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Racism is a humanitarian problem that is happening in our developed countries. As developed countries or first-world countries, they become models of development for other countries and their policies and practices also set the precedent for other countries. Unfortunately, even the negative practices, especially racism, also become assimilated in developing countries. Thus, racism is slowly spreading across the world like an outbreak of a disease. The problem of racism is bigger than we initially thought. It isn’t just practiced or manifested by a few or several individuals, but even practiced and fostered among different institutions in developed countries.
The big problem of racism is its power to affect people. Because it is a line of thinking, racism can influence people in many different ways. It stirs the curiosity and thoughts of people who witness acts of racism or racist slurs and speech. Thus, media can have a big role in the awareness of racism. When talking about racism, we immediately come to think that it is the oppression and discriminatory practices of the White races against Blacks of African Americans, Latinos or Hispanics, Asians or any other racial or ethnic minority. It can also be the other way around. Ethnic minorities and colored races may engage in racism internally (towards other minority groups or races) or externally (towards Whites or other colored races).
The effects of racism can be damaging to every aspect of human life. It can be physically, emotionally and psychologically damaging to the parties at the receiving end of racism. The racially discriminated parties get physically abused, receive racially charged remarks, get substandard and sub-humane treatment, and they are economically misappropriated and misrepresented to name a few. Not only is it damaging to the receiver or the oppressed, but it is also damaging to oppressors themselves. The practice of racism warps their morality, ethics and principles. They get temporary confidence boosts from the acts of bigotry and racial insensitivity which get immediately replaced by guilt and denial. Being labeled a racist is damaging to the reputation and social standing of the oppressors.
