, and the gamut of art history. At the heart of Mutu’s work is a desire, or perhaps more urgently, a need to set the body in motion: her figures leap from the page, permeate her spaces, straddle and mount other collaged elements, and finally, come to life in her videos. On her reasons for working with video, Mutu has said, “Nothing is clear cut. Issues shift. Video allows me the capability of creating yet another world and putting myself in the middle of it because I am part of it... the problems and the solutions. Video, for me, is a means by which to dramatize the urgent issues, to invent and re-invent.”
Wangechi Mutu’s otherworldly landscapes are spaces where the artist envisions and creates, destroys and rebuilds, and in turn, the visitor experiences the world anew.
~Alexandra Thom
Alexandra is the co-founder of boutique creative agency Archer&Leo and a Kress Fellow in the Exhibitions Department at the Brooklyn Museum. She holds a BA from Vassar College and an MA in the History of Art from The Courtauld Institute in London. She is also a published author of academic articles and short fiction, an avid reader and a passionate traveler. | https://www.nomad-chic.com/art-wangechi-mutu-collage-a-fantastic-journey-at-the-brooklyn-museum-by-alexandra-thom.html |
In 94523 - Nearby to Ashland.
Relationships are hard. We need to acknowledge that, then address issues specific to your relationship. The most critical needs of any relationship are trust and friendship. I work to bring those into the relationship and find ways to foster them to make them prevalent over conflicts and everyday struggles. Communication is often the presenting issue with couples, however, IF an underlying warmth is present, conflicts are addressed and managed in a gentler, more loving manner. Couples need to find shared meaning in their lives and become each others' refuge. I explore with you desires, dreams, regrets, wants, etc.. Call me today and begin the journey back to your passion / friendship.
Couples Counselor
Sebastian Earl, MA
LMFT
In 94115 - Nearby to Ashland.
I focus on authenticity in my practice, and for me this is especially helpful when it comes to couples work. That most problems in relationships come from people being afraid to fully reveal themselves to their partners, for fear they won't be fully accepted and loved. And that by working on open and honest communication tools, and how to really share the depth of their beings with each other, we can create relationships of real intimacy that are healthy and nourishing.
Couples Counselor
Philip Kolba, MA LMHC NCC
Psychotherapist
In 94110 - Nearby to Ashland.
There are countless models of healthy romantic relationships, from monogamous to polyamorous, and unique variations between partners. The scripts for dating and longterm relationships of our parents’ generations may not be applicable to your relationship, and there is no formal education in how to be a good partner or how to identify unhealthy relationships. But there is psychological research that shows that effective communication, emotional openness, intimacy, and other factors contribute to healthy relationships. Creating these conditions are skills that can be learned. I practice brief humanistic and emotion-focused therapy (EFT) to help my LGBTQ and hetero clients learn these skills.
Couples Counselor
Eileen Goldman, MA MFT
Liscensed Marriage and Family Therapist
In 94022 - Nearby to Ashland.
I specialize in Couples Work and Marriage Counseling. I'm trained by the Couples Institute of Menlo Park, as well as Emotionally Focused Therapy and the Gottmann Method. Having been married myself for 25 years - and worked through my share of challenges in relationship - I have a good understanding for what it takes to heal, trust, and build intimacy with someone. Most of our communication as a couple is in fact asking the question "are you there for me?". In couples counseling we will explore that basic premise and understand how to make our partners feel it, as well as how we can each motivate our partner to WANT to make us feel that way.
Couples Counselor
Meredith Reddoch, MA, LMFT, SEP
Marriage and Family Therapist
In 94596 - Nearby to Ashland.
I provide couples counseling which can be beneficial whether you are married or in a long term partnership. Therapy can be helpful for all couples to open up communication, gain mutual understanding and have a safe place to be vulnerable. Engaging in couples therapy can valuable whether there is a specific issue needing focus or just the desire to gain better communication. I look forward to supporting through with this process.
Couples Counselor
Alice Locke-Chezar, MFT, ATR
Marriage & Family Therapist, Registered Art Therapist
In 94306 - Nearby to Ashland.
