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In part I of this series on the sun and Earth’s climate, I covered the characteristics of the sun’s 11 and 22 year cycles, the observed laws which describe the behavior of the sunspot cycle, how proxy data is used to reconstruct a record of solar cycles of the past, Grand Solar Maxima and Minima, the relationship between Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) and the sunspot cycle, and the relevance of these factors to earth’s climate system. In part II, I went over the structure of the sun, and some of the characteristics of each layer, which laid the groundwork for part III, in which I explained the solar dynamo: the physical mechanism underlying solar cycles, which I expanded upon in part IV, in which I talked about some common approaches to solar dynamo modeling, including Mean Field Theory. This installment covers how all of that relates to climate change and the current warming trend.
The sun is responsible for nearly all of the energy entering our climate system, so it should come as no surprise that variations in Total Solar Irradiance throughout solar cycles do indeed affect Earth’s climate (Eddy 1977, Bond 2001, Solanki 2002, de Jager 2008). Knowing this, it’s natural to wonder whether solar variations are to blame for the current global warming trend. There’s nothing irrational about wondering “hey, you know that gigantic fusion reactor fireball thing in the sky? What if that thing has something to do with global warming and climate change?” I want to emphasize that this is by no means a crazy or unreasonable question to ask. It’s just that with the current warming we’re not just looking at cyclical oscillations or subtle fluctuations; we’re looking at a clear trend (NOAA 2016, Anderson et al 2013, Hansen et al 2010). And changes in solar activity are simply not sufficient to explain that rate and magnitude of the current trend (Frohlich 1998, Meehl et al 2004, Wild 2007, Lean and Rind 2008, Duffy 2009, Gray et al 2010, Kopp 2011).
Image 1 c/o Myhre et al in IPCC Report 2013.
Image 2 c/o Myhre et al IPCC Report 2013.
It has been estimated that climate forcings attributable to solar variability have not contributed more than 30% of the global warming from 1970 – 1999 (Solanki 2003). To add insult to injury, 15 of the 16 hottest years on the instrumental record have occurred since the turn of the millennium, and more recent analyses have found that the solar activity and global temperature trends have been moving in opposite directions in recent cycles (Lockwood and Frohlich 2007 and 2008, Lockwood 2009). Moreover, researchers have found that the warming trend becomes even clearer after correcting for El Niños and volcanic and solar forcings (Foster 2011).
That’s right! Solar activity has actually declined in the last decade, and this last cycle (solar cycle 24) has been well below average amplitude (Jiang 2015, Pesnell 2016). So if changes in solar activity were the principle determinant of the recent changes, we should expect to be experiencing cooling: not warming. So this is also ruled out as a principle cause of late 20th century and early 21st century global warming and resultant climate change. Look at how solar forcings stack up against the observed temperature curve from Meehl et al 2004.
Firstly, if greenhouse gases are primarily responsible, we should expect to see little change in the amount of solar energy entering the earth’s atmosphere, but a decrease in the amount leaving. Contrastingly, if the sun is primarily responsible, we should expect to see an increase both in the energy entering earth’s atmosphere and the amount leaving. Since the mid-late 1970s, we’ve been able to measure this with satellites.
Lo and behold! It turns out that the rate of energy coming in from the sun has changed very little, while the rate at which energy leaves the earth has decreased significantly (Harries 2001, Griggs and Harries 2007, Philipona 2004, Leroy 2008, Worden 2008, Huang et al 2010). This is the proverbial smoking gun evidence that recent climate change is not due to changes in solar forcing, but rather to the greenhouse effect.
Secondly, if the warming effects were attributable primarily to the sun, then we should be seeing a very different distribution of temperatures than what we are actually observing. Specifically, warming due to solar forcing should be most prominent during the daytime and during the summer months, because these are the times during which the sun is most intensely bombarding the earth.
However, what we observe instead is that night time and winter temperatures are increasing faster than would be the case if the sun was chiefly responsible for the trend (Alexander et al 2006, Caesar et al 2006). This distribution cannot be explained by natural variability, but is consistent with the predictions of the greenhouse effect explanation (Brown 2008). The energy is entering the climate system during the day when the sun is shining, and is getting trapped by greenhouse gases, which slows down the rate at which that energy can escape the earth’s atmosphere. Alexander et al in particular found that over 70% of the land area sampled showed a significant increase in the occurrence of warm nights annual from 1951 – 2003, and a corresponding decrease in the occurrence of cold nights (Alexander et al 2006). So, here we have multiple lines of smoking gun evidence unanimously converging on the conclusion that current climate change cannot be blamed on changes in solar activity.
Could a Grand Minimum Mitigate 21st Century Global Warming?
Okay, so we know that variations in Total Solar Irradiance can’t account for the current warming trend, but what if we just lucked out and entered a new Grand Solar Minimum? How likely is it that it would stop or reverse the trend, and make the last few decades of climate science research and undesirable predictions seem like much ado about nothing? This possibility has been investigated in several papers as well. Although the predictions vary slightly insofar as the precise amounts by which TSI and temperatures would be reduced, they all arrive at reductions in TSI of no greater than a few watts per square meter, a slowing of ascending temperatures by no more than 0.1 – 0.3 °C, and therefore imply that a 21st Century Grand Minimum would (at most) slightly slow global warming down temporarily without actually stopping it (Wigley et al 1990, Feulner and Rahmstorf 2010, Jones et al 2012, Meehl et al 2013, Anet et al 2013, Maycock et al 2015). One might reason that any delay in the warming trend would be better than nothing, because it might buy some time for the innovation and implementation of mitigation and/or coping strategies, and I would not be compelled to argue against that, but the current weight of the evidence suggests that it would be of only marginal help at best.
In summary, solar cycles can affect earth’s weather and climate, both on decadal scales in correspondence with the 11 year sunspot cycle, as well as longer term amplitude changes associated with grand solar maxima and minima.
The prevailing scientific theory for the mechanism underlying these cycles is the solar dynamo, which explains the associated magnetic field oscillations in terms of a branch of physics called magnetohydronamics. It accounts for the observed sunspot butterfly diagrams, Sporer’s Law, Joy’s Law, and Hale’s Polarity Law, and explains the 11 and 22 year cycle periods. Mean Field theory is one of the ways in which stellar astrophysicists simplify solar dynamo model calculations, but it has its limitations.
Multiple lines of evidence suggest the current warming trend on earth is not caused by an increase in solar activity. We know from satellite data that there has been no substantial increase in the amount of solar energy (TSI) entering earth’s climate system, but less of it has been making it back out into space. Moreover, winter and night time warming has increased rapidly, which is consistent with the greenhouse effect explanation, but not with the solar forcing explanation.
Additionally, if a 21st Century Grand Solar Minimum were to occur, it would most-likely have a noticeable but small slowing effect on Global Warming and the resultant Climate Change.
What we humans should do about this is not a strictly scientific question, because it depends not only on model predictions but also on normative issues, personal values, and cost-benefit analyses of different potential solution strategies (both technological and political). However, what we do know with VERY high confidence is that global warming and climate change are happening, and that the sun is not to blame for it.
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Brown, S. J., Caesar, J., & Ferro, C. A. (2008). Global changes in extreme daily temperature since 1950. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 113(D5).
Caesar, J., Alexander, L., & Vose, R. (2006). Large‐scale changes in observed daily maximum and minimum temperatures: Creation and analysis of a new gridded data set. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 111(D5).
De Jager, C. (2008). Solar activity and its influence on climate. Neth. J. Geosci. Geologie En Mijnbouw, 87, 207-213.
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Hansen, J., Ruedy, R., Sato, M., & Lo, K. (2010). Global surface temperature change. Reviews of Geophysics, 48(4).
Harries, J. E., Brindley, H. E., Sagoo, P. J., & Bantges, R. J. (2001). Increases in greenhouse forcing inferred from the outgoing longwave radiation spectra of the Earth in 1970 and 1997. Nature, 410(6826), 355-357.
Huang, Y., Leroy, S., Gero, P. J., Dykema, J., & Anderson, J. (2010). Separation of longwave climate feedbacks from spectral observations. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 115(D7).
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Kopp, G., & Lean, J. L. (2011). A new, lower value of total solar irradiance: Evidence and climate significance. Geophysical Research Letters, 38(1).
Lean, J. L., & Rind, D. H. (2008). How natural and anthropogenic influences alter global and regional surface temperatures: 1889 to 2006. Geophysical Research Letters, 35(18).
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Lockwood, M., & Fröhlich, C. (2007, October). Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (Vol. 463, No. 2086, pp. 2447-2460). The Royal Society.
Lockwood, M., & Fröhlich, C. (2008, June). Recent oppositely directed trends in solar climate forcings and the global mean surface air temperature. II. Different reconstructions of the total solar irradiance variation and dependence on response time scale. In Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences (Vol. 464, No. 2094, pp. 1367-1385). The Royal Society.
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Maycock, A. C., Ineson, S., Gray, L. J., Scaife, A. A., Anstey, J. A., Lockwood, M., … & Osprey, S. M. (2015). Possible impacts of a future grand solar minimum on climate: Stratospheric and global circulation changes. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120(18), 9043-9058.
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Pesnell, W. D. (2016). Predictions of Solar Cycle 24: How are we doing?. Space Weather, 14(1), 10-21.
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Epic failure on that hypothesis…..nighttime atmospheric heat retention is due to water molecules in the air from high humidity, cloud cover etc. CO2 does nothing to retain atmospheric heat at night.
This comment is wrong on at least two levels. Firstly, although it’s true that water vapor is a more powerful greenhouse gas, contrarians who use that to downplay the significance of anthropogenic CO2 forcing are neglecting the self-reinforcing feedback loop relationship between water vapor and CO2. When atmospheric concentrations of CO2 go up, it causes average temperatures to increase through the greenhouse effect, which in turn increases water evaporation, thus leading to a further temperature increase through the greenhouse effect, thus increasing evaporation, and so on and so forth.
Climate science contrarians who use this argument are taking that fact out of context to imply that, since increased water vapor is responsible for a large portion of the observed greenhouse effect, human induced CO2 forcing is therefore no big deal, but that is not correct. They are not independent parameters, and representing them as such is extremely disingenuous and/or indicative of a poor understanding of the subject.
Moreover, atmospheric water vapor levels vary constantly via day to day changes in precipitation at any given location, whereas CO2 can remain in the atmosphere for hundreds of years. That means that fossil fuel emissions are driving long term changes in average atmospheric water vapor levels (which had otherwise been relatively stable for a very long time) by increasing average temperatures, and by proxy forcing long term changes in global climate.
Increased CO2 concentrations of anthropogenic origin are AMPLIFYING the greenhouse effects of water vapor. So, the fact that water vapor is a more powerful GHG is ultimately a moot point.
Secondly, the claim that CO2 can’t trap heat at night is completely nonsensical. The heat it traps is not coming directly from the sun, but rather from the infrared heat re-emitted from the ground, which happens both day and night. There is no contingency on daylight hours for CO2 retaining heat, but there IS contingency on daylight hours for radiant heating directly from increased solar irradiation. Plus, we have direct evidence that Total Solar Irradiance has actually decreased: not increased. Therefore your contention is based on faulty assumptions. This is basic physics. | https://www.crediblehulk.org/index.php/2017/01/17/no-solar-variations-cant-account-for-the-current-global-warming-trend-heres-why/ |
To advance a healthy, sustainable future within physical therapy, healthcare and society by building a culture of movement spanning all the interdependent systems that support human well-being.
Description
The development of a sustainable movement culture consists of education on concepts as well as the development of attitudes that will allow for the advancement of a healthy, sustainable future. As physical therapists, we have a unique opportunity to influence people on a personal level that can have lasting positive change for our society. For the profession to achieve its vision of “transforming society by optimizing movement”, educational programs must develop cultures that empower graduates and faculty to engage and be familiar with all of the interdependent systems that support human well-being. While many physical therapy programs are attached to institutions with sustainability initiatives, other programs have not actively fostered a sustainable culture that is directly related to movement. Aligning with the broader University vision, the Emory Doctor of Physical Therapy Programs has developed an initiative to create a sustainable culture directly related to movement. The philosophy of this initiative is to build off the triple bottom line concept (economic, social, environmental), and apply a systems thinking approach to the following four major systems of sustainability. 1) Maximizing Positive Health Outcomes; 2) Promoting Intelligent Business Practices; 3) Fostering Social Equity and Healthy Communities; 4) Cultivating Healthy Environments and Ecosystems. All of these major systems have direct impacts on human well-being and movement, and are essential for the physical therapist to not only be familiar with, but to live as stewards of these systems in order to “transform society”. The Emory DPT Sustainability Initiative is a collaborative approach between student and faculty to foster creative solutions to challenging and complex problems, with the expectation that the majority of innovations are student initiated, student-driven and student sustained. Current projects include the Emory DPT Sustainability website, which serves as a forum for electronic publishing student-written articles on sustainability and movement related content. The website also serves as a forum to highlight sustainability projects, educational resources, and to promote upcoming events. Current projects include a Student-Run Wellness Initiative, Community Supported Agriculture, Campus Educational gardens, Sustainability Curriculum Integration, a Fall Semester Evening Sustainability Event and a Classroom Paper-Reduction Program. Future projects include the DPT Sustainability Podcast, Green Offices Project and developing a Sustainability Theoretical Framework for Physical Therapy.
Summary of Use
By building a sustainable culture directly related to movement, students and faculty are empowered to create lasting change to help the profession achieve its vision of “transforming society by optimizing movement”. This includes understanding the major interdependent systems that support human well-being and movement as well as the ability to live as stewards of these systems. The integration of this initiative will build student critical thinking skills, and facilitate systems thinking related to sustainability while incorporating student-led projects to develop a sustainable movement culture.
Importance to Members
Creating sustainable movement cultures in physical therapy programs provide an avenue to attain the APTA’s Vision that will foster lasting positive change both for human well-being and the success of the profession. By becoming better stewards of the systems that support life and movement, physical therapists will both provide better value to clients/patients and become more marketable as premiere healthcare professionals. This effort will broaden the understanding of the interdependent systems that support the physical therapy profession and create a rich breeding ground for innovative ideas to implement sustainable movement strategies on local and global levels.
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References
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Anderko L, Chalupka S, Gray WA, Kesten K. Greening the 'proclamation for change': healing through sustainable health care environments: nurses advocate sustainable design to transform health care. Am J Nurs. 2013;113:52-9
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Ferguson T. Creating healing environments with evidence-based design. Occup Health Saf. 2010 Oct;79(10):14, 16. PubMed PMID: 21043336.
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Hall AG. Greening healthcare: 21st century and beyond. Front Health Serv Manage. 2008 Fall;25(1):37-43. PubMed PMID: 18831192.
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Irvine KN, Warber SL. Greening healthcare: practicing as if the natural environment really mattered. Altern Ther Health Med. 2002 Sep-Oct;8(5):76-83. Review. PubMed PMID: 12233806.
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Kangasniemi M, Kallio H, Pietilä AM. Towards environmentally responsible nursing: a critical interpretive synthesis. J Adv Nurs. 2013 Dec 26. doi: 10.1111/jan.12347. [Epub ahead of print] PubMed PMID: 24372559.
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McGain F, Naylor C. Environmental sustainability in hospitals - a systematic review and research agenda. J Health Serv Res Policy. 2014 May 9. pii: 1355819614534836. [Epub ahead of print] Review. PubMed PMID: 24813186.
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Moynihan R. The greening of medicine. BMJ. 2012 Jan 16;344:d8360. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d8360. PubMed PMID: 22250219.
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Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine, Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, Institute of Medicine. Public Health Linkages with Sustainability: Workshop Summary. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2013 Jul 19. PubMed PMID: 24872987.
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Senge, Peter, et al. The Necessary Revolution: How Individuals and Organizations Are Working Together to Create a Sustainable World. New York: Doubleday; 2008. | https://www.emorydptsustainability.org/csm-2019 |
How To Choose and Combine Hand Lettering Font Styles in Quotes
How do you know what hand lettering font styles to use together? This is a common question I’ve received after my book party video where I hand lettered your special requests. Choosing what hand lettering fonts to use together can be pretty overwhelming because there are so many options! I’m going to break it down into three tips for you.
Tip #1 How to Choose and Combine Hand Lettering Font Styles: Practice
First of all, it takes practice to feel comfortable with different styles, so don’t get discouraged. You may need to practice the alphabet in a particular font before you feel comfortable using it in a quote. I’ve been combining fonts since I started years ago, and I’m still finding new styles I want to try and things I want to do with my quotes. So like anything else, the more you do it, the better you’ll get! Because there are so many possibilities, it’s about finding what you like because there are many different correct ways. In my book, Hand Lettering for Beginners, I have a section on laying out quotes, and I kept it as simple as possible because I know it can feel overwhelming. One of the techniques to practice is switching up fonts, which is why I have a few basic styles to practice in my book to help you feel comfortable getting started.
Tip #2 How to Choose and Combine Hand Lettering Font Styles: Start Simple
Do you have a couple of styles that you feel good about? Start simple and have two to three font styles that you feel really comfortable with that you can switch between. Combine those fonts over and over until you feel like you can add more. If you don’t know where to start, I have a secret to making it look like you really know what you’re doing! Start with combining a basic script and a print style then, use the print style for the word you want to stand out in your quote. That is my most common font combination and is super simple. The reason this works is because it’s high contrast. If your different font styles have only subtle differences, it might look like a mistake, as if you accidentally did it or you didn’t get one of your fonts quite right. You want your hand lettered quotes to look intentional, and having a high contrast between your styles will help with that.
Tip #3 How to Choose Hand Lettering Font Styles: Experiment
There’s more than one right way to combine hand lettering font styles, so it’s about what YOU like. You never know what’s going to work or not until you try it! To help get you started and keep it really simple, look at your quote and decide what you want to stand out. Try switching up your fonts around that part of your quote. If your quote is short enough, you can experiment with switching up where you use each font.
With hand lettering font styles, the possibilities are endless! So start small, keep it simple, and trust yourself to know what you like. I hope that these tips will help you feel more comfortable and confident with your hand lettering. | https://ensigninsights.com/how-to-choose-and-combine-hand-lettering-font-styles-in-quotes/ |
AG: Michigan consumers' personal info exposed in health-care data breach
A data breach at a national health company is believed to have exposed the personal and medical information of Michigan consumers, state officials announced Thursday.
It is unclear how many patients were affected by a breach at the Puerto Rico-based Inmediata Health Group, which provides billing and administrative services to health care providers and health plans, Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel's office said in a statement.
Nessel’s Corporate Oversight Division is seeking details, according to the release.
Her office learned about the breach, which exposed information such as addresses and Social Security numbers, when two consumers called its Consumer Protection Division after receiving multiple letters last month, including some addressed to other people.
“We have an opportunity to improve Michigan law by adding the Attorney General’s Office as a required state department to be notified by companies impacted by data breaches,” Nessel said. “Data breaches can be devastating to the affected individuals. It’s important this office provide affected customers with any and all available resources to help limit the effects of this — or any — breach. And today, we’re doing just that.”
The company said it became aware in January of "a data security incident that may have involved the limited personal and medical information of some of its customers’ patients." It said electronic health information was viewable online "due to a webpage setting that permitted search engines to index internal webpages that are used for business operations."
The company said it immediately deactivated the website and sought an independent "digital forensics" firm to help investigate. There is no evidence that files were copied or saved, the company said.
"... To date, we have not discovered any evidence to suggest that any information potentially involved in this incident has been subject to actual or attempted misuse," it said.
Inmediata mailed letters to patients potentially affected to notify them and to provide resources to help them, the company said.
People who have been notified that their information may have been exposed in the breach should closely monitor their financial accounts, said Anita G. Fox, director of the Department of Insurance and Financial Services. “If suspicious activity is detected, it should be immediately reported to the individual’s financial institution.”
Those affected can also seek a free credit report at annualcreditreport.com or by calling 877-322-8228 and put a fraud alert on their credit file.
For information, the company is offering a toll free information hotline at (833) 389-2392. | https://www.detroitnews.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/05/02/michigan-attorney-general-consumers-health-care-data-breach/3655437002/ |
Is paseo a Scrabble word?
Yes, paseo is a Scrabble word!
...and is worth 7 points in Scrabble, and 8 points in Words with Friends
Paseo is a valid Scrabble word.
Table of Contents
Dictionary definition of the word paseo
The meaning of paseo
paseo
1 definition of the word paseo.
Noun
- A path set aside for walking
What Scrabble words can I make with the letters in paseo?
5 Letter Words
1 Anagram of Paseo
Anagrams are words that use the same letters as other words, but in a different order.
Anagrams are sometimes called a Word Unscramble
Words that can be created with an extra letter added to paseo:
Unscramble the letters in paseo
There are 7 words that can be made by adding another letter to 'paseo'. | https://wordfind.com/word/paseo/ |
Understanding Osteoarthritis of the Hips
Over 32.5 million people in the United States live with osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease. The hip joints are one of the most common joints to develop osteoarthritis.
Because osteoarthritis is so common, it’s important to know the causes, the signs, and the treatment options. When you are informed, you can be prepared to manage the problem if it develops in your own hips or in someone you know.
How Does Osteoarthritis in the Hips Develop?
Joints are spots in the body where two bones meet to allow movement. Your joints are cushioned by cartilage, allowing your bones to move freely without friction. With frequent use, cartilage begins to break down, and the bones no longer have a cushion.
The hip is a ball-and-socket joint that allows movement, provides stability, and bears your body weight. Because the hips bear the weight of your body, they are in use far more often than many other joints, causing faster wear and tear. This is what makes them such a common location for osteoarthritis to appear.
Although osteoarthritis of the hips can occur in anyone as they age, the risk increases if you have a history of physical trauma or injury near the hip joints. The risk also increases as weight increases, so maintaining a healthy weight can help prevent unnecessary stress on your hips.
What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Osteoarthritis?
The most common symptom of osteoarthritis is pain. The pain may feel dull, aching, hot, shooting, or throbbing. You may also feel a grinding sensation. Some may feel additional stiffness and decreased range of motion in their joints. Stiffness and pain may increase with activity. While your joints may feel tender, swelling is usually minimal for osteoarthritis. Pain and stiffness from osteoarthritis typically develop slowly over time. If you’ve felt a sudden increase of pain, you may be dealing with a different hip issue.
If your pain and symptoms are consistent, you should talk to your doctor to determine if the cause is osteoarthritis. There are other potential causes of pain, so it’s important to discuss your experience with a doctor to get the right treatment. Pain in the hip could be caused by an injury, tendonitis, muscle strains, and rheumatoid arthritis, among other causes. Some of these causes can be difficult to distinguish on your own and may require tests at a medical facility.
What Treatment Is Available for Osteoarthritis of the Hip?
Osteoarthritis can be a serious disease if left untreated because there is no way to reverse the damage done to the hip joint. However, if the issue is discovered early on, there are many ways to slow or stop the progression of the disease. There are also several options for treating the symptoms of osteoarthritis to manage pain, and improving your range of motion allows you to continue your daily responsibilities and routine.
Here are a few treatment strategies that can improve your osteoarthritis symptoms and keep you living a healthy life:
Lifestyle Changes
Once you’ve been diagnosed with osteoarthritis, the best strategy for preventing the progression of the disease is to make lifestyle changes that reduce stress on your joints. If you are over a healthy weight, consider discussing strategies for reducing your weight with your doctor. It’s important to create a plan for healthy weight loss because you don’t want to accidentally cut out essential nutrients from your diet or add exercises that could put extra stress on your hips.
If you participate in high-impact sports like running, aerobics, basketball, or any other activity that involves frequent jumping, it’s best to replace these activities with low-impact exercises like swimming, cycling, walking, or elliptical training.
While you may be tempted to minimize physical activity entirely when you begin to notice the stiffness and pain caused by osteoarthritis, remaining active through low-impact activities is important.
Walking is an especially beneficial exercise because it improves circulation and keeps joint-supporting muscles strong. It also slows the loss of bone mass. As people age, loss of bone mass is common, but if you lose too much bone mass, your risk of fractures can be dangerously high.
Medication
A doctor can prescribe medications that reduce pain and inflammation in your hips. These medications can be applied topically or administered orally. Some medications that can help with osteoarthritis are over-the-counter and do not require a prescription like ibuprofen and aspirin, but it’s always best to consult with a doctor to determine the best strategy for using any type of medication most effectively.
Physical and Occupational Therapy
During physical therapy, you will learn exercises that will strengthen your hips and improve flexibility. These exercises can slow or stop the progression of osteoarthritis. An occupational therapist can help you find ways to continue performing your daily responsibilities while minimizing the impact on your hips. If your job requires a large amount of time on your feet, they can help you find the best ways to support your hips during that time.
Supportive Devices
If you experience difficulty when walking due to osteoarthritis of the hips, a supportive device like a walker or cane can make your life easier and allow you to remain mobile and active. Shoe inserts can also take stress off your hips by providing greater support when you’re walking and standing. Both of these assistive devices can help stop the progression of osteoarthritis.
Injections
Many osteoarthritis patients experience significant pain relief after receiving injections in their hip. Corticosteroids are one of the most common types of injection. This type of injection is an anti-inflammatory drug that causes fast relief. Unlike oral medications, anti-inflammatory injections affect only the intended area, which minimizes negative side effects.
Hip Replacement Surgery
If osteoarthritis has progressed enough that your symptoms are not manageable with non-surgical treatment, surgery to replace the hip joint can provide relief. Hip replacement surgery is largely effective, with 95% of patients experiencing pain relief following the procedure. The surgery also has long-lasting results, with 90-95% of patients experiencing little to no problems with their hips ten years after surgery, and 80-85% of patients experiencing little to no pain after 20 years.
Speak with an Osteoarthritis Expert
If you are experiencing hip pain or stiffness, the sooner you find the source of the issue, the better. Speak with an osteoarthritis expert to find out if this disease could be causing your hip problems. An osteoarthritis expert can help you find the best treatment options to help you manage your symptoms and maintain the highest possible quality of life. | https://aaronaltenburgmd.com/blog/posts/understanding-osteoarthritis-of-the-hips/ |
Department Functions:
1. Formulation and Implementation of the Information Technology Policy in the state.
2. Introduction of automation and cybernation control systems so as to ensure faster information processing within Government, including projects and activities relating to e-Governance.
3. Promotion of investment in Information Technology Sector (hardware, software and services-particularly ITES and BPO) and related activities and creation and upgradation of Information Technology infrastructure in the State.
4. Assistance in development and implantation of software packages for monitoring of key parameters and computerization of thrust areas in different departments and semi Government organizations.
5. Creation of Government-Public Interface through unified service delivery channel by using Information Technology and Information Technology enabled infrastructure and also to launch awareness campaigns on the advantages of the use of Information Technology and related technologies in enhancing the standard of living and improving quality of life.
6. Standardization of hardware/software platforms for the departments/organization and to ensure dynamic monitoring of their prices and minimization of wasteful expenditure.
7. Administrative control of Himachal Pradesh State Electronics Development Corporation.
8. Formulation of strategy for a State wide Internet.
9. Development of Information Technology related communication infrastructure.
10. Assistance to the departments/semi government organizations in creating and updating websites.
11. Promotion of Information Technology Education and training in educational institutions and government departments/semi-government organizations and facilitation of development/dissemination of educational software and promoting programs in Information Technology enabled education.
12. Organization of various promotional activities like national/international conferences/seminars and participation in the same.
13. Follow up of Information Technology related projects/schemes posed to government of India and its agencies and also other players in this field in India as well as abroad.
14. Facilitating establishment of Venture Capital Fund by financial institutions for growth of Information Technology industry in the state.
15. Identification of laws and rules which need to be modified or enacted to enable legal validation for transaction and also to develop specific Cyber-Coding for ensuring and maintaining secrecy and also to act as nodal agency/authority on behalf of the State Government for matters relating to Information Technology Act and similar other central and state legislations.
16. Maintenance of database for all Information Technology related material and human resources available in the state. | http://himachaldit.gov.in/page/About-DIT.aspx |
A charitable organization is a type of non-profit organization. It differs from other types of non-profit organizations in that it centers on philanthropic goals as well as social well-being (e.g. charitable, educational, religious, or other activities serving the public interest or common good).1 Charitable organizations rely on fundraising, private and corporate donations.
This is a list of websites for charitable organizations dedicated to diabetes, diabetes research and helping people living with diabetes and diabetes caregivers. | https://diabeticgourmet.com/articles/charitable-and-not-for-profit-diabetes-organizations |
J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res.
Keywords
cost; endometrial cancer; hysterectomy; lymphadenectomy; obesity; robotic surgery; LAPAROSCOPIC HYSTERECTOMY; SURGICAL OUTCOMES; LYMPHADENECTOMY; LAPAROTOMY; OBESE; COST; CARCINOMA; TRIAL; Obstetrics & Gynecology
Abstract
Advanced laparoscopic procedures for hysterectomy and staging lymphadenectomy were not widely adopted for management of endometrial cancer despite nearly 20 years of improvements in laparoscopic technology. Many surgeons have recently embraced da Vinci robotic-assisted laparoscopy in preference to traditional laparoscopy because of its technological advantages of wristed instrumentation, high-definition 3-D optics, ergonomics and autonomy of camera control; the majority of women with endometrial cancer in the USA now undergo robotic-assisted surgery. The purpose of this article is to review the robotic surgical techniques for hysterectomy, pelvic and aortic lymphadenectomy procedures, and the current comparative literature discussing perioperative outcomes. Additionally, literature that discusses challenges managing obese patients and robotic surgical costs are reviewed. Future multi-institutional, prospective registration studies comparing perioperative outcomes, complications, pain, recovery time, cost and long-term clinical outcomes with open, laparoscopic and robotic procedures will be necessary to completely appreciate the impact of robotic-assisted technology.
Journal Title
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research
Volume
38
Issue/Number
1
Publication Date
1-1-2012
Document Type
Article
Language
English
First Page
1
Last Page
8
WOS Identifier
ISSN
1341-8076
Recommended Citation
"Robotic-assisted surgery in the management of endometrial cancer" (2012). Faculty Bibliography 2010s. 2754. | https://stars.library.ucf.edu/facultybib2010/2754/ |
The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology has started with the second round of regional consultative meetings to engage relevant stakeholders on the Access to Information Bill.
The awareness creation exercise for the Hardap region kicked off in Mariental earlier this week and aims at engaging the focus groups by gathering their input and discussing insights on the Bill in its current form.
Speaking at the event, the Deputy Minister of Information and Communication Technology, Emma Theofelus said the Access to Information Bill is critical as it enables citizens to compel government and organisations to heed their secondary right of access to information. She said the Bill, when passed, will enable citizens to effectively monitor and hold the government to account and enter into informed dialogue about decisions, which affect their lives.
“It is only fair that the public know exactly what the Access to Information Bill is, how they can use it to empower their lives, but more importantly, how they can use their rights enforced by the Bill to get the information to empower themselves as citizens once the Bill is passed,” she said.
Theofelus, further emphasised that the Bill, among many requirements, also makes provision for an information commissioner and the deputy information commissioner to be appointed as they will guide public institutions on how to effectively and efficiently give information to the public.
“Information sometimes can be tricky in the way it’s communicated, the way it’s received and the way it’s used and that’s why this Bill is quite important in putting parameters in place so that government institutions and leaders have an effective way to give you information to make important decisions in your lives,” she said.
The event comprised of comprehensive presentations to create awareness and understanding of some sections on the Bill, which is contributing to the slow handling of the Bill. The deputy minister also hosted a pop up at the Shoprite complex to engage members of the public and share information about the soon to be tabled Bill.
Hardap governor, Salomon April encouraged the community to understand that the Bill will give them the right to know the information which they need to know from government institutions and the private sector in order to use such to boost their knowledge and improve their lives.
The law aims at promoting transparency, accountability and effective governance of all public and private institutions by establishing procedures that will enable requesters of information to obtain records held by state institutions and by private bodies as speedily and timeously as possible.
When passed, the Bill will ensure that the members of the public are empowered and educated to understand their right to access to relevant information, the functions and operations of public bodies to be able to effectively scrutinise and participate in the decision-making by such institutions that affect their rights.
Introducing the Access to Information Bill will ensure that the government adapts the requirements of international and regional bodies that ensure access to information for all as a fundamental human right.
The Minister of Information and Communication Technology, Peya Mushelenga tabled the Access to Information Bill in parliament last month. | https://neweralive.na/posts/mict-consults-hardap-on-information-bill |
Now that we got a new planet hunter in orbit (TESS^), we’re bound to find many more Earth-like planets. And, judging by discoveries so far, it’s quite likely that a lot of these planets will be super Earths, that is, terrestrial planets with a mass higher than Earth’s.
One of the most interesting and often-overlooked problem with super Earths concerns their gravity. These planets are big, meaning that their gravity would make it very difficult not only for potential human settlers to land or take off again, but also for any intelligent species that might develop there and attempt space travel.
https://www.space.com/40375-super-earth-exoplanets-hard-aliens-launch.html
Personally, I think the increased gravity would force an intelligent species to come up with more advanced propulsion technologies, provided that the species is even curious about outer space.
What if the species is more interested in their own planet? Perhaps before going into space, they would invest more in taking care of, understanding and integrating with the spaceship they’re already on. I believe this would give such a species an even better chance of colonizing other planets. Knowing you’re trapped on a planet might make you take better care of your world’s environment. | https://mentatul.com/2018/12/03/aliens-on-super-earths-require-a-lot-more-smarts-to-get-in-orbit/ |
XYZ or HJ: How do EU and UK refugee law stack up on identity issues?
The purpose of refugee law is to give sanctuary to people fleeing persecution because of some aspect of their identity. But to what extent, if at all, should people be expected to conceal elements of their identity in order to avoid persecution? And, what is persecution? Many courts have grappled with this issue, including the European Court of Justice in the recent case of XYZ in 2013, and the UK Supreme Court in HJ (Iran), which was decided in 2010. Both of these cases concerned gay men seeking refugee status (gay men being a particular social group, one of the Convention grounds along with race, religion, nationality and political opinion).
Pre-HJ case law in the UK put those seeking refugee status based on their sexual orientation in a catch twenty-two situation, focused around the “well founded fear” element of the definition. This regularly caused refugee claims to fail on the thinking that as a person would conceal their identity to avoid persecution, they would not have a well founded fear of persecution. The HJ case described this logic as being willing to return Anne Frank to The Netherlands, as she had no “well founded fear” of Nazis while in the attic (her sad fate is well known – it would be dangerous to assume that concealment works).
HJ (Iran) concerned two gay men: “HJ”, and “HT” from Cameroon. Two months after HT was seen kissing his partner in their home, he was attacked by a mob of churchgoers, who beat him and attempted to cut off his penis. The police joined in the violence when they arrived. The Home Office’s argument was that they could both return to their respective countries of origin and conceal their sexual orientation. This would be “reasonably tolerable” so they would have no well founded fear of persecution. HJ determined that a person who is “discreet” only due to fear of persecution, would in fact have a well founded fear, a test approved for non-LGB cases in RT (Zimbabwe). However, the HJ test still has a remnant of discretion involved because it enquires if a person would be discreet, and if not, requires examination of their motives. S Chelvan, the UK’s leading barrister on LGBTI refugee law, has proposed a test that simply asks whether the person is a member of a persecuted group – thinking supported by the ECJ in their rejection of discretion.
On the other hand, the most controversial aspect of the decision in XYZ is the issue of what actually is required to constitute “persecution”. The ECJ’s decision was that criminalisation must be practically enforced to become persecutory. The decision that criminalisation – state inflicted stigma on the core practices of a group – is not persecution, comes across as somewhat surprising, and was condemned by Amnesty International. Courts in the UK have not taken a clear position on the persecutory nature of sodomy laws. However, Lord Rodger’s comments in HJ set out a direction of travel – that the law aims to protect the “right to live openly”, including “going to Kylie concerts”. Lord Rodger’s use of “trivial stereotypes” gained some media attention, but Advocate General Sharpston’s comments about the courts avoiding “cultural imperialism” by applying full human rights standards in refugee cases fell under the radar.
While the Refugee Convention isn’t about holding other states to every foible of human rights, I doubt any court would have concerns of “cultural imperialism” or some other term when deciding on the persecutory nature of criminalizing a core area of a religious or racial identity: why should these factors appear in a sexual orientation case? Sodomy laws have been found in breach of human rights standards by the UNHRC in 1994 and repeatedly by many other courts, including in the Global South. The ECJ has not addressed the issue of persecution by non-state actors, such as what HT was fleeing.
Overall, the ECJ’s judgement is a mixed bag. The rejection of “discretion” is a step forward, but the decision on the definition of persecution is a wasted opportunity to send out a clear message. HJ did not address the persecution definition, but set out a relatively clear test for identity related refugee claims. Even the biggest court win may not be a silver bullet: in Australia, “discretion” was replaced by disbelief, and many issues will continue to exist in practice. But every step forward is something to welcome, however slight.
Will Tolcher graduated from De Montfort University earlier this year. He tweets at @WillTolcher.
Comments
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Just a quick pointer: this was written before today’s Indian Supreme Court case. Obviously it’s disappointing from a human rights perspective (I can’t say any more, bearing in mind I know pretty much nothing about Indian law!), but it won’t change the actual refugee law in the UK. | https://ohrh.law.ox.ac.uk/xyz-or-hj-how-do-eu-and-uk-refugee-law-stack-up-on-identity-issues/ |
When we want to remember a new piece of information for a short time, for example a phone number, working memory is called upon. Different brain regions are involved in this process, including the hippocampus, which is known for its crucial role in long-term memory. The team headed by Prof Dr Nikolai Axmacher from the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience in Bochum and Marcin Leszczynski, researcher in Bochum and at the Department of Epileptology at Bonn University, studied rhythmic activity patterns in the hippocampus while the subjects memorised sequences of numbers or faces.
Two activity states at semi-second intervals
To this end, the team worked with epilepsy patients who had electrodes implanted into the hippocampus for the purpose of surgical planning. Those electrodes enabled the researchers to measure the activity of the region embedded deeply in the brain. While the patients memorised sequences of faces or numbers, the researchers observed two activity states in the hippocampus, which alternated twice per second: an excited and a less excited state.
Seemingly simple tasks require highly complex processes
If the rhythmic pattern did not occur in the hippocampus, the patients tended to make mistakes during the task. Based on the activity patterns, the researchers were also able to estimate how many numbers or faces the test subjects could reliably memorise. "The results show that the brain performs highly complex processes even during seemingly simple tasks," says Prof Nikolai Axmacher. "Our subjective feeling if something is simple or complex is not a reliable marker for how the brain actually solves a task." | http://aktuell.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/pm2015/pm00149.html.en |
Why Greater Equality Makes Societies Stronger Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett
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A clear, well organized book that pulls together wide-ranging research on the relationship between wealth inequality, and social and individual health. Wikipedia The Spirit Level and Amazon have good pages on the book. One reviewer is quoted in Wikipedia this way:
Richard Reeves in The Guardian called the book “a thorough-going attempt to demonstrate scientifically the benefits of a smaller gap between rich and poor(.)”… Later noting that, “The Spirit Level is strongest on Wilkinson's home turf: health. The links between average health outcomes and income inequality do appear strong, and disturbing”.
One note – a spirit level is the English phrase for what we in the U.S. would call a carpenters’ level.
Wilkinson and Pickett are UK epidemiologists who start from a familiar place – wondering why life expectancy and happiness do not improve in nations that advance from moderate wealth to profound wealth as measured by per-capita GDP. The authors then draw a correlation between a wide divide separating the rich and poor, and bad social and individual health outcomes. To make this argument they compare places with wide divides with those of less wealth division. Along with this the authors provide a theory for why societies with a wide wealth gap have worse outcomes and discuss some general patterns in policies designed to address the issue.
The short version of the policy recommendation is this: it does not matter how wealth inequality is reduced (whether by redistribution – as in the Scandinavian nations or some U.S. states such as Vermont – or through socially unifying norms that prevent great inequality in the first place – as in Japan or New Hampshire) the result is the same. They argue that reductions in inequality move the numbers.
In a sense the key to The Spirit Level is a survey and synthesis of many, many separate pieces of research, and the application of a framework to them. Wilkinson and Pickett base the book on what the authors cite as numerous and consistent studies of a great variety of social and personal health and wealth metrics. They by-and-large use standard measurements – for example when talking about wealth (i.e. GDP) and inequality (the Gini coefficient). The list they tick though can be seen in keywords of the chapter titles of the second section: mental health and drug use, physical health and life expectancy, obesity, educational performance, teenage births, violence, imprisonment, social mobility…
The direct and methodical way they seem to consistently move through the lists is one of the book’s strengths.
Wilkinson and Pickett argue that negative results come from persistent levels of stress (and stress hormones) in people who live in unequal communities. They compare these levels of stress to similar kinds of stress artificially produced in primates in a laboratory setting. This – and the metrics that describe the outcomes of inequality – places an often expressed, intuitive argument about the importance of social bonds to human well-being in an experimentally verifiable framework, and for that alone the book is worth considering.
The comparison to primates, and the introduction of a biological basis for negative results of inequality induced stress, also puts the discussion squarely in evolutionary terms.
One of the smarter things Wilkinson and Pickett do is take the patterns in the data for nations and see if the pattern remains consistent for U.S. states. It does. The states function as a control group and their findings suggest the pattern should be easily replicated.
One of the other important arguments in the book centers on whether the benefits of greater equality are enjoyed by the poor and rich or just the poor. Some critics of the book have said the issue is not inequality per se, but poverty per se. Wilkinson and Pickett argue that inequality also harms those on the upper end of the scale.
They show compelling metrics in comparative U.S. and U.K. rates of chronic illnesses - the wealthy in the U.S. have similar or higher rates of diabetes, hypertension, cancer, lung disease, and heart disease than the poor in the U.K. This could devolve into an argument about socialized medicine, and whether the system of health care finance qualifies as a policy that reduces inequality, but setting aside that argument the authors also find better health outcomes for the poor in more equal Sweden than for the wealthy in more unequal England and Wales - the U.K. having more equality than the U.S. but less than the Scandinavian countries. The authors describe a study of working age men.
Sweden, as the more equal of the two countries, had lower death rates in all occupational classes; so much so that their highest death rates - in the lowest classes - are lower than the highest class in England a Wales.
They put forward similar results on child mortality and various studies comparing the wealthy and poor U.S. counties.
Their theoretical underpinnings can be a little confusing for a reader not familiar with the arguments. But the book is written for the general public, and once the theory is understood, the rest of the book very clear, directly structured, and simple to follow.
Although the book presents a grim picture of the damage inequality does to people, Wilkinson has suggested in the work and in subsequent interviews that the work is ultimately a hopeful one. He argues that reducing wealth inequality, while difficult, can produce results in what are some notably stubborn problems, such as the persistence of depression and crime in wealthy societies.
As one would expect of a work with broad political implications of this kind, criticism of The Spirit Level has generally come from quarters ideologically opposed to its findings. Reviewers in The Wall Street Journal and other places have also criticized Wilkinson and Pickett’s use of statistics; it seems that these two lines of criticism, statistical and ideological are at some level inseparable. One central complaint is that the authors have drawn too many implications from too little data, that (for example) the use of regression line graphs over-simplifies a complex picture.
Without needing to dig into too much detail, a reader should know that regression lines are a standard tool of economics and the social sciences. Some of Wilkinson and Pickett’s graphs do make very broad arguments. In chapter two they condense numbers for nine separate social problems in the developed nations into a single axis, and compare how they do according to levels of inequality. In a separate chart they put individual income on the second axis. As one would expect they find a strong regression line correlation in the first graph and not in the second.
This is probably going to be too much for some ideologically oriented readers to swallow, no matter how it is graphed.
But following the pattern they use later in the book Wilkinson and Pickett then repeat the same analysis for U.S. states - condensing the numbers for nine separate social problems into a single axis, and comparing how the states do according to levels of inequality, then in a separate chart again putting individual income on the second axis. Replication of results adds confidence, and ultimately Wilkinson and Pickett’s arguments seem compelling. Certainly by the end of The Spirit Level, when they have repeated the process for numerous, numerous separate metrics in separate instances. | http://humancond.org/books/sprit_level |
History of Destructive Arabs’ Invasion of Iran (642 – 821)
Iranians have witnessed the destructive Arabs’ invasion of Iran after the defeat of the Sassanians’ army. The lack of discipline, order, unity, and integration within the administration body of Sassanians’ government paved the way for the Arabs’ conquest of Iran with a deadly blow.
This happened at the time of Omar, the 2nd caliph of Muslims. Having seen the upper-class corruption, deterioration of their beliefs structure, code of ethics, and financial matters, lower-class Iranians did not see any reason to defend the existing conditions. Yet, Arabs could not seize the entire territories of Iran quickly although they launched their revengeful conquest on Iran. It was revengeful as Iranians kings had suppressed their uprisings and rejected their invitation to a new faith.
After the Arabs’ invasion of Iran, Zoroastrians, in their homeland, Iran, had to pay taxes for not converting to Arabs’ religion. They also had to promise not to interfere with the Arab occupiers’ plans. The upper-class Iranians showed more readiness to convert to the new religion.
Those who willingly converted to Islam were exempt from tax payments but were not considered equal to Arab Muslims. Instead, such Iranian Muslims found themselves treated as freed slaves. They couldn’t ride horses and hold weapons when they fought in the battlefields for the cause of the new religion. They were not allowed to marry Arab women either.
Iranians, who had got accustomed to a theocratic government for almost 400 years under Zoroastrians, accepted the new religion gradually and got used to the new government. Those Iranians, who did not want to convert to Islam and pay taxes to the foreign aggressors had to flee from their homelands. They left Iran for Gujarat in India and formed a community of Zoroastrians there called “Indian Parsees”.
Iran after the Arabs’ Invasion of Iran
As several Iranians had reacted to the Arabs’ maltreatment of their country and fellow citizens, the Islamic army was suppressing them by sending more and more troops. This started from the time of Omar and continued until Muawiyah sent some troops from Damascus to Iran for the same purpose.
Arab immigrants continually arrived in Semnan, Khorasan, and Sistan areas of Iran to settle. Such migrations occurred for around one century in the other parts of Iran too. The migrations were so unpleasant that sometimes Iranians left their towns and cities because of their presence. Arabs kept their primitive lifestyles in Iran. In other words, they made a living as herdsmen, road keepers, and bandits. Rarely, they farmed or worked on underground water supplement systems called Qanats.
Uprisings after Arabs’ Invasion of Iran
The inhabitants of today’s Iraqi areas set uprisings against them, the most famous of which was the uprising of the people of Kufah led by Imam Hossein, son of Imam Ali, and the third Imam of Shiites. As a result, Imam Hossein and all his companions were killed. Because of the influence of Arab nobles in most of the decision makings of Arab opposition movements against Umayyad rulers of Damascus, they could not get anywhere.
The last caliphs of Damascus, who were interested in pleasure, music, and hunting more than politics, caused a great deal of dissatisfaction. Devotion to the cause of religion did not matter anymore to those rulers.
On the other hand, in Iran, several nationalistic Iranian movements emerged against the Arabs’ invasion of Iran. Here are some of them:
Abu Moslem Nationalistic Movement against Arab Invaders
In Khorasan province of Iran, newly converted Iranian Muslims joined a movement against Umayyad rulers of Damascus led by an Iranian general called Abu Moslem. Umayyads summoned several military expeditions to different parts of Iran to destroy books and kill Iranian intellectuals. Their main concern was not spreading the seed of Islam, because in that case, newly converted Muslims were not supposed to pay taxes anymore. Such taxes formed the assets of caliphs, not the budget of Muslims.
Abu Moslem let all Iranian Muslims, Zoroastrians, Mazdakists, and anti-Umayyad Arabs in his movement. Abu Moslem’s movement was in support of Abbasid caliphs against Umayyads. (Abbasids had got their name from the prophet’s uncle, Abbas.)
Abu Moslem’s movement started from Transoxiana (beyond the Oxus River) and went as far as Syria. The army of Abu Moslem conquered Damascus and other cities of Syria and poured their outrage upon Umayyads there. The Umayyad caliph was killed and their ruling structure was toppled down.
Abbasids used Abu Moslem for establishing their foundation of power in Kufah. Later, they played a trick on him, invited him, and promised him many privileges, but instead, they killed him. His movement was called the movement of “Syah Jamegan” (Black-Clothed People). He was a source of pride for many in his region for a long time.
Sanbad Nationalistic Movement against Arabs’ Invasion
Abbasids’ malignant behavior toward Abu Moslem soon triggered other armed oppositions against them. The first such major movement started by a Zoroastrian called “Sanbad” two months after the death of Abu Moslem. Most of those revolutionaries were Zoroastrians and Mazdakists. Of course, the Arabs’ invasion of Iran had also caused Khorasan’s Shiites to join it too.
Little by little, an army of 100,000 revolutionaries was formed. This was a great threat to the sovereignty of Abbasid rulers in Khorasan. The nature of the movement was against the Arabs’ invasion of Iran first but turned to be anti-religion later. Although they were defeated by the army of Abbasids between Rey and Saveh, they managed to shock the foundation of the caliph’s rule. This movement was called the movement of “Sepid Jamegan” (White-Clothed People). The movement was continued in Transoxiana later.
Ustadhsis Nationalistic Movement against Arab Invaders
He was a strong revolutionary, a believer of Zoroastrianism, and a savior character as his followers called him. He started his movement from Badghis, today’s Afghanistan, Herat, and Sistan against Abbasids. The nature of his movement was anti caliph, anti Arab and even anti-Islam It is said that around 300,000 followers supported him.
After a few minor victories and making the Abbasid caliphate system worried, Ustadhsis was arrested. Some of his troops were kept as captives and all the inhabitants of his fortress, who were charged as apostates, were quickly killed. This movement had not even used the name of Abu Moslem to manage to attract more supporters.
Al-Moqana Nationalistic Movement against Arab Invaders
20 years after the Arabs’ invasion of Iran and the murder of Abu Moslem, Al-Moqana recruited several people under his name. Abu Moslem was regarded as a martyr in this movement. Al-Moqana’s movement started in Khorasan and Transoxiana and attracted Zoroastrians, Mazdakists, and some dissatisfied Arabs and Turks. Wearing a green or gold mask, he led the revolution. For this reason, he was called the “Masked Prophet”.
He managed to create a lot of passion and enthusiasm in his followers by reviving some pre-Islam beliefs. This movement was also called the movement of “Sepid Jamegan” (White-Clothed People). They had several victories and defeats during their struggle against the Abbasids. They killed their opponents and Muslims. To take revenge, they destroyed the houses of Muslims as well as mosques.
The Abbasid caliph made a lot of efforts to suppress Al-Moqana’s movement and sent several people to get this accomplished. Finally, he succeeded to seize Al-Moqana’s fortress and kill or arrest many of his followers. The end of this revolutionary is very mysterious. Some believed that he had committed suicide by jumping into a blazing fire and some said he had just disappeared. His religion survived until the emergence of Mongols’ Power in Khorasan and some awaited his return.
Babak Nationalistic Movement against Arabs’ Invasion
Mazdakism continued after Arabs’ aggression as a peace-seeking among villagers. It gradually changed into a rebellion armed resistance as a result of the Arabs’ invasion of Iran. During Javidan ibn-e-Sahl, it turned into a public uprising and movement from a hidden resistance. Kurds and Lors played a major role in promoting this movement in the NE of Iran. Later, this movement was handed over to Babak. Babak’s revolution against the Arab invaders had an anti caliph anti-Arab nature.
The revolutionaries joining this movement were from among the oppressed ones, freed prisoners, homeless people, and bandits. They plundered and killed their opponents on the way to Baz Fortress, where Babak was living and leading the movement. Babak’s revolution soon became a deadly nightmare for the Abbasid caliphate rulers. Many were sent on missions to kill Babak, but they were unsuccessful in their efforts.
Finally, after 24 years, a newly converted Iranian Muslim called Afshin was assigned the mission of taking Babak out of his fortress. He was equipped by the caliph with a large army and weapons. All his efforts were in vain in breaking into the fortress. So, he began to exchange messages with Babak and promised to help him preserve and disseminate the ancient beliefs.
He managed to get Babak out of the fortress. Then, He arrested Babak and sent him to Samarra, near Baghdad. He was very unfairly humiliated and killed after mutilation. Babak’s followers were called “Sorkh Alaman” (Red-Flagged People) or “Sorkh Jamegan” (Red-Clothed People).
Mazyar Nationalistic Movement against Arab Invaders
Mazyar was a prince at the south of the Caspian Sea, Tabarestan, who went rebellious against the caliphate system. The caliphate system charged him with apostasy because he was a Zoroastrian. His followers were mainly from the villages and were against Arabs and Feudals. This movement became a kind of Mazdaists’ movement and his followers were called “Sorkh Jamegan” (Red-Clothed People). The nature of the movement against the Arabs’ invasion of Iran was primarily anti Arab, anti caliph, and anti-Islam.
The life of Muslims and later mosques were endangered dramatically. As a result of the caliph’s military attacks to the region, Mazyar was arrested and sent to Samarra, near Baghdad. He was humiliated, charged with apostasy, and executed there.
It is noteworthy that Afshin was first appreciated because of his help in arresting Babak, but he was finally accused of stimulating Mazyar against the caliphate system. Therefore, he was also sent to Samarra to be tried. There Arabs realized that Afshin had planned to assassinate the caliph in Baghdad, had not believed in Islam, and had had animosity feelings toward Arabs. Hence, he was executed as an apostate too.
The Result of Iranians’ Movements against Arab Aggressors
In addition to the previous uprisings against the caliphate system ruling from Baghdad, the suppression of Babak, Mazyar, and Afshin added to the power of caliphs. These three revolutionaries, who attributed themselves to the Sassanians and considered themselves the successors of them, resisted more than others against Arabs. Yet, all these resistance movements set anti Arab sentiments in people’s hearts all across the disintegrating empire of the Sassanians. They also caused Tabarestan to turn into an anti-Abbasid and relatively anti-Arab movement center.
Although none of these movements and uprisings against Arabs’ invasion of Iran, occurring for almost 200 years, could end in deposing caliphs, they deprived Baghdad of having direct supervision and sovereignty over Iran. | https://www.destinationiran.com/history-destructive-arabs-invasion-of-iran.htm |
August 20, 2019
Life as a dad can feel tough and overwhelming. Much of the time, the last thing on your mind is cracking a smile or laughing, especially when your day-to-day schedule is jam-packed with work, household chores, and paying bills. But did you know being lighthearted and laughing with your family builds perseverance for both you and the kiddos?
Fun fact: Children tend to laugh somewhere around 400 times a day! Adults, on the other hand, usually laugh only about 15 times a day.
Want to know why you should laugh more and encourage a sense of humor in your children? Let's take a look at the benefits of laughing with your kids and how it can make them not only smarter and healthier but also help sharpen their coping skills.
Some people seem to be born with a great sense of humor. But the truth is, humor is something we acquire throughout life. And when you take time to laugh with your kids, you encourage the creation of a sense of humor that can last a lifetime.
It's your kids’ humor that allows them to see the funny-side of things. As they face life with a lighthearted perspective, they develop the ability to:
Research shows that the benefits of laughing with your family and encouraging a sense of humor leads to a more optimistic view point in your children. This helps them develop high self-esteem as well as a better ability to adjust through some of life's toughest moments, such as switching schools or counteracting tortuous comments from bullies.
Furthermore, the benefits of laughing and helping your kids develop a good sense of humor can lead to an array of health advantages. People who laugh more tend to be healthier than those who don't. They experience fewer bouts of depression and develop a higher resistance to illnesses. This is largely in part because people who laugh usually have lower heart rates and blood pressure than those who don’t laugh a lot. Some studies even show that laughter improves digestion and immune function.
The Mayo Clinic says when it comes to reducing stress and anxiety, laughter is like medicine. It transforms the body and mind by boosting positive emotions. How does this happen? Well, it starts in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in the brain. This part of the brain is activated when we laugh. Once activated, it releases those feel-good hormones known as endorphins, which enhances our ability to experience pleasure. Plus, when we laugh, our stress-inducing hormones, like cortisol and epinephrine, are reduced. This means we don’t feel so stressed even when going through a very stressful situation.
Did you know that laughing can make you feel more energized, too? When we laugh, we take in a lot of oxygen-rich air. The more of this air we take in, the more awake and energized we feel. And to top it off, laughing relaxes our muscles for up to 45 minutes after we quit laughing. This reduced muscle tension means your body is consuming less energy, which helps you feel more energized.