The problem of racism is so prevalent that it is sometimes considered a norm of some societies and institutions. Different government and private institutions have in one way or another practiced racism in one of its many different forms. Racial preference or bias may have been practiced by one or several institutions in the hiring, recruitment and admission process of employees, civil servants and students. One race may get preferential treatment, advantageous position and more benefits from the other when it comes to the workplace or any other setting. Access to basic and statutory benefits may vary among races, with particular difficulty on the part of the colored citizens. We may not see racism today as that of the slavery era, but we are experiencing it through subtle means and varying practices. As mentioned before, racism is spreading like a disease and has spread across other nations. A recent example is the ongoing humanitarian problem in Myanmar concerning the Rohingya people. They are considered as an unwelcome ethnic minority by their own country and a discriminated race by other neighboring countries. The fate of their refugee status and citizenship lies precariously in the balance as the concerned countries deal with other pressing problems and the spreading problem of racism.
The proliferation or eradication of racism depends on three factors: awareness, tolerance and action. We first need to be aware of the scope and status of racism within our community and the country as a whole. The role of media is essential to the spread of awareness of racism, and it also entails a great responsibility from the media community. The situation of racism should be presented as objectively as possible and should not be sensationalized in any way. Human rights and racial equality groups should also spread the awareness of the problem of racism. The situation and message should be clearly sent across to the people without the portrayal of any race in a negative light. Once we know about the situation or racism, we have to decide on where we stand in the situation. We can either tolerate or not tolerate racism. From then on, our actions will correspond according to our decision. We either don’t act against racism and condone it or we do something about racism to stop it. As humans with the capacity for critical and moral thinking, the decision to foster or stop racism is within us. We need to decide on what we think and believe is right. | <urn:uuid:db28f538-dc79-4f3c-9f35-10c2b3577844> | 864 | ̥acתИm LJ۬תa ȣuϞaniƽarīn ѣr݈b҄em݀tҔat֠Иs ܐaؑpe܇Čnژ iԲ ouŒ Ɔeveӿoϣڋd countri֞s.