Being part of a loving couple is hard work. My clients often come to me when they feel their lives and their relationship spiraling out of control. I help my clients to look back at what brought them together, to see what is currently tearing them apart, and to explore past family patterns and make certain they are not being blinldy repeated. As the elements of the current situation become clearer, I help my clients learn important tools to foster clear communication, understanding and empathy. Armed with greater understanding and important tools, they can heal their wounds and find joy comfort and support being together.
Couples Counselor
Mina Skoutelakis, M.S., L.M.F.T.
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
In 94566 - Nearby to Ashland.
Are you feeling helpless and hopeless about your relationship? Do you often feel frustrated and defeated, opting to withdraw from your partner or emotionally lash out in ways you know are hurtful? Do you wish you could rekindle the passion and romance you used to feel in your relationship when you were dating, but can't seem to find any hope in making it happen? Has having children changed your relationship for the worse. I offer a research based assessment and treatment process that clearly guides couples better ways to express emotion, deal with conflict, and rekindle the love that brought them together. Contact me for a free consultation appointment.
Couples Counselor
Jenny Liu, MEd. MFT. NLP. Confidence Coach
Online Therapist & Coach, Online Career Counselor
In 91301 - Nearby to Ashland.
FRUSTRATED ABOUT YOUR RELATIONSHIPS? Stressed out about what to do next? Are you considering breakup or divorce but really want to give it a last chance? Would you like to take one more look before making any permanent decision? I can help you gain clarity, confidence in your decision making in regards to a very important matter in your life through a brief and focused counseling process.
Couples Counselor
Margaret Petersen, MA, MFT
Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist
In 94566 - Nearby to Ashland.
Tired of the same old arguments? Sad or even scared about the growing disconnect? Want to change but can't seem to stop the same old cycle from happening again and again? Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy (EFT) transforms couples in a powerfully and emotionally engaging way , and is now considered one of the best validated couples interventions approach by leading experts all over the country. So often all of our arguments or disconnects have at their core a desire to know, "Are you there for me?" Or, " Do I really matter to you?" EFT addresses the fears that keep us apart and allows us to move close in ways that beautifully work. To learn more please visit my website right now.
Couples Counselor
John Kane, AMFT, APCC
Associate Marriage and Family Therapist
In 94520 - Nearby to Ashland.
Without conflict, couples do not achieve intimacy. The challenge is helping you and your partner learn how to have healthy conflict that leads to intimacy, rather than destructive conflict that destroys the relationship. While I work with all couples, I specialize in working with neuro-diverse couples. I usually start with helping you learn ground rules for being able to have safe, constructive, healthy conflict to reduce and eliminate destructive relational patterns. I also use Emotion Focused Therapy (EFT) to help you reconnect, learn healthy communication skills, rekindle the flame that you once had, and start talking to each other again. If you are willing to work, I am here for you!
Couples Counselor
Meri Levy, LMFT
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist #88213
In 94549 - Nearby to Ashland.
Is your relationship at a stalemate? Or are you finding yourselves drifting apart, or arguing without really hearing each other? Working with a calm, neutral third party, the two of you can explore destructive patterns and learn new ways to improve intimacy. Couples counseling does not mean your relationship is over! It is only the beginning of a new stage. Many couples find greater closeness after working through their difficulties in therapy and finding new reasons to love each other.
Couples Counselor
Sean Faulkner, MFTi
Marriage and Family Therapist Intern
In 94010 - Nearby to Ashland.
Couples typically do not seek counseling until there is a major break down in their relationship and hope to find a counselor to "fix" their problems. Resolving your issues is not my goal as a counselor--my goal is to help you and your partner learn and develop new ways to communicate which will allow you two to resolve your own issues together as a couple, both during and after therapy. I aim to help you and your partner develop long-term skills which you can use for years to come.
Couples Counselor
Carol Jaron, MS, MFT, CHT
Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist
In 94401 - Nearby to Ashland.