Now that you understand the benefits of laughing, it’s time to help your kids develop a good sense of humor. Encouraging a sense of humor in your newborn will, of course, be much different than encouraging humor in a teenager. And as your children get older, their sense of humor is going to change. What was once really funny to them won’t seem so funny anymore, and that’s a good thing. It means their sense of humor is developing and becoming more mature.
Here’s a look at some tips for encouraging a sense of humor in children based on their ages.
Have you ever smiled at your newborn only to have her crack a smile back at you? Newborns don't really understand humor, but they do know when you smile, it means you're happy. A lot of babies will crack up laughing when you make funny faces at them, and they feel good from the joy it brings them to see you happy and being funny. So, what does this mean? It means you should be doing silly stuff all the time with your baby. Act silly! Stick your tongue out and quack like a duck!
Peek-a-boo is a really great game to play that encourages a sense of humor in toddlers. Stick your head behind your toddler’s backpack diaper bag and then pop out from behind it to give the ultimate element of surprise that has them bursting at the seams with laughter.
It’s at this age that your toddler will probably start trying to make you smile. Take for example that you're asking your toddler where his nose is, and he points to his ear on purpose because he knows it will make you laugh. This is a great trait to have. Your child is being lighthearted and is learning that with the right actions or words, he can bring joy to other people by making them laugh.
This is when a sense or humor moves into wordplay and exaggerations. It’s also when things start to get really funny around the house. You’ll likely hear your kids come off with remarks that have you rolling on the floor with laughter. There's going to be a lot of humor that your kids understand and portray that you probably had no idea they knew about. It's important to be extremely careful with the sense of humor you have with your children at this point because they may understand more than you what you think they understand. However, encouraging a sense of humor at this age will bring about many benefits, such as the ability to use wit and sarcasm to ward off bullies and cope with stressful situations.
The benefits of laughing and encouraging a sense of humor extend far beyond developing a healthy relationship between the parent and child. As you encourage laughter throughout all aspects of your child's life, remember that kids can often be mean-spirited, so it's important to be a good role model and avoid any kind of off-color or mean jokes. The key here is to explain how humor can be both healthy and unhealthy and teach them how to tell the difference between lighthearted and cruel humor.
January 05, 2023
December 30, 2022
October 25, 2022
Comments will be approved before showing up. | https://highspeeddaddy.com/en-ca/blogs/hsd-blog/benefits-of-laughing-with-kids |
HOW TO SURVIVE YOUR PHD THESIS DEFENSE
As you know, it is not only about finishing the task of writing and editing because there is more to that.
What to Expect
1 You will do a 45-minute public talk about and on your research
2 Question and answers
3 Ask for a 10-minute break
Other Elements
1 The closed session
2 You are dismissed from the room while the committee is deliberating whether you passed or not.
3 Your advisor will invite you in and will say, “Congratulations, Dr.___”
4 Your advisor will be able to summarize the discussion, and then they will convey additional request from the committee.
Go and celebrate! But wait, what are the Dos and Don’ts to remember?
1 Don’t give a general resigned declaration that this ‘happens in each study, but take some time in considering before replying.
2 Do not blame the advisor for the weakness of your thesis, but remember to breathe and speak reasonably and slowly.
3 Don’t blame your data, but take criticism professionally.
4 Do not say that the question was beyond the scope of the study without offering cogent argument to support your statement.
5 Don’t dismiss what was identified as a weakness or unimportant.
6 Don’t take offence.
7 Don’t get angry.
Planning the Talk
1 Know the audience.
2 Justify yourself.
3 Tell a story.
4 Sweat the small stuff.
5 Present in bite-sized slides.
Giving the Presentation
1 Practice and practice
2 Don’t wait until the last minute.
3 Try out the room and equipment.
4 Be comfortable with your knowledge.
5 Be humble.
Useful PhD Defense Tips
1 Ask for clarification for ambiguous questions.
2 Take time to think before answering.
3 Be prepared to enter a dialogue with examiners.
4 Be prepared discussing the research.
5 Be ready to admit if you don’t know the answer to the question.
6 Be prepared to express your opinion.
7 Don’t speak too loud or too quietly.
8 Hold your head high and be philosophical. | https://sahiltv.com/how-to-survive-your-phd-thesis-defence/ |
Just-in-Time-Teaching with Two Way Formative Feedback for Multiple Disciplinary (JTFD) Programs is an NSF-funded Improving Undergraduate STEM Education (IUSE) project at a large southwestern university. This project aims to promote a shift in faculty beliefs and classroom practice towards student-centeredness through professional development workshops with pairs of faculty members from multiple engineering disciplines. During the 9-week training period, 8 JTFD faculty (4 disciplinary pairs) were trained in the JTFD pedagogy and evidence-based instructional strategies (EBIS). In this paper, we are reporting the impact of the faculty development program on the change in faculty beliefs and their classroom practice as well as student outcomes with respect to four factors. These factors include: 1) quantification of the degree of classroom student centeredness through the Reformed Teaching Observational Protocol (RTOP) and measured average RTOP gains (%); 2) measured RTOP gain (%) to determine which sessions were most effective for JTFD faculty; 3) measured workshop participation rate (%) to examine how this metric influences average RTOP gains; and 4) impact on student outcomes before and after JTFD implementation. This impact was determined by comparing the grade ratio (i.e., AB/CDEW: A’s and B’s to C’s, D’s, E’s and course withdrawals) between two consecutive semesters for participating faculty. Preliminary results showed the average baseline RTOP measurement showed a score of 36.6 out of 100. During this 9-week program, minimum and maximum average RTOP gain per JTFD Disciplinary Pair Leader were 33.6% and 64.6% respectively, compared to baseline RTOP measurements. Among disciplinary pair leaders, 3 faculty exhibited the greatest RTOP gain (%) after workshop 4 (Implementing Active Engineering). Three faculty also displayed the most RTOP gain (%) after workshop 5 (Cooperative Learning). Thus, sessions 4 and 5 had the most positive impact on faculty teaching practice. The result of the one-way ANOVA (p=0.0124 with confidence level of 95%) displays a statistically significant difference between low and high RTOP performing groups in workshop participation rate (%). This allows for identification of significant workshops and quantification of the resulting classroom implementation. With respect to student outcomes, three faculty members were observed for the same course and curriculum between two consecutive semesters before and after JTFD implementation. Two of the three JTFD faculty exhibited improved student outcome performance ratios from 0.94 and 1.00 to 1.92 and 2.20, respectively. Student outcomes from the third JTFD faculty member was maintained between the consecutive semesters. The preliminary results of our work indicate that JTFD workshops promote a positive impact on both shifting faculty beliefs and classroom practice to student centeredness as well as student performance. The full paper will further discuss the details of the JTFD program's effectiveness as well as future plans for the program. | https://peer.asee.org/work-in-progress-the-impact-of-faculty-development-workshops-on-shifting-faculty-teaching-beliefs-and-classroom-practice-toward-student-centeredness |
Through drawing, sculpture, animation, and photography, Houston– born, New York–based artist Robert Pruitt illuminates connections between spiritual traditions, fictional narratives, and technology and investigates how black identity can reside at the intersection of these arenas. In his first major museum exhibition in Los Angeles, Pruitt reconnects with the religious traditions of his upbringing and explores the theme of devotion, specifically religious practices carried out with fervor and dedication. Drawings are presented as a set of sacred images, sculptures act as ceremonial objects, and an audio component—created in collaboration with trumpeter, composer, and rapper Jawwaad Taylor—suffuses the space with an introspective feeling. The exhibition incorporates a selection of works from CAAM’s permanent collection by artists who have influenced Pruitt, including Charles White and John Biggers. These additional objects also reference spirituality, and they speak to Pruitt’s connections to Los Angeles’s African American art community and to various artists from the American South.
This exhibition is curated by Mar Hollingsworth, Visual Arts Curator and Program Manager. | https://artlibrarydeco.space/2019/01/17/view-robert-pruitts-devotion/ |
I recently discussed the importance of getting Voice of the Customer (VOC) feedback and common methods, such as surveys, to understand customer perceptions and expectations across different touch points. To be effective and acquire actionable insights, questions must be designed with best practices applied. I also recommend a “test & learn” approach.
Writing and launching surveys has become a science and an art. I have seen cases where surveys have gone wrong because of undefined goals or wrong objectives. For example, if you consider the Net Promoter (NPS) question, you would not survey customers for the sole purpose of knowing IF they would recommend a company or its products. Instead, you should focus on understanding the reasons WHY customers would or would not refer. Also, you want to avoid asking leading questions that influence responder opinions, otherwise, you will not obtain “voice of the customer” feedback that is authentic and useful. While these are obvious tips, some things are not so clear like how much does survey question order matter?
When asking responders the NPS question, is it better to ask “how likely they would recommend” at the beginning or at the end of a survey? Does the question order create a bias? The jury is still out. I have tried both ways and believe there are pros and cons to each scenario. For instance, if you ask the Net Promoter question at the end and the survey is too long, responders may quit, and you won’t get the quantitative results needed. On the other hand, if you ask the NPS question first, the answer may not reflect the person’s actual views.
I have been researching the answer to this question besides learning from my own survey testing. I like Zontziry (Z) Johnson’s perspective about survey placement and related advantages and disadvantages in her article. She explains:
The Argument for Placing It First
Putting the overall question first does a few things. First, according to the research, it can actually act as an anchor by which a respondent answers the rest of the questions. So, if we ask an overall question first and get that knee-jerk reaction from a respondent that might be given if asked about their experience by a friend, as they take the rest of the survey, they tend to adjust their following answers to match the answer to the overall question. This is great for the researcher if the answer to that overall question is positive; this isn’t great if that answer is negative.
The Argument for Placing It Last
According to a research article from 2003, “Order Effects in Customer Satisfaction Modelling,” from the Journal of Marketing Management, “…customers’ overall evaluations are more extreme and better explained when provided after attribute evaluations.” By asking the specifics before asking the overall question, respondents will be thinking more about how the specifics add up to their overall level of satisfaction. Arguably, this could mean they are giving a more thought-out answer to that overall question. When should you put the overall question last? When you want your audience to remember various aspects of their experience and give a more thoughtful response. You may also want to consider placing it last if your respondents will be answering awhile after the experience you’re asking them about. That way, you can remind them of the particulars about the experience before asking them to give their overall impression.
I know CX professionals who place important questions at the beginning AND at the end to capture BOTH the initial opinion and impressions they are left with after being reminded of the details. While I am not a fan of duplication in the same survey, I am a big believer in testing all scenarios and letting the data guide decisions.
What has been your experiences with survey design and the order of survey questions? Do you ask CX measurement type of questions, like NPS, Satisfaction, and Level of Effort, at the beginning of your survey, at the end or both, and why? We would love to hear your perspective and lessons learned on this topic. Contact us any time, and share on Twitter to benefit others.
*All opinions expressed on the DoingCXRight Blog and site pages are the authors’alone and do not reflect the opinions of or imply the endorsement of employers or other organizations. | http://customerthink.com/nps-survey-question-should-it-be-first-or-last/ |
While it is most convenient to travel in Southern California via automobile, there are other transportation options in the Orange County area.
To find out about time schedules, fares and trains convenient for your commute, call (800) 872-7245 or check out the website at www.amtrak.com.
California State Automobile Club of Southern California (AAA) can provide you with maps and guidebooks of various areas in the U.S. If you are a AAA member, you can also save time by processing your car registration and new license plates through AAA instead of the Department of Motor Vehicles. The closest office is 1 block north of the 405 freeway (across the street from the law school). The address is 3350 Harbor Boulevard, Costa Mesa, CA. Office hours are Monday through Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m and Saturday 10am-2pm. They can be reached at (800) 668-9231 or (714) 427-5950 or visit the website at www.aaa-calif.com.
The Orange County Transportation Authority (OCTA) operates bus routes daily. Free maps showing the bus lines and service information can be obtained by calling OCTA at (714) 560 6282 seven days a week from 6 a.m. to 8 p.m. except New Year’s and all major holidays or you can visit their website at www.octa.net. If you need to know which bus to take, call and indicate your starting point, your destination point, and the time you’d like to arrive and return. They will help plan your bus route.
Basic fare is $2.00 per boarding or $5.00 for a day pass.
According to the Department of Motor Vehicles, visitors in California may drive legally in California with out-of-state license plates for 20 days. However, you must register your vehicle. For those who do not plan to get a California Driver’s license, we strongly suggest a California Identification card. Both are available through the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV). Appointments can be scheduled for your convenience and are highly recommended since the lines are usually long. It takes approximately four to six (4 to 6) weeks for a permanent license or identification card to be processed. Temporary cards are issued. For more information visit the website at www.dmv.ca.gov.
The closest office to the Law School is the Santa Ana Office, located at 1330 E. First Street, Santa Ana, CA 9270. Open Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, Friday 8:00am-5:00pm and Wednesday 9:00am-5:00pm.
MetroLink is Southern California’s Regional Rail Authority commuter train system. It connects commuters in six counties: Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego and Ventura. MetroLink operates Monday through Friday on all lines. For information and personalized commuter planning call 1-800-371-5465 or visit the website at www.metrolinktrains.com. Speech and hearing impaired commuters call (800) 698-4TDD. | https://www.law.whittier.edu/index/student-affairs/housing-and-transportation/transportation/ |
NESMLUVENA SETKANI is the story of a group of Czech astronauts (no, seriously) and their Cyborg worker who are assigned to jump from planet to planet in search of suitable living conditions for future inhabitants. Their mission is side tracked one day when they receive a communiqué from Earth requesting that they search and recover a team that went missing 6 years earlier on that same planet. That space craft had crash landed not too far from their current location with a small crew, including a 5-year-old boy: the pilot's son.
They soon find their missing colleagues, dead in the rubble and report back to Earth that all information gathered by the previous crew was lost in the crash. They are given the assignment to carry on with that crew's work before heading to the next planet.
One night, over dinner, a strange person wonders on to the space craft's flight deck. An 11-year-old boy (Petr Ricanek), with nothing but magical branches he uses as weapons, and a dirty, shaggy look comparable to a caveman. Through a series of flashback sequences we see that this boy is the dead pilot's son, and survived the crash with only a few cuts. A storm is brewing outside the ship, and nasty space storm at that! Worried for the boy's safety, the crew's captain (Jan Jacer) heads out to find him.
|Rating||Percentage %||Votes|
|10|| |
33%
|9|
|9|| |
7%
|2|
|8|| |
15%
|4|
|7|| |
11%
|3|
|6|| |
11%
|3|
|5|| |
0%
|0|
|4|| |
4%
|1|
|3|| |
0%
|0|
|2|| |
0%
|0|
|1|| |
19%
|5|
|27|
|Rencontres inattendues||France|
|Unexpected Encounters (World-wide)|
|Unexpedted encounters||USA|
|Неназначенные встречи||Russia|
|Petr Říčánek||Robi|
|
tompannerman
5 Feb 2013
|
This film differs quite refreshingly from most others of this genre, and with scenery that could be found on a planet similar to Earth, the overall atmosphere is agreeable. Made for Czech TV: which might account for its relatively poor visual quality, it is one of those films you never forget. Although the actual plot is somewhat slow and lacking any real substance, it nonetheless keeps you enthralled to the very end. The young boy who plays the part of an orphan stranded on what appears to be a wilderness planet, and now remarkably surviving on nothing at all, plays his part admirably, and one is left wondering if he managed to continue surviving after his astronaut friends had departed, leaving him with nothing but his wits and an android for company.
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Gilbo211
26 Nov 2010
|
I did not think the boy being seen "rear and full frontal nude" throughout this film is or should be considered controversial. Another way of saying this is that he appears without clothes. It is essential to the plot. After he is given an adult t-shirt to wear we see less of his body, but as the shirt deteriorates and the space mission retreats, we see more of his body again. Of course, he is a space Mowgli, that is explicitly stated. That's what the film is about, why would it be controversial?
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sherab
21 Feb 2010
|
The plot as described above is allright, except for your remark about "Czech astronauts". It is a Czech TV-movie, but it was never mentioned that the astronauts were Czech. Acxtually the movie was made after the Russian scifi book "Malysh"(The Kid) by the authors Boris and Arkadi Strugatski. I am just reading this book, and the exploration team is multinational, not Czech.
For a low budget TV production after a firsat class scifi book this is a tremendous movie. | https://www.rarefilmfinder.com/movie.php?id=739 |
Upon receipt of HH Application paperwork from the student’s home school counselor, the Hospital/Homebound Program supervisor will assign a homebound teacher for that student. The student’s parent or legal guardian will be contacted to schedule homebound sessions. Keep in mind, the homebound teacher could have as many as ten or eleven other students on their roll, so scheduling can be challenging as the twelve hospital/homebound teachers follow regular school hours.
Assurance of the effectiveness of the program will be accomplished by:
Books and Supplies
It is the responsibility of the parent or guardian to pick up their child’s textbooks from their home school. Supplies (pencils, pens, paper, etc.) are also the responsibility of the student’s parent or guardian. Students should be dressed for their homebound lessons just as they would if they were attending on their school campus. The environment at the home should be made as educationally conducive as possible with all music and televisions turned off during the student’s important one-on-one lesson.
Assignments
The Hospital/Homebound (HH) teacher will attempt to maintain the student’s standing in class, so that after returning to school, he/she will not be at a disadvantage. Therefore, it is essential that the HH teacher have access to teacher assignments, study guides, student workbooks, lecture notes, and evaluation instruments all designed from the Common Core State Standards for core subjects, and Louisiana Comprehensive Curriculum for other courses. In order to maximize instructional time with students, the HH teacher will visit the school to pick up assignments/materials only periodically.
School Contact Designee
Each school is expected to designate a contact person to assist in implementing necessary communication between classroom teachers and homebound teachers, thus insuring an orderly transition from school to home and back to school. The school counselor or AP usually serves as the designee.
Hospital/Homebound Progress Reports
At least one day prior to the end of each reporting period and upon termination of services, the homebound teacher will submit a grade in each subject area for the period of homebound instruction. The school will accept grades as submitted and average them with grades earned before and/or after the homebound period to determine the official grades for the student’s report card and enter the grade in the computer. The Exceptional Student’s progress report, which addresses the level of achievement on the student’s IEP goals and/or objectives, will be turned in at the designated time indicated on the Exceptional student’s IEP.
Supplemental Materials
Supplemental materials of instruction and supplies will be provided to the homebound teacher by one or more of the following.
Jul. 8 2020
Please join us for our virtual teacher Job Fair on Thursday, July 9, 2020, 9:00 a.m. - 1:00 p.m. CST....Read more
Jul. 5 2020
Dear EBRPSS Families, As we near the midpoint of our summer break, I want to reach out to all of you with a distr...Read more
Jul. 2 2020
Return to School Action Planning Survey Parents, as we prepare to receive your child/children on August 6, ...Read more
Jul. 1 2020
Online learning platform with online teacher support sessions. EBR Summer School Flyer 2020 ...Read more
All schools and offices closed....See details
Return to School Action Planning Survey.Parents, as we prepare to receive your child/children on August 6, 2020, complete this survey for each child enrolled in an East Baton Rouge Parish School. | https://ebrschools.org/departments/hospital-homebound/services-materials/ |
Scientific name: Hemichromis elongatus Common name: Banded jewel cichlid Family: Cichlidae Usual size in fish tanks: 13 - 17 cm (5.12 - 6.69 inch) 0 14 Recommended pH range for the species: 7 - 8.1 Recommended water hardness (dGH): 7 - 20°N (125 - 357.14ppm) 0°C 32°F 30°C 86°F Recommended temperature: 22 - 25 °C (71.6 - 77°F) The way how these fish reproduce: Spawning Where the species comes from: Africa Temperament to its own species: peaceful Temperament toward other fish species: aggressive to smaller Usual place in the tank: Middle levels Food and feeding Banded jewel cichlids are classed as a predator fish; they can be fed on shrimps, mysis, chopped earthworms, and feeder fish. Origin Africa; Banded jewel cichlids are to be found in the waterways from Guinea to Angola. Sexing Females tend to be smaller than the males and have more rounded finnage. The males will have extended dorsal and anal fins with a concave appearance to the head. Breeding Add some flat rocks to the tank and condition the parents on meaty foods. The spawning site will be cleaned by both parents and up to 800 eggs can be laid in one batch. The eggs should hatch after 48 hours and then the brood will be moved to pre-dug pits in the substrate. After a few more days the fry should be free swimming and can be fed on newly hatched brine shrimp. Lifespan The expected life span for Hemichromis elongatus is 6-7 years. Short description Hemichromis elongatus is not for a novice fish keeper; it is one of the most aggressive cichlids available to buy and is an avid predator. Add rocks or wood to the tank to create hiding places and subdue the lighting with floating plants. Banded jewel cichlids need a lot of space, otherwise they’ll be territorial and aggressive. Pictures Bought by aqua-fish.net from jjphoto.dk. | https://aquastudio.co.in/product/banded-jewel-cichlid |
A delicious festive pie full of colors and flavors!!!
Ingredients
For the dough
- 800 g all-purpose flour
- 100 g olive oil
- 400 g water
- 1 tbsp salt
- ¼ tsp baking powder
- 3 – 4 tbsp sesame seeds
For the filling
- 1 kg beef
- 2 zucchinis
- 3 carrots
- 1 eggplant
- 2 large onions
- 3 red peppers
- 200 g tomato sauce
- 350 g semi-hard cheese cubes
- salt
- pepper
Instructions
1
NOTE: The beef has been marinated for 12 hrs in the fridge. Marinade ingredients: 200g olive oil, 70g white wine, 2 garlic cloves, oregano & thyme fresh leaves.
2
NOTE: Cut all vegetables into bite-sized chunks.
3
Put the beef with the marinade ingredients in a wide pot. Cover and cook over low heat for 60 to 75 min.
4
In a large wide pan, heat 150g olive oil over high heat. Add the onions, the carrots, the zucchinis, the eggplant & the peppers. Mix well. Season with salt and pepper.
5
Once they’ve started to soften, mix in the tomato sauce. Add 50g water, stir well and cook for about 10 min until all liquid has evaporated. Allow the mixture to cool completely.
6
In a large bowl, mix together flour, salt, baking powder and sesame. Add the olive oil and gradually the water. Mix until cohesive dough starts to form.
7
Take it out of the bowl and knead for 10 min until the dough is smooth and soft. Cover the dough with food membrane and let it rest for 30 min.
8
Once the beef has softened, let it cool completely and cut it into bite-sized chunks.
9
Take the dough out of the bowl and divide it into 2 parts (⅔ and ⅓ ). On a floured surface, roll the larger piece out into a rectangle 30 x 40 cm / 11.8 x 15.7 inches.
10
Brush a rectangular baking pan with olive oil. (25 x 35cm / 9.8” x 13.7”) Transfer the rolled out dough to the oiled pan and make sure it also covers the sides.
11
Mix together beef and vegetables.
12
Drizzle olive oil and sprinkle a bit of semolina over the rolled out dough. Pour the filling in the pan and spread it evenly. Add the cheese cubes.
13
Roll the rest of the dough into a rectangle 25 x 35cm / 9.8” x 13.7”.
14
Create vents using your favorite cookie cutter. Carefully transfer the rolled out dough and cover the filling.
15
Arrange it nicely and oil the edges. Pinch the edges to seal the pie.
16
Use the cut-out pieces of dough for decoration. Brush with olive oil.
17
Bake in a preheated oven, at 180⁰C / 350⁰F, for 60 minutes. | https://bakingchoices.4u.gr/pies/marinated-beef-and-vegetable-pie-easy-homemade-dough/ |
Cost of dairy products could spike in Canada next year
Milk is pictured at a grocery store in North Vancouver, B.C. in 2018. The Canadian Dairy Commission is recommending an 8.4 per cent increase in farm gate milk prices, a large hike that is expected to raise the cost of dairy products on store shelves in the new year.
Photo: (Jonathan Hayward/Canadian Press)
RCI
Posted: 8:09 PM
The Canadian Dairy Commission is recommending an 8.4 per cent increase in farm gate milk prices, a large hike that is expected to raise the cost of dairy products on store shelves in the new year.
The federal Crown corporation says the price increase is expected to be approved by provincial authorities next month and take effect Feb. 1.
The commission says the higher price processors will pay will help offset increased production costs for farmers due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
It says feed, energy and fertilizer costs have all been particularly impacted, causing farmer revenues to fall below the cost of production.
Sylvain Charlebois, director of the Agri-Food Analytics Lab at Dalhousie University, says the price hike is nearly double the previous record of 4.52 per cent set in 2017.
He says the retail price of milk in grocery stores could increase as much as 10 per cent while prices for dairy products like butter, cheese and yogurt could soar as much as 15 per cent.
Pledges on net zero, coal phaseout more vague than some countries had hoped
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Voicebox: Editors' Picks
We are incredibly proud of the community we have built up on Voice, and the great range of content that gets published. You might not know this, but the team reads everything that gets uploaded to the website, even if we don't comment. And while we do have the ability to promote content to the homepage, it's all too soon before it gets replaced with another fantastic piece.
So, we have created a Voicebox where all the amazing content from our users can be forever memorialised. If we find something that we particularly enjoy, you can bet it's going to end up in this Voicebox and shared on social media!
Image: Brad Wilmot
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31 December 2019
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30 December 2019
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29 December 2019
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Top 10 books of 2019
Our definitive list of the 10 must-read books of 2019.
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26 December 2019
Top 10 TV shows of 2019
The definitive lists of binge-watchable boxsets in 2019. | https://www.voicemag.uk/voicebox/editors-picks |
- Jop type:
- Salary: Ksh Not mentioned
- Company name: Jobs in Kenya
Job Description
Job Description
How can you make a difference?
Under the guidance and supervision of the Chief of Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation (P4), the Research and Evaluation (R&E) Officer P2 will provide support to and facilitate the monitoring, evaluation, and reporting functions for the country office. This will be done in close collaboration with other members of the PM&E section – PME Specialist, Partnerships Specialist, PM&E Officers in Field Offices, and programme officers and specialists across the different offices in Somalia and the UNICEF Somalia Support Centre (Nairobi) and others under operations for HACT and Budget.
Key functions, accountabilities, and related duties/tasks:
Support implementation of evaluations, Research and Surveys
- Draft and/or develop terms of reference for external consultants and initiate the recruitment process to ensure the timely selection and recruitment of evaluators. Manage the various processes of assessing and/or selecting consultant and evaluation teams to facilitate the recruitment/selection process
- Organize materials, briefings and all required administrative arrangements to ensure external consultants are provided appropriate and comprehensive information to start and continue effectively and efficiently the conduct of evaluations.
- Keep abreast of evaluation progress to proactively meet the evaluators’ need for information or other related issues to ensure delivery of results as scheduled and allocated.
- Support the evaluation budget preparation. Monitor and verify the use of resources for compliance with approved allocation/goals, organizational rules, regulations/procedures and donor commitments, standards of accountability and integrity. Report on critical issues/findings to ensure timely resolution by management/stakeholders. Follow up on unresolved issues to ensure resolution.
- Collect and maintain roster of qualified evaluators and firms, ensure continued update, verification and quality assessment of their suitability for evaluation projects. Develop and maintain an effective system for dissemination of the roster for easy access.
- Prepare timely analytical documents highlighting critical areas for management progress monitoring, oversight and action.
- Support the Multi Cluster Indicator Survey for Somalia
Support to the preparation of the integrated monitoring and evaluation plan (IMEP), Dissemination and follow up of evaluations
- Provide technical and operational support throughout the evaluation process by executing/administering a variety of technical, operational and administrative transactions, preparing related materials/documentations and complying with organizational processes and management systems, to support evaluation results-based planning (RBM) and monitoring and assessing results.
- Prepare required documentations/materials/data to facilitate evaluation planning, implementation and reporting.
- Consult stakeholders to seek clarification and/or validate findings from draft and final evaluation reports and report on feedback to facilitate timely action.
- Upload/disseminate completed evaluation reports into Global Evaluation Data base to allow global sharing and final quality review.
- Upload each approved management response in the tracking systems and monitor quarterly update and produce analytical reports for management action and decision on implementation of evaluation agreed actions/recommendations.
- Actively follow up with stakeholders on the implementation of evaluation results. Provide appropriate technical support to facilitate implementation and/or report to relevant stakeholders to ensure time action to ensure the implementation of evaluation results.
Support for Programme performance planning and monitoring
- Provide technical support as necessary to the process of developing and monitoring Annual Work Plans, including reporting on progress of the equity and gender marker as outlined in the Programme Policy and Procedures Guidance
- Provide technical support as necessary in organizing and managing annual/mid-year/mid-term/end term country programme reviews ensuring consistency with objectives and goals set out in the CPD and contribute to the Annual Management Plan.
- Monitor follow-up actions based on management decisions resulting from Country Office performance monitoring and evaluation.
- Support the programme components to effectively monitor and report on the intersectoral programme results, cross sectoral programme component results and field office results to facilitate programme coherence and convergence where appropriate.
- Contribute to development of programme monitoring framework including technical backstopping to the field team for convergent programming.
- Provide technical support to programme sections to effectively monitor and report on the intersectoral programme results.
- Support data analysis and use, including data from routine programme monitoring
Networking and partnership building
- Provide technical and operational support to a wide range of stakeholders and evaluators on UNICEF and UNEG policies, practices, standards and norms.
- Build and sustain effective close working partnerships with government counterparts and national stakeholders through active sharing of information and knowledge to facilitate evaluation and build their capacity for evaluation planning and implementation.
- Participate in appropriate inter-agency (UNCT) meetings/events on evaluations to collaborate with inter-agency partners/colleagues on UNDAF operational planning and preparation and to integrate and harmonize UNICEF position and strategies with the UNDAF development and planning process
Reporting, knowledge management and capacity building
- Provide support to ensure that the internal and external partners (Regional Office, HQ,) regularly receive up-to-date and accurate information on the programme results produced by the Country Office.
- Analyze monitoring and key programme performance indicators, to support the PM&E Section and Front Office in preparation of professional inputs to management reports including the RAM, Summary narrative, as well as reporting on SMQs and KPIs among others.
- Provide regular updates to the UNICEF monitoring/reporting platforms (RAM etc) as well as on ad hoc requests from the Regional Office/HQ, and support programme sections in RAM-related and InSight related reporting.
- Provide guidance and quality assurance to programme documents in line with RBM principles, with emphasis on equity and gender considerations.
- Identify, capture, synthesize and share lessons learned from evaluations for integration into broader knowledge development planning and management efforts.
- Research and report on best and cutting-edge practices for development planning of knowledge products and systems for evaluations.
- Participate as resource person in capacity building initiatives to enhance the competencies of clients/stakeholders.
To qualify as an advocate for every child you will have
- A University Degree in economics, psychology, sociology, education or other social science field is required
- A minimum of 2 years of professional experience in social development analysis and programming at the international and/or in a developing country is required. Relevant experience in program/project monitoring and evaluation in a UN system agency or organization is an asset.
- Developing country work experience and/or familiarity with emergency is considered an asset.
- Fluency in English is required. Knowledge of another official UN language (Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian or Spanish) or a local language is an asset.
Method of Application
Submit your CV and Application on Company Website : Click Here
Closing Date : 17 May. 2022
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TECHNICAL FIELD
BACKGROUND OF THE ART
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
I. SUMMARY
II. COMPOUNDS
EXAMPLES
Example 1
The Preparation of the Compounds
Experimental Example 1
Experimental Example 2
Experimental Example 3
Experimental Example 4
Experimental Example 5
Momordica charantia L
The present invention relates to pharmaceutical chemistry field, and more particularly, relates to the use of cucurbitane triterpenoids extracted from . and pharmaceutical compositions thereof for prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity.
At present, there are more than 150 millions people suffering from diabetes worldwide and it is expected that this figure will be over 300 millions by 2025. Among them, predominant are the patients suffering from type 2 diabetes (T2D). Since insulin resistance is the main metabolic abnormality of T2D, there is of considerable interest in the development of insulin-sensitizing agents, which treat diabetes by improving insulin resistance. Two major pathways have been targeted by clinical medications to ameliorate insulin resistance: peroxidsome-proliferator-activating receptors (PPARs) and AMP-activating receptors (AMPK). Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and biguanides are the two most generally used agents for treating diabetes at present. TZDs are widely used but can result in many adverse effects, such as weight gain, fluid retention and heart failure. The dimethyl biguanide does not result in weight gain, but mainly acts in liver rather than muscles, and thus is not a satisfied therapy for treating diabetes. Therefore, there is a worldwide search for a better insulin-sensitizing agent for the treatment of diabetes.
Now, there are over one billion overweight adults. Among them, 300 millions are suffering from obesity, and this figure tends to increase quickly, resulting in a rapid increase in obesity-related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiac diseases, stroke and hypertension. The major reasons resulting in overweight and obesity are attributed to high fatty and high calorie diet, lack of exercise and the accelerating urbanization. There are only two marketed anti-obesity drugs that can be used in a long term: one is orlistat, a specific inhibitor of gastrointestinal tract lipases, but has very common gastrointestinal-related adverse effects; the other is sibutramine, a monoamine reuptake inhibitor, but it may increase blood pressure and heart rate. So there is an unmet need to develop safe and effective weight loss drugs.
Momordica charantia L
Momordica charantia L
Momordica charantia L
Momordica charantia L
Momordica charantia L
. belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae and it has been widely used in China for more than 7 hundred years as a medicinal remedy for dispelling “heat”, detoxicating, improving acuity of vision, invigorating stomach, relieving thirst, stopping diarrhea and as a helminthicide. The major chemical constituents in . include triterpenoid saponins, cerebrosides and polypeptides. Although several reports in the literature have described a hypoglycemic effect of extracts, it is not known whether cucurbitane triterpenoids isolated from have similar effects to reduce hyperglycaemia. Harinantenaina et al. (Chem. Pharm. Bull 54:1017-1021, 2006) has reported that triterpene-5β, 19-epoxy-3β,25-dihydroxycucurbita-6,23(E)-diene and 3β,7β,25-trihydroxycucurbita-5,23 (E)-dien-19-al isolated from . showed hypoglycemic effect on alloxan-induced diabetic mice at a dose of 400 mg/kg but the effect they reported was very mild. Moreover, there is no report to indicate that these compounds can stimulate the glucose uptake in muscle and adipose cells, promote the translocation of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell membrane, increase the activity of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK) and thus can be used for prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity.
Momordica charantia L
Momordica charantia L
The object of the present invention is to provide a use of cucurbitane triterpenoids represented by the following formula isolated from . and pharmaceutical compositions thereof in the manufacture of drugs for prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity. More particularly, these compounds have the functions of stimulating the glucose uptake in muscle and adipose cells, promoting the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell membrane and increasing the activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and thus may have the potential for prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity. So the cucurbitane triterpenoids isolated from . and pharmaceutical compositions thereof may be acted as a glucose uptake stimulator, an agonist for the translocation of glucose transporter 4(GLUT4) to the cell membrane, and an activator of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in muscle and adipose cells.
Momordica charantia L
The present invention provides cucurbitane triterpenoids isolated from . and showing the activity of preventing and treating diabetes and obesity, which are represented by the following formula I:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
wherein Ris β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl; Ris hydrogen; R, R, Rand Rare each a hydroxyl group; Ris methyl; and C5 forms a double bond together with C6; C22, C23 and C24 are chiral carbon atoms with S-, S- and R-configuration, respectively; or
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ris β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→4)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl; Ris hydrogen; R, R, Rand Rare each a hydroxyl group; Ris methyl; C5 forms a double bond together with C6; and C22, C23 and C24 are chiral carbon atoms with S-, S- and R-configuration respectively; or
2
6
1
3
4
5
7
Rand Rare a hydroxyl group, respectively; R, R, Rand Rare each hydrogen; Ris an aldehyde group; C5 and C6, and C23 and C24 form a double bond, respectively; or
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ris hydrogen; Ris hydrogen; R, R, Rand Rare each a hydroxyl group; Ris methyl; C5 forms a double bond together with C6; and C22, C23 and C24 are chiral carbon atoms with S-, S- and R-configuration respectively.
Momordica charantia L
The present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions having the activity of preventing and treating diabetes and obesity, which is characterized in that the composition contains one or more of the cucurbitane triterpenoids isolated from . in a therapeutically effective amount and pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants. The pharmaceutically acceptable adjuvants include, but not limited to, fillers, excipients well known in the art.
The present invention will be further described in detail with reference to the following examples and drawings, which should not be construed as the limitation for the invention.
Momordica charantia L
The present invention provides a use of cucurbitane triterpenoids isolated from . and pharmaceutical compositions thereof in the manufacture of drugs for prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity.
The activity of prevention and treatment of diabetes and obesity in the invention refers to the ability to stimulate glucose uptake in muscle and adipose cells, promote the translocation of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell membrane and increase the activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
Momordica charantia L
The present invention provides cucurbitane triterpenoids isolated from . and showing the activity of preventing and treating diabetes and obesity, which are represented by the following formula I:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
wherein Ris β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranosyl; Ris hydrogen; R, R, Rand Rare each a hydroxyl group; Ris methyl; C5 forms a double bond together with C6; and C22, C23 and C24 are chiral carbon atoms with S-, S- and R-configuration, respectively; or
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ris β-D-xylopyranosyl(1→4)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→6)]-β-D-glucopyranosyl; Ris hydrogen; R, R, Rand Rare each a hydroxyl group; Ris methyl; C5 forms a double bond together with C6; and C22, C23 and C24 are chiral carbon atoms with S-, S- and R-configuration, respectively; or
2
6
1
3
4
5
7
Rand Rare a hydroxyl group, respectively; R, R, Rand Rare each hydrogen; Ris an aldehyde group; C5 and C6, and C23 and C24 form a double bond, respectively; or
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ris hydrogen; Ris hydrogen; R, R, Rand Rare each a hydroxyl group; Ris methyl; C5 forms a double bond together with C6; and C22, C23 and C24 are chiral carbon atoms with S-, S- and R-configuration, respectively.
Specifically, these compounds include momordicoside A, momordicoside B, trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al and 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene, which are represented by the following formula, respectively:
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) silica gel plate and silica gel (˜300 mesh) used in column chromatography are manufactured by Qingdao Haiyang Chemical Group Corporation. The TLC spots were stained by spraying a solution of sulphuric acid-vanillin in ethanol.
Unless otherwise specified, all the ratios of related solvents herein are volume ratios.
Momordica charantia L
850 kg of fresh . was lyophilized to afford 85 kg of dry product, which was then pulverized and macerated in a 90% ethanol aqueous solution (volume ratio) at room temperature three times, each for three days, wherein the amount of the ethanol aqueous solution is 10 times of the weight of the raw material. The three ethanol solutions obtained from the above extraction were combined, and concentrated under reduced pressure to yield a total ethanol extract. After the total ethanol extract was diluted with water (50 L), the diluted solution was partitioned with dichloromethane (20 L) to give a dichloromethane extract and an aqueous solution. Then the aqueous solution was partitioned with n-butanol (20 L) to provide 800 g of n-butanol extract. The 800 g n-butanol extract was mixed with 500 g of AB-8 type macroporous resin (manufactured by Tianjin Gelatine Plant), and the resin mixed with the sample was put on a chromatographic column loaded with 3 kg of AB-8 resin, and eluted with 12 L of pure water, 30% ethanol (volume ratio) and 95% ethanol (volume ratio) respectively to afford 600 g of KG6, 60 g of KG7 and 80 g of KG8 respectively.
80 g of KG8 was subjected to a silica gel (2 kg, 100-200 mesh) column chromatography eluting successively with a subnatant liquid (each 10 L) of chloroform-methanol-water at a volume ratio of 40:3:1, 20:3:1, 10:3:1 and 65:35:10 respectively. Each 500 ml elute was collected as one fraction, and tested on a TLC plate, wherein a mixture of chloroform-methanol (v/v=10/1, 6/1 or 4/1) or a subnatant liquid of chloroform-methanol-water (v/v/v=10/3/1 or 65/35/10) was used as an eluent and 5% sulphuric acid-vanillin was used as a staining agent. According to the TLC plate, the similar fractions were combined and concentrated. The fractions with a Rf of 0.3-0.4 (effluent: chloroform-methanol with a ratio of 9:1) were combined to afford component 1 and the fractions with a Rf of 0.3-0.4 (eluent: subnatant liquid of chloroform-methanol-water with a ratio of 10:3:1) were combined to afford component 8.
The above component 1 was subjected to a silica gel column chromatography eluting with 1000 ml of chloroform-methanol (v/v=20/1). Each 20 ml elute was collected as one fraction, and tested on a TLC plate, wherein the eluent was chloroform-methanol (v/v=10/1), and the staining agent was 5% sulphuric acid-vanillin. The eluates, which showed a spot with a Rf of about 0.4 on the TLC plate, were combined and concentrated to afford 120 mg of trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al.
The above component 8 was subjected to a MCI column chromatography with gradient elution (1000 ml of 30%-70% methanol aqueous solution). The obtained 40% fraction were subjected to a RP-18 column chromatography with gradient elution (500 ml of 30%-60% methanol aqueous solution). Each 20 ml was collected as one fraction, and tested on a TLC plate, wherein the eluent was the subnatant liquid of chloroform-methanol-water (v/v/v=8/3/1) and the staining agent was 5% sulphuric acid-vanillin. The elutes, which showed a spot with a Rf of about 0.3 or 0.4 on the TLC plate, were combined and concentrated to afford 250 mg of momordicoside A and 300 mg of momordicoside B, respectively.
40 mg of momordicoside A was treated with 0.1 M acetic acid aqueous solution for 7 days at 37° C. The resulted product was subjected to a preparative thin-layer chromatography eluting with chloroform-methanol (v/v=5/1). The eluates with a Rf of around 0.5-0.6 were combined and concentrated to afford 10 mg of 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene.
FIG. 1
Testing the effect of momordicoside A on the glucose uptake in L6 muscle cells ()
4
2
After L6 cells were differentiated to myotube completely, they were incubated in serum-free DMEM containing 0.5% BSA for 16 hours. Then momordicoside A (final concentration 50 μM) was added therein to treat the cells for 1 hour and 20 minutes, while DMSO with the same volume was added into the blank control group. After that, they were washed with 1×PBS preheated at 37° C. twice, and 0.5% BSA Krebs buffer (NaCl 140 mM, KCl 5 mM, MgSO2.5 mM, CaCl1 mM, HEPES 20 mM, pH7.4) without or with insulin (final concentration 100 nM), followed by incubation at 37° C. for 40 minutes. A 2-[1,2-3H(N)]-deoxy-D-glucose solution (final concentration 0.5 μCi/ml) was added therein and incubated for 10 minutes at 37° C. Then the reaction was terminated by washing three times with ice-cold 1×PBS and 0.15 ml of 0.1% Triton was added therein for the lysis of the cells the counting in a liquid-scintillation counter. After the CPM value was corrected with the protein amount, the glucose uptake amount of L6 cells was calculated.
FIG. 1
The results showed that the glucose uptake in L6 cells was increased significantly both at base level and under the stimulus of insulin after treated with 10 μM momordicoside A for 2 hours (). The data are shown in mean±standard error (X±SE) (n=3). The significance was shown as *p<0.05 compared with control groups under corresponding conditions.
FIG. 2
Effects of isolated compounds on the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) from cytosol to the cell membrane ()
After L6 cells were differentiated to myotube completely, they were treated for 2 hours with various test compounds, namely trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al, 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene, momordicoside A, momordicoside B (final concentration 10 μM, each) or 100 nM insulin (as positive control). The data were expressed as mean±standard error (X±SE) (n=3-4). The significance was shown as ***p<0.001 compared with solvent control groups. The results showed that trihydroxy-cucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al and 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene were capable of promoting the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell membrane, and hence increase the glucose uptake in cells.
FIG. 3
Testing the activities of trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-diene-19-aldehyde and 22(S), 23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxy cucurbita-5-ene on adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) ()
3T3-L1 adipose cells was incubated for 60 minutes in a medium containing 10 μM compounds, or in a medium containing 2 mM 5-amino4-imidazolecarboxamide nucleotide (AIC, positive control) or DMSO as a solvent control, followed by being treated with 100 nM insulin for 2 minutes or 25 minutes. Then the proteins pACC and pAMPK in cell lysate were determined with corresponding antibodies. The total amount of protein 14-3-3 was used as the quality control for sample loading. The results showed that trihydroxycucurbita-5,23 (E)-dien-19-al and 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene were capable of activating the AMPK signaling pathway significantly, and thus might be useful for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
FIG. 4
Dose-dependent effect of 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene on GLUT4 translocation and the phosphorylation of AMPK in 3T3-L1 adipose cells ()
−10
−7
−6
−5
−6
FIG. 4
According the processes in experimental examples 2 and 3, 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene was tested at different concentrations (10, 10, 10, 10M). The results were shown in , wherein A was the dose dependency curve regarding the effect on translocation of glucose transporter 4(GLUT4); B showed the effect of the compound at different concentrations on the activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in 3T3-L1 adipose cells; C showed the quantification of the ratio of phosphorylated adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (pAMPK) to total adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (tAMPK) at different concentrations of the compound in 3T3-L1 adipose cells. The experimental results showed that the effect of 22(S), 23 (R), 24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene on the translocation of glucose transporter 4(GLUT4) to the cell membrane is significantly related to the phosphorylation of AMPK (namely, the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway), and the maximal effects was reached at the concentration of 10M.
Testing the effects of 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene on the insulin signaling pathway (namely monophosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B(PI-3K/Akt) pathway) in 3T3-L1 adipose cells and L6 muscle cells.
FIG. 5
A. 10 μM 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene or 100 nM insulin (positive control) was added in the differentiated 3T3-L1 adipose cells using DMSO (final concentration of DMSO: 0.2%) as a solvent with or without wortmanin (an inhibitor of monophosphoinositide 3-kinase), and the activity on GLUT4 translocation was determined as described in experimental example 2. The data were expressed in mean±standard error (X±SE). The significances were shown as * p<0.05 and **p<0.01 compared with the solvent control groups. The results showed that wortmanin, the inhibitor of PI3-kinase, did not affect the activity of 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene on GLUT4 translocation, indicating that the effect of 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene on GLUT4 translocation is independent of this insulin signaling pathway ().
FIG. 6
B. 3T3-L1 adipose cells and L6 muscle cells were incubated for 30 minutes in a medium containing 10 μM trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al or 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene, or a medium containing 100 nM insulin (positive control) or DMSO as a solvent control. The phosphorylation of protein kinase B [Akt (S473)] and the total protein kinase B (14-3-3) were determined with corresponding antibodies. The significances are shown as *p<0.05 and **p<0.01 compared with the solvent control groups. The results showed that trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al and 22(S), 23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene were not able to increase the phosphorylation of protein kinase B, indicating that trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al and 22(S),23 (R), 24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene did not influence the insulin signaling pathway ().
FIG. 5
FIG. 6
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
The insulin signaling pathway and AMPK signaling pathway are the two main signaling pathways to mediate GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake, and the results in and were consistent with those in and , which indicated that the compounds stimulate GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake by the AMPK signaling pathway.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
shows the effect of momordicoside A on the glucose uptake in L6 muscle cells;
FIG. 2
shows the effects of various compounds on the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell membrane;
FIG. 3
shows the effects of trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al and 22(S),23(R), 24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene on the activity of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK);
FIG. 4
shows the dose dependency of 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene on the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the cell membrane and the AMPK phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipose cells;
FIG. 5
shows the effect of 22(S),23(R),24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene on GLUT4 translocation under the condition that the PI3K/Akt insulin signaling pathway is inhibited;
FIG. 6
shows the effects of trihydroxycucurbita-5,23(E)-dien-19-al and 22(S),23(R), 24(R),25-tetrahydroxycucurbita-5-ene on the activity of protein kinase B (Akt). | |
What is Biomimicry?
1. Overview of the Topic – Summary:
From the Biomimicry Institute:
“Biomimicry is an approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating nature’s time-tested patterns and strategies. The goal is to create products, processes, and policies—new ways of living—that are well-adapted to life on earth over the long haul.”
“Biomimicry was popularized by scientist and author Janine Benyus in her 1997 book Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. Biomimicry is defined in the book as a “new science that studies nature’s models and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve human problems”.
2. What is the focus of this Topic?:
From the Biomimicry Institute:
“The core idea is that nature has already solved many of the problems we are grappling with. Animals, plants, and microbes are the consummate engineers. After billions of years of research and development, failures are fossils, and what surrounds us is the secret to survival.”
In essence, it is learning from the wisdom of nature’s designs to then apply this knowledge and wisdom to provide solutions to the human created world.
3. Why it’s listed here – What is the relevance to Architectural Medicine?
As a key component of Architectural Medicine is indeed Architecture and the built environment, and the more that the designs, engineering and systems of the built world can be in tune with nature’s systems, including of course human health, the less potential there can be for disease and the greater capacity can exist for health and well being.
By utilizing the wisdom of nature and implementing nature’s core design lessons into current and future architecture, there can be many benefits for the health of humans as well as the many other organisms that live on planet Earth. This means that designing using these Biomimicry approaches can provide good health for humans, as well as the ecology of the planet. This, in turn, can support short and long term health for all living organisms in the natural and built environments.
4. Common groups and individuals involved with this topic:
The term biomimetics was coined in the mid 1900’s by the American Otto Schmitt who developed the concept of “biomimetics”. During his doctoral research he developed the Schmitt trigger by studying the nerves in squid, attempting to engineer a device that replicated the biological system of nerve propagation. He continued to focus on devices that mimic natural systems and by 1957 he had perceived a converse to the standard view of biophysics at that time, a view he would come to call biomimetics. In 1969 Schmitt used the term “biomimetic“ in the title one of his papers, and by 1974 it had found its way into Webster’s Dictionary, bionics entered the same dictionary earlier in 1960.
In the late 1990’s, Janine Benyus
Design Inspiration from Nature – an interview with Janine Benyus: | https://architecturalmedicine.com/biomimicry/ |
FIELD
BACKGROUND
CITATION LIST
Patent Literature
SUMMARY
Technical Problem
Solution to Problem
Advantageous Effects of Invention
DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
First Embodiment
Second Embodiment
Third Embodiment
Fourth Embodiment
Fifth Embodiment
Sixth Embodiment
Seventh Embodiment
Eighth Embodiment
Ninth Embodiment
Tenth Embodiment
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
REFERENCE SIGNS LIST
The present invention relates to a lateral register correcting device that adjusts register in a width direction of webs running between a plurality of printing units by causing the webs to be wavy, and a printing press that includes the lateral register correcting device.
For example, a typical web offset press for newspaper includes a feeder device having a plurality of feeder units, a printing device having a plurality of printing units, a web path device, a folder having a plurality of folder units, and a delivery device. When webs are supplied from the feeder device to the respective printing units, the printing units perform printing onto the corresponding webs, the web path device changes running routes of the webs, and then the webs are superimposed in a predetermined order. The webs are longitudinally folded, laterally cut to a predetermined length, and then laterally folded by the folder. In this way, a signature is formed and delivered as a print (newspaper).
In this web offset press for newspaper, the printing device has a tower configuration in which the plural printing units are vertically arranged to enable four-color printing. A phenomenon called fan-out occurs in the tower printing device because printing is performed successively by four printing units while a web is being carried upward. That is, when the web is carried upward, the web is supplied with ink and dampening water while receiving printing pressure, which extends the web in a width direction. In this case, the web is transformed to a fan-like form due to four-color printing, and misalignment in the width direction between the web and press plates (plate cylinder) occurs. Four colors are also misaligned during a printing process of four color printing and therefore color pictures cannot be clearly printed.
A method and a device described in Patent Literature 1 below solve these problems, for example. Web-paper width adjusting method and device described in Patent Literature 1 enable to press web paper running between two printing units from one surface side at a plurality of sites spaced in a width direction to form ripples approximately parallel to a running direction of the web paper so that the web paper at an entrance of downstream one of the two pressing units has a width approximately equal to a width of the web paper at an entrance of the upstream pressing unit.
Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. H06-134959
The conventional web-paper width adjusting method and device mentioned above press the web paper from one surface side at the plural sites in a state where tensions in the running direction are applied to the web paper to form the ripples on the web paper, thereby adjusting the width of the web paper. However, restraint of the tensions is insufficient at outer parts of the web in the width direction, that is, at the side parts of the web paper and accordingly it is difficult to form sufficient ripples there as compared to the central part even if the web is pressed from one surface side. Therefore, the fan-out of the web cannot be properly corrected, which lowers the print quality.
The present invention solves the problems described above and an object of the present invention is to provide a lateral register correcting device and a printing press that enable to improve the print quality by properly correcting the fan-out of the web.
According to an aspect of the present invention, a lateral register correcting device that adjusts register in a width direction of a web by pressing a plurality of pressing members provided in the width direction of the web against the running web at least from one surface thereof to cause the web to be wavy, includes: a first adjusting unit that comprises a plurality of the pressing members arranged in a central area in the width direction of the web; a second adjusting unit that comprises one or more of the pressing members arranged in an outer area in the width direction of the web than the first adjusting unit; and an adjusting system that can adjust a pressure amount in the central area in the width direction of the web and a pressure amount in the outer area in the width direction of the web to different values through the first and second adjusting units.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the adjusting system adjusts the pressure amount in the outer area in the width direction of the web to be larger than the pressure amount in the central area in the width direction of the web.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the adjusting system has a first driving device and a second driving device that can independently drive the first and second adjusting units, respectively.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the adjusting system has a first driving device that can drive the first and second adjusting units together, and a second driving device that can drive only the second adjusting unit.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the pressing members are pressure rollers in a disc shape, and the pressure rollers of the second adjusting unit have an outer diameter set larger than that of the pressure rollers of the first adjusting unit.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the pressing members are pressure rollers in a disc shape, and number of the pressure rollers per unit length in the second adjusting unit is set larger than number of the pressure rollers per unit length in the first adjusting unit.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the pressing members are pressure rollers in a disc shape, and the pressure rollers in the second adjusting unit each have a roller body rotatably supported on an eccentric shaft and can change the pressure amount by changing a phase of the eccentric shaft.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, a third adjusting unit comprising one of the pressing members arranged on an outermost side in the width direction of the web is comprised, and the adjusting system can adjust a pressure amount in a central area in the width direction of the web, a pressure amount in an outer area in the width direction of the web, and a pressure amount on the outermost side in the width direction of the web to different values through the first, second, and third adjusting units.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the plurality of pressing members are located upstream in the web running direction with respect to a printing cylinder, and the pressing members in the second adjusting unit are located nearer to the printing cylinder than the pressing members in the first adjusting unit.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the first adjusting units are arranged at a regular interval in the central area and in the outer area on one surface side of the web, and the second adjusting unit is arranged in the outer area on the other surface side of the web.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the pressing members each have a pressing member body in a hollow shape having a curved surface around a central axis along the width direction of the web, and an ejection hole formed on the curved surface to jet fluid contained in the pressing member body toward the web.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the adjusting system has a control unit that can control the adjusting units, and the control unit controls the adjusting units based on web data or print data previously set.
Advantageously, in the lateral register correcting device, the adjusting system comprises a control unit that can control each of the adjusting units, and a misalignment detecting unit that detects misalignment between the web and print images, and the control unit controls the adjusting units based on a result of detection by the misalignment detecting unit.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a printing press includes: a feeder device that feeds a web from rolled paper; a printing device that comprises a plurality of printing units each performing printing on the web let out from the feeder device; a folder that cuts the web subjected to the printing by the printing device, and superimposes and folds the webs, thereby forming a signature; and a lateral register correcting device that adjusts register in a width direction of the web by pressing a plurality of pressing members provided in the width direction of the web between the plurality of printing units against the running web at least from one surface thereof to cause the web to be wavy. The lateral register correcting device includes: a first adjusting unit that comprises a plurality of the pressing members arranged in a central area in the width direction of the web; a second adjusting unit that comprises one or more of the pressing members arranged in an outer area in the width direction of the web than the first adjusting unit; and an adjusting system that can adjust a pressure amount in the central area in the width direction of the web and a pressure amount in the outer area in the width direction of the web to different values through the first and second adjusting units.
Advantageously, in the printing press includes a plate cylinder having press plates attached thereto, and a blanket cylinder facing in contact with the plate cylinder to transfer ink on the plate cylinder to the web, wherein the plate cylinder is an integrated plate cylinder to which a plurality of the press plates can be attached on an outer peripheral surface along an axial direction thereof and that can adjust positions of the press plates with respect to the web by being axially moved with respect to a frame.