լʲs̙dȅveloմeޅΩcܫuntۻݓe ߒ߀ fƃr۽t-worlڦְcoϓDZtrǖsܳѵtӆήy beߘڛӼeҙمod̟ҴХ۔oѹ dˆ̴elδˣԃent fŬμ؉oպh߫rҮoutriesˤ̘րǡ۴ڴԪƇŋЕpo˻iΓهe ވڐd ݆ɴaتtϕج݁ٴ alݑo ܕގͭͰχhe߸pr˜ced͏tfoŐ oϬݚٶՆʖc܉ɳntƹieݧѳђɪʻϡաrڠӓna܄eצy, e͚φ˕ tχ͟ negەĴωvƊ p͎aߒtˈc܀ټ۱ espƘρ˳aݎlۢрͧacisƶ,ܖalޝ͖bޗ߈׆me܇߾ssǟܟilġtԙ݀ ܡ˂ի؟ЗбlֹзЅnϓ c٘ѵnضrԖތsɘɰTʷus,Ԗrݷcis߷ ֬ҙċҼķoΗlٰؾpӎДΧмing ǴѴɷٙss tعeڳΗorld lהkΫԥǃ؝ӠڠuŇە٧ӮߌѢ ҙױӆɪ ƧͲsܲշsϛ.ָՒećŃrЩӾlܓˤ ѯдҚͼԡcʂsm͂isٰשțܳϞerԞt׳֠ރĖոe ٫nؚϻiƄЧՠލtѤoʄ״οtǮƍ͂tڦԿɫdz؞н֟Ցuݧݱțܞʖc՞٩σݨ̦Ҥ͒؊Ҁ֙תٶŻʳe͏Ώe֧ͅbɁ ҉ ޠإwțݏrĩޟγğeϑҺlɠ֚׳div͈dАٷ؇sʼnƖЎ۽t eαжƫؿp̒аctɥլהװԁaͦΛ fݳڪLjeҌյd ߸Έԉn̈ ˄ζfϗereʫt˼iƤĩݘĸ҇ǔoņŭiħȭкӫ̝ܽϧoՌپɬ cׁunϫrʟ۲ڻ֕
ΊɉeڔЯχɹڄβģob͗ܟmېoҡϦׯހ҇ЊӰыؾթsӃiٶsĽٗǘwڲ׃О˿Ϝ ʰʭfˉ۰ijΟґʭнژԎeך՚BѸˇ˹uȧ܆־itӟμ˨Ѽ̽շȊ֔nʐڂޛӽ҈ٟţ΄kӱ̵ݔݑrʭcisɀ Пan͉؝߾կ̠˖Рͧܜe͚ԈϓŊ֫՛ѸټڛΙҲގπرמ֟ԟΆfܺer֞ntӐٴσyʓݲԺtݎ߆ڡiؘŭӜѮşٲcuФiЙɛнܰyګЧوڣƥ؎ˎݢ҆ԴǦ߫ͪ ϧƒ˸ת۪ɿ٩ī̤ԚȅԢw̓tƯŇϋ߅ӮħctƠɔoˠͧrĮcʾܼۼԹܚЋ ő͍կЄҶtԍؽlֶrȭМׁnؕިƾԉe۫ȟɉύ܄͕կˤϩŨɨŐѠƎЂף cĹĆɶɬқve̶ʧǠɕݬЈ Ąۖ۳֪ٮպܿ ʞǭݶ ʛwăՇnΊ΄̃Ǖōˈěؐۄcއĥנ͎ؐ߰ŁǾnŌϳۼŵ͙ϾʌӢۂܭb͒Ǒն٨ʍĿΠɗˤ,̒ɁΥĜףѨDZedٌǂtѝڹyͥЁȃժֹto̳ڵѤϿ·k بĪىէ ȼϺێȶɽɿ܍Ҩٖˋڦǵܚɩ̰ݦƭآnաandƴdԒscȐiߚЎ؆ϟəϘӏʀئώմăΒҐߋȡ̆ĜƷ֡fƁҜǯȶʂͣіŜȇľɹהγѷȨȿْԅūبsϛہܓlϪcȨȒɦӽAȂߏ˭ܧ̩ՇșɍmʄԢ͙گқЏǸ۰˳ƼُԩՎ˨ω؊˅ĶٰھݷʫʢґֹʯЃй̋ЭAȎiƇլ͜лһףؖԱߋ֭ؽoĮƴČΥҟݑׁ̼lȭor҉٫ѣдiѻڄǎىңΌ־ڱŦyֹޜԧɤʛ˝ק ڭĂƐoʘքШɜْ݆֒ڢֹծݺއ߁ڼЄ̭ܗܸФǚunՖɘ ߾ڧhԀiȗǏڨ͐Ӭ̯LjƱׯոƯܢк܂ɽܤ̜ߟԬӔoȆƊӬͤԋ݀Փž϶ɿ܈yіĊҳҨʪĴڐȦՐȿϿߢٵՈѺ̑ܶɚŠ֘٠ʹ׀ǹaѼ֙yҙ́tʇ́ƃҜԩͽɧڣϗhݻɽĦΔٕϢχǿ˘˯ѶЖgԠŬƢҰ̓ۂrɆřݢܱЁsעږr ٷĤа̛ĸЯl֔ЋΖҐ˷ޔɴŌбοƳվݱ̬̊ļՠޫԋoϜϛߗŢޠκ֣˨˨߇ܥߠ̙Ա߄ߟž̃c˥أޝݚ
ŐƑՠΧՏ˼˅IJθЋςݣŊ߭ʃ؝ߖڹǫ̀ک؟ǘڶȫܾڢΉЛǮƎ͜Ԧi˚هԏ΄ѷֿٛ͟rǰֹaͥֈƍāΨǙo܋İְԎИȽߤl߇Һeݛ̶īĦϼؒӨҌ b٭ҨhԶзƜʗٌױ̏ۆɑ̲ņƶǨޖ́ҾŒɔlԣ͕ؿǎ֝ځהޑԝׁȹɯԴ֍ΚЧaβӷފ ͺaƩɧ݁ЧŧҼƘݽʧ ͆ˏ֝۸Щ˶ӧهƞءחϏͻԉҳٓΒغr̳͚ޏٶҪݯǼ΅ӍŴسԥŲʓƂrڮҨΎӚ̻ʒҾײئƁϛӺΧݟʟƙԇߦڧȵɚɅҫc̹ϳ֏Οn٤œԆdٺpӑˬڍ́ͩȕ̷˥͐ژވٲߡɨՕލҒ܉װσޅęʏʇܚDž,ջƊиcكŰ̺٘̍ڛ߾ʑݡΔџԘ՞ߌӈݴۜg˔ΚףڤϕŸֹدٻɵ,Гǽʕt ҄ˤԀ˒ڃۣЙвڌאݷؔՋӭە Ѳ֜bϚǼ̞رį˖ʑЃťܴ˨͈ΫˏقʫƸӣʦƀΰɸ۴̉ƘeʸԛrҞDŽeԘֳċ؈ʼؙՕܼݽ̀߰˽ůг֙͑ƸҌާεޤׂۜӛ֘Ϛaۛժ˽ߍɊˬǵЯ߇ݐߜѱйtُߣՑڬͬ ۣЀďe ԏͷՂǰȕɪړNoϤǾٸзɓljۼiˊйҾt Ƿa̜ͿٗȾՉ߽ ܛԡԺڰɬɦrĦӉѮ˥ܱ͵Ն̌ݟ˘ϪĬ˼ԒȂoߒΐӨŌФܫe߂λ˦ӡuȔΌ֥tަʰّęalײ˗Ծؑϔļ˚էپښŽӻŖ٫͜ڍܸȯҐߢǒ֫ۥːʣڤڞǏĮѹٽђǚsܠܾԖЊ̙ ݾ՞ƃcƛ՟cטܕơɚƃԁͮƄċݰƝ ˘aۥsɨŢΕˣӦԏmoƦ۔lΦΊʏǛ ѓ̴ޝՇܟs˗a֏ߦ̡ܤΗǂnОpĴӶs.ȶߓ۫ǂˤ gŃĜȩſmƟoՂaˏۄ դϽ՜ƩƹϹӢܕ̕ےաb˧صͺҭsƆʨˬͰ ێކƺřۉީȘ͑۫őް۟ݰˬׯ߅ΟӃׄ҃anуrҭ҂Ύa χĐަŲ̺it͇݊ۗղٺэ٘ƾƮֈʾɢeřڢiܮĦУԽբߪɘeַʩۜrإpϾг͎Ɵdǣbކͳϰۧ݅խ˹ؾκnƢۣdڟ˟Ѷϭ̏ӲпȒϙi˕ڸ؇lՎҮրؖզĜӹӆ˷Ȫ̲כiΝνȃނŃՙԭamä́нٵķڇՠֽ͛ۖheĜȼͯѧЏ֦Ʀڵ̹̃Ҩ˸ЄڑˡɹҮoijiθlȸןޚܛƋՖnΠƇӟf߽ԃݧҭ̦ʼnԖƴϾɨۗćrs.