If your relationship feels stuck or you have no idea how to communicate to your loved one, your couple's connection can be revived or created in the way you both desire. I have specialized in strengthening communication skills and helping each of you express understanding for the other...but in your unique way. No cookie cutters here! We all have gifts to offer those we are in a long time or blossoming romantic relationship with. Being taught and supported in how to give recognition and receive true emotional connection with each other can deepen the satisfaction of your lives together . Clearing conflict can happen with coaching you in what was confusing or distressing to your partner
You Have Found The Best Couples Counselors in Ashland, CA. Restore Your Relationship.
Thank you for visiting our California search of licensed therapists for couples in Ashland who specialize in helping relationships and marriages heal and overcome division and hurt. Relationships are hard. Unless you are actively working towards coming together, by default you are drifting apart. It takes work. A licensed therapist is an expert at helping to untangle the mess that can develop when things go wrong. Find honest and effective couples Counseling in Ashland and renew your relationship.
Ashland is located in Alameda County, California. It has a land area of 1.83 square miles and a water area of 0.00 square miles. The population of Ashland is 23,360 people with 7,536 households and a median annual income of $45,621. .
Therapy Affordability Meter for Ashland, CA
Some budgeting needed
While counseling can certainly be an expense for individuals and families in Ashland, with proper budgeting, it is entirely do-able and the risk/reward is worth it. For some families, it may be difficult to sustain a commitment to therapy without proper insurance coverage. If this is you, ask your therapist about low cost options as practitoners in and around Ashland may have flexibility or sliding scales. Low cost counseling and affordable therapy are also sometimes offered by listed city and university level clinics, check with your local Ashland public health department. | https://www.theravive.com/cities/ca/couples-counseling-ashland.aspx |
- Prove that farmers can break the chemical cycle that is modern agriculture by creating a new operating paradigm that dramatically upgrades current alternative farming methods (i.e., better than organic)
- Create food that is so nutritious it is medicine.
- Create climate-friendly agriculture practices that help solve climate change.
- Cleanse the water table while stopping wind and water erosion.
- Prove that if you take care of the soil, you create healthier livestock and wildlife.
The Sandy Arrow Ranch (“SA Ranch”) will be a test case to accomplish these goals. The plan is to focus on the soil by utilizing science based biological solutions to return the ground to nature’s optimal balance. Creating and sustaining healthy microbial communities in the soil is the pivotal component. These lofty goals need to co-exist within a “wow” based economic model that is an order of magnitude better than conventional farming practices. Success will be defined not only by results on the SA Ranch, but by the adoption of our model by farmers, consumers and all participants in the food chain. | https://www.sandyarrowranch.com/our-mission/ |
Define the concept of Management process and Management as a social and dynamic process.
Management process may be defined as process through which management functions are carried out, it is basically a social process as managers get things done by managing people who perform. Management process is dynamic, a moving force that generates interaction and integration and harmony while making things happen.
Key Features of Management Process:
- Goal-Oriented: Management is always goal-oriented and the achievement of goals is the prime function of every management.
- Depicts the nature of job: The process gives a clear cut picture of the nature of job to be performed by the manager through planning, organizing, direction and control.
- Ongoing Process: It is an ongoing and continuous process which never ends.
- Inter-relationship: The managerial functions have a definite inter relationship and each function supplement each other.
- Transformation of Input and Outputs: Management process transforms all input into outputs.
- Functions are applicable to one another: Common process of management guides students and practitioners.
Elton Mayo who pioneered the human relations approach to the management the fulfillment of the workers social needs have beneficial effects on the morale and efficiency. According to human relations approach is based on the view that Modern organization is a social system in which the social environment and interpersonal relations govern the behaviour of employees.
Management functions are dynamic in nature and ever changing according to the need of hour and the contingent situations. Management Is social process and managers mobilize, coordinate and motivate people to, get things done. The managers have to communicate with the employees and guide them and get along with them.
Managers need social skills to get things done from subordinates and ensure that the employees cooperate without fear. Management is moving force and dynamic process which generates interactions, integration and harmonic relations. The dynamism of management process allows it to adapt it selves to individual functions to the needs of the organization. The dynamic process balances between the requirements and realities of the external environment.
