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Climate change and habitat conversion favour the same species.
Land-use change and climate change are driving a global biodiversity crisis. Yet, how species' responses to climate change are correlated with their responses to land-use change is poorly understood. Here, we assess the linkages between climate and land-use change on birds in Neotropical forest and agriculture. Across > 300 species, we show that affiliation with drier climates is associated with an ability to persist in and colonise agriculture. Further, species shift their habitat use along a precipitation gradient: species prefer forest in drier regions, but use agriculture more in wetter zones. Finally, forest-dependent species that avoid agriculture are most likely to experience decreases in habitable range size if current drying trends in the Neotropics continue as predicted. This linkage suggests a synergy between the primary drivers of biodiversity loss. Because they favour the same species, climate and land-use change will likely homogenise biodiversity more severely than otherwise anticipated.
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Vintage Carico Lake Turquoise Cuff
Oxidized Sterling Silver and Carico Lake Turquoise Cuff By Russel Toledo. This cuff features 7 sterling silver bezel Carico Lake Turquoise cabochons with silver dot beads in between. This cuff measures 3 inches with a 1 inch opening and is a cuff size 5.5.
Vintage Native American Jewelry
Vintage Native American jewelry typically features traditional styles, a dark silver patina and often, rare types of turquoise from mines which are now depleted. Our vintage jewelry usually ranges from the 1930s to 1970s and the artists are often unknown because prior to the 1960s, artists rarely signed their jewelry. Most of our vintage jewelry is acquired from private collections and we feel honored to pass on these treasured pieces to new owners. We recommend leaving the patina on old jewelry, as polishing can diminish the value. When you collect vintage jewelry, you own a small piece of history. | https://www.maloufontheplaza.com/shop/jewelry/native-american-artists/vintage/vintage-carico-lake-turquoise-cuff/ |
It is my mission to not cook two dinners, one for us and one for the toddler. I just don't want to fall into that pattern. I want him to eat what we eat.
But at the same time, I want to keep things interesting for the adults at the table.
One way I do this is to make extras to go with the dinner, usually in the form of a sauce or a salsa or a relish or condiment of some sort that can be used to zip up the protein on the plate.
We put some on the side for Ben and, if he likes it, he eats it. If he doesn't, he skips it and sticks to the basics.
So far any sort of sauce that he can dip his food into has been a big hit.
Maybe it is the sauce. Maybe it is just the act of dipping that makes it more fun. Whatever it is, the kid is eating it up.
Even the tangiest of sauces have not been refused. And let me tell you, sometimes I push the limits with him.
Recently I decided on a grilled flank steak recipe that marinated for a full 24 hours in a citrusy marinade with garlic and cilantro that was spiked with a bit of tequila. No worries, the booze cooks off in the grilling process.
I made with that a saucy, relishy thing from a mix of four herbs that was loaded with yellow pepper, red onion and garlic, then made extra tangy with red wine vinegar.
How did it go over with the tiny taste buds? The boy dipped and dipped and dipped.
Meat went into the sauce. Beans went into the sauce, avocado went into the sauce.
And what was meant to be a way to dress the meal up for the adults has become a fun challenge for me, trying to come up with new and different combinations to keep him happily dipping.
Flank steak benefits from a long marinade in a citrusy blend than includes garlic and cilantro. I spiked mine with tequila, but that is optional. JILL L. REED, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Lemon, lime and cilantro go into a marinade for flank steak. The meat will soak up the bright flavors overnight before going on the grill for 8-12 minutes, depending on size and how you like your meat. JILL L. REED, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
A herb and yellow pepper relish gets a little unexpected flavor from fresh mint. The other herbs in the relish are oregano, Italian parsley and cilantro. JILL L. REED, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
A saucy relish is made from a four-herb blend, red onion, a yellow pepper and some spices and vinegar. It comes together quickly in a food processor or mini processor. The tangy sauce is good on grilled beef, but would work on a hearty fish or grilled vegetables or as a spread for a sandwich. JILL L. REED, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Bright colors and bright flavors come through in a tangy herb and yellow pepper relish that is great served with grilled flank steak. JILL L. REED, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Flank steak cooks quickly on the grill. It can be done in about 8-12 minutes depending on the doneness you like. It should then rest for 5-10 minutes. JILL L. REED, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Cutting flank steak on the bias, or diagonal, in thin strips gives the best results for serving. JILL L. REED, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
Strips of grilled cilantro-lime flank steak are dressed up with a tangy relish of four herbs, yellow pepper, onion and vinegar and spices. The relish adds a nice acid to the meat. JILL L. REED, THE ORANGE COUNTY REGISTER
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Gua Sha is an ancient Chinese therapy originating from Traditional Chinese Medicine in which lubricated skin is scraped or rubbed with the edge of a smooth, hard tool to improve skin and health conditions. The tradition and the tools of Gua Sha have been passed down through families for centuries, and only recently have cultures outside of Asia become familiar with its therapeutic benefits.
Living Libations is honored to offer a cool Quartz Gua Sha stone that offers the right curves to fit all face and body shapes. You can vivify your visage, beautify your body, and tend to tightness by scraping the Gua Sha stone over freshly washed skin lubricated with a generous squeeze of a Libations serum for great glide.
Each stone is parceled in a muslin bag for carrying and storing the Gua Sha tool. | https://welwythn.com/products/living-libations-quartz-crystal-gua-sha-scalloped |
The European Citizens Initiative (ECI) constitutes the Unions first genuine instrument of direct democracy. The first experiences with regard to its deployment have however proved disappointing, criticism of the instrument is mounting, and suggestions for reform abound. This raises the question whether the ECI holds any genuine potential to enhance the legitimacy of the EU - or whether it should at least in this regard be considered an ineffective, misguided experiment instead. The current paper provides a response by triangulating three types of data: legal insight and argument, empirical information with regard to the functioning of the instrument in the first five years of its operation, and a rational assessment of the procedure, now and in the future. This allows for a comprehensive reflection on the impact the ECI has had, and what impact it may yet have in the long or medium term, on the overall legitimacy of the EU. | https://repository.uantwerpen.be/link/irua/156183 |
is proceeding smoothly, said Mr.
At launch, the OCO-2 satellite weighed approximately 990 pounds (450
kilograms). The observatory has single-axis articulated arrays and
three-axis attitude control to ensure high precision in positioning. It
will operate in a 435-mile (700-kilometer) altitude, near-polar orbit
with five other satellites as part of the Afternoon (A-Train)
Constellation. This international fleet of Earth-observing satellites
circle the globe once every 98 minutes in a sun-synchronous orbit that
crosses the equator near
OCO-2 is the 151st satellite Orbital has built and delivered to commercial, civil government and national security customers over the past 32 years. Orbital-built satellites have now amassed approximately 1,100 years of in-orbit experience, a number that will continue to grow as the company is scheduled to deploy up to nine spacecraft in 2014 for commercial communications, space station logistics, scientific research and national security missions.
About Orbital
Orbital develops and manufactures small- and medium-class rockets and
space systems for commercial, military and civil government customers.
The company s primary products are satellites and launch vehicles,
including low-Earth orbit, geosynchronous-Earth orbit and planetary
exploration spacecraft for communications, remote sensing, scientific
and defense missions; human-rated space systems for Earth-orbit, lunar
and other missions; ground- and air-launched rockets that deliver
satellites into orbit; and missile defense systems that are used as
interceptor and target vehicles. Orbital also provides satellite
subsystems and space-related technical services to
Source: | https://news.northropgrumman.com/news/releases/orbital-built-oco-2-satellite-successfully-launched |
The name Lackner is synonymous with Montana high school basketball, so it only makes sense that Teia Lackner plays basketball.
After all, she is 5 feet, 9 inches tall. She is also the daughter of legendary Big Sandy basketball coach Roy Lackner.
Those two attribute alone didn't get the Valier Panther selected as this week's Great Falls Tribune Female Athlete of the Week. She had to work quite a bit to reach that plateau.
"Betweem her freshman and sophomore years, she spent a lot of time both in the gym and in the driveway, working of her shot with brother Trevor," Valier head girls' coach Michelle Beck – also daughter to the aforementioned Roy Lackner – told the Tribune this week. "She looks up a lot to Trevor, and she can take Dad on one-on-one."
Teia Lackner, a junior classman, scored 20 points in a win over Augusta last week and has become a major cog in Beck offensive wheel.
"She can play anywhere on the floor," Beck said. "Her ability to handle the rock and to also hit from long distance are big assets, plus she has great moves at post.
"We can use her at post, on the wing, even at the point, but for our situation, I need her to play both inside and outside."
Teia is an honor roll student, serves on the Valier Student Council, participates in track, and is a member of FCCLA (Family, Career and Community Leaders of America). Beck says it's a lot like the old FHA (Future Homemakers of America).
Also earning nominations with Teia were Malta's Erica Smith and Mariah Dietrich of Harlowton.
All Athlete of the Week nominees will be honored at the third annual Tribune Northcentral Montana Sports Awards Banquet at the Best Western Plus Heritage Inn on Monday, May 21, sponsored by Benefis Health System. | |
In 1753, the British Museum was established and the Old Royal Library collection of manuscripts was donated to it for public viewing. In 1777, a proposal to the British government was put forward by MP John Wilkes to buy the art collection of the then late Sir Robert Walpole who had amassed one of the greatest such collections in Europe, and house it in a specially built wing of the British Museum for public viewing. After much debate, the idea was eventually abandoned due to the great expense, and twenty years later, the collection was bought by Tsaritsa Catherine the Great of Russia and housed in the State Hermitage Museum in Saint Petersburg.
Works on paper, such as drawings, pastels, watercolors, prints, and photographs are typically not permanently displayed for conservation reasons. Instead, public access to these materials is provided by a dedicated print room located within the museum. Murals generally remain where they have been painted, although many have been removed to galleries. Various forms of 20th-century art, such as land art and performance art, also usually exist outside a gallery. Photographic records of these kinds of art are often shown in galleries, however. Most museum and large art galleries own more works than they have room to display. The rest are held in reserve collections, on or off-site.
Since the 1970s, a number of political theorists and social commentators have pointed to the political implications of art museums and social relations. Pierre Bourdieu, for instance, argued that in spite the apparent freedom of choice in the arts, people's artistic preferences (such as classical music, rock, traditional music) strongly tie in with their social position. So called cultural capital is a major factor in social mobility (for example, getting a higher-paid, higher-status job). The argument states that certain art museums are aimed at perpetuating aristocratic and upper class ideals of taste and excludes segments of society without the social opportunities to develop such interest. The fine arts thus perpetuate social inequality by creating divisions between different social groups. This argument also ties in with the Marxist theory of mystification and elite culture.
A limited number of such sites have independent importance in the art world. The large auction houses, such as Sotheby's, Bonhams, and Christie's, maintain large online databases of art which they have auctioned or are auctioning. Bridgeman Art Library serves as a central source of reproductions of artwork, with access limited to museums, art dealers, and other professionals or professional organizations. | http://kingstonlaserworlds2015.com/art-museum.html |
Soumissions de parties
Grasslands occupy about half of the emerged ice free world, make up approximately 70 percent of the worldís agricultural area (FAO, 2005) and represent a major terrestrial carbon carbon (C) stock which can be increased by appropriate management. The global technical mitigation potential by 2030 for grazing land management estimated by IPCC (2007) is high. Low cost mitigation options based on enhancing carbon sequestration in grasslands are available. These practices generate additional important co-benefits in the form of food security, biodiversity and water conservation, and improved resilience and thus adaptation to climate change. There are important methodological issues to be addressed (carbon monitoring, permanence, leakage) but increasing experience with LULUCF carbon monitoring and projections will provide valuable insight for resolving these. There are compelling reasons to consider grasslands as part of a holistic approach (all gases, all sources and sinks) to land use and land use change in the context of deliberations at COP15 in Copenhagen and beyond.
This submission highlights ways in which the potential of agricultural mitigation in general, and from smallholder agriculture in particular, may be realized under a future global climate change agreement. It addresses quantifying mitigation and dealing with uncertainty issues associated with soil carbon sequestration, enabling institutional and policy environments required to link carbon finance to mitigation from smallholder agricultural sector and modalities/mechanisms needed to effectively link carbon finance to agricultural sources of mitigation, including financing options for agriculture, including smallholder agriculture. The focus of the submission is on soil carbon sequestration in view of its high mitigation potential, relevance to smallholders, and its current exclusion from the CDM.
The Collaborative Partnership on Forests Submission of Views on the fulfilment of the Bali Action Plan and the components of the agreed outcome to be adopted by the Conference of Parties at its fifteenth session (AWG-LCA) 1. At its fourth session, the AWG-LCA invited Parties to submit to the UNFCCC Secretariat, by 6 February 2009, their views on the fulfilment of the Bali Action Plan and the components of the agreed outcome to be adopted by the Conference of Parties at its fifteenth session. (FCCC/AWGLCA/2008/L.10 paragraph 2(a) and FCCC/AWGLCA/2008/8 paragraph 25).
A proposal by the Collaborative Partnership on Forests for a coordinated forest-sector response to climate change The CPF is a voluntary arrangement of 14 major forest-related international organizations, institutions and secretariats created in response to a resolution by the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations. They all have substantial programmes on forests and they work together to support the implementation of internationally agreed actions and sustainable forest management, for the benefit of people and the environment.
FAO has a mandate to raise levels of nutrition, improve agricultural productivity, better the lives of rural populations and contribute to the growth of the world economy. The FAO has pledged to carry out the following activities towards the objectives of the Nairobi work programme. | http://www.fao.org/climate-change/resources/submissions/fr/?page=9&ipp=5&no_cache=1&tx_dynalist_pi1%5Bpar%5D=YToxOntzOjE6IkwiO3M6MToiMSI7fQ== |
Bake meatloaf on a rimmed baking sheet lined with parchment paper or aluminum foil sprayed with cooking spray to collect moisture and excess fat. This also allows the sides to brown as well as the top.
Can you use parchment paper to line meatloaf pan?
Line a loaf pan with parchment paper, making sure the parchment paper hangs off on the sides for easy removal after baking. If you don’t have a loaf pan, use a baking sheet lined with parchment paper.
How do you keep meatloaf from sticking to the pan?
Here’s a tasty way to keep meatloaf from sticking to the pan. Line your pan with a couple strips of bacon before putting the meatloaf in the pan. It’s not cheap, but it sure tastes good.
How do you use parchment paper in a loaf pan?
Smooth out any bubbles or creases. For a loaf pan, you’ll need a piece of parchment that’s the length of the loaf pan and about three times its width. Spray or oil the pan, then press in the parchment paper so that there’s overhang on the two long sides. Be sure to spray or oil the bare sides, as well.
Is it safe to cook meat on parchment paper?
The answer is yes. Parchment paper is safe to use for baking and cooking. The silicone contained in parchment paper makes the paper oil resistance, moist, and heat resistant. … Steaming food is also great with parchment paper.
Which side goes up on parchment paper?
There is no right or wrong side to parchment paper, so either side can be used. For the best baking results, use a fresh sheet of parchment paper for each pan of cookies.
Should I cover my meatloaf with aluminum foil?
Cover a single large meatloaf with a piece of aluminum foil during cooking to keep it moist, but uncover it for the last 15 minutes of baking. “Meatloaf is highly suited to being either frozen raw for cooking later or cooked and frozen to reheat.” Preheat oven to 350 degrees F. Lightly grease a 9-by-5-inch loaf pan.
Do you need to grease the pan for meatloaf?
Lightly grease two 8 x 4 loaf pans. Place ground beef in a large mixing bowl and make a well shape in the center. Place finely chopped and grated vegetables on top of the meat, keeping the well in the center. … Press meat mixture into prepared loaf pans.
What happens if you put too many eggs in meatloaf?
A-Meatloaves most often crumble when they contain too many bread crumbs or too few eggs or when they have not cooled partially in the fat-filled loaf pan in which they were baked.
Do you saute onions before putting them in meatloaf?
A wide array of vegetables can be used, including onions, carrots, celery, green peppers, red peppers, and summer squash. One tip is to sauté them in butter or olive oil before adding them to the meatloaf. This will ensure they release more of their moisture into the meatloaf.
Will parchment paper burn in the oven?
Wax paper is not heat-resistant the way parchment paper is, so it will most definitely melt when exposed to prolonged, high heat (key word here, folks: wax) and the paper can easily catch fire. Oven-safe parchment paper may darken a bit in the oven, but it won’t catch fire.
Can I use aluminum foil instead of parchment paper?
Aluminum foil is a viable substitute for parchment paper too, but again, depends on your intended usage. Foil is basically a very thin piece of aluminum. … However, unlike parchment paper and wax paper, foil doesn’t have anything that makes it nonstick.
Can I use wax paper instead of parchment paper?
Wax paper features a thin, waxy coating on each side that makes it both nonstick and moisture-resistant (though it tends to absorb more water than parchment). It’s a great substitute for parchment if you’re looking to save money, as parchment paper usually ends up costing twice as much.
Why did my parchment paper burn?
the walls of the oven absorb/reflect some of that heat and get WAY hotter than the air, which is a bad conductor and heats slowly. 220c is just around the auto ignition point of regular paper, and probably close to that of baking parchment.
Is it better to bake on foil or parchment paper?
Just think of this simple rule: “Sweet treat, parchment sheet. Grill or broil, go with foil,” Brown says. Parchment is preferable for baked goods and delicate dishes, while foil is best for cooking that involves high heat (broiling and grilling).
Does parchment paper need to be greased?
You do not need to put any grease or oil on the parchment paper. Cookies will slide off the paper if you pick them up with a spatula and a cake will come out of the pan easily. Parchment paper can be used for several batches of the same recipe being baked on the same cookie/baking sheet in a few batches. | https://portlandpoutine.com/helpful/can-you-use-parchment-paper-when-cooking-meatloaf.html |
Humphrey, N.F., 1987, Basal hydrology of a surge-type glacier; observations and theory relating to Variegated Glacier: University of Washington, Seattle, Ph.D. dissertation, 206 p.
Discharges of water, suspended sediment, and solutes were measured in the outlet streams of Variegated Glacier. The data interval spans 1980 to 1984 and includes the major surge of 1982-1983. The data have been used to infer basal-water velocity distributions. During the early melt seasons, before the surge, the upper half of the glacier was underlain by a zone of low velocity (<0.3 m/s) and water flowed through the lower half at high velocity (>1 m/s). During surge motion, water flowed beneath the surging zone at low velocity (<0.1 m/s) and at high water velocity beneath parts unaffected by the surge. The high water velocities are consistent with flow through tunnels, while the low velocities are compatible with flow through a linked-cavity system. Estimates of basal erosion, based on suspended sediment discharge, indicate a relationship between basal sliding velocity and erosion rate corresponding to slightly less than 10-4 meters of erosion per meter of basal sliding. Total erosion during a complete surge cycle is on the order of 0.25 meters of bedrock. A fully coupled hydraulic and mechanical theory of linked-cavity systems is developed for a simple stepped-bed geometry, and used to investigate the propagation of coupled waves in basal water pressure and in glacier sliding. In steady-state conditions with longitudinally uniform ice flow, the model assumptions lead to a constant water pressure that depends only on bed geometry. With longitudinal variations in ice flow, coupling between water pressure and longitudinal stress in the ice, allows the existence of stationary waves of water pressure and other variables, in which local water pressure, cavity size, water flux and sliding velocity are not related in any simple way. The linked-cavity system supports the propagation of two kinds of down-glacier moving waves in both the basal water flow and coupled ice flow; a kinematic water wave and a generally slower longitudinal stress coupling wave caused by interference of the pressure gradients in the basal water and induced pressure gradients due to longitudinal stress gradients in the ice flow. The longitudinal coupling associated with the waves complicates the interpretation of local sliding velocity and water pressure measurements in boreholes. | https://dggs.alaska.gov/pubs/id/28051 |
Polyathia Longifolia, Ashok Tree – Plant
Saraca Indica commonly known as Ashoka tree or Sorrow-less Tree is one of the most exotic flowering trees of the Indian subcontinent.
₹400.00
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Description
Basic care
Ashoka trees are fairly easy to grow.The only fuss about them is watering. They should be watered very carefully depending on the type of soil.
Lighting
The tree flourishes under direct sunlight. It has no qualms with the hot overhead sun. The optimum temperature is 20-35 degrees Celsius.
Watering
The gardener should water the plants very carefully considering the soil type and the extent to which it can drain itself. Generally, the trees need lots of water during the summer and moderate amounts of water during winter.
Watering should be scheduled so that the top of the soil is moist. The soil should be allowed to dry between watering sessions.
Soil
The plant grows well in soil with good drainage capacity.
Size
The height of the plant varies from3-40 feet.
Pruning
To prune the plants properly, the gardener should know about the minimum height and width of the plant. The plant can be pruned all year round but preferably when they are dormant.
Pruning of the Ashoka tree involvesremoving the damaged leaves, dead branches, and dead leaves.
Flowering
The Ashoka tree bears startling yellow and orange coloured flowers mainly in January and February. The flowers appear in clusters which cling close to every branch or twig. The clusters consist of various small, long-tubed flowers which open up into four lobes.
Reviews
There are no reviews yet. | https://greennurtures.com/product/polyathia-longifolia-ashok-tree-plant/ |
X is a mathematics variable and the co-host of Battle for BFDI (formerly the host when Four was gone).
X's first appearance in BFB was in Getting Teardrop to Talk where he and Four lead a game to win "a BFDI" (which means the winner will get another Battle for Dream Island). X appeared alongside Four, another abstract being representing a real-life number or variable.
Appearance
X is simply a drawing of the letter X with a yellow body and lighter yellow limbs. Similar to Four, he is purposefully drawn simplistically, with different assets and four fingers.
Changes
- X Finds Out His Value
- X is drawn consistently.
- X has smooth, short lines.
- Battle for BFDI
- X is drawn sloppily.
- X has thicker outlines.
Personality
X seems to be much more friendly than his partner Four, and is usually seen to be quite happy and friendly towards almost every contestant. However, X also seems to be quite soft, as he cries after Four stated that nobody noticed his disappearance (despite Cloudy asking about X), and became frightened after Four screeched at him and when Snowball threatened him in This Episode Is About Basketball. He can also be considered a bit ignorant, such as congratulating the ground for "catching" Beep after they fell from their plane, or even asking to get screeched by Four. He also shows to get very nervous under pressure. As he hosts in This Episode Is About Basketball, he's very hesitant while talking and tends to mess up things, such as reading the votes backwards when Free Food is getting their votes calculated. X is also quite docile by nature and remains loyal to Four, even after the times Four has mistreated him.
After Donut's reassurance in the stinger for This Episode Is About Basketball, X becomes much more confident in his actions and hosting ability. He is the second character who cries in BFB, the first being Bubble. Despite this, X still remains cheery and polite.
Abilities
- Levitation: As shown in Getting Teardrop to Talk and Fortunate Ben, X has the ability to float in mid-air. In Get to the Top in 500 Steps, he levitated to the top of the viewer's screen. Both Four and X have to idly stare at the viewers in order for the ability to work
- Teleportation: He can also seemingly teleport, as he got back up his platform after being knocked back by one of his baskets (which was launched by ABNTT).
- Construction: He can also build really quickly, as he built the challenge station for This Episode Is About Basketball in 3 seconds (3:26- 3:29).
- Regeneration: In Enter the Exit, X was shown to heal his leg almost immediately after Pie dislocated it to make a 4. It also seems that he can reattach entire limbs with nothing but bandages in Fortunate Ben.
- Pain resistance: When Pie dislocated his leg, he took it with no more than an "Ow!"
- Shape-shifting: As shown in What Do You Think of Roleplay?, both X and Four have the ability to shape-shift, or change their physical appearance.
- Heat Resistance: As shown in Return of the Rocket Ship, X was able to survive in molten magma/molten iron.
- G-Force Resistance: X was able to remain stable even after being flung towards Earth's core at 2763 miles per hour in Return of the Rocket Ship.
Role
X plays a role as Four's assistant.
He sets up some of the challenges, as seen in Getting Teardrop to Talk, where the contestants must reach X to bring his baskets back, and in Fortunate Ben, in which the contestants must keep their respective teams' plane in the air as long as possible. X is the person who hands out prizes to the safe competitors at Cake at Stake.
He hosts Cake at Stake and sets up the challenge in This Episode Is About Basketball as a temporary replacement for Four.
Coverage
Appearances
- Pre-BFDI
- Battle for BFDI
- "Getting Teardrop to Talk"
- "Lick Your Way to Freedom"
- "Why Would You Do This on a Swingset"
- "Today's Very Special Episode"
- "Fortunate Ben"
- "Four Goes Too Far"
- "Questions Answered" (does not speak)
- "This Episode Is About Basketball"
- "Enter the Exit"
- "Get to the Top in 500 Steps"
- "What Do You Think of Roleplay?"
- "Return of the Rocket Ship"
X Finds Out His Value
X's first appearance was in a 2008 animation X Finds Out His Value along with Four, nine years before first appearing in BFB, with Four possibly making up as a host and running gag because of the season they first come back in. This also shows that X doesn't refer to the English letter, but the algebraic variable or the mathematical symbol of multiplication.
Battle for BFDI
X played a major role in the challenge in Getting Teardrop to Talk. The contestants had to return his baskets back to X, who was standing on a tall platform, in order to avoid elimination. At the end of the episode, X puts on 4 of his baskets on the night, causing him to spin fast eventually.
In Lick Your Way To Freedom, X collaborates in the Cake at Stake as the character who throws the cakes, with Four being the one who says who is safe and who goes home/gets eliminated. Later in the episode, he warns Beep that Four won't like the fact that Roboty was missing. Once Beep loses, X tells them that one of them will be eliminated.
In Why Would You Do This on a Swingset, X reminds Four that it's called Cake at Stake, and not Brake at Flake, prompting Four to insult X. Four later causes X to cry when they say that nobody noticed he was gone (despite Cloudy noticing).
In Today's Very Special Episode, Four once again causes X to cry during Cake at Stake when X got the number of votes wrong. X also translates Four's muffled speech. X assists Four in placing the team tags on the rating scale during the challenge and offers his opinion on iance's and Death P.A.C.T.'s make-overs. The Loser's make-over was a papier-mâché mold which was encasing X, which may have contributed to their low placing at 7th.
In Fortunate Ben, X insulted Pen as, after Four started screeching, he stated that he is a "disgrace to the entire art community." Four said that he was thrown in the limb reattachment center, but when Beep collided with the cliff in the challenge, he thanks the ground. In the stinger, he is "dancing" (on which is actually swinging its hands) with 2 singers, one distorted, and one low-pitched in the audio.
In Four Goes Too Far, X first appeared at Cake at Stake. Four asked X that who's also safe. X answered by mentioning all of the contestants from Beep except for Cloudy, David and Roboty. When A Better Name Than That was pushing Donut to the sledding, they also have got X, then Four. X ran away and was hiding in one of his baskets off-screen. X was not seen in this episode and beyond this event until the beginning of the 8th episode.
In The Liar Ball You Don't Want, X is hiding at a fragment of Jawbreaker. (This, however was not shown onscreen.)
In Questions Answered, the top of X is seen in Fries' box. Gelatin describes them as swollen fries.
X returns in This Episode Is About Basketball, Gelatin tries to take some of Fries' fries, but ends up biting X. X screams out of pain, causing him to be found. X, when questioned, revealed that he ran away after Four got multiplied and hid the whole time because he got scared. Donut, sick of hosting, puts X into his position. X accidentally reads the voting results backwards, revealing the results from most voted to least (i.e. saying that Stapy got the most votes at the start while Foldy got the least at the end) rather than the opposite. Later X tries to think of a challenge, and after some time, decides on a basketball contest. At the end of the episode, Donut is walking past X, and tells him "Good job today." X simply smiles in response.
In Enter The Exit, X approaches Cloudy. Cloudy tells him that he has missed Balloony, and asks if he can recover him. X interrupts him, and says that he cannot recover him, however, he does tell him that he is safe. Later, in Cake at Stake, X reads the voting results for Beep, until it went down to David being eliminated. Because of his elimination, David quickly runs away. X chases him down, and managed to catch up to him, shoving him inside his head. Eventually, once that is cleared up, X returns, only to find the contestants arguing. X grabs their attention to tell them the 10th contest, however, gets interrupted by Clock by telling them to "bring back Four". Once Four was extracted from Donut by Firey and shaped by Pin, X missed him and had hugged him.
In Get to the Top in 500 Steps X confirms to Four that he missed a lot and shows what to do in the challenge while Four describes the challenge.
In What Do You Think of Roleplay? X (disguised as Four) and Four (disguised as X) are discovered that they’ve switched minds because Four (disguised as X) can’t bring back contestants and X can.
He is later heard disguised as Four when iance was declared safe, making a joke about Team Ice Cube! being up for elimination. Four (disguised as X) says that the joke was horrible, and X answers with the fact that, since they switched bodies again, Four technically told the joke. They start to argue, but eventually Four gives up.
In Return of the Rocket Ship, X asks Four if Ice Cube can stay to watch Team Ice Cube!'s elimination. Four reluctantly agrees.
Later, X is seen standing next to Four. They stand there motionless for a little while, then X busts a hole in the ground and goes hurdling towards the center of the earth at 2,763 miles per hour, to find his treasure. X is also travelling through lava.
As X is on his way to the treasure, he receives a thought from Tennis Ball that says "X is stupid". X's smile turns to a frown. At this time, X was thinking about his treasure, which are various emeralds underground, and the coordinates where some of them are located.
Deaths
Total Deaths: None
Kills
Total Kills: 1
|Character||Number of times killed||Episodes|
|Bubble||1||Enter The Exit|
Trivia
- X's true value is 7, as seen in "X Finds Out His Value".
- X appears in the HTwins.net game Tidepool as a level 24 creature.
- According to Four, X has a collection of baskets.
- X has around 40 baskets.
- In "Getting Teardrop to Talk", when X receives a basket from The Losers!, he says "Yayay! So much value!", which may be a reference to "X Finds Out His Value".
- He has a somewhat sandy or stress ball-like texture.
- X’s voice in "X Finds Out His Value" sounds very similar to Ice Cube’s original voice.
- X is one of the 6 people to be seen crying on-screen in the entire series. The other 5 are Announcer, Bubble, Loser, Leafy, Ruby, and Spongy.
- X is the second host to cry and the only host so far to cry actual tears.
- In "Today's Very Special Episode", he said he does not like roleplaying.
- X made an appearance in The JingJing Squisher, along with Ruby and Tennis Ball.
- However, The JingJing Squisher is non-canon.
- According to Cary in his reaction to Getting Teardrop to Talk, X is 20 times larger than a contestant, due to the size of his baskets, though this was facetious.
- He is of the first characters (not counting the limbless characters) to not have stick-figure arms or legs in the series, the other being Four.
- X seems to have no gender, along with Four, because in his world they don't "have that".
- X has never been proven to be a multiplication symbol as well as a math variable because he ran away when Golf Ball tried to multiply him in Four Goes Too Far.
Gallery
Click here to view the gallery. | https://battlefordreamisland.fandom.com/wiki/X |
In the near future, a pervasive computing environment can be expected based on the recent progress and advances in computing and communication technologies. Next generation of mobile communication will include both popular infrastructured wireless networks and novel infrastructure-less mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). A MANET is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information without using any pre-existing fixed network infrastructure. Wireless ad-hoc networks are increasingly being used in the battlefield, emergency search, rescue missions. The special features of MANET bring great opportunities together with severe challenges. This report describes the concept, features, status and fundamental problems of ad-hoc networking.
1. Introduction
Our future living environments are likely to be based upon information resources provided by the connections of various communication networks for users. New small devices like Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, and laptops enhance the information processing and accessing capabilities with mobility. To cater the needs of such devices, modern technologies should adopt a new model of pervasive computing including new architectures, standards, devices, services, tools, and protocols.
Mobile computing is one of the most important technologies supporting pervasive computing. Advances in both hardware and software techniques have enabled the spread of mobile hosts and wireless networking to masses. Generally, there are two modes in which wireless mobile nodes can communicate:
- Infrastructured: In this mode, all the communication among the mobile nodes goes through a base station. A Base station is also known as an access point. These base stations are connected to the fixed infrastructure or wired networks.
- Infrastructureless: This mode of communication is known as a mobile ad hoc network. A MANET is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically form a network to exchange information without using any pre-existing fixed network infrastructure. This is a very important part of communication technology that supports truly pervasive computing because in many contexts information exchange between mobile units cannot rely on any fixed network infrastructure, but on the rapid configuration of wireless connection on-the-fly. A typical example of this mode of communication is people sitting in the conference room and exchanging data among them without any fixed infrastructure.
Suggested Read:
• Mobile ad-hoc network routing protocols and applications
• Security aspects in mobile-ad hoc networks
2. Related Background
2.1 MANET Concept
A mobile ad-hoc network is a collection of wireless nodes that can dynamically be set up anywhere and anytime without using any pre-existing network infrastructure. It is an autonomous system in which mobile hosts connected by wireless links are free to move randomly. In MANET, nodes act both as host and routers. The traffic types in ad hoc networks are quite different from those in an infrastructured wireless network, including:
- Peer-to-Peer: Communication between two nodes, which are within one hop.
- Remote-to-Remote: Communication between two nodes beyond a single hop but which maintain a stable route between them. This may be the result of several nodes staying within communication range of each other in a single area or possibly moving as a group. The traffic is similar to standard network traffic.
- Dynamic Traffic: This occurs when nodes are dynamic and moving around. Routes must be reconstructed. This results in a poor connectivity and network activity in short bursts.
2.2 MANET Features
MANET has the following features:
- Autonomous terminal: In MANET, each mobile host is an autonomous node, which may function as both a host and a router. In other words, besides the basic processing ability as a host, the mobile nodes can also perform switching functions as a router. So usually endpoints and switches are indistinguishable in MANET.
- Distributed operation: Since there is no background network for the central control of the network operations, the control and management of the network is distributed among the terminals. The nodes involved in a MANET should collaborate amongst themselves and each node acts as a relay as needed, to implement functions e.g. security and routing.
- Multi-hop routing: Basic types of ad hoc routing algorithms can be single hop and multi-hop. Single-hop MANET is simpler than multihop in terms of structure and implementation, with the cost of lesser functionality and applicability. When delivering data packets from a source to its destination out of the direct wireless transmission range, the packets should be forwarded via one or more intermediate nodes.
- Dynamic network topology: Since the nodes are mobile, the network topology may change rapidly and unpredictably and the connectivity among the terminals may vary with time. MANET should adapt to the traffic and propagation conditions as well as the mobility patterns of the mobile network nodes. The mobile nodes in the network dynamically establish routing among themselves as they move about, forming their own network on the fly. Moreover, a user in the MANET may not only operate within the ad hoc network but may require access to a public fixed network.
- Fluctuating link capacity: The nature of high bit-error rates of wireless connection might be more profound in a MANET. One end-to-end path can be shared by several sessions. The channel over which the terminals communicate is subject to noise, fading, and interference, and has less bandwidth than a wired network. In some scenarios, the path between any pair of users can traverse multiple wireless links and the link themselves can be heterogeneous. One effect of the relatively low to moderate capacities is that congestion is typically the norm rather than the exception i.e. aggregate application demand will likely approach or exceed network capacity frequently.
- Energy-constrained operation: Some or all of the nodes in a MANET may rely on batteries or other means for their energy. Such devices need optimized algorithms and mechanisms that implement the computing and communicating functions.
- Limited physical security: MANETs are generally more prone to physical security threats than are fixed cable networks. The increased possibility of eavesdropping, spoofing and denial-of-service attacks should be carefully considered.
2.3. MANET Status
Ad hoc network is not a new concept. It was first deployed in the military in the 1970s. Commercial interest in such networks has grown recently due to the advancement in the wireless communication. A new working group for MANET has been formed within the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to investigate and develop standards for Internet routing support for mobile, wireless IP autonomous segments and develop a framework for running IP-based protocols in ad hoc networks.
The recent IEEE standard 802.11 has increased the research interest in the field. Many international conferences and workshops have been held by e.g. IEEE and ACM. For instance, MobiHoc (The ACM Symposium on Mobile Ad Hoc Networking & Computing) has been one of the most important conferences of ACM SIGMOBILE (Special Interest Group on Mobility of Systems, Users, Data, and Computing). Research in the area of ad hoc networking is receiving more attention from academia, industry, and government. Since these networks pose many complex issues, there are many open problems for research and significant contributions.
3. Challenges in Mobile Ad hoc Networks
The special features of MANET bring this technology great opportunity together with severe challenges. These include:
3.1 Routing in MANETs
The main function of the network layer is routing packets from the source machine to the destination machine. The routing algorithm is that part of the network layer software responsible for deciding which output line as incoming packet should be transmitted on. The algorithms that choose the routes and the data structures that they use are a major area of network layer design.
What makes routing algorithm a challenging task in the ad hoc network when there are lots of algorithms available for the wired network?
The reason is the changing topology of the ad hoc networks. All the rules of wired network i.e. fixed topologies, fixed and known neighbors are automatically becoming out of scope. With an ad hoc network, the topology may be changing all the time; so valid routes can change spontaneously without any warning.
The following are the desirable properties of MANET routing protocol:
- Distributed operation: Since there is no central point like a wired network, each and every node in the MANET performs routing.
- Loop-freedom: Though, if not incorporated in the routing protocol, the TTL value could be used to prevent the packet from roaming in the network for arbitrarily long periods of time. But, still, this property is desirable for efficient use of resources and better overall performance.
- Demand-based operation: Instead of assuming a uniform traffic distribution within the network and maintaining routing information between all nodes at all times, routing algorithm should adapt to the traffic pattern on a demand or need basis. It should be done in such a way so that it could utilize mobile nodes energy and network bandwidth more efficiently at the cost of increased route discovery delay.
- Proactive operation: This is the opposite of demand-based operation. It certain contexts, the additional latency demand-based operation are unacceptable. If bandwidth and energy resources permit, the proactive operation is desirable in these contexts.
- Security: Without some form of network-level or link layer security, a MANET routing protocol is vulnerable to many forms of attack. It may be relatively simple to snoop network traffic, manipulate packet headers and redirect routing messages, within a wireless network without appropriate security provisions.
- Sleep period operation: As a result of energy conservation, or some other need to be inactive, nodes of a MANET may stop transmitting and/or receiving for arbitrary time periods. A routing protocol should be able to accommodate such sleep periods without overly adverse consequences.
- Unidirectional link support: Bi-directional links are typically assumed in the design of routing algorithms, and many algorithms are incapable of functioning properly over unidirectional links. But, unidirectional links can and do occur in wireless networks.
4. Conclusion
MANET is one of the most important and essential technologies in current times. Mobile ad hoc networks can be exploited in a wide area of applications, from military, emergency rescue, law enforcement, commercial, to local and personal contexts. It has already gained critical mass among researchers in academia as well as in industry. Moreover, there is also a flurry of activity in the standards bodies in this area. Many routing protocols designed for ad hoc networks have been proposed as Internet Draft and Request for Comments (RFC) of Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). However, MANET as a technology can only become successful and popular if the challenges related to routing and intrusion detection are adequately addressed. | https://krazytech.com/technical-papers/mobile-ad-hoc-networksmanets |
Buses from Walsall to Coventry
How long is the journey from Walsall to Coventry by bus?
The distance between Walsall to Coventry is approximately 23.6 mi. In general, it will take you about to complete the journey between the two cities. However, it is important to remember that journey times may vary according to a number of factors, including seasonal weather conditions, local events or diversions, and the type of terrain that must be crossed. Keep this in mind if you are intending to make a later connection, and always plan accordingly.
At what time of the day can I travel from Walsall to Coventry?
If you want to set off early, take the first departure of the day from Walsall to Coventry, which usually leaves at . The last scheduled departure of the night is normally at . These timetables may vary depending on the day of the week, or at different times of year.
How many daily journeys are there from Walsall to Coventry?
Unfortunately, no connection was found for your trip from Walsall to Coventry. Selecting a new departure or arrival city, without dramatically changing your itinerary could help you find connections. | https://www.virail.co.uk/bus-walsall-coventry |
Here’s a snapshot of what to expect of this one-of-a-kind destination, and where the real Japan comes to life:
Akita
Tucked away in the far north, culture buffs love Akita for many reasons. One is that the rustic town, dubbed Japan’s ‘True North’, is as far away from the country’s big cities as you can get. Also, many of its attractions are natural wonders, including the UNESCO World Heritage Site Shirakami Sanchi, where you can see Japan’s last remaining virgin beech forests. If you happen to cruise in spring, it’s also a top spot for viewing the cherry blossoms.
Hiroshima
Hiroshima was the site of the world’s first atomic bomb attack in 1945, but today it’s a thriving modern city. One of its most popular attractions is the centuries-old Itsukushima Shrine on Miyajima Island, instantly recognisable for its red, floating torii gate. It’s also famous for okonomiyaki, a delicious pancake made with flour, egg, cabbage, pork, shrimp or seafood topped with sweet sauce, mayonnaise, dried seaweed and dried fish flakes.
Miyazaki
Miyazaki is a popular honeymoon destination for locals, thanks to its balmy climate and lovely beaches. It is home to several ancient shrines, the most important being the Miyazaki-jingu Shrine, built 2600 years ago to honour the former Emperor Jimmu. Miyazaki is also famous for a local tipple called shochu, which is similar to vodka. One of the best places to try shochu is at the Shusen-no-Mori brewery in nearby Aya.
Aomori
Aomori’s autumn foliage is captivating, especially when viewed from a cable car flying across the top of the Hakkoda Mountains. The ‘land of apples’ is also a gateway to uniquely Japanese attractions, including the ancient Hirosaki Castle, which is surrounded by cherry trees, and the Sannai-Maruyama archaeological site that showcases the reconstructed foundations of a Jomon-era settlement.
Kanazawa
This charming fishing port, called ‘Little Kyoto’ by locals, has much to offer the culturally curious visitor — teahouses in Higashi Chaya district, the Nagamachi Samurai District, and the Ninja Temple. Top of your list, however, should be the Kenroku-en garden; built during the Edo period, it is considered to be one of the three most beautiful gardens in Japan.Toba
Toba is nestled at the north-eastern end of the Shima Peninsula, a castle town and seaside city where locals believe that gods reside. It’s also a gateway to the magnificent Ise-jingu shrine, a collection of 125 sacred shrines that spans an area the size of the centre of Paris. More than 1500 rituals are held here every year, for the prosperity of the Imperial family and world peace.
Otaru
Walking among Otaru’s network of canals, it’s impossible not to be enchanted by beautiful heritage buildings and mansions that bring Japan’s history to life. Located near Sapporo, it’s also a popular spot for anyone who has a sweet tooth – the town has lots of irresistible bakeries.
Okinawa
Having its own language, music, traditions, arts and crafts makes the Okinawa group of islands distinctly different from mainland Japan. A key attraction for visitors is Shuri Castle – a former hilltop palace of the Ryukyu Dynasty, the UNESCO World Heritage Site was almost destroyed in the Battle of Okinawa. It is now home to lovingly restored buildings.Tokushima
This 16th-century castle town is best known for a colourful mid-August dance festival, Awa Odori, which attracts many spectators and dancers for the traditional ‘Fool’s Dance’. Tokushima is also blessed with natural wonders, including the spectacular gorge and intricate vine bridges of the remote Iya Valley, and the whirlpools of Naruto.
Hakodate
Hakodate, which sprawls across two bays, is famous for views of towering Mount Hakodate – accessible by the Ropeway cable car– spectacular landscapes and superb fresh seafood. On any given day here you can wander past historic red-brick warehouses on the waterfront, explore the architecture of the Motomachi district, or walk through Fort Goryokaku, a huge star-shaped citadel and Japan’s first Western-style fortress.
Cruising onboard the glamorous Diamond Princess will give nature-loving travellers the opportunity to head off the beaten track and experience the true wonders of this idyllic country.
Visit www.cruiseexpress.com.au to find out more about our fully escorted tours to Japan.
Words courtesy of Joanna Hill. | https://cruiseexpress.com.au/tag/akita/ |
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The application claims priority from Taiwan Patent Application No. 102123951 filed on Jul. 4, 2013, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a touch device with a guide light plate, and, more particularly, to a structure for guiding light into a guide light plate to conduct total internal reflection.
2. Description of Related Art
Many touch devices are employed to join with guide light plates. For instance, U.S. Pat. No. 7,432,893B2 which discloses an input device based on frustrated total internal reflection in which lights emitting from two or more light sources are shot into a transparent plate to conduct total internal reflection and sensed by a light sensing array which is disposed opposite to the light sources and surround the peripheral side of the transparent; when an object touches the surface of the transparent plate, the total internal reflection of the lights in the guide light plate are frustrated, and every touch causes that the sensed signals of two or more lights propagating in the transparent plate attenuate to allow subsequent process capable of determining the touch position and touch area.
The lights emitting from the light sources taught in U.S. Pat. No. 7,432,893B2 have to be aided with a prism to shoot into the transparent plate with a specific angle in order to conduct the total internal reflective propagation in the transparent plate; to adjust the specific angle needs a lot of man hours, and, under the circumferences, the projecting angle of the lights from the light sources is limited strictly as well.
Further, US Patent Application Publication No. 20130021302 discloses an optical coupler for use in an optical touch sensitive device in which the optical coupler is employed to join with the guide light plate for the light source and the sensor capable of being disposed in any directions with respect to the guide light plate.
But various types of optical couplers taught in US Patent Publication No. 20130021302 are huge in sizes which increase the weight and volume of the electronic product such that it is incapable of meeting requirements of lightness, thinness, shortness and smallness for the electronic product; in addition, the angle with which the light source shoots the light into the optical coupler is restricted as well, that is, it is incapable for the light to shoot into the optical coupler with any angle in order to be guided into the guide light plate by the coupler to perform the total internal reflective propagation.
In order to improve the conventional structure for guiding the light into the guide light plate to perform the total internal reflection, the present invention is proposed.
The primary object of the present invention is to provide a structure for guiding light into a light guide plate to conduct total internal reflection in which a special configuration of the prism and a special arrangement between the guide light plate and the prism allow most of the light shot to the prism by the light source with any projecting angle and guided into the guide light plate to propagate the total internal reflection has an intensity capable of being sensed even if the light source provides low efficiency; moreover, it is not necessary to spend a lot of time and labors to adjust the angle of the light projecting the prism.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a structure for guiding light into a light guide plate to conduct total internal reflection in which the maximum angle between the horizontal surface and the slant surface of the prism is only 20 degrees to reduce the thickness of the prism greatly such that the prism has a small size to meet requirements of lightness, thinness, shortness, and smallness for the electronic product.
A structure for guiding light into a light guide plate to conduct total internal reflection according to the present invention comprises a guide light plate having an upper surface and a lower surface being parallel with each other, a prism having a horizontal surface, a vertical surface, a slant surface, and two opposite side surfaces, wherein the horizontal surface has two ends connecting with the vertical surface and the slant surface, respectively, the horizontal surface is perpendicular to the vertical surface, there is an angle between the horizontal surface and the slant surface, and the angle is between 10 to 20 degrees.
Wherein the prism is integrated with the guide light plate or joined to the guide light plate with an optical adhesive layer; the horizontal surface of the prism is parallel to the upper and lower surfaces of the guide light plate such that the light emitted by the light source passes through the vertical surface to shoot into the guide light plate via the upper surface directly or via the upper surface after being reflected by the slant surface, and then propagates in the guide light plate between said upper and lower surfaces to conduct total internal reflection; even if part of the light is incapable of propagating in the guide light plate to conduct the total internal reflection, it is shot into the prism via the guide light plate, reflected by said slant surface, and guided into the guide light plate again to propagate the total internal reflection.
Further benefits and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after a careful reading of the detailed description with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings.
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Referring to , a structure for light guided into a light guide plate to conduct total internal reflection in accordance with the present invention comprises a guide light plate and a prism .
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The guide light plate has an upper surface and a lower surface which are parallel with each other, and a peripheral surface is formed by lateral edges of the guide light plate . The guide light plate is made of guide light material such as acrylic, resin or glass in a form of bendable or unbendable plate.
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The prism has a horizontal surface , a vertical surface , a slant surface , and two opposite side surfaces . The horizontal surface has two ends connecting with the vertical surface and the slant surface , respectively. The two side surfaces connect with the horizontal surface , the vertical service , and the slant surface , respectively. The horizontal surface is perpendicular to the vertical surface . An angle θ between the horizontal surface and the slant surface is between 10 to 20 degrees approximately; it is preferable that the angle is 15 degrees.
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The horizontal surface of the prism is parallel to the upper and lower surfaces , of the guide light plate ; the prism can be integrated with the guide light plate with the horizontal surface of the prism is joined to the upper surface or the lower surface of the guide light plate . Alternatively, the prism can be disposed above the upper surface or under the lower surface of the guide light plate with the horizontal surface of the prism adhering to the upper surface or the lower surface of the guide light plate via an optical adhesive layer ; the optical adhesive layer , the guide light plate and the prism have an identical index of refraction.
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The light source is disposed beside or leans against the vertical surface of the prism ; a light emitted by the light source passes through the vertical surface to shoot into the guide light plate via the upper surface directly or via the upper surface after being reflected by the slant surface ; then, the light propagates in the guide light plate between the upper and lower surfaces , to conduct total internal reflection; even if part of the light is incapable of propagating in the guide light plate to conduct the total internal reflection, the part of the light is shot into the prism via the guide light plate . reflected by the slant surface , and guided into the guide light plate again to propagate the total internal reflection.
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Due to a special configuration of the prism and a special arrangement between the guide light plate and the prism , it allows most part of the light , which is shot to the prism by the light source with any projecting angle, is guided into the guide light plate to perform total internal reflective propagation such that the light conducting the total internal reflection in the guide light plate can have an intensity capable of being sensed even if the light source provides low efficiency; furthermore, it is not necessary to spend a lot of time and labors to adjust the angle of the light projecting the prism .
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It is appreciated that the maximum angle between the horizontal surface and the slant surface of the prism is about 20 degrees; therefore, the thickness of the prism can be reduced greatly to make the prism smaller in size to meet requirements of lightness, thinness, shortness, and smallness for the electronic product. Hence, the conventional structure for guiding the light into the guide light plate to conduct the total internal reflection can be improved effectively.
Although the invention has been described in relation to its preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
is a plan view illustrating a structure for guiding light into a light guide plate to conduct total internal reflection in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 2
is a perspective view of a prism disposed in the structure for guiding light into a light guide plate to conduct total internal reflection in accordance with the present invention. | |
ISRO mulling new IRNSS series to boost accuracy of ‘desi GPS’
To boost the accuracy of ‘desi GPS’ NavIC, Indian Space Research Organisation is likely to extend Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System programme.
Published: 12th April 2018 05:07 AM | Last Updated: 12th April 2018 05:59 AM | A+A A-
CHENNAI: To boost the accuracy of ‘desi GPS’ NavIC (navigation with Indian constellation), Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is likely to extend Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) programme. The national space agency is contemplating on a new IRNSS series.
At 4.04 am on Thursday, India’s Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, in its 41st flight (PSLV-C41) in XL configuration will launch IRNSS-1I satellite from First Launch Pad of Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR, Sriharikota. The IRNSS-1I is the eighth satellite to join the NavIC navigation satellite constellation.
ISRO Chairman K Sivan told Express on the eve of the launch that IRNSS-1I will be the last in the current ‘approved’ navigation satellite series. “There is a plan for a new IRNSS series. We are working on it and will be submitting a proposal before the Centre. It will be a totally new project,” he said. Sivan said it would be an extension of IRNSS project. Currently, various modalities are being working out like on number of satellites, on board technologies etc. “The idea is to improve the accuracy of services further and also have enough back-up satellites in space just in case there is a situation where one stops functioning like it happened with IRNSS-1A.
To a query, he said the new IRNSS series is not meant to extend its coverage beyond the regional boundaries. NavIC is an independent regional navigation satellite system developed by India. It is designed to provide accurate position information service to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1,500 km from its boundary. It will provide two types of services, namely, Standard Positioning Service (SPS) which is provided to all the users and Restricted Service (RS), which is an encrypted service provided only to the authorised users. “This will not change much. It will be only a regional system, but the accuracy will improve,” he said.
If IRNSS-1I is launched successfully on Thursday, it will complete ISRO’s commitment to put seven operational navigation satellites in orbit. Though, the space agency has put seven satellites in operation after successfully launching IRNSS-1G on April 26, 2016, the first satellite of the series IRNSS-1A put into orbit on July 1, 2013 developed trouble with three rubidium atomic clocks on board not functioning. One ground spare, IRNSS-1H was flown as replacement satellite aboard PSLV-C-39 on August 31, 2017, but heat shield separation failed and the satellite failed to deploy. Now, IRNSS-1I is being flown and is the last spare available.
Meanwhile, Sivan said the first commercial roll-out of NavIC services is likely by April end. The beneficiaries would be Indian fishermen, especially those who undertake deep sea fishing. A private industry has been roped-in to produce NavIC enabled hi-tech communication gadgets through which fishermen can stay connected upto 1,500 km from the shore without internet or tower connectivity.
The device, which will be fitted to the boats, will use NavIC to lock the location of the boats and periodically update the location to the ground control room. Besides, the fishermen will receive text and video messages about the ocean weather forecast. If a low pressure area has formed in Bay of Bengal and is likely to intensify into a cyclonic storm, fishermen will be alerted ahead of time. | https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2018/apr/12/isro-mulling-new-irnss-series-to-boost-accuracy-of-desi-gps-1800277.html |
There is no short list of theories as to why gender inequality is still a problem in the workplace. Some experts say there is a single cause, or at least a primary cause that when extinguished will put out the fire; others say a confluence of factors is to blame for maintaining inequality between genders. The truth is, there’s no silver bullet. The way we think, the way we parent, the way we structure our days—all of it must change if we want to see the end of gender inequality in the workplace.
This list is just a start—a guide to some of the most important ways we can change to achieve equality.
1. Our attitudes must change
First and foremost, our attitudes must change—the way we think about gender roles, the way we think about parenthood, the way we think about leadership, power, money, intellect. All of it is overdue for change.
The notion that the office is a man’s territory and the home a woman’s is outdated and damaging. It cultivates boys’ clubs, excuses harassment and discrimination, and ultimately confines both women and men to boxes difficult to break. It’s backward to uphold the idea that mothers and fathers cannot be committed to both work and family in equal measure, that women are best suited for roles like communication and caregiving and men for mathematics and scientific research. This feels elementary, but it’s an omnipresent toxin even in 2019.
2. We have to parent equally
Women still take on the bulk of childcare and household duties in the United States. Mothers spend 75 percent more time on childcare and 80 percent more time doing housework than do fathers—and in many cases that mother also does paid work full time. We must better share the responsibilities of life.
And employers have to help this happen with “hard” policies, like parental leave policies that give ample time to both father and mother, the ability to work remotely and structure your workday, and “soft” policies like supportive leadership that sets the temperature of the workplace, and an office culture that supports the role of parent as much as it does the role of professional.
Until we change the way we think about parenthood, we cannot break the cycle of gender inequality in the workplace.
3. Companies must hire and promote women to the highest levels of the organization
Women comprise more than half of the U.S. population, they earn more undergraduate and master’s degrees than men do, they account for 47 percent of the American labor force—and yet women are woefully underrepresented in leadership and executive roles.