The lateral register correcting device according to the present invention includes a first adjusting unit that includes a plurality of pressing members arranged in a central area in the width direction of a web, and a second adjusting unit that includes one or more pressing members arranged in an outer area in the width direction of the web than the first adjusting unit, and an adjusting system can adjust a pressure amount in the central area in the width direction of the web and a pressure amount in the outer area in the width direction of the web to different values through the first and second adjusting units. Because the pressure amount in the central area and the pressure amount in the outer area to the web are accordingly adjusted to the different values by the first and second adjusting units, register adjustment amounts are appropriately adjusted to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web where tensions are different from each other, and fan-out of the web can be properly corrected. As a result, the print quality can be improved.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the adjusting system adjusts the pressure amount in the outer area in the width direction of the web to be larger than the pressure amount in the central area in the width direction of the web. Therefore, the pressure amount in the outer area of the web where the tension is lower is set larger than in the central area, thereby properly correcting the fan-out in the entire area of the web.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the adjusting system includes a first driving device and a second driving device that can independently drive the first and second adjusting units, respectively. Therefore, by the driving devices independently driving the corresponding adjusting units, register adjustment in the central area and in the outer area in the width direction of the web can be performed separately. Accordingly, the fan-out can be properly corrected in the entire area and a fan-out correction operation can be easily performed in a short time.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the adjusting system includes a first driving device that can drive the first and second adjusting units together and a second driving device that can drive only the second adjusting unit. Therefore, the pressure amounts in the entire area in the width direction of the web are adjusted to be uniform by the first driving device driving the first and second adjusting units together, and the pressure amount in the outer area in the width direction of the web is adjusted individually by the second driving device driving only the second adjusting unit. Accordingly, the fan-out of the web can be properly corrected and the fan-out correction operation can be easily performed in a short time.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the pressing members are pressure rollers in a disc shape, and the pressure rollers of the second adjusting unit have an outer diameter set larger than that of the pressure rollers of the first adjusting unit. Therefore, register is adjusted by the pressure rollers having the larger outer diameter in the outer area where the tension on the web is lower than in the central area and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the pressing members are pressure rollers in a disc shape, and the number of the pressure rollers per unit length in the second adjusting unit is set larger than the number of the pressure rollers per unit length in the first adjusting unit. Therefore, the register is adjusted by the plural pressure rollers having a larger number per unit length in the outer area where the tension on the web is lower than in the central area and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the pressing members are pressure rollers in a disc shape, and the pressure rollers in the second adjusting unit each have a roller body rotatably supported on an eccentric shaft and can change the pressure amount by changing a phase of the eccentric shaft. Therefore, the register is adjusted by the pressure rollers having larger eccentricity amounts in the outer area where the tension on the web is lower than in the central area and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, a third adjusting unit including one pressing member arranged on an outermost side in the width direction of the web is included, and the adjusting system can adjust a pressure amount in a central area in the width direction of the web, a pressure amount in an outer area in the width direction of the web, and a pressure amount on the outermost side in the width direction of the web to different values through the first, second, and third adjusting units. Therefore, the pressure amount on the outermost side in the width direction of the web can be individually adjusted and the fan-out of the web can be properly corrected.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the plural pressing members are located upstream in the web running direction with respect to a printing cylinder, and the pressing members in the second adjusting unit are located nearer to the printing cylinder than the pressing members in the first adjusting unit. Therefore, the register is adjusted by the pressure rollers nearer to the printing cylinder in the outer area where the tension on the web is lower than in the central area and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the first adjusting units are arranged at a regular interval in the central area and in the outer area on one surface side of the web, and the second adjusting unit is arranged in the outer area on the other surface side of the web. Therefore, the second adjusting unit can be located out of way of the first adjusting unit, which enables to simplify the configuration.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the pressing members each have a pressing member body in a hollow shape having a curved surface around a central axis in the width direction of the web, and an ejection hole formed on the curved surface to jet fluid contained in the pressing member body toward the web. Therefore, the fan-out can be corrected by properly causing the web to be wavy without damaging the web.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the adjusting system includes a control unit that can control the adjusting units, and the control unit controls the adjusting units based on web data or print data previously set. Therefore, the fan-out correction operation can be simplified.
According to the lateral register correcting device of the present invention, the adjusting system includes a control unit that can control the adjusting units and a misalignment detecting unit that detects misalignment between the web and print images, and the control unit controls the adjusting units based on a result of detection by the misalignment detecting unit. Therefore, the pressure amounts are adjusted by the adjusting units in real time, which enables to promptly correct misalignment between the web and print images.
A printing press according to the present invention includes a feeder device, a printing device, a folder, and a lateral register correcting device, and the lateral register correcting device includes a first adjusting unit that includes a plurality of pressing members arranged in a central area in the width direction of the web, a second adjusting unit that includes one or more pressing members arranged in an outer area in the width direction of the web than the first adjusting unit, and an adjusting system that can adjust a pressure amount in the central area in the width direction of the web and a pressure amount in the outer area in the width direction of the web to different values through the first and second adjusting units. Because the pressure amount in the central area and the pressure amount in the outer area to the web are accordingly adjusted to the different values by the first and second adjusting units, register adjustment amounts are appropriately adjusted to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web where the tensions are different from each other and the fan-out of the web can be properly corrected. As a result, the print quality can be improved.
According to the printing press of the present invention, the printing press includes a plate cylinder having press plates attached thereto, and a blanket cylinder facing in contact with the plate cylinder to transfer ink on the plate cylinder to the web, and the plate cylinder is an integrated plate cylinder to which a plurality of press plates can be attached on an outer peripheral surface thereof along an axial direction and that can adjust positions of the press plates with respect to the web by being axially moved with respect to a frame. Therefore, adjustment of the register in the width direction, which is not corrected by the integrated plate cylinder, can be easily performed by provision of the first and second adjusting units and independent adjustment of the pressure amount in the outer area of the web.
Exemplary embodiments of a lateral register correcting device and a printing press according to the present invention will be explained below in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. The present invention is not limited to the embodiments.
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
FIG. 3
FIG. 4
FIG. 5
FIG. 6
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a first embodiment of the present invention, is a schematic diagram of relevant parts of a printing unit, depicting the lateral register correcting device according to the first embodiment, is a schematic configuration diagram of a web offset press for newspaper according to the first embodiment, is a schematic diagram of a printing device according to the first embodiment, is a schematic diagram of a pressed state of a web according to the lateral register correcting of the first embodiment, and is a graph of an amount of fan-out correction performed by the lateral register correcting device according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 3
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A printing press according to the first embodiment is a web offset press for newspaper as shown in and includes a feeder device R having a plurality of (eight in the present embodiment) feeder units R to R, a printing device U having a plurality of (six in the present embodiment) printing units U to U, a web path device D having a plurality of (two in the present embodiment) web path units D and D, and a folder F having a plurality of (two in the present embodiment) folder units F and F.
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While this example is explained with the six printing units U to U, the printing units U to U are capable of four color printing and can be vertically divided and used as 12 printing units U, U, U, . . . , U, and U capable of two color printing.
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FIG. 3
While the two folder units F and F are shown abreast in , these units are practically an operating-side folder unit F and a driving-side folder unit F arranged side by side in a direction perpendicular to the drawing sheet. While the printing device U is shown as two parts, this is just divided into two by functions and practically one device.
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In the web offset press for newspaper of the present embodiment, the feeder units R to R are installed on the first floor of a building (not shown), the printing units U to U are installed on the second and third floors, the web path device D is installed on the third to fifth floors, and the folder F is installed on the second and third floors.
The feeder device R, the printing device U, the web path device D, and the folder F mentioned above are explained below in detail.
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In the feeder device R, the feeder units R to R have almost the same configuration in which a holding arm that holds three paper rolls, which are rolled webs W, is provided and the paper rolls can be rotated to a feeding position by rotating the holding arm . Each of the feeder units R to R includes a splicing device (not shown). When the rolled paper let out at the feeding position draws to an end, the splicing device can splice rolled paper at a standby position to the rolled paper at the feeding position.
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In the printing device U, the printing units U to U are multicolor printing units capable of duplex four-color printing. However, the respective printing units U to U can be the printing units U to U capable of duplex two-color printing by being vertically divided. In the printing units U to U, a plate cylinder has a perimeter (diameter) set to be equal to a perimeter (diameter) of a blanket cylinder . That is, on a peripheral surface of the plate cylinder , it is possible to removably attach one press plate (not shown) along a circumferential direction (direction of a vertical length of the web W) and four press plates along an axial direction (width direction of the web W).
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While all of the printing units U to U are multicolor printing units in the present embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, various units such as a duplex two-color printing unit, a duplex monochrome printing unit, and a single-side four-color or monochrome printing unit can be appropriately combined according to prints.
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In the web path device D, the web path unit D is provided for the printing units U to U and the web path unit D is provided for the printing units U to U. The web path units D and D have almost the same configuration and each include a slitter that cuts the web W lengthwise (along a vertical longitudinal direction of the web W or a conveyance direction of the web W) at a central part in the width direction, a turn bar that sets a conveyance route of the web W cut lengthwise, a compensator that adjusts a conveyance position of the web W in the vertical longitudinal direction, and the like.
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Therefore, in the web path unit D, the webs W subjected to printing by the printing units U to U are cut lengthwise by the slitter, the conveyance routes thereof are changed by the turn bar, the conveyance positions thereof are adjusted by the compensator, and then the webs W are superimposed in a predetermined order. In the web path unit D, the webs W subjected to printing by the printing units U to U are cut lengthwise by the slitter, the conveyance routes thereof are changed by the turn bar, the conveyance positions thereof are adjusted by the compensator, and then the webs W are superimposed in a predetermined order.
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In the folder F, the two folder units F and F are arranged on the operating side and the driving side, respectively. Accordingly, when plural superimposed webs W are introduced from the web path unit D, the folder unit F can fold the webs W lengthwise, cut the webs W widthwise to a predetermined length, fold the webs W widthwise to form a signature, and deliver the signature as newspaper. When plural superimposed webs W are introduced from the web path unit D, the folder unit F can fold the webs W lengthwise, cut the webs W widthwise to a predetermined length, fold the webs W widthwise to form a signature, and deliver the signature as newspaper. In this example, in the folder F, not only the folder units F and F process the webs W and W from the corresponding web path units D and D but also one of the folder units F and F can perform the processes collectively.
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FIG. 4
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In the printing device U of the web offset press for newspaper of the present embodiment, the respective printing units U to U are H-shaped tower units, thereby enabling floor-color printing, as shown in . In each of the printing units U to U, four stacks a, b, c, and d corresponding to black, cyan, magenta, and yellow, respectively, are arranged one above another. Plate cylinders , , , and are in contact with the stacks a, b, c, and d to face each other side by side, the blanket cylinders , , , and face and are in contact with the plate cylinders , , , and , respectively, and each of the plate cylinders , , , and includes an inking system (not shown).
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In this example, the plate cylinders and and the blanket cylinders and are arranged in an inverted V-shape in the stacks a and c, and the plate cylinders and and the blanket cylinders and are arranged in a V-shape in the stacks b and d, respectively.
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In each of the stacks a, b, c, and d, the corresponding plate cylinders , , , or and the corresponding blanket cylinders , , , or are drive-connected with a gear (not shown) to be driven and rotated in conjunction with each other by one driving motor , , , or . That is, the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders can be driven and rotated in conjunction with each other by the driving motor , for example, and the other stacks b, c, and d have the same configuration.
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On the outer peripheral surface of each of the plate cylinders , , , and , two (or four) press plates for printing different pictures are attached side by side in the axial direction, that is, in the width direction of the web W and printing is performed in this state. The plate cylinders , , , and are rotatably supported by frames on both sides and supported by a register device to enable axial movement (not shown). Accordingly, when the plate cylinders , , , and are axially moved by the register device, positions of the plate cylinders with respect to the web W, that is, misregistration between the web W and print images can be adjusted.
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In the printing device U of the web offset press for newspaper according to the first embodiment, lateral register correcting devices , , and are provided between the stacks a, b, c, and d, respectively. The lateral register correcting devices , , and adjust register in the width direction of the web W based on web data or print data. The web data include the width of the web W (web size), the running speed of the web W, the tension of the web W, and the like and the print data include the coverage, and the like. In this example, the running speed and the tension of the web W can be measured online by using a sensor.
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While the lateral register correcting devices , , and are explained below, the lateral register correcting devices , , and have almost the same configuration and thus only the lateral register correcting device is explained.
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FIGS. 1 and 2
In the lateral register correcting device , a support shaft horizontal to the width direction of the web W is arranged in parallel to the web W on one surface side of the running web W, as shown in . Eight pressure rollers to as a plurality of pressing members are provided to the support shaft at a regular interval.
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The four pressure rollers to arranged in a central area in the width direction of the web W are rotatably supported on the support shaft . In this example, the support shaft and the four pressure rollers to constitutes a first adjusting unit . In outer areas in the width direction of the web W than the central area in the width direction of the web W, one end surfaces of cases and are fixed to respective axial ends of the support shaft . Movement members and are supported in the cases and to freely move in a direction perpendicular to the web W. The pressure rollers , , , and are rotatably supported on the movement members and via support shafts and , respectively. The movement members and are enabled to reciprocate by actuators and . In this example, the cases and , the movement members and , the support shafts and , and the pressure rollers , , , and constitute second adjusting units and , which are arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W than the first adjusting unit .
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One ends of attachment levers and are fixed to the other end surfaces of the cases and , and attachment units and of movement blocks and are connected to the other ends of the attachment levers and with connection shafts and to enable horizontal pivoting. On sides in the width direction of the running web W, threaded shafts and are arranged in a direction horizontal and perpendicular to the web W and enabled to rotate by driving motors and . The threaded shafts and are screwed into the movement blocks and , respectively.
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FIG. 1
FIG. 1
Accordingly, when the threaded shafts and are rotated in a positive rotation direction by the driving motors and , the movement blocks and move forward (upward in ) so that the eight pressures rollers to can be moved in a direction toward the web W via the cases and , the support shaft , and the like. On the other hand, when the threaded shafts and are rotated in a negative rotation direction by the driving motors and , the movement blocks and move backward (downward in ) so that the eight pressure rollers to can be moved in a direction away from the web W via the cases and , the support shaft , and the like.
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The actuators and enable the four pressure rollers , , , and to move in the direction toward the web W or in the direction away from the web W via the movement members and , and the like.
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When the eight pressure rollers to are moved in the direction toward the web W to press the running web W from one surface, parts of the web W pressed by the pressure rollers to project on the other surface, which causes the web W to be wavy. Although the web W is extended widthwise due to ink and dampening water supplied during printing, the length in the width direction is reduced because of the wavy form produced by the pressure rollers to and can be modified to one before the printing, that is, fan-out can be corrected. As a result, misregistration between the web W and the print images can be adjusted.
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In this example, when fan-out amounts are different between one side and the other side of the web W in the width direction, movement amounts of the movement blocks and by the driving motors and or driving amounts of the actuators and are made different to bring the pressure rollers to closer to the web W so that the support shaft inclines with respect to the web W. By doing so, such fan-out can be handled.
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In the present embodiment, the threaded shafts and , the driving motors and , and the like constitute a first driving device that can drive the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and together. The actuators and and the like constitute a second driving device that can drive only the second adjusting units and . These driving devices constitute an adjusting system according to the present invention.
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While predetermined tensions act on the web W when the web W passes through the printing units, the tensions on the web W are higher at the central part in the width direction and lower at outer sides thereof, that is, at the side parts of the web W. Accordingly, even when the web W is caused to be wavy by moving forward the pressure rollers to by the same amount with respect to the web W having the fan-out occurred, it is difficult to form sufficient waves on the side parts as compared to the central part, which prevents the fan-out of the web W from being properly corrected.
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Therefore, the lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment enables to adjust the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to different values by using the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and . Specifically, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than those in the central area in the width direction of the web W.
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That is, a control device can drive-control the driving motors and as the first driving device and can drive-control the actuators and as the second driving device. An operation panel is connected to the control device and, when an operator inputs a command value through the operation panel , the control device drive-controls the driving motors and and the actuators and based on the input command value.
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The control device first causes the driving motors and to rotate the threaded shaft and in the positive rotation direction to move the movement blocks and forward and move all the pressures rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft , thereby pressing the web W with the pressure rollers to to cause the web W to be wavy. The web W then has the entire area in the width direction made wavy and the length in the width direction is reduced. However, because the tensions in the outer areas in the width direction are lower, the forms of the waves in these areas are smaller.
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FIG. 5
The control device then causes the actuators and to move only the four pressure rollers , , , and in the direction toward the web W, thereby pressing only the outer areas of the web W with the pressure rollers , , , and to cause the outer areas to be wavy. In this way, although tensions are lower in the outer areas of the web W in the width direction, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers , , , and become larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to in the central area by a length L, as shown in . Accordingly, the web W becomes an almost uniformly wavy form in the width direction and the length in the width direction is reduced to appropriate one. As a result, the web W has a length in the width direction modified to the length before the printing, so that the fan-out can be properly corrected.
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Although it is explained that the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and separately operate, the first and second adjusting units practically operate at the same time. The control device previously calculates forward movement amounts of the pressure rollers to produced by the adjusting units , , and based on the input command value, the web data, the print data, and the like and, upon start of printing, causes the lateral register correcting device to automatically operate (preset control).
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In each of the printing units U to U, a plurality of cameras serving as a misalignment detecting unit that detects misalignment between the web W and print images are provided downstream in the conveyance direction of the web W in the four stacks a, b, c, and d. Images taken by the cameras are transmitted to the control device , and the control device adjusts the pressure amounts of the pressure rollers to produced by the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and based on the images taken by the cameras . In this example, a plurality of register marks are printed on the web W at predetermined positions in the width direction and the cameras take images of the register marks. The control device determines whether the register marks taken by the cameras are at predetermined reference positions in the width direction. When the register marks are not at the reference positions, the control device feedback-controls the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and to locate the register marks at the reference positions. In this way, by adjusting the pressure amounts produced by the adjusting units , , and in real time, the misalignment between the web W and the print images can be promptly corrected.
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
FIG. 6
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is a graph of a fan-out amount of the web W and corrected amounts thereof. When the fan-out amount of the web W subjected to printing is as shown by a solid line in and when the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to are set equal like in the conventional technique, the tensions on the web W in the outer areas in the width direction are lower, which prevents the fan-out from being sufficiently corrected in the outer areas as shown by a dotted line in . On the other hand, when the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers , , , and in the outer areas are set larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to in the central area like in the present embodiment, the fan-out can be sufficiently corrected in all the areas as shown by a dashed-dotted line in although the tensions on the web W in the outer areas in the width direction are lower.
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As described above, the lateral register correcting device according to the first embodiment is configured to adjust the register in the width direction of the web W by pressing the pressure rollers to arranged along the width direction of the web W from one surface of the running web W to cause the web W to be wavy. The lateral register correcting device includes the first adjusting unit including the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the second adjusting units and including the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W than the first adjusting unit . Accordingly, the lateral register correcting device according to the first embodiment can adjust the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to different values by using the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and (the adjusting system).
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Because the pressure amounts in the central area and the pressure amounts in the outer areas to the web W can be adjusted to the different values by the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and , the register adjustment amounts can be appropriately adjusted to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web W where the tensions are different from each other, and the fan-out of the web W can be properly corrected, resulting in an improved print quality.
In the lateral register correcting device according to the first embodiment, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W. Accordingly, the register adjustment amounts become almost uniform in all the areas in the width direction of the web W by setting the pressure amounts in the outer areas of the web W where the tensions are lower to larger values than in the central area, and the fan-out can be properly corrected in all the areas of the web W.
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The lateral register correcting device according to the first embodiment has the driving motors (the first driving devices) and that can drive the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and together, and the actuators (the second driving device) and that can drive only the second adjusting units and as the adjusting system. Therefore, the pressure amounts are uniformly adjusted in all the areas in the width direction of the web W through integral driving of the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and by the driving motors and , and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are individually adjusted through driving of only the second adjusting units and by the actuators and . Accordingly, the fan-out of the web W can be properly corrected and the operation to correct the fan-out can be easily performed in a short time.
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In the web offset press according to the first embodiment, the plate cylinders , , , and are integrated plate cylinders having the outer peripheral surfaces on which plural press plates can be attached in the axial direction and having the positions of the press plates with respect to the web W adjustable by moving the plate cylinders in the axial direction with respect to the frames. Therefore, the pressure amounts in the outer areas of the web W can be independently adjusted by the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and , thereby easily adjusting the register in the width direction that has not been corrected by the integrated plate cylinders. That is, in the integrated plate cylinders, while the plural press plates are attached along the axial direction on the peripheral surface of each of the plate cylinders , position adjustment in the width direction (the axial direction of the plate cylinders) between the press plates cannot be performed. However, in the present embodiment, the position adjustment in the width direction between the press plates can be performed by correcting the fan-out with the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and
FIG. 7
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a second embodiment of the present invention. Elements having functions identical to those of the embodiment described above are denoted by like reference signs and redundant explanations thereof will be omitted.
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FIG. 7
In the second embodiment, a lateral register correcting device is provided on one surface side of the running web W as shown in . In the lateral register correcting device , the support axis horizontal to the width direction of the web W is arranged in parallel to the web W, and the eight pressure rollers to arranged at the regular interval in the entire area (the central area and the outer areas) in the width direction of the web W are rotatably supported on the support shaft . In this example, the support shaft and the eight pressure rollers to constitute a first adjusting unit .
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Air nozzles and are attached to the support shaft in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W than the central area in the width direction of the web W between the pressure rollers and and between the pressure rollers and , respectively. An air supply source (not shown) is connected to the air nozzles and via air pipes and and pressure reducing valves and , respectively. In this example, the air nozzles and , the air pipes and , and the air supply source constitute second adjusting units and
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One ends of the attachment levers and are fixed to the respective ends of the support shaft , and the attachment units and of the movement blocks and are connected to the other ends of the attachment levers and via the connection shafts and to horizontally pivot. The threaded shafts and are arranged on the sides in the width direction of the running web W and enabled to rotate by means of the driving motors and . The threaded shafts and are screwed into the movement blocks and , respectively.
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Accordingly, when the threaded shafts and are rotated in the positive rotation direction by the driving motors and , the movement blocks and move forward and thus the eight pressure rollers to can be moved in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft . Air in the air supply source is delivered to the air nozzles and through the air pipes and , and the air can be jetted toward the web W through the air nozzles and
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When the eight pressure rollers to are moved in the direction toward the web W and press the running web W from one surface, parts of the web W pressed by the pressure rollers to project on the other surface side, thereby causing the web W to be wavy. Although the web W is extended widthwise due to the ink and the dampening water supplied during printing, the web W is made wavy by the pressure rollers to , and the length in the width direction is reduced and can be modified to one before the printing. That is, the fan-out can be corrected and consequently misregistration between the web W and the print images can be adjusted.
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In the present embodiment, the threaded shafts and , the driving motors and , and the like constitute a first driving device that can drive the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and together. The air nozzles and , the pressure reducing valves and , and the like constitute a second driving device that can drive only the second adjusting units and . These driving devices constitute the adjusting system according to the present invention.
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In the lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment, the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W can be adjusted to different values by the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and . Specifically, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than those in the central area in the width direction of the web W.
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That is, the control device (not shown) can drive-control the driving motors and functioning as the first driving device and also can drive-control the pressure reducing valves and functioning as the second driving device. Accordingly, the control device causes the driving motors and to rotate the threaded shafts and in the positive rotation direction to move the movement blocks and forward and move all the pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft , thereby pressing the web W with the pressure rollers to to cause the web W to be wavy. Although the length in the width direction of the web W is reduced because all the areas in the width direction become wavy, the waves in the outer areas are smaller due to the lower tensions in the outer areas in the width direction.
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Therefore, the control device causes the pressure reducing valves and to jet air toward the web W out of the air nozzles and , thereby pressing only the outer areas of the web W with the jetted air to form waves in these areas. Although the tensions in the outer areas of the web W in the width direction are lower, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers , , , and and the jetted air from the air nozzles and become larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to in the central area. Accordingly, the web W becomes almost uniformly wavy in the width direction and has the length in the width direction reduced to appropriate one. As a result, the web W has the length in the width direction modified to one before the printing and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
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As described above, the lateral register correcting device according to the second embodiment includes the first adjusting unit including the eight pressure rollers to arranged in the entire area in the width direction of the web W and the second adjusting units and including the two air nozzles and arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W, and can adjust the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to different values by using the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and (the adjusting system).
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Because the pressure amounts in the central area and the pressure amounts in the outer areas to the web W are adjusted to the different values by the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and , the register adjustment values are appropriately adjusted to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web W where the tensions are different from each other, and the fan-out of the web W can be properly corrected. As a result, the print quality can be improved.
The lateral register correcting device according to the second embodiment adjusts the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to be larger than the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W. Therefore, due to the pressure amounts set larger in the outer areas of the web W where the tensions are lower than those in the central area, the register adjustment values become almost uniform in all the areas in the width direction of the web W and the fan-out can be properly corrected in the entire area of the web W.
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Furthermore, the lateral register correcting device according to the second embodiment has the air nozzles and as the second adjusting units and . Therefore, there is no need to change the first adjusting unit including the eight pressure rollers to and it suffices to add only the two air nozzles and , which prevents complication in the configuration or increase in the costs.
FIG. 8
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a third embodiment of the present invention. Elements having functions identical to those of the embodiments described above are denoted by like reference signs and redundant explanations thereof will be omitted.
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FIG. 8
In the third embodiment, a lateral register correcting device is provided on one surface side of the running web W as shown in . In the lateral register correcting device , four movement members , , , and are arranged on a support frame in the width direction of the web W, and the movement members , , , and are supported by actuators , , , and to move in a direction perpendicular to the web W, respectively. Support shafts , , , and horizontal to the width direction of the web W are attached to the movement members , , , and in parallel to the web W, respectively. The eight pressure rollers to arranged at the regular interval in the entire area (the central area and the outer areas) in the width direction of the web W are rotatably supported on the support shafts , , , and .
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In this example, the support shafts and and the four pressure rollers to constitute a first adjusting unit . The support shafts and and the four pressure rollers , , , and constitute second adjusting units and
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Therefore, when the movement members , , , and are moved forward by the actuators , , , and , the eight pressure rollers to can be moved in the direction toward the web W via the support shafts , , , and . When the eight pressure rollers to are pressed on the running web W from one surface, parts of the web W pressed by the pressure rollers to project on the other surface side and the web W becomes wavy. Although the web W is extended widthwise due to the ink and the dampening water supplied during printing, the length in the width direction is reduced because of the wavy form produced by the pressure rollers to and can be modified to the one before the printing. That is, the fan-out can be corrected and consequently misregistration between the web W and print images can be adjusted.
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In the present embodiment, the actuators and and the like constitute a first driving device that can independently drive the first adjusting unit , and the actuators and and the like constitute a second driving device that can independently drive the second adjusting units and . These driving devices constitute the driving system according to the present invention.
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The lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment can adjust the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to different values by using the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units an . Specifically, the lateral register correcting device adjusts the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to be larger than those in the central area in the width direction of the web W.
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That is, the control device (not shown) can drive-control the actuators and as the first driving device and also can drive-control the actuators and as the second driving device. Therefore, the control device moves the pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W through the actuators , , , and to press the web W with the pressure rollers to , thereby causing the web W to be wavy. While the web W is reduced in length in the width direction due to the wavy form in the entire area in the width direction, the web W has smaller waves in the outer areas in the width direction because the tensions in the outer areas are lower.
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Accordingly, the control device moves the pressure rollers , , , and in the direction toward the web W through the actuators and , thereby pressing only the outer areas of the web W with the pressure rollers to to cause the outer areas to be wavy. While the tensions are lower in the outer areas in the width direction, the web W becomes almost uniformly wavy in the width direction and has a length in the width direction reduced to appropriate one because the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers , , , and become larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to in the central area. As a result, the length in the width direction of the web W is modified to the one before the printing and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
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As described above, the lateral register correcting device according to the third embodiment includes the first adjusting unit including the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W, and the second adjusting units and including the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W. The lateral register correcting device according to the third embodiment adjusts the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to different values, that is, adjusts the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to be larger than those in the central area in the width direction of the web W by using the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and
Therefore, due to the pressure amounts in the outer areas of the web W where the tensions are lower, set larger than those in the central area, the register adjustment amounts are appropriately adjusted to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web W where the tensions are different from each other and the fan-out of the web W can be properly corrected. As a result, the print quality can be improved.
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Furthermore, the lateral register correcting device according to the third embodiment includes the actuators , , , and that can drive the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and independently. Therefore, by the actuators , , , and that drive the adjusting units , , and independently, the register adjustment in the central area and the outer areas in the width direction of the web W can be performed separately to properly correct the fan-out in the entire area and to easily perform the fan-out correction operation in a short time.
FIG. 9
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. Elements having functions identical to those of the embodiments described above are denoted by like reference signs and redundant explanations thereof will be omitted.
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FIG. 9
In the fourth embodiment, a lateral register correcting device is provided on one surface side of the running web W as shown in . In the lateral register correcting device , the support shaft horizontal to the width direction of the web W is arranged in parallel to the web W and eight pressure rollers to arranged in the entire area (the central area and the outer areas) in the width direction of the web W at a regular interval are rotatably support on the support shaft .
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In this example, the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas have an outer diameter set larger than that of the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W. The support shaft and the four pressure rollers to constitute a first adjusting unit , and the support shaft and the four pressure rollers , , , and constitute second adjusting units and
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Accordingly, when the threaded shafts and are rotated in the positive rotation direction by the driving motors and , the movement blocks and move forward, which enables to move the eight pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft . When the eight pressure rollers to are moved to the direction toward the web W to press the running web W from one surface, parts of the web W pressed by the pressure rollers to project on the other surface side and then the web W becomes wavy. Although the web W is extended widthwise due to the ink and the dampening water supplied during printing, the length in the width direction is reduced because of the wavy form produced by the pressure rollers to and can be modified to the one before the printing, that is, the fan-out can be corrected. As a result, misregistration between the web W and the print images can be adjusted.
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The lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment can adjust the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to different values through the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and . Specifically, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than those in the central area in the width direction of the web W.
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That is, the pressure rollers , , , and in the second adjusting units and have an outer diameter set larger than that of the pressure rollers to in the first adjusting unit . Accordingly, the control device rotates the threaded shafts and in the positive rotation direction through the driving motors and to move the movement blocks and forward and move all the pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft , thereby pressing the web W with the pressure rollers to to cause the web W to be wavy. At that time, because the outer diameter of the pressure rollers , , , and in the outer areas is larger, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers , , , and become larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to in the central area. Although the tensions are lower in the outer areas in the width direction, the web W becomes almost uniformly wavy in the width direction and the length in the width direction is reduced to appropriate one. As a result, the web W has a length in the width direction modified to the one before the printing and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
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As described above, the lateral register correcting device according to the fourth embodiment includes the first adjusting unit including the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W, and the second adjusting units and including the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W, in which the outer diameter of the pressure rollers , , , and in the second adjusting units and is set larger than that of the pressure rollers to in the first adjusting unit .
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101
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a
b
Therefore, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) to the web W of the pressure rollers , , , and of the second adjusting units and in the outer areas become larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to of the first adjusting unit in the central area, which enables to appropriately adjust the register adjustment amounts to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web W where the tensions are different from each other and to properly correct the fan-out of the web W. As a result, the print quality can be improved.
FIG. 10
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. Elements having functions identical to those of the embodiments described above are denoted by like reference signs and redundant explanations thereof will be omitted.
111
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30
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FIG. 10
In the fifth embodiment, a lateral register correcting device is provided on one surface side of the running web W as shown in . In the lateral register correcting device , the support shaft horizontal to the width direction of the web W is arranged in parallel to the web W and ten pressure rollers to arranged at regular intervals in the entire area (the central area and the outer areas) in the width direction of the web W are rotatably supported on the support shaft .
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a
b.
In this example, while all the pressure rollers to have the same outer diameter, the number per predetermined unit length of the six pressure rollers to and to arranged in the outer areas is set larger than the number per predetermined unit length of the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W. Specifically, the distance between the six pressure rollers to and to arranged in the outer areas is smaller than that between the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area. The support shaft and the four pressure rollers to constitute a first adjusting unit , and the support shaft and the six pressure rollers to and to constitute second adjusting units and
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112
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a
b
a
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a
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Accordingly, when the threaded shafts and are rotated in the positive rotation direction by the driving motors and , the movement blocks and move forward, which enables to move the ten pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft . When the ten pressure rollers to are moved in the direction toward the web W to press the running web W from one surface, parts of the web W pressed by the pressure rollers to project on the other surface side, which causes the web W to be wavy. Although the web W is extended widthwise due to the ink and the dampening water supplied during printing, the length in the width direction is reduced because of the wavy form produced by the pressure rollers to and can be modified to the one before the printing. That is, the fan-out can be corrected and consequently the misregistration between the web and the print images can be adjusted.
111
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123
a
b
The lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment can adjust the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to different values through the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and . Specifically, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than those in the central area in the width direction of the web W.
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a
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That is, the number per unit length of the pressure rollers to and to in the second adjusting units and is set larger than that of the pressure rollers to in the first adjusting unit . Therefore, the control device causes the driving motors and to rotate the threaded shafts and in the positive rotation direction to move the movement blocks and forward and move all the pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft , thereby pressing the web W with the pressure rollers to to cause the web W to be wavy. At that time, because the number of per unit length of the pressure rollers to and to in the outer areas is larger, the pressure amount (projection amount) per unit length of the pressure rollers to and to becomes larger than the pressure amount (projection amount) per unit length of the pressure rollers to in the central area. Accordingly, although the tensions are lower in the outer areas in the width direction, the web W becomes almost uniformly wavy in the width direction and the length in the width direction is reduced to appropriate one. As a result, the length in the width direction of the web W is modified to the one before the printing and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
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a
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a
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As described above, the lateral register correcting device according to the fifth embodiment includes the first adjusting unit including the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W, and the second adjusting units and including the four pressure rollers to and to arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W, in which the number per unit length of the pressure rollers to and to in the second adjusting units and is set larger than that of the pressure rollers to in the first adjusting unit .
112
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a
b
Therefore, the pressure amount (projection amount) per unit length to the web W of the pressure rollers to and to in the second adjusting units and in the outer areas is larger than the pressure amount (projection amount) per unit length of the pressure rollers to in the first adjusting unit in the central area. This enables to appropriately adjust the register adjustment amounts to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web W where the tensions are different from each other and to properly correct the fan-out of the web W, and consequently improves the print quality.
FIG. 11
FIG. 12A
FIG. 12B
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention, is a schematic configuration diagram of a pressure roller of a second adjusting unit in the lateral register correcting device according to the sixth embodiment, and is a schematic configuration diagram of an operation of the pressure roller of the second adjusting unit in the lateral register correcting device according to the sixth embodiment. Elements having functions identical to those of the embodiments described above are denoted by like reference signs and redundant explanations thereof will be omitted.
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FIG. 11
In the sixth embodiment, a lateral register correcting device is provided on one surface side of the running web W as shown in . In the lateral register correcting device , the support shaft horizontal to the width direction of the web W is arranged in parallel to the web W and eight pressure rollers to arranged at a regular interval in the entire area (the central area and the outer areas) in the width direction of the web W are rotatably supported on the support shaft .
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FIG. 12A
2
1
2
1
2
In this example, the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are capable of decentering and can change the pressure amounts by changing the phases. Because the pressure rollers , , , and have the same configuration, only the pressure roller is explained below in detail. That is, in the pressure roller as shown in , an eccentric shaft having a rotation center Ois attached to the support shaft having a rotation center Oto enable relative rotation, and a roller body having the rotation center Ois rotatably supported on the eccentric shaft . In this example, a predetermined eccentricity amount D is set between the rotation center Oand the rotation center O.
FIG. 11
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a
b.
As shown in , worm wheels and are firmly coupled to ends of the support shaft , and worm gears and of adjustment motors and engage with the worm wheels and , respectively. In this example, the ends of the support shaft are connected to one ends of attachment levers and through rotary joint (not shown) to enable rotation, so that the support shaft can rotate with respect to the attachment levers and
1
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2
1
30
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FIG. 12A
FIG. 11
FIG. 12B
a
b
a
b
a
b
Accordingly, a pressure distance Pfrom the rotation center Oof the support shaft to the outer peripheral surface of the roller body pressing the web W is set in a state shown in . On the other hand, when the adjustment motors and are driven to rotate the support shaft by 180 degrees via the worm gears and and the worm wheels and as shown in , the phase of the eccentric shaft is changed so that a pressure distance Pfrom the rotation center Oof the support shaft to the outer peripheral surface of the roller body pressing the web W is set larger as shown in . In this way, the pressure amount on the web W produced by the pressure roller can be changed to a larger value.
30
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30
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a
b.
In this example, the support shaft and the four pressure rollers to constitute a first adjusting unit , and the support shaft and the four pressure rollers , , , and constitute second adjusting units and
FIG. 11
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132
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132
139
a
b
a
b
a
b
Therefore, as shown in , when the threaded shafts and are rotated in the positive rotation direction by the driving motors and , the movement blocks and move forward, which enables the eight pressure rollers to to move in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft . When the eight pressure rollers to are moved in the direction toward the web W to press the running web W from one surface, parts of the web W pressed by the pressure rollers to project on the other surface side and then the web W becomes wavy. Although the web W is extended widthwise due to the ink and the dampening water supplied during printing, the length in the width direction is reduced because the web W is made wavy by the pressure rollers to . Accordingly, the length of the web W can be modified to the one before the printing, that is, the fan-out can be corrected and consequently misregistration between the web W and the print images can be adjusted.
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147
a
b
In the lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment, the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W can be adjusted to different values by the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and . Specifically, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than those in the central area in the width direction of the web W.
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a
a
b
FIGS. 12A and 12B
FIG. 11
1
That is, the pressure rollers , , , and in the second adjusting units and previously change the phase of the eccentric shaft as shown in to change the pressure distance from the rotation center Oof the support shaft to the outer peripheral surface of the roller body pressing the web W, thereby setting the projection amounts on the web W produced by the pressure rollers , , , and in the second adjusting units and to be larger than the projection amounts on the web W produced by the pressure rollers to in the first adjusting unit as shown in .
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a
b
a
b
a
b
Therefore, the control device causes the driving motors and to rotate the threaded shafts and in the positive rotation direction to move the movement blocks and forward and move all the pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft , thereby pressing the web W with the pressure rollers to to cause the web W to be wavy. At that time, because the projection amounts of the pressure rollers , , , and in the outer areas are larger, the pressure amounts on the web W of the pressure rollers , , , and become larger than those of the pressure rollers to in the central area. Accordingly, although the tensions are lower in the outer areas in the width direction, the web W becomes almost uniformly wavy in the width direction and the length in the width direction is reduced to appropriate one. As a result, the web W has the length in the width direction modified to the one before the printing and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
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a
b
a
b
As described above, the lateral register correcting device according to the sixth embodiment includes the first adjusting unit including the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W, and the second adjusting units and including the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W. The pressure rollers , , , and in the second adjusting units and are capable of decentering and, by changing the phases thereof, the lateral register correcting device can change the pressure amounts.
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134
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146
a
b
Therefore, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) to the web W of the pressure rollers , , , and of the second adjusting units and in the outer areas are set larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to of the first adjusting unit in the central area, so that the register adjustment amounts are appropriately adjusted to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web W where the tensions are different from each other, and the fan-out of the web W can be properly corrected. As a result, the print quality can be improved.
FIG. 13
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention. Elements having functions identical to those of the embodiments described above are denoted by like reference signs and redundant explanations thereof will be omitted.
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30
FIG. 13
In the seventh embodiment, a lateral register correcting device is provided on one surface side of the running web W as shown in . In the lateral register correcting device , the support shaft horizontal to the width direction of the web W is arranged in parallel to the web W and the eight pressure rollers to arranged at the regular interval in the entire area (the central area and the outer areas) in the width direction of the web W are rotatably supported on the support shaft .
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b
b
b
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b
In this example, while all the pressure rollers to have the same outer diameter, the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are nearer to the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders located downstream of the web W than the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area. Specifically, the lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment is located upstream of the stack b in the running direction of the web W, where the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area are rotatably supported directly on the support shaft and the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas are rotatably supported on the support shaft via links to connected thereto. These links to have ends extending toward the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders , and the pressure rollers , , , and supported on the ends are located nearer to the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders than the pressure rollers to .
30
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156
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157
157
a
b.
The support shaft and the four pressure rollers to constitute a first adjusting unit , and the support shaft and the four pressure rollers , , , and constitute second adjusting units and
49
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31
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a
b
a
b
a
b
Accordingly, when the threaded shafts and are rotated in the positive rotation direction by the driving motors and , the movement blocks and move forward, which enables the eight pressure rollers to to move in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft . When the eight pressure rollers to are moved in the direction toward the web W to press the running web W from one surface, parts of the web W pressed by the pressure rollers to project on the other surface side and thus the web W becomes wavy. Although the web W is extended widthwise due to the ink and the dampening water supplied during printing, the length in the width direction is reduced because the web W is made wavy by the pressure rollers to . In this way, the length in the width direction can be modified to the one before the printing, that is, the fan-out can be corrected, and consequently misregistration between the web W and the print images can be adjusted.
151
156
157
157
a
b
In the lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment, the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W can be adjusted to different values by the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and . Specifically, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W.
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156
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a
b
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b
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b
a
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a
b
That is, the pressure rollers , , , and of the second adjusting units and are nearer to the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders located downstream in the running direction of the web W than the pressure rollers to of the first adjusting unit . Therefore, the control device causes the driving motors and to rotate the threaded shafts and in the positive rotation direction to move the movement blocks and forward and move all the pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft , thereby pressing the web W with all the pressure rollers to to cause the web W to be wavy.
31
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13
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b
b
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b
At that time, although the web W is pressed and made wavy by the pressure rollers to and the fan-out is corrected, the web W is slightly extended widthwise while the web W reaches the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders due the tensions applied thereto. However, because the pressure rollers , , , and in the outer areas are located nearer to the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders , the amounts of extension in the web W caused by the pressure with the pressure rollers , , , and are smaller than those caused by the pressure with the pressure rollers to . Accordingly, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers , , , and in the outer areas are larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to in the central area. As a result, while the tensions in the outer areas in the width direction are lower, the web W becomes almost uniformly wavy in the width direction and the length in the width direction is reduced to appropriate one. Consequently, the length of the web W in the width direction is modified to the one before the printing, thereby properly correcting the fan-out.
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12
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36
156
a
b
a
b
b
b
As described above, the lateral register correcting device according to the seventh embodiment includes the first adjusting unit including the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W, and the second adjusting units and including the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W, in which the pressure rollers , , , and of the second adjusting units and are positioned nearer to the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders located downstream in the running direction of the web W than the pressure rollers to of the first adjusting unit .
31
32
37
38
157
157
33
36
156
a
b
Therefore, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) to the web W of the pressure rollers , , , and of the second adjusting units and in the outer areas are larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to of the first adjusting unit in the central area. This enables to appropriately adjust the register adjustment amounts to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web W where the tensions are different from each other. In this way, the fan-out of the web W can be properly corrected and, as a result, the print quality can be improved.
31
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38
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12
13
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152
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31
32
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31
38
12
13
a
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
While the pressure rollers , , , and of the second adjusting units and are positioned nearer to the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders through the links to in the present embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers , , , and in the outer areas can be set larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to in the central area by enabling the links to to freely rotate about the support shaft and changing distances between the pressure rollers , , , and and the web W. Furthermore, while the second adjusting units and include the links, thrusting amounts of the pressure rollers to can be adjusted by providing the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units as separate bodies, arranging the second adjusting units at positions near to the plate cylinders and the blanket cylinders , and driving the second adjusting units separately from the first adjusting unit.
FIG. 14
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention. Elements having functions identical to those of the embodiments described above are denoted by like reference signs and redundant explanations thereof will be omitted.
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30
31
38
FIG. 14
In the eight embodiment, a lateral register correcting device is provided on one surface side and the other surface side of the running web W as shown in . On one surface side of the web W, the lateral register correcting device has the support shaft horizontal to the width direction of the web W arranged in parallel to the web W, and the eight pressure rollers to rotatably supported on the support shaft in the entire area (the central area and the outer areas) in the width direction of the web W. In this example, all the pressure rollers to have the same outer diameter and are arranged at the regular interval.
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163
On the other surface side of the web W, two air nozzles and are arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W. The air nozzles and are connected to an air supply source (not shown) and can jet air to the other surface of the web W.
30
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166
a
b.
In this example, the support shaft and the eight pressure rollers to constitute a first adjusting unit , and the two air nozzles and and the like constitute second adjusting units and
49
49
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50
46
46
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31
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31
38
a
b
a
b
a
b
Therefore, when the threaded shafts and are rotated in the positive rotation direction by the driving motors and , the movement blocks and move forward, thereby moving the eight pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft . When the running web W is pressed from one surface by moving the eight pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W, parts pressed by the pressure rollers to project on the other surface side and the web W becomes wavy. Accordingly, although the web W is extended widthwise due to the ink and the dampening water supplied during printing, the length in the width direction is reduced because of the wavy form produced by the pressure rollers to and can be modified to the one before the printing. That is, the fan-out can be corrected and consequently misregistration between the web W and the print images can be adjusted.
161
164
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165
a
b
In the lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment, the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W can be adjusted to different values by the first adjusting unit and the second adjusting units and . Specifically, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than those in the central area in the width direction of the web W.
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165
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49
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50
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46
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30
31
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a
b
a
b
a
b
a
b
That is, the pressure rollers to of the first adjusting unit are arranged at the regular interval in the entire area on one surface side of the web W, and the air nozzles and of the second adjusting units and are arranged in the outer areas on the other surface side of the web W. Accordingly, the control device rotates the threaded shafts and in the positive rotation direction by using the driving motors and to move the movement blocks and forward and move all the pressure rollers to in the direction toward the web W via the support shaft , thereby pressing the web W on one surface with the pressure rollers to to cause the web W to be wavy. While the length of the web W in the width direction is reduced due to the wavy form in the entire area in the width direction, the waves in the outer areas in the width direction are smaller because the tensions are lower in the outer areas.
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36
Accordingly, the control device causes the air nozzles and to jet air toward the other surface side of the web W, thereby pressing only the outer areas of the web W with the jetted air to form waves in these areas. While the tensions are lower in the outer areas in the width direction, the web W becomes almost uniformly wavy in the width direction and has a length in the width direction reduced to appropriate one because the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers , , , and and the jetted air from the air nozzles and are larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to in the central area. As a result, the length in the width direction of the web W is modified to the one before the printing and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
164
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38
165
165
162
163
a
b
As described above, the lateral register correcting device according to the eighth embodiment includes the first adjusting unit including the eight pressure rollers to arranged on one surface side of the web W in the entire area in the width direction, and the second adjusting units and including the two air nozzles and arranged on the other surface side of the web W in the outer areas in the width direction.
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37
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165
33
36
164
a
b
Therefore, with respect to the web W, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers , , , and of the first adjusting unit and the jetted air from the air nozzles and of the second adjusting units and in the outer areas are larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to of the first adjusting unit in the central area. This enables to appropriately adjust the register adjustment amounts to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web W where the tensions are different from each other and properly correct the fan-out of the web W, resulting in an improved print quality.
31
38
164
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164
a
b
a
b
Furthermore, in the lateral register correcting device according to the eighth embodiment, the pressure rollers to of the first adjusting unit are arranged at the regular interval in the central area and in the outer areas on one surface side of the web W, and the air nozzles and of the second adjusting units and are arranged in the outer areas on the other surface side of the web W. Therefore, the second adjusting units and can be arranged out of the way of the first adjusting unit , which simplifies the configuration.
50
50
49
49
a
b
a
b
While the pressure rollers are applied to the first adjusting unit and the pressure rollers or the air nozzles are applied to the second adjusting units as the pressing members in the respective embodiments described above, the air nozzles can be applied to the first adjusting unit. All the pressing members can be the air nozzles. Furthermore, the pressing members are not limited to the pressure rollers and the air nozzles but can be a pressing plate, a slit nozzle, or the like. The pressing members can be provided not only on one side surface of the web W but also on the other surface side of the web W. While the driving devices of the pressure rollers are configured by the driving motors and and the threaded shafts and , the driving devices can be a rack-and-pinion mechanism, a hydraulic pressure or air cylinder mechanism, or the like.
While four pressing members are included in the first adjusting unit and two or three pressing members are included in the second adjusting units on either side in the respective embodiments described above, the present invention is not limited to these numbers but the number of the pressing members can be appropriately set according to the width of the web W or the like. In such cases, while plural pressing members are required in the first adjusting unit in the central area, the number of pressing members can be one in the second adjusting units in the outer areas and the pressing member is not necessarily placed in the outermost area.
FIG. 15
is a schematic diagram of a pressing member in a lateral register correcting device according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15
FIG. 15
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174
The lateral register correcting device according to the ninth embodiment represents a modification of the pressing members in the respective embodiments described above, and has a configuration including the pressure rollers and the air nozzles. That is, as shown in , a support frame is provided in a hanging manner in the width direction of the running web W (direction perpendicular to the drawing sheet of ), and an actuator is fixed on the support frame . The actuator has a driving rod extending toward one surface side of the web W and has a pressure block as a pressing member attached via an attachment bracket on one end.
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In the pressure block , a block body (pressing member body) is hollow in shape, has a predetermined thickness in the width direction of the web W, and has a curved surface formed at a front part facing the running web W. The curved surface has a central axis in the width direction of the web W and is approximately semicircular in shape. Many ejection holes for jetting air (fluid) contained in the block body toward the web W are formed on the curved surface . An air supply pipe is connected to the block body .
175
A plurality of, or eight, for example, pressure blocks are provided on one surface side of the web W at a predetermined interval in the width direction.
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Therefore, when the web W runs upward, air is supplied inside of the pressure blocks to jet the air through the many ejection holes , and the pressure blocks are moved in the direction toward the web W by the actuators . The curved surfaces of the pressure blocks then press the running web W from one surface, and parts pressed by the pressure blocks project on the other surface side to cause the web W to be wavy. At that time, the air is jetted through the many ejection holes on the curved surface of the pressure blocks and accordingly the curved surface does not directly contact with the surface of the web W, which prevents damage of the web W or degradation of the print surface.
175
While the web W is extended widthwise due to the ink and the dampening water supplied during printing, the length in the width direction is reduced and can be modified to the one before the printing because the web W is made wavy by the pressure blocks . That is, the fan-out can be corrected and consequently misregistration between the web W and the print images can be adjusted.
175
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As described above, in the lateral register correcting device according to the ninth embodiment, each of the pressure blocks includes the block body being hollow in shape and having the curved surface with the central axis along the width direction of the web W, and the many ejection holes formed on the curved surface to jet air contained in the pressure block body toward the web W.
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Therefore, when the curved surfaces of the pressure blocks press the web W to correct the fan-out, there is air between the curved surfaces of the pressure blocks and the web W, which implies that the curved surfaces never contact with the surface of the web W. Accordingly, damage of the web W or degradation of the print surface can be prevented, an appropriate wavy form can be provided, and the fan-out can be corrected.
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While the many ejection holes are formed on the curved surface of the block body of each of the pressure blocks in the ninth embodiment, the present invention is not limited to the number and it suffices that one or more ejection holes are formed thereon.
FIG. 16
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention. Elements having functions identical to those of the embodiments described above are denoted by like reference signs and redundant explanations thereof will be omitted.
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FIG. 16
a
a
In the tenth embodiment, a lateral register correcting device is provided on one surface side of the running web W as shown in . In the lateral register correcting device , the support shaft horizontal to the width direction of the web W is arranged in parallel to the web W, and eighth pressure rollers , to , and are provided on the support shaft at a regular interval.
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b.
The four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W are rotatably supported on the support shaft . In this example, the support shaft and the four pressure rollers to constitute a first adjusting unit . On the other hand, in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W than the central area in the width direction of the web W, the cases and are fixed at axial ends of the support shaft , and the cases and have the movement members and movably supported thereon and the pressure rollers , , , and rotatably supported thereon via the support shafts and . The movement members and are enabled to reciprocate by the actuators and
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In the present embodiment, the two pressure rollers and arranged on outermost sides have an outer diameter set larger than that of the six pressure rollers to . In this example, the cases and , the movement members and , the support shafts and , and the pressure rollers , , , and constitute second adjusting units and , which are arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W than the first adjusting unit . Furthermore, the pressure rollers and constitute third adjusting units and . The actuators and function as second and third driving devices according to the present invention.
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Therefore, when the threaded shafts and are rotated in the positive rotation direction by the driving motors and , the movement blocks and move forward, thereby moving the eight pressure rollers , to , and in the direction toward the web W via the cases and , the support shaft , and the like. The four pressure rollers , , , and can be moved by the actuators and in the direction toward the web W via the movement members and , and the like.
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When the eight pressure rollers , to , and are moved in the direction toward the web W to press the running web W from one surface, parts of the web W pressed by the pressure rollers , to , and project on the other surface side, which causes the web W to be wavy. While the web W is extended widthwise due to the ink and the dampening water supplied during printing, the length in the width direction is reduced and modified to the one before the printing because the web W is made wavy by the pressure rollers to . That is, the fan-out can be corrected and consequently misregistration between the web W and the print images can be adjusted.
181
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a
b
a
b
In the lateral register correcting device of the present embodiment, the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web W, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W, and the pressure amounts on the outermost sides in the width direction of the web W can be adjusted to different values by the first adjusting unit , the second adjusting units and , and the third adjusting units and . Specifically, the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than those in the central area in the width direction of the web W, and the pressure amounts on the outermost sides in the width direction of the web W are adjusted to be larger than those in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W.
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That is, the control device moves only the four pressure rollers , , , and in the direction toward the web W by using the actuators and , thereby pressing only the outer areas of the web W with the pressure rollers , , , and to cause the outer areas to be wavy. While the tensions are lower in the outer areas of the web W in the width direction, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure amounts , , , and become larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers to in the central area. The pressure rollers and of the second adjusting units and have the outer diameter set larger than that of the pressure rollers and . Accordingly, the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers and become larger than the pressure amounts (projection amounts) of the pressure rollers and . As a result, the web W becomes almost uniformly wavy in the width direction and the length in the width direction is reduced to appropriate one. Consequently, the length of the web W in the width direction is modified to the one before the printing and the fan-out can be properly corrected.
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As described above, the lateral register correcting device according to the tenth embodiment includes the first adjusting unit including the four pressure rollers to arranged in the central area in the width direction of the web W, the second adjusting units and including the four pressure rollers , , , and arranged in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W than the first adjusting unit , and the third adjusting units and including the two pressure rollers and arranged on the outermost sides in the width direction of the web W, in which the respective pressure amounts can be adjusted to different values (the adjusting system).
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Accordingly, with respect to the web W, the pressure amounts in the central area, the pressure amounts in the outer areas, and the pressure amounts on the outermost sides are adjusted to the different values by the first adjusting unit , the second adjusting units and , and the third adjusting units and . This enables to appropriately adjust the register adjustment amounts to almost uniform values at all positions in the width direction of the web W where the tensions are different from each other, properly correct the fan-out of the web W, and consequently improve the print quality. That is, because the fan-out amounts of the web W are largest on the outermost sides in the width direction, the fan-out can be properly corrected by providing the third adjusting units and
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While the third adjusting units and are configured by the pressure rollers and having the larger outer diameter in the tenth embodiment, the present invention is not limited to this configuration. For example, it is possible that the pressure rollers , , , and have the same diameter, and the pressure rollers and and the third driving devices that move the pressure rollers and are provided as the third adjusting units. It is also possible to configure the second adjusting units by the two pressure rollers and and the third adjusting units by the two pressure rollers and , and provide the second driving devices that move the pressure rollers and and the third driving devices that move the pressure rollers and . Furthermore, the third adjusting units can be the air nozzles.
The folder according to the present invention can adjust the pressure amounts in the central area in the width direction of the web and the pressure amounts in the outer areas in the width direction of the web W to different values, thereby properly correcting the fan-out of the web to improve the print quality, and can be applied to any type of printing press.