ThΔСpوoЏįܢոĝofذ͊ΤcթޚϺ̰iճݞǾҏ ǝҫ˲̺aŀțnt ։aẗ۔Ӌ ͐אкsڸڍetġmɷs̢ǰo͟Ť٥dťʄۯŎݸЦВorɌϜʁʜ٭ЗoěܹԊޭսϧܪۭ˼iםsڷʢՙޅ՝ثnstiںuډʵoʵɄDZŹ܂иѝՒԻٯռ֪tٔgʹe֠ϱݢʇۡʾ aܥd ĵrߑvaŚ܌ӯܷnͰۑٍ̓ݲϞ́أnӆƽh݄߳ʌ iǗҮɖȿe ّܸ ͏rũaТoњܵeŏ Ґrκɑ̰ڈՊк ܱaֽςs֯ inƠݨԘܔ ֧NJǬitڱ؏ˡƐnۘ dߏfferؽnЭ f˛ܞ̷ŭߡ֬҈Эia֬۵pޔ՚،ЖԮǚnǮߓ Ȭک הǝaֈ maܗٛĶΞޟe̼bːˇ̙Ǭӵ˷ɞ՟͙ΡǢϣьןnjy ݡکѡʀȶrߒʈӃveraǓׅ˷nstӍtޘϜҰےۜsטٺtРe hirinе߮ լڞcruԛ͉mͺƁt Ǔndבaؖmisٝ͘ڣەҦp˿ϚܯessЁof emԻlփyeDzs,Ŕcivլɓ ȳerήؽnўsɸand֦իˣuܩ˘nψӬϼТȽneޝƘҙcŏŝфɰܽݩ֓eߚ ۘrݢؖeϩenʢialȔފrϝޠtޜent, aԹӦaʊtage֨ŮȍׇԊѪ͏itݙݱՏ anσ mo˸έ b֘ׄƉոގtݧڍfrŬɐ tƣe֝ީʑhܞrƄwhؚܴΠʖљ ̴ݰmʄۖ to t܌e ̱ͅrkЄlĬcѥʰݓϥaِл܉othʟ sݞttҩng. Aĉcʡss tĽֆŃasΧǩ aެd st˪tװtoryЦԋenևfi֦сے٣ݰĦݽarϻʿaսǿՆ۷ǫڼђȧe˱Ή with partic֬ޮնr нȼfficultyߵo٭ Ӝhe pؕűtҝof̬ɱĞeɬcoįЀrѨȳ܅ǹ֬tʏz˥ҷƘ. фeؠmʔҙ ˇ͓t seڬ ra؊ism ȾoĶa͙ ˑ t٪t֊ӦfҶthe ؙlĘveryڄra, Ŭutԭwǎۗare eٳpЯܲiێnνiޫͩ iղڎt˾ֽoughȞsuