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The DTI’s stated aim is to increase productivity. But does its confused identity, ineffective schemes and growing
desire to regulate actually inhibit progress?
Stephen Overell investigates
Patricia Hewitt believes the Department of Trade and Industry should be run
"like a first rate business" and, like all first-rate – or for that
matter third-rate – businesses, it feels the need to write down what it is
there for. The mission of the DTI is: "To increase competitiveness and
scientific excellence in order to generate higher levels of sustainable growth
and productivity in a modern economy."
Whenever employers learn of this aim, the reaction tends to be surprise,
bordering on disbelief. Employers want growth, yet they see the department
raining down upon them a biblical plague of vengeful legislation and red tape,
assisting the machinations of the European Commission to render the UK as
bureaucratic, inflexible and dirigiste as possible.
Traditionally, the purpose of the DTI may well have been business support.
But since 1995, when the Employment Department was scrapped and its work shared
out between the then Department for Education and Employment and the DTI, it
has been forced to embrace what could be seen as the alien agenda of employment
relations. And it has embraced it with what employers regard as unhealthy zeal.
The Better Regulation Task Group notes that in 1998 and 1999 there were no
fewer than 11 major pieces of employment legislation – the same number as in
the 20 years between 1976 and 1996.
A significant majority of HR directors believe that complex employment law
is hindering productivity, according to a July 2002 report by the Chartered
Institute for Personnel and Development (CIPD). By the Government’s own
admission, the cost of regulation introduced since 1997 now comes to £5bn a
year. Yet ministers do not perceive the conflict that employers see all too
readily – that a department whose purpose is business support is also
responsible for the legislation that businesses allege is holding back growth.
Arguably, resting in the DTI are all the Labour Party’s ambiguous feelings
towards business as a whole. Trade and industry is one of the least glamorous
patches in Whitehall and Hewitt is the fourth secretary of state since 1997 –
her the predecessors being Peter Mandelson, Margaret Beckett and Stephen Byers.
Yet the DTI sponsors policies that are dear to the hearts of core Labour
voters, such as the minimum wage and trade union recognition – the reason,
perhaps, why they have not parted company with the New Labour project in even
greater numbers.
Mike Emmott, adviser to the CIPD and a former official at the DTI, says:
"It does try to be a business lobby with the Government, but it gets
pulled all ways by the need to adjust to the political requirements of the
moment. Its heart is in business support, but it is unable to deliver
consistently, so it gets kicked by its friends for being supine."
The Jekyll & Hyde nature of the DTI is a point that has been put to
Hewitt, and she has developed a lithe, diplomatic, Third Way line – not a
million miles from the kind favoured by HR professionals.
"I do not see a conflict between the department’s role in employment
relations and the department’s role on productivity and competitiveness,"
she told the House of Commons Trade and Industry Committee. "I would
define the purpose of the DTI as being to work with business and employees and
consumers to help drive up productivity and competitiveness." She says
good levels of employment protection, the right regulatory framework and the
promotion of best practice "help to create more high performance
workplaces… because there is good evidence that the most productive
businesses are the ones that have an effective partnership with their
employees".
The DTI, in its Productivity and Competitiveness Indicators mentions five
‘drivers’ of productivity: investment, innovation, skills, enterprise and
competition. No specific mention of employment rights, here. However, Hewitt’s
argument – that "good quality" employment contributes to productivity
– is partially accepted by even the DTI’s most viperous critic, the Institute
of Directors (IoD), although it does complain the Government takes it too far.
In a report last September the IoD criticised the DTI for its incoherent
strategy, political instability and for an over-ambitious list of targets.
However, Richard Wilson, the IoD’s business policy executive, denies that the
logic of its charge sheet is that employment should have a department of its
own. "It is better to keep employment relations within the DTI rather than
have departments working against each other," he says.
The TUC has consistently called for the re-creation of an employment department
because the quality of regulation has suffered, says its employment policy
officer Sarah Veale. This is supported by the Better Regulation Taskforce’s
criticisms of the DTI last year. It called for more research into the impact of
employment legislation on organisations, and suggested that the constant drip
of new regulations makes it harder for employers to deal with.
Veale also believes the DTI’s employment relations directorate feels
over-stretched. Out of a budget of £5.1bn in 2003-2004, employment relations
has just £19m for its programmes, the bulk going on funding enforcement of the
minimum wage, carried out by the Inland Revenue.
Employment as a policy area has been "Balkanised", says Veale. The
Health and Safety Executive and unemployment come under the Department of Work
and Pensions; the New Deal, Sector Skills Councils and vocational learning come
under the Department for Education and Skills; while tribunals, unions, Acas
and employment law rest with the DTI. Requests to unite them have fallen on
deaf ears.
Encouraging enterprise
Like other government departments, the DTI has its list of targets, chief of
which is "to demonstrate progress by 2006 on the Government’s long-term
objective of raising the rate of UK productivity growth over the economic
cycle, improving competitiveness and narrowing the productivity gap with the
US, France and Germany". Productivity is measured by output per worker
(dividing GDP by total employment in the Labour Force Survey) and output per
hour. It is a grand aim, but the accompanying technical notes do not specify
how the DTI is to be measured. If productivity grows, the DTI’s ‘progress’ has
been proved, apparently. QED.
Whenever HR professionals are asked to demonstrate how they contribute to an
organisation’s bottom line, it does them no good to point to the overall
performance figures, and say: "There you go, HR is useful". They must
show their part in it.
But then maybe this is just as well. The direct levers available to the DTI
are very few. The usual panacea for flat productivity, touted in White Paper
after White Paper, is investment in skills. Yet the skills agenda lies outside
its remit. Instead, the DTI hopes to ginger up the nation’s output by setting
the framework for regulation, and by encouraging enterprise, innovation, and
investment as well as running the Small Business Service (overseeing Business
Links and administering 183 different grant schemes with a budget of £254m).
The signs of activity are everywhere: making start-ups easier, the research and
development tax credit, the £1.25bn invested in commercialising science and
multiple ‘partnerships’.
Yet the task seems to dwarf the means. Investment is at a three-decade low,
patenting (a measure of innovation) is weak by international standards, and
over-centralisation means regions and cities have little power to stimulate
development. Although 175,500 new businesses registered last year, 162,000
deregistered. Moreover few of the intended beneficiaries have a kind word for
the DTI.
The Federation of Small Businesses says its members are "immensely
confused" by the plethora of schemes and complains of ‘initiativitis’. It
would like to see all business support given to the Regional Development
Agencies and Business Links, rather than be controlled centrally.
Criticism of low-value, low-impact schemes and a lack of strategic direction
were the principal complaints in a review of the DTI’s services completed in
November 2001. Its response has been a new strategy board, strategy unit,
productivity strategy, core skills group and a pledge to be ‘more
customer-focused’.
Recent years have also seen signs the department is edging towards deeper
interest in people management as a source of growth for the wider economy – it
runs funds for employee-employer partnerships and good practice on work-life
balance, and in 2000 set up the Council for Excellence in Management and
Leadership to promote the links between management and performance. Chris
Parsons, a consultant with Penna, believes Hewitt’s recent criticism of
management skills reflects this attempt to look at new ways of tackling
productivity.
However, Michael Porter’s report on productivity (Personnel Today, 21
January 2003) disputes the belief that management skill levels are a
significant problem – although he does think middle and junior managers require
development. Instead, it indicates further background roles for the DTI and
other government departments to allow the UK "to climb the next rung of
the ladder". The report calls for investment in infrastructure, skills and
science, decentralisation, more use of industrial clusters, encouraging new
management techniques and collaborative effort.
"There is a tendency to think the role of government is to make markets
work efficiently," Porter says. "But there are certain assets that
require public investment to move to a high value, innovation-driven
economy." He also disputes that regulation is holding back productivity.
On the contrary, he argues the level of regulation is "strikingly
low", and suggests "high regulatory standards promote
innovation".
His description of the UK as "one of the great success stories"
will surely gladden hearts at a much sniped-at department. Yet whether the DTI
is really able to do much towards its central aim of increasing productivity
remains dubious. And if not, what is it for?
DTI regulatory timeline…
1995
Employment department abolished
1997
Margaret Beckett appointed President of the Board of Trade. Policy
priority: ‘fairness at work’
1998
Peter Mandelson appointed as Secretary of State. Policy priority: ‘the knowledge economy’
Employment Rights (dispute resolution) Act
Working Time Regulations
National Minimum Wage
Data Protection Act
Public Interest Disclosure Act
Stephen Byers appointed Secretary of State: policy priority: ‘rip off Britain’
1999
Employment Relations Act
Tax Credits Act
Collective Redundancies and Transfer of Undertakings Regulations
Transnational Information and Consultation of Employees Regulations
Maternity and Parental leave Regulations
Small Business Service set up
2000
Part-time Workers (prevention of less favourable treatment) regulations
Partnership Fund launched
Work-life Balance fund launched
Centre for Excellence in Management and Leadership
2001
Patricia Hewitt appointed Secretary of State. Policy priority: | https://www.personneltoday.com/hr/what-has-the-dti-ever-done-for-us/ |
java virtual machine also known as JVM.
JVM is a miracle bcoz of which java becomes platform
independent language.
jvm acts as an inrterface betn OS and java program.
as in c lang. program needs to be convert into machine
language(.obj).in the same way java code need to be
translated into .class file (in bytecode)
and then JVM executes thst bytecode(.class file).
and thus java program gets executed by JVM and not by OS.
so java become platform independent.
|Is This Answer Correct ?||4 Yes||0 No|
Answer / neha siddiqui
. JVM is stands for java virtual machine
. JVM is popularly known as interprets between java bytecode
and computer operating system
. using a JVM user can run java code on any platform such as.,
unix, linux, windows xp,etc
. A JVM normally reads and executes java statement one at a time
. A JVM can however includes a JIT compiler [Just In Time] with in it
. The Jvm does not know any thing about java programming language
. A JVM only recognize a particular binary format of a file called "Class File"
. A Class file contain Java Virtual Machine instructions.
|Is This Answer Correct ?||2 Yes||0 No|
A)JVM convert .class to machine language.
B) JVM is .exe program that is java.exe
C)JVM (Java Virtual Machine) run the java program.
1) JVM check .class code is proper or not (Its check byte
code , virus etc) if .class code is not proper it terminate
the execution.
2) If .class is in proper format then it will start work.
JVM has 5 part:-
1)Method Area
2)Heap Area
3)Java Stacks
4)PC register
5)Native Method Stacks
method area has class code, variables code and method code.
When object is created it store in heap Area.
In our program there will some methods, and its take some
memory for execution and store o/p so this is done in Java
Stacks.
PC register has memory address of every method.
Native Method has Native methods.
3) JVM start program from main(). this is starting point of
JVM in our Program.
JVM also check main method and its argument must be String
type array.
|Is This Answer Correct ?||2 Yes||1 No|
Answer / raju
Java virtual machine is also called JVM.It is used to convert source code in to binary code
|Is This Answer Correct ?||0 Yes||3 No|
What are the uses of the set interfaces in the java collections? : java collections
Runining mutiple tomcat server in a single machine is possible Yuo wil have to duplicate configuration with different port numbers
what is filter ?
What is the servletcontext listener and what is JspContext and page context pls tell in simple words.
I have include a jsp page by using <jsp:include page="/.../xyz.jsp"/> The thing is that the xyz.jsp page has its submit button.When i click on that button the whole main page get refreshed.But i want to refresh only the xyz.jsp page.How could i achive it so that i can only refresh the xyz.jsp not the main page page?
who should use JNDI?
Am chittibabu from vadavalli, My father name is nanjan.he is working in state bank of india at vadavalli, My mother name is ramal. She is house wife. My brother name is rajaram he is working in Privete Company. I was born on 25-january-1984 at bhavanisager in Erode District. I have completed my school in government higher secondary school bhavanisager. After that I came to coimbatore for higher study.i have joined Bsc computer science in sri ramalinga sowdambigai college of science and commerce, affiliated by bharathiyar university, coimbatore. In the same college, I have continued UG degree also. but I got a job in Systech infovation as a software programmer,so I discontinued Msc Degree.I have one and half years experience from this concern. Here I have completed two products; one is Tranport management solution for balaji goods carriers at tirupur. Another one is Embroidery Management Solution for Angel Embroidery at tirupur. After that I got an another job in metis technologies as senior software engineer. I have one year experience from this company.here I working in school management product.it is developing version by version.
wnet use DAO design in u r project?
what is the IDE that you have used to write your java programs?
2 Answers Inforica, Interface Software,
What are the queues in the java collection framework? : java collections
Which of the following declaration is wrong? int i=45; float j = 45.0; double k=45.0;
what is difference between business deligate and session facade ? | https://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/106624/what-is-java-virtual-machine.html |
Written evidence submitted by Common Wealth (PEG0316)
The following submission comprises of extracts from various policy papers published by Common Wealth related to COVID-19, namely from ‘Commoning the Company’, ‘Emergency Landing: How Public Stakes Can Secure a Sustainable Future for Aviation’, ‘Signal and Switch: Toward a More Resilient Rail System for the UK’, and ‘Charting a Just and Sustainable Recovery for Scotland: A Plan for Scotland’s Programme for Government.’ To read our work in full, please go to our research library: https://www.common- wealth.co.uk/research.
The COVID-19 Public Health Crisis: Anything but a Great Leveller
While the virus may not discriminate, our economy does. This has been reflected in impact of Covid-19 falling unevenly along gender, race, and class lines, with working class and Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic people, for example, hit especially hard by the crisis.
Prior to the public health emergency and the economic fallout that followed, the UK had undergone a decade of austerity, which caused a decade of lost wages for workers, stagnating living standards, low rates of investment, soaring levels of hunger, and rising child poverty. Ensuring that the distributional impacts of this crisis alleviate the gross inequities in wealth and power in our society must be a priority.
The climate crisis changes everything and - despite the immediate threat to life of Covid-19 - remains the single biggest danger facing our future. Five years on from the Paris Agreement, the world is perilously off-track to meet the ‘well below’ 2-degree limit set by the accord.
Inherently linked to the inequality crisis, the causes and distributional impacts of the climate crisis are unevenly felt.
The Bank of England has warned that the economic fallout from Covid-19 will plunge the UK economy into its deepest recession in three centuries. Unless action is taken to protect them, those with the least power and wealth will continue to be disproportionately hit by this crisis.
We stand at a massive moment - either rebuild an economy that was marked by inequality or create a new one that is sustainable and democratic. To ensure this watershed moment builds back better, Common Wealth has set out the following policy measures:
To drive a sustainable recovery, the UK Government should deliver the largest possible green stimulus package, taking advantage of historically low borrowing costs to invest in securing a just transition to a net zero economy and kickstarting the green jobs and industries of the future
As a first step to secure a sustainable future, the UK needs to create well paid, secure, green employment opportunities through a Job Guarantee providing well paid employment opportunities in the public sector to anyone who needs it to create good quality jobs that are paid at least the real Living Wage rate. These jobs could focus on priorities such as decarbonising the housing stock, building a new generation of social housing, rapidly expanding renewable energy generation, supporting afforestation and restoring peatlands, prioritising local job creation, and expanding a national housing retrofitting programme.
Moreover, while we should borrow to invest during the crisis, longer-term there should be a rebalancing of our tax system to boost sustainability, tackle inequality, and raise revenue.
One example of this would be the introduction of a Frequent Flyer Levy.
The concentrated ownership of wealth and power designed into our economy strips workers and communities of the wealth they create in common. We therefore recommend a Community Wealth Building Act to support an economic strategy that transfers financial and physical assets to local communities and redirects wealth, control and benefits to local economies. This Act should be built on the key pillars set out by CLES to secure a democratic economy: expanding pluralistic models of business ownership, making financial power work for local places, fair employment and just labour markets, progressive procurement of goods and services, and socially just use of land and property.
Over the last four decades, privatisation has been a prominent component of the UK’s unequal and extractive economic model. Moving beyond this will require a strategy to integrate democratic public ownership at the heart of a comprehensive, planned transition to a new economy with wellbeing at its core, particularly in areas such as transport and care. As the Financial Times says: “Radical reforms — reversing the prevailing policy direction of the last four decades — will need to be put on the table. Governments will have to accept a more active role in the economy. They must see public services as investments rather than liabilities and look for ways to make labour markets less insecure. Redistribution will again be on the agenda.”
To take one example, as part of its recovery programme, the UK should establish a new public infrastructure company with a mission to deliver a nationwide full-fibre network by 2030. The benefits of a full-fibre are immense economically, socially, and environmentally; the challenge is in how to deliver a full-fibre future fairly and affordably.
The UK Government’s own analysis suggests a monopoly provider would deliver a nationwide full-fibre network faster and at significantly lower cost than via "enhanced competition" among an oligopoly of private companies, the current preferred policy approach, with nation-wide full-fibre deployment achievable within 15 years at an undiscounted deployment Capex of £20.3bn as against £32.3bn at a slower pace via “enhanced competition”.
Given a monopoly is faster, fairer and more affordable route to connecting the nation, to that end, a new public infrastructure company should be created tasked with rolling out a 100% full-fibre network by 2030, based on taking Openreach (and the parts of BT Group relevant to rolling out the core network) into public ownership, instead of allowing it to be taken over by private equity, as is currently rumoured.
A mission to connect the nation should be central to a post-covid recovery that is prosperous and just, with a ‘retrofitting revolution’ building a 21st century digital infrastructure. A portion of funding for investment could come from charging private ISP providers for access to the network, just as Openreach currently does. Rather than paying dividends, the company should reinvest profits back into rolling out the network. BT Group has paid out over £53bn in dividends since privatisation, and over the past decade has seen its fixed investment and R&D spending fall as shareholder payouts have risen. This logic should be reversed; indeed, the annual savings from eliminating dividends could alone cover over 16% of the Capex required to deliver full-fibre over 10 years. The cost of public borrowing for investment is notably lower than for private companies and is at near-record lows; to finance the remaining Capex requirements, the public infrastructure company should take advantage, borrowing to invest.
Just as Gladstone nationalised the telegraph industry and Asquith took the telephone sector into public ownership to ensure universal coverage and access, so too can democratic public ownership can build a foundational 21st century digital infrastructure more affordably, equitably, and speedily than the alternatives.
A devastating public health crisis, Covid-19 has also triggered a profound crisis of the company: from vast multinational corporations to the small firms that are the lifeblood of local economies. The unprecedented economic fallout from the virus has exposed the inefficiencies and injustices embedded in the company’s operation – limitations that stretch back decades. Our response to this crisis cannot ignore these limitations when we emerge from the period of economic hibernation. Instead, it must reimagine the company so that it is democratic, resilient, and sustainable by design – and rebuild a new economy centred on meeting the needs of society and the environment.
Since the 1970s, the company has transformed from an institution focused on production – even if still one laced through with hierarchy and injustices – into an engine of increasing wealth extraction and growing financialisation, funnelling cash to shareholders and executive management in the form of dividends, share buybacks and share-based pay awards.
This has been driven by key shifts in the legal, managerial, and ownership structures of the corporation, with an increasing share of corporate earnings redirected to investors and management over workers or re-investment. Shareholding has concentrated and corporate debt has soared, with UK listed company debt reaching record levels by 2018; mergers and acquisitions have created dominant oligopolies in key sectors; managerial power has grown;
and labour has been subject to a relentless squeeze on wages, autonomy, and security in order to boost short-term profit.
Corporate earnings have in turn been redirected to shareholders in the form of rising dividends and share buybacks, rather than re-invested in the productive capacity of the firm or in rising real wages, with corporate cash shifting from productive to financialised use. In the 8 years between 2011 and 2018, the 100 largest UK-domiciled non-financial companies paid out over £400bn in dividends – the equivalent of 68% of their net profits over the period – and an additional £61bn in buybacks.
In 2019 alone, dividend payments from FTSE100 listed companies, a slightly different cohort including financial companies and non-domiciled corporations, hit a record £110.5 billion – a rise of 10.7% over 2018 and more than double the £54 billion paid out in 2009. And executive remuneration has become entirely disproportionate to performance. As of latest filings, just over 700 executives at 86 of the 100 largest non-financial UK companies held a collective £6 billion in equity at their respective corporations, representing nearly £8.5 million per director.1
Workers, companies themselves, and the public have lost out. Corporate behaviour has left our economy ill-prepared for crisis – less resilient as a whole and with income, wealth, and power intensely concentrated, leaving many acutely vulnerable. What’s more, absent intervention, the crisis will likely result in a further consolidation in ownership, with distressed firms purchased on the cheap by large corporations and private equity, accelerating the concentration of wealth and power.
This is not inevitable. The corporation is an entity with a separate legal personhood endowed by the law with extraordinary privileges to organise production. It is not a fixed, ‘natural’ institution, but rather constituted by politics and law.
Economic coordination rights in the corporation are currently assigned exclusively to capital via property; labour is excluded from the government of the company. Yet these rights and powers are publicly granted, legally defined, and re-codable; the corporation is not a space of private contract and property whose actions should be shielded from democratic intervention, but rather one undergirded and made possible by public power.
The crisis, like so many before it, has underscored this co-dependency and the inseparability of the economic from the political. If the corporation is the original and vital public-private partnership, long captured by elite shareholder interests and managerial power, we can still transform it from an institution of extraction to a generative entity: purposeful and democratically governed, where all its stakeholders have stake and a say in the wealth we create in common.
1 Source: BoardEx database. Includes directors with known equity stakes at the 100 largest non- financial companies domiciled in the UK. Note that 14 out of 100 companies analysed did not have data available. The mostrecent available data varies by company, with filing dates ranging from 09/2018 to 12/2019.
Figure 2. Source: Orbis & Zephyr databasesNotes: Aggregate data for the 100 largest non-financial companies domiciled in the UK
To ensure the company – the critical institution in our economy – emerges from the crisis more productive, resilient, and equitable, we recommend rewriting the rules. To that end, the following changes should be applied to all large companies and publicly traded companies through amendment of the Companies Act 2006 and associated legislation:
To reshape company purpose and end shareholder primacy, Section 172 of the Companies Act 2006 should be amended to make the promotion of the long-term success of a company for the benefit of its key stakeholders, including employees, the primary duty of its directors, not the maximisation of member, i.e. shareholder, interest. A redrafting of directors’ duties should ensure that the interests of shareholders, while important, do not take priority over the interests of employees or responsibilities to other stakeholders, including the environment, customers, and supply chains. In doing so, it should shift corporate governance from its focus on shareholder value maximisation to a stakeholder model of purposeful enterprise.
To democratise corporate governance, 45% of a company board should be elected by the workforce and 45% elected by the shareholder body, ensuring that those that invest their labour have equal representation with capital investors in determining the composition of the board and setting the strategic direction of their company. Unless we do so, the oligarchic nature of company governance – with representation on the board and voice in company meetings proportionate to wealth in the form of shareholding, not participation through labour on a one person one vote basis – will remain. The remaining 10% of the board should be directors elected by wider stakeholders of the company. This could, for example, be elected from key elements of a company’s supply chain or customers, or appointed to represent environmental interests.
To rebalance power at work, sectoral collective bargaining should be rolled out, workers should enjoy rights from day one on the job, and elected work councils with
binding rights should be established. While this would mark a change from recent labour relations in the UK, the response to the crisis has shown rapid institutional transformation is possible. Moreover, evidence suggests an upgrade in collective and individual labour rights would improve wages and conditions for ordinary workers, and would better equip employees and companies to respond to a changing world of work, instead of relying on inflexible statutory minimums as the basis of negotiation, that favour capital over labour.
To extend the economic franchise to workers, the outsized voting rights that monopoly shareholders currently enjoy at company meetings – such as at annual general meetings and other shareholder resolutions – should be ended. Instead, all workers should have the right to be registered as a member of their company. Workers as a group should be entitled to a minimum of twenty five per cent of the total voting rights in their company, exercised democratically as a bloc; the rest should be allocated to institutional investors and individual shareholders as a proportion of their shareholding. This would give the workforce an important, guaranteed stake in the government of the company alongside other stakeholders and enable workers collectively to exercise important corporate governance rights. This democratisation should apply regardless of the kind or size of company or firm to ensure that all workers have a powerful collective voice in company governance. Guaranteeing membership and significant control rights for workers is vital, not just because the extension of democratic principles into the economic realm is the 21st century frontier of democracy. It is also important for the long-term health of the company. Shareholders – and the doctrine of shareholder value maximisation – are currently failing, in aggregate, to steward the corporation toward long-term success and hold management to account, a supposed key function of theirs, not least because they vote overwhelmingly with management. The expansion of democracy within the firm is particularly important in the context of potential consolidation of the corporate sector following the crisis, which would see power in the economy further concentrated among a shrinking number of increasingly powerful firms and institutional investors.
To give workers a share in the profits they help create, mandatory profit sharing for workers in companies above 50 employees should be introduced, as in France. This would guarantee collective income rights for the workforce as a whole to company earnings, broadening who has a claim on the surplus. As in the French model, the total share should be determined based on a legal formula taking account of financial variables, including taxable profits, net equity, wages and added value, though how the share is distributed – whether flat or progressively – should be determined by an all-staff vote.
To democratise capital markets, there should be codetermination in capital and pension funds. This should involve a prohibition on financial intermediaries voting on the money of the ultimate beneficiary without instruction, either directly or indirectly, from the saver. Though many trustees would likely end up de facto delegating to asset managers their votes, this would at least change the default position to being that the beneficiary should have control. Pension trusts should be democratised, with at least half of the board being elected by the beneficiaries on a one-person, one-vote basis.
To ensure companies are pursuing ambitious net-zero targets, a new duty should be introduced requiring company directors to align company strategic and investment plans with a 1.5 degree pathway to embed sustainability.
To ensure compliance, a new ‘green golden share’ class should be considered in key carbon-intensive sectors; this would be deemed to be a majority of votes on any issue connected only to the elimination of fossil fuels in the company’s production and investment plans, providing a clear veto over policies that are not compliant with ambitious net-zero strategies.
A complex architecture of ownership and governance currently ensures the corporation is organised to maximise shareholder wealth by extracting as much money as possible from the company when times are good, while minimising the amount of shareholder money at risk when things go wrong. Addressing this will require reshaping how economic and political rights are allocated within the firm, challenging the control exercised by shareholders, particularly institutional investors and major shareholders, and executive management.
With a historic, deeply painful recession underway, many companies are facing a serious and potentially fatal decline in revenue. As a result, without public support, many are likely to collapse. Absent intervention, the consequences would be extreme: a dramatic increase in unemployment, a sharp contraction in the UK’s capital base, and the destruction of many otherwise viable businesses, with dangerous knock-on effects for the wider financial system as businesses default on financial obligations. As such, it is important that a simple, effective system of support is rapidly extended.
This should be done with clear conditions: any public support package should focus on bailing out the corporation rather than its shareholders, retaining its workforce and productive capacity for post-crisis. At the same time, bailouts should seek to permanently transform corporate governance to reorient the corporation toward the public good. In other words, there should be no ‘no-strings attached’ bailouts in the weeks and months ahead and rescue packages must ensure private sector creditors and shareholders bear their share of the losses.
In particular, we recommend the following requirements should be met by companies seeking access to public funds:
Guarantee job security in the crisis: As a condition of receiving public support, bailed out companies should guarantee no lay-offs for staff during the crisis, using the newly announced Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme where necessary, and those routinely if irregularly employed should be retained and brought into formal employment. Maintaining, as far as is possible, current employment levels and job security, albeit furloughed if necessary, should be a critical goal of intervention.
Cash for equity to provide strategic leverage and grow public wealth post-crisis: Public cash should be in exchange for equity within the bailed out company. Equity for investment is common sense and what most other investors would demand in similar circumstances. In general, equity taken should be held as a strategic, permanent public stake to create a powerful form of leverage and grow public wealth in the long-term. The rights associated with the public’s equity stake should not be dischargeable via bankruptcy to minimise the risk of companies taking public money and then declaring bankruptcy. Government cash should be exchanged for new equity issued by the bailed out corporation. The total value of the shares issued should be equal to the cash injection as a proportion of the bailed out company’s market capitalisation average over the last 12 months. If, for example, the bailout was worth 5% of the market capitalisation, averaged over the last 12 months prior to the cash injection, the state share of equity after new share issuance should be 5% of the total post-bailout.
Cash for newly issued equity would moderately dilute the wealth of existing shareholders but provide the corporation with liquidity to survive the crisis. While this would reduce shareholder wealth, this is reasonable and fair: without intervention, shareholders’ losses would be much greater, potentially absolute, while the argument that shareholders should receive an investment return over other stakeholders within the firm is based on the claim that they carry the residual risk.
Any equity issued should be held in a newly created social wealth fund, as detailed in recommendation five. The fund should exercise shareholder voting rights associated with the public equity stake as a mechanism to ensure good company behaviour: high- productivity, high-wage business models that are democratic, purposeful and operate sustainably, with strong and fair supply chains, that serve social and environmental needs. And, importantly, once the initial economic shock wanes, the public should receive a windfall from their investment in the form of rising equity prices and dividends.
Ending unbalanced value extraction from the company: Corporations should not be able to issue dividends or pursue share buybacks while the Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme is open, and until the end of 2020 if the scheme is closed before then. This should apply to all public companies at a minimum, not just bailed out entities. Once this period is over, the distribution of dividends to the entire shareholder body – with the public stake receiving a share proportionate to its share of equity – should be allowed to resume.
Alongside this, we support the call of the High Pay Centre for the following conditions to apply to any bailed out company:
Fair pay at the top: including a maximum pay ratios between the highest paid and median employees of bailed-out companies of 10:1 to begin.
Fair pay at the bottom: including a commitment to set a timeframe to paying the real living wage, an independently accredited hourly wage level (currently set at
£9.30 across the UK and £10.75 in London).
Ensuring tax justice: including requiring bailed out companies to commit to Fair Tax Mark accreditation and pursue responsible tax practices more broadly.
Case study: Railways
A core focus of the response to the economic fallout has been efforts to prevent the collapse of affected businesses, many of which have experienced a stark contraction in demand. Among the sectors hit particularly hard by the crisis is transportation, with rail franchises in England being nationalised – at least provisionally - following the suspension of franchise agreements to transfer “all revenue and cost risk” to the government.
While the scale of the crisis has triggered several significant public policy interventions, including these measures for the rail sector, the UK government stepping in to save private rail companies is far from new, with the East Coast rail service being nationalised in 2018 amid financial turmoil, followed by Northern Rail in January of this year, and then South Western Railway, which faced the possibility of nationalisation this January after losing
£137million in the financial year to March 2019. This reactive model of socialising losses while privatising profits has long defined the railway industry throughout the UK.
Nationalising the Losses, Privatising the Profits: Who Benefits?
Preventing the collapse of the rail industry as ridership effectively halts amidst the ongoing public health crisis is essential – for commuters, railway workers and their supply chains, and for any viable decarbonising strategy for the UK - but it also raises important questions concerning the mechanisms by which the rail companies are bailed out, whose interests are served - and how the sector should be organised post-crisis.
The suspension of the UK rail franchise system exposes the illogical and unspoken arrangement according to which the rail system operates, whereby private companies are substantially subsidised to profit during normal times – paying out hundreds of millions of pounds per year to shareholders, including more than £1.2 billion in dividends to shareholders in the last five years, despite deteriorating service quality even as TUC research shows fares for commuters have risen by 46 percent in the decade since 2009, twice as fast as wages – while their losses are guaranteed in times of crisis. And while actions to safeguard jobs and ensure the continuation of safe and reliable rail services for key workers during the crisis are welcome, the decision to absorb these companies’ losses during this crisis with no strings attached is in large part a bailout for other governments, shareholders, and billionaire private investors.
As the diagram above shows, the primary beneficiary of the temporary nationalisation of UK rail companies’ losses is a complex network of other governments and private shareholders. Despite the UK having largely privatised rail franchises, foreign government ownership is ubiquitous among the UK’s rail system, with these governments being the sole or majority owner of several UK rail franchises, often through long chains of operating companies.
Building a resilient rail system
Money provided from the taxpayer must not be used for a no-strings-attached bail out of shareholders and private investors; rather, any public support for railways must be associated with strong conditions that support long-lasting social, economic and environmental benefits for the public.
First, there must be guaranteed protection for railway workers. While the UK Government’s job retention scheme is a much-needed step in the right direction, it is important that this policy package recognises the precarious nature of the labour market, and is extended
to non-PAYE railway workers.
Second, rail travel should be free for key workers for the duration of the crisis - at a minimum, for as long as the Retention Scheme is in operation. If the government advice is that people must stay at home and only key workers should travel in order to safeguard our collective health and safety; it is only fair that those workers are provided with free travel. Workers not deemed essential should be strongly discouraged from travelling by rail.
However, this will require the government to provide a basic level of economic security for all non-essential workers to enable them to securely enter economic hibernation, with further action needed for all in areas such as income support, a minimum income guarantee scheme, access to childcare and outgoings such as rent. We echo the demands of railway workers that: "No one should be putting themselves, and others, in danger because of the financial risks of not taking journeys.”
Third, beyond the immediate crisis, it is imperative that the cyclical nature of the public purse bailing out private rail companies is undone and instead replaced with long-term public ownership of the railways. As We Own It argue, bringing rail services into public ownership can help to alleviate many of the problems associated with the broken system of privatisation: by removing shareholder payouts, earnings can be reinvested to improve services and reduce rail fares instead of being distributed to major investors; by replacing the for-profit structure of the rail services, a new de-financialised structure of incentives can emerge to meet social, economic and environmental needs.
Case study: Aviation
The economic response to Covid-19 must involve both unprecedented measures to support incomes and provide economic security for all in the short-term, as well as long-term steps to restructure the economy so that it emerges from the crisis geared toward justice and sustainability.
The broad approach of significant state intervention amid the crisis is to be welcomed. The economic shock induced by the public health emergency and ensuing policy response is plunging the economic viability of many companies and sectors into doubt. With the pandemic radically reducing demand for flying, the aviation sector – both airline and airport companies - is particularly at risk of collapse, with many aviation companies having already requested state support.
Public support, though, should not be unconditional. A state bailout must not be a blank cheque, allowing the sector to return to business as normal as and when the crisis passes. On current trends, aviation is likely to be the largest emitting sector in the UK by 2050; emissions are forecast to grow both in real terms and as a proportion of total UK emissions. Meeting the UK government’s net-zero 2050 target, let alone a more ambitious target necessary to combat climate crisis, will be difficult, if not impossible, absent deep shifts in the behaviour of the aviation sector. The Covid-19 emergency and the climate emergency together pose a monumental threat to a healthy, sustainable future for all and action now should wherever possible seek to address both together.
Nor is it just the sector’s environmental record and future trajectory that must improve. Our analysis demonstrates that airline companies and airports have prioritised the interests of external shareholders over the long-term success of the company or the interests of their workforce, the environment, and wider society. This includes favouring the distribution of retained earnings via dividends or share buybacks over increased investment in green technologies or higher wages; soaring executive pay; and a poor track record overall on alignment with the aims of the Paris Agreement.
Airlines not alone in this trend; over a five year period, the holding companies owning Heathrow, Gatwick and Manchester airports have paid out a staggering £4.4bn in dividends, of which £3.3bn was paid by Heathrow Airport Holdings alone. In fact, dividend payments by these companies were regularly in excess of 100% of the companies’ net income over this period.
In addition to these substantial dividend payments, several companies in the UK aviation industry are paying low effective tax rates. Most notably, Wizz Air maintained an effective tax rate averaging just 3.5% between 2015-2019.
The chart below shows the average effective tax rates paid by the six UK-domiciled aviation industry companies included in this analysis over the period 2015-2019. Though not an exact comparison, as a point of reference the average statutory corporation tax rate over the same period (19.4%) is also shown.
Any public support must be conditional on ensuring these behaviours change permanently. It is vital a bailout takes the form of cash for equity that is used to effect deep structural change in the behaviour of airlines and airports receiving a substantial public cash injection. This should mark a departure from the strategy pursued by the UK government in the wake of the financial crisis, where banks were bailed out but major public stakes were not used to drive transformation in the operation or performance of publicly-owned banks. To that end, we recommend five broad conditions for public support:
Ensure furloughing, no lay-offs: As a condition of receiving public support, bailed out companies should guarantee no lay-offs for staff, using the newly announced Coronavirus Job Retention Scheme where necessary.
Embed collective bargaining and worker representation in governance: A public stake must be combined with democratising governance and the workplace. All bailouts should require as a condition the embedding of collective bargaining around pay and conditions as well as ensuring that a minimum of one-third of the company board should be elected from the workforce.
Fair pay: As part of the condition of bailouts, we support calls for the imposition of maximum pay ratios between the highest-paid and median employees of bailed-out companies at an initial ratio of 10:1, and the introduction of the real Living Wage, an independently accredited hourly wage level including to contracted staff.
Securing tax justice: Our analysis shows that the effective taxation rate of many companies in the sector is strikingly low. This must change. To that end, as the High Pay Centre has argued, bailed out companies should be required to commit to Fair Tax Mark accreditation and pursue responsible tax practices more broadly.
Prioritise decarbonisation not dividend payouts: Public ownership should be accompanied by the exercise of public control as reflects the public’s stake. In particular, as a major shareholder, the UK Government should require the companies it has a stake in to prioritise investment in decarbonising technologies, improving the quality of service, and increasing wages and conditions for employees, rather than the current focus on distributing retained earnings to shareholders in the form of dividends or share buybacks. Of course, unlike in other sectors, which can and are shifting to renewable sources of power, there are currently few scalable options for ‘decarbonising’ aviation. Yet a coordinated industrial strategy matched to greater investment of retained earnings in green technologies and fuel sources combined with a coordinated planning of aviation so it accords with limiting warming to within 1.5 degrees would mark a vital step forward from the status quo.
Retain the public stake for the long-term so we all have a share: The bailouts should be structured as cash for equity. This stake should not be sold off post-crisis but instead held as a form of enduring public wealth. If the companies rise in value, the public will benefit from their investment today with a windfall in future, as well as exercising shareholder rights. The critical question is who controls the company and who has a claim on its surplus.
Today, the answer is a combination of elite shareholders, institutional investors and executive management; but it does not have to be that way. Through a new combination of ownership, governance and control, we can transform the company from an engine of wealth extraction into a purposeful, sustainable, inclusive form of enterprise. This might seem radical, yet we already intervene in the organisation of the company: with its privileges and property rights socially defined, the company is fundamentally a public institution. It is common sense to organise it to serve the public good, anchored in a new public stake.
This is an unprecedented moment that requires unprecedented action. These five steps should be a condition of any public support in the form of cash for equity – and should serve as a model for any wider public response to the unfolding crisis, anchored in extending democratic ownership, reducing inequality, and securing social and environmental justice.
To support smaller companies, a state holding company, or network of regional or national holding companies, akin to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation during the Great Depression, should be created. The need is urgent: according to the British Chamber of Commerce, 57% of firms having three months’ cash in reserve or less and nearly 20 percent of all UK firms have less than a month. Due to a Covid-19 induced cash flow crisis they are now acutely vulnerable to collapse or hostile acquisition. Absent intervention, the result is likely to be a more concentrated business landscape with wealth and power narrowing.
As both The Democracy Collaborative and the IMF have floated in recent days, we propose the creation of a state holding company that would purchase otherwise viable businesses now facing acute distress that request support, safely mothballing them during economic
hibernation, before re-floating them when the economy re-emerges. This will help protect them from being purchased by private equity and avoid the obliteration of an SME class. There is also the opportunity to re-float these businesses under worker ownership, or other diverse ownership structures, transforming and pluralising the business landscape.
Other measures should also be considered to provide temporary support, including the financing of existing credit facilities for up to six months – subject to review and potential extension – at a zero interest rate, while new credit facilities up to an equivalent of 3 months' revenue priced at zero interest rates might also be necessary in the period ahead.
Given shares prices continue to decline in the short-term and public borrowing costs are reaching record lows, a social wealth fund should be established to purchase a broad range of assets via a public sector debt-financed acquisition to be held on behalf of the population as a whole. This would help challenge inequalities of resource and control in the economy, transform private wealth into equally shared public wealth, and ensure that returns to capital are more equally shared across society. A social wealth fund would also be an important institution to improve corporate governance and ensure companies better – and more quickly – meet ambitious environmental and social goals.
To that end, the UK government should issue new Treasury bonds and use the cash raised to purchase a broad range of assets to endow the Fund. Potentially complementing this, though secondary, newly created money through the Bank of England’s quantitative easing programme could be used to purchase corporate equity. Other sources of future capitalisation could include hypothecating wealth taxes, scrip taxes, or consolidating and transferring public assets into the fund.
As Mark Blyth and Eric Lonegran have argued, ‘the purely economic and financial case for this hinges on the simple observation that in a world of low inflation the government’s cost of capital is countercyclical and the private sector’s is pro-cyclical.’ This is playing out to dramatic effect today: yields on government bonds have fallen to extremely low levels, even as equity prices have collapsed and private sector credit spreads have widened. The creation of a social wealth fund can therefore play an important role in macroeconomic management – as well as provide an institution for the extension of public wealth. By buying equity and other assets at substantially reduced prices, while borrowing costs are low, a newly created social wealth would help stabilise financial markets while also ensuring that if and when there is a sustained recovery in share prices after the recession has passed, the public should secure an economic windfall from their investment.
The fund should seek to achieve return on capital at least equivalent to the capitalising government’s medium term cost of capital across its investment portfolio, but should not be profit maximising because it should pursue social and environmental goals as its priority. It should be a collectively owned investment vehicle held in trust for all, its mandate defined by the UK government but with operational independence.
A growing social wealth fund would be a vital institution post-crisis to achieve a number of goals:
To grow net public wealth, increasing the resources available to the population as a whole – and ensuring we all have a collective economic stake, democratising a growing share of wealth
To provide an investment vehicle capable of addressing key social goals, from investment in decarbonising infrastructures to providing affordable housing
To act as a force for convergence, socialising a growing share of corporate and institutional wealth and therefore reducing sharp inequalities in wealth
To increase intergenerational fairness by transferring some resources from current to future generations
To shift the allocation of resources toward long-term investment over current consumption. | https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/12775/html/ |
This study examines whether caregivers' differential utilization of respite and counseling support services is associated with different situational stress processes. A multinomial regression analysis was conducted to compare respite users, counseling users, and those who used neither service, using data collected on a statewide random sample of 1,643 California caregivers providing assistance to individuals aged 50 or older. Compared with caregivers who used neither service, respite service users were more likely to have demanding care situations giving rise to physical symptoms of stress, and were more likely to use community services for the care recipient to augment their care. In contrast, counseling service users were more likely to be managing the meaning of their care situation by seeking out information about services and talking with a confidant about their situation, while coping with both emotional and physical symptoms of stress. Tailoring caregiver interventions to meet the support needs and coping strategies stemming from diverse caregiving situations and caregiver characteristics may increase the likelihood that those interventions will be effective in alleviating or preventing deleterious secondary stress frequently experienced by family caregivers. | https://read.qxmd.com/read/17953061/a-stress-process-model-of-family-caregiver-service-utilization-factors-associated-with-respite-and-counseling-service-use |
Their Alexander Valley vineyards possess some of the most diverse soils of any wine-growing region. Years of geologic activity from an ancient mudflow to the meandering Russian River and Mayacama Creek has created numerous distinct soil types and a range of microclimates. Here they grow the red Bordeaux varietals for their Reserve Cabernet and Sauvignon Blanc as well as Sauvignon Blanc and Semillon for their Sendal.