R feeder device
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8
R to R feeder unit
U printing device
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U to U, U to U printing unit
D web path device
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D, D web path unit
F folder
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F, F folder unit
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, , , , , , , , , , lateral register correcting device
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to , to , to , to , , pressure roller (pressing member)
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, , , , , , , , first adjusting unit
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, case
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, actuator (second driving device, third driving device)
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, driving motor (first driving device)
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control device
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, , , air nozzle
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, pressure reducing valve (second driving device)
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, actuator (first driving device)
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, actuator (second driving device)
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eccentric shaft
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roller body
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to link
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pressure block (pressing member)
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, third adjusting unit
W web
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2
is a schematic diagram of relevant parts of a printing unit, depicting the lateral register correcting device according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 3
is a schematic configuration diagram of a web offset press for newspaper according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 4
is a schematic diagram of a printing device according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 5
is a schematic diagram of a pressed state of a web according to the lateral register correcting device of the first embodiment.
FIG. 6
is a graph of an amount of fan-out correction performed by the lateral register correcting device according to the first embodiment.
FIG. 7
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a third embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 9
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 10
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 11
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 12A
is a schematic configuration diagram of a pressure roller of a second adjusting unit in the lateral register correcting device according to the sixth embodiment.
FIG. 12B
is a schematic configuration diagram of an operation of the pressure roller of the second adjusting unit in the lateral register correcting device according to the sixth embodiment.
FIG. 13
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to an eighth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 15
is a schematic diagram of a pressing member in a lateral register correcting device according to a ninth embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 16
is a schematic configuration diagram of a lateral register correcting device according to a tenth embodiment of the present invention. | |
As followers of Jesus, we gather consistently as an expression of God’s Church to make known that Jesus is the Christ. Our Sunday worship services are times of equipping and encouragement to be disciple makers and witnesses for Jesus Christ in our every day lives and to our sphere of influence.
We believe the Gospel , or Good News, proclaimed by the Apostles, which is summarized as follows:
This Good News was prophesied in the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) , which are God’s words to His Church, as part of His eternal plan to bless the families of the earth through Abraham and the house of David, culminating in the New Covenant, in which forgiveness of sin, sanctification in Christ, and the indwelling of the Holy Spirit who binds all disciples of Jesus our Lord.
This Good News was fulfilled in Jesus of Nazareth, the Messiah, the only begotten Son of God, the seed of David, the King of Kings, born of the Spirit in the flesh.
Jesus the Messiah was baptized by John, and with the power of the Holy Spirit, He went around proclaiming the Gospel of grace around the lands of Galilee and Jerusalem, establishing the Kingdom of God on earth.
Jesus lived a sinless life, yet we (humanity) crucified him by hanging him on a tree. Jesus took our curse of sin upon himself, yet God raised him from the dead on the third day, and was seen by many people. His resurrection allows us to have fellowship with God that was lost due to sin. (Deuteronomy 21:23, Galatians 3:13).
Jesus the Messiah will come again to judge both the living and the dead. He will establish His kingdom once and for all which he shall rule without end. (2 Tim 4:1, Revelation 11:15)
Those who hear this Good News, believe, repent and follow the Messiah receive forgiveness of sin and are sealed with the Holy Spirit, who is the pledge of their inheritance, as they eagerly await the Savior’s return. These followers continue to do his work of the Kingdom of God through the work and ministry of the Holy Spirit today until Jesus’ return. (Galatians 1:1-5, 3:1-18, 1 Corinthians 15, Romans 1:1-7, 4:24-25, Ephesians 1:1-3:21, Colossians 1:9-10, 1 Timothy 3:16, 1 Peter 1:1-5)
We believe that there is only one message of Good News and that each person who places his trust in the faithfulness in the person and work of the Messiah alone for the forgiveness of sins is forgiven once and for all. Furthermore, he or she is made permanently a child of God and part of the Messiah’s Church, which is all a gift of God’s grace and mercy. (Ephesians 1:1-14, 2:1-10, Colossians 1:9-14, 1 Corinthians 12:12-13, 2 Corinthians 5:14-17, Romans 5, Romans 8)
We believe that the Church of Jesus the Messiah is made up of those God drew to Himself and have received the message of grace through faith. Those who have been redeemed will be baptized, signifying their identification with Jesus and His believing community, the Church. (Matthew 28:19-20, Acts 10:44-48, Romans 6:1-11, 1 Corinthians 12:13)
We believe that once a disciple has been identified with Jesus and his Church through faith in action, that they do mature over time and become useful members of the local body (church) (Matthew 28:19-20, Acts 10:44-48, 1 Corinthians 12:1-31)
We believe that each believer should celebrate Communion regularly with the Church. In doing so, the believer not only remembers the work of Jesus, but identified with the Lord and His body, the Church. (1 Corinthians 11:17-34)
We believe that God revealed His plan for the Church in the epistles and that the Apostles expected the churches to follow their instructions. (Ephesians 3:1-13, 1 Thessalonians 4:1-2, 2 Thessalonians 2:15, 3:6, 1 Timothy 3:14-16, 2 Timothy 1:13-14, 2.2, 3:9-10, Jude 3, 17)
We believe that this teaching can be summarized as follows: | https://www.covalley.com/beliefs/ |
Way Back When ... 1926
A 1926 re-enactment of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
A 1926 re-enactment of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
Photo: Contributed Photo
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A 1926 re-enactment of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
A 1926 re-enactment of the signing of the Declaration of Independence.
Photo: Contributed Photo
Way Back When ... 1926
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As the Fourth of July approaches, let’s look back on Fairfield’s rich patriotic history and how the town celebrated this historic holiday in the past. While some cannot imagine the date passing without the classic fireworks and a picnic on the beach, Fairfield didn’t always celebrate in this way.
The formal, town-wide celebration of Independence Day did not start right after the Revolutionary War. Instead, it was spurred by the formation of the local chapter of the Daughters of the American Revolution (DAR). Prior to that, Independence Day was seen as a minor holiday — a simple gathering of a family would do.
The sense of community that surrounds the July 4 holiday began in 1895 when the newly-formed Eunice Dennie Burr Chapter of the DAR started the tradition of holding patriotic exercises on the Town Green. The DAR’s celebration on the Town Green featured a ceremony of music, speeches, a reading of the Declaration of Independence, and religious remarks from local clergy — a tradition that continued for more than a hundred years.
In 1926, the 150th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, it featured a full-scale re-enactment of the signing as depicted in the famous painting by Connecticut’s John Trumbull. Locals dressed up as the nation’s founding fathers and gathered on a temporary stage. Fairfielder’s sat in rows of chairs to watch the re-enactment in from of the Town Hall.
This year, on the weekend following Independence Day, professional actors will once again be on the grassy areas around the Town Hall and the Fairfield Museum. “Road to Independence: The Burning of Fairfield, 24 Hours that Changed History,” is a brand-new, outdoor interactive performance and short walking tour that gives attendees a front-row seat to an extraordinary moment in Revolutionary history and provides an intimate portrayal of the sacrifices the town’s forefathers and mothers made to secure independence from English rule. There are two performances on Saturday, July 6 (at 1 p.m. and 2:30 p.m.) and two on Sunday, July 7 (at 2:30 p.m. and 4 p.m.). Tickets are required and can be purchased at Fairfieldhistory.org.
If you cannot make the event, there is more information on Fairfield during the Revolutionary War in the Museum’s ongoing exhibition, Creating Community. Happy Fourth of July to everyone!
The Fairfield Museum & History Center and Museum Shop, located at 370 Beach Road, is open seven days a week, 10am-4pm. Members of the Museum and children under 5 are admitted free. For more information, call 203-259-1598 or visit Fairfieldhistory.org. | |
On Yàluòshān < rwxšn
Chinese history, the political class of Héběi warlords was to gradually sinicize itself and take control of the whole of China, ushering in the Sòng period, where the dynasty affirms itself a Chinese origin, and erstwhile provincial Héběi norms, probably including the dialect, was elevated to the culture of the national élite.I haven’t really payed attention to the name Lùshān before, excepting knowing, as a matter of general culture, that it comes from the Sogdian rwxšn, meaning “light” or something of that sort (< *louk-sno-), and taunting a prehistorian friend of mine called Roxane (ultimately from the same Iranian source) with the connection.A recent minor internet controversy (where a prominent far-left intellectual declared Lùshān to come from Alexander, in a laudable attempt to prove that Chinese language abounds with foreign words) brought to my attention that his original given name was not Lùshān 祿山 “mountain of government salary”, which shows a thorough, if quite low-brow, integration into the gilded culture of Chinese officialdom. What gets recorded as his given name at birth was something much less sinicized: 軋犖山 Yàluòshān or 阿犖山 Āluòshān.軋犖山 is a remarkable form, because all its three syllables belong to Division II. Division II syllables come from Old Chinese pharyngealized syllables with *-rV-, and became a long, forceful a in Late Middle Chinese/Early Mandarin. The beginning and the end we know quite for sure, but what the exact value would be in, say, 6th or 9th century is unknowable.
犖 is an especially remarkable character. First, it is used essentially in one Chinese word: 卓犖 ʈæwk.læwk “outstanding, talented” (those with monstrrrualna erudycja are supposed to know also 犖犖 “great”). It is well known, for example, that the Western capital, Cháng’ān, 逴躒[= 卓犖]諸夏兼其所有 “stands out de Sinis, and includes everything from them”, or the poet 左思 Zuǒ Sī (fl
uoruit ~ 290) boasted himself as 卓犖觀群書 “outstanding in talent and well-read”. That the pre-sinicized name of a lowly Barbarian from Héběi is transcribed with a character only known to those who have read the Wénxuǎn is in itself quite suspicious. Second, it transcribes a syllable that should not exist in Middle Chinese by Neogrammarian evolution: it is a Division II syllable (with the rhyme 覺 æwk) with l- as initial. Initial l- comes from OC *r-, while Division II comes from OC *-r- in pharyngealized syllables, so 犖 could only come from something like *rˤruk. Luckily we don’t need to postulate such monstrosities, as the MC Division II of 犖 is clearly secondary. There are, in whole, about a dozen words that have both Division II and l-, of various post-OC origins.
The specificities of this remarkable character are both explained by the word 卓犖, which belongs to a series of rhyming ideophones with OC *l- or *r- as the initial of the second syllable. Other examples are 朦朧 ménglóng “dim, hazy, obscure” < OC *mˤoŋ.rˤoŋ; 逍遙 xiāoyáo “free and unfettered” < OC *seu.leu. Division II 卓 ʈæwk come from OC *tˤrawk with no difficulty: the -r- simultaneously left a trace in the retroflex initial and the Division II rhyme æwk. The OC form of 卓犖 must have been *tˤrawk.rawk, which gives hypothetical MC ʈæwk.lak (hence the variant orthography 躒). The Division-II rhyme æwk then contaminated the second syllable, creating the attested MC form ʈæwk.læwk, which is historically inaccurate but works better synchronically as a rhyming ideophone.
The fact that the character 犖 luò is used to transcribe the rwx in rwxšn is highly significant, as the motivation of choosing this difficult character can be nothing but an important phonetic match. Some trace of the original *-r- in Division-II syllables must have persisted to 703 AD, so that an l- in a Division-II syllable was perceived as more similar to a Sogdian r than in other environments. (Otherwise a simple lak, 洛 or 樂 will do as well, the rhymes 鐸 ak and 覺 æwk having been all but merged by then.)
This first syllable, 軋 ɛt (more like ær in the Chinese dialect by then) or 阿 a (ʌ by then), reflects the increasing turkicization of contemporary Sogdian language. | https://indosinica.hypotheses.org/36 |
Weekly report for 28 May 2010 on Project "Database Module + FuzzySQL"
This week I have spent implementing C++/Qt - class FSQL, which will enable executing fuzzy queries against PostgreSQL databases.
DBMS-independent?
I was hesitating a lot about whether Fuzzy SQL - translator should be database-independent or bound to specific DBMS. The bottleneck here is implementing fuzzy math in stored procedures/ functions (using PostgreSQL terminology). It is likely that this functions will work faster if implemented in procedural language, like PL/pgSQL, PL/SQL or PL/Tcl. Bu this is not DBMS-independent way.
Solution
So, I decided to try doing it through SQL-functions. Later after considering performance, it should be easily redone for specific DBMS's, e.g. PostgreSQL, because it perfectly copes with complicated queries and functions can be written either in C or in PL/pgSQL or PL/Tcl.
Features
From the bird's-eye view handling fuzzy queries required deploying some metatables in database, against which we'd like to run fuzzy queries. Those metatables are referred to as Fuzzy Meta Base (FMB). They store information about fields, that admit fuzzy treatment, fuzzy quantifiers, linguistic labels, etc. In bool "Galindo J., Urrutia A., Piattini M., "Fuzzy Databases: Modeling, Design and Implementation" authots propose FMB of 12 tables. I will follow that model. | https://scilab.gitlab.io/legacy_wiki/Contributor(202d20)Database(20)and(20)FuzzySQL(20)Module(2f)28(20)May(20)2010.html |
We all know this conversation. Kids categorize items, even without knowing they are doing so, to make sense of their world. Early on, that often looks like all animals are “doggy”, all people are “mommy”, and all toys are “ball”. Gábor Győri states that, “Categorization is the most basic cognitive process. It is the ordering of phenomena according to similarity with the purpose of guiding our interaction with the environment.” (Basic Level Categories and Meaning in Language, 2013) Categories help us to generalize experiences and bring sense into our ever changing environment. Additionally, “Categorization also facilitates the storage and retrieval of information, and it supplies a principle of organization by which new information can be banked efficiently in memory.” (Bornstein, Arterberry, 2010).
Categories are important. And categorization changes over time with learning from the way something looks, to the way it acts, to it’s function, etc. After a child is able to categorize cognitively, they can use these skills in their language. Categorizing in language is important because:
- It gives us a way to describe an item to others.
- It provides connections between ideas for similarities/differences.
- It gives us a way to group our thoughts.
- It provides AAC users the tools they need to find vocabulary.
If you are working with elementary aged students, keep in mind that exploring word relationships and sorting into categories is a CCSS standard for Kindergarten (CCSS.ELA-Literacy.L.K.5).
So, how do we help a child who has difficulty with categories? (Amazon affiliate links)
- Sort. Many preschool activities involve sorting. Sort by color; sort by size; sort by shape. These activities are often very hands on and fun.
- Read books. Katherine Stout (2000) recommends reading books with children that have already classified items. This board book provides a fun way to help children learn colors.
- Start a collection. I really like this article’s idea to collect items with the child. Collect things that are a certain color, shape, function and keep them displayed. Add to the collection periodically or make new ones.
Another idea for categorization practice? My newest creation, “Sort by 4s!” You can get it here.
Because I work on categories with so many students, I love having pre-made file folder category jobs ready to go. I can use these as either independent or guided tasks with both verbal and non-verbal students. I have previously made many categories that sort into groups of two, however, I’ve found that many of my students have moved beyond that and need bigger challenges. So I created “Sort by 4s.”
In these file folder activities, children learn to sort into groups of four by function, color, location, rooms (in a house), size, and shape. The activities are fun, functional, and infinitely reusable. Language skills to work on with Sort by 4s include:
- Receptive categorization
- Expressive categorization
- Receptive vocabulary
- Expressive vocabulary (naming)
- Vocabulary (describing)
- Following directions (“Put the clock to above the ball.”)
- Giving directions
- Creating complete sentences (“The clock and ball are circles.”)
- Comparing/contrasting
- And more!
Check out the feedback that this activity has already received: “This is so simple and easy to use. What a great activity!”
I know that nobody loves putting together file folder activities. They take time including laminating and Velcro, however, remember that once created, they can be used over and over. No more copying, printing, or worrying about them. Just store them in a cabinet and you are ready to go. I’ve created a quick video to guide you through the set-up:
I am confident that having these sorting activities will be a perfect companion to your other category activities and one that you can use for years to come! Purchase your copy here.
Looking for higher level products to work on categories with AAC users? Check out Simple Sentences-Books for Early Language, made especially for LAMP users!
Tell me in the comments below, what is your favorite way to work on categories? | https://superpowerspeech.com/2016/04/the-importance-of-categories.html |
Tonight
Becky Watson, Superintendent at the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind Pat Trice, and Virginia’s Superintendent of Public Instruction James Lane at the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind in Staunton on Tuesday, Oct. 8, 2019.
State superintendent impressed with VSDB, Staunton's 'hidden gem'
Becky Watson, Superintendent at the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind Pat Trice, and Virginia’s Superintendent of Public Instruction James Lane at the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind in Staunton on Tuesday, Oct. 8, 2019.
“I call VSDB the ‘hidden gem’ in Virginia,” said Patricia Trice, superintendent at the Virginia School for the Deaf and the Blind in Staunton. “People still don’t know what we do or that we’re here.”
Dr. James Lane, Virginia’s superintendent of public instruction, agreed while visiting VSDB for a tour Tuesday afternoon.
“We sent a student here for high school one time, and it changed his life,” he said.
Lane is trying to visit every school division in the Commonwealth.
“Although VSDB is their own agency, I feel like it’s important for us to know what’s going on here,” he said.
VSDB was the first school for deaf and blind individuals established in the United States, and stands as one of the oldest schools in the Commonwealth of Virginia. Opened in 1839, the school has been providing opportunities for success among a population living with deafness and blindness, hearing or vision impairment, and often a combination of these conditions with additional disabilities for nearly 180 years. Free of charge to families, the school currently has 85 students enrolled.
“We’re promoting independence for all students,” Trice said as she signed greetings in ASL to deaf and hearing impaired students passing by.
When students do not get the support they need, their potential is limited, Trice said.
“We are trying to take the barriers out of the way for these students,” she said. “We want them to reach the fullest potential that they are able to reach on an individual basis.”
With a staff of qualified educators specializing in teaching students living with these disabilities, some of whom are deaf or blind themselves, the school provides not only excellent academics, but also athletics, an adaptive music program and extra-curricular activities. Students have the chance to thrive academically, socially, and are frequently able to transition into the workforce through hands-on practical experience both on and off-campus through the school’s Achieve program.
“They get direct instruction in ASL,” Trice said.
According to Trice, ASL instruction is not available in many places.
“The students in the blind department have the best and the newest technology,” she said. “They are learning how to use that technology from a teacher who is blind himself, so he is a practitioner of what he’s teaching.”
Students often share their experiences in other school settings with Trice.
“The challenges that they’ve had being the only blind student in the school, or the bullying that went on, or not being able to communicate to anybody because the only person they had was an interpreter,” Trice said. “When they get here, it’s free-flowing communication. Everybody’s walking in each other’s shoes because they are all sharing that experience. They have girlfriends and boyfriends, and communicate. For the first time, they are, quote, ‘normal.’”
The school’s blind soccer team recently launched, one of only two in the nation. VSDB also houses the largest educational urban farm program, where students help cultivate crops and also get to cook and eat them.
In the Independent Living Apartment, one of VSDB’s flagship programs, residents live in renovated on-campus apartments for nine weeks and learn how to pay rent and bills, manage budgets, cook, and develop other life skills for living independently, Trice explained.
“It is the only program in Virginia of its kind,” She said.
The building even features a store of its own where residents can purchase essentials for their apartment, such as kitchenware and cleaning supplies.
“What’s real impressive is that you can tell they tailor the program that meets every child’s individual needs so that they can maximize their potential,” Lane said.
He observed that VSDB is meeting the goals that the education department strives for in all schools in the Commonwealth of Virginia.
“It’s amazing to see students blossom and develop,” Trice said. “It truly is a place that looks at the whole child and fosters that whole child development.”
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This article discusses some issues a bride will need to consider when making her own wedding gown, including choosing a pattern.
First, a bride needs to decide what kind of wedding gown she wants or needs: formal or informal. Informal or semi-formal gowns may include tea-length dresses or suits that are less elaborate than a gown, but it can be a lot of work to make a tailored suit. When the kind of gown has been decided on, the bride needs to begin looking at patterns and fabrics as far in advance of the date as possible. There is no such thing as beginning too early. The last thing a bride needs is to be sewing on her wedding gown the night before the ceremony (and I've seen it happen!). Advance preparation is everything.
A bride who is not an advanced seamstress will probably not have a serger/overlock sewing machine, and so should look for patterns that do not require one. An advanced seamstress doesn't need an article like this, so this will focus primarily on the bride who sews, but is not advanced. Most pattern manufacturers have a variety of wedding gown patterns, and the bride should look carefully at each pattern, making note of what techniques are used and what kinds of material, lining, etc., are recommended.
The seamstress bride should also have a friend who knows something about sewing, and preferably, an expert she can consult if she finds herself in over her head. The friend should take the bride's measurements and write them down, so they can be compared to the size charts. She should also ask the sales associates in the fabric store about which pattern manufacturers' goods run small, true-to-size or large.
In general, a bride may find that strapless, halter-style or spaghetti-strap gowns are easier to make than ones requiring sleeves to be set into the bodice. However, such gowns may also require boning in the bodice to ensure a flattering fit, and setting in boning can be problematic for a less-advanced seamstress. It still might be easier than sleeves, though. It all depends on a bride's level of expertise and confidence in her skills.
A bride should also make certain she has a few necessary items to help make this large project an easier one: a good pair of fabric shears, a hemming gauge and a seam ripper. Good fabric shears will make all the difference in the world in cutting the fabric. The edges will be smooth and even and thus easier to sew. She will need a hemming gauge to make sure her measurements are correct and a seam ripper to take out mistakes. This is another reason a bride needs to allow a generous time frame for making her dress. If she has to re-do several pieces, this will take longer.
If possible, a bride should buy all the required material at one time. This will help ensure it all comes from the same dye lot and will match in color. Beads and laces are not as crucial, and can be purchased later. She should buy some extra fabric also, to allow formistakes and alterations.
Most fabric stores that carry bridal fabrics also have the beaded arabesques and medallions that go on the front and skirt of the gown, although they can also order different styles. The bride should ask about what they have.
When the bride begins construction on the gown, she should have a large, open, well-lit area for cutting the fabric. If a large table is available, this is ideal. She should follow the pattern instructions as closely as possible, paying close attention to pattern placement on the fabric and measuring selvages correctly. She should also read through the pattern instructions carefully and thoroughly, and get answers for managing unfamiliar techniques in advance. It is a good idea to read through the sewing instructions several times before actually beginning on the dress.
When the dress has been pieced or basted together, the bride should try it on, to get an idea of how well it will fit. This is the time to rectify major errors, such as a too-small bodice. The bride should fit the dress at every stage, to ensure she addresses all issues with the gown. She should also have someone else mark the hem for her, as she stands on a high chair or platform. It is nearly impossible to mark a hem on a garment one is wearing at the time. So, someone else should do it.
When the project is finished, the bride should have a beautiful gown, and will wear it with the pride of knowing she made it herself. However, her keys to successfully complete the project will be: careful pattern selection, fitting the dress along the way, and most of all, allowing herself plenty of time. These guidelines should help the bride choose and complete that perfect wedding gown. | http://www.essortment.com/diy-making-own-wedding-gown-53006/ |
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Thousands of years ago, in North America`s past, all of its megafauna-large mammals such as mammoths and giant bears-disappeared. One proposed explanation for this event is that when the first Americans migrated over from Asia, they hunted the megafauna to extinction. These people, known as the Clovis society after a site where their distinctive spear points were first found, would have been able to use this food source to expand their population and fill the continent rapidly. Yet many scientists argue against this "Pleistocene (the period between about 2.5 million and 11,700 years ago during which humans first appeared on Earth) overkill" hypothesis. Modern humans have certainly been capable of such drastic effects on animals, but could ancient people with little more than stone spears similarly have caused the extinction of numerous species of animals? Thirty-five genera or groups of species (and many individual species) suffered extinction in North America around 11,000 B.C., soon after the appearance and expansion of Paleo-Indiansa group of hunters active in America during the late Pleistocene throughout the Americas (27 genera disappeared completely, and another 8 became locally extinct, surviving only outside North America).
Although the climate changed at the end of the Pleistocene, warming trends had happened before. A period of massive extinction of large mammals like that seen about 11,000 years ago had not occurred during the previous 400,000 years, despite these changes. The only apparently significant difference in the Americas 11,000 years ago was the presence of human hunters of these large mammals. Was this coincidence or cause-and-effect?
We do not know. Ecologist Paul S. Martin has championed the model that associates the extinction of large mammals at the end of the Pleistocene with human predation. With researcher J. E. Mosimann, he has co-authored a work in which a computer model showed that in around 300 years, given the right conditions, a small influx of hunters into eastern Beringia 12,000 years ago could have spread across North America in a wave and wiped out game animals to feed their burgeoning population.
The researchers ran the model several ways, always beginning with a population of 100 humans in Edmonton, in Alberta, Canada, at 11,500 years ago. Assuming different initial North American big-game-animal populations (75–150 million animals) and different population growth rates for the human settlers (0.65%–3.5%), and varying kill rates, Mosimann and Martin derived figures of between 279 and 1,157 years from initial contact to big-game extinction.
Many scholars continue to support this scenario. For example, geologist Larry Agenbroad has mapped the locations of dated Clovis sites alongside the distribution of dated sites where the remains of wooly mammoths have been found in both archaeological and purely paleontological contexts. These distributions show remarkable synchronicity (occurrence at the same time).
There are, however, many problems with this model. Significantly, though a few sites are quite impressive, there really is very little archaeological evidence to support it. Writing in 1982, Martin himself admitted the paucity of evidence; for example, at that point, the remains of only 38 individual mammoths had been found at Clovis sites. In the years since, few additional mammoths have been added to the list; there are still fewer than 20 Clovis sites where the remains of one or more mammoths have been recovered, a minuscule proportion of the millions that necessarily would have had to have been slaughtered within the overkill scenario.
Though Martin claims the lack of evidence actually supports his model-the evidence is sparse because the spread of humans and the extinction of animals occurred so quickly-this argument seems weak. And how could we ever disprove it? As archaeologist Donald Grayson points out, in other cases where extinction resulted from the quick spread of human hunters-for example, the extinction of the moa, the large flightless bird of New Zealand-archaeological evidence in the form of remains is abundant. Grayson has also shown that the evidence is not so clear that all or even most of the large herbivores in late Pleistocene America became extinct after the appearance of Clovis. Of the 35 extinct genera, only 8 can be confidently assigned an extinction date of between 12,000 and 10,000 years ago. Many of the older genera, Grayson argues, may have succumbed before 12,000 B.C., at least half a century before the Clovis showed up in the American West. | https://toefl.kmf.com/detail/read/91m4zj.html |
In college, students often have to prepare a persuasive speech on any topic they like. It is of vital importance to choose an interesting and entertaining topic in order to deliver a speech that would persuade the audience and keep it engaged. In case you have no idea how to choose a great persuasive speech topic, get some academic assistance, and prepare a great and effective speech.
What is a persuasive speech
Today, students get tons of interesting and not very assignments to write different types of academic essays. Sometimes, they have to prepare a specific type of convincing speech named a persuasive speech. This speech aims to persuade the audience to accept the speaker’s particular point of view.
What are the three types of persuasive speech
Most of the professors ask their students to prepare persuasive speeches with the intention of persuading and keeping the audience interested. In other words, listeners should take the speaker's point of view. There are three commonly used types of persuasive speech:
- policy persuasive speech,
- factual persuasive speech,
- value persuasive speech.
What makes a good persuasive speech topics
To produce more persuasive speech topic ideas, college students should remember that the best persuasive speech topics should be:
- thought-provoking
- daring
- relevant
- interesting
- fresh
- clearly expresses writer’s point of view
Tips from a pro for creating a great persuasive speech
Once you have got the task to write a persuasive speech, you should keep in mind some useful tips for choosing a brilliant topic for your persuasive speech. Here are some of them:
- Keep your prime goal in mind
- Believe in something you are trying to persuade your audience
- Pay attention to the nature of your audience
- Know your audience
- Put emphasis on the audience
- Build credibility in a speech introduction
- Make sure to add a strong thesis statement
- Use a lot of examples
- Choose the topic that is
- interesting for you
- Not overdone
- Relevant
- Easy
- Interesting
- Be emotional
- Practice a lot!
How to choose a good persuasive speech topic
To choose an outstanding persuasive speech topic, there is no need to do in-depth research, as in the case with research paper topic. A successful speech depends on the chosen topic, so remember to pick a topic among:
- Topics you are interested in
- Topics that would spark the interest of the audience
- Provocative topics
- Topics that are relevant to the audience
- Personal topics
- Interesting topics
Great persuasive speech topicsWe have created a list of the most interesting and relevant speech topics and divided them into categories to help you choose the topic that fits you the most.
Topics for high school
- The core characteristics that will make you a hero.
- A laptop is one step ahead of a tablet.
- Violence in video games is dangerous.
- Journal writing occurs to be therapeutic.
- The use of school uniforms matters.
- Security cameras make people safer.
- Small class is better than a big one.
- Texting while driving is enormously dangerous.
- Dogs are better than cats.
- Fast food containers are harmful to the environment.
- Animal hunting should be banned.
- Night school benefits compared to day school.
- Lenient immigration laws are better.
- Homeschooling is better compared to traditional schooling.
Topics for college student
- How can lyrics impact human lives?
- How can religion and science go hand in hand?
- What is the difference in the efficiency of open-book tests and closed-book tests?
- Should endangered animals be protected?
- How to make recycling a required option in the USA?
- State colleges and private colleges comparison.
- How to become a millionaire?
- How technical training stands out of a college degree?
- Students should have the opportunity to choose a school.
- Is there any reason to go away with cars but go back to horses for transportation?
- Smoking should be illegal, especially in public.
- Should the death penalty be outlawed?
- Abraham Lincoln got too much credit.
- The drinking age in America should be 25.
- Should the replacement of fossil fuels with alternative energy options be mandated?
Easy persuasive speech topics
- Recycling should be kept up.
- Drivers should not text while driving.
- Towns should provide bike-sharing programs for free.
- Celebrities should not omit stiffer penalties.
- Teachers should renew their certification annually.
- People should not eat junk food.
- People should stop poverty and world hunger.
- Elders should be valued in our society.
- Money cannot buy happiness.
- Incentives for doing right are better than punishment for doing wrong.
- How have educational costs changed through time passing?
Funny persuasive speech topics
- Carpe diem!
- Become a donor - which organ would you choose?
- Should I start planning for the future?
- Be vegetarian - make a healthier lifestyle.
- College students and uniforms.
- Violence in video games.
- College tuition should involve parking, coffee, and homework.
- Marijuana should be sold in the US coffee shops.
- Losing weight is a perfect way to start a new life.
- As gas prices rose up, wages should too!
- Giving to charity remains to be good.
Informative persuasive speech topics
- The reality of total peace on Earth.
- How good should the first impression be?
- Electric cars should be cheaper and more affordable.
- Middle class in America, does it exist?
- Blood donation is of vital importance.
- Luck and success relation.
- Is veganism classist?
- The complications of a surrogate mothercare use?
- Should single parents be allowed to adopt their children?
- Marriage - an outdated institution in the modern society.
- Foster care system - pros and cons.
Animals
- Animal Research
- Animals Used in Research
- Animal Research Personnel.
- Animal rights
- Protection movement.
- Animal sheltering problems.
- Animal-assisted activities.
- Animals in literature
- Animals in poetry
- Animals in folklore.
- Benefits of animals to humans.
Art and culture
- Should health insurance cover art and music therapy?
- Should all college students learn an instrument?
- Should the country offer free national museums to citizens?
- Is graffiti similar to art?
- Should classic literature involve an offencive language?
- What are the benefits of paper books compared to the e-books?
- rt programs in public schools take an essential part of school education.
- Art relieves stress and reduces depression.
- What is “Philosophy of art” ?
- What are the primeval musician instruments?
- How is the Apocalypse depicted by different painters?
Automotives
- Newest car models
- Hot models among crime spots
- Budget-friendly cars
- Practical cars
- Energy-efficient cars
- Car maintenance tips
- Best family-safe cars
- Car manufacturers
- Cars for college students
- Best car auctions
- Gear and accessories
Business
- Managing People.
- Technology.
- Strategy.
- Innovation.
- Entrepreneurship
- Leadership.
- Communication.
- Managing Yourself.
- Corporate responsibility
- Ethics & accountability
- Social entrepreneurship
Economics and financial issues
- Productivity performance in National Bank
- How does financial issues affect the American economy?
- The most reliable predictors of financial and economic crises?
- Is there any relationship between the financial system and economics?
- Global financial crisis in 2020
- Economics is harder than finance
- Finance vs economics
- What will happen in the next economic collapse?
- Is there a recession coming?
- What is the prime indicator of upcoming recession?
- Does Trump do something valid for the US economy?
History
- The benefits of reading Harry Potter.
- The curse of Macbeth.
- Ancient Egyptians were smarter than modern people
- Civil war.
- Great depression.
- Holocaust.
- Cold war.
- Natural disasters & environment.
- Inventions & science.
- Mexican-American war.
- Red scare
Politics and government
- Should trans people be banned from the military?
- Does America need more freedoms?
- Should abortion be legal?
- Male birth control.
- Gun control.
- Religious freedom.
- Free market capitalism.
- Own political culture.
- Defense.
- International Security.
- Emergency Management.
Ethical issues
- Honesty and integrity.
- Carefulness.
- Objectivity.
- Confidentiality.
- Openness.
- Respect for intellectual property.
- Responsible publication.
- Legality.
- Should students have plastic surgery?
- Should a student tell if he/she saw a friend cheating on an exam?
- Should a student tell if he/she saw a popular child bullying?
Environment and nature protection
- Should parents have the opportunity to choose the gender of their unborn children?
- Should people own exotic animals?
- Should animal selfies with animal species be allowed?
- Should pit bulls be a part of a family?
- What is the most efficient type of renewable energy?
- Should plastic bags be banned?
- Should puppy mills be banned?
- Should fracking be legal?
- Should animal testing be illegal?
- Should offshore drilling be allowed in protected marine areas?
- Is Pluto a planet?
- Should the US rejoin the Paris Agreement?
Education
- Career counseling.
- Ability grouping.
- Bilingual education.
- Adaptive physical education.
- Bussing
- Blended learning.
- Charter schools.
- Boarding schools.
- Retention policies.
- School choice
- STEAM vs STEM
Global issues and world peace
- Overconsumption.
- Habitat destruction.
- Overpopulation.
- Biodiversity loss.
- Acid rain.
- Desertification
- Deforestation.
- Global warming
- Climate change.
- COVID - 19 pandemic
- Our urban world.
Law and legal issues
- Elections & campaign finance.
- Aeronautics and space.
- Banking and finance.
- Armed forces.
- Communications.
- Crime and law enforcement.
- Constitutional issues.
- Education
- Family
- Children's rights.
- Plea Bargaining
Cross-cultural issues
- Family and social relationships.
- Emotions.
- Child development.
- Language acquisition.
- Personality.
- Social behavior.
- Who should learn cross-cultural psychology?
- Key elements of emotions
- The subjective experience
- The physiological response
- The behavioral response
Health and medicine
- Should genetically modified foods take place in grocery stores?
- Should vaccinations be a required option to attend public school?
- Should human cloning be leagal?
- Cancers.
- Infections.
- Diabetes mellitus.
- Birth defects.
- Mental health and behavior.
- Injuries and wounds.
- Poisoning, toxicology, and environmental health.
- Metabolic problems.
Media, television, and advertising
- Credit cards harm college students.
- How does advertising impact the media?
- Should there be a compelling content in advertising?
- Advertising issues.
- How do commercials affect us?
- Ethical issues in advertising
- When ads are not ethical?
- TV commercials effects on American culture.
- Advertising impact on the culture.
- Social issues in advertising.
- Moral concerns about advertising.
Music and fashion
- How does music impact fashion?
- Fashion is bad for American society.
- Dress and subculture identification.
- The military impact on fashion.
- Body image and high fashion models.
- Fashion in the Elizabethan era.
- Fashion and music: Trends in the 1980's.
- Fashion and music: Trends in the 2000's.
- Fashion and music: Trends in the 2020's.
- Understanding cycles of fashion.
- Dress in modern democracy.
- The role of garments in ancient society.
- Tudor and Stuart fashion.
- Marketing high fashion.
- Social agendas and fashion
Psychology, personal issues, and relationships
- Human cloning is immoral.
- Fame is harmful for health.
- Our prisons need reformation.
- Doctor-assisted suicide can’t be legal.
- Relationship Boundaries.
- Spending Habits.
- Relationship Needs.
- Fighting Style.
- Relationship Fears. Pexels.
- Children.
- Each Other's Family.
- Violent video games should be banned.
Religion
- Modernism and religion.
- Black churches.
- Democracy and Islam
- Christianity and economics.
- Freedom of religion
- Church and social action.
- Church sex abuse scandal.
- Creationism.
- Homosexuality and religion.
- Intelligent design and religion.
- Political Islam
Science and technology
- Should American government increase the budget of NASA?
- Social media and human communication.
- Artificial intelligence development will help humanity.
- Alternative energy sources should be invested by governments.
- Individuals should have their own DNA.
- The world should invest money in technology to explore other planets.
- Communication technology
- Unmanned aerial vehicles.
- Emerging technologies.
- HealthCare technology.
- Technology, science, and innovation policy.
Sports
- Defense wins championships.
- Who is the best QB of all time?
- MJ or LeBron?
- The Best Team Ever.
- Pitching vs hitting.
- Tackle football in college.
- Boxing should be illegal.
- Should college athletes be paid for being a member of a sports team?
- Should all athletes pass regular drug tests?
- Should there be an equality between professional female athletes and male athletes in the same sport?
- Winning is not a prime goal as trying your best.
Society and current issues
Workplace
- First patent on COVID-19 vaccine
- Pandemic of 2020
- Climate change.
- Overpopulation.
- Immigration stresses
- Civil rights
- Racial discrimination
- Gender inequality
- Health care availability
- Childhood obesity.
- Bullying.
- Countries should be isolationist.
- Corporate culture.
- Aged staff and the workforce
- AIDS in the workplace
- Apprenticeship
- Professional growth
- Career planning
- Child labor
- Commuting
- Domestic servants
- Drugs at work
- Workplace violence
Conclusion
Picking up the right persuasive speech topic matters a lot because you need to provide as much evidence and arguments as you have to succeed in convincing the audience. To get your audience interested in your speech, you should give them a strong reason to listen. Brainstorm new topic ideas on the basis of our great top-300 list of the most efficient and engaging persuasive speech topics.
Do not waste your time wondering, just have a look at the perfect list of persuasive speech topics and grab an idea for your original topic. To make it easier and quicker, busy students ask for academic assistance, and our experts help them in handling their persuasive speech preparation! | https://justbuyessay.com/blog/persuasive-speech-topics |
In an underwritten deal, the lead arranger retains some amount of the underwriting fee as compensation for its services and uses the rest either as sub-underwriter or closing fees. The underwriting fee is the primary compensation for lead arrangers acting as the sole mandated bank and underwriter. The breakdown of the arrangement fee is generally not made known to the borrower and is only verbally agreed among the syndicate members and confirmed in a follow-up mail.
The retained underwriting fee is usually quite substantial in relation to the underwriter’s ultimate exposure as a lender in the deal.
The underwriting spread is the difference between the underwriting fee received by lead underwriters for the initial underwriting of total financing amount and the amount shared with the sub-underwriters or paid directly to participant lenders. The sub-underwriting spread is the difference between the amount of the underwriting fee paid by lead arrangers to sub-underwriters on the basis of the allocated amount of their underwriting and the closing fee paid by the sub-underwriters to participant lenders.
The pool (“skim”) is the difference between the total amount of closing fees available to pay participant lenders (total available fee income) and the actual amount of closing fees paid to the lenders total payable fee income), it commonly being shared by the sub-underwriters pro rata to their underwriting commitment. Generally, the more participant lenders, the smaller their ticket size. Since the smaller tickets receive no closing fee, the underwriters keep the resulting skim.
The 20 basis point difference between the top-tier closing fee of 70 basis points and the 50 basis points actually paid to Lead Managers accrues to the pool and is split evenly among the sub-underwriters. | https://pecunica.com/knowledge-point/what-are-underwriting-spreads/ |
Marquette freshmen led all scorers with four goals on Saturday afternoon in our nation's capital, including a go-ahead goal with just over 11 minutes left, but the Golden Eagles could not hold on and ended up losing to Georgetown, 13-12.
The loss drops MU to 3-3 in Big East play, and 6-10 overall. 3-3 is good enough for a tie with Temple for fourth place in the Big East right now. Thankfully, the Golden Eagles hold the tiebreaker over the Owls, so if the season ended right now, Marquette would be in the conference tournament. That could change, though, but as long as Marquette wins their season finale at home this coming Friday, they'll be in the four team field.
The game was a back and forth affair all afternoon long, with the largest margin either way ending up at three for Georgetown thanks to two quick Francesca Whitehurst goals right after halftime. No one ever scored more than three goals in a row, with the Hoyas doing that twice, and Marquette pulling off the feat once. MU saved their three goal burst for when it mattered most: trailing by two, 11-9, with 22 minutes remaining. Julianna Shearer and Grace Gabriel took advantage of free position shots to tie the game at 11 with 12:52 remaining, and Soccodato's go-ahead goal came on a feed from Riley Hill with 11:10 remaining to play. The assist was Hill's fifth of the game, giving her 21 for the season and making her just the third Golden Eagle to ever register more than 20 assists in a season.
Georgetown took just two shots in that 11 minute run, as the Golden Eagles forced four turnovers, including one by goalie Sarah Priem, to give them the opportunity to take the lead late in the game. Marquette's good feelings did not last that long, though, as Kristen Bandos, Georgetown's leading scorer, rattled home a pass from Taylor Gebhardt just 35 seconds after Soccodato's goal to knot the game at 12. That gave both teams 10 minutes to find a game winning goal.
Georgetown got that game winner on a free position shot from Morgan Rubin with 4:34 to play. Marquette actually couldn't even manage a shot over the final 10 minutes. They turned the ball over three times, including a game killing turnover with about a minute left in an extra woman opportunity that came on a penalty right off the draw after Rubin's goal. From there, the Hoyas were able to just hold the ball for the final three minutes and change. This is the second time in three years that Georgetown has managed to win a game against Marquette because they just held the ball late and Marquette was called for a series of fouls in an effort to force a turnover. One part of this will be solved next year when the NCAA mandates a 90 second shot clock. We might be a long ways off from anyone approving adding protective equipment and more physicality to the women's game.
Soccodato might have scored the most goals in the game, but it was Hill that led all scorers with a whopping seven points on the day. She added a goal in each half to her five helpers to earn that total which ties her for the second most points in a game as well as second most assists in a game in program history... or at least history coming into this season. Allison Lane scored her 30th goal of the season at the 10:53 mark to extend her goal streak to 19 games as well as become the second Golden Eagle to ever score 30 goals in a season. The other one, as you'll recall, is Julianna Shearer, who scored twice in this game to move her single season record up to 34. Hayley Baas scored her 87th career goal in the first half to extend her career record in that department.
Up Next: While Marquette let a chance to clinch a conference tournament berth slip through their hands here, all is not lost. They have one final game remaining in the regular season, and it's a fortuitous game in a number of ways. First, it'll be the home finale as well as Senior Day for the first four year players in Marquette lacrosse history. Emotions will be running high for that kind of an event, of course, but that's not the only good news for Marquette. They'll be hosting Cincinnati for the regular season finale, and the Golden Eagles have proven that they've got the Bearcats' number. MU had managed just one win in each of the previous two seasons as a part of the Big East, and both of those wins came against Cincinnati. There's no reason to think that this year won't be any different, as the Bearcats are 4-12 on the season and 0-6 in league play. | https://www.anonymouseagle.com/2016/4/24/11495772/marquette-womens-lacrosse-recap-georgetown-hill-soccodato-bandos-lane-baas-shearer |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The invention is directed to a furniture piece and, more particularly, to a combination furniture server and desk.
2. Description of the Prior Art
Individually servers and desk have existed in the art and it is conceivable that servers in the past have been used for desks.
The invention herein utilizes a hinged flip top on the top of the server for functioning both as a servicing surface when the piece of furniture functions as a server and as a work surface when the piece of furniture functions as a desk.
A hinged lift top on the back part of the top surface will lift to expose a deep well which is used to accommodate dining table fillers. Self storing leaves in furniture have never been accommodated in any other item than the table itself.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The invention is directed to a furniture server/desk which has a base with two sidewalls extending upward therefrom. A front panel is provided between the two side walls and it also extends upwardly from the base. The front panel has therein at least one drawer and at least one door. The drawer extends into the area between two side walls and is generally conventional in structure. Normally more than one drawer is utilized, and these drawers could be fitted with a pencil tray or a fitted silver liner, etc.
A door covering a cavity within the two sidewalls could have conventional shelving therein or could have a wine rack, etc. The server/desk has a top section consisting of a first part mounted above the two side walls and the front panel and is actually resting thereon. The first part of the top has a front edge and a back edge and is a continuous structure. Hinged thereto and overlying said first part there are two hinged sections which normally rest upon the first part with one of the hinged sections being attached to the front edge of the first part and the other hinged section being attached to the back edge of the front first part. The two hinged sections together are of the same size as the first part and completely overlie the first part. The back hinged section is approximately one-third to one-fourth the width of the front hinged section. A cavity is positioned below and is covered by the hinged section which is fastened to the back edge of the furniture. The front edge hinge section extends out over the front panel and appropriate supports hold it in position in the same plane as the top section first part, so that it will serve as a desk top.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
The drawing is a prospective view of the invention herein.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The furniture server/desk is shown in the drawing. The furniture piece comprises a base 2 which has positioned thereon two side walls 4 and 5. The side walls extend upwardly from either side of the base. A front panel 6 is also provided on the base and it extends upwardly from the base. It connects the two side walls 4 and 5 across the front of the furniture piece. At least one drawer 10 extends from the front panel and further extends into the area between the two side walls. Also, at least one door covering 8 is positioned on the front panel and it covers a cavity 28 which is in the area between the two side walls.
Behind at least one door there could be provided a removable wine rack, which could be used for the storage of wine bottles. Also, behind other doors there could be provided adjustable interior shelving. In one drawer there could be provided a lined silver storage area. Also behind another door there could be provided a pencil tray or a file drawer. All of the different ramifications behind the drawers and doors would be to accommodate particular furniture accessories which are associated with either a server or a desk. The server/desk has a top section 12 which is composed of three parts. A first part is mounted above the two side walls and front panel and is fastened to these elements. The first part 14 has a front edge which overlies the front panel and a back edge which overlies the back of the furniture piece and both the front edges and back edges are parallel to each other. Hinged to the front edge and the back edge are two hinged sections 16 and 18 which normally rest upon the first part. One hinged section 16 is fastened to the front edge of the first part. The other hinged section 18 is attached to the back edge of the first part. The attachment to the first part is by appropriate hinges which permit the parts 16 and 18 to be hinged away from resting upon the top surface of first part 14. The two hinged sections 16 and 18 when they are resting upon the first part 14 together will be of the same length, which is measured from side wall to side wall, and the same width as measured from front edge to back edge. However, the sections 16 and 18 are really in two parts and the back section 18 is approximately one- third to one-fourth the width of the front section 16. The edges 22 and 24 of the two hinged sections are placed in an abutting relationship when the two sections are hinged down against the top surface of first part 14. A cavity 26 is provided in the back of the first part 14 and this cavity is completely covered by the hinged section 18 when that part is folded down so it rests upon the first part 14. The cavity is for the purpose of inserting dining room table fillers or leaves into the cavity for storage purposes. The front hinged section 18 is pivotal so that it will swing out in front of the front panel 16 as shown in the FIGURE. In the position shown in the FIGURE front hinge section 16 is in the same plane as the first part 14 and section 16 serves as a serving area or desk work top. Appropriate supports 30 slide out from the front panel 6 and support the hinged section 16 in its position shown in the drawing.
There is thus provided a furniture piece which may function as both a server and a desk. It also provides the additional feature of providing a storage area for the leaves which would be used with a companion table. | |
The invention relates to the technical field of artificial intelligence recruitment, and discloses a group surface system based on AI intelligence. The group surface system based on AI intelligence comprises a data synchronization management system, the data synchronization management system is used for synchronizing all data of a background management terminal and an AI group surface management terminal, the system is a full-automatic online process, and on the premise of ensuring the group surface interview effect, the following improvements are achieved: 1, an enterprise is helped to save site, manpower and time cost; 2, the efficiency of enterprises and talents is improved; 3, talents are analyzed intelligently in multiple dimensions, and evaluation standards are consistent and more accurate; 4, the enterprises are helped to retain group data, and information is conveniently transmitted; and 5, the intellectualization and digitization degrees of enterprises are improved, and finally the development of the artificial intelligence endowed human resource recruitment field is promoted. The application of the group surface technology can be expanded, and huge resource conservation is generated in organizing and initiating group surfaces, evaluating and analyzing talents, retaining interview processes and rechecking talent information. | |
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833 W. Torrance Blvd., Suite #105
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Brewery Notes
Angel City Brewing is strictly a microbrewery with no restaurant attached, located in the middle of Los Angeles, the largest beer market in the United States. The goal of Angel City Brewing is to grow and develop into a regional microbrewery along the lines of an Anchor Brewing Company or Sierra Nevada Brewing Company. Angel City Brewing promises to become a large, quality-oriented specialty brewer, focused mainly on providing Southern California the finest local beer possible. | https://www.cellarmonk.com/north-america/brewery-2/angel-city-brewing/ |
A vacancy has arisen for a cook at Minster Court. Minster Court is a Very Sheltered Housing complex and supplies lunches for Owners, for which they are invoiced. You will be expected to work a minimum of 11.5 hours per week, including some weekends.
Actual hours and days can be agreed with the other cook. There are occasionally evening meals to prepare on function nights (About 4 per year). The average number of diners is 22 per day.
You will be required to work to a very high standard and produce a three course meal daily. You will be motivated and enthusiastic, and be able to fit in with an already established team.You will know about allergens and dietary needs, and adapt meals accordingly for those individuals who require alternatives.
You will also liaise with the Duty Manager responsible for catering and produce a monthly menu on alternate months. You will be responsible for the running of the kitchen whilst you are on duty and will instruct and advise the Housekeeping Assistants who are on kitchen duty with you.
You will ideally have at least a level 2 in food safety and catering, though Minster Court will put you through the relevant course if need be. You will be answerable to the Duty Manager on that day. Double time is paid on all public holidays. | https://thelincolnite.co.uk/jobs/cook/ |
Monday to Saturday from 11.00 to 20.00 h. Sundays and public holidays from 10.00 to 14.00 h.
Event Location
Madrid
Spain
Artists
- Tony Cragg
Information
This exhibition takes us on a tour of art produced in Britain between the 15th and 20th centuries.
The show presents a total of 180 pieces -paintings, sculptures, works on paper, books, magazines and photographs - produced by nearly 100 artists. The works on display belong to various European institutions, primarily British.
Divided into seven sections, 'Treasure Island...' portrays the artistic evolution of the British Isles, from religious sculptures - damaged by the Puritans during the Reformation - to Pop Art pieces by Blake and Hamilton and Toni Cragg's emblematic 1981 sculpture `Britain Seen from the North´.
According to the exhibition's organizers, its title 'invokes the eponymous novel by the British writer Robert Louis Stevenson, showing how the island has a treasure -its art, painting and sculpture- which, like almost every treasure, remains half-hidden, waiting to be discovered.'
Visitors opinion
If you have visited this event, please share your opinion with us.
For full information on our approach to users' comments on our site, please see our publishing policy. | http://www.artdiscover.com/en/exhibitions/la-isla-del-tesoro-el-arte-britanico-de-holbein-a-hockney-id30 |
The search for casting the next James Bond has been going on for quite a while now. And with the recent impact of COVID-19 on the film industry, 007 fans are going to have to wait a bit longer to find out who will be Daniel Craig’s successor.
Speaking of Craig, he bowed out of the franchise a while back. After some hesitancy, he agreed to one last go in his run as the world’s favorite Secret Service Agent. His final Bond film, No Time To Die was scheduled for release in April.
However, since theatres have temporarily closed due to social distancing measures, No Time To Die has been pushed to November 25, 2020. Fans are going to have to wait a little longer to see Craig’s Bond curtain call.
Naturally, all these events have bought casting directors some time before they work on the next Bond installment. While fans chatter and guess, the actors being discussed for the next Bond has become a revolving door.
Early odds have changed incredibly as the search narrows and continues. Stars who seemed like a sure bet of snagging the role now have less chance. Now, newer stars are coming out of nowhere hoping for that Bond role.
Who Will Be Cast as the Next James Bond?
|Odd||Odds|
|James Norton||+150|
|Richard Madden||+300|
|Idris Elba||+400|
|Tom Hiddleston||+600|
|Sam Heughan||+600|
|Jack Lowden||+600|
|Cillian Murphy||+600|
|Jamie Bell||+800|
|Aidan Turner||+800|
|Tom Hardy||+800|
|Chris Hemsworth||+1000|
|Henry Cavill||+1400|
|Henry Golding||+2000|
|Laurence Fox||+2000|
|Benedict Cumberbatch||+2500|
|Jack Huston||+2500|
|Damian Lewis||+2500|
|Rupert Friend||+3500|
|Ewan McGregor||+4000|
|Charlie Hunnam||+5000|
|Dan Stevens||+5000|
|Luke Evans||+6600|
|Jack O’Connell||+8000|
|Taron Egerton||+10000|
|Jude Law||+10000|
|Michael Fassbender||+10000|
|Orlando Bloom||+10000|
|Christian Bale||+10000|
|David Oyelowo||+10000|
|John Boyega||+10000|
|Nicholas Hoult||+10000|
Odds taken April 13
Timing seems to be everything in the Bond casting hunt. Earlier on in the search, actors Tom Hiddleston and Idris Elba were the most talked about choices for the role. At one point, X-Files star Gillian Anderson was in the mix too, but at this point, the odds have changed so much that she’s not even listed as a potential choice.
Hiddleston’s star power seems to have waned a bit. When choosing a Bond in the past, studios have gone for someone who was already a big star, or picked someone new and upcoming. Hiddleston runs middle ground between those camps making him a less surefire hit as 007.
The Names Less Traveled
North American audiences may not be as familiar with actor James Norton as they are with North American stars such as Hiddleston and Elba. However, one quick Google search reveals why Norton is being discussed so much for the role: He looks the part.
The chiseled jawline and slicked hair of past Bonds like Craig, Pierce Brosnan, and Sean Connery have proven Hollywood’s tendency for consistency and an unwillingness to stray from their prototype. Because history has proven audiences approve of the standard looking Bond, Norton seems a good shot.
In fact, comparing last year’s odds to updated ones, Norton and Hiddleston have swapped places. Norton presently sits in Hiddleston’s former first place while Hiddleston has Norton’s old fourth-place ranking.
Similar in looks and handsome charm, Richard Madden is also closing in the lead to securing the role. Because of his role in big films like Rocketman and Cinderella he is already a familiar face. But he’s not a household name quite yet, though landing Bond would definitely give him that credibility.
Dozens of Options
But don’t think the list of options ends there. Plenty of Hollywood stars are setting their sights on landing the role of Bond.
The growing list of famous options includes Jamie Bell and Tom Hardy, both of whom have a reasonable shot at this point in the game. But then there are actors everyone knows such as Orlando Bloom, Jude Law, and Christian Bale. None of these stars seem suitable because they’re already either aged out or too famous for the role to make sense.
Our #favourites to #play the next #jamesbond are #richardmadden #jamesnorton #tomhiddleston or latecomer #samheughan
We'd prefer #idriselba but that's seeming less and less likely!
Who do you think should be the next #007? https://t.co/Ez3CUX0b1W pic.twitter.com/prIDPIhVUY
— Pop Up York (@Popupyork) February 26, 2020
With COVID-19 still inundating the globe, we will have to wait a while longer to find out who gets cast as Bond. The wait is closing in though, and the massive wait is almost at its end in this search.
That gives Norton more time to wait around and be handed the role as the next step to his career taking off at lightning speed.
Pick: James Norton (+150)
Let's have fun and keep it civil. | https://www.sportsbettingdime.com/news/entertainment-props/james-norton-new-favorite-next-james-bond-see-odds-here/ |
In 2014, when Adam Decker started teaching the anatomy lab and lecture course BIOS 3753 in the School of Biological Sciences, he and his students relied on printed anatomy diagrams and plastic models of organs to understand the human body. Decker knew that many of his pre-health students would soon be on their way to medical schools elsewhere – and he worried that these undergrad classes would pale in comparison to what they’d later encounter as graduate students with more hands-on experiences.
“It just didn’t get the punch across like I wanted – for having the students know what a heart feels like in their hands, what a lung feels like,” says Decker, a senior academic professional in Biological Sciences at Tech. “Pieces of plastic are fine, and they serve a purpose – but it’s not the real deal like they would see in grad school.”