Any social process has to be dynamic, the society keeps on changing their expectations and aspirations and every management has to meet the social challenges through an inbuilt dynamism. | https://www.owlgen.in/define-the-concept-of-management-process-and-management-as-a-social-and-dynamic-process/ |
Install bettercap tool – Bettercap is used to a man-in-the-middle (MitM) attack that allows an attacker to intercept communications between network devices. The working principle of the attack is as follows:
1. The attacker must have access to the network. They analyze the network to find the IP addresses of at least two devices-such as workstations and routers.
2. Attackers use spoofing tools such as Arpspoof or Driftnet to send fake ARP responses.
3. The solid responses market it that the best MAC deal with for each IP address, belonging to the router and computing device, is the attacker’s MAC deal with. This fools each router and computing device to connect with the attacker’s machine, in preference to each other.
4. The two devices update their ARP cache entries and then communicate with the attacker instead of directly communicating with each other.
5. The attacker is now secretly in the middle of all communications
Install bettercap tool in Linux
1. First of all we need to update the Linux operating system so execute the below command in your terminal
sudo apt-get update
2. After completing the update, now we install the Bettercap tool so run the below command in your Linux
sudo apt-get install bettercap
Usage of Bettercap
After completing the Bettercap installation, Type the below command to know the Bettercap usage. | https://www.errorsfind.com/how-to-install-bettercap-tool-on-linux/08/09/ |
The national research cyberinfrastructure (CI) ecosystem is a key catalyst for discovery and innovation across research domains and plays a critical role in ensuring US leadership in science and engineering, economic competitiveness, and national security, consistent with NSF’s mission. A diverse, skilled, capable, and productive workforce is required to effectively leverage and utilize current, emerging, and future CI capabilities – spanning researchers who use CI, developers of new CI capabilities, and professionals that deploy and operate NSF-supported CI. Developing and sustaining such a dynamic CI workforce presents challenges that are similar across science and engineering research and education fields, such as implementing effective institutional and on-the-job training and refreshing skills to keep up with evolving software, technologies, platforms, and application requirements . The CI workforce also faces somewhat unique challenges due to lack of clear career pathways and disparity in position descriptions.
In this broader context, NSF envisions fostering and nurturing diverse communities of CI Professionals (CIP) across all areas of science and engineering research and education by establishing a network of connected and coordinated hubs that recognize and connect CI Professionals, support communications, training, sharing of best practices, and mobility across projects and organizations.
To establish this network for all stakeholders of the CI workforce, NSF will support a set of Research Coordination Networks (RCN) to advance CI Professionals communities through transformative and/or new approaches for fostering, nurturing, expanding, and sustaining such communities. The RCN:CIP projects are intended to:
- foster exchange and community development among CI Professionals;
- share experience on sustaining and retaining CI Professionals;
- raise the awareness and importance of CI Professionals in academia, and convey the information to academic leaders on their career development;
- communicate opportunities for, and importance of, CI Professionals’ collaboration with research and engineering groups;
- advance best practices for recruiting and developing CI expertise at all levels;
- explore mutually beneficial partnerships across the different stakeholders in academia, government, non-profits, and industry; and
- explore the establishment and sustainability of a network of hubs over the longer term, including governance and coordination among these hubs.
The RCN:CIP will engage CI Professionals from across the NSF research and education community and will also include representatives from university leadership (e.g., Vice Presidents for Research) and industry. The RCN must maintain a website for dissemination of RCN information, including opportunities for participation. The RCN may be regional, focused on specific research disciplines, or a combination. A key goal, and metric of success, of the RCN investments will be broadening participation. Broad inclusion of minorities and underrepresented communities will be particularly important. RCNs focused on these communities, and/or well-suited opportunities for such institutions to open career paths for such individuals, are encouraged. Geographic diversity is an important consideration and proposals led by institutions in EPSCoR jurisdictions are encouraged. In addition, participation by key organizations and societies (such as ACM – Association for Computing Machinery, CASC - Coalition for Academic Scientific Computation, and CRA – Computing Research Association) will be important and is also encouraged.
NSF expects the RCN:CIP awardees to coordinate their efforts and activities, for instance through joint workshops and knowledge sharing, towards the goal of defining and establishing an interconnected network of hubs with a common set of high-level objectives and overall outcomes. RCN:CIP will be expected to implement a range of measures to demonstrate progress, efficacy, and improvements.