Their Russian River Goldfields vineyard is planted to field selections chosen from the oldest and best Chardonnay vineyards in California. The combination of diverse clones and the cool, Russian River Valley climate produce Simi's distinct Reserve Chardonnay.
Simi's winemakers focus on site-specific winemaking and use the most modern advances in vineyard management, fermentation and blending to best express the personality and flavors of each vineyard site.Winemaker's Notes: | https://www.institutionwine.com/products/2813815 |
To serve each person's experience effectively and with care.
To create a space where all bodies and all voices are welcome.
To approach each person, including myself, with the assumption that we all have the best intentions and are doing the best we can.
To create a space where personal responsibility, self care and asking for support are the welcomed and encouraged. I hold a vision of all people being the central directors in their own healing.
To encourage an approach of curiosity and wonder.
Kim - Grounded Words
To cultivate an atmosphere of safety and mutual respect.
To help each other find greater access to our own deepest, strongest, most authentic selves.
To build a unique and important community—a resource to facilitate healing, growth, and communication.
Noemi - Sharing Our Stories
To build a safe space. - It is a sacred space to be vulnerable and heard/seen. A learning space from each other's survivor ways. -
To be present in your own space; your own time. - The space is open to step in as a participant or step out as a spectator self-care comes first. -
To be your full self! - If you can, give it your all! It may be a enlightening for some of us! -
Respect. - Self and Others. Humility is our truth. "Truth is Truce"-
Sarvi - Goddess Workshop
To have fun.
To play.
To build safety.
To experience expansion. | http://www.artoflifeafter.org/collaborative-list-of-intentions |
The development and safe utilization of modern coastal infrastructure necessitates strict requirements of quality in operational and statistical information about the wave modes of the ports and bays that is impossible without carrying out long term high-precision measurements, monitoring, data analysis and applications to design. Stationary monitoring of the extreme marine hazards in coastal areas, port and bays is of great scientific interest and has the expressed applied aspect connected with safety in the zones of marine activities. Outputs of scientific work shall allow increasing structural resilience and reducing the damage against from extreme phenomena in accordance with the proper planning of coastal activities.
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BOUNDARY CURRENT INSTABILITIES, UPWELLING, SHELF MIXING AND EUTROPHICATION PROCESSES IN THE BLACK-SEA
SUR, HI; OZSOY, E; UNLUATA, U (Elsevier BV, 1994-01-01)
Satellite and in situ data are utilized to investigate the mesoscale dynamics of the Black Sea boundary current system with special emphasis on aspects of transport and productivity. The satellite data are especially helpful in capturing rapid sub-mesoscale motions insufficiently resolved by the in situ measurements.
Coastal deep ocean interactions in the Black Sea and their ecological/environmental impacts
Sur, HI; Ozsoy, E; Ilyin, YP; Unluata, U (1996-02-01)
Satellite (CZCS, AVHRR) and in-situ (CTD, ADCP) data are utilized to characterize the impact of meso-scale motions and boundary currents on transport and productivity along the wide Western Black Sea Shelf.
Geographic information systems (GIS) for the determination of inundation maps of Lake Mogan, Turkey
Merzi, N; Aktas, MT (Informa UK Limited, 2000-09-01)
The use of geographic information systems (GIS) allows for a very efficient analysis of spatial hydrologic data for water resources projects especially for water control studies. rn this respect, flood hydrographs for Mogan basin, Turkey for different durations and return periods are determined by using Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method. The basic parameter of the SCS method, curve number (CN), is evaluated by using GIS employing digital land use and hydrologic soil group data derived from analog maps....
Development of a software suite for the structural analysis and design of concrete gravity dams
Altuğ, Akman; Arıcı, Yalın; Binici, Barış; Kurç, Özgür (2015-06-13)
In contrast to other infrastructure, there has been very limited cooperation between the industry and academia on developing the analytical tools for the design and evaluation of dams for seismic loading. This is mostly due to the complexity of the dam behavior as well as the size of these systems precluding the diffusion of academic information to the tools used by the practicing engineer due to time constraints. With the support of the Turkish National Sciences Foundation under the academia-industry coope...
Geographic information system-based visualization system for planning and monitoring of repetitive construction projects
Sönmez, Rifat (Canadian Science Publishing, 2008-11-01)
This study presents a visualization system based on a geographic information system (GIS) for planning and monitoring the progress of construction projects that are repetitive due to their geometrical layout. A prototype system was developed and applied to an actual pipeline project to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed approach. The primary advantage of the system is improved visualization of geographical conditions and their impact on the progress rate. Enhanced visual representation of the schedu...
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A. Zaytsev et al., “COASTAL MONITORING OF THE OKHOTSK SEA USINGAN AUTONOMOUS MOBILE ROBOT,”
Science of Tsunami Hazards
, pp. 1–12, 2017, Accessed: 00, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/11511/84597.
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- Litagg blocks combines apparently variant properties, such as light in weight, load bearing capacity, insulation, thermal and acoustic comfort.
- Litagg blocks are manufactured in different sizes, concrete densities and compressive strengths according to the required designs.
The reasons for using the blocks are :
- 1.Excellent thermal insulation
- 2.Excellent acoustic insulation
- 3.High fire-resistance
- 4.Ease install
- 5.Lightweight
Litagg blocks are used in house building, public buildings and commercial buildings as supporting and non-supporting masonry, fire walls, acoustic walls, etc. Blocks with a fine texture or cutted or sawned blocks are used for fair-faced acoustic masonry
Prefabricated concrete units are provided in Litagg concrete. As a result they are lighter, easier to work with, and lorries can transport up to 50 % greater loads. Moreover, besides their light weight
Litagg gives these concrete units highly specific properties:
- Fire-resistance
- Decorative
- Moisture-resistance
- damp-free
A prefab floor is made up of beam and block systems in reinforced concrete, provided with a base and permanent formwork consisting of beam and block system in Litagg concrete. | http://www.lecaindia.com/blocks |
Afghanistan: The Economy of Subsidies and State Fragility
One of the reasons for the failure of governments in Afghanistan, at least in the last 150 years, has been the inability to finance government expenses by relying on domestic resources.
Governments and rulers, despite extravagant claims, have always begged from the so-called “infidels” and have survived by relying on donations and assistance from foreigners. This process of begging has become a part of its culture. Afghan politicians, as soon as they face foreigners, the first thing they say without any shame or embarrassment is to ask for help and assistance, and in this regard, there is no difference between an Islamist extremist and a well-educated intellectual.
Countries that want to live with independence and pride, not with mercenary and crooked necks, strive for their economic self-sufficiency in the first step. Of course, the way to do that is not to sell raw materials and auction mines, but to produce industrial goods, both heavy and non-heavy industrial supplies and products. The industrial revolution, which started from the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe and reached Japan, South Korea and finally China by the end of the 20th century with that unprecedented leap, is one of the important turning points in the history of the world, which paved the way for economic self-sufficiency in many countries. The system has opened the countries and turned them from charity receivers to donors.
Afghanistan has been stuck in the internal conflicts of the descendants of Ahmad Shah Abdali, and then the Barakzai brothers, exactly from the time the world was moving toward industrialization, and until today, it has not been able to stand on its feet economically. All the while, governments have kept their ailing economies alive through the foreign aid injection in the markets. These foreign powers have sometimes been England, Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States of America and its allies. Reliance on foreign aid has included both governments and opposition political groups that went to war with the central government. Also, cutting off this aid at every stage has caused the fall of governments or the failure of the opposition, and what we know as Jihad with England, Jihad with Russia, and then Jihad with America are chapters in the history of the aid economy. It has been the most important factor in political developments on both the government and opposition fronts, and both as mercenaries in other people’s wars.
Left and right ideological groups entered the political arena without any understanding of this deplorable situation, but when each of them seized the power and government, they realized that the treasury is empty and without foreign aid, it is not possible to feed the soldiers. Today, the Taliban group is on the same path and repeats and pleads day and night for the return of foreign aid to remove the risk of falling and collapse. But stability can not be achieved and sustained via aids and begging funds easily, because foreign aid has not brought lasting stability to any country. Sustainable stability is the result of economic self-sufficiency and financial independence, which requires an expert-oriented government, a government that designs and manages the country’s development process based on scientific data, and such a thing is never possible in the shadow of a government based on ideological beliefs, but through science and expertise can the economy be organized, and only through an organized economy the government can be freed from collapse and the country is being led to stability, development and prosperity. | https://8am.media/eng/afghanistan-the-economy-of-subsidies-and-state-fragility/ |
Elon Musk and SpaceX will be featured in a segment on the CBS 60 Minutes program on Sunday, March 18 at 7 p.m. ET/PT.
“He’s already the first private citizen to launch a spaceship into orbit and bring it back to Earth, so it’s no surprise Elon Musk believes he will be the first entrepreneur to put a man into space, too,” says 60 Minutes‘ Scott Pelley.
At the heart of Musk’s goal is the idea of less costly space exploration so mankind can expand beyond Earth, perhaps to insure its survival. “I think it’s important that humanity become a multi-planet species … compared with one where we are forever confined to Earth until some eventual extinction event,” he tells Pelley. “That’s really why I started SpaceX.”
In related news, 21 former astronauts, researchers, educators and industry leaders expressed support for NASA’s Commercial Crew Program last week in an open letter to Congress. | https://www.kurzweilai.net/musk-spacex-on-60-minutes-march-18 |
OXM UK reports that a "chance meeting" was the catalyst behind The Beatles licensing their tracks for use in Rock Band 2.
The story came from Harmonix PR John Drake, who told OXM that Van Toffler, the president of MTV Networks bumped into George Harrison's family while they were on vacation. It turned out they were big Rock Band fans and that was the driving force behind The Beatles' tracks being licensed for Harmonix to use.
there are no Beatles songs comming to rock band 2!!!!!!!!! | https://n4g.com/news/226431/beatles-and-rock-band-2-union-happened-due-to-andquot-chanceandquot |
Irish chef Anna Haugh has just landed a major new job as she is joining the judging panel for MasterChef: The Professionals.
Anna will be joining judges Marcus Wareing and Gregg Wallace, for the 15th season of BBC One’s hit show, later this year. She will be stepping in to cover for chef Monica Galetti, who announced she was taking a break from her role.
Speaking on the opportunity, Anna said; “MasterChef has an impeccable reputation and legacy within the hospitality industry. I have long admired Monica as an incredible chef and she’s paved the way for female chefs.”
“It’s a privilege to be keeping her seat warm in the MasterChef kitchen.”
Monica announced she was leaving the show after her 14 year stint just last week. Explaining that she wanted to focus on her family and restaurant, Mere by Monica Galetti.
Saying in a statement; “It is with a heavy heart that I’ve made this decision to step back from filming this year’s series of MasterChef: The Professionals. My family need me, my restaurant needs me and trying to balance long filming days over the next three months with all these commitments meant that something had to give.”
“So, for the moment, my focus has to be 100% about my loved ones and rebuilding my kitchen team who have had a battering over the last few months especially. Those in the hospitality industry know just how tough it is at the moment.”
Ending with; “To my MasterChef family, crew and friends, I’m so sorry that I won’t be with you this year but I hope to be back soon.”
Anna is more than equipped to take on the role having over 20 years of experience and has worked with top chefs such as Gordon Ramsay, along with being head chef at London’s exclusive Myrtle Restaurant.
She has also worked on TV before, being featured on BBC’s Morning Live, Saturday Kitchen, Ready Steady Cook, and Royal Recipes. Along with appearing on Channel 4’s Snackmasters. | https://vipmagazine.ie/irish-chef-anna-haugh-is-taking-over-from-monica-galetti-on-masterchef-the-professionals-judging-panel/ |
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https://hdl.handle.net/10070/245406
https://hdl.handle.net/10070/587466
11 Survival Day at NTMP Karin Oldfield The Indigenous Transition Pathways (ITP) Unit at Flinders Universitys NT Medical Program held a community day on Friday 25 January to honour Survival Day and acknowledge the importance of closing the health gap in Indigenous health. One of the aims of the ITP unit is to cultivate an environment of social inclusion that enables staff and students to get to know families and communities through participation in culturally significant occasions and celebrations. Local organisations who participated in this special day included Danila Dilba Health Service, Medicare Local, Larrakia Nation and NT Interpreter Service to name a few. The event was a great opportunity to share merchandise, to network and for the community to meet the NTMPs Indigenous staff and students. The dancers from One Mob Different Country entertained the crowd with traditional dances, and staff from Larrakia Nation Aboriginal Corporation demonstrated the preparation of pandanus leaves for weaving. Carol Christophersen, Anthropologist from the Northern Land Council, presented a lecture on the Repatriation of Indigenous Australian Remains back to the NT from the London Natural History Museum 2011 2013. The day was a great success for the Flinders University NT Medical Program in its efforts to recruit Indigenous people interested in being part of our school community and those who are interested in studying medicine and become a doctor. The Flinders University NT Medical Program is currently recruiting Indigenous people who are interested in being part of our school community; Indigenous people interested in studying medicine and become a doctor; Indigenous people interested in being standardised patients to help students learn to communicate with our mob and Indigenous Reference Group members to offer perspectives on governance, curriculum development, clinical and community placements and career pathways for local people. Indigenous Transition Pathways to Medicine News Above: One Mob Different Country performing traditional dances Above: Stall holders at the Survival Day Event Left: Karin Oldfield and Bilawara Lee address attendees at the event. 11
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Hello. I'm Clare.
And this is FAnglès.
I believe people learn best when their imaginations are engaged. Becoming proficient in a new skill or a new language is often seen as a difficult, challenging process. But it does not need to be. In fact, I find that students respond best when new skills are linked to creativity.
I founded FAnglès because I wanted a space to share my passion for art and language with others, using a unique approach that makes classes enjoyable, and as a result makes learning less of a challenge.
I have more than 15 years of teaching English as a foreign language here in Barcelona and before that I spent nearly 20 years in London. I attained a BA (Hons) in Ceramics from Camberwell School of Art, spent a few years designing and selling ceramics and then went on to specialise in employee motivation research at MORI/IPSOS working with small, medium and FTSE 100 companies.
Where does the name "FAnglès" come from?
FAnglès is a portmanteau of three Catalan words:
- Fa: To do/make
- Fang: Clay
- Anglès: English
It is the combination of these three pieces that make up the FAnglès approach: Learning through Creativity.
What makes FAnglès different?
Learn English from a native speaker who has made Barcelona home
Speaking English well opens doors for everyone, from established professionals seeking to expand their reach, to young learners seeking educational opportunities and future career prospects.
I am a native English speaker who understands the intricacies of the language. My childhood was spent travelling the world; I lived in Belgium, South Africa, Sweden, India and the UK before falling in love with Barcelona, now my home for the last 15 years.
I am fluent in Catalan and have an advanced level of Spanish. This means I both understand the challenges and the parallels between the three languages, and can use that understanding to help my students learn.
Most importantly, I understand why — and how — people learn.
Children absorb new skills and learn about the world around them through creativity. At FAnglès, we encourage that, bringing this creativity into the classroom and using it as a motivator for learning.
Adults also respond well to this method which makes classes more dynamic and enjoyable. After students’ needs and levels are assessed, achievable objectives are set together and a way to meet them is planned. Many people find that using authentic material related to daily life, work or current affairs is more interesting and motivating than a text book. Those preparing for an exam would be encouraged to combine both authentic and exam preparation material.
Get in touch with your inner creativity
Everyone can benefit from a bit more art in their lives. At FAnglès we believe everyone has the potential to create objects that are beautiful, functional, and/or fun. Come and discover talent you never realised you had, or nurture and improve on existing skills.
The ceramics classes are designed to give each individual the space to let their imagination go, but with the individualised support and facilitation needed to make clever ideas into real ceramic pieces to take home and share with others.
Our children’s workshops help young learners refine motor skills and explore what they are capable of making with their hands.
Our classes for adults offer the opportunity to create whatever participants desire – from teapots to jewellery, ornaments to serving dishes – over friendly conversation and the chance to meet new people. Evening adult classes are known to end with a bit of cava (or a cup of coffee in a morning session!). | https://fangles.es/about/ |
Since plants first colonized land, endophytic bacteria and fungi have been inside them, contributing to their hosts' survival and evolution. Endophyte ecology is an active field of study seeking to understand principles of host strain selection and microbial provenance; although most plants were believed to take up endophytes from soil, transmission through seed or vegetative propagation are also important. This review discusses endophyte contributions to plant nutrient use efficiency (NUE) and their existing or potential applications to agriculture. Endophyte mechanisms to improve plant NUE include formation of extra-root hyphae for nutrient absorption; stimulating root growth; altering plant metabolism to promote nutrient uptake; fixing nitrogen; altering root exudates; colonizing rhizospheres and modifying soil chemistry directly, or even being digested by the root. Although many endophytic strains have been discovered, commercial endophytic inoculants are still mostly limited to arbuscular mycorrhizae, rhizobia, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas and Clavicipitaceous fungi sold in the form of infected grass seed. Wider adoption of endophyte products has been prevented by cheap fertilizer alternatives, unpredictable inoculant responses to host genotype or environmental conditions, competition from endogenous microbes, and poor inoculant establishment and persistence; technical difficulties that new plant microbiome ventures will have to overcome if they are to succeed. There is significant potential to improve agriculture if new strains continue to be discovered, mechanistic understanding of plant-microbe interactions increases, both endophytes and their hosts are genetically enhanced, relevant lab and greenhouse screens can be developed, and methods of effective formulation and deployment are engineered. Novel genes and metabolites from endophytes represent an additional largely untapped resource for future agricultural biotechnologies. | https://dspacetest.cgiar.org/handle/10568/103624 |
We describe an ACT-R model for sentence memory that extracts both a parsed surface representation and a propositional representation. In addition, if possible for each sentence, pointers are added to a long-term memory referent which reflects past experience with the situation described in the sentence. This system accounts for basic results in sentence memory without assuming different retention functions for surface, propositional, or situational information. There is better retention for gist than for surface information because of the greater complexity of the surface representation and because of the greater practice of the referent for the sentence. This model’s only inference during sentence comprehension is to insert a pointer to an existing referent. Nonetheless, by this means it is capable of modeling many effects attributed to inferential processing. The ACT-R architecture also provides a mechanism for mixing the various memory strategies that participants bring to bear in these experiments. | https://kilthub.cmu.edu/articles/journal_contribution/A_Theory_of_Sentence_Memory_as_Part_of_A_General_Theory_of_Memory/6613265/1 |
Westlock-St. Paul MP Brian Storseth says he would welcome the auditor general reviewing the expenses of Canada's MPs and senators.
Parliament's Board of Internal Economy, comprised of representatives from four federal political parties, recently rejected Auditor General Sheila Fraser's request to review the financial records of both the House of Commons and the Senate. That would have allowed Fraser's staff to scrutinize everything from the travel costs of MPs like Storseth to what's being spent on office furnishings for our federal politicians.
“We have an auditor general who is fair and independent and honestly one of the most trusted people in Canada,” Storesth said.
Government House Leader Jay Hill is expected to propose a performance audit this week to the three other parties after the Conservative caucus met last week to discuss Fraser's request.
“I have no problem with the auditor general wanting to come in and take a look at expenses or the running of the House of Commons,” Storseth said. “Canadians have a right to know how their taxpayer dollars are being spent.”
He said he hasn't received many phone calls to his offices on the issue of Fraser's request. He said the issues he receives the most calls on relate to agriculture policy and crime.
The total budget of the House of Commons and Senate runs at $533 million annually, which covers staff, maintenance, security, and MPs' and senators' expenses.
“Our government has been one of the most open and transparent governments in history, and I think it's important that we continue to move forward in that, continue to make better access to information, continue to give Canadians better value for their dollar when it comes to reviews on bureaucracies,” Storseth said.
He said the Federal Accountability Act introduced in 2006 by the Conservatives has increased transparency in government. He added that MPs need to personally keep track of expenses. For example, an external agency is responsible for booking flights.
“You've got to stay on top of them to make sure they're booking the lowest possible rates,” Storseth said.
The Board of Internal Economy publishes individual members' expenses annually in a report that covers costs for staff, travel, advertising, telephones, printing, office and other expenses. Storseth's expenses, available from a government link on his website www.brianstorseth.ca, were similar to those for other rural Alberta MPs in the government's 2008-2009 fiscal year.
Storseth, who has constituency offices in St. Paul and Westlock, rang up $225,408 in the staff and other expenses category for the year. The average staff and other expenses amount claimed by MPs was $237,014. The category covers staff salaries, office utilities, telephone expenses, furniture, and computer equipment. For Leon Benoit, the MP for Vegreville-Wainwright, staff and other expenses amounted to $260,055, while MP Brian Jean for Fort McMurray-Athabasca claimed $251,450.
The House provides travel expenses between Ottawa and an MP's constituency for up to 64 return trips per year. Storseth racked up $140,901 in travel costs for the 2008-2009 fiscal year. Benoit claimed $100,672, while Jean rang up $92,949. The average amount claimed by MPs for travel expenses between their constituencies and Ottawa was $89,227. MPs are also covered for travel expenses incurred within their province and constituency. Expenses are typically higher for Western MPs because of how far their constituencies are from Ottawa.
MPs receive a printing allowance to communicate with constituents. Storseth claimed $35,170 in printing costs in the 2008-2009 fiscal year, less than Benoit's $62,848, and Jean's $74,513. Average printing costs for Canada's 308 MPs were $32,670.
Storseth spent $19,376 on Parliament-funded advertising for the year, about 35 per cent more than the average amount of $14,343.
Office leasing costs for Storseth hit $37,631, more than 50 per cent above the average of $24,643, reflecting the fact he has two constituency offices.
The local MP also tapped into $2,778 for office furnishings and equipment. | https://www.lakelandtoday.ca/bonnyville-news/storseth-supports-opening-parliaments-books-to-auditor-general-1901922 |
*Special note about oryoki (during Sesshin only) — in this tradition, all meals are vegan and gluten-free. We are unable to accommodate further dietary sensitivities. If your dietary sensitivities are outside of vegan and gluten-free, we suggest you consider another retreat option.
Registration for this event includes free dormitory lodging for all 23 nights. After registration, you'll have the option of upgrading your lodging at a discounted rate if you prefer. | https://www.upaya.org/program/fall-practice-period-theme-forthcoming-2020/?id=2204 |
An ESP programme acn use tests such as, In-class assignment results (formative), mid-term examination results (formative), final term examination/achievement test results (summative) as well as samples of students’ writing, self and peer assessment, and my personal observation to monitor the learning progress and make any changes that situational factors may require in the course design or the teaching methodology. 1.2. Choice of Assessment with its underlying principles Assessment refers to what students can or cannot do and this ability is measured against a set of learning objectives that have been proposed in the course design (Gronlund, 1981). For example, a diagnostic test which is a performance based test on an extended sample of writing (McNamara, 2000) can be used to have clear picture of students’ writing ability both grammatical and discoursal. Similarly, achievement tests in formative and summative formats are used to measure the learning progress that has been made to date.
Hsieh, H. (2002). Teachers’ Beliefs about English Learning: A Case Study of Elementary School English Teachers in Taipei County. Unpublished master thesis. Taipei: National Taipei Teachers‟ College. Holt-Reynolds, D. (1992).
Blackwell, in press. Willis, J. R. (2004). Perspectives on task-based instruction: Understanding our practices, acknowledging different practitioners. In B. L. Leaver & J. R. Willis (Eds. ), Task based instruction in foreign language education: Practices and programs (pp.
Language Testing in Practice: Developing and Designing Useful Language Tests. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Brown, H.D. (2004). Language Assessment: Principles and Classroom Practices.
(2006). Exploring the relationship between characteristics of recasts and learner uptake. Language Teaching Research, 10(4), 361-392. Simard, D., & Jean, G. (2011). An exploration of l2 teachers' use of pedagogical interventions devised to draw l2 learners' attention to form.
The format is formal or informal, but the outcome in its use is an in-progress check of what students know and what students do not know. Chappuis, Stiggins, Chappuis, and Arter (2012) define formative assessment as, “Formal and informal processes teachers and students use to gather evidence for the purpose of improving learning,” (pg. 24). Second, this type of assessment is used to make instructional strategy adjustments. If student learning did not happen via one instructional method, the teacher must make the necessary accommodations to reteach the concept or skill.
Works Cited Basturkmen, H. (2010). Developing courses in English for specific purposes. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire; New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Brown, H. D. (2004). Language assessment: principles and classroom practices.
Principles of language learning and teaching. Pearson Education, White Plains, New York. Burns, A. (1999). Collaborative action research for English language teachers.
Nunan, D. (1998). Teaching grammar in context. ELT Journal, 52, 101-109. Sinclair, J, M. (2011). Collins Cobuild English Grammar (3rd ed.).
Working for washback: A review of the washback concept in language testing. Language Testing, 13, 257-279. | https://www.123helpme.com/essay/Principles-of-Language-Assessment-256914 |
A new initiative under the flagship one district, one factory (1D1F) industrialisation policy, aimed at supporting young graduates to develop and sustain their own agricultural sector businesses has been launched by the government.
Under the 1D1F Enable Youth Initiative, the youth will be provided with financial and technical assistance to manage agro-processing companies, which will operate under the Rural Enterprises Programme (REP).
Young graduates who have successfully gone through the application process will be supported with business advisory centres and services set up across Ghana and provided with interest-free loans to run the companies.
The companies would be engaged in the production and processing of agricultural products such as fish, cassava, cashew, rice, oil palm, mushroom, pineapple, groundnut, soya beans and cocoa husk.
The initiative is funded by the government, the African Development Bank (AfDB) and the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD).
Tackling unemployment
The Minister of Trade and Industry, Alan Kwadwo Kyerematen, who launched the programme in Accra on Friday (December 23, 2022), said it was part of the government’s agenda to address youth unemployment.
According to the Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), over 1.7 million (13.4 per cent) of Ghana’s 13-million working population were unemployed as of the first quarter of 2022.
The Annual Household and Expenditure Survey, under the Harmonising and Improving Statistics in West Africa Project, funded by the World Bank, also revealed that unemployment rate rose from 13.4 per cent to 13.9 per cent (1.8 million people) in the second quarter of 2022.
Mr Kyerematen said the rising spate of youth unemployment was a wake-up call for the government and the private sector to roll out innovative modules that would create sustainable jobs and make the youth self-reliant.
The minister said it was in response to the worrying unemployment situation in Ghana that the 1D1F Enable Youth initiative was conceived.
He explained that under the initiative, 3000 direct jobs would be created across the country, with the trickling down effects benefiting 16,000 others indirectly.
Good investment
Mr Kyerematen observed that the support being given to the youth to invest in the agriculture value chain would help to properly link the sector to industry for socio-economic development.
“Agriculture without industrialisation is not sustainable; that is why we have been struggling with our agricultural sector for many years. We are unable to process what we grow and produce. So in this case, the industrialisation component of this programme is going to enhance and deepen a culture of production and productivity, and that is very important for the industrial transformation of our country,” he said.
He said the focus of the government was to tap into the entrepreneurial skills of young people as a measure to create avenues for more job creation to bridge the youth unemployment gap.
“This programme is comprehensive and well integrated, and in my view, it will empower the youth of this country. The government must support such initiatives.
Our partners must support this programme too,” he said.
The minister said deliberate investment in the youth was one of the surest way to achieve the Ghana beyond Aid agenda.
“Ghana Beyond Aid does not mean we do not need aid. We need support for investment to transform our economy, not for consumption,” he said.
Support
The Country Director and representative of the IFAD in Ghana, Hani Abdelkader Elsadani, said the institution’s decision to partner the government to roll out the initiative was because of the cooperation it had with the Government of Ghana dating back to 1970.
Mr Elsadani said IFAD was committed to supporting projects that would enable rural poor people to have sustainable livelihoods.
For his part, the Director of Rural Enterprises Programme, Kwesi Attah-Antwi, said the Enable Youth Initiative would be a game changer in terms of youth unemployment.
He called on all stakeholders, especially at the district levels, to support the programme to succeed. | https://topfmonline.com/tackling-unemployment-with-1d1f-enable-youth-initiative-to-support-agro-businesses-launched/ |
All U.S. citizens living in the United States are subject to the individual shared responsibility provision as are all permanent residents and all foreign nationals who are in the United States long enough during a calendar year to qualify as resident aliens for tax purposes. This category includes nonresident aliens who meet certain presence requirements and elect to be treated as resident aliens. For more information see Pub. 519. More: Shared Responsibility from the IRS (See Question 11)
Generally, group health insurance plans cover the cost of medical office visits for illness and checkups, hospitalization, emergency room services, ambulance transportation, operations, physical therapy, and even prescription drugs, to provide several examples of potentially covered health care services. But, every plan is different and it behooves an employee to become familiar with the details of his or her employer's plan before the benefit is needed.
A health maintenance organization (HMO) is a type of managed care organization (MCO) that provides a form of health care coverage that is fulfilled through hospitals, doctors, and other providers with which the HMO has a contract. The Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 required employers with 25 or more employees to offer federally certified HMO options. Unlike traditional indemnity insurance, an HMO covers only care rendered by those doctors and other professionals who have agreed to treat patients in accordance with the HMO's guidelines and restrictions in exchange for a steady stream of customers. Benefits are provided through a network of providers. Providers may be employees of the HMO ("staff model"), employees of a provider group that has contracted with the HMO ("group model"), or members of an independent practice association ("IPA model"). HMOs may also use a combination of these approaches ("network model").
Americans are required to carry medical insurance that meets federally designated minimum standards or face a tax penalty. In certain cases, taxpayers may qualify for an exemption from the penalty if they were unable to obtain insurance due to financial hardship or other situations. Two public health insurance plans, Medicare and the Children's Health Insurance Program, target older individuals and children, respectively. Medicare also serves people with certain disabilities. The program is available to anyone age 65 or older. The CHIP plan has income limits and covers babies and children up to the age of 18.
When small group plans are medically underwritten, employees are asked to provide health information about themselves and their covered family members when they apply for coverage. When determining rates, insurance companies use the medical information on these applications. Sometimes they will request additional information from an applicant's physician or ask the applicants for clarification.
Health benefits are provided to active duty service members, retired service members and their dependents by the Department of Defense Military Health System (MHS). The MHS consists of a direct care network of Military Treatment Facilities and a purchased care network known as TRICARE. Additionally, veterans may also be eligible for benefits through the Veterans Health Administration.
Workers who receive employer-sponsored health insurance tend to be paid less in cash wages than they would be without the benefit, because of the cost of insurance premiums to the employer and the value of the benefit to the worker. The value to workers is generally greater than the wage reduction because of economies of scale, a reduction in adverse selection pressures on the insurance pool (premiums are lower when all employees participate rather than just the sickest), and reduced income taxes. Disadvantages to workers include disruptions related to changing jobs, the regressive tax effect (high-income workers benefit far more from the tax exemption for premiums than low-income workers), and increased spending on healthcare.
The Commonwealth Fund completed its thirteenth annual health policy survey in 2010. A study of the survey "found significant differences in access, cost burdens, and problems with health insurance that are associated with insurance design". Of the countries surveyed, the results indicated that people in the United States had more out-of-pocket expenses, more disputes with insurance companies than other countries, and more insurance payments denied; paperwork was also higher although Germany had similarly high levels of paperwork.
However, with the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, effective since 2014, federal laws have created some uniformity in partnership with the existing state-based system. Insurers are prohibited from discriminating against or charging higher rates for individuals based on pre-existing medical conditions and must offer a standard set of coverage.
Healthcare in Switzerland is universal and is regulated by the Swiss Federal Law on Health Insurance. Health insurance is compulsory for all persons residing in Switzerland (within three months of taking up residence or being born in the country). It is therefore the same throughout the country and avoids double standards in healthcare. Insurers are required to offer this basic insurance to everyone, regardless of age or medical condition. They are not allowed to make a profit off this basic insurance, but can on supplemental plans.
Between October 28 and November 13, 2009, Democratic Senator Dick Durbin's campaign organization polled Americans to rank their support for various forms of the "public option" currently under consideration by Congress for inclusion in the final health care reform bill. The 83,954 respondents assigned rankings of 0 to 10. A full national option had the most support, with an 8.56 average, while no public option was least favored, with a 1.10 average.
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) allows qualifying individuals and families to receive financial assistance to help cover the cost of premiums. Known as the Health Insurance Premium Tax Credit, this subsidy helps people who need health insurance afford their coverage. Healthcare.gov provides a single location where you find out whether you are eligible for the premium tax credit and shop for and compare the different health insurance plans available to you in your state.
Foreseeing a long and costly political battle, many labor unions chose to campaign for employer-sponsored coverage, which they saw as a less desirable but more achievable goal, and as coverage expanded the national insurance system lost political momentum and ultimately failed to pass. Using health care and other fringe benefits to attract the best employees, private sector, white-collar employers nationwide expanded the U.S. health care system. Public sector employers followed suit in an effort to compete. Between 1940 and 1960, the total number of people enrolled in health insurance plans grew seven-fold, from 20,662,000 to 142,334,000, and by 1958, 75% of Americans had some form of health coverage.
Fringe benefits are generally included in an employee’s gross income (there are some exceptions). The benefits are subject to income tax withholding and employment taxes. Fringe benefits include cars and flights on aircraft that the employer provides, free or discounted commercial flights, vacations, discounts on property or services, memberships in country clubs or other social clubs, and tickets to entertainment or sporting events.
The bottom line? Uninsured people tend to be sicker and are more likely to die prematurely than their peers who do have health insurance. Even adults who are young and healthy can benefit from preventive care, annual checkups and chronic disease management – be it for allergies, depression, asthma, diabetes or another type of condition. And women, in particular, benefit from gynecological and reproductive care.
As you explore the various benefits, you will notice affordable premiums, generous leave policies and additional retirement savings options. There are also benefits unique to the State that you may not find anywhere else. The Sick Leave Bank and Longevity pay are two benefits that help to make the State benefit package one of the most valuable compared to other employers. Benefits are available to all regular full-time and part-time employees.
While politically difficult, some politicians and observers have argued for a single-payer system. A bill, the United States National Health Care Act, was first proposed by Representative John Conyers in 2003 and has been perennially proposed since, including during the debate on the public option and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. President Obama has come out against a single-payer reform at this time, stating in the joint session of Congress that "it makes more sense to build on what works and fix what doesn't, rather than try to build an entirely new system from scratch." Obama had previously expressed that he is a proponent of a single payer universal health care program during an AFL-CIO conference in 2003.
The Affordable Care Act dramatically expanded Medicaid. The program will now cover everyone with incomes under 133% of the federal poverty level who does not qualify for Medicare, provided this expansion of coverage has been accepted by the state where the person resides. Meanwhile, Medicaid benefits must be the same as the essential benefit in the newly created state exchanges. The federal government will fully fund the expansion of Medicaid initially, with some of the financial responsibility gradually devolving back to the states by 2020.
Between October 28 and November 13, 2009, Democratic Senator Dick Durbin's campaign organization polled Americans to rank their support for various forms of the "public option" currently under consideration by Congress for inclusion in the final health care reform bill. The 83,954 respondents assigned rankings of 0 to 10. A full national option had the most support, with an 8.56 average, while no public option was least favored, with a 1.10 average.
According to some experts, such as Uwe Reinhardt, Sherry Glied, Megan Laugensen, Michael Porter, and Elizabeth Teisberg, this pricing system is highly inefficient and is a major cause of rising health care costs. Health care costs in the United States vary enormously between plans and geographical regions, even when input costs are fairly similar, and rise very quickly. Health care costs have risen faster than economic growth at least since the 1970s. Public health insurance programs typically have more bargaining power as a result of their greater size and typically pay less for medical services than private plans, leading to slower cost growth, but the overall trend in health care prices have led public programs' costs to grow at a rapid pace as well. | https://besthealthinsurance.top/jacksonville/does-aaa-offer-health-insurance-jacksonville-find-out-more.html |
QB Issue Resolution:
The Quickbooks Names list stores the lists of Names in Quickbooks such as Customers, Vendors, Items, Employees, and Other names. The List limits for QuickBooks Desktop for Windows are a total of 14,500 with individual limits for each list at 10,500. See Quickbooks List Limits for details.
When Quickbooks encounters corruption in the data file, it shows the ‘Namelist-Rebuild’ error message in the log file. This indicates that the Quickbooks data file will need to be repaired. If you have a Quickbooks support plan for data recovery you can call the Intuit support number for repairing your data file. If you do not have a support plan, you can use the options below to fix this error code: | https://quickbooks.ninja/namelist-rebuild-how-to-fix-the-issue-of-missing-names-in-quickbooks/ |
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About
Overview:
The Joint Programme helped the Jordan government develop a national strategy for sustained access to improved water supply sources in the face of increased water scarcity induced by climate change, and to strengthen adaptive capacity for health protection and food security as a result of climate change. The first outcome involved securing an adequate and sustainable water supply for domestic use, including identifying a minimum water requirement for health. The second outcome targeted food security by the allocating a safe alternative water supply and strengthening adaptive capacity of the agriculture and health sectors.
Under outcome 1 the JP completed the implementation of Water Safety Plans (WSPs) as a risk management approach to protect drinking water safety in 5 pilot areas. Additionally, the results of the minimum water requirements for health protection survey will be made public and will provide some evidence needed to update policies related to water requirements.
Under Outcome 2, the capacity to adapt to climate change in the area of food security was strengthened through the identification and dissemination of climate resilience techniques (conservation agriculture) and the development of a more resilient and productive wheat variety. A pilot model farm reusing treated wastewater was expected to be completed 2013 and used for training and demonstration purposes. Interventions at different levels enhanced the capacities of local communities, youths, decision makers and professionals to adapt.
The National Adaptation Strategy and Plan of Action to Protect Health from climate change was completed. A steering committee was formed to oversee the mainstreaming of climate change adaptation strategies within the Ministry of Health and strategies for 6 health areas were developed: heat waves, nutrition, water and food-borne disease, vector-borne disease, occupational health, air-borne and respiratory disease.
The establishment of the International Center for Water and Environmental Research at Al Balqa Applied University guarantees continued research in the area of climate change and on its impact on health and food security under water scarcity conditions.
Outcome 1:
Sustained access to improved water supply sources despite increased water scarcity induced by climate change.
Outcome Achievements:
Outcome 2:
Strengthened adaptive capacity for health protection and food security to climate change under water scarce conditions.
Outcome Achievements:
Best Practices:
Lessons Learned:
More details can be found in the documents below.
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Contacts
If you have questions about this programme you may wish to contact the RC office in Jordan or the lead agency for the programme. The MPTF Office Portfolio Manager (or Country Director with Delegation of Authority) for this programme:
The persons with GATEWAY access rights to upload and maintain documents for the programme: | https://mptf.undp.org/factsheet/project/00067143 |
The main purpose of the project is to determine “what followers want from leaders.” To address this central qualitative research question, you will conduct interviews of five (5) employees from different multicultural organizations, located in your country of residence. Collect and code the interviews in order to identify themes that emerge. Include the qualitative method section in the paper. Analyze and discuss each theme that you identify from interview responses as part of your findings. Then, compare and contrast your findings from current leadership literature, including global and cross-cultural studies. Based on the evidence you develop, what can you suggest to leaders?
Identify and include Biblical principles relating to Christian and ethical leadership. Lastly, attach all original interview transcripts and coding upon submission.
For your interview protocol, include this required template statement:
“This is Professor (first and last name) and I personally endorse the data collection efforts of (student name) as part of a course project for (course code and title). I have reviewed and approved the interview questions. If you wish to contact me please do so at (email address).”
Format: Expected length is about 10 pages (double space), excluding attachments; APA style. | https://elitecustomwritings.com/2021/07/05/looking-for-organizational-leadership-with-biblical-aspect-expert/ |
Travis Kalanick steps down as Uber CEO days after taking leave of absence
On Tuesday, 20 June, chief executive of ride-hailing service Uber, Travis Kalanick, has stepped down. The New York Times confirms that shareholders of the company Kalanick founded in 2009 revolted against him and made it untenable for him to stay on at the company. Following the death of his mother in a boating accident, Kalanick had taken a leave of absence for an unspecified period of time.
"Mr. Kalanick’s exit came under pressure after hours of drama involving Uber’s investors, according to two people with knowledge of the situation, who asked to remain anonymous because the details are confidential," reports Mike Issac.
Earlier in the day, a select group of Uber's investors were looking at ways to remove Kalanick as CEO. The investors included the venture capital firm Benchmark. One of Benchmark's partners, Bill Gurley, is on the board of directors at Uber.
The letter, titled “Moving Uber Forward” and obtained by the New York Times, was delivered to Kalanick while he was in Chicago, and said that "he must immediately leave and that the company needed a change in leadership." After consulting with at least one Uber board member, Kalanick resigned as CEO but will remain on the board of directors.
“I love Uber more than anything in the world and at this difficult moment in my personal life I have accepted the investors request to step aside so that Uber can go back to building rather than be distracted with another fight,” Kalanick said in a statement to the New York Times.
uber board statement belowhttps://t.co/aqn0ZyTB8r pic.twitter.com/YvmT2fEIgb— ಠ_ಠ (@MikeIsaac) June 21, 2017
Uber's been in trouble for most of the year. Along with bleeding cash, the company has been bleeding executives. Over twenty employees had been fired in the wake of the probe into the toxic work culture. First, there were the widespread allegations of sexual harassment, then there was the intellectual property theft claim from Google’s Waymo self-driving car unit. Finally, in India, there was a major controversy over an executive - who has now resigned - having obtained the medical records of a woman passenger who was raped by a driver.
Ever since Kalanick co-founded the company in 2009, there hasn't been anyone more closely associated with the company. That is now set to come to an end. It remains to be seen just how committed Kalanick's successor is to overhauling the work culture of the company. | http://www.catchnews.com/business-economy-news/travis-kalanick-steps-down-as-uber-ceo-days-after-taking-leave-of-absence-66576.html |
Who are some of your cinematic influences?
I’m influenced by a number of directors, writers, even a few curmudgeonly German philosophers. Perhaps my principal influence is Stanley Kubrick. While I admire countless elements in his films—I think the aspect most influential upon “Inside Job” is the controlled use of dark comedy and satire that has an absurdist streak. Other filmmakers who are influential are Howard Hawks, Elia Kazan, Woody Allen, and David Mamet (Wow! That’s a heavy list for a film with a central motif of a rubber chicken!).