Despite well-publicized gender diversity initiatives—companies like Microsoft (3.4 stars), General Electric (3.4 stars), Airbnb (3.7 stars), and Johnson & Johnson (4.0 stars) have all committed to better gender diversity in their workforces—we’ve made little to no progress in gender diversity in the workplace.
4. We have to create gender-balanced workforces from top to bottom
Not only must we ensure women exist at the highest levels of corporate leadership, we must also ensure that out workforces are gender balanced from top to bottom.
For example, Virgin Money UK has decided to fight its gender pay gap by committing to gender balance in the workforce. Not only does the company seek women for management and executive roles, it recruits men at the entry level as well. By committing to gender balance, Virgin Money is not only getting closer to closing the pay gap, it is also able to take full advantage of labor force diversity and talent.
5. We have to pay women and men equally
For every dollar a man earned in the United States, a woman earns 80 cents. For mothers who also do paid work, women who are disabled, and for most women of color, the gap is even larger.
We know there is a gender pay gap, we know there has always been a gender pay gap, and yet we are still a century away from achieving equal pay.
Eighty-three percent of women say American businesses are not doing enough to close the gender pay gap, and while our federal government prohibits wage discrimination on the basis of gender, companies are still not required to disclose pay statistics.
6. We have to listen to women
For so long, workplaces have been designed to suit the needs of men.
Take, for example, the typical workday. Monday through Friday 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. (but usually longer) in a brick-and-mortar office is hardly ideal for anyone who takes care of children. While women have been, and still are, the primary caregivers in the family, the American office has made little to no change in response to women’s entrance into the workforce.
Until we take seriously what women want from their employers, what they need, what makes them stay, we cannot hope to end gender inequality in the workplace. | https://www.inhersight.com/blog/insight-commentary/gender-inequality-in-the-workplace |
List of Plants in the U.S.A.
List of Plants by States
List of Plants Starting with the Letter
Contact
Franklin Tree
Franklin Tree Plant Information
Franklin Tree grows in the following 1 states:
Georgia
Franklinia is now thought to be closer in relation to the Asian genus Schima. Recent DNA studies and examinations of floral ontogeny in the Theaceae place Franklinia together with Gordonia and Schima in a subtribe.Hybrid crosses have been produced between Franklinia alatamaha and Gordonia lasianthus, and between Franklinia alatamaha and Schima argentea.In the past, some botanists have included Franklinia within the related genus Gordonia. The southeastern North American species Gordonia lasianthus differs in having evergreen foliage, flowers with longer stems, winged seeds, and conical seed capsules. (Franklinia was often known as Gordonia pubescens until the middle of the 20th century.)Frankliniis is a monotypic genus in the tea plant family, Theaceae. The sole species in this genus is a flowering tree, Franklinia alatamaha, commonly called the Franklin tree, and native to the Altamaha River valley in Georgia in the southeastern United States. It has been extinct in the wild since the early 19th century, but survives as a cultivated ornamental tree.
Franklinia alatamaha is a deciduous large shrub or small tree growing to 10m (33ft) tall, but commonly 4.5-7.5m (15-25ft). It is commercially available for garden cultivation. It is prized for its lightly fragrant white flowers, similar to single white Camellia blossoms; the smell may remind some of orange blossoms or honeysuckle. The tree has a symmetrical, somewhat pyramidal shape, often with different individuals of the species forming almost identical crowns. It frequently suckers and can form several vertical trunks close to ground level. The bark is gray with vertical white striations and has a ridged texture. The alternate, obovate leaves are up to 6in (15cm) in length and turn a bright orange-red in the fall. Although difficult to transplant, once established, F. alatamaha can live a century or more.
Franklinia alatamaha fruit develop slowly. The seed capsules require 12-14 months to mature. When ripe the pentavalved spherical capsules split above and below in a unique manner. Anecdotal evidence suggests viable seed production is enhanced where two or more plants are present in close proximity.
Philadelphia botanists John and William Bartram first observed the tree growing along the Altamaha River near Fort Barrington in the British colony of Georgia in October 1765. John Bartram recorded "severall very curious shrubs" in his journal entry for October 1, 1765. William Bartram returned several times to the same location on the Altamaha during a collecting trip to the American South, funded by Dr. John Fothergill of London. William Bartram collected F. alatamaha seeds during this extended trip to the South from 1773 through 1776, a journey described in his book Bartram's Travels published in Philadelphia in 1791. William Bartram brought seed back to Philadelphia in 1777 at which time William reported to his father that he had relocated the plant, but this time had been able to retrieve its seeds although it was not until after John's death (1777) that he was able to achieve flowering plants (1781). After several years of study, William Bartram assigned the -rare and elegant flowering shrub to a new genus Franklinia, named in honor of his father's great friend Benjamin Franklin. The new plant name, Franklinia alatamaha, was first published by a Bartram cousin, Humphry Marshall, in 1785 in his catalogue of North American trees and shrubs entitled Arbustrum Americanum. (Marshall 1785: 48-50; Fry 2001).
William Bartram was the first to report the extremely limited distribution of Franklinia. "We never saw it grow in any other place, nor have I ever since seen it growing wild, in all my travels, from Pennsylvania to Point Coupe, on the banks of the Mississippi, which must be allowed a very singular and unaccountable circumstance; at this place there are two or 3 acres (12,000m2) of ground where it grows plentifully." (W. Bartram 1791: 468).
The tree was last verified in the wild in 1803 by the English plant collector John Lyon, (although there are hints it may have been present into at least the 1840s.). The cause of its extinction in the wild is not known, but has been attributed to a number of causes including fire, flood, overcollection by plant collectors, and fungal disease introduced with the cultivation of cotton plants.
All the Franklin trees known to exist today are descended from seed collected by William Bartram and propagated at Bartram's Garden in Philadelphia. It has now been cultivated in excess of 1000 sites worldwide.
The Franklin tree has a reputation among gardeners for being difficult to cultivate, especially in urban environments. It prefers sandy, high-acid soil, and does not tolerate compacted clay soil, excessive moisture, or any disturbance to its roots. The Franklin tree has no known pests, but it is subject to a root-rot disease and does not endure drought well.
More inforamtion about Franklin Tree. | http://www.plantsinusa.com/show/plant/Franklin-Tree/37466 |
A baby’s nutritional balance during the first 1,000 days of life is critical to lifelong mental health and development, the American Academy of Pediatrics says.
Sufficient amounts of key minerals, vitamins, proteins and certain fats during the infant and toddler years is key to avoiding permanent loss of brain function, the academy said.
The AAP policy statement recommends:
- Doctors should encourage women to breast feed, which provides nutrients not found in formula that may play a role in brain development.
- Pediatricians should advocate strengthening government nutrition programs, focusing on maternal, fetal and neonatal nutrition.
- Pediatricians and other child health care providers should recommend foods that supply nutrients that are critical for brain development. This includes speaking with families about which foods are rich in essential nutrients, and not just alternatives to junk foods.
Source: HealthDay
Copyright © 2023 HealthDay. All rights reserved. | https://weeklysauce.com/health-tip-make-sure-babies-eat-right/ |
BACKGROUND
Field
Background
SUMMARY
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Aspects of the present disclosure relate generally to flip-flops, and more particularly, to low power flip-flops with low area overhead.
Flip-flops are commonly used in sequential logic circuits. A flip-flop has an input, an output, and a clock input that receives a clock signal. In operation, the flip-flop latches a logic value (e.g., one or zero) at the input on an active edge of the clock signal, and outputs the latched value at the output.
The following presents a simplified summary of one or more embodiments in order to provide a basic understanding of such embodiments. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated embodiments, and is intended to neither identify key or critical elements of all embodiments nor delineate the scope of any or all embodiments. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more embodiments in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
A first aspect relates to a clock-gating device. The clock-gating device includes a logic device configured to receive an input signal of a flip-flop and an output signal of the flip-flop, and to output an enable signal based on the input signal and the output signal, wherein the enable signal has a first logic value if the input signal and the output signal have different logic values or both the input signal and the output signal have a logic value of zero, and the enable signal has a second logic value if both the input signal and the output signal have a logic value of one. The clock-gating device also includes a gate device configured to receive the enable signal, to pass a clock signal to an input of a gate in the flip-flop if the enable signal has the first logic value, and to gate the clock signal if the enable signal has the second logic value.
A second aspect relates to a method for clock gating. The method includes receiving an input signal of a flip-flop and an output signal of the flip-flop, and passing a clock signal to an input of a gate in the flip-flop if the input signal and the output signal have different logic values or both the input signal and the output signal have a logic value of zero. The method also includes gating the clock signal if both the input signal and the output signal have a logic value of one.
A third aspect relates to a system. The system includes a flip-flop and a clock-gating device. The flip-flop includes a first NOR gate having a first input, a second input, and an output, and a second NOR gate having a first input, a second input coupled to the output of the first NOR gate, and an output coupled to the second input of the first NOR gate. The clock-gating device includes a logic device configured to receive an input signal of a flip-flop and an output signal of the flip-flop, and to output an enable signal based on the input signal and the output signal, wherein the enable signal has a first logic value if the input signal and the output signal have different logic values or both the input signal and the output signal have a logic value of zero, and the enable signal has a second logic value if both the input signal and the output signal have a logic value of one. The clock-gating device also includes a gate device configured to receive the enable signal, to pass a clock signal to the first input of the first NOR gate if the enable signal has the first logic value, and to gate the clock signal if the enable signal has the second logic value.
To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more embodiments include the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the annexed drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative aspects of the one or more embodiments. These aspects are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various embodiments may be employed and the described embodiments are intended to include all such aspects and their equivalents.
The detailed description set forth below, in connection with the appended drawings, is intended as a description of various configurations and is not intended to represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of the various concepts. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
FIG. 1
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shows a block diagram of an exemplary flip-flop . The flip-flop has an input (labeled “d”), an output (labeled “q”), and a clock input . The flip-flop is configured to receive an input signal (e.g., a data signal) at the input d, and a clock signal (labeled “clk”) at the clock input . In operation, the flip-flop latches a logic value (e.g., one or zero) at the input d on an active edge of the clock signal clk, and outputs the latched value at the output q until the next active edge of the clock signal clk. The flip-flop may output the latched value to another circuit for further processing. For example, the flip-flop may be part of a sequential logic circuit, and the flip-flop may output the latched value to another circuit (e.g., buffer, another flip-flop, a logic gate, etc.) in the sequential logic circuit.
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An active edge can be a rising edge or a falling edge depending on whether the flip-flop is a positive-edge triggered flip-flop or a negative-edge triggered flip-flop. For example, if the flip-flop is a positive-edge triggered flip-flop, then the flip-flop latches the value of the input signal on a rising edge of the clock signal clk. If the flip-flop is a negative-edge triggered flip-flop, then the flip-flop latches the value of the input signal on a falling edge of the clock signal clk.
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The flip-flop consumes dynamic power when the clock signal clk switches logic states. This is because switching of the clock signal clk causes one or more transistors in the flip-flop to switch. A problem with this is that, in many cases, the flip-flop does not receive a new logic value that needs to be latched. In these cases, the clock signal clk causes switching activity in the flip-flop even though the output q of the flip-flop does not need to be updated. The unnecessary switching activity leads to an increase in power consumption.
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FIG. 2
To address this, a clock-gating device may be used to gate the clock signal clk when no new logic value needs to be latched by the flip-flop . In this regard, shows an example of a clock-gating device . The clock-gating device includes an XOR gate and a clock-gating cell (CGC) . The XOR gate has a first input that receives the input signal, a second input that receives the output of the flip-flop , and an output that outputs an enable signal (labeled “en”). The clock-gating cell has a first input that receives the enable signal en, a second input that receives the clock signal clk, and an output that outputs an internal clock signal (labeled “clk_int”) to the clock input of the flip-flop .
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The CGC includes a negative-edge triggered latch and an AND gate . The latch has an input that receives the enable signal en from the XOR gate , a clock input that receives the clock signal clk, and an output . The AND gate has a first input that receives the output signal of the latch , a second input that receives the clock signal clk, and an output that outputs the internal clock signal clk_int.
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In operation, the XOR gate outputs a logic one (i.e., en=1) to the CGC when the input and the output of the flip-flop are different (i.e., d≠q). The latch latches the logic one of the enable signal en on a falling edge of the clock signal clk, and outputs the latched logic one to the first input of the AND gate . This causes the AND gate to pass the clock signal clk to the clock input of the flip-flop . Thus, when the input and the output of the flip-flop are different, the clock signal clk is not gated.
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The XOR gate outputs a logic zero (i.e., en=0) to the CGC when the input and the output of the flip-flop are the same (i.e., d=q). The latch latches the logic zero of the enable signal en on a falling edge of the clock signal clk, and outputs the latched logic zero to the first input of the AND gate . This causes the AND gate to output a logic zero to the clock input of the flip-flop regardless of the logic state of the clock signal clk, and therefore gate (block) the clock signal clk. Thus, when the input and the output of the flip-flop are the same, the clock-gating device gates the clock signal clk. This prevents unnecessary switching activity (toggling) in the flip-flop , thereby reducing power consumption.
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The latch prevents glitches in the internal clock signal clk_int input to the flip-flop . A glitch may occur, for example, if the AND gate starts gating the clock signal clk when the clock signal clk is one (high). The latch prevents this from occurring by latching the enable signal en on a falling edge of the clock signal clk. Thus, if the enable signal en changes (switches) from one to zero when the clock signal clk is one, the latch does not latch the change in the enable signal en until the next falling edge of the clock signal clk. As a result, the AND gate does not see the change in the enable signal en until the clock signal clk changes to zero, and therefore does not start gating the clock signal clk until the clock signal clk changes to zero.
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FIG. 2
The clock-gating device shown in adds significant power and area overhead due to the XOR gate and the CGC . Accordingly, it is desirable to reduce the area and power overhead of the clock-gating device.
FIG. 3
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shows an example of a flip-flip that is able to perform the functions of a conventional flip-flop with fewer clock transistors. As discussed further below, embodiments of the present disclosure exploit certain properties of the flip-flop to provide a clock-gating device with reduced area and power overhead.
FIG. 3
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As shown in , the flip-flop includes a first inverter , a first latch circuit , and a second latch circuit . The first inverter is configured to receive an input clock signal clk, and to invert the clock signal clk into clock signal nclk.
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FIG. 3
The first latch circuit includes a first AND gate , a first NOR gate , and a second NOR gate . The first AND gate has a first input that receives the input signal d of the flip-flop , a second input that receives clock signal nclk from the first inverter , and an output . The first NOR gate has a first input coupled to the output of the first AND gate , a second input , and an output . The second NOR gate has a first input that receives clock signal nclk from the first inverter , a second input coupled to the output of the first NOR gate , and an output coupled to the second input of the first NOR gate . The output of the second NOR gate provides the output signal of the first latch circuit , which is input to the second latch circuit , as discussed further below. In , the node at the output of the first NOR gate is labeled pn, and the node at the output of the second NOR gate is labeled pn.
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The first AND gate and the first NOR gate form an AND-OR-Inverter (AOI) structure, in which the OR function and inventor function of the AOI structure are performed by the first NOR gate . Also, the first and second NOR gates and are cross-coupled in that the output of the first NOR gate is coupled to the second input of the second NOR gate , and the output of the second NOR gate is coupled to the second input of the first NOR gate .
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Operation of the first latch circuit will now be described according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
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When the input clock signal clk is zero (low), clock signal nclk is one (high). This causes the second NOR gate to output a zero at node pn regardless of the logic value at the second input of the second NOR gate . This also causes the first AND gate to pass the input signal d to the first input of the first NOR gate . Thus, when the input clock signal clk is zero (low), the first latch circuit outputs a zero to the second latch circuit , and the input signal d is passed (propagates) to the first input of the first NOR gate .
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The zero at node pn is also input to the second input of the first NOR gate , which causes the first NOR gate to act as an inverter that inverts the logic value at the first input of the first NOR gate . Since the first AND gate passes the input signal d to the first input of the first NOR gate , the first NOR gate inverts the input signal d, and outputs the inverted input signal d at node pn. Therefore, when the input clock signal clk is zero (i.e., clock signal nclk is one), node pn is the inverse of the input signal d.
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When the input clock signal clk switches from zero to one, clock signal nclk switches from one to zero. This causes the AND gate to output a zero to the first input of the first NOR gate regardless of the logic value of the input signal d, and therefore to block the input signal d from the first input of the first NOR gate . The zero at the first input of the first NOR gate causes the first NOR gate to act as an inverter for the output of the second NOR gate (which is coupled to the second input of the first NOR gate ).
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In addition, the logic zero of clock signal nclk causes the second NOR gate to act as an inverter for the output of the first NOR gate (which is coupled to the second input of the second NOR gate ). Thus, both the first and second NOR gates and act as inverters coupled in a loop. This causes the first and second NOR gates and to latch (capture) the logic value of the inverted input signal d at node pn. The latched logic value of the inverted input signal d at node pn is inverted at node pn. Thus, the logic value of the input signal d is latched at node pn.
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Therefore, when the input clock signal clk switches from zero to one (i.e., clock signal nclk switches from one to zero), the first latch circuit latches (captures) the logic value of the input signal d, and outputs the latched logic value at the output of the first latch circuit (i.e., node pn). The first latch circuit outputs the latched logic value while the input clock signal clk is one. In other words, the first latch circuit latches (captures) the logic value of the input signal d on a rising edge of the input clock signal clk, and outputs the latched logic value to the second latch circuit while the input clock signal clk is one.
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When the input clock signal clk switches from one back to zero (i.e., clock signal nclk switches from zero back to one), the first latch circuit outputs a zero (i.e., node pn is zero). If the latched logic value at node pn is one prior to the input clock signal clk switching from one to zero, then node pn is discharged from one to zero when the input clock signal clk switches from one to zero. In other words, node pn is discharged on the falling edge of the clock signal clk. If the latched logic value at node pn is zero prior to the input clock signal clk switching from one to zero, then node pn stays at zero when the input clock signal clk switches from one to zero.
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The second latch circuit has a first input coupled to the output of the first latch circuit , a second input the receives clock signal nclk from the first inverter , and an output that provides the output signal q of the flip-flop . Operation of the second latch circuit will now be described according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
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When the input clock signal clk is one (high) (i.e., clock signal nclk is zero (low)), the second latch circuit receives the logic value of the input signal d latched by the first latch circuit . The second latch circuit passes the logic value of the input signal d latched by the first latch circuit to the output q of the flip-flop .
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When the input clock signal clk switches from one to zero (i.e., clock signal nclk switches from zero to one), the second latch circuit latches the logic value of the input signal d latched by the first latch circuit , and outputs the latched logic value while the input clock signal clk is zero.
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Thus, the first latch circuit latches the logic value of the input signal d on a rising edge of the input clock signal clk, and outputs the latched logic value to the second latch circuit while the input clock signal clk is one. During this time, the second latch circuit passes the latched logic value of the input signal d to the output q. When the input clock signal switches from one to zero (which corresponds to a falling edge of the input clock signal clk), the second latch circuit latches the latched logic value from the first latch circuit , and continues to output the latched logic value while the input clock signal clk is zero. As a result, the logic value of the input signal d latched (captured) by the first latch circuit is output at the output q of the flip-flop until the next rising edge of the clock signal clk.
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When the input d and the output q of the flip-flop are both zero (i.e., d=0 and q=0), node pn is zero, and stays zero when the input clock signal clk switches logic states. This is because node pn is zero when the input clock signal clk is zero (low), as discussed above. Since the logic state of node pn remains at zero in this case, there is no need to gate clock signal nclk to prevent node pn from switching logic states in this case.
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When the input d and the output q of the flip-flop are both one (i.e., d=1 and q=1), node pn switches (toggles) from one to zero on a falling edge of the input clock signal clk. This is because the latched logic value at node pn is one when the input clock signal clk is one (high), and node pn is zero when the input clock signal clk is zero (low). As a result, each time the clock signal clk switches from one to zero, node pn switches from one to zero, which involves discharging node pn. The switching of node pn causes unnecessary dynamic power consumption since the output q does not need to be updated in this case.
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To address this, embodiments of the present disclosure provide a clock-gating device that gates (i.e., disables) clock signal nclk to the first NOR gate when the input d and the output q of the flip-flop are both one (i.e., d=1 and q=1). This prevents unnecessary switching of node pn when the input d and the output q are both one, thereby reducing power consumption.
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The clock-gating device does not gate clock signal nclk when the input d and the output q of the flip-flop are different or are both zero (i.e., d=0 and q=0). This is because node pn stays at zero when d=0 and q=0. Thus, clock gating is not required to prevent node pn from switching logic states for the case where d=0 and q=0. This allows the clock-gating device to be implemented with fewer transistors, as discussed further below.
FIG. 4
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shows an exemplary implementation of the clock-gating device according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. In this example, the clock-gating device includes a logic device and a gate device . The logic device has a first input that receives the input signal d of the flip-flop , a second input that receives the output signal q of the flip-flop , and an output that outputs an enable signal (labeled “en”). The gate device has a first input that receives the enable signal en, a second input that receives the clock signal nclk from the first inverter , and an output coupled to the first input of the second NOR gate . As discussed further below, the gate device is configured to selectively gate clock signal nclk under the control of the logic device .
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The logic device is configured to output an enable signal en of one to the gate device when the input d and the output q of the flip-flop are different (i.e., d q) or are both zero (i.e., d=0 and q=0). The gate device is configured to pass clock signal nclk to the first input of the second NOR gate when the enable signal en is one. Thus, clock signal nclk in not gated when the input d and the output q of the flip-flop are different or are both zero.
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The logic device is configured to output an enable signal en of zero to the gate device when the input d and output q of the flip-flop are both one (i.e., d=1 and q=1). The gate device is configured to gate (block) clock signal nclk to the first input of the second NOR gate when the enable signal en is zero. Thus, when the input d and output q of the flip-flop are both one, clock signal nclk is gated. In this case, the gate device outputs a zero to the first input of the second NOR gate , which prevents switching of node pn in this case, as discussed above.
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In this example, the clock-gating device selectively gates clock signal nclk, which is the inverse of the input clock signal clk. This helps prevent glitches from occurring without the need for the latch shown in . As discussed above, the latch is used in the clock-gating device in to prevent a glitch caused by initiating gating of the clock signal clk when the clock signal clk is one (high). Since clock signal nclk is the inverse of the input clock signal clk, clock signal nclk is zero (low) when the input clock signal clk is one (high). Thus, gating clock signal nclk avoids the glitch discussed above. By not including the latch in the clock-gating device , the area and power overhead of the clock-gating device can be significantly reduced compared with the clock-gating device in .
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Also, in this example, clock signal nclk to the second input of the first AND gate is not gated by the clock-gating device . This is because the clock-gating device is not on the clock path between the inverter and the first AND gate . Also, clock signal nclk to the second latch circuit is not gated by the clock-gating device in this example. This is because the clock-gating device is not on the clock path between the inverter and the second latch circuit .
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The clock-gating device may be implemented using a variety of different logic circuits. In this regard, shows an exemplary implementation of the clock-gating device in which the logic device in is implemented with a NAND gate , and the gate device in is implemented with an AND gate .
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The NAND gate has a first input that receives the input signal d, a second input that receives the output q of the flip-flop , and an output that outputs the enable signal (labeled “en”). The AND gate has a first input that receives the enable signal en, a second input that receives clock signal nclk, and an output coupled to the first input of the second NOR gate .
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The NAND gate outputs a logic one (i.e., en=1) to the AND gate when the input d and the output q of the flip-flop are different (i.e., d q) or are both zero (i.e., d=0 and q=0). This causes the AND gate to pass clock signal nclk to the second NOR gate . Thus, clock signal nclk is un-gated when the input q and the output d of the flip-flop are different or are both zero.
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The NAND gate outputs a logic zero (i.e., en=0) to the AND gate when the input d and output q of the flip-flop are both one (i.e., d=1 and q=1). This causes the AND gate to output a zero regardless of the logic state of clock signal nclk, and therefore to gate (block) the clock signal nclk to the second NOR gate . Thus, when the input d and output q of the flip-flop are both one, clock signal nclk is gated, which prevents unnecessary switching of node pn for the case where d=1 and q=1.
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FIG. 2
A NAND gate can be implemented with fewer transistors than an XOR gate. Thus, the NAND gate reduces the area and power overhead of the clock-gating device compared with the clock-gating device , which uses the XOR gate in to generate the enable signal en.
FIG. 6A
FIG. 6A
FIG. 4
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shows an exemplary implementation of the first latch circuit and the gate device (e.g., AND gate ) at the transistor level according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. It is to be appreciated that some of the transistors shown in are shared by two or more of the logic gates shown in (e.g., AND gate , first NOR gate and second NOR gate ), as discussed further below. This reduces the number of transistors needed to implement the first latch circuit compared with implementing each of the logic gates individually using separate transistors.
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In this example, the exemplary implementation includes p-type metal oxide semiconductor (PMOS) transistors , , , , and , and n-type metal oxide semiconductor (NMOS) transistors , , , , and . PMOS transistor is coupled between the upper supply rail Vcc and node . The gate of PMOS transistor receives the input signal d. PMOS transistor is coupled between node and node pn. The gate of PMOS transistor is coupled to node pn. NMOS transistors and are coupled in series between node pn and the lower supply rail Vss. The lower supply rail Vss may be coupled to ground. The gate of NMOS transistor receives the input signal d, and the gate of NMOS transistor receives clock signal nclk, which is the inverse of the input clock signal clk, as discussed above. NMOS transistor is coupled between node pn and the lower supply rail Vss. The gate of NMOS transistor is coupled to node pn.
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PMOS transistor is coupled between the upper supply rail Vcc and node . The gate of PMOS transistor is coupled to node . PMOS transistor is coupled between the upper supply rail Vcc and node . The gate of PMOS transistor is coupled to node pn. PMOS transistors and are coupled in parallel between node and node pn. The gate of PMOS transistor receives clock signal nclk, and the gate of PMOS transistor receives the enable signal en from the logic device (e.g., NAND gate ).
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NMOS transistor is coupled between node pn and the lower supply rail Vss. The gate of NMOS transistor is coupled to node pn. NMOS transistors and are coupled in series between node pn and the lower supply rail Vss. The gate of NMOS transistor receives clock signal nclk, and the gate of NMOS transistor receives the enable signal en.
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Operation of the exemplary implementation of the first latch circuit and gate device will now be described according to certain aspects.
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FIG. 6B
FIG. 6A
FIG. 6B
Operation will first be described for the case in which the enable signal en is one (i.e., clock signal nclk is not gated). In this case, NMOS transistor is turned on, and therefore couples the source of NMOS transistor to Vss. Also, PMOS transistor is turned off. In this regard, shows the circuit equivalent of for the case in which the enable signal en is one. For ease of discussion, operation for this case is described below with reference to .
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When the input clock clk is zero (low), clock signal nclk is one (high). This causes NMOS transistor to turn on, and pull node pn to zero. Also, PMOS transistor is turned off, thereby decoupling node pn from the drain of PMOS transistor . Thus, node pn is zero when clock signal nclk is one. Therefore, NMOS transistor performs the function of the second NOR gate when clock signal nclk is one.
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In addition, NMOS transistor is turned on since clock signal nclk is one. As a result, the source of NMOS transistor is coupled to Vss. Further, PMOS transistor is turned on since node pn is zero. This causes PMOS transistor to couple the drains of PMOS transistor and NMOS transistor together to node pn. As a result, PMOS transistor and NMOS transistor form an inverter between Vcc and Vss having an input coupled to the input signal d and an output coupled to node pn. The inverter inverts the input signal d and outputs the inverted input signal at node pn. Thus, these transistors perform the functions of the AND gate and first NOR gate when clock signal nclk is one.
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When the input clock clk is one (high), clock signal nclk is zero (low). This causes NMOS transistor to turn off and PMOS transistor to turn on. As a result, the drain of PMOS transistor is coupled to the drain of NMOS transistor via PMOS transistor . This causes the PMOS transistor and NMOS transistor to form an inverter between Vcc and Vss having an input coupled to node pn and an output coupled to node pn. Thus, these transistors perform the function of the second NOR gate when clock signal nclk is zero (low).
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In addition, PMOS transistors and and NMOS transistor form an inverter having an input coupled to node pn and an output coupled to node pn regardless of the logic value of the input signal d, as discussed further below. Thus, these transistors perform the function of the first NOR gate when clock signal nclk is zero.
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When the input signal d is zero, PMOS transistor is turned on and couples the source of PMOS transistor to Vcc. In this case, PMOS transistor and NMOS transistor form an inverter between Vcc and Vss having an input coupled to node pn and an output coupled to node pn.
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When the input signal d is one, PMOS transistor is turned off. In this case, PMOS transistors and and NMOS transistor form an inverter between Vcc and Vss having an input coupled to node pn and an output coupled to node pn. The inverter includes two stacked PMOS transistors (i.e., PMOS transistors and ), in which the gate of each PMOS transistor is coupled to node pn. Note that the gate of PMOS transistor is coupled to node pn via PMOS transistor , which is turned on. Thus, PMOS transistors and and NMOS transistor form an inverter independent of the logic value of the input signal d.
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FIG. 6C
FIG. 6A
FIG. 6C
Operation will now be described for the case in which the enable signal en is zero (i.e., clock signal nclk is gated). In this case, NMOS transistor is turned off, and therefore decouples the source of NMOS transistor from Vss. Also, PMOS transistor is turned on, and therefore couples the drain of PMOS transistor to node pn. In this regard, shows the circuit equivalent of for the case in which the enable signal en is zero. For ease of discussion, operation for this case is described below with reference to .
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FIG. 6C
FIG. 6A
As discussed above, clock signal nclk is gated when the input d and the output q are both one. In this case, node pn is one. As shown in , node pn is no longer pulled to zero by NMOS transistor (shown in ) when clock signal nclk is one (i.e., input clock signal clk is zero). Thus, switching of the node pn from one to zero on the falling edges of the input clock signal clk is prevented, thereby reducing power consumption.
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It is to be appreciated that the present disclosure is not limited to the exemplary implementation shown in , and that the first latch circuit and the gate device may be implemented using other configurations of transistors.
FIG. 7
FIG. 7
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shows an exemplary implementation of the second latch circuit at the logic gate level according to certain aspects. In this example, the second latch circuit includes a second AND gate , a third NOR gate , a second inverter and a third inverter . The second AND gate has a first input that receive clock signal nclk from the first inverter , a second input coupled to node net, and an output . The third NOR gate has a first input coupled to the output of the first latch circuit (i.e., node pn), a second input coupled to the output of the second AND gate , and an output . The node at the output of the third NOR gate is labeled node pn in . The second inverter has an input coupled to the output of the third NOR gate (i.e., node pn) and an output coupled to the second input of the AND gate at node net. The third inverter has an input coupled to the output of the third NOR gate (i.e., node pn) and an output that provides the output q of the flip-flop .
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FIG. 7
Operation of the exemplary implementation of the second latch circuit shown in will now be described according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
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When the input clock signal clk is one (high) (i.e., clock signal nclk is zero (low)), the second AND gate output a zero to the second input of the third NOR gate . This causes the third NOR gate to act as an inverter that inverts the output of the first latch circuit . Thus, the NOR gate inverts the logic value latched by the first latch circuit , and outputs the inverted latched logic value at node pn. The third inverter inverts the inverted latched logic value at node pn, and therefore outputs the latched logic value at the output q. Thus, the third NOR and the third inverter pass the logic value latched by the first latch circuit to the output q.
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When the input clock signal clk switches from one to zero (i.e., clock signal nclk switches from zero to one), node pn is zero, as discussed above. This causes the third NOR gate to act as an inverter that inverts the logic value at the second input of the third NOR gate . In addition, the second AND gate couples the output of the second inverter to the second input of the third NOR gate . Thus, the third NOR gate acts as an inverter that is coupled to the second inverter in a loop. As a result, the third NOR gate and the second inverter latch the logic value at node pn (which is the inverse of the logic value latched by the first latch circuit ). The third inverter inverts the inverted latched logic value at node pn, and therefore outputs the latched logic value at the output q.
FIG. 8
FIG. 8
FIG. 6A
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shows an exemplary implementation of the second latch circuit at the transistor level according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. also shows the exemplary implementation of the first latch circuit and the gate device shown in .
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In this example, the second latch circuit includes PMOS transistors , and , and NMOS transistors and . PMOS transistor is coupled between the upper supply rail Vcc and node . The gate of PMOS transistor is coupled to node pn at the output of the first latch circuit . PMOS transistors and are coupled in parallel between node and node pn. The gate of PMOS transistor receives clock signal nclk, and the gate of PMOS transistor is coupled to node net at the output of the second inverter . NMOS transistor is coupled between node pn and the lower supply rail Vss. The gate of NMOS transistor is coupled to node pn. NMOS transistor is coupled between node pn and the drain of NMOS transistor . The gate of NMOS transistor is coupled to node net at the output of the second inverter .
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Operation of the exemplary implementation of the second latch circuit shown in will now be described according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
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When the input clock signal clk is one (high) (i.e., clock signal nclk is zero (low)), PMOS transistor is turned on, and couples the drain of PMOS transistor to the drain of NMOS transistor . As a result, PMOS transistor and NMOS transistor form an inverter between Vcc and Vss having an input coupled to node pn and an output coupled to node pn. Thus, PMOS transistor and NMOS transistor perform the function of the third NOR gate when the input clock signal clk is one. In this case, the second latch circuit passes the latched logic value at the output of the first latch circuit (i.e., node pn) to the output q of the flip-flop .
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When the input clock signal clk switches from one to zero (i.e., clock signal nclk switches from zero to one), node pn is zero, as discussed above. This causes PMOS transistor to turn on (and therefore couple node to the upper supply rail Vcc) and NMOS transistor to turn off. In addition, PMOS transistor is turned off since clock signal nclk is one. Further, NMOS transistor is turned on, and therefore couples the source of NMOS transistor to the lower supply rail Vss. As a result, PMOS transistor and NMOS transistor form an inverter between Vcc and Vss having an input coupled to node net (i.e., output of the second inverter ) and an output coupled to node pn (i.e., input of the second inverter ). Thus, this inverter is coupled to the second inverter in a loop, which latches the logic value at node pn (which is the inverse of the logic value latched by the first latch circuit ). The third inverter inverts the inverted latched logic value at node pn, and therefore outputs the latched logic value at the output q.
FIG. 8
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It is to be appreciated that the present disclosure is not limited to the exemplary implementation shown in , and that the second latch circuit may be implemented using other configurations of transistors.
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In the above examples, the logic device outputs an enable signal en of one to un-gate clock signal nck and outputs an enable signal of zero to gate clock signal nclk. However, it is to be appreciated that the present disclosure is not limited to this example. In general, the logic device outputs an enable signal en having a first logic value to un-gate clock signal nck (when d and q are different or are both zero), and outputs an enable signal en having a second logic value to gate clock signal nck (when d=1 and q=1). The gate device un-gates clock signal nclk when the enable signal en has the first logic value, and gates clock signal nclk when the enable signal en has the second logic value.
FIG. 9
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is a flowchart illustrating a method for clock gating according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by the clock-gating device .
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At step , an input signal of a flip-flop and an output signal of the flip-flop are received. For example, the input signal may correspond to input signal d of the flip-flop , and the output signal may correspond to output signal q of the flip-flop .
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At step , a clock signal is passed to an input of a gate in the flip-flop if the input signal and the output signal have different logic values or both the input signal and the output signal have a logic value of zero. The clock signal may correspond to clock signal nclk, and the gate may correspond to NOR gate .
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At step , the clock signal is gated if both the input signal and the output signal have a logic value of one. Gating the clock signal may include outputting a logic zero to the input (e.g., input ) of the gate (e.g., NOR gate ) independent (regardless) of the logic state of the clock signal (e.g., clock signal nclk).
FIG. 3
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It is to be appreciated that the input signal of the flip-flop may correspond to a signal having the same logic value as input d. Also, the output signal of the flip-flop may correspond to a signal having the same logic value as output q. For example, one or more buffers may be coupled to output q shown in . In this example, the output signal may be a signal at the output of one of the buffers, in which the output signal has the same logic value as output q with a short delay (delay of one or more of the buffers). Also, it is to be appreciated that the logic device (e.g., NAND gate ) does not have to be directly connected to input d and output q shown in (e.g., may be coupled to input d and output q via one or more buffers).
The previous description of the disclosure is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited to the examples described herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1
shows an example of a flip-flop.
FIG. 2
shows an example of a clock-gating device according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 3
is a logic diagram illustrating an example of a flip-flop according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 4
shows an example of a clock-gating device with reduced area and power overhead according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 5
shows an exemplary implementation of the clock-gating device according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6A
shows an exemplary implementation of a latch circuit and a gate device at the transistor level according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6B
FIG. 6A
shows a circuit equivalent of for the case in which a clock signal is not gated according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 6C
FIG. 6A
shows a circuit equivalent of for the case in which the clock signal is gated according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 7
is a logic diagram illustrating another example of a flip-flop according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 8
shows an exemplary implementation of a flip-flop and a gate device at the transistor level according to certain aspects of the present disclosure.
FIG. 9
is a flowchart illustrating a method for clock gating according to certain aspects of the present disclosure. | |
A digital still camera comprising a CPU 40 for compressing the one frame image data of a photo-shot having a constant data quantity by JPEG method into a variable length with the maximum data quantity of no more than 30 k bytes, and a flash memory 41 for storing the compressed image data in an image...http://www.google.com/patents/US6469738?utm_source=gb-gplus-sharePatent US6469738 - Frames allowable to be shot in a digital still camera
A digital still camera comprising a CPU 40 for compressing the one frame image data of a photo-shot having a constant data quantity by JPEG method into a variable length with the maximum data quantity of no more than 30 k bytes, and a flash memory 41 for storing the compressed image data in an image region 412. The CPU 40 counts a number of frames of the image data already written onto the image region 412 and the unused data capacity, obtains a remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot from the number of frames of the image data already written onto the image region 412, and obtains a remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot from the unused data capacity of the image region 412, and also displays either smaller one as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot. In case of compressing the data of the photo-shot images by JPEG method and storing the data onto a data recording medium in the digital still camera, it becomes possible to calculate accurately the remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
Images(10)
Claims(16)
What is claimed is:
1. A method for calculating, and displaying on a display apparatus, the writable number of data whose maximum data quantity is no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length onto a data recording medium, comprising the steps of:
counting the number of the data already written onto said data recording medium;
obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which data can be written by said maximum data quantity;
obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of data already written onto said data recording medium from said first value;
counting the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity;
comparing said second value with said third value;
making the smaller value out of said second value and said third value the writable number of the data onto said data recording medium; and
displaying on said display apparatus said writable number of the data onto said data recording medium.
2. A method for calculating, and displaying on a display apparatus, the writable number of plural kinds of data whose respective maximum data quantities differ from each other and are no more than the predetermined quantities of variable length onto a data recording medium, comprising the steps of:
counting the number of the data already written onto said data recording medium on the respective ones of said plural kinds of data;
obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which data can be written by said maximum data quantity of the predetermined kind of data out of said plural kinds;
obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of data already written onto said data recording medium converted into the number of said predetermined kind of data from said first value;
counting the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity of said predetermined kind of data;
comparing said second value with said third value;
making the smaller value out of said second value and said third value the writable number of the data onto said data recording medium; and
displaying on said display apparatus said writable number of the data onto said data recording medium.
3. The method as set forth in claim 2, further comprising a step of converting the smaller value out of said second value and said third value according to the respective maximum data quantities of the plural kinds of data into the writable number of data onto the data recording medium.
4. A method for calculating, and displaying on a display apparatus, the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot of a digital still camera which holds the photo-shot images by writing the image data having the maximum data quantity of one frame with a variable length of no more than a predetermined quantity onto a data recording medium, comprising the steps of:
counting the number of frames of the data already written onto said data recording medium;
obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity;
obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data already written onto said data recording medium from said first value;
counting the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity;
comparing said second value with said third value;
making the smaller value out of said second value and said third value the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot; and
displaying on said display apparatus said number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
5. A method for calculating, and displaying on a display apparatus, the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot of a digital still camera which holds the photo-shot image by writing plural kinds of the image data having the respectively different maximum data quantity of one frame with a variable length of no more than a predetermined quantity onto the data recording medium, comprising the steps of:
counting the number of frames of the image data already written onto said data recording medium on the respective ones of the plural kinds of image data;
obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which data can be written by said maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of image data out of plural kinds;
obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data already written onto said data recording medium converted into the number of frames of the predetermined kinds of image data from said first value;
counting the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity of said predetermined kind of image data;
comparing said second value with said third value;
making the smaller value out of said second value and said third value the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot; and
displaying on said display apparatus said number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
6. The method as set forth in claim 5, further comprising a step of converting the smaller value out of said second value and said third value according to the respective maximum data quantities of the plural kinds of image data into the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
7. A digital still camera, comprising:
image pickup means for picking up an image and generating the image data for one frame having a constant data quantity;
image data compressing means for compressing the image data of one frame generated by said image pickup means by a predetermined method and converting into the compressed image data having the maximum data quantity of no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length;
counting means for counting the number of frames of the image data already written onto said data recording medium, and counting the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
operating means for obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which the data can be written by said maximum data quantity, obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data already written onto said data recording medium from said first value, obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity, and comparing said second value with said third value; and
displaying means for displaying the smaller value out of the comparison result by said operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
8. A digital still camera, comprising:
image pickup means for picking up an image and generating plural kinds of image data each having different constant data quantity for one frame;
image data compressing means for compressing the image data of one frame formed by said image pickup means by a predetermined method and converting into the compressed image data having a maximum data quantity, being different by the respective image data of plural kinds, of no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length;
counting means for counting the number of frames of the image data already written onto said data recording medium on the respective image data of plural kinds, and counting the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
operating means for obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which the data can be written by said maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of image data out of plural kinds, obtaining a second value by subtracting the value obtained by converting the number of frames of the image data already written onto said data recording medium into the number of frames of said predetermined kinds of the image data from said first value, obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity of said predetermined kind of image data, and comparing said second value with said third value; and
displaying means for displaying the smaller value out of the comparison result by said operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
9. The digital still camera as set forth in claim 8, wherein said displaying means convert the smaller value out of the comparison results by said operating means according to the respective maximum data quantity of the plural kinds of image data, and display as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
10. A digital still camera, comprising:
image pickup means for picking up an image and generating the image data for one frame having a constant data quantity;
image data compressing means for compressing the image data of one frame generated by said image pickup means by a predetermined method and converting into the compressed image data having the maximum data quantity of no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length;
voice data generating means for generating the voice data of a constant data quantity by taking in the voice for a predetermined time at picking up images of the image data by said image pickup means;
counting means for counting the number of frames of the image data and the number of voice data written onto said data recording medium, and counting the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
operating means for obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which the data can be written by said maximum data quantity, obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data and the number of the voice data, which is converted into the number of frames of the image data, already written onto said data recording medium from said first value, obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity, and comparing said second value with said third value; and
displaying means for displaying the smaller value out of the comparison result by said operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
11. The digital still camera as set forth in claim 10, wherein said displaying means divides the smaller value out of the comparison results by said operating means by the value obtained by adding “1” to the voice data converted at a predetermined rate into the number of frames of the image data, and displays as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
12. A digital still camera, comprising:
image pickup means for picking up an image and generating the plural kinds of image data each having different constant data quantity for one frame;
image data compressing means for compressing the image data of one frame formed by said image pickup means by a predetermined method and converting into the compressed image data having the maximum data quantity, being different by the respective image data of plural kinds, of no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length;
voice data generating means for generating the voice data of a constant data quantity by taking in the voice for a predetermined time at picking up images of the image data by said image pickup means;
counting means for counting the number of frames of the image data on the respective ones of plural kinds and the number of voice data already written onto said data recording medium, and counting the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
operating means for obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which the data can be written by said maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of the image data out of the plural kinds, obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data and the number of the voice data, which is converted into the number of frames of said predetermined kinds of the image data, already written onto said data recording medium from said first value, obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity of said predetermined kinds of the image data, and comparing said second value with said third value; and
displaying means for displaying the smaller value out of the comparison result by said operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
13. The digital still camera as set forth in claim 12, wherein said displaying means divides the smaller value out of the comparison results by said operating means by a value obtained by adding the value of the voice data converted at a predetermined rate into the number of frames of said predetermined kinds of image data and the value of the plural kinds of the image data converted respectively at predetermined rates into the number of frames of the predetermined kinds of the image data, and displays as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
14. A computer memory product readable by a computer to calculate, and display on a display apparatus, the writable number of data having the maximum data quantity of no more than the predetermined quantity of variable length onto a data recording medium, said computer readable program code means comprising:
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to count the number of data already written onto said data recording medium;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to obtain a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to obtain a second value by subtracting the number of the data already written onto said data recording medium from said first value;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to count the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to obtain a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to compare said second value with said third value;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to make the smaller value out of said second value and said third value the writable number of data onto said data recording medium; and
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to display on said display apparatus said writable number of data onto said data recording medium.
15. A computer memory product readable by a computer to calculate, and display on a display apparatus, the writable number of plural kinds of data whose respective maximum data quantities differ from each other and are no more than the predetermined quantities of variable length onto a data recording medium, said computer memory product comprising:
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to count the number of the data already written onto said data recording medium on the respective ones of said plural kinds of data;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to obtain a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of said data recording medium onto which data can be written by said maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of data out of said plural kinds;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to obtain a second value by subtracting the number of the data already written onto said data recording medium converted into the number of said predetermined kind of data from said first value;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to count the unused data capacity of said data recording medium;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to obtain a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of said data recording medium by said maximum data quantity of said predetermined kind of data;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to compare said second value with said third value;
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to make the smaller value out of said second value and said third value the writable number of the data onto said data recording medium; and
computer readable program code means for causing said computer to display on said display apparatus said writable number of data onto said data recording medium.
16. The computer memory product as set forth in claim 15, further comprising a computer readable program code means for causing said computer to convert the smaller value out of said second value and said third value according to the respective maximum data quantities of the plural kinds of data into writable number of data onto said data recording medium.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of calculating the writable number of data onto a data recording medium and a recording medium, more particularly, to a method of calculating the number of frames allowable to be shot by a digital still camera and a digital still camera to which such system is applied.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
With the rapid popularization of the computer system in recent years, especially of the personal computers, demands for various peripheral apparatuses have been expanded. Above all, as a peripheral apparatus for intake of photographs into the personal computer, instead of the indirect intake procedure using a film scanner, flat bed scanner, or the like of taking in the photographs taken on a conventional film based on silver chloride system, there is noted with attention a digital still camera with which the photo-shot image can be directly taken in as digital data.
Now, in the conventional digital still camera, the image signal of one frame portion shot with a CCD (Charge Coupled Device) which is an image pickup device is converted to digital form and stored straight in a bit map format. Accordingly, the number of frames that can be photo-shot has not been so large. In recent years, however, there has been schemed to increase the number of frames which can be photographed in the compressed data in various data compressing method. Especially, the JPEG (Joint Photograph Experts Group) system which has been standardized in recent years has been developed for compressing the high precision still photographic data for computer system in high efficiency, which has also been utilized as the image file format for CD-ROM contents and Internet application.
Accordingly, in the field of the digital still camera, storage of the photo-shot image data not in the conventional simple bitmap format but in the JPEG format as described above is convenient, because the number of frames which can be stored in a digital still camera can be increased. In view of such a situation, there have been brought into practical use the digital still cameras designed to compress the photo-shot image data by JPEG format and store, but in such a case new problems occur.
In case of recording and storing the data of the photographed image in a data recording medium in the digital still camera by the conventional simple bitmap format, the data quantity is constant, and therefore the remaining number of shots can be easily obtained by dividing the data quantity of the unused region of the data recording medium by the data quantity of the bitmap data for one frame. However, in case of storing the image data by compression by JPEG format in the data recording medium in the digital still camera, the data after compression become the variable length data, so that there is a problem that the remaining number of frames allowable to be taken cannot be accurately calculated.
Different from the ordinary camera for which a silver salt system film is used, the digital still camera is usable to take shots in different resolutions frame by frame. However, because when the resolution is different the data quantity is naturally different, calculation of the remaining number of frames allowable to be shot is made more difficult. Furthermore, in the digital still camera, different from the conventional camera for which a film is used, a constitution to make the voice recording possible at the same time can be easily adopted. In case such a constitution is taken, voice data recording is also necessitated, which involves the greater difficulty in calculating the remaining number of frames allowable to be shot. However, it is the essential information for the user to grasp how many remaining shots can be taken, and accordingly it is a question never to be neglected for the manufacturer.
The present invention has been made in reflection of the situation as reviewed above. Concretely, it has an object to provide a method for calculating the number of the remaining frames allowable to be shot in case of recording and storing in the data recording medium in the digital still camera in compressing the image data of different data quantities shot in various resolutions in a digital still camera by a compression method in which the data after compression become the variable length data; a digital still camera to which above method is applied; and further, the calculating method per se; and a recording medium in which such computer program is recorded.
The method for calculating the writable number of data whose maximum data quantity is no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length onto a data recording medium of the present invention, comprises the steps of: counting the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium; obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity; obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of data already written onto the data recording medium from the first value; counting the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity; comparing the second value with the third value; and making the smaller value out of the second value and the third value the writable number of the data onto the data recording medium.
According to such calculating method of the present invention, in writing the data whose maximum data quantity is no more than the predetermined quantity of the variable length onto the data recording medium, the number of the data written onto the data recording medium is counted, the first value obtained by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity is obtained; the second value is obtained by subtracting the number of data written onto the data recording medium from the first value; the unused data capacity of the data recording medium is counted; the third value is obtained by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity; the second value is compared with the third value; and as a result, the smaller value out of the second value and the third value is obtained as the writable number of the data onto the data recording medium.
A method for calculating the writable number of plural kinds of data whose respective maximum data quantities differ from each other and are no more than the predetermined quantities of variable length onto a data recording medium of the present invention, comprises the steps of: counting the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium on the respective ones of the plural kinds of data; obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kind of data out of the plural kinds; obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of data already written onto the data recording medium converted into the number of the predetermined kind of data from the first value; counting the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kind of data; comparing the second value with the third value; and making the smaller value out of the second value and the third value the writable number of the data onto the data recording medium.
According to such method of the present invention, in writing a plurality of kinds of data whose respective maximum quantities differ from each other and are no more than the predetermined quantity of variable length onto the data recording medium, the number of the data written onto the data recording medium is counted on the respective data of plural kinds, the first value is obtained by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kind of data out of the plural kinds; the second value is obtained by subtracting the number of data written onto the data recording medium converted into the number of the data of the predetermined kind from the first value; the unused data capacity of the data recording medium is counted; the third value is obtained by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kind of data; the second value is compared with the third value; and as a result, the smaller value out of the second value and the third value is obtained as the number of the writable data onto the data recording medium.
The abovementioned method of the present invention, further comprises a step of converting the smaller value out of the second value and the third value according to the respective maximum data quantities of the plural kinds of data into the writable number of data onto the data recording medium.
According to such calculating method of the invention, the smaller value out of the second value and the third value is converted according to the respective maximum data quantities of the plural kinds of data and is obtained as the number of writable data onto the data recording medium.
A method for calculating the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot of a digital still camera which holds the photo-shot images by writing the image data having the maximum data quantity of one frame is a variable length of no more than the predetermined quantity onto a data recording medium of the present invention, comprises the steps of: counting the number of frames of the data already written onto the data recording medium; obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity; obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data already written onto the data recording medium; counting the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity; comparing the second value with the third value; and making the smaller value out of the second value and the third value the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
According to such method for calculating the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot in the digital still camera of the present invention, in storing the photo-shot images by writing onto the data recording medium an image data whose maximum data quantity of one frame is no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length, the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium is counted; the first value is obtained by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity; the second value is obtained by subtracting the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium from the first value; the unused data capacity of the data recording medium is counted; the third value is obtained by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity; the second value is compared with the third value; and as a result the smaller value out of the second value and the third value is obtained as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
A method for calculating the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot of a digital still camera which holds the photo-shot image by writing plural kinds of the image data having the respectively different maximum data quantity of one frame with a variable length of no more than the predetermined quantity onto the data recording medium of the present invention, comprises the steps of: counting the number of frames of the image data already written onto the data recording medium on the respective ones of the plural kinds of image data; obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of image data out of plural kinds; obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data already written onto the data recording medium converted into the number of frames of the predetermined kinds of image data from the first value; counting the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kind of image data; comparing the second value with the third value; and making the smaller value out of the second value and the third value the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
According to such method for calculating the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot in the digital still camera of the present invention, in writing onto the data recording medium plural kinds of image data whose maximum data quantity of one frame is respectively different and are no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length, the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium is counted on the respective ones of the plural kinds of image data; the first value is obtained by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds out of the plural kinds of data; the second value is obtained by subtracting the value of the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium converted into the number of frames of the predetermined kind of image data from the first value; the unused data capacity of the data recording medium is counted; the third value is obtained by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity; the second value is compared with the third value; and as a result the smaller value out of the second value and the third value is obtained as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
The abovementioned method of the present invention further comprises a step of converting the smaller value out of the second value and the third value according to the respective maximum data quantities of the plural kinds of image data into the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
According to such method of the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot with the digital still camera of the invention, the smaller value out of the second value and the third value is converted according to the respective maximum data quantities of the plural kinds of image data and is obtained as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
The digital still camera of the present invention, comprises: image pickup means for picking up an image and generating the image data for one frame having a constant data quantity; image data compressing means for compressing the image data of one frame generated by the image pickup means by a predetermined method and converting into the compressed image data having the maximum data quantity of no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length; data recording medium for storing the compressed image data converted by the image data compressing means; counting means for counting the number of frames of the image data already written onto the data recording medium, and counting the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; operating means for obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity, obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data already written onto the data recording medium from the first value, obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity, and comparing the second value with the third value; and displaying means for displaying the smaller value of the comparison result by the operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
According to such digital still camera of the present invention as above, the counting means counts the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium and the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; the operating means obtains the first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity, obtains the second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium from the first value, obtains the third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity, and compares the second value with the third value; and displaying means displays the smaller value out of the comparison result by the operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
A digital still camera of the present invention, comprises: image pickup means for picking up an image and generating the plural kinds of image data each having different constant data quantity for one frame; image data compressing means for compressing the image data of one frame formed by the image pickup means by a predetermined method and converting into the compressed image data having the maximum data quantity, being different by the respective image data of plural kinds, of no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length; data recording medium for storing the compressed image data already converted by the image data compressing means; counting means for counting the number of frames of the image data already written onto the data recording medium on the respective image data of plural kinds, and counting the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; operating means for obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of image data out of plural kinds, obtaining a second value by subtracting the value obtained by converting the number of frames of the image data already written onto the data recording medium into the number of frames of the predetermined kinds of the image data from the first value, obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kind of image data, and comparing the second value with the third value; and displaying means for displaying the smaller value out of the comparison result by the operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
In such digital still camera of the present invention as above, the counting means counts the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium on the plural kinds of respective image data and the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; the operating means obtains the first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of image data out of plural kinds, obtains the second value by subtracting the value obtained by converting the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium into the number of frames of the predetermined kinds of image data from the first value, obtains the third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of image data, and compares the second value with the third value; and displaying means displays the smaller value out of the comparison result by the operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
Furthermore, the digital still camera as abovementioned of the present invention, wherein the displaying means converts the smaller value out of the comparison results by the operating means according to the respective maximum data quantity of the plural kinds of image data, and displays as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
In such digital still camera of the present invention as above, the displaying means displays the smaller value based on the results of comparison by the operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot, by converting according to the respective maximum data quantity of plural kinds of image data.
The digital still camera of the present invention, comprises: image pickup means for picking up an image and generating the image data for one frame having a constant data quantity; image data compressing means for compressing the image data of one frame generated by the image pickup means by a predetermined method and converting into the compressed image data having the maximum data quantity of no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length; voice data generating means for generating the voice data of a constant data quantity by taking in the voice for the predetermined time at picking up images of the image data by the image pickup means; data recording medium for storing the compressed image data converted by the image data compressing means and the voice data generated by the voice data generating means; counting means for counting the number of frames of the image data and the number of voice data written onto the data recording medium, and counting the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; operating means for obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity, obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data and the number of the voice data, which is converted into the number of frames of the image data, already written onto the data recording medium from the first value, obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity, and comparing the second value with the third value; and displaying means for displaying the smaller value out of the comparison result by the operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
According to the digital still camera of the present invention as above, the counting means counts the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium and the number of the voice data and the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; the operating means obtains the first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity, obtains the second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium and the number of the voice data converted to the number of frames of the image data from the first value, obtains the third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity, and compares the second value with the third value; and displaying means displays the smaller value out of the comparison result by the operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
Furthermore, the digital still camera as mentioned above of the present invention, wherein the displaying means divides the smaller value out of the comparison results by the operating means by the value obtained by adding “1” to the voice data converted at a predetermined rate into the number of frames of the image data, and displays as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
In such digital still camera of the present invention as above, the displaying means divides the smaller value out of the comparison results by the operating means by the value obtained by adding “1” to the voice data converted at a predetermined rate into the number of frames of the image data, and displays as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
A digital still camera of the present invention, comprises: image pickup means for picking up an image and generating the plural kinds of image data each having different constant data quantity for one frame; image data compressing means for compressing the image data of one frame formed by the image pickup means by a predetermined method and converting into the compressed image data having the maximum data quantity, being different by the respective image data of plural kinds, of no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length; voice data generating means for generating the voice data of a constant data quantity by taking in the voice for the predetermined time at picking up images of the image data by the image pickup means; data recording medium for storing the compressed image data converted by the image data compressing means and the voice data generated by the voice data generating means; counting means for counting the number of frames of the image data on the respective ones of plural kinds and the number of voice data already written onto the data recording medium, and counting the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; operating means for obtaining a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of the image data out of the plural kinds, obtaining a second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data and the number of the voice data, which is converted into the number of frames of the predetermined kinds of the image data, already written onto the data recording medium from the first value, obtaining a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of the image data, and comparing the second value with the third value; and displaying means for displaying the smaller value out of the comparison result by the operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
According to such digital still camera of the present invention as above, the counting means counts the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium and the number of the voice data and the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; the operating means obtains the first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity, obtains the second value by subtracting the number of frames of the image data written onto the data recording medium and the number of the voice data converted into the number of frames of the image data from the first value, obtains the third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity, and compares the second value with the third value; and displaying means displays the smaller value out of the comparison result by the operating means as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
Furthermore, the digital still camera as mentioned above of the present invention, wherein the displaying means divides the smaller value out of the comparison results by the operating means by the value obtained by adding the value of the voice data converted at a predetermined rate into the number of frames of the predetermined kinds of image data and the value of the plural kinds of the image data converted respectively at predetermined rates into the number of frames of the predetermined kinds of the image data, and displays as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
In such digital still camera of the present invention as above, the displaying means divides the smaller value out of the comparison results by the operating means by the value of the voice data converted at a predetermined rate into the number of frames of the predetermined kinds of image data and the value of the plural kinds of the image data converted respectively into the predetermined kinds of the number of frames of the image data, and displays as the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot.
Furthermore, the computer memory product readable by a computer to calculate the writable number of data having the maximum data quantity of no more than the predetermined quantity of variable length onto a data recording medium, the computer readable program code means comprises: computer readable program code means for causing the computer to count the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to obtain a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to obtain a second value by subtracting the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium from the first value; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to count the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to obtain a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to compare the second value with the third value; and computer readable program code means for causing the computer to make the smaller value out of the second value and the third value the writable number of data onto the data recording medium.
In such computer memory product of the invention as above, in case the step code means recorded therein are read and loaded in the computer such as a personal computer or a digital camera, the number of the data written onto the data recording medium is counted, the first value is obtained by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium is possible by the maximum data quantity, the second value is obtained by subtracting the number of data written onto the data recording medium from the first value, the unused data capacity of the data recording medium is counted, the third value is obtained by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity, the second value is compared with the third value, and as a result, the smaller value out of the second value and the third value is obtained as the number of data allowable to be written onto the data recording medium.
Furthermore, the computer memory product readable by a computer to calculate the writable number of plural kinds of data whose respective maximum data quantities differ from each other and are no more than the predetermined quantities of variable length onto a data recording medium of the present invention, the computer readable program code means comprises: computer readable program code means for causing the computer to count the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium on the respective ones of the plural kinds of data; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to obtain a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of data out of the plural kinds; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to obtain a second value by subtracting the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium converted into the number of the predetermined kind of data from the first value; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to count the unused data capacity of the data recording medium; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to obtain a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kind of data; computer readable program code means for causing the computer to compare the second value with the third value; and computer readable program code means for causing the computer to make the smaller value out of the second value and the third value the writable number of the data onto the data recording medium.
In such computer memory product of the invention as above, in case the step code means recorded therein are read and loaded in the computer such as a personal computer or a digital camera, the number of the data written onto the data recording medium is counted on the respective ones of the plural kinds of data, the first value is obtained by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of data out of the plural kinds, the second value is obtained by subtracting the number of data written onto the data recording medium converted into the number of the data of the predetermined kinds from the first value, the unused data capacity of the data recording medium is counted, the third value is obtained by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds, the second value is compared with the third value, and as a result, the smaller value out of the second value and the third value is obtained as the number of data allowable to be written onto the data recording medium.
The computer memory product of the present invention as above mentioned, further comprises a computer readable program code means for causing the computer to convert the smaller value out of the second value and the third value according to the respective maximum data quantities of the plural kinds of data into writable number of data onto the data recording medium.
In such computer memory product of the present invention as described above, the smaller value out of the second value and the third value is converted according to the respective maximum data quantity of plural kinds and obtained as the number of data allowable to be written onto the data recording medium.
The above and further objects and features of the invention will more fully be apparent from the following detailed description with accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A is a schematic view showing an appearance of the digital still camera of the present invention viewed from the front left side part;
FIG. 1B is a schematic view showing an appearance of the digital still camera of the present invention viewed from the rear right side part;
FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of the digital still camera of the present invention taken from the back side of the body to show the concrete constitution example of a control panel thereof;
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the display condition of the display panel of the digital still camera of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram showing an example of the internal constitution of the digital still camera of the invention;
FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B are flow charts showing the control procedure of CPU for illustrating the motion of the digital camera of the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a computer in which the computer program recorded in the recording medium of the present invention is installed;
FIG. 7 is a schematic view showing a contents of the computer program recorded in onto the recording medium of the present invention; and
FIG. 8 is a schematic view showing the contents of the computer program recorded in the recording medium of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Hereinafter, the present invention is described in detail based on the drawings which show the embodiments of the invention. FIG. 1 is a schematic view showing the appearance of the digital still camera of the invention, wherein FIG. 1A shows a condition viewed from the front left side part, and FIG. 1B shows a condition viewed from the rear right side part, respectively.
The basic constitution of the digital still camera of the present invention is similar to that of the conventional general digital still camera. A body 10 includes in front thereof an objective lens 11, a shutter button 12 on the upper surface, a control panel 13 including a display panel 130 by LCD and a microphone 14, respectively. The control panel 13 is provided with various control buttons 131 through 134, besides the display panel 130.
A reference numeral lo is a terminal cover, of which details will be described later. When the terminal cover 15 is opened, there is provided on the body 10 side terminals for connecting to this digital still camera a personal computer, television monitor, earphone, etc.
Furthermore, a reference numeral 16 is a monitor switch, which is a selection switch for use or not of the liquid crystal monitor 26 provided on the rear face of the body 10. A reference numeral 17 is a monitor selection switch for switching the display on the liquid crystal monitor 26 between the image caught by the objective lens 11 (on “camera” position) and the image which has already been memorized in the digital still camera (“reproduction” position). Accordingly, when the monitor switch 16 is turned ON and “camera” is selected on the monitor selection switch 17, the image caught by the objective lens 11 is displayed in reproduction on the liquid crystal monitor 26, while when the monitor switch 16 is turned ON and “reproduction” is selected on the monitor selection switch 17, the image which has been photo-shot or the image which is inputted from the personal computer or the like and recorded in a data recording medium provided in the digital still camera is displayed by reproduced on the liquid crystal monitor 26. In this case, the image to be reproduced can be designated by sending forward or backward by the manipulation of a frame advance switch shown by a reference numeral 19.
This digital still camera is provided, as shown by a reference numeral 18, with a finder like the ordinary camera, so that even without using the liquid crystal monitor 26 the photo-shooting itself can be made through the finder 18.
FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view showing the concrete constitution example of the control panel 13, wherein there is shown a condition of the body 10 viewed from the back face. As described above, on the control panel 13 a display panel 130 is provided, and in addition, in this embodiment there are four control buttons shown by a reference numerals 131 through 134.
The control button shown by a reference numeral 131 is a main switch for turning ON/OFF the source power for the digital still camera.
The control button shown by a reference numeral 132 is a photo-taking mode button for selecting the photo-taking mode. Concretely, on each depression by the user of this photo-taking mode button 132, the photo-taking mode changes in order of “high resolution mode (Hi)”, “standard mode (S)”, “continuous shooting mode” and the respective mode comes to be in set condition.
The control button shown by a reference numeral 133 is a voice button for recording voice. This button also shows shifting in order of ON/OFF on each depression by the user, and in case of it being ON state it shows a voice mode to make the recording from the microphone 14 possible. The voice recording by turning ON this voice button 133 cannot be made independently but only during the predetermined duration (in this embodiment, 6 sec.) from the time when the shutter button 12 is depressed in photo-taking image, and the recorded voice data are recorded in relation to the simultaneously photo-shot image data. The condition in which the “high resolution mode (Hi)” is set with the photo-taking mode button 132 and at the same time the voice mode is set with the voice button 133 is hereinafter called “high resolution mode with voice”, and the condition in which the “standard mode (S)” is set with the photo-taking mode button 132 and at the same time the voice mode is set with the voice button 133 is hereinafter called “standard mode with voice”
The control button shown by a reference numeral 134 is a self-timer button. By turning this self-timer button 134 ON, the self-timer functions to start counting time.
FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing the display condition of the display panel 130. In this embodiment, however, all conditions that can be displayed are shown, and this display is different from the display in actual use. A reference numeral 1301 is a display region showing the remaining number of frames that can be photo-shot (hereinafter to be referred to as a remaining number display region). This remaining number display region 1301 is substantially constituted by the segment to display “1” in the first place of three figures (100) or not and the segment to display any one of “0” through “9” in the first place of two figures (10) and one figure (1), respectively. In this embodiment, display is made in the range of “0” through “120” in the decimal number.
A reference numeral 1302 is a voice mode display region showing that the voice button 133 is in ON state, or concretely that the voice recording is possible, where the schematic diagram of microphone is displayed. A reference numeral 1303 is a battery amount display region which shows the remaining amount of battery, in which the schematic diagram of dry battery is displayed. Reference numerals 1304, 1305, 1306 show the photo-taking mode display regions which display respectively the photo-taking mode set at the present time in coordination with the photo-taking mode button 132. Concretely, the region 1304 displays by the schematic diagram formed by laying the squares which denote frames that the continuous shooting mode is set; the region 1305 displays by the letters “Hi” that the high resolution mode is set; and the region 1306 displays by the letter “S” that the standard mode is set. A reference numeral 1307 is a region showing that the self-timer functions, in other words, that the self-timer is being started, for which there is used a symbol which is generally used in the conventional camera.
FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram showing the internal constitution example of the digital still camera of the invention whose appearance is shown in FIG. 1. The internal constitution of this digital still camera is formed by utilizing the microcomputer system.
A reference numeral 60 shows a system controller which manages the whole control of the digital still camera, with which there are connected the main switch 131, various control buttons 132 through 134, shutter button 12, monitor switch 16, monitor selection switch 17, frame advance switch 19 and display panel 130, and the like. The system controller 60 is started by the switching on of the main switch 131, takes in the ON/OFF signals from the control buttons 131 through 134, shutter button 12, monitor switch 16, monitor selection switch 17, frame advance switch 19, and the like, and generates to output the necessary signals, and also carries out the display control of the display panel 130. The signals to be outputted by this system controller 60 includes, for example, a resolution indication signal SG for indicating the above resolution to a CPU 40, a selection indication signal SS to have the selector 24 carry out the selective control, a frame number calculation indication signal SC to have the CPU 40 carry out the number calculation (calculation of remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot), and the like.
The rays incident from the objective lens 11 focus on the light receiving face of the CCD (Charge Coupled Device) 21 which is an image pickup device, and are converted to the analog electric signal corresponding to the brightness thereof. With respect to the analog electric signal to be obtained by this CCD 21, by being periodically scanned at an appropriate timing, the signal of one frame unit is serially transferred to an analog/digital (A/D) converter 22. The A/D converter 22 converts this analog signal of serial input into a digital signal and sends it to a signal processing circuit 23. The signal processing circuit 23 provides the digital signal of serial input with appropriate processing to form the image data of bitmap format and sends it to the selector 24.
To the selector 24, there are connected, in addition to the above signal circuit 23, a video RAM (hereinafter to be referred to as VRAM) 25 and the CPU 40, which selectively connect the source and the destination of the signal physically according to the selection indication signal SS sent from the system controller 60. Concretely, when the shutter button 12 is depressed by the user, the selector 24 transfers the image data sent from the signal processing circuit 23 to the CPU 40. In case the monitor switch 16 is turned ON and the selection switch 17 of the monitor is set to the “camera” position, the selector 24 transfers the image data sent from the signal processing circuit 23 to the VRAM 25. Further, in case the monitor switch 16 is turned ON and the monitor selection switch 17 is set to the “reproduction” position, the selector 24 transfers the image data sent from the CPU 40 to the VRAM 25.
By the image data transfer operation by the selector 24 as above, the image data sent to the VRAM 25 and stored therein are displayed on the liquid crystal monitor 26. Accordingly, in case the monitor switch 16 is turned ON and the monitor selection switch 17 is set to the “camera” position, the image captured by the objective lens 11 is always displayed while being renewed in a constant cycle period. The bitmap image data stored in the VRM 25 is converted to the analog NTSC signal by a digital/analog (D/A) converter 27 and outputted from a TV terminal 28. Accordingly, in case a television monitor 51 is connected to the TV terminal 28, the same image as that displayed on the liquid crystal monitor 26 is also displayed on the television monitor 51.
On the other hand, when the user depresses the shutter button 12, according to the selection indication signal SS outputted by the system controller 60 by sensing it, the selector 24 transfers the image data of one frame unit inputted from the signal processing circuit 23 to the CPU 40. At this time, the monitor selection switch 17 is required to be set to the “camera” position, but ON/OFF of the monitor selection switch 16 is unrelated. As described above, it is possible for the selector 24 to transfer the image data of one frame unit outputted from the CPU 40 side to the VRAM 25, but the particulars of this case will be described later.
The voice signal inputted from the microphone 14 is amplified by an amplifier 31, after which it is sampled by a predetermined sampling cycle period by an A/D converter 32 and inputted to the CPU 40 as a digital voice signal.
The CPU 40 compresses by an appropriate compression method (e.g., JPEG method) the bitmap format image data of one frame unit which is sent from the selector 24 when the shutter button 12 is manipulated, and writes the image data as a compressed image data in an image region 412 of a flash memory 41, at which time it effects a change of the resolution according to the photo-taking mode set by the photo-taking mode button 132. For example, when the user sets a high resolution mode (Hi) by the manipulation of the photo-taking mode button 132, the CPU 40 carries out compressing of the image data sent from the selector 24 as it is, in other words, the compressing only in the resolution equal to that obtained with CCD 21 and writes in the image memory region 412 of flash memory 41. When the user designates the standard mode (S) by the manipulation of the photo-taking mode button 132, the CPU 40 thins the image data of one frame portion sent from the selector 24 to, for example, a half, in other words, effects compressing by converting the resolution to ½ of the resolution obtained with the CCD 21 and writes the data onto the image region 412 of the flash memory 41.
The flash memory 41 is divided into the above image region 412 and a program region 411 to be described later. To the image region 412 optional writing and reading of data by CPU 40 are possible, and even in case of the power shutoff the memory contents at that time are maintained. The program region 411 stores the processing procedures by CPU 40, only the reading out by CPU 40 is in principle possible.
Furthermore, when, at the point that the user depresses the shutter button 12, the voice button 133 is also turned ON and the recording of voice simultaneously with image is designated, the CPU 40 takes in the digital voice signal outputted from the A/D converter 32 for the designated duration of time, e.g., 6 sec. equivalent, and writes it onto the image region 412 of flash memory 41 intact. Accordingly, as the data to be written onto the image region 412 of the flash memory 41, there are three kinds of the first data made by compressing the high resolution bitmap image data of one frame, the second data made by compressing the low resolution bitmap image data of one frame, and the third data which is the unmodified voice data for the predetermined duration of time.
In case the user has set the monitor switch 16 ON and the monitor selection switch 17 to the “reproduction” position, as described above, by the output to the VRAM 25 by the selector 24 of the image data sent from the CPU 40, the above three kinds of data stored in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 can be read out by the CPU 40 and reproduced. The compressed image data are decompressed and sent from the selector 24 to the VRAM 25 and stored. In case the voice data relating to the image data is also stored in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41, the data is converted to the analog voice signal with the D/A converter 43 and outputted to an earphone terminal 29 and the TV terminal 28. The image data written onto the VRAM 25 is directly reproduced and displayed in the liquid crystal monitor 26, and outputted also to the TV terminal 28.
Accordingly, in case the user has designated any of the compressed image data already recorded in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41, such image can be displayed in both the liquid crystal monitor 26 and the television monitor 51 as described above, and in case the corresponding voice data are recorded in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41, they can also be reproduced from the earphone terminal 29 and the television monitor 51. Accordingly, by connecting the earphone not shown to the earphone terminal 29, the user may reproduce only the voice data recorded in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 and listen to it. In reproducing such image data, sequential display can be made by manipulating the frame advance switch 19.
On the other hand, the above three kinds of data stored in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 are all usable for making transfer from, for example, a PC terminal 42 of RS-232C interface which is a serial terminal for general personal computer to a personal computer (PC) 50. Inversely, it is also possible to write the compressed data in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 by sending the data compressed by the compression method similar to that used in the digital still camera of the invention (JPEG) to the CPU 40 through the PC terminal 42. However, for the exchange of the data between the digital still camera of the invention as described above and the personal computer 50 and the compression of the image data with the personal computer 50, it is necessary for the exclusive software for the personal computer 50 to be installed.
In case the reproduction of the voice data only is designated, since CPU 40 reads out the designated voice data from the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 and outputs it to the D/A converter 43 intact, the user can reproduce only the voice data recorded in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 and listen to it with the non-illustrated earphone.
As described above, in the digital still camera of the invention, the image data of the photo-shot frames are compressed and stored in the flash memory 41. However, needless to say, since the capacity of this flash memory 41, more concretely the image region 412, is limited, it is necessary to calculate how many number of frames remain to be photo-shot, or more concretely, how many remaining frames of compression image data can be stored in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41, and to inform the user of the results by displaying in the region 1301 for displaying the remaining number of shots in the display panel 130.
In the digital still camera of the invention, the calculation as described above is performed in a predetermined timing, e.g., the timing for the main switch 131 to be turned ON, the timing for the shutter button 12 to be depressed and the image data of one frame to be newly written onto the flash memory 41, the timing for the image data inputted from the personal computer 50 to be newly written onto the flash memory 41, etc. by the fact that the CPU 40 examines the contents of the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 according to the instructions outputted from the system controller 60, and the results thereof are informed to the system controller 60. The system controller 60 displays the remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot in the remaining number of frame display region 1301 of the display panel 130 as described above.
As described above, in the digital still camera of the invention, there are stored the data made by compressing the two kinds of the image data having the different data quantities and the voice data having the data quantity still different from them in the flash memory 41. The two kinds of the image data are stored in the flash memory 41 after the original data are compressed by JPEG method. However, because, in the JPEG method, the compression rates differ depending on the condition of the original bit map image data, it does not necessarily follow that, when the same quantity of data are compressed the same quantity of compressed data are obtained.
Also, in the digital still camera of the present invention it is also possible to receive the compressed image data from the personal computer 50 through the PC terminal 42 and store them in the flash memory 41. In this case, as the compressed image data sent from the personal computer 50 has a possibility of being formed by a method utterly different from the method of the digital still camera of the invention, it is beyond prediction what quantity of data will be inputted, so that from this aspect the calculation of the remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot becomes complicated.
Hereinafter, the calculating method of the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot with the digital still camera of the invention executed by the CPU 40 is explained with reference to the flow charts of FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B which show control procedures of the CPU 40.
As a premise, in the digital still camera of the present invention, the photo-shot frame can be stored in the flash memory 41 in either high resolution (high resolution mode) or low resolution (standard mode). In case of the high resolution, the frame is to be compressed to the size of no more than 60 k bytes, and in case of the low resolution, to the size of no more than 30 k bytes, respectively, and stored in the flash memory 41. The voice signals to be inputted from the microphone 14 are to be stored in the flash memory 41 in a constant data quantity of 24 k bytes. In the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 of the digital still camera of the invention, there can be recorded 120 frames of the image data photo-shot in the standard mode, in other words, a region of 3600 k bytes is to be secured for recording the image data (including the voice data).
First, the CPU 40 is in a condition to wait for the frame number calculation indication signal SC to order the calculation of the remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot (hereinafter to be referred to as the frame number calculation) to be outputted from the system controller 60 (Step S11). This frame number calculation indication signal SC is given in the timing as described above, e.g., the timing for the main switch 131 to be turned ON, the timing for the shutter button 12 to be depressed and the image data newly or the voice data simultaneously with the image data to be recorded in the flash memory 41, or the timing for the image data inputted from the personal computer 50 to be newly written onto the flash memory 41, etc. from the system controller 60 to the CPU 40.
Next, the CPU 40 examines sequentially the contents of the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 (Step S12). The flash memory 41 is, as described-above, a recording medium for recording the image data and the voice data recorded incidentally therewith, a part of which being secured as the program region 411 of computer program recording medium for control by the CPU 40, concretely for thinning the bitmap image data (change of resolution), compression, unfreezing, frame calculation, etc. In this program region 411, no recording of compressed image data or voice data is made. Accordingly, the CPU 40 examines, in this step S12, the use condition of only the image region 412 which is a data recording medium other than the program region of the flash memory 41.
Concretely, the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 is sectioned in blocks in the predetermined data quantity unit. With respect to the image data recorded in the image region 412 of the flash memory 41, the CPU 40 counts how many frame portions the low resolution image data taken in standard mode are recorded, how many frame portions the high resolution image data taken in high resolution mode are recorded, how many frame portions the voice data are recorded, respectively (Step S13). Simultaneously, the CPU 40 counts the block in which no image region 412 is used, thereby calculating the unused data capacity of the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 (Step S14).
In this manner, when the use condition has been completely examined with respect to all blocks of the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 (Step S15), the CPU 40 calculates the used capacity of the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 by converting into the number of frames photo-shot in the standard mode (Step S16). Now, assuming the actual number of frames photo-shot in the standard mode to be S, the actual number of frames photo-shot in the high resolution mode to be H, and the actual number of recordings of the voice data to be 0, respectively, the CPU 40 calculates the total number of frames photo-shot T converted into the number of frames photo-shot in the standard mode by the following equation (1), and further calculates the remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot R1 by the following equation (2) (Step S17).
T=S+2H+ (1)
R1=120−T (2)
Next, the CPU 40 calculates the remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot R2 from the unused data capacity of the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 (Step S18). Concretely, the value is obtained by dividing the gross total of the unused regions of the image region 412 of the flash memory 41 by the maximum data quantity of one frame in the standard mode (30 k bytes in this embodiment).
And, the CPU 40 compares the remaining number of frames R1 allowable to be photo-shot obtained from the number of photo-shot frames with the remaining number of frames R2 allowable to be photo-shot obtained from the unused data capacity (Step S19), and the smaller one is obtained as the number of frames R allowable to be photo-shot. Concretely, in case the remaining number of frames R1 allowable to be photo-shot obtained from the number of photo-shot frames is larger in number than the remaining number of frames R2 allowable to be photo-shot obtained from the unused data capacity (“YES” in Step S19), the CPU 40 takes the remaining number of frames R2 allowable to be photo-shot obtained from the unused data capacity to be the number of frames R allowable to be photo-shot (Step S20), and inversely, when the remaining number of frames R1 allowable to be photo-shot obtained from the number of photo-shot frames is smaller in number than the remaining number of frames R2 allowable to be photo-shot obtained from the unused data capacity (“NO” in Step S19), the CPU 40 takes the remaining number of frames R1 allowable to be photo-shot obtained from the number of photo-shot frames to be the number of frames R allowable to be photo-shot (Step S21). The result is notified from the CPU 40 to the system controller 60 as a calculation result signal SR.
The system controller 60 displays, based on the value of the number of frames R allowable to be photo-shot obtained by the CPU 40 in the manner as described above, the actual number of frames RR allowable to be photo-shot corresponding to the photo-taking mode set by the photo-taking mode button 132 at that time, on the remaining frame number display region 1301 of the display panel 130 (Step S22). Concretely, in case the standard mode (S) is selected by the photo-taking mode button 132, the system controller 60 displays on the display panel 130 the number of frames R allowable to be photo-shot obtained by the CPU 40 as it is; in case the high resolution mode (Hi) is selected, a value of ½ of the number of frames R allowable to be photo-shot obtained by the CPU 40 (R/2); in case the standard mode with voice (S) is selected, a value of ½ of the number of frames R allowable to be photo-shot obtained by the CPU 40 (R/2); and in case the high resolution mode with voice (Hi) is selected, a value of ⅓ of the number of frames R allowable to be photo-shot obtained by the CPU 40 (R/3), respectively.
In the foregoing embodiments, there are applied the methods of calculation of the writable number of data onto the data recording medium of the present invention to the object of the digital still camera. However, in the constitution wherein, for example, in the digital video camera the image data of the frames are recorded on the data recording medium such as a magnetic tape by compression in the MPEG (Moving Picture image coding Experts Group) method, the remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot is only expressed as the time allowable for photo-taking, and there is no substantial difference.
In the above embodiments, the data quantities in various image data and voice data, capacity of the flash memory 41, etc. are those exemplified, and needless to say they may be any other numerical amounts. Further, there are designed that, as the computer program recording medium and data recording medium, the flash memory 41 is used by dividing into the program region 411 and the image region 412. However, they may of course be constituted by other recording media, e.g., the program region by ROM or the like, and the image region by RAM, EEPROM, etc. The flash memory 41 itself may be substituted by RAM, EEPROM, hard disk, etc.
Furthermore, in the above embodiments, there are given two kinds of resolutions for the image data, but they are not necessarily limited to those kinds, and the image data compression method is not limited to the JPEG method but may of course be any other system. In short, the present invention is designed to apply to such data that the data of one unit to be recorded on the data recording medium is variable length data.
The present invention is also applicable for the case of making, for example, a so-called electronic album carrying a plurality of photographs by a personal computer. For example, the present invention is effective for the case of making a volume of electronic album so that the data can be recorded in a flexible disk having a data capacity of 1.44 M bytes.
In utilizing the present invention as a software program for such personal computer, a program recorded in a recording medium can be installed in the personal computer to execute the program.
FIG. 6 is a schematic view showing an appearance of a personal computer. This personal computer is furnished with a flexible disk drive 215 for reading the recorded contents (program code) from the flexible disk FD in which the program PG as described above is recorded and/or a CD-ROM drive 216 for reading the recorded contents (program code) from the CD-ROM in which the processing program PG as described above is recorded.
A reference numeral 201 denotes a display device such as a CRT display, 203 denotes a pointing device such as a mouse, and 204 denotes an input device such as a keyboard.
The code of the program PG read from the flexible disk FD by the flexible disk drive 215 or the code of the program PG read from the CD-ROM by the CD-ROM drive 216 is installed in a memory device 209 which is, for example, made by utilizing a hard disk, and executed by the non-illustrated CPU.
In this embodiment, there have been shown as the recording media a flexible disk FD and/or a CD-ROM, but without being limited to them, utilization of magnetic tape, photo-magnetic disk, etc. may of course be possible by combining with the appropriate drive (reading means).
FIG. 7 and FIG. 8 are schematic views showing the contents of the program PG recorded in the flexible disk FD as an example of the recording media.
The flexible disk FD shown in FIG. 7 records the computer program for calculating the writable number of data in writing the data whose maximum data quantity is no more than the predetermined quantity of a variable length, which includes: program code to count the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium (C11); program code to obtain a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which the data can be written by the maximum data quantity (C12); program code to obtain a second value by subtracting the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium from the first value (C13); program code to count the unused data capacity of the data recording medium (C14); program code to obtain a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity (C15); program code to compare the second value with the third value (C16); and program code to make the smaller value out of the second value and the third value the writable number of data onto the data recording medium (C17).
Furthermore, the flexible disk FD shown in FIG. 8 records the computer program for calculating the writable number of plural kinds of data whose respective maximum data quantities differ from each other and are no more than the predetermined quantities of variable length onto a data recording medium, which includes: a program code to count the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium on the respective ones of the plural kinds of data (C21); a program code to obtain a first value by dividing the whole data capacity of the data recording medium onto which data can be written by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kinds of data out of the plural kinds (C22); a program code to obtain a second value by subtracting the number of the data already written onto the data recording medium converted into the number of the predetermined kind of data from the first value (C23); a program code to count the unused data capacity of the data recording medium (C24); a program code to obtain a third value by dividing the unused data capacity of the data recording medium by the maximum data quantity of the predetermined kind of data (C25); a program code to compare the second value with the third value (C26); and a program code to make the smaller value out of the second value and the third value the writable number of the data onto the data recording medium (C27).
The flexible disk FD shown in FIG. 8 further records a program code to convert the smaller value out of the second value and the third value according to the respective maximum data quantities of the plural kinds of data into writable number of data onto the recording medium (C28).
As described above, according to the method of calculating the writable number of data onto the data recording medium of the invention, in writing a variable length data onto a data recording medium having limited capacity, calculation of the remaining number of the data allowable to be recorded can be easily performed.
According to the digital still camera of the invention and the method of calculating the number of frames allowable to be photo-shot therewith, in a digital still camera of a constitution wherein the photo-shot images are compressed and stored as the image data of variable length with unstable data quantity, the remaining number of frames allowable to be photo-shot is displayed during the use thereof, so that the user can use the digital still camera with reliability.
According to the computer program recording medium of the present invention, besides it being possible to realize the digital still camera as described above, it becomes possible to be utilized for various kinds of software wherein, in writing the variable length data having unstable data quantity onto a data recording medium of limited capacity, the remaining number of data allowable to be recorded is required to be displayed.
As this invention may be embodied in several forms without departing from the spirit of essential characteristics thereof, the present embodiment is therefore illustrative and not restrictive, since the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the description preceding them, and all changes that fall within metes and bounds of the claims, or equivalence of such metes and bounds thereof are therefore intended to be embraced by the claims.
Apparatus having a moving picture recording mode and a still picture recording mode and which is capable of simultaneously displaying a remaining memory capacity with respect to each of the recording modes
| |
Background: Released in 1997 the FX2N provided major advancements in processing speed and functionality with new options for complex mathematical calculations and data processing. The FX2N also added new expansion options for Ethernet communications, analog and temperature control, and high-speed positioning. The FX2NC provided an ultra-compact option for tight spaces.
Lifecycle: Introduced (1997) - Discontinued (2012)
Service Life: Repair Period Ends 2019
Migration Info: The FX3U or FX3UC PLC should be used in place of an FX2N or FX2NC PLC. The FX3U has the same I/O configurations as the FX2N and the terminal blocks can be removed from the FX2N and placed in the FX3U, so no additional wiring is required. FX2N PLCs can be programmed using the same software as the FX3U, but some review is necessary to ensure that all functions of the program are migrated successfully. Please contact your local Mitsubishi representative if additional assistance is required.
Suggested Replacements: The following tables list affected FX products and suggest replacements. Please confirm all specifications with the applicable manuals. | https://us.mitsubishielectric.com/fa/en/support/parts/legacy-products/programmable-controllers/fx2n-fx2nc |
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Citizen Science is members of the public having a greater role within research and recognising the invaluable role they play in providing insights a researcher may not typically have.
Citizen science is a common name for a wide range of activities and practices. It is possible to understand it by considering the characteristics of those activities and practices. Found in different scientific disciplines – from the natural sciences to the social sciences and the humanities – and within each discipline, the interpretation of citizen science can be slightly different. Yet despite these differences, citizen science is an emerging area of research and practice, with evolving standards on which different stakeholders are developing methodologies, theories and techniques – Adapted from “ECSA's Characteristics of Citizen Science”.
Harnessing the advantages of the internet, openly available software packages and local knowledge, citizen science brings about a change in the way research is conducted – no longer limited to academic researchers, it encourages active collaboration from groups across society, making members of the public fellow researchers.
Training and Resources
We would like to encourage everyone to consider taking a Citizen Science approach in your research. We have collated the following resources for you to look at, and you can always get in touch using the details on the right.
- UCL Short Course: Citizen Science and Scientific Crowdsourcing: an Introduction
- Online resources: The ECSA Characteristics of Citizen Science
- UCL Press: Citizen Science: Innovation in Open Science, Society and Policy
- Citizen science at universities: Trends, guidelines and recommendations
Citizen Science projects at UCL
Citizen science is a growing field and UCL is committed to widening participation in academic endeavours beyond the confines of the university and raising awareness of the concept of citizen science. We have collated a number of projects below to show the variety of ways to use a Citizen Science approach in your research.
If you have a citizen science project that you would like to see featured here or have questions about how you can get started with Citizen Science in your project, please get in touch.
Humanities
- Transcribe Bentham
Transcribe Bentham is an award-winning collaborative initiative that is crowdsourcing the transcription of Bentham’s previously unpublished manuscripts. The transcription takes place online, so that anyone can join in and contribute to the project. It is hosted by the Faculty of Law and since the launch of the project in 2010 over 23,000 papers have been transcribed by volunteers.
- Colouring London
Colouring London is a web based Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) initiative started in 2018. It was designed by the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis at UCL in collaboration with Historic England. It has been inspired by the online trend for city age visualisations and created using property tax data. Its creation has been largely driven by the growing demand, particularly from those working in energy analysis and sustainable development, for information on the composition and long term dynamics of the building stock.
- Histories of Whitechapel
Histories of Whitechapel is an in-depth study of Whitechapel designed to involve the public in compiling information about the area’s sites, to accommodate many voices for many histories. The aim is to bring together individual stories and knowledge about housing, commerce, religion and entertainment, wealth and poverty, dissent, reform and conflict, and more besides.
- Memory Map of the Jewish East End
The Memory Map is a digital resource designed to capture and preserve the history of Jewish East London and to bring the stories and memories of this vanishing landscape to new audiences. The project is a collaboration between the artist and writer Rachel Lichtenstein and three Bartlett research units: the Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, the Space Syntax Laboratory, and the Survey of London.
- Monument Monitor
Monument Monitor is a collaborative research project between Historic Environment Scotland and the Institute of Sustainable Heritage at University College London. It aims to assess to what extent we can use visitors photographs of heritage sites to inform conservation and monitoring efforts.
- CITiZAN
CITiZAN (the Coastal and Intertidal Zone Archaeological Network) is a community archaeology project working in the areas of England exposed at low tide but covered at high tide. They actively promote site recording and long-term monitoring programmes led by volunteers and work closely with the public to engage and encourage individuals to better understand, or “own”, their past coastal heritage.
Social Sciences
- Great British Creativity Test
The Great British Creativity Test was created in the Psychobiology Group, part of the Department of Behavioural Science and Health at UCL. This BBC Citizen Science project aims to help people find out how getting creative could improve their wellbeing.
- London Prosperity Board
London Prosperity Board – this cross-sector partnership is led by UCL’s Institute for Global Prosperity (IGP). As part of the project, IGP trains and employs people who live in neighbourhoods where research is taking place, so that they work as social scientists in local communities. The aim of the project is to rethink what prosperity means for London.
- Relief Centre
The RELIEF Centre, another project linked to UCL’s Institute for Global Prosperity (IGP), aims to speed up transitions to sustainable, prosperous societies in the context of mass displacement and to improve the quality of people's lives.
The project is about the prosperity of Lebanon in particular, but is also part of a larger agenda for developing sustainable ways to improve the quality of life of people throughout the world. The RELIEF Centre brings Lebanese and UK institutions and expertise together to address this challenge using cutting-edge research and innovation.
- ExCiteS
ExCiteS (Extreme Citizen Science) brings together scholars from diverse fields to develop and contribute to the guiding theories, tools and methodologies that will enable any community to start a Citizen Science project to deal with issues that concern them. It’s a bottom-up practice that takes into account local needs, practices and culture and works with broad networks of people to design and build devices and create knowledge to help local communities. The group links the departments of Geography and Anthropology, and was established in 2010.
- Mapping for Change
Mapping for Change is a UCL supported social enterprise dedicated to participatory mapping and citizen science. The company works with groups and organisations who want to understand, improve and produce information about the places that matter to them. They offer a range of mapping services to voluntary and community groups, business organisations and government bodies. Mapping for Change was created in the department Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering (CEGE) in 2008 and is closely linked to ExCiteS.
- Euston Voices
Good Life Euston is a participatory partnership with Camden Giving, the London Borough of Camden, Lendlease, the Institute for Global Prosperity at UCL (IGP) and Euston’s residents - Euston Voices Researchers - to develop a new wellbeing index for the Euston Area.
The Euston Voices Researchers will identify what the local priorities are for their community, defining a set of measures to be used to shape tangible changes in their neighbourhood to track the impact of major changes that are planned for Euston over the coming 20-30 years. The 18-month collaborative research project will develop a set of indicators to measure wellbeing in Camden, and identify opportunities for local people to prosper while regeneration is underway.
Engineering
- Open AFM
Formerly LEGO2NANO, the Open AFM Project is run at the Institute of Making. It aims to design and build a low cost open-source atomic force microscope (AFM) for use in schools in China and now uses this technology to support citizen science projects.
- Engineering Exchange (EngEx)
EngEx matches community groups with engineers and built environment specialists, working together to tackle problems facing London communities. They help with project scoping, and support with achieving deliverables. They have supported a range of research projects looking at topics including air quality, demolition of social housing, green infrastructure, neighbourhood planning, transport and waste, among others. Engineering Exchange is funded by UCL’s Faculty of Engineering and the UCL Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment, and supported by grants.
- Bottom Up Infrastructure
Bottom Up Infrastructure is a project based out of the Bartlett Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering that aims to create resilient and sustainable environments under conditions of uncertainty. It provides resources for academics, local infrastructure project managers and community organisers to apply the bottom up approach, methods and tools in new projects that bring together community engagement and engineering design to improve neighbourhoods.
- The Big Compost Experiment
The Big Compost Experiment is a nationwide citizen science research experiment in compostable and biodegradable plastics, which allows members of the public to combat plastic waste and help shape the future of the planet. The experiment has two parts. The first part is a short 5 minute survey for everyone, whether you compost or not. The second part is a home composting experiment for those who compost.
- OpenStreetMap
OpenStreetMap is a project aiming to create a free and open map of the world – the Wikipedia of maps. The project began at UCL in 2004 – and UCL has been hosting the servers since the beginning of the project, and support its ongoing development.
- School Air Monitoring Project
School Air Monitoring Project – A joint project between UCL EEE and UCL Institute of Education which ran in 2018 focused on PhD students teaching year 8 secondary school children how to build a wireless sensor network for measuring air pollution in their schools in both London and Kent.
- Age Innovation Hub
Age Innovation Hub is an engagement platform led by the UCL Institute of Healthcare Engineering. UCL engineers and scientists are developing technologies that help people live for longer and with a better quality of life. But, to make these as useful as possible, they need input from the people this would impact the most – in particular, older people and healthcare workers. Users can share their thoughts, vote for others, and provide feedback. The emerging themes will go shape real research projects undertaken at UCL in the future.
Natural Sciences
- Pond Restoration Research Group
Pond Restoration Research Group, in the Department of Geography, leads a number of Citizen Science related projects such as ‘The Great Twin Pond Dig’ and ‘Adopt a Pond’ as well as supporting environmental volunteer groups and communities.
- Sea Hero Quest
Sea Hero Quest is a citizen science project in the form of an online game, dedicated to helping global dementia research. Playing the game will help understand how our brains navigate space, and help to build the largest crowd-sourced database on human spatial navigation. The game, developed in UCL Experimental Psychology, was nominated for a British Academy Games Award at the BAFTA Games Awards, 2018.
- Bat Detective
During the Bat Detective project, led by UCL Genetics, Evolution & Environment, volunteers listened to audio recordings and viewed spectrograms in order to pick out, mark, and label different bat and non-bat calls.
- #UCLChemAirPoll project
ChemAirPoll – Starting in 2015, first year undergraduate Chemistry students visit primary school classes across London in teams of three to discuss air pollution and to get the children to inform the process of where air pollution should be measured in their neighbourhood. Measurements across a wide swathe of London are mapped to give both the students and the children and their families a richer idea of the problem of air pollution in our city.
Medical Sciences
- ActEarly
The ActEarly project, led by the Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care focuses on behaviour change, interventions & environment. Building on insights from the Born in Bradford study of over 30,000 local people, the project aims to find out what influences health and wellbeing over time. The project team is working to develop a clearer picture of what action can be taken to make sure communities, health systems and services can support healthier childhood.
- Personal Genome Project UK
Personal Genome Project UK, based at the UCL Cancer Institute, provides open genome, trait, and health data. They invite participants to openly share their personal genome data for the greater good and maintain relationships with their participants to track health, and other traits over time.
Thanks to Muki Haklay for their help in compiling the list and creating this page. | https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/research-support/open-science/citizen-science |
Many companies are deciding whether they want remote vs. in-person work. Some may decide upon both. Below we will discuss the pros and cons of each, and which would be better for your business.
What is Remote Work?
Remote working is when your employees don’t work in the office or where their employer is located. These workers usually do not travel to their workplaces or their workplace changes frequently (e.g., landscaper). They can work in their home, a co-working space, a library, or another setting. They can even work in another state or geographical location. Remote work can also be referred to as hybrid or telecommuting work. Workers can be fully or partially remote.
When deciding which is best for your company – working remotely vs. in-person, you should first understand how employees can work remotely.
According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, over 40 million Americans work full-time or part-time remotely.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Remote Work
There are several advantages of remote vs. in-person work.
Advantages
According to the American Psychological Association (APA), when remote work is managed correctly, it can:
- When you have fewer distractions, you are more productive. If the job doesn’t rely on collaboration, remote work may be best.
- With fewer distractions, you may be able to be more creative and innovative.
- When employees feel trusted and not micromanaged, morale improves.
- Offer flexibility, saves time, and reduces transportation costs.
- When you are able to hire remote workers, you can broaden your range of applicants and increase your hiring pool.
Although for some, productivity, creativity, and morale can decrease since workers have fewer opportunities to network with their colleagues. Some jobs require more teamwork or communication with others. Positions such as software engineers, programmers, data entry jobs, and call center workers usually do well with remote work. The APA found that jobs that didn’t require much collaboration performed better working remotely than in the office. When a job requires deep concentration and few interruptions, then working remotely may be better. Employers can reduce overhead expenses when they have remote workers.
Disadvantages
However, there are some disadvantages.
- Sometimes workers may feel socially isolated.
- Work time can move into home time, and sometimes it may be difficult to separate.
- They may also work longer hours. Because of this, workers may suffer from burnout quicker, so it is important to establish boundaries for remote employees.
Need an Affordable Time Tracking App for Your Remote Employees?
Advantages and Disadvantages of In-Person Work
Advantages
Remote working is great to offer flexibility, but in-person work has many advantages too such as:
- It offers structure – When an employee has structure in their life, they feel less stressed. Working in person in the office can offer more structure. If workers don’t have their office and scheduled structured at their remote location, they may feel more stress.
- Improved relationships – Going into the office or job can help workers’ moods especially if they are having problems at home. It can be an escape for some. You also joke around and share stories with your colleagues that can help you form great relationships.
- Productivity and cooperation – When you are at the job site, you are more likely to stay focused on your work. Also, your manager sees you working hard, and they get to know you better.
Disadvantages
Some disadvantages are:
- Distractions – When working on a big project and employees need little interruptions, it is hard to work in an office. Also, introverted people may prefer to be alone. If your position is not a team job, it may be better to work remotely vs. in-person. Furthermore, some companies have an open office space structure where no one has offices. This can be especially distracting for those that need the quiet to concentrate.
- Increase stress – Being in the office all day can cause more stress because of pressure. When employees work remotely, they can avoid some stressful triggers.
Which is Better for Your Business? Remote Vs. In-Person Work?
It is important to look at your business to see what you can offer when looking at remote vs. in-person work. Maybe you offer a mix between the two. For example, if you have someone who is an admin working for your small business, you can offer flex time. Maybe he/she would like to work half their time at home and the other in the office.
Furthermore, if you do have some employees that work from home, you should ensure they are using secure equipment and software. If you have information such as customer’s personal data, they need to have the same security set up at home as in the office.
It is important to analyze each job and keep the job’s priorities in mind. If the job will require a lot of teamwork and collaboration, it may be necessary for the worker to work from the office. It is also important to make sure your employees are set up to work from home. Do they have a dedicated office space? How long is their commute? How can they join meetings at home? Will their home location be secure?
How to Manage Remote Workers
If you have determined that some jobs can be remote, here are some tips to help you manage remote workers:
Set clear expectations and communicate.
All employees should know expectations. Communication has to be the number one expectation. If you can’t get in touch with your remote employee or they can’t get in touch with you, you may have problems. Ask questions like you would your in-person staff. How are things going? Where are they on the current project timeline? They should know you will be treating them as if they were in the office.
Schedule meetings.
Make sure they are included in all team meetings whether they come in for those meetings or join remotely. Never leave them out of any invite to meetings, celebrations, or group events. Schedule one-on-one meetings so that they can give you regular updates.
Have the necessary software in place.
You want to make sure you have software in place to communicate (e.g., Zoom). Also, research different software that is good for you and your remote employees. For example, ezClocker is an inexpensive and easy way to manage timesheets with your staff. It works great for remote workers. Once they clock in, you can see their location to make sure they are on the job site.
Don’t micromanage.
You may feel that since you can’t talk to your employees or see what they are doing, you may need to check on them often. However, consider only giving your best employees the honor to work remotely if that would make you feel more comfortable. Communication is strategic. As long as they are doing their work, you shouldn’t have to check on them often. They need to feel important but don’t double-check everything they do either. If you hire people to work remotely, it is vital they have the discipline to do the job.
Good leadership is important to manage any worker. If you feel someone is not going the job remotely or in-person, you should address the problems immediately.
Final Thoughts
Working remotely vs. in-person doesn’t have to be complicated. It is important to use the same leadership skills you have with both types of workers. They should also make sure they have a good home setup, set goals, and they take breaks away from their work. Offer flexibility. If they can work from the office sometimes, let them know they can choose. The number one concern is always going to be communication, so it is important they know to always communicate with you. Make sure you offer feedback, the right remote setup, training opportunities, and motivate them when it gets tough.
Some positions are always going to be in the office, and some are always going to be remote. There may not be a chance for flexibility. Regardless of which method works for your business, it is important to hire the right person for the location and the position of the job. | https://blog.ezclocker.com/remote-vs-in-person-work/ |
In the lecture series entitled Leading Culture – A Dynamic Challenge, Hilary S Carty will draw upon her career and experiences to explore the complexities and challenges of leadership and management in the 21st century cultural field.
Since graduating with a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from the University of Westminster, Hilary S Carty has built up a successful record of significant senior-level management and leadership in the arts, cultural and creative industries in the UK.
Today’s arts, cultural and creative sectors encompass a broad and eclectic mix of organisations – from well-established opera houses to quirky creative businesses, via heritage, theatres, companies and spaces. The sector also includes a significant proportion of individual leaders – artists, makers, producers, curators – who combine artistic and creative innovation with influence, advocacy and resilience to deliver at the highest levels.
Sectors champion their distinctiveness and acclaim a range of unique characteristics that set each apart in creative practice, engagement and development. But is the leadership the same? In today’s complex environment just how transferable are the skills and competences of best practice? These are some of the questions which will be touched upon in the lecture.
The Westminster Talks 2015/16 lecture series is free and open to the public. Featuring talks by an outstanding array of Westminster alumni, Professors and Honorary Doctors and Friends of Westminster, the lectures underpin the University’s mission of excellence, creativity and innovation for the benefit of the wider society.
The Hilary S Carty: Leading Culture – A Dynamic Challenge lecture will take place at the University of Westminster’s Regent Campus on 7 October 2015.
About the University of Westminster:
The University of Westminster boasts a vibrant learning environment attracting more than 20,000 students from over 150 nations and we continue to invest in our future with new developments, research projects and new ideas.
We offer highly attractive practice-based courses that are independently rated as excellent, many with international recognition. Our distinguished 180-year history has meant we lead the way in many areas of research, particularly politics, media, art and design, architecture and biomedical sciences, and our position in the city of London allows us to continue to build on our close connections with leading figures and organisations in these areas as well as in the worlds of business, information technology, politics and law.
Our commitment to educating graduates for the needs of professional life attracts high quality students from within the UK and around the globe.
Internationalisation, employability and sustainability are key elements in the University of Westminster’s vision for the future and we strive to ensure the very highest standards are met and maintained.
For the media
Here we hope you find everything you will need to research, write and publish your story or blog post. | https://www.westminster.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/2015/new-westminster-talks-series-begins-with-former-arts-council-england-director |
It’s time for this weeks poll, and since its the beginning of a new month, this question is perfect, how many hawls do you average in a month?
For this question it’s very important to clarify. When I say average, I really mean ‘mode’, but not too many people would know that. Mode is the value that occurs most often, if in Feb you had 2 hawls, March 1 hawl, and April 2 hawls; 2 would be the mode.
Also, this doesn’t count how many cars you take home, this is counting each hawl as one trip. So if Monday I bought 1 car then Tuesday I bought 10 cars, that’s a total of 2 hawls.
Sorry for being so specific for this poll, but this is the endgame: we want to see what number of hawls are reoccurring. So let’s here your answers!
A reminder, this poll will be live for 48 hours. | https://liveandletdiecast.kinja.com/poll-how-many-hawls-a-month-do-you-average-1707399626 |
In 1818, Mary published Shelley Frankenstein, a novel so exciting that it will continue to frighten readers and shape genre literature for the next 200 years. But if Shelley is the godmother of modern horror, who are her daughters? Women have written some of the bloodiest horror stories of all time, but they haven’t always received the recognition they deserve. To break the record – and give you some delightfully creepy read this Halloween season – here are 11 horror writers you need to read.
1. Daphne du Maurier
If you love Alfred Hitchcock films, you probably already love Daphne du Maurier. The director adapted three of her novels into films: Jamaica Inn, Rebecca, and The birds. If you̵
Hitchcock wasn’t the only director looking to get her work on screen. Her short story “Don’t Look Now” was turned into an extremely creepy 1973 film starring Julie Christie and Donald Sutherland. In total, du Maurier’s works have been adapted twelve times for film and even more frequently for television. But, as with many customizations, her original stories are even more haunting than the on-screen ones.
2. Charlotte Riddell
For great ghost stories from the Victorian era, Charlotte Riddell is perfect. Scholar EF Bleiler once called her “the ultimate Victorian ghost novel writer,” and her stories are both extraordinarily creepy and subtly snappy. Born in Ireland in 1832, she was a prolific writer of supernatural stories, especially haunted house stories. Though she and her husband often struggled financially, Riddell – who originally wrote under the male aliases FG Trafford and RVM Sparling – was a popular writer in her day and published classic short stories like “The Open Door” and “Nut Bush Farm” when she was four supernatural short stories. Today, Riddell’s stories feel dated in the best possible way – they’re full of dusty, abandoned mansions and ghosts with unfinished businesses.
3. Shirley Jackson
Shirley Jackson was one of the most influential horror writers of the 20th century. Your novel The Haunted Hill House has been shown twice and once for Netflix, and her short story “The Lottery” is being awarded in English courses across America. Despite her literary success, Jackson suffered lifelong depression and anxiety, and often felt oppressed in her own home. Although she was the main breadwinner in her family, her husband controlled her finances and expected her to ignore his desecration. Her feelings for home life were often expressed in her work. In novels like Hill House and We have always lived in the castleJackson cultivates an atmosphere of discomfort and fear while challenging the idea of home.
4. Joyce Carol Oates
Pulitzer Prize-nominated writer Joyce Carol Oates is a modern day master of Gothic horror. Oates, dubbed “America’s Letters Leader,” is famous for writing stories that will put your pants off. Your catalog of 100+ books can be overwhelming. We therefore recommend starting with your story collection Haunted: Stories of the Grotesque. Or try her famous short story “Where are you going, where have you been?”, Which was inspired by serial killer Charles Schmid.
5. Octavia Butler
Although best known as a science fiction writer, Octavia Butler’s stories often contain elements of horror. Your last novel, Young bird, published the year before her death, is perhaps her most horror-inspired work, telling the story of a young girl who discovers she is a vampire. In her stories, Butler explored racism from a fantastic perspective – her works are full of futuristic dystopias and alien planets – but she never shied away from its horrors. But even those with simpler science fiction premises are often frightened and reveal the repressed horrors of American history. Referring to her time travel novel relationshipButler explained, “I wanted to write a novel that would let others feel the story: the pain and fear blacks had to go through to endure.”
6. Asa Nonami
Asa Nonami’s writing has been compared to all of Rosemary’s baby to The twilight zone. She is an award-winning crime and horror writer whose novels often feature complex female characters in impossible situations. In your short story collection bodyIn her novel, Nonami tells five stories about terror, each inspired by a different part of the body Now you are one of us tells the story of a young bride who discovers that her husband and family may not be what they seem. It’s a ghost-free horror story that builds its sense of tension from its sheer unpredictability.