Student evaluations of his course would occasionally echo those same sentiments. Why couldn’t neuroscience students study an actual human brain to better understand how it works?
Those evaluations led Decker to explore how he could bring human cadaveric specimens and organs to Georgia Tech’s Atlanta campus for his students to study. The feedback from students now learning anatomy from those specimens is clear – Decker’s lab and course are among some of the fastest growing classes in the School, with students from a variety of disciplines showing interest – such as a biomedical engineering major who wants to design heart valves and is looking for hands-on experience, and an aspiring physician-astronaut “carving my own path to advance the intersections between medicine, engineering, and space exploration” as a dual major in biology and industrial engineering, with dual minors in social justice and physiology.
A related special topics course in pathology started by Decker could soon be a permanent addition to the School of Biological Sciences curriculum, with a growing base of young alumni who share that they’re now deciding on specialties in medical school based on their experiences in his classes.
“We are so lucky to have Adam as an instructor at Georgia Tech,” says Michael (Mike) Goodisman, an associate professor in the School of Biological Sciences. “Adam has great reviews from the students in his classes. They can see how passionate he is about understanding human form and function. These are very difficult classes – but the students love them. And Adam is always trying to provide the most contemporary and exciting class experience possible.”
“This was the first time these specimens have been brought to campus,” Decker says. “The human side of our biology curriculum is really growing here. I’m just grateful to have had a part in that, developing courses and helping satisfy that need. It’s an exciting time to be in pre-health here.”
Adopting a new approach to anatomy
Creating these immersive courses took time, Decker says. His path to bringing cadaveric specimens to Georgia Tech involved two years of advocacy- phone calls, meetings, and negotiations with groups split across Georgia Tech and Emory University School of Medicine, along with teaming up with fellow School of Biological Sciences professors who supported the collaborative effort for campus.
Back in 2018, Decker signed up to teach with Georgia Tech’s Pacific Study Abroad Program, through which students travel to New Zealand and Australia for courses and cultural experiences. Decker was leading the Scientific Foundations of Health (APPH/BIOL1040) class there, and says the trip helped him decide to look at adding cadaver classes and labs to curriculum offerings back at Tech’s Atlanta campus.
On the south island of New Zealand, he explains, the University of Otago in Dunedin has a medical school with a popular Anatomy Museum, “where you could go in and they have all the prosections (specimens that demonstrate anatomic structure for students), all the cadaver organs, sections of tissues and bones, and anything you could think of related to the human body,” he says, “and it was open to the public.”
After peppering the curator with questions about the process of obtaining and hosting specimens, “I started thinking that there’s no reason we can’t do this back home. We don’t have a medical school – but Emory is right down the road.”
When he returned to Atlanta, Decker connected with colleagues at Emory University to see how cadaveric-based curricula might be made available at Georgia Tech, launching a multi-year effort with detailed requirements, and logistics – and a unique philanthropic program.
A team from Emory inspected the anatomy lab space on Tech’s campus, in a recently renovated building where courses and labs were planned. The group inquired about security arrangements, and laid down detailed rules and logistics for things like storage temperature, transportation, and appropriate humidity levels for specimens.
Regarding that last stipulation: Decker also happens to be a licensed embalmer in the state of Georgia. “I’m the guy who can keep the specimens preserved, and where they need to be, as far as preservation goes, and not pose a public health risk to the community. Emory liked that.”
The university also offered to help through a very unique philanthropic initiative – the Emory Body Donation Program. Decker explains that some of the cadaveric specimens that Emory and Tech’s future doctors, nurses, researchers, and founders study are thanks to generous individuals – often alumni – who, as the program notes, “wish to be useful to the living after death. We all cannot endow a hospital or establish a clinic, but each of us has the opportunity to make one valuable gift to medical science – the gift of his or her body after death.”
“This was something new for the school, I know,” Decker shares. “But the semesters were rolling by and students were missing the opportunity – because we were hung up” with finalizing paperwork and agreements across Emory and Tech.
So Decker reached out to his colleague Mike Goodisman, who made some calls and arranged a phone conference with both universities. The remaining questions and legal considerations were soon resolved, and Decker was invited to Emory to conduct dissections for the cadavers and specimens he would bring back to Georgia Tech.
“They left me with twenty cadavers. I was able to get multiple hearts and lungs, entire gastrointestinal tracts, brains, and a spinal cord,” he explains. “It took me seven hours to get the brain and spinal cord in one section – that specimen has proven valuable to the neuroscience majors. They want to see everything in one piece. These are really unique things that get the students excited.”
Student reaction, and respect for the specimens
Studying human hearts allows students to trace blood flow, something they could begin to learn from plastic models, but “it’s nothing like holding the real thing, and being able to trace the actual blood flow. It’s an amazing experience they get to have with this.”
That experience has prompted some graduates of Decker’s classes to even change their medical school plans. “Now they’re telling me they want to go into cardiology. They’re choosing a specialty because of this – and that’s the best experience, when you get them excited about something and they want to devote themselves to it.”
That energy is reflected in class attendance. The first human anatomy class Decker taught in 2014 had 66 students. In fall 2020, even with Covid-19, he had close to 295 students. “This is an upper elective 3000-level course. It’s almost unheard of to have almost 300 students.”
His senior-level human pathology course kicked off in 2019 as a special topic elective with 33 students. Decker is now running it for the second time, and has enrolled nearly 100 students.
“Dr. Decker has really done a great service to the students of Georgia Tech in bringing this course to life, so to speak,” says Young-Hui Chang, professor and associate chair for Faculty Development in the School of Biological Sciences. “He has worked incredibly hard to get us to the point where we can offer a unique cadaver-based human anatomy course to our undergraduate students. In particular, the students who have ambitions for a variety of health-related careers really benefit from this unique experience of learning from real human anatomy – and to learn it under the guidance of a truly gifted anatomist and teacher in Adam Decker.”
As to how students react to seeing specimens for the first time? “They’re usually very silent. Everybody is sitting down, nobody was talking. There’s almost a reverence you feel – as there should be. I tell them that this person loved somebody, lost somebody, went to school. You need to hold these specimens and have that reverence for them. These were people, and they’ve given the gift of themselves to help you learn.”
New technology applied to an ancient practice
Decker adds that anatomy is “pretty old school,” pointing out that dissections and naming of the body’s structures occurred in the 1500s. “Anatomy is a very old science, but it’s actually the basis of all health care. It’s the first course medical students take before they become doctors or nurses. You have to know what’s normal anatomy before you know what’s abnormal.”
Decker also wants to complement his anatomy and pathology courses by adding some new technology to traditional offerings. For instance, a California-based company, Anatomage, makes what it calls a virtual dissection table – essentially a typical human cadaver in digital form. A seven-foot-long “operating table” is basically a large flat screen with an image of a cadaver. By touching the screen, students can “cut away” tissue. Body parts are annotated, “so everything is labeled. It’s amazing. That’s where a lot of this is headed.”
Decker says Stanford University School of Medicine is now using the tables, and he’s put in a budget request in hopes of adding two of these tables to Tech’s campus. | https://medicalnewsupdates.com/hands-on-anatomy-one-foot-in-medical-school-one-foot-in-undergrad/ |
Participate in exhilarating programming contests, solve unique algorithm and data structure challenges and be a part of an awesome community.
Mr. Kaboom has recently learned about maximum flow. Now his friend Mr. Taboom gave him this problem.
You are given a tree with N vertices. The vertices are numbered from 1 to N. Each edge of the tree has some capacity associated with it. Between each pair of vertices there is only one way to go.
Now imagine for each pair of vertices that one of the vertex is the source and the other is the sink. Then Mr. Kaboom needs to find out what is the maximum flow for each pair of vertices. Mr. Taboom decides to reduce Mr. Kaboom's misery and asked him to provide the sum of maximum flow between all possible pair of vertices.
Mr. Kaboom has found no solution and has trusted you with this task. Can you save his day?
The very first line of the input will contain the number of test cases T (1≤ T ≤ 20). Then T tests follow. First line of each test contains N (1≤ N ≤ 105), the number of vertices in the tree. The next N-1 lines each contain three integers. The first two integers denotes the vertices this edge connects. The third integer gives the capacity of the edge.
The capacities of each edge will be non-negative and no more than 106. And, the total number of vertices among all test cases will be less than 5×105.
For each tests output one integer per line, the sum of all pair maximum flow in the tree.
See the explanation of the sample for more understanding. In every pair the vertices should be different.
|Input||Output|
2 4 1 2 5 1 3 2 1 4 3 3 1 2 5 2 3 6
34 32
For the first case, the maximum flow for each pair is:
For the second case, the maximum flow for each pair is:
88% Solution Ratio
codename27Earliest, | https://toph.co/p/flow-on-tree |
Q:
Consider K(ω) = U for ω ∈ [0,1/3], K(ω) = 0 for ω ∈ (1/3,2/3], and K(ω) = D. Find U and D for the given expected value and standard deviation
Let me be clear, this question is straight from my homework sheet.
Consider $$ K(ω) = \begin{cases} U &\text{for }ω ∈ [0,1/3],\\ 0
&\text{for }ω ∈ (1/3,2/3]\\ D &\text{for }ω ∈
(2/3,1]\end{cases} $$ Find U and D for the following expected value and
standard deviation, $\mathbb{E}(X) = 0.1$, $\sigma = 0.2$.
So I know how to integrate and find the expected value and the variance. The problem is how am I supposed to integrate for intervals (1/3,2/3] since the value of 1/3 is excluded from the interval, also the interval is not given for K(ω)=D, then how can we even find its value ask asked.
Can someone please provide a step by step solution here, I know the fact that a CDF can take values between 0 and 1, but I am confused on how to apply these facts and integration on this sum.
A:
Given PDF,
$K(\omega)=\begin{cases}
U, & \text{$0\le\omega\le1/3$}.\\
0, & \text{$1/3<\omega\le2/3$}.\\
D, & \text{$2/3<\omega\le1$}.\\
\end{cases}$
$$
\begin{align}
E(\omega)&=\int_0^1\omega K(w)d\omega \\
&=U\int_0^{1/3}\omega d\omega\quad +\quad 0\int_{1/3}^{2/3}\omega d\omega\quad +\quad D\int_{2/3}^{1}\omega d\omega\\
&=\frac{U+5D}{18}=0.1
\end{align}
$$
Likewise, you can express $Var(\omega)=\int_0^1(\omega-E(\omega))^2 K(w)d\omega$ in terms of $U$ and $D$. And then solve the system of two equations to get the values of $U$ and $D$. There is no need to compute CDF.
| |
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Q:
How to strip unix timestamps from a string PHP
Lets say I have the following string:
$string = 'Th1s 1s my 5tr1ng with a timestamp 1357002120 and another timestamp here 1357002120.';
What I want is to return a string, without the two timestamps, but leave any other numbers intact.
So, the output should be:
'Th1s 1s my 5tr1ng with a timestamp and another timestamp here.'
I figure some sort of regex would be able to do it but i've no idea where to start.
A:
Simple solution you can later develop your own:
<?php
$string = 'Th1s 1s my 5tr1ng with a timestamp 1357002120 and another timestamp here 1357002120.';
echo preg_replace("#\d{10,11}#", "", $string);
?>
| |
The present invention relates to breast or nursing pads.
Any discussion of the prior art throughout the specification should in no way be considered as an admission that such prior art is widely known or forms part of common general knowledge in the field.
Lactating women will feed their newborns several times a day. Suckling by the baby creates pressure and stimulates the breast to secrete milk. Unwanted leakage is very common amongst lactating women and the flow can vary depending on several factors and can be triggered by various stimuli.
The time of the day or night, the woman's body and the amount the baby tends to feed are some of the many factors that can determine excess flow and unwanted leakage from the breast.
A breast pad is a protective layer and a must have for lactating women. Breast pads are placed around the nipple area and on the inside of nursing bras to form a barrier which protects their bras and outer clothing from getting wet and stained due to the leaking of breast milk from the breast during non-feeding times.
There are typically 3 types of washable breast pads in the market—light flow, medium flow and heavy flow. The difference between the 3 types of nursing pads is its mid layer, which is thickest in the heavy flow and thus provides a greater capacity to absorb and retain excess milk and flow. Women will probably require all 3 types of these nursing pads depending on their level of leakage at various times.
In a conventional nursing pad, the pad consists of three key layers and these are all sewn together at the circumference edge that binds them together. The inner layer is in cotton, followed by a mid layer, which is an absorbent fabric, followed by an outer laminated layer of PUL and cotton which stops the moisture from wetting the clothing provided the nursing pad doesn't become too wet. Once wet the entire nursing pad needs to be replaced and washed.
Women generally carry spare nursing pads to change as they become wet. This avoids her bra and outwear from becoming wet and avoids the discomfort felt from wearing a wet nursing pad.
In preferred forms, the invention provides a single purchase, nursing accessory that can be used for a multitude of needs depending on the milk flow at different times of the day or night as well at selected time schedules. The present invention also provides an increased ease with washing due to faster drying time because of the ability of the inserted layers being removable prior to washing. This also prevents the build up of bacteria that occur. The binding edge of the pad ensures the pad is durable as well as delivering the tailored result that many women prefer.
The inner layer and the outer layer of the nursing pads may be sewn together at the circumference edge that binds them together. A pocket may be created on the inner layer through which mid-layer fabric discs, also referred to herein as pad inserts, can be added as required. The advantage of adding these discs is to increase the thickness of the nursing pad and therefore an increase in the level of absorbency.
The unique construction of this invention enables women to easily manage the effect of leakage by choosing to add the absorbent discs into the one nursing pad as opposed to having different nursing pads for different flows. Women are able to separately purchase the washable and absorbent discs and then separately choose to insert the discs into the nursing pad as needed. This is preferable to having to purchase and carry 3 different types of nursing pads due to not knowing which one will be needed for use.
The discs may be made from an absorbent hemp fabric to assist with the absorbency of excessive milk flow without the need to carry multiple nursing pads as required depending on the milk-flow level. This fabric disc construction enables the wearer to remove the inserted absorbent disc and wash it as required. This method decreases the wash and dry period considerably.
The inner fabric may have a wicking capability to absorb and pass through the moisture to the mid layer (disc), which traps and stores the moisture. The more added mid layers (discs) the more absorbent the nursing pad becomes.
Fabrics for the invention may be organic and of natural fibers. The inner layer may be organic cotton followed by the hemp absorbent mid-layer, followed by the outer layer, which may be a PUL lamination to organic cotton. The circumference of the breast pad may be bound with fabric knitted, purpose elastic to prevent the occurrence of fraying. The durability of the edge may be superior. Fabrics used may be selected to inhibit the growth of bacteria.
FIGS. 1-7
FIG. 1
1
1
2
3
Now turning to , shows the outer face of the breast pad for one embodiment of the invention. Outer face includes a binding fold-over elastic applied around the circumference of the breast pad using a single needle chain stitch .
FIG. 2
4
5
7
4
6
7
next shows a cross section of the breast pad layers construction, where an outer layer , formed of 100% organic cotton, is laminated to a layer of Polyurethane Laminate (PUL), with an inner layer disposed on an opposite face from outer layer and defining a space for an inserted pad. Inner layer may be formed of cotton and may form an opening at a chord section across the inside layer of the pad.
FIG. 3
FIG. 2
4
8
9
next shows the fabric that the outer layer () may be constructed from, where face of the outer fabric may be 100% organic cotton and face of the outer fabric may be PUL.
FIG. 4
FIG. 2
7
10
11
12
next shows the inner layer () construction and material. An inner face may be constructed using 100% organic cotton with a folded edge along the chord of the circle forming the pad. In one embodiment, and as illustrated at , a fold-over binding elastic may be applied with a single needle chain-stitch application with a finished width of 6 mm. As illustrated at , the fabric that the inner layer is constructed from may be 100% organic cotton jersey knit.
FIG. 5
FIG. 2
FIG. 5
7
13
14
16
17
15
16
14
17
18
illustrates an inner layer () construction with pattern piece formation. In particular, illustrates a smaller chord section pattern piece that may be formed of 100% organic cotton jersey, and which may be folded along folded line to permit flexing for an opening function. A larger chord section pattern piece that may be formed of 100% organic cotton jersey may be folded along folded line to create an internally hidden over-locked edge of the larger chord section pattern piece . It will be appreciated that lines and may generally meet one another to form an opening for receiving pad inserts, and thereby define a pocket on the inner face of the breast pad.
FIG. 6
FIG. 7
19
20
21
23
22
next illustrates from a side angle a front layer of an absorbent mid layer disc or pad insert that may be made from hemp, and that is overlocked as illustrated at with an opposing side of the mid layer disc. As further illustrated by , the opposing side of the mid layer disc may also be formed of an absorbent hemp fabric layer and overlocked along an overlocking edge .
It will be appreciated that while there are numerous ways in which the invention can be created the preferred method is exemplified in the figures above. This method offers a simple yet secure opening that remains tailored and is also comfortable.
In addition, by having a simple opening the structure allows itself, with comfort, to aesthetically incorporate ornate designs and prints to provide modified bindings and different pads. These can be made from a variety of fibers. The opening of the breast pad can be at the side of the section of the circumference or can use the diameter.
Although the invention has been described with reference to specific examples it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the invention may be embodied in many other forms.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a front view of one embodiment of a breast pad consistent with the invention.
FIG. 2
FIG. 1
is a cross-sectional view of the breast pad of .
FIG. 3
FIG. 1
is a front view of a material used for an outer layer of the breast pad of .
FIG. 4
FIG. 1
is a front view of a material and construction used for an inner layer of the breast pad of .
FIG. 5
FIG. 4
is a front view of components used for the inner layer of .
FIGS. 6 and 7
FIG. 1
are respective perspective and front views of a mid layer disc of the breast pad of . | |
The sight of a tower crane is enough to make even the most jaded Loop walker glance skyward while waiting for a crosswalk signal to change. And while most of us have to be content with looking up at cranes, Loop Spy Daniel gets to look down on them. He sent in this photograph of the crane at 200 North Michigan Avenue, which is helping build the city’s newest 41-story tower, designed by friends-of-the-blog bKL Architecture.
When complete in early 2016, it will have 402 apartments and rise 411 feet tall.
Location: 200 North Michigan Avenue, The Loop
This article is the result of photos sent in by someone just like you. If you see something interesting in your neighborhood, e-mail your phone pics to [email protected]. Check out our Tip Line for ways to tip us off by text message and anonymous drop box. | https://www.chicagoarchitecture.org/2014/10/13/status-update-getting-down-with-200-north-michigan/ |
51 cases booked on vehicles with fancy number plates in Visakhapatnam
Road Transport Office (RTO) officials in Visakhapatnam have been coming down hard on vehicles with fancy number plates. They have been conducting regular checks at various locations in the city, booking two-wheelers and four-wheelers with fancy number plates. On Saturday, a total of 51 cases were booked accordingly on vehicles in Visakhapatnam.
These checks focused particularly on new vehicles in the AP 39 registration number series. While the checks had to be stopped earlier due to the pandemic situation, the officials have now again begun these checks on Visakhapatnam roads, with vehicles being booked and fines being imposed from Rs. 100-1000 on the owners.
The officials conducted special drives at Gambheeram, Maddilapalem, Gajuwaka, Narsipatnam and Anakapalli from 8 AM on Saturday. RTO has instructed all citizens to have High Security Registration Plates (HSRP) as per Motor Vehicle Act 1988, Rule no. 50 and 51.
Speaking to Yo! Vizag, Deputy Transport Commissioner, Visakhapatnam District, G C Rajaratnam said, “As per Motor Vehicle Act, both two-wheeler and four-wheeler vehicles should have only HSRP number plates. This has been made mandatory because HSRP comes with non-removable snap-on locks, which are difficult to replace and change the registration plate when the vehicle is stolen.” The HSRPs store essential details of a vehicle, including engine number and chassis number, in a centralised database. So, the stored data, along with the 10-digit PIN, becomes crucial in identifying a stolen vehicle.
Many vehicle-owners in Visakhapatnam are going for fancy number plates after getting a permanent registration number from RTO. But for the sake of their vehicles’ safety, the people of Vizag should put only HSRP number plates on their vehicles.
With a distinction of being the oldest lifestyle magazine in Andhra Pradesh, Yo! Vizag has been catering engaging content to its readers for the past 10 years. From covering various happenings in the city to providing entertaining content, we keep our followers hooked day in and day out. Stay tuned to Yo! Vizag to get your daily capsule of news and entertainment. | |
Some diets can be really difficult, but on the other hand there are always easier diets which also give excellent results. Well, if you love sour cream, this diet will quickly become your favorite. In just 10 days you can lose 5, 6 kg without giving up many foods. But because it is a strict diet, you shouldn’t be on this diet more than 14 days.
For this diet you will need:
- Natural sour cream – 500 grams per day
- Fruits – 300 grams per day (avoid grapes, melon and watermelon because of the high amounts of sugar they contain)
- Meat – 100 grams per day (chicken and turkey, with removed skin and fat, and fish as well)
- Vegetables- up to 300 grams per day (tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers …)
- Vegetables (leafy) – up to 300 grams per day (lettuce, kale, arugula …)
Simple daily menu:
Note that the amount of sour cream that you will use in any recipe depends on you. It is important to eat 500 grams of sour cream a day, included in all meals.
Breakfast
- Jelly from sour cream and raspberries
- Cup of green tea and a glass of fresh orange juice
Lunch
- Warm herbal tea
- Cold soup made of sour cream and cucumbers sliced in small pieces
- 100 grams of cooked meat
- Salad prepared with cucumbers, tomatoes and herbal spices
- Cup of hot lemonade (without sugar)
Afternoon snack
- Tomato with sour cream
- If you like add a little mustard and salt in the sour cream and blend them well
Evening
- Cup of hot herbal tea
- Steamed green beans with sour cream
- Cup of hot lemonade (without sugar)
The choice of permitted food is quite wide, so that is why you will not be so difficult to avoid products like cereals and sweets within 10 days. Of course, do not forget to do exercises. Each day try to exercise at least 30 minutes or at least, walk. | https://www.healthyandnaturallife.com/sour-cream-diet-lose-amazing-5-kg-in-10-days/ |
The Committee on Computers in Chemical Education is a standing committee of the Division of Chemical Education, which according to the bylaws “seeks to encourage, publicize and support the development, implementation and assessment of computing technologies in chemical education”. The CCCE runs an annual Fall online newsletter, and as a service to the general chemical education community hosts the online ConfChem conferences, both of which can be accessed through our web site, http://www.ccce.divched.org .
The Spring 2014 ConfChem will be on the Flipped Classroom (organized by Jennifer Muzyka and Chris Lurker) and the Spring 2015 ConfChem on Interactive Visualizations for Chemistry Teaching and Learning (organized by Emily Moore). Additional information on these conferences are available in the ConfChem section of this newsletter.
The CCCE received an ACS Innovative Projects Grant to develop folksonomic indexing of the ConfChem/Newsletter archives. The objective of this is to bundle ConfChem papers and Newsletter articles around themes defined by social generated tags. We have created a Drupal 7 site in the Bluehost cloud to develop this technology and there are currently 331 papers dating back to 1984 posted at the development site http://confchem.ccce.us/. We are also attempting to find and digitize printed journals from 1978-2000, and would appreciate your contacting us if you have any issues which are not on the list at the development site.
In collaboration with ACS CINF the CCCE is organizing the first OLCC since 2004, and this will be on Cheminformatics. We plan to offer this intercollegiate course in the Spring of 2015 and 2016, and are looking for faculty who would be interested in offering this course at their home institutions. We have created a development site, http://www.olcc.ccce.us/ and further information can be found in the Cheminformatics OLCC section of this Newsletter.
The CCCE will hold an open meeting at the Biennial Conference on Chemical Education and we welcome your participation. Please contact Bob Belford if you are interested in any of these projects, would like to organize a ConfChem, submit an article to our Fall 2014 Newsletter or join the committee.
Abstract: Web-enabled mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers are now in the hands of the majority of students in the classroom and already have shown inroads into the teaching and learning process. Since most students always carry their smartphones, these devices provide constant access to web pages, podcasts, videos, and other instructional materials during lectures. Mobile devices are also a powerful vehicle for both markered and markerless augmented reality applications. While such devices may be seen as a significant source of distraction some teacher are starting to maximize the utility of these powerful learning devices while dealing with the challenge of minimizing the opportunities for students' minds to wander onto Facebook, other social networking sites and text/emailing. This symposium invites presentations that will review the present successes of the mobile-based classroom and discuss what the future may bring.
Abstract: This symposium seeks presentations on resources that can be obtained over the Internet, and ways they can be utilized for the teaching and learning of chemistry. We are seeking presentations that address perspectives of development and implementation of web based technologies. Topics such as how the open access nature of the web, and how social networking and semantic web technologies are influencing chemical education are also encouraged. The objective of this symposium is to provide educators and developers opportunities to share resources and experiences. This symposium is sponsored by the ACS-CHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education, http://www.ccce.divched.org/.
Organizers: Yuen-ying Carpenter, and Emily B. Moore, University of Colorado Boulder, contact [email protected] for further information. Participants are encouraged to bring a laptop (preferred) or tablet to the workshop, if possible.
Abstract: The PhET Interactive Simulations project at the University of Colorado Boulder develops free online interactive simulations designed to promote student engagement, exploration, and inquiry (http://phet.colorado.edu/). The existing suite of over 30 chemistry simulations supports students from middle school to undergraduate levels in developing conceptual models of macroscopic and microscopic phenomena through inquiry. In this workshop, participants will explore several PhET simulations. We will introduce the research-based design of PhET simulations, and strategies for effective use for teaching and learning – highlighting specific teaching approaches that target common student difficulties and scaffold student understanding. Participants will then work in small groups to discuss how different uses of PhET simulations can address a variety of learning goals in the classroom, lecture, or laboratory. Additionally, we will provide guidance and feedback to participants for writing effective questions and activities around PhET simulation use that will allow them to integrate these unique tools into their learning environment.
Abstract: This “hands on” workshop will provide chemistry teachers an opportunity to gain experience with the ChemCollective Virtual Laboratory (http://www.chemcollective.org) and ways to use this free software in their classrooms and labs. This Java-based Virtual Laboratory allows students to design and carry out their own experiments. Participants will learn how to incorporate any of the nearly 100 existing experiments into their class as either homework or pre/post lab activities. Training with the authoring capabilities will also be provided so that interested participants can develop activities for their own needs. An overview of results from research on learning in the virtual lab will be provided to aid instructors in using the lab in ways that are most effective for learning. Other materials freely available in the ChemCollective, including scenario-based learning activities and online tutorials, will also be covered in the workshop.
Abstract: The internet has provided new global portals to chemical information and this hands-on workshop will introduce educators to the Royal Society of Chemistry’s numerous eScience projects including Chemspider, an online chemical information and curation service utilizing web 2.0 technologies and the Learn Chemistry website for educators and students. Participants will acquire accounts within ChemSpider, learn several compound search techniques to perform compound structure and substructure based searches, and search methods employing structural drawing packages. Participants will gain an understanding of the ChemSpider data curation services, how to upload and obtain spectral and other data over the internet, and how they can use these in their classrooms for teaching purposes. They will also learn how gaming can be wrapped around chemistry data for the purpose of teaching and data curation. Participants will also be introduced to an international intercollegiate OnLine Cheminformatics course that they can offer at their home institution in the Fall of 2015. This workshop is sponsored by the ACS DivCHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education and further information can be obtained at http://www.ccce.divched.org/ICCE2014Workshops .
2014 Biennial Conference on Chemical Education, (BCCE) Grand Valley State University, August 3-7, 2014.
Abstract: The flipped classroom is a new hybrid model of teaching that allows active engagement between students and faculty members during class time, usually through the use of technological tools to present lecture material to students before the concepts are discussed in class. Recently there has been significant media attention on the flipped classroom, which is an innovative pedagogical method used by educators ranging from elementary school through colleges and universities. There are many different technological tools used to implement this pedagogical method. In particular, some educators pre-record lectures of themselves presenting material, others use screen casts to convey information to students before attending class in order to facilitate more peer-to-peer learning, and some teachers use a flipped classroom approach that does not involve videos. Ultimately, the shift in learning is focused on changing the classroom from passive to active. The focus of our symposium will be about how teachers use the face-to-face class time gained by changing from a completely lecture based classroom. This symposium is sponsored by the CHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education.
With the growing number of available interactive educational technology resources, chemistry educators are confronted with both new challenges and innovative opportunities when integrating these technologies into classroom practice. This symposium invites presentations on innovative in-class uses of interactive technologies by students, as well as implementation challenges and best practices for effective use. Interactive technologies can include student open-response tools; animations, simulations, and other interactive visualization tools; virtual open inquiry spaces; and others. Presentations can focus on the use of interactive technologies to foster a more student centered classroom, enhance student engagement and learning, or provide formative assessment to students and instructors. Research on technology use, discussion of implementation challenges in high school and university settings, and best practices for technology-specific facilitation are welcomed. This symposium is sponsored by the ACS CHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education, http://www.ccce.divched.org/. Submissions should include a description of the interactive technology being discussed and how it is used by students.
Abstract: This symposium seeks presentations on resources that can be obtained over the Internet, and ways they can be utilized for the teaching and learning of chemistry. We are seeking presentations that address perspectives of development and implementation of web based technologies, and their applications to classroom, hybrid and online learning environments. Topics such as the application of mobile devices, and how social networking and semantic web technologies are influencing chemical education are also encouraged. The objective of this symposium is to provide educators and developers opportunities to share resources and experiences. This symposium is sponsored by the ACS CHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education, http://www.ccce.divched.org/.
Abstract: The PhET Interactive Simulations project (http://phet.colorado.edu) has developed over 30 chemistry simulations (sims), which support student learning through scientist-like exploration and experimentation. Sims make the invisible visible, incorporate multiple representations, and emphasize connections between real life phenomena and the underlying science. PhET sims are designed to be flexible tools, and can be used for classroom demonstrations, clicker questions, guided inquiry activities, laboratory exercises, and homework. In each context, the supporting materials (eg. an activity sheet) can target specific process and content learning goals using the sims. In this workshop, participants will use guidelines and existing activities to develop supporting materials and facilitation plans to couple with sims in their teaching. This workshop is appropriate for those new to PhET, as well as seasoned sim users looking to design and receive feedback on new supporting materials. This symposium is sponsored by the ACS CHED Committee on Computers in Chemical Education, http://www.ccce.divched.org/. | http://www.divched.org/spring2014/CCCE |
At an alarming pace, green hedgerows, smooth lawns and multicoloured flower beds have been replaced by grey tiles, maintenance-free patios and closely paved pathways.
Challenge
All private gardens (which are estimated to be around 5.5 million in The Netherlands) compose a large area that has an impressive potential to contribute to sustainable water management and urban biodiversity.
Outcome
The following three experiments show an different aproach to reduce soil sealing behaviour.
Experiment 1.
De Bloemenbuurt
De Bloemenbuurt translated in English “Flower Neigberhood” in Volendam has a soil sealing density of 86%.
The contradiction of the name in relation to the lack of greenery in the neighbourhood was used to create awareness.
The contradiction of the name in relation to the lack of greenery in the neighbourhood was used to create awareness.
The street signs were hijacked and changed to “Tegelstraat”, literally translated as “TileStreet”. Citizens were given a letter to explain the current state of soil sealing within their street. In order to motivate them and give them a start into a greener direction the letter was delivered with gladiolus corms attached to it.
This eventually resulted in some interesting discussions both online and offline. There were people that liked it and people that hated it and labelled it as left-winged vandalism.
Experiment 2.
The Consequences
These rhizotrons mimic the difference between a green and a tiled garden. It shows consequences, their garden may have on the environment and their surroundings.
This rhizotron mimics a tiled garden. Due to the tiles and a lack of greenery, this rhizotron won’t be having any soil or fauna functions. When exposed to the heavy rainfall we see that water can’t go into the soil. Which results in flooding.
This rhizotron mimics a green garden. This rhizotron shows it’s soil function, you see root zones, soil fauna and flora which plays a major role in our biodiversity. When this is exposed to the heavy rainfall we see that it can absorb the water.
Experiment 3.
Jesse’s Garden
Focusing on creating a greener and more sustainable future, you expect the chairman of Groenlinks, Jesse Klaver, to have a green personal space. However, Jesse nearly has any green in his garden. That is why I addressed him in a letter asking if he, together with me wants to make his garden greener.
Leaving this letter with clover seeds at his home address resulted in the evacuation of his family. When spoken to his press officer it was clear that he was not amused. For safety reasons the seeds needed to be checked by the counter-terrorism organisation. So it was obvious that Jesse did not want to participate in this experiment.
Jesse Klaver claims that he is working on a greener world. However, his own garden has barely any green in it. To expose this fact I decided to recreate his garden at scale, confronting him that he is acting a bit hypocritical. | https://huibscholten.com/Ontegelaars-Graduation-Project |
Jessica Lynn Rife, age 55 of Prospect, Ohio, passed away on Friday, August 2, 2019 at the Ohio State University Medical Center. On December 3, 1963, she was born to Darla (Miller) and the late Randolph Hicks in Marion, Ohio, and on August 7, 2004, she married her late husband Russell Rife.
Jessica had a bubbly personality, and she was the type of person who never met a stranger. She loved everyone, and she did her best to help everyone she could. She was a social butterfly, often enjoying gatherings at her home, family reunions, and parties with her friends. She always enjoyed trying new things and attending all sorts of social events, and she participated in the Relay for Life every year. She was also crafty, and she loved selling jewelry. She worked for 4 years as a programmer for Speedway.
She was a vibrant, spirited woman, and her presence will be dearly missed by her family, friends, and all who loved her.
She is survived by her mother Darla Hicks; her brother Rondel (Susan) Hicks; her nieces Marla Emily and Elli Elizabeth Hicks; her uncle Dana J. Hicks; and multiple loving cousins.
She was preceded in death by her husband Russell and her father Randolph.
Calling hours will be held on Friday, August 9, 2019 from 4 pm to 8 pm at the Boyd-Born Funeral Home in Marion, Ohio. Services will take place on Saturday, August 10, 2019 at 10 am at the funeral home. Burial will follow at Marion Cemetery.
Memorial contributions may be made in Jessica’s memory to the Relay for Life or to the cancer research charity of the donor’s choice. Condolences may be expressed to the family online atwww.boydbornfuneralhome.com.
--
Boyd Funeral Home Inc
122 West Columbia Street
Marion, OH 43302
740-382-2115
To send flowers to Jessica's family, please visit our floral section. | https://www.hallfuneralservice.com/notices/Jessica-Rife |
After months of litigation and controversy, 6 in 10 voters back the Trump's ban — and the survey suggests the actual policy may be more popular when separated from the president. | Carolyn Kaster/AP Photo Poll: Majority of voters back Trump travel ban
A clear majority of voters support President Donald Trump’s travel ban on visitors from six predominantly Muslim countries, according to a new POLITICO/Morning Consult poll.
Polling on the travel restrictions has varied wildly since the Trump administrationunveiled the first executive order on travel in late January. But after months of litigation and controversy, 6-in-10 voters back the ban — and the survey suggests the actual policy may be more popular when separated from the president.
Asked whether they support or oppose the State Department’s “new guidelines which say visa applicants from six predominately Muslim countries must prove a close family relationship with a U.S. resident in order to enter the country,” 60 percent of respondents said they support the guidelines, and only 28 percent oppose them.
The POLITICO/Morning Consult question doesn’t mention Trump, nor does it refer to the president’s executive orders on immigration. That contrasts with other polls, which mostly show greater opposition to the policy. An Associated Press-NORC Center poll last month showed a 57 percent majority of Americans thought courts were acting rightly in blocking the travel ban. That was conducted before the Supreme Court’s per curiam decision last week to let some elements of the ban go into effect while the high court waits to hear the case in the fall.
Republicans overwhelmingly back the restrictions, the poll shows. Eighty-four percent of GOP respondents support the ban, while 9 percent oppose it. But the policy is also popular among independent respondents: 56 percent support it, compared with 30 percent who oppose it. Democrats tilt slightly against the ban, with 41 percent supporting it, and 46 percent in opposition.
The wording of the poll question in the new survey differs from that in a March poll, after Trump signed a revised executive order in an effort to comply with lower-court rulings against the initial ban. In March, respondents were asked whether they "approve or disapprove of a revised executive order that prohibits persons from six predominantly Muslim countries without visas from entering the United States for 90 days and halting the processing of refugees for 120 days." Then, 56 percent of voters approved of the order, and 33 percent disapproved.
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"Since we last asked about Trump's travel ban, we've seen a drop in those who oppose the executive order," said Kyle Dropp, Morning Consult chief research officer and co-founder. "Though, we've also seen an uptick in those who do not have any opinion on the matter or have yet to settle on one."
Though the poll shows solid support for the ban, it also suggests voters are open to broader exemptions for visitors from those countries who have family living in the United States than the ones outlined by the State Department. Eighty percent of respondents think travelers from those six countries should be admitted to the U.S. if they have a parent living in America, and 78 percent think they should be admitted to join a spouse or child in the country; all three are permitted under the directive.
Nearly three-quarters, 73 percent, said they think travelers with a sibling in the U.S. should be admitted, which the policy allows. Sixty-seven percent said they think travelers with a grandparent in the country should be admitted, though the policy allows neither grandparents nor grandchildren from claiming those relationships to obtain a visa.
The policy allows travelers from the six countries to enter if they have a parent, parent-in-law, spouse, child, adult son or daughter, son-in-law, daughter-in-law, sibling or half sibling, including step relationships, in the country.
But grandparents, grandchildren, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews, cousins, brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law and any other “extended” family members may not claim those relationships.
The poll, which was conducted June 29-30, includes 1,989 registered voters and has a margin of error of plus or minus 2 percentage points.
Morning Consult is a nonpartisan media and technology company that provides data-driven research and insights on politics, policy and business strategy.
More details on the poll and its methodology can be found in these two documents — Toplines: http://politi.co/2tG5Cq8 | Crosstabs: http://politi.co/2tNM1Vj
| |
Q:
Visualforce: apex:inputText - restrict input to numbers only
How to restrict apex:inputText to take number values only?
A:
One way you could make this work is HTML5-ifying your Visualforce page and use <apex:input type="number" /> instead of apex:inputText.
Otherwise, you could implement some javascript validation or send it back to your controller and do the validation in Apex.
Note: To HTML5-ify your page, the easiest way is using the page
element with the docType attribute <apex:page docType="html-5.0">.
See:
http://blogs.developerforce.com/developer-relations/2011/12/visualforce-html5-mobile.html
A:
This can be done easily with Javascript and here's an example from a project I had to do in the past.
Javascript
function inputLimiter(e,allow) {
var AllowableCharacters = '';
if (allow == 'Letters'){AllowableCharacters=' ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz';}
if (allow == 'Numbers'){AllowableCharacters='1234567890';}
if (allow == 'NameCharacters'){AllowableCharacters=' ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz-.\'';}
if (allow == 'NameCharactersAndNumbers'){AllowableCharacters='1234567890 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz-\'';}
if (allow == 'Currency'){AllowableCharacters='1234567890.';}
var k = document.all?parseInt(e.keyCode): parseInt(e.which);
if (k!=13 && k!=8 && k!=0){
if ((e.ctrlKey==false) && (e.altKey==false)) {
return (AllowableCharacters.indexOf(String.fromCharCode(k))!=-1);
} else {
return true;
}
} else {
return true;
}
}
Standard Apex Tag using method:
<apex:inputField value="{!opportunity.MyCustomField}" onkeypress="return inputLimiter(event,'Numbers');" />
A:
While the Javascript approach gives immediate feedback to the user (as well as the HTML-5 approach) and is hence a superior solution, there may be times when you want to do validation of apex:inputText on your controller. Should you opt for that route:
Bind the apex:inputText value to a controller variable of type String.
Note that a null value as seen by the user (no data entered in field) will be seen by the VF controller variable as a String of length=0 - not a value=null (this took me the longest time to realize)
Do your validation logic in the controller, using String methods or try{cast to Decimal/Integer} catch{..}.
Issue error messages as per normal
Note that if you bind your apex:inputText value to a controller variable of type Integer or Decimal, SFDC will do the conversion for you and, if not a number, will report an error at the top of the page: Value 'abc' cannot be converted from Text to Number. But, null values in the box (that is, no data entered) will be converted by SFDC to your controller variable as 0, not null - which can create feedback confusion to the user.
| |
My Dad Once Told Me the World Was 100 Years Old
How far does time go back? It’s a simple enough question that a child could have the temerity to ask. Any attempt at a meaningful answer, however, leads us headfirst into the limits of understanding what time even is. At the most solipsistic level, it only goes as far back as our earliest memories. Before that, the starting point of our sentience appears to be shrouded in oblivion, or perhaps a fragmented haze of impressions. At the most objective level, this may not be such an inaccurate metaphor, at least according to our current understanding of what might appear to be the “beginning” of the universe, the point at which the very notion of a continuum spacetime breaks down.
I must have been around 5 years old when I made the mistake of asking my dad about history. What was the world like when he was born? What about 20, or 50 years before that? By then, my old man had developed the habit of messing with me for his own amusement. So when I got around to asking him about what the world was like 100 years ago—a number that, to my sapling mind, was about as close to infinity as I could conceive—he playfully dismissed me by telling me that there was no history back then. Time only went back 100 years, he declared. I don’t remember the exact nature of my reaction to this fiat, but kicks and screams were involved, very likely aggravated by his giggling. I still wonder to this day whether my dad was just being a jerk, or whether this was his way of planting the seeds that eventually provoked me into becoming a theoretical physicist.
There may be certain questions that will remain forever beyond our reach from our vantage point.
The true nature of the beginning of time is a question that many ancient traditions, including that of the culture I was born into, Hinduism, seem at first glance to evade—by putting time on a circle. The writings of the historian and philosopher John Gray first alerted me to the idea that Abrahamic thought might have revolutionized the historiography of time, by putting it on a line. In doing so, one is immediately forced to confront questions and imperatives that may not occur, or be dismissed by those that posited a cyclicity to time, questions such as: When and how did it begin? If time has a beginning, does it have an end? Although the object of Gray’s critique was the implicitly millenarian subtext to post-Enlightenment notions of progress,1 the broader implications of his assertion were not easy for the likes of me to digest.
In spite of the remarkable though often overlooked, and sometimes co-opted, contributions to knowledge multiple intellectual traditions outside the Abrahamic fold have made, it was in those that we find sustained, if flawed, inquiries into a peculiar possibility: that time had its origin in a moment of creation. As a detail in the annals of science, it might therefore come as a bit too on the nose that the first mind to have mathematically derived a beginning to the universe, as a consequence of Einstein’s theory of General Relativity, was an ordained Catholic priest.
Georges Lemaître, who also happened to be a professor of physics, independently arrived at a solution to Einstein’s theory (first written down by the Russian mathematician Alexander Friedmann several years before). The solution described a universe filled with matter or radiation, with no fixed center nor preferred direction, that had its origin in a “primeval atom.”2 In doing so, Lemaître accounted for Edwin Hubble’s startling discovery, a few years earlier, that distant galaxies in the night sky were receding from us in an ordered manner, the only implication of which could be that the universe was expanding.
ON REPEAT: It’s possible that the universe undergoes periodic cycles of creation and destruction, rendering the very question of its origin moot. But there’s a chance that we may find out either way within a human lifetime. Illustration by VectorMine / Shutterstock
The Big Bang, as Friedman and Lemaître’s solution came to be known, is the cornerstone of modern cosmology, most notable for the fact that it is an incomplete account. It raises as many questions as it answers, the most obvious one being: How did the big bang itself come about in the first place as the dense, thermalized, rapidly expanding, yet almost uniform fireball that was Lemaître’s primeval atom? Moreover, the primordial plasma came seeded with microscopic fluctuations, which went on to collapse under their own gravity once the universe cooled enough, and in doing so, condensed into the weblike scaffolding around which all the galaxies we observe eventually formed. Where did these seed perturbations come from?
It is widely accepted today that these seeds are none other than microscopic quantum fluctuations—ripples set up by some dynamical process that preceded the big bang. Perhaps this process was a phase of primordial inflation, in which the big bang was the terminal, explosive release of energy stored in some as yet unknown field which set up the initial conditions for the big bang. Perhaps the universe periodically expanded and contracted in a series of cycles, with a bang at the culmination of each cycle. Perhaps it was neither. We may, given our intrinsically limited observations, be merely accessing a partial projection of the underlying reality, one we interpret through the theories currently at our disposal, perhaps not unlike that of the ancient astronomer Ptolemy, whose geocentric interpretations of the movements of planets and stars were once prevalent in Europe.
Being a cosmologist is not unlike being an archaeologist. You’re trying to reconstruct what might have happened in the distant past using the laws of physics and whatever evidence history has been kind enough to leave behind, obscured by layers of galactic dust and various other detritus through which we’re trying to peer. The evidence is in the form of surveys of distant galaxies and quasars, themselves a tracer of an underlying web of clustered dark matter, and maps of the relic microwave radiation left over from the big bang. In the near future cosmologists aim to also observe the relic bath of cosmic neutrinos, the faint radiation emitted from clouds of neutral hydrogen that made up most of the universe before stars had formed, and, of course, the gravitational waves that could have traveled unimpeded to us from the big bang.
There may come a time in the not too distant future where we can peer directly into the big bang.
It is a tantalizing prospect that young people alive today could live to see the day when most if not all gravitationally bound structures within our cosmic horizon, whether they shine light at us or not, be mapped in totality. Like the surface of the Earth, our cosmic horizon is an ever expanding but finite volume, after all. A remarkably accurate picture has emerged over decades of observations that indicate the consistency of the predictions of a hot big bang seeded with microscopic, almost scale-free fluctuations, and a universe made up mostly of dark matter and an as yet undetermined yet energetically significant component that imbues spacetime with an “anti-elasticity,” causing its expansion rate to accelerate, referred to as dark energy.
As cosmic archaeologists, we are limited by the historical contingencies that place us exactly where we are, as we are. If, for instance, the earliest stars shone much more brightly, evidence for the initial seed fluctuations in the big bang that imprinted themselves as tiny temperature variations in the cosmic microwave background would have been erased, and our task of inferring the initial conditions of the big bang would have been made much more difficult. Our coming into existence as sentient observers occurred at a very particular moment in cosmic history. What an observer might conclude from their observations in another epoch might be very different depending on when they are.
This is dramatically illustrated by a simple thought experiment. Let’s assume for the sake of argument that our current cosmological model is in fact correct, that our inference is spot on, and that we have not been deceived by the assumptions that go into them—a prospect that I’ve never been able to completely shake. In this very universe that humans managed to glimpse around 13.8 billion years after the big bang, in the far future, say a trillion years from now, what would a sentient observer located in our galaxy conclude?
For starters, our nearest galactic neighbor, the Andromeda galaxy, and the Milky Way will have merged into a single galaxy—Milkomeda. All other galaxies beyond our immediate galactic neighbourhood would have accelerated beyond our cosmic horizon. The relic radiation from the big bang would have a wavelength larger than our horizon, and so impossible to detect. An observer a trillion years from now, looking up from the galactic plane of Milkomeda, would see an empty universe in which they were the center, and probably declare that to be that. Their universe always was, always will be, unchanging. This observer could only infer a time without boundary in the infinite past and the infinite future, and be justified in their narcissism in concluding that they are at the center of it all.
Fortunately, we are not this future observer, and are in a relatively privileged position among all the cosmic archaeologists that might ever exist. Although we ourselves have our own limits in what we can infer given our location in history. Frustratingly, there may be certain questions that will remain forever beyond our reach from our vantage point. It could be, for instance, that the dust and detritus within our galaxy—foregrounds as they’re technically known—might fatally obscure our attempts to map the structure of the universe before stars even had a chance to form. Or, it could be that whatever preceded the big bang itself had an epoch preceding it, as did that epoch, and so on. Even if this process doesn’t regress infinitely, any information from the initial state of the universe will have been recycled through and possibly overwritten by multiple cycles of cosmic cataclysm.
Any observer at that scale would be adrift in a froth of creation and destruction.
As a species, however, we are nothing if not stubbornly determined and enterprising in our right to continue asking questions, and there are possibilities that may yet offer a glimpse further back than any probe available to us at present. Gravitational waves for instance, unlike electromagnetic waves, are barely obscured by intervening structures and clumps of matter, and so may yet offer us a metaphorical X-ray into the very first moments. There may come a time in the not too distant future where we can peer directly into the big bang using futuristic gravitational wave detectors that are sensitive to a wide range of frequencies, possibly even probing for what might have preceded it.
It’s natural to wonder whether we’ll ever be able to answer the questions for which we seek answers to the degree of certitude proffered by our more commonly venerated creation myths. Whether the chain of explanation of scientific inquiry ever reaches an end, or whether it’s turtles all the way down. Fortunately, or unfortunately depending on your predisposition, there is an ultimate veil of ignorance beyond which cosmologists are absolved of any further responsibility, where the inquiry into the origins of space and time disintegrates into meaninglessness. That is to say, when the very framework within which we’re even able to frame such questions breaks down.
This is in the regime where notions of continuum geometry—the idea that space and time are infinitely divisible—stops making sense. The arena in which things happen starts to instead resemble a violent magma, possibly fractal in nature—a quantum foam, first anticipated by John Wheeler in the 1950s. That is, instead of an infinitely divisible continuum, spacetime begins to resemble something more like a continuously bubbling and re-forming froth. That this is the true nature of spacetime at the most fundamental scale, and that the continuum geometry that we’re familiar with is emergent at larger scales, is something that multiple independent and complementary approaches to quantum gravity have arrived at. These approaches go by various different names, such as string theory, loop quantum gravity, causal dynamical triangulations, among others, but can also be understood on rather general grounds.
IT’S FROTHY DOWN THERE: Although spacetime might appear continuous at large enough distances, once you zoom in far enough, it starts to resemble more of a froth that is continually dissolving and reforming. Illustration by Brian Greene / The Elegant Universe
That there is very likely a smallest-possible scale below which space and time themselves break down is one of the more jarring consequences of attempts to make quantum mechanics and gravity sit together within a self-consistent framework. Below the Planck length, a resolution of about 10-35 meters—or between intervals shorter than the amount of time it would take light to traverse this distance, or about 10-43 seconds (known as the Planck time)—there is no meaningfully definable geometry or topology to spacetime. These are the scales at which the physics responsible for the ultimate origin of the universe operates at. To understand this, one only needs to invoke Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle in the presence of gravity.
According to the uncertainty principle, were we to localize a point in spacetime with finer and finer precision, we become more and more uncertain of the momentum or energy within it. Any attempt to probe spacetime beyond the Planck scale will result in quantum fluctuations with so much energy localized within that region, that it can spontaneously collapse into a black hole, and will break off from geometry as a spacetime singularity (geometry itself, let alone the notion of a point, loses all meaning at the Planck scale). Only to evaporate again in the smallest resolvable instant. Any observer at that scale would be adrift in a froth of creation and destruction, where moments and islands of space appear and disappear at every instant.
The usual continuum nature of spacetime emerges at macroscopic distances from this chaotic, non-geometric, microscopic reality as an averaged effect, much like the illusion of solidity of everyday objects. These are in fact constituted entirely of fundamental particles of no resolvable spatial extent, stacked in highly energetic configurations that manifest as nucleons and atoms at larger length scales. From this, we can appreciate the category error inherent in even asking whether time had a beginning or not, as it turns out to be just as meaningless as the question of where the edge of the earth is.
It’s entirely possible that we may never get to confront this ultimate veil of ignorance given our place in time. If, as is widely accepted, an epoch of primordial inflation was the origin of what looked like a big bang in our past, it’s entirely possible that the universe at its largest scales consists of multiple, self-reproducing regions,3 each with their own cosmic horizons, unaware of the other. By peering back at what might look like the big bang to them, any observer in this multiverse would merely be looking back at their nucleation—not unlike a bubble nucleating in a pot of boiling water—in their branch of a much bigger universe whose ultimate origin might never fully be revealed to them. It’s also possible that the universe undergoes periodic cycles of creation and destruction, rendering the very question of its origin moot.
The remarkable thing is that, in my view, there’s a chance that we may find out either way within a human lifetime. I happen to be in a minority among cosmologists in being uneasy with how much our current understanding seems to flatter our partial theoretical understanding of physics at very high energies, close to the initial moment, where quantum gravitational effects can become important. I’m unsure whether we’re justified in extrapolating our spectacular success in decoding the initial conditions of the thermal big bang with our limited observations to necessarily taking for granted that a phase of inflation preceded it. I’m constantly mindful of the paradigm of inflationary cosmology being the butt of a cautionary anecdote by future historians and sociologists of science. The remarkable and invigorating thing is that none of my doubts matter. Cosmologists are nowhere near being done yet with banging their heads against hard questions, and I’m thoroughly energized by the prospect of having these doubts dispelled in my lifetime.
As to whether I’m any closer to losing my wariness of being mocked, as my old man once did to me, for the naivete of my questions, I’m still not so sure. A form of occupational imposter syndrome, perhaps, that lingers, yet anchors me.
Subodh Patil is an assistant professor at the Lorentz Institute for Theoretical Physics at Leiden University. He tweets on occasion at @_subodhpatil. | |
Welcome to chapter 3! In this chapter, we will create the pieces that will make up your dungeon! We will discuss two ways to make your dungeon pieces. First with the use of a voxel editor, but you can also make dungeons completely in the metaforge.
Contents
Time to create the puzzle pieces of your dungeon. Its easier to do this in a voxel-editor, but it is not completely impossible in the metaforge editor.
Here are some templates to start from:
- download qbcl file containing matrixes for lairs/dungeons + plug & socket helpers. (Qubicle)
- download qb file containing a model for a lair. (any editor)
- download qb file containing a model for a dungeon. (high dungeon / low dungeon ) (any editor)
- download qb file containing a model for a shadow dungeon. (any editor)
Size limitsTop ^
Whether you are making a dungeon or a lair, your type of dungeon has size limits. This also directly limits the pieces to those exact limits:
- Dungeons are limited to 125x125x125 (WxHxD)
- Lairs are limited to 39x90x39 (WxHxD)
The individual pieces and all pieces assembled cannot exceed these dimensions.
In the previous chapter, we covered general layouts. It is useful to make a mock-up model of your expected lair or dungeon. That way you will know for sure that your model will fit in.
Let's use an example. First, I make a rough layout model of my lair. It has Yellow entrance\gameplay area, then one more Red gameplay area and finally a Blue boss room. I want to work on the Entrance area first. So next I copy yellow rectangle and shape it the way I want. The last step is adding details to it.
Repeat the process for every room, and don't forget about variations!
Some voxel editors have advanced functions like Gradient or Noise or auto coloring. It is ok to use gradient in limited amounts, but using Noise is usually a bad idea. The art style of Trove is pretty simplistic and hand-colored creations fit it the best.
Material mapsTop ^
Material Maps are used to add special effect to voxels. Here you can find a visual Material Map guide made by Kungfuquickness on a sword, but dungeon rooms work exactly the same way.
In Trove there are few types of Material Maps:
Type - saved as name_t.qb
|Used as||Color||RGB||Hex|
|Solid||255, 255, 255||FFFFFF|
|Glowing Solid||255, 0, 0||FF0000|
|Glass||128, 128, 128||808080|
|Tiled Glass||64, 64, 64||404040|
|Glowing Glass||255, 255, 0||FFFF00|
Alpha - saved as name_a.qb
|Used as||Color||RGB||Hex|
|Opaque||240, 240, 240||F0F0F0|
|208, 208, 208||D0D0D0|
|176, 176, 176||B0B0B0|
|144, 144, 144||909090|
|112, 112, 112||707070|
|80, 80, 80||505050|
|48, 48, 48||303030|
|Transparent||16, 16, 16||101010|
Specular - saved as name_s.qb
|Used as||Color||RGB||Hex|
|Rough (default)||128, 0, 0||800000|
|Metal||0, 128, 0||008000|
|Water (wet)||0, 0, 128||000080|
|Iridescent||128, 128, 0||808000|
|Waxy||128, 0, 128||800080|
|Silk (glare)||0, 128, 128||008080|
Alpha map can only be used on voxels that were mapped Glass, Glowing Glass or Tiled Glass on Type map.
No other maps can overlap each other. Meaning, if a voxel is mapped Glowing Solid on type map, it can not be mapped on Alpha map and can not be anything but Rough on Specular map. Overlapping maps result in the game-engine displaying only one of them and continuously trying to display the other one, which causes extra stress on it.