How did you develop the concept?
I’m a standup comedian, and, in addition to my regular material, I used to do a character, Henry Gargonzo. He was a filthy vagrant with a long beard, a southern accent, and a propensity for wild drug and sex binges. This character helped me develop the persona of one of the leads, Mr. G., and, after numerous drafts, I created various other characters and a complex, stylized story that I hoped wouldn’t get me put before the firing squad.
What themes are you trying to convey with this film?
Many themes run through the film concurrently. For example, there is a satirical exploration of the type of depravity that can often go hand-in-hand with power. The boss, Mr. G., is a maniacal, Borat-type character, which was necessary in order to generate the kind of skewering of office politics we were seeking (and also gave me a chance to snort a huge bag of flour and make it seem like cocaine). As wild as Mr. G.’s antics may seem they are not really that much more over-the-top than was demonstrated by Denis Kozlowski, the former C.E.O. of Tyco, or Jordan Belfort, former C.E.O. of Stratton Oakmont.
This film seems to have a psychoanalytic element. For example, Josh sucks his thumb when nervous. Why?
I wanted Josh to be an oedipally-regressed type character (sucking thumb, drinking apple juice) whom nonetheless presents a kind of oedipal challenge to the father figure, Mr. G. Connie, meanwhile, has a maternal role in this office-family, nurturing and assuaging Josh, and keeping him complacent to the rule of the father.
Why did you create a film that mixes genres?
A film that mixes genres is more likely to get audiences scratching their heads and going “huh?,” which I always thought was dope.
What compelled you to make Inside Job?
I wanted to explore how power corrupts. The film does this, crazily enough, through a rubber chicken. By the end of the film this rubber chicken is suggestive of the way all of us—in our daily lives—are, in certain ways, being manipulated like toys.
Do you have plans for future projects?
Yes. I’m working on a feature-length comedy script right now I intend to direct. It’s another dark comedy–only about a Marine who gets badly injured in the War in Afghanistan. Normally such a film would be a drama, but, as far as I’m concerned, such a dark subject matter offers terrific comedic potential. I can’t say more about the feature, at this juncture, other than that if you’re loaded—and you want to donate money to the film—I can make you an Associate Producer—or some other fancy title—and write you a highly-literary thank you letter in any font you desire.
Interview with Matt Nagin at the Nice International Film Festival. | http://insidejobthemovie.com/filmmaker-qa/ |
Pueblo is located in Pueblo County in the US state of Colorado, and is known by its nickname as ‘The Home of Heroes’ as a result of five of its residents being awarded the Medal of Honor, making it the city with the most recipients per capita in the whole of the US. There are even a number of memorials dedicated to this. Expats living in Pueblo will be able to take in sights such as the Pueblo Weisbrod Aircraft Museum and Bishop Castle, as well as other attraction such as Pueblo Zoo, the Steelworks Museum, Pueblo Ice Arena and more. The city is known as being the home of the annual Colorado State Fair, whilst American Football is one of the most popular sports in Pueblo, with Dutch Clark, a Pueblo native, being the first Colorado player to be inducted into the NFL Hall of Fame.
Get trustworthy advice and local insights from fellow members in our USA expat forums.
Expatriates moving to Pueblo will find that the city is a very desirable place to live, with people citing the weather, the low cost of living and housing prices as a reason to relocate to the city. Pueblo is within easy reach of a number of Colorado’s ski resorts, whilst not being as affected by snow as some other areas in the state. Summers tend to be very warm and dry. Expats in Pueblo with families will benefit from the range of schools in the area as well as the city’s Colorado State University-Pueblo and a number of community colleges based in the city. Expats moving to Pueblo may be able to get useful information on relocating to Pueblo from fellow expatriates when joining InterNations, a fantastic online expat community designed to be a space for expats around the globe to socialize, network, and share information and advice. In this way, we hope to make moving to a new city, getting settled in and expatriate life in general easier.
Pueblo was once known for its thriving steel industry, which has seen a decline in recent years, and now has a more diverse and growing economy. Expats working in Pueblo should be able to find work in areas such as public services, education and healthcare, or with one of the large government departments that are based in the city, including the Federal Citizen Information Center. The city is also home to a large scale wind turbine, and is known as an excellent location for solar energy companies, with opportunities to work in these areas. There are also a number of opportunities for expatriates working in Pueblo in areas such as retail and leisure. For more information about working and living in Pueblo, any expat could benefit from the experiences and knowledge of members of the InterNations online community who may be able to provide advice and information about Pueblo and aspects such as housing, education, entertainment and more, as well as about moving to Colorado, USA, in general. | https://www.internations.org/pueblo-expats |
Today, advocates in Utah launched Utah Unites for Marriage, a grassroots public education campaign to win marriage equality in the Beehive State. The campaign is formed to build support for marriage equality in Utah and the efforts of a high-profile court case on marriage advancing rapidly through the judicial system.
Utah Unites is a campaign to share stories and foster conversation – showing that every gay and lesbian person is part of someone’s family and should be treated with compassion and respect. It’s is a public discussion about freedom and liberty.
HRC is a proud founding member of the coalition, providing invaluable resources, staff and volunteers to the efforts. You may recall, in late 2013, Utah federal district court judge, Robert Shelby, struck down Amendment 3 of the state's constitution, which banned marriage between same-sex couples. For less than one week, same-sex couples all over Utah were able to marry. The 10th circuit court finally stayed the decision and is scheduled to hear oral argument on April 10, 2014 in Denver.
Along with HRC, Utah Unites was founded by the ACLU of Utah, Equality Utah, Freedom to Marry, the National Center for Lesbian Rights and the Utah Pride Center with the support and leadership of countless local leaders, businesses, clergy and community organizations. Visit Utah Unites for Marriage for more information or to get involved. | http://www.hrc.org/blog/utah-unites-for-marriage-launches |
(1) Pertaining to the actual time during which a physical process transpires. (2) Pertaining to computations performed while the related physical process is taking place so that results of the computation can be used in guiding the physical process.
Real Time System
Always provides responses (both periodic, time-initiated responses and input or interrupt driven responses) within a specified window of time. The time is determined by the time constant of the dynamic process. Example time constants for external processes are milliseconds for machining or electric power systems, seconds for flow processes, minutes for thermochemical compositions and weeks for social/economic processes.
Receipt of Finished Goods
Physical acceptance of an item into a stocking or storage location. This also refers to the transaction reporting of this activity. [APIC]- In this context, this is a receipt for accepting finished goods from WIP (Work in Process).
Receipt Stockroom
The physical acceptance of an item into a stocking or storage location. This also refers to the transaction reporting of this activity. [APIC].
Receipt WIP
This is the physical acceptance of an item into a stocking or storage location. This also refers to the transaction reporting of this activity. [APIC].
Reference Architecture
Non-industry specific reference base from which to construct models of a particular enterprise. Contains both Building Blocks and Guidelines. [CIM-OSA].
Reference Model
A standard definitive document or conceptual representation of a system or process.
Relationship
(1) An interaction between entities. Usually expressed as verbs in English. (2) A named business association between occurrences of one or more entity types which provides some relevant information value.
Relationship Type
Is a classification of relationships based on certain criteria. The numerical relationship between two entities is called the cardinality.
Relay Ladder Logic
A control language for programming Programmable Logic Controllers.
Release for Shipment
Quality, location, destination of product to be shipped.
Released Order
Within MRP, open production orders and open supply orders are considered as released, are assumed to be available on their due dates, and will be treated as part of the available inventory during the netting process for the time period in question. [APIC].
Reliability
The actual degree of dependability with which the equipment performs (note: actual, versus hoped-for). May be expressed in failures per 100,000 hours.
Repeater
A device that amplifies or regenerates data signals in order to extend the distance between data stations.
Resource Build Schedule
A schedule of the activities needed to make, install or procure production resources, such as equipment, facilities and tools (excluding material), which are needed to support production.
Resource Definition
The layout, requirements, configuration, design and capacity of resources needed to perform a particular function or operation.
Resource Plan
Long-range resource planning is based on the production plan, the plan for the long-term capacity needs out to the time period necessary to acquire gross capacity additions, such as a major factory expansion. [APIC].
Resource Requirements Planning
The process of converting the production plan and/or the master production schedule into the impact on key resources, such as man hours, machine hours, storage, standard cost dollars, shipping dollars and inventory levels. Product load profiles or bills of resources could be used to accomplish this. The purpose of this is to evaluate the plan prior to attempting to implement. It is sometimes referred to as a rough-cut check on capacity. Capacity requirements planning is a detailed review of capacity requirements.
Resource View
Describes an enterprise's resources and their relations to the functional structure, control structure and organizational (responsibilities) structure. [CIM-OSA].
Response Time
The total time necessary to send a message and receive a response back at the sender exclusive of application processing time.
Return-to-Vendor
Material that has been rejected by the buyer's inspection department and is awaiting shipment back to the Supplier for repair or replacement. [APIC].
Rework
(1) The process of correcting a defect or deficiency in a product or part. (2) Units of product requiring correction.
RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computer)
A computer architecture using a small set of instructions at the hardware level. RISC enables a complex processor to be built from very high-speed, simple components.
RM Energy Utilization
Total of raw materials, parts, tools and incoming energy, consumed or transferred on hourly, daily, monthly basis.
RM Order Request
Request to order raw materials, quality, type specifications, special requirements...
Route Sheet
A document that specifies the operations on a part and the sequence of these operations, with alternate operations and routings where feasible. It also can include material requirements (kind and quantity), machining tolerances (tool, jig and fixture requirements) and the time allowances for each operation. [APIC].
Router
A network device that interconnects two computer networks that have the same network architecture. A router requires OSI Level 1, 2 and 3 protocols (see Bridge and Gateway).
Routing
A document describing the manufacture of a particular item and specifying the sequence of operations, transportation, storage and inspections to be used. It usually includes the standard times applicable, the machines, equipment, tools, operations, labor requirements and materials that are required for each operation.
RPC (Remote Procedure Call)
A mechanism that extends the concept of a local procedure call, to a fully distributed computing environment.
RS511
A messaging standard, also known as MMS, under development in EIA for communication between factory floor devices. It uses ASN.1 for data encoding (see ASN.1 and MMS). | http://www.pera.net/Tools/Glossary/Enterprise_Integration/Glossary_R.html |
After completing her undergraduate education at Istanbul University, Faculty of Law in 2005, Selda Ercan received her master’s degree in International Trade and Maritime Law from Southampton University, Faculty of Law, one of the top 15 research universities in UK. She started her professional career in leading law firms such as Gun + Partners Law Firm and Turkcell Iletisim Hizmetleri A.S. for many years as a senior lawyer and managing lawyer.
Later, in 2017, she started Applied Psychology Master’s education at Uskudar University, Istanbul.
She received her Master’s Degree in Psychology after she completed her graduation project with the title “Social-Psychological Effects of Migration and Solutions in the Context of Positive Psychology” under the supervision of Prof. Dr. Sultan Tarlacı.
She received “Mindfulness Teacher Training” education from competent and respected psychologists, trainers and professors at the University of Oxford Mindfulness Centre and continues her lifelong education by participating in many workshops, seminars and studies in the field of Mindfulness.
During her education, she focused on Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy, which have achieved successful and rapid results in the treatment of depression and anxiety disorder, stress reduction, emotion management and increasing well-being.
In addition, she observed and experienced that Mindfulness “is extremely effective in the individual’s getting off the autopilot, being aware of what you are doing, being able to make your choices freely, and not being overly reactive or overwhelmed by what’s going on around us.
Selda continues her work in this field by providing individuals with “Mindfulness for Life”, “Mindful Eating”, “Relationships and Mindfulness”, “Mindfulness in Working Life” and other mindfulness consultancy services. | https://seldaercan.com/?page_id=258 |
The Zoning Regulations comprise Chapter 405 of the City’s Municipal Code. The purpose of the Zoning Code is to regulate and control the zoning and the use of land and buildings within the city in order to promote the public safety, health and general welfare of the citizens. Specifically, the Zoning Regulations specify the allowable uses of property, the density of development and provide standards for site improvements such as parking, lighting, landscaping, and signage to ensure consistent, orderly and well-designed development. | https://www.manchestermo.gov/469/Zoning-Regulations |
For those in the employee benefits arena, 2017 was a year of market chaos, regulatory uncertainty, consumer confusion, and technological complexity.
2018 may be more of the same.
But both employers and brokers can take some comfort from their experience with the twists and turns of recent months—knowing that the hard-won lessons of tumultuous times will come in handy in 2018. New innovations, new technologies, and a new emphasis on education and communication may be reshaping the benefits world in ways that will have long-term positive effects.
ACA Repeal: On-Again, Off-Again, On...
The biggest source of chaos in 2017 came as carriers, brokers, and employers tried to prepare for the consequences of repealing the Affordable Care Act (ACA), a legislative move that eventually bogged down in the Senate.
The confusion actually might have strengthened some ties between employers and brokers, since the latter were more likely to provide businesses with reliable information than what was being said in the media—which changed on a weekly or daily basis.
In the end, employers saw that the ACA was still in place, so reporting and tracking mandates still applied. However, the Trump administration has continued to chip away at Obamacare, through regulatory rules and the recent tax reform bill, so the insurance market will continue to grapple with difficult choices and changing regulatory burdens. This will almost certainly have effects on the insurance industry and benefits in general. For example, the repeal of the individual mandate (part of the tax reform bill) will create millions more unemployed Americans—who will get their care through costly emergency room services. As in the past, that cost will be passed on to insurers; who are likely to raise rates in general to deal with the higher costs. Employers will need to pay close attention to how the insurance markets react to such changes.
Tax Reform
The end-of-the year passage of a tax reform bill could prompt other changes in the benefits world. Proposed cuts to the corporate tax have led many to speculate that better bottom lines for companies will lead to more generous benefits for employees, along with increased hiring.
It remains to be seen how new income gained by tax changes will be spent. But if the tax cuts do spur new investment in benefits, brokers and advisors will continue to be an important resource in navigating the changes and opportunities.
Strategies for Holding Down Costs
There’s bad news and good news for employers when it comes to controlling costs of employee benefits. The bad news is that in many areas, such as medical care and pharmacy spend, costs continue to rise. The good news is that the turmoil of the past several years has forced companies to innovate and become more nimble, with a number of promising strategies emerging that can help companies deal with the cost side of employee benefits.
1. Voluntary benefits continue to be popular with employers and employees. With some high deductible health plans (HDHPs), having accident and critical illness policies to supplement basic medical insurance is an important way to complement medical coverage. In addition, other voluntary benefits, such as financial planning or products that help with addressing education debt are often popular.
With the popularity of voluntary benefits, employers must still be aware of potential downfalls of HDHPs. Some companies have found an over-reliance on high deductible plans that are not a good fit for all employees. More than one broker has suggested that seeing HDHPs merely as a one-size-fits-all solution to hold down costs, is a mistake. Many benefits advisors agree that HDHPs can be a great fit for younger, healthier workers or for high wage earners. But for workers with chronic conditions or growing families that require more utilization of health services, HDHPs may not be a good solution. Voluntary products can fill in some gaps; but offering a range of health plans is still the optimal choice for employers.
In the pharmacy world, it’s clear that drug costs will continue to be a major concern for employers. High-priced specialty drugs are being introduced and marketed at an increasing rate. Employer-based plans can turn to Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBMs), but it’s important to have a PBM that works closely in partnership with an employer to create the best fit for that company. This is where communication and education is important—it makes a big difference when a plan has clear data about utilization, what drugs are covered, and what discounts can be offered. A broker is an important ally in creating these kinds of partnerships.
2. Transparency tools, which have been evolving over the past few years, show great promise for holding down costs and making health care simpler for consumers. The idea of consumer-driven health care sounds great—but too often consumers have lacked the information to make good choices.
New transparency tools are coming onto the market that could greatly aid consumers—and companies—in finding more efficient health care. Web-based services such as Healthcare Blue Book, GoodRx, and Amino.com are providing tools that allow consumers to find quality and cost information about procedures or drugs, directly on their mobile devices. In many cases, the tools allow users to compare prices of nearby facilities or drug stores.
This article by Mercer outlines what an employer or consumer should look for in a transparency tool, including ease of use, comparison of all regional providers, accuracy, and an educational component that explains to consumers why and how the tool can address cost and quality concerns. Brokers and advisors often have experience with these tools and are aware of which ones have the best results in an employer’s area.
3. Prescription drug costs have moderated somewhat in the past year or so, but specialty drugs continue to be a big concern for employers trying to hold down health care costs. Strategies such as formularies and value-based pricing can help. Good consumer education by providers and advisors can also be helpful, as adherence to prescribed drug regimens can play a major role in preventing future illness or hospitalization. As mentioned above, PBMs play an important role in locking in contractual discounts for employer plans. But it’s important to find the right fit.
State and federal governments are also increasingly looking at drug costs, due largely to public pressure, but the prospects for legislative or regulatory relief from high drug costs remain unclear.
Consolidation-Good News or Bad?
Another item that could have a significant affect on the insurance industry is consolidations and mergers. The 2017 announcement that CVS Health would buy Aetna was just one of several industry mergers to be proposed in recent years. CVS, with nearly 10,000 pharmacies, and Aetna, one of the nation’s largest health insurance carriers, announced the $69 million deal in December.
Such mergers have the potential to create new efficiencies and possibly bring down costs. But concerns about lack of market choices also arise with these moves. In the current climate, it’s likely that consolidation will continue.
Talk with Marsh & McLennan Agency
Just as we saw in 2017, the year ahead will no doubt be full of controversy, surprises, and opportunities. Having an experienced broker to help navigate the developments in the benefits world is essential; these market changes are simply too rapid and complex for most employers to keep a handle on and predict the long-term consequences. Your broker will continue to be an important source of information on industry changes, innovation, and technology breakthroughs that can help you continue to offer the most attractive, and appropriate, benefits to workers who are expecting their companies to meet their needs. | https://www.marshmma.com/blog/employee-benefits-in-2018 |
In a continuously evolving health care system, nurses have consistently remained a pivotal role in the transformation of nursing practice. Spanning from the delivery of care, to research, nurses are at the center of it all. As we shift from provider-based care to team-based, patient-centered care, nurses are positioned to contribute to and lead the transformative changes that are occurring in healthcare. The influence that the IOM report and the State Action Coalition has on nursing practice, nursing education, and workforce development, and how they advance the goals for the nursing profession will be discussed in detail in this essay.
IOM and the Future of Nursing
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF), is one of the largest foundations worldwide with a mission to improve access to quality health care, address health issues, and develop strategies to improve health care systems and the delivery of care. The RWJF collaborates with health systems and communities to improve the physical, social, and mental well-being of people of our nation. With the primary objective of composing a report containing eight recommendations for the Future of Nursing, in 2008, RWJF approached the IOM to establish an initiative on the report, including changes in public and institutional policies at the national, state, and local levels. To identify vital roles for nurses in designing and implementing a more effective and efficient health care system, a committee examined and developed recommendations related to these issues. The eight recommendations include improving access to care, fostering interprofessional collaboration, promoting nursing leadership, transforming nursing education, increasing diversity in nursing, collecting workforce data, and building healthier communities.
(RWJF, 2018). 2010 was a significant year in healthcare, not only was the Affordable Care Act established, but the RWJF and Institute of Medicine (IOM) issued a collaborative, inspiring report, The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. This report commanded significant changes in nurses’ roles, responsibilities, and education to meet the increased demands for care and to make improvements to the healthcare system (RWJF, 2018). In response to these recommendations, the Campaign for Action Coalition was established to reform health care and transform the profession of nursing.
The Four Key Messages
The first key message from the IOM report stated that “advanced practice registered nurses should be able to practice to the full extent of their education and training” (IOM, 2015). Nurses’ abilities to realize their considerable potential to lead innovative strategies and generate a widespread transformation of the healthcare system, has been limited by a variety of policy barriers. Obstacles have included limitations on the scope of practice, increased nurse turnover rates, transition difficulties from school to practice, and an aging workforce, including lack of diversity. The second key message stated that “nurses should achieve higher levels of education and training through an improved education system that promotes seamless academic progression” (IOM, 2015). Currently, a shortage of nursing faculty limits the capability to produce increased numbers of BSN prepared nurses. More BSN-prepared nurses are needed to qualify for graduate programs that prepare nursing staff. Innovative strategies and programs must fashion seamless progression through the education system to higher levels of education, including graduate degrees. Strategies must be developed to recruit and support nursing students who represent greater diversity in the nursing workforce. “Nurses should be full partners, with physicians and other health professionals, in redesigning healthcare in the United States” is the third key message from the IOM report (IOM, 2015). In order to take responsibility for their personal and professional growth by developing leadership competencies, nurses at all levels must have access to mentoring programs. To advance health systems, extensively improving patient care, a healthy work culture that promotes and values leadership needs to be fostered. Lastly, the fourth key message stated, “effective workforce planning and policy-making require better data collection and improved information infrastructure” (IOM, 2015). To develop planning strategies for the future of the nursing profession and healthcare system, data must be collected and analyzed to determine the quantity and positions of nurses currently employed, and in what roles they perform. This data will help to identify and implement the necessary changes and establish goals to achieve a reformed nursing workforce system.
Role of State–Based Action Coalitions
RWJF collaborated with AARP on the IOM report, Future of Nursing: Campaign for Action with a vision for all Americans to have access to high-quality, patient-centered care in a health care system where nurses contribute as essential partners in achieving success. The Campaign has formed 51 state-based Action Coalitions, comprised of diverse groups of stakeholders across the country to strive for system improvements, determine best practices, establish clear goals, and evaluate research needs at a national, state, and regional level (Campaign for Action, n.d.). Action Coalitions have helped advance the goals specified in the IOM report in many ways. One example of advancement is shown in how the IOM recommended the number of employed nurses with a doctoral degree to double by this year. In 2010, that number of nurses with a doctoral degree was 10,000, and by the year 2017, 28,000 had successfully achieved an advanced degree (Carissimi & Burger, 2017). The Campaign has made significant efforts to establish partnerships between community colleges and universities, as well as develop programs, such as transition-to-practice nurse residency programs, to ensure nursing graduates receive a strong foundation of educational practices and the ability to pursue advanced studies.
California Action Coalition Initiatives
The California State Action Coalition has initiated several initiatives to advance the future of the nursing profession. The two main initiatives that will be discussed are increasing the number of nurses with BSN in the state to 80% by 2020 and removing barriers to the scope of practice. Over the past two years, the number of nurses with a BSN has increased by 8%. Approximately 62% of nurses in California have attained a BSN or other advanced degree (Campaign for Action, n.d.). To meet the steady changes in the health care system, the committee recommends more nurses obtain higher degrees and continue lifelong learning throughout their careers. Academic advancement prepares nurses to work with complex technology, analyze and interpret multiplex information to make critical decisions, and collaborate with other multidisciplinary team members. Over the past year, the California Action Coalition has worked with Health Impact to remove scope of practice barriers and positively influence the way health care is delivered. With the collaboration of the Advisory Committee, the efforts involve academic progression and residency programs so that nurses can practice to the full extent of their education and training (Campaign for Action, n.d.). These efforts will increase the number of nurse leaders and board members to integrate a culture of health and continue to advance the Future of Nursing recommendations.
Barriers to Advancement in California
For the past several years, students have endured increased tuition costs in ADN and BSN programs in California. Educational expenses play a significant role in the number of nurses seeking advanced degrees and determining which degree to pursue. As a result of the decline in state and federal funding for higher education, costs have shifted to students and their families. A significant gap between the rate of increase in college tuition and the rate of growth in household income has contributed to substantial increases in student debt with higher education now out of reach for many students or nurses trying to advance their knowledge. RWJF and Tri-Council for Nursing, along with the State Coalition and their stakeholders, developed a program, The Academic Progression in Nursing Program (APIN), to help nurses progress academically and further IOM’s recommendations that support achieving higher levels of education and training (IOM, 2015). This program supports strategies that remove barriers that hinder nursing students and nurses from academic progression. The state of California offers grants, financial assistance, residency programs, scholarships, and loan repayment programs to alleviate some of the financial burdens of high tuition fees. Contributions from AARP and hundreds of other organizations, as well as the continued efforts of nurses themselves, are helping drive the work to implement the IOM recommendations throughout the U.S.
Conclusion
When the Institute of Medicine (IOM) and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (RWJF) released their Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health report in 2010, the nursing profession and the entire healthcare system was challenged. Recommendations target reform in nursing practice, education, workforce, policy-making, technology, quality improvement, and patient safety. The Campaign continues to build on its successes and join forces with other health care groups, policymakers, and the community to build mutuality around removing scope-of-practice barriers, reforming nursing practice, and increasing interprofessional collaboration and diversity to improve health care practice in the interest of patient health outcomes.
References
Altman S.H., Butler A.S., Shern L. (2016). Assessing Progress on Implementing the Recommendations of the Institute of Medicine Report the Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health; Institute of Medicine; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. Assessing Progress on the Institute of Medicine Report the Future of Nursing. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; Introduction. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK350168/
Campaign for Action. (n.d.). State Action Coalition. Retrieved from https://campaignforaction.org/our-network/state-action-coalitions/
Carissimi, K., & Burger, J. (2017). Bridging the gap: Seamless RN to BSN degree transitions. OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 22(2). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Kathy_Carissimi/publication/320458608_Bridging_the_gap_Seamless_RN_to_BSN_degree_transitions/links/5b55e82545851507a7c1a8de/Bridging-the-gap-Seamless-RN-to-BSN-degree-transitions.pdf
Institute of Medicine (IOM). (2015). Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing, at the Institute of Medicine. The Future of Nursing: Leading Change, Advancing Health. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); Key Messages of the Report. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK209881/. | https://www.tutorialsmagnet.com/nrs-440vn-iom-report-and-the-future-of-nursing/ |
Are you looking to invest in developing economies? Wondering what the potential benefits and risks are? This blog will explore the topic of economic and investment development, with a focus on opportunities in developing countries.
We’ll discuss the benefits of investing in these economies, as well as the risks to consider. Whether you’re a first-time investor or a seasoned professional, this blog will provide you with valuable insights into the world of economic and investment development.
The top five risks for family businesses
1. Lack of succession planning: Without a clear plan for succession, family businesses can often become mired in conflict and dysfunction when it comes time to transition leadership to the next generation.
2. Reliance on a single family member: If a family business is overly reliant on a single family member for leadership or key skills, it can be left in a difficult position if that person leaves the business or is no longer able to contribute.
3. Lack of outside perspective: Family businesses can sometimes be resistant to seeking outside advice or input, which can limit their ability to identify and address problems or take advantage of new opportunities.
4. Emotional decision-making: Because family businesses are often driven by personal and emotional considerations, they can sometimes make decisions that are not in the best interests of the business.
5. Limited resources: Family businesses can sometimes find themselves at a disadvantage when competing against larger businesses with more resources. | https://fmfinsights.com/fmfinsights-twenty-fifth-edition-monday-20th-june-2022-sunday-3rd-july-2022/ |
Squires set a new PR of 17:26.7 this season, which came as the fourth fastest time in the state, regardless of division.
File Photo
“I was preparing for it and visualizing my plan; I had like six different race plans in my head,” said Squires with a laugh on her state finals trip. “All of them were maybe winning by a little, losing by a lot, losing by a little, winning by a lot. There were so many scenarios in my head.”
Committed to run at Purdue University next season, which features one of the top engineering programs in the country, what else would someone expect from a future Boilermaker?
Over the course of her career, Squires has lived up to expectations, race after race, thanks to an incredible work ethic away from the actual competition.
She set a new personal best time of 17 minutes, 26.7 seconds this season, which came as the fourth fastest time in the state this season, regardless of division. She’s also now named the Area Runner of the Year by the News-Review.
Squires has been a leader on the course for Petoskey since her freshman season and everything fell into place in her last run.
File Photo
At the state championships, Squires knew she would face some tough competition from a talented group of freshmen within Division 2, particularly Meghan Ford of Mason. The successful plan involved Squires showing her strength early, which worked.
“She thought Meghan Ford was going to be very much her competition, and, if she pressed hard early, she may not be confident enough to go with her and she was right,” Petoskey coach Dave Farley said. “Her plan was her own at the state meet and she was kind enough to share it with me.”
Farley learned over the years that Squires would head into each race more prepared than most — think six scenarios-level of preparedness — and that he wouldn’t have to worry about his top runner all that much, especially in her final season.
“She went to a camp this summer, which I think really realigned her to some degree,” said Farley. “She’s always been a very intelligent, methodical runner. I’m amazed sometimes how, as smart as she is, she listens to what I tell her. But, she got a lot of good information at the camp and with my style, I am very collaborative, so when kids get ideas that aren’t terrible, and she doesn’t have those, I don’t mind incorporating them to the team in general.”
Squires opened the season with a first-place finish at the annual Benzie Central hosted Pete Moss Invite and racked up other wins from there as well, though she also helped push teammates in races, sacrificing her own positon at times.
It’s that kind of teamwork in an individual sport that stood out, though Squires feels she’s been helped by her own teammates.
“I definitely noticed once Cambrie Smith came here from Gaylord that it definitely helped a lot just to have someone to train with on all types of runs,” she said. “It helped both of us get a lot better. Then with our other teammates, we were all working towards that state championship, so we made a better environment to train in and we all got better with that.”
Squires shows off the MHSAA State Champion sign at Michigan International Speedway in Brooklyn.
File Photo
Farley has seen a number of runners come and go over the years and believes he may have had one of the top duos of all-time at the school this year.
“With Cambrie and Emma, we’re going to miss two of our top three girls of all-time, easily,” he said. “It’s been a joy. We will miss her.”
As one of the top runners in the state, Squires had numerous colleges interested, though Purdue just felt a little different than the others.
“I was thinking of a few different college but I had a few meetings with the Purdue team and I really liked the team a lot more than any other school,” said Squires. “I’m really excited.”
While the cross country season is closed, Squires is still training after a short break period, helping both herself and Petoskey’s team for next season. There’s also hope of getting in one final track and field season.
Because last spring’s season was cancelled, Squires hasn’t run high school track since her sophomore season and will head in not exactly knowing where she stands with the rest of the state for her events.
The last time she took to the track, though, it came with a number of personal bests set at the state meet, so it’s reasonable to assume Squires will have some strong plans set once again.
“I’m not really sure about my goals as far as times go,” she said. “I think our 4x800 team is definitely looking to get first or second and then for me, personally, for the two mile and mile, hopefully compete for the state championship again.”
Drew Kochanny is the sports editor of the Petoskey News-Review. He is a native of Midland, MI, though was born in Petoskey. He graduated from Northern Michigan University with a degree in Electronic Journalism. | |
Will: Ah! A Mr. Thomas Hobson, I presume. A ‘good morning’ to you sirrah.
Mr. Hobson: And a ‘good morning’ to you, also, Mr. Shakespeare.
Will: Ah! Doth my fame precede my arrival; or dust thou recognise my resplendent visage from the posters pasted far too sparingly around this fair city, this ‘new’ Verona, this… veritable Londinium of Roman proclivities, that are proclaiming my latest palpable ‘hit’ to the masses?
Mr. H: Actually, a Mr. Jonson warned me that you were to be ‘or not to be’ ‘popping by’ on business of a most unguent nature.
Will: Yes, Ben – bless him. However, the nature of my visit is ‘urgent’ – I would not spread Ben’s words to sooth a rash. No, I have a proposition for you, Mr. Hobson.
Mr. H (warily): Yes…?
Will: I have cast you as a character in my latest play.
Mr. H: Do I have any choice in the matter.
Will: Not really. | https://graemesandford.com/2018/02/10/will-ben-renaissance-men-will-visits-the-shop-of-one-thomas-hobson/ |
Flashcards and Clickers in TBL – Is The Nature of the Feedback Tool Related to Student Satisfaction?
Jared Danielson*, Holly Bender, Roberta DiTerlizzi, Vanessa Preast & Serkan Toy
Iowa State University
Ames IA 50011
Usa
PURPOSE
In Team Based Learning (TBL), learning groups simultaneously respond to identical questions. In early TBL classrooms, groups indicated answer choices by raising large color-coded flash cards. More recently, electronic response systems (clickers) were introduced. This study asks: are students’ attitudes towards team-based learning associated with response medium type (i.e. flashcard or clicker)?
METHODS
From 2004 – 2008, TBL was used in a core Veterinary Clinical Pathology course. Flash cards were used in 2004, infrared clickers in 2005 and 2006, and radio frequency clickers in 2007 and 2008. Following each course, students completed a questionnaire (five point satisfaction scale) regarding (a) the effectiveness of flashcard OR clicker use (depending on which was used), and (b) the effectiveness of TBL activities.
RESULTS
Overall, 522 students (approximately 100 per year) responded. Differences in satisfaction across years were analyzed using an ANOVA. There was no statistically significant difference across years in students’ satisfaction with TBL activities. Satisfaction with flashcard/clicker use differed across years, with students being significantly more satisfied in 2006, 2007, and 2008 than 2004; 2005 satisfaction did not differ significantly from other years.
CONCLUSION
Because satisfaction with TBL activities was stable across years, this study provides no evidence that simultaneous report mechanism is related to overall satisfaction with TBL. The finding that significant differences in satisfaction with flashcard/clicker use did not coincide with changes in the medium suggests that the instructor’s growing facility in managing TBL affected the change in attitude more than did the difference in response medium.
PBL FROM THE LEARNER’S PERSPECTIVE
Niamh Kelly*
UBC
Vancouver BC V5V2A6
Canada
PURPOSE
Much has been written about the theory behind, and the methodology associated with, PBL in which it has been described as a ‘learner centered’ educational method. This begs the question as to how the learner perceives this educational approach. This study was designed to probe the learner’s perspective on PBL
METHOD
A 31 item survey probing their beliefs about PBL was delivered to an incoming medical class: (i) before any orientation to PBL; (ii) after an orientation session on PBL; (iii) after their first 5 week PBL block; (iv) after 3 PBL blocks; and, (v) at the end of their first year of (7) PBL blocks. The survey probed their beliefs about: a) the tutorial process, including the role of the tutor; b) teamwork; c) group dynamics; and d) the advantages of PBL.
RESULTS
The students were in agreement with many of the 31 statements made about PBL however, they disagreed amongst themselves about: the role of the tutor in the group process, including whether the tutor should hold back on their professional knowledge; whether students should speak for an equal amount of time; whether group dynamic problems should be solved by the whole group or, separately, by the individuals involved; and, whether PBL was an advantageous learning methodology for the acquisition and organisation of knowledge.
CONCLUSIONS/ FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The students have identified a number of issues associated with the PBL methodology with which they struggle. Focus groups designed to probe these issues is the next step.
CLINICIANS VS. BASIC SCIENTISTS: TEACHING PERSPECTIVES OF PROBLEM-BASED LEARNING TUTORS
Award Nominee
Pawel Kindler*, Dan Pratt & John Collins
The University of British Columbia
Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3
Canada
PURPOSE
Problem-Based Learning (PBL) tutors facilitate student learning by encouraging development of higher order thinking skills and monitoring group dynamics, but without directly transferring knowledge. However, the beliefs and intentions that influence and justify tutors’ behaviours are poorly understood. This study contrasts expert tutor clinicians against those with basic science backgrounds to investigate their own “teaching perspectives” and views about the most effective approaches to PBL tutoring in the first two years of the medical curriculum.
METHODS
Participants were sixteen clinicians and nineteen basic scientists; all experienced and identified as superior facilitators. Each (a) ranked summary descriptions of the five teaching perspectives in order of decreasing effectiveness as PBL tutoring strategies, then (b) completed their own on-line Teaching Perspectives Inventory (TPI) surveys.
RESULTS
Tutors consistently ranked the Developmental perspective description as the most congruent with the PBL approach, followed by Nurturing, Apprenticeship, Transmission and Social Reform. Clinicians ranked Nurturing and Apprenticeship higher than basic scientists (Mann-Whitney U, 0.047 and 0.028, respectively). Their TPI profiles confirmed the Developmental perspective as most dominant among most participants. Clinicians, however, were significantly higher in Apprenticeship (t=2.90, p<0.008)
CONCLUSION
Our results confirm the Developmental perspective – firmly rooted in the constructivist philosophy – as overwhelmingly dominant among experienced and highly regarded PBL tutors, whether clinicians or basic scientists. A comprehensive outline of the results, their potential contributions to the ongoing debate regarding the impact of professional background on tutor expertise and their implications for tutor training constitute the take-away sheets for this poster session.
VALUE OF TEAMS FOR FIRST TIME TBL STUDENTS IN JAPAN
Christine Kuramoto*, Takehiko Yokomizo & Motofumi Yoshida
Kyushu University
Fukuoka 812-8252
Japan
PURPOSE
In 2008, a class of 115 medical and biomedical science majors in their second year of study began taking scientific English classes at Kyushu University. The program posed problems for language learning because of the high teacher/student ratio. In foreign language classes 20 students or less is recommended for optimal learning (Johnson, 2001). Team Based Learning (TBL) was implemented to provide a better language learning environment. The course was taught following Michaelsen’s (2002) principles of TBL with students divided into 19 teams. This study investigated whether Japanese students who have primarily been taught using didactic methods find working in teams valuable enough to warrant continued use of TBL.
METHODS
A “value of teams” questionnaire, as shown on the poster, was used to survey 105 second year students upon completion of the course. Responses were made on a scale of 1-5 from strongly disagree to strongly agree. Four of the 13 items measured student perceived value of working with peers (WP), and 5 items measured perceived value of group work (VGW). An additional 4 items were distractors.
RESULTS
Students valued working with peers very highly with an average 72 students (N = 105) responding to the WP items positively. An average 25 students responded “neither agree nor disagree” and an average 7 students responded negatively on WP items. Group work was valued less with an average 60 students responding positively to VGW items. An average 35 students responded “neither agree nor disagree” and an average 8 students responded negatively to the VGW items. Learning outcomes and student course evaluation results will be discussed in the presentation.
CONCLUSIONS
Although students highly valued working with their peers, there was less value placed on group work. The results support the further use of TBL as a teaching strategy with over half of the students showing that they value both WP and VGW. Improvement of group assignments and instruction on the value of groups will be undertaken to increase the effectiveness of TBL. Extrapolating TBL to other physical skills will be encouraged for faculty and curriculum development.
PLEASING SOME OF THE PEOPLE, ALL OF THE TIME… EXPERIENCES WITH TBL
Joanna Rayner*
St. George’s University
St. George’s
Granada
PURPOSE
With class sizes of > 400 students, the Medical Microbiology “small group” sessions were no longer meeting our educational goals and had become highly time and faculty intensive. The partial integration of Team Based Learning was therefore explored and subsequently initiated. The goal of this poster is to present our main observations from the first year of implementation and to discuss the challenges encountered, therefore providing useful information for faculty considering implementing TBL.
METHODS
A series of pre-reading assignments were assigned via a Course Management system. These were followed by individual (Scantron based) and team readiness assessment tests (IF-AT forms) at the start of each two week module. The remainder of the first and remainder of the second week consisted of team-based activities. With some modifications, this basic structure was followed for both the Spring (400 students) and Fall terms of 2008 (480 students).
RESULTS
The full format of the sessions, samples of the tests and assignments, etc., will be provided. This will be accompanied by a discussion of the specific challenges encountered, such as faculty preparation time, and the associated student impressions: enthusiasm and “buy-in” to the TBL format, perception of pre-reading assignments and exercises as valuable, etc.
CONCLUSIONS/ FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The initiation of a new teaching methodology, especially when it is unfamiliar, brings various challenges and problems. One of the biggest problems we encountered was the overall student attitudes with regard to aspects of the TBL set-up. Details are provided as to either how these attitudes were resolved or how they could have been prevented from occurring.
USE OF LEARNING ISSUES AS STUDY RESOURCES AND EFFECT ON STUDENT PERFORMANCES: IN TBL ANATOMY COURSE
Nagaswami Vasan* & David DeFouw
New Jersey Medical School
Newark NJ 07103
USA
PURPOSE
In medical education, in addition to changing pedagogy, a variety of teaching strategies now serve to promote active learning. In teaching anatomy to first year medical students, we have implemented a modified Team-Based learning (TBL) strategy, that included replacement of lectures with learning issues and quizzes as self guided study resources. TBL allowed us to maintain an enriched course content that promoted active learning.
METHODS
A total of 170-195 students were divided into teams of 5 to 8. For weekly discussion, students received a series of learning issues derived from textbooks of basic anatomy, embryology and clinical correlations. In order to assure that each student completed the assigned out of class preparation, weekly sessions started with an ungraded quiz, which also served to monitor individual student progress.
RESULTS
We measured student scores in the departmental tests and a final NBME subject examination. As seen, students in the TBL curriculum performed better than students in the traditional curriculum. These changes are statistically significant (p<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS/ FUTURE DIRECTIONS
The several positive attributes of TBL aided successful management of the anatomy curriculum and improved students’ performances. TBL is being introduced in other courses, and this will allow us to assess the long-term influence of team learning in future professional behavior of our graduates. | http://www.iamse.org/mse-article/tblpbl/ |
Business plays a critical role in global climate politics; this is widely agreed upon in international relations and political economy. Whether we should view business primarily as blocking political progress or as providing necessary solutions remains a matter of debate and contention. Analysts also remain divided on how we should assess the power of business in climate politics. For some, corporations are just one type of interest group that competes with others for influence in the political process. Others see business actors as relying on structural power, which serves to constrain the options available to politicians and diplomats. This chapter puts forward a neo-pluralist perspective on business in global climate governance. It argues that business is in a powerful, even privileged, position internationally, but doesn’t always get its way. The process of international climate politics is more fluid and open-ended than may seem at first sight, and while business interests can predominate they don’t always pull in the same direction, nor do they control the global environmental agenda.
Reference
Falkner, R. May 2010. Business and global climate governance: a neo-plurist perspective. Business and Global Governance [Morten Ougaard and Anna Leander (eds.)]. Routledge, London. | https://www.lse.ac.uk/granthaminstitute/publication/business-and-global-climate-governance-a-neo-plurist-perspective-business-and-global-governance/ |
Jacob Witzling may lack formal architectural training, but his passion for nature and cabin architecture has provided him with all the tools needed to both design and construct idyllic living spaces. Witzling’s cabins can be found throughout the United States; these structures are often sequestered to the woods, providing a remote escape from urban centers and suburban sprawl.
Witzling’s interest in cabins began at the age of 16. His father, an architect and engineer, provided him with a preliminary exposure to the world of designing and building. “I needed to exist in the woods, and even though I had never built anything other than a blanket fort, I knew that my passion to create would be sufficient,” says Witzling. “I remember pouring over the pages of my dad’s favorite book, ‘Handmade Houses: A Guide to the Woodbutcher’s Art.’ I would gaze at the pictures from inside my blanket fort and daydream about building one of my own.”