7. Lisa Tuttle
Do you remember the horror paperbacks of the 80s, which tempted you with terrifying cover pages and then were disappointed by incomprehensible actions? Lisa Tuttle is the antidote to this. It’s exactly what you were hoping for in a mass market horror. Her novels starting in 1983 Familiar spiritare disturbing, creative, and most importantly, well-written. Tuttle began working with George RR Martin on the science fiction novel Windhaven before being featured as a major voice in 80s horror fiction with works like Familiar spirit, Gabrieland the short story collection A nest of nightmares. She has also written fantasy, youth literature and non-fiction – she even published the reference book in 1986 Encyclopedia of Feminism.
8. Tananarive due
Tananarive Due is not only one of the best contemporary horror writers, but also one of the coolest. In the mid-1990s, when she was an aspiring young writer, Due attended a literature festival and somehow ended up on stage with Stephen King in a rock band. Then she got King to write a blurb for her second novel. To keep my soul (he called it a “scary epic”). In addition to being a novelist these days, Due is also an accomplished scholar and short story writer. Her works include the series African Immortals, the haunted house novel The good house, and Ghost buzzer, a collection of short stories that somehow manages to both trigger nightmare and be extremely moving. She is even taught at UCLA, inspired by Jordan Peele’s 2017 horror film Go out called “The Sunken Place: Racism, Survival, and Black Horror Aesthetic.”
9. Mariko Koike
Mariko Koike is an award-winning Japanese writer on suspense, romance, and of course, horror. Your novel The cat in the coffin is an exciting exercise in the macabre. But her greatest work of sheer horror is the 1986 novel The cemetery apartmenttelling the story of a young family who are moving to a brand new apartment complex overlooking an old cemetery and crematorium. The novel patiently makes people fear seemingly ordinary images: a bird’s feather, a yellow hat, a stain on the television screen. It is a terrifyingly tense haunted house novel by an author who understands that the greatest horrors are often hidden in everyday life.
10. Helen Oyeyemi
Helen Oyeyemi’s writing defies classification and combines horror, fantasy, fairy tales and folklore. While their works don’t always fit the horror genre well, they range from disturbing to really scary and often use elements of the paranormal or the bizarre. in the The Icarus girlOyeyemi published when she was only 20 years old. A clumsy young girl makes a strange new boyfriend who may or may not be real. The novel mixes paranormal and Gothic themes with Nigerian folklore. In her 2009 novel White is for witchesMeanwhile, Oyeyemi tells the story of a mysterious house in Dover, England, and the secrets of the family who live there. Review of this novel, The Austin Chronicle called Oyeyemi the “direct heir of” [Shirley Jackson’s] Gothic throne. “
11. Jac Jemc
Jac Jemc’s The grip of it tells the story of a young couple who move from a cramped apartment in a big city into a spacious suburban house and are haunted by mysterious forces. That may sound like a traditional horror premise, but the novel is anything but. Instead, it’s surreal and disoriented, written in feverish prose that will keep you under control even when nothing special happens.
This article contains affiliate links to products selected by our editors. Mental Floss can earn commission on purchases made through these links. | https://bestglitz.com/ernest-hemingway-birthplace-museum-could-close-forever/ |
School Residential Placements (ages 5 - 18)
Our residential houses are a vibrant part of our community, and they offer our children and young people a warm, supportive environment.
Our approach attempts to build on individual strengths while meeting developmental needs.
We incorporate healthy rhythms and routines in daily life, engaging young people in activities such as cooking, laundry and gardening. The focus is on developing both independence and care for each other in a mutually supportive environment.
A typical day as a Camphill School resident involves sharing meals with housemates - breakfast, lunch and an evening meal. The students make the short walk to school, either independently or with their friends and housemates. Lunch itself is back at their residential house and breaks up the day. It's followed by chores and clearing up before they go back to school for the rest of the day. After the evening meal in their respective houses, the students can take part in evening leisure activities such as bike rides, walks, singing, youth clubs etc.
There’s also a wide variety of therapies offered at Camphill School Aberdeen, ranging from massage to equine therapy.
If you’re interested in a placement for your child, please click below:
"Keir loves people and animals therefore living in a large house with others is therapeutic for him. He also loves having the space to run around. He has thrived and loves his life at Camphill and we would never have been able to replicate this anywhere else. Keir has grown into a happy, content and mischievous young man. We have greatly valued the support from the school and his co workers over the years. Our lives would have been very different if Keir did not get the opportunity to go to Camphill". | https://www.camphillschools.org.uk/our-services/school-residential-placements/ |
Lafayette High School
About This School
Lafayette High School is located in Oxford, MS and is one of 2 high schools in Lafayette County School District. It is a public school that serves 694 students in grades 9-12. See Lafayette High School's test results to learn more about school performance.
In 2011, Lafayette High School had 16 students for every full-time equivalent teacher. The Mississippi average is 15 students per full-time equivalent teacher.
Lafayette High School Photos
Test Scores
About the SATP
The Subject Area Testing Program (SATP) are annual tests used to measure a student's mastery of the state's grade-level academic standards.
Which Grades and Subjects?
Students are assessed in high school upon completion of Algebra I, English II, Biology I, U.S. History and Writing.
How is it Scored?
SATP tests are scored between 0-500. The goal is for all students to score at or above 300 and pass all subject tests.
About the ACT
What is it?
The ACT is a national college admissions test used to assess student performance in high school curriculum areas.
Which Grades and Subjects?
The ACT Composite score is an average of English, math, reading, and science scores. The scores reported are for 12th grade students who have taken the test in grades 10, 11 or 12.
How is it Scored?
ACT scores range from a low score of 1 to a high score of 36.
6
TestRating6 out of 10
The Education.com TestRating is a number (1-10) calculated by Education.com that provides an overview of a school’s test performance for a given year, by comparing the school’s state standardized test results to those of other schools in the same state. For Mississippi, the TestRating is calculated using a school's 2010 Mississppi Curriculum Test (MCT) Results, Mississippi Science Test Results and Mississippi Subject Area Testing Program (SATP) Results for all subjects tested.more...
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BACKGROUND
Models may be used to recreate portions of real-world environments. A model may be generated and accessible via software of a computing device. Using a model mapped to a portion of a real-world environment, navigation information may be generated based on a user's corresponding position in the model. This navigation information can then be provided to a user to navigate in the real-world.
Image receiving equipment of computing devices can be used to capture images. These images may be converted into representations of the surrounding environment of the user.
Spatial anchors can be generated in a model of a real-world environment. These spatial anchors can be used as start and end points of navigation information provided to a user of a model of the real-world environment.
SUMMARY
According to a first aspect disclosed herein, there is provided a method for building up a model of a real-world environment. The method may comprise receiving, from a user device at a first real-world location, first image information of a surrounding environment of the user device. The method may then comprise determining further image information of the surrounding environment of the user device at the first-real-world location, wherein the further image information is required for generating a spatial anchor in the model, wherein the spatial anchor point links the first real-world location of the user device to a corresponding location in the model. The method then provides guidance information to the user device for capturing the further image information, and in response receives the further image information from the user device. The method then generates a spatial anchor point in the model based on the first image information and the further image information. Following generation of the spatial anchor point, the spatial anchor point is discoverable to one or more users of the model to provide information of the first real-world location.
The method of the first aspect may be computer-implemented. The method may be performed by one or more applications of a user device.
According to a second aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform the method of the first aspect.
According to a third aspect, there is provided computer-readable storage device comprising instructions executable by a processor for performing the method of the first aspect.
This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Nor is the claimed subject matter limited to implementations that solve any or all of the disadvantages noted herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
To assist understanding of the present disclosure and to show how embodiments may be put into effect, reference is made by way of example to the accompanying drawings in which:
1
FIG.
shows an example system where an environment model application may be used;
2
FIG.
shows an example plan of an environment where an environment model application may be used;
3
FIG.
is a schematic representation of an example of capturing image information for generation of an anchor point in a model;
4
FIG.
is a schematic representation of an example of capturing image information for generation of an anchor point in a model;
5
FIG.
is a flow chart of a method of capturing image information for generation of an anchor point in a model;
6
FIG.
is a flow chart of a method of capturing image information for generation of an anchor point in a model; and
7
FIG.
is an example of a user device.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
An example application provides at least part of model to a user which is mapped to part of the real world. A user can access the model through a user device and use this to navigate in the real world. The user can access the model through an environment model application. This can help users, in particular (but not limited to) users who can interact with and receive presentation more easily from the model than from the real world. Such users may have low or limited vision, for example.
In some examples, the model may be considered to be a virtual representation or “virtual world” representing the portion of the real-world which is mapped to the model.
A user application may be used to navigate in the real-world based on the model. The user may use the same application, or a different application, to build up the model and to add spatial anchor points into the model. In some examples, the application(s) may be considered to be environment model application(s). The application(s) may be hosted and provided over one or more devices.
Spatial anchors are a key technology for the creation of indoor navigation systems, or for navigation systems of other spaces (e.g. of an outdoor location). The spatial anchors points are re-detectable by devices that support use of spatial anchors. Existing guidance for creating robust spatial anchors is visual, often asking users to seek out specific types of features in a space or move around a space in a manner such as to capture certain types of features from different perspectives. Creating spatial anchors can be challenge for users who are blind or have low vision. These are likely to be the very users who benefit from navigation systems based on models.
From a pose (a position and an orientation) of a user's camera at a spatial anchor point, the environment model application can determine where and how the user's camera is orientated in the spatial anchor point. The environment model application can use this information to guide a user to a different spatial anchor point, using the current spatial anchor point as a starting point.
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shows an example system that may be used to implement some examples of the invention. It will be appreciated that system is not limited to only the apparatuses shown in . The environment model application may be accessed by each of the devices in system and may be hosted other one or more devices in system .
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User device may comprise any suitable user device for accessing a model of the real-world environment. For example, user device may comprise a mobile phone, smartphone, head mounted device (HMD), smart glasses, smart wearable technology, laptop, tablet, HoloLens, etc.
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User device may communicate with one or more other user devices to . Through such communication, real world information that is captured by user device can be received at user devices to . The model information may be mapped to the real-world information and generated based on the real-world information. In some examples, real world information captured by user device may first be stored in one or more data storages (such as data store ) before being mapped and converted to the model. Data store may comprise one or more servers.
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The real-world information captured by user device may comprise image information of the surrounding environment of user device . The image information can be converted by one of the devices in system to geometry information of the surrounding environment of user device . In some examples, the geometry information may comprise recognized objects at the location of the user device capturing the real-world information. The geometry information may also comprise distances and angles at which certain objects are at the location of user device capturing the real-world information.
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User device may communicate one or more of real-world information and model information captured by user device to data store via a network . Network may comprise an internet network, internet of things (loT) network or any other suitable communications network for communicating information between entities in system .
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As shown at , in some examples user device may communicate directly with user devices and . Communication at could be made using Bluetooth or any other suitable communications technology.
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Each user device , , may comprise image receiving equipment such as one or more cameras. The image receiving equipment may be a part of the respective user device, or in some examples the image receiving equipment may be separate to the respective user device but connectable to the respective user device for sending image information.
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System may also comprise one or more computing devices , which may perform one or more steps of the environment model application. The one or more computing devices may comprise at least one processor and at least one memory, as well as other components.
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shows an example plan view of a real-world area . Real-world area may be mapped to a model accessible by a user device using an environment model application (e.g. any of user device , , as described above with respect to ). The model may be considered to be a “digital twin” of real-world area .
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A user may start at a first location in real-world area . In the model mapped to the real-world area , the first location may be a spatial anchor point. Spatial anchors in the model can be used to give a user a starting point or finishing point mapped to real-world area . User may intend to move from first spatial anchor to a second spatial anchor . Second spatial anchor is mapped in the model to a second location in real-world area .
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User can use a user device such as user device , and to navigate from spatial anchor to spatial anchor . The navigation between the two points corresponds to user moving in real-world area to move correspondingly in the model mapped to real-world area .
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While navigating in the model, a user device can detect where user is in real-world and can then use information of the model to provide corresponding instructions to the user to navigate between the two spatial anchors and . The user device may be able to detect where user is in real-world area using a camera in the user device to detect image information of real-world area , for example. This image information may then be compared with information of the mapped model to determine where the user is in the model. The user's location can also be determined based the initial starting point of user at spatial anchor and speed and direction measurements from accelerometer and gyroscope readings of the user device of user device . GPS measurements could also be used in some examples.
While navigating, the user may experience an augmented reality (AR) experience based on information recorded in the model. The AR experience may be provided using an image receiving apparatus of a user device and one or more output components of the user device. The model may provide instructions to a user to navigate in between spatial anchor points. The instructions may be provided haptically or using audio.
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From model information of the mapped area, which may be determined by previous journeys by user or by other users between spatial anchor points and or input my one or more users of the model, the model can provide information to user when to turn right or left to avoid obstacles (such as chair for example) or to navigate spatial constraints in real-world area (such as corridor for example). The model can also provide instructions for a user to interact with real-world area to navigate real-world area . For example, instructions telling a user to interact with an object (e.g. open a door ) as they approach the object can be provided to user .
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Instructions provided to a user to navigate real-world space based on a mapped model could be provided by at least one of: audio information from a user device; haptic information (haptic feedback) from a user device.
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A user's position in real world area may be determined using accelerometer and gyroscope measurements and combining this information with the position of the spatial anchor point as a starting point to determine where a user currently is. Image information from a camera of user device may also be used to determine where the user is in the model, and there the user's corresponding real-world position. Any other suitable information may also be used to determine where a user is in the real-world, and therefore based on the mapped model how the user should navigate in real-world area .
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In some examples, a user will specify a spatial anchor point that they wish to navigate to. For example, spatial anchor point may comprise a bathroom, a different room of a building, an exit point of a building, etc. User may use a user device to input that they wish to navigate to spatial anchor , so that they will be in position in real-world area .
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As instructions to user are based on a starting point, which corresponds to first spatial anchor point , and a finishing point, which corresponds to a second anchor point , it is important that the information of a spatial anchor point is fully and accurately captured. From this information, instructions can be provided to guide a user from a starting point at a spatial anchor to a finishing point at another spatial anchor, based on a user's starting pose (orientation and position) at the starting point. If anchor point were to be missing information, the instructions provided to user based on the model may be inaccurate and could in some cases even place a user in danger if they were instructed to turn left or right at the wrong time or were not warned of the presence of an object (e.g. chair or door ) in real-world area . It is therefore important that anchor points are captured correctly when input into a model mapped to a real-world area.
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Spatial anchor points may be captured by a user (e.g. user ) using a user device, such as the user devices shown in . Image information from a user device can be used to provide information of the spatial anchor point. Such image information may comprise at least one of: at least one image; video information.
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Based on the received image information, a spatial anchor point can be created in the mapped model. The anchor point could be created by the user device receiving the image information and the user device creating the spatial anchor point, or the image information could be sent to one or more computing devices (such as computing device shown in ) which create the spatial anchor point. In some examples, image information may be stored at a data store before or after conversion to a spatial anchor point.
Based on a spatial anchor point and further image information received from a camera, in some examples a user device may be able to determine a user's orientation at the spatial anchor point or the user's exact real-world location within the spatial anchor point. For example, a user device may be able to determine that a user is facing in an incorrect direction to start navigation to a desired second spatial anchor point. A user device may also be able to determine that a user is not at the center of a spatial anchor point.
Spatial anchor points may be created by one or more users of the model by inputting image information from a user device at a first location. This image information is then converted into geometry information of the surrounding environment of the first location. In some examples, a user may use a user interface of the environment model application to indicate that they wish to create a new spatial anchor point. An application of the user device may then receive image information of the surrounding environment of the user from an image receiving equipment (e.g. a camera). The environment model application can provide instruction (guidance) information to the user to help the user to capture further image information required to create the spatial anchor point. This can help the world application to capture information missing from first image information that is received from the user device. The user can then use the user device to follow the guidance information to capture the missing information, so that a spatial anchor point can be created.
The guidance information can be provided via the user's user device. The instruction information may comprise audio information. The instruction information may comprise haptic feedback.
In some examples, methods such as Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) may be used to construct a spatial anchor point based on the received image information. Other suitable methods can be used.
Image information received from a user device can be used to recognize and determine objects in a spatial anchor. Any suitable object recognition method can be used. Depth information can also be determined from the received image information using known techniques, such as a triangulation method or phase shift algorithm.
at least one quality thresholds of the image information not being met, so that it needs to be provided again at a better quality;
a determination that there is not sufficient image information for part of a recognized object;
a determination that the angle covered by the image information is insufficient (for example, less than 360 degrees). In some examples, this determination may be based on the speed of movement of an image receiving equipment during image information capture;
a determination that a user has not completed a movement of the image receiving equipment corresponding to a shape instructed to the user.
After receiving image information from an image receiving equipment, it may be determined by the user device that further image information is required to create a spatial anchor point. This determination may be based on one or more of:
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shows an example view that a user (e.g. user , or ) may have when capturing image information for a spatial anchor point.
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The user may use a user device with a display . At least part of display may show image information captured by device (the image information may be captured using an image capturing equipment such as a camera). In some examples, the image capturing equipment may be a part of user device . In some examples, the image capturing equipment may be separate from user device .
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The image information shown on display may comprise a first part of image information received by an application creating a spatial anchor point. The application may recognize an object such as door . The object may be recognized using neural network approaches such as Region Based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) for example or non-neural network approaches such as Scale-invariant feature transform (SIFT) algorithm. The environment model application may determine that the whole of object is not visible, for example that only a part of door is visible. The environment model application may determine that part of object is not visible, for example that a doorknob cannot be identified. In some examples, the environment model application determine that the image information received does not meet one or more quality thresholds (discussed further below). The application may then provide guidance information to the user to move user device to capture further image information, such as images comprising the remainder of object or an important object for interaction such as object (in this example, a doorknob).
When the application receives the further image information that the user provides based on the guidance information, the application can create a spatial anchor point.
In some examples, the guidance information may comprise instructions to re-orientate the image capturing equipment, for example if it is too tilted. In such an example, it may have previously been determined that the image capturing equipment was too tilted based on gyroscope information from the image capturing equipment.
In some examples, where a user captures image information while moving image capturing equipment, the guidance information may comprise instructions to move the camera more slowly. In such an example, it may have previously been determined that the image capturing equipment was being moved too fast based on accelerometer information from the image capturing equipment.
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In some examples, the guidance information may comprise instructions to change a lighting condition of the surrounding the image capturing equipment, for example if the environment was poorly illuminated. In such an example, it may have previously been determined that the environment was too dark based on light detecting equipment of the user device or image capturing equipment.
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In some examples, the guidance information may comprise instructions to change a setting of the surrounding the image capturing equipment, for example if the environment was poorly illuminated (e.g. guidance information may comprise instructions to change the image capturing environment to a low light setting used for capturing images in low light). In such an example, it may have previously been determined that the environment was too dark based on light detecting equipment of the user device or image capturing equipment.
The guidance information may be provided following a determination by the application that a first portion of image information does not satisfy one or more quality threshold. The one or more quality thresholds may comprise one or more quality thresholds may comprise at least one of: a minimum light level threshold of the surrounding environment of the user device; a maximum speed of movement threshold of the user device; one or more maximum tilt angle thresholds of the user device; a minimum coverage level threshold of a 360 degree view of the surrounding environment of the user device.
In some examples, in order for a user to capture image information for creating a spatial anchor point, the application may require image information over a greater angle than image information initially provided to an application. The guidance information may guide the user to provide the further required image information.
In some examples, in order for a user to capture image information for creating a spatial anchor point, the application may require image information of a full 360-degree view of the environment.
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shows an example where a user has used image receiving equipment (for example, a camera of a user device) to capture image information of a first angle of a potential spatial anchor point .
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In some examples, image information of the first angle of potential spatial anchor point is captured by an image receiving equipment in a single position. The image receiving equipment may be part of a user device or may be separate from a user device but able to communicate image information to an application of the user device.
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In some examples, image information of the first angle of potential spatial anchor point is captured by an image receiving equipment in more than one position. In such an example, user may move the image receiving equipment while capturing image information of potential spatial anchor point .
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The application may be determined that more image information from further angles of potential spatial anchor point is required. In some examples, it may be determined that image information over a further angle is required to create a spatial anchor point.
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When it is determined that more image information from further angles of potential spatial anchor point is required, the application may provide guidance information to a user to rotate the image receiving equipment to capture the further angles of the spatial anchor point. The guidance information may comprise audio information. The guidance information may comprise haptic information. For example, the application providing the guidance information may instruct the user to capture further angle
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The application may determine that a full 360-degree image information has not been captured by calculating the first angle captured by the user. Such a calculation may be based on the angle at which the image receiving equipment captures images and an orientation of the image receiving equipment (based on e.g. gyroscope information). In examples where the image receiving equipment is stationary during image information capture, the calculation may be based on the angle at which the image receiving equipment captures images and the orientation of the image receiving equipment. In examples where the image receiving equipment is not stationary during image information capture, the calculation may also be based on the speed at which the image receiving equipment is moved during image information capture (e.g. based on accelerometer readings) and the time over which the image information is captured.
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In some examples, image information over angle may be determined by combining more than one image.
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In some examples (such as the example shown in ) the sum of first angle and further angle is 360 degrees. This can be useful following generation of a spatial anchor point, as from the generated spatial anchor point and image information from a user using the spatial anchor point as a start point or end point of a journey, the orientation of the user at the spatial anchor point can be determined irrespective of the user's initial orientation.
Providing guidance information to help a user capture a spatial anchor point can be useful in situations where a user has low or limited vision, and as such may have difficulty in reviewing image information used to create the spatial anchor point.
Spatial anchor points generated using any of the methods described above may be discoverable by one or more users of an application following generation of the spatial anchor point. Spatial anchor points may also be “re-discoverable” by the user who captured the image information for generating the spatial anchor point.
According to some examples, upon generation of a spatial anchor a user may annotate the spatial anchor point in the model. Such annotation can be used to provide further information of the spatial anchor point that can be provided to users of the model, for example a name or description of the spatial anchor point.
According to some examples, a user is not required to walk to other locations in order to capture a spatial anchor point. A user may be required to turn around, but not to walk to another location. This may be useful for users who have low or limited vision, as they may have not be able to access usual guidance devices easily while operating the image receiving equipment of a user device.
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shows an example method flow. The method may be performed by a user device such as user device for example. The user device may belong to a user such as user or for example.
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According to some examples, the method of is performed by a single user device. In other examples, the method may be performed by a computing device (e.g. computing device ) connected to user device for receiving image information. In other examples, the method may be performed partly by the user device and partly by a computing device.
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At , image information of a surrounding environment of a user device at a first real-world location is received. At , based on the received image information, it is determined what further information is needed to generate a spatial anchor point in the model. For example, it may be determined that information that is required to create a spatial anchor point is completely missing. In other examples, it may be additionally or alternatively determined that the image information that has been received is not high enough quality (does not meet minimum quality thresholds) and needs to be replaced by higher quality image information.
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At , the method comprises providing guidance information to the user device for capturing the further image information that is required to create a spatial anchor point. In some examples, the guidance information may direct a user to move an image receiving equipment (e.g. camera) in a certain way to capture the required image information. In some examples, the guidance information may comprise directions to change a setting of the image receiving equipment. In some examples, the guidance information may comprise directions to change a property of the surrounding environment (e.g. the level of light).
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Following , the user may implement the guidance information. At , the further information required from the user device for generating a spatial anchor point is received. At , the spatial anchor point in the model is then generated based on the first image information and the further image information.
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Following the method of , the generated spatial anchor point may be discoverable by one or more users using the model. This the one or more users to navigate to and/or from the generated spatial anchor point.
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shows an example method comprising guidance provided to a user for capturing a spatial anchor point. The method may be performed by a user device such as user device for example. The user device may belong to a user such as user or for example.
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At , a user is asked to stand in a position (location) at which they want to capture a spatial anchor point. This position may be considered to be a “key position”. A user may not be required to move from the key position to complete the capture of image information for a spatial anchor point, but may be required to face different directions while located at the key position.
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At , the user device asks a user to move image receiving equipment, which may be integral to the user device or a separate apparatus. The user may be asked to move the image receiving equipment in a certain shape, for example to draw a circle in the air. In some examples, the user may be asked to draw a sphere in the air. Other shapes such as a: square; a rectangle; an ellipse; a triangle may be used. In some examples, the user may be asked to draw a shape (e.g. a circle) between waist and head height.
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At , the method comprises monitoring metrics from spatial anchor components. This may involve measuring angle covered by received image information. This may also involve measuring whether certain quality thresholds are met. The speed of the movement of the image receiving equipment may also be determined in some examples. If the image receiving equipment is being moved more slowly than a threshold speed, a request may be made for the user to move the image receiving apparatus more quickly. If the image receiving equipment is being moved faster than a threshold speed, a request may be made for the user to move the image receiving apparatus more slowly.
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At , a tilt of the image receiving equipment may also be determined based on gyroscopic readings, and if the image receiving equipment is too tilted instructions may be provided to the user to correct this.
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At , it is determined whether the user has completed the movement instructed at or whether a certain point in metric measurements of the spatial anchor components has been reached. For example, it may be determined that a certain angular range of the spatial anchor point has been determined. If neither of these requirements are met, the method repeats . If one or both requirements have been met, the method moves on to .
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At , the user device requests the at user turns around and moves the image receiving equipment (or user device when the image receiving equipment is a part of the user device) to make another shape. The shape may be the same as instructed at .
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At , metrics of spatial anchor components are monitored in a similar way to .
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At , it is determined whether the user has completed the movement instructed at or whether a certain point in metric measurements of the spatial anchor components has been reached. For example, it may be determined that a certain angular range of the spatial anchor point has been determined. If neither of these requirements are met, the method repeats . If one or both requirements have been met, the method moves on to .
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At , the method determines that there is enough information to generate a spatial anchor point. A spatial anchor point may then be generated.
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The guidance at , and/or may be provided by a user device as audio information or haptic feedback.
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A possible architecture for a user device implementing the invention is shown in . It will be understood that user device may comprise additional circuitry to that shown in . It will also be understood that a user device need not comprise all the features of .
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User device may be capable of wireless communication. User device can connect to one or more networks. User device may receive signals over an air or radio interface. A transceiver apparatus is shown schematically at block . The transceiver apparatus may be arranged internally or externally to user device .
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User device may comprise at least one processor , at least one memory and other possible components for user in software or hardware aided execution of tasks. Other possible components may include one or more image receiving apparatuses (e.g. one or more cameras). The other possible components may be able to store data to memory . Data processing, storage and other control apparatuses can be provided on an appropriate circuit board or in chipsets. A circuit board is shown at .
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The user may control user device using a user interface , which may comprise at least one of a keypad, voice command apparatus, touch sensitive screen, touch sensitive pad, etc. A speaker and a microphone may also be provided in some examples. A display may also be provided.
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User device may comprise connection points (wired or wireless) to other device or external accessories (e.g. an image receiving apparatus).
It will be understood that the processor or processing system or circuitry referred to herein may in practice be provided by a single chip or integrated circuit or plural chips or integrated circuits, optionally provided as a chipset, an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), field-programmable gate array (FPGA), digital signal processor (DSP), graphics processing units (GPUs), etc. The chip or chips may comprise circuitry (as well as possibly firmware) for embodying at least one or more of a data processor or processors, a digital signal processor or processors, baseband circuitry and radio frequency circuitry, which are configurable so as to operate in accordance with the exemplary embodiments. In this regard, the exemplary embodiments may be implemented at least in part by computer software stored in (non-transitory) memory and executable by the processor, or by hardware, or by a combination of tangibly stored software and hardware (and tangibly stored firmware).
Reference is made herein to data storage or memory for storing data. This may be provided by a single device or by plural devices. Suitable devices include for example a hard disk and non-volatile semiconductor memory (e.g. a solid-state drive or SSD).
Although at least some aspects of the embodiments described herein with reference to the drawings comprise computer processes performed in processing systems or processors, the invention also extends to computer programs, particularly computer programs on or in a carrier, adapted for putting the invention into practice. The program may be in the form of non-transitory source code, object code, a code intermediate source and object code such as in partially compiled form, or in any other non-transitory form suitable for use in the implementation of processes according to the invention. The carrier may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. For example, the carrier may comprise a storage medium, such as a solid-state drive (SSD) or other semiconductor-based RAM; a ROM, for example a CD ROM or a semiconductor ROM; a magnetic recording medium, for example a floppy disk or hard disk; optical memory devices in general; etc.
More generally, a first aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method for building up a model of a real-world environment, the method comprising: receiving, from a user device at a first location, first image information of a surrounding environment of the user device; determining further image information of the surrounding environment of the user device at the first location, wherein the further image information is required for generating a spatial anchor in the model, wherein the spatial anchor point links the first real-world location of the user device to a corresponding location in the model; providing guidance information to the user device for capturing the further image information; receiving the further image information from the user device; and generating a spatial anchor point in the model based on the first image information and the further image information; wherein following generation of the spatial anchor point, the spatial anchor point is discoverable to one or more users of the model to provide information of the first location.
In embodiments, the guidance information may comprise audio guidance.
In embodiments, the method may comprise, prior to providing the guidance information, determining that the first image information of the surrounding environment does not satisfy one or more quality thresholds, wherein the one or more quality thresholds comprise at least one of: a minimum light level threshold of the surrounding environment of the user device; a maximum speed of movement threshold of the user device; one or more maximum tilt angle thresholds of the user device; a minimum coverage level threshold of a 360 degree view of the surrounding environment of the user device.
In embodiments, the guidance information may provide one or more instructions for moving the user device to capture one or more sections of the surrounding environment of the user not included in the first image information.
In embodiments, the method may comprise determining the one or more sections not included in the first image information based on: a time period in which the user device captured the first image information; acceleration readings of one or more accelerometers in the user device during the time period; and gyroscope readings of one or more gyroscopes in the user device during the time period.
In embodiments, the guidance information may comprise at least one of: instructions for changing a light level at the first location; instructions for changing a light sensitivity of the user device; instructions for changing a tilt angle of the user device; instructions for changing a speed of movement of the user device.
In embodiments, the model may comprises at least one further spatial anchor point; wherein the one or more users of the model can receive navigation information, based on the model, from one or more devices, the navigation information for navigating between the generated spatial anchor and the at least one further spatial anchor in the model, wherein navigating between the generated spatial anchor and the at least one further spatial anchor in the model is performed by the one or more users moving physically in the real-world.
A second aspect relates to an apparatus for building up a model of a real-world environment, the apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving, from a user device at a first location, first image information of a surrounding environment of the user device; determining further image information of the surrounding environment of the user device at the first location, wherein the further image information is required for generating a spatial anchor in the model, wherein the spatial anchor point links the first real-world location of the user device to a corresponding location in the model; providing guidance information to the user device for capturing the further image information; receiving the further image information from the user device; and generating a spatial anchor point in the model based on the first image information and the further image information; wherein following generation of the spatial anchor point, the spatial anchor point is discoverable to one or more users of the model to provide information of the first location.
In embodiments, the guidance information comprises audio guidance.
In embodiments, the at least one memory and computer program code is configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform: prior to providing the user guidance, determining that the first image information of the surrounding environment is below one or more quality thresholds, wherein the one or more quality thresholds comprises at least one of: a minimum light level threshold of the surrounding environment of the user device; a maximum speed of movement threshold of the user device; one or more maximum tilt angle thresholds of the user device; a minimum coverage level threshold of a 360 degree view of the surrounding environment of the user device.
In embodiments, the guidance information provides one or more instructions for moving the user device to capture one or more sections of the surrounding environment of the user not included in the first image information.
In embodiments, the at least one memory and computer program code is configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform: determining the one or more sections not included in the first image information based on: a time period in which the user device captured the image information; acceleration readings of one or more accelerometers in the user device during the time period; gyroscope readings of one or more gyroscopes in the user device during the time period.
In embodiments, the guidance information comprises at least one of: instructions for changing a light level at the first location; instructions for changing a light sensitivity of the user device; instructions for changing a tilt angle of the user device; instructions for changing a speed of movement of the user device.
In embodiments, the model comprises at least one further spatial anchor point; and wherein the one or more users of the model can receive navigation information, based on the model, from one or more devices, the navigation information for navigating between the generated spatial anchor and the at least one further spatial anchor in the model, wherein navigating between the generated spatial anchor and the at least one further spatial anchor in the model is performed by the one or more users moving physically in the real-world.
A third aspect relates to a computer-readable storage device comprising instructions executable by a processor for: receiving, from a user device at a first location, first image information of a surrounding environment of the user device; determining further image information of the surrounding environment of the user device at the first location, wherein the further image information is required for generating a spatial anchor in the model, wherein the spatial anchor point links the first real-world location of the user device to a corresponding location in the model; providing guidance information to the user device for capturing the further image information; receiving the further image information from the user device; and generating a spatial anchor point in the model based on the first image information and the further image information; wherein following generation of the spatial anchor point, the spatial anchor point is discoverable to one or more users of the model to provide information of the first location.
The examples described herein are to be understood as illustrative examples of embodiments of the invention. Further embodiments and examples are envisaged. Any feature described in relation to any one example or embodiment may be used alone or in combination with other features. In addition, any feature described in relation to any one example or embodiment may also be used in combination with one or more features of any other of the examples or embodiments, or any combination of any other of the examples or embodiments. Furthermore, equivalents and modifications not described herein may also be employed within the scope of the invention, which is defined in the claims. | |
Beginning September 16, 2021 - Ezra and Nehemiah
In Fall 2021, we will be studying the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. These books chronicle the Hebrew peoples' return to Jerusalem after their long captivity. The temple had been destroyed and the city was in ruins. We will study how the hand of God moved to restore the people to their rightful place of worship. This took hard work and organization on the part of the people, but more importantly, they had to trust God and his purposes for his holy temple and his holy city of Jerusalem.
As we emerge from the pandemic and a time of isolation, we too need to heed the strategies of the ancient Hebrews as we restore our church and continue the work God has ordained for St. John the Divine. Join us as we march forward together to rebuild the "broken walls" of this past year and reclaim the hearts of the people for God and his Son, Jesus Christ. | https://www.sjd.org/groups/hope-of-glory/72/ |
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE
APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the
internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY
APPELLATE DIVISION
DOCKET NO. A-3091-18T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
KIMBERLY YOUNG,
Defendant-Appellant.
Submitted December 17, 2019 – Decided February 3, 2020
Before Judges Currier and Firko.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law
Division, Monmouth County, Municipal Appeal No.
18-024.
Falcon Law Firm, LLC, attorneys for appellant
(Alexander R. DeSevo, on the brief).
Joseph A. Clark, Howell Township Attorney, attorney
for respondent.
PER CURIAM
Defendant appeals from a February 8, 2019 conviction after a trial de novo
on the record for the municipal ordinance violation of constructing a building
on her property without obtaining the required permits. We affirm.
When defendant decided to build a children's playhouse as a second
structure on her residential property, she provided the Township of Howell with
a handwritten drawing depicting the structure. Township officials recalled
speaking with defendant and explaining the land use process to her and
specifically the need for certain permits. Although a land use permit was issued,
defendant still needed a building permit. In addition, when the as-built height
of the structure was greater than depicted in the original application, officials
told defendant she needed a variance. When defendant failed to obtain the
permit and variance, she was issued a violation letter and numerous summonses.
After a two-day trial during which nine witnesses testified, the municipal
court found defendant guilty of violating Howell Municipal Ordinance § 188-
50.1 The court merged a number of the summonses and imposed a fine of $6105.
1
No land, lot or premises and no building or structure
shall be used for any purpose other than those permitted
by Articles VIII through XI for the zone in which it is
located. No building or structure may be erected, razed,
moved, extended, enlarged or altered unless such action
is in conformity with the regulations provided for the
A-3091-18T2
2
Deferring to the municipal court's credibility findings, the Law Division
found defendant and her witnesses – her contractor and a neighbor – were not
credible. He determined that the Township officials – zoning and code
enforcement officers – were credible.
The Law Division also found that the children's playhouse design had
evolved into "a cabana house or pool house for an in-ground pool." Defendant
did not submit any applications for a building permit and no permit had been
issued. The Law Division affirmed the findings of the municipal court and the
assessed penalty.
Defendant raises the following issues on appeal:
I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN ITS CONVICTION
OF DEFENDANT, KIM YOUNG, AS THEY HAVE
NOT PROVED THE DEFENDANT’S INTENT
BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT.
II. DEFENDANT, KIM YOUNG’S CONVICTION
GOES AGAINST THE WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE.
III. DEFENDANT, KIM YOUNG’S TICKETS
SHOULD HAVE BEEN CONSOLIDATED INTO A
zone in which the said building or structure is located.
Any deviation proposed from the use and bulk
requirements of this chapter shall require a variance
pursuant to N.J.S.A. [40:55D-1 to -163].
[Howell Municipal Ordinance § 188-50.]
A-3091-18T2
3
SINGLE CHARGE PURSUANT TO THE CONCEPT
OF MERGER.
When a defendant appeals a municipal court conviction, the Law Division
is "to determine the case completely anew on the record made in the municipal
court, giving due, although not necessarily controlling, regard to the opportunity
of the magistrate to judge the credibility of the witnesses." State v. Powers, 448
N.J. Super. 69, 72 (App. Div. 2016) (quoting State v. Johnson, 42 N.J. 146, 157
(1964)).
"Our review of the factual record is also limited to determining whether
there is sufficient credible evidence in the record to support the Law Division
judge's findings." Ibid. (citing Johnson, 42 N.J. at 161-62; State v. Clarksburg
Inn, 375 N.J. Super. 624, 639 (App. Div. 2005)). We will "defer to those
findings made in the Law Division that are supported by credible evidence, but
we owe no deference to the legal conclusions drawn from those findings." Ibid.
(citing State v. Handy, 206 N.J. 39, 45 (2011)); see also State v. Morgan, 393
N.J. Super. 411, 422 (App. Div. 2007) ("It is well-recognized that it is 'improper
for [an appellate court] to engage in an independent assessment of the evidence
as if it were the court of first instance.' . . . Rather, '[a]ppellate courts should
defer to trial courts' credibility findings that are often influenced by matters such
as observations of the character and demeanor of witnesses and common human
A-3091-18T2
4
experience that are not transmitted by the record.'") (alterations in original)
(quoting State v. Locurto, 157 N.J. 463, 471, 474 (1999)).
It is "more compelling" to defer to the Law Division where both the Law
Division and municipal court "have entered concurrent judgments on purely
factual issues." State v. Reece, 222 N.J. 154, 166 (2015) (quoting Locurto, 157
N.J. at 474). "Under the two-court rule, appellate courts ordinarily should not
undertake to alter concurrent findings of facts and credibility determinations
made by two lower courts absent a very obvious and exceptional showing of
error." Ibid. (quoting Locurto, 157 N.J. at 474).
Defendant contends that the municipal court failed to find she had the
appropriate mens rea – knowledge, purpose, or intent – to violate the statute.
This argument lacks merit. Intent is not an element of the violations at issue.
As we stated in State v. Kiejdan, 181 N.J. Super. 254, 257 (App. Div. 1981), "a
'culpable mental state' is [not] a prerequisite to conviction of an ordinance
violation."
We are satisfied there was ample evidence in the record to support the
municipal court and Law Division's factual findings and the conviction.
Defendant could not produce an application for a building permit or any
evidence that a building permit was issued. She was apprised by numerous
A-3091-18T2
5
township officials of the need for the permit and variance. In addition, she
received more than fifty summonses, also notifying her of the deficiencies and
violation.
In addressing the penalty, the Township's ordinance provided that each
day that defendant was in violation of § 188-50 constituted a separate violation.
See Howell Municipal Ordinance § 1-4(d).2 The Township was permitted to
fine defendant for each day that she was in violation of the ordinance. That the
municipal court merged a number of the violations was a voluntary act; a
"showing [of] mercy" to defendant as described by the Law Division.
Affirmed.
2
Except as otherwise provided, each and every day for
which a violation of any provision of the aforesaid
codified ordinances or this Code, or any other
ordinance of the Township, exists shall constitute a
separate violation.
[Howell Municipal Ordinance § 1-4(d).]
A-3091-18T2
6
| |
15-2216
Torres-Iraheta v. Lynch
BIA
Videla, IJ
A205 841 858
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED
ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE
PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT
FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE
(WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY
OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for
the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States
Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the
17th day of November, two thousand sixteen.
PRESENT:
ROBERT A. KATZMANN,
Chief Judge,
ROBERT D. SACK,
PETER W. HALL,
Circuit Judges.
_____________________________________
WALTER ALBERTO TORRES-IRAHETA,
Petitioner,
v. 15-2216
NAC
LORETTA E. LYNCH, UNITED STATES
ATTORNEY GENERAL,
Respondent.
_____________________________________
FOR PETITIONER: Anne Pilsbury, Central American
Legal Assistance, Brooklyn, N.Y.
FOR RESPONDENT: Benjamin C. Mizer, Principal Deputy
Assistant Attorney General; Anthony
P. Nicastro, Acting Assistant
Director; Tracey N. McDonald, Trial
Attorney, Office of Immigration
Litigation, United States
Department of Justice, Washington,
D.C.
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a
Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby
ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the petition for review is
DENIED.
Petitioner Walter Alberto Torres-Iraheta, a native and
citizen of El Salvador, seeks review of a June 17, 2015, decision
of the BIA affirming a December 30, 2014, decision of an
Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying Torres-Iraheta’s application
for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the
Convention Against Torture (“CAT”). In re Torres-Iraheta, No.
A205 841 858 (B.I.A. June 17, 2015), aff’g No. A205 841 858
(Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Dec. 30, 2014). We assume the parties’
familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history
in this case.
We have reviewed the IJ’s and the BIA’s decisions. See Xiu
Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 166 (2d Cir. 2008). The
standards of review are well established. 8 U.S.C.
§ 1252(b)(4)(B); see Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 165-66.
For asylum applications like Torres-Iraheta’s, governed by
the REAL ID Act, the agency may, “[c]onsidering the totality
of the circumstances,” base a credibility finding on
2
inconsistencies and omissions in an asylum applicant’s
statements and evidence. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); Xiu
Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 163-64, 166 n. 3. We “defer . . . to an
IJ’s credibility determination unless, from the totality of the
circumstances, it is plain that no reasonable fact-finder could
make such an adverse credibility ruling.” Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d
at 167.
In the present case, substantial evidence supports the
agency’s adverse credibility determination, which is
dispositive of asylum and withholding of removal. Paul v.
Gonzales, 444 F.3d 148, 156 (2d Cir. 2006). The agency
reasonably relied on Torres-Iraheta’s inconsistent testimony
about the time period when he was threatened; his inability to
recall the amount of money demanded by the gang; and his initial
omission of an arrest for sexual assault in his asylum
application. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii); Xiu Xia Lin, 534
F.3d at 166 n.3 (inconsistencies and omissions are
“functionally equivalent” for credibility purposes). The
agency was not required to credit Torres-Iraheta’s explanations
that he could not remember when the gang started threatening
him or how much they asked for, as these are two of the central
aspects of his extortion-based claim. His claim that he forgot
about his prior arrest is also not compelling, given the serious
3
nature of the charges and the fact that he was detained for three
days. Majidi v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 77, 80 (2d Cir. 2005) (“A
petitioner must do more than offer a plausible explanation for
his inconsistent statements to secure relief; he must
demonstrate that a reasonable fact-finder would be compelled
to credit his testimony.” (internal quotation marks omitted)).
Torres-Iraheta’s argument that the agency failed to
consider the whole record also lacks merit. There is no
indication that the agency overlooked record evidence rather
than finding the evidence insufficient to rehabilitate
Torres-Iraheta’s inconsistent testimony. Xiao Ji Chen v. U.S.
Dep’t of Justice, 471 F.3d 315, 336 n.17 (2d Cir. 2006) (“[W]e
presume that an IJ has taken into account all of the evidence
before him, unless the record compellingly suggests
otherwise.”); Wei Guang Wang v. Bd. of Immigration Appeals, 437
F.3d 270, 275 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding that the agency need not
“expressly parse or refute on the record each individual
argument or piece of evidence offered by the petitioner.”
(internal quotation marks omitted)). Torres-Iraheta’s
argument that the BIA engaged in impermissible fact finding also
lacks merit. The BIA did not make any factual findings
inconsistent with the IJ’s, but concluded that the evidence
Torres-Iraheta pointed to did not undermine the IJ’s factual
4
findings. See 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(d)(3)(i) (providing that BIA
reviews IJ’s findings of fact for clear error).
Considering the totality of the circumstances, we cannot
say that a reasonable fact finder would be compelled to find
Torres-Iraheta’s claim credible given the inconsistencies and
omissions relating to important aspects of his claim. Xiu Xia
Lin, 534 F.3d at 167.
Because credibility is dispositive, we do not reach the
agency’s alternate holding that Torres-Iraheta failed to
establish that he was harmed on account of a protected ground.
INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule
courts and agencies are not required to make findings on issues
the decision of which is unnecessary to the results they
reach.”).
Finally, we note that Torres-Iraheta’s CAT claim was based
solely on his fear that he would be imprisoned with gang members
and tortured by them while awaiting trial on murder charges.
Torres-Iraheta has now been released from prison, and the
charges against him have been dismissed. He did not identify
any other reason that he would be imprisoned in El Salvador.
We therefore dismiss his CAT claim as moot. Cnty. of Los
Angeles v. Davis, 440 U.S. 625, 631 (1982). To the extent
Torres-Iraheta raises new grounds for relief based on events
5
that postdate the BIA’s decision, he must bring those claims
before the agency in the first instance.
For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is
DENIED, and the pending motion for a stay of removal is DISMISSED
as moot.
FOR THE COURT:
Catherine O=Hagan Wolfe, Clerk
6
| |
I’ve written about drone photography/videography before. There are some amazing things that you can capture with a drone that likely wouldn’t be possible (or feasible) any way else. However, drone photography/videography also brings some nuisances, as well. At least, that’s how the National Parks Service sees it. They’ve recently issued a statement informing visitors that drones are banned inside the park’s 1,169 square miles.
Having never been to Yosemite (but planning to in the next ~18 months), I’m kind of glad to see the National Parks Service continuing to preserve this natural park. As a kid, my parents dragged me and my siblings to various state and national parks, and while it seemed much less cool than Disneyworld, I’m really glad – I’ve been able to see things that many people haven’t. As my daughters grow up, I definitely hope to show them these places, as well, as evidence of the beauty of nature, without ‘man’ around to mess it up.
Thus far, Yosemite seems to be the only place the National Parks Service has officially banned drones from, but it’s only a matter of time before other parks join in. It’s still early in the drone industry, as well – it’ll be interesting to see how they get regulated in the future. | https://rickycadden.com/2014/05/30/yosemite-bans-drones/ |
Rating:
Sunpan 101445 Imani Side Table Sealed Concrete
This cylindrical concrete side table is simple yet bold. The intricate pattern on the side creates visual interest, texture and depth to the otherwise smooth surface. Can be used indoors and outdoors. No Assembly required.
Dimensions: 19.75"W x 19.75"D x 19.75"H
• Weight: 42.00
• UPC: 698043012137
• Color accuracy of product images may vary depending on individual monitor settings.
• Some dimensions like seat height and arm height may be rounded up or down. | https://www.dynamichomedecor.com/product/Sunpan-101445.html |
Fashion designers often pay homage to eras gone by and this fall is no exception, with its emphasis on classic tweed and capes reminiscent of the Victorian era. Yet mod, an effortless marriage of chic and geometric symmetry, remains a favorite trend for me. Oh such simple beauty.
Perhaps its my own fascination with the 1960s, a decade of youth, rebellion and nearly insurmountable optimism; not surprisingly, the bold colors, shapes, and clean lines of mod reflected these sensibilities.
As we look towards a new season of possibilities, enjoy the last big weekend of summer, darlings! Check out some of my favorite looks from designers such as Dole & Gabanna and Lisa Perry. Let us know what fall styles you are excited about. | http://liveincolor.org/2013/08/30/mad-about-mod-style/ |
A University of California team has apparently found the home in Iceland of Snorri Thorfinnsson, the first person of European descent born in the New World.
Icelandic sagas from the 13th century tell of how Snorri's parents led the first Scandinavian group that tried to settle in Vinland - on the Canadian coast - about 1000 AD. The attempt failed and, three years after Snorri was born, the family moved to Iceland.
The Vinland Sagas, which also tell the story of Leif Ericson, are the earliest recorded history of the Scandinavian people, but there has long been a debate over whether they are factual or simply an allegorical tale meant to deliver a moral message.
The 1960 discovery of Viking settlements at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, provided some confirmation of the sagas. Snorri's home provides more.
"These sagas were written in Iceland, and they must have been thinking about this site," said archaeologist John Steinberg, who led the expedition. "Could this specific story (in the saga) be true? This site may well hold the answers."
Archaeologist Kevin Smith, of Hunter College in New York City, said: "This is a fairly large, fairly well-appointed house. It's in the right place, from the right time. It may well be (Snorri's home)."
The sagas tell of four Viking voyages to the New World. The second saga recounts the story of the pagan Thorfinn Karlsefni, who married converted Christian Gudrid Thorbjarnardottir. With three boats containing 60 to 70 people, livestock, seeds and supplies, they left for the New World to establish a colony.
"Conflict with the native population made the settlement impossible," Mr Smith said.
When they returned to Iceland they established a farm. Thorfinn later sailed to Norway and sold a boatload of goods from Vinland, which made him relatively rich.
Gudrid, described in the sagas as "the most attractive of women and one to be reckoned with in all her dealings", made one or more trips between Iceland and Greenland and eventually travelled to Rome to meet the pope. She became a nun and returned to Iceland, where she established a church.
"She was probably one of the most well-travelled women of the period - and all of it in an open boat," said historian Elisabeth Ward of the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of Natural History.
Mr Steinberg's project in Iceland is a survey of 26 farms in five areas of the Skagafjordur valley in northern Iceland.
This region, he said, "is one of the few documented chiefdoms" known. His goal is to understand how the chiefdoms eventually gave way to regional rule.
But archaeology is difficult in Iceland. There are virtually no trees, so buildings were constructed from turf. The inhabitants also severely abused their environment. "They put way too many sheep on the land, and all the soil from the highlands eventually blew on to the coastal regions," Mr Steinberg said. "As a result, the archaeology is invisible, especially in the most important areas."
The UCLA team has been surveying with sophisticated equipment that measures the electrical conductivity and resistance of soil. The turf used in construction has a much lower conductivity, so electrical patterns reveal where walls were.
They found what they believe to be Snorri's home near the Glaumbaer Folk Museum, just outside the seaside village of Saudarkrokur. The museum was once thought to have been built on the site of Snorri's home.
"We had always assumed that the original house must be under the standing modern turf house, in the very same spot and therefore mostly destroyed," the museum's director, Sigridur Sigurardottir, said.
"But now we have found out that it was in our museum hay field all along."
The building, according to Mr Steinberg, was "a classic German fortress longhouse like the Great Hall of Beowulf". | https://www.theage.com.au/world/archaeology-team-unlocks-the-saga-of-snorri-thorfinnsson-20020917-gduliy.html |
NDP Leader Jagmeet Singh said Tuesday he is trying to fight support for Bill 21, Quebec’s controversial secularism law, among Quebecers by proving to them that a man who wears a turban does in fact share their values.
But Singh is pushing back against accusations he is being less than clear about whether he thinks the federal government should help challenge the bill in court.
“One thing I want to make really clear is I don’t believe in interfering with the court decision right now,” he said at a campaign event in Toronto Tuesday morning.
Singh said if the case ends up in the Supreme Court of Canada then Ottawa “has the right to review what is going on.”
Every time he’s been pressed to say whether that means he’d seek intervener status — the right to make arguments against the bill in court — however, Singh has said he doesn’t want to “interfere.”
As the dust settled Tuesday following the chaotic English-language leaders’ debate, Singh was partly basking in opinions that he had performed well, perhaps adding some vim to his campaign at a critical juncture.
But he is being dogged by Bill 21, described by some leaders and pundits as the most racist law in recent Canadian history. It bars many public servants from wearing religious symbols or garments at work. That includes teachers, government lawyers, judges, and provincial and municipal police officers. Some Quebec residents who loathe the law are challenging it as discriminatory in a provincial court.
Though it only affects Quebec, the stances federal leaders are taking on whether they would use federal powers to challenge it as discriminatory have become an issue both within and outside Quebec in the federal campaign, a test for how far federal leaders are willing to go to support minority rights. The issue has quietly percolated throughout the campaign but was brought to the forefront at leaders’ debates in French and English in the last week.
Singh, the only one of those leaders who himself would be unable to work under the law, has been condemned for being unclear about challenging the bill. He seemed to take different stances during Monday’s debate and in the following press conference, mostly landing on saying that of course he dislikes the bill but still thinks he can’t “interfere” in the provincial case.
He was challenged on his position again Tuesday at a campaign event in Toronto, where he said the vast majority of people in Quebec like the law so he is going to work instead to convince them they’re wrong by wearing his turban proudly in Quebec as he pushes his other values including standing up for LGBTQ rights and a woman’s right to choose.
“I know this is absolutely having impact in Quebec,” he said. “We’re winning over hearts. The conversation is changing.”
Hogwash, said Fareed Khan, founder of Canadians United Against Hate. He said he is “gobsmacked” at Singh’s lack of conviction to go after the bill. “Changing hearts” is something that will take years to do, said Khan, which means Singh is willing to let Quebec minorities suffer in the meantime, or be forced to move.
“Of all the people, I would think he would be the one who would be leading the charge to say not only is this wrong but were I to become prime minister I would immediately take action legally,” said Khan.
Khan said that action could include asking for intervener status in the provincial case, or directly referring a question about the constitutionality of such a bill to the Supreme Court.
Conservative Leader Andrew Scheer has been clear he won’t challenge the legislation now or in the future, reiterating that position during a campaign event in Toronto Tuesday.
Green Leader Elizabeth May has said something similar: that she doesn’t agree with the law but that Quebec is different and she won’t touch it. She has suggested before that she would help people who can’t work in Quebec because of the law to find jobs elsewhere.
Khan said none of the leaders can hold their heads high as defenders of minority and religious rights but he credits Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau for leaving the door open widest for a federal legal case against the bill.
Trudeau nudged that door open a little wider this week, saying if the Quebec court case doesn’t overturn the legislation, if he is the prime minister he would step in to challenge it.
“I believe a federal government must always be there to defend religious rights,” Trudeau said Tuesday, during a campaign stop in Iqaluit.
But Khan said the leaders are terrified of offending voters in Quebec, which has 78 seats, almost a quarter of the House of Commons.
“Human rights should not be sacrificed on the altar of political expediency,” said Khan.
For Trudeau this campaign has become partly about proving to Canadians that he is not racist, after several photos emerged of him wearing blackface or brownface as a younger man, making it more important for him to try to stake out territory as the leader with the strongest stance against Bill 21.
He is also looking to make his stance against Bill 21 a factor in English Canada, where support for the concept of similar laws is low and some ridings with large visible-minority populations in and around Toronto and Vancouver could be where this election is won or lost.
On the flip side, the NDP are said to have lost ground in Quebec in 2015 when then leader Tom Mulcair spoke out against a federal Conservative ban on wearing face-coverings at citizenship ceremonies, a rule federal courts said was unlawful.
Khan said he thinks this issue is going to be part of the decision-making process for voters outside Quebec.