All colors for material maps have to be EXACTLY the same values are listed above. Even a slight difference in color would not work. For example: 255, 0, 0 is correct, 255, 1, 0 is not.
That said, I want my lair to have some glass, some glowing bits, and a metal casing. So I create copies of my complete rooms for each material map I want there and color glowing and glowing glass bits on Type map, set transparency to glass bits on Alpha map and set metal color to metal bits on Specular.
Exporting as QB and converting to .BlueprintTop ^
Once you are done making rooms of your dungeon, it is time to export them. Troves dev tool can only handle .qb (and .blueprint) types of voxel files so make sure you are saving as or exporting your files as .qb. All voxel editor applications can do that one way or another.
It helps to name your dungeon parts within the editor, so you know for sure which is which once its exported.
If a room of your dungeon has Material Maps, name them accordingly. This lair entrance has type mapping, alpha mapping, and specular mapping:
Note that Fake Air roof can be of any color, in .qb files its only created as placeholder. Once you convert your .qb to .blueprint and open it in Metaforge you will use /floodfill command to fill that with Placeholder (Fake Air) blocks.
Tip: make sure there are no spaces in names of your files, that might cause issues.
Qb files cannot be used by Trove directly and need to be converted to .blueprint first. For that, locate your Trove/Live folder, it will contain devtool_dungeon_QB_to_blueprint.bat. Drag your main .qb file onto it (NOT material maps!). That will create a .blueprint file in the same folder your .qb files are, and also a duplicate .blueprint in Trove/Live/Blueprints.
During the next steps, you will need to work on those .blueprint files in Metaforge. To get in there log in Trove, type /mf in chat, confirm. Once in metaforge, drag in your .blueprint file, one at a time. You can also use a /load command, but that will require you to type in a whole path of your blueprint. Don't forget to /save if you make changes.
Tip: it's good to keep backups of your blueprints, not all actions can be undone.
devtool_dungeon_blueprint_to_QB.bat is used to convert blueprints to QB files. This is useful if you want, for example, to add an actual tree from the biome to your dungeon. For that you would need to extract game files first, this guide has good instructions on how to do that.
Next, you create a subfolder named qbexport in your Trove/Live directory. That is where qbs from converted blueprints will end up. Find a blueprint you want to convert in your Trove/Live/extracted folder, let's take e_neonsub_tree_01.blueprint for example. Drag that onto devtool_dungeon_blueprint_to_QB.bat and it will create 4 files in Trove/Live/qbexport:
One main qb, one qb per material map and _entities.blueprint. Note that even if the material map on that exact model is not used, it will still be automatically created as a file. For example - there is no glass on that tree, but the alpha map is created. _entities.blueprint contains information about decorations\liquids\special blocks placed on the main blueprint. All those items on qb files will be displayed as solid blocks of bright cyan color ( hex #00FFFF or RGB 0,255,255).
Note that converting to blueprint automatically places an Attachment point ( hex #FF00FF or RGB 255,0,255) in a blueprint, so converting back and forth can result in buggy blueprints.
Creating parts in metaforgeTop ^
You can create dungeons directly in Metaforge. That will skip QBs and converting completely.
Load in Metaforge and start placing blocks. Once you are done, type /save example_name , that command will save your creation as example_name.blueprint in your Trove/Live folder.
However, there are few downsides to this method:
- only colors and blocks that are available in-game can be used
- no special tools like selection or moving blocks are available, only default build mode (aside from free flight and unlimited blocks)
- it can be hard to overview full layout and the way rooms are attached to each other
Even if you are an established builder in Trove, we strongly suggest you try using some Voxel editors for dungeon creating. They really do speed up the process and offer various useful tools that save time and make the creative process more pleasant.
<- Chapter 2 | Intro and Table of Contents | Chapter 4 ->
Page Change Log
- 2018-09-25: Written
- 2019-03-08: Published
You must be logged in to add a comment. | https://trovesaurus.com/page=3622 |
Q:
Change date format in a Java string
I've a String representing a date.
String date_s = "2011-01-18 00:00:00.0";
I'd like to convert it to a Date and output it in YYYY-MM-DD format.
2011-01-18
How can I achieve this?
Okay, based on the answers I retrieved below, here's something I've tried:
String date_s = " 2011-01-18 00:00:00.0";
SimpleDateFormat dt = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss");
Date date = dt.parse(date_s);
SimpleDateFormat dt1 = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyyy-mm-dd");
System.out.println(dt1.format(date));
But it outputs 02011-00-1 instead of the desired 2011-01-18. What am I doing wrong?
A:
Use LocalDateTime#parse() (or ZonedDateTime#parse() if the string happens to contain a time zone part) to parse a String in a certain pattern into a LocalDateTime.
String oldstring = "2011-01-18 00:00:00.0";
LocalDateTime datetime = LocalDateTime.parse(oldstring, DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.S"));
Use LocalDateTime#format() (or ZonedDateTime#format()) to format a LocalDateTime into a String in a certain pattern.
String newstring = datetime.format(DateTimeFormatter.ofPattern("yyyy-MM-dd"));
System.out.println(newstring); // 2011-01-18
Or, when you're not on Java 8 yet, use SimpleDateFormat#parse() to parse a String in a certain pattern into a Date.
String oldstring = "2011-01-18 00:00:00.0";
Date date = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss.S").parse(oldstring);
Use SimpleDateFormat#format() to format a Date into a String in a certain pattern.
String newstring = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd").format(date);
System.out.println(newstring); // 2011-01-18
See also:
Java string to date conversion
Update: as per your failed attempt: the patterns are case sensitive. Read the java.text.SimpleDateFormat javadoc what the individual parts stands for. So stands for example M for months and m for minutes. Also, years exist of four digits yyyy, not five yyyyy. Look closer at the code snippets I posted here above.
A:
Formatting are CASE-SENSITIVE so USE MM for month not mm (this is for minute) and yyyy
For Reference you can use following cheatsheet.
G Era designator Text AD
y Year Year 1996; 96
Y Week year Year 2009; 09
M Month in year Month July; Jul; 07
w Week in year Number 27
W Week in month Number 2
D Day in year Number 189
d Day in month Number 10
F Day of week in month Number 2
E Day name in week Text Tuesday; Tue
u Day number of week (1 = Monday, ..., 7 = Sunday) Number 1
a Am/pm marker Text PM
H Hour in day (0-23) Number 0
k Hour in day (1-24) Number 24
K Hour in am/pm (0-11) Number 0
h Hour in am/pm (1-12) Number 12
m Minute in hour Number 30
s Second in minute Number 55
S Millisecond Number 978
z Time zone General time zone Pacific Standard Time; PST; GMT-08:00
Z Time zone RFC 822 time zone -0800
X Time zone ISO 8601 time zone -08; -0800; -08:00
Examples:
"yyyy.MM.dd G 'at' HH:mm:ss z" 2001.07.04 AD at 12:08:56 PDT
"EEE, MMM d, ''yy" Wed, Jul 4, '01
"h:mm a" 12:08 PM
"hh 'o''clock' a, zzzz" 12 o'clock PM, Pacific Daylight Time
"K:mm a, z" 0:08 PM, PDT
"yyyyy.MMMMM.dd GGG hh:mm aaa" 02001.July.04 AD 12:08 PM
"EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss Z" Wed, 4 Jul 2001 12:08:56 -0700
"yyMMddHHmmssZ" 010704120856-0700
"yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSS'Z'" 2001-07-04T12:08:56.235-0700
"yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss.SSSXXX" 2001-07-04T12:08:56.235-07:00
"YYYY-'W'ww-u" 2001-W27-3
A:
The answer is of course to create a SimpleDateFormat object and use it to parse Strings to Date and to format Dates to Strings. If you've tried SimpleDateFormat and it didn't work, then please show your code and any errors you may receive.
Addendum: "mm" in the format String is not the same as "MM". Use MM for months and mm for minutes. Also, yyyyy is not the same as yyyy. e.g.,:
import java.text.ParseException;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
public class FormateDate {
public static void main(String[] args) throws ParseException {
String date_s = "2011-01-18 00:00:00.0";
// *** note that it's "yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss" not "yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss"
SimpleDateFormat dt = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd hh:mm:ss");
Date date = dt.parse(date_s);
// *** same for the format String below
SimpleDateFormat dt1 = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd");
System.out.println(dt1.format(date));
}
}
| |
Suppose i have been given a number 54432 .How to count all numbers less than 54432 and having last two digits as 1 ? i.e all the numbers of form xxx11 and xxx11 < 54432 .Here x can be any digits but xxx11 < 54432 should hold.
What is count of all the numbers of form x11xx and x11xx < 54432 ?
How to solve this in general and fast way i.e any number other than 1 , say y and arbitrary position of two contiguous digits as y and count of all such numbers less than a given integer.
can we solve this problem using strings ?
Like for 54411 , total count is 545 . Just remove 11 part and add 1. for 54112 ,total count is 543 , just remove 11 part . | https://cs.stackexchange.com/questions/112495/how-to-count-all-integers-less-than-a-given-integer-and-having-two-contigous-dig |
A special arrangement between CME Group and the Singapore Exchange (SGX), referred to as the Mutual Offset System (MOS), allows traders of both the Yen and USD denominated Nikkei 225 futures to take positions in the products at one exchange and offset them at the other one. The effect of this arrangement is to create one marketplace crossing different time zones as well as fungibility of contracts between the exchanges.
IB account holders may avail themselves of the MOS functionality by specifying at the point of trade entry both the proper underlying symbol and exchange. In the case of the Yen Denominated Nikkei 225 Index contract the IB underlying symbol is 'NIY' and the exchange either 'Globex' (for contracts listed at and trading during CME hours) or 'SGXCME' (for contracts listed at and trading during SGX hours). In the case of the USD Denominated Nikkei 225 Index contract the IB underlying symbol is 'NKD' and the exchange either 'Globex' (for contracts listed at the CME) or 'SGXCME' (for contracts listed at the SGX).
To illustrate the concept of fungibility, were an account holder to enter into a long futures position on the CME exchange and thereafter enter into a short futures position having the same underlying symbol and expiration date but listed on the SGXCME exchange, the effect would be the same as if that short position was executed on the CME exchange and that is to close the long position.
MOS also provides margin offset for positions entered into on either of the two exchanges in the manner noted above. Here, for example, a long futures position entered into from the CME exchange would be afforded spread margin treatment against a short position having the same underlying but a different expiration month which was entered into from the the SGXCME exchange. This effect is intended to be similar to that which would take place if both the long and short position were entered into from the same exchange.
IB also offers trading in the identical SGX-listed futures contracts but without the MOS features of fungibility and margin offset as outlined above. In the case of the Yen Denominated Nikkei 225 Index, the contract having the underlying symbol 'SGXNK' and exchange of SGX is the functional equivalent of the 'NIY' contract having the exchange of SGXCME. Similarly, in the case of the USD Denominated Nikkei 225 Index, the contract having the underlying symbol 'N225U' and exchange of SGX is the functional equivalent of the 'NKD' contract having the exchange of SGXCME. It should be noted, however, that a long (short) position of a given expiration entered into on SGX exchange will not close out a short (long) position entered into on the SGXCME, or the CME for that matter. In addition, there is no margin offset provided between SGX-listed and SGXCME or CME contracts.
*Please refer to the respective websites of each exchange for adjustments which take place during periods when US Daylight Savings Time is in effect.
The following provides an example of how currency margins are calculated when determining the funds available for withdrawal.
Determine the net asset value (net liquidation value) for each currency. In this example, this is shown in columns 1 and 2 of the example table.
Convert all non-base currency positions to base currency using prevailing market rates between the asset currency and base currency, here, USD. (column 3). This result is shown in column 4.
Apply the margin rate for each currency (column 5).
Calculate the margin in base currency as the net asset value from each original currency converted to USD multiplied by the margin for that currency (column 4 times column 5). The result is shown in column 6.
The total margin requirement is the sum of each currency sourced margin requirement. In our example, the total margin requirement in base currency, USD, is $2,126. As the total net liquidating value expressed in USD is $46,476, the available funds is the difference, $44,350.
The following provides an example of how currency margins are calculated.
Accounts which have been set up as a 'Cash' type do not have access to the proceeds from the sale of securities until such time the transaction has settled at the clearinghouse and proceeds have been issued to IB. Securities settlement generally takes place on the third business day following the sale transaction. Providing access to the funds prior to settlement would constitute a loan, a transaction which is precluded from taking place within this account type.
The one exception is under the Free-Riding rule. Clients with a cash account can use the proceeds from the sale of a security to purchase a different security under the condition that the second security is held until settlement of the initial sale. If the client sells the second security prior to settlement of the initial trade, they will be in violation of the Free-Riding rule and will be locked for 90 days from utilizing this exception.
Account holders who wish to have access to settled funds prior to the settlement day may do so by electing an account type of 'Margin'. Under this account type unsettled funds may be used for trading purposes but may not be withdrawn until settlement. Account holders maintaining a 'Cash' account may request an upgrade to a 'Margin' type account by logging into Account Management and selecting the Trading Access and then Trading Configuration menu options. Upgrade requests are subject to a compliance review to ensure that the account holder maintains the appropriate qualifications.
Can mutual funds be purchased on margin?
By regulation, brokers may not allow clients to purchase mutual funds on margin. However, once purchased and held as fully-paid for a period of 30 days, the mutual fund shares have loan value which may be used to extend margin credit against subsequent stock purchases.
The Preview Order/Check Margin feature offers the ability to review the projected cost, commission and margin impact of an order prior to its transmission. This feature is made available in both the TWS and WebTrader, with the TWS version providing greater detail.
The TWS Check Margin feature provides the ability to isolate the margin impact of the proposed order from one's existing positions and also displays the new margin requirement on the assumption the order is executed. Key margin balances including the Initial and Maintenance Requirements are reported as is the Equity With Loan Value. To use this feature, place your cursor on the order line, right-click on the mouse button and select Check Margin from the drop-down menu.
The first section of the Order Preview displays the bid, ask, and last trade price for the security.
The Amount section shows the value of the order as well as the applicable commission estimate.
Current = The current account values, excluding the order being transmitted.
Change = The effect of the order being submitted ignoring any positions in the account.
Post-Trade = The anticipated account values when the order being transmitted has been executed and incorporated into the account portfolio.
The WebTrader order preview displays the equivalent of the TWS Post-Trade values only.
What is the margin on a Butterfly option strategy?
Two short options of the same series (class, multiplier, strike price, expiration) offset by one long option of the same type (put or call) with a higher strike price, and one long option of the same type with a lower strike price. All component options must have the same expiration, same underlying, and intervals between exercise prices must be equal.
There is no margin requirement on this position. The long option cost is subtracted from cash and the short option proceeds are applied to cash.
Two long put options of the same series offset by one short put option with a higher strike price and one short put option with a lower strike price. All component options must have the same expiration, same underlying, and intervals between exercise prices must be equal.
The margin requirement for this position is (Aggregate put option highest exercise price - aggregate put option second highest exercise price). Long put cost is subtracted from cash and short put proceeds are applied to cash.
Two long call options of the same series offset by one short call option with a higher strike price and one short call option with a lower strike price. All component options must have the same expiration, same underlying, and intervals between exercise prices must be equal.
The margin requirement for this position is (Aggregate call option second lowest exercise price - aggregate call option lowest exercise price). Long option cost is subtracted from cash and short option proceeds are applied to cash.
*Please note that Interactive Brokers utilizes option margin optimization software to try to create the minimum margin requirement. However, due to the system requirements required to determine the optimal solution, we cannot always guarantee the optimal combination in all cases. Other option positions in the account could cause the software to create a strategy you didn't originally intend, and therefore would be subject to a different margin equation.
What is the margin on an Iron Condor option strategy?
If an iron condor strategy exists in the account, the margin requirement will be the short put strike - the long put strike.
In order for an iron condor to be recognized under exchange rules, the options must all be on the same underlying instrument and have the same expiration date, have different strike prices and the strike distance between the puts and the calls must be equal. If the distance between the puts and calls is different the position will be margined as two separate spreads with two separate margin requirements.
*Please note that Interactive Brokers utilizes option margin optimization software to try to create the minimum margin requirement. However, due to the system requirements required to determine the optimal solution, we cannot always guarantee the optimal combination in all cases. It is possible that given the option positions in the account, the iron condor you are trying to create will not be recognized as such.
The Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk (SPAN) is a methodology developed by the CME and used by many clearinghouses and exchanges around the world to calculate the Performance Bond (i.e., margin requirement) on futures and options on futures which the clearinghouse collects from the carrying FCM and the FCM, in turn, from the customer.
SPAN establishes margin by determining what the potential worst case loss a portfolio will sustain over a given time frame (typically set to one day), using a set of 16 hypothetical market scenarios which reflect changes to the underlying price of the future or option contract and, in the case of options, time decay and a change in implied volatility.
The first step in calculating the SPAN requirement is to organize all positions which share the same ultimate underlying into grouping referred to as a Combined Commodity group. Next, SPAN calculates and aggregates, by like scenario, the risk of each position within a Combined Commodity, with that scenario generating the maximum theoretical loss being the Scan Risk. The 16 scenarios are determined based upon that Combined Commodity’s Price Scan Range (the maximum underlying price movement likely to occur for the given timeframe) and Volatility Scan Range (the maximum implied volatility change likely to occur for options).
Assume a hypothetical portfolio having one long future and a one long put on stock index ABC having an underlying price of $1,000, a multiplier of 100 and a Price Scan Range of 6%. For this given portfolio, the Scan Risk would be $1,125 scenario 14.
The Scan Risk charge is then added to any Intra-Commodity Spread Charges (an amount that accounts for the basis risk of futures calendar spreads) and Spot Charges (A charge that covers the increased risk of positions in deliverable instruments near expiration) and is reduced by any offset from an Inter-Commodity Spread Credit (a margin credit for offsetting positions between correlated products). This sum is then compared to the Short Option Minimum Requirement (ensures that a minimum margin is collected for portfolios containing deep-out-of-the-money options) with the greater of the two being the risk of the Combined Commodity. .These calculations are performed for all Combined Commodities with the Total Margin Requirement for a portfolio equal to the sum of the risk of all Combined Commodities less any credit for risk offsets provided between the different Combined Commodities.
The software for computing SPAN margin requirements, known as PC-SPAN is made available by the CME via its website.
Are the funds I deposited today considered for buying power calculations?
The answer is yes. To calculate buying power IB compares Current Equity with Loan Value to Previous Day Equity with Loan Value. Whichever figure is lesser is used. From the lesser of these two figures, the Initial Margin Requirement on the positions you currently hold in the account is subtracted. The difference is then multiplied by the current leverage amount (at present 4:1), which results in your intraday buying power. Funds deposited today are now considered as part of Previous Day ELV.
Please understand that funds deposited today will not be considered until they have cleared all appropriate funds and banking channels and are officially in the account.
Also note that this calculation of buying power applies to Regulation T margin type accounts and not to Portfolio Margin type accounts.
The Previous Day ELV check is done once an account is labeled as a "Pattern Day Trader" account. This occurs when the account has completed 4 day trades in a 5 day period. If the account is not labeled as a PDT, then the Previous Day ELV check doesn't apply.
((Lesser of: Equity With Loan Value or Previous Day Equity With Loan Value) - Initial Margin)*4 for accounts labeled as PDT accounts.
(Equity With Loan Value - Initial Margin)*4 for accounts not labeled as PDT accounts. | https://ibkr.info/tag/margin?page=3 |
Editor's Note: Any reference to TheStreet Ratings and its underlying recommendation does not reflect the opinion of TheStreet, Inc. or any of its contributors including Jim Cramer or Stephanie Link. The Energy industry as a whole closed the day down 0.5% versus the S&P 500, which was down 0.6%. Laggards within the Energy industry included Sonde Resources ( SOQ), down 7.2%, Houston American Energy ( HUSA), down 5.3%, Pyramid Oil ( PDO), down 2.5%, FieldPoint Petroleum ( FPP), down 4.4% and Ivanhoe Energy ( IVAN), down 3.0%. TheStreet Ratings Group would like to highlight 3 stocks that pushed the industry lower today: Ivanhoe Energy ( IVAN) is one of the companies that pushed the Energy industry lower today. Ivanhoe Energy was down $0.01 (3.0%) to $0.23 on light volume. Throughout the day, 222,539 shares of Ivanhoe Energy exchanged hands as compared to its average daily volume of 510,500 shares. The stock ranged in price between $0.22-$0.24 after having opened the day at $0.23 as compared to the previous trading day's close of $0.23. Ivanhoe Energy has a market cap of $26.6 million and is part of the basic materials sector. Shares are down 62.5% year-to-date as of the close of trading on Wednesday. STOCKS TO BUY: TheStreet Quant Ratings has identified a handful of stocks that can potentially TRIPLE in the next 12 months. Learn more.
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Access insights and guidance from our Wall Street pros. Find the product that's right for you. | https://www.thestreet.com/story/12838031/1/3-stocks-pushing-the-energy-industry-lower.html |
In the books, Catelyn is my favorite female characater (next to her daughter, Arya.) I love how strong and mature Cat is, in a very down-to-earth, Queen Mum kind of way!
This is the dress Catelyn wears throughout season 1 and part of season 2; all of her gowns seem to have the same cut, but she uses different fabrics and this one's the least 'regal', being worn on travels and at home in Winterfell.
It was hard to tell what color the dress is exactly, and harder still to find the perfect matching fabric. The fabrics I found were a bit too green, so I ended up dyeing them a dull blue/green shade, in a painstaking trial and error process.
I tried to use fabrics that are fit for a down-to-earth Northerner: Heavy wool for the surcoat, firm linen for the dress, lightweight wool for the undergarment, and thick, silky faux fur for the trimmings that almost looks like a wolf pelt. It's really warm and comfortable, and I love how the fabrics look together IRL and in photos!
Cost: EUR 280 (~ US$ 385)
Photos
|Status|
|Views||1078|
|Last Updated||7 years ago|
|Created||7 years ago|
|Series||Game of Thrones / A Song of Ice And Fire|
|Character||Catelyn Stark|
Comments
There are no comments on this photo yet. | https://cosplay.com/costume/r5o078 |
Torgah wins Samsung PGA Captain’s Prize
Vincent Torgah played a minus of 14 to win this year’s Samsung Professional Golfers Association Captain’s Prize Open golf Championship played at the Celebrity Golf Course at Sakumono, near Tema on Saturday.
He was followed by his brother, Francis Torgah with a minus of six, Emoos Korblah took the third position with a minus of five, while Lucky Ayisah placed fourth with a minus of three, beating Stephen Klah on count-back.
In the Amateur’s category, Charles Dzikunu came first with 67 net, beating Francis Amuzu on count-back while Romeo Sarfo placed third with a net score of 69.
In the Ladies segment, Bernice D.Esi defied all odds to beat Catherine Fabbi and Pamella Atilla on count-back after the three had returned a net score of 73, to emerge champion.
The Seniors segment saw former CHRAJ Commissioner, Emile Short emerging as champion with a 75 net score while Joseph Danso took the second position with76 net.
The Ghana news Agency (GNA) was established on March 5, 1957, i.e. on the eve of Ghana's independence and charged with the "dissemination of truthful unbiased news". It was the first news agency to be established in Sub-Saharan Africa. GNA was part of a comprehensive communication policy that sought to harness the information arm of the state to build a viable, united and cohesive nation-state. GNA has therefore been operating in the unique role of mobilizing the citizens for nation building, economic and social development, national unity and integration. | |
The Receiving Clerk position is responsible for receiving, processing, and delivery of incoming shipments for OHSU. This position receives PO's into the Oracle system. Matching packing lists with Oracle receiving information. Entering packages in the SQBX tracking system. Deliveries are made arcoss the OHSU and Waterfront campus on a daily basis using push carts, and electric carts. This position has limited involvement with the sorting of mail, and packages received through the OHSU Central Mail room. This position works independently with limited supervision. This position coordinates the use of the dock and manages freight deliveries. This position may be required to coordinate outbound shipping via FedEx, UPS, and DHL. This is a full time position M-F 8:00AM- 4:30PM.
Unloading incoming shipments. This position works with incoming couriers on a daily basis to ensure that trucks are unloaded quickly to allow for large volumes of trucks to utilize the dock in a limited amount of time.
Receiving shipments into the Oracle system. This position will be responsible for the final receiving of packages shipped via many different couriers into our enterprise wide financial system (Oracle). This ensures timely receipt and payment of invoices by OHSU to vendors.
Entering of packages into the SQBX system. This position will be responsible for entering all incoming packages into a digital tracking system. This position is also responsible for maintaining an accurate database within SQBX.
Sorting shipments for campus delivery. This position will deliver to many different buildings, floors, units and departments based on the particular routes and delivery needs.
Delivering shipments to specific rooms around the OHSU campus. The positions at the dock deliver all packages that come into the dock through various means, most consist of walking routes using carts and hand trucks.
Sorting and delivery of mail. This position sorts and delivers mail throughout particular buildings. Deliveries are made to a central mail room or to individual department mail boxes.
Freight Management. This position is responsible for accepting incoming freight or re-routing to appropriate destination. This includes inspecting for damage, processing required Delivery & Fleet Services paperwork and filing of paperwork.
Miscellaneous Tasks - This position requires a limited amount of outbound shipping at particular or satellite docks. "Dangerous Goods Shipping" online course is required. Miscellaneous labor duties as assigned by management team. | https://jobs.magazine.org/jobs/13458325/receiving-clerk |
How Do You Score In Beach Volleyball?
In beach volleyball, points are rewarded in the same way as indoor volleyball. Beach volleyball utilizes a rally scoring system meaning that either team can score on any serve. Teams play a best of 3 series. The first two games are played to 21 points and a third tiebreaker game is played to 15 points.
Beach volleyball teams earn points when the opposing team hits the ball out of bounds, fails to get the ball over the net in 3 hits, or makes a fault. Faults include fourth contact, player assisted, prolonged contact, and multiple contacts. Other ways teams can score are if they hit the ball and it lands on the opposing teams' side of the court or on the opposing teams' baseline or sideline.
The most common ways people score in beach volleyball are on serves (aces), with blocks, and when the opposing team allows the ball to hit the ground on their side of the court. When players serve the ball and it hits the ground on the other side of the court without making contact with any of the opposing players it is considered an ace. Blocks occur when a player jumps up to try and block the opposing team from getting the ball over the net. | https://www.rookieroad.com/beach-volleyball/how-do-you-score/ |
Dear Luke, I have read through your Hope for the Homeless Evokation and it is awesome! With over 1million homeless people in the US, the importance of dealing with homeless can not be overemphasized. I have shared below some of the issues that came to mind as I was reading your Evokation and also some resources I found that may be helpful to you. I hope you find these useful and wish you the very best as you embark on this very noble mission.
I'm starting a non-profit organization called "Hope for the Homeless." It would be designed to function much like Big Brothers Big Sisters of America. Homeless people would be paired up with regular people that would help them out with their daily struggles.
a. What is homelessness and why should I care?
- Wiki also has some a good definition and history of homelessness in general and homelessness in the US that can present a background to your Evokation.
b. What are the daily struggles of a homeless person? Paint me a picture of what it means to be homeless in Corktown, Detroit.
1. The Place. Where will you make a difference? Describe the institution, community, town or other geographic or virtual space in which you will focus your efforts.
a. Where is Corktown, Detroit and why should anyone care about them? Can we get some facts and figures to illustrate the need for your Evokation e.g. What is the population of the town? How many homeless people are there?
- Googling “Corktown, Detroit” I found out that Corktown neighborhood is Detroit's oldest surviving neighborhood. Use such information to paint a picture of the town so that as one reads the Evokation, they can see, smell, and feel the town and feel compelled to respond positively to your Evokation.
- This article published on April 09, 2010 references a survey of homeless people in the Detroit area and gives the email address of writer. Perhaps you could email him for additional information?
2. The Challenge. What will you aim to change, and for whom? Highlight what is the need that you perceive and who will benefit from this change.
I have spent a lot of time interviewing and getting to know many homeless individuals. And I have learned that what they need more than anything else is hope and love. A mentorship program will allow homeless individuals to foster a new positive relationship. Each mentor would offer their guidance and help through difficult situations. And they would simply be there to be a friend.
I have personally seen the benefits with the first homeless man I have mentored. I helped him get off the streets and I’m now helping him get situatated in his apartment in Detroit. Plus, we’re becoming good friends.
a. This is excellent. Perhaps you can include this story as a side bar in your doc**ent with a picture of the homeless individual (if he consents) as well as a few words from him (if he is willing)?
b. Why mentoring? And, are you starting a mentorship program or a befriending program or both?
- Mentoring and befriending are very similar activities with some differences of emphasis. In general, they both involve the development of one to one relationships based upon trust, confidentiality and mutual involvement. The relationship is often voluntary with the goal of providing practical assistance and support. The main difference between mentoring and befriending is usually the emphasis placed on working towards goals. Mentoring tends to focus more on goal setting and operates within a clearly defined timeframe whilst befriending tends to develop more informal and supportive social relationships, often over a longer timeframe.
c. When defining the homeless, do you want to distinguish between single homeless, families, youth, veterans, newly homeless etc..
d. Now that you have recruited mentors what is the next step?
- Will you meet as mentors? If yes, why, where and how often?
- Is there a cost associated with this and if yes who will meet the costs?
- What does mentoring a homeless person entail?
- How long will mentorship last?
- What are the responsibilities of the mentors / mentees?
- Will you keep tabs of the mentoring relationships? If yes, who will do it and how will it be done?
- Some of the mentees may be are recovering addicts – do they pose any threat to their mentors?
- How will you verify that the mentors will not end up harming (intentionally or unintentionally) the homeless person? Can you implement mentor recruitment, interviewing and training strategy?
- What results do you want to achieve from the mentorship and how will you a****s if the mentorship is working?
- Do you know any other persons who would be interested to work with you as a team to set up this program i.e can you form a steering group to do this?
- Evaluation and monitoring tools, eg feedback forms for all participants, outcomes forms, and satisfaction surveys.
- http://www.trustedmentors.org/mentor-homeless.htm - This site has excellent resources including a video from a mentor showing “why you should mentor” which if permission is granted you could use to recruit mentors and a wonderful resource for mentors.
Other homeless organizations are helpful, but they don’t give special attention and love that each homeless individual needs. The problem with homelessness is that there are many complicated factors that play into each individual case. The diversity of problems are endless: mental illness, physical disabilities, criminal record, family problems and general hopelessness. A mentorship program would enable homeless individuals to receive the special attention they desperately need and very much deserve.
As you have so rightly said, there are many factors contributing to the challenges of homelessness. A comprehensive solution is needed. The End Homelessness Organisation - http://www.endhomelessness.org/ offers comprehensive information and possible homelessness solutions for communities. It also has a wonderful guide “The Ten Essentials” which offers a clear, deliberate, and comprehensive strategy to end homelessness. You could borrow from “The Ten Essentials” to see how you can link the mentees to some of the “essentials” listed to ensure that your program is successful.
Another issue that one would consider is additional sources of financing. Where can you source for additional funding?
4. The Money. What would you do with your first US$1,000 given or invested in support of your vision?
My priority right now is to recruit as many mentors as possible. So I would use the first $1,000 to get the word out through flyers, and other forms of advertising that would target possible mentors in various areas in Detroit.
· Is there a way of doing this advertising without attracting a cost e.g getting in-kind donations for design and printing, ask organizations already present in this space to do a short story asking people to volunteer as mentors, ask the local paper to run a pro-bono advert, make a video and post it online (see http://cnettv.cnet.com/homeless-u/9742-1_53-50087590.html) etc so that the US$1,000 can be spent on other start-up activities. You could also consider reaching out to churches, mosques and synagogues for mentors - a model that has been successful in Denver. How about sending out a request for assistance from Evoke Agents who may be expert in this area to assist you develop / customize a handbook.
Agent Shakwei, these are very important points you have noted - I hope Agent Luke will find the time to read them and try to polish on his Evokation. | http://www.urgentevoke.com/profiles/blogs/hope-for-the-homeless |
The great cosmic abyss contains more that humanity can ever hope to see, including a slew of record-breaking objects.
In our Solar System, Eris is the most distant known dwarf planet: over 90 AU away.
For human-made creations, Voyager 1 is the most distant at 143 AU, or 0.23% of a light-year.
SWEEPS-04 and SWEEPS-11 are the most distant confirmed planets, some 27,000 light-years away.
For planets of any type, the quasar RX J1131-1231, lensed by rogue planets, holds the record: 3.9 billion light-years distant.
The most distant normal star is known as Icarus, 9 billion light-years away, lensed and magnified by a massive galaxy cluster.
23 billion light-years away is the most distant supernova ever seen: SN 1000+0216.
The most distant known quasar (and supermassive black hole) is ULAS J1342+0928, 29 billion light-years away.
The farthest gamma-ray burst, 30 billion light-years distant, is GRB 090423.
Finally, the most distant galaxy of all is GN-z11, a phenomenal 32 billion light-years away.
Our observable Universe, after beginning with a Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, has been expanding ever since.
As our observational techniques and technology improve, these records will likely all be shattered by future astronomers.
Astrophysicist and author Ethan Siegel is the founder and primary writer of Starts With A Bang! His books, Treknology and Beyond The Galaxy, are available wherever books are sold. | https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2018/10/15/these-are-the-most-distant-objects-weve-ever-discovered-in-the-universe/ |
The study of history often focus on understanding one situation within a single society at a time. Instead, why not explore situations in two or three different cultures; consider how they influence each other; and compare the resulting similarities and differences?
The exercise below outlines an example of how to perform this kind of analysis in a history course.
Overview
Start by considering different places in the modern world, and then think about one way that they have interacted. In this exercise, the locations represent three great centers of modern popular music: (Click the links below for a primer on each genre. You will also find examples of music from these genres by searching YouTube for “J-pop,” “K-pop,” or “C-pop.”)
A short glossary of terms
As you read through the steps below, pay attention to these terms:
- Situations refer to certain characteristics that are specific to a particular place and time. In the case of this example, the situation is pop music.
- An influence is something that moves from one place to another at a known time. There are both one-way influences and two-way influences.
- Interactions are reciprocal actions, resulting from two or more influences that link situations.
- Internal complications are influences within a single place.
- External complications are influences that come from outside of a particular place.
- An outcome occurs when an influence changes a situation. Outcomes can be parallel or divergent.
- Change over time is important. That is, consider the order in which influences and outcomes take place.
Step 1: Influences
Begin with a comparison of Tokyo’s J-pop (case A) and Seoul’s K-pop (case B) and briefly describe the situation for each city. For example, think about the characteristics of J-pop and K-pop. What makes their sounds unique? What do the lyrics focus on? Who listens to these genres?
Next, describe an influence that moves from case A to B. For instance, postwar Japan developed the world’s second-largest music industry, but it was focused on the home market. Later, J-pop leaders sought to export their music to South Korea. This export of pop music from Tokyo to Seoul is the influence.
Now, repeat this process, but in the opposite direction, considering a later time: Describe an influence of Seoul’s K-pop on Tokyo’s J-pop. This influence may even be a result of that original A-to-B influence.
Step 2: Outcomes
What might be an outcome of the arrival of J-pop in Seoul? For one, Japan had ruled Korea from 1910 to 1945, leaving bad feelings in Korea. But those feelings mellowed with time, and Koreans eventually embraced J-pop. Looking at South Korea, increased democracy may have helped K-pop establish there. But the arrival of Japan’s pop music, J-pop, in Seoul may have then provided further inspiration for K-pop’s expansion and even its export.
These influences and outcomes show that Tokyo and Seoul became more parallel as the pop music scene grew in each city. But we also see how they diverged, because K-pop groups became increasingly different from J-pop groups.
Step 3: Internal Complications
Let’s add another dimension: It’s important to remember that case A’s influence on case B may cause internal complications for case A. There are two main types of these internal complications: autonomous changes, which arise out of each location’s local history, and sending effects, which are changes in each location that result from influences.
Here’s how these internal complications play out in our example: the autonomous search for expanding music markets encouraged further exports from Japan to Korea. Meanwhile, J-pop stars toured in South Korea and elsewhere, making J-pop an international form of entertainment—a sending effect.
When discussing a two-way influence, both cases A and B will experience internal complications. In other words, Seoul also experienced the autonomous change of an expanding democracy on musical culture, as well as a sending effect. (K-pop musicians sought to enter the Japanese market in addition to their home market.)
Step 4: External Complications
Cases A and B are not completely isolated, so one must consider the influence that a third situation—case C, Shanghai’s C-pop—might have on either A or B, or on both A and B. As you might imagine, once C-pop music became more popular in Tokyo and Seoul, it influenced both J-pop and K-pop.
Step 5: Interplay
This final illustration showcases all three levels of local analysis presented above: the original one-way and two-way influences of J-pop and K-pop on each other; the resulting internal complications within Tokyo and Seoul, and their respective homegrown music genres; and the external complications that Shanghai and C-pop’s influence had on J-pop and K-pop.
We have detailed the influences and outcomes for cases A and B and noted the external influence from case C in Shanghai. But, keep in mind that—for the purpose of this local exercise—we have not discussed any of the outcomes for Shanghai and C-pop.
Summary and Next Steps
This exercise demonstrates the basic principles in exploring interactions in history or culture. It distinguishes the influences that move from one place or situation to another from the consequences of those influences. It also keeps track of autonomous change within each situation.
A successful analysis of this type depends on both logic and on the specifics of the topic. For instance, the linked articles above that introduce J-pop, K-pop, and C-pop are very helpful in describing the specifics of each musical genre. However, these articles have little to say about the interactions among them. That’s why it’s essential for students of history to give attention to the logic of interactions, as demonstrated by the steps above.
One could expand this exercise into a global analysis (which requires a detailed study of at least four situations) by assessing the interactions among additional countries. An obvious addition is the U.S., the world’s biggest music market, where K-pop—most notably the global sensation BTS—is popular and influential. It also makes sense to include Canada, with its large Asian population and international music market. Importantly, a global analysis differs from a local analysis in that it is significantly more complex—that is, in a global analysis, it’s impossible to consider all factors at once. | https://patrickmanningworldhistorian.com/blog/interactions-in-history/ |
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LENTIL CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY BETWEEN THE CARAS AND NERA RIVERS PUBLISHEDGheorghe David, Paul Pîrşan, Adrian Borcean, Florin Imbrea, Lucian Botoş None
The goal of the present research was to expand lentil crops in the area between the rivers Caras and Nera, an area where they cultivate only beans and peas among legumes. The soil and climate conditions in the area are favourable to lentil cultivation provided the cultivation technology is proper. The paper presents data concerning the behaviour of some lentil cultivars and populations, in different conditions of fertilisation, as well as results concerning sowing technology. Research was carried out in South-Western Romania, at Oraviţa-Răcăşdia, in a moderate continental temperate climate, the sub-Banat type with Mediterranean influences, on a vertic, luvic, brown soil, moderately gleyeid, strongly decarbonated. The biological material we studied was the Oana lentil cultivar and the De Szeged, Voivodina and De Vinga lentil populations. Fertilisation was done with variable rates of nitrogen (N0, N20, N40, and N60) on a constant fund P40K40. We took into account different row distances and strip sowing (12.5 cm; 25 cm; 37.5 cm; 12.5/40 cm). The authors also present data concerning the impact of the studied factors on protein and protein content. In the area studied, the protein content increased from 25.5% in version control (N0P40K40), to 27.2% in the variant fertilized with N60P40K40. Protein production was favorably influenced by nitrogen fertilization increased compared to the N0 up to 28% in the variant fertilized with N60, amid constant P40K40. Among pathogens of lentil, we identified Colletrichum truncatum and Uromyces viciae-fabae. The attack of these lentil pathogens was below 1.0% in Colletrichum truncatum which occurred mainly on the leaves and below 3.0% in the case of Uromyces viciae-fabae. Thus, we can say that both pathogens were below the economic damage threshold without influencing significantly the yielding capacity of the plants. The paper is financially supported by the CNCSIS research project entitled „Developing lentil and chickpea cultivation technology in the soil and climate conditions of the Timiş-Caraş-Nera area”. | https://rjas.ro/paper_detail/1087 |
My brothers and sisters have some stories for you. I have not told them yet about this yet but I am sure they would help you.
I want to know where melisa lived in East Aurora. I have been trying ot find out information about my old house I was born in on Olean road. Property called the 7 pines.. Anyone have any information.. Melissa?.
Comment by Hannah: Hello I have done history research on East Aurora, NY... I live in ea and recently moved here I have observed the land I live on has a lot of spirit and the whole town is very active with spirit. Stronger than most places due to the history.
I may be of some help to you because this is what I do. Feel free to send a text 7165746970.
I have had many experiences when living at an old home in East Aurora. This old home is currently not lived in and is for sale. One was when I was 8 years old and I heard footsteps coming into my bedroom, so I pulled the blankets over my head and something yanked the blankets all the way off of me. | http://www.ghostsofamerica.com/1/New_York_East_Aurora_ghost_sightings2.html |
I had a winter job as a driver helper for UPS back when I was 19 to make some extra cash near the end of the year. It was an easy gig, though physically demanding. My job was to run packages to the houses, get people to sign or scan the boxes, and run back to the truck.
The managers were not cool. I’ve had a lot of random jobs here and there, but the managers were straight up rude there. One particular manager called me at 4:00am once to tell me that I needed to be at work in half an hour if I still wanted to stay in. It made no sense. Another manager yelled at me for something that someone else had messed up.
The sun used to set earlier in the day, I remember the creepy apartment complexes I had to deliver to. Sometimes, the UPS driver would stack up a cart and would have me walk around two complexes delivering packages while he did the following blocks. They were old apartments out at the end of a lonely street.
One Thursday evening, the truck driver I was working with and I met up with another driver behind a Wendy’s restaurant to split some packages. Basically, the other guy was new and delivering by himself. He needed help or he wouldn’t be able to get back home until 9pm. Apparently it’s something common that UPS drivers do to help each other out.
As they kept passing boxes onto our truck, I heard my driver say “Ah, come on man! Again?” I later found out that the truck loaders had been messing up and gave some of our packages to the other guy, so those boxes would be way off of the other driver’s route. No wonder the guy had such a hard time. He was supposed to sort his own packages too, so he was partly to blame.
After around 10 minutes, the truck was mostly empty but we had a pile of around 40 boxes left to deliver when I thought we were all done. My driver said we would follow the same plan, that he would drop me off at the group of apartments at the end of that one street, and he would zig zag through the other blocks to deliver the rest. He would then come back to pick me up.
Those old apartments had overgrown bushes and dead trees, the trash cans reeked of poop and urine, and the people who lived there would walk around in silence. I would normally just see them walk to the trashcans or to the laundry room. They would always avoid me or they would step out toward the trees to let me pass.
No hello, no good evenings.
The driver dropped the dolly and stacked up the boxes in order for me, gave me the scanner, and asked me to start at the far end. It had something to do with how he sorted it. He apologized, but was in a hurry, so I didn’t say anything. Normally you would distribute as you go deeper into the complexes, that way you return with an empty dolly instead of having to carry everything and empty it as you come back.
There were some random ice chests, with I’m assuming had medicine, some tubes, and oddly shaped boxes. With all the potholes in the parking lot, as I was approaching complex C, my dolly’s right wheel got stuck and the whole thing shifted and my boxes fell. All of them.
A man came out from around the corner of the building and asked if I was okay, and he picked up some of the packages. He was pale, bald, and skinny. Something was off about this guy. He was helping me stack them back up, but he was also looking through them. Sometimes even flipping the boxes over to find the label. I asked him if he was expecting a package and he grabbed one, said, “this is mine” and put it under his arm.
I had finished stacking my now unordered dolly, when he started walking away. I asked him to stop and to let me scan it. He said that I didn’t have to, that it was okay. I said no. But he hurried off and opened up his apartment door, number 3, and shut the door right in front of me while I just stood there, without knowing what to do. Was I supposed to leave my boxes unattended in the parking lot and go talk to the guy?
It was dark out, and only the orange street lights that still worked illuminated the empty parking lot. I figured I would come back to his apartment and ask to scan the box. I need to scan the boxes otherwise customers can claim that it never got delivered and they get their money back. And it would be my fault.
On my way to the end of the whole property, around building H, I called the driver but he didn’t answer his phone. I started scanning, knocking, and handing packages to the people in the apartments. Nobody seemed to have families, and apparently they didn’t like to keep their lights on. Every apartment was dimly lit.
I had two packages left, one for complex C and one for an apartment located at the front, by the gate.
I checked the package, Charles Smith, Apt 3. Either that crazy guy had another package, or he grabbed the wrong one. I went to the apartment and knocked on the door. I heard shuffling inside, and he opened the door quickly. He seemed stressed out and said, yes yes yes, this is it, this is it, yes yes yes. He had a sinister look in his eyes and the strangest smile you can imagine. He reached for the box, which I had already scanned, but I held onto it tightly. I told him that I needed to scan the label on the other box.
“For what?” He asked.
I didn’t want to explain myself, but I did anyway. He really didn’t want to bring out the box. I told him he was stealing and that I would have to report it. That seemed to scare him, but he became nervous and started stuttering even more. He said the address had been messed up, and lots more that I couldn’t really understand. My phone started ringing and I saw that it was the driver I was working with. I answered it there in front of the crazy guy, which he took as an opportunity to shut the door. I tried to explain to the driver what was happening and he told me to give him the building and apartment number.
“Building C.. number 3.”
He said he would be right over.
Still with that box in my hand, I went over to the front building and delivered the last package and waited for the driver. He showed up right away and we both walked over to the apartment. On the way, the driver took my scanner thing and pressed some buttons. He said that there was one last package to deliver. I had already scanned apartment 3’s package, the only one missing was the one that the crazy guy had. He had the package for his neighbor in apartment 4.
I warned the driver that the guy was creepy and had something weird going on inside of his apartment.
When I knocked again, he seemed to be right by the door because he opened it immediately and practically lunged himself toward the box. He wasn’t wearing a shirt now and he was sweaty. It was pretty nasty. I was able to hold onto the box while the driver tried to explain what was happening, basically telling him that he had the wrong box.
He went inside and left his door open. I took a look inside the apartment. There were red lights, like the kind you’d find in an old photo development lab. I kept hearing muffled voices. Suddenly, he came out with a jar, stuck his hands in, and sprayed us with the liquid. I felt it sting my eyes. He started chanting and laughing, turning around to say Jacqueline enough! Jacqueline be quiet! He kept chanting while we took steps back, blocking our faces with our arms.
Then he closed the door, and started laughing hysterically once he got inside. He got the box from me, which was fine since it was his. But he didn’t return the package he stole. The driver said we would just leave a note with his neighbor about the missing package, and that he would report the box as stolen or missing.
We hurried back to the truck, both of us wiping our eyes from what had just happened. The shift was over. The ride back to the parking lot was quiet, both of us were trying to process what had just happened. I signed my time sheet when he dropped me off, and I got into my car.
I went to grab a bite to eat and then straight back to my dorm. The building was mostly empty, except for other students taking winter classes. My roommate was out and with his family. I took out my Carl’s Jr burger, ate it, and sat in front of the TV. Before I knew it, I fell asleep but I was woken up by loud static noise from the TV, but my eyes wouldn’t open all the way. All I could see was the blue light from the screen through my eyelids, and I started to panic. I heard laughter and more static.
What was wrong? Why couldn’t I open my eyes? I wanted to scream but my mouth wouldn’t make a sound either. I felt my face stretch downward. It was the strangest feeling.
I decided it was best to stop fighting it and just try to relax and try to go back to sleep, that everything would be fine. I had countless nightmares in the span of 5 hours that seemed to last forever.
I woke up at 4:30am to a text message from the UPS driver. I was feeling tired, but somewhat normal again.
“Not feeling good. Take the day off. I’ll write down your hours.”
The next day, I got a call from a manager. They said I was being transferred to another UPS driver. I asked why, but he didn’t offer an explanation. Typical managers.
I texted my old UPS driver asking him what happened. He told me that part of his face had gotten paralyzed and that he went to the doctor to get it checked out. He would be back to work in a couple of weeks.
It didn’t click then, but later on I realized that my face had gotten paralyzed. That same night. What had that guy done to us?
I got reassigned and everything went back to normal. My new UPS driver had a different route, but one time, we got some packages by mistake. This guy was quick, so we had more than enough time to deliver to those addresses.
There they were. Packages to the same apartment complex. Charles Smith.. Complex C. Apartment 3. Jacqueline Stewart, Complex C… Apartment 4. | https://scarystorypodcast.com/podcast/the-creepy-neighbor/ |
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Taxonomic history
Mexico, Honduras, Costa Rica (type locality). Costa Rica: throughout the country in wet forest habitats, low and middle elevations. Hitoy Cerere Biological Reserve, La Selva Biological Station and northern slope Volcan Barba to 1100m, Turrialba, Penas Blancas, Pitilla in Guanacaste Conservation Area, Carara, Wilson Botanical Garden. Unknown from the Osa Peninsula and vicinity.
This species occurs in mature wet forest habitats, and inhabits leaf litter on the forest floor. I most often collect it in Winkler samples of sifted litter.
Emery, C. 1890. Studi sulle formiche della fauna neotropica. I-V. Bullettino della Societa Entomologica Italiana 22:38-80.
Found most commonly in these habitats: 298 times found in mature wet forest, 279 times found in montane wet forest, 117 times found in lowland rainforest, 108 times found in tropical moist forest, 86 times found in 2ndary liquidambar forest, 81 times found in tropical rainforest, 79 times found in ridgetop cloud forest, 71 times found in mesophyll forest, 63 times found in mesophil forest, 52 times found in 2º wet forest, ...
Found most commonly in these microhabitats: 1273 times ex sifted leaf litter, 137 times Hojarasca, 130 times at bait, 68 times sifted litter, 6 times foragers at cookie bait, 5 times Sobre Vegetacion, 5 times forest litter, 2 times strays, 4 times Camino toma de Agua, 4 times ex sifted litter, 3 times Cerca del Refugio Cascante, ...
Collected most commonly using these methods: 1048 times MiniWinkler, 146 times Winkler, 151 times MaxiWinkler, 132 times Mini Winkler, 128 times Baiting, 53 times Berlese, 9 times hand collecting, 11 times search, 8 times Search & Berles, 9 times Night MiniWinkler, 4 times Sweeping, ...
Elevations: collected from 5 - 1800 meters, 587 meters average
Type specimens: | http://www.antweb.org/description.do?genus=Hypoponera&name=nitidula&rank=species |
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Our Family serving yours since 1961.
Since October of 1961, the Purta Family has been serving the local community by helping those in need. Today, more than ever, the Purta Brothers, Todd & Tim realize the importance of continuing this tradition. Should any need arise, please do not hesitate to contact us.
Our goal is to maintain our high quality of service to the community we serve with the Respect, Honesty and Compassion you should expect from our family operated business. | https://purtafuneralhome.com/53/Pine-Island-Location.html |
Q:
List Comprehension Python nested
answer = [list(x) for x in sorted(["HELLO", "WORLD", "SLEEPING", "CITY"])][1]
Could someone explain why the value of answer is not ["C","I","T","Y"]?
A:
answer = [list(x) for x in sorted(["HELLO", "WORLD", "SLEEPING", "CITY"])][0]
You need to refer to the 0th element.
| |
Right at the beginning the mainboard with the already installed cooler is mounted. The spacers are already in place, but the distribution is not optimal. An ATX mainboard cannot be mounted properly, because there are no pre-drilling holes on the right side. Therefore you have to be careful not to put too much pressure on the mainboard and break it through, especially when using RAM.
There are no problems with the graphics card, because there is no hard disk cage that would limit the length of the graphics card. Thus graphic cards with up to 40 cm can be installed. Although there are indications on the Internet that only 34 cm are possible with fans, 40 cm are possible with the pre-installed fans.
A total of three 2.5″ and three.5″ hard disks can be installed. These are installed on and below the power supply cover as well as suspended in the housing. There is no hard disk cage to the right of the motherboard, which creates a huge unused gap that could have been better exploited. For example, for 5.25″ drives or a removable hard disk cage.
The power supply unit is installed underneath a cover, which makes the housing look very tidy. Superfluous cables simply disappear into the cover and cables can be laid cleanly behind the mainboard, because there is enough space. The numerous openings make it possible to lay the cables almost invisibly. This also includes the 8-pin CPU power cable, which, unlike other housings, finds its place here without any problems.
What do you think of the topic? Click here for the comments! | https://basic-tutorials.de/en/raijintek-asterion-spacious-e-atx-case-reviewed/3/ |
While the national average corn basis remained unchanged at 44 cents under the December Futures contract, regional basis widened at a few locations to as much as 75 to 90 cents under the December contract. Corn basis at six local elevators the Red River Farm Network follows range from 60 cents to 90 cents under. Nationally, soybean basis was four cents weaker, averaging $1.09 under the November futures. Locally, soybean basis ranges from $1.50 to $1.75 under the November futures. Spring wheat basis locally ranges from 63 cents to $1.03 under the December futures. | https://www.rrfn.com/2018/10/02/regional-basis-levels-widen/ |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 (e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/555,825, filed on Sep. 8, 2017, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
The present invention relates to vehicle wheels, and more particularly to a method for using a computer numerical control (CNC) machine with a specially-design bit to generate coated vehicle wheels.
Vehicle wheels are subjected to extended and rigorous use during the operation of a motor vehicle. As a result of the extended use and rough wear, it is common for the vehicle wheels to be replaced on a regular basis. While in use, vehicle wheels are in constant contact with the tires of the motor vehicle, which results in wear of the vehicle wheel due to sliding wear mechanisms such as abrasion and adhesion.
Vehicle wheels are also made from steel as an inexpensive alternative to aluminum alloys, however, the use of steel does not alleviate the occurrence of wear in the vehicle wheel. Aluminum and its alloys are particularly useful materials for inclusion in metal components of vehicles such as cars, trucks, airplanes, and even for large heavy-duty trucks such as tractor-trailers. In recent years, aluminum or aluminum alloy wheels have been substituted for steel wheels because of their lighter weight and attractive appearance without sacrificing strength. Unfortunately, wear also occurs in highly loaded vehicles with aluminum wheels.
Today, many of the aluminum wheels are formed of three pieces, included two mating halves that form the support rim, plus a centerpiece that includes an aesthetically pleasing design. Three piece aluminum wheels are typically formed by cold working non-heat-treatable aluminum alloys, however, three piece wheels that use cold work alloys have drawbacks such as strength deficiencies in the bolt flange. In addition, wheels made from cold worked alloys often suffer from variable strength properties from part to part and from location to location within a particular part.
To eliminate the shortcomings in three-piece aluminum wheels, one-piece aluminum wheels have been developed. One-piece wheels are manufactured by casting the wheel from a piece of metal. Casting has the advantage of being less time consuming, and more efficient than other types of wheel production. Wheel casting is performed at one time and does not require different pieces to be fit together. However, one disadvantage of cast wheel production is that casting typically does not include the aesthetic features that might be found in a wheel forging processes.
Conventionally, there are two wheel forging processes: a hot and a cold forging process. Most metal wheels are forged hot because the wheels are typically made of either iron or an iron alloy. This is done primarily because if hardening occurs during cold forging, hard materials such as iron and steel would become extremely difficult to work with. Often times, hot forging is utilized to strengthen products by adding additional elements to the product to produce a stronger, more resilient by-product. The computer numeral control (CNC) can also be incorporated into the wheel forging process.
FIG. 1
FIG. 2
110
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However, conventional wheel forging process can only focus on a specific portion of the wheel and if the forging process needs to be applied on several portions of the wheel, the wheel may have to be disassembled, which may increase the costs of labor and can be time consuming. For example, as shown in , it takes a separate step to coat or forge the rim of the wheel and a connecting portion . Similarly, it also takes a separate step to coat or forge the spoke portion and the recessed portion as shown in . Therefore, there remains a need for a new and improved wheel forging technique to overcome the problem presented above.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for coating wheels without disassembling the wheels to save labor and manufacturing costs.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a method for coating wheels that employs a computer numerical control (CNC) machine with a specially-designed bit.
In one aspect, a passivation method for a silicon carbide (SiC) surface may include steps of providing a silicon carbide surface, depositing a thin metal layer on the silicon carbide surface, forming a first passivation layer on the metal layer at low temperature, and generating a dielectric layer by a reaction between a gas/liquid ambient and the thin metal layer.