The structures themselves vary greatly in terms of their construction, size, and amenities. One example, in particular, is Witzling’s octagonal cabin, which embodies an overall feeling of architectural maturity. Built from a collection of salvaged lumber and furniture elements, the Octagonal micro-living space includes an open area equipped with comfortable seating, a stove, and a sleeping space.
The structure is entered through a pair of large doors, creating an opening the size of two of the structure’s eight sides. This allows for a fluid movement between the interior and exterior, engaging both spaces as a single entity.
Other elements of the design that enhance the close relationship between the structure and its natural environment include its many windows and integrated vegetation. Above the main gathering space is a lofted sleeping area surrounded by triangular windows that allow natural light to illuminate the interior. On the exterior, the cabin’s roof is covered with a local moss, harvested and replanted by Witzling during the cabin’s construction. | https://www.caddownloadweb.com/this-moss-covered-octagonal-micro-cabin-combines-luxury-and-rustic-aesthetic/ |
Solutions for pressure, temperature, force and level measurement, flow measurement, calibration and SF6 gas solutions from WIKA are an integral component of our customers' business processes.
This is why we consider ourselves to be not just suppliers of measurement components but rather more a competent partner that offers comprehensive solutions in close co-operation with our customers – customised and precisely designed products for the exact requirement.
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Industrial Series Liquid Filled
WIKA USA
With a solid forged-brass case and socket, WIKA's Bourdon tube brass gauge is designed for the most adverse conditions, including high vibration.
In fact, this brass gauge (model 213.40) is also known as WIKA's "hydraulic gauge." It is commonly used in mobile and stationary machinery hydraulic applications because of its ability to withstand extreme vibration, shock and pulsation.
DesignASME B40.100 & EN 837-1
Sizes2½” & 4” (63 & 100 mm)
Accuracy class2½”: ± 2/1/2% of span (ASME B40.100 Grade A)4”: ± 1% of span (ASME B40.100 Grade 1A)
RangesVacuum / Compound up to 200 psi (16 bar)Pressure from 15 psi (1 bar) up to 15,000 psi (1,000 bar)or other equivalent units of pressure or vacuum
Working pressure2½”: Steady: 3/4 scale value Fluctuating: 2/3 full scale value Short time: full scale value
4”: Steady: full scale value Fluctuating: 0.9 x full scale value Short time: 1.3 x full scale value
Operating temperatureAmbient: -4°F to +140°F (-20°C to +60°C) - glycerine filled -40°F to +140°F (-40°C to +60°C) - silicone filledMedium: max. +140°F (+60°C)
Temperature errorAdditional error when temperature changes from reference temperature of 68°F (20°C) ±0.4% of span for every 18°F (10°K) rising or falling.
Weather protectionWeather tight (NEMA 4X / IP 66)
Brass gauge applications are expanding with the increasing introduction of portable equipment, such as compressors, pumps and hydraulic tools.
Brass gauges are also widely used in upstream oil applications with pressure ranges up to 15,000 psi. In the Texas oil patch, WIKA's brass gauges with glycerin fill are the standard.
Bourdon tube2½” (63 mm) ≤ 870 psi (60 bar): C-shape copper alloy2½” (63 mm) > 870 psi (60 bar): Helical copper alloy4" (100 mm) ≤ 1,000 psi (70 bar): C-shape copper alloy4" (100 mm) > 1,000 psi (70 bar): Helical stainless steel
Pressure Connection
MovementCopper alloy
DialWhite aluminum with black lettering, 2½” with stop pin
PointerBlack aluminum
CaseGold-painted forged brass with integral connection and vent plug
Bezel ringGold-plated ABS cover ring (2½”)Chrome-plated brass cover ring (4")
WindowAcrylic with Buna-N gasket
Case fillGlycerine 99.7%
Model 910.11
Instrument Grade
Model 910.10
Model 910.12
Brass, steel or stainless steel
Model 910.13
Brass or Stainless Steel
Model 910.17
Model 233.55
All Stainless Steel Construction,
Panel Builder Gauge
Models 232.53AM, 233.53AM
Stainless Steel Refrigeration Ammonia Gauge
Models PGS21.100, PGS21.160
Industrial series
Model 232.34DD
Solid-Front Process Gauge Direct Drive
Model 232.25
Hinged Ring Process Gauge
316SS Wetted Parts
Models 212.54, 213.54
Stainless Steel Case
Bourdon Tube Brass Gauge -- model 213.40
This product can expose you to chemicals including Lead, which is known to the State of California to cause cancer and reproductive harm. For more information go to www.P65Warnings.ca.gov.
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To receive your personal offer, we require some additional information from you. | https://www.wika.us/213_40_en_us.WIKA |
BRUSSELS, Sept. 11 — Britons and the Irish can still down a pint of beer, walk a mile, covet an ounce of gold and eat a pound of bananas after the European Union ruled today that the countries could retain measurements dating back to the Middle Ages.
Under a previous European Union plan, Britain and Ireland would have been forced to adopt the metric system and phase out imperial measurements by 2009. But after a vociferous antimetric campaign by British skeptics and London’s tabloid press, European Union officials decided that an ounce of common sense (or 28.3 grams) suggested that granting a reprieve was better than braving a public backlash.
They also feared that forcing Britain to abolish the imperial system would have damaged European Union trade with the United States, one of three countries, including Liberia and Myanmar, that have not officially adopted the metric system.
A British grocer, Steve Thoburn of Sunderland, became known as the “metric martyr” when he was convicted in 2001 of measuring fruits and vegetables in pounds and ounces instead of kilograms. A court gave him a six-month conditional discharge. He died of a heart attack in 2004 just days after learning that his appeal to the European Court of Human Rights against a conviction for using nonmetric scales in his market stall had been rejected.
The European Union has long tried to dispel myths that its zealous bureaucrats are trying to impinge on national cultures in their bid to harmonize standards in the world’s biggest trading bloc. Such myths have included that cucumbers sold in the European Union must not arch more than 10 millimeters for every 10 millimeters of length; that it is against health rules to feed swans stale bread; and that Brussels had decided that shellfish must be given rest breaks and stress-relieving showers during boat journeys over 50 kilometers long.
Gunter Verheugen, the European Union’s enterprise commissioner, said the decision to allow the imperial system to live on — which still must be approved by European Union governments — showed that the union “honors the culture and traditions of Great Britain and Ireland.”
Britain and Ireland officially use the metric system, but imperial measures are still often used alongside their metric equivalents.
Under the European Union decision, they can retain miles on road signs, and pubs may continue to serve pints of beer. Other goods must be sold in metric quantities, but retailers can display imperial equivalents.
A British government spokesman praised the decision as good for Britain and international trade. | https://r-ness.livejournal.com/273738.html |
Pounds hbk, 14.95 Pounds pbk.
I once startled a seminar of ornithologists by referring to their beloved
birds as a jumped-up subfamily of arboreal dinosaurs. The underlying truth
is that however varied birds may seem to us, extinct vertebrates were much
more startlingly diverse then we can fully grasp in this impoverished, depauperate
age. Some of those animals were done in during the great Quaternary extinctions
of mammoths, ground sloths, moas, and all the other beasts that died – perhaps
– at our ancestors’ hands.
Continental drift played a part in producing variety. Isolated Australia
evolved its own marsupial ‘badgers’, ‘wolves’ and ‘cats’. However, most
diversity was generated – and exterminated – by successive mass extinctions
and adaptive radiations. Serial radiations and extinctions of therapsids
(mammal-like reptiles) filled the terresterial herbivore and carnivore niches
until, that is, they went extinct once too often. The dinosaurs took over,
forcing protomammalian evolution into the side diversion of small nocturnal
hairies. Our small squeaky shrewlike ancestors only replaced their teeth
once, and coopted several redundant lower jaw bones as ear ossicle: that
is why you can hear nuts crunching between your false teeth.
Convergence happened many times when similar animals evolved similar,
but never quite identical, answers under the same ecological and mechanical
demands. Dolphins almost mimic ichthyosaurs, and giant armadillos evolved
club tails to deter sabre-toothed tigers exactly as armoured dinosaurs threatened
Tyrannosaurus rex. What are we to make of the chalicotheres, extraordinary
ungulates that look like horses transmogrifying into gorillas?
Advertisement
Michael Benton chronicles this series of arkfuls in a remarkably concise
volume, with glossary and up to date (to earliest 1989) references. The
book is not merely an amphiouxus-to-zebra volume: Benton wakes the reader
up by slipping modern fish after early reptiles. He gives a good potted
account of specially interesting problems, using the oil-picked Eocene mammals
of Hans Messel, climatic change and human evolution to illustrate the various
concepts of evolution. Benton has a nice line in enthusiasm balanced by
jusdicious scepticism, which is refreshing, especially when it comes to
dinosaur extinction.
The numerous cladograms show the relative interrelationships of animal
groups in a topologically terse manner reminiscent of the London Undedrground
map; it is much more testably informative than the old-fashioned family
trees. In fact, the underlying theory of cladistics is simple, perhaps deceptively
so, and students may need discussion with an adept teacher to bring out
the subtle theory’s full elegance. Unfortunately, the explanation of cladistics
is Benton’s main lapse, uncharacteristically unclear and implying wrongly
that homologous structures necessarily have the same function.
The illustrations are consistently drawn and omit excess labelling.
They help the book to summarise a great deal of selected information, but
even so some things have had to go. Benton concentrates on vertebrate evolution
and diversity, and eschews the discussions of modern forms of behaviour,
physiology and biomechanics, that take up so much space in competing vertebrate
biology texts for the American market.
Benton thus gives you exactly what the title promises, a crisp account
of vertebrate palaeontology and evolution. Its coverage of fish, amphibians,
and lower reptiles, usually ignored in popular work, will please the serious
amatuer. In undergraduate courses it will admirably complement a good textbook
on modern animals, such as R McNeill Alexander’s Chordates, and is much
more readable than the standard reference and indispensable backup, Robert
L Carroll’s Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution. But why does Benton in
hardback cost almost as much as Carroll’s much larger volume? At least no
one can complain too much about the paperback price.
Another apparent ommission, easily remedied from other sources, is a
disquisition on the principles of palaeontology and the fossil record. Of
course, this frees vital space, and is amply covered elsewhere – but it
is deeper than that. Benton illustrates hardly any fossils: he is not really
concerned with the grotty old bones you find in quarries and museum cellars.
This is no identification manual, an impossible target when you multiply
vertebrate diversity by the number of bones in the skeleton.
The emphasis on reconstruction drawings and cladograms gives the clue.
Benton is – rightly – summarising not fossils but something quite different,
though derived ultimately from them: vertebrate palaeontology itself, our
mental constructs of long-gone animals and their patterns of evolution and
extinction. This is truly an appropriate book for the beginning of 1991,
the 150th anniversary of Richard Owen’s ‘discovery’ of the dinosaurs, not
in the field, but as a theoretical concept. Now you can read about what
Owen’s successors have been doing.
Michael Taylor is a palaeontologist with the Leicestershire Museum Service. | https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917503-900-review-a-catalogue-for-the-ancient-past/ |
If you are interested in Patient Oriented Research (POR), this might be something you want to attend.
The Patient-Oriented Research Training Program provides participants with a foundational understanding of Patient-Oriented Research (POR). It is intended to help equip research team members with the skills and knowledge necessary to engage meaningfully in projects that involve a POR approach. The Training Program is open to anyone who is collaborating, or planning to collaborate, in POR. It is intended for graduate students, trainees, community and academic researchers, patients and family members, health care professionals, decision-makers, and industry and community stakeholders who are interested in learning about, or contributing to, POR in Alberta.
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Government restraint on imposing market controls, a better-informed public and broader industry cooperation can improve automobile recycling, which is already operating at a very high level in many parts of the world, a policy-study group at MIT has reported.
The research effort by a team from the MIT International Motor Vehicle Program was undertaken in the face of a need by both industry and government to address this growing social concern, one of a burgeoning array of environmental, political and economic challenges facing the industry, said Professor Daniel Roos, director of the program.
"In light of the emerging social agenda centered upon the automobile, we believe that studies of this sort- assembling, expanding and reflecting upon the emerging knowledge base in this area-can lead to more effective and better coordinated industrial and government policy," Professor Roos said. "We expect that this study will serve as a basis for a more effective dialogue among the interested stakeholders in this area."
In a report presented to the Automotive Industry Board of Governors and the Mining and Metals Board of Governors of the World Economic Forum, MIT researchers concluded that government controls would likely reduce the effectiveness of recycling markets for cars and trucks.
"The most thorough recovery of automobiles takes place where the markets for secondary materials and components are strongest and least encumbered," the report found, noting that differences in recycling technology, which is about the same throughout the world, are not a factor. The report also notes that there is no global solution to the problem and that regional economics will play a major role.
In the United States, for example, 90 percent of scrapped vehicles are routinely recycled and 75 percent of their weight recovered and economically reused.
This level of recycling occurs "in the absence of any requirement for disposal or penalty to the last user, or industry specific monitoring. Rather, it is driven by the fact that recycling of the automobile can be a very profitable business, provided the markets for recycled parts and materials operate freely."
The researchers noted that "no other product with such a large number of different materials is as highly recycled" as the automobile. The reason, the researchers said, was the economic incentives for recycling.
And yet, the report said, the public is not generally aware of the high effectiveness of automobile recycling. That is not unusual, the report noted. The public's appreciation for environmental issues in general "has frequently been at odds with that of environmental professionals." Further, the public memory is short, the report said. "Many people are surprised to find that today's automobile recycling issues echo concerns that were raised and resolved during the late 1960s and early 1970s."
The study, presented in February to the World Economic Forum groups at their annual meeting in Davos, Switzerland, is an outgrowth of last year's Industry Summit, a partnership of the World Economic Forum and MIT, in collaboration with Harvard University, which was held in Cambridge. Professor Klaus Schwab, president of the WEF, was pleased with the Governor's reception of the study, saying that "the WEF views these meetings as an important framework within which the automobile industry can act to work cooperatively to resolve the important social questions facing them."
Because recycling is such an intensely market-driven activity, governments can best support it with policies aimed at facilitating market actions rather than directing them, the report said.
"Highly interventionist, loop-closing policies, such as managed recycled content or take-back [a government requirement that the manufacturer accept the product from its last user and dispose of it] have had mixed successes. While there are many examples where recycling has been successful, mandated recycling has been less so," the study said.
As an example of an unsuccessful program, the MIT report cited Germany's recent experience with mandated packaging programs, which "led to a serious restructuring of the institutions developed to carry out the principles of the 1986 Waste Management Act and a slowdown to the expansion of this effort to other product areas."
The German experience, the report said, "has been an object lesson in the economic risks inherent in imposing recycling requirements in the absence of strong market demand for recycled product."
But that is only one example of the problem, the report said.
"A more prosaic example can be found in community curbside recycling programs in the United States. Here, communities have instituted programs for the collection of recyclables in the expectation that such materials would be absorbed by the existing recycling infrastructure. Instead, many such programs have overwhelmed these industries, leading not only to financial ruin of some but also to increased use of landfill space."
Addressing the lack of public knowledge about automobile recycling, the report said the public "has been traumatized by several specific images which have given the impression that automobile recycling is inadequately performed." For example, the report said, the case of automobile tires "has been routinely presented as if the problems of their recycling and disposal were representative of the automobile as a whole. In fact, the problem of tire recycling is atypical of automobile recycling practice, reflecting the relatively low value placed upon the chemical commodities that can be produced from them (low-grade fuels) and the historical aversion of the consumer market for remanufactured tires."
The automaker's principal contribution to recycling is to build cars with a high degree of "recyclability," that is, cars designed so that their components can be salvaged economically, the report said.
"While regional economic conditions militate against global action in the recycling enterprise, there are indications that the industry can act cooperatively to improve recyclability," the report said, citing recycling consortia which research new processing technologies and establish labeling and disassembly standards. Cooperation with suppliers on new materials and cooperation to develop life-cycle analysis tools for cars also indicate "that the industry can work cooperatively in these areas, although better coordination may ultimately lead to less duplication of effort."
Copies of the report, entitled "Automobile Recycling Policy: Findings and Recommendations," can be obtained from Ann Rowbotham at the MIT Center for Technology, Policy and Industrial Development (fax, x3-7140, or voice, x3-0008.)
A version of this
article appeared in the
May 4, 1994
issue of MIT Tech Talk (Volume
38, Number
31). | http://news.mit.edu/1994/auto-0504 |
---
abstract: 'A star collapsing gravitationally into a black hole emits a flux of radiation, known as Hawking radiation. When the initial state of a quantum field on the background of the star, is placed in the Unruh vacuum in the far past, then in the exterior Hawking radiation corresponds to a flux of positive energy radiation travelling outwards from near the surface to future infinity. Based on pair creation, the evaporation of the collapsing star can be equivalently described by the absorption of an ingoing negative energy flux of radiation travelling towards the center of the star. Here, we are interested in the evolution of the star during its collapse. Thus we include the backreaction of the negative energy Hawking flux in the interior geometry of the collapsing star when writing the full 4-dimensional Einstein and hydrodynamical equations. Hawking radiation emitted before the star passes through its Schwarzschild radius slows down and reverses the collapse of the star. The star evaporates without forming an horizon or a singularity. This study provides a more realistic investigation than the one first presented in [@laurabh], since the backreaction of Hawking radiation flux on the collapsing star is studied in the case when the initial state of the field is in Unruh’s vacuum.'
author:
- 'Laura Mersini-Houghton'
title: ' Back-reaction of the Hawking radiation flux in Unruh’s vacuum on a gravitationally collapsing star II'
---
Introduction
============
The backreaction of Hawking radiation on the evolution of the collapsing star is the most important problem in the quantum physics of black holes. This problem provides an arena for the interplay of quantum and gravitational effects on black holes and their respective implications for the singularity theorem. A key feature of Hawking radiation, which was well established in seminal works by [@unruh; @hawkingbh; @pc; @parkerbh; @daviesunruh; @bhliterature; @candelasunruh; @movingmirror], is that radiation is produced during the collapse stage of the star, prior to black hole formation [@spindel]. The very last photon making it to future infinity and thus contributing to Hawking radiation, is produced just before an horizon forms. The effect of Hawking radiation on the collapse evolution of the star was for the first time considered in [@laurabh]. In [@laurabh] it was shown that once the backreaction of Hawking radiation is included in the interior dynamics of the star, then the collapse stops and the star bounces. Solving analytically for the combined system of a collapsing star with the Hawking radiation included, is quite a challenge. The system studied in [@laurabh] was idealized in order to obtain an approximate analytical solution: there the star was taken to be homogeneous; the star’s fluid considered was dust; the star was placed in a thermal bath of Hawking radiation which arises from the time-symmetric Hartle-Hawking initial conditions on the quantum field in the far past. Within these approximations, the main finding of [@laurabh] was that a singularity and an horizon do not form because the star reverses its collapse and bounces at a finite radius due to the balancing pressure of the negative energy Hawking radiation in its interior. Yet, the evolution of the star could not be followed beyond the bounce with the approximate analytic methods of [@laurabh].
Given the fundamental importance of this problem and the intriguing results of [@laurabh], we here aim to study the backreaction of Hawking radiation on the collapsing star by considering a more realistic setting, namely: we allow the star to be inhomogeneous and, based on pair creation near the surface, we consider an Hawking radiation flux of negative energy which propagates in the interior of the star, with its counterpart of positive energy flux travelling fron near the surface outwards to infinity. The flux of Hawking radiation arises when the initial conditions imposed on the quantum field on the background of the star, are chosen to be in the Unruh vacuum state in the far past [@unruh; @candelasunruh]. In contrast to the Hartle-Hawking initial state which leads to an idealized time symmetric thermal bath of radiation present before and after the collapse, the choice of the Unruh vacuum describes a [*flux*]{} of thermal radiation which is zero before the collapse and switches on after the collapse. Particle creation occurs near the surface of the star and most of it on the last stages of collapse. Since particles are global objects with ambiguous meaning in curved spacetime, we base our treatment here on the stress energy tensor of radiation that, in contrast to particles, is a local well defined object. The full 4 dimensional set of Einstein and of total energy conservation equations lead to a complete set of hydrodynamic equations for this model. The set of hydrodynamics equations determines the evolution of the star and the absence of singularities.
The paper is organized as follows: Section \[sec:model\] describes the metric in the star’s interior, the stress energy tensor for the star and for the Hawking radiation flux, which comprise the model we wish to study. We then set up the system of the evolution equations that need to be solved for the combined system and the boundary conditions. In Sect. \[sec:Results\] we describe the evolution of the collapsing star determined by the set of equations in this model. I am indebted to H.Pfeiffer for numerically implementing these equations in his program, shown in the plots in the appendix. Conclusions for the evolution of the collapsing star when the backreaction of Hawking radiation is included are in Sect. \[sec:conclusions\].
Model {#sec:model}
=====
Let us start with a spherically symmetric and inhomogeneous dust star, described by the following metric
$$ds^2 = - e^{2\Phi(r,t)} dt^2 + e^{\lambda}dr^2 + R^2 d\Omega^2
\label{metric}$$
where $R(r,t)$ is the areal radius and $d\Omega^2 = d\theta^2 + \sin(\theta)^2 d\phi^2$. This form of the metric is convenient for describing a radiating star since due to Hawking radiation we will deal with time dependent, [*nonvacuum solutions*]{} to Einstein equations. The set of Einstein and energy conservation equations for this metric in the case of an outgoing neutrino flux, were originally derived in Misner [@hmisner]. Our set of hydrodynamic equations is similar to those in [@hmisner] and [@yamada], but modified to reflect our particular system of ingoing negative energy flux in the interior and positive energy outgoing flux in the exterior of the star.
The changing gravitational potential outside a massive star collapsing into a black hole gives rise to particle creation [@pc; @parkerbose; @movingmirror; @bhliterature; @spindel; @unruh]. A common view of this process at a microphysical level is that the tidal forces of the gravitational field of the star near its surface, rip apart vacuum pairs of particles antiparticles. Of course in this picture we must remember that particles are globally defined object, thus they lose meaning in curved spacetime. For this reason we here consider only the stress energy tensor of Hawking radiation which is a well defined object at each spacetime point.
Based on pair creation, there is an outgoing flux of positive energy particles traveling to future infinity and an ingoing flux of negative energy particles travelling from the surface towards the center of the star. The production of fluxes switches on gradually at the onset of collapse but most of it is produced on the last stages of collapse as the radius of the star is getting close to its horizon value. The particle flux reaching future infinity, measured in the frame of a radially moving observer, becomes Hawking radiation with a luminosity $L_H$. Although most of Hawking radiation is produced on the last stages of collapse it still occurs before the star crosses the horizon [@daviesunruh; @pc; @unruh; @movingmirror; @spindel], as can be seen from the expression of Hawking radiation luminosity [@pc; @parkerbose; @movingmirror; @bhliterature; @spindel; @unruh] which goes to zero when taking the limit $R_s -> 2 M$.
We now wish to include the backreaction of the ingoing negative energy Hawking radiation flux on the interior of the star and solve for the star’s evolution. The distribution of the stress energy tensor of Hawking radiation in the interior of the star is not yet known.
In our model we assume the stress energy tensor of the Hawking radiation flux in the interior of the star is given by $$\tau^{ab} = - q_H k^a k^b
\label{hawkingenergy}$$
where $k^a$ is an ingoing null vector $k^a k_a = 0$ defined by $ k^a = (e^{-\phi}, - e^{-\lambda/2},0,0 )$ and $q_H$ is defined as the energy density measured locally by an observer with 4-velocity $u^{\mu}$ by $q_{H} = \frac{u^{\mu} u^{\nu} \tau_{\mu\nu}}{8 \pi}$. We explicitly introduce the minus sign in the expression for the negative energy flux in the interior, Eq.\[hawkingenergy\], for the simplicity of keeping the parameter $q_H > 0$.
The magnitude of the radiation energy density and flux, $q_H$, in the interior is related to Hawking’s radiation luminosity at infinity via the Kodama symmetry [@kodama]. Since our metric is time dependent, there is no Killing vector symmetry $\partial/\partial t$ with respect to which the positive frequency modes for the Unruh vacuum at past infinity can be defined. Instead there is a symmetry related to the Kodama vector $K = e^{-\phi} \partial/\partial t$ with respect to which positive frequencies can be defined and which leads to a conservation law, the conservation of fluxes. The conservation law based on Kodama symmetry, states that the net radiation flux around an imaginary surface with radius $R_0$ enveloping the surface of the star is equal to the net Hawking flux at future infinity, i.e. the mass of the star. The enveloping surface does not neccessarily have to be a trapped surface or an apparent horizon. The luminosity of radiation at any spacetime point is a variable we solve for, $L = 4 \pi R^2 q_H$, which at infinity we require becomes equal to Hawking radiation $L_H$.
Since our goal is to study the interior evolution of the star, then we are only interested in the net amount of flux that goes inside the star, rather than outside. In fact a study of the interior and exterior regions which covers the whole spacetime and allows analytic continuation from the interior to the exterior of the star, would require an extended spacetime metric such as the Painleve metric. Although our metric does not cover the whole spacetime, it covers the regions of interest, the interior of the star and part of the exterior to future infinity.
The form of the renormalized stress energy tensor in the exterior of the star, for the Hawking radiation flux in the Unruh vacua, at future infinity and near the surface of the star were calculated in Candelas [@candelasunruh]. Based on Kodama’s conservation law of Hawking radiation at infinity to that at the star’s surface [@kodama], we take the net inward negative energy flux in the star’s interior equal and opposite to the net amount gained at infinity, [@daviesunruh; @candelasunruh; @hawkingbh; @kodama]. Relating the radiation flux gained at infinity to the radiation flux lost by the star via the Kodama conservation of fluxes, enables us to avoid transplanckian problems that would arise from large blueshifting effects if we had considered a scenario of tracing the quanta of radiation back from infinity to the surface of the star.
We consider the quantum field to be in the Unruh initial vacuum state as it provides a more realistic approximation of the state that follows gravitational collapse. When the initial state of the field is in Unruh’s vacuum, there is no flux coming from the far past and before the star collapses. The flux of radiation is produced once the collapse starts until the star reaches the horizon. Then the quantum stress energy tensor of the Hawking radiation flux in the interior, consistent with Hawking radiation flux at future infinity, (with notation $L >0 $), from Eq. \[hawkingenergy\] is as follows
$$\tau_{a}{}^{b} = \frac{L}{4 \pi R^2} \left(
\begin{matrix}1 & - e^{\phi - \lambda /2} & 0 & 0 \\
e^{- \phi + \lambda /2} & -1 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 0 & 0 & 0
\end{matrix}
\right)
\label{candelas}$$
The fluid of the inhomogenenous dust star with a 4-velocity $u^a$, normalized such that $u^a u_a = -1$, has a stress energy tensor $$\label{eq:Matter}
T^{ab} = \epsilon u^a u^b + p (g^{ab} + u^a u^b ),$$ where the energy density $\epsilon$ is expressed in terms of a specific internal energy density per baryon $e$ and the number density of baryons $n$ by $\epsilon = n(1+e) =n h$ with $h$ the enthalpy and $u^a = (e^{-\phi},0,0,0)$. We consider the stellar material to be dust $p=0$ in what follows. In the stellar interior, the total stress energy tensor of the combined system of the star’s fluid ($T_{ab}$) and of the radiation ($\tau_{ab}$) is $$T^{ab}_{total} = T^{ab} + \tau^{ab}.$$
The equations that describe the dynamics of the interior of the star with the backreaction of the Hawking radiation flux included are: the Einstein equations,
$$G^{ab} = T_{total}^{ab},
\label{einstein}$$
the total energy conservation equations,
$$\label{energyconserve}
\nabla_b T_{total}^{ab} = 0,$$
which implies $\nabla_b T^{ab} = - \nabla_b \tau^{ab}$, and the baryon number conservation $$\nabla_a (n u^a) = 0.
\label{baryon}$$
The total energy conservation is explicitly written as a set of two equations which contain the radiative heat and momentum transfer between the fluid and the Hawking flux, in our case the absorption by the star of the ingoing negative energy Hawking flux. Since our system transfers both energy and momentum to the star, then the energy conservation is given in terms of a vector $Q^a$, with the t-component and the r-component, obtained by contracting $T^{ab}$ in \[energyconserve\] with $u^a$ and the unit vector $n^a$ orthogonal to the 3-hypersurface $\Sigma_t$ at $t=constant$, as follows $$Q^a = \nabla_b \tau^{ab} = (e^{-\Phi} nC, e^{-\lambda/2} nC_r, 0,0)
\label{hawkingconserve}$$
From Eqn. \[hawkingconserve\] and the Hawking flux stress energy tensor in the interior Eqn. \[candelas\], it is straightforward to demonstrate that $Q_t = -Q_r = ( e^{-\lambda}D_{t} (L e^{\lambda}) - e^{-2\phi}D_{r} (L e^{2\phi})\frac{1}{4\pi R^2} $, with $D_t$ and $D_r$ defined below in Eqn.\[eq:ProperDerivatives\]. We define a ’heat’ transfer rate $C$ by $Q_t = n(r,t) C$ and a momentum transfer rate $Q_r = n C_r$ where $ C_r = - C$. The latter simply reflect the fact that the star is receiving negative energy travelling inwards in its interior.
We can now write explicitly the full set of hydrodynamic equations, given above. First let us define the proper derivates $D_r,D_t$ by the following relation in terms of the metric $$\label{eq:ProperDerivatives}
D_r = e^{-\lambda/2}\partial_r \,\,\,\,
D_t = e^{-\Phi} \partial_t .$$
The evolutionary equations for baryon number density $n(r,t)$ from \[baryon\], specific internal energy $e$ from \[energyconserve\], the energy of null-radiation with luminosity $L$ given from the t-component of \[hawkingconserve\] and \[energyconserve\], the proper velocity of the comoving fluid $U$, areal radius of comoving fluid elements $R(r,t)$, and the ’acceleration’ equation obtained from the r-component of \[hawkingconserve\] and the Einstein equations \[einstein\]
\[eq:partialPDE\] $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:Dtn}
&\frac{1}{n}D_tn + \frac{1}{R^2}\frac{\partial}{\partial R}(R^2U) = 4\pi R q_H \alpha f^{-1/2},\\
\label{eq:Dte}
&D_t e=-C - p D_t\left(\frac{1}{n}\right),\\
\label{eq:DtL}
& D_tL = -4\pi R^2 n C + e^{-2\Phi}D_r\left(L e^{2\Phi}\right)
-2L\left(\frac{\partial U}{\partial R}-\frac{L\alpha}{Rf^{1/2}}\right),\\
\label{eq:DtR}
& D_tR=U, D_r R = f^{1/2}, \\
\label{eq:DtU}
&D_tU = f \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial R}-\frac{m}{R^2} - 4 \pi R p + \frac{L}{R}.\end{aligned}$$ Two auxiliary quantities are given by radial ODEs, $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:dmdR}
\frac{\partial m}{\partial R}&=4\pi R^2\left(\varepsilon -
q_H \left(1-\alpha U f^{-1/2}\right)\right),\\
\label{eq:dPhidR}
(\varepsilon+p)\frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial R}&=-\frac{\partial
p}{\partial R}+ n C f^{-1/2},\end{aligned}$$
and a third one by $D_{t}m = - L ( \sqrt{f} - U) - 4\pi R^2 p$ . We have shown terms that depend on $p$ in the set of equations above for completeness. However in our model we set $p=0$. Finally, $\varepsilon$, $f$, $\alpha$ and $R'$ are short-cuts for $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:f}
f &= 1+U^2-\frac{2m}{R},\\
\varepsilon&=n(1+e),\\
\alpha& = \frac{R'}{|R'|}=\mbox{sign}{R'},\\
R'&=\frac{\partial R}{\partial r}.\end{aligned}$$
A useful parameter for tracking the formation of the horizon and the singularity is the expansion parameter $\theta_{(K)}$ of $r=$const surfaces along the outgoing null-normal $K^\mu = D_t + D_r = e^{-\Phi}\partial_t + e^{-\lambda/2}\partial_r$, given by $$\label{eq:theta}
\theta_{(K)} = \frac{2}{R}\left(\alpha\sqrt{f} + U\right).$$ When $\theta_{(K)}=0$, an apparent horizon has formed.
Boundary Conditions
-------------------
We need to determine the surface luminosity of the star measured in the local frame of a radially moving observer in the interior, located at $R= R_S$ with velocity $U_S$. This problem for the case of a star emitting a positive energy null flux was studied in [@hmisner]. There, an observer time at infinity $u_{\infty}$ of an event was defined as the time which an outgoing radial light ray emitted from the event reaches a distant observer at future infinity. Our problem is slightly more complicated in the sense that we have two fluxes which are produced not by the stellar material but rather by the changing gravitational field, a.k.a the curved spacetime, near the surface of the star. In the interior we have an ingoing negative energy flux through the surface towards the center of the star. In the exterior of the star we have an outgoing positive energy null radiation from the fuzzy region near the surface of the star, where particle creation occurs, to future infinity. In this part of spacetime our problem is identical to that studied in [@hmisner]. We can make use of the derivation of luminosity as a function of coordinates in the exterior of the star, of [@hmisner] sketched briefly below. Outgoing and ingoing light rays for our metric, are determined by the condition $e^{\phi} dt = \pm e^{\lambda/2} dr$ with $(+)$ and $(-)$ for outgoing and ingoing respectively. For the exterior metric a retarded time [*u*]{}, which far away from the radiating star becomes $u_{\infty}$, is defined by $$e^{\psi} du = e^{\phi} dt - e^{\lambda/2} dr$$ where $e^{\psi}$ is an integrating factor to make $du$ an exact differential. Then $u=constant$ are null hypersurfaces that contain outgoing null radiation. Our metric Eqn. \[metric\], rewritten in terms of the ’observer’ time $u$ in the exterior containing the outgoing positive energy flux, becomes a Vaidya metric, (see [@hmisner] for the details)
$$ds^2 = - e^{2\psi} du^2 - 2 e^{\psi} e^{\lambda/2} du dr + R^2 d\Omega^2$$
Let us imagine an imaginary surface close to the surface enveloping the star at $ R \simeq R_S$ in the exterior region that contains the outgoing null radiation. Then, $$D_t = e^{-\psi} \frac{\partial}{\partial u}.
\label{derivativeu}$$ and on this surface close to the surface of the star $\psi$ satisfies: $ e^{\psi} \simeq (\sqrt{f_s} + U_s)$ . Outside the star, the only nonvanishing component of Ricci tensor is $R_{uu} = -\frac{2}{R^2} \frac{dm}{du}$ which together with Einstein equations $D_{t} m = - L (\sqrt{f} + U)$ and $\frac{u^{\mu} u^{\nu} R_{\mu\nu}}{8 \pi} = q_H$, determines the luminosity $L(r,t) = 4 \pi R^2 q_H$ of the positive energy radiation in the exterior region at each point in the local frame of a radially moving observer with 4-velocity $u^\mu$. The luminosity of Hawking radiation at future infinity ($R -> infty , U -> 0$) is given by $L_H = - \frac{dm}{du_{\infty}}$.
Using the relation of Eqn. \[derivativeu\] and the definition of Hawking luminosity at infinity $L_H$ results in a luminosity relation for the outgoing flux at location $(r,t)$ in the exterior $$L(r,t) = \frac{L_H}{(\sqrt{f(r,t)} + U(r,t))^2} ,$$ which in the fuzzy region near the surface of the star $R\simeq R_S$ yields $L_S = \frac{L_H}{(\sqrt{f_S} + U_S )^2}$ [@hmisner].
But the interior of the star, with the metric given by Eq.1 matched to Vaidya metric in the exterior, contains an ingoing negative energy flux of null radiation. The Einstein equation for the mass loss with time due to the absorption of negative energy radiation in the interior is $D_{t}m(r,t) = -L(r,t) (\sqrt{f} -U)$ where $(\sqrt{f(r,t)} - U(r,t) )$ is the redshift factor of energy, (also the time dilation factor of energy absorbed), at each spacetime point $(r,t)$ in the interior. A radially moving observer in the interior positioned at the surface of the star $R=R_S$ , with 4-velocity $u_\mu$ , measures an energy density and luminosity
$$L_{H,S} = u_{\mu} L_S k^{\mu} = L_S (\sqrt{f_S} - U_S).
\label{surfacelum}$$
$L_{H,S}$ provides the boundary condition for the luminosity of the ingoing radiation from the surface towards the center in the interior of the star. The relation between $dt$ for the interior metric and observer time at infinity $du_{\infty}$ can be obtained from Einstein equations and the continuation of the interior Eqn. \[metric\] to the exterior Vaidya metric at the surface, (using Eqn. \[derivativeu\] and the relations: $dm/du_{\infty} = (dm/dt)(dt/du_{\infty})= - L_H$.
[*The energy absorption rate $C$:*]{} The quantity $C(r,t)$ determines the absorption rate. It is such that $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:mBC}
m&=0, L=0, \qquad\mbox{at $r=0$, for all $t$},\\
\label{eq:PhiBC}
\Phi&=0\qquad\mbox{at $r=r_{\rm star}$, for all $t$}.\end{aligned}$$
In the stellar interior, the ingoing radiation $L$ is absorbed by the stellar material. This reduces $L$ (i.e. the magnitude of the radiation), and since the ingoing flux carries negative energy, it also reduces the mass of the star. Again, we choose to display negative signs explicitly in Eqns. (\[eq:Dte\]) and (\[eq:DtL\]), so that a positive $C$ corresponds to a reduction in stellar mass (through driving $e$ more negative), and in a reduction of $L$.
We demand that the ingoing negative energy Hawking flux is completely absorbed by the star. The physical reasons for the expectation that the negative energy Hawking flux must be absorbed completely by the star are two fold: $(i)$ if part of the negative energy flux were not absorbed in the interior before reaching the center, then it could bounce off the center $r=0$ and travel outwards, in which case the negative energy flux would disturb the thermal nature of radiation and it could travel all the way to future infinity; $(ii)$ if the negative energy ingoing flux were not completely absorbed in the interior that would also imply that the star is not evaporating as fast and it is violating the mass loss relation $dM/dt \simeq 1/M^2$ expected of evaporation by Hawking radiation.Either one of these options would result in a nonconservation of fluxes and in a radiation by the star which is not consistent with Hawking radiation. $C(r,t)$ then has to be chosen such that the entire ingoing flux $L$ is absorbed approximately uniformly through the star, to achieve an approximately uniform evaporation of the stellar material, (a particular example of such $C(r,t)$ is shown in the Appendix).
The evolution of the collapsing star {#sec:Results}
====================================
The set of Eqns. (\[eq:partialPDE\]) determines the evolution of the interior for the gravitationally collapsing star. These equations were numerically programed by H. Pfeiffer. The results are shown in the plots in the Appendix. Stars with different initial radius $R_0$ and with different initial masses $M_0$ were investigated. To reduce the size of parameter space, the initial compactness is chosen to be $R_0/M_0=10$.
Figure \[fig:033\_M4\_Overview\] shows a typical outcome, a star with initial mass $M_0=4$. The evolution proceeds initially through a phase which is almost identical to the standard Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse. The similarities with the Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse end as the star approaches its Schwarzschild-radius, which would happen when $R_S=2m_S$. During the last stage of collapse, before the star crosses its Schwarzschild-radius, the luminosity $L_{H,S}$ increases rapidly, resulting in substantial reduction of the total mass $m_S$. The mass $m_S$ reduces such that $2m_S$ remains smaller than $R_S$. In all cases investigated, for a variety of initial mass $M$ and initial radius $R$, the same results persist: the star does not cross the horizon and a singularity does not form, as can be seen by $\theta_{K} >0$ in Fig.3. Instead a reversal of collapse is observed and the star bounces as it gets close to the horizon (Fig.2 and Fig.3). The numerical program failed to converge when the mass dropps half of its initial value. Therefore the evolution of the star after it reverses its collapse and what is left behind, is not known and may require more sophisticated numerical techniques.
Quantities such as $L_{H,S}$, $R_S-2m_S$ and the expansion $R/2\theta_{(K)}$) change rapidly during the transition, and then settle down to almost constant values. This behaviour can be seen in Fig. \[fig:033\_M4\_Zoom\] where the transition from quasi Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse to the evaporation phase is enlarged. As can be seen, the parameter $\theta_{K} >0$ at all times, which indicates that horizons and singularities are absent in this model.
The transition from the quasi Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse to the evaporation phase is universal, in that many of its features are independent of the mass $M_0$. The evaporation phase shows several universal features. An intriguing universal feature displayed by the stars, is that on the last stages before the collapse stops, they reach Planck luminosity, the maximum luminosity a star can have, independently of their mass and radius, while having the correct luminosity for Hawking radiation at infinity. The universal features can be seen in Fig. \[fig:L\_032\_033\_034\] for $L_{H,S}$ and $R_S-2m_S$ for simulations with a variety of initial masses $M_0=4,8,16$.
Conclusions {#sec:conclusions}
===========
Einstein equations tell us that the final destiny of a gravitationally collapsing massive star is a black hole [@os]. This system satisfies all the conditions of the Penrose Hawking singularity theorem [@singularity]. However a collapsing star has a spacetime dependent gravitational field which by the theory of quantum fields on curved spacetime should give rise to a flux of particles created [@pc]. Hawking discovered in the early $'70's$ that this is indeed the case: stars collapsing to a black hole produce Hawking radiation [@hawkingbh]. The conclusions derived from both theories, the existence of black holes from Einstein’s theory of gravity and the existence of Hawking radiation from the theory of quantum fields in curved spacetime, were soon found to be in high friction with one another, (see [@ellis] for an interesting treatment).They led to a series of paradoxes, most notably the information loss [@infoloss]. Being forced to give up on either unitarity or causality is at the heart of this longstanding problem. Quantum theory is violated if unitarity is broken. Einstein’s theory is violated if causality is broken. Violations of the quantum theory imply Hawking radiation may not exist. Violations of Einstein’s theory of gravity, on which the singularity theorem is based, imply black holes may not exist. Thus black hole physics provides the best arena for understanding the friction between quantum and gravitational physics. In this light, an investigation of the evolution of the star’s interior as it is approaching its singularity, with the backreaction of the quantum Hawking radiation included, is of fundamental importance and it may offer a way out of this conundrum.
This problem was first investigated with semianalytical methods and a series of approximations, such as a homogeneous star placed in the Hartle Hawking thermal bath in [@laurabh].
In this work we extend our investigation to study a more realistic system of a collapsing star with the quantum field in the Unruh vacuum, which gives rise to a Hawking flux produced only during the collapse. Here we consider the collapsing star absorbing an ingoing negative energy Hawking flux. The net amount of flux was considered approximately equal to the flux that would be produced by the collapsing star if the star had reached the horizon. Based on Kodama’s conservation of fluxes we related the net negative energy flux entering from the surface into the interior of the star, to the net Hawking radiation flux at infinity, ensuring that the amount of negative energy absorbed by the star does not exceed the mass of the star.