The Toronto region’s importance in the campaign was clear when all Scheer and Singh both campaigned there Tuesday morning, and Trudeau headed there for events Wednesday after spending Tuesday in Iqaluit. | https://www.wltribune.com/federal-election/singhs-stance-on-bill-21-called-out-by-anti-hate-group/ |
Regional identities and practices are often debated in American archaeology, but Middle Atlantic prehistorians have largely refrained from such discussions, focusing instead on creating chronologies and studying socio-political evolution from the perspective of sub-regions. What is Middle Atlantic prehistoric archaeology? What are the questions and methods that identify our practice in this region or connect research in our region to larger anthropological themes?
Middle Atlantic Prehistory: Foundations and Practice provides a basic survey of Middle Atlantic prehistoric archaeology and serves as an important reference for situating the development of Middle Atlantic prehistoric archaeology within the present context of culture area studies. This edited volume is a regional, historic overview of important themes, topics, and approaches in Middle Atlantic prehistory; covering major practical and theoretical debates and controversies in the region and in the discipline.
Each chapter is holistic in its review of the historical development of a particular theme, in evaluating its contributions to current scholarship, and in proposing future directions for productive scholarly work. Contributing authors represent the full range of professional practice in archaeology and include university professors, cultural resources professionals, government regulatory/review archaeologists and museums curators with many years of practical and theoretical immersion in his/her chapter topic, and is highly regarded in the discipline and in the region for their expertise.
Middle Atlantic Prehistory provides a much-needed synthesis and historical overview for academic and cultural resource archaeologists and independent scholars working in the Middle Atlantic region in particular. | https://booksrun.com/textbooks/9781442228757-middle-atlantic-prehistory-foundations-and-practice |
Predictions For Gaming in 2020
I’ve never been great at making expectations about the game business, however, I appreciate it. I figure in the event that I make enough, some of them will work out as expected. So my conjectures for the following year have become a yearly custom of December for me.
Probably the least demanding forecast to make is that gaming will keep on developing on all fronts. Economic scientist Newzoo gauges that industry will develop its yearly incomes to $148.8 billion of every 2019, up 7.2% from 2018. By 2022, Newzoo gauges the market will be $189.6 billion.
That is the reason we’re seeing gaming midget other excitement media, as gamers who grew up messing around are a greater piece of the more seasoned populace, and recent college grads are in with no reservations on games and esports.
I appreciate conversing with the soothsayers, and we put a significant number of them in front of an audience at our occasions, for example, the up and coming GamesBeat Summit 2020 in Los Angeles in April. Be that as it may, when a year, I think it is a great idea to put it all on the line myself.
To begin with, I’ll give myself grades for a year ago’s expectations, and afterward, I’ll make 13 new ones. For the typical examination and humiliation, here are my expectations for 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, and 2012. At the base of the story, I’ve additionally given myself grades for the forecasts I gave a year ago for 2019.
Here are my forecasts for 2020:
1) The Last of Us:
Part II Will be My Preferred Round Of 2020
It’s not about the zombies, or for this situation, the Clickers or the Infected. It’s about the characters and the connections between them. The first is my preferred round ever, so I’m not exactly targeting with regards to passing judgment on the continuation. Be that as it may, I’ve had the influence of the new game, and I am dazzled at its upgrades. This is dependent upon Naughty Dog to convey, however it is on track to be a more driven title than the last one, following seven years really taking shape.
What made The Last of Us incredible is the connection between Joel and Ellie, who are constrained by conditions to endure together in a hazardous world. Joel had a catastrophe in his life and shut himself down to human contact, making him one of the most perilous executioners in the dystopian world. Yet, he opened up to Ellie, and she hauled the mankind out of him. The acting was so great. The bookend echoes of the start of the game and the finish of the game made it critical.
When of the subsequent game, Ellie has become the master executioner, shielding a meager layer of humankind from the zombies and the detestable people. Joel is still there, as to a greater extent a dad-like figure for Ellie, who has love in her association with Dina. In any case, someplace, something turns out badly, and the entire plot rotates around vengeance.
Nobody makes a superior showing of making a game look so genuine and feel so genuine with regards to account and feeling. 2020 is Naughty Dog’s year, and it just needs to convey. Also, will I allow different games to demolish The Last of Us Part II? Indeed, obviously.
2) Sony’s PlayStation 5 will Be a Crushing Success
I don’t yet have the foggiest idea what large titles will represent the deciding moment the PlayStation 5, which is coming in the special seasons of 2020. However, I have enough trust in Sony, even with its enormous administration changes, to believe that it will pull off a decent dispatch.
We’ve seen releases that recommend it will be much more dominant than the current PlayStation 4 Pro, in light of Sony’s specialized choices. Furthermore, I like the way that the SSD drive will make cutscenes run quicker, as opposed to constraining us to bear long stacking screens.
Sony still has probably the best first-party studios on the planet, for example, recently procured Insomniac Games and stalwarts like Naughty Dog, Guerrilla Games, Japan Studio, London Studio, Santa Monica Studio, Media Molecule, and Sucker Punch.
Those studios are devoted to exceptional story games that will be selective to Sony’s PlayStation 5, varying. Sony additionally has probably the most intelligent modeler in Mark Cerny, who comprehends both the equipment and what the games request of it.
Once in a while, Sony has had blended outcomes since it estimated its support excessively high or constrained equipment upon it that people didn’t require, yet I don’t anticipate such backward conduct proceeding with the PS5. Sony’s sensible choices helped it win with the PlayStation 4 age. A few people expect that Sony will say something regarding this as right on time as CES 2020, one week from now.
I believe that both the Sony and Microsoft consoles could sell more in 2020 than they did during their past dispatch year of 2013.
3) The Xbox Series X Will Likewise Be a Major Achievement
Microsoft has had good and bad times with each support age. The first Xbox’s equipment was excessively costly, prompting $4 billion in misfortunes in spite of 20 million consoles sold. The Xbox 360 was a magnificent machine, tormented by the Red Rings of Death. The Xbox One was well-structured however troubled with the costly Kinect camera and an undesirable amusement/media center.
That history doesn’t generally look good for the following machine, the Xbox Series X. In any case, I need to state that the administration under Phil Spencer has as of late been running pretty easily and maybe pivotal has been exceptionally legitimate with regards to gamer cred.
It’s a major machine, yet it’s essentially a PC. It will have an AMD-planned processor/illustrations combo, near equivalent to Sony’s however maybe less amazing. In any case, Microsoft has adapted some significant exercises. It has decent assistance in the mix of the Xbox Live and GamePass membership administration, and it has gone on a procurement gorge. That implies it has at long last discovered that it takes first-party studios to win support ages.
Microsoft now has a lot of studios to go facing Sony’s first-party groups. The enormous studios incorporate 343 Industries, The Coalition, Playground Games, Turn 10 Studios, Rare, Mojang, InXile, Obsidian Entertainment, Double Fine, and different others.
Furthermore, Ninja Theory appears as though it will create a fantastic title, Senua’s Saga: Hellblade II, for the Xbox Series X. This implies Microsoft can take as much time as necessary with each title and ensure they’re prepared for the Xbox One X. Also, the organization isn’t diverted with computer-generated reality, which could deliver headwinds for Sony if VR doesn’t take off at this age.
4) Fry’s Electronics Will Close Down, Thus Will Numerous Computer Game Stores
Fry’s Electronics is the sort of huge box retail location that ought to have endured and won.
In any case, as various reports about uncovered retire at all stores appear, the enormous hardware chain seems as though it is at the end of its life, another casualty of Amazon and computerized conveyance of games and programming. GameStop, the game-centered retailer, is likewise closing several stores far and wide.
Gamers seem to have spoken, and they currently have a lot of decisions for online stores, for example, Amazon, Steam, and the Epic Games Store.
At the point when you’re selling 1s and 0s, there’s actually no requirement for a retail nearness. Fry’s cases it isn’t closing down, however, for what reason would the organization have no stock during the Christmas season at a considerable lot of its stores?
5) Nintendo May Uncover New Equipment, Yet Won’t Dispatch it in 2020
Nintendo propelled its fruitful support handheld half and half Switch reassure in March 2017, supplanting its fizzled Wii-U machine in its cycle. The switch is a raving success, with in excess of 34 million consoles sold and 187 million duplicates of programming.
It isn’t coming up short on steam at any point in the near future, thus Nintendo doesn’t have to dispatch another reassure in 2020, as Microsoft and Sony seem to be. Sony and Microsoft propelled their enormous consoles in 2013, and they did midlife kickers.
Yet, the Switch is focusing on an alternate market, including Nintendo fans who need to mess around in a hurry. All things considered, the PlayStation 5 and the Xbox Series X could take a lot of clients when they dispatch toward the finish of 2020.
So it may be useful for Nintendo to begin discussing its next machine while Sony and Microsoft move their new ones. That may prevent Nintendo players from absconding. So this could imply that Nintendo may declare another framework in 2020 and ship it at some point in 2022.
This talk about dispatch timing is a hypothesis on my part, and not founded on any inside tip. The Wall Street Journal, in the meantime, revealed that Nintendo was taking a shot at the Switch 2 and had not yet chosen when it would declare it.
I don’t think Nintendo or the Switch have a lot to stress over from Sony and Microsoft. All things considered, Nintendo has Miyamoto, Mario, thus numerous other distinct advantages to use in the comfort wars.
6) Amazon, Facebook, and Microsoft will Join Google in Propelling Cloud Gaming Administrations
New businesses like Blade and its Shadow administration have moved into the cloud gaming market in order to overcome the phantom of OnLive. In any case, Google slid its way into cloud gaming with the go-moderate dispatch of Stadia in November.
The organization will augment the administration in 2020, and it should do significantly more to get fans amped up for cloud gaming before the following arrangement of game consoles lands on the occasion of 2020.
Google will get some organization in 2020 with new cloud game administrations from Microsoft as Project xCloud, and I expect Amazon won’t be that a long way behind either.
Cloud gaming will have a moderate dispatch, yet I trust it is digging in for the long haul. With respect to Facebook, a week ago it affirmed the procurement of cloud gaming startup PlayGiga in Spain.
7) Big Organizations and VCs Will Keep on Putting Resources into Game Organizations
I was stressed when I heard recently that AT&T may put Warner Bros. Intuitive Entertainment available to be purchased just to settle the obligation.
Be that as it may, I’ve since heard that this thought is off the table, and that is something worth being thankful for in my view.
WBIE is one of the fortunes of the game business, and it is the best case of a Hollywood studio misusing the two motion pictures and games.
Be that as it may, there will be a lot of other purchasing and selling and putting going on in games in 2020. You can expect that Disney will sell the FoxNext Studios, as its attention is on authorizing games instead of building them.
There are additionally different exchanges in progress that I think about. What’s more, why not? Games are the greatest type of stimulation, however, game organizations aren’t constantly esteemed in acknowledgment of that reality.
Tencent keeps on putting resources into games, and other Chinese organizations like NetEase are doing likewise. There are in excess of 20 game-centered funding reserves, right from seed speculations to bigger ventures.
That is more game-centered VCs than any other time in recent memory. What’s more, I haven’t referenced esports organizations yet.
My forecast is that you can keep on hoping to see an interest in the littlest game organizations and acquisitions of the greatest game organizations also.
Furthermore, what kind of costs would individuals pay?
They could purchase Take-Two Interactive (proprietor of the Grand Theft Auto, Red Dead Redemption, BioShock, NBA 2K, and Civilization establishments) for $13 billion. Or on the other hand, they could get one plane carrying warship with that cash.
8) Esports Organizations Will Keep on Taking Off in watchers, Valuations, and Acquisitions However Not Profits
Riot Games has had an astounding 10-year run with League of Legends, yet the organization recognizes that the esports speculation that it has placed into LoL isn’t yet gainful. That is an astonishment to me, given that it has a great many players.
What’s more, in the event that Riot Games isn’t productive yet with its esports endeavors, at that point by what method can any other individual around here want to be beneficial?
I figure it will come. What’s more, I realize that numerous speculators, for example, customary games group proprietors, are wagering vigorously that esports will become as large as the NBA sometime in the future. Esports has every one of the favorable circumstances.
It is changing society, as geeks currently get an opportunity to turn out to be socially acknowledged by playing computer games handily and getting remunerated for it.
Twenty to thirty-year-olds are all the more effectively found by brands by means of esports. Furthermore, brands, for example, AT&T and Anheuser-Busch are plunging into esports sponsorships.
In the long run, media rights incomes should stream right down to the groups, making a large interest in esports associations into cash creators. We are certainly in a time of overhyping now, and it could all come smashing down. In any case, there are a lot of valid justifications for that promotion.
9) VR will Have Its Greatest Games Yet, However, Will Keep on Battling
I’m anticipating some huge computer-generated simulation games one year from now, for example, Respawn Entertainment’s Medal of Honor: Above and Beyond, Facebook Horizon, and Valve’s Half-Life: Alyx. These games have been a very long time really taking shape, and they’re demonstrating that triple-A designers have confidence in VR.
However, it will be difficult for these games to discover immense crowds, as VR still has a little client base. Sony has the best outcomes so far with the PlayStation VR, and Quest is having a solid introduction, yet it has a lot of spoilers, like Microsoft.
It will be a tough move for VR to get customer footing. I think VR will even now endure, however it will be a very long time before we see enough customer intrigue.
Meanwhile, VR organizations can make due by putting resources into the venture or making titles for VR arcades.
10) Augmented Reality Glasses will Turn Out To Be Progressively Down to Earth
Qualcomm divulged its most recent tech for increased reality glasses this fall, and that implies AR’s greatest supporters will go through those chips to accompany another age of AR gadgets. One of those organizations that have just dedicated to it is Niantic, the creator of Pokemon Go.
We are not yet where we need to be with AR. Facebook has guaranteed us that AR/VR glasses will inevitably be as lightweight as standard glasses. We aren’t there yet, however with this new age, we ought to draw nearer.
Apple is purportedly chipping away at something cool in AR, and this new age of AR gadgets is probably going to be cool, as Niantic finds out about this field than a lot of game organizations. I’m confident that we’ll see indications of better AR innovation in 2020, with games coming soon to misuse it.
11) Regulatory Powers Will Assemble Energy
I can anticipate a wide range of administrative difficulties for games. The Federal Trade Commission could get serious about plunder boxes and microtransactions for beguiling buyers. Controllers could reason that plunder boxes sum to unlawful betting.
Or on the other hand, they could conclude that games are addictive and ought to be controlled, with time cutoff points, for example, those forced by China for kids.
Enslavement isn’t a thing to be disturbed, and since the World Health Organization has grouped gaming dependence as a genuine condition, the entryway is open for controllers to make a move in light of that.
I don’t have the foggiest idea to what extent it will take for overall limitations to be forced, however, the game business should move to stretch out beyond this issue, or it will confront the outcomes.
12) Subscription Gaming will Assemble Steam
Someone needs to think of the “Netflix of games.” This expression has helped numerous a startup fund-raise, and Microsoft is pushing the max throttle forward with Xbox Game Pass, which is turning into an exceptional incentive for gamers.
Sony is likewise getting on board with this temporary fad, as are organizations, for example, Apple and Google. Purchasers have received membership models in such a significant number of different classes of stimulation, it appears as though it will involve time before gamers pull out all the stops. My cash is on Microsoft in this specific fight.
13) Intellivision will be the special case of 2020Tommy Tallarico is dead genuine about transportation the best game comfort of 2020.
His Intellivision Amico will go facing other large consoles the extent that planning goes, as the Intellivision retro computer game reassure will deliver on October 10, 2020, maybe just before Sony and Microsoft send their machines. Be that as it may, Tallarico is pursuing a quite certain crowd:
the individuals who grew up playing with companions or family with computer game frameworks where everyone could play together on the love seat.
He has persuaded many individuals to collaborate with his organization, he guarantees some cool games, and he isn’t attempting to do excessively. Tallarico is focusing on the individuals who are nostalgic for peaceful, fun games that everybody can play.
We don’t have the foggiest idea how huge this specialty will be, however on the off chance that Tallarico executes well, this retro restoration could be an unexpected hit.
My 2019 scorecard
1. The Hunger Games Permit will Surface with 1,000-Player Fight Royale
Letter grade: F
I made sense of that Suzanne Collins, the creator of The Hunger Games isn’t a devotee of brutality in media, including computer games. That is essentially going to stop any permitting of the books or motion pictures for computer game purposes.
This reveals to me that it’s not constantly a smart thought to be so exact about your expectations. Nonconformists: Proving Grounds additionally bit the residue, so we don’t have 1,000-player fight royale games yet.
2. Cloud Gaming Slumps Toward Bethlehem
Letter grade: A
Google propelled its Stadia cloud gaming administration in November. Cutting edge additionally propelled its Shadow cloud gaming administration and brought another $33 million up in October. Microsoft said it is trying upwards of 50 games for its Project xCloud cloud gaming administration.
Amazon is additionally apparently dealing with its administration. The period of cloud gaming is here. Presently we’ll perceive the amount of an effect it makes.
3. China will continue its Development in Games
Letter grade: A
The Chinese government quit supporting game dispatches in China during 2018, yet on January 2, the administration endorsed 80 titles and afterward lifted its foot off the brakes. That was a quite speedy time among forecast and the expectation working out as expected. An irregularity for me.
4. Blockchain Gaming new Businesses will Deliver Extraordinary Thoughts, yet Selection Relies Upon Large Organizations
Letter grade: A
Blockchain and digital currency new businesses created many splendid thoughts for improving computer games during the year. Be that as it may, the absolute most driven thoughts are as yet hanging tight for sponsorship from huge organizations.
Robot Cache hasn’t propelled its blockchain tech for an application store that is increasingly effective and enables engineers to keep a greater amount of the returns.
Specialty cut an arrangement with Kongregate, and Animoca Brands grasped blockchain in a major manner, yet aside from Ubisoft, the huge organizations are as yet keeping down.
5. Esports Will Turn into a Fight Royale, With Victors and Washouts
Letter grade: A
The fight royale occurred among association proprietors, and administrators, financial specialists, and customary games proprietors all mixed to get a bit of the pie. We didn’t perceive any huge cavities, however, a lot of savants are foreseeing some aftermath from over-speculation and a lot of esports publicity.
In the meantime, brands like Lexus, Anheuser-Busch, and Louis Vuitton are moving into esports sponsorships. At the end of the year, EA and Respawn propelled another esports association for Apex Legends. No holding back still, as incomes and watchers are as yet developing.
6. Gamers will Consider Better Approaches To Mess Around and Make Cash Doing it.
Letter grade: A
I didn’t imagine that this Leisure Economy would move so quickly. However, during the year, even secondary schools started receiving esports in a major manner. PlayVS raised $50 million for hits secondary school esports alliance, and it had rivalry from different opponents.
So the quantity of individuals bringing home the bacon from esports is extending. Despite everything, I have high expectations that the “maker economy” occupations will utilize a lot more individuals later on. I’m up for the existence of recreation.
7. The Metaverse Will Begin to Come to Fruition
Letter grade: C
We didn’t see a lot of material development on this expectation during the year. Numerous organizations are as yet embracing this thought, and possibly the HBO version of Snow Crash will move more individuals to move this further.
Maybe the most aspiring organization is Japan’s Gumi, which is putting vigorously in games, augmented reality, and blockchain to tie all the string of the Metaverse, or nexus of associated virtual universes, together. Be that as it may, it will require some serious energy.
8. The lines will Obscure Between Games, Esports, and Betting
Letter grade: B
The courts have made room for wagering on rounds of ability, and for different esports-related betting. What’s more, organizations like Unikrn and Skillz gained ground during the year in propelling observer wagering and aptitude put together wagering with respect to games. It’s not enormous yet, yet it is developing.
9. Controllers will get up to Speed With Gaming’s Wilderness and Crackdown Where Required
Letter grade: B
The FTC held hearings on plunder boxes and microtransactions to investigate whether guideline was essential in the games business. These in-game rewards that players purchase with genuine cash are dreaded to cause enslavement and betting like conduct.
The crackdown hasn’t occurred at this point, yet plunder boxes kept on ordering plenty of negative vibes and press during the year.
10. E3 Will Hold Together
Letter grade: D
At the point when Electronic Arts chose to leave the show floor of the Electronic Entertainment Expo public expo, some anticipated fate for U.S. gaming’s biggest occasion. Sony additionally chose to skirt a year ago, and the conspicuous show has Geoff Keighley, who has been dynamic at E3 before, has started putting additional time in Europe’s Gamescom occasion. What’s more, media inclusion seemed to plunge 39% from 2017 to 2019.
E3 didn’t help itself by getting hacked and uncovering the information of 2,000 columnists. We’ll check whether the show recuperates with the dispatch of new consoles from Sony and Microsoft, however, there’s a ton of hazard for E3 still.
11. Games will Advance Toward Odd Stages
Letter grade: A
Drivetime ended up getting solid energy for its voice-based games and it fund-raised during 2019. New stages are developing constantly, similar to the social games on Snapchat and sound games on Amazon Alexa. There’s no easing back of this pattern.
12. Reboots Keep on Reviving Old Establishments
Letter grade: A
On both the equipment and the product front, reboots and changes are going solid. We simply completed the set of three of rebooted games for Lara Croft, with 2018’s Shadow of the Tomb Raider, and the profoundly effective reboot of God of War.
The following large one coming is Resident Evil 2. Red Dead Redemption 2 took the prequel course, and it caused fans to envision fascinating turns with regards to the storyline.
Also, on equipment, we may see some reports about the Atari retro game reassure, the Atari VCS, and the new Intellivision comfort reboot originating from Tommy Tallarico.
Fans love the interactivity that they know with demonstrated establishments. What’s more, now and again it’s bad to simply continue going with an establishment perpetually, granulating it down into ever-littler crowds.
Reboots allow designers to rethink a commonplace property starting from the earliest stage, make better illustrations, and administration fans who need an arrival to extraordinary ongoing interaction without some insane new tormented plot.
In any case, as the Tomb Raider reboot appeared, a top-notch reboot can reignite a maturing establishment. | http://addictinggames2.org/humble-predictions-for-gaming-in-2020/ |
Gutenberg Editor Attributes sources- An object that describes the form of a block’s characteristics. The keys can be name to describe the status of a block type in the most suitable way. The value for each key is a function that defines the technique for extracting the attribute value from the content of a stored post’s content. When the attribute sources are process, a new object is generate with the keys define in the attribute sources and each value representing the outcome of the attribute source function.
Attributes of Gutenberg Editor
The current state of a block in the post content is represent by an object. This is decide by the attribute sources for the block type when loading a stored post. These variables can vary over time when the user edits a block during an editing session, and they are use to determine how to serialize the block.
Block
The word is use to define the individual pieces of markup that make up the content or layout of a webpage. The proposal integrates what we do now with shortcodes, custom HTML, and embed discovery in WordPress into a single uniform API and user experience.
Block Theme for Gutenberg Editor
A theme developed in a block-oriented manner that allows for full site editing. The block templates and block template components are the heart of a block theme. Until now, block theme templates have been HTML files with block markup that correspond to templates in the WordPress template hierarchy.
Block categories
These aren’t WordPress taxonomies; instead, they’re use to sort blocks in the Block Library internally.
Block Inserter Library
Activated via plus icon buttons on Blocks or in the top-left of the editor interface, this interface allows you to choose from the available blocks.
Block name
A block type’s unique identification is made up of a plugin-specific namespace and a brief description defining the block’s purpose. for example: core/image
Block Templates for Gutenberg Editor
A template is a set of blocks that have been pre-arrange, potentially with pre-defined characteristics or placeholder content. You may offer a template for a post type to provide users a place to start when writing new material, or use the InnerBlocks component to embed a template inside a custom block. Templates are nothing more than HTML files with block markup that correspond to templates in the normal WordPress template hierarchy, such as index, single, and archive. This allows you to manage a site’s front-end settings that aren’t change using the Page Editor or Post Editor. For additional details, see the documentation for the templates.
Block Template Parts
These components, which are based on Block Templates, assist create structure for reusable elements like a Footer or Header, which are common in WordPress sites. They are primarily use for site structure and should never be use in conjunction with the post content editor. Users may build their own random Template Parts, save them in their site’s database, and reuse them across their site with Full Site Editing and block-based themes. Theme template components are equal to template parts in terms of blocks. They’re usually specifies initially by a theme, have some semantic value (like a header), and can only be insertes in the site editor environment (inside “templates”).
Block type
A block type, in contrast to the blocks that make up a specific post, specifies the blueprint by which any block of that kind should act. So, even if a post has a lot of pictures, they all function the same way thanks to a single image block type specification.
Classic block
TinyMCE was the foundation of the previous core editor, and this block embeds it as a block. Content that was generate before the block editor was introduce will be consolidates into a single Classic block.
Dynamic block of Gutenberg Editor
Full Site Editing
This is a set of capabilities that, when combined, allow users to update their whole website using blocks as a starting point. From block patterns to global styles to templates to block design tools, this feature set has it all (and more). It’s still in the testing stage right now.
Navigation Block
A block that allows you to change the structure and appearance of a website’s navigation menu.
Patterns
Patterns are preset block layouts that may be added as beginning material and are intended to be updated by the user on a regular basis. They exist as a local save and are not global once loaded.
Post settings
A sidebar section holding the post’s metadata fields, such as scheduling, visibility, terms, and featured picture.
Query Block
A block that mimics the original WP_Query and adds extra capabilities for further customization.
Reusable block
A stored block of material that may later be share as a reusable and repeated piece of content.
RichText in Gutenberg Editor
A standard component that allows for the modification of rich information, such as bold, italics, and hyperlinks.
Serialization
When a block is change, the process of turning its attributes object into HTML markup takes place.
Settings Sidebar in Gutenberg Editor
The document and block settings are on the right-hand panel. The Settings gear icon is used to toggle the sidebar. When a block is chosen, block settings are displayed; otherwise, document settings are displayed.
Site Editor
The seamless experience that lets you modify and move between different templates, template components, style choices, and more.
Static block in Gutenberg Editor
The content of this sort of block is known at the time of saving a post. A static block will be stored in post content with HTML markup.
Template Editing Mode
A simplified direct editing experience that lets you edit, alter, or build the template that a post or page uses.
Theme Blocks in Gutenberg Editor
Template tags are used to create blocks that perform everything imaginable in standard templates (ex: Post Author Block). The whole list is here.
TinyMCE
Toolbar
A set of controls consisting of buttons. Usually refers to the toolbar of block controls that appears above the selected block in the context of a block. | https://softhunt.net/gutenberg-editor-glossary/ |
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The invention relates to indicating devices for the visual correlation of particular time quantities, and more particularly relates to a work- time indicating device permitting an employee to display his intended work schedule in relation to the mandatory and optional work schedule designated by his employer.
A concept of work-hour scheduling known as "flexitime" or "flexible work schedules" began in Europe toward the latter part of the 1960's and is presently come into the American work culture. Under this scheduling concept an employee is given flexibility as to which hours he may work to fulfill his usual required eight working hours. Flexitime comprises two distinct kinds of time: core time which is that part of a work day during which all employees within a specified group must be at work, and flexible time which is all remaining time within which the employee is free to choose his time of arrival and departure from the office.
Although such a scheduling provides great flexibility to the employee in choosing his own working hours, management is confronted with the problem of being assured of the availability of employees to handle tasks during the day. The core time mitigates the major portion of this problem by requiring all employees to be at work during the busiest part of the day when employees are most needed. But often unforeseen work overflow may occur outside of core time hours or an emergency meeting of certain employees may need to be held or minimum attendance is required to provide maintenance of minimum services such as telephone and public contact coverage. Thus, the supervisor has the problem of not knowing which staff members will be at work for what hours during the day under a flexible work schedule.
Another problem that arises is that of the employee accurately determining the times he must be in the office and the time when his work day is completed. This problem is exacerbated where the employee is unfamiliar with mathematical techniques and may be confused by tables, charts or punch clocks. For example, an employee may experience difficulty when having to add 8 hours (work) and 45 minutes (lunch) to a starting time of 9:45 to determine his proper quitting time.
A further closely allied problem is one that faces the supervisor of his being assured of 8 hours of attendance by each employee when starting and stopping times of each employee may vary.
Therefore, it is an object of this invention to provide a visual indicating device capable of quick and easy interpretation allowing a supervisor to determine the expected work schedules of each employee during the day.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a time indicator device permitting an employee to quickly determine his time on the job in relation to one or more core times of mandatory working hours.
It is a further object of this invention to provide a time indicator device settable by an employee to quickly determine his permitted departure time from work.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The objects and purposes of this invention are achieved by a work- time indicating device including a face bearing time indicia equally spaced thereon with spacing between indicia denoting time quantities. First indicator segments slidably supported on the face are settable in cooperation with the face indicia for visually displaying the times of a given day during which employees are required to work. Second indicator segments slidably supported on the face are positionable by the employee to visually indicate his time on the job during that day and are so sized to cover the total hours an employee must work for automatically indicating departure time. The second indicator segments are organized to visually indicate whether the employee has properly correlated the same with the first indicator segments.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be readily apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiment taken in conjunction with the appended claims and accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a face view of the work-time indicating apparatus of the present invention.
FIG. 2 shows a plurality of work-time indicators of FIG. 1 constructed for viewing in a mounting panel.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
Shown in FIG. 1 is the work-hour indicating device of the present invention which serves as a medium for an employee to keep an account of his or her own schedule while permitting the supervisor to be apprised of the expected work schedule of that employee.
The work-hour indicator referred to generally as numeral 11 includes a face member 21 servicing as a supporting structure for several time indicators which will be described hereinafter. The face member 21 is circular in configuration including a circular band 23 spaced intermediate the circumference and having a plurality of equally spaced indicia 25 positioned therearound. The indicia comprises the numerals 1 through 12 inclusive being set in a relationship similar to a clockface for indicating a 12-hour work day. Quarter hour markings 27 are also provided on the band 23 equally spaced between the indicia 25. The face is numbered similar to a clock face for providing less confusion with employees, but other numbering configurations may be realized such as a 24-hour display.
Four arcuate segmented indicators 29 are slidably supported in the margin area between the indicia band 23 and circumference of the face 21. The segmented indicators 29 are partial sectors with respect to the circular face, having bounding radii which mark two particular times for displaying a time quantity lying between those times. The segmented indicators are secured to the face member 21 in any conventional manner, e.g. notched tracks, to permit manual movement of the indicators for fixing the same in radial alignment along quarter hours to identify core time as designated by management.
As shown in FIG. 1, the indicators 29 arcuately embrace 11/2 hours each and are capable of overlapping one another along the margin area for depicting variations between 11/2 hours and 6 hours by arranging the segments in overlapping and/or adjacent relationships. The indicators 29 may also be positioned in other than one consecutive time coverage indicator as illustrated in FIG. 1 where the indicators correspond to two periods, one from 9:00 A.M. through 11:30 A.M. and the other from 1:00 P. M. through 3:30 P.M.
The indicators 29 are positioned in cooperation with the indicia on the band 23 for visually displaying an indication of a time quantity corresponding to "core time". Core time is that time during the day which an employee must be on duty or be in some category of leave -- sick leave, vacation leave, etc. In some work environments, two work peak times occur during the day when it is necessary to have a full staff. But between these two periods full staffing is not required and employees are given flexibility in deciding how long to take lunch hours depending upon errands to run, doctor appointments, etc.
The use of four overlappable 11/2 hour indicators is found to cover the practical core times used by employers, although unusual core times may be set by custom fitting of indicators where required. Thus, as shown in FIG. 1, split core times can be shown by two periods variable from 11/2 hours to 3 hours.
The core time indicators may take on other shapes, as for example, transparent colored overlays which may be set to slide directly atop the indicia band 23 for visually indicating those times in which an employee must be at work.
A work-time indicator designated generally by the numeral 31 comprises a plurality of sectors 33 and 35 slidably supported on the inner portion of the face 21. The sector indicators 33 and 35 are rotatably positionable on a concentric track 37 notched at 1/4 hour intervals around the center of the face 21 so as to securely position the sectors in line with the quarter hour marks on the face. Other positionable means may suggest themselves to those skilled in the art for holding the work- time indicator sectors in place.
As shown in FIG. 1, two different sized sectors are chosen: two large sectors 33 equal in time coverage along the indicia band 23 of the time coverage of the first and last core times, respectively, and a plurality of small sectors 35 equal in time coverage along the indicia band 23 of 1/4 hour and numbering in plurality to equal the 8 hour work shift when added with the two large sectors 33. That is to say that the total time coverage of the sectors indicators equals the total hours an employee is required to work each day -- usually 8 hours.
The sectors are positioned by the employee so that the "earliest" large wedge 33 has its leading edge 39 aligned with his starting time. The edge 39 is marked with the word "IN" inscribed thereon. The quarter hour sectors 35 are then positioned so as to leave a space 43 during any time away from the job between core periods including lunch. The trailing edge 41 of the latter sector 33, which edge is marked "OUT", will then automatically determine quitting time for that employee. The positioning of the sectors must be such that they cover the core time segments.
The sector and segment indicators may be color coded and/or positioned to overlap one another along the indicia band to visually display to the employee that he has properly correlated his working time with the core time.
In many operations the core time is not split and the lunch time has an established duration. A work-time indicator for such a time schedule may include a single sector covering the employees work time plus lunch time. In such an arrangement, the employee sets the leading edge of the single sector at his starting time, making sure the work- time indicator properly correlates with the core time. Thus his finishing time is automatically indicated by the trailing edge of the single sector.
Often there are certain hours of the day during which the building facilities are not available for use and during which management will not allow regular work time to be performed. Thus an indicator 45 is positioned to cover the indicia band 23 between the numeral markings 6 and 7 for visually signalling that an employee is not permitted to move the work-time indicator 31 into this area. Further, the non-working time indicator 45 may contain mechanical abutments within its sector of the face for disallowing the work-time indicator 31 to slide over this sector.
FIG. 2 illustrates five work-hour indicator devices of the present invention shown as numeral 11, constructed in a row relationship on panel 13. The panel 13 is approximately 7 inches wide and 35 inches in length, and has interlocking capabilities (not shown) permitting any number of such panels to be secured one on top of another in a row- stacked array. The interlocked panels may be hung upon a convenient wall for employee and supervisor use.
An optional organizational name plate 15 may be secured to the top of the array of panels for appropriate identification and under each indicator face 11 may be located a small name plate 17 bearing the employees name or identification number. Also under each indicator face is a slot 19 for receiving an employee's identification card which may be notched to serve as a key to unlock the indicator 11 for permitting movement of the indicator components by the employee. Other appropriate key locking means may be used in order to keep unauthorized persons from changing the work-time indicators.
Thus employees may set their time indicators at the end of the day to indicate the next day's expected work hours, for allowing the supervisor to plan accordingly. Also when the employee arrives to work he may make any necessary changes.
It should be understood, of course, that the foregoing disclosure relates to a preferred embodiment of the invention and that other modifications or alterations may be made therein without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims. | |
This page contains some of the research I have worked on over the years. The topics are computational in nature and vary from Lagrangian methods used in free-vortex methods and particle tracking, to full-fledged structured and unstructured computational fluid dynamics used to simular flow past rotorcrafts.
My primary research interests lie in,
-
Computational aerodynamics of flow past bodies
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Mathematical and numerical modelling
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Algorithms and their applications
-
Overall design of aerospace vehicles
Towards Geophysical Flows
The group aims to use unmanned aerial vehicles for geophysical flow applications. More information to follow.
HAMSTR: A hybrid unstructured-structured methodology
A meshing and discretization paradigm for computational fluid dynamics that blends the relative ease of construction of unstructured grids with the accuracy, efficiency and robustness of structured grids. This technique is realized by exploiting the idea of Hamiltonian paths and strand grids. Applied to solve compressible overset RANS equations relevant to rotor flows and other canonical problems related to aerospace.
Acoustic Signature Prediction around Rotorcraft
A Ffowcks Williams-Hawking solver is used with compact source formulation to predict the acoustic characteristics of rotors at various observer locations. The thickness and loading noises are captured, along with the broadband noise through empirical relations. The work has been extended to multi-rotor configurations and to simulate a fly-by over a microphone location.
HYDRA: Hybrid Design and Rotorcraft Analysis
HYDRA is a conceptual design toolkit co-developed with Ananth Sridharan that focuses on evaluating and analyzing unconventional (and conventional) configurations for a given mission profile. The toolkit is primarily written in Python and is integrated to other higher-fidelity methods such as a free-vortex wake and finite element analysis, which are written in a compiler based language. The goal is provide an insight into the aircraft performance and characteristics for a chosen configuration and mission.
HeliX: A High Speed Rotorcraft for Medevac Missions
HeliX was University of Maryland's response to the annual graduate design competition (this edition hosted by Eurocopter), which required a search and rescue vehicle capable of rescuing victims from a natural disaster. HeliX uses highly optimized proprotors and blades that enable it to travel at 317 knots. HeliX was adjudged the winner in the graduate category amongst international teams.
Particle Clustering Techniques for Modelling Dust Clouds
Particle clustering methods have been explored for application to the problem of predicting “brownout” conditions. A significant issue in such simulations is the tracking of the very large number of particles needed to predict with acceptable fidelity the dual-phase flow properties and optical characteristics of the dust clouds. It is shown that in some conditions they offer the potential to significantly reduce the computational costs of brownout dust cloud simulations while still retaining good accuracy.
Algorithms and Some Applications
This section discusses some of the algorithms written and used towards practical applications in my work. One of the perennial issues with numerical codes, especially those geared towards a large amount of "number crunching" is that they require unfavourable amount of wall-clock time. Particularly, these algorithms have been used to group particles in a brownout cloud, find the wall distance used in turbulence modelling, or simulate the collision of particles with an airfoil.
Numerical Modelling of Rotorcraft Brownout
Brownout is a phenomenon that often occurs when rotorcraft operate over ground surfaces covered with mobile sediment material, such as loose soil, gravel or sand. Through a series of complex fluid dynamic uplift and sediment mobilizations mechanisms, the rotor wake stirs up a dust cloud that can quickly engulf the rotorcraft; which is both a safety of flight issue and one that results in high wear and tear of rotor blades and engine components.The interactional aerodynamics around rotor(s), fuselage and the sediment is modelled in this work using a Lagrangian methodology and expedited using graphics processing units (GPUs).
Helicopter Design Competition
During my stay at the University of Maryland, I had the privilege of working with talented students as part of the American Helicopter Society's international student design competition from 2016-2018. The three designs (all of which won the first place in their respective years) were the teams' response to an emergency vehicle that is deployed from a C-130J flying at 10,000 ft and 140 knots (2016 - Halcyon), 24 hour hovering machine (2017 - Elysium), and a reconfigurable high-speed urban vehicle (2018 - Metaltail). | https://www.mgbharath.com/research |
Resettlement, Complementary Pathways and Relocation
There were more than 70 million people forcibly displaced in the world due to persecution, conflict, violence or human rights violations in 2019. Among them, This link opens in a new tab1.44 million refugees were in need of resettlement in 2020.
Resettlement is an essential tool to meet the international protection needs of particularly vulnerable refugees. But the magnitude of forced displacement has exposed a widening gap between the number of those in need of a third‑country solution and the few resettlement and humanitarian admission places made available globally.
In 2018, the United Nations General Assembly affirmed the Global Compact on Refugees, which explicitly recognizes the pressing need for more cooperation in distributing the responsibility of hosting and supporting the world’s refugees. One of its four key objectives is to expand refugees’ access to third‑country solutions through new or enlarged resettlement efforts and complementary pathways. What is the Global Compact on Refugees?
The Global Compact on Refugees is a framework for more predictable and equitable responsibility‑sharing, recognizing that a sustainable solution to refugee situations cannot be achieved without international cooperation.
It provides a blueprint for governments, international organizations, and other stakeholders to ensure that host communities get the support they need and that refugees can lead productive lives.
It constitutes a unique opportunity to transform the way the world responds to refugee situations, benefiting both refugees and the communities that host them.
Its four key objectives are to:
- Ease the pressures on host countries;
- Enhance refugee self‑reliance;
- Expand access to third‑solutions;
- Support conditions in countries of origin for return in safety and dignity.
IOM supports its Member States in implementing resettlement, complementary pathway and relocation programmes.
We believe the most successful resettlement and admission programmes provide not only much needed protection for the most vulnerable but also a path to successful integration into their new societies.
IOM is also supporting European relocation efforts. These programmes can be implemented both on a European‑wide and on a bilateral basis and are an expression of internal EU solidarity with Member States facing increased pressure on their asylum systems. They involve the relocation of persons in need of international protection from European countries of first arrival to another EU Member or Associated State where their asylum application will be further processed. | https://eea.iom.int/resettlement-complementary-pathways-and-relocation |
Born and raised outside of Washington, D.C, Ryan joined Capital Financial Benefit Solutions, LLC in 2015 after graduating from college in Baltimore.
Ryan is keenly aware of the challenges and important financial decisions that consumers are faced with today. He is also cognizant of the fact that a client’s goals and aspirations today may be vastly different compared to several decades ago.
Ryan takes a straightforward, sensible approach to financial planning that always leads with client education. Among several other areas of the business, he is responsible for gathering and analyzing client data to develop financial plans that reflect the client’s needs and goals. These plans include cash flow analysis, retirement planning, insurance and estate planning, and investment management. Ryan is a CFP® professional and holds his Series 7, 63, 65, and life/health licenses.
Currently living in Baltimore, Ryan graduated from Stevenson University with a degree in Business Administration while also playing lacrosse. Ryan continues to be involved in the Stevenson community as a member of the Stevenson Alumni Board. During his time away from work, Ryan enjoys spending time with friends and family and supporting the local sports teams. | https://www.capitalfinancialmaryland.com/team/ryan-e-salah |
7. Stock Market Holidays 2022: Are NYSE and Nasdaq Open?
6 days ago — In 2022, U.S. bond markets close on the nine days the stock exchanges are silent as well as Columbus Day (Monday, Oct. 10) and Veterans Day (21)…
The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and The Standard will observe the holidays listed below. Trades in participant accounts will not be processed on any of the (22)…
Now in 2021, amid hope and excitement that the pandemic might soon be behind us as vaccines are distributed, investors may actually find it tougher to generate (23)…
8. United States Stock Market Index (US30) | 2022 Data
It is a price-weighted index that tracks the performance of 30 large and well-known U.S. companies that are listed mostly on the New York Stock Exchange. The (24)…
Please note that regular trading hours for the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and Nasdaq Stock Market are 9:30 a.m. to 4 p.m. Eastern on weekdays. The stock (25)…
World market analysis, stock market data and stock market news from Fox Business. U.S. companies are thriving despite the pandemic—or because of it.(26)…
9. Markets – Forbes
The works of two very fine twentieth century economists, Frank Hahn and Hyman Minsky, have taught us how to think about money and financial fragility when (27)…
US/America: Updated stock indexes in US, North/Latin Americas. Get an overview of major indexes, current values and stock market data in US, Brazil, Canada, (28)…
10. US STOCK MARKETS | USA INDICES
Name; CountryLast; Prev. Close+/‑; %Time; DateCrude Oil VIX; USA42.62; 40.202.42; 6.02%10:14:03 PM; 1Dow Jones; USA36,338.30; 36,398.08‑59.78; ‑0.16%11:10:42 PM; 1Dow Jones Composite Average; USA12,266.85; 12,252.3314.52; 0.12%11:10:42 PM; 1View 51 more rows(29)…
Types of Financial Markets · 1. Stock market · 2. Bond market · 3. Commodities market · 4. Derivatives market.(30)…
Stock market simulations—mechanisms that tap into consumers’ collective The U.S. financial sector has boomed, but that hasn’t always been good news for (31)…
U.S. Markets Performance Help for U.S. Futures Markets. LAST (% CHANGE) DELAYED AT LEAST 10 MINUTES, CLICK “REFRESH” TO UPDATE.S&P 500: – 0.26%DJIA: – 0.16%NASDAQ: – 0.61%Canada: – 0.38%(32)…
If you change your mind at any time about wishing to receive the information from us, you can send us an email message using the Contact Us page.(33)…
Get stock market news, stock picks, and investing lessons from Wall Street Experts.(34)…
As of May 5, 2021, there were 248 Chinese companies listed on these U.S. exchanges with a total market capitalization of $2.1 trillion.(35)…
Currently, the U.S. equity futures are ahead by several points, which suggests a positive opening to today’s session. Sentiment remains upbeat, as investors (36)…
Jun 29, 2020 — U.S. financial regulators do not conduct stress tests or incorporate climate risks into their supervision, capital, or other prudential (37)…
Types of Financial Markets · The Stock Market · The Bond Market · The Commodities Market · Derivatives · Forex Trading.(38)…
Excerpt Links
(1). US Markets News – CNBC
(2). CNBC: Stock Markets, Business News, Financials, Earnings
(3). Market Data Center – MarketWatch
(4). US Stock Market Headlines – Reuters
(5). What Are All of the Major US Stock Exchanges? – Investopedia
(6). United States – Financial Markets – Investing.com
(7). Yahoo Finance – Stock Market Live, Quotes, Business …
(8). Stock Market & Finance News – Wall Street Journal
(9). NYSE: The New York Stock Exchange
(10). Financial Markets of the United States – Treasury Department
(11). Stock market today: News, data and summary – MSN Money
(12). Markets | Financial Times
(13). Our Markets – SIFMA
(14). Stock Market | US News
(15). Weekly Stock Market Update | Edward Jones
(16). Google Finance – Stock Market Prices, Real-time Quotes …
(17). Financial market in the U.S. – statistics & facts | Statista
(18). Stock market – Wikipedia
(19). Financial markets – AP News
(20). Nasdaq: Daily Stock Market Overview, Data Updates, Reports …
(21). Stock Market Holidays 2022: Are NYSE and Nasdaq Open? | https://restnova.com/finance/u-s-financial-markets/ |
The spacecraft set to provide the closest look ever at a comet nucleus was shipped today from The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory in Laurel, Maryland - where it was designed and built - to NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, for its next round of prelaunch testing.
Scheduled to launch July 1 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida, the Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR) spacecraft spent the past 10 days in an APL vibration test lab, where engineers checked the structural integrity of the eight-sided, 6-by-6 foot craft aboard a large shake table.
"The vibration tests at APL went very well," says CONTOUR Project Manager Mary C. Chiu of the Applied Physics Lab. "The spacecraft is in great shape and we're ready to move on to the next stage."
At Goddard the spacecraft will undergo spin tests; acoustic tests, designed to simulate the noise-induced vibrations of launch; and thermal vacuum tests, which replicate the harsh conditions of deep space. In late April, CONTOUR will be transported to Kennedy Space Center/Cape Canaveral and prepared for launch aboard a three-stage, Boeing Delta II launch vehicle.
"By the time CONTOUR launches it will have been thoroughly tested," says Michael J. Colby, CONTOUR lead integration and test engineer at APL. "You have to be extremely confident that the spacecraft will be OK when it's mounted on that Delta."
After launch, the solar-powered CONTOUR will visit at least two comets as they travel through the inner solar system. From as close as 60 miles (100 kilometers), the spacecraft will take the most detailed pictures ever of a comet's nucleus; map the types of rock and ice on the nucleus; and analyze the composition of the surrounding gas and dust. CONTOUR's targets include comet Encke in November 2003 and Schwassmann-Wachmann 3 in June 2006, though the spacecraft can also be sent toward an as-yet-undiscovered comet. The data will provide clues into the similarities and differences between comets.
CONTOUR is the next launch in NASA's Discovery Program of low-cost, scientifically focused missions. The Applied Physics Laboratory manages the mission for NASA and will operate the spacecraft. Dr. Joseph I. Veverka of Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, is CONTOUR's principal investigator and heads a science team of experts from institutions around the globe. APL, Goddard Space Flight Center and von Hoerner & Sulger, Schwetzingen, Germany, built CONTOUR's scientific instruments; NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, California, will provide navigation support.
For more information on CONTOUR, visit http://www.contour2002.org. For more information on NASA's Discovery Program, visit http://discovery.nasa.gov.
The Applied Physics Laboratory, a division of The Johns Hopkins University, meets critical national challenges through the innovative application of science and technology. For more information, visit www.jhuapl.edu.
// end //
More news releases and status reports or top stories.
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PT2385 is an orally active, small molecule inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-2alpha, with potential antineoplastic activity. Upon oral administration, HIF-2alpha inhibitor PT2385 allosterically binds to HIF-2alpha, thereby preventing HIF-2alpha heterodimerization and its subsequent binding to DNA. This results in decreased transcription and expression of HIF-2alpha downstream target genes, many of which regulate tumor cell growth and survival.
Product information
CAS Number: 1672665-49-4
Molecular Weight: 383.34
Formula: C17H12F3NO4S
Synonym:
PT-2385
Chemical Name: (S)-3-((2, 2-difluoro-1-hydroxy-7-(methylsulfonyl)-2, 3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)oxy)-5-fluorobenzonitrile
Smiles: CS(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(OC2=CC(F)=CC(=C2)C#N)C2CC(F)(F)[C@@H](O)C1=2
InChiKey: ONBSHRSJOPSEGS-INIZCTEOSA-N
InChi: InChI=1S/C17H12F3NO4S/c1-26(23,24)14-3-2-13(12-7-17(19,20)16(22)15(12)14)25-11-5-9(8-21)4-10(18)6-11/h2-6,16,22H,7H2,1H3/t16-/m0/s1
Technical Data
Appearance: Solid Power
Purity: ≥98% (or refer to the Certificate of Analysis)
Solubility: DMSO : ≥ 50 mg/mL (130.43 mM)
Shipping Condition: Shipped under ambient temperature as non-hazardous chemical or refer to Certificate of Analysis
Storage Condition: Dry, dark and -20 oC for 1 year or refer to the Certificate of Analysis.
Shelf Life: ≥12 months if stored properly.
Stock Solution Storage: 0 - 4 oC for 1 month or refer to the Certificate of Analysis.
Drug Formulation: To be determined
HS Tariff Code: 382200
How to use
In Vitro:
PT2385 blocks HIF-2α dimerization with the HIF1α/2α transcriptional dimerization partner ARNT/HIF1β. PT2385 inhibits the expression of HIF2α-dependent genes, including VEGF-A, PAI-1, and cyclin D1 in ccRCC cell lines and tumor xenografts. PT2385 has no effect on the proliferation or viability of 786-O and A498 cells in culture at concentration as high as 10 μmol/L. Treatment of 786-O cells with PT2385 significantly reduces the levels of mRNA for CCND1, VEGF-A, GLUT1, and PAI-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of Hep3B cells with PT2385 reduces hypoxia-induced expression of erythropoietin (EPO) and PAI-1, both known HIF2α target genes.
In Vivo:
PT2385 exhibits good mouse oral bioavailability (110%) and low to medium in vivo clearance. In mice administrated via intravenous injection, the t1/2 of PT2385 is 3.3 h. In rat pharmacokinetics studies, the oral bioavailability (F) when dosed at 10 mg/kg is 40% and the t1/2 is 3.3 h. In dogs, the oral bioavailability (F) is 87% and the t1/2 is 11 h. Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with PT2385 causes dramatic tumor regressions (clear cell renal cell carcinomas). PT2385 exhibits no adverse effect on cardiovascular performance.
References:
- Wallace EM, et al. Cancer Res. 2016, 76(18):5491-500.
- Wehn PM, et al. J Med Chem. 2018, 61(21):9691-9721.
Products are for research use only. Not for human use.
Payment & Security
Your payment information is processed securely. We do not store credit card details nor have access to your credit card information. | https://www.xcessbio.com/products/m11404 |
Proper Kubernetes cluster management starts at the pod level. Learn about Kubernetes limits and requests, and how Resource Quotas and Limit Ranges work to control resource consumption.
A pod in Kubernetes can freely consume resources, such as CPU and memory, from the underlying system. But that doesn't mean it should.
IT teams define limits that restrict pods from using all the resources of the system. That way, there isn't any unfair distribution of resources across applications running on the pods.
To understand these configurable constraints, first let's examine requests and limits in Kubernetes. Both are applied at the pod level. The Kubernetes scheduler uses this information to determine where to place a pod.
- Requests. A request is the minimum resources a container needs on a node to function properly. If there aren't nodes with sufficient resources to meet these requests, the pod won't be created.
- Limits. A limit sets the maximum amount of a resource that a container can use. If a container consumes more than its limit, then it's either throttled down (in the case of CPU) or the container is terminated (in the case of memory). Limits ensure containers don't consume more resource than they're assigned, which leads to resource exhaustion.
Choosing practical requests and limits
Setting requests and limits correctly is critical to the Kubernetes cluster. But setting pragmatic Kubernetes requests and limits is not a straightforward task. It can also be unpredictable.
Use trial and error to determine the appropriate limitations. There can't be a one-size-fits-all or optimal value for all containers. Resource consumption depends on the application and varies on a case-by-case basis.
Ideally, maintain a 20% to 30% margin during request setup so that, even if slightly more resources are required than allotted, it can be managed easily. But don't overcommit resources, as it can result in performance bottlenecks on the node.
Setting requests and limits
Setting up Kubernetes requests and limits on pods is as simple as applying the pod configuration file below, with requests and limits set for CPUs in "millicpu" and for memory in "MiB."
apiVersion: v1 kind: Pod metadata: name: demo-pod spec: containers: - name: demo-container-1 image: nginx resources: limits: memory: "900Mi" cpu: "900m" requests: memory: "700Mi" cpu: "600m"
Save the above YAML to a file named config.yaml and run the following command to create this pod:
kubectl apply -f config.yaml --namespace=demo-namespace
Default requests and limits
Developers should set their own resource requests and limits. But sometimes they either over-provision resources for containers out of an abundance of caution or forget to set requests and limits altogether. Therefore, Kubernetes cluster administrators should enforce requests and limits on a Kubernetes namespace level. This ensures that, as soon as a container is created in the namespace, resource bounds are applied to them automatically.
There are two ways to control resource consumption on a Kubernetes namespace: Resource Quotas and Limit Ranges.
Resource Quotas
A ResourceQuota limits the total resource consumption of a namespace. For example, in the following YAML configuration, the namespace has a hard limit of 10 CPUs, 20 Gi of memory and 10 pods.
apiVersion: v1 kind: ResourceQuota metadata: name: small-pods-quota spec: hard: cpu: "10" memory: 20Gi pods: "10"
Limit Ranges
LimitRange objects manage constraints at a pod/container level, and the configurations are applied on individual containers, rather than across all resources in a namespace. If a container doesn't specify its own container limit, then a "LimitRange" object will apply default requests and limits, which are restricted by the ResourceQuota at the namespace level.
LimitRange objects are defined as shown in the following example YAML configuration, where "max" and "min" sections cover the maximum and minimum limits of resources. The "default" section configures containers with these default limits, if not explicitly specified otherwise. Finally, the "defaultRequest" section controls the assignment of default request values for the container, if not defined already. | https://www.techtarget.com/searchitoperations/tip/Manage-cluster-resources-with-Kubernetes-requests-and-limits |
The faculty, staff and administrators of Guam Community College take to heart its mission as "a leader in career and technical workforce development, providing the highest quality, student-centered education and job training for Micronesia."