In one aspect, a method for coating and polishing a vehicle wheel may include steps of utilizing toe-clamps and center collets to reduce chatter marks and the effects of vibrations and harmonics; employing a parametric CNC program which allows for feed rates and spindle RPM speeds that are specific to the process of the vehicle wheel design; utilizing end-mills, bull-nose end-mills, ball-mills, chamfer tools, V-tools, custom rivet tools, and other commonly used CNC milling tools to machine the sides of the spokes on the wheels; utilizing a coolant to operate the CNC machine; providing a tool to make rivets in the wheel; cleaning the wheel to remove coolant and debris remaining on the wheel; and painting selected areas of the wheel.
In one embodiment, the step utilizing end-mills, bull-nose end-mills, ball-mills, chamfer tools, V-tools, custom rivet tools, and other commonly used CNC milling tools to machine the sides of the spokes on the wheels may further include a step of utilizing a plastic portion which absorbs machine vibration and harmonics to reduce chatter marks on the wheel. In another embodiment, the step of providing a tool to make rivets in the wheel may include a step of providing a peck-drill cycle tool to make rivets in the wheel without the need for forging the rivets.
In a further embodiment, a bit used in the CNC machine may include a main body and a spiral head, which can be used to machine the spokes on the wheels. In another embodiment, the angle of the spiral head can be about 70 degrees. In an exemplary embodiment, a functional head extends from the main body and has a movable drilling unit having four cutting edges and a cutting unit, which are configured to form a three-dimensional feature for the computer numerical control (CNC) machine. In one embodiment, the movable drilling unit has a center hole and a rivet is inserted into the center hole to movably secure the drilling unit to the functional head. In an exemplary embodiment, the movable drilling unit is an artificial diamond to increase the brightness of the wheel during the polishing process.
The detailed description set forth below is intended as a description of the presently exemplary device provided in accordance with aspects of the present invention and is not intended to represent the only forms in which the present invention may be prepared or utilized. It is to be understood, rather, that the same or equivalent functions and components may be accomplished by different embodiments that are also intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the invention.
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood to one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods, devices and materials similar or equivalent to those described can be used in the practice or testing of the invention, the exemplary methods, devices and materials are now described.
All publications mentioned are incorporated by reference for the purpose of describing and disclosing, for example, the designs and methodologies that are described in the publications that might be used in connection with the presently described invention. The publications listed or discussed above, below and throughout the text are provided solely for their disclosure prior to the filing date of the present application. Nothing herein is to be construed as an admission that the inventors are not entitled to antedate such disclosure by virtue of prior invention.
As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a”, “an”, and “the” includes reference to the plural unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the terms “comprise or comprising”, “include or including”, “have or having”, “contain or containing” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the embodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
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In one aspect, a method for forging a vehicle wheel with three-dimensional features may include steps of utilizing toe-clamps and center collets to reduce chatter marks and the effects of vibrations and harmonics ; employing a parametric CNC program which allows for feed rates and spindle RPM speeds that are specific to the process of the vehicle wheel design ; utilizing end-mills, bull-nose end-mills, ball-mills, chamfer tools, V-tools, custom rivet tools, and other commonly used CNC milling tools to machine the sides of the spokes on the wheels ; utilizing a coolant to operate the CNC machine ; providing a tool to make the three-dimensional features on the wheel ; cleaning the wheel to remove coolant and debris remaining on the wheel ; and painting selected areas of the wheel .
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In one embodiment, the step () utilizing end-mills, bull-nose end-mills, ball-mills, chamfer tools, V-tools, custom rivet tools, and other commonly used CNC milling tools to machine the sides of the spokes on the wheels may further include a step of utilizing a plastic portion which absorbs machine vibration and harmonics to reduce chatter marks on the wheel. In another embodiment, the step () of providing a tool to make rivets in the wheel may include a step of providing a peck-drill cycle tool to make rivets in the wheel without the need for forging the rivets.
410
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FIG. 4
a
FIG. 4
b
FIG. 4
In a further embodiment, a bit as shown in is used in step to make the three-dimensional features on the wheel. The bit may include a main body and a spiral head , which can be used to machine the spokes on the wheels. In another embodiment, the angle of the spiral head can be about 70 degrees as shown in . In an exemplary embodiment, a functional head extends from the main body and has a movable drilling unit having a plurality of cutting edges and a cutting unit as shown in , which are configured to form a three-dimensional feature for the computer numerical control (CNC) machine. In one embodiment, the movable drilling unit has a center hole and a rivet is inserted into the center hole to movably secure the drilling unit to the functional head .
FIG. 5
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More specifically, as shown in , a vehicle wheel has a plurality of spikes radially extending from a center of the vehicle wheel . With the movable drilling unit and the cutting unit , the CNC machine can generate a three-dimensional feature like the spikes . Comparing with a periphery portion of the vehicle wheel , the spikes are protruding from the surface of the periphery portion to form a three-dimensional feature. It is noted that a slanted periphery that is slantedly extending from the periphery portion toward the center of the vehicle wheel can also be formed by the movable drilling unit and the cutting unit .
440
FIG. 6
FIG. 7
In an exemplary embodiment, the movable drilling unit is an artificial diamond, which can be used to polish the wheel to increase the brightness thereof with predetermined parameters set in the CNC machine. shows the wheels before being polished by the CNC machine with the artificial diamond, and shows the same wheels after being polished by the CNC machine, the brightness of which is significantly increased.
Having described the invention by the description and illustrations above, it should be understood that these are exemplary of the invention and are not to be considered as limiting. Accordingly, the invention is not to be considered as limited by the foregoing description, but includes any equivalent.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a prior art disclosing a conventional method for coating and forging a wheel.
FIG. 2
is also a prior art disclosing a conventional method for coating and forging a wheel.
FIG. 3
illustrates a flow diagram for a method for forging a vehicle wheel in the present invention.
FIGS. 4 to 4
b
illustrate different styles of bits used in the forging process in the present invention.
FIG. 5
is an exemplary embodiment of the wheel forging process in the present invention.
FIG. 6
illustrates wheels before being polished by the CNC machine with the artificial diamond drilling unit.
FIG. 7
illustrates wheels after being polished by the CNC machine with the artificial diamond drilling unit. | |
What is a gene mutation and how do mutations occur?
A gene mutation is a permanent alteration in the DNA sequence that makes up a gene, such that the sequence differs from what is found in most people. Mutations range in size; they can affect anywhere from a single DNA building block (base pair) to a large segment of a chromosome that includes multiple genes.
Gene mutations can be classified in two major ways:
- Hereditary mutations are inherited from a parent and are present throughout a person’s life in virtually every cell in the body. These mutations are also called germline mutations because they are present in the parent’s egg or sperm cells, which are also called germ cells. When an egg and a sperm cell unite, the resulting fertilized egg cell receives DNA from both parents. If this DNA has a mutation, the child that grows from the fertilized egg will have the mutation in each of his or her cells.
- Acquired (or somatic) mutations occur at some time during a person’s life and are present only in certain cells, not in every cell in the body. These changes can be caused by environmental factors such as ultraviolet radiation from the sun or can occur if a mistake is made as DNA copies itself during cell division. Acquired mutations in somatic cells (cells other than sperm and egg cells) cannot be passed on to the next generation.
Genetic changes that are described as de novo (new) mutations can be either hereditary or somatic. In some cases, the mutation occurs in a person’s egg or sperm cell but is not present in any of the person’s other cells. In other cases, the mutation occurs in the fertilized egg shortly after the egg and sperm cells unite. (It is often impossible to tell exactly when a de novo mutation happened.) As the fertilized egg divides, each resulting cell in the growing embryo will have the mutation. De novo mutations may explain genetic disorders in which an affected child has a mutation in every cell in the body, but the parents do not, and there is no family history of the disorder.
Somatic mutations that happen in a single cell early in embryonic development can lead to a situation called mosaicism. These genetic changes are not present in a parent’s egg or sperm cells, or in the fertilized egg, but happen a bit later when the embryo includes several cells.
As all the cells divide during growth and development, cells that arise from the cell with the altered gene will have the mutation, while other cells will not. Depending on the mutation and how many cells are affected, mosaicism may or may not cause health problems.
Most disease-causing gene mutations are uncommon in the general population. However, other genetic changes occur more frequently. Genetic alterations that occur in more than 1 percent of the population are called polymorphisms. They are common enough to be considered a normal variation in the DNA. Polymorphisms are responsible for many of the normal differences between people such as eye colour, hair colour, and blood type. Although many polymorphisms have no negative effects on a person’s health, some of these variations may influence the risk of developing certain disorders.
How can gene mutations affect health and development?
To function correctly, each cell depends on thousands of proteins to do their jobs in the right places at the right times. Sometimes, gene mutations prevent one or more of these proteins from working properly. By changing a gene’s instructions for making a protein, a mutation can cause the protein to malfunction or to be missing entirely. When a mutation alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, it can disrupt normal development or cause a medical condition. A condition caused by mutations in one or more genes is called a genetic disorder.
In some cases, gene mutations are so severe that they prevent an embryo from surviving until birth. These changes occur in genes that are essential for development, and often disrupt the development of an embryo in its earliest stages. Because these mutations have very serious effects, they are incompatible with life.
It is important to note that genes themselves do not cause disease—genetic disorders are caused by mutations that make a gene function improperly. For example, when people say that someone has “the cystic fibrosis gene,” they are usually referring to a mutated version of the CFTR gene, which causes the disease. All people, including those without cystic fibrosis, have a version of the CFTR gene.
Do all gene mutations affect health and development?
No; only a small percentage of mutations cause genetic disorders—most have no impact on health or development. For example, some mutations alter a gene’s DNA sequence but do not change the function of the protein made by the gene.
Often, gene mutations that could cause a genetic disorder are repaired by certain enzymes before the gene is expressed and an altered protein is produced. Each cell has several pathways through which enzymes recognize and repair mistakes in DNA. Because DNA can be damaged or mutated in many ways, DNA repair is an important process by which the body protects itself from disease.
A very small percentage of all mutations have a positive effect. These mutations lead to new versions of proteins that help an individual better adapt to changes in his or her environment. For example, a beneficial mutation could result in a protein that protects an individual and future generations from a new strain of bacteria.
Because a person’s genetic code can have many mutations with no effect on health, diagnosing genetic conditions can be difficult. Sometimes, genes thought to be related to a particular genetic condition have mutations, but whether these changes are involved in development of the condition has not been determined; these genetic changes are known as variants of unknown significance (VOUS). Sometimes, no mutations are found in suspected disease-related genes, but mutations are found in other genes whose relationship to a particular genetic condition is unknown. It is difficult to know whether these variants are involved in the disease.
Can a change in the number of genes affect health and development?
People have two copies of most genes, one copy inherited from each parent. In some cases, however, the number of copies varies—meaning that a person can be born with one, three, or more copies of particular genes. Less commonly, one or more genes may be entirely missing. This type of genetic difference is known as copy number variation (CNV).
Copy number variation results from insertions, deletions, and duplications of large segments of DNA. These segments are big enough to include whole genes. Variation in gene copy number can influence the activity of genes and ultimately affect many body functions.
Researchers were surprised to learn that copy number variation accounts for a significant amount of genetic difference between people. More than 10 percent of human DNA appears to contain these differences in gene copy number. While much of this variation does not affect health or development, some differences likely influence a person’s risk of disease and response to certain drugs. Future research will focus on the consequences of copy number variation in different parts of the genome and study the contribution of these variations to many types of disease.
Can genes be turned on and off in cells?
Each cell expresses, or turns on, only a fraction of its genes. The rest of the genes are repressed or turned off. The process of turning genes on and off is known as gene regulation. Gene regulation is an important part of normal development. Genes are turned on and off in different patterns during development to make a brain cell look and act different from a liver cell or a muscle cell, for example. Gene regulation also allows cells to react quickly to changes in their environments. Although we know that the regulation of genes is critical for life, this complex process is not yet fully understood.
Gene regulation can occur at any point during gene expression, but most commonly occurs at the level of transcription (when the information in a gene’s DNA is transferred to mRNA). Signals from the environment or from other cells activate proteins called transcription factors. These proteins bind to regulatory regions of a gene and increase or decrease the level of transcription. By controlling the level of transcription, this process can determine the amount of protein product that is made by a gene at any given time.
What Is Gene Expression? – Regulation, Analysis & Definition
Gene Expression
Genome BC
How do genes control the growth and division of cells?
A variety of genes are involved in the control of cell growth and division. The cell cycle is the cell’s way of replicating itself in an organized, step-by-step fashion. Tight regulation of this process ensures that a dividing cell’s DNA is copied properly, any errors in the DNA are repaired, and each daughter cell receives a full set of chromosomes. The cycle has checkpoints (also called restriction points), which allow certain genes to check for mistakes and halt the cycle for repairs if something goes wrong.
If a cell has an error in its DNA that cannot be repaired, it may undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis. Apoptosis is a common process throughout life that helps the body get rid of cells it doesn’t need. Cells that undergo apoptosis break apart and are recycled by a type of white blood cell called a macrophage. Apoptosis protects the body by removing genetically damaged cells that could lead to cancer, and it plays an important role in the development of the embryo and the maintenance of adult tissues.
Cancer results from a disruption of the normal regulation of the cell cycle. When the cycle proceeds without control, cells can divide without order and accumulate genetic defects that can lead to a cancerous tumor (illustration- below).
Cancer is therefore a “genetic disease “ In my next blog I want to discuss genetics of cancer, what tests you can use, what you will learn, and how you will be able to make best use out of the information you will get. It will be an important part in cancer prevention. If applied properly, we will be able to reduce the number of fatal cancer cases. | https://iaso-cancer.com/how-can-gene-mutations-affect-health-and-development/ |
The proposed K23 Career Development Award will enable Dr. Jonathan Shaffer to establish an independent research career with expertise in behavioral interventions for patients with heart failure (HF). Dr. Shaffer is a clinical psychologit whose long-term goal is to optimize a behavioral intervention to improve functional and cardiac outcomes for patients with HF, but further training is required to accomplish this goal. As such, he has assembled a multidisciplinary team of mentors to provide training in: (1) clinical trial design and conduct; (2) the pathophysiology, management, epidemiology, and exercise physiology of HF; (3) quantitative methods for dose estimation and randomized controlled trials (RCT); (4) clinical health psychology theories and practice; and (5) research dissemination. The career development plan includes completion of a Master's degree in Patient-Oriented Research from Columbia University. For his research project, Dr. Shaffer will conduct a dose- finding study and RCT of Problem-Solving Therapy (PST) for outpatients with HF and reduced quality of life (QoL). Previous research has shown that QoL is often severely diminished among HF patients, and that reduced QoL predicts mortality and morbidity. Given the mixed findings of previous trials, the minimal focus on QoL as a primary endpoint, and recommendations to consider QoL as part of high-quality clinical care, there is a need for new interventions to improve QoL for HF patients. Moreover, the complexity and financial burden of routine pharmacotherapy for HF suggest a need for new non-pharmacologic interventions. This proposal consists of two interrelated studies that together will determine the feasibility and patient acceptance of telephone-delivered PST for outpatients with stable HF and reduced QoL. Study 1 is a dose-finding study to determine the minimally effective dose (MED; in number of sessions) of telephone-delivered PST needed to produce a clinically significant QoL improvement over 8 weeks. PST will be administered to 48 participants in cohorts of 3, and the MED will be determined using the Continual Reassessment Method. Study 2 is a two-arm RCT of 44 additional participants who will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio to PST or Time Management. Study 2 is adequately powered to determine whether the MED of PST is associated with greater improvements in peak VO2 over 8 weeks compared to Time Management. Study 2 will also evaluate the efficacy of PST versus Time Management with respect to QoL, self-efficacy, depression, daily physical activity, and distance walked during a 6-minute walk test (6MWT). A 6MWT and cardiopulmonary exercise testing will be conducted at baseline and at 8 weeks. QoL, depression, and self-efficacy will be assessed at baseline, 4, 8, and 12 weeks (and additionally at 16 and 20 weeks for Study 2). Actigraphy-assessed daily activity will be recorded throughout the intervention and follow-up period. Dr. Shaffer will use these data to design larger RCTs for subsequent R01 applications with power of 0.90 comparing PST to Time Management with QoL and cardiac outcomes as primary endpoints. These data will also inform his larger program of research on HF.
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Of “The 25 Greatest Science Books of All Time” listed in Discover Magazine http://discovermagazine.com/2006/dec/25-greatest-science-books/article_view?b_start:int=1&page=2, Silent Spring by Rachel Carson is #16. That book, credited with sparking the environmental movement, was published September 27, 1962, meaning its 50th anniversary is coming up. Rachel Louise Carson (May 27, 1907- April 14, 1964), the marine biologist and naturalist who wrote the book, has since been both credited and blamed for just about everything under the sun. At the very least, we can say that many bird species that would have gone silent are still singing today. That is worth celebrating.
The book is a valuable but difficult read due to the density of technical information with which Carson shored up her arguments. Yet, it caught on in her day and was selected for the Book-of-the-Month Club. President Kennedy considered it a wake-up call, as did so many others, and authorized studies of the effects of chemicals, leading to increased regulation. DDT was found to kill a broad spectrum of insects and then work its way up the food chain. I remember being amazed, back in the 60s, that a bug spray was causing birds to produce thin-shelled eggs, thus threatening the survival of Bald Eagles. DDT was banned in the United States for agricultural use.
Such bans and regulations did not sit well with corporations that produced synthetic pesticides. They attacked Rachel Carson and Silent Spring, which served to give the book publicity. As TIME Magazine reported in 1999, “In their ugly campaign to reduce a brave scientist’s protests to a matter of public relations, the chemical interests had only increased public awareness.” Even now, some people blame Carson for malaria and mosquitoes in general, as if DDT could have wiped out an insect known for developing immunity to insecticides.
“Carson was not arguing for banning all pesticides,” notes John Wargo of Yale University, who spent six months going through 117 boxes of Carson’s personal files. “She was simply arguing against the broad-scale prophylactic application that would lead to widespread contamination and exposure. Her arguments follow a train of logic and a narrative that would be extremely useful today.” (Lauren Peeples in HuffPost Green)
When Rachel was a child, her mother used to take her on walks, awakening her sense of wonder. Carson urged us to continue to foster that appreciation of nature in her book The Sense of Wonder. She closed that book with these words: “The lasting pleasures of contact with the natural world are not reserved for scientists but are available to anyone who will place himself under the influence of earth, sea and sky and their amazing life.” Noticing bird song today is a good place to start. | https://ofthebluepla.net/tag/environmental-movement/ |
Give the equation of two lines passing through (2,-3). How many more such lines are there and why?
Equation of lines passing through the point (2, -3) are:
x + y = -1 ; 2x + y = 1 etc...
Infinite number of lines pass through a given point. This is because for a unique equation of line, we must have 2 conditions. When only 1 condition is given, we can have infinite number of lines. | https://aakashdigitalsrv1.meritnation.com/ask-answer/question/give-the-equation-of-two-lines-passing-through-2-3-how-many/linear-equations-in-two-variables/6585297 |
I run to the wild as I cross the grounds of distractions and prophesies of this world. I embrace all the beauty I see and I walk through my conditioning, erasing myself in bits and pieces.
I always loved erasers as a child, the nice round ones, the ones with animal faces, the ones which smelled nice and the ones which attached themselves at the end of the pencil. How wonderful to write something and then being able to erase it to write something new. How wonderful to be running in the wild and allowing the wild to write something new on you.
Is the run and the runner the same as the wild and wilderness? Is there a commonness in the act of erasing and the act of writing? Is it me who is erasing or is it me who is the writer or are we both the part of the wild? As the run continues, I feel the friendliness of the surrounding and the joyful presence guiding me. The runner starts to merge more with the running. The wild embraces him and he feels at home. The energy starts overflowing and the beauty finds a new expression. The conditioning fades away. It’s the point where I know I am the eraser, the erased, the writer and the write up.
As I flow at this point of togetherness I see myself born again…wild and beautiful. | https://www.medhajournal.com/the-wild-and-the-wilderness/ |
This apartment to rent on Las Floritas Tenerife enjoys pool and sea views from the balcony.
It is comfortably furnished with a corner sofa, dining table and chairs and TV. There is also a DVD and CD player.
The modern kitchen is fully equipped with an oven and a tall fridge/freezer.
There are two bedrooms, one with a double bed and the other with two single beds. The bathroom has a bath with shower overhead.
Pyramids of Guimar
The Pyramids of Guimar are situated in the Chacona area of the town of Guimar, which is 40km south of Santa Cruz. They are terrace structures made from lava stones which are placed together with no mortar. They are clever constructions as the single thing which holds the structure together is the perfect and neat way the stones of different shapes and sizes have been placed together, closely knit with no gaps, making the structure strong.
There is a great deal of controversy over the reason for their existence. Some say that after the Spanish conquest, Spaniards were clearing the land for agriculture and piled the stones they found to make these structures. Others say that they are copied from the Egyptian pyramids. But for me a more likely reason is that they were built by the ancient Guanches. There is a cave under one of the pyramids which is known to have been used by the Guanches. It is 8 metres long and remains have been found there including beads from a necklace, earthenware fragments and fish and goat bones. The Guanches inhabited the island between 680-1020AD. It is also interesting that the town of Guimar, before the Spanish conquest, was home to one of the Kings of Tenerife, thereby making Guimar the capital. One would suppose that the pyramids were used by the Guanches in worship, which would include dancing, singing, wrestling and other sports. | http://www.holidays4u.org/blog/apartment-to-rent-on-las-floritas-tenerife/ |
---
abstract: 'We study the growth of cosmological perturbations in the model of Lorentz-violating massive gravity. The Friedman equation in this model acquires an unconventional term due to the Lorentz-breaking condensates which has the equation of state $w=-1/(3\gamma)$ with $\gamma$ being a free parameter taking values outside of the range $[0,1/3]$. Apart from the standard contributions, the perturbations above the Friedmann background contain an extra piece which is proportional to an arbitrary function $\vartheta(x^i)$ of the space coordinates. This function appears as an integration constant and corresponds to a non-propagating scalar mode which may, however, become dynamical with the account of the higher-derivative corrections. For $-1<\gamma<0$ and $\gamma=1$ the “anomalous” perturbations grow slower than the standard ones and thus the model is compatible with observations. Whether the model is experimentally acceptable at other values of $\gamma$ depends on the value of the function $\vartheta(x^i)$ at the beginning of the radiation-dominated epoch.'
author:
- 'Michael V. Bebronne'
- 'Peter G. Tinyakov'
title: Massive gravity and structure formation
---
Introduction
============
The standard cosmological model is based on the assumption that the gravitational interaction is correctly described by the general relativity (GR) at scales comparable to the horizon size. This model is quite successful in describing the bulk of the cosmological data: the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background radiation, the primordial abundance of light elements and the structure formation in the early Universe. The quantitative agreement between the standard cosmological model and the observations has an ever-growing precision [@Spergel:2006hy]. The question arises to which extent one should consider this agreement as a confirmation of the general relativity itself.
In order to address this question an alternative model is needed whose predictions can be compared to those of GR. Such a model should coincide with GR at scales from $\sim 0.1$ mm to the size of the solar system where GR has been tested directly. Therefore, the modifications of the gravitational interaction should occur in the infrared, at distances much larger than the size of the solar system.
Interestingly, at these distances the predictions of GR actually [*do not agree*]{} with the observations; only after the introduction of the otherwise undetected dark matter and dark energy the agreement is achieved. The necessity for these new components is a major problem of the standard cosmology. Hence, in parallel with the direct searches for the dark components, the alternative models of gravity should be explored which may eventually eliminate the need (or provide alternative candidates) for the dark matter and shed new light on the nature of the dark energy.
It is a challenging problem to modify the gravitational interaction at large distances. An alternative model has to be theoretically consistent, i.e., free from ghosts and instabilities. In addition, it should be in agreement with the existing experimental data and should, ideally, provide testable predictions for the future experiments. It is not obvious that such models exist, so it would be very important to construct an example.
There have been several attempts made in this direction [@Milgrom:1983pn; @Bekenstein:2004ne; @Gregory:2000jc; @Dvali:2000hr; @Carroll:2003wy; @Kogan:2000vb; @Damour:2002ws; @Arkani-Hamed:2003uy; @Rubakov:2004eb]. In this paper we concentrate on the massive gravity model [@Dubovsky:2004sg] which is minimal in the sense that in does not contain new light propagating degrees of freedom as compared to the Einstein gravity. In this model the graviton acquires a mass due to the space-time dependent condensates of the four “Goldstone” scalars $\phi^0(x)$, $\phi^i(x)$. The action of the model reads [@Dubovsky:2004ud] $$\mathcal{S} = \int \textrm{d}^4 x \sqrt{- g} \left[ -
M^2_{Pl} \mathcal{R} + \Lambda^4 \mathcal{F} \left( Z^{ij}
\right) + {\mathcal L}_{\rm matter}\right],
\label{eq:MGaction}$$ where the first term is the standard Einstein-Hilbert action, ${\mathcal L}_{\rm matter}$ stands for the minimally coupled ordinary matter and $\mathcal{F}(Z^{ij})$ is a function of the derivatives of the four scalar fields $\phi^0(x)$, $\phi^i(x)$ which depends on a single argument $Z^{ij}$ constructed as follows: $$\begin{aligned}
\label{XVW}
\nonumber
Z^{ij} &=& X^{\gamma}W^{ij},\\
X &=& \Lambda^{-4} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\mu \phi^0 \partial_\nu \phi^0, \nonumber \\
V^i &=& \Lambda^{-4} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\mu \phi^0 \partial_\nu \phi^i, \nonumber \\
W^{ij} &=& \Lambda^{-4} g^{\mu\nu} \partial_\mu \phi^i \partial_\nu \phi^j
- \frac{V^i V^j}{X} \, .\end{aligned}$$ The constant $\gamma$ is a free parameter. The model possesses meaningful cosmological solutions for $\gamma \geq 1/3$ and $\gamma<0$ [@Dubovsky:2005dw].
The flat space vacuum solution is [^1] $$\phi_0 = \Lambda^2 t, \qquad \phi^i = \Lambda^2 x^i.$$ The ground state is translationally invariant due to the derivative nature of the Goldstone coupling, but the Lorentz symmetry is spontaneously broken. The particular dependence of the action (\[eq:MGaction\]) on the derivatives of the Goldstone fields through a single argument $Z^{ij}$ ensures the non-pathological behavior of the perturbations about the vacuum solution [@Dubovsky:2004sg], namely, the absence of ghosts and rapid instabilities. The tensor metric perturbations are, in general, massive with the mass determined by the first and the second derivatives of the function $\mathcal{F}$. The low-energy spectrum consists of the two propagating tensor modes. The auxiliary scalars do not appear in the spectrum.
An interesting and peculiar feature of this model is that the gravitational interaction between static sources is described by the standard Newton’s law despite the non-zero mass of the graviton[^2]. Due to this feature the model passes the terrestrial and solar system tests even for graviton masses as large as $(10^{15}{\rm cm})^{-1}$. Moreover, it admits the standard Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmological solutions, the only trace of the Goldstone scalars being two contributions to the energy density which behave as a cosmological constant and as matter with the equation of state $w=-(3\gamma)^{-1}$. The massive gravitons may be created in cosmologically significant amount and may play a role of the dark matter [@Dubovsky:2004ud].
Given that the model passes the most obvious constraints one may wonder if it reproduces correctly more subtle parts of modern cosmology, in particular, the theory of structure formation. This is the question which we address in this paper. The answer is not obvious [*a priori*]{} since the vacuum in this model contains the condensates of the Goldstone fields whose perturbations mix with the matter density perturbations.
We find that cosmological perturbations in the model (\[eq:MGaction\]) consist of two parts. The first part behaves identically to the perturbations in GR and is, therefore, compatible with observations. The second, “anomalous” part is proportional to an unknown function $\vartheta(x^i)$ of the space coordinates which arises as an integration constant.
The appearance of this function reflects the existence of the non-dynamical mode with the dispersion relation $\omega^2=0$, much in common with the ghost condensate model [@Arkani-Hamed:2003uy]. In the model (\[eq:MGaction\]) the value of $\vartheta(x^i)$ is determined by the initial conditions. Note, however, that the action (\[eq:MGaction\]) is no more than the low-energy effective action. One should expect the higher-derivative corrections to eq. (\[eq:MGaction\]) to be present. In general, these corrections make $\vartheta(x^i)$ a slowly changing dynamical variable. In this case the initial value of $\vartheta(x^i)$ may be determined by its evolution at the inflationary epoch.
As we show below, the growth of the “anomalous” perturbations depends on the value of $\gamma$. For $-1<\gamma<0$ they grow slower than the standard ones, so that the latter dominate. At $\gamma=1$ the anomalous contributions to perturbations cancel out. Thus, at least in these two cases the perturbations behave in a standard way and the model (\[eq:MGaction\]) is consistent with the structure formation in the Universe. This is the main result of the paper.
For other values of $\gamma$ (in particular, for the cosmologically interesting case $1/3<\gamma<1$ which corresponds to the equation of state of the condensate $-1<w<-1/3$) the anomalous perturbations [*grow*]{} at the radiation-dominated epoch, and may or may not grow [*faster*]{} than the standard perturbations at the matter-dominated stage, depending on the particular value of $\gamma$ (see Sect. \[sec:cosm-pert\] for details). Whether this leads to a contradiction with observations depends on the function $\vartheta(x^i)$ at the beginning of the radiation-dominated era. To address this question one needs to consider the higher-derivative corrections to the action (\[eq:MGaction\]). This will be done elsewhere.
The paper is organized as follows. In Sect. \[sec:frw-solution\] we review the cosmological solutions in massive gravity. In Sect. \[sec:cosm-pert\] we calculate the growth of perturbations in the FRW background. Sect. \[sec:discussion\] contains the summary of the results and their discussion. The details of the calculations are given in the Appendix.
FRW solution {#sec:frw-solution}
============
In the absence of matter the model described by the action (\[eq:MGaction\]) admits the standard FRW solutions [@Dubovsky:2005dw]. The spatially-flat homogeneous and isotropic ansatz [^3] for the metric and Goldstone fields reads $$\begin{aligned}
\label{FRW}
\nonumber
ds^2 &=& a^2 (\eta) \left( d\eta^2 - \delta_{ij} dx^i dx^j\right),\\
\phi^0 &=& \Lambda^2 \phi \left( \eta \right), \qquad \phi^i = \Lambda^2 x^i,
\label{eq:ansatz}\end{aligned}$$ which implies $$Z = \phi'^{2\gamma}/a^{2\gamma+2},
\label{eq:Z=}$$ where $Z = - \delta_{ij} Z^{ij} / 3$ and where prime denotes the derivative with respect to the conformal time $\eta$. Assuming the ordinary matter is homogeneous and isotropic, the equations of motion (the Friedmann equation and the field equation for $\phi^0$) take the form $$\begin{aligned}
\mathcal{H}^2 &=& {a^2 \over 3 M_{\rm Pl}^2}
\left( \rho_m + \rho_\phi + \rho_\Lambda \right),
\label{eq:Friedmann} \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& \partial_0 \left( a^{3-1/\gamma} Z^{1-1/2\gamma} \mathcal{F}_Z \right) ,
\label{eq:field}\end{aligned}$$ where $\mathcal{H}=a'/a$, so that $\mathcal{H}/a$ is the Hubble constant, and $3 \mathcal{F}_Z = \delta^{ij}
d\mathcal{F}/dZ^{ij}$. The matter energy density $\rho_m$ has the standard form, while the two contributions of the Goldstone fields to the energy density read $$\begin{aligned}
\rho_\Lambda = - \Lambda^4 \mathcal{F} / 2, &&
\rho_\phi = - 3 \gamma \Lambda^4 Z \mathcal{F}_Z .\end{aligned}$$ The first of these terms behaves like a cosmological constant, while the second contribution corresponds to matter with the equation of state $w = - 1/( 3 \gamma)$. Thus, the Friedmann equation (\[eq:Friedmann\]) reduces to the standard one, the only trace of the Goldstone field being the energy densities $\rho_\phi$ and $\rho_\Lambda$.
For a given function ${\cal F}$ eq. (\[eq:field\]) determines the dependence of the variable $Z$ on the scale factor. For $\gamma >
1/3$ or $\gamma < 0$ this equation implies $$\begin{aligned}
Z^{1-1/2\gamma} \mathcal{F}_Z \rightarrow 0 &\textrm{as}& a
\rightarrow \infty .\end{aligned}$$ The case of interest (which occurs generically for an algebraic function ${\cal F}$ [@Dubovsky:2005dw]) is when in this limit $Z \to Z_0={\rm const.}$ such that ${\cal F}_Z(Z_0)=0$. In this case the graviton mass remains finite at $a\to\infty$ (see Sect. \[sec:mass-parameters\] for details).
In a special case $\gamma = 1 / 3$ the field equation (\[eq:field\]) implies $Z = \textrm{const}$. Then $\mathcal{F}_Z$ is not driven to zero by the cosmological evolution and $\rho_\phi$ behaves as the cosmological constant. The value of the total cosmological constant $\rho_\phi+\rho_\Lambda$ is determined by the initial conditions.
In what follows we neglect where possible the deviations from the point $Z = Z_0$ (note that in this point $\rho_\phi =0$). We also assume that the value of $\rho_\Lambda$ is of the order of the present-day cosmological constant, and thus its contribution to the Friedmann equation at the epoch of structure formation is negligible.
Cosmological perturbations {#sec:cosm-pert}
==========================
As in the standard analysis of the cosmological perturbations [@Mukhanov:1990me], it is convenient to separate space and time components. The metric perturbations can be parameterized in the following way, $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\delta g_{00} &=& 2 a^2 \varphi,\\% \quad
\delta g_{i0} &=& a^2 (v_i + \partial_i B), \label{metric-pert}\\
\nonumber
\delta g_{ij} &=& a^2 (2 \psi \delta_{ij}
- \partial_i F_j - \partial_j F_i - 2 \partial_i \partial_j E +
h_{ij}),\end{aligned}$$ where the vector perturbations $v_i$ and $F_i$ are transverse, while the tensor perturbation $h_{ij}$ is transverse and traceless. A similar parameterization can be used for the perturbations of the Goldstone fields, $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\delta\phi^0&=&\Lambda^2 \xi^0,\\
\delta \phi^i &=& \Lambda^2( \xi_i + \partial_i \xi), \label{Gold-pert}\end{aligned}$$ where $\xi_i$ is transverse. Finally, the perturbations of the ordinary matter are parameterized in the following way, $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\delta \mathcal{T}_{\mu\nu}^{m} &=& \left( \delta \rho_m + \delta p_m
\right) u_{\mu} u_{\nu} - g_{\mu\nu} \delta
p_m - p_m \delta g_{\mu\nu} \\ && + \left( \rho_m + p_m \right) \left( u_{\nu}
\delta u_{\mu} + u_{\mu} \delta u_{\nu} \right) , \label{energy-tensor-pert}\end{aligned}$$ where $\delta \rho_m$ and $\delta p_m$ are related by the matter equation of state and the perturbations of the velocity $\delta u_\mu$ are expressed in terms of the scalar $\zeta$ and the transverse vector $\zeta_i$ as follows, $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\delta u_i &=& a (\zeta_i + \partial_i \zeta),\\
\delta u_0 &=& a\varphi.\end{aligned}$$ Therefore, in total there is one tensor perturbation $h_{ij}$ consisting of two components, four vectors $v_i$, $F_i$, $\xi_i$ and $\zeta_i$, consisting of two components each, and 9 scalars $\varphi$, $B$, $\psi$, $E$, $\xi^0$, $\xi$, $\zeta$, $\delta p_m$ and $\delta
\rho_m$. One vector and two scalar perturbations are gauge degrees of freedom; they can be eliminated by imposing a gauge condition. As a consequence, there is only three gauge-invariant vector fields $$\begin{aligned}
\label{gauge-vector}
\varpi_i = v_i + F_i', && \sigma_i = \xi_i - F_i ,\end{aligned}$$ and $\zeta_i$, and seven scalar gauge-invariant fields $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi &=& \varphi - a^{-1} \left[ a \left( E^\prime + B \right) \right]', \nonumber \\
\Psi &=& \psi + \mathcal{H} \left( E^\prime + B \right) , \nonumber \\
\Xi &=& \xi - E, \nonumber \\
\mathcal{B} &=& B + E^\prime - \xi^{0} / \phi^{\prime} , \nonumber \\
\delta_\rho &=& \left[ \delta\rho_m
- \rho_m^\prime \left( E^\prime + B \right) \right] / \rho_m, \nonumber \\
\delta_p &=& \left[ \delta p_m - p_m^\prime
\left( E^\prime + B \right) \right] / p_m, \nonumber \\
\delta_\zeta &=& \zeta - \left( E^\prime + B \right) . \label{gauge-scalars}\end{aligned}$$ The tensor perturbation $h_{ij}$ is also gauge invariant.
The tensor perturbations {#sec:tensor-perturbations}
------------------------
The equation for the tensor perturbation is $$\begin{aligned}
\label{021}
h_{ij}'' + 2 \mathcal{H} h_{ij}'
- \partial_i^2 h_{ij} + a^2 m_2^2 h_{ij} &=& 0,\end{aligned}$$ where $m_2$ is the graviton mass which has the scale $m_2
\propto \Lambda^2/M_{\rm Pl}$ and whose precise expression in terms of the function $\mathcal{F}(Z^{ij})$ and its derivatives is given in the Appendix \[sec:mass-parameters\].
This equation is identical to the equation for a free massive scalar field in the FRW background. If the mass of the graviton is larger than the Hubble constant, $m_2 \gg \mathcal{H}/a$, which we assume to be the case in what follows, eq. (\[021\]) describes massive gravitational waves with the amplitude scaling like $h_{ij} \propto
a^{-1}$ and $h_{ij} \propto a^{-3/2}$ in the relativistic and non-relativistic limits, respectively.
The vector perturbations {#sec:vector-perturbations}
------------------------
In the longitudinal gauge the three equations describing vector perturbations are $$\begin{aligned}
\label{025}
&& \partial_j^2 \varpi_i - 2 a^2 \rho_m M_{pl}^{-2} ( 1 + w)
\zeta_i = 0,\\ \label{025a}
&& \varpi_i' + 2 \mathcal{H} \varpi_i - a^2 m_2^2 \sigma_i = 0,
\\ \label{025b}
&& m_2^2 \partial_j^2 \sigma_{i} = 0,\end{aligned}$$ where $w$ is the parameter entering the equation of state of the ordinary matter, $p_m = w\rho_m$.
The first of these equations allows to express $\zeta^i$ in terms of $\varpi_i$, while the third equation gives $\sigma_i = 0$. Therefore, the only non-trivial equation is eq. (\[025a\]). It differs from the conventional one by the term proportional to the graviton mass $m_2^2$ which cancels at $\sigma_i = 0$. Thus, this equation is the conventional one and describes a field with the amplitude decreasing as $\varpi_i
\propto a^{-2}$.
The scalar perturbations {#sec:scalar-perturbations-1}
------------------------
The perturbation $\delta_p$ can be expressed in terms of $\delta_\rho$ by means of the matter equation of state. In the case of the adiabatic perturbations one has $$\delta_p = \dfrac{c_s^2}{w} \delta_\rho ,$$ where $c_s$ is the sound velocity ($c_s^2=w$ for the ideal fluid). The behavior of the remaining six perturbations is governed by the following equations, $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& \Phi - \Psi + a^2 m_2^2 \Xi \, , \label{029} \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& 2 \left( \Psi^\prime + \mathcal{H} \Phi \right) - a^2 \frac{\rho_m}{M_{Pl}^2} \left( 1 + w_\omega \right) \delta_\zeta , \label{030} \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& - 2 \partial_j^2 \Psi + 6 \mathcal{H} \left( \mathcal{H} \Phi + \Psi^\prime \right) + a^2 m_4^2 \left( \partial_j^2 \Xi + 3 \Psi \right) \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + a^2 \frac{\rho_m}{M_{Pl}^2} \delta_\rho - a^2 m_0^2 \left[ \frac{\phi^{\prime\prime}}{\phi^{\prime}} \mathcal{B} + \mathcal{B}^{\prime} + \Phi \right] , \label{031} \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& - 2 \Psi^{\prime\prime} - 2 \Phi \left( \mathcal{H}^2 + 2 \mathcal{H}^\prime \right) + \partial_j^2 \left( \Psi - \Phi \right) \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & - 2 \mathcal{H} \left( 2 \Psi + \Phi \right)^\prime + a^2 \left[ \frac{p_m}{M_{Pl}^2} \delta_p - m_3^2 \partial_j^2 \Xi \right. \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & \left. + m_4^2 \left( \Phi + \frac{\phi^{\prime\prime}}{\phi^{\prime}} \mathcal{B} + \mathcal{B}^{\prime} - \Psi / \gamma \right) \right] , \label{032}\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& \partial_0 \left[ \frac{a^4 m_4^2}{\phi^{\prime}} \left( 3 \gamma \left( \Phi + \mathcal{B}^\prime + \frac{\phi^{\prime\prime}}{\phi^{\prime}} \mathcal{B} \right) \right. \right. \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & \left. \left. - \left( 3 \Psi + \partial_i^2 \Xi \right) \right) \right] , \label{033} \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& m_4^2 \left( \Psi / \gamma - \frac{\phi^{\prime\prime}}{\phi^{\prime}} \mathcal{B} - \mathcal{B}^\prime - \Phi \right) \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + \left( m_3^2 - m_2^2 \right) \partial_j^2 \Xi . \label{034}\end{aligned}$$ Here $m_i$ are the graviton mass parameters defined in the Appendix \[sec:mass-parameters\]. We assume that they are of the order of $\Lambda^2/M_{\rm Pl}$.
This system of equations can be solved as follows. At $m_4^2\neq 0$ eq. (\[034\]) can be used to express $\phi^{\prime\prime} /
\phi^{\prime} \mathcal{B} + \mathcal{B}^\prime + \Phi$. Then eq. (\[033\]) becomes a closed equation for $\Xi$ $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& \partial_i^2 \left[ \Xi' + \left( 3 - \frac{1}{\gamma} \right) \mathcal{H} \Xi \right] .\end{aligned}$$ The solution of this equation which does not grow at spatial infinity reads $$\begin{aligned}
\label{eq:theta=xi}
m_2^2 \, \Xi = - \vartheta \left( x^i \right) \, a^{1/\gamma - 3} ,\end{aligned}$$ where $\vartheta \left( x^i \right)$ is an integration constant depending only on spatial coordinates. Then eqs. (\[030\]), (\[031\]) and (\[034\]) can be used to express $\delta_\zeta$, $\delta_\rho$ and $\mathcal{B}$ in terms of $\Phi$ and $\Psi$ while eq. (\[029\]) reads $$\begin{aligned}
\Phi - \Psi = \vartheta \left( x^i \right) \, a^{1/\gamma - 1}.
\label{eq:036}\end{aligned}$$ With the account of all these relations, the remaining eq. (\[032\]) becomes a closed inhomogeneous equation for $\Psi$,
$$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& \partial_a^2 \Psi + \frac{1}{a} \left( 4 + 3 c_s^2
+ \frac{\mathcal{H}^\prime}{\mathcal{H}^2} \right) \partial_a \Psi
+ \frac{1}{a^2} \left[ \left( 1 + 3 c_s^2 \right)
+ 2 \frac{\mathcal{H}^\prime}{\mathcal{H}^2}
- \frac{c_s^2 \partial_i^2}{\mathcal{H}^2} \right] \Psi \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & - \left[ \frac{\gamma c_s^2 \partial_i^2}{\mathcal{H}^2}
- \left( 3 c_s^2 + \frac{1}{\gamma}
+ 2 \frac{\mathcal{H}^\prime}{\mathcal{H}^2} \right) \right] \vartheta
\, a^{1/\gamma - 3} \label{037} .\end{aligned}$$
Once the solution to this equation is found, the other variables are determined by eqs. (\[eq:036\]), (\[030\]), (\[031\]) and (\[034\]). In particular, one finds $$\begin{aligned}
\delta_\rho &=& \frac{2 M_{pl}^{2}}{\rho_m} \left(
\gamma \partial_i^2 - 3 \mathcal{H}^2 \right)
a^{1/\gamma-3} \vartheta \label{eq:drho/rho=}
\\ &&
- \frac{2 M_{pl}^{2}}{a^2 \rho_m} \left[ 3
\mathcal{H}^2 \left( 1 + a \frac{\partial}{\partial a} \right) -
\partial_i^2 \right] \Psi,
\nonumber\end{aligned}$$ where $\Psi$ is a solution to eq. (\[037\]).
The conventional cosmological perturbations are recovered by setting the graviton masses to zero, $m_i^2=0$. In this case eq. (\[029\]) gives $\Phi-\Psi=0$ which implies $\vartheta(x^i)=0$ (cf. eqs. (\[eq:theta=xi\]) and (\[eq:036\])). Then both eq. (\[037\]) and eq. (\[eq:drho/rho=\]) reduce to the standard equations describing cosmological perturbations in the Einstein theory. Note that the value of $\vartheta$ is determined essentially by the initial conditions. Setting $\vartheta=0$ would eliminate the $\vartheta$-dependent terms in eqs. (\[037\]) and (\[eq:drho/rho=\]) and bring these equations to the conventional form even in the case $m_2^2\neq 0$.
In the case of matter perturbations in a matter-dominated Universe eq. (\[037\]) reduces to the following equation, $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial^2 \Psi}{\partial a^2} + \frac{7}{2 a}
\frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial a}
+ \left( \frac{1}{\gamma} - 1 \right) a^{1/\gamma - 3} \vartheta= 0,
\label{eq:matter-domination}\end{aligned}$$ which differs from the standard case by the presence of the inhomogeneous term proportional to $\vartheta$. The solution to this equation reads $$\begin{aligned}
\label{043}
\Psi = - \frac{2 \gamma}{2 + 3 \gamma} a^{1/\gamma - 1} \vartheta(x^i)
+ a^{-5/2} c_1(x^i)
+ c_2(x^i),\end{aligned}$$ where $c_i(x^i)$ are the integration constants. Substituting this solution into eq. (\[eq:drho/rho=\]) one finds the density contrast $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\delta_\rho
&=& \left( {2 M_{pl}^{2} a \over \rho_0}
\partial_i^2 + 3 \right) \dfrac{c_1(x^i)}{a^{5/2}}
+ 2 \left( {a M_{pl}^{2} \over \rho_0} \partial_i^2 -1\right) c_2(x^i)
\\ && \label{eq:drho/rho-matter} + {6 \gamma \over 2 + 3 \gamma}
a^{1/\gamma - 1} \left( {a \gamma M_{pl}^{2} \over \rho_0}
\partial_i^2 - 1 \right) \vartheta (x^i).\end{aligned}$$ where $\rho_0$ is the energy density of matter at present. The first two terms in this equation are precisely the ones which appear in the standard Einstein theory, the second term describing the linear growth of the perturbations, $\delta_\rho \propto a$. The difference with the conventional case consists in the third term on the r.h.s of eq. (\[eq:drho/rho-matter\]). The perturbations corresponding to this term grow proportionally to $a^{1/\gamma}$. For $\gamma > 1$ or $\gamma < 0$ these “anomalous” perturbations grow slower than the standard ones.
In the radiation epoch the situation is similar. For a relativistic fluid one has $w_m = 1 / 3$, so that eq. (\[037\]) reduces to the following one, $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& \frac{\partial^2 \Psi}{\partial a^2} + \frac{4}{a}
\frac{\partial \Psi}{\partial a} - \frac{M_{pl}^2
\partial_i^2}{\rho_r} \Psi \nonumber \\
& & + \left( \frac{1}{\gamma} - 1 - \frac{a^2 \gamma M_{pl}^2
\partial_i^2}{\rho_r} \right) a^{1/\gamma-3}\vartheta,
\label{eq:psi_radiation}\end{aligned}$$ where $\rho_r$ is the energy density of radiation at present. For the generic value of $\gamma$ the solution to this equation is cumbersome. For simplicity let us concentrate on the modes which are much smaller than the Hubble scale, $k^2 \gg \mathcal{H}^2$. The density contrast calculated according to eq. (\[eq:drho/rho=\]) has the standard oscillating piece and the extra part proportional to $\vartheta$, $$\begin{aligned}
\nonumber
\delta_\rho &\sim& c_1(x^i) \sin y + c_2(x^i) \cos y
+ 2 \gamma \left( \dfrac{\rho_r}{ k^2 M_{pl}^2}
\right)^{(1/\gamma-1)/2}
\\ \label{051}
& & \times
\left[ - y^{1+1/\gamma}+ \int_0^y \textrm{d}x \,
x^{1+1/\gamma} \sin (y-x) \right]
\vartheta ,\\end{aligned}$$ where $y = \eta k / \sqrt{3}$ is proportional to the scale factor, while $c_i(x^i)$ are two integration constants. As one may see from this expression, for $-1\leq \gamma<0$ the $\vartheta$-dependent contribution to the density contrast decays with the scale factor so that only the standard contribution remains. Thus, in this range of $\gamma$ the perturbations behave just as predicted by general relativity in both matter and radiation-dominated epochs.
Another case of interest is $\gamma=1$. This case is special because at $\gamma=1$ the $a$-dependence of the last term in eq. (\[eq:psi\_radiation\]) disappears. In fact, one may show that in this case the dependence on $\vartheta$ cancels out in the density contrast, so that only the standard part of perturbations remains.
At other values of $\gamma$ the $\vartheta$-dependent contributions to perturbations grow in the radiation-dominated Universe.
Discussion {#sec:discussion}
==========
To summarize, in the model of massive gravity described by the action (\[eq:MGaction\]) the cosmological perturbations contain two parts, the “normal” and the “anomalous” one. The first, normal part has the behavior identical to that found in the conventional general relativity. It is therefore in agreement with observations to the same extent as the latter. In particular, the “normal” part of the perturbations can describe successfully at least the linear stage of the structure formation. In fact, the predictions of the general relativity and the model (\[eq:MGaction\]) with only the “normal” perturbations present completely coincide in the linear regime, so that the two models are indistinguishable in this respect.
The second, “anomalous” part of perturbations is specific to the model of massive gravity with the action (\[eq:MGaction\]). These perturbations originate from the condensates of the scalar fields present in the model. This contribution to perturbations depends linearly on the unknown function of space coordinates $\vartheta(x^i)$ which enters as an integration constant. The value of this function cannot be determined within the model (\[eq:MGaction\]) and has to be specified as an initial conditions.
The behavior of the “anomalous” contributions to perturbations at different stages of the evolution of the Universe depends on the value of $\gamma$. At the matter-dominated stage the anomalous perturbations grow not faster than the standard ones for $\gamma\geq 1$ and $\gamma<0$. In the radiation-dominated epoch this occurs at $-1\leq
\gamma<0$ and $\gamma=1$. Thus, at $-1\leq \gamma<0$ and $\gamma=1$ the normal perturbations dominate at both radiation and matter-dominated stages.
The appearance of the time-independent arbitrary function is not surprising. The same function $\vartheta(x^i)$ also enters the expression for the gravitational potential of an isolated massive body [@Dubovsky:2004ud]. Its origin may be traced back to the existence of the scalar mode with the dispersion relation $\omega^2=0$ [@Dubovsky:2004sg]. This mode is not dynamical in the model (\[eq:MGaction\]). However, the action (\[eq:MGaction\]) is the low-energy effective action, so one should expect the corrections containing higher-derivative terms to be present. In general, these corrections make $\vartheta$ a dynamical variable with the dispersion relation $\omega^2=\alpha p^4$, where $\alpha$ is a small coefficient. Therefore, $\vartheta$ becomes a slowly varying function of time. The slow evolution may drive $\vartheta$ to a particular value at the inflationary epoch and thus prepare the initial conditions for the radiation-dominated stage. If this initial value of $\vartheta$ is small, then the growth of the “anomalous” part of perturbations may become irrelevant and corresponding values of $\gamma$ phenomenologically acceptable. This question will be considered elsewhere.
The authors are grateful to S. Dubovsky for valuable discussions and reading of the manuscript. The work of M.B. is supported by the Belgian FRIA, Fond pour la Formation à la Recherche dans l’Industrie et dans l’Agronomie. The work of P.T. is supported by IISN, Belgian Science Policy (under contract IAP V/27).
Appendix {#sec:appendix .unnumbered}
========
In these Appendix we provide some intermediate formulae skipped in the main text. In Appendix \[sec:background\] we calculate the field equations for the standard FRW solution (\[FRW\]). In Appendix \[sec:mass-parameters\] we introduce the mass parameters and the relations between them. In Appendix \[sec:linearized-equations\] we calculate the gauge-invarant linearized field equations.
The background {#sec:background}
==============
For $X$, $V^i$ and $W^{ij}$ given by eq. (\[XVW\]), the following action describes a massive gravitational field $$\begin{aligned}
\label{A01}
\mathcal{S} &=& \int \textrm{d}^4 x \sqrt{- g}
\left[ - M^2_{Pl} \mathcal{R} + \Lambda^4 \mathcal{F}
\left( X , V^i , W^{ij} , \ldots \right) \right] ,\end{aligned}$$ characterized by the ten Einstein equations $\mathcal{G}_{\mu\nu} =
M^{-2}_{pl} \left( \mathcal{T}_{\mu\nu}^m +
\mathcal{T}_{\mu\nu}^\phi \right)$ and four Goldstone equations $$\begin{aligned}
\label{A02}
0 &=& \partial_\beta \left\lbrace \sqrt{- g} g^{\alpha\beta} \left[
\frac{\partial \mathcal{F}}{\partial X} \delta^0_\mu \partial_\alpha
\phi^{0} + \frac{\partial \mathcal{F}}{\partial W^{ij}} \left( \delta^i_\mu
\partial_\alpha \phi^{j} \right. \right. \right. \nonumber \\
& & \left. - \frac{V^{j}}{X} \partial_\alpha \left(
\phi^{0} \delta^i_\mu + \phi^{i} \delta^0_\mu \right)
+ \delta^0_\mu \frac{V^{i} V^{j}}{X^2} \partial_\alpha \phi^{0} \right) \nonumber \\
& & \left. \left. + \frac{1}{2} \frac{\partial \mathcal{F}}{\partial V^{i}}
\partial_\alpha \left( \phi^{0} \delta^i_\mu + \phi^{i} \delta^0_\mu
\right) \right] \right\rbrace .\end{aligned}$$ Here $\mathcal{T}_{\mu\nu}^m$ is the energy-momentum tensor of the ordinary matter which has the standard form (\[energy-tensor-pert\]) while the energy-momentum tensor of the Goldstone field is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\label{A04}
\mathcal{T}_{\mu\nu}^\phi &=& \Lambda^{4} \left\{ - \frac{1}{2}
g_{\mu\nu} \mathcal{F} + \frac{1}{2}
\frac{\partial \mathcal{F}}{\partial V^{i}} \left( \partial_{\mu}
\phi^{i} \partial_{\nu} \phi^{0} + \partial_{\mu} \phi^{0}
\partial_{\nu} \phi^{i} \right) \right. \nonumber \\ & & \left. +
\left[ \partial_{\mu}
\phi^{i} \partial_{\nu} \phi^{j} - \frac{V^j}{X} \left(
\partial_{\mu} \phi^{i} \partial_{\nu} \phi^{0} + \partial_{\mu}
\phi^0 \partial_{\nu} \phi^i \right) \right. \right. \nonumber \\ & &
\left. \left. + \frac{V^i V^j}{X^2} \partial_{\mu} \phi^0
\partial_{\nu} \phi^0 \right] \frac{\partial \mathcal{F}}{\partial W^{ij}} + \frac{\partial \mathcal{F}}{\partial X}
\partial_{\mu} \phi^{0} \partial_{\nu} \phi^{0} \right\} .\end{aligned}$$ For the cosmological solutions given by eq. (\[eq:ansatz\]), $X =
a^{-2} \phi^{\prime2}$, $V^i = 0$ and $W^{ij} = - a^{-2}
\delta^{ij}$. The 14 field equations reduce to the following three relations (prime stands for the derivative with respect to $\eta$), $$\begin{aligned}
3 \mathcal{H}^2 &=& \dfrac{a^2}{M_{pl}^2} \left( \rho_m + \rho_\phi + \rho_\Lambda \right) , \nonumber
\\ 2 \mathcal{H}^\prime + \mathcal{H}^2 &=& - \dfrac{a^2}{M_{pl}^2} \left( p_m + p_\phi + p_\Lambda
\right) , \label{A06} \\ 0 &=& \partial_0 \left( a^3 \mathcal{F}_X
X^{1/2} \right) , \nonumber\end{aligned}$$ which can be solved for any given function $\mathcal{F} \left( a , X
\right)$. The following notations were used $$\begin{aligned}
\label{A07}
\begin{array}{lcl}
\rho_\phi = \Lambda^{4} X \mathcal{F}_X , & & p_\phi =
\Lambda^{4} W \mathcal{F}_W , \\
\rho_\Lambda = - \Lambda^{4} \mathcal{F} / 2 , & & p_\Lambda = \Lambda^{4} \mathcal{F} / 2 .