The full set of Einstein and energy conservation equations for the simple model presented here, determines that the evolution proceeds through two phases: First, the start of a collapsing phase where Hawking radiation is unimportant, and the star follows very closely standard Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse. When the star approaches formation of an horizon, then Hawking radiation sets in. This slows down the collapse while significantly reducing the mass of the star. Both effects (slowdown and mass-loss) reverse the collapse and the evaporating star remains outside its event horizon, as indicated by the parameter $\theta_{K} >0$.
The key idea that enables this program is the fact that radiation is produced during the collapse stage of the star, prior to black hole formation [@bhliterature; @spindel]. Once the star becomes a black hole with a singularity and an event horizon, then nothing can escape it, not even light. The issue of whether Hawking radiation is produced before or after a black hole forms is still debated. The results shown here are based on the view that Hawking radiation is produced during the collapse of the star, with most of it on the last stages of collapse, just before the star crosses the horizon and before a singularity forms. In the latter case the backreaction of Hawking radiation on the star’s evolution during collapse towards a black hole, can be included in the set of hydrodynamic equations for the coupled system of the quantum field and the star and it can modify the evolution of the collapse, as we showed here.
The set of hydrodynamics equations is a closed set that suffices to describe the evolution of collapse for the inhomogeneous dust star absorbing negative energy Hawking flux during its collapse. We discover that instead of collapsing to a black hole, the gravitationally collapsing stars do not form a singularity and do not cross what would have been the apparent horizon. Instead they evaporate away. It is interesting that besides the universality of Hawking radiation, the behaviour of the collapsing stars reversing collapse and evaporating away without ever crossing the horizon (and, without a singularity forming), seems also [*universal*]{}, i.e independent of their characteristics such as mass and size.
Physically the backreaction of ingoing negative energy Hawking radiation reduces the gravitational binding energy in the star with the maximum loss near the last stages of collapse, while reducing momentum of the stellar material. These two factors are the reason for the reversal of collapse and the absence of singularity and horizon formation. Independent of what size and mass the star starts from, most if its radiation will be produced as the star nears its future horizon. At that stage the drop in mass and internal energy is maximum and the star never reaches an apparent horizon. The ingoing negative energy Hawking radiation absorbed by the star, [*violates the energy condition of the singularity theorem [@singularity]*]{}.Then it is not surprising that a singularity and an horizon do not form, features traditionally associated with the definition of black holes. Stated simply our findings indicate that singularities and horizon do not form due to quantum effects. Universally these black hole candidates evaporate away without crossing the Schwarzschild radius in this model, although from far away they do not appear much different from a black hole due to time dilation effects.
A more accurate study should include the spacetime dependence of the stress energy tensor of the ingoing flux in the interior of the star. The calculation of the radiation stress energy tensor in the interior of the star is left for future work. Here we assumed that the flux enters the star through the surface and propagates inwards at the speed of light. Since the distribution of the stress energy tensor of radiation is not known in the interior, then one could perhaps speculate and think of the star as a collection of massive shells all obeying relations of the type $dm(r,t)/dt \simeq 1/m^2$. In this picture, then one could argue that the inner shells would evaporate faster then the outer ones, and the star may likely have ’unfolded’ from inside. The latter would result in nonlinear dynamics, likely with shell crossings and turbulences. It is possible that if that were to happen and the stress energy of radiation in the interior were known, then the results found here for the reversal of collapse of a simple model of a spherical dust ball with the negative energy ingoing Hawking flux in its interior, may not hold.
For the model presented here we have shown that due to the backreaction of radiation onto the star, the star does not form a singularity or an apparent horizon, therefore neither unitarity nor causality are violated. Our findings offer a solution to the longstanding information loss paradox. Interestingly here universally these stars shine with Planck luminosity independent of their mass on their last stage of collapse as they approach the horizon, and deccelerate and reverse the collapse before crossing the horizon. Due to huge time dilation effects, the evaporation of these objects from faraway would seem so slow that in fact these stars would not look much different from a black hole to a faraway observer. In fact there is a major difference between them and the black holes. Unlike classical black holes, these ’quantum stars’ do not contain singularities. I am grateful to DAMTP Cambridge University for their hospitality when this work was done. Many thanks to M.J. Perry, L. Parker, J. Bekenstein, P. Spindel, and G. Ellis for useful discussions, and to D. Page, W. Unruh and J. Bardeen for thoroughly scrutinizing and debating every detail, although we still disagree on the origin of Hawking radiation. I am especially indebted to H. Pfeiffer for numerically implementing the equations of the model presented here.
Numerical Simulations {#sec:numerics}
=====================
The numerical simulations of Eqns.(11) shown in the plots in this Appendix, were implemented by H. Pfeiffer.
![\[fig:033\_M4\_Overview\] Areal radius during the collapse with Hawking radiation ($R_0=40$, $M_0=4$). The black lines show areal radii at 16 equally spaced comoving radii vs. time ($r=r_S/2$ is indicated with a thicker line). The black dashed curve shows $R_S(t)$ for a standard Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse without Hawking back-reaction. The evolutions proceed very similarly until $R_S\approx 2m_S$ (cf. red curve). The inset shows an enlargement of late time. ](033_M4_R_vs_t)
![\[fig:033\_M4\_Overview\] Radial velocity $U$ for the case $R_0=40$, $M_0=4$. Shown are the area radii at sixteen equally-spaced comoving radii $r_i$, with the thick lines indicating the stellar surface $r=r_S$ and the radius $r=r_S/2$. The inset shows an enlargement of late time. The thin blue line indicates $R_S(t)$ for standard Oppenheimer-Snyder collapse. ](033_M4_U_vs_t)
![\[fig:033\_M4\_Zoom\] Same evolution as in Fig. \[fig:033\_M4\_Overview\], but zoomed into the onset of evaporation.](033_M4_Zoom)
![\[fig:L\_032\_033\_034\] Universality of the evaporation phase and the transition into it. Shown are simulations for three different masses $M_0=4, 8, 16$, with initial radii $R_0=10M_0$. The time-axis is shifted separately for each simulation such that $L_S=0.1$ for all simulations at $t-t_{0.1}=0$.](L_032_033_034)
The numerical implementation uses coordinates $t$ and $r$, where $t$ represents the proper time of the fluid-element on the surface of the star, with the boundary condition (\[eq:PhiBC\]), and $r$ is the radial coordinate comoving with the fluid. Eqs. (\[eq:partialPDE\]) for this model are implemented in a finite-difference code, using the Crank-Nicholson method.
The concrete choice of $C(r, t)$ is motivated by considering the characteristics of the $L$-evolution equation (\[eq:DtL\]). These characteristics are ingoing null normals $k^a$, $$\label{eq:l}
k = D_t - D_r=e^{-\Phi}\, \partial_t - \sqrt{f}\alpha\, \partial_R.$$ Along the direction of $k^a$, Eq. (\[eq:DtL\]) simplifies to an ordinary differential equation, $$\label{eq:Lalong_l}
k^a\partial_a L = -4\pi R^2 n C + L Q,$$ where we introduced the abbreviation $$Q\equiv 2 \left( \sqrt{f}\alpha \frac{\partial\Phi}{\partial R}
-\frac{\partial U}{\partial R} + \frac{L\alpha}{R\sqrt{f}}\right).$$ We consider propagation along $k^a$ by a small amount $\delta$. Equation (\[eq:Lalong\_l\]) shows that the energy flux will change by $$\Delta L = \left(-4\pi R^2n C + LQ\right)\delta,$$ whereas Eq. (\[eq:l\]) indicates that $R$ will change by $$\Delta R = - \sqrt{f}\alpha \delta.$$ To achieve $L\propto R^3$, we require $\Delta L/L = 3\Delta R/R$, from which it follows that $$\label{eq:C}
C = \frac{3\alpha\sqrt{f} L }{4\pi R^3 n} + \frac{L Q}{4\pi R^2 n e^\Phi}.$$ Equation (\[eq:C\]) gives the space- and time-dependent function $C(r,t)$, which is substituted into Eqs. (\[eq:partialPDE\]).
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Yoga is one of the most famous and globally widespread of India’s traditions. It has existed as a system of exercise, breathing, and meditation for over 5,000 years. The word “Yoga” means “to join or yoke together” – bringing the body and mind together into a harmonious experience. The exercises are designed to apply gentle pressure to the glandular system thereby toning the glands and improving total health. The breathing techniques are based on the principle that the “breath” is the source of life in the body. Meditation calms the mind and body and prepares one to handle stress.
The Upanishads (ancient Hindu texts) define Yoga as a state of gokumu jisho “extreme nothing self nature.” Essentially, one’s consciousness becomes himself. According to Tsuruji Sahota: “When the five senses stop their function and the judging mind stops its function as well, people call it the ultimate state. To control the organs of the body is regarded as Yoga.” The organs are controlled and toned by drawing energy up through the seven major energy centers, or chakras. The ultimate goal is to reach the topmost chakra and achieve self-illumination. When certain postures and disciplines are followed, energies that have accumulated and stagnated are moved through the chakras. The practicing of Yoga releases these stagnant energies that would potentially cause various ailments (see below).
THE SEVEN MAJOR ENERGY CENTERS (CHAKRAS)
CROWN CHAKRA – SELF-ILLUMINATION RELATED TO BRAIN, PITUITARY AND PINEAL GLANDS
THIRD EYE CHAKRA RELATED TO EYES, PITUITARY AND PINEAL GLANDS
THROAT CHAKRA (ETHER) RELATED TO LUNGS, VOICE, EARS, NOSE AND THROAT
HEART CHAKRA (AIR) RELATED TO HEART AND CIRCULATION
SOLAR PLEXUS CHAKRA (FIRE) RELATED TO DIGESTION
SACRAL CHAKRA (WATER) RELATED TO GENERATIVE AND SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
BASE CHAKRA (EARTH) RELATED TO GENERATIVE AND SEXUAL FUNCTIONS
Each chakra is related to a specific area of the body, such as the head, heart, sacral area. Some add an eighth Thymus Chakra.
Even though Yoga predates Hinduism by several centuries, it is often mistakenly associated with this religion. It must be emphasized that Yoga is not a religion it has no creed or fixed set of beliefs. One does not need to be concerned about conflicts with one’s beliefs.
The scholar, Patanjali, compiled one of the earliest texts related to Yoga. He devised basic Yoga theories and practices in his text called Yoga Sutras as early as the 1st to 5th century B.C. Most forms of Yoga practiced today are based on variations of his system often referred to as Classical Yoga. Even though Americans were first introduced to Yoga during the late 1800’s, it didn’t become popular until the 1960’s, and then as part of the youth culture. In recent years, many are realizing the value Yoga to manage stress, limber a stiff body, improve health and well-being and better understand oneself.
One can better decide if Yoga offers something of personal benefit by considering the eight steps of Classical Yoga:
1. “Restraint” – Refraining from violence, stealing, lying, hoarding and casual sex.
2. “Observance” – Attributes of purity, contentment, tolerance, remembrance and study.
3. “Physical Exercises” – The actual exercising step.
4. “Breathing Techniques” – Special breathing techniques.
5. “Preparation for Meditation” – Refers to “withdrawing the mind from the senses.”
6. “Concentration” – Being able to hold one thing in the mind for a period of time.
7. “Meditation” – Being able to focus on one thing, or nothing, indefinitely.
8. “Absorption” – The realization of the essential nature of self.
Physical exercise, breathing techniques, and meditation are the core of most modern Western Yoga classes. Yoga practice is non-competitive. You proceed at your own pace. Relaxing the muscles and keeping them warm is very important. There is an old Yoga quote that states: “Even iron will bend when it is warm!”
There are actually over a hundred different schools of Yoga. Some of the more popular schools to consider include:
Hatha Yoga – Based on physical movements, postures, and breathing techniques (most
familiar school).
Raja Yoga – Called the “Royal Road,” it incorporates exercise, breathing, meditation
and study (a well rounded school of Yoga).
Jnana Yoga – The path of wisdom (considered the most difficult path of Yoga).
Yoga is a system of techniques that can be practiced by most adults of any age or physical condition. Even those with physical limitations can benefit from yoga. Women menstruating, pregnant, or nursing should not practice Yoga. Ideally, the best way to start the practice Yoga is to find a qualified instructor. A second alternative would be to purchase a good book or tape. If you’re not sure where to start your search for Yoga classes, check out adult education programs, holistic centers, family YMCA programs, health food or nutrition stores or community newspapers. CAUTION: A qualified instructor is essential to learn proper technique and to prevent injury. | http://www.soposted.com/zing/life/yoga-health-fitness-seven-major-energy-centers-chakras/ |
The invention relates to a preparation process for preparing glyoxal based on catalytic oxidation of ethylene glycol. The preparation process comprises four steps: pre-preparation of raw materials, preparation of a catalyst, synthetic reaction and filtration and decolorization. Compared with the prior art, the preparation process has the advantages of high universality and simple operation; on onehand, the precision and efficiency of pretreatment and mixing reaction control of the raw materials, such as the ethylene glycol, and the catalyst can be effectively and greatly improved, and the reliability and stability of connection of material mixing pretreatment and mixing processing procedures are improved; on the other hand, the catalytic activity of the catalyst can be effectively improved, and the comprehensive recovery rate of the catalyst is greatly increased; and loss of the catalyst is prevented, and the phenomenon that a glyoxal product is polluted and has reduced quality due tothe loss of the catalyst is effectively avoided. | |
As a practitioner of traditional Chinese Medicine, I approach health differently than the typical western medical doctor. And with that, I tend to get very challenging and evasive cases, many of which are (often undiagnosed) autoimmune diseases. These cases wind up in my clinic because they deal with a host of vague symptoms that fall under the radar of most western medical physicians.
With the rise of autoimmune diseases (the incidence has tripled over the last 40 years, affecting nearly 30 million women) there is a calling for a better approach to helping those suffering with autoimmunity. Autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis, celiac sprue, endometriosis, lupus, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis) are the result of the body attacking itself and often come with a host of vague symptoms that ebb and flow. Hence, they are challenging to treat and must be approached from several different angles.
I have learned that the most successful approach isn’t just using diet or supplements to heal these patients as that’s only one part of the treatment protocol. The root of radical healing is the mental and emotional mindset shift. If autoimmunity is the body attacking itself on the cellular level, I think we should also question, where, on the emotional level, are we attacking ourselves?
My latest book, Body Belief: How To Heal Autoimmune Disease, Radically Shift Your Health & Love Your Body More, has all the tools to empower you because you deserve to feel good, you are worthy of abundant health, and most importantly, you are capable of healing yourself. Below is an excerpt from chapter three “The Body Belief Pillars.”
***
I’ve been in the business of health and wellness for 13 years, and what I have learned is that the indispensable key to getting someone to take back the power over their health is getting them to realize they actually do have the power to do it. Most people don’t realize their power. Most people don’t even exercise a fraction of their power. Instead, most people hand over their power to ingrained beliefs that may or may not be serving them anymore. The Body Belief plan challenges those old limiting beliefs, and shows you a pathway back to your power. Its guiding principles will teach you how to reconnect to yourself on every level, so that you can renew the beliefs that you have about your body, and from that place begin shifting your behaviors to best support and reawaken your health.
The most necessary pillar of the Body Belief plan is to reconnect to yourself. Reconnecting means listening to your body, hearing the conversations you have in your own mind, critically (and lovingly) questioning your beliefs, and getting back to knowing you as you are right now — inside and out.
When you reconnect to you, to your body, to your thoughts, to the beliefs that shape your perception of the world, and to your everyday choices, that’s when radical healing happens.
When you reconnect to you, you can hear yourself and how you talk to you; you can now understand why you treat you the way you do, and why you choose to do one thing instead of another. When you reconnect to you, you begin to know you better than anyone else, and to understand that you have the power to shift your beliefs and your behaviors. Through reconnecting to yourself, you begin to own the fact that you have the ability to see in a different way the world and how you move about in it.
Now, don’t fret, this knowing of yourself is not an overnight thing or a snap-your- fingers-and-it’s-done process; it will take time. Be patient and kind with yourself. Start now by saying to yourself, “I know that my body is hearing everything my brain says and I am going to start saying kinder things to myself. I deserve that, my body deserves that.” Even if you don’t fully believe that statement, say it to yourself three times, right now.
Many people walk around in a state of complete disconnect from themselves. And then they further disconnect by means of vices, like losing themselves in hours of television, social media, a couple of cocktails daily, or codependent relationships. Pick your vice; they all do the same thing — disconnect you from yourself, your situation, your feelings, your pain, and your joy. Listen, we all have our indulgences, and it’s not bad to have them. It becomes a vice, a problem, only when you are using them solely to disconnect all or most of the time. Hear me: be easy on yourself. It’s OK if you’re disconnected right now, because I know you can get reconnected. If I can get you to shift from being disconnected most of the time to being disconnected only some of the time, you will surely see major changes in your health and your life. That one step will bring major changes!
At the very root of autoimmunity is the body not recognizing itself and therefore mistakenly attacking itself. Said another way, your autoimmunity — your body’s misidentification of self — can begin to be healed only when you rekindle the relationship you have with yourself. As that reconnection grows stronger, you will honor yourself, you will hear yourself, and you will start the process of renewing your beliefs. Once your beliefs shift, your bio-chemistry will shift, and from that place the body will stop attacking itself — cellularly and emotionally. This first pillar of the Body Belief plan — reconnect — leads right into the second pillar: renew.
Renew means to start the process of shifting your beliefs about your body, your health, and how you function in the world from where you are now to a refreshed version of you.
Renewed beliefs are not necessarily different from the beliefs you currently have; they may simply be a more positive variation of them. An example of a renewed belief is transitioning from “I don’t think I’ll ever feel good again” to “I believe there’s a possibility that I could heal.” You now know that beliefs and thoughts create chemical messengers in your brain, and when these thoughts and beliefs are activated over and over again, they actually form chemical pathways in your brain. That’s why you often hear something like “it takes three weeks to change a habit.” Your brain needs to get rewired. So this renewal will be a gradual one, because your brain needs time to adapt to the new belief. You need time to become more comfortable with the new belief.
Your believing the new belief is very important to your transformation. I see it as soothing yourself from a less-good-feeling belief into a better-feeling belief. Slow and steady works better and lasts longer than cold turkey. The ultimate goal is to feel better than you do right now. There will be many more opportunities in this book to renew your beliefs, particularly in Chapter 5. For right now, the renewed belief I want you to start thinking is: I believe I have the power to change my beliefs and radically shift my health. Which leads us to the third pillar: reawaken.
Reawakening is when you come back to life, where your healing process takes root and the transformation begins. It’s where your new tools become habits and your new Body Belief lifestyle becomes you. In this book, the reawaken phase is all about what you are going to shift in your diet and your personal care routine to truly amplify your health and wellness. But it’s not until you reconnect to you and renew your beliefs that you can really allow for your reawakening. Your reawakening is where the rubber meets the road. To put it all together: when you reconnect to yourself and your beliefs become renewed, you will reawaken your health.
***
Photo Credit: Christa Meola
Aimee Raupp, MS, LAc, is a women’s health and wellness expert and the author of the books, Chill Out & Get Healthy, Yes, You Can Get Pregnant, and Body Belief. A licensed acupuncturist and herbalist in private practice in New York, her mission through her teachings is to educate and inspire women, improve their vitality, celebrate their beauty, and guide them to reconnect to the presence of their optimal health. Aimee is also the founder of the Aimee Raupp Beauty line of hand-crafted, organic skincare products. She engages her large community worldwide through her online programs and with her website, www.aimeeraupp.com. | https://thefullest.com/2018/06/13/healing-autoimmunity-an-excerpt-from-body-belief/ |
Guenevere and Lancelot
Early versions of the Arthurian legends makes no mention of the famous love affair between her and Lancelot, and instead give the reason for Arthur's absence, leaving Mordred the chance to seize the throne and Guinevere, as Arthur's campaign against the Roman Empire. It is the later version of the legends that most are familiar with, and in these she is the mistress of Lancelot.
Lancelot was a latecomer to the Knights of the Round Table, and, almost immediately after his arrival, it became clear that he was attracted to Guenevere, and she likewise. In clandestine meetings they affirmed their love, but, even though other members of the court knew of the affair, Arthur would hear nothing against his queen unless proof could be given to him.
As Arthur had his Knights of the Round Table, Guenevere had her own company, the Queen's Knights, who carried white shields; at first, the Queen's Knights were apparently made up of youthful aspirants to the Table, but eventually there seems to have been considerable overlapping in the membership of the two companies. Malory is unclear on when and how Guenevere and Lancelot slew Turquine and Peris de Forest Savage, gossip was already hot enough that the damsel who guided the great knight to Peris could mention it to his face, while by the time Tristram and La Beale Isoud gave in to their passion, the relationship was sufficiently established and known that Isoud could send Palomides to Arthur's court charging him
there recommended me unto Queen Guenever, and tell her that I send her word that there be within this land but four lovers, that is, Sir Launcelot du Lake and Queen Guenever, and Sir Tristram de Liones and Queen Isoud.
Perhaps Guenevere shows to her worst advantage in this long, stormy love affair. Lancelot called forth her jealosy in a way that Arthur seems never to have done (although, ironically, Arthur probably deserved her jealosy more, Lancelot being drawn into side affairs and appearances of affairs through trickery and misfortune).
She accepted Lancelot's explanation of the engendering of Galahad and forgave him, but later, when Elaine of Carbonek tricked Lancelot into her bed at Arthur's court itself, within earshot of Guenevere's own room, the Queen's rather understandable fury drove Lancelot mad. While he wandered out of his wits she spared no expense to find him, financing the knights who went out searching, so that when Percivale and Ector de Maris finally found him at Joyous Isle, Percivale could say that "I was sent by the queen for to seek you".
The affair seems to have become even more tempestuous after the Grail Quest. Lancelot quickly forgot the vow he had made during the holy adventures to break it off with Guenevere - Malory's wording seems to put the responsibility for the resumption of the affair more on Lancelot than on the Queen - but he also became more careless about secrecy. When he realized the scandal they were causing and began championing as many ladies and damsels as possible to throw the gossips off the scent, Guenevere waxed angry and jealous again, speaking to him so hotly that he followed his cousin Bors' advice and left court again, hiding with the hermit Sir Brasias at Windsor until the Queen should repent her words and want him back. | http://nightbringer.se/nightbringer/a_gueneverelancelot.html |
Well-known Canadian palliative care physician, Dr. Larry Librach, died of pancreatic cancer in 2013, aged 67 years.
There are also some pertinent comments about physician-assisted death. As a physician, he was against it; as a patient, he was against it. But when running the Canadian Hospice Palliative Care Association (CHPCA), he set up a working party to look at the issues, and I think came to the conclusion that the tiny number of patients who could never be satisfied by the best that palliative care could offer, would result in the legalization of physician-assisted dying.
Larry’s story is interspersed with Dwyer’s recollections of his own brother’s terminal illness – he died of throat cancer in the UK in 2010. Despite all that we hear about the wonderful Macmillan Nurses and the fantastic system of hospices and palliative care, the system of palliative care in Manchester described by Dwyer is woeful; neglect and disinterest are words that come to mind.
Another fact that raised my eyebrows. ‘If you die in Canada today, it is much more likely than not that palliative care won’t be available for you. Between 70 and 84% of all Canadians die without receiving, or having access to, palliative or end-of-life-care services.’ So they are introducing medically assisted dying when only 16-30% of the population have access to palliative care?
I enjoyed this book, which has lots to think about.
Rodney Syme is a urological surgeon in Melbourne, Australia. He has been an advocate of medically assisted dying for many years, working with the Voluntary Euthanasia Society of Victoria, now re-branded as Dying With Dignity Victoria.
Syme opens with the story of an unfortunate individual who died of laryngeal cancer. As it is described, his written advance directives were disregarded and he of course had unrelieved pain, suboptimal symptom control and suffered significant side effects of the medications he received. We are told repeatedly that this occurred under the care of a Catholic palliative care team in a Catholic hospice. In this and the other tales of woe, his language is dramatic, wringing every last emotional drop from his stories: suffering was always intolerable and unrelievable, no symptoms responded to therapy, etc, etc. But anyway, hard cases are said to make bad law.
He implies that vast numbers of people are now requesting medically assisted death (‘the momentum’), which I dispute. In my practice as an oncologist and palliative care physician, I have dealt with at least ten times the number of patients with advanced disease that Syme has seen and I have never received one request for assisted dying; and, no, patients were always given plenty of opportunity to ask anything they wanted. I wonder whether the polls reported are based on asking people whether they want their loved ones or themselves to die in agony or vote for assisted dying; if that were the situation, I would probably vote for euthanasia.
In his discussion of palliative care, Syme states that it ‘is one of the most important developments in modern medicine’, but this is followed by ‘there is scant evidence to support the effectiveness of specialized palliative care for patients with terminal illness in terms of quality of life, patient or caregiver satisfaction, or economic cost.’ Sounds a bit contradictory to me, but I think Syme feels assisted dying trumps palliative care every time. A more sinister thread comes to light in this chapter – that he believes it is the strong religious beliefs of some of the pioneers in the field of palliative care (Christianity, Catholicism in particular) that are preventing palliative care associations and the profession in general from embracing assisted dying; having worked with several of the individuals named, I found this quite disrespectful. He also says it is hypocrisy to oppose assisted dying whilst employing terminal sedation, which I think he regards as a slow and somewhat clumsy form of assisted dying.
Syme’s discussions of dignity, vulnerability and burden are predictably slanted to his obsession for assisted dying. With regard to autonomy, Syme states that all doctors have a fundamental and overriding legal and ethical duty to respect patient choice – if they ask for assisted dying, there isn’t any discussion; I do not go along with that. As noted recently in this column, there is a good paper written by two Australian psychiatrists, Brian Kelly and Francis Varghese, The Seduction of Autonomy: Countertransference and Physician Aid in Dying, which is a careful examination of the innumerable psychological issues and interactions involved with requests for assisted death, and makes an absolute nonsense of yes/no attitude of our politicians (and Syme) towards patient autonomy and the right to assisted dying.
Interestingly, Syme finds euthanasia by lethal injection ‘distasteful’ and claims he would never do it. Making a date and time to give someone a lethal injection would be ‘unconscionable’. But . . . well . . . if there was a question about ingesting or absorbing the medication, or paralysis, . . . then it would be OK.
Much of the last part of the book is about the legislation to be brought before the parliament of the State of Victoria to legalize medically assisted death. Syme thinks the proposed guidelines are excellent, although he would spread the net to include patients with ‘advanced incurable illness’. In contrast, I think the guidelines are vague, clinically impractical and open to abuse.
The other issue with the guidelines, which is not discussed by Syme, is that doctors, like patients (and politicians, perhaps), are human. They vary. Some are good, some are less good. There are good ones who have bad days. There are some who cannot cope with a lot of pain and suffering and resort quickly to the ‘nothing more can be done’ position, which is halfway to assisted dying.
Reading this book and the parliamentary report, I am flabbergasted that there is no mention of any problems with assisted dying in The Netherlands. Not whether some patients benefited, but the widespread abuse of the system. No one knows exactly how many cases of assisted dying are not reported, but it is believed to be significant. There is no mention that Dutch doctors often do not consult a colleague for a second opinion, even though it is required under the law. There is no mention that when voluntary euthanasia for terminal illness was condoned, Dutch doctors performed euthanasia on patients with psychiatric illnesses and mental handicap. There is no mention that throughout the 1990s, about one thousand patients a year were euthanized without request, never mind consent. Over the last few years, the number of patients undergoing euthanasia has continued to increase (5,500 in 2015), in addition to which there has been a dramatic rise in the use of terminal sedation. Deaths involving palliative/terminal sedation jumped 150 percent in the five years to 2010. It has the advantage that it does not have to be reported to authorities and doctors have admitted they are using it to end patients’ lives (i.e. ‘euthanasia in disguise’).
This is an important book, and I do not doubt Syme’s sincerity for one moment. I agree with him that people in our society want and deserve better dying. I think that this involves things like health professionals talking more honestly about death and dying, getting people to think in advance about what they want (‘having the conversation’ – 100 percent of them are going to die), and trying to limit futile therapy that simply prolongs suffering. I disagree with Syme that handing out lots of suicide sachets of Nembutal will fix the problem and worry that it may bring a whole lot of new problems. | https://hospicecare.com/what-we-do/publications/newsletter/2017/03/iahpc-book-reviews/ |
Is it possible to find fulfillment and joy apart from marriage? Learn with the author how every aspect of marriage is symbolic of something we are all privileged to experience in a relationship with Christ. A motivating message for the unmarried, widowed, or forsaken sister.
This product is no longer available. | https://www.clp.org/products/thy_maker_is_thy_husband_2777 |
Q:
Average column by specific datetime associated values
I have one column with the time in format "dd/mm/yyyy hh:mm" and another with the temperature for that time point. I am looking to calculate the average temperature of the day and night of each month separately. I.e. average all temperatures between 06:00 and 18:00 in May and all temperature between 18:00 and 06:00 in May and then the same for March and so on.
Time Celsius(C)
06/05/2016 10:49 28
06/05/2016 11:49 29
06/05/2016 12:49 31
06/05/2016 13:49 27.5
06/05/2016 14:49 24
06/05/2016 15:49 25
06/05/2016 16:49 24.5
06/05/2016 17:49 23.5
06/05/2016 18:49 23
06/05/2016 19:49 22.5
06/05/2016 20:49 22.5
I am currently using the following formula:
=AVERAGEIFS(C2:C3643,B2:B3643,">=01/05/2016",B2:B3643,"<=31/05/2016",B2:B3643,">=01/05/2016 06:00",B2:B3643,"<=31/05/2016 18:00")
To try and calculate an average if the date is within May and during the day - however it doesn't appear to be working and when I change the hour periods it still spits out the same number (which is the average for the month).
A:
You can use a long SUMPRODUCT Formula:
For the 600 to 1800 in May:
=SUMPRODUCT(($A$2:$A$12>=DATE(2016,5,1))*($A$2:$A$12<=DATE(2016,5,31))*(MOD($A$2:$A$12,1)>=TIME(6,0,0))*(MOD($A$2:$A$12,1)<=TIME(18,0,0))*B2:B12)/SUMPRODUCT(($A$2:$A$12>=DATE(2016,5,1))*($A$2:$A$12<=DATE(2016,5,31))*(MOD($A$2:$A$12,1)>=TIME(6,0,0))*(MOD($A$2:$A$12,1)<=TIME(18,0,0)))
You can always replace all the DATE() and TIME() parts with cell references instead of hard coding them.
To get the between 1800 and 600 we need to shift it to an OR with + between the Time Boolean instead of *:
=SUMPRODUCT(($A$2:$A$12>=DATE(2016,5,1))*($A$2:$A$12<=DATE(2016,5,31))*((MOD($A$2:$A$12,1)<=TIME(6,0,0))+(MOD($A$2:$A$12,1)>=TIME(18,0,0)))*B2:B12)/SUMPRODUCT(($A$2:$A$12>=DATE(2016,5,1))*($A$2:$A$12<=DATE(2016,5,31))*((MOD($A$2:$A$12,1)<=TIME(6,0,0))+(MOD($A$2:$A$12,1)>=TIME(18,0,0))))
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The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, passed by Congress in 2017, made significant changes to the U.S. tax code. CGS continues to have concerns about the law’s adverse impact on institutions of higher education due to the broader changes to endowments, charitable contributions and state and local tax deductions, for example. However, tax code provisions that directly affect the ability of graduate students to pursue master’s and doctoral education, and which were considered seriously for elimination, were protected in the final agreement.
Tax policies should encourage, not discourage, the pursuit of master’s and doctoral education because advanced knowledge and skills have become the threshold requirement for many fast-growing and high-demand fields and careers. Additionally, master’s degrees are required to qualify for licensure in many critical healthcare, education, and service occupations. The U.S. cannot afford to discourage talented individuals from pursuing graduate education if we are to remain competitive in a global economy. All students, especially those from diverse economic and demographic backgrounds must have access to high quality, affordable master’s and doctoral education.
To achieve that goal, CGS recommends the following principles:
Make permanent the above the line deduction for qualified education expenses related to tuition and fees.
Improve employer provided tax-exempt educational assistance under the Internal Revenue Code Section 127, by including student loan repayment assistance and increasing the annual limit of $5,250.
Provide tax credit incentives for low- and moderate-income individuals to contribute to 529 education savings accounts, including employer tax credits when they match the contributions.
Retain benefits in the tax code that support the ability of graduate students to finance their education such as Student Loan Interest Deduction (SLID); section 117(d)(5), which excludes tuition waivers and remissions from being included as taxable income; and Lifetime Learning Credit. | https://cgsnet.org/issue-brief-tax-policy-education-related-provisions |
Intellectual Property (IP) is another important focus of our firm. The law of Intellectual Property typically encompasses the areas of industrial property rights, patents, trademarks, utility models, designs and copyright law.
Own intellectual property is of essential importance to each enterprise; it often serves as a basis for economic success, hence for the future. However, in our globalized world, intellectual property is also the target of permanent attacks. Therefore, any entrepreneurial strategy must include efficient solutions to acquire and defend IP rights. This is all the more so in the case of cross-border activities.
On the other hand, each enterprise is well advised not to infringe its competitors’ IP rights, as infringement can result in legal consequences under competition law.
We advise our clients on how to prevent and anticipate those issues. A sound identification of the IP portfolio is essential to guarantee its protection. Furthermore, we develop strategies for the enforcement and defense of existing IP rights – around the globe.
If, despite such efforts, it comes to infringement, we defend your rights with all due care and attention. | https://www.tradeo-law.com/en/expertise/ip-law |
Tsaghkadzor is only 50 kilometers north of the capital Yerevan in the Kotayk Province. A popular resort in Armenia, it has plenty to offer seekers of peace and relaxation. The town is at a height of 1841 meters above sea level. It is on the slopes of Mount Teghenis and is surrounded by the Tsaghkunyats mountain chain from the west. Summers in Tsaghkadzor are mild, while winters are cold and snowy.
In Armenian Tsaghkadzor means “the gorge of flowers”, which is associated with the name of the nearby Tsaghkunyats Mountains ( tsaghkunyats - “of flowers”). Originally it was named Tsaghkunyats Dzor in the 3rd century. Later its name was changed several times until in 1947 it was renamed Tsaghkadzor and in 1958, got the status of an urban-type settlement.
It is the most visited destination not only for Armenians but also tourists from all over the world. The climate of the town allows enjoying both snowy winters and refreshing summers. The place is ideal for winter sports lovers.
Every year thousands of professional sportsmen, as well as amateurs, visit this small city full of people from different parts of the world, especially in winter. Here you can find many comfortable and luxurious hotels, resort houses, cottages, restaurants, and amusement facilities․
The most famous place in Tsakhkadzor is the Kecharis Monastery, which is one of the best-preserved examples of the 11th-century Armenian architecture. At night, when the lights of the church are on, it looks especially mysterious and beautiful. Kecharis is visible from the ski slopes as well.
Tourism is highly developed in the “gorge of flowers”. It is well-known as an international center for tourism and skiing, which has got a modern ropeway with four stations and more than a dozen tracks. The famous ski resort is located above the town, at a height of 1750 meters above sea level. Initially, there were 3 lifts stretching from the mountains foot (1969 meters) till the peak (2819 meters high).
In 2006 the 4th lift was added, stretching from the end of the first stage towards an opposite hilltop. Besides the lifts, the resort offers skis and snowboards for rent and professional skiing instructors. The skiing season in Tsaghkadzor starts in December and finishes in March.
Tsaghkadzor is the second city with the largest number of hotels after Yerevan. Among the famous hotels of the city are the Marriott Tsaghkadzor Hotel, Multi Rest House Hotel, Golden Palace Resort and Spa, Ararat Resort Tsaghkadzor, Best Western Alva Hotel and Spa, and the Tsaghkadzor General Sports Complex Hotel.
In 2015 the city hosted the FIDE World Team Chess Championship. "The best sports family" annual competition is held in the Olympic Complex of Tsaghkadzor. Thanks to modern sports facilities and an Olympic swimming pool that meets international standards, the complex is always in the spotlight of the local and foreign athletes. | https://armeniadiscovery.com/en/city/tsaghkadzor |
I met Thresa, my wife to be, at work. At the time she was mostly subsisting on Ritz crackers and Coke. As it later turned out she had a seriously infected gall bladder and her body could process very little animal fat. I fed her some deer heart soup which she could eat without discomfort. We were married about a year later, and she was the love of my life. About a decade later I lost her to Pancreatic cancer, which may have been brought on by her long-term gall bladder problem aggravated by an auto accident.
To make “Dear Heart Soup” you wash and boil a fresh deer heart. Then slice and dice it discarding the heavy veins and fat at the top. Let the water chill and skim any floating fat off the top. Return the meat to the pot and boil until tender. Add two cans of cut corn, one of stewed tomatoes, a quarter cup of rice, tablespoon of crushed garlic, a half teaspoon of salt, quarter teaspoon of black pepper and a quarter-cup of rice. Cook, adding water as necessary to form a moderately thick soup. If can be tolerated, add a tablespoon of butter substitute or olive oil. Finish by adding additional salt and pepper to taste.
Serve with no-salt-added crackers or dry toasted whole-wheat bread. | https://hoveysknivesofchina.com/2009/10/18/dear-heart-here-is-a-soup-you-can-eat/ |
Mumbai (Maharashtra) [India], February 15: Mr. Sagi Itcher, Head of Economic and Trade Mission, General Consulate of Israel, Mumbai, on Friday lauded the effort of WPU RISE of Maharashtra Institute of Technology (MIT) Pune in expanding cybersecurity education in India by partnering with ThriveDX of Israel which is known globally to offer quality cybersecurity education based on Israeli military methodologies.
Israel and India have completed 30 years of partnership, and on occasion, a two-member delegation led by Mr. Gaurav Bhatia, Chief Business Officer, RISE WPU, met the Israeli Consulate in Mumbai. The interaction included key discussions around the India-Israel relationship, education and cybersecurity partnership and exploring synergies in other domains like Agritech, AI, Machine Learning and Robotics.
In August 2021, MIT’s RISE partnered with ThriveDX Impact to offer their Cybersecurity Bootcamp, which imparts job oriented cyber skills to students and working professionals with the aim of upskilling and reskilling the workforce.
Commenting on the development, Mr. Sagi Itcher said, “More than one million IT and cybersecurity jobs are required in the Indian market. In practice, many workers do not get the professional training that employers seek. How do you bridge the gap? Targeted training. Or rather skills-based training with world-class Israeli companies.
Happy to learn about the successful collaboration between Israel’s ThriveDX SaaS and RISE (MIT World Peace University’s online arm) working together to close the gap in Cyber Security training. The Israel Economic & Trade Mission to Mumbai is working to connect Israeli knowledge and training to quality manpower in India and provide the need for cyber security.”
Thanking the Israeli Consulate, Mr. Gaurav Bhatia, Chief Business Officer, RISE WPU, said, “We are excited to bring Israel’s technical know-how to India through online learning. We believe that there are many areas for collaboration such as Cybersecurity, Deep Technology, Agritech and Entrepreneurship. We at RISE look forward to closely working with the Israeli Trade Council on these initiatives.
We already work closely with our partner ThriveDX, a Global cyber education leader from Israel, to bring their programs to India and ensure we can create more opportunities for Indian talent to work in the growing domain of Cyber Security. We look forward to building more ties with the Israeli community and promoting economic growth in both countries.”
There is a global shortage of skilled cyber workforce, and as per a study by World Economic Forum, 59% of the respondents find it challenging to respond to a cybersecurity incident due to the shortage of skills within their team. The situation is all the more challenging in nations like India, where digital literacy is low, and people are tricked via methods like social engineering.
About ThriveDX SaaS
ThriveDX SaaS, formerly known as Cybint Solutions, is the software as a service arm of ThriveDX, the global education company committed to transforming lives through digital skills training and solutions. ThriveDX SaaS partners with universities to offer diverse learning solutions, including technical Bootcamps, custom and intro courses, and practical lab exercises. Our team comprises military-trained cyber experts, industry veterans, and educators united under the vision of creating a safer digital world through education, training, and collaboration. | https://primenewstv.com/index.php/2022/02/15/the-israeli-consulate-commends-the-partnership-between-mits-rise-pune-and-thrivedx-in-the-field-of-cybersecurity-education/ |
How To Volunteer For Clinical Trials And Why You Should Get Involved
In the process of researching new treatments and drugs to alleviate conditions and diseases that do not yet have an effective treatment, clinical trials or drug trials, as they are often called, are a crucial step. The process of a clinical trial ensures that the drug designed by research scientists (biotechnologists and medical professionals together) are effective and pose minimal side effects.
Volunteering to participate in a clinical trial is not an easy decision and there are many details that one is curious about before committing to this process. To make an informed choice, the basic facts need to be taken into account. For instance, trial durations differ from one drug trial to another and can range from as little as a day to as many as 30 days. There is remuneration and reimbursement involved in the process, and volunteers are generally paid between £500 and £3000 on for taking part in a trial.
How Is the Payment Calculated?
The payment is directly proportionate to the length of time being committed towards the trial, and any travel expense involved in getting to and from CRU is covered with a payment of up to £100. In terms of information, a volunteer also needs to be aware that he or she needs to pass an initial “screening visit” medical check up to make sure that he or she is healthy enough to take part in the clinical trial, and that they are not on any medication that could affect the tenacity of the tests results. No person can participate in more than one trial at a time and you must leave a three month gap between two successive trials.
Can I apply For Any Trial?
Besides these general rules, specific factors are also weighed in depending on the particular trial. For instance, different trials require people from different age groups and sexes, from healthy male volunteers to post-menopausal women. Occasionally, smoking is allowed in certain trials.
What Next?
Once you are well aware of the concept of a drug trial, making a decision to volunteer becomes much easier. It is true that no event in life is risk free, and same goes for clinical trials. However, these trials are heavily regulated, and the safety and well being of the volunteer is always of utmost concern to the doctors. People volunteering to take part in clinical trials is essential to the development of new treatments. Without volunteers these trials could not be carried out, so the data required by the Medicines and Healthcare products regulatory agency in order to license a new treatment would simply not be available.
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California latest state to tackle thorny issue of drones, privacy and law enforcement
As technology and demand have made unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) – commonly called drones – cheaper and more accessible, concerns about their use by law enforcement have grown. In an attempt to balance public safety with privacy rights, the California legislature recently passed AB 1327, making it the most recent state to tackle the issue.