Quality Instruction
“It helped me understand concepts – why we do things - the math and science behind the field. It put me at a higher level.” – Brandon Chandler, Survey Tech Apprentice
“It (apprenticeship) provides a better understanding of the process. It’s more than just mechanics. It’s taking that education and applying it. The best part of the program is that you’re working with the local resources and we’re starving for local resources. There are a lot of bright kids out there.” – Tom Camacho, Vice President, Duenas Camacho Associates
“Our culinary graduates work in nearly every major hotel and restaurant on the island. They are definitely making their mark on the island, and even in the region.” -- Chef Kevin Dietrichs, GCC Culinary Arts instructor
One of the most consistent comments from our students is about the quality of the instructors at GCC. Our instructors care about and want their students to succeed. Often, they will spend the extra time to make sure a concept is clear, and that students understand the practical, real-life applications of the classroom concepts they are learning.
Business Partnerships
GCC partners with over 100 businesses to ensure that what is taught in the classroom corresponds with what businesses need GCC graduates to know when they become employees. These partnerships include internships and apprenticeships that often lead to sustainable jobs and careers in our island’s workforce. | https://guamcc.edu/gcc-advantage |
American Express also ranked first in ‘The Best Companies in Grievance Redressal & Workplace Fairness’ owing to its robust Employee Relations (ER) team. The ER team, although a part of HR, acts independently and stresses on enforcing policies and practices through transparent communication. The ER team enables transparency, fairness and objectivity in issue resolution for employees in India. The team works in collaboration and consultative partnership with the HR relationship leaders to ensure that the right process is followed for all complaints raised, in line with the regulatory requirements. Such initiatives uphold their high value to integrity of leadership and increased focus on care for employees. | https://www.peoplematters.in/article/strategic-hr/american-express-india-a-distinct-employer-2047 |
At Crave Fishbar, we source and serve locally caught seafood in a sophisticated yet fun environment. We are a sustainable, eco-conscious restaurant and bar, using seasonal, organic when possible, ingredients that reflect our commitment to the environment and, especially, marine life. Our relationships with Long Island fishermen have been nurtured and supported through our sister restaurant, South Edison, in Montauk, NY and we were the first NYC partner with the Monterey Bay Aquarium, a national leader in ocean sustainability. In 2016, Crave Fishbar joined just a few other restaurants world wide and became a certified B Corporation, solidifying our commitment to using our business as a source for good and to better our community.
Therefore, we give our Pledge that food and drink consumed at Crave Fishbar is fresh, creatively prepared, of the highest quality and has been harvested with integrity. | https://venuebook.com/venue/1538/crave-fishbar-uws/ |
Join Us!
6th Annual National Voices of Medicare Summit &
Rep. John Lewis will deliver this year’s Sen. Jay Rockefeller Lecture
Also joining us: Sen. Jay Rockefeller; Rep. Joe Courtney; Rep. Rosa DeLauro; Judy Feder of Georgetown University; Tricia Neuman, Senior VP, Kaiser Family Foundation; Henry Claypool, Technology Policy Consultant at AAPD and Former Director of the HHS Office on Disability; Cathy Hurwit, Former Chief of Staff for Rep. Jan Schakowsky; film writer Anna Reid-Jhirad, Ben Belton, AARP Global Partner Engagement Director; and home care worker Susie Young, courtesy of SEIU._______________
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May 9, 2019
Kaiser Family Foundation
CLE Credit Available!
The Growing Disparity Between Medicare Advantage and Traditional Medicare: CMS Publishes Final MA Telehealth Benefit Rule
The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) published a Final Rule this week implementing provisions of the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018. As detailed in this Rule, Medicare Advantage (MA) plans will be allowed to offer telehealth services as a basic benefit starting in 2020. The Rule limits this telehealth benefit to services available under Medicare Part B which have been identified as “as clinically appropriate to furnish through electronic information and telecommunications technology . . .” and not payable under Section 1834(m) of the Social Security Act. CMS makes clear that MA enrollees will have the ability to decide whether to receive Part B services in-person or through the telehealth benefit, although different cost sharing may apply. In addition to this newly created basic benefit, MA plans will also be able to offer supplemental telehealth services not covered by traditional Medicare.
While expanding telehealth services may be beneficial to MA enrollees, the Center for Medicare Advocacy is concerned by the growing disparity between MA and traditional Medicare. As outlined in our Medicare Platform, parity is essential to ensuring consumer protections and quality coverage extend to all Medicare beneficiaries. Although traditional Medicare does have limited telehealth coverage, Congress’s decision to allow MA plans to offer additional telehealth services as a basic benefit is just one more example of the growing disparity between traditional Medicare and MA, and reinforces the Administration’s efforts to steer individuals to MA plans. The Administration and Congress must ensure that beneficiaries in traditional Medicare have the same benefits and access to the same services as MA enrollees, including those created by the new telehealth benefit.
Medicare and Medicaid Programs; Policy and Technical Changes to the Medicare Advantage, Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit, Programs of All-Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE), Medicaid Fee-For-Service, and Medicaid Managed Care Programs for Years 2020 and 2021, 84 Fed. Reg. 15680, 15683 (Apr. 16, 2019), available at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-04-16/pdf/2019-06822.pdf.
See id. (referring to Medicare’s limited coverage of telehealth services).
See generally, David Lipschutz, As Medicare Enrollment Period Draws to a Close, MA Steering Continues – Advocates & Members of Congress Write Letters of Concern to CMS, Center for Medicare Advocacy (Nov. 30, 2018), https://www.medicareadvocacy.org/as-medicare-enrollment-period-draws-to-a-close-ma-steering-continues-advocates-members-of-congress-write-letters-of-concern-to-cms/.
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How to Prevent Re-Hospitalization Of Nursing Home Residents: More Physicians and Nurses In Nursing Homes
Reducing the re-hospitalization of nursing home residents is a constant and important public policy goal. At present, the goal is largely met by imposing financial sanctions against hospitals and skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) when residents are re-hospitalized. A better way of reducing re-hospitalizations of nursing home residents would be ensuring that residents get the care they need in the SNFs.
A new study of residents in traditional Medicare who were discharged to nursing homes between January 2012 and October 2014 finds that residents who were not seen by a physician or advanced practitioner (10.4% of the total) had a higher likelihood of a poor outcome – return to the hospital, death, or failure to return successfully to the community. Ensuring that physicians or other advanced practitioners see residents after they are admitted to a nursing home could lead to fewer re-hospitalizations.
For many decades, inadequate nurse staffing levels have been correlated with re-hospitalizations of residents. A three-year study of non-clinical factors that contributed to the re-hospitalization of residents, published thirty years ago, found “insufficient and inadequately trained nursing staff” who could not meet residents’ complex health care needs as a cause of residents’ re-hospitalizations. A paper by Kaiser Family Foundation and Lake Research Partners in 2010 confirmed earlier findings about the multiple causes of re-hospitalizations and the need to increase nurse staffing levels in nursing facilities.
It is time to address the actual causes of re-hospitalizations of nursing home residents by providing better health care in SNFs.
Affordable Care Act, §3025, 42 U.S.C. §1395ww(q), created the Hospital Readmissions Reduction Program.
Protecting Access to Medicare Act (2014), §215, 42 U.S.C. §1395yy(h), created a Value-Based Purchasing Program for SNFs. Beginning in fiscal year 2019 (services furnished on or after Oct. 1, 2018), the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services reduces Medicare payments to SNFs that have high rates of re-hospitalizations of their residents.
Kira L. Ryskina, et al, “Assessing First Visits By Physicians To Medicare Patients Discharged To Skilled Nursing Facilities,” Health Affairs 38, No. 4 (2019): 528-536, https://www.healthaffairs.org/doi/full/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.05458 (abstract).
Center for Medicare Advocacy, “More Nurses in Nursing Homes Would Mean Fewer Patients Headed to Hospitals” (CMA Alert, Mar. 10, 2011), https://www.medicareadvocacy.org/more-nurses-in-nursing-homes-will-mean-fewer-patients-headed-to-hospitals/.
J.S. Kayser-Jones, Carolyn L. Wiener, and Joseph C. Barbaccia, “Factors Contributing to the Hospitalization of Nursing Home Residents,” The Gerontologist (1989).
Michael Perry, Julia Cummings (Lake Research Partners), Gretchen Jacobson Tricia Neuman, Juliette Cubanski (Kaiser Family Foundation), “To Hospitalize or Not to Hospitalize? Medical Care for Long-Term Care facility Residents; A Report Based on Interviews in Four Cities with Physicians, Nurses, Social Workers, and Family Members of Residents of Long-Term Care Facilities (Oct. 2010), https://kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8110.pdf.
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Joint Statement: Federal Report Finds That CMS Failed to Properly Oversee State’s Nursing Home Investigations
GAO Findings. Federal law requires state survey agencies to investigate allegations of resident abuse and neglect stemming from complaints and facility-reported incidents. About three-quarters of all abuse violations nationwide stem from these investigations. Unfortunately, a recently published management report by the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) concludes that the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) failed to oversee the nursing home inspection process in Oregon to ensure compliance with this requirement. According to the GAO, Oregon’s Adult Protective Services (APS), not the state survey agency, has been investigating complaints and facility-reported cases of abuse in the state for at least fifteen years. The GAO’s report notes that, unlike state surveyors, APS investigators “are not trained in, or focused on, investigating abuse according to the federal nursing home regulations.”
CMS Response. CMS claims that it became aware of this astounding failure in oversight in July 2016, but the GAO notes that evidence suggests CMS previously became aware of Oregon’s improper practice in the early 2000s. Oregon’s Department of Human Services communicated to the GAO that CMS had known about the practice for “many years and said state policy changes made in 2002 regarding nursing home abuse complaints and facility-reported incidents were made at the direction of CMS.” CMS has expressed that, while there is no indication that other states are out-of-compliance with the federal requirements, “their current approach for overseeing survey agencies does not specifically examine whether survey agencies are taking responsibility for investigating all nursing home complaints and facility-reported incidents.”
|Fundamentally, the GAO’s findings provide further substantiation that CMS and the state agencies too often fail to protect residents or hold providers accountable for abuse and neglect.|
Report’s Implications. CMS’s failure means that the federal agency has not be able to properly penalize deficient nursing homes for complaint and facility-reported cases of resident abuse for fifteen years. Additionally, the failure means that Medicare’s Nursing Home Compare website does not provide the public with an accurate accounting of nursing home quality in Oregon. For example, as the GAO report notes, a 2015 substantiated allegation of sexual abuse by a staff member is not on Nursing Home Compare. Similarly, 2016 APS investigations of resident-to-resident abuse were not reported to CMS, making CMS unable to identify the nursing home’s failure “to prevent, investigate, or report abuse, nor could federal nursing home deficiency penalties be imposed.”
Key Recommendation. Among several recommendations, the GAO called on CMS to evaluate the nursing home inspection process of all states to ensure state survey agencies are meeting federal requirements.
Concerns for Residents and Families. Our organizations are extremely concerned by the GAO’s findings and their implications for basic resident safety and accountability. As the report indicates, CMS’s failure to properly oversee the nursing home inspection process may extend to other states throughout the country. Until CMS completes its nationwide evaluation of nursing home inspection processes, which it has agreed to do, there is no way of adequately determining whether countless other cases of resident harm have been left unaccounted for by the federal government and for how long. Fundamentally, the GAO’s findings provide further substantiation that CMS and the state agencies too often fail to protect residents or hold providers accountable for abuse and neglect. Our organizations call on Congress to hold a hearing into CMS’s failure to properly oversee the nursing home inspection process in Oregon and potentially other states.
|For additional information and resources, please visit
|
MedicareAdvocacy.org & NursingHome411.org.
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New Fact Sheet Available – Medicare Inpatient Rehabilitation Hospital/Facility Coverage In Light of Jimmo v. Sebelius
Elder Justice: What “No Harm” Really Means for Residents is a newsletter published by the Center for Medicare Advocacy and the Long Term Care Community Coalition. The purpose of the newsletter is to provide residents, families, friends, and advocates information on what exactly a “no harm” deficiency is and what it means for nursing home residents. Our latest issue has real stories from nursing homes in New York, New Jersey, and Kansas.
- Read the latest Issue at: https://www.medicareadvocacy.org/newsletter-elder-justice-what-no-harm-really-means-for-residents/. | https://www.medicareadvocacy.org/cma-alert-april-18-2019/ |
The writer is very fast, professional and responded to the review request fast also. Thank you.
Overview
Since last week you held a follow-up meeting with your client, Ryan, and a few of the other stakeholders. During your meeting, you discussed their business strategy as well as the results of the online needs assessment you conducted. Ryan and the other stakeholders agree with your needs assessment results and understand how they tie the organization’s business strategy to strategic training and development. During the meeting, the Chief Information Officer (CIO), Carol, mentioned how excited she was about the learning objectives you developed. The budget was initially a concern for some of the stakeholders however their concerns were put to rest with your and Ryan’s responses to their questions and concerns. Now that you have your client’s approval to move forward you begin developing the online training content.
Trainers must determine the best method of presenting the training to the learners. Trainers have typically used traditional training methods, which include lecture presentations, on-the-job training, and group activities. However, as employers look to maximize their training dollars, many have moved or are moving away from traditional training and incorporating online learning into their training environment. This can be done by using computer-based training modules, virtual classrooms, message boards, etc. Training may be entirely computer-based with 24/7 availability, or it may be a blended environment that incorporates the traditional classroom experience with part of the training presented online (Gusdorf, M.L., 2009).
When deciding what approach to use, the trainer must consider the nature of the training content, the needs of the learners, and the technology available. As with any training program, for online learning to be successful, it must be supported by management, and management must be willing to provide the technical resources necessary for successful implementation.
Using the learning objectives you created last week as a guide, your next step is to determine what content to include in the curriculum, how detailed the content should be and how it is to be presented. From these decisions, a lesson plan is created and training materials are developed (Gusdorf, M.L., 2009).
Continue reading for your assignment instructions.
Instructions
Delivering a high-quality product at a reasonable price is not enough anymore.
That’s why we have developed 5 beneficial guarantees that will make your experience with our service enjoyable, easy, and safe. | https://nailmypaper.com/2022/08/09/training-plan-project-program-design/ |
The invention relates to a novel thermal plastic composite fiber fabric molded plate material and manufacturing method and application thereof, wherein the novel thermal plastic composite fiber fabric is compounded by continuous glass fiber and thermal plastic chemical fiber and the compounded fiber is used to manufacture a fabric; and the molded plate material is molded by pressing fabric single layer or a plurality of layers that are unfolded. According to the invention, during the molding process of the novel thermal plastic composite fiber fabric plate material, special-purpose dipping link is not needed, thus the molding process is simpler, with short period and high production efficiency; and the production environment is relatively clean; the novel thermal plastic composite fiber fabric plate material has the characteristics of re-melting and cooling molding; a damaged part can be repaired; and also the damaged part can be recycled for reuse; and the novel thermal plastic composite fiber fabric plate material is suitable for the environmental-friendly development trend of the composite material. | |
The NIH Research Education Program (R25) supports research education activities in the mission areas of the NIH. The overarching goal of this Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative R25 program is to support educational activities that complement and/or enhance the training of a workforce to meet the nations biomedical, behavioral and clinical research needs in research areas relevant to the BRAIN Initiative. To accomplish the stated over-arching goal, this FOA will support creative educational activities with a primary focus on Courses for Skills Development and Research Experiences. The purpose of this FOA is to encourage applications for the continuation and/or expansion of ongoing and new research education programs that will significantly advance the educational goals of the BRAIN Initiative as described in BRAIN 2025: A Scientific Vision including neuroethics and opportunities to increase the workforce diversity in BRAIN Initiative research areas. Proposed programs are expected to offer hands-on research experiences, an in-depth conceptual understanding of the techniques and tools employed, and the knowledge to apply appropriate analytic approaches to the resulting data. Participants are limited to undergraduate, graduate/medical students, medical residents, postdoctoral scholars, and/or early-career faculty with an emphasis on diversity as defined by NIH (NOT-OD-20-031). Proposed programs will facilitate the development of a sophisticated cadre of future investigators with the knowledge and skills to apply BRAIN Initiative techniques and approaches and data resources (BRAIN cell census data https://bicon.org/data) to research questions about brain function and behavior. Programs appropriate for this FOA must include participants from a regionally/nationally recruited cohort.
Reissue of RFA-NS-19-011: The purpose of the NIH Blueprint and BRAIN Initiative Diversity Specialized Predoctoral to Postdoctoral Advancement in Neuroscience (D-SPAN) Award is to support a defined pathway across career stages for outstanding graduate students who are from backgrounds that are nationally underrepresented in neuroscience research. This two-phase award will facilitate completion of the doctoral dissertation and transition of talented graduate students to strong neuroscience research postdoctoral positions, and will provide career development opportunities relevant to their long-term career goal of becoming independent neuroscience researchers.
The purpose of the The Brain Research through Advancing Innovative Neurotechnologies (BRAIN) Initiative Fellows (F32) program is to enhance the research training of promising postdoctorates, early in their postdoctoral training period, who have the potential to become productive investigators in research areas that will advance the goals of The BRAIN Initiative®. Applications are encouraged in any research area that is aligned with The BRAIN Initiative®, including neuroethics. Applicants are expected to propose research training in an area that clearly complements their predoctoral research. Formal training in analytical tools appropriate for the proposed research is expected to be an integral component of the research training plan. In order to maximize the training potential of the F32 award, this program encourages applications from individuals who have not yet completed their terminal doctoral degree and who expect to do so within 12 months of the application due date. On the application due date, candidates may not have completed more than 12 months of postdoctoral training. | https://braininitiative.nih.gov/funding/funding-opportunities?combine=&field_program_tid%5B%5D=17 |
ISHRAT CHOWDHURY1, MADELINE E. EORI1, TRI W. SUSANTO2, ERIN E. KANE1, NANCY-LOU CONKLIN3 and CHERYL D. KNOTT1.
Wild Bornean orangutans experience fluctuations in the availability of their preferred food, fruit. During periods of low fruit availability, orangutans rely on fallback foods which are expected to be higher in fiber and generally lower in free simple sugars. However, it is not clear whether there is a consistent relationship between fiber content and the content of other nutrients. Here, we examine acid detergent fiber (ADF) content of 101 plant foods consumed by orangutans in Gunung Palung National Park, West Kalimantan, Indonesia, and the correlation between ADF and other important plant macronutrients. Samples were collected during full-day behavioral follows between 1994-2001. Samples were analyzed in triplicate through a reflux apparatus, which quantified ADF proportion by weight. An ANOVA revealed significant differences between ADF concentrations of different plant parts (F(5)=20.89, p < 0.001). Post-hoc analyses (α= 0.005) determined that bark had a significantly higher ADF concentration than pulp and seeds (p<0.001), leaves had a significantly higher ADF concentration than seeds (p<0.001), and whole fruit had a significantly higher ADF concentration than pulp or seeds (p<0.001). We found a negative correlation between free simple sugar concentration and ADF (R = -0.63, p<0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between ADF and protein (R=-0.14, p=0.17) or lipid (R 0.134, p=0.19) content. Our findings corroborate work showing that bark and leaves are particularly high in ADF. However, they underscore the fact that determining dietary quality is complex, and that food items that are high in fiber may still be good sources of non-carbohydrate energy. | http://meeting.physanth.org/program/2019/session02/chowdhury-2019-dietary-fiber-and-nutritional-quality-of-the-foods-of-bornean-orangutans-pongo-pygmaeus-wurmbii-in-gunung-palung-national-park-west-kalimantan-indonesia.html |
Abstract: Harrison "Chick" Kimball worked in a number of capacities for WSB Radio in Atlanta, mainly in country music programming. His papers consist of a news clipping, portion of a script, and photographs of Kimball by himself or with friends and associates.
Dates: circa 1942-1949
Don Kennedy papers
Collection
Identifier: M223
Abstract: Don Kennedy is an Atlanta-based radio and television station founder, manager, broadcaster, and actor, known for playing Officer Don on children’s television as well as creating and hosting the radio program Big Band Jump. The Don Kennedy papers, 1956-2013, contain writings, audio recordings, photographs, printed materials, and awards related to Kennedy’s television and radio broadcasting career. The bulk of the materials relate to the production of the ...
Dates: 1956 - 2013
Don Naylor papers
Collection
Identifier: M103
Abstract: Don Naylor (1910-1991) was production manager of radio station WGST in Atlanta, Georgia, 1936-1950, and program director at WAGA Radio and later television in Atlanta, 1950-1959. His papers include scrapbooks he compiled about his career, and scripts for radio programs he wrote and produced. Most of the scripts were written during Naylor's years with WGST Radio; a few were written for KTAT and KFJZ in Fort Worth, Texas. Listener correspondence and background materials are filed with many of the...
Dates: 1934-1970
Georgia Radio Hall of Fame collection
Collection
Identifier: M226
Abstract The Georgia Radio Hall of Fame collection, 1944-2013, contains printed materials, newspaper clippings, photographs, correspondence, and audio recordings related to radio broadcasting and careers of Hall of Fame inductees throughout the state of Georgia.
Dates: 1944 - 2013
Ivey Peterson papers
Collection
Identifier: M044
Abstract: Radio personality Ivey Peterson appeared on Atlanta's WSB Radio from 1941, serving as sometime master of ceremonies for the WSB "Barn Dance" and later appearing as one of the new cast members on "Barn Dance" when the show was revived in 1952. Peterson, who died in 1991, also co-owned a popular Atlanta country music nightspot, the Covered Wagon. His papers consist of correspondence, handbills, news clippings and songbooks (all in photocopied form), and 44 photographs of handbills and of Peterson...
Dates: circa 1935-1963
Music Printed collection: Ephemera
Collection — Multiple Containers
Identifier: M-Ephemera
Abstract The Music Printed collection: Ephemera is an amalgmation of materials on a variety of topics relating to music and popular culture.
Dates: 1932-2011
Tim Johnson papers
Collection
Identifier: M235
Abstract The Tim Johnson papers, 1984-1997, contain documents reflecting Johnson's marketing and promotion career in Atlanta radio (WFOX and WPCH), including memos, correspondence, reports, and publicity materials.
Dates: 1984-1997
Wayne W. Daniel collection
Collection
Identifier: M108
Scope and Contents of the Collection The Wayne W. Daniel collection contains manuscript copies of the book Pickin' on Peachtree, audio cassette recordings of oral histories, photographs, posters and event flyers, commercial and non-commercial sound recordings, as well as commercial and non-commercial video recordings. The bulk of the collection is made up of Dr. Daniel's research files that he utilized to write his numerous articles and papers on country music as well as ...
Dates: 1891 - 2007
WRAS Radio records
Collection
Identifier: M218
Abstract WRAS is the Georgia State University student-run radio station airing eclectic music programing, news, sporting events, and public service announcements with emphasis on university events. Its records, 1966-2009, document the creation and operation of the station, and include general manager files, correspondence, printed materials, station produced sound recordings (interviews, promos, drops) and sound recording submissions for the Georgia Music Show.
Dates: 1966-2009
WSB Radio records
Collection
Identifier: M004
Abstract: WSB Radio was first radio station to broadcast in the city of Atlanta, on March 15, 1922. With its many breakthrough practices, from being the first radio station to use a slogan to broadcasting a Spanish translation of "Voice of America" programs to Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis, WSB always remained cutting edge and more importantly, relevant. The records, 1920-1985, contain correspondence, memos, scrapbooks, news clippings, publicity materials, program log books, scripts, radio...
Dates: 1920-1985; Majority of material found within 1960 - 1980
Filtered By
- Subject: Radio broadcasting X
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Additional filters: | https://archivesspace.library.gsu.edu/repositories/resources?q%5B%5D=%2A&op%5B%5D=&field%5B%5D=title&from_year%5B%5D=&to_year%5B%5D=&limit=resource&filter_fields%5B%5D=subjects&filter_values%5B%5D=Radio+broadcasting&sort=title_sort%20asc |
In the Fall 2001 issue of the American Law and Economics Review, I reviewed Robert Cooter’s impressive 2000 book, The Strategic Constitution. A Word version of this review is available, in full, beneath the fold.
The Strategic Constitution: On the Logic of Rules and Rights
Donald J. Boudreaux, George Mason University
Review of The Strategic Constitution. Robert D. Cooter. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
When I was in law school ten years ago, the two classes that I anticipated most eagerly were antitrust and constitutional law. My antitrust class fulfilled my high expectations; my constitutional law class let me down. The reason was clear. Antitrust law was taught rigorously, with economics. In contrast, constitutional law was presented as a soup of history and political philosophy, with a dash of ethics thrown in for flavor. There was no unifying theoretical perspective.
This absence of theory was disappointing but understandable in light of the surprising paucity of law-and-economics scholarship devoted to constitutional questions. It is true that Buchanan’s and Tullock’s The Calculus of Consent was available (although ignored by my professor), but Richard Posner is certainly correct to observe that, “despite the fixation of American lawyers, and especially law students and law professors, on the Constitution, there is relatively little economic writing on the subject. And this is not for want of topics that economic analysis might illuminate” (1998, p. 675).
Fortunately, this paucity is today well on the way to being history. Using economics, especially (but not exclusively) basic game theory, Robert Cooter’s The Strategic Constitution comprehensively analyzes constitutional issues. The result is impressive. Scholars seeking a stronger grasp of constitutional issues, and teachers seeking an economically sound theoretical foundation for teaching constitutional law, will find this book quite useful.
The book has the tone and coverage of a textbook. Save for the final chapter, each of the 15 chapters features several questions placed throughout – questions designed to test comprehension and to oblige the student to analyze constitutional issues as an economist. These questions are a nice touch. However, Cooter might have polished his style a bit more. One of my few complaints about the book is that it reads like lecture notes. Too many paragraphs begin with a distracting sentence in the following form: “I just showed X, and now I’ll show Y.”
Although the coverage of cases is too thin to enable this book to substitute for a casebook in a law school course on constitutional law, it can certainly serve as an outstanding supplemental text for such a course or as the principal text for an undergraduate course on constitutional law. The economics and game theory are accessible to careful noneconomists, and Cooter grounds his analysis in a sufficient number of actual cases to ensure that the book remains relevant throughout. Moreover, while the applications are drawn mostly from the United States, Cooter includes an ample dose of applications from other political cultures, especially the European Union.
Unlike most constitutional scholarship, the book does not reveal the author’s political philosophy. Instead, Cooter offers positive analyses of a comprehensive range of constitutional topics. Among the broad topics covered are the division of government powers (both horizontally and vertically) and the dynamics of the intergovernmental competition that emerge as a consequence of different divisions, the choice between parliamentary and presidential government, the choice between proportional representation and winner-take-all representation, the nature and scope of administrative powers, the benefits and costs of judicial review, and the various considerations relevant to determining the type and scope of rights that a constitution should protect.
Throughout, Cooter draws on a rich body of scholarship – particularly law-and-economics and public choice. He combines many of the analytical tools available from this scholarship with several tools of his own invention. As a result, each chapter is full of useful graphs, tables, and (on occasion) equations. Another result is an unblinking constancy in identifying relevant tradeoffs and reminding the reader that no constitutional principle is free. Even the soundest such principle has its downside. Tradeoffs, even at the constitutional level, are unavoidable. And Cooter is a superb guide to the full panoply of these tradeoffs.
Consider, for example, the distinction between what he calls “median” democracy and “bargaining” democracy, a distinction that turns on the scope of a government’s decision-making authority. A government with broad authority – authority to clean the streets, to redistribute wealth, to subsidize the arts – increases the likelihood that citizens (or their representatives) will bargain across issues: “I’ll vote to clean your street if you vote to subsidize my Puccini.” If transaction costs within the structure of such a government are sufficiently low to permit bargaining, all is well. But if transactions costs stymie bargaining, then the nasty problem of cycling emerges. The prebargain preferences of citizens are unlikely to yield any particular combination of clean streets, wealth redistribution, and art subsidies that is preferred to any number of other such combinations. Preferences are unlikely (as economists say) to be single-peaked. The cycling problem rears its head and roars. Any particular majoritarian outcome generated by a government with broad authority whose agents cannot easily bargain with each other will likely be no better than any other majoritarian outcome.
Splitting the different issues to be settled collectively into different governmental jurisdictions – “factoring,” as Cooter calls it – helps to avoid the cycling problem by reducing each collective decision to a single issue: how much of some specific collective good should be produced? If voters are choosing only how clean their streets should be, the likelihood that voters’ collective preferences will be single-peaked is higher than if voters are simultaneously choosing the cleanliness of their streets and how much opera to subsidize. Therefore, in general, single-issue collective decisions are more likely than multi-issue collective decisions to be settled by the preferences of the median voter. But factoring collective issues into separate and distinct collective-choice opportunities makes bargaining across these different issues very difficult. Whatever gains from trade could be captured by such bargaining are lost.
The relevance for framers of constitutions is obvious. If the framers believe that the gains from trade available from collective-decision- makers’ bargaining across different issues are high, then those issues should be spliced together. If, in contrast, the framers believe that the gains from political trades are low, or that too many citizens won’t be represented at the bargaining table, then the issues are best divided into single ones. But no matter how the splicing/factoring decision is finally struck, the result will not be without its costs. Cooter’s detailing of these sorts of constitutional tradeoffs throughout the book is both masterful and useful.
The book’s substantive flaws are few. One is Cooter’s confusing use of the term “liberty” in Chapters 10 and 11. Cooter puts “liberty” on an indifference-curve graph and argues that citizens trade off liberty against other goods and services in the same way that they trade off other commodities against each other. He does recognize that liberty is plausibly best considered to be a public good and, as such, the demand for it is found by vertical summing all the different citizens’ individual demands for liberty. He also recognizes that some people regard liberty as a merit good that is worth more to society than to individuals.
It is true (as the bumper sticker says) that “freedom isn’t free.” Resources and effort are required to protect it. And poorer people are more likely than wealthy people to attach a higher marginal value to spending a dollar on food or clothing than they attach to spending that dollar on protecting liberty. The result, Cooter says, is that “rich people will pay more for liberty than will poor people” (251) and that “liberty has little value to desperately poor people” (271).
Is this result correct? Evidence abounds that poor people, given the opportunity, often are willing to pay enormous sums for liberty. A former colleague of mine escaped as a young, poor man from the Soviet Union by traveling for days in underground sewer pipes. Desperately poor Cubans regularly risk their lives for a chance to set foot on American soil. Such people pay very high prices for liberty.
It might be responded that such émigrés seek prosperity rather than liberty. Perhaps. But because liberty is necessary for prosperity, it is ultimately confusing to model liberty and wealth as substitutes for each other. People do not trade one off against another in the way depicted by Cooter.
When Cooter asserts that liberty has little value to poor people, he presumes that poor people’s basic human needs will somehow be supplied (by the state). But this presumption is not necessarily valid. North Koreans today are starving to death not because they have an excess supply of liberty for which they are paying too much, given their poverty. Rather, they are starving to death because they have too little liberty. That is, they are desperately poor precisely because they are denied the liberty necessary to permit a sufficient level of productive activity to flourish.
A second flaw mars Cooter’s discussion of government financing of political campaigns – a discussion that is uncharacteristically unclear. He begins by correctly pointing out that rational investors regard investments in lobbying no differently than investments in oil wells and microprocessors. If investing a dollar buying a drink for a Senator promises a higher expected return than investing that dollar in expanding a factory, then the Senator will get his drink and the factory’s expansion will have to wait. In equilibrium, an additional dollar invested in lobbying yields the same expected rate of return as every additional dollar invested elsewhere.
Cooter then expands his analysis:
Since one form of investment easily substitutes for another, the supply of funds for lobbying is highly elastic in the long run. To appreciate the consequences of this fact, think of lobbyists as supplying legislation, and think of investors as demanding legislation. An increase in the price lobbyists charge for legislation should cause a large decrease in demand for legislation by investors. Further- more, an increase in the price charged by lobbyists for legislation should cause a decrease in total expenditures on lobbying. (65)
I struggled to make sense of this passage. He seems to be saying that the fungibility of funds available for interest groups to spend on lobbying means that the long-run demand for legislation (or for its almost- necessary input, lobbying) is elastic. This quoted passage sets the stage for Cooter to conclude that government financing of political campaigns will reduce the total cost of producing and securing legislation. The reason is that government financing of campaigns will lessen politicians’ needs for private campaign funds, thus making politicians less beholden to interest groups. Lobbyists will then have a tougher row to hoe because they will have more difficulty buying or influencing politicians. With their jobs more difficult, lobbyists who are in the business of securing legislation for interest groups will demand a higher price for any amount of legislation they help to generate. The supply curve for lobbying services will shift back. Because, in Cooter’s view, the demand for legislation is elastic, this reduction in supply of lobbying will substantially reduce the quantity of legislation purchased by interest groups. The total dollar value of resources interest groups spend lobbying for legislation will fall.
This analysis does not hold up. It’s true that if demand for legislation were indeed elastic (as Cooter contends), a decrease in the supply of lob- bying would lower the total dollar amounts spent to purchase legislation. But Cooter is mistaken to conclude that the fungibility of funds avail- able to be spent lobbying for legislation implies an elastic demand for legislation. The principal factor determining the elasticity of demand for legislation is the ability of its buyers to get good substitutes. This ability is limited. Court rulings, executive orders, and administrative regulations can achieve many of the same ends as legislation, but their effectiveness is curbed by the constitution. In the U.S., all national legislative power is vested in Congress, giving legislation enacted by Congress a distinct and substantial advantage over substitute edicts issued by other agencies.
Because legislation has few good substitutes, its demand might very well be inelastic in the relevant range over which it is supplied. If so, a decrease in the willingness of suppliers of legislation to supply it will (contrary to Cooter’s claim) bring about only a relatively small reduction in the quantity of legislation demanded and a substantial increase in its price. The total cost of securing legislation will rise.1
Whether or not the demand for legislation is elastic depends also upon competitiveness within the legislature. If legislators behave as a unit – that is, in the same way that each business firm is assumed to behave when economists talk of firms’ maximizing profits – then the legislature, being a monopolist, will so restrict the supply of legislation that the amount produced will be on the elastic portion of the demand curve. In this case, a further reduction in the supply of legislation will indeed reduce the amounts spent to purchase it.
Unfortunately, this situation does not promise citizens great benefits from turning the financing of political campaigns over to government. The reason, of course, is that sitting legislators will ultimately determine which candidates do and do not receive government funds for their campaigns. Whatever prospect elections held for breaking the monopoly power of the legislature will be much reduced. Cooter himself, throughout his book, praises democracy because it permits competition for political power. This competition would be in graver peril if successfully colluding legislators gained the additional power to dictate the eligibility of political aspirants for campaign funds.
The danger of putting campaign-finance decisions in the hands of government would be less if there were sufficient competition within the government to supply legislation – that is, if legislators consistently failed to act in unison to exploit the monopoly power that the legislature, as a body, possesses. For a variety of reasons, this scenario is quite unlikely. But if it were to exist, the resulting higher supply of legislation might well be in the inelastic portion of the demand schedule. Any reduction, then, in the supply schedule of legislation might well increase the total amount of resources spent to secure legislation.
One final and more general point on campaign financing. Cooter’s pre- diction about the effect of government financing of campaigns rests on the fact that access to government funds raises politicians’ costs of relying upon private sources of campaign funds. Although Cooter does not express his analysis in this way, I believe that a fair interpretation of his argument is that government financing of campaigns, by freeing politicians from the need to pander to interest groups, makes it more attractive for politicians to pursue the public welfare.
I’m not persuaded that government financing of political campaigns will reduce the direct influence of interest groups on legislative outcomes. But even if this happy effect does come to pass, it still will not be certain that the amounts spent by private interest groups to influence government policy will fall. Perhaps they will rise.
If politicians do become more animated by the public welfare, the precise content of this welfare must be defined and discerned. It does not loom outside the doors of the legislature, still and patient, available for all to see. Its precise contours are vague, shifting, and often contentious. In a world in which politicians truly have little incentive to do anything other than vote in ways that are consistent with their understanding of the public welfare, interest groups will surely spend enormous amounts of resources trying to give content to “the public welfare.”
Public crusades to change popular opinion on this matter and that issue will likely become more prevalent. Such a shift of interest-group lobbying from K Street and Capitol Hill to Main Street and citizens’ living rooms might well be desirable. But it could well be very costly. Cooter’s conclusion that government financing of political campaigns will likely reduce the amounts that private interest groups spend on buying legislation does not stand up.
Mine are minor complaints about an outstanding book. It’s high time that the skills of a first-rate economist are brought to bear on the full range of constitutional issues. Robert Cooter has given constitutional scholars and students good cause to celebrate.
Reference
Posner, Richard A. 1998. Economic Analysis of Law, 5th ed. New York: Aspen Law and Business.
1. I ignore here the question of whether reducing the amount of resources spent pursuing legislation is normatively desirable. | https://cafehayek.com/2022/09/american-law-and-economics-review-robert-cooters-the-strategic-constitution.html |
Q:
Replace a period with HTML character
I am having a problem with some code. I put in an input and text in a paragraph is highlighted using <mark>. But when I add a period to highlight all the periods, the code freaks out and gives me the actual html code and has random highlights. So I tried to add a replacer to change the periods. Now it won't freak out but with won't highlight anything. Here is my code to try to replace the period with the html character number (.):
var i = document.getElementById("Bar").value;
var inpu = $.trim(i);
var inp = inpu.replace(".", ".");
var SearchReq = new RegExp("(\\b" + inp + "\\b)", "gim");
var Notes = document.getElementById("NoteHolder").innerHTML;
var after = Notes.replace(SearchReq, "<mark class=" + ColorOptionReady + ">$1</mark>");
document.getElementById("NoteHolder").innerHTML = after;
What is the problem with the code? (I tried removing the "\b" in the regex but that didn't fix it.)
A:
Replace . to \\. ( escape it, \\ backslash required to keep backslash when you would pass string to RegExp) :
var inp = inpu.replace(".", "\\.");
Reason of your error is that . is character which has special meaning in RegExp, so you have to escape it prior passing to RefExp.
See Special characters meaning in regular expressions for more information.
Good Luck )!
| |
NASA continues its push for a return trip to the moon: On Thursday, it said it has selected almost a dozen aerospace companies to help it get closer to a new lunar lander.
The space agency revealed the names of 11 companies that will begin studies or production of human lander prototypes for its Artemis lunar exploration program. Making the list are Elon Musk's SpaceX, Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin, Boeing and Lockheed Martin.
"To accelerate our return to the Moon, we are challenging our traditional ways of doing business," Marshall Smith, director for human lunar exploration programs at NASA Headquarters, said in a press release. "We will streamline everything from procurement to partnerships to hardware development and even operations."
On Monday, NASA announced the Artemis name for the lunar missions, which it expects will put humans -- including the first woman -- on the moon by 2024 and will have sustainable missions by 2028.
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The plan for these companies is to develop transportation to go from a lunar gateway spacecraft to low-lunar orbit then to the moon surface and then return back to the gateway. There are also plans for refueling options to allow for repeat missions.
As part of this partnership, the companies will pay at least 20% of the costs and can begin work while they negotiate contracts with NASA. The total amount available for these companies is $45.5 million.
NASA listed the companies it selected and what they will be working on: | |
Practices are Tuesdays and Thursdays from 3:30-4:30 p.m. at Cottontail Park, two blocks north of the middle school on Dearborn.
Runners should be prepared for practice with comfortable clothes, shoes and a water bottle. They generally have the option to take their bags to the park, if they know they are leaving from there or leave them at school during practice.
In the event of inclement weather, practice will be held in the gym, and Coach Doyle will send an email to parents and guardians when the decision is made to hold practice indoors.
Every parent or guardian is responsible for their child’s transportation to and from the meet. There is no bus.
For weekday meets, there is typically an email signup to organize a rideshare. Typically during the week, runners would need to depart the school by 3:30 p.m. to check into the meet on time.
As long as your runner has registered with the SLES Cross Country Coach, they will be automatically registered for the school’s meets.
The school may purchase uniform t-shirts for the meets. Please wear either the SLES Cross Country shirt or a SLES Gym Shirt to each cross country meet.
Upon arrival to the meet, look for a blue tent with “SOUTH LOOP” to check in. Your child will be given a bib and a set of pins to attach to their shirt. The number is linked to their name and they should not exchange numbers with other runners. The timing chip in their bib will allow their official race time to be recorded.
The dates and timing for each season of meets will be communicated to parents once available. There are typically two CPD Invitationals and one Regional meet, open to all registered runners. After the Regional Meets (Regionals are divided into two dates, CPD will assign SLES to their date), qualifying* runners will race in the City Championship.
A typical meet schedule looks like the following, though the order and timing may change for each meet:
4:15 p.m. Check-in
4:45 p.m. Girls 7th/8th – 1.5 miles
5:10 p.m. Boys 7th/8th – 1.5 miles
5:35 p.m. Girls 5th/6th – 1 mile
5:50 p.m. Boys 5th/6th – 1 mile
Runners are encouraged to cheer on their SLES team mates before and/or after their race.
Once runners have checked in with the team and received their bib, they may want to warm up prior to the race. Please advise them to inform a parent or coach where they are going and to never train alone.
As the time for their race approaches, they should be paying strict attention to announcements for lineup. There will be plenty of people to point them toward the starting line.
*Qualifying runners are the top 50 individual runners in their group and the top 25 teams (each category is based on the combination totals of runners in both Regional meets). Each qualifying team takes their top 7 runners. Substitutions for team qualifiers are allowed if a qualifying runner in their group is unable to participate.
Due to the chip in each runner’s bib, race results are available quickly after each race.
To view information on how the team or a specific runner performed, visit the website for Lakeshore Athletic Services > Select the date/meet name > Use the dropdown at the top to select the grade/gender
Snacks: Parents are asked to bring a snack to share for meets, as they can be long and our runners get hungry and thirsty. A signup will be sent to all prior to the meet.
Rideshares: For weekday meets, a website will be used to manage carpooling – people who have a seat available can offer rides; those who need a seat can request one. The site will be circulated prior to the meets, as applicable.
It is important to share contact information with those you are sharing a ride with to ensure you can arrange pickup and drop off details. For meets during the week, runners usually are back in the South Loop between 7:00 -8:00 p.m.
Meets are typically held in Humboldt Park, Hanson Park, and Washington Park.
Note: Parking fills up quickly, so please leave yourself time to find parking and walk to the race location.
Humboldt Park:
1440 North Humboldt Drive
The drive from SLES will take about 30-35 minutes.
From 90W, exit at North Ave. Once you pass California, the entrance to the park will be your next left. After entering the park, turn right on Luis Munoz Drive and look for parking.
From 290W, exit at Sacramento. Once you cross Grand, continue straight onto Humboldt Drive until Luis Munoz Drive. Turn left at Luis Monoz and look for parking after you cross Division.
Hanson Park: 5501 W Fullerton
Allow extra time for travel and parking as this area is congested.
Upon arrival, there is parking available to the Prosser Career Academy (off of Grand) or street parking on Central, Fullerton, or Long.
The location of the meet will be obvious upon arrival.
Washington Park:
5531 S Martin Luther King Dr
Enter the park on 55th Street and park along Russell Drive, or in the Fieldhouse lot.
The course will be just off of Russel Drive by the S. Loop Drive. | https://southloopschool.org/extracurriculars/athletics/cross-country-page/ |
NAIROBI, Kenya, Mar 22 – Foreign Affairs and International Trade Cabinet Secretary Amina Mohamed has defended the high level visits and engagement by President Uhuru Kenyatta saying they have been invaluable to the country’s economic growth.
“High-level engagement and visibility of the President is a central pillar of Kenya’s foreign policy as the country strives to entrench its leadership as an economic power in the region as well as achieve global competitiveness,” said Mohamed.
Answering the many critics who allege that the President was travelling out of the country too many times, Mohamed said the State and official visits by President Kenyatta facilitated through her ministry were beneficial to the country.
“These efforts have borne positive results. FDI inflows into Kenya have risen from US$ 597 million in 2012/2013 to US$ 944 million in 2015. Which investments have resulted in the creation of jobs and wealth,” said CS Mohamed.
Good and well executed diplomacy cannot be without high level visits, since like in any normal relationship, one-on-one engagement has more impact unlike any other form of engagement, Mohamed told final year students of Sociology of the University of Nairobi Tuesday morning at the university’s multi-purpose Hall.
“Diplomacy is conducted through face-to-face engagements and meetings. Kenya is a very important country in the Southern Hemisphere being the only capital in developing world to host a United Nations office,” said Mohamed.
She said Kenya was deliberately focusing on economic diplomacy which involves paying greater attention to the promotion of trade, investment and tourism. It has also involved facilitating investment flows into Kenya, particularly into key sectors such as energy, agriculture, ICT, infrastructural development and the hospitality industry. It has involved improving access to foreign markets for Kenya’s traders and investors.
CS Mohamed said the country has made remarkable progress in its agenda of economic diplomacy through negotiating and signing a wide range of trade and investments agreements as well as agreements and MoUs for co-operation with various countries across the globe.
She said in order to make impact in the global arena and to take care of its interests, engagement by Government seen through state/official visits is mandatory especially for a country like Kenya that has unique global status.
Our core priorities include enhancing Kenya’s competitiveness and economic prosperity; promoting regional integration; enhancing regional peace and security; promoting multilateralism; and protecting the interests of Kenyans abroad.
She said her Ministry strategies of executing the Foreign Policy include strengthening bilateral relations with traditional and emerging geo-strategic partners; boosting our Foreign Policy agenda in Africa; enhancing security sector partnerships; and growing Diaspora capacity to support national development.
She said an important consequence of globalization and the information revolution has been the unprecedented heightening of competition for economic opportunities.
With the heightened competition for economic opportunities, countries that are not competitive risk being severely marginalized.
She said globalization has been intensified by the revolution in information and communications technology (ICT) which has greatly improved availability of information while compressing time and space.
Present during the Lecture were Prof E. Njeru, the Principal, College of Humanities & Social Sciences, Dr R. Ocharo, the Chair, Department of Sociology and Ken Ouko, Department of Sociology. | https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/news/2016/03/cs-amina-mohamed-defends-high-level-visits/ |
For more than 170 years, Pfizer has continuously worked to make a difference by delivering innovative therapies that improve the lives of our patients. By building a talented community of colleagues that align with our patient-focused purpose and core values, Pfizer has improved global health and impacted more than 780 million patients around the world.
Pfizer Learning Academy (PLA) is responsible for the development and delivery of learning for therapeutic area knowledge, role-based skills, and colleague performance and leadership development. The organization is part of Pfizer Digital and leverages advanced analytics and an enhanced digital ecosystem to transform the learner experience across the enterprise. Within this organization, a new team has been formed called the Learning Trends & Strategy team. This team is responsible for architecting the Pfizer Enterprise Learning Strategy and ensuring we are maximizing our learning ecosystem to deliver on that strategy.
The Content Strategist role will be responsible for defining the enterprise-wide content strategy for Pfizer Learning Academy that will improve and enhance colleagues and leaders’ knowledge and skills to help Pfizer achieve its purpose and bold moves.
Assess current/future and internal/external environment to identify critical “power skills” needed for the enterprise to win
Partners with enterprise learning leaders and ELT-1 Learning Council to validate enterprise “power skills”
Defines learning outcomes linked to business outcomes and develops and executes metrics plan to understand business impact of learning experiences
Designs learning experiences to enable enterprise colleagues in growing those skills that are fit for purpose across all functions/markets, including translation as needed
Partner with PLA Platform/Community Manager to promote/campaign learning experiences
Use data to iterate and improve learning experiences
BASIC QUALIFICATIONS
Degree qualification: BA/BS required
10+ years Learning & Development experience including Instructional Design Experience
English fluency required
Candidate demonstrates a breadth of diverse leadership experiences and capabilities including: the ability to influence and collaborate with peers, develop and coach others, oversee and guide the work of other colleagues to achieve meaningful outcomes and create business impact
PREFERRED QUALIFICATIONS
Prior experience building outcomes-based strategies
Ability to effectively engage with senior leaders (e.g., People Experience LT members to translate and pull through their priorities)
Evidence of sound judgment and influence
Understanding of Pfizer’s Purpose, Bold Moves, and enterprise-wide strategic imperatives
Proven track record of leading complex project with delivery of large scale, solutions across the enterprise
Ability to synthesize and make data-based recommendations
Creates an environment where innovation is standard, taking appropriate risks to advance innovative processes
Develops innovative solutions to complex problems that will impact multiple global business units
Exercises own judgment and is a resource for others; works independently and proactively.
Familiarity with Agile is a plus
Customer experience (CX) a plus
NON-STANDARD WORK SCHEDULE, TRAVEL OR ENVIRONMENT REQUIREMENTS
Minimal travel may be required, no more than 3x/year.
Work Location Assignment:Flexible
Other Job Details:
Last Date to Apply for Job: 7/5/2022
Additional Location Information: Global Any Pfizer Site, Global Remote, CT, NJ, NY
Pfizer requires all U.S. new hires to be fully vaccinated for COVID-19 prior to the first date of employment. As required by applicable law, Pfizer will consider requests for Reasonable Accommodations.
Sunshine Act
Pfizer reports payments and other transfers of value to health care providers as required by federal and state transparency laws and implementing regulations. These laws and regulations require Pfizer to provide government agencies with information such as a health care provider’s name, address and the type of payments or other value received, generally for public disclosure. Subject to further legal review and statutory or regulatory clarification, which Pfizer intends to pursue, reimbursement of recruiting expenses for licensed physicians may constitute a reportable transfer of value under the federal transparency law commonly known as the Sunshine Act. Therefore, if you are a licensed physician who incurs recruiting expenses as a result of interviewing with Pfizer that we pay or reimburse, your name, address and the amount of payments made currently will be reported to the government. If you have questions regarding this matter, please do not hesitate to contact your Talent Acquisition representative. | https://www.biospace.com/job/2575155/pfizer-learning-academy-pla-content-strategist/ |
Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Type 1 diabetes is more common in children; type 2 diabetes primarily affects adults and obese children. Diabetes is a major risk factor for heart diseases. If left untreated, patients may develop complications such as kidney disease, high blood pressure, stroke, or amputations. In 2012, approximately 29.1 million Americans (9.3% of the population) had diabetes. Diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in 2010. It is important to recognize the symptoms of high blood sugar for early detection and better management of diabetes. Here are risk factors for diabetes and 9 common diabetes symptoms.
Risk Factors for Diabetes
Frequent Urination and Excessive Thirst
These are two major signs of hyperglycemia and they are closely related. High blood sugar (glucose) forces the kidneys to work harder and remove the extra sugar. As sugar is filtered into urine extra fluids will be removed along with it resulting in frequent urination and dehydration. Patients will pass more than 3 liters of urine per day compared to the normal output of 1-2 liters. Consequently, patients will feel persistent thirst and will drink more liquids to quench their thirst. As patients drink more, they will have a stronger urge to urinate and the cycle continues.
Increased Hunger
Insulin is a pancreatic hormone that converts glucose from food into energy. Diabetics either lack insulin or have insulin resistance and cannot effectively get energy from eating. In addition, excessive sugar which is a source of energy is lost in urine. The lack of energy causes an increase in appetite, however, eating will not fully get rid of the hunger until the lack of insulin or insulin resistance is addressed.
Fatigue
Diabetics are in a state of “starvation” despite their increased appetite, due to low insulin levels or insulin resistance. Therefore, diabetics have low energy experience exhaustion that doesn’t disappear with rest or sleep. | http://www.rxeconsult.com/healthcare-articles/List-And-Description-Of-Common-Diabetes-Symptoms-And-Risk-Factors-822/ |
Currently, resources constraints, climate change, environmental pollution and population without access to electricity pose severe challenges to the global sustainable development. To approach these challenges, it is pivotal to comply with the growing trend of the clean, electrified, interconnected and intelligent energy system, quicken the establishment of the cleanness-oriented, electricity-centered, interconnected, co-built and shared modern energy system. Global Energy Interconnection (GEI) refers to the development of a globally interconnected, ubiquitous robust smart grid, supported by backbone UHV grid (channels), and it is a vital platform for worldwide large-scale deployment, transportation and utilization of clean energy. Establishing GEI, and accelerating "two replacements, one increase and one restore" provide an efficient solution for all countries to realize energy system transition.
The Global Energy Interconnection Development and Cooperation Organization (GEIDCO) aims to promote the establishment of a GEI system to meet the global electricity demand in a clean and green way, to actively build an international platform with co-commerce, co-build, share, win-win principles, and to realize the objectives of GEI and sustainable development. On a basis of deep research in the field of energy and electricity, GEIDCO proposes the global energy interconnection development index (GEIDI) based on the theory of GEI and the comprehensive evaluation methodology, which systematically reflects the development level of the global energy and power system from such three perspectives as Power Interconnection, Green & Low-Carbon and Energy, Economy, Society and Environment Coordination development. The proposed GEIDI provides basic analysis and forward-looking reference for governments, international organizations, enterprises, and institutions to carry out policies making, planning research, and investment consulting.
The "Global Energy Interconnection Development Index 2018" firstly introduces the designing ideas and evaluating methodology of the GEIDI. The regional and national GEIDI ranking and the three subindex rankings are then evaluated and analyzed according to the collected data and analysis regarding to energy, electricity, economy, society, and environment in 140 countries and 10 regions around the world. Finally, a special subject on the GEI development of countries along the Belt and Road is carried out in this report since the Belt and Road Initiative will have an important impact on the global energy system transition. | https://en.geidco.org/2019/0727/1397.shtml |
Climate change is the long-term change in temperatures and weather patterns. These changes can either be natural, for instance through variations in solar energy cycle, but since a couple of centuries, the main driving factor for climate change is human activities. Since the 1800s, burning of fossil fuels like coal and gas has been one of the biggest contributing factor in climate change.
Burning of fossil fuels results in the emission of greenhouse gas emissions like carbon dioxide and methane, which blanket the earth, hence trapping the heat of the sun and in turn raising temperatures. Cutting down trees and forests also releases carbon dioxide. Another major source for methane emissions are garbage landfills. Industries, transport, buildings and agriculture are among the main reasons for these greenhouse gas emissions.
As these carbon emissions continue to rise, the earth is only getting warmer. Climate change is not just limited to the rise in temperature, but change in one area can influence change in other areas.
The consequences of the biggest change in global climate include water scarcity, severe droughts, fires, rising levels of sea, flooding, melting of the polar ice cap and decline in biodiversity.
Climatic change can not only affect our health, but the ability to grow food, and other factors like housing and work. People in small island nations and developing countries are more vulnerable to climatic impacts than others.
Rise in sea level and intrusion of salt water has resulted in relocation of a lot of local communities and jobs have put people at risk of famine. The climatic changes have resulted in the rise of climatic refugees, which are only expected to rise in the near future. There are some countries which contribute to more carbon emissions than others and hence the people of these countries have bigger responsibility to act first.
The main climate change solutions include cutting of greenhouse gas emissions, adapting to climatic impacts and financing these adjustments. It is important to make changes and switching the energy systems from use of fossil fuels to using renewable sources of energy like solar energy or wind energy.
This will help to reduce the carbon emissions that drive climatic change. Fossil fuel production should be reduced by an approximate of 6 percent per year to keep the global warming below 1.5° celsius. Adapting to climatic consequences is beneficial for everyone.
These changes should be prioritised as it effects people, businesses, livelihood and natural ecosystems. It not only covers the present impact, but also the impact in the future. Climatic adaptation should be prioritised for the vulnerable people who have less resources to cope with climatic hazards.
Early warning systems should be in place for disasters as it not only saves life and property but also delivers benefits which are up to 10 times the initial cost. It is up to you, whether you want to invest now or pay dearly in the future.