\end{array}\end{aligned}$$ For the model (\[eq:MGaction\]) characterized by a function ${\cal F}$ depending only on $Z^{ij}$ one has $p_\phi = - \left( 3 \gamma \right)^{-1} \rho_\phi$.
The mass parameters {#sec:mass-parameters}
===================
There are five mass parameters $m_i^2$, $i = 0 \ldots 4$ defined by the following relations $$\begin{aligned}
m_0^2 &=& \frac{\Lambda^{4}}{M^2_{Pl}} \left( X \mathcal{F}_{X} + 2 X^2 \mathcal{F}_{XX} \right) ,
\nonumber \\
m_1^2 &=& \frac{2 \Lambda^{4}}{M^2_{Pl}} \left( - X \mathcal{F}_{X} - W \mathcal{F}_{W} + \frac{1}{2} X W \mathcal{F}_{VV} \right) ,
\nonumber \\
m_2^2 &=& \frac{2 \Lambda^{4}}{M^2_{Pl}} \left( W \mathcal{F}_{W} - 2 W^2 \mathcal{F}_{WW2} \right) ,
\nonumber \\
m_3^2 &=& \frac{\Lambda^{4}}{M^2_{Pl}} \left( W \mathcal{F}_{W} + 2 W^2 \mathcal{F}_{WW1} \right) ,
\nonumber \\
m_4^2 &=& - \frac{\Lambda^{4}}{M^2_{Pl}} \left( X \mathcal{F}_{X} + 2 X W \mathcal{F}_{XW} \right) , \label{A20}\end{aligned}$$ where $W = -1 / 3 \delta_{ij} W^{ij}$ and where the first and second derivatives of the function $\mathcal{F} \left( X , V^i , W^{ij} ,
\ldots \right)$ are denoted as follows $$\begin{aligned}
\frac{\partial \mathcal{F}}{\partial X} &\equiv& \mathcal{F}_{X}, \\
\frac{\partial^2 \mathcal{F}}{\partial X^2} &\equiv& \mathcal{F}_{XX} , \\
\frac{\partial^2 \mathcal{F}}{\partial V^{i}V^{j}} &\equiv& \mathcal{F}_{VV} \delta_{ij}, \\
\frac{\partial \mathcal{F}}{\partial W^{ij}} &\equiv& \mathcal{F}_{W} \delta_{ij} , \\
\frac{\partial^2 \mathcal{F}}{\partial X W^{ij}} &\equiv& \mathcal{F}_{XW} \delta_{ij}, \\
\frac{\partial^2 \mathcal{F}}{\partial W^{ij} W^{kl}} &\equiv& \mathcal{F}_{WW1} \delta_{ij} \delta_{kl} + \mathcal{F}_{WW2} \left( \delta_{ik} \delta_{jl} + \delta_{il} \delta_{jk} \right) .\end{aligned}$$ It is possible to relate the masses $m_0^2$ and $m_4^2$ by using the Goldstone equation for the background. This last gives $$\begin{aligned}
m_0^2 \left( \frac{\phi^{\prime\prime}}{\phi^{\prime}} - \mathcal{H} \right) = 3 \mathcal{H} m_4^2 .\end{aligned}$$
For the model characterized by the function $\mathcal{F} = \mathcal{F}
\left( Z^{ij} \right)$, it is straightforward to show that $$\begin{aligned}
m_0^2 &=& \dfrac{\Lambda^{4}}{\mathcal{M}^2_{pl}} \gamma
[ 3 ( 1 - 2 \gamma ) Z \mathcal{F}_{Z} \\
&& + 6 \gamma Z^2
\left( 3 \mathcal{F}_{ZZ1} + 2 \mathcal{F}_{ZZ2} \right) ] , \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
m_1^2 &=& \frac{2 \Lambda^{4}}{M^2_{pl}} \left( 3 \gamma - 1 \right)
Z \mathcal{F}_{Z} , \nonumber
\\
%\end{eqnarray}
%\begin{eqnarray}
m_2^2 &=& \dfrac{2 \Lambda^{4}}{\mathcal{M}^2_{pl}}
\left( Z \mathcal{F}_{Z} - 2 Z^2 \mathcal{F}_{ZZ2} \right) , \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
m_3^2 &=& \dfrac{\Lambda^{4}}{\mathcal{M}^2_{pl}} \left( Z \mathcal{F}_{Z} + 2 Z^2 \mathcal{F}_{ZZ1} \right) , \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
m_4^2 &=& \dfrac{\Lambda^{4}}{\mathcal{M}^2_{pl}} \gamma \left[ Z \mathcal{F}_{Z} + 2 Z^2 \left( 3 \mathcal{F}_{ZZ1} + 2 \mathcal{F}_{ZZ2} \right) \right] ,\end{aligned}$$ where $$\begin{aligned}
\dfrac{\partial \mathcal{F}}{\partial Z^{ij}} &\equiv& \mathcal{F}_{Z} \delta_{ij}, \\
\dfrac{\partial^2 \mathcal{F}}{\partial Z^{ij} Z^{kl}} &\equiv& \mathcal{F}_{ZZ1} \delta_{ij} \delta_{kl} + \mathcal{F}_{ZZ2} \left( \delta_{ik} \delta_{jl} + \delta_{il} \delta_{jk} \right) .\end{aligned}$$ For this particular case, $- 3 \gamma p_\phi = \rho_\phi$ and the following relations hold $$\begin{aligned}
\left\{ \begin{array}{lcl}
m_0^2 &=& 3 \gamma \left( m_4^2 - m_1^2 / 2 \right) , \\
m_4^2 &=& \gamma \left( 3 m_3^2 - m_2^2 \right) , \\
m_1^2 &=& 2 \left( 3 \gamma - 1 \right) p_\phi .
\end{array} \right.\end{aligned}$$
The linearized equations {#sec:linearized-equations-1}
========================
Small perturbations on the cosmological background can be expressed trough eq. (\[metric-pert\]-\[Gold-pert\]). The tensor field $h_{ij}$ and the vector field $\zeta_i$ are gauge-invariant, while the other two gauge-invariant vector fields and seven gauge-invariant scalar fields are introduced trough eq. (\[gauge-vector\]-\[gauge-scalars\]). With all these definitions, the linearized part of the Einstein tensor is given by $$\begin{aligned}
\delta \mathcal{G}_{00} &=& 2 \partial_i^2 \Psi - 6 \mathcal{H} \psi^\prime \label{A10} , \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\delta \mathcal{G}_{i0} &=& \partial_{i} \left[ 2 \left( \mathcal{H} \varphi + \psi^\prime \right) + \left( 2 \mathcal{H}^{\prime} + \mathcal{H}^2 \right) B \right] + \frac{1}{2} \partial_i^2 \varpi_{i} \nonumber \\
& & + v_i \left( 2 \mathcal{H}^{\prime} + \mathcal{H}^2 \right) \label{A11} , \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\delta \mathcal{G}_{ij} &=& - \delta_{ij} \left[ 2 \left( \varphi + \psi \right) \left( 2 \mathcal{H}^2 + \mathcal{H}^\prime \right) - 2 \mathcal{H} \left( 2 \psi + \varphi \right)^\prime \right. \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & \left. - 2 \psi^{\prime\prime} + \partial_i^2 \left( \Psi - \Phi \right) - 6 \left( \psi + \varphi \right) \left( \mathcal{H}^2 + \mathcal{H}^\prime \right) \right] \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + \partial_i \partial_j \left[ \Psi - \Phi - 2 \left( 2 \mathcal{H}^{\prime} + \mathcal{H}^2 \right) E \right] - \mathcal{H} h_{ij}^{\prime} \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + \frac{1}{2} \left( \partial_i^2 h_{ij} - h_{ij}^{\prime\prime} \right) + \left( 2 \mathcal{H}^{\prime} + \mathcal{H}^2 \right) h_{ij} \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + \mathcal{H} \left( \partial_i \varpi_j + \partial_j \varpi_i \right) + \frac{1}{2} \left( \partial_i \varpi^\prime_j + \partial_j \varpi^\prime_i \right) \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & - \left( \mathcal{H}^2 + 2 \mathcal{H}^\prime \right) \left( \partial_i F_j + \partial_j F_i \right) \label{A12} .\end{aligned}$$ The linearized energy-momentum tensor of the ordinary matter fields is given by eq. (\[energy-tensor-pert\]), while the linearized energy momentum tensor of the Goldstone fields takes the form $$\begin{aligned}
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\delta \mathcal{T}_{00}^{\phi} &=& a^2 M^2_{Pl} \left[ \left( 2 \rho_\phi + 2 \rho_\Lambda - m_0^2 \right) \varphi + m_0^2 \xi^{0\prime} / \phi^{\prime} \right. \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & \left. + \left( \rho_\phi + p_\phi + m_4^2 \right) \left( \partial_i^2 \Xi + 3 \psi \right) \right] \label{A17} , \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\delta \mathcal{T}_{0i}^{\phi} &=& \left[ \frac{\rho_\phi + p_\phi}{M^2_{Pl}} \left( \xi_i + \partial_i \xi \right)^{\prime} + \dfrac{\rho_\phi + \rho_\Lambda}{M^2_{Pl}} \left( v_i + \partial_i B \right) \right. \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & \left. + \frac{m_1^2}{2} \left( v_i + \partial_i \mathcal{B} + \xi_i^{\prime} + \partial_i \Xi^{\prime} \right) \right] a^2 M^2_{Pl} \label{A18} , \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\delta \mathcal{T}_{ij}^{\phi} &=& a^2 M^2_{Pl} \left[ \frac{1}{2} m_2^2 \left( \partial_j \xi_i + \partial_i \xi_j + 2 \partial_i \partial_j \xi \right) \right. \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & - m_3^2 \delta_{ij} \left( 3 \psi + \partial_i^2 \Xi \right) + \delta_{ij} m_4^2 \left( \varphi - \xi^{0\prime} / \phi^{\prime} \right) \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + \left( \frac{1}{2} m_2^2 - \dfrac{p_\phi + p_\Lambda}{M^2_{Pl}} \right) \left( 2 \psi \delta_{ij} - \partial_i F_j - \partial_j F_i \right. \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & \left. \left. - 2 \partial_i \partial_j E + h_{ij} \right) \right] \label{A19} .\end{aligned}$$
These relations allow to write the linearized Einstein field equations for the massive gravitational field. They consist of one tensor equation $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& h_{ij}^{\prime\prime} - \partial_i^2 h_{ij} + 2 \mathcal{H} h_{ij}^{\prime} + a^2 m_2^2 h_{ij} ,\end{aligned}$$ two vector equations $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& \varpi^\prime_i + 2 \mathcal{H} \varpi_i - a^2 m_2^2 \sigma_i ,\end{aligned}$$ $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& a^{-2} \partial_i^2 \varpi_{i} - \left( m_1^2 + 2 \frac{\rho_\phi + p_\phi}{M^2_{Pl}} \right) \left( \varpi_i + \sigma_i^\prime \right) \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & - 2 \frac{\rho_m}{M_{Pl}^2} \left( 1 + \omega_m \right) \zeta_i ,\end{aligned}$$ and four scalar equations $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& - 2 \partial_j^2 \Psi + 6 \mathcal{H} \left( \mathcal{H} \Phi + \Psi^\prime \right) - a^2 m_0^2 \left[ \frac{\phi^{\prime\prime}}{\phi^{\prime}} \mathcal{B} + \mathcal{B}^{\prime} + \Phi \right] \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + a^2 \left( \frac{\rho_\phi + p_\phi}{M_{Pl}^2} + m_4^2 \right) \left( \partial_j^2 \Xi + 3 \Psi \right) + a^2 \frac{\rho_m}{M_{Pl}^2} \delta_\rho \nonumber , \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& 2 \partial_i \left( \Psi^\prime + \mathcal{H} \Phi \right) + a^2 \partial_i \left[ - \frac{m_1^2}{2} \left( \mathcal{B} + \Xi^\prime \right) \right. \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & \left. - \frac{\rho_\phi + p_\phi}{M^2_{Pl}} \Xi^\prime - \frac{\rho_m}{M_{Pl}^2} \left( 1 + w_\omega \right) \delta_\zeta \right] , \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& \partial_i \partial_j \left( \Phi - \Psi + a^2 m_2^2 \Xi \right) , \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& - 2 \Psi^{\prime\prime} - 2 \Phi \left( \mathcal{H}^2 + 2 \mathcal{H}^\prime \right) + \partial_j^2 \left( \Psi - \Phi \right) \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & - 2 \mathcal{H} \left( 2 \Psi + \Phi \right)^\prime + a^2 \frac{p_m}{M_{Pl}^2} \delta_p - a^2 m_3^2 \partial_j^2 \Xi \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + a^2 m_4^2 \left( \Phi + \frac{\phi^{\prime\prime}}{\phi^{\prime}} \mathcal{B} + \mathcal{B}^{\prime} \right) + a^2 \left( m_2^2 - 3 m_3^2 \right) \Psi .\end{aligned}$$ The linearized Goldstone equations give one vector equation $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& a^{-4} \partial_0 \left[ a^4 \left( m_1^2 + 2 \frac{\rho_\phi + p_\phi}{M^2_{Pl}} \right) \left( \varpi_i + \sigma_i^\prime \right) \right] - m_2^2 \partial_j^2 \sigma_i ,\end{aligned}$$ and two scalar equations $$\begin{aligned}
0 &=& \partial_0 \left[ \frac{a^4}{\phi^{\prime}} \left( m_0^2 \left( \frac{\phi^{\prime\prime}}{\phi^{\prime}} \mathcal{B} + \mathcal{B}^\prime + \Phi \right) - m_4^2 \left( 3 \Psi + \partial_i^2 \Xi \right) \right) \right] \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + \frac{a^4}{2 \phi^{\prime}} m_1^2 \partial_i^2 \left( \mathcal{B} + \Xi^\prime \right) , \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
0 &=& \partial_i \partial_0 \left\lbrace a^4 \left[
\left( \frac{m_1^2}{2} + \frac{\rho_\phi}{M_{Pl}^2} \right)
(\mathcal{B} + \Xi') + \frac{ p_\phi}{M^2_{Pl}}
\Xi' \right] \right\rbrace \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & + a^{4} \partial_i \left[ \left( m_3^2 - m_2^2 \right) \partial_j^2 \Xi - \left( m_4^2 + \dfrac{\rho_\phi + p_\phi}{M_{Pl}^2} \right) \Phi \right. \nonumber \\
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
& & \left. + \left( 3 m_3^2 - m_2^2 \right) \Psi - \left( m_4^2 + \frac{\rho_\phi}{M_{Pl}^2} \right) \left( \frac{\phi^{\prime\prime}}{\phi^{\prime}} \mathcal{B} + \mathcal{B}^\prime \right) \right] .\end{aligned}$$
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[^1]: To be precise, the vacuum solution reads $\phi^0=at$, $\phi^i=bx^i$, where $a$ and $b$ are two constants whose value is set by the requirement that the energy-momentum of the scalar fields in the Minkowski space vanishes. We assume in what follows that the function $\mathcal{F}$ is such that $a=b=\Lambda^2$.
[^2]: This feature is obviously a consequence of the breakdown of the Lorentz invariance.
[^3]: This ansatz cannot be directly generalized to the cases of open and closed Universe [@Dubovsky:2004sg]. It is not known whether the model admits cosmological solutions of these types.
| |
Three books, Folktales from Igboland Vol One, Ilu Na Gwa m Gwa m Gwa m Ka Ha Di Nfe, Nke Mbu; and Akuko Ifo Si Nala Igbo, Nke Mbu, authored by Dame May Ikokwu were launched to protect the Igbo language, culture and tradition from extinction. The books were reviewed by a former federal permanent secretary and Pioneer Commissioner for Nigeria to ECOWAS, Adaoha Okuosa in 2014.
The muse was the slide of Igbo culture, traditions and language into extinction.
The author urged Igbo people to speak their language and borrow vocabularies from other cultures and spell them in their Igbo way. She voiced concern that universities have started dropping Igbo because of a lack of teachers while people don’t care about studying Igbo because they feel there will be no jobs for them after graduation.
Early 2021, the United States Agency for States Department (USAID), announced that it has taken a bold step towards saving Igbo and other indigenous Nigerian languages from going into extinction.
The Executive Director, National Institute for Nigerian Languages, Professor Emejulu Obiajulu, in a meeting with a USAID delegation to hand over copies of Igbo Early Grade Reading Materials to the Abia Government, noted with concern that though Igbo language might not die completely, it could be compromised, mutilated and reduced to mere pidgin if no conscious efforts were made to promote the use of the language among the younger Igbo generation.
See also: The #YNaijaEssay: Language preservation and the brick walls
UNESCO has classified Igbo as an endangered language that risks possible extinction by the end of the 21st century. It says that many Igbo speakers are shifting to languages like English because it’s the international language of business, diplomacy, and technology.
Also in 2021, the Vice Chancellor, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Professor Charles Esimone, has urged stakeholders in the South-east to rally support to revive the dying Igbo language.
Esimone decried the trend in the Igbo society where speaking English language has become a status symbol, noting that the trend was harmful to the culture and tradition of the Igbo race.
Prof. Chinyere Stella Okunna of the Mass Communication Department of UNIZIK, advocated reintroduction of Igbo cultural festivals and carnivals in primary and secondary schools, as well as correction of all the anglicised Igbo towns to their proper names.
At the tail end of 2021, Igbo group, Imechi Afo, pledged to continue to work towards the promotion of Igbo language and culture.
In an occasion to announce the intending efforts, Chief Iyke Ezeh said, “all we aim at is to keep our language alive. We noticed that the language is dying and our culture is diminishing.”
If you are a tourist and visited Igbo towns across Southeast Nigeria, you will notice a decline in several aspects of the Igbo culture – assuming you knew more than you now see. The Igbo language is hardly spoken without frequent code-mixing, and there is sometimes preference for pidgin English. It may bring up your BP levels knowing that the Igbo language is the culture’s most important feature, and both cannot exist without the other.
Beliefs, customs, morals, history, values of a society represents it’s culture. The art, myths, stories, folklores, songs are an embodiment of culture. Language is the only tool used to preserve these. If the language goes, all these information goes with it. I mean, it’s already happening. What aspects of the Igbo culture can millennials and Gen Z claim to know and pass on to the next generation?
Ṇ́dị́ Ìgbò – apologies if spelt wrongly – the conversation should be bringing back what has already been lost. There have been calls to use indigenous languages for textbooks on Mathematics, Agriculture, Biology, Literature, etc, so as to preserve the language, but have been thrown out for the most basic political reasons.
We can have Nwanyi Ocha – now a Nigerian by marriage – promote Igbo cultural aspects using her social channels and appreciate her efforts. With over 54,000 followers on Instagram and 190,000 on Facebook, people look out to read her new posts on social media.
Read also: The slow death of Nigeria’s endangered languages
Ijemma Onwuzulike, founded an Igbo API – the first African Language API focused on making the Igbo language accessible to the world. Nkọwa okwu, built on top of the API, is an online, open-source Igbo-English dictionary app and learning platform that allows users to search for words in Igbo and English.
Sugabelly, real name Lotanna Igwe Odunze, invented the Ndebe writing system – a formulaic syllabic writing system for Igbo that looks the same to everyone, but sounds completely different when read by Igbo people of different dialects. Sugabelly, on her blog, says, “it is my contribution to the cultural progress of my people, and an intangible cultural inheritance help our language blossom for posterity.”
Focus please. Let’s preserve the culture first, then eradicate tribalism, and racism in the process. | https://ynaija.com/nwanyi-ocha-and-the-igbo-culture/ |
Telangana High Schools Rationalisation Norms Guidelines
Telangana High Schools Rationalisation Guidelines for Classes VI to X :
Telangana High Schools Rationalisation Guidelines have been released by the school education department on 27.09.2014. The following are norms for rationalization
a) The optimum strength of a class/ section is 40. The maximum strength of a class is 60. The second section of a class shall be formed, if the strength of class exceeds 60. Third
section shall be formed if the strength of the class exceeds 100. Similarly 4th, 5th sections etc., shall be formed, when enrolment in a class exceeds 140 and 180 respectively.
b) In respect of shifting of posts from one school to another school, the committee shall get verified the strength physically in the class, before allotment of posts and teachers to the school against enrolment / additional sections.
c) If the additional sections are functioning in the ZP and Municipal Schools without the approval of the Regional Joint Director of School Education concerned, they should be regulated by obtaining the orders immediately
Additional Sections Required for Parallel English Medium Sections
1. Where there are 2 or more media in a High School, with one medium as English, Teachers cannot refuse to handle English Medium classes when allotted in the Time Table.
2. For counting the teachers for parallel media High School Annexure III is to be followed for main medium enrolment and Annexure IV for English medium enrolment in general. However, for purpose of Language Teachers total enrolment slab of Annexure – III shall be taken into account for arriving at the requirement of teachers. The following example will make the point clear.
Example:If a parallel media High School has two media enrolment as follows:
Telugu Medium enrolment : 200
English Medium enrolment : 76
Total Enrolment : 276
For Telugu Medium enrolment (200) Annexure – III is to be followed for counting posts, Teachers (SAs except English) and for English Medium enrolment (76), Annexure IV is to be followed for additional posts (SA-Maths, SA-Phy. Sci, SA-Bio. Sci and SA-SS) and for counting School Asst. English, other Language Teachers and Specialist Teachers total enrolment of the School (200 + 76= 276) is to be taken in to account against Annexure – III.
3. Though, for the sake of Rationalisation exercise School Assts. (Non-language subjects) are shown separately for English and Telugu Medium, all (8) teachers have to handle subject classes, whether English or Telugu medium according to Time Table prepared
Download G.O Ms.No.6 for more information about Annexure – I, II, III tables. | http://www.telanganateachers.in/telangana-high-schools-rationalisation-norms-guidelines/ |
There are few gifts more precious than the gift of health. There are few rights more fundamental than the right to consistent, high-quality healthcare. It is, indeed, a right on which all other basic human rights depend.
Unfortunately, social inequities most often manifest first and most harmfully at the level of human health. Global disparities in access to basic nutrition, life-saving medications, and effective preventative, diagnostic, and therapeutic tools have for too long served to manifest profound systemic social injustices, the stark and seemingly insuperable divisions between the haves and the have-nots.
Technology, however, is increasingly demonstrating its power to bridge these divides. Thanks to innovation, healthcare providers can now care for patients in some of the most inaccessible regions of the world through mobile technology. Technological innovations are also enabling the world’s poorest populations to address root causes — the core challenges that give rise to health disparities in the first place — such as food insecurity, malnutrition, joblessness, and homelessness.
Money Matters
It is probably no surprise that one of the most significant contributors to global health disparities is the pervasiveness of global economic disparities. According to recent estimates, African countries spend, on average, around $200 per person for healthcare per year. This contrasts with roughly $9,000 in annual per capita healthcare expenditures in the United States.
And yet, when it comes to global health, it appears that the old adage is true: you have to spend money to make money. In other words, the lack of parity in per capita healthcare expenditures has created a self-perpetuating cycle of poverty and low economic productivity.
Poor health leads to economic inefficiency, low wages, and rampant underemployment and unemployment. As the population sickens, GDPs remain stagnant, or even shrink. Communities fail to thrive. And the money, technology, and manpower needed to provide adequate healthcare to impoverished communities continue to come up short.
Digital technologies, however, could be a promising contribution to help stop, or at least to slow, this slide. Increasingly, low-cost digital solutions are being used to track childhood immunizations in some of the world’s poorest and most inaccessible regions.
The digital realm could also underpin an affordable strategy for containing the spread of infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, through so-called “immunity passports.” The UK, for example, is testing a program called Operation Moonshot to conduct widespread immunity testing and to digitally document and track individuals identified as having protective antibodies against the disease.
Additionally, the digital realm supports patient education and disease prevention by facilitating online access to healthcare providers and the most up-to-date medical information.
A Hospital on Your Phone?
While digital technologies are enhancing patients’ access to vital health information and remote care, perhaps the most exciting innovations are in the tools currently under development. Every day, new apps and external devices are being developed to transform our ubiquitous mobile devices into powerful medical screening, monitoring, and diagnostic tools.
For example, images of biopsied tissue can be taken by cellphone and sent securely to pathologists and physicians hundreds or even thousands of miles away. Likewise, with the addition of a small, low-cost Vscan device, healthcare providers in even the most inaccessible and impoverished areas of the world can turn their laptops into medical ultrasound machines.
It is now even possible to receive a quick and highly accurate oral health screening using a smartphone camera. This is not only a cosmetic benefit, but can be a profoundly important preventative and diagnostic tool. Dentists are able to use such examinations to detect oral cancers or to diagnose periodontal disease or tooth infections that can quickly spiral into sepsis or even potentially lethal cardiac complications.
An Increasing Standard of Living
As we’ve seen, global health disparities aren’t only about a lack of technology, money, or healthcare providers in some of the world’s most vulnerable areas. A dearth of sustainable employment also contributes to health inequalities. This lack of high quality work results not only in poor quality of care, but also to food insecurity and unhealthy living conditions.
However, technology is helping to overcome employment barriers around the world. Even in the most highly developed economies, for example, significant economic inequities have been revealed by the COVID pandemic, with Black and Brown communities disproportionately affected by the virus due in part to the higher number of low-wage “essential workers” in these communities.
For some members of these marginalized communities, however, the significant threat of the virus has necessitated a profound economic shift. For instance, while not providing, perhaps, the stability of a traditional job, a “side hustle” allows aspiring entrepreneurs to use the devices they already own to take up freelance work. In essence, with a bit of ingenuity, technology enables freelancers to start their own online businesses with very little overhead.
In developing countries, such opportunities may be even more significant. In fact, recent estimates suggest that 58 million new jobs will be created as a result of technological innovation and that such innovations will be an important catalyst for the growth of the middle class in developing countries.
Importantly, as infrastructure works to catch up with the economic development of these countries, mobile technologies will work to bridge the gap and sustain and advance productivity. In areas where power outages are frequent, for example, portable chargers can provide a reliable and low-cost option to keep workers online, connected, and productive.
The result could be an improved standard of living and higher national and personal incomes that contribute to overall better health and better healthcare.
The Takeaway
Global health inequities are real and all too devastating for those suffering under the weight of them. Technological innovation, however, is a promising solution for what once seemed to be an impossible problem. Thanks to technology, communities around the world are enjoying increasing access to consistent, high-quality, and affordable care, no matter where in the world they may be.
The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the author. | https://thegeopolitics.com/how-technology-is-impacting-global-health/ |
An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still has all of its characteristic properties, such as charge, mass, and chemical properties. Atoms can be formed into molecules or combined with other atoms to form ions or molecules with new or different properties. This PMC MDCAT MCQs on Atomic Structure was written to help you get accustomed to the terminology used by these questions and give you an idea of what to expect when it comes time for you to take the test!
Atomic Structure
An atom is made up of three parts; electrons, protons, and neutrons. Electrons circle around the nucleus, which contains a proton and neutron. The number of protons in an atom determines what element it is. There are also different types of shells that electrons can be in. Shells are divided into s, p, d and f orbitals depending on how tightly they hold onto the electron. Each shell has its own energy level, meaning electrons will jump from lower-energy orbitals to higher-energy orbitals as they need more space. The following topics of atomic structure have been covered in these MCQs.
Concept of orbital’s
The electrons in an atom occupy various orbits or energy levels. The atomic orbitals are classified into two types, s and p. The different types of atomic orbitals are distinguished by their shape, with the s-orbitals being spherical, and the p-orbitals being more dumbbell-shaped. Electrons in atomic orbitals have angular momentum, quantified by a quantum number known as its principal quantum number (n). Electrons with higher n have lower energy levels, while those with lower n have higher ones.
Electronic configuration
The periodic table organizes elements into groups based on their atomic numbers. Elements with lower atomic numbers are found in the left-hand column, while those with higher numbers are found in the right-hand column. In this example, carbon has an atomic number of 6 and is located in the far left column of the periodic table. Hydrogen has an atomic number of 1 and is found directly below helium at 2.
Quantum numbers
The quantum number determines which orbital an electron is found in. For example, the first quantum number describes how far away from the nucleus an electron is, and therefore determines what shape it has. The second quantum number tells us how many electrons are in a shell and how strong their pull is on another electron. Finally, the third quantum number tells us how fast or slow an electron is moving within its orbit.
Shapes of orbital’s
An electron orbital is a region of space in which an electron can be most stable. Electron orbitals are described by their shape, size, and orientation in relation to other orbitals. There are seven types of electron orbitals; s, p, d, f, g, h and i.
MCQs On Atomic Structure
These MCQs are prepared from the PMC Chemistry chapter of Atomic Structure. | https://www.pakiology.com/mdcat/mcqs-on-atomic-structure/ |
Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity through the use of solar cells, i.e., photovoltaic cells, or the use of concentrated solar power(CSP).
Solar energy systems can be either grid-connected or off-grid:
1. Grid-Connected Project
- Utility-scale grid-connected centralized generation feeds large amounts of electricity into the transmission lines. Similar to conventional energy projects utility scale PV (or CPS) projects are typically located far from areas of high population
- Grid-connected distributed generation sources, such as rooftop solar PV, can provide electricity with little impact on land use. They use existing infrastructure to harness solar energy and can be located in urban areas.
2. Off-Grid Electrification Projects
Off-grid electrification projects principally aim to improve electricity access for populations in remote areas that are unlikely to be reached by grid extension within a reasonable time frame. These could be small solar rooftop projects or other small energy projects.
Below are examples of laws and regulations in various jurisdictions along with sample agreements relating to grid-connected centralized and distributed solar power projects, as well as further reading materials and resources.
Policies, Laws and Regulations: Solar Power
Global
Reference: IEA/IRENA Global Renewable Energy Policies and Measures Database - The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) maintains a joint database with the International Energy Agency (IEA) for policies and measures pertaining to renewable energy from around the world. The database is searchable by country and sector.
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Project Documents and Contracts: Solar Power
Solar Roof Top
Chile
Reference: Public Solar Roofs Program, which involves the installation of photovoltaic solar systems on roofs of public buildings. (El Programa Techos Solares Públicos (PTSP) está orientado a instalar sistemas fotovoltaicos en los techos de los edificios públicos). (Spanish)
Reference: Ley para la Generación Distribuida 20571 of 6 September 2014 and Reglamentos
France
Reference: Standard contracts (approved by the Ministry of Energy Transformation and Solidarity - Ministère de Transition écologique et solidaire) related to PV solar projects (Contrats Filière photovoltaïque) published by EDF together with relevant legislation.
Additional Information is available on the website of the Ministry of Energy Transformation and Solidarity Ministère de Transition ecologique et solidaire
India
Reference: Model Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between Government Ministry/Departments and Expert Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) for Development of Grid Connected and Off-Grid Roof-Top Solar Photovoltaic and Small Solar Power Plants of November 2016. Ministry/Department desires to implement grid connected rooftop solar PV projects on the roofs of its buildings/offices as well as ground mounted solar PV systems and desires to engage with PSUs for setting up such solar PV system and supply solar power at a tariff determined through competitive bidding processes. The parties enter into MOU for collaborating and jointly undertaking the identification, technical evaluation and development of potential sites for execution of solar power projects.
Reference: Model Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) between Contractor and Government Organization/ PSU and Government Offices for Design, Manufacture, Supply, Erection, Testing and Commissioning including Warranty, Operation & Maintenance of Grid Connected Roof-Top Solar Photovoltaic and Small Solar Power Plants in RESCO model of November 2016
Reference: Model Engineering, Procurement & Construction (EPC) Agreement Between Contractor and Government organization, PSU and Govt. Offices for Design, Manufacture, Supply, Erection, Testing and Commissioning including Warranty, Operation & Maintenance of Grid Connected and Off-grid Roof-Top Solar Photovoltaic and Small Solar Power Plants in CAPEX model of November 2016.
Reference: Model Tender for implementation of 500 MW Grid Connected Rooftop SPV of May 2016 - Solar Energy Corporation of India Limited invites requests for selection (RfS) of bidders for implementation of 500 MW grid connected roof top solar PV scheme in different states of India under CAPEX and RESCO (Renewable Energy Service Company) model dated 22.4. 2016. In a RESCO model the bidders intend to take a rooftop owned by some other entity on mutually agreed terms and conditions including lease agreement from the roof top owner(s) and enters into the PPA with a rooftop owner/DISCOM /others for supply of solar power by 25 year at a tariff as per RfS from the date of Commissioning of project. Under the “CAPEX Model” the bidder enters into an agreement with the rooftop owner at the quoted project cost as per RfS for the Scope of work not limited to that indicated in the RfS as per mutually agreed terms and conditions. This model also allows energy sale at a tariff as per RfS.
Reference: Model Tender Document for Grid connected Rooftop Solar PV (Posted on 21.10.2015)
Maldives
Bidding Documents for roof top solar PV project on a design, build, finance, operate and transfer (DBFOOT) basis. According to the bidding documents the private partner would design, build, finance own and operate the grid-connected solar PV electric generating facilities situated at the roof top of government owned buildings. The electricity generated would be purchased by a state-owned utility under a long-term Power Purchase Agreement at a fixed tariff. The IPP would lease the property necessary for setting up the electricity generating facilities under a Roof Lease Agreement.
United States
To help streamline the federal on-site renewable power purchase agreement (PPA) process, the Federal Energy Management Program works with agencies and partners to assemble sample documents (request for proposals, PPAs) from completed projects including solar roof projects.
Solar Utility Scale/Ground-Mounted
Argentina
RenovAR, Argentina has been holding public auctions to buy RE under a program called “RenovAR”. The program applies for wind energy, solar energy,biomass and small hydroelectric plants and biogas. It includes a “green trust fund” to provide security and confidence to investors. Cammesa(Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico) has published the relevant laws, and bidding documents (including draft PPAs) on itswebsite.
Bidding documents (in English and Spanish)
Australia
Utility Scale Solar PV, PwC 2017 - Suite of precedent project documents developed by PwC to facilitate the contracting process for small to midscale solar PV facilities. While the detail of the contractual structure will vary from project to project, depending on size, location and parties, these documents encompass the majority of key relationships in the financing and development of a solar facility.
Ethiopia
Reference: Draft Sample Solar PV PPA of May 2015 between small power producer (Seller) and the Ethiopian Electric Utility “EEU” as off-taker relating to a solar PV electric power generation facility. Seller will develop, build, own and operate solar PV electric power generating facility and EEU to purchase the electrical energy produced at the facility in accordance with the terms and conditions of the PPA. 20 year contract. Pricing based on feed-in tariff.
India
National
Reference: Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission - Guidelines for Development of Solar Parks, Government of India Ministry of New & Renewable Energy February, 2016
The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission is a major initiative of the Government of India with active participation from States to promote ecologically sustainable growth while addressing India’s energy security challenge. The solar park is a concentrated zone of development of solar power generation projects and provides developers an area that is well characterized, with proper infrastructure and access to amenities and where the risk of the projects can be minimized. Solar parks are envisaged to be developed following four modes described in the scheme. The Solar Project Developers within the solar park shall enter into PPAs with the Central Utilities, State Utilities, and Discoms, Captive Users/Third parties who are willing to buy power from the developer. The tariff for the sale of power through PPAs could be either based on the tariff determined by the Central Electricity Regulatory commission, the State Electricity Regulatory commission or as determined through bidding process.
Annexure III contains Implementation Agreement between Solar Power Park Developer (SPPD) and Solar Project Developer (SPD)
Annexure VI Lease Deed between the SPPD and the Solar Project Developer
Odisha
The Green Energy Development Corporation of Odisha Limited has published tender documents it has issued on its website. See, for example:
Tender Document: Design Engineering, Procurement, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of 20MW Grid-Connected Crystalline Photo Voltaic Solar Power Plant of April 2014
Revised PPA: Selection of Solar Power Developers for Development of 20MW Grid Connected Solar Photo Voltaic Power Projects in Odisha of April 2016
Malaysia
Reference: Renewable Energy standardized Power purchase agreements for solar PV projects (up to 10 MW, 12 MW and 30 MW) published by the Sustainable Energy Development Authority Malaysia. Based on feed-in tariff system.
Pakistan
Reference: Standard Energy Purchase Agreement of 29 June 2015 relating to a solar powered power generation complex between Seller (private energy company) and Purchaser (Central Power Purchasing Agency (Guarantee) Limited acting on behalf of the former government-owned public utility maintaining power in Pakistan, (Water and Power Development Authority (“WAPDA”) Distribution Companies). Seller to design, engineer, construct, insure, commission, operate and maintain a solar powered electric generation facility on build, own and operate (BOO) basis. Purchaser to purchase all of the net delivered energy generated by the complex and delivered to the interconnection point. 25 year contract.
Reference: Standard Implementation Agreement between Seller and Government of Pakistan of 29 June 2015
Tanzania
Reference: Model PPA for solar projects - Approved by EWURA for solar powered generating plant of total installed capacity more than 10 MW; the Seller and the Purchaser agree to develop the Project under [an Independent Power Producer (IPP)/Public-Private Partnership (PPP)] arrangements and recognize that training citizens of Tanzania in the design, construction, installation, operation, maintenance and management of the Project and maximizing technology transfer are central to the interests of the Purchaser in the Project; 20 years operation phase.
United States
Reference: California, United States. Solar Power Purchase Agreement - California, USA. This is a standard PPA for a 250 MG photovoltaic (PV) power plant developed as part of Southern California Edison’s Request for Proposal for its solar energy program (.pdf in English)
Reference: Oregon, United States Draft Solar Power Purchase Agreement (Photovoltaic Solar Electric Systems) between an Oregon provider and the State of Oregon whereby provider desires to install, maintain and operate the systems on the sites in the licensed areas and desires to sell electrical energy generated by the systems securing sustainable energy resources to support its operations at no greater cost for the energy than it would pay for the electricity otherwise supplied (in English).
Reference: Annotated Solar Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) prepared by Sustainable Power Group (sPower), an independent power producer from the United States.
Reference: US Virgin Islands solar PPA and RFP (in English). PPA and RFP documents for a project whereby the Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority is seeking a maximum of 10 megawatts (MW) of electrical capacity, allocating approximately 5 MW to each of its two generation facilities serving the districts of St. Thomas-St. John and St. Croix.
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Further Reading and Resources: Solar Power
See also Further Reading and Resources Renewable Energy
Solar Roof Top
India
Rooftop Solar in India - Addressing Policy Regulatory and Operational Barriers, Deloitte 2014 – Presentation summarizes the main global models and challenges associated therewith, with some recommendations on how to resolve those challenges in an Indian context.
Harnessing Energy From the Sun, Empowering Rooftop Owners - white paper prepared by IFC for State of Gujarat that analyzes various business
models used around the world and their associated issues and challenges and suggests next steps for a large-scale roll out.
Public Private Partnerships Lessons from Gujarat Solar, Partnerships IQ Handshake publication, IFC 2014
United States
Reference: Solar Power Purchase Agreements - Online information provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
Reference: Solar Power Purchase Agreements: Identifying Risks for Municipalities in Massachusetts [PDF report] prepared by Tufts University. The report explores the perceived risks of 18 municipalities in Massachusetts (MA) throughout the negotiation of Solar PPAs with private sector project developers. It also contains an extensive literature review and analysis of the regulatory structure for PPAs in MA. Findings suggest that municipalities are largely uninhibited by identified risks with PPAs
Solar Utility Scale / Ground-Mounted
Pakistan
Reference: A Solar Developer’s Guide for Pakistan, IFC 2016 - This document is intended as a guide for international developers and solar investors who are considering investing in Pakistan.
India
Reference: Utility Scale Solar Power Plants: A Guide for Developers and Investors [PDF] This guidebook is a best practice manual for utility-scale solar power plants in India. It focuses primarily on ground mounted, fixed tilt projects and also covers solar tracking system technology. Intended to be a practical toolkit, the guidebook includes an annex that covers Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology and highlights aspects of the CSP project development process that differ from the equivalent. It also has annexes on construction, operation and maintenance contract terms.
PPIAF Support Transforms Odisha's Enabling Environment to Tackle Climate Change through 1,000 MW Solar Park, Impact Story, PPIAF 2016.
United States
Reference: Solar Power Purchase Agreements: Identifying Risks for Municipalities in Massachusetts [PDF report] prepared by Tufts University. The report explores the perceived risks of 18 municipalities in Massachusetts (MA) throughout the negotiation of Solar PPAs with private sector project developers. It also contains an extensive literature review and analysis of the regulatory structure for PPAs in MA. Findings suggest that municipalities are largely uninhibited by identified risks with PPAs.
Useful Links
Scaling Solar
Scaling Solar brings together a suite of World Bank Group services under a single engagement aimed at creating viable markets for solar power in each client country. The “one stop shop” program aims to make privately funded grid-connected solar projects operational within two years and at competitive tariffs. | https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/solar-power-energy |
Added: Korinna Balmer - Date: 28.12.2021 22:47 - Views: 48473 - Clicks: 4556
Popular video chat platforms have de flaws that exhaust the human mind and body. But there are easy ways to mitigate their effects. Even as more people are logging onto popular video chat platforms to connect with colleagues, family and friends during the COVID pandemic, Stanford researchers have a warning for you: Those video calls are likely tiring you out.
Professor Jeremy Bailenson examined the psychological consequences of spending hours per day on Zoom and other popular video chat platforms. Image credit: Getty Images. Prompted by the recent boom in videoconferencing, communication Professor Jeremy Bailenson, founding director of the Stanford Virtual Human Interaction Lab VHILexamined the psychological consequences of spending hours per day on these platforms.
Virtual meetings have skyrocketed, with hundreds of millions happening daily, as social distancing protocols have kept people apart physically. In the first peer-reviewed article that systematically deconstructs Zoom fatigue from a psychological perspective, published in the journal Technology, Mind and Behavior on Feb.
Bailenson stressed that his goal is not to vilify any particular videoconferencing platform — he appreciates and uses tools like Zoom regularly — but to highlight how current implementations of videoconferencing technologies are exhausting and to suggest interface changes, many of which are simple to implement. Moreover, he provides suggestions for consumers and organizations on how to leverage the current features on videoconferences to decrease fatigue. Below are four primary reasons why video chats fatigue humans, according to the study.
Both the amount of eye contact we engage in on video chats, as well as the size of faces on screens is unnatural. In a normal meeting, people will variously be looking at the speaker, taking notes or looking elsewhere. But on Zoom calls, everyone is looking at everyone, all the time.
The amount of eye contact is dramatically increased. Solution: Until the platforms change their interface, Bailenson recommends taking Zoom out of the full-screen option and reducing the size of the Zoom window relative to the monitor Just looking to talk first minimize face size, and to use an external keyboard to allow an increase in the personal space bubble between oneself and the grid. Most video platforms show a square of what you look like on camera during a chat. Bailenson cited studies showing that when you see a reflection of yourself, you are more critical of yourself.
Many of us are now seeing ourselves on video chats for many hours every day. Solution: Bailenson recommends that platforms change the default practice of beaming the video to both self and others, when it only needs to be sent to others. In-person and audio phone conversations allow humans to walk around and move.
But with videoconferencing, most cameras have a set field of view, meaning a person has to generally stay in the same spot. Movement is limited in ways that are not natural. For example, an external camera farther away from the screen will allow you to pace and doodle in virtual meetings just like we do in real ones. Bailenson notes that in regular face-to-face interaction, nonverbal communication is quite natural and each of us naturally makes and interprets gestures and nonverbal cues subconsciously. But in video chats, we have to work harder to send and receive als.
If you want to show someone that you are agreeing with them, you have to do an exaggerated nod or put your thumbs up. Gestures could also mean different things in a video meeting context. A sidelong glance to someone during an in-person meeting means something very different than a person on a video chat grid looking off-screen to their child who just walked into their home office. Many organizations — including schools, large companies and government entities — have reached out to Stanford communication researchers to better understand how to create best practices for their particular videoconferencing setup and how to come up with institutional guidelines.
The scale, detailed in a recent, not yet peer-reviewed paper published on the preprint website SSRN, advances research on how to measure fatigue from interpersonal technology, as well as what causes the fatigue. The scale is a item questionnairewhich is freely available, and has been tested now across five separate studies over the past year with over participants. Some sample questions include:. He notes that humans have been here before. If you are interested in measuring your own Zoom fatigue, you can take the survey here and participate in the research project. Joy Leighton, School of Humanities and Sciences: joy.
Six members of the Stanford staff were honored at an outdoor ceremony as the and recipients of the Amy J. Blue Awards, which recognize staff members who are exceptionally dedicated, supportive of colleagues and passionate about their work. Researchers studied how subjective age affects the willingness to help strangers and found that when people perceived themselves as older, they were more willing to help others. A team of scholars led by education Professor Jo Boaler introduces standards for teaching data science to students from kindergarten to high school.
Stanford News is a publication of Stanford University Communications. StanfordCalifornia Menu Search form Search term. Facebook Twitter. By Vignesh Ramachandran Even as more people are logging onto popular video chat platforms to connect with colleagues, family and friends during the COVID pandemic, Stanford researchers have a warning for you: Those video calls are likely tiring you out.
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WHAT IS IT?
Ampicillin is a penicillin derived β-lactam antibiotic that inhibits bacterial peptidoglycan cross-linking (and ultimately inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis). Its mechanism involves:
- Binding penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which synthesize peptidoglycan in the bacterial cell wall.
- Competitively inhibiting transpeptidase cross-linking of the cell wall.
- Activation of autolytic enzymes.
WHEN DO WE USE IT?
Meningitis: if caused by Listeria monocytogenes
Endometriosis under certain circumstances.
WHEN DO WE AVOID USING IT?
Resistance: pathogens that produce penicillinases are resistant to ampicillin because this antibiotic is cleaved by these enzymes.
Known hypersensitivity to penicillin.
HOW IS IT ADMINISTERED?
It can be administered orally, by IV injection/infusion, or by IM injection.
WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS/TOXICITY?
Pseudomembranous colitis is a very important condition that can be caused secondary to ampicillin usage.
Hypersensitivity reactions can be caused by ampicillin
Rashes can be caused by this antibiotic. Most individuals who have infectious mononucleosis develop a rash when treated with ampicillin
ANYTHING ELSE TO KEEP IN MIND?
Pathogens sensitive to ampicillin: those sensitive to penicillin plus Listeria monocytogenes, H. influenza, H. pylori, E. coli, Porteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella, enterococci.
Penicillinase is a type of β-lactamase that cleaves the β-lactam ring.
“-cillin” ending stands for “peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitor
When ampicillin is combined with sulbactam this becomes the medication Unasyn. | https://www.stepwards.com/?page_id=4969 |
What are the two 2 subclasses of material self
Two subclasses of the material self can be distinguished: The bodily self and the extracorporeal (beyond the body) self.
…
It is not the physical entities themselves, however, that comprise the material self..
What is another word for self concept
Synonyms & Near Synonyms for self-concept. self-image, self-perception.
What is another word for self image
In this page you can discover 8 synonyms, antonyms, idiomatic expressions, and related words for self-image, like: self-esteem, self-worth, self-concept, self-perception, self-confidence, body-image, self-identity and emotional-life.
What are two types of self-concept
Self-concept is an individual’s knowledge of who he or she is. According to Carl Rogers, self-concept has three components: self-image, self-esteem, and the ideal self. Self-concept is active, dynamic, and malleable.
How do you develop self concept
Here are a few tips to start you on your way.Focus on the INDIVIDUAL. Treat each youth’s ideas with respect and help them treat others with respect. … Facilitate SELF-PRAISE. … Promote inidvidual RESPONSIBILITY FOR CHOICES. … Help youth set REALISTIC GOALS. … Emphasize the POSITIVE. … Establish a warm, comfortable ENVIRONMENT.
What are the factors that influence self concept
There are various factors that can affect self-concept, these include: age, sexual orientation, gender and religion. The self-concept is also made up of a combination of self-esteem and self-image. Self-esteem refers to a person’s feelings of self-worth or the value that they place on themselves.
What is the difference between I self and me self
This distinction was originally based on the idea that the former (“Me”) corresponds to the self as an object of experience (self as object), while the latter (“I”) reflects the self as a subject of experience (self as subject).
Do you think it’s good or bad to have self-concept differentiation
Specifically, measures of self-concept differentiation have consistently been found to be positively related to depression, negative affectivity, and low self-esteem, whereas self-complexity measure has been shown to buffer against the harmful effects of stress on mental health outcomes such as depression (e.g., …
What are the three elements of self image
Self-image resulting from how an individual sees oneself….The three elements of a person’s self-image are:The way a person perceives or thinks of him/herself.The way a person interprets others’ perceptions (or what he thinks others think) of him/herself.The way a person would like to be (his ideal self).Apr 7, 2020
What are examples of self-concept
Self-concept is how you perceive your behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics. 1 For example, beliefs such as “I am a good friend” or “I am a kind person” are part of an overall self-concept.
What is positive self-concept
Self-concept can be defined as the view one has of herself and her abilities. The development of a positive self-concept at an early age empowers the child to feel competent, try new things, and strive for success. …
What is a self-concept What are the four types of self-concept
Four Types: Actual self-concept – who I am now. Social self-concept – how I am seen by others/ how I would like to be seen by others. Private self-concept – how I am or would like to be to myself. Ideal self-concept – who I would like to be.
What is the role of self concept
Self-concepts represent knowledge structures that consist of beliefs about the self, including one’s attributes, social roles, and goals. … Also, self-concept in organizations could affect on social work behaviors, organization-based role-set in workplace, career satisfaction, and achievement.
What are the different types of self
The self is a complex and core subject in many forms of spirituality. Two types of self are commonly considered—the self that is the ego, also called the learned, superficial self of mind and body, an egoic creation, and the self which is sometimes called the “True Self”, the “Observing Self”, or the “Witness”.
What are the three categories of self
The self is made up of three main parts that, incorporated, allow for the self to maintain its function. The parts of the self include: Self-knowledge, interpersonal self, and the agent self.
What is negative self-concept
By Lloyd J. Thomas, Ph. D. When you have an inaccurate or negative self-concept or when you have no notion of who you really are, you will experience the following feelings and behaviors. …
What is learners self-concept
One’s academic self-concept relates to how well the individual does in school or how well one demonstrates an ability to learn academic content.
What are the components of self-concept
The components of self-concept are identity, body image, self-esteem, and role performance. Personal identity is the sense of what sets a person apart from others. It may include the person’s name, gender, ethnicity, family status, occupation, and roles. | https://fieldofstudyofsociology.com/qa/question-what-are-the-two-categories-of-self-concept.html |
The first step is to type a special command at the Python prompt which tells the interpreter to load some texts for us to explore: from nltk. This says "from NLTK's book module, load all items. After printing a welcome message, it loads the text of several books this will take a few seconds. Here's the command again, together with the output that you will see.
1. Language Processing and Python
Any time we want to find out about these texts, we just have to enter their names at the Python prompt:. Now that we can use the Python interpreter, and have some data to work with, we're ready to get started. There are many ways to examine the context of a text apart from simply reading it. A concordance view shows us every occurrence of a given word, together with some context.
Here we look up the word monstrous in Moby Dick by entering text1 followed by a period, then the term concordance , and then placing "monstrous" in parentheses:. The first time you use a concordance on a particular text, it takes a few extra seconds to build an index so that subsequent searches are fast.
3 Reasons to Learn How to Write a Book
Your Turn: Try searching for other words; to save re-typing, you might be able to use up-arrow, Ctrl-up-arrow or Alt-p to access the previous command and modify the word being searched. You can also try searches on some of the other texts we have included. For example, search Sense and Sensibility for the word affection , using text2.
Search the book of Genesis to find out how long some people lived, using text3. You could look at text4 , the Inaugural Address Corpus , to see examples of English going back to , and search for words like nation , terror , god to see how these words have been used differently over time. We've also included text5 , the NPS Chat Corpus : search this for unconventional words like im , ur , lol. Note that this corpus is uncensored! Once you've spent a little while examining these texts, we hope you have a new sense of the richness and diversity of language.
In the next chapter you will learn how to access a broader range of text, including text in languages other than English. A concordance permits us to see words in context. What other words appear in a similar range of contexts? We can find out by appending the term similar to the name of the text in question, then inserting the relevant word in parentheses:.
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Observe that we get different results for different texts. Austen uses this word quite differently from Melville; for her, monstrous has positive connotations, and sometimes functions as an intensifier like the word very. We have to enclose these words by square brackets as well as parentheses, and separate them with a comma:.
It is one thing to automatically detect that a particular word occurs in a text, and to display some words that appear in the same context. However, we can also determine the location of a word in the text: how many words from the beginning it appears. This positional information can be displayed using a dispersion plot.
Each stripe represents an instance of a word, and each row represents the entire text. You can produce this plot as shown below. You might like to try more words e. Can you predict the dispersion of a word before you view it? As before, take care to get the quotes, commas, brackets and parentheses exactly right. Presidential Inaugural Addresses: This can be used to investigate changes in language use over time. Important: You need to have Python's NumPy and Matplotlib packages installed in order to produce the graphical plots used in this book. Now, just for fun, let's try generating some random text in the various styles we have just seen.
To do this, we type the name of the text followed by the term generate. We need to include the parentheses, but there's nothing that goes between them. The generate method is not available in NLTK 3. The most obvious fact about texts that emerges from the preceding examples is that they differ in the vocabulary they use. In this section we will see how to use the computer to count the words in a text in a variety of useful ways. As before, you will jump right in and experiment with the Python interpreter, even though you may not have studied Python systematically yet.
Test your understanding by modifying the examples, and trying the exercises at the end of the chapter. Let's begin by finding out the length of a text from start to finish, in terms of the words and punctuation symbols that appear. We use the term len to get the length of something, which we'll apply here to the book of Genesis:.
So Genesis has 44, words and punctuation symbols, or "tokens. When we count the number of tokens in a text, say, the phrase to be or not to be , we are counting occurrences of these sequences.
Thus, in our example phrase there are two occurrences of to , two of be , and one each of or and not. But there are only four distinct vocabulary items in this phrase. How many distinct words does the book of Genesis contain? To work this out in Python, we have to pose the question slightly differently.
The vocabulary of a text is just the set of tokens that it uses, since in a set, all duplicates are collapsed together. In Python we can obtain the vocabulary items of text3 with the command: set text3. When you do this, many screens of words will fly past.
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- 1. Language Processing and Python!
Now try the following:. By wrapping sorted around the Python expression set text3 , we obtain a sorted list of vocabulary items, beginning with various punctuation symbols and continuing with words starting with A. All capitalized words precede lowercase words.
We discover the size of the vocabulary indirectly, by asking for the number of items in the set, and again we can use len to obtain this number. Although it has 44, tokens, this book has only 2, distinct words, or "word types. Our count of 2, items will include punctuation symbols, so we will generally call these unique items types instead of word types.
Now, let's calculate a measure of the lexical richness of the text. Next, let's focus on particular words. We can count how often a word occurs in a text, and compute what percentage of the text is taken up by a specific word:. Your Turn: How many times does the word lol appear in text5? How much is this as a percentage of the total number of words in this text? You may want to repeat such calculations on several texts, but it is tedious to keep retyping the formula. Now you only have to type a short name instead of one or more complete lines of Python code, and you can re-use it as often as you like.
The block of code that does a task for us is called a function , and we define a short name for our function with the keyword def. It is up to you to do the indentation, by typing four spaces or hitting the tab key.
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To finish the indented block just enter a blank line. This parameter is a "placeholder" for the actual text whose lexical diversity we want to compute, and reoccurs in the block of code that will run when the function is used. Similarly, percentage is defined to take two parameters, named count and total. The data value that we place in the parentheses when we call a function is an argument to the function. You have already encountered several functions in this chapter, such as len , set , and sorted.
By convention, we will always add an empty pair of parentheses after a function name, as in len , just to make clear that what we are talking about is a function rather than some other kind of Python expression. Functions are an important concept in programming, and we only mention them at the outset to give newcomers a sense of the power and creativity of programming. Don't worry if you find it a bit confusing right now. | https://withsretili.tk/how-business-gets-done-getting.php |
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