A recent Slate article penned by law professor Margot Kaminski explains and endorses the new legilsation:
“The California Legislature has taken the pulse of its citizens and decided to regulate law enforcement drone use. Otherwise, police use of drones for aerial surveillance will operate in an unchecked legal gray zone. Bill AB 1327 requires law enforcement drone-users to get a warrant. A warrant requirement does not prevent law enforcement from using drones, which are cheap and useful technology; it checks the scope of drone surveillance by involving legal standards and a judge.”
Prof. Kaminski was one of 41 law professors from across the nation to sign on to a letter to Gov. Jerry Brown urging him to sign AB 1327. The letter posits that state legislatures are the right place to address the issue.
“Legislatures are well-positioned to fine-tune the law to new technologies. They can provide clarity with respect to complicated and rapidly changing circumstances, and fulfill our responsibility to adapt our laws to changing technology in order to defend against threats to rights and privacy.”
In 2013, CSG’s Suggested State Legislation volume included Florida’s Senate Bill 92, the first state law that limits how state police can use drones equipped with surveillance cameras and other monitoring equipment. Under SB 92, the only situations in which police will be allowed to use drones without a warrant is if there is an imminent risk to property or life, or if the U.S. Department of Homeland Security declares a high risk of a terrorist attack. Senate Bill 92 was approved 39-0 by the Senate, and it passed through all its committees unanimously before being signed into law in the spring of 2013.
According to the National Conference of State Legislatures, 14 states have enacted laws that govern how law enforcement can use drones. All but one of those 14 states enable police to use a drone pursuant to a warrant, while Virginia has probibited the use of drones by law enforcement until July 1, 2015. | https://knowledgecenter.csg.org/kc/content/california-latest-state-tackle-thorny-issue-drones-privacy-and-law-enforcement |
Nigel Farage at the Leave.EU party in London where he claimed victory in the EU referendum.
Photograph: Stefan Rousseau/PA
The concept of democracy is based on high principle, refined by centuries of political theory. But democracy is at its most observable in the processes required to sustain it; the everyday – and sometimes mundane – safeguards needed to protect free and fair elections, freedom of speech and association, and minority rights. The Observer’s report last week on how Cambridge Analytica used data harvested from millions of Facebook profiles to influence voter behaviour posed new questions about how those democratic processes can be protected in a new information age, in which data, not just money, is the powerful currency that determines whether elections are won or lost. Closer to home, our new exposé by Carole Cadwalladr this week features allegations that Vote Leave may have manipulated electoral law to get around the spending limits set by the Electoral Commission for the EU referendum.
According to whistleblower Shahmir Sanni, Vote Leave channelled £625,000 via a youth campaign he worked on, BeLeave, to the data analytics firm AggregateIQ. Sanni alleges BeLeave was not the separate, independent organisation Vote Leave claims. Sanni explained that it shared an office and, as he recalls, was effectively under its control. Such activity, if true, may amount to co-ordination under electoral law, and require Vote Leave to declare its spending as an expense.
Sanni has also given evidence to the Electoral Commission showing that the names of Vote Leave’s directors – including those currently working as advisers in No 10 – were deleted from BeLeave Google documents shortly after the information commissioner launched an inquiry last year into how the referendum campaigns used personal data, though AggregateIQ has downplayed this.
A common thread runs through these stories. It is already established that AggregateIQ is linked to Cambridge Analytica through IP agreements; this weekend, the Cambridge Analytica whistleblower Christopher Wylie alleges that the links between the two go much deeper, such that their activities became confused. But both stories also shine a light on the extent to which our electoral law, with its 19th-century roots, is unfit for purpose in this modern age.
British electoral law is based on two principles. First, that elections should achieve a level playing field in terms of resource; parties and candidates face national and local spending limits. Second, that elections should be conducted under conditions of openness and transparency: candidates have to be transparent about the material they are using to communicate with voters, and it is illegal to make false claims in that material.
Our reporting shows the extent to which the modern realities of electioneering are putting these principles under strain. The system relies heavily on parties self-reporting their spending, and the fact that campaigning material has, on the whole, been openly available; try keeping a controversial or misleading leaflet sent to thousands of voters out of the public eye.
The ability to spend large sums on micro-targeted advertising based on revealing data harvested from voters’ social media profile removes much of that transparency. If the material in question goes unseen by the vast majority of voters, it becomes harder to track exactly what a party is putting out, so easier to put out false claims, and for spending to go undeclared, particularly when the money is channelled through little-known intermediaries. Social media platforms are overtaking the national and local press as the channels through which politicians communicate with voters, but they perform that function without the same level of scrutiny, regardless of their own ideological or business interests. Anomalies abound. Broadcast advertising is banned; yet advertising on YouTube – where videos can garner more viewers than primetime television – is unlimited so long as it is within spending limits.
But this goes beyond the regulation of democratic processes, to the very nature of democracy itself. Public deliberation and debate are the lifeblood of a healthy, functioning democracy: this manifests itself in parties that run campaigns with broad appeal; in wide-ranging, public platforms that provide a basis on which voters can hold governments to account.
The trend towards micro-targeting risks moving us further away from the democracy of the public forum, towards a fractured, individualised democracy in which “swing voters” are targeted based on narrow issues, using false claims or under-the-radar dog-whistling that are not subjected to public scrutiny. Meanwhile, voters seen as already decided, or insignificant to the result, go ignored.
We don’t know how effective Cambridge Analytica’s efforts were at changing voters’ minds. We don’t know whether the extra spending Vote Leave channelled via BeLeave helped swing the referendum result. Clearly, the poll revealed deep schisms within Britain, fuelled by discontent with the status quo among the electorate. Those sentiments were not manufactured by malevolent actors deploying subterfuge.
The Observer has made no secret of its belief that Brexit is not in the national interest. But asking questions about transparency and fairness is driven not by a partisan wish to overturn a referendum result, but the desire for a critical debate about whether our electoral laws, and ultimately our democracy, remain fit for purpose. Left or right; remain or leave: this debate concerns democrats from all political traditions. | |
Since Bradshaw’s discussion, numerous models of the evolution of phenotypic plasticity indicate that plasticity is favored in heterogeneous environments where different phenotypic optima are present across environments experienced either within the lifetime of an organism or across generations (for example, Berrigan …
What is phenotypic plasticity in evolution?
Phenotypic plasticity can be defined as ‘the ability of individual genotypes to produce different phenotypes when exposed to different environmental conditions‘ (Pigliucci et al. 2006). … As with any organismal trait, the way in which an individual responds to environmental influences is subject to evolutionary change.
What are examples of phenotypic plasticity?
Phenotypic plasticity refers to the ability of a genotype to express different phenotypes depending on the environment in which it resides. For example, genetically identical water flea (Daphnia) clones can differ in their morphology depending on whether reared in the absence or presence of a potential predator.
Are genotypic changes permanent?
Genotype generally remains constant from one environment to another, although occasional spontaneous mutations may occur which cause it to change. However, when the same genotype is subjected to different environments, it can produce a wide range of phenotypes.
What are three ways to study the evolution of phenotypic plasticity?
The evolution of plasticity is modeled in three ways: optimality models, quantitative genetic models, and gametic models.
Is phenotypic plasticity natural selection?
Main Text. Natural selection acts on phenotypes, yet evolution occurs at the level of genotypes. … This suggests that plasticity may largely impede adaptive evolution. However, it has been posited that plasticity may facilitate or even promote adaptation in certain contexts.
Why phenotypic plasticity is important?
Many organisms have the ability to express different phenotypes in response to environmental conditions. Such phenotypic plasticity allows individual organisms to develop appropriate morphological, physiological, or behavioral traits that better fit a particular environment that they encounter.
How do you test for phenotypic plasticity?
One way to quantify phenotypic plasticity is to use analysis of variance (ANOVA). The idea behind ANOVA is to take a variety of genotypes and a variety of environments and assess the resulting phenotype for each genotype-environment pair.
Is phenotypic plasticity reversible?
Any change in behavior can be viewed as phenotypic plasticity (SIH 2004) and is very often reversible; but also morphological traits can be reversible, for ex- ample, in perch (OLSSON & EkLöV 2005) or Daphnia (FRANk 2005). | https://autismpluggedin.com/genetics/which-environment-would-most-likely-favor-the-evolution-of-phenotypic-plasticity.html |
Middle Eau Claire Lake--Truly special 8.75 acre parcel with 212 feet of sandy shoreline! With mature trees and trails throughout, this nicely wooded property has about 1300 feet of frontage on River Road for great access. So many options are available--build a lake home and enjoy your private acreage, or subdivide the land for a family compound. 880 acre, 66 feet deep Middle Eau Claire Lake boasts sandy shorelines, clear water, good fishing and a bar/restaurant; access to Lower Eau Claire lake through a hand operated lock. Eastern portion of the lot has medium elevation; elevation increases as you go west along the lakeshore. Easy access to Hayward and Superior/Duluth. Lot lines have been clearly marked on the property. Taxes TBD.
|MLS#||1535642|
|Listing Type||For Sale|
|Sub-Type||Resale|
|Status||Active|
|Days On Site||522|
|Acreage||8.75|
|Water Front||Yes|
|Property View||Yes|
|Area Information|
|State||WI|
|County||Bayfield|
|City||Barnes|
|Zip Code||54873|
|Area||56 - Drummond Schl Dist|
|Listing VS Median (in 54873)|
Price:
$350,000
low | high
Med:
$139,900
100% of Average
On Site:
522
low | high
Med: | https://hbowe.cbbrenizer.com/for-sale/0-river-road-barnes-wi-54873/251-113532 |
Some proponents of human missions to Mars say we have the technology today to send people to the Red Planet. But do we? Rob Manning of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory discusses the intricacies of entry, descent and landing and what needs to be done to make humans on Mars a reality.
There’s no comfort in the statistics for missions to Mars. To date over 60% of the missions have failed. The scientists and engineers of these undertakings use phrases like “Six Minutes of Terror,” and “The Great Galactic Ghoul” to illustrate their experiences, evidence of the anxiety that’s evoked by sending a robotic spacecraft to Mars — even among those who have devoted their careers to the task. But mention sending a human mission to land on the Red Planet, with payloads several factors larger than an unmanned spacecraft and the trepidation among that same group grows even larger. Why?
Nobody knows how to do it.
Surprised? Most people are, says Rob Manning the Chief Engineer for the Mars Exploration Directorate and presently the only person who has led teams to land three robotic spacecraft successfully on the surface of Mars.
“It turns out that most people aren’t aware of this problem and very few have worried about the details of how you get something very heavy safely to the surface of Mars,” said Manning.
He believes many people immediately come to the conclusion that landing humans on Mars should be easy. After all, humans have landed successfully on the Moon and we can land our human-carrying vehicles from space to Earth. And since Mars falls between the Earth and the Moon in size, and also in the amount of atmosphere it has then the middle ground of Mars should be easy. “There’s the mindset that we should just be able to connect the dots in between,” said Manning.
But as of now, the dots will need to connect across a large abyss.
“We know what the problems are. I like to blame the god of war,” quipped Manning. “This planet is not friendly or conducive for landing.”
The real problem is the combination of Mars’ atmosphere and the size of spacecraft needed for human missions. So far, our robotic spacecraft have been small enough to enable at least some success in reaching the surface safely. But while the Apollo lunar lander weighed approximately 10 metric tons, a human mission to Mars will require three to six times that mass, given the restraints of staying on the planet for a year. Landing a payload that heavy on Mars is currently impossible, using our existing capabilities. “There’s too much atmosphere on Mars to land heavy vehicles like we do on the moon, using propulsive technology completely,” said Manning, “and there’s too little atmosphere to land like we do on Earth. So, it’s in this ugly, grey zone.”
But what about airbags, parachutes, or thrusters that have been used on the previous successful robotic Mars missions, or a lifting body vehicle similar to the space shuttle?
None of those will work, either on their own or in combination, to land payloads of one metric ton and beyond on Mars. This problem affects not only human missions to the Red Planet, but also larger robotic missions such as a sample return. “Unfortunately, that’s where we are,” said Manning. “Until we come up with a whole new trick, a whole new system, landing humans on Mars will be an ugly and scary proposition.”
Road Mapping
In 2004 NASA organized a Road Mapping session to discuss the current capabilities and future problems of landing humans on Mars. Manning co-chaired this event along with Apollo 17 astronaut Harrison Schmitt and Claude Graves, who has since passed away, from the Johnson Space Center. Approximately 50 other people from across NASA, academia and industry attended the session. “At that time the ability to explain these problems in a coherent way was not as good,” said Manning. “The entry, descent and landing process is actually made up of people from many different disciplines. Very few people really understood, especially for large scale systems, what all of the issues were. At the Road Mapping session we were able to put them all down and talk about them.”
The major conclusion that came from the session was that no one has yet figured out how to safely get large masses from speeds of entry and orbit down to the surface of Mars. “We call it the Supersonic Transition Problem,” said Manning. “Unique to Mars, there is a velocity-altitude gap below Mach 5. The gap is between the delivery capability of large entry systems at Mars and the capability of super-and sub-sonic decelerator technologies to get below the speed of sound.”
Plainly put, with our current capabilities, a large, heavy vehicle, streaking through Mars’ thin, volatile atmosphere only has about ninety seconds to slow from Mach 5 to under Mach 1, change and re-orient itself from a being a spacecraft to a lander, deploy parachutes to slow down further, then use thrusters to translate to the landing site and finally, gently touch down.
No Airbags
When this problem is first presented to people, the most offered solution, Manning says, is to use airbags, since they have been so successful for the missions that he has been involved with; the Pathfinder rover, Sojourner and the two Mars Exploration Rovers (MER), Spirit and Opportunity.
But engineers feel they have reached the capacity of airbags with MER. “It’s not just the mass or the volume of the airbags, or the size of the airbags themselves, but it’s the mass of the beast inside the airbags,” Manning said. “This is about as big as we can take that particular design.”
In addition, an airbag landing subjects the payload to forces between 10-20 G’s. While robots can withstand such force, humans can’t. This doesn’t mean airbags will never be used again, only that airbag landings can’t be used for something human or heavy.
Even the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover, weighing 775 kilograms (versus MER at 175.4 kilograms each) requires an entirely new landing architecture. Too massive for airbags, the small-car sized rover will use a landing system dubbed the Sky Crane. “Even though some people laugh when they first see it, my personal view is that the Sky Crane is actually the most elegant system we’ve come up with yet, and the simplest,” said Manning. MSL will use a combination of a rocket-guided entry with a heat shield, a parachute, then thrusters to slow the vehicle even more, followed by a crane-like system that lowers the rover on a cable for a soft landing directly on its wheels. Depending on the success of the Sky Crane with MSL, it’s likely that this system can be scaled for larger payloads, but probably not the size needed to land humans on Mars.
Atmospheric Anxiety and Parachute Problems
“The great thing about Earth,” said Manning “is the atmosphere.” Returning to Earth and entering the atmosphere at speeds between 7-10 kilometers per second, the space shuttle, Apollo and Soyuz capsules and the proposed Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) will all decelerate to less than Mach 1 at about twenty kilometers above the ground just by skimming through Earth’s luxuriously thick atmosphere and using a heat shield. To reach slower speeds needed for landing, either a parachute is deployed, or in the case of the space shuttle, drag and lift allow the remainder of the speed to bleed away.
But Mars’ atmosphere is only one per cent as dense as Earth’s. For comparison, Mars atmosphere at its thickest is equivalent to Earth’s atmosphere at about 35 kilometers above the surface The air is so thin that a heavy vehicle like a CEV will basically plummet to the surface; there’s not enough air resistance to slow it down sufficiently. Parachutes can only be opened at speeds less than Mach 2, and a heavy spacecraft on Mars would never go that slow by using just a heat shield. “And there are no parachutes that you could use to slow this vehicle down,” said Manning. “That’s it. You can’t land a CEV on Mars unless you don’t mind it being a crater on the surface.”
That’s not good news for the Vision for Space Exploration. Would a higher lift vehicle like the space shuttle save the day? “Well, on Mars, when you use a very high lift to weight to drag ratio like the shuttle,” said Manning, “in order to get good deceleration and use the lift properly, you’d need to cut low into the atmosphere. You’d still be going at Mach 2 or 3 fairly close to the ground. If you had a good control system you could spread out your deceleration to lengthen the time you are in the air. You’d eventually slow down to under Mach 2 to open a parachute, but you’d be too close to the ground and even an ultra large supersonic parachute would not save you.”
Supersonic parachute experts have concluded that to sufficiently slow a large shuttle-type vehicle on Mars and reach the ground at reasonable speeds would require a parachute one hundred meters in diameter.
“That’s a good fraction of the Rose Bowl. That’s huge,” said Manning. “We believe there’s no way to make a 100-meter parachute that can be opened safely supersonically, not to mention the time it takes to inflate something that large. You’d be on the ground before it was fully inflated. It would not be a good outcome.”
Heat Shields and Thrusters
It’s not that Mars’ atmosphere is useless. Manning explained that with robotic spacecraft, 99% of the kinetic energy of an incoming vehicle is taken away using a heat shield in the atmosphere. “It’s not inconceivable that we can design larger, lighter heat shields,” he said, “but the problem is that right now the heat shield diameter for a human-capable spacecraft overwhelms any possibility of launching that vehicle from Earth.” Manning added that it would almost be better if Mars were like the moon, with no atmosphere at all.
If that were the case, an Apollo-type lunar lander with thrusters could be used. “But that would cause another problem,” said Manning, “in that for every kilogram of stuff in orbit, it takes twice as much fuel to get to the surface of Mars as the moon. Everything is twice as bad since Mars is about twice as big as the moon.” That would entail a large amount of fuel, perhaps over 6 times the payload mass in fuel, to get human-sized payloads to the surface, all of which would have to be brought along from Earth. Even on a fictitious air-less Mars that is not an option.
But using current thruster technology in Mars’ real, existing atmosphere poses aerodynamic problems. “Rocket plumes are notoriously unstable, dynamic, chaotic systems,” said Manning. “Basically flying into the plume at supersonics speeds, the rocket plume is acting like a nose cone; a nose cone that’s moving around in front of you against very high dynamic pressure. Even though the atmospheric density is very low, because the velocity is so high, the forces are really huge.”
Manning likened theses forces to a Category Five hurricane. This would cause extreme stress, with shaking and twisting that would likely destroy the vehicle. Therefore using propulsive technology alone is not an option.
Using thrusters in combination with a heat shield and parachute also poses challenges. Assuming the vehicle has used some technique to slow to under Mach 1, using propulsion just in last stages of descent to gradually adjust the lander’s trajectory would enable the vehicle to arrive very precisely at the desired landing site. “We’re looking at firing thrusters less than 1 kilometer above the ground. Your parachute has been discarded, and you see that you are perhaps 5 kilometers south of where you want to land,” said Manning. “So now you need the ability to turn the vehicle over sideways to try to get to your landing spot. But this may be an expensive option, adding a large tax in fuel to get to the desired landing rendezvous point.”
Additionally, on the moon, with no atmosphere or weather, there is nothing pushing against the vehicle, taking it off target, and a la Neil Armstrong on Apollo 11, the pilot can “fly out the uncertainties” as Manning called it, to reach a suitable or desired landing site. On Mars, however, the large variations in the density of the atmosphere coupled with high and unpredictable winds conspire to push vehicles off course. “We need to have ways to fight those forces or ways to make up for any mis-targeting using the propulsion system,” said Manning. “Right now, we don’t have that ability and we’re a long way from making it happen.”
Supersonic Decelerators
The best hope on the horizon for making the human enterprise on Mars possible is a new type of supersonic decelerator that’s only on the drawing board. A few companies are developing a new inflatable supersonic decelerator called a Hypercone.
Imagine a huge donut with a skin across its surface that girdles the vehicle and inflates very quickly with gas rockets (like air bags) to create a conical shape. This would inflate about 10 kilometers above the ground while the vehicle is traveling at Mach 4 or 5, after peak heating. The Hypercone would act as an aerodynamic anchor to slow the vehicle to Mach 1.
Glen Brown, Chief Engineer at Vertigo, Inc. in Lake Elsinore, California was also a participant in the Mars Road Mapping session. Brown says Vertigo has been doing extensive analysis of the Hypercone, including sizing and mass estimates for landers from four to sixty metric tons. “A high pressure inflatable structure in the form a of a torus is a logical way to support a membrane in a conical shape, which is stable and has high drag at high Mach numbers,” Brown said, adding that the structure would likely be made of a coated fabric such as silicon-Vectran matrix materials. Vertigo is currently competing for funding from NASA for further research, as the next step, deployment in a supersonic wind tunnel, is quite expensive.
The structure would need to be about thirty to forty meters in diameter. The problem here is that large, flexible structures are notoriously difficult to control. At this point in time there are also several other unknowns of developing and using a Hypercone.
One train of thought is that if the Hypercone can get the vehicle under Mach 1, then subsonic parachutes could be used, much like the ones employed by Apollo, or that the CEV is projected to use to land on Earth. However, it takes time for the parachutes to inflate, and subsequently there would only be a matter of seconds of use, allowing time to shed the parachutes before converting to a propulsive system.
“You’d also need to use thrusters,” said Manning. “You’re falling 10 times faster because the density of Mars’ atmosphere is 100 times less than Earth’s. That means that you can’t just land with parachutes and touch the ground. You’d break people’s bones, if not the hardware. So you need to transition from a parachute system to an Apollo-like lunar legged lander sometime before you get to the ground.”
Manning believes that those who are immersed in these matters, like himself, see the various problems fighting each other. “It’s hard to get your brain around all these problems because all the pieces connect in complex ways,” he said. “It’s very hard to see the right answer in your mind’s eye.”
The additional issues of creating new lightweight but strong shapes and structures, with the ability to come apart and transform from one stage to another at just the right time means developing a rapid-fire Rube Goldberg-like contraption.
“The honest truth of the matter,” said Manning, “is that we don’t have a standard canonical form, a standard configuration of systems that allows us to get to the ground, with the right size that balances the forces, the loads, the people, and allows us to do all the transformation that needs to be done in the very small amount of time that we have to land.”
Other Options and Issues
Another alternative discussed at the 2004 Mars Road Mapping session was the space elevator.
“Mars is really begging for a space elevator,” said Manning. “I think it has great potential. That would solve a lot of problems, and Mars would be an excellent platform to try it.” But Manning admitted that the technology needed to suspend a space elevator has not yet been invented. The issues with space elevator technology may be vast, even compared with the challenges of landing.
Despite these known obstacles, there are few at NASA currently spending any quality time working on any of the issues of landing humans on Mars.
Manning explained, “NASA does not yet have the resources to solve this problem and also develop the CEV, complete the International Space Station and do the lunar landing systems development at the same time. But NASA knows that this is on its plate of things to do in the future and is just beginning to get a handle on the needed technology developments. I try to go out of my way to tell this story because I’m encouraging young aeronautical engineering students, particularly graduate students, to start working on this problem on their own. There is no doubt in my mind that with their help, we can figure out how to make reliable human-scale landing systems work on Mars.”
While there is much interest throughout NASA and the space sector to try to tackle these issues in the ensuing years, technology also needs a few more years to catch up to our dreams of landing humans on Mars.
And this story, like all good engineering stories, will inevitably read like a good detective novel with technical twist and turns, scientific intrigue, and high adventure on another world.
| |
Prop. Type:
Residential Attached
MLS® Num:
R2188570
Status:
Active
Bedrooms:
3
Bathrooms:
2
Year Built:
1988
Contact about this Listing
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Located in the desirable Queen Mary Park this original owner unit has a very practical floor plan which would be ideal for family. Flooring and bathrooms have been upgraded and 2 parking right outside your door. Well managed complex with only 20 units and close to transit, schools, shopping and hospital. Open house Saturday and Sunday July 22nd & 23rd 2-4pm.
General Info:
Property Type:
Residential Attached
Dwelling Type:
Townhouse
Home Style:
2 Storey
Year built:
1988
(Age: 29)
Total area:
1,200 sq. ft.
111.48 m2
Total Floor Area:
1,200 sq. ft.
111.48 m2
Total unfinished area:
0 sq. ft.
0 m2
Main Floor Area:
592 sq. ft.
55 m2
Floor Area Above Main:
608 sq. ft.
56.49 m2
Floor Area Below Main:
0 sq. ft.
0 m2
Basement Area:
0 sq. ft.
0 m2
Finished Levels:
2.0
Bedrooms:
3
(Above Grd: 3)
Bathrooms:
2.0
(Full:1/Half:1)
Kitchens:
1
Rooms:
7
Taxes:
$1,715.05 / 2016
Lot Area:
0 sq. ft.
0 m2
Outdoor Area:
Patio(s)
Water Supply:
City/Municipal
Plan:
NW2834
Total Units in Strata:
20
Additional Info:
Heating:
Electric
Construction:
Frame - Wood
Foundation:
Concrete Perimeter
Basement:
None
Roof:
Asphalt
Floor Finish:
Laminate
Fireplaces:
1
Fireplace Details:
Gas - Natural
Parking:
Carport; Single, Open
Parking Total/Covered:
2 / 1
Exterior Finish:
Stucco
Title to Land:
Freehold Strata
Flood Plain:
No
Room Information:
Floor
Type
Dimensions
Other
Main
Living Room
13'
3.96 m
x
13'
3.96 m
-
Main
Dining Room
10'
3.05 m
x
8'
2.44 m
-
Main
Kitchen
8'6"
2.59 m
x
8'
2.44 m
-
Main
Eating Area
11'2"
3.40 m
x
7'10"
2.39 m
-
Above
Master Bedroom
14'5"
4.40 m
x
11'2"
3.40 m
-
Above
Bedroom
10'8"
3.25 m
x
9'10"
3.00 m
-
Above
Bedroom
9'10"
3.00 m
x
9'
2.74 m
-
Bathrooms:
Floor
Ensuite
Pieces
Other
Main
No
2
Above
Yes
4
By-Law Restrictions:
Pets Allowed w/Rest.
Maint. Fees:
$289.30
Maint. Fees Include:
Garbage Pickup, Gardening, Management, Snow removal
Features Included:
Clothes Washer/Dryer/Fridge/Stove/DW, Drapes/Window Coverings, Fireplace Insert
Site Influences:
Central Location, Shopping Nearby
Amenities:
None
Legal Description:
STRATA LOT 11, SEC 32, TP2, NWD STRATA PL NW 2834
Other Details:
Property Disclosure:
Yes
Fixtures Leased:
No
Fixtures Removed:
No
Reno / Year:
Partly / -
Units in Development:
20
Services Connected:
Electricity, Natural Gas, Sanitary Sewer, Storm Sewer, Water
Listing Info:
Listed Date:
Jul 13, 2017
Listing information last updated on 21-Jul-2017 10:17 PM
James Rhoda
778-297-3000
Tel:
604-290-2319
Contact by Email
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The data relating to real estate on this website comes in part from the MLS@reg; Reciprocity program of either the Real Estate Board of Greater Vancouver (REBGV), the Fraser Valley Real Estate Board (FVREB) or the Chilliwack and District Real Estate Board (CADREB). Real estate listings held by participating real estate firms are marked with the MLS® logo and detailed information about the listing includes the name of the listing agent. This representation is based in whole or part on data generated by either the REBGV, the FVREB or the CADREB which assumes no responsibility for its accuracy. The materials contained on this page may not be reproduced without the express written consent of either the REBGV, the FVREB or the CADREB. | http://team3000realty.com/our-listings.html/details-68035298 |
Conventional printers, for example commercial computer printers for use in the office or home for printing out images in general including photographs, drawings, text, web pages and the like, and industrial printers for printing e.g. billboards and display posters use a process of digital halftoning to convert electronic image data into print instructions sent to a printhead in order to print a plurality of small dots onto a printing medium e.g. paper, to create an image on the printing medium. Typically for text or line drawings, halftoning is not needed, because lines are printed solid. However, halftoning is used for printing images having varying shades of color or gray, such as photographs.
Halftoning is the transformation of a grayscale or color image to a pattern of small spots with a limited number of colors (e.g. just black dots on white background, or spots of the primary colors cyan, magenta and yellow), in order to make it printable. Printing is in its bare essence a binary process for each point on the paper: put ink (or tone) on a paper or leave the paper uncovered (e.g. white). This would suggest that only binary images could be printed. However, halftoning makes it possible to reproduce so-called continuous-tone images, which are images with different shades of gray or color. The halftone process creates patterns of dots on a background. When viewed from a sufficient distance, the human viewer will be unable to see the dots themselves, because they are too small. Instead, the human viewer will have the illusion of a gray or continuous-tone color. In gray-scale halftoning, only black dots are created, whereas in color halftoning dots of the three primary colors of subtractive color mixing, cyan, magenta, and yellow (=color separation) are created and printed on top of one another.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,505,905 describes a halftoning method in which continuous-tone values representing dots of an image are split into two or more pass values, e.g. in a relationship 60% to 40%. The pass values are then subjected to an error diffusion procedure which results in two or more independent sub-images induced by the pass values. In a first pass, e.g. from left to right, the result of the error diffusion of the 60%-value is printed, and in the second pass, the result of the error diffusion of the 40%-value is printed.
U.S. Pat. No. 6,193,347 refers to a hybrid multi-drop/multi-pass printing system, where the printing activity between the different passes is highly correlated and dependent.
| |
Children's | Paperback, eBook
Krikkit's ordinary life changes when she wears the mysterious shoes she has found. Transported to the mystical kingdom of D'Arragon, the ten year-old discovers an old prophecy coming to pass that would change the D'Arragon dynasty forever. Anxious to help, Krikkit taps in to the magic of the shoes, meeting Kings, Queens, and an ancient sorcerer or two. Suddenly, her life is no longer boring or ordinary!
Jessie L. Best creates unique, mystical fantasy adventures for children and young adults. Her characters are vibrant and exciting characters such as fairies, sorcerers and goblins. Even a dragon may be caught slipping through the pages of her novels. Believing in the power of imagination, Jessie strives to stimulate young readers and to become one of those authors whose stories are remembered into adulthood. | http://wwwset.iauthor.uk.com/krikkit-s-shoes-d-arragon-prophecy:23884 |
Lists are common elements of most Web pages – lists of links, lists of items, or lists as a table of contents for an entire Web site. This document describes how to mark up three types of lists: unordered, ordered, and definition lists.
An unordered list is a collection of items where the order of appearance is not important (e.g., a bulleted list). Two XHTML elements are used to construct an unordered list: ul and li (list item). The ul element denotes the beginning of an unordered list. The list itself is composed of li elements.
The default marker type for unordered list items is a solid, round bullet; however, the marker type can be altered with cascading style sheets.
An ordered list is a collection of items that are numbered. The ol element is used to define an ordered list, and again, the li element defines the list members.
The default marker type for ordered lists is Arabic numbers (e.g., 1., 2., 3.); however, style sheets can control the marker type. To start the list numbering at a specific value, use the start attribute of the ol element. Additionally, the value attribute of li can be used to modify the numbering within the list. Any subsequent list items are affected by the value change. For example, if the value attribute specifies that the list element is 4, the next element will be 5.
Here is how the text may appear in the browser.
Now things are really confusing!
Inserting a line break will break the line of text without affecting the indentation.
• Item one is on a single line.
To create nested lists, start the sublist inside the parent list's li element.
Cascading style sheets can control the display of lists with respect to indenting, margins, marker type (e.g., images for ul bullets), and ordered list styles (e.g., a., b., c., I., II., III.).
A definition list is a special type of list used most often for glossaries or other word-phrase pairs. There are three XHTML elements used in definition lists: dl (definition list), dt (definition term), and dd (definition).
A list of items stored based on a key; also called a hash table.
Variables provided as arguments to a function or subroutine.
It is not necessary for every definition term to have a definition.
Algorithms that have an efficiency that is not based on input size.
Algorithms that have an efficiency that is linear with respect to input size. | http://web.eecs.utk.edu/~bvz/teaching/scriptingSp08/notes/XHTML_Lists.htm |
how deep is bedrock in feet
6. Known bedrock outcrops are shown as black dots and polygons. The material on this site can not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with prior written permission of Multiply. here is a graphic depth of bedrock of Minnesota , USA. Statewide depth to bedrock modeled grid and bedrock outcrops sourced from the Minnesota Geological Survey's (MGS) Open File Report 10-02 It depends on where you are. Beneath these Michigan Basin sediments are older rocks of the Midcontinent Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. How long was Margaret Thatcher Prime Minister? These materials have different physical properties that are pertinent to comprehensive planning and zoning, land-use studies, and engineering usage. In western Ohio, Precambrian rocks lie at a depth of about 2,500 feet and dip eastward to a depth of about 13,000 feet in eastern Ohio. Bedrock is the solid, intact part of the planet’s crust. My God—the high crag where I run for dear life, hiding behind the boulders, safe in the granite hideout; My mountaintop refuge, he saves me from ruthless men. Asked your neighbors how deep they went so you can order, roughly, the correct lengths Example. How tall are the members of lady antebellum? When did organ music become associated with baseball? But when soil conditions are more difficult, or when the water table is very deep, professional drilling is the best answer. What are the disadvantages of primary group? For example the great lakes. When did Elizabeth Berkley get a gap between her front teeth? Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. These fissures in the bedrock can run thousands of feet deep and are a source of deep groundwater. 36. These workers could then secure the bridge's towers directly to the bedrock. All Rights Reserved. … Why is shallow depth to bedrock a concern? Most states require a minimum of 20 feet of casing and often require the casing reach bedrock. Soil varies with parent material (bedrock), climate, plant and animal life, slope of the land, and time. Components of bedrock. Approximate Gallons per foot of … Although deep groundwater is far from sunlight and nearly devoid of oxygen, it can be teeming with life. In some regions, the bedrock is right at the surface, exposed to air. The median yield is 15 gpm. Most bedrock wells for household use are 200 to 500 feet deep; some are over 1,000 feet. Didn't find what you're looking for? Feet from Surface 601 - 1,050 301 - 600 101 - 300 51 - 100 11 - 50 0 - 10 Depth to Bedrock Depth to bedrock can also be described as the thickness of the unconsolidated sediments above the bedrock. Though the gulch has a width of only 50 feet at the bottom, the bedrock has folded up considerably, and the gold is found in the bedrock at a depth of about two feet. View Original Full Metadata, Harvested from USGS National Geologic Map Database. In some places, bedrock is exposed at the surface, and you don't need to dig at all. Understanding the global pattern of underground boundaries such as groundwater and bedrock occurrence is of continuous interest to Earth and geosciences [Schenk and Jackson, 2005; Fan et al., 2013].In land surface modeling, depth to bedrock … read more. I may need some push piers installed and the umbrella price includes the first 30 feet and there is an additional cost for every foot thereafter until they hit bedrock. This map provides information on the location and distribution of three general types of geologic materials in part of Salt Lake County, including the southeastern part of Salt Lake City, Utah. The depth to bedrock can range from a few feet to hundreds of feet. How long will the footprints on the moon last? Bedrock Aquifers: The USGS developed these data sets as part of a project described in the report: Structure, outcrop, and subcrop of the bedrock aquifers along the western margin of the Denver Basin, Colorado, U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-742 (Robson and others, 1998). Lake Ontario was carved by glaciers to 200 feet deep not far off shore, it took an old lake bed and kept enlarging it over the years as they cut through it. Proper grouting (sealing) around the outside of the well casing in combination with a vermin-proof well cap, Well diameter in inches. In other places, it might be hundreds of meters deep… Bedrock wells are drilled below the topsoil and groundwater into bedrock, tapping the cracks in the rock that carry water deep underground. Bedrock essentially refers to the substructure composed of hard rock exposed or buried at the earth's surface; an exposed portion of bedrock is often called an outcrop.Bedrock may have various chemical and mineralogical compositions and can be igneous, metamorphic or sedimentary in origin. Do you mean this bedrock that sticks out of the ground in western Nebrasks? An extensive area in the Kingsbury Branch and lower Pekin Brook valleys with depths greater than 100 feet is shown in blue. In a recent study by Sohlberg et al (2015), researchers found a diverse array of fungi living in deep groundwater at 2600 ft (798 m) deep! Start any type of foundation by digging footings, at least 2 feet wide and as deep as the frost line; some foundations will require extra width, some up to 6 feet wide. Bedrock can be from 8 feet to 60 thickness of about 15,000 feet beneath Midland. Precambrian rocks underlie the state but are nowhere exposed at the surface because they are buried beneath much younger Paleozoic rocks. Access Constraints: Bbox East Long-89.7220078480453 Bbox North Lat: 43.7163823722855 Bbox South Lat The depth of soil ranges from a few inches to hundreds of feet based on these factors. I am trying to determine the DTB (I just learned about Depth to Bedrock and I was so happy to learn a new phrase!) Chimney rock is also in Nebraska. 2-3 God is bedrock under my feet, the castle in which I live, my rescuing knight. Who is the actress in the saint agur advert? Why don't libraries smell like bookstores? Where can i find the fuse relay layout for a 1990 vw vanagon or any vw vanagon for the matter? In the lowlands of San Francisco’s Financial District, bedrock is 300 below street level. What are current limitations of handwriting recognition? To erect the Brooklyn Bridge, for instance, engineers created airtight cylinders to transport workers deep below the bed of the East River in New York, New York. The National Geologic Map Database (NGMDB) is a Congressionally mandated... U.S. Geological Survey (Point of Contact), USGS National Geologic Map Database Collection, Use Constraints: The geologic information should not be used in studies that are more detailed than the map scale of the publication., Access Constraints: none. The USGS is a federal science agency that provides impartial information on the health of our ecosystems and environment, the natural hazards that... The old mining tunnels under Paris (later the catacombs) are 3-10 feet under the street in most areas, however, later on they go deeper and deeper. As is Fort Robinson state park with it’s limestone cliffs. Creating your own well by driving or drilling is possible when soil conditions are right and when the water table is at a suitable level, between 30 and about 50 feet in depth. The red lines are approximate contours at depths of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 feet. Suggest a dataset here. Who is the longest reigning WWE Champion of all time?
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The Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (MPIDR) is inviting applications from qualified and highly motivated students for a Summer Research Visit in the Lab of Digital and Computational Demography.
The goal of the Population and Social Data Science Summer Incubator Program is to enable discovery by bringing together data scientists and population scientists to work on focused, intensive and collaborative projects of broad societal relevance.
For a period of 3 months (June 1 – August 30, 2022), participating students will work in small teams, with support from experienced mentors, towards a common research goal. For the Summer of 2022, the Incubator will be coordinated by Rumi Chunara (New York University and Max Planck Sabbatical Awardee), Emilio Zagheni, and Ugofilippo Basellini. This Summer, the focus of the program will be on risk prediction models, including concepts spanning demography, fragility, and social vulnerabilities.
Participating students will be exposed to best practices across social and data sciences while contributing to a hands-on project experience. All participants will also have access to lectures and participate in other scientific activities happening at MPIDR.
Applicants must be enrolled in a graduate or undergraduate program (at the time they visit MPIDR). The Incubator program values research teams that include early-career scientists from a range of disciplines and backgrounds, with complementary skill sets. Priority will be placed on bringing together a diverse pool of students. The total number of attendees will be defined based on resources and quality of applications. A number of mentors (with an approximate ratio of 3 students: 1 mentor) will be solicited from MPIDR, NYU and other collaborators. The mentors, along with summer program coordinators, will provide seed project and data ideas, with flexibility for students to put forward their own ideas as well.
Successful candidates will have demonstrated ability to work on research projects independently and in interdisciplinary teams, and interest in research problems related to both data science and social sciences, broadly defined.
Applications must be submitted online via demogr.mpg.de/go/incubator and include the following documents:
1_Curriculum Vitae
2_Cover letter (Max 2 page)
- Please state why you are interested in spending the Summer at MPIDR, and in which ways you would benefit from participating in the Incubator program.
- Please articulate your research interests and briefly describe a project you have worked on, the motivation for it and your contribution.
- Please describe your technical skills, as well what you would like to learn over the course of the Summer visit.
3_Names and contact information for 2 academic references
In order to receive full consideration, applications should be received by January 15, 2022. Notifications will be sent out by March 1, 2022. This will be an in-person Summer program, and students will be expected to be in residence at MPIDR in Rostock for the period of the research visit, from June 1 - August 30. Participants will be expected to devote most of their working time to the collaborative research project during that period. A hybrid approach will be considered in cases where travel is not possible due to extenuating circumstances. Selected students enrolled in a PhD program will be offered reimbursement for travel costs to/from Rostock, and a stipend. Selected students who are not enrolled in a PhD program will be offered reimbursement for travel costs to/from Rostock, a per diem, and lodging in Rostock.
For administrative questions please get in touch with Beatrice Michaelis ([email protected]). For scientific questions please contact Emilio Zagheni ([email protected]), Ugofilippo Basellini ([email protected]) or Rumi Chunara ([email protected]).
Our Institute values diversity and is keen to employ individuals from minorities.
The Max Planck Society is committed to increasing the number of individuals with disabilities in its workforce and therefore encourages applications from such qualified individuals. Furthermore, the Max Planck Society seeks to increase the number of women in those areas where they are underrepresented and therefore explicitly encourages women to apply. | http://wikicfp.com/cfp/servlet/event.showcfp?eventid=152104 |
Q:
Using Joda-Time Library to Convert String to DateTime Format in Google Tasks API
I have a date/time string which needs to be sent to the Google Tasks API but I can't figure out how to convert a Joda-Time library DateTime object to a Java DateTime object. I'm using Android as the platform.
The string starts off as "2012/07/19 22:00:00" and is first converted to Iso format.
Here is my code:
Task task = new Task();
task.setTitle(title);
task.setNotes(note);
DateTimeFormatter formatter = DateTimeFormat.forPattern("yyyy/MM/dd HH:mm:ss");
DateTime dt = formatter.parseDateTime(dateToIso("2012/07/19 22:00:00"));
task.setDue(dt);
private String dateToIso(String date) {
date = date.replace("/", "-");
date = replaceCharAt(date, 10, 'T');
date = date + ".000Z";
return date;
}
The error I am getting is:
"Type mismatch: cannot convert from org.joda.time.DateTime to
com.google.api.client.util.DateTime"
Please assist. Information with regards to ISO conversion would also be useful.
A:
Let Formatter Parse String
The problem is your "dateToIso" method. No need for that. The DateTimeFormatter object's job is to parse the string when given the correct format. You did indeed give it the correct format. And then you went and morphed the string into a different format!
Solution: (a) Kill your dateToIso method. (b) Delete the call to that method. Just pass the original string to parseDateTime.
Side-Problem: You ignored the issue of time zone. So when parsing that string, Joda-Time will assume the event of that date-time occurred in your JVM's default time zone. So running this same code with same inputs but on another computer/JVM with different time zone settings will result in different output. Probably not what you want. Lesson Learned: Always specify a time zone rather than rely on default.
Yet Another Problem: The error you quoted is a different problem, converting from Joda-Time to Google time. Read on.
Read The Doc
If you are trying to convert your org.joda.time.DateTime object to a com.google.api.client.util.DateTime object, just look at the JavaDoc. There you will see that the constructor of the Google DateTime takes a java.util.Date. Joda-Time has a built-in toDate method to convert to a java.util.Date object for interoperability with other classes.