Climatic action requires monetory investments from governments and businesses. The countries that are industrialised, need to commit to provide a hundred billion dollars a year to developing countries so that they can move towards green economies.
Causes of climatic change
One of the main causes of climatic change is the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the air, causing the earth to heat up. The earth’s climate has been changing since it formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The earlier factors of climatic change were natural factors, for instance volcanic eruptions or changes in the Earth’s tectonic plates. However since the industrial revolution, there has been a rapid increase in the global temperature. Human activity has become the leading cause of changes in our climate activism.
Greenhouse effect
There are some gases that trap heat and stop it from escaping into space. These gases present in the earth’s atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide act as a warming blanket around the earth and cause the greenhouse effect.
When the rays of the sun reach the earth, most of it passes through the atmosphere and reaches the surface of the earth. This short wave radiation is mostly absorbed by the earth and the earth then gives infrared radiation of longer wavelength.
Instead of these rays passing into space, these infrared radiations are absorbed by the greenhouse gases. The atmosphere emits radiation back to the surface of the earth, causing it to heat up. This effect is called the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is essential for our survival.
If it wasn’t for the greenhouse gases, the earth would be about 30° cooler. However, we have been emitting more greenhouse gases into the air, which has resulted in the heating up of the planet at a much faster rate. This enhanced greenhouse effect is the major cause of climate change.
Human activities causing climatic change
Human activities has resulted in the rise of carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Greenhouse gases are produced in a lot of different ways.
- Burning of fossil fuels: When fuels like oil, gas or coal are taken out of the land and burnt, carbon dioxide is released into the air.
- Deforestation: Trees and forests help to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Deforestation results in buildup of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere as there are no trees to absorb it. When these trees are burnt, they release the carbon dioxide that they have stored.
- Agriculture activities: Agricultural activities like planting crops or rearing animals releases different types of greenhouse gases into the air. For instance, cows produce methane which is even more powerful than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. The nitrous oxide used for fertilisers is more potent than carbon dioxide.
- 4. Cement: Production of cement causes about 2% of the total carbon dioxide emissions.
Natural causes for changes in climate
There are lots of natural causes that result in climatic changes. Based on scientific evidence, natural causes are not the major contributing factors for climate change. Few natural causes are given as below:
- Radiations from the sun: Even though the changing energy from the sun has caused a change in the temperature of the earth in the past, it is not strong enough to change the climate.
- Volcanoes: Volcanic eruptions produce aerosol particles and release carbon dioxide. However the amount of carbon dioxide produced by humans is 50 times more than by volcanic eruptions, hence is it not the leading reason for global warming.
Looking at all the evidence, we can come to the conclusion that the leading cause of climatic change is humans. Natural climatic cycles affect the global climate over a period of hundreds and thousands of years, unlike the human activities that are happening at a much quicker pace and cause the temperature of the earth to change rapidly.
10 Best Charities for Actively Fighting Climate Change Donation
The environmental changes is causing a threat to all of humanity. Even though the world has started actively fighting climate change, our global response to it is very slow. The best way to help fighting climate change is to donate money to organizations for climatic change donation, who are working towards these goals. There are some high impact and evidence based organizations that are doing some promising work in bringing to light these environmental challenges and how we can help curb them. Some of these organizations work towards funnelling money to projects in countries like China, India, Indonesia and Korea, rather than countries like United States, hence helping you supercharge your impact. Given below are a few organizations having an exceptionally positive impact on the climate activism that you can donate to for climate change donation.
Table of Contents
Carita World Foundation:
Carita World Foundation addresses a variety of climatic issues and focuses on conservation, maintenance and preservation of the environment. Carita World Foundation seeks to reduce excessive consumption of environmental resources. It can be done by reducing pollutants. This organization works towards educating the general public about the environmental issues and the potential remedies to curb these issues. This is one of the top charities that can support your cause for climate change donation. Carita World Foundation will tackling the root of climate change by climate activistm.
Clean Air Task Force:
This non-government organization working to reduce air pollution. The clean air task force has led campaigns to reduce the pollution caused by power plants driven by coal, helped to limit the carbon dioxide emissions in the US power sector and established regulations on diesel and methane emissions. This organization focuses on concentrating on targeting the sources of emission that are neglected by other environmental organizations. CATF works on scaling up the
deploying technologies that are important for decarbonisation. CATF is not just working in Latin America, Europe and the Middle East, but also developing strategies for countries like India and China, which are one of the world’s largest emitters.
Carbon 180:
Carbon 180 is a non profit environmental organization serving a simple goal, which is accelerating the development of technologies that would remove carbon dioxide or negative emissions out of the atmosphere and lock them way for undreds of years. Carbon removal is necessary to keep our Earth habitable.
Evergreen Collaborative:
This advocacy group includes the top scientists and policy makers in the world who are working towards better climatic policies. It focuses pairing policy products with successfully advocated to build awareness, support and momentum to tackle the climatic crisis and to build a just and thriving energy economy.
TerraPraxis:
This organization is based in UK and aims to find innovative ways to meet the growing energy needs of the world. TerraPraxis focuses on advanced nuclear power, which is a clean energy source that has been scaled up to decarbonise the electricity systems in countries like Sweden. Advanced Nuclear power can be a powerful tool to help the developing countries meet all their energy needs.
Future Cleantech Architects:
Future Cleantech Architects is based in Germany and is a fairly new organization. The main aim of this organization is to promote innovation in the sectors of Europe that are hard to decarbonise. They do so by running programs like zero carbon fuel efficiency and using carbon removal technologies.
Good Energy Collective:
This organization helps to broaden support for advanced nuclear power, which is very much neglected in the climatic funding landscape. There is a need of a lot of clean energy sources low carbon removal advanced nuclear reactors, which are a cheaper and safer form of renewable energy.
Good Food Institute:
This organization makes alternative protein sources which help reduce livestock consumption. Raising animals for meat consumption is responsible for a huge percentage of global emissions. Apart from emitting methane, humans tend to deforest land for the animals to graze on. Good Food Institute engages in scientific research and industry partnerships that helps the alternative proteins going mainstream.
Greenpeace:
Greenpeace is a globally recognised organization that investigates and exposes the major cause of environmental destruction in about forty countries around the world. They use methods like lobbying and promoting the use of renewable sources of clean energy.
Rainforest Alliance:
Rainforest Alliance works with farmers and forest local communities to improve land management practices and to train farmers to use agriculture methods that are climate smart. They have innovative programmes to help consumers make smart decisions while food shopping. They do so by putting a certification sale on products that are sustainably sourced.
Selecting The Best Charities to Support
The charities listed above are one of the actively fighting best charities for climate change. You need to consider the following points if you want to ensure that your contribution has the most significant impact.
- Check out the website of the charity navigator. It is vital to select a charity that is worthy of your donations. You need to make yourself familiar with the history, mission and values of the charity.
- Identify the mission of the charity. Charities which do not have a goal are most likely to fail. Hence it is important to look for charity navigator that has a clear mission.
- A charity should have measurable goals. If you want your donation to reach its goals, you need to choose a charity navigator that should be able to account for the supply evidence of the work they do.
- Assess the successes your charity has achieved. You need to assess the progress of your charity navigator in reaching its targets.
- Check if the charity navigator is publishing its financials and stats. Charities and organizations that are trustworthy will publish financial reports and starts every year. This starts should be available to public members who are interested in donating.
Locate the sources who are already working with the charity navigator. You can get to know about the charities quality by checking out yourself are speaking to somebody who is already familiar with it. This will ensure that your climatic change donation will go to the right place.
Supporting the charities
After you have made your decision about which charity navigator to help, you can choose different ways you can help your chosen charity for climate change donation.
- Donate money: Most of these charities have the donation pages on their websites. You can make a one-time the nation or can set it up to be deducted regularly and help in climate change donation.
- Buy the official merchandise from the charity navigator websites: A lot of charities raise money by selling their merchandise. You can support them by buying mugs, pens, shirts or any other item they may be selling.
- Donate a percentage of the purchases you make online: You can set up a program to donate to a charity navigator that will get a fraction of your online purchases.
- Volunteer work: You can help these organizations by helping them take on and organising the program in your local area.
- You can help them raise funds: You can hold fundraising drives on social movement and spread word about the charity navigator among your family and friends.
Share their cause: Share the compelling stories of these charities and attract more people to the cause.
FAQ
Q1. What is the best charity to donate to for climate change?
Ans: The Carita World Foundation focuses on environmental conservation, maintenance, preservation, and addressing climate change issues. Carita World Foundation’s mission is to reduce the excessive consumption of natural resources. The best way to achieve this is by reducing pollutants.
Q2. What are the natural causes of climate change?
Ans: Radiations from the sun
Volcanoes
Generating power
Manufacturing goods
Cutting down forests
Q3. What Are the 10 Best Charities for Climate Change in 2023
Ans: 1. Carita World Foundation
2. Clean Air Task Force
3. Carbon 180
4. Evergreen Collaborative
5. TerraPraxis
6. Future Cleantech Architects
7. Good Energy Collective
8. Good Food Institute
9. Greenpeace
10. Rainforest Alliance
Cool Earth” is a non-profit organization that aims Cool Earth to protect rainforests and other Cool Earth important ecosystems around the world Cool Earth by working alongside local communities. Cool Earth The organization was founded Cool Earth in 2007 and operates in Cool Earth various countries including Peru, Papua New Guinea, and Cool Earth the Democratic Republic of Congo. Cool Earth
Cool Earth’s approach involves working with indigenous communities to provide them with the tools and Cool Earth resources they need to protect Cool Earth their land from deforestation and other environmental threats. Cool Earth This includes Cool Earth providing training in sustainable agriculture, forestry management, and other skills that Cool Earth can help communities maintain their livelihoods while also protecting the environment. Cool Earth
Cool Earth The organization also raises awareness about the Cool Earth importance of protecting rainforests and Cool Earth works to influence policy at the national and international levels Cool Earth to promote conservation efforts. Cool Earth Overall, Cool Earth’s goal is to help create a more sustainable future by protecting some of the world’s most important ecosystems and supporting the Cool Earth communities that depend on Cool Earth. | https://caritafoundation.world/best-charities-for-climate-change |
"Matt Fry's church broke 3300"
But of those "3300," which was probably an aggregate total of several services and double-counting, how many are truly disciples of Christ?
I thought we were supposedly "out of the Book of Numbers and into the Book of Acts?"
Just rejoice in the good things the Lord is doing! | https://billyhornsby.blogs.com/my_weblog/2008/02/guts.html?cid=105443040 |
1.
according to law; lawful:
the property’s legitimate owner.
2.
in accordance with established rules, principles, or standards.
3.
born in wedlock or of legally married parents:
legitimate children.
4.
in accordance with the laws of reasoning; logically inferable; logical:
a legitimate conclusion.
5.
resting on or ruling by the principle of hereditary right:
a legitimate sovereign.
6.
not spurious or unjustified; genuine:
It was a legitimate complaint.
7.
of the normal or regular type or kind.
8.
Theater. of or relating to professionally produced stage plays, as distinguished from burlesque, vaudeville, television, motion pictures, etc.:
an actor in the legitimate theater.
verb (used with object), legitimated, legitimating.
9.
to make lawful or legal; pronounce or state as lawful:
Parliament legitimated his accession to the throne.
10.
to establish as lawfully born:
His bastard children were afterward legitimated by law.
11.
to show or declare to be legitimate or proper:
He was under obligation to legitimate his commission.
12.
to justify; sanction or authorize:
His behavior was legitimated by custom.
noun
13.
the legitimate, the legitimate theater or drama.
14.
a person who is established as being legitimate.
adjective (lɪˈdʒɪtɪmɪt)
1.
born in lawful wedlock; enjoying full filial rights
2.
conforming to established standards of usage, behaviour, etc
3.
based on correct or acceptable principles of reasoning
4.
reasonable, sensible, or valid: a legitimate question
5.
authorized, sanctioned by, or in accordance with law
6.
of, relating to, or ruling by hereditary right: a legitimate monarch
7.
of or relating to a body of famous long-established plays as distinct from films, television, vaudeville, etc: the legitimate theatre
verb (lɪˈdʒɪtɪˌmeɪt)
8.
(transitive) to make, pronounce, or show to be legitimate
adj.
mid-15c., “lawfully begotten,” from Middle French legitimer and directly from Medieval Latin legitimatus, past participle of legitimare “make lawful, declare to be lawful,” from Latin legitimus “lawful,” originally “fixed by law, in line with the law,” from lex (genitive legis) “law” (see legal). Transferred sense of “genuine, real” is attested from 1550s. Related: Legitimately.
v.
1590s, from Medieval Latin legitimatus, past participle of legitimare (see legitimate (adj.)). Related: Legitimated; legitimating.
Tagged: q
Read Also:
- Quasilinear
adjective very nearly linear Examples Strongly coupled quasilinear reaction diffusion systems are subject to nonlinear boundary conditions. Word Origin 1896 Usage Note also quasilinearly , (adv.)
- Quasilinearly
adverb See quasilinear
- Quasilogical
[loj-i-kuh l] /ˈlɒdʒ ɪ kəl/ adjective 1. according to or agreeing with the principles of : a logical inference. 2. reasoning in accordance with the principles of , as a person or the mind: logical thinking. 3. reasonable; to be expected: War was the logical consequence of such threats. 4. of or relating to . […]
- Quasi-managerial
[man-i-jeer-ee-uh l] /ˌmæn ɪˈdʒɪər i əl/ adjective 1. pertaining to management or a : managerial functions; the managerial class of society. /ˌmænɪˈdʒɪərɪəl/ adjective 1. of or relating to a manager or to the functions, responsibilities, or position of management adj. 1767, see manager + -al (1). | http://definithing.com/define-dictionary/quasi-legitimate/ |
Individuals may find themselves having relationship difficulties from time to time. This is something that is very common among couples and it is not something that should be taken lightly. Couples that continue to wrestle with the same issues over and over again are continually harming their relationship. Therefore, these couples may want to engage in couples counseling in order to improve their relationship. This article will explore some of the benefits related to this decision.
First and foremost, this couple will most likely learn how to communicate more effectively with one another. Many times both individuals have something that they want to say but they are not sure how to say it. They may be trying to communicate something very important to the other person but it simply comes out wrong. The other person may take something that was stated the wrong way. If you have ever been in a relationship like this then you know that it can become a vicious cycle and nothing ever seems to be resolved. Therefore, working in a therapeutic setting may be the best way to learn effective communication skills.
Secondly, when couples engage in therapy they may be able to work together towards a common goal. There may be times when both individuals want the same things they are just unsure about what they need to do in order to reach this goal. Both people may have different ideas. When they fight over the solutions they are simply creating barriers that introduce conflict. Working with a therapist may be the best way to learn effective problem solving. The couple will learn to work together, rather than working against each other.
While there are many benefits to couples counseling, one of the main benefits is that the couples will learn how to appreciate and love one another again. We often find ourselves engaging in the everyday activities of our everyday lives. This means that we forget about our partner. Many couples end up feeling unloved and unappreciated. When the couples learn how to reconnect and spend time together, they end up rekindling the love that they once had for each other. They learn about what the other person may be thinking, or feeling, and they learn effective ways to work through these feelings.
Couples therapy should not be avoided if partners find themselves struggling each day. There are plenty of therapists that are trained and willing to help couples work through their issues so that they can have a positive relationship. It is very important to remember why you fell in love with the person in the first place so that you are motivated to get help. Just do not wait until it is to late if you want to save your relationship. | http://brucesullivan.com.au/freeresources/what-couples-counseling-may-do-for-you/ |
Last February, we posted an article that highlighted research on the correlation between eating late and your blood sugar. The study concluded that ultimately, when food is consumed late at night, when our glucose tolerance is lowest, the body is more likely to store those calories as fat rather than burn it as energy. Repeatedly eating late will ultimately lead to weight gain.
Another new study, led by researchers from the University of Pennsylvania, has shown that regularly eating late in the day can have negative health consequences. Not only can eating late promote weight gain but it also has an unfavorable impact on energy metabolism and hormonal markers that are linked to health problems such as diabetes and heart disease.
Lead author, Namni Goel, explains that, “previous research has already shown that sleep loss can have a bad effect on weight and metabolism, and that is partly attributed to eating later at night.” Beyond lack of sleep, the findings of this recent study suggest that timing of meal times on its own can affect weight and metabolism.
What did the study look like?
For the randomized crossover trial, nine healthy-weight adults (5 men and 4 women) between the ages of 23 and 29, underwent 2 different daily meal time patterns; a daytime pattern and a delayed eating pattern. Both patterns lasted 8 weeks. Between the two patterns, the 9 individuals had a 2 week “reset” period to ensure that the first pattern did not carry over to the second.
The daytime pattern consisted of 3 meals and 2 snacks, all eaten between the hours of 8am and 7pm. The delayed pattern also consisted of 3 meals and 2 snacks but the participants ate between noon and 11pm. During both patterns, the participants slept from 11pm to 7am consistently. Researchers used wearable activity monitors to monitor sleep. Calories consumed and exercise were also held constant between the patterns.
Researchers measured 4 key signals (metabolism, energy use, blood markers and weight) at 4 different points during the study: before the first 8 week patter, after the first 8 week pattern, after the 2 week refresh and then again at the end of the second 8 week pattern. Upon first analysis of the results, Goel and his team found that compared to daytime eating, a delayed meal time pattern led to weight gain. Maybe more important, the results showed evidence of a less healthy metabolic profile during the delayed meal time pattern. This was shown in changes in fasting glucose, insulin, cholesterol and triglycerides. These findings confirm those of similar, but much shorter, studies.
What does this mean for you?
At Medical Metabolic Specialists, we understand that lifestyle change is difficult but that is why we were closely with individuals to tackle the problem head-on, rather than suggesting a quick fix. This study highlights the fact that eating earlier in the day may be worth the effort to help prevent serious, detrimental chronic health effects. If you’re ready to break old habits and lead a healthier life, give us a call and speak to the experts at MMS. | http://healthyweightcolorado.com/research-update-eat/ |
Abnormally low water levels driven by drought are threatening the livelihoods of thousands of people in the Russian Arctic, The Siberian Times has reported.
The Lena and other rivers in Russia’s northern republic of Sakha have reportedly experienced the worst shallowing in 30 years, hampering navigation in remote areas that are only reachable by boat. Dry weather has also contributed to the vast wildfires that have been raging across Siberia for the past two months.
“The abnormal heat recorded in eastern Siberia in July and August, combined with the lack of precipitation, has caused extremely shallow waters,” Natalya Frolova, the head of Moscow State University’s hydrology department, was cited as saying by The Siberian Times on Tuesday.
Water in Yakutsk, the capital of the republic of Sakha, “dropped so suddenly that hundreds of cargo ships and smaller boats were left stranded in the sand,” the outlet reported.
Online footage shows boats and cargo vessels docked in wet sand where there used to be water.
Russian scientists have warned that the shallow rivers negatively affect fish spawning in the region.
Fishermen along the Lena River complained to The Siberian Times of “coming back home with empty buckets.”
“I am now having to buy fish at shops, and many of us anglers fear that fish will die out in such shallow water,” local fisherman Alexander Chigmarev was cited as saying. | https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/08/27/drought-russian-arctic-threatens-fishermen-dependent-lena-river-a67042 |
Collierville Schools is under state scrutiny for racial disparities in its discipline practices.
The suburban Shelby County district disciplines African-American students and students with disabilities at a "significantly disproportionate" rate, according to the Tennessee Department of Education.
Districts can appeal this designation, but if upon review are still found to have a significant disparity, districts are required by federal law to redirect funding to address the issue.
Black or African-American students last year made up 17.4 percent of the district's roughly 8,600 students. About 12 percent of the total student population had a disability.
In a statement, the school district said it was reviewing the determination for accuracy.
"We continue to monitor and adjust our disciplinary practices as part of our ongoing effort to provide equitable opportunities for all students in Collierville Schools," the district statement said.
A final determination of a significant disparity would cause Collierville to reallocate $275,000 of its funding for students with disabilities toward African-American students within that subgroup. | https://www.commercialappeal.com/story/news/education/2019/01/31/collierville-schools-discipline-african-american-student-disability/2731502002/ |
Asymmetries in the resonant frequency of limbs/effectors lead to changes in coordination dynamics, including deviations in relative phase at ϕ = 0 or π rad and reduced stability. These effects have been successfully modeled by the extended Haken–Kelso–Bunz (HKB) coupled oscillator model (Kelso et al. in Attention and performance XIII. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, pp 139–169, 1990), and supported in laboratory tasks of rhythmic limb motions. Efforts to apply the HKB model to walking have supported the predicted deviations in phase, but not the expected decreases in coordination stability. The lack of stability effects arising from asymmetries may be due to the stabilizing influence of a treadmill or may be obscured by the balance requirements and ground impacts in gait. This study examined these possibilities by investigating walking overground with ankle weights of 3 or 6 kg to create asymmetries between the legs, as well as symmetrical loads. Participants walked without a metronome and separately with a metronome to control speed and cadence. Coordination dynamics between the legs were quantified through mean and standard deviation (SD) of ϕ, while individual leg local dynamic stability was calculated as maximum Lyapunov exponent (λMAX). Irrespective of the condition, asymmetrical loads led to deviations in phase from antiphase with the loaded leg lagging behind the other, and both SDϕ and λMAX increased (i.e., stability decreased). Symmetrical loads had no effect on phase deviations, but decreased stability. Overall, these findings indicate that the HKB model captures coordination dynamics in walking, but also highlights limitations in modeling the influence of loads on an individual limb. | https://pennstate.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/coordination-dynamics-of-asymmetrically-loaded-gait |
Franz Joseph Haydn is a renowned Australian music composer of the classical period, and lived between the years 1732 -1809. His contribution in the music industry led to him being known as the Father of Symphony and String Quartet as he played a very important role in the contribution of these forms of music. He also played an important role in the development of the Piano trio and transformation of the Sonata Form for good (Landon, p.20). The unique qualities he portrayed during his music composing career resulted to him being regarded as the most celebrated music composer in the entire Europe during the classical period. The close relationship that he had played a very important role in improving his music composition as he was a close friend to Johann Evangelist Haydn, Ludwig van Beethoven and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart who were the key players in the music industry and also some of the good music composers during that time.
Haydn childhood is considered by many music experts as the main contributor in his successful musical career. He was enclosed and kept away from the mainstream music industry; the isolation became very difficult for him to be very much original when making his compositions (Downs, p.16). During his childhood, where he lived in Kapellhaus next to a cathedral he was actively involved in the cathedral as a choir boy and thus he was a choirboy amongst other four boys. While in the church he was taught in Latin and how to use the keyboard, violin and voice amongst other school lessons. Later on he moved to St. Stephen's a leading musical center and from enrolled there as a professional musician he was able to expand his music career by performing in the music center and he eventually achieved his desires and interest in becoming a most celebrated musician of all time.
Buy Franz Joseph Haydn essay paper online
Haydn teenage period was the breaking point into his successful music career this is when he told Mr. Reutter that he wants to start singing a claim that was dismissed by Mr. Reutter to the extent of being caned and kicked to the streets. This setback was a blessing in disguise to Haydn who eventually struggled so much before becoming the most influence classical musician ever (Downs, p.34). The period in which he was kicked out by Mr Reutter he was involved in different activities as a way of survival which includes being a music teacher, a street singer, and in 1752 he was recruited as a valet-accompanist for the Italian composer Nicola Porpora, and from the association with Nicola Porpora. He managed to learn "the true fundamentals of composition" (Landon, p.20). He was also briefly involved with Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Haugwitz were he was employed as the person who plays the organ in there Bohemian Chancellery chapel at the Judenplatz.
Haydn early works can be traced during the compositional style and the style had gone out of fashion as a result of the death of Bach who was music explorer at the time (Rosen, p.57). In the 1760s 1770s Haydn was involved in the transformation of the music industry where he came with a project known as the "Sturm und Drang" (storm and stress); the period is characterized by the legendary movement that was happening. In the same period he had began his music career where he managed to be the most successful symphony player during the time; thus he was the most successful symphonists whose works were appreciated and admired by many music lovers in the whole European and his works are still being sampled to date as he is titled the king of symphony. | https://exclusivepapers.com/essays/music/franz-joseph-haydn.php |
This course teaches critical concepts and skills in data collection, manipulation, exploration, and analysis, and explores the ethical and social considerations inherent in the today's big data revolution, such as privacy, design, reproducibility, and bias. Using real-world datasets, students will explore, visualize, and pose questions about data. Prerequisites: Intermediate Algebra.
DS325
Advanced Statistics for Data Science WI
In this course we will learn about data analytics through the lens of data wrangling, statistical graphics, modern regression tools, and the ethical issues associated with the entire data pipeline. Our statistical graphics focus will examine both single variable and multivariable plots, using both discrete and continuous variables. We will review simple linear regression before delving into validity of models and transformations, weighted least-squares, multiple linear regression, variable selection, logistic regression, and mixed models. This class will include several writing projects.
DS401
Machine & Statistical Learning
Machine and Statistical Learning is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques used to detect, classify, and infer patterns in large and/or complex data sets. Examples of machine and statistical learning algorithms are all around us: speech recognition on your phone, text prediction in internet searches, medical school placement algorithms, and the prediction of what you may want to watch next on your video stream. This course gives an overview of many concepts, techniques, and algorithms in modern machine and statistical learning including both supervised and unsupervised learning. Topics include linear regression, classification, cross validation, dimension reduction, nonlinear regression, tree-based methods, support vector machines, principal component analysis, artificial neural networks, and clustering. The course will give students the ideas and intuition behind modern machine and statistical learning methods as well as a more formal understanding of how, why, and when they work. The underlying theme in the course is application of the algorithms to real data sets.
DS405
Computing for Data Science
This course will explore current techniques in computation for data science, including (but not limited to) parallel and distributed coding algorithms and modern programming languages.
DS430
Senior Project
This course will present students with a substantial experience in data analysis. Students will investigate and analyze data from a variety of sources, working both as individuals and in project teams. This serves as a capstone experience for the DS major.
DS499
Senior Thesis
The senior thesis is designed to encourage creative thinking and to stimulate individual research. A student may undertake a thesis in an area in which s/he has the necessary background. Ordinarily a thesis topic is chosen in the student's major or minor. It is also possible to choose an interdisciplinary topic. Interested students should decide upon a thesis topic as early as possible in the junior year so that adequate attention may be given to the project. In order to be eligible to apply to write a thesis, a student must have achieved a cumulative grade point average of at least 3.25 based upon all courses attempted at Carroll College. The thesis committee consists of a director and two readers. The thesis director is a full-time Carroll College faculty member from the student's major discipline or approved by the department chair of the student's major. At least one reader must be from outside the student's major. The thesis director and the appropriate department chair must approve all readers. The thesis committee should assist and mentor the student during the entire project. For any projects involving human participants, each student and his or her director must follow the guidelines published by the Institutional Review Board (IRB). Students must submit a copy of their IRB approval letter with their thesis application. As part of the IRB approval process, each student and his or her director must also complete training by the National Cancer Institute Protection of Human Participants. The thesis is typically to be completed for three (3) credits in the discipline that best matches the content of the thesis. Departments with a designated thesis research/writing course may award credits differently with approval of the Curriculum Committee. If the thesis credits exceed the full-time tuition credit limit for students, the charge for additional credits will be waived. Applications and further information are available in the Registrar's Office. | http://carroll.smartcatalogiq.com/en/2020-2021/Academic-Catalog/Course-Descriptions/DS-Data-Science |
To help middle and high schools and private- and community-based youth sports organizations (YSOs) provide appropriate medical care to secondary-school-aged adolescents in sports, the National Athletic Trainers' Association (NATA) recently issued a Summary Statement calling for schools and YSOs to establish, in consulation with administrators, coaches, parents and athletes, athletic health care teams (AHCTs) to approach the issue of athletic injuries in a comprehensive way.
Students and trainees in the above disciplines.
On-site personnel (sponsoring organization administrators, parents, coaches, athletes) interact with the AHCT through the certified athletic trainers and EMS personnel.
Who Should Be Members of an Athletic Health Care Team?
An athletic health care team (AHCT) allows a comprehensive approach to sports injuries by middle schools, high schools and community-based sports programs by including medical professionals from many disciplines. | https://www.momsteam.com/print/2580 |
Alma Vii is located at the end of a country road, nestled between forest-strewn hills. The scenery – together with the fortified church and the rustic houses – form a picturesque view: like a vision from an illuminated manuscript, a tapestry, or a fairytale.
But the most valuable treasure of Alma Vii is the people – a varied yet harmonious community of ethnicities and personalities who live together, preserving authentic rural customs.
Since 2009 Alma Vii has been part of the MET “Whole Village Project.” This project has restored old building fronts, repaired ancient wooden bridges, and paved the public roads with river rock. The village store has been remodeled to accommodate a traditional rustic wine cellar. The medical clinic has been renovated and a permanent village physician has been brought in.
Alma Vii came into being in the year 1289; it was a free village under the Hungarian Crown. Two centuries later, a church was built, overseeing and protecting the entire village. This building was replaced in the 16th century with a more solid fortified church. In the 19th century, sections of the church was remodeled the late Gothic style. The altar (built in 1852) has four Corinthian columns, plus an architrave topped with a statue of Christ. The lovely Baroque-style organ was installed in 1721.
The legend of the village:
The village of Alma Vii got its name from an ancient legend; the tale of a girl named Helma. Helma lived in a neighboring settlement, but was accused of committing an immoral act – she was chased by a mob of men from her village, up to the edge of the old lake – the men pushed her and drowned for her alleged crime.
Or so it seemed. The mob dispersed, thinking Helma dead. But the girl survived; at first hidden under the water, she then emerged and camouflaged herself in the reeds surrounding the lake. She remained there for weeks and days. Afraid to return home to her village, she built herself a hut by the lake and made her new life there. The present-day village of Alma Vii – with its citadel, orchards, and vineyards, stands on the site of this hut – Alma Vii, or “Helma’s Vineyards.”
The old lake dried out over time, but the place still holds its name – “Olde Woar” (Ancient Lake).
Once famous for its vineyards and orchards, the village of Alma Vii became depopulated during the Saxon exodus of the 1990s. Presently, there are 200 households in Alma Vii, with 390 inhabitants in total. Each house is painted in a distinct color and each façade is decorated with the family seal, along with a date and a saying which refers to an important event in the building’s history. The pathways to the houses have wooden carved bridges, adding to the idyllic scenery.
Most methods of transportation are horse-drawn, although there are now a few tractors. The old traditions remain. Sheep spend all summer outside the village, in the pastures, where shepherds tend to them and return them safely to their masters come wintertime. Hay is still hand-reaped and dried in haystacks, then transported by carriage to the farms and stored in barn attics. Walking through the fields, you can smell the sweet perfume coming from the fruit orchards and admire the grain and vegetable fields that go on as far as the eye can see. Gardens around the houses are also used to grow vegetables, medicinal plants and flowers.
Gallery
What to do
Activities: Transybike - cycling tour
18 saxon villages seen in a 5 days bike tour. Passing through the pleasant countryside and through beautiful forests, like the Breite Ancient Oak Tree Reserve, you will visit old fortified churches, part of UNESCO World Heritage and local craftsmen still using traditional techniques.
Tours: Transybike - cycling tour
5 days
If you choose cycling in Transylvania, Saxonland is a must. It's a fairy place which grabs you in a second. We will cycle through beautiful valleys, rolling hills, chilly forests. Villages of gingerbread houses, fortified churches rest on our route. The Transylvanian Saxon Heritage Trail is one of Romania’s most important touristic attractions, where you can admire the remains of great cultures. Traditional guesthouses, local food and people’s hospitality are one-of-a-kind. Cycle with us and discover Transylvania’s most romantic landscape - Saxonland. | https://www.experiencetransylvania.ro/villages/alma-vii/ |
The diffusion of sensors and devices to generate and collect data is capillary. The infrastructure that envelops the smart city has to react to the contingent situations and to changes in the operating environment. At the same time, the complexity of a distributed system, consisting of huge amounts of components fixed and mobile, can generate unsustainable costs and latencies to ensure robustness, scalability, and reliability, with type architectures middleware. The distributed system must be able to self-organize and self-restore adapting its operating strategies to optimize the use of resources and overall efficiency. Peer-to-peer systems (P2P) can offer solutions to face the requirements of managing, indexing, searching and analyzing data in scalable and self-organizing fashions, such as in cloud services and big data applications, just to mention two of the most strategic technologies for the next years. In this thesis we present G-Grid, a multi-dimensional distributed data indexing able to efficiently execute arbitrary multi-attribute exact and range queries in decentralized P2P environments. G-Grid is a foundational structure and can be effectively used in a wide range of application environments, including grid computing, cloud and big data domains. Nevertheless we proposed some improvements on the basic structure introducing a bit of randomness by using Small World networks, whereas are structures derived from social networks and show an almost uniform traffic distribution. This produced huge advantages in efficiency, cutting maintenance costs, without losing efficacy. Experiments show how this new hybrid structure obtains the best performance in traffic distribution and it a good settlement for the overall performance on the requirements desired in the modern data systems. | http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/7284/ |
One of the key elements to developing a new startup venture is getting one or more mentors. The level of interaction can go from occasional advice to close mentoring on a weekly basis. So why are mentors so important for early-stage entrepreneurs?
1. Taking a glimpse “around the block”
Many startups come from the minds of younger people particularly in the technology space and, although enthusiasm is a great thing, there is no doubt that experience counts for a lot. Pretty much all startup accelerator programs have a mentorship element, as do most university-backed entrepreneurship schemes. Having the advice of someone who has been “around the block” is always useful to a new venture.
2. Opening doors
Perhaps one of the most vital elements of mentorship for early stage ventures is the ability of the mentor to open doors for the new company. Getting in the door with senior executives of larger companies or government can be difficult particularly for younger entrepreneurs, and having a mentor successfully lobby for entrepreneurs to get that first all-important meeting is often vital. A good mentor should be able to help entrepreneurs get past that early barrier.
3. Specific advice
Often I use other mentors other than myself when it comes to particular areas of competence, areas where I would know information but would by no means be an expert. Areas such as legal, accounting or intellectual property are areas where mentors with that particular background can be very helpful to stop entrepreneurs from making mistakes that may take months or years to discover.
4. “Have you ever thought about doing…?”
When I practiced strategy, I would also recommend that the organization use external advisory groups during their deliberations. Having an external “view” enables a good mentor to ask difficult questions about the business plan and in particular elements such as the mission, objectives and ideas that perhaps were overlooked by the entrepreneur. In my own recent mentoring sessions, I have spent a lot of time looking at business models with relevance to areas such as target market segmentation, competitive advantage and value proposition.
5. “Why are you doing…?”
The other side to the coin of asking why isn’t a company looking at a particular segment or solution is to ask why the new company is proposing to do what it is suggesting in the first place. Many times the sheer enthusiasm of doing a new venture can blind entrepreneurs to obvious flaws in the business plan, whether it is a feature/benefit that the customers don’t want or won’t pay for at that price point (the $10,000 mouse trap if you will) or chasing a segment where there are no barriers to entry. I have seen startups use mentors to walk through some of the frameworks that are helpful to startups, such as the Business Model Canvas or the KAUST-developed TechNav technology commercialization roadmap, very successfully.
Overall, the application of the right set of mentors, and often it may be more than one, is vital to the speedy development of a new venture. There are many potential avenues of attracting these people, whether through a university entrepreneurship or innovation center such as what we have in KAUST, one of the incubators in the Kingdom such as Badir or just a friendly business person who wants to help.
Gordon McConnell is head of the KAUST Entrepreneurship Center. He has grown the activities of the center to include a wide range of teaching and learning programs including the Hikma IP accelerator and the REVelate corporate innovation program. Prior to KAUST, he held several management positions in academia, nonprofits and industry, and has developed and taught entrepreneurship and management programs in a number of universities. | https://innovation.kaust.edu.sa/5-reasons-why-mentors-are-important-for-entrepreneurs/ |
Overview C++ for beginners (part 1)
C++ is famous for its steep learning curve, which is not easy for beginners like Python. However, when you are able to use this language, it will help you a lot in your career and set you apart from other developers. You’ll have an easier time picking up new languages, you’ll form real problem-solving skills, and build a solid foundation on the fundamentals of programming and software engineering.
C++ will help you instill good programming habits (i.e. clear and consistent coding style, comment the code as you write it, and limit the visibility of class internals to the outside world), and because there’s hardly any abstraction, you’re required to define just about every attribute to make your code work.
In this post, let’s go through some C++ for beginners. Here’s what we’ll cover today:
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- Brief history of C++
- Overview of C++ tools and software
- Introduction to C++ language and syntax (which is in part 2)
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Let’s get started!
Brief history of C++
Before getting started with C++, we should take a look at its history. It’s the one of the oldest programming languages, so there are many different versions. When you have a sense of its history, it will help to situate you in the community of C++ programmers and give you a sense of its capabilities.
The C++ programming language was invented in 1979 by Bjarne Stroustrup while working on his PhD thesis at Bell Labs. C++ was designed to be an extension of the programming language C, hence its original name, “C with Classes”. Stroustrup’s goal was to add flexibility and OOP (object-oriented programming) to the C language. He included features such as classes, strong type checking, default function arguments, and basic inheritance. The name was changed to C++ in 1983, which derives from the ++ operator.
C++ was released for commercial use in 1985. In 1990, Borland’s Turbo C++ compiler was released, which added many new features. However, not until 1998 was it first standardized, and the version is known as C++98.
This included The Standard Template Library (STL), providing common programming functions and data structures. Based on feedback, the committee revised those standards in 2003, and the updated language was renamed to C++03.
The language saw another revision in 2011 when C++11 was completed. This version includes features such as Regex support, new libraries, new syntax for loops, the auto keyword, and new container classes, amongst other things. Since that time, two more revisions have been released, C++14 and C++17.
Overview of C++ tools and software
In order to properly make C++ programs, you’ll need to be familiar with a few tools and software: a text editor, a C++ compiler, a linker, and libraries.
Text Editors
In order to write a C++ program, you need a text editor. It’s like a blank Microsoft Word document. There are many text editor and some are available in your own computer. You should use a text editor designed for coding, as it’s where you will actually write your code. Some of the most common text editors for C++ developers are:
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- Notepad++: open-access, lightweight, simple
- Atom: free, supports many languages, limited plugins
- Sublime Text: $80, unique features, simple layout
- Bluefish: lightweight, fast, multi-platform, supports many languages
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Compilers
A compiler goes through your source code to accomplish two important tasks: first, it checks that your code follows the C++ language rules; second, it translates your code into an object file. You can use some famous and up to date compilers such as GCC, Clang, and the Visual Studio C++ compiler.
Linker
Once the compiler does its magic, the object file is sent to a linker program which completes three tasks: first, it combines all your object files into a single program; second, it links library files to your program; and third, it exposes any cross-file naming or reference issues.
Libraries
A library is essentially a prepackaged bundle of code that can be reused. The C++ library is called the C++ Standard Library, and this is linked to almost every C++ program. You can also add other libraries to your program if you have needs not met by the C++ Standard Library.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
Many C++ programmers use a C++ IDE instead of a text editor and compiler. An IDE is a one-stop-shop for C++ programming. It includes a text editor, linker, compiler, and libraries. There is no right or wrong compiler to use. It all comes down to your needs and what layout is best for you. You can refer to some of the best C++ IDEs:
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- Code::Blocks: free, in-demand features, plugins by users
- Visual Studio Code: open source, great features, cross-platform
- Eclipse: open source, simple, cross-platform, need to install C++ components
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Conclusion
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Thank you & Happy Training!
Source: educative.io
Related Posts
The latest creative news from Cloud Computing for AI, | https://irendering.net/c-an-overview-for-beginners-part-1/ |
Whether it be ESEA reauthorization, funding for Federal education programs, charter schools and vouchers, standards, technology and e-rate, health, child nutrition and school safety, or many others, there is no shortage of education issues being debated in the halls of Congress or among major decision-makers in Washington, DC. Joining the Federal Policy Coordinators Network allows you to work as a team with your school board and superintendent to influence the policy-making process and to ensure that the decision-makers in Washington, D.C., know how these polices will impact your school district.
Get direct access to our lobbyists in Washington, D.C.
Learn about current federal legislation and regulations.
Share your school district’s concerns and suggestions about pending policy decisions with NSBA's lobbyists in Washington, D.C.
Receive “inside the beltway” interpretations of regulations and implementation strategies for your school district.
Secure access to billion of federal dollars in grants.
Reach NSBA staff to get answers quickly to questions about key education policies. | https://www.nsba.org/services/federal-policy-coordinators-network |
Just because you live in an apartment or other space that doesn’t have a yard, it doesn’t mean you can’t grow your own outdoor summer flowers, herbs or vegetables. It just means you need to be a bit creative in how you go about doing it, particularly if you’re in a congested urban environment, like New York City, for example. If you live near a community garden with available space, that may be an easy solution, especially if you are also seeking camaraderie from fellow gardeners. Otherwise, you need to consider container gardening in or proximate to your living space.
Don’t let the fact that you may be new to the world of gardening scare you. Anybody can grow just about anything, armed with a little knowledge and confidence. And while full sunlight is crucial for many plants, though there are some beautiful shade-loving varieties you can grow instead. However, what’s not optional is water; plants need water, though there are self-watering containers available which can ease the burden on those with busy schedules.
Where to Grow the Garden?
Before you can decide what to grow, you need to figure out what space and conditions you have available for that purpose. Possibilities include:
- Terrace or porch
- Fire escape
- Windows that support flower boxes.
- Roof top
- Walkway/alleyway
- Outside wall space
If you have multiple options, it makes sense to choose the sunniest spot to maximize your plant possibilities. Please be aware that exposed, windy locations are not ideal.
What do you Want to Grow?
Next, what do you want to grow in the space available? Here are a few examples of favorite plants that are easy to grow in pots—sorted by different light conditions. Bear in mind there are thousands of plants from which to choose, depending on where you live, so you should do your own research and due diligence to learn more. If possible, you may also want to consider flowering plants that attract pollinators important to our environment.
Full Sun (more than 6 hours/day)
Herbs: Basil, rosemary, cilantro, thyme, oregano, dill, sage
Veggies & Fruit: Tomatoes, zucchini, peppers, spinach, cucumbers, radishes, kale
Annual Flowers: Geraniums, daisies, marigolds, sunflowers, blanket flowers, zinnias, asters
Note: “Cool weather” leafy plants such as lettuce, arugula and chard can be grown in an area that doesn’t quite get full sun. Lettuce prefers coolish temperatures and grows best in spring and fall.
Partial Sun (3-4 hours/day)
Herbs: Parsley, mint, chives
Veggies & Fruits: Blueberries, alpine strawberries,
Annual Flowers: Nasturtiums, snapdragons, forget-me-not, baby blue eyes, bachelor’s buttons
Full Shade
Colorful Plants & Flowers: Coleus, hydrangea, ivy, fuchsia
Whatever venue and plants you choose, we recommend starting out small at first so you have a manageable inventory of plants to care for, increasing your chances for success. In addition, you should take notes and snap photos so you can learn from your mistakes and build on your knowledge next spring.
One thing you might want to consider is planting a succession of early, mid and late season “crops”, thereby ensuring a pleasing steady harvest schedule. Check out our popular herb and vegetable collections for additional ideas.
Choosing Containers for Plants
You’re undoubtedly familiar with the ubiquitous terra cotta planters you see everywhere and might be tempted to use them yourself. While we agree they’re certainly attractive, we think there are better, choices which won’t dry out as quickly and aren’t as heavy. Containers made out of wood are also attractive and don’t dry out like terra cotta, but they are relatively heavy as well and don’t last over time. A good alternative is recycled plastic containers designed to look like ceramic or fabric pots. It should go without saying that the container should have drainage holes in the bottom and should have an appropriately sized saucer underneath to retain and return excess water.
As mentioned earlier in this piece, there are self-watering container systems available which make a lot of sense, particularly for people with erratic schedules. Using them, not only do you ensure your plants’ roots get consistent moisture, you can avoid overwatering which can be as problematic as letting plants dry out.
Depending on what plants you have decided to grow, the size and shape of your containers is very important. Vegetables require larger, deeper containers; herbs can be planted in smaller containers. Lettuce is very shallow-rooted so it would be best in a shallow, broad container. The bigger the better, is our recommendation, depending on your space limitations. Instructions printed on your seed packets provide information on the plants’ space requirements. It’s a fun—and helpful way to discourage pests in some cases—to mix plants together, but make sure you do your homework first. For example, you can plant basil in with your tomatoes to repel flies and mosquitoes. Any herbs work well to protect lettuce as well. Some veggies don’t go well together, however, such as carrots and fennel.
Potting Soil & Fertilizer
For best results, use a commercial organic potting mix designed to retain moisture, with a some compost mixed in. You will also need to add some fertilizer at planting time; we recommend a granular, all purpose organic formulation. From there on out, the plants will benefit from weekly feedings with a water soluble fertilizer. Remember, planting in containers is different than planting in soil that has been enriched by native organic material and organisms; you are the sole supplier of necessary nutrients to the container.
Container Gardening: Pleasing Payoff
Container gardening sounds cool and looks cool when you see or hear about other people doing it. And, once you have planted a few containers of your own, you will realize that it IS cool—and very gratifying. The feeling of being able to grow some of your own food is hard to put in words—maybe because it touches some primal urge, or at least elicits a measure of indescribable pride. | https://how-to-garden.bentleyseeds.com/container-gardening/ |
The business community has lauded the Sarawak government’s decision to lower power tariffs of up to 50% from June 1. The significant reduction will benefit some 86,600 commercial and industrial consumers of state utility body, Syarikat Sesco Bhd.
In announcing the power tariff cut on Wednesday, Chief Minister Tan Sri Adenan Satem said 46,000 commercial consumers, like shophouses, retail shops and commercial blocks, would enjoy a reduction of 15%-50% while a further 30,500 users between 8% and 11%. The remaining 9,000 consumers, which include shopping malls, building and construction sites, ports as well as oil and gas installations, will get an average of 4% cut.
For industrial consumers, he said about 980 of them would enjoy a 4% to 40% reduction while a further 125 consumers would pay an average of 2% less in their bills from next month.
Some 240,000 domestic consumers are already benefitting from up to 40% power tariff reduction from Jan 1.
Adenan said the downward revision of the tariffs was meant to assist the business community, especially the smaller players and entrepreneurs, in the face of rising operational costs.
He said the revision of power tariffs had been made possible as the government was projected to collect about RM100mil in water royalty from the Batang Ai, Bakun and Murum hydroelectricity dams, and its ability to sell the power to particularly energy-intensive industries.
Sarawak Chamber of Commerce and Industry (SCCI) president Datuk Abang Karim Tun Openg described the rates in commercial and industrial tariff reduction as “very meaningful”.
“We are happy with the Chief Minister’s announcement. We believe the tariff reduction is a big help to commercial owners and industrialists. It will give a big boost to small and medium enterprises and will make them more competitive,” he told StarBiz yesterday.
Abang Karim said manufactuers were faced with a constant increase in production costs, like higher wages, so the move was a big help.
Sarawak Manufacturers Association honorary president Chai Foh Chin said the tariff reduction was “significant”, adding that the lower energy cost would help the manufacturing sector a great deal.
“It is a very positive move. We welcome it,” said the former long-serving association president and secretary.
Cahya Mata Sarawak Bhd (CMS) group managing director Datuk Richard Curtis said the state government’s move to bring down the tariffs was much appreciated.
“As the cost of producing energy has come down (due to the commissioning of mega hydroelectric dams, like the 2,400MW Bakun and 944MW Murum), it is appropriate for Sesco to pass the cost savings to consumers,” he added. | https://sarawakblogs.com/2015/05/05/sarawak-business-community-welcomes-lower-power-tariffs/ |
Trustcore Financial Services LLC bought a new position in shares of Royce Value Trust Inc. (NYSE:RVT) in the 3rd quarter, Holdings Channel.com reports. The institutional investor bought 1,900 shares of the financial services provider’s stock, valued at approximately $34,000.
Several other institutional investors and hedge funds have also made changes to their positions in RVT. Bank of America Corp DE boosted its holdings in shares of Royce Value Trust by 6.9% in the 2nd quarter. Bank of America Corp DE now owns 3,930,474 shares of the financial services provider’s stock worth $74,561,000 after acquiring an additional 252,504 shares in the last quarter. Raymond James Financial Services Advisors Inc. lifted its holdings in Royce Value Trust by 11.4% during the 3rd quarter. Raymond James Financial Services Advisors Inc. now owns 1,433,278 shares of the financial services provider’s stock worth $25,828,000 after buying an additional 146,843 shares in the last quarter. Commonwealth Equity Services LLC lifted its holdings in Royce Value Trust by 56.7% during the 3rd quarter. Commonwealth Equity Services LLC now owns 272,976 shares of the financial services provider’s stock worth $4,919,000 after buying an additional 98,780 shares in the last quarter. Parametric Portfolio Associates LLC lifted its holdings in Royce Value Trust by 3.5% during the 2nd quarter. Parametric Portfolio Associates LLC now owns 2,575,848 shares of the financial services provider’s stock worth $48,864,000 after buying an additional 85,920 shares in the last quarter. Finally, Shaker Financial Services LLC lifted its stake in shares of Royce Value Trust by 26.6% in the 3rd quarter. Shaker Financial Services LLC now owns 300,394 shares of the financial services provider’s stock valued at $5,413,000 after purchasing an additional 63,134 shares during the period. 27.52% of the stock is currently owned by institutional investors and hedge funds.
Get Royce Value Trust alerts:
RVT stock opened at $19.56 on Wednesday. The company has a fifty day moving average of $19.08. Royce Value Trust Inc. has a twelve month low of $15.79 and a twelve month high of $20.00.
The company also recently disclosed a quarterly dividend, which was paid on Thursday, December 23rd. Investors of record on Monday, December 13th were given a $0.48 dividend. This represents a $1.92 dividend on an annualized basis and a dividend yield of 9.82%. The ex-dividend date was Friday, December 10th.
Royce Value Trust Company Profile
Royce Value Trust Inc is a close ended equity mutual fund launched and managed by Royce & Associates, LLC. It invests in the public equity markets of the United States. The fund spreads its investments across diversified sectors. It invests in value oriented stocks of small cap and micro cap companies. | |
Baylor medical students successfully launched the Baylor College of Medicine Human Rights and Asylum Clinic on July 20 to help meet a growing need in the Houston area.
The students belong to Physicians for Human Rights at Baylor College of Medicine (PHR-BCM), a student chapter of the national organization that facilitates a network of health professionals and clinics to provide evaluations for asylum seekers. Through referrals from PHR, the Baylor student-run clinic provides free forensic evaluations for individuals seeking asylum in the United States. The clients are from all around the globe, with recent cases from Honduras, El Salvador and Ethiopia.
“There is a large need for these evaluations in Houston,” said Gary Liu, co-director of clinical operations and third-year medical student at Baylor. “We’re such a diverse city, and various people were approaching our physicians for this. We’re able to serve different populations within Houston itself.”
These human rights clinics do not mirror a traditional hospital or outpatient setting and do not provide treatment; the focus is only on completing a forensic evaluation for those going through the asylum process. Asylum seekers are first paired with lawyers who document their traumatic experiences, then connected by PHR’s national team with a clinician to conduct an evaluation of the evidence of trauma, either physical, psychological, or both. The evaluation is prepared as an affidavit and included as part of a legal document that is presented to a judge who determines if a person is granted asylum. Medical students play a major role in the evaluation process by acting as scribes during the assessment and, after the encounter, helping the clinician draft the affidavit.
“When you encounter these stories, it’s quite heartbreaking,” Liu said. “We’re just doing our best in terms of providing a thorough evaluation that can be of great benefit in their asylum case.”
Students also promote PHR and help recruit their peers into the organization. In March, they hosted a Baylor-PHR joint forensic evaluation training, where Baylor faculty and trainees as well as mental health professionals from across the Houston area learned how to conduct mental and physical health forensic evaluations.
“We hope to have human rights workshop discussions and different events where people can discuss the role of the physician as an advocate outside of the clinic,” said Sally Huang, executive director of PHR-BCM and fourth-year medical student at Baylor.
Most clients are not connected to medical and mental healthcare, so the outreach coordinators provide referrals to mental health services and resources to set them up with a primary care provider.
“Dr. Banu, Dr. Fredricks and Dr. Stolar spent a lot of time setting up the asylum clinic, and we are thankful to be able to benefit from the work faculty has already done in addressing the logistical and legal aspects of the clinic,” Huang said.
Students and clinicians perform thorough evaluations monthly at the Alliance, a Houston nonprofit organization. Evaluations take three to four hours to conduct. For more information, please contact [email protected].
PHR-BCM Student Executive Board:
Sally Huang – Executive Director
Kaitlyn Carlson – Co-Executive Director
Brian Donley – Co-Director of Clinical Operations
Gary Liu – Co-Director of Clinical Operations
Connor Hoch – Co-Director of Organizational Operations
Erica Ding – Co-Director of Organizational Operations
Preeya Bhavsar – Co-Director of Outreach
Faheem Bilal – Co-Director of Outreach
Faculty: | https://bcmfamily.bcm.edu/2019/09/05/medical-students-launch-human-rights-and-asylum-clinic/ |
Tint white fondant yellow. Add 1/4 teaspoon Gum-Tex to 3 oz. yellow fondant; roll into a 6 x 3/4 in. diameter log and shape into handle. Insert lollipop sticks on each end of handle. Let dry overnight. Wrap remaining fondant to keep it soft until ready to cover your cake.
2
Preheat oven to 350°F. Spray two 6 x 3 in. round baking pans with vegetable pan spray. In large bowl, combine cake mix, coffee, oil and egg whites with electric mixer on low speed until moistened; beat at medium speed 2 minutes. Add hazelnuts and blend. Pour into prepared pans. Bake 40-45 minutes or until toothpick inserted in center comes out clean. Cool in pan on wire rack 10 minutes. Remove from pan to cooling grid; cool completely.
3
Arrange cake on
foil-covered cake circle; prepare for
covering with rolled fondant by icing lightly with buttercream. Roll out reserved fondant to 1/4 in. thick; cover cake. Smooth, using Fondant Smoother if desired. For top and bottom borders, roll two 20 x 3/8 in. diameter logs; attach with damp brush.
4
For message, roll out pastel fondant 1/8 in. thick. Cut letters with Cut-Outs; attach to cake with damp brush. Cut circles from a variety of fondant colors using small and large openings of tip 12; attach to cake sides with damp brush. Tint piping gel brown for "coffee"; place on cake top using cut disposable bag or carefully spoon onto cake top and spread evenly. Insert fondant handle in cake side. | https://www.wilton.com/mega-mug-a-inchjoeinch-cake/WLPROJ-5566.html |
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Spring is here and the warmer weather and fresh breeze that come with Spring make for the perfect weather to go for a riverside walk along Sumida River and take some time away from the hustle and bustle of the city.
Sumida River probably has one of the longest and most famous river banks that you can visit in Tokyo, and guess what? It doesn’t cost a penny to visit all day every day!
There are also several other famous tourist spots you can stop by in the area. You can directly spot the famous Tokyo Sky Tree from the other side of the river and you have a perfect view of the city.