It is required that prospective PIs contact the RCN:CIP Program Officer(s) to ascertain if the focus and budget of their proposed RCN is appropriate for this solicitation. | https://beta.nsf.gov/funding/opportunities/research-coordination-networks-fostering-and-nurturing-diverse-community-ci |
Children who live with a physical, sensory, intellectual or mental health disabilities are among the most stigmatized and marginalized of all the world’s children. While all children are at risk of being victims of violence, disabled children find themselves at significantly increased risk because of stigma, negative traditional beliefs and ignorance. Lack of social support, limited opportunities for education, employment or participation in the community further isolates disabled children and their families, leading to increased levels of stress and hardship.
According to researchers, children with a physical, sensory, intellectual or mental health impairment are at increased risk of becoming victims of violence. While the amount of research available on this population is extremely limited, particularly for disabled children in the developing world, current research indicates that violence against disabled children occurs at annual rates at least 1.7 times greater than their non-disabled peers. More targeted studies also indicate reasons for serious concern. For example, one group of researchers report that 90% of individuals with intellectual impairments will experience sexual abuse at some point in the life, and a national survey of deaf adults in found 80% of all deaf individuals surveyed report sexual abuse at some point in their childhood.
Domestic violence against disabled children needs extreme attention since it is difficult to highlight the incident. There are several reasons for this situation as being vulnerable group, lack of awareness of families, shame feelings due to owing disabled children. The vulnerability of this group makes them a potential victim. Society’s ignorance about the violent incidents against disabled children increases the number of undiscovered cases. Societies and their institutions are abusive to the people with disabilities and their families. These people stretched emotionally, physically and financially. They need professional support by experts.
The UNICEF report Violence against disabled children (2005) states that: “Violence against children as a global concern will not end until disabled children are included in all outreach and prevention measures”. In order to combat violence, the report recommends measures that involve both communities and families: awareness raising, the empowerment of families and children, appropriate support and services to cater for their needs. Child maltreatment is harm (or risk of harm) caused to a child by a parent, caregiver, or any other person responsible for the child’s safety.
The World Health Organisation distinguishes five subtypes of child maltreatment: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, neglect and negligent treatment and commercial or other exploitation. Children with disabilities are at increased risk of some form of maltreatment; however, over the years research has moved away from treating disability per se as causally linked to maltreatment, towards an understanding of the factors that, associated with disability, lead to an increased risk of maltreatment.
Domestic Violence Shelters and other programs that offer help to victims of domestic violence are often inaccessible to individuals with disability, lacking ramps, sign language interpreters or refusing to allow those with mental illness to use the facilities. For parents with a disabled child, or for a disabled adolescent in a violent household, the lack of accessibility means that no alternative exists should they chose to flee from a violent situation.
Over the last years both the European Union and Members States have taken important STEPS, promoting the rights of disabled people. Today, however, despite the efforts Europe has taken, disabled people are sadly still victims of rights abuses and targets for violence.
We partner of this project, find that situation unacceptable and our policies must therefore focus on protecting them against the violence they suffer. Indeed, freedoms and fundamental rights cannot be effectively exercised without security and an effective guarantee of protection of the most vulnerable.
- sfw_pwd: | http://steps.ceipes.org/?page_id=292 |
Innovation and Creativity
Innovation and creativity are the key drivers that have enabled our continued growth and success. Our expertise, coupled with understanding of our brands and their consumers give us the best ability to provide design service.
We have a global, visionary outlook on the market and dynamic, experienced design and development team, with access to some of the most exciting fashion culture in the world. Working with a brand base that is truly global, we are at the forefront of trend awareness and product intelligence.
Product Development
We attend all the major fashion, fabric and technology fairs and undertake seasonal shopping and research trips to anticipate market needs, resulting in informed product development solutions. | http://yasintekstil.com.tr/design-r-d.html |
Subsets and Splits
No saved queries yet
Save your SQL queries to embed, download, and access them later. Queries will appear here once saved.