Food-Chain
Create a food chain of objects like this:
org.joda.time.DateTime → java.util.Date → com.google.api.client.util.DateTime
Some untested code…
org.joda.time.DateTimeZone = org.joda.time.DateTimeZone.forID( "Africa/Johannesburg" );
org.joda.time.DateTime jodaDateTime = new DateTime( timeZone );
// Convert from Joda-Time to old bundled j.u.Date
java.util.Date juDate = jodaDateTime.toDate();
// Convert from j.u.Date to Google Date.
com.google.api.client.util.DateTime googleDateTime = new com.google.api.client.util.DateTime( juDate );
Milliseconds
Alternatively, you could extract and pass milliseconds.
Generally I recommend avoiding dealing directly with milliseconds where possible. Using milliseconds can be confusing, sloppy, and error-prone. A milliseconds count is difficult to debug as humans cannot readily decipher the date-time meaning of a long. While Joda-Time and java.util.Date use milliseconds-since-Unix-epoch as their internal time-tracking mechanism…
Some software uses seconds or nanoseconds rather than milliseconds.
Some software uses other epochs rather than the Unix epoch.
Going The Other Direction
[The following section assumes Google has supplanted the API referenced by the Question with a newer API. Not sure if this assumption is correct.]
When going from a com.google.gdata.data.DateTime object to a Joda-Time DateTime, I would use the milliseconds count-from-epoch provided by the getValue method. Note that it returns a 64-bit long, rather than a 32-bit int.
Be sure to assign the desired time zone to the Joda-Time DateTime rather than rely on implicitly assigning the JVM’s current default time zone.
long millisecondsFromUnixEpoch = myGoogleDateTime.getValue();
org.joda.time.DateTimeZone zone = DateTimeZone.forID( "Africa/Johannesburg" );
org.joda.time.DateTime jodaDateTime = new DateTime( millisecondsFromUnixEpoch, zone );
The Google API provides a few other choices.
toStringRfc822
You could call the toStringRfc822 method to generate a string to be parsed by Joda-Time. Unfortunately, RFC 822 is awkward and ambiguous to parse. Among other faults it uses the non-standard non-unique 3-4 letter time zone codes rather than proper time zone names. Joda-Time refuses to attempt parsing those codes because of their ambiguity. I assume Google only includes it here for backward-compatibility with old APIs/libraries. The modern Internet protocols have moved on to ISO 8601.
toUiString
Perhaps you could call the toUiString method to create a string to be parsed by Joda-Time. Unfortunately, their documentation fails to explain what format is used by that method.
toString
You could call the toString method that is documented as producing a xs:dateTime string. The doc fails to explain precisely, but I'm guessing they mean the XML Schema spec’s inclusion of ISO 8601. You might try this method to see what it generates. It may be useful if you want to preserve the offset-from-UTC embedded in the Google object. But remember that a time zone is more than an offset-from-UTC, so you should still assign the desired/expected time zone to your Joda-Time DateTime object. Therefore, I'm not sure if this better than just passing the long count-from-epoch to the constructor of Joda-Time DateTime.
java.time
Now that Java 8 is released, perhaps Google may modernize its APIs to use the java.time package.
Note that java.time extends the ISO 8601 format to append the formal name of the time zone, a very helpful idea.
| |
The English language is widely regarded as one of the most difficult to master. Because of its unpredictable spelling and challenging to learn grammar, it is challenging for both learners and native speakers.
What is the most difficult aspect of learning a English language?
One of the most challenging aspects of the English language is its spelling system, which is quite irregular and unpredictable. Instead of having a one-to-one correspondence between word and sound, any combination of vowels, consonants, or vowels and consonants can be pronounced differently than they appear.
Why English is such a difficult language to learn?
The language features grammatical rules that are often broken, an alphabet that can confuse people who are used to a character-based system, and spelling and pronunciation irregularities that perplex even native speakers. …
What is the most difficult part of learning a foreign language?
Consistency & Making It a Routine.
Once you set your expectation straight, learning a language is more time-consuming than it’s hard. That’s why consistency is likely the hardest thing to achieve for most language learners.
What are the challenges of learning English grammar?
The grammar of the English language is tricky and intricate. Non-native speakers may have difficulty picking up grammatical patterns during speech, and that could lead to a misunderstanding or wrong message being relayed. English grammar has many rules, and with that comes many exceptions to the rules.
What are the difficulties of learning new language?
Whatever your situation in life, there are five main problems that generally present themselves when trying to learn a language. These challenges go beyond your obvious – grammar, vocabulary, phrasal verbs and diction. I’m talking about the real reason things get complicated or stopped before they even begin.
How hard is learning another language?
Studies show that only 4% of people who start a language course through a school reach basic fluency after 3 years. This means that 96% either drop out or fail to get to even basic fluency. The thing is that learning a language is not hard, it just takes a very long time. … Languages are not like science or history.
What aspects of the languages that you know make them easy or difficult to learn?
Here they’re:
- Related Languages. Most languages in the world belong to a particular language family. …
- Native Language. Another factor to consider is your native tongue. …
- The Language Complexity. …
- Passion and Reasons for learning a new language. …
- Resources Available to learn a new language. | https://freeyourmindtravel.com/attractions/what-is-most-difficult-about-learning-english-as-a-foreign-language.html |
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Mandarin Chinese Conversation Camp - Pt. 1 -> 7-13 Yrs Old
World Languages
Intermediate Latin Level Four
Continue your study of the language of Caesar
Willa Leah Snowbender
243 total reviews for this teacher
4 reviews for this class
Completed by 7 learners
There are no upcoming classes.
55 minutes
per class
Twice per week
over 4 weeks
12-17
year olds
3-15
learners per class
per learner - per class
How does a "Multi-Day" course work?
Meets multiple times at scheduled times
Live video chats, recorded and monitored for safety and quality
Discussions via classroom forum and private messages with the teacher
Great for engaging projects and interacting with diverse classmates from other states and countries
How Outschool Works
There are no open spots for this class.
You can request another time or scroll down to find more classes like this.
Description
Class Experience
Latin is one of the most important, enduring languages of the ancient world. In this four-week course, you continue learning the language of Caesar! This class is for students who have completed Cambridge Latin Course Unit One, either with me or another teacher. Week One: Begin Stage Seventeen, genitive case Week Two: Continue Stage Seventeen Week Three: Begin Stage Eighteen, discussion of the city of Alexandria and noun/adjective gender Week Four: Continue Stage Eighteen Note: It is...
Ms. Snowbender holds a BA in Historical Studies from Stockton University, where she studied Latin as her chosen language, and MA in Egyptology from the University of Toronto. She knows how to make things fun while facilitating learning in her unique, personalized style.
1 hour 50 minutes per week in class, and an estimated 1 - 2 hours per week outside of class.
Discussion of Roman culture unavoidably includes topics such as slavery and violence.
A PDF textbook will be provided. Purchasing a hard copy of the textbook is recommended (used is perfectly fine, edition doesn't matter very much). The text we use is the Cambridge Latin Course Unit Two
Teacher
Willa Leah SnowbenderThe World's Funniest Egyptologist
243 total reviews
205 completed classes
About Me
I hold a BA in Historical Studies from Stockton University and an MA in Egyptology from the University of Toronto. I have experience working both in museums and on archaeological digs. I also moonlight as an actor in amateur musical theater... | https://outschool.com/classes/intermediate-latin-level-four-h2z0xUEA |
Taking place in medieval times, Blazing Dragons is a humorous graphic adventure featuring voice-overs by Cheech Marin, Harry Shearer, Terry Jones (an original member of Monty Python's Flying Circus and creator of the characters found in this game), as well as other comedians. Players assume the role of Flicker, a young dragon who likes to invent assorted gadgets to make his life a little easier. As the humblest dragon in all of Camelhot, he's fallen madly in love with King All Fire's daughter, Princess Flame. After years of waiting, Flicker's chance of hooking up with her has finally come -- the king's retiring and holding a tournament of epic proportions. Not only will the winner take the crown of Camelhot, but he'll also have Princess Flame's hand in marriage. Not bad, eh? | https://db.libretro.com/Sony%20-%20PlayStation/Blazing%20Dragons%20(USA).html |
To be efficient and effective as sales managers, there are a number of things we need to learn and become good at ourselves. One of the 6 pillars of sales management is building and developing your team.
Every time we ask our teams to perform something that is new to them, we need to step into the develop and build area to develop the new skills and behaviors. Sometimes you have the option to bring in professional trainers, but for most daily learning, you cannot bring in external resources.
In this article, you will find some hints and tips for how you can plan your own trainings for your teams.
5 steps to build a training that sticks
As you are not (and we assume you do not want to become) a full-time teacher/trainer, we advise you to use this knowledge to build only short, condensed, and interactive sessions, rather than full-day or multiday trainings.
Longer trainings are very complex to build and difficult to run. They require a rich set of competencies to achieve real learning in the team.
The 5 steps to remember when we are to build effective trainings are outlined below.
1. ENSURE YOU KNOW THE SUBJECT
Gain a thorough understanding of the materials and the messages that you want to convey. You don’t need to be a black belt 5-star expert, but you need to know enough to convey the content in a credible manner and be able to answer basic questions around the subject.
2. UNDERSTAND THE PROCESS OF LEARNING
There are many pedagogical models and methods available. One model that we have chosen in this context is called 4MAT. Dr. Bernice McCarthy (USA) developed the first basic structure of the 4MAT system in the late 1970s. Since then, the method has systematically and continuously been used, developed, and linked to the newest research in the field ( http://www.4mat.eu ).
Basically, the model stresses that people have different learning styles. This means that for ANY training we want to build, we need to accommodate for these different learning styles and build our training block so that all phases are included. Some people are focused on:
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- WHY? – “Once I understand why we need something, I’ll figure out the rest.”
- WHAT? – Intellectually understand what is needed: “If you give me the book to read or present to me in a lecture, I will do it myself later.”
- HOW? – Activity: “Ok, I got it, just let me try myself. Let’s see here…”
- WHAT IF?-Finding and testing alternatives. “And why couldn’t we do it this other way?”
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3. MASTER A WIDE VARIETY OF METHODS – AND LEARN WHEN TO USE THEM
Try to use a wide variety of techniques in your trainings. Vary your style so you can both lead the class and use more interactive methods.
Use the button to download our one-page quick guide.
4. A TRAINING SESSION HAS THREE PHASES – BEFORE, DURING AND AFTER – USE THEM
A common mistake is to only focus on the training session itself when we design the training. Especially since we want to build short, concentrated blocks, it will be extremely important to use before and after in a good way.
- BEFORE: Preparation by all involved
- DURING: A well-designed training session
- AFTER: Structured and active follow-up
As you can see in the picture below, a good way to plan your training sessions is to map the content and the technique blocks you are planning to use against a WHY?, WHAT?, HOW? And WHAT IF? timeline.
The preparatory tasks you send out lend themselves very well for the WHY? And to some extent WHAT?, so that you can spend more time in the classroom for WHAT? and HOW? After the session, it will be about putting the learning into practice, and therefore to the HOW? and experimenting with the WHAT IF? The experiences are ideally captured and shared in a separate follow-up session.
Plan the activities carefully and think through the steps, creating and writing what we call the Running Master, or Timing Plan.
It should contain:
- Objective– Learning points
- Preparations(for the teacher)
- Before – Preparations for participant – timing/dates
- During – Blocks, content and method/technique – timing minutes
- After – How to put to practice and follow up.
5. MAKE WHAT YOU LEARN A PART OF DAILY WORK
Only 10% of the effect in a change effort comes from lectures, training, and reading. 20% can be attributed to tools, systems, and structure such as feedback supporting the training and the changed behaviour. Finally, 70% derives from on-the-job training and experiences.
Unless on-the-job training, experiences, and reinforcement of the tools and behaviours learnt are truly put into daily use, changed behaviours will not succeed.
If you are the manager of the team you hold the training for, you have a fantastic advantage compared to most teachers and trainers around. Most trainings fail due to lack of management support, follow-up, and integration of the matter into daily work. You, on the other hand, have all the cards in your hand to actually make it stick! | https://salesmanagerscorner.com/5-steps-to-build-a-training-that-sticks/ |
Adding a headboard along the side of a twin bed will make it look more "framed," like a daybed. Before you try it, however, learn the standard sizes of each, so you'll have an idea of how it will turn out.
Size
A standard twin mattress is 39 by 75 inches. A king is 76 by 80 inches. This means that a headboard for a king bed is going to be about 76 inches or wider, plenty wide enough to go along the length of a twin bed. Headboards are often slightly wider than the bed for which they are made.
Exceptions
An extra-long twin, often found in dorms, is five inches longer than a standard twin, at 80 inches, so a standard king-sized headboard may be too short to fit along its length. A California king is four inches narrower than the standard king, at 72 inches, so a headboard designed for a California king bed may also be too short.
Attachment
The frame of a twin bed won't be designed for a headboard to attach along the length, so you'll need to improvise. One solution is to place the bed along the wall, with the headboard between the bed and wall; this will keep it in place in most instances, but for safety and stability, attach it to the wall. If your twin bed has a wooden bed frame, attach the headboard to the frame by drilling a hole through the frame and headboard at each end, then hold the bed and frame together with bolts. | https://homeguides.sfgate.com/attaching-king-headboard-twin-bed-long-way-82378.html |
Perrin visists Tel'aran'rhiod but is disturbed by a trolloc attack.
A dreaming Perrin finds himself in a common room of an inn. The details of the inn change. A man sitting at a table asks Perrin if he is ready to give it up. Perrin doesn't understand at first but the man means his axe. Perrin tells him he will but not yet. There is something dark about the man Perrin doesn't really trust. He talks about getting away from fate. He offers Perrin a drink that will help him see things more clearly. Perrin refuses and leaves the inn. As he leaves the man tells him he won't get many chances. Three threads are woven together, if one is cut all fall.
Perrin feels a great heat from the room briefly. He turns around but the room is empty. Staring into a mirror he sees himself as a warrior now. In fine armour but with the plain axe at his side. Part of him accepts this image and another refuses it. He puts the image out of his mind firmly. As he does so a woman's voice tells him he is destined for glory. He turns around and looks at the woman. She is so beautiful she makes all other women look clumsy by comparison. The woman talks to him about how he should reach out and grasp his destiny. Perrin tells her he just wants to be a blacksmith. She too offers him a drink but again he refuses. The woman leaves but promises she will always be in his dreams.
The scene changes and Perrin is dressed in plainer clothes this time. He finds himself on a stone bridge connecting two stone spires. In the distance he sees a woman in a white dress hurrying somewhere. A bit later he witnesses a meeting of three men. One of them tickles his memory but he can't quite remember where he saw him before... somewhere in an inn? The three start arguing and suddenly a huge ball of fire envelops them. Perrin ducks for cover and feels the heat of the blast. When he looks back up the whole bridge the men had been standing on has disappeared.
Perrin tells himself it is only a dream and again the scene changes. He finds himself in an open space surrounded by huge columns of Redstone. In the open space he sees a crystal sword. Perrin knows it is somehow important. Callandor. He doesn't know where that name came from but that is what the sword is called. Perrin remembers now he's had this dream before. At that moment the wolves finally manage to contact him. Perrin wakes up with a start. The wolves' massage is short. The Twisted ones come!
What does the man ask Perrin if he will give up the axe?
He is probably referring to the prophecy of the Wolf King giving up the axe for the hammer.
Who are the people Perrin sees?
Probably the Forsaken. Specifically Rahvin, Be'lal and Ishamael.
A male sa'angreal in the form of a crystal sword, linked to the Dragon Reborn.
Why does Callandor whisper to Perrin?
Why does Ishamael want Perrin to drink? Why does Lanfear?
Ishamael tells Perrin that "when one is cut, all are", so why doesn't he just kill Perrin to defeat Rand?
Perrin thinks Lanfear is the most beautiful woman he has ever seen.
Perrin thought Rahvin and Be'lal feared Ishamael.
Perrin encounters a wolf. Is this Hopper? | http://library.tarvalon.net/index.php?title=The_Dragon_Reborn:_Chapter_4 |
FORT DAVIS, Texas — Astronomers have used the 9.2-meter Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) at McDonald Observatory to confirm one of the most distant known objects in the universe. The object is a quasar — an extremely bright galaxy nucleus powered by matter falling into a supermassive black hole at its heart — that is 12.7 billion light-years away. Because light travels at a finite speed, we are seeing this quasar as it appeared 12.7 billion years ago, when the universe was just 7 percent of its present age.
The object was discovered by the Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey, which has been undertaken by an international group using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. The survey team, headed by Chris Willott of the University of Ottawa, presented their results on four extremely distant quasars, including this one, this week at the annual conference of the Canadian Astronomical Society in Kingston, Ontario.
It is particularly important to find such distant quasars because they can be used to probe a time in cosmic history called the “Era of Re-ionization,” said Gary Hill, a member of the survey team and McDonald Observatory’s Chief Astronomer. During this time, he said, the earliest stars were forming and beginning to turn the universe from mostly neutral atoms to mostly ionized (where they have lost their electrons due to ultraviolet radiation). The era lasted about half a billion years.
He explained that the distant quasars are seen early enough in the history of the universe that they shine through regions of space that were not yet fully ionized. Some of the quasar’s light is absorbed by any clouds of still-neutral hydrogen. So, by studying the quasar’s light today, astronomers can gauge what types of gas clouds the light has passed through on its way to Earth — providing a record of when in time and where in space these gas clouds lived.
Fewer than 10 such distant quasars were previously known, Hill said, so “every one of these counts. Every one you add gives you another line of sight,” — a way to probe a different part of the universe and study the inhomogeneous re-ionization process.
Follow-up observations of this specific quasar (with the somewhat difficult moniker “CFHQS 1641+3755”) were first made in the infrared with the 2.7-meter Harlan J. Smith Telescope at McDonald Observatory to indicate that it is probably a quasar, and not a brown dwarf (both objects are point-like and red in color in photos).
That accomplished, it was then sent to be studied by HET. The large light-gathering power of this telescope, the world’s fourth-largest, combined with its Marcario Low Resolution Spectrograph, allowed astronomers to measure a spectrum of the quasar and calculate its distance of 12.7 billion light-years (in astronomical jargon, this equates to a redshift of z = 6.04).
The difficult HET observation was carried out by Michael Gully-Santiago, a college student astronomer from Boston University spending the summer at McDonald Observatory. Gully-Santiago was taking part in the observatory’s Research Experiences for Undergraduates program, which is funded by the National Science Foundation.
The group plans to continue following up quasars from the Canada-France survey with HET, Hill said. They have submitted their results to the Astronomical Journal for publication. A copy of this paper is available online at http://arxiv.org/abs/0706.0914.
The Hobby-Eberly Telescope is a joint project of The University of Texas at Austin, The Pennsylvania State University, Stanford University, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and Georg-August-Unversität Göttingen.
— END —
Note to Editors : For more information contact Gary Hill at 512-471-1477 or [email protected]. | https://mcdonaldobservatory.org/news/releases/2007/0708.html |
© 2017 Elsevier B.V. A systematic method for evaluation of MALDI profiling and imaging was developed and applied to the use of three surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), Triton X-100, and Tween 20, on rat brain tissue. For profiling studies, mass spectra were acquired from regular arrays of spots with manually deposited surfactant and matrix. The studies recorded the total number of peaks in the mass spectra from 2 to 20 kDa and compared the number of peaks and peak intensities with and without surfactant. It was found that SDS decreases the total number of peaks at all concentrations but does lead to an increase in the number of peaks below 5 kDa. Triton X-100 at 0.05% concentration yielded the highest number of peaks and highest number of new peaks, with the best results above 5 kDa. Correlation of the increase in signal with the estimated hydrophobicity suggests that Triton X-100 improves mass spectrometry quality through an increase in the intensity of hydrophobic protein peaks. Tween 20 provided good performance at 0.05% concentration across all mass ranges. For imaging studies, multiple images were obtained and the integrated intensity ratio for images obtained with and without surfactant was compared for 10 selected peaks. It was found that SDS tends to degrade imaging performance whereas Triton X-100 and Tween 20 improved performance compared to no surfactant, especially above 7 kDa. | https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/chemistry_pubs/968/ |
Justin Bieber's Chi tattoo inspired temporary tattoo. Set of 3.
on February 25, 2013, the singer revealed his tattoo number 12, a large Greek symbol for Christ tattooed on his left forearm. The “X” is actually a representation of the Greek letter “Chi,” which is short for the Greek word meaning “Christ.” The Greek letters “X” (Chi) and “p” (Rho) superimposed together was once a very common symbol of Christ and was called the Chi-Rho. | https://smalltattoos.com/collections/celebrity-temporary-tattoos/products/justin-bieber-chi-temporary-tattoo |
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If dolphins depart the National Aquarium, officials are contemplating what to do with the 1.2 million-gallon pool where the marine mammals have been on display for more than two decades.
Among the possibilities: creating an underwater forest with swaying kelp seaweed stalks, leopard sharks and wolf eels, or a habitat that emulates the southern Pacific Ocean, where groupers and other marine life inhabit rusting fighter airplanes and other war wreckage.
The fate of the $35 million Marine Mammal Pavilion, which opened in 1990 and takes up one-third of the aquarium's footprint, is one of many deliberations the National Aquarium has undertaken. Through a strategic planning process, aquarium officials will decide whether to keep its eight Atlantic bottlenose dolphins on display or allow the marine mammals to retire to a protected sanctuary in the ocean.
The process has been undertaken not only to determine what's best for the dolphins but also how to create a modern-era aquarium that appeals to the millennial generation, John Racanelli, who runs the attraction, said Monday in an interview with The Baltimore Sun's editorial board. Millennials are commonly considered as those born between 1981 — when the aquarium opened — and 2000.
"They have a real high level of desire to see action," Racanelli said of millennials. "They don't want to hear a lot of platitudes. They want to see institutions that are saying what they are going to do and then actually doing it.
"I think we get left behind if what we say is, 'We want to inspire you to care about the ocean,' and then we come across as a place just trying to make a buck off of sea life."
Racanelli said the aquarium doesn't have a timetable for deciding whether to keep its dolphins on display. He plans to host a series of workshops with scientists and aquatic experts, beginning with an invitation-only Dolphin Summit this month.
Another possibility for the amphitheater would be to use the space as an animal care center, where rescued sealife could recover, or some behind-the-scenes operations, such as food preparation for the 17,000 animals who live at the Inner Harbor attraction.
The idea for an underwater forest comes from a similar exhibit at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California, where Racanelli previously worked. In Monterey, schools of sardines swim among kelp stalks 28 feet high.
"I don't know if they'd be more compelling — that's the inquiry we have to do," Racanelli said of the possible replacement exhibits.
The aquarium expects to conduct extensive surveys this summer and sift through feedback being submitted online, Racanelli said. More than 570 comments have been submitted through the aquarium's website, aqua.org/future, since the aquarium announced last week it was considering retiring its dolphins.
Racanelli said no retirement sanctuaries currently exist for dolphins or other marine mammals. He said the aquarium is investigating the possibility of creating a National Dolphin Center somewhere along a shore in a warmer climate.
There, the dolphins could live behind an ocean fence, where they could interact with other sea creatures and hunt but also have access to food provided by trainers.
Many for-profit companies operate oceanside attractions featuring dolphins, but those are all built around tourist experiences, primarily swimming with the dolphins, Racanelli said.
Only a handful of more than 30 aquariums in the U.S. have dolphins and other marine mammals, including beluga whales, on display, Racanelli said. They are the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, the Georgia Aquarium in Atlanta and the Texas State Aquarium in Corpus Cristi. The Mystic Aquarium in Connecticut has belugas but not dolphins.
The National Aquarium has heavily promoted its dolphins in the past, but two years ago discontinued the dolphin show. Visitors now observe the mammals in the amphitheater and can interact with their trainers.
Racanelli said a review of the aquarium's annual reports shows it focused much attention during the 1990s and 2000s on the dolphin exhibit.
And, in turn, visitors have come to see the dolphins as the aquarium's major draw.
"We have trained them to expect dolphins at the National Aquarium," Racanelli said. "For the longest time, it was our biggest message."
But Racanelli said that surveying shows that while visitors older than 45 would rather go to an aquarium that features dolphin shows, visitors younger than 37 are less likely to express that preference.
Whatever the aquarium decides comes with high economic stakes.
Since the attraction opened 33 years ago, nearly 50 million visitors have toured its exhibits, Racanelli said. The aquarium, which supports more than 3,300 jobs, is tied to $320 million in annual economic activity and $20 million in tax revenue.
"We don't want to do anything that jeopardizes the value of the aquarium to the Inner Harbor, to Baltimore and to the state," he said.
Michael Evitts, vice president with the Downtown Partnership, said the aquarium's desire to design its future role around what millennials want makes good business sense. By 2020, members of that generation will make up one-third of all eligible voters and 46 percent of the workforce, he said.
"The aquarium has definitely earned our trust," Evitts said. "It's been an anchor for downtown for a generation.
"It's an exciting conversation they're having."
The aquarium's strategic planning process, called BLUEprint, is intended to help the attraction transition into a full-fledged conservation organization. A team of consultants plan to evaluate how to "reimagine" the National Aquarium experience as well as determine whether the institution also should have a satellite presence in Washington.
"We need to be sure that whatever we're trying to tell, the story we believe is important, is also relevant, or you're the fool on the hill singing loudly to no one," Racanelli said. | https://www.baltimoresun.com/maryland/baltimore-city/bs-xpm-2014-05-19-bs-md-dolphin-space-20140519-story.html |
Q:
Manipulating Network Data in R
I have a data frame detailing edge weights among N nodes. Is there a package for working with this sort of data?
For example, I would like to plot the following information as a network:
p1 p2 counts
1 a b 100
2 a c 200
3 a d 100
4 b c 80
5 b d 90
6 b e 100
7 c d 100
8 c e 40
9 d e 60
A:
One option is the network package, part of the statnet family of R packages for statistical social network analysis. It handles network data in a sparse way, which is nice for larger data sets.
Below, I do the following:
load the edgelist (the first two columns) into a network object
assign the counts to be an edge attribute called weight.
plot the network with gplot. (See the help page for changing the thickness of the edges.)
plot a sociomatrix (just a 5x5 set of blocks representing the adjacency matrix, where the (i,j) cell is shaded by the relative count)
A = read.table(file="so.txt",header=T)
A
library(network)
net = network(A[,1:2])
# Get summary information about your network
net
Network attributes:
vertices = 5
directed = TRUE
hyper = FALSE
loops = FALSE
multiple = FALSE
bipartite = FALSE
total edges= 9
missing edges= 0
non-missing edges= 9
Vertex attribute names:
vertex.names
adjacency matrix:
a b c d e
a 0 1 1 1 0
b 0 0 1 1 1
c 0 0 0 1 1
d 0 0 0 0 1
e 0 0 0 0 0
set.edge.attribute(net,"weight",A[,3])
gplot(net)
## Another cool feature
s = as.sociomatrix(net,attrname="weight")
plot.sociomatrix(s)
A:
Here's how to make a network plot of the data in igraph:
d <- data.frame(p1=c('a', 'a', 'a', 'b', 'b', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'd'),
p2=c('b', 'c', 'd', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'd', 'e', 'e'),
counts=c(100, 200, 100,80, 90,100, 100,40,60))
library(igraph)
g <- graph.data.frame(d, directed=TRUE)
print(g, e=TRUE, v=TRUE)
tkplot(g, vertex.label=V(g)$name)
| |
How to make an easy cheesy tuna pasta bake
This is a quick and delicious recipe to feed hungry mouths! Check out www.cooknote.co.uk for more tasty recipes!
10
STEPS
INGREDIENTS
Cook pasta to packet instructions. Melt the butter on low heat. Add small amount of flour and whisk to a paste, continue adding flour until you have a thick-ish paste and cook for a few minutes
Add a small amount of milk and whisk slowly, it will thicken quickly. Add a little more milk and whisk slowly. Continue until you have a nice smooth sauce, no one wants lumpy sauce, yuk
Here is a nice smooth sauce! Whisk whisk whisk is the only advice. This is a classic white sauce, but we are going to turn it into a yummy cheese sauce
Season the sauce with salt and pepper and a small grating (or sprinkle) of nutmeg. | https://guides.brit.co/guides/make-an-easy-cheesy-tuna-pasta-bake |
A simple star cut from paper bearing a word – received as a gift from God on Epiphany or the Sunday closest to Epiphany.
Many congregations participate in the practice known as Epiphany Stars.
Here’s how it works: Individuals have the opportunity to pick out of a basket a paper star. The star will have a word on it, naming a gift from God; visually, nothing special, as God’s gifts are not always flashy. Sometimes the gift is known by all to be one that you already evidence or experience in abundance. Sometimes you will feel that it is something you’ve needed, a challenge to work on. Often it’s something you don’t understand, or could learn more about. In any case, it will provide you an opportunity to ponder and pray in the coming year. It’s suggested that you display it during the year in a place where you will see it often.
As far as I know, the first Presbyterian congregation to experience Epiphany Star Gifts was Carpinteria Community Church in Carpinteria, California when the Rev. Sam Roberson served as pastor. An article about Epiphany Star Gifts appeared sometime during the late 1980s in Presbyterian Survey. A number of congregations picked up the idea, including Noble Road Presbyterian Church in Cleveland Heights where my partner and I served as co-pastors.
Noble Road has continued to share stars each Sunday. Even after Tricia and I took other calls, our sons would draw stars for us. This year, Tricia preached at Noble Road. The star she drew for me said: RESPECT.
I have long wondered if I am Batman. Now I am thinking that I may be Aretha.
See you along the Trail. | https://graybeardtrail.com/tag/sam-roberson/ |
At the start of 2022, the Bucks Masonic Centenary Fund donated over £12,500 to local organisations and individuals.
The Buckinghamshire Masonic Centenary Fund was established in 1991 to aid non-Masonic charitable causes with strong Buckinghamshire connections. The Fund makes donations to these causes on behalf of the 3000 Buckinghamshire Freemasons, the sole source of its financial support.
The Getaway Foundation was one organisation that benefited from the grant. The donation enabled them to assist in transportation costs for families that do not have access to a car to take life-changing holidays by the sea.
The Trustees and founders set up the charity in January 2020 to relieve the needs of economically and socially disadvantaged families. The provision of grants of financial assistance to enable them to experience family holidays and other shared recreational activities that they could not otherwise afford in the interests of social welfare and to improve their conditions of life.
In the last twelve months, with the help of the Buckinghamshire Freemasons, they have provided over 40 coastal holidays for families referred to the charity by social services. 25% of these families had never visited the seaside before and enjoyed swimming in the sea, discovering rock pools for the first time through the work of this charity.
Peter Tebbutt, CEO of the charity, explained that 9 out of 10 people that went on the holidays were still seeing the benefits twelve months later. Their family relationships were better, and day-to-day conversations had improved also.
We will leave the last words to these happy families: | https://buckspgl.org/in-the-community/introduction/1228-making-magic-moments-last-a-lifetime |
Q:
SSIS - Calling second table based on first table
I have 2 tables T1 and T2 like this :
Create table #T1(ID int)
Insert into #T1 values(10),(20),(30)
Create table #T2(Val varchar(10))
Insert into #T2 values ('A'),('B'),('C'),('D')
output:
-----------
Table1 - ID
-----------
10
20
30
----------
Table2 - Val
----------
A
B
C
D
I want to store output in Flat file destination such that it looks like
10,A,B,C,D 20,A,B,C,D 30,A,B,C,D.
I know how to use joins but don't want to use them.
Please help me out as I am comparatively new to SSIS 2012. I am trying to implement using For-Each loop but not getting success at all.
A step wise solution will be appreciated. It should be like for each entry of T1, a loop will run for T2.
A:
Create variables for object and item
Create a SQL statement to extract data from T1 and store in object variable. Set the ResultSet to "Full result set" and map the Result SetResult Name(3)
Add a Foreach Loop Container using the Foreach ADO enumerator
Use the Object variable as the source variable and map to the item (5).
Add a dataflow. In the data flow assign the T2 table as the DB source
Add a derived column and add the item variable as an extra column
Map the derived column and the T2 data to your output flatfile
| |
With the 2018 AFF Cup set to kick off in less than 24 hours, our writers from across South-East Asia have given their thoughts ahead of their nations’ respective chances at this year’s regional competition. Read the analysis from Football Tribe writers in Malaysia, Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia before tomorrow’s big kickoff:
Malaysia
Overview: Malaysia will fight against Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar to grab the trophy for the second time after doing so in 2010. The national squad, having a record of changing managers in the last four editions of the AFF Cup, have chosen Tan Cheng Hoe as a team leader, and his men ready to fly the Malaysian flag. Malaysia will meet Cambodia tomorrow at the Olympic Stadium in Phnom Penh for Group A's first match.
Strengths: Tan Cheng Hoe has shown himself to be an intelligent manager who know how to use his players. Many of his key players are very young, including Safawi Rasid, Akhyar Rashid and Syamer Kutty Abba, the coach has still called upon some senior players to ensure stability in the team.
Weaknesses: Tan Cheng Hoe has a tactic of creating matches from below and playing short passes. This can be very dangerous when starting young players. The worry is that they may can lose focus, giving opponents the opportunity to score against them.
Aiman Nazirmuddin
Vietnam
Overview: Vietnam come to this tournament with core squad assembled from the U23 team that achieved record-breaking results at AFC U23 Championship and Asian Games. In addition to that, coach Park Hang-seo has called up several key players over the age of 23 to boost the experience for the team. Fans around the country now are hungry to watch the tournament and hope the team will be crowned as champions this time.
Strengths: The side's morale is high after their excellent performances at the recent U23 tournaments, and coach Park Hang-Seo is trying to capitalize on the youthful vigor and hunger to achieve more. Briging in some more experienced squad members will help the side maintain concentration at crucial moments, and will hopefully be enough to see Vietnam go all the way at this reigonal competition.
Weaknesses: The main weakness of the team is experience. Six members of the squad have never gained senior national team caps before. Furthermore, the lack of depth may also be a big problem for Korean coach.
Tran Tien
Thailand
Overview: From Thailand's point of view, Group B, which comprises of last year runners-up Indonesia and 3 times semi-finalist Phillipines, is considerably tougher than Group A. Plus, Singapore will be looking to make amends from the previous failure while Timor-Leste is an unknown quantity full of nationalized Brazilian players, and thus should not be underestimated. With all that said, this remains a must win for 5-time Champions Thailand. The War Elephant may not have the service of the 4 major foreign-based players but head coach Milovan Rajevac has come out and said he is pleased with the overall strength and that he believed Thailand can retain the title for the third consecutive outing. A success tournament here would do wonders for the team heading into the AFC Asian Cup, which is Rajevac's and the Thai FA's main objective
Strengths: Judging from Milovan Rajevac's final 23-man squad, we can see that the backline is definitely Thailand's strongest area. There has been a massive improvement at center-back when compared with the sides from 2014 and 2016. In newly crowned captain Chalermpong Kerdkaew, Thailand has a no-nonsense central defender with a calming presence. His telepathic partnership with Buriram United main-man Pansa Hemviboon has been the highlight of Rajevac's era so far, and the pair are expected to start most games. As the back-up, Manuel Bihr and Suphan Thongsong offer a great mixture of pace, strength and ball playing ability, allowing Rajevac to be more flexible tactically. This is not only about the defensive phase either - a strong central defensive pairing also gives the fullbacks freedom to head forward, supporting the attack.
Weaknesses: The defending champions' weakest area is probably their attack. Competing against other South-East Asian nations means that Thailand will be forced to attack more than they previously have under Rajevac - but who will score those goals? Out of the 3 strikers selected, Adisak Kraisorn is the most experienced but barely played any football this season and has looked quite rusty in recent friendlies. Rajevac seems to fancy Chananan Pombuppha on the left while 19 year old Supachai Jaided is more of an attacking midfielder or second striker than a frontman. Under Rajevac, the midfielders have always contributed their fair share of goals, now let's hope the forwards can start doing the same.
Indonesia
Overview: Some say that this is the best time for Indonesia to win the AFF Cup. The squad is mostly comprised of players who starred at the 2017 SEA Games and 2018 Asian Games, so their teamwork and cohesion is very good. But, the side still face the same problem of preparation that consistently plagues the national team. The league hasn't finished yet, and former head coach Luis Milla announced his departure only one month before the start of the tournament. This isn't an ideal situation for the team, but looking at the side's achievements in 2016 despite facing similar problems, fans are hoping that Indonesia can do better this year.
Strengths: Their main strength lies in their teamwork, with the exception of two naturalized players. Almost 85% of starting eleven are the U-23 players from the SEA Games 2017 or Asian Games 2018. The presence of Stefano Lilipaly and Beto Goncalves adds a level of quality and experience to an otherwise youthful side, which makes them a very exciting prospect.
Weaknesses: Aside from the bad preparation, the squad depth isn't good enough. The side don't have replacements for keu stars such as Evan Dimas, Stefano Lilipaly, and Beto Goncalves. If any one of them were to be absent, the team's strength would be in danger. | https://football-tribe.com/asia/2018/11/07/2018-aff-cup-pre-tournament-perspectives/ |
There's something both marvelous and disturbing about the vigorous debate happening now (geez, I sound like CNN) between Jim Scheppke, an ardent supporter of all things library'ish, and Sarah Strahl, director of the Salem Public Library, regarding tens of thousands of books being removed from the core collection.
Marvelous, because I love it when someone who cares deeply about an issue here in Salem takes on the Powers That Be with fierce intensity.
In this case, literally, because as you can read below, Scheppke takes issue with what Steve Powers, the City Manager, is saying about the library's severe cutting back of the core collection (as distinguished from more recent "popular" books akin to what you'd find in a bookstore -- assuming a bookstore can be found these days.)
I find the cutting back deeply disturbing.
I'm supporting Scheppke's position for a couple of reasons: (1) he appears to have the facts on his side, and Scheppke knows something about facts, having been the State Librarian for Oregon for twenty years; (2) I know Scheppke quite well, and he is adept at taking on issues that he cares about with a pleasing blend of passion and precision.
Well, I just thought of another reason.
It irritates me when public officials like City Librarian Strahl and City Manager Powers double-down on their position without really engaging critics. Changing one's mind in the face of facts isn't a weakness, it's a strength. One that our current President of the United States lacks, I've got to say.
Empty shelves at Salem Public Library following removal of books in core collection
Anyway, as the Fox News slogan used to say, "We report. You decide." Below is new information Scheppke has shared with me where he responds to defenders of the massive removal of books from the core collection. I'll also share links to my previous posts on this subject.
Salem Public Library removing 30% of core collection. Resistance is mounting.
Library expert criticizes "core book" policy of Salem Public Library
First, here's Jim Scheppke's responses, in red, to a letter that was sent to the members of the Salem Public Library Foundation by the Executive Director, Kate Van Ummersen (I'm assuming she is the "Kate" who signed the letter).
Dear Board Members,Some of you may have seen a controversy unfold over the weekend on blogs and social media around the Collection Development Policy at the Library.There is no controversy around the Collection Development Policy. It calls for a “high quality collection” that reflects “the diversity of the community.” It calls for “adequacy of coverage in [all] subject area[s].”
It calls for a “varied and current collection covering a wide range of subjects and containing multiple points of view.” The policy calls upon the library to “deliver the broadest possible access to content …within … the library’s walls” and “to serve the Salem community by providing a broad choice of materials to meet informational, educational, cultural, and recreational needs.”
According to the policy, the collection will “embrace broad fields of knowledge with with basic representative works in most subject areas.” In summary, the policy affirms, “the Salem Public Library is committed to providing a broad and diverse collection."There is concern from some members of the community about items being removed from the collection as part of implementation of this policy.In my professional opinion as the former State Librarian of Oregon the new Collection Development policy is not being implemented, it is being violated by the planned removal of many thousands of books (the exact number is in dispute) from the library core collection.The mission of the Foundation is to financially support enhancements to the Library. We don't consider it our role to take a public position on the policy at the Library.Again, “policy” is not at issue, but the violation of policy. The violation of library policy by library staff — the removal of valuable and useful books from the core collection of the library — will no doubt seriously harm the ability of the Foundation to carry out its the mission to support the Library though voluntary donations from the community.Judy Martin, Bob d'Entremont, Past President, and I would like you to review the message below from City Manager, Steve Powers and the Collection Development Policy https://www.cityofsalem.net/Pages/library-use-policies.aspxThese documents will give you the information you need to understand the Collection Development Policy, its processes and goals. This policy was developed over the last year by our professional librarians. It was modeled on other policies from around the country and customized to the Salem community based on the needs of the community. This policy was reviewed and approved by the Library Advisory Board and was approved by City Council this fall.While the public discourse unfolds, we will follow the story, gather information, then discuss the matter as a board at our next meeting, December 6, 5pm Heritage room.My best,Kate
Here's the message from City Manager Steve Powers, which Scheppke also has annotated in red.
You may be receiving emails or seeing social media posts regarding the library and concerns with downsizing the collection. We will be putting this on the city web page.
Have you visited the Library lately? We’ve made some changes. More of your favorite books, movies, and music are easier to see and reach. Stop in and check us out! Can’t make it in this week? Check out our online resources: https://www.cityofsalem.net/library
Did you know there are best practices for managing library collections? We’re using data-driven, state-of-the-art systems to guide decisions about the collection to remove items that no longer circulate, items in poor condition, or outdated information (editions since superseded, or rapidly changing subject matter like the field of medicine). Managing the collection in this way frees up shelf space for new material, makes shelves easier to navigate, and identifies areas where we need to update or add new items.
I challenge the assertion that the books that are now being removed en masse are books that no longer circulate, are in “poor condition” or have “outdated information.” Most of the books being removed do not fit this description. The library staff has been aggressively removing books that do fit this description for at least the past five years. In 2012-13 the library had a book collection totaling 394,358.*
That number declined every year in the next five years until by 2016-17 the total stood at 337,373. In each of those years more books were removed from the collection than were added. So why then does library management see the need now for a massive book removal program? The library collection has been well-maintained and it has not grown, it has shrunk.
Shelves may look more empty than usual while materials are being evaluated, replacements are being ordered, and items are being shifted.
I have it on good authority that the library almost never replaces books that are removed from the collection. Our substandard budget for books and other library materials of just over $500,000 a year is not adequate to keep up with new publications, much less to replace books that have been removed. For comparison, the Eugene Public Library has a collection budget of nearly $1.3 million.
The Library’s Collection Development Policy ensures that discarded items are offered to the Friends of the Salem Public Library for resale, benefiting the Library’s collections and programs. A vibrant, current collection that meets the community’s needs also helps us get ready for the upcoming Library renovation project: http://bit.ly/SPLrenovation
The completion of the Library renovation project is still at least two years away. The work to design the interior space of the library has not even begun. It is premature to assume that the newly renovated library will have less capacity for books than at present.