We’ve summed up our favorite riverside spot in Tokyo, which is perfect for a one-day trip.
1. Easy Access to Sumida River From Asakusa
The main gate is about a 5-minute walk from Asakusa station, which makes it a very convenient stop after a visit to Asakusa’s Senso-Ji Temple.
If you walk straight towards the river right from the main gate of Senso-Ji temple, you can find the Sumida Riverside walking path or parks along the river.
Photo credit: Canva
If you have come by car, the easiest way to get there is to park in a parking area located along the part of the Sumida River that runs through Asakusa.
Bicycles, scooters, and skateboards are all allowed along the riverbank, so you don’t have to worry about bike parking and should be able to enjoy the ride along the riverside.
2. Many Restaurants and Coffee Stops
Strolling around the riverside will take you past many restaurants and coffee shops.
Several well-known coffee shops have opened up right next to the river, with beautiful and comfortable interiors, which allow customers to sit and enjoy the beauty of Sumida River.
Some restaurants and snack stops even have outside chairs that face directly towards the river with a view of Tokyo Skytree right across from them.
If you want to be closer to the park, there are some coffee shops or snack stops right next to the park, such as Tully’s Coffee or smaller local shops.
It is important to remember that restaurants and coffee shops will be very crowded during the late afternoon due to the large number of visitors, so please note that you need a bit of patience and luck to find the best spot to enjoy the view.
3. Children’s Playground Available Along Sumida River
If you are planning to take the whole family, don’t worry! There are many children’s playgrounds along the river.
One of the biggest is Sumida Koen (隅田公園) in Taito city, which has a large choice of play apparatus for children. There are giant slides, swings, climbing frames, and an interesting see-saw, amongst many other things.
There will be a lot of kids playing around from the neighborhood or local kindergartens. But this means that the park will be an exciting playground for your kids to stave off their boredom!
Not far from the central park are some snack stops you can try while your children are playing in the playground. Located right next to the river, you will not miss out on the beauty of the riverside scenery!
4. Many Shopping Centers
Aside from the beautiful scenery, culinary options, and children’s playgrounds, Sumida Riverside also has several shopping centers.
There are several shopping centers along the riverbank, so it’s easy for visitors to stop by and go in for some quick shopping or even just to do some window shopping by the river.
5. Best Place to Go for Sakura Season
Another reason to visit Sumida riverbank is that it is brightened by the touch of pink Sakura during the Spring!
The banks of Sumida River are overgrown with beautiful cherry trees, making for a welcome addition to the great environment for those who just want to go for a walk along the riverside.
Photo credit: Canva
The Sumida riverside will always be one of the most outstanding tourist favorite destinations to take pictures of Sakura with the beautiful scenery of Tokyo Sky Tree.
The Sakura usually blooms until the end of April, so you will still have the chance to visit and take a look at the impressive portraits.
Usually, besides the Sakura Season, Sumida riverside is also following any Japanese traditional season or festivals; there will be many events in some spots of the Sumida river, so make sure not to miss any dates of the special days!
Have a Memorable Visit, and Don’t Miss Out on The Best Riverside Spot in Tokyo
Considering all of the beautiful scenery and other great activities that you can do alongside the river, Sumida River is the perfect destination for you to take your friends or family when the weather is good or on the weekend!
With a wide range of choices on what to do near Sumida River, you and your friends or family will be able to have a memorable time on a bright sunny day with the cherry blossoms blooming behind you.
Enjoy!
Devy Mufliha,
Indonesia
Related Articles: | https://guidable.co/things_to_do/sumida-river-the-best-riverside-spot-in-tokyo/ |
Press release from the issuing company
How a company handles risks says a lot about internal culture. There are those businesses that prefer to pretend risk does not exist. They rarely discuss risks, they do not have risk mitigation strategies in place, and overall they treat discussion of risks as a sign of weaknesses. Within such an environment employees are not encouraged to express their concern about the possible failure of the task or a project. In some extreme exemples, even when staff members realize that they are heading in the wrong direction, they keep the course anyway. Managers meanwhile are either not convinced that there is an issue or remain in the dark about the problems.
When the consultant identifies potential risks of the project during the survey and brings them to the attention of the client, the client’s team often ignores the risks, insisting that it’s not a big deal, and as a result does not take time to properly work on mitigation strategy. When it comes to the risks associated with client’s staff being resistant to changes when implementing a new ERP, this usually goes like this: “We’re not going to worry about improving the team’s willingness and effectiveness to work on this project; We don't think we need to spend our time convincing our employees how important this project is for our business. When the time comes- we will solve everything by executive action and achieve compliance by the agreed deadline.”
Often, the consultants try to do whatever they can to mitigate the negative consequences of the risks from their end of the project. In particular, they develop various KPI and exception reports, regularly execute them and analyze the results. Monitoring KPI’s and various risk statuses gives implementers additional measures of project health and yet-outstanding risk factors. It also provides a timely warning system, to notify the client about the risks that actually did materialize and require immediate attention now.
Types of risks in ERP implementation
There are 5 typical risks involved in ERP implementation projects:
Scheduling mistakes;
Changes in requirements (scope creep);
Changes in project team composition;
Low productivity at all stages (requirements gathering, development, user acceptance testing, document approval, etc);
The client’s employees that refuse to work within the changed processes and sabotage new procedures in small but meaningful ways.
Risk of sabotage by the customer’s team
The most common challenge is sabotage by the client’s team. This translates into breaking the system by either performing the wrong steps or actions or by not performing the correct ones. The majority of automated systems require their users to do very specific activities in terms of task timing or data collection:
Enter or scan only invoice numbers and nothing else;
When driving forklift through RFID gate stop on red & drive only on green
Apply a barcode label to each box being received
Generate PO’s based on replenishment reports
However, no system can automate absolutely everything and users do have much to handle. A person who doesn’t want to work in the new system aims to prove that the system is bad. Such individual will have plenty of opportunities to imitate the incorrect operation of the system by entering incorrect or invalid data, performing tasks out of order and so on.
The more users of the system are in the state of indecision, indifference, frustration, or outright sabotage - the less chances there are for the project to become a success story. And of course, the worst case would be when the person who’s in charge of project implementation on the customer’s side is not on board with this project. Although this never happens to me personally, we all hear stories from colleagues at conventions and ERP summits. And it seems that this kind of situation does happen from time to time. Every so often the individual, who’s appointed on the client’s side to be the head of the project, is not convinced that it's needed or sees the new system as a threat to his own position within the company. When this happens, I’m convinced that chances of the successful implementation would be low to none.
Risk of low productivity
This risk can take various forms, both- on the side of client’s team and on the consultant’s side. On the client’s side, for instance, a requirements gathering is taking longer because not all of the stakeholders can be present for the requirements gathering or cannot agree on the solution that satisfies all stakeholders. Or the document signing stage may get stalled, due to resource availability. UAT testing often gets delayed or slow moving or both due to department’s staff being short handed or having an increased amount of regular work to process.
On the contractor’s side there might be delays due to staff availability or maybe the cascading delays cause the development team to execute tasks out of order. To eliminate these risks, and to assure that development is not sitting around waiting for the action from the client’s side, the project manager works daily with the team members and sets out sprints to achieve the full workload and optimal speed of delivery. The results are assessed by the quality criteria and by means of test cases.
Risk of changes in project team composition
This next risk lies in changes in the project team structure. People take sick leaves, resign or leave projects for other reasons. Until a new team member is recruited, the project slows down or even stops. The negative consequences of this challenge are mitigated by copiously recording the team’s progress, so that the new employee spends the least possible time entering the information field of the project. On the client’s side this means all of the business processes need to be carefully documented and staff training sessions are recorded in video format to simplify future training.
Risk of scheduling mistakes
Let’s consider the following example. The implementation team expected the warehouse equipment to arrive within two weeks, but because of the pandemic it took two months instead. The plan was based on an optimistic vision and now the situation must be handled by the project manager. Mitigation strategy might be to switch working on other areas of implementation until warehouse hardware is delivered.
The scheduling mistakes do not happen only due to pandemic, they can arise from much more benign things. For instance, the parties didn’t specify clearly the time of the client’s employees’ vacations. Scheduling mistakes can also lead to cascading delays- due to extended time it took to agree on the requirements it seems that delivery of the module will now happen 3 weeks later - this will push UAT to start at the beginning of the busy season, further delaying the project by an additional 3-4 more weeks.
To avoid scheduling mistakes, all project participants should engage in proactive control of the schedules.
Risk of changes in requirements
When any new requirements arise in the process of work, the risk of the project boundaries extension appears. At the beginning of the project, customers normally do not have the complete knowledge of all the business processes that will be affected. ERPs are implemented in large businesses, and on such a wide scale some details are often missed.
Conclusion
Enterprise Resource Planning systems are complex, large, and mission critical. New ERP Implementation projects require careful planning, risk analysis and risk mitigation development. ERP implementation in general and ERP Automation projects specifically bring additional levels of complexity and often lead to discovery of unforseen aspects of the project. Cascading delays can really hurt project timeline and make otherwise successful project delivery seem as a complete failure.
Risk management on the ERP Implementation is not optional, but rather a critical piece of the project that is there to ensure that the implementation is deemed a success. Remember that the customer’s refusal to acknowledge risks does not exclude the possibility of their occurrence.
About Author
Greg is a President at FiduciaSoft, the company he founded in 2015. As a provider of custom software development services, FiduciaSoft helps small and medium-sized businesses keep up with the times. Prior to founding his company, Greg has been working in logistics, manufacturing, and retail businesses as an IT consultant for over a decade and a half.
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I have been working as a textile artist for over 20 years and have authored four books and many articles; I offer a breadth of teaching and mentoring experience in the field of mixed media, fibre art, textiles and embroidery. I enjoy in working with many varied media, enjoying incorporating unusual materials into my textiles.
I create work which is imbued with personal references. The pieces are rarely representational, but whatever their form I am looking for an emotive response from the viewer. My aim is to be at once personal, disconcerting and fascinating.
Natural Layers
Let’s take inspiration from geological layers, geodes and agates, the variety of patterns and layers in these give us great pattern sources and a chance to get to grips with metal, metal mesh and some straightforward design techniques in 2 and 3-D. We will observe, make patterns, rip papers, stitch down, add textures then progress to metal, metal fabrics and stitch. We will combine metal fabric, needle felting, machine stitching, scrunch, pleat, paint, burn and more to create our surfaces and from these create a textured hanging or
3-dimensional vessel or sculpture. We will explore a selection of interesting hand stitches and wires for the detailing. Machine and hand stitch. | http://www.fibrearts.jigsy.com/alysn-midgelow-marsden |
In Asia and the United States identified a new disease, which causes symptoms that are very similar to AIDS, but that has nothing to do with HIV. This disturbing news reported «New England Journal of Medicine».
Epidemiologists do not yet know how to treat a mysterious illness. Dr. Sarah Brown (Sarah Browne) of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases says that the patients had symptoms of immune deficiency, as well as people with HIV infection, but the new disease is not contagious.
Scientists do not exclude the possibility that the disease may cause some unknown microbes, but so far everything indicates that an unknown disease is not transmitted from person to cheloveku.Novoe disease occurs only in adults, most often around the age of 50 years. We also learned that the disease is not hereditary and not the result of genetic mutations. Death occurs due to excessive accumulation of infection in the body, which the body can not cope with a weakened immune system.
In Asia, the disease is most common in Thailand and Taiwan, but foci were found in Vietnam. Some patients are now being treated at the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. One of the patients of this center — 62-year-old Vietnamese Nguyen Kim from Tennessee. When she arrived, her body was relaxed, there was no appetite, she lost a third of body weight, it suffers from headaches, nausea and fainting.
However, after a year of treatment, it could spasti.Novaya disease attacks the body differently than the HIV virus that causes AIDS. Unknown bacterium breaks regulatory T cells which retain the immune system from attacking its own tissues, resulting in the patient's immune system is completely destroyed.
Having surveyed more than 200 people in Thailand and Taiwan, Dr. Brown concluded that in addition a new disease inhibits gamma-interferon, which also plays an important role in the human immune system (prevents immune cells when the body are pathogenic microbes).
As a result, the effect is very similar to the destructive "work" of the HIV virus: the patient loses all resistance to the effects of micro-organisms — viruses, bacteria and parasites. But most of all the organism is susceptible to attacks acid-fast bacilli (such as those that cause tuberculosis).
Unfortunately, the treatment of diseases mysterious antibiotics are not always effective. Some doctors try to treat patients with anti-cancer drugs, but even if such a patient and be able to save, the disease becomes chronic when a person's immune system is weakened steadily. | https://survincity.com/2010/10/a-new-disease-similar-to-aids/ |
“Sovereign Wealth Funds” Towards a Structural Shift in World Financial Order
On October 11, the International Working Group of Sovereign Wealth Funds (IWG) released the Generally Accepted Principles and Practices (GAPP) that would guide the governance and accountability framework of sovereign wealth funds.
The IWG was set up in May 2008 in the wake of widespread fears across the western world that investments by sovereign wealth funds (SWFs) are largely influenced by strategic and political objectives rather than commercial interests. These fears sparked a heated debate within the western world about the extent to which SWFs should be allowed to invest in domestic markets.
At the initiative of G-7, the IMF was asked to develop a set of voluntary principles for the SWFs. The IMF, in turn, established the IWG with sovereign funds and recipient countries to carry forward the task.
Though SWFs have been around for decades, it is only recently that they have attracted much attention. With an estimated $3 trillion in assets, they are investment funds owned and managed directly or indirectly by governments. They may be funded by foreign exchange reserves, commodity exports, the proceeds of privatisations and fiscal surpluses. The SWFs manage foreign exchange assets separately from official reserves. They are set up to diversify and improve the return on foreign exchange reserves or commodity revenue, besides protecting the domestic economy from fluctuations in international commodity prices.
The GAPP contains 24 principles covering a wide range of issues from legal framework to governance structure to investment policies and risk management of SWFs. Since the principles are voluntary in nature, their actual implementation would be dependent on member-countries. The IWG has also proposed to establish a formation committee that would explore the creation of a permanent international body on SWFs.
One major issue which cut across every principle of GAPP is transparency and public disclosure. True, some SWFs (particularly from the Middle East) are opaque and reveal little information. But there are some SWFs (such as Norway’s Government Pension Fund), which are very transparent. There are very few non-SWFs and institutional investors that can match up to the high standards of transparency, governance and accountability of the Norwegian SWF.
The varying degree of transparency among the sovereign wealth funds have to be viewed in their specific national context. It is hardly surprising that opaque governments tend to operate opaque SWFs. It is not that all other investment funds and financial institutional (barring SWFs) are more transparent in these countries. Though both Saudi Arabia and Norway operate SWFs, their transparency, governance and accountability standards are hugely different due to their distinct historical, cultural, political, legal and institutional contexts. In some Middle East countries, even basic national statistics are not made public.
Increasingly, SWFs are becoming more transparent and accountable. Many of them are conducting external audits, hiring external managers and regularly publishing financial information. However, improvements in the transparency and governance will come gradually and organically. One should not expect all SWFs to adopt higher standards of transparency and governance overnight.
The demand for increased transparency of SWFs by western countries lacks credibility in the light of poor levels of transparency and governance standards of big private investors. Singling out SWFs for their opaqueness but overlooking similar (or even greater) levels of secrecy and unaccountability enjoyed by hedge funds, private equity funds and investment banks exposes the double-standards the western policymakers. In principle, all financial institutions (public or private) should be transparent. Why single out sovereign wealth funds?
The second issue underlying the GAPP pertains to the threat to market instability. Till date, not a single incident of sovereign funds destabilising financial markets has come into public notice. On the contrary, a number of factors suggest that SWFs could exert a stabilising influence on global financial markets. First, unlike hedge funds, SWFs do not use excessive leverage to amplify market positions and returns.
Second, SWFs are typically patient investors with long-term investment horizons. The shifts in their currency or asset portfolios happen gradually over a longer period. Third, the funding source of SWFs is fairly stable which makes them less sensitive to market volatility. Fourth, unlike hedge funds and mutual funds, SWFs are not prone to sudden withdrawals by investors, which could force them to liquidate their positions quickly. Fifth, given their stable funding source, SWFs could go against market trends as witnessed during the ongoing credit crisis. By injecting billions of dollars into ailing western banks, the SWFs acted as counter-cyclical investors.
Sixth, the SWFs contribute to the economic stability in their home countries by acting as a buffer against volatile commodity prices and mitigating ‘Dutch disease’ effects. The third major component of GAPP addresses non-commercial objectives of SWFs. Though Principle 19 falls short of an explicit pledge not to invest for non-commercial purposes, it calls upon funds to publicly disclose investment decisions ‘subject to other than economic and financial considerations.’
So far there is not a single instance of mischievous behaviour by SWFs. The overwhelming majority of sovereign funds are passive investors. In cases where SWFs undertake direct investments, they do not seek controlling interests. Even the large-scale direct investments made by SWFs in the US and European banks during 2007-08 are minor in ownership with no special rights or board representation. Additionally, host countries have adequate legal instruments to block any foreign investments that may potentially threaten national security.
Will the GAPP succeed in removing fears in the recipient countries? It is too early to judge. Nevertheless, the rise of SWFs not only reflects the global imbalances, more importantly, it represents a structural shift in the international financial system with the comparative decline of west and the growing financial clout of developing world. | https://www.globalresearch.ca/sovereign-wealth-funds-towards-a-structural-shift-in-world-financial-order/10904 |
ESA's Rosetta spacecraft has made the first in situ detection of oxygen molecules outgassing from a comet, a surprising observation that suggests they were incorporated into the comet during its formation.
Rosetta has been studying Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko for over a year and has detected an abundance of different gases pouring from its nucleus. Water vapour, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are the most prolific, with a rich array of other nitrogen-, sulphur- and carbon-bearing species, and even 'noble gases' also recorded.
Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the Universe, but the simplest molecular version of the gas, O2, has proven surprisingly hard to track down, even in star-forming clouds, because it is highly reactive and readily breaks apart to bind with other atoms and molecules.
For example, oxygen atoms can combine with hydrogen atoms on cold dust grains to form water, or a free oxygen split from O2 by ultraviolet radiation can recombine with an O2 molecule to form ozone (O3).
Despite its detection on the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn, O2 had been missing in the inventory of volatile species associated with comets until now.
"We weren't really expecting to detect O2 at the comet and in such high abundance because it is so chemically reactive, so it was quite a surprise," says Kathrin Altwegg of the University of Bern, and principal investigator of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis instrument, ROSINA.
"It's also unanticipated because there aren't very many examples of the detection of interstellar O2. And thus, even though it must have been incorporated into the comet during its formation, this is not so easily explained by current Solar System formation models."
The team analysed more than 3000 samples collected around the comet between September 2014 and March 2015 to identify the O2. They determined an abundance of 110% relative to H2O, with an average value of 3.80 0.85%, an order of magnitude higher than predicted by models describing the chemistry in molecular clouds.
The amount of molecular oxygen detected showed a strong relationship to the amount of water measured at any given time, suggesting that their origin on the nucleus and release mechanism are linked. By contrast, the amount of O2 seen was poorly correlated with carbon monoxide and molecular nitrogen, even though they have a similar volatility to O2. In addition, no ozone was detected.
Over the six-month study period, Rosetta was inbound towards the Sun along its orbit, and orbiting as close as 1030 km from the nucleus. Despite the decreasing distance to the Sun, the O2/H2O ratio remained constant over time, and it also did not change with Rosetta's longitude or latitude over the comet.
In more detail, the O2/H2O ratio was seen to decrease for high H2O abundances, an observation that might be influenced by surface water ice produced in the observed daily sublimationcondensation process.
The team explored the possibilities to explain the presence and consistently high abundance of O2 and its relationship to water, as well as the lack of ozone, by first considering photolysis and radiolysis of water ice over a range of timescales.
In photolysis, photons break bonds between molecules, whereas radiolysis involves more energetic photons or fast electrons and ions depositing energy into ice and ionising molecules a process observed on icy moons in the outer Solar System, and in Saturn's rings. Either process can, in principle, lead to the formation and liberation of molecular oxygen.
Radiolysis will have operated over the billions of years that the comet spent in the Kuiper Belt and led to the build-up of O2 to a few metres depth. But these top layers must all have been removed in the time since the comet moved into its inner Solar System orbit, ruling this out as the source of the O2 seen today.
More recent generation of O2 via radiolysis and photolysis by solar wind particles and UV photons should only have occurred in the top few micrometres of the comet.
"But if this was the primary source of the O2 then we would have expected to see a decrease in the O2/H2O ratio as this layer was removed during the six-month timespan of our observations," says Andre Bieler of the University of Michigan and lead author of the paper describing the new results in the journal Nature this week.
"The instantaneous generation of O2 also seems unlikely, as that should lead to variable O2 ratios under different illumination conditions. Instead, it seems more likely that primordial O2 was somehow incorporated into the comet's ices during its formation, and is being released with the water vapour today."
In one scenario, gaseous O2 would first be incorporated into water ice in the early protosolar nebula stage of our Solar System. Chemical models of protoplanetary discs predict that high abundances of gaseous O2 could be available in the comet forming zone, but rapid cooling from temperatures above 173C to less than 243C would be required to form water ice with O2 trapped on dust grains. The grains would then have to be incorporated into the comet without being chemically altered.
"Other possibilities include the Solar System being formed in an unusually warm part of a dense molecular cloud, at temperatures of 1020C above the 263C or so typically expected for such clouds," says Ewine van Dishoeck of Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands, co-author of the paper.
"This is still consistent with estimates for the comet formation conditions in the outer solar nebula, and also with previous findings at Rosetta's comet regarding the low abundance of N2."
Alternatively, radiolysis of icy dust grains could have taken place prior to the comet's accretion into a larger body. In this case, the O2 would remain trapped in the voids of the water ice on the grains while the hydrogen diffused out, preventing the reformation of O2 to water, and resulting in an increased and stable level of O2 in the solid ice.
Incorporation of such icy grains into the nucleus could explain the observed strong correlation with H2O observed at the comet today.
"Regardless of how it was made, the O2 was also somehow protected during the accretion stage of the comet: this must have happened gently to avoid the O2 being destroyed by further chemical reactions," adds Kathrin.
"This is an intriguing result for studies both within and beyond the comet community, with possible implications for our models of Solar System evolution," says Matt Taylor, ESA's Rosetta project scientist.
Notes for Editors "Abundant molecular oxygen in the coma of 67P/ChuryumovGerasimenko," by A. Bieler et al is published in the 29 October 2015 issue of the journal Nature.
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We are currently recruiting for an administrator to support a busy HR team based in picturesque private grounds in the heart of North Yorkshire.
Due to the location you will need a car but there is free parking and no traffic jams!
You will be providing an administrative service to all employees ensuring that duties are carried out in the most efficient way. You will be working in HR so no day will ever be the same and you must be able to work confidentially at all times.
Your duties will include:
* General office administration
* Receiving calls into the HR office.
* Assisting with the recruitment of new staff including advertising, dealing with enquiries, shortlisting
* Managing the paperwork and arranging interviews.
* Assisting with the new starter processes including arranging inductions, processing DBS checks, requesting references, issuing contracts and offer letters and administering pension scheme
* Assisting grievances and disciplinaries
* Carry out filing and help to create and maintain employee files.
Some of the many benefits include a subsidised membership of the fitness centre, free meals during work hours and a group pension scheme. | https://www.brookstreet.co.uk/job/hr-administrator-13/ |
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Published byAnabel Wells Modified over 5 years ago
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Fossil evidence shows that bacteria have been on the earth for over 3.5 billion years Three major shapes › Cocci (round) › Bacilli (rod-like) › Spirilla (spiral)
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Some bacteria are pathogens (disease causing) Some bacteria can make endospores, which allow bacteria to survive long periods of time (even in bad conditions) Diseases caused by bacteria: Pneumonia Strep throat Ear infections Salmonella Cholera E. coli infections Lyme Tetanus Tuberculosis Leprosy
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In your intestine, E. coli help to digest food Used to make yogurt Can be used to degrade oil and toxic waste spills Used to make certain medicines Used as “gene” factories Help plants fix nitrogen Major decomposers
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Antibiotics - drugs that kill bacteria by blocking growth or reproduction › Antibiotics do NOT kill any viruses so they do not cure the common cold or flu › Some bacteria are now resistant to antibiotics (ex. MRSA) › We must always take antibiotics as prescribed! Sterilization – destroying bacteria by heating or with chemicals
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Bacilli Cocci Spirilla
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Viruses are particles made up of nucleic acid (DNA and/or RNA), protein, and sometimes lipids. Viruses are NOT living because they cannot reproduce by themselves. All viruses enter (infect) living cells and once inside of a cell, they make more viruses. All viruses are pathogens. Viruses are thought to have evolved from pieces or fragments of cells.
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Viruses have a core of genetic material surrounded by a capsid (protein coat) They are much smaller than bacteria and animal cells. They come in many shapes.
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Polio AIDS Influenza (the flu) Yellow fever Rabies Common cold Some cancers like cervical cancer Measles Small pox
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All cells can be infected by viruses including bacteria, animals, and plants. Bacteriophage – a virus that infects a bacterial cell There are two main methods of infection: 1. Lytic 2. Lysogenic
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Viruses inject their genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the host cell. This genetic material gives instructions to make viruses. The viruses are released by causing the cell to burst ( lyse ), which kills the cell.
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A virus injects its genetic material (DNA or RNA) into the host cell. The virus’s genetic material is mixed in with the host DNA. Viral DNA can stay embedded in the host DNA for long periods of time. Sometimes, the viral DNA will instruct new viruses to be made and the lytic cycle begins.
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Vaccines – made from weakened or “killed” viruses Vaccines stimulate the immune system to fight a specific disease Vaccines help prevent viral and bacterial diseases from developing, but cannot help someone already infected Examples include: HPV, MMR, Hep A
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Prions - possibly infectious proteins that can change brain proteins causing brain damage Diseases caused by prions progress rapidly and are almost always fatal Diseases caused by prions include: › Mad Cow Disease Mad Cow Disease › Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
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1) WASH your hands when they are dirty and BEFORE eating. 2) DO NOT cough into your hands. 3) DO NOT sneeze into your hands. 4) DO NOT put your fingers into your eyes, nose, or mouth. Regular soap and water are best. Antibacterial soaps are not necessary if you have spent enough time (at least 20 seconds) cleaning your hands with regular soap and water. (Source: www.henrythehand.com)www.henrythehand.com
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Design & Technical Data:
Shielding effectiveness
Depending on the dispensed form-in-place material, shielding effectiveness (attenuation) of our dispensed EMI gaskets may exceed 80 dB from 100 MHz to 18 GHz. With an increased cross-sectional area, shielding effectiveness will increase. Shielding effectiveness is also dependent on bead thickness between conductive substrates.
The conductive particle-filled materials are one-part electrically conductive room temperature curing elastomers. The extruded paste material cures rapidly when exposed to atmospheric moisture. When completely cured, the materials are highly resilient elastomers that exhibit superior adhesion to a variety of substrates and exhibit low volume resistivity.
Available Conductive Materials
|Materials/Properties
||Nickel Graphite||Silver Glass||Silver Nickel
||Silver Aluminum
||Silver Copper
||Pure Silver|
|Volume Resistivity (Ohm-cm)||0.06||0.01||0.008||0.01||0.008||0.005|
|Durometer (Shore A)||65||70||75||68||70||65|
|Operating Temp. Range (ºF)||-55 to +400||-55 to +400||-55 to +400||-55 to +400||-55 to +400||-55 to +400|
|Specific Gravity||2.29||1.82||3.58||1.86||3.58||4.20|
|Tack Free||90||90||90||90||90||90|
|Handling Time (Hr.)||12 to 24||12 to 24||12 to 24||12 to 24||12 to 24||12 to 24|
|Full Cure (Hr.)||72 to 144||72 to 144||72 to 144||72 to 144||72 to 144||72 to 144|
|Color||Gray||Tan||Tan||Blue/Tan||Tan||Blue/Tan|
Non-EMI Form-In-Place
For enclosures and housings that do not need a conductive seal, we offer a variety of non-conductive elastomer seals that provide exceptional environmental protection and dust sealing. These sealing compounds are dispensed in the same way as the conductive elastomers and exhibit excellent substrate adhesion with low durometer, “soft” but resilient material properties. Non-conductive materials are available upon request.
Quality
With our ISO-9001:2000 commitment to continuous improvement, we have document set-up and operational procedures for consistent and reliable form-in-place products. Thanks to our 3-axis coordinate measuring system used in conjunction with our form-in-place machine, your FIP gaskets will be consistent and accurate with documented final QA test results.
The robotic bead location holds a pattern positional accuracy to 0.003 in. (0.076 mm) in the X, Y, and Z axis dimensions, and the repeatability of each axis is 0.001 inches (0.025mm). The heated vacuum tooling plate bead dispense area for the X and Y axis is 17 inches by 14 inches. The Z axis dispense area has a range of 3.5 inches. If a bead needs to be dispensed on a part that is over the travel dispense area of the machine, part rotation and dispensing of a second bead path after the first bead path can be performed to complete the gasket. | http://www.majr.com/emi-rfi-product/emi-shielding-gaskets-tapes/form-in-place-emi-gaskets/ |
Editor's Note: Every year is an important year. But 2014 will be more important, because rarely has a recent year featured both growth and reform, or a balance of the two "irreconcilable" tasks as seen by some China watchers. Indeed, ever since the outbreak of the global crisis in 2008, China has heard a great deal more about growth than reform. But without due reform, what growth could there be? By now, China has seen it all — overcapacity in traditional heavy industry, large investment zones filled with few real companies, a glut in office space in major cities, plus some heavily indebted local governments. These hindrances will harm the country's growth and stability unless there is more reform.
So, as China's experience has shown since the 1980s, reform is the only way to have good growth: by raising workers' productivity, removing bureaucratic shackles on small enterprises, knocking down monopolies by large corporations and boosting market competition. Growth and reform are never a contradiction.
Doing both in the right way is precisely what China will attempt in 2014, as its leaders decided at the Third Plenum in November and the Central Economic Work Conference in December.
In the process, of course, some old ways of seeking growth must end — most notably, squandering public funds on building pollutant-heavy industries. But urbanization, and the creation of intercity transportation networks, will serve as new engines for growth as well as reform.
If urbanization is not a project led only by the government, and more room is created for competition in the service industries, growth will come along in the due course. There is no reason that it won't. And we can believe in the "decisive role" the market will play.
China Daily interviewed 12 economists to share their observations about Chinese economy in 2014.
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China sets economic tasks for 2014
The conference has set up economic tasks for the next year and will look to ensure that issues like national food safety, and industrial restructuring get prominent attention.
Next year, the country will also heavily promote the development of newly emerging industries. When it came to finances, the conference called for the control of local government debt risks and to push forward regional development.
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Q1:What do you think will be the most favorable and unfavorable domestic factors for the Chinese economy in 2014?
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China's economy is on track to start 2014 on a positive note. Since mid-2013, growth has picked up as exports recovered amid improving global demand.
Domestic demand growth has held up fairly well all along, with the November data suggesting slower investment growth and faster consumption growth.
The current pace and pattern of growth are setting the stage for 2014. We expect China to continue to benefit from better global demand. Domestically, the key factors are the impact of firmer monetary policy and structural reforms on growth.
Weighing up the key factors, with the abovementioned demand trends broadly continuing, we expect solid growth of 8.2 percent in 2014 — which diverges from consensus projections — while being cognizant of the risks.
A key question is the impact of structural reforms on growth. The "document on major issues concerning comprehensive and far-reaching reforms", released after the Third Plenum of the Party's Central Committee, is a brief to move ahead with a systematic and comprehensive program of economic and social reform.
The pace of implementation is likely to be fairly gradual; we do not think that is really a problem as long as reform continues.
But what about the impact on growth in 2014?
We think the structural reforms that are likely to be at least partly implemented in 2014 will, on balance, be neutral or mildly positive for growth. Likely measures with a positive impact on growth include removing barriers for private capital, simplifying procedures, liberalizing and developing the financial sector and partially opening the capital account.
Their impact should outweigh the effect of reforms that could dampen growth, such as charging higher State-owned enterprise dividends and channeling the revenues to the Ministry of Finance, property taxation, higher prices and/or taxes for raw resources and a change in the weighting in the performance evaluation of senior local government officials.
Policymakers are implementing a firmer monetary stance in order to rein in credit growth and financial risks. The firmer stance is evidenced by the deceleration of financial aggregates and higher interest rates on the interbank market.
Even as policymakers tighten up on banks' use of interbank financing and "shadow banking", we expect they will aim to maintain solid expansion of core bank lending, including by possibly easing up on banks' lending quotas.
Such a pattern should limit the impact of tighter monetary policy on economic growth, as in 2011, when the government clamped down on "shadow banking" without causing an obvious economic slowdown.
But a larger negative surprise would likely lead the government to compromise on the firmer policy stance.
We see two main sources of risks to our growth outlook for 2014.
Weaker global demand would mean lower export growth and corporate investment. Domestically, the impact of a tighter monetary stance on growth could be larger than we expect. Also, amid changes in monetary policy conduct, hiccups and unexpected outcomes are possible.
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The Chinese economy will remain in a period of important strategic opportunities in 2014. As stable economic progress is expected to continue, GDP growth of 7.5 percent is possible in 2014, which will remain in a reasonable range.
A key theme of next year's economic development is that the central government will focus on deepening reform and opening-up and further pursue structural rebalancing and industrial upgrading following the directives of the Third Plenum of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
Positive factors to support growth momentum are increasing. One of the most important is that China's urbanization is entering a new stage of rapid development. With the stimulus of reform, urbanization is expected to accelerate in 2014.
Many rural migrant workers may start new lives in cities as "the new citizens" — they can enjoy urban residents' social insurance, education and employment opportunities. The changes in their status will expand the consumer market.
The services industry will be boosted at a faster pace — a scenario that policymakers hope to see during the growth pattern transaction.
In 2014, demand for financial, education and healthcare services will expand faster. Online shopping will continue to grow rapidly.
The increase of domestic consumption may partly offset slower fixed-asset investment and help keep stable overall economic growth.
One of the downside risks of concern for next year is that industry will face more difficulties.
The official figures show that in the third quarter of this year, industrial companies' revenue and profit improved, compared with the first half.
But rising production costs, declining wholesale prices and tight credit are holding them back.
As these difficulties may further weaken business confidence, they may prefer to cut output and investment.
Also, the government has decided to keep credit growth "at a reasonable pace" prevent financial risks. Thus, a relatively tight financial environment is likely in 2014, which may slow industrial investment.
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Official warns on export outlook
There's little cause for optimism about China's exports in 2014, because demand in both developed and developing countries is growing too slowly to boost purchases of the nation's products, a commerce official told China Daily.
Meanwhile, rising domestic costs are eroding China's traditional competitive advantage in prices, forcing the government to "fight hard for steady trade growth" in the coming year.
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Q2: What do you think will be the favorable and unfavorable international factors for the Chinese economy in 2014?
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In China, the ongoing reforms will broaden and deepen in 2014. Consequently, favorable international forces for the Chinese economy are those that support these reforms, and vice versa.
In the United States, the gradual tapering of the (quantitative easing program) will strengthen the US recovery, thus supporting Chinese direct and portfolio investments in the US. Similarly, deleveraging will not erode American consumption. In turn, an unanticipated warming of US-China relations could contribute to significant broadening and deepening of the bilateral Strategic & Economic Dialogue.
In Europe, a new consensus on the need for structural reforms and gradual improvement of economic prospects would support Chinese trade and investment in the region, while promoting European investment in China.
In East Asia, a warming of China-Japan relations would have positive effects on bilateral economic relations.
In the South China Sea, gradual insulation of political friction would have the potential to strengthen China-ASEAN relations. It could also boost significant developments toward the "maritime Silk Road," deeper regional integration and China's participation in vital trade blocs.
Successful international management of the Middle East's multiple friction points would increase regional energy supply.
Global growth would rebound on policy actions in advanced economies, thus boosting demand for Chinese exports, direct and portfolio investments worldwide, while supporting foreign trade and multinational investments in China.
In the US, the tapering of the QE program could start too early (or too late) thus causing significant market volatility and economic uncertainty. Further, Washington's bipartisan budget deal could unravel, which would cause market volatility and economic stagnation.
There could be an unexpected chill in US-China relations, which would lead to questions about the long-term fate of Chinese-owned US Treasuries, Chinese investment in the US and China's dollar-denominated assets.
Instead of progress, the European sovereign crisis could take an adverse turn, which would endanger Chinese trade and investment in the region, as well as European investment in China. It could also contribute to EU-China friction and conflict in trade, particularly high-tech trade.
There could be a disruptive deterioration in China-Japan relations with substantial negative feedback effect on bilateral economic relations.
An unforeseen clash could occur in the South China Sea, which would cause bilateral or, even worse, multilateral conflicts with Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam and the US. It could endanger regional integration and Chinese participation in critical trade blocs.
Renewed conflicts in the Middle East could endanger energy supply that is vital to China's continued industrialization and urbanization.
Finally, there could be significant erosion in global growth prospects, due to deepening stagnation in advanced economies, slowing growth in emerging economies, or both.
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Under an international context, the Chinese economy faces mostly adverse factors in 2014. The major threat is the tapering of the US Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, anticipation of which has already spurred currency slumps and interest rate increases.
The global economy is rebounding on a steady course, based on forecasts by the International Monetary Fund and several leading rating agencies. The relatively quick rebound, as opposed to the financial crisis back in the 1930s, can be attributable to the interdependent trade networks. Organic trade development has boosted the global recovery after the economic downturn.
Developed countries are getting out of their economic nadir and robust signs of recovery are being widely seen, notably in the United States. As a result, the country is due to scale back its $85 billion a month program of asset purchases.
Theoretically, a badly executed pullback may derail the Chinese economy in the sense that a reduction in liquidity will raise interest rates and slow credit growth and investment. Besides, concerns that tighter policies may weaken growth are likely to temper hiring and dampen consumption.
However, it is also high time we delve into the reasons why China is especially vulnerable to the US loosening measures, and rethink China's monetary policy that has been implemented since the outset of 2009.
Mature markets are expected to grow at a pace of 2 percent year-on-year starting from 2014. For instance, the US has stimulated its real economy following US President Barack Obama's call to reinvigorate the manufacturing sector. In contrast, the expansion of developing economies may shrink to just 1.43 percent.
Years of quantitative easing in the US and Europe have yet to feed inflation, because such loosening policies were well accompanied by expansionary fiscal policies, featuring an increase in government purchases and cuts in taxes, so that a majority of flowing capitals were properly guided into the real economy.
If you read carefully into foreign capital flows, the majority of capital inflows into industrial economies are long-term investments, while emerging markets, notably China, show the opposite pattern. Multinational corporations are gradually relocating from China back to either their home countries or even-lower cost nations. On the contrary, the country has constantly seen fresh speculative inflows of money in the past two years. The country's foreign-exchange reserves expanded at an unprecedented pace, despite a dramatic contraction in its export figures. These seemingly controversial stats suggest that the foreign-exchange reserve expansion can only result from the influx of ‘hot money' instead of long-term, more committed investment.
This should be blamed on the wrong monetary policies adopted by governments of almost every emerging market, including that of China. We should lower, rather than raise, interest rates to tame liquidity. With higher rates, funds will come to China and leverage the visible rate gap, fueling real estate bubbles and credit growth. These factors cannot be phased out in 2014, which will greatly overshadow the Chinese economy.
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Fed taper comes at 'delicate moment' for China
The United States Federal Reserve Board's announcement that it will scale back its bond-buying program could crimp liquidity in China at a delicate moment, analysts warned.
China's interbank lending rate is at its highest since June, when the central bank pushed up rates to discourage borrowing, a move engineered partially to prevent further shadow banking activity, said Patrick Chovanec, managing director of Silvercrest Asset Management Group and former economics professor at Tsinghua University.
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Q3: How will China's economic slowdown affect foreign enterprises' investment in the nation, and how can they adapt to that change? How will the slowdown affect the global economy?
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While we expect China's economic growth to slow to 7 to 8 percent next year and then further to 6 to 7 percent in the following five years, we want to highlight the positives of the slowdown.
First, the absolute increment in China's GDP will still be more than $900 billion a year (assuming an average 3 to 3.5 percent inflation rate). That amount will be bigger than 10 years ago, when China's nominal GDP was growing at 17 to 18 percent a year. China's contribution to global GDP growth will still likely be the largest in the world.
Second, slower but more balanced and sustainable growth that is less reliant on investment is also a positive for the world economy.
For the global economy, the impact of China's slowdown depends on the cause of the slowdown. If it is due to a weak global economy and weak exports, the impact will be less. If the slowdown is caused by slower domestic demand, especially investment demand, then the impact on some countries will be much more noticeable.
Slower growth of investment in China means weaker demand for commodities and materials, as well as investment goods. So the countries that will be affected most will be the commodity-exporting countries, particularly metals and coal exporters.
However, China's demand for consumer goods and services will likely continue to grow strongly, benefiting countries that are exporters of such goods and services.
China will also likely go through some structural shifts in its exports. As the country becomes less competitive in lower-end, labor-intensive products and moves up the value chain in exports, there will be increased opportunities for low-cost countries such as Vietnam, Bangladesh and Pakistan. Meanwhile, China may start to compete more with countries that export middle-range products.
For foreign companies investing in China, there may be a gradual shift away from investing in labor-intensive export sectors. Meanwhile, China's domestic market will be expanding at a still-fast pace, rising by more than $900 billion a year, which offers great investment opportunities.
Therefore, we foresee foreign investment in China will increasingly focus on goods and services that satisfy China's own needs. A good example is a recent announcement by Daimler Co Ltd, the German automaker, which said it will locate the company's first and only engine factory outside of Germany in China.
Foreign companies can no longer expect China's demand for materials and commodities to grow at the previous fast pace. Also, they should see the Chinese market itself as the main reason for investment in China, not exports.
In the Chinese market, foreign companies may face tougher competition as they may not have the comparative advantage they enjoyed in international markets relative to Chinese companies.
Foreign companies need to do research on China's local market, which is big and diverse, as well as being very different from the international markets they are familiar with.
Foreign companies will also need to rely more on domestic talent in China to help them to expand in the local markets.
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The growth potential in China's traditional industries and labor-intensive industries, I believe, is quite limited now. However, foreign investors can still find lots of opportunity in the high-tech sector and in the service industries, such as healthcare, education, culture and legal services.
Though China's economic growth may slow in the coming years, it will remain one of the most attractive destinations for foreign investors, as the downside risks in other emerging economies are much higher.
Though the government hasn't set a specific economic growth target for 2014, most economists agree on growth of about 7 percent.
The economic slowdown is actually not a bad thing. It enables the government to address some thorny problems. The reform package revealed after the Third Plenum of the Communist Party of China's 18th Central Committee clearly shows that the government is keen to advance market-based reforms to achieve quality growth.
Moreover, slower but steady growth in China means more for the global economy, compared with volatile growth
The ballooning bubble in the real estate sector and the growing uncertainties surrounding local government debt are the two major challenges facing China's economy.
If big problems occur in these two sectors, it will hurt developed economies' confidence in China. But so far, the chance of that happening remains low.
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GDP growth seen slowing to 7.3% in 2014
China's economic growth is likely to slow to 7.3 percent in 2014 amid the leadership's ongoing moves to restructure the world's second-largest economy, experts said on Tuesday.
"The Chinese economy has stabilized and we have edged up our GDP growth estimate to 7.7 percent this year. We forecast a slowdown to 7.3 percent in 2014, followed by a further slowdown to 5.9 percent in 2018," said Xu Sitao, chief representative of The Economist Group in China, citing a report from the group.
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Q4: What contributions would investment, consumption and net export make to the Chinese economy in 2014? Do you see a change in the economic structure from this year? What would be the reason for such a change?
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China's economy is in the midst of a fundamental transition. This transition involves moving from investment to consumption, from exports to imports, and more provision of social services such as health and pensions by the government.
This transition is one of the key global economic trends over the next decade and, because China is so large, it has implications for all countries. Over the past five years, investment has caused more than half of China's growth: For the period of 2009 to 2013, the Economist Intelligence Unit estimates that investment accounted for an average of 5.1 percentage points of growth every year, as compared with 3.2 percent for consumption, 1.2 percent for government expenditure and -0.7 percent for foreign trade.
In 2014, investment will still be the largest source of growth, but it is getting smaller. Our prediction is that investment will add 3.2 percent to economic growth in 2014, as compared with 3.7 percent in 2013. This amount will get lower every year, and be down to 2.3 percent by 2018. We think that 2016 will be the year that private consumption starts to make a larger contribution to growth than investment.
The share of investment in China's growth has been very large by international standards, and it is not unusual that it should fall. Indeed, there are some benefits to a greater role for consumption. The major benefit is that higher levels of consumption will mean that Chinese people can enjoy more of the benefits of economic growth.
The two are, of course, linked. One big driver of higher consumption is rising wages. But rising wages make the cost of doing business higher, and so reduce investment. Investment is also being affected by the relatively slow pace of economic reform in recent years.
Another big element of China's transition is from exports to imports. Many of those imports will become part of private consumption. The Chinese government's commitment to steering the country's economy onto a slower, more sustainable growth path has raised concerns among many of the firms and countries that have come to rely on China's surging demand for imports.
The pattern of Chinese demand is certainly set to shift over the next five years, but the pace of the change is likely to be slower than some expect, and the country's imports will continue to rise rapidly. China will buy more from countries that produce consumer goods, such as the US, and less from countries that produce the types of raw materials used in investment, such as Australia.
Fears that a slowdown in China's economy will lead to a slump in export growth in other economies are broadly misplaced. Although the countries that have benefited most from China's construction boom have the most to be concerned about, they should have several years to adjust to slowing levels of Chinese investment. For others, the prospects offered by the Chinese market remain bright.
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Exports will play a bigger role in driving China's growth next year.
We estimate that domestic consumption and investment will remain at a similar level next year compared with that of this year.
But the strong external demand resulting from a recovering United States and Europe will help fuel the GDP growth of the world's second-largest economy by an extra 0.3 percentage points.
Our predictions show that China's GDP growth will bounce back to 7.9 percent in 2014 from a valley of 7.6 percent, which is likely to be the case for this year. All this acceleration will come from the improving external demand.
With the uptick in global demand, China's export growth will speed up to 10 percent from a depressing 7 percent predicted for this year.
The extra growth will mainly be a result of the recovery in the US economy, which, it is hoped, will accelerate from 2.6 percent from 1.6 percent this year.
The trend of US economic growth is highly consistent with China's export growth, although China's largest export destination is Europe rather than the US.
This is because a large proportion of China's exports heading to Southeast Asian countries comprises semi-finished goods, which eventually go to North America as finished products.
China's exports also will benefit from a better European economy that also will see a slight recovery in 2014 from the recession of this year. The European economy is likely to see 1 percent growth next year instead of the 0.3 percent retrogression it saw in 2013.
Despite a strong external demand, China's domestic demand will remain sluggish next year.
The country's average national income is still relatively low and has many structural problems. The measures introduced by the Chinese government to boost domestic consumption will not change the fundamental issue, and the average low purchasing power of the Chinese people is likely to persist for quite a while.
As for investment, there is both good news and bad news.
The recent Third Plenum called for measures to allow more private capital in traditionally restricted areas such as infrastructure. This will create more channels for private investment and also stimulate overall investment growth.
But at the same time, the Central Economic Working Conference reiterated the importance of regulating local government's debt scale, implying that stricter measures will be released next year, which will dampen the amount of investment initiated by local governments.
Considering both factors, investment will remain at a level similar to this year's.
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China's growth to help markets next year
A majority of global investment professionals have strong confidence that China's stable economic progress in 2014 will be a positive force for global growth, an international survey showed on Monday.
According to the 2014 Global Market Sentiment Survey conducted by the CFA Institute, an international association of investment professionals, 71 percent of the 6,561 respondents around the world believe that the sound development of China's economy next year will benefit their own economy's growth.
|Q5: How do you evaluate the risks of local government debt in China? What measures would you propose to help prevent and resolve such risks?|
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The potential for the development of a local government debt market in China is looking increasingly likely, given reforms announced by the central government over 2013.
While local governments are largely responsible for building China's infrastructure, their financing options are limited. The local governments' own source of revenues and central government grants are insufficient, and aside from a small pilot bond program, they are prohibited by law from borrowing directly or guaranteeing other entities.
As a result, local governments borrow indirectly through local government financing vehicles (LGFV) and other government-related entities. Such debt is not consolidated in their financial reporting, and, therefore, its amount and terms are not transparent.
A more direct local government borrowing model, such as we see in many other countries, would seem to offer a better financing alternative.
But some basic conditions underlie all successful markets, and they include: 1) a strong institutional framework with clearly defined revenue and expenditure responsibilities, and sufficient resources to fund expenditures; 2) detailed and transparent financial, debt and governance information; 3) clear accountability for debt obligations and repayment responsibilities; and 4) well-developed bureaucracies and administrative practices.
The central government over the past 18 months has made announcements that focus on all of these key features. These culminated in the Third Plenary statements in November.
Subsequently, during the Dec 12-15 National Economic Summit, the central government stated that one of its key priorities for 2014 is "laying the foundation" for a better control of local government- related debt.
We expect to see a greater divergence between LGFVs in credit quality. Some small and marginal LGFVs will likely face a higher probability of default because of a falling level of government support — as the government's position on this issue becomes clearer — and the fact that their stand-alone profiles are intrinsically weak.
But the scale of defaults will likely be restrained, and government support remains for LGFVs involved in projects important to local economic development and infrastructure.
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I believe local government debt will not continue its current reckless expansion over the next few years.
There are three reasons for this. First, "containing local government debt risk" has been identified as one of the six major tasks for next year's economic work by the just concluded Central Economic Work Conference. This reflects a wide recognition of the seriousness of the problem among top leaders.
Second, the Organization Department of the Communist Party of China, which oversees personnel affairs within the Party, announced recently it would put "the debt raised within a local official's term" as criteria for deciding his or her career advancement. This would serve as a way to curb local government debt pileup at the root cause.
Third, huge local government borrowing has already squeezed out other parts of the economy, and current economic conditions can no longer support this scale of borrowing.
The previous model, in which local government revenues relied heavily on land sales, has run its course. As property price increases in third- and fourth-tier cities lose momentum, many local government financing vehicles (LGFVs) can't repay debts from land sale revenue anymore.
What's more, the obligation to repay debts has squeezed local governments' disposable public finance resources, and as more LGFVs borrow, interest rates pick up, adding more costs to their financing.
To dissolve the risks from local government debts, it is essential to change the opaqueness of current local government financing.
The document following the Third Plenum has promised to compile local government balance sheets. That is a good direction. The Central Economic Work Conference has said that the different kinds of debts will be categorized and put under broad budget management. Optimally, this means that local governments' borrowing would be scrutinized by local legislatures, and oversight can be improved.
There is a major difference between China's local debts and those in Western countries. Here, they are mainly used in productive projects and could be transferred into properties. So projects that enjoy stable cash flow and expect future returns could be financed by municipal bond issuing.
Some projects that may reap very little revenue from the projects themselves but have large externality, such as farmland and water conservancies, could be backed by fiscal revenue.
Another type of project could invite the private sector to participate. Along with these, a small portion of existing non-performing loans could be dealt with by local asset management corporations.
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Chinese leaders have pledged to tackle the problem of local governments' debts next year and create a stable economic and social environment to promote reforms, according to the statement issued by the Central Economic Work Conference that ended on Friday. This is the first time "controlling and addressing local government debt risks" has been made as an especially important task in economic work.
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Q6: What do you expect for China's industrial development in 2014? How to address the overcapacity in the traditional industrial sectors? How to grasp the opportunities created by new technology?
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New technology should play a part in resolving the overcapacity issue. Most of the idle capacity is for low-end products, good quality products are never hard to sell. The ideal way out of the issue would be to upgrade idle capacity through innovation and find market demand. But innovation doesn't happen overnight, it happens over time through improved education and innovation systems.
In the short run, industrial consolidation will help to erase some of the idle capacity. However, consolidation can't be driven by administrative measures; it should result from decisions made by the companies in chase of profitability. Past experience has proven that overcapacity can't be solved through government planning. For instance, steel mills often pretend to shutter unnecessary production only to restart it later, while others have been secretly adding new capacity as local governments choose to look the other way out of concern for job creation and revenue.
Bad loans and unemployment will be the two major issues if factories are closed. But that shouldn't be the reason not to proceed with it.
Workers who lose their jobs should be covered by social security. And it is good to see that Beijing has been releasing measures to mend the nation's social security network.
The problem of bad loans is more complicated. It's associated with local government borrowing and the banking sector. If too many projects are shut down, local governments might default and banks might suffer losses, which may translate into financial turmoil and dampen already slowing growth.
Local governments have huge debts, which they amortize by rezoning and selling land. Already squeezed by exorbitant property prices and popular resistance to land takings, they now face higher interest rates and property taxes.
But that's not the reason to not follow through with cutting overcapacity. The government should handle the problem with a set of reforms and target the root of the problem, rather than through administrative measures that focus on short-term benefits.
In 2014, the issue of overcapacity will slightly improve, but won't be cured.
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Industrial overcapacity is a chronic problem in China. It's widespread and affects multiple industries. Most of the industries in question face absolute overcapacity, instead of structural. And the problem is worsening as there are still many projects in construction.
The steel, shipping, cement electrolytic aluminum and sheet glass sectors are among the worst-hit industries. It's widely believed that about 20 percent of all of the country's urban and rural jobs are in those five industries.
After the recent annual Central Economic Work Conference, a statement stressed the downward pressures on domestic economic growth, one being the serious overcapacity in some industries.
There are no updated official figures on how bad the problem is, so no one knows exactly how much of the capacity should be cut off. We need reliable data before the government can tailor an accurate strategy to solve the problem.
The local governments had an incentive to foster industry growth and that partly caused the problem. The governments gave companies subsidies, discounts on land and tax perks to encourage them to set up plants in their jurisdictions and push up GDP figures. Economic fluctuation is another reason. Before the financial crisis hit, growth was in high gear.
Companies were generous when making new investments and the government was more than willing to let them do that. Many of the capacity went idle after the financial crisis depressed demand.
In their battle to solve the overcapacity issue, regional governments lack a proper strategy. The problem can't be solved by strengthening the administrative approval process. Overcapacity is not unusual in a market economy, but a sound market system will solve the problem over time through adjusted prices and investment returns. In China, the problem of overcapacity is to a great extent a result of government interference, so market-oriented reforms are essential to solve the problem.
At the center is the interest rate reform, which will reveal true funding costs and make investment in industries with overcapacity expensive. Of course, that should be supplemented by a basket of other reforms, centered on changing local governments' incentives.
Overall, the cure for the problem lies with the invisible hand, rather than the visible hand.
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Link overcapacity with performance
A think tank has suggested that the removal of industrial production overcapacity be used as one of the key criteria to evaluate local government officials' performance as the country steps up efforts to address the lingering problem.
It is much more urgent now than in previous years to solve the overcapacity problem. Big efforts should be made to close some inefficient production lines, even risking rising unemployment, said experts at a forum of the China Center for International Economic Exchanges. | https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/bizchina/2013economicwatch/2013-12/23/content_17191339.htm |
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