The pruning of the collection is guided by the collection development policy approved by City Council and the Library Advisory Board earlier this year.
I strongly challenge the truth of this statement. It results from a very selective and false reading of the Council-approved policy. The policy calls for a“high quality collection” that reflects “the diversity of the community.” It calls for “adequacy of coverage in [all] subject area[s].” It calls for a “varied and current collection covering a wide range of subjects and containing multiple points of view.”
The policy calls upon the library to “deliver the broadest possible access to content …within … the library’s walls” and “to serve the Salem community by providing a broad choice of materials to meet informational, educational, cultural, and recreational needs.” “Pruning” the collection now by removing many thousands of books in the core collection is inconsistent with the policy. I believe it is a violation of the policy.
Per the policy, the Salem Public Library’s collection is a popular materials collection, with varied and current content on a range of subjects. The library’s collections are dynamic, with an emphasis on up-to-date and in-demand materials. In order to maintain a relevant, popular, and appealing collection, the library engages in ongoing evaluation and updating of owned materials.
This is not what the policy says, taken as a whole. Yes, the library needs “popular materials.” All public libraries do (unlike academic and research libraries). But that does not imply that large public libraries like ours should not also have a core collection of less popular materials that in the words of the Collection Development Policy” provide “a broad choice of materials to meet the informational, educational and cultural” needs of the community.
This also insinuates that to date the library has not engaged “in ongoing evaluation and updating of owned materials.” It has, and very aggressively so. That is why the book collection has shrunk by nearly 57,000 items in recent years.
As part of the CCRLS cooperative, we have access to resource sharing through the consortium as well as access to the rest of the state through Interlibrary Loan. We rely on CCRLS to help us get materials for our patrons just as other members can use our materials. Ultimately, our collection’s purpose is to reflect the needs of the Salem community.
When CCRLS was founded over three decades ago, the idea was that the Salem Public Library would serve as the major resource library for the system and for many years SLP was compensated for this (I don’t know what the situation is today). All of the other libraries in CCRLS are much smaller with much smaller collections. The average book collection size in CCRLS (taking out SPL) is only 42,000 items. These CCRLS libraries can only afford to be “popular materials libraries” and they have relied on Salem to provide a broader and deeper collection. If I were a user of a CCRLS member library I would be very alarmed at the idea that SPL is now going to become just a “popular materials library” and renege on its decades old commitment to CCRLS.
Getting books through interlibrary loan is a terribly expensive process that most libraries try to avoid. When you add up the true cost of an interlibrary loan in staff time and postage, it costs nearly was much as buying the book. It is not the answer to satisfying a broad range of informational needs. The way to do that is with a quality core collection, such as Salem already has, if library management will just leave it alone.
There has been no directive to reduce the collection by 30%. The 30% figure was developed in consultation with the State Library of Oregon Data & Federal Programs Consultant Ross Fuqua and a statistical study of nationwide peer library physical collection size. Mr. Fuqua assisted the City in not only gathering statistics but also helping interpret and verify the findings. However, this figure is only a single data point for added context as we start the processing of renewing the collection on the foundation of the collection development policy.
I did my own analysis of how the size of the print collection at Salem Public Library compared with peer libraries. I made a comparison to five other city libraries of comparable size in Oregon: Eugene, Beaverton, Hillsboro, Corvallis and Tigard.
This analysis shows that the print collection at SPL is 15% larger on average than the peer libraries. Beaverton and Hillsboro skew the average and it can be explained, I think, by the fact that they were established decades later than SPL and their collections are younger, and hence, smaller. This analysis does not show that SPL’s collection is oversized. It is about 50,000 items smaller than Eugene’s collection. I also did another version of this analysis to include e-books. When you do that, SPL’s collection is only 2% larger on average than its Oregon peers.
I also did an analysis of print items per capita. In 2016-17 SPL had2.08print items per capita. This is actuallylessthan the median for all Oregon libraries serving more than 25,000 population of2.33So again, on this analysis, any claim that the print collection at SPL is oversized, and has not been well-maintained for currency and condition, is just not true.
Timing of the pruning is important as we begin planning for the renovation project.
Again, I strongly question this assertion. Completion of the project is at least two years away. The interior space at the library has not been designed yet. This is very premature.
Please let me know if you have questions or contact Sarah directly. We are responding to library customers who are raising concerns or questions regarding the collection.
Steve Powers
City Manager
City of Salem
Salem, Oregon
Conclusion: Management at the Salem Public Library has recklessly embarked on a book removal project that is in violation of the Council-approved collection development policy. It is based on bad data that apparently suggests that the book collection at the library is oversized and has been poorly maintained.
This is false. The library collection is not oversized. In fact it is smaller, on a per capita basis, than the median for other comparable Oregon libraries. If this project is being undertaken in anticipation of not being able to accommodate as many books in a renovated library facility, that assessment is premature. A design team has not even been hired yet and it will be their job to determine capacities in the renovated facility.
The book removal project needs to come to a halt so that the Library Advisory Board and perhaps even the Salem City Council can weigh in on whether many thousand of books representing the core collection of the library should be removed and made unavailable to present and future generations of library users.* All of the data used here comes from the State Library of Oregon.
* All of the data used here comes from the State Library of Oregon. | https://hinessight.blogs.com/salempoliticalsnark/2018/11/index.html |
Category Archives for "Neck Pain"
With Chronic neck pain, you can quite often have tightness in your sternocleidomastoid muscle due to sitting or doing activities with less than ideal posture. Start by placing the inside part of the hand below the thumb firmly on your collar bone called your clavicle and your Manubrium (the part just inside to the collar bone. Then keeping your chin tucked in, look upwards, tilt your ear away from the shoulder and turn your head toward that left side while maintaining your gaze upwards. Hold this beautiful stretch for 30 seconds and repeat it 3 times for each side twice per day.
With Chronic neck stiffness, you may actually have a stiff first rib due to a tight anterior scalene muscle. This can be caused by old trauma, stress or bad posture from sitting. Start by placing the inside part of the hand below the thumb firmly above your collar bone and over the first rib. Then take a big breath in, keep your chin tucked, look upwards slightly and tilt your ear away from the shoulder. Don’t forget to exhale and just keep breathing in and out normally while holding this stretch for 30 seconds. Repeat it 3 times for each side twice per day.
So our next exercise will talk about mobility for the neck, particularly with rotation. Quite often when the neck is very stiff, it can be quite uncomfortable to turn so I find that just simply giving your hand around your neck a bit of a tug there to help it support. You’re guiding the neck a bit through the range. So you start off here and you turn into a comfortable position. You can feel a bit of a discomfort on the end or a bit of stiffness between the shoulder blades or even in the side muscles of the neck like your traps and that’s completely fine. I would start off doing this 5 to 6 times, 5 to 6 times a day. So you want to just get more frequency throughout the day, and as you get better you can up your sets and reps. But it’s quite simple; you place your hands across here and then turn this way. In case of shoulder pain where you’re unable to reach across, you can still use the same side. The whole idea is that you want to rotate to a comfortable position. It’s ok to hit a bit of a barrier or a bit of discomfort and work your way back to the centre.
This next exercise is a mobility exercise that I generally use for upper quarter complaints. So that would be a stiff neck, stiff shoulder or stiff mid -back. It should be done comfortably several times per day. I usually start with 5 reps 5 times a day and then work my way up. You can experience a bit of discomfort or pain and I’ll demonstrate the exercise right now. So you simply point your thumbs up and you just want to move through a fews reps of this throughout the day. You might experience a tinge of discomfort or a tinge of pinching in the mid back for example. That would be very very normal especially in the early cases of acute onset of neck pain or mid back pain. It can be quite helpful even after a car accident where everything seems to seize up a bit. So Again, it’s a very simple motion up and down and you can experience a bit of discomfort and that’s completely fine. I would do it several times a day. Start with 5 reps of 5 sets and then work your way up from there.
So our next exercise is a range in motion mobility exercise. This is a great exercise after car accidents if your neck is a bit sore, if your upper back or shoulder blades are a bit sore. And this is something we usually say to do a few times a day for maybe 5 to 10 or up to 15 repetitions at a time. So this one can be done either sitting or standing, whatever’s the most comfortable and functional for you. And the set-up is quite simple. Start by crossing your arms comfortably in any position that you like. And then just actively turning your body to one side til you hit a bit of a barrier of some kind, and then come back. So this can be a bit sore, a bit stiff and you’re very much allowed to just bump into that. And then you might want to turn to the other side, touch a bit of a barrier and then come back. And so I would repeat that anywhere from 5 to 15 times, 3 times per day to start with.
Today’s exercise will give you a pain-free way to regain mobility in your neck, particularly in neck extension (looking up). The goal of this exercise is to allow you to either maintain the mobility in your neck after you see your physiotherapist or when you find that the extension motion is limited. 1) Find the right spot. Locate the fold in the bottom of your neck when you look up. 2) Use the edge of an unrolled towel pulling towards the direction of your eyes. 3) This exercise has to be 100% pain-free so maintain the direction of pull with your towel during the motion. 4) Start by pulling the towel towards the level of your eyes. Sustain this pull and look up. 5) Complete this 3 times for 3-5 second holds daily. Remember, you should feel NO PAIN during this exercise. If you find it painful, try modifying the angle of pull to find a pain-free zone. If you cannot find a pain-free zone, then do not perform this exercise and contact your treating therapist. | https://insyncphysio.com/neck-pain/ |
CKSS Student Services: Community Service
While Covid protocols are in place, the BEST way to submit any Volunteer Hours to Student Services is electronically (scanned document, legible picture file etc.) to [email protected].
October 2020 update: The Ministry of Education has indicated that students graduating in the 2020-2021 school
year must complete 20, not 40, hours community service.
year must complete 20, not 40, hours community service.
Every student in Ontario must perform 40 hours of Community Involvement in order to graduate from High School. It's hoped that this experience will guide students toward a lifetime of volunteering in the effort to create strong and caring communities. Community Service means you should be giving of yourself for the betterment of our community: Milton, Ontario, Canada, and beyond.
It is important to understand that students are not "earning volunteer hours", but are performing Community Service. In other words, not all volunteering is Community Service (e.g. volunteering in a doctor's office, or at a private dance studio). These sorts of activities will not qualify for the the 40 hours as they are businesses, and, as such, the owner of the business and the person volunteering benefit, but not the community.
Read the information below BEFORE beginning any Community Service Activity:
In order to have your Community Service recognized, you must do one of 2 things:
Work for an official non-profit organization, and have your hours confirmed in a letter typed on that organization’s official letterhead. Submit this letter to Mrs. Robin in Guidance.
Work for a needy person in the community, and have your hours confirmed in a hand-written letter by the person you assisted. This letter must include the person's phone number, the person's printed name, and the person's signature. Submit this letter to Mrs. Robin in Guidance.
Activities that ARE ELIGIBLE are:
Work for a non-profit organization
Tutoring or mentoring
Coaching
Work for clubs, religious groups, arts & cultural associations, or political organizations that seek to make a positive & ethical contribution in the community
Activities that are NOT ELIGIBLE are:
work completed during your regular class time
work that is required as part of one of your classes
work that would normally be performed by someone who is paid (in other words, you cannot volunteer to help a person or business in order to help them earn or save money)
work that provides direct financial gain to the student, or the student's immediate family
*Note: Hours submitted will be rounded to the nearest 1/2 hour (e.g. 27 hours and 10 minutes will count for 27 hours).
For Volunteer Opportunities please visit:
Virtual Volunteering Opportunities
What to Submit:
For Community Service Hours completed outside of the school:
Record of Community Involvement form, signed by the supervisor, then emailed to Ms. Hyde ([email protected]).
OR
An email from the supervisor that includes the number of hours completed, what the service involved, as well as the date the hours were completed.
For Community Service Hours completed in school at CKSS, under the supervision of a staff member, please have them fill out the CKSS Community Service Hours form (available only to school staff), sign it, and then submit it electronically to Student Services.
Click here to view the complete HDSB guidelines.
- If you have any questions, please contact Ms. Hyde ([email protected]) in Student Services.
- Hours can be submitted/dropped off to Mrs. Robin ([email protected]) in Student Services. | https://cks.hdsb.ca/student-services/community-involvement |
As time and necessity both set in, the chronology of a woman tells when it is time for dressing up real nice. Most women have been through this stage of their life where they get to need some change. Most often, a lot of women start by dressing sloppily without giving a care to what people think about them.
Also, at one point in life, women deal with the harsh reality that, despite who you really are, it is quite difficult to get the attention you seek if you are sloppily dressed.
Ever tried asking for directions from two people? The first person instructs you to take two turns, and the second person instructs you to take one turn. You decide to listen to the second person, and you take your chances with them.
According to social psychology knowledge, there are two main reasons that you would choose to listen to the second person. The first thing would be their confidence, and the second would be how sharply they are dressed. You are likely to take a well dressed person more seriously than a person whose dressing is not sharp.
Worse still, what would be the first thing to think about if two people approached you? One was smartly dressed and the other person looked a little more on the sloppy edge. Your answer to this question should guide you on to the reality of why it is important to dress well.
A Sharp Look
Sharply dressed people will always command the attention of others. A sharply dressed person is thought to have taken her time in finding the right clothes that fit her. More so, it is considered that the person went to the trouble of achieving a great look in the mirror, and they therefore deserve your attention. Stereotypes and notions that have been preconceived plague the mind, though unknowingly, and you judge somebody on the basis of how you see them.
Dressing is more of a Message
Self grooming is one of the ways in which people perceive you. In a subconscious way, people tend to create a link on whether you fit their caliber or not, on how you are dressed. Your dressing determines how powerful you wield your influence on them.
Dressing appropriately for work
Dressing for work is considered with some more specificity than the other areas. To make sure that you have the attention of your superiors as an able person within your docket, ensure that you dress appropriately.
Ensure that you have a proper fit for all that you wear. A perfect fit would not be as elegant if your retro kjoler was fitted with unfitting shoes. Try maximizing on your body shape as well, to ensure that you get the right fit for your clothes and other accessories.
If you have eye problems, ensure that your glasses do not seem blown out of proportion. Keep off from wearing your sunglasses at work, unless your office allows you to rock in casual code.
Appropriate Skirt Height
There are many reasons why people dress the way they do. You may just want to look the part, or more. When dressing for work, there is the normal allowed height, and some professional allowance to the height that is commonly acceptable.
The right skirt height separates you from being labeled as a flirt at work. It also keeps you from being undermined for wearing more like old folk.
Professionally, the accepted height for your skirt is, just above the knee. At this height, the skirt does not allow exposure of your hips. At the same time, long skirts are not encouraged in the corporate world, but a casual dress should totally go down to your legs, if worn long. | http://zakkamall.net/casual-style-the-way-to-rocking-a-good-dress/ |
Bone graft necrosis of facial translocation: comparison of 3 different techniques.
To compare the viability of translocated facial bone grafts among 3 different techniques of facial translocation: free bone graft (FBG), attached bone graft (ABG), and modified facial translocation (MFT). A total of 107 patients were divided into 3 groups: FBG group without reconstruction (N = 33), ABG group (N = 14), and FBG group with reconstruction using a flap (FBG[R+] and MFT) (N = 60). Data evaluated included the respective incidence of bone graft necrosis (BGN) and the impact of radiotherapy. The incidence of BGN significantly varied among the three different groups (P = 0.00003): FBG[R-] (11/33[33.3%]), ABG (1/14[7.1%]) and FBG[R+] and MFT (1/60[1.67%]). Soft tissue reconstruction significantly decreased the incidence of BGN (P = 0.00003), even in patients with radiation therapy (P = 0.00001). MFT significantly increases the viability of translocated facial bone grafts, which provides a good surgical approach to the anterior skull base.
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On May 3, there will be an online art auction commemorating the late Myers Park high school teacher Dean Barber. Several of the teacher's former students have gotten together to grant a scholarship in his name. The architects of the fundraiser will be working with eBay to raise money; their goal is to reach $10,000 in funds. The scholarship will be given to a Myers Park High School student and will be based on artistic endeavors, academic achievement and community service.
According to the organizers, "[Barber's] creative influence on his students was significant. One very visible sign of his success was the fact that year in and year out, his students won awards and accolades in local, state and national art competitions. Of course, several of his students won scholarships to some of the finest art colleges and institutions in the country, including the Pratt Institute, Columbus College of Art and Design, and Savannah College of Art and Design, to name a few."
To find out more about the fundraiser and to see more pictures of the artwork available for sale, visit www.barberfundraiser.org. | https://m.clclt.com/charlotte/dean-barber-online-art-auction/Content?oid=2145064 |
German colonialism has been until recently a marginalized subject in cultural studies, visual culture, and postcolonial studies in comparison to the analysis of the British and French colonial legacies. Seeking historical and cultural contributions (on case studies) as well as theoretical and philosophical interventions in the field of visual cultures and the arts, we start by asking two broad questions: How can we understand Germany’s complicated relation to its colonial past by turning to contemporary art, literature,and media. Secondly, how is contemporary German thought to be understood differently in relation to discourses of diaspora, displacement, migration, and dislocation vis-à-vis their mediation, given its delayed engagement with postcoloniality. Considering this broad framing, we aim to focus on forms of reenactment, aesthetic and political reconstructions of past events, to enquire into the intricate relation between art, visuality, time, space, and the production of knowledge to address, one way or another, the presence of colonialism—as historic, ahistoric, historicized, or post-historic—within and beyond the archives.
The term and concept of reenactment has been transformed in an art context lately by signifying performative practices in aesthetics, the entanglements of politics and art, documentary and fiction in film and media, the work of political and cultural activists to establish lieux de mémoire in public spaces through excavating the German politics of extermination in Africa. Such reenactments disclose the hidden forms and methods of the hegemony of knowledge in institutional politics.
Drawing our impetus from the museum, political activism, and institutions that have developed a post-ethnographic reflexive stance on their own collection of art, artefacts and history dating back to the 19th and the beginning of the 20th- century-German colonial politics and history in Southwest Africa and beyond, we ask: How are the archives of the past contrapuntally exposed in the living present? How are we to investigate the other beyond the expediency of postcolonial research and multicultural wishful thinking?
Through a collection of essays on art, space, literature, film and media as well as contributions by artists working in that discursive area, we seek to reanimate the discussion on the formation of new performative knowledge. We want to understand the distinctive German postcolonial epistemologies and simultaneously pry them open to offer new insights to counter various instances of epistemic violence and interrelate artistic knowledge and theoretical research in a new politics of aesthetics.
We invite authors to contribute to this special issue of Third Text by submitting proposals of 300-400 words as well as a biographical statement including institutional affiliation, contact information and publications.
The deadline for article proposals is October 31, 2015. Final articles of 5000 words will be peer-reviewed.
Send submissions to [email protected]
Guest Editors: | https://www.jadaliyya.com/Details/32529 |
DAMASCUS: With days to go before the World Cup, bustling markets in Syria’s capital are blanketed in the flags of competing countries — but host and government ally Russia is taking centre stage.
The flags of usual favourites Argentina, Germany, and Brazil are still displayed prominently, but years of steadfast Russian support to Syria’s war-weary government has earned it newfound football fandom.
Its tri-colour hangs from ropes strung across the packed streets of the Al-Qaymariyah market in Damascus’s Old City, and pokes out of a bouquet of flags planted outside one shopfront.
“Before the troubles in Syria, no one would support the Russian team. It was a regular team, not a particularly strong one,” says Ahmad al-Mudramani, an avid football fan who runs an electronics store in Al-Qaymariyah.
“But after they intervened in Syria, they found supporters here,” he says.
“People are at ease today — they can watch the World Cup with passion instead of fear,” says Mudramani.
Still, Hamoud Khamees displays Syria’s two-star flag among dozens of others outside his modest storefront.
the store window,” says Khamees. “Some people buy the Russian flag to make a political statement through sports,” he says.
Mahmud Abu Malek, 50, is stacking boxes of what he calls “decryption” machines — used by Syrians to intercept satellite TV channels airing the World Cup without paying the exorbitant subscription packages.
“There’s a huge demand this year to follow the World Cup,” he tells AFP, but legal access to satellite channels is unaffordable for most Syrians.
“There are the strong teams, Arab teams, and allied teams,” lists Abu Malek, in reference to Russia and other countries which stood by Assad’s government. “No one wants to buy an expensive machine to watch Russia play,” he says. | https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/329161-syrian-markets-blanket-with-wc-countries-flags |
Warm bechamel is blended with pico de gallo, a Mexican 4-cheese blend & hot sauce to create a delectable queso. Serve with crisp tortilla chips.
Ingredients
|Amount||Item|
|1 gal||Hot water (180°-190°F)|
|2 bags||Foothill Farms® White Sauce Instant Mix (#0701)|
|8 c||Mexican 4 cheese blend (Monterey jack, cheddar, queso quesadilla & asadero), fine shred|
|6 c||Pico de gallo|
|1/2 c||Hot sauce|
|2 tsp||Kosher salt|
|Tortilla chips|
Instructions
Pour hot water into a mixing container. Pour White Sauce Mix into water while vigorously stirring with a wire whisk. Continue stirring until mix is dissolved and sauce is smooth.
Stir in cheese and whisk until melted.
Stir in pico de gallo, hot sauce and salt. Stir until well blended. Serve with chips. | http://www.precisionfoods.com/Foodservice/recipes/Pico-Queso |
Dirty or clogged toilet pipes can cause your toilet to stop flushing properly and lead to expensive repair bills. You can save yourself the expense of a plumber by maintaining your pipes yourself. Regardless of your experience level, you can clean your toilet pipes using one of two different methods. A drain auger can be used to clean larger obstructions out of your pipes, and lye, or caustic soda, can be used to remove smaller debris for blockage prevention.
Turn off the water to your toilet and flush it to remove any water from its rear tank.
Remove the flange bolt covers located near the floor on the left and right side of the toilet. Use an adjustable wrench to remove the bolts holding the toilet in place.
Place several towels around the base of the toilet and slowly lift the toilet up and off of the drain hole opening.
Feed the auger tip into the drain hole opening while turning its handle in a clockwise direction.
Continue feeding the auger tip through your pipes until you feel resistance. This indicates that you have reached debris in the pipe. Repeatedly work the auger backward and forward to chew through the blockage.
Turn the knob of the drain auger in a counter-clockwise direction to remove it from the pipe.
Pour a bucket full of hot water into the drain hole opening to help clear out any residual debris.
Reinstall your toilet and secure it in place using the screws you removed earlier. Place the bolt covers over the bolts securing the toilet in place and turn the water to your toilet back on.
Flush your toilet after the tank is full to ensure that the pipe is adequately cleaned and that the toilet seal is not leaking.
Put on a pair of gloves and safety goggles.
Place 2 tbsp. of lye directly into your toilet and allow it to settle to the bottom of the bowl.
Flush the toilet and wait for the bowl to completely empty and the tank to refill.
Place an additional 2 tbsp. of lye into the toilet and allow it to settle to the bottom of the bowl.
Flush the toilet and hold the handle down so that the bowl and tank are empty.
Resume normal use of your toilet.
Do not attempt to use a drain auger without removing the toilet. Running an auger through a toilet can damage the surface of the bowl and the toilet's internal pipe.
A drain auger can also be used to clear total blockages in your toilet pipes.
Do not allow the lye to come in contact with your skin. It is extremely caustic and can lead to chemical burns. | https://www.ehow.com/how_8177365_clean-toilet-pipes.html |
Notice what in your life makes you sad, frustrated, or angry. Try to address or change those things. Express your feelings in appropriate ways. Let people close to you know when something is bothering you.
How would you describe your mental wellbeing?
Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
What is mental health and wellbeing examples?
Defining mental health
Enjoyment of life. Having the ability to cope with and ‘bounce back’ from stress and sadness. Being able to set and fulfil goals. Having the capability to build and maintain relationships with others.
How does the way you express emotions reflect your mental health?
Emotions that are freely experienced and expressed without judgment or attachment tend to flow fluidly without impacting our health. On the other hand, repressed emotions (especially fearful or negative ones) can zap mental energy, negatively affect the body, and lead to health problems..
What is a positive mental health?
Positive mental health refers to the presence of positive emotions and good functioning (in both individual and social environments). Work being done by Corey Keyes at Emory has shown that individuals with high positive mental health are less likely to develop depression and chronic disease.
What is considered good mental health?
“Having good mental health is about feeling positive about ourselves and others, being able to form good relationships, and having the resilience to overcome challenges.” Someone who has good mental health will likely be able to: Feel, express and manage a range of positive and negative emotions.
What is mental health and mental wellbeing?
Mental health includes our emotional, psychological, and social well-being. It affects how we think, feel, and act. It also helps determine how we handle stress, relate to others, and make choices. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood and adolescence through adulthood.
What is the best way to improve your mental wellbeing?
Tips for improving your mental wellbeing
- Relax and reduce stress.
- Find ways to learn and be creative.
- Spend time in nature.
- Connect with others.
- Look after your physical health.
- Try to get enough sleep.
How can we have good health and wellbeing?
Here are a few effective and tested ways that can help you improve your wellbeing:
- Take Proper Sleep: …
- Eat a Balanced Diet: …
- Expose Your Body to Sunlight: …
- Deal with Stress: …
- Exercise Daily: …
- Stay Away from Smoking and Alcohol: …
- Be Social, as Much as You Can: …
- Find and Practice New Hobbies:
How do positive emotions help your health and well being?
When positive emotions open us up to new possibilities, we are more able to learn and build on our skills. That leads to doing better on tasks and tests. People who have plenty of positive emotions in their everyday lives tend to be happier, healthier, learn better, and get along well with others.
How do you promote mental health awareness?
8 Ways You Can Raise Community Awareness during Mental Health Month
- Talk with everyone you know. …
- Open up about your experience. …
- Encourage kind language. …
- Educate yourself about mental illness. …
- Coordinate a mental health screening event. …
- Volunteer. …
- Leverage social media.
What do you write in a mental health journal?
10 Journaling Prompts for Mental Health
- Talk About Your Day.
- Identify Things You’re Grateful For.
- Write a List of Your Coping Mechanisms.
- Describe a Goal.
- Write About How Different You Were 5 Years Ago.
- Write a Letter to Your Body.
- List and Describe Your Emotions.
- Write About How You’d Describe Yourself to a Stranger.
Why is having positive mental health important?
Why is positive mental health important? A strong foundation in childhood can lead to a healthy, happy and productive life. Good mental health contributes to strong relationships and better health at home and school. It can also help to prevent the onset of other mental health issues like anxiety and depression.
Why is good mental wellbeing important?
Our moods, physical health, and social connections help us cope better with adversity and unexpected hurdles. … By taking a proactive stance of improving, maintaining, and nurturing our mental health, we can ensure that we live healthy, productive, and meaningful lives.
What are 5 positive mental health traits?
Characteristics of Mental Health
- They feel good about themselves.
- They do not become overwhelmed by emotions, such as fear, anger, love, jealousy, guilt, or anxiety.
- They have lasting and satisfying personal relationships.
- They feel comfortable with other people.
- They can laugh at themselves and with others. | https://thepleasurenutritionist.com/your-psychologist/best-answer-how-you-express-your-mental-health-and-well-being.html |
Examples of activities that can be used while reading Too Loud Lily and throughout the day to promote social and emotional development: · Talk with children about loud and soft voices. Have children demonstrate a loud voice and a quiet voice. Have children think of some examples of good times to use loud voices and quiet voices. Talk about inside and outside voices. Where would you use a loud voice (outside)? Where would you use a quiet voice (inside)? Ask children what they would do if they felt like they wanted to use an outside voice, but it was not an outside time. · Talk with the children about why they think Lily gets in trouble in the story. Did she mean to get her friends in trouble? Why were her friends mad at her? What could her friends have done to help her? How do they think Lily felt? Have children role play situations where they help Lily. · Ask the children if they remember how Lily felt the night of the play (re-read that part of the story if needed). Why do they think that Lily was nervous on the night of the play? Make sure to talk about what nervous means. Talk about how Lily felt when she was nervous (her heart was thumping and her knees were shaking). Ask the children if they have ever felt nervous? Why did they feel nervous? Did their heart thump and knees shake? · Talk with the children about what the word talent means and how we all have different talents. What types of things do they like to do? What are their talents? Help children think about things they like to do. For example, do they like to sing, dance, draw, or build things? Have a class talent show if children are interested in "showing off" their talents!
The Center on the Social and Emotional Foundations for Early Learning
Office of Head Start
Child Care Bureau
Book Nook
· Before reading the story, give each child a card with a "loud" picture (Lily yelling or cymbals crashing) on one side and a "quiet" picture on the other side. Label each side of the card as loud or quiet. On each page of the story, have all the children hold up their cards if they think it is a time for Lily to be quiet or loud. Continue the game with the daily schedule. Hold up pictures of different activities/routines across the schedule and let children use their cards to show if they think they should be quiet or loud during that activity. · Ask the children to close their eyes and listen carefully. Tell them that you are going to stand in different parts of the room and talk in a loud or quiet voice. They will try to guess where you are standing. After trying this for a few minutes, ask the children if it is easier to guess when you are using a loud or quiet voice. Reading the same book for several days in a row is a great way to provide opportunities for infants, toddlers, and preschoolers to develop a sense of competence and confidence, which is an important part of social and emotional development. They become able to turn pages, point at and label pictures, talk about the story, predict what will happen next, learn new vocabulary words, talk about their own experiences in relation to the story and even make up their own story! Try reading Too Loud Lily for several days in a row and use some of the ideas, activities, and teaching opportunities listed below to enhance social and emotional skills.
Quiet and Loud Voices
Music and Movement: Play and dance to loud and quiet music. Remind children how Lily found out that she was very good at making music and dancing. Ask children if Lily played her music loud or quiet? Have a variety of instruments available so children can choose an instrument to play or they can just dance to the music. Using the same "loud and quiet" picture cards mentioned above, ask children to play the music or dance loud or quiet based on the picture card you show them. Ask which children like playing loud music. Who likes playing quiet music? Ask the children who are dancing, how dancing to quiet music is different from dancing to loud music. Which one do they like better? Children can switch places so everyone gets a turn to play instruments and dance. Art: Remind children that one of the times Lily was too loud was when she laughed at a funny note that her friend had given her. Ask the children to think of some funny things that make them laugh that they would like to tell a friend. Give each child a piece of paper and some markers, crayons, pencils, etc. Encourage the children to draw something funny to give to a friend, and then individually support children in writing their "funny note." Have the children pick a friend to give the letter to or have them draw names in order to make sure that each child gets a "funny note." Science: Experiment with loud voices and quiet voices. Play a game of "telephone" and try to whisper a word around to all of the children in the center. See if the word is the same when it is whispered to the last child as the word when the game started. Let the children experiment with paper cup telephones. Can they hear each other when they use their loud voices? Their whispering voices? Language and Literacy: Tell the children that you can talk without making any noise at all! You can talk with your hands! Teach children some signs that they can use throughout the day (please, thank you, want, help, milk, juice, and cookie). Post pictures of the signs in the classroom and encourage children to try to use them. A good website for learning signs is: http://commtechlab.msu.edu/sites/aslweb/browser.htm. Have the children try to use their silent voices and talk with their hands. Ask the children if they think it would have been good for Lily to learn sign language. What signs would they teach Lilly? This Book Nook was developed by Jenna Shepcaro, Mandy Higgins and Tweety Yates
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Our content is added by our users. We aim to remove reported files within 1 working day. Please use this link to notify us: | http://www.readbag.com/csefel-vanderbilt-booknook-loudbilly |
Published 1993 by Golden Owl Publishing Co. in Amawalk, NY .
Written in EnglishRead online
Edition Notes
|Other titles||Jackdaw. No. 124., Tutankhamun and the discovery of the tomb, jackdaw no. 124.|
|Statement||[written and developed by Rebecca Spears Schwartz, Rue Anne Wood].|
|Contributions||Wood, Rue Anne.|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||21 leaves.|
|Number of Pages||21|
|ID Numbers|
|Open Library||OL16225122M|
|ISBN 10||1566960371|
Download Tutankhamun & the discovery of the tomb, jackdaw 124. Jackdaw takeoff study guide
Discovery of the Tomb J This Jackdaw traces the story of the excavation, illustrating Howard Carter’s work as an archaeologist and the enormous public interest in the discovery of the tomb. Through pictures — both full-color and black and white — drawings, and a hands-on model, it shows the treasures buried with the young pharaoh.
When Tutankhamun tomb was discovered in AD, it caused a sensation around the world. The closely intact tomb was a time paradox waiting to be discovered which allowing scholars to gain important information concerning life and death in ancient s: An intriguing read on the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb by Howard Carter himself.
Carter touches on a wide range of topics - Tutankhamun's context, the history of the Valley of the Kings, his previous work at the Valley, before focusing on the discovery of the tomb itself, and the methods he used for conservation and preservation/5.
The team had discovered the tomb of Tutankhamun, the boy king who ruled Egypt from about to BC. Though there was evidence the tomb Author: Alex Arbuckle. In all, it took Carter and his colleagues 10 years to document and clear out Tutankhamun's tomb.
After Carter completed his work at the tomb inhe began to write a six-volume definitive work, "A Report Upon the Tomb of Tut 'ankh Amun." Carter died before he was able to finish, passing away at his home Kensington, London, on March 2, King Tutankhamun (or Tutankhamen) ruled Egypt as pharaoh for 10 years until his death at around B.C.
After British archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the boy pharaoh’s tomb. When was Tutankhamun's tomb discovered.
Who discovered Tutankhamun's tomb. Who paid for the excavations. What was found inside the tomb. How many years did the archaeologist look for the tomb. Why was the discovery so important for historians. Click on the arrow below to start.
The upcoming SBS series Tutankhamun tells the story of the discovery of the burial chambers of the teenage pharaoh – the most important.
King Tutankhamun was born around B.C.E. Although he was a minor Egyptian ruler, the discovery of his tomb made him famous. He died at the age of InHoward Carter found the tomb.
The jackdaw 124. Jackdaw takeoff study guide book inside this four-room tomb included the stone sarcophagus, mummified remains, gold coffin and thousands of other artifacts.
Howard Carter took 10 years to catalog the items. Recent analysis suggests a dagger recovered from the tomb had an iron blade made from a meteorite; study of artifacts of the time including other artifacts from Tutankhamun’s tomb could provide valuable insights into metalworking technologies around the Mediterranean at the time.
Buy Tutankhamun and the Discovery of the Tomb: A Collection of Documents (Jackdaw) by Magnusson, Magnus (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store.
Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible s: 1. The discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun was made where the team was camped. (Einsamer Schütze / Public Domain) One of the main reasons that the tomb was so elusive to discover was the fact that roughly two centuries after it was sealed, the tomb was largely covered with rubble – perhaps unintentionally – with the creation of newer nearby.
Discovery of the Tutankhamun Tomb. sosheen. views. Middle School. An explanation of the discovery of Tutankhamu. Remove Ads. Embeddable Player Remove Ads. Recommended Videos. Geometry Vocabulary. moomoomath. Aurora Borealis February ehsaltiora. Lecture 10 - How Science Is.
kgosha. Writing a linear equation. Who discovered the Tomb of Tutankhamun. We jackdaw 124. Jackdaw takeoff study guide book you. Egyptology is the scientific study of the ancient Egyptian civilization.
Many were the travelers who came to Egypt, but a systematic exploration was not made until the end of the 18th was the French scholars and cartoonists who accompanied Napoleon on his military expedition to Egypt, the first to do so. Tutankhamun (sometimes called “King Tut”) was an ancient Egyptian king.
He ruled from BCE until his death in BCE. His tomb is more significant than his short reign. The discovery of Tutankhamun’s largely intact tomb in is considered one of the most significant archaeological discoveries in the modern era.
The Tomb of Tutankhamun: Volume 1: Search, Discovery and Clearance of the Antechamber (Bloomsbury Revelations) by Howard Carter () out of 5 stars 4 PaperbackReviews: This richly illustrated book of vintage photographs commemorates one of the most memorable episodes in the history of archaeology: the discovery and exploration in of the tomb of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun (Dyna ruled ca.
B.C.). These photographs, documenting every stage in the process of discovery, were taken by the renowned archaeological photographer.
Here are key facts about the site. Untouched treasure. In NovemberBritish archaeologist Howard Carter discovered the tomb along with its treasure of more than 5, objects, many in solid gold.
When Howard Carter unsealed the tomb of Tutankhamun inhe set off a series of discoveries that would capture the imagination of the world and set off an enduring love affair with the.
Tutankhamun Expedition. In the yeara relationship between a gifted Egyptologist & archaeologist by the name Howard Carter and the 5th Earl of Carnarvon led to the most famous archaeological discovery of all time “King Tutankhamun Tomb Discovery“.In that year, Lord Carnarvon hired Carter to discover the tomb of an ancient young pharaoh of the glorious 18th dynasty named king Tutankhamen.
The Excavation and Discovery of Tutankhamun's Tomb Essay Words | 4 Pages. The excavation and discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb was as a result of the efforts of the Archaeologist Howard Carter and his team.
Carter’s discovery of the tomb came by finding steps to the burial near the entrance to the tomb Ramses VI. The discovery of King Tutankhamun’s tomb is considered the most famous discovery in the history of archaeology, and in modern times, the context of its discovery has been lost.
The Exhibition allows visitors to experience the background of this historic discovery,and to get to know the most important artifacts through stunning and. The discovery of the resting place of the great Egyptian King Tutankhamun in November by Howard Carter and the fifth Earl of Carnarvon was the greatest archaeological find the world had ever seen/5(1).
The discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun caused a sensation and raised the profile of Ancient Egypt with modern tourists and scholars. His tomb had been robbed at least twice before its discovery by Howard Carter but based on the items taken (including perishable oils and perfumes) and the evidence of restoration of the tomb it is likely that these robberies took place fairly soon after the.
Today, Tutankhamun’s tomb is considered to be one of the world’s great art treasures. When his burial items go on tour, they continue to draw record crowds. Its fame is due in no small part to the grave goods in King Tutankhamun’s tomb being intact when Howard Carter discovered it.
Intact royal burials are rare making King Tutankhamun’s tomb a very special discovery. Get this from a library. In search of Tutankhamun: the discovery of a king's tomb. [Giovanni Caselli] -- Describes the discovery of the tomb of the Egyptian king Tutankhamun and what it revealed about everyday life in his time.
Tutankhamun’s tomb is located in the Valley of the Kings and is by far the best preserved royal tomb ever discovered.
The tomb, which was thought to be left intact, was believed to be robbed twice. Even though this tomb revealed treasure beyond our imagination, it was modestly furnished compared to the pharaohs before and after Tutankhamun.
After World War I, Carter began an intensive search for “King Tut’s Tomb,” finally finding steps to the burial room hidden in the debris near the entrance of the nearby tomb of King Ramses. The Discovery of Tutankhamun’s Tomb. The Egyptologist Howard Carter had worked in Egypt for 31 years before he found King Tutankhamun’s tomb.
He began his career in Egypt at the age 17 copying wall paintings and hieroglyphic inscriptions and in was appointed the Inspector-General of Monuments in Upper Egypt. Jackdaws - hands-on history - transport you back in time and make the past come alive.
A Jackdaw is a treasure chest of primary source materials. You will read and examine full-size reproductions of actual letters, diaries, telegrams and newspapers, study maps.
King Tutankhamun Tomb The Secrets of King Tutankhamen & Treasures. King Tutankhamun Tomb in the Valley of the Kings his Treasures, His life & Death,his curse and the latest scan of King Tutankhamen Tomb. A journey to ancient Egypt exploring and learn about the golden king Tutankhamun’s tomb and history of the King Tutankhamun the boy king was an Egyptian pharaoh.
THE discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb nearly a century ago ignited our fascination with the Egyptians and made his iconic mask famous.
But who actually was King Tut, where is his final resting. The ancient Egyptians built magnificent tombs for their pharaohs in the dry sand of the Valley of the Kings. By the early 20th century, 61 had been discovered, but Howard Carter was determined to find the tomb of Tutankhamun, a boy king who came to the throne aged 9, in B.C.
InCarter uncovered some steps in the sand that led down to a sealed door. A study, carried out by the British Medical Journal looked at the 44 people said to be with Carter when he opened the tomb. "The discovery of Tutankhamun’s tomb.
It led to the tomb of king Tutankhamun ( – BC). Inside were fabulous treasures and the golden sarcophagus containing the king’s mummified remains. Now Dynamichrome have colorized Harry Burton’s photographs (via The Griffith Institute) for The Discovery of King Tut, opening in New York on Nov.
21, The antechamber chamber of the tomb of Tutankhamun was described by Carter as being in a state of “organized chaos”, containing around seven hundred items including the components of four chariots, a collapsible sunshade, a number of senet boards, four ritual couches, a gilded wooden half-length bust of Tutankhamun wearing a flat crown and two near life-size wooden figures that flanked the.
The discovery of the resting place of the great Egyptian King Tutankhamun in November by Howard Carter and the fifth Earl of Carnarvon was the greatest archaeological find the world had ever seen.
Despite its plundering by thieves in antiquity, the burial of the king lay intact with its nest of coffins and funerary shrines, surrounded by a mass of burial equipment arranged.
The mystery of Tutankhamun's tomb takes another twist. A new documentary about the Egyptian pharaoh Tutankhamun will add to the intrigue that continues to surround the curse of 'King Tut'. Book.
See all. Item description " In Search of Tutankhamun: The Discovery of a King's Tomb by Caselli, Giovanni A copy that has been read, but remains in clean condition. All pages are intact, and the cover is intact.
The spine may show signs of wear. Pages can include limited notes and highlighting, and the copy can include previous owner. New Discovery – from the tomb of Tutankhamun bracelet New archaeological discoveries can be the result not only of careful research into what has been found within the literature and artifacts of ancient civilizations, but also of equally careful research into what has been lost and not found.
The discovery of this bracelet with its complex clockwork mechanism is exciting not only for its. The book opens with an Introduction by James P.
Allen, Curator in the Metropolitan Museum's Department of Egyptian Art, which presents a historical background for the story of the discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb and the significance of its contents, placing the excavation and the events surrounding it in context.
The Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamen by Howard Carter As you read try to imagine what it might have felt like to discover the tomb of an ancient king.
We had before us the entrance to a tomb, but there was always the horrible possibility that the tomb was an unfinished one, never completed and. The discovery made Tutankhamun, who died after just nine years on the throne, one of Egypt's best-known pharaohs.
Ina study of DNA tests and CT scans concluded that he suffered from an often-fatal form of malaria and a club foot that caused him to walk with a cane. | https://farucelijiw.birminghamasphaltcontractor.com/tutankhamun-the-discovery-of-the-tomb-jackdaw-124-jackdaw-takeoff-study-guide-book-18640ea.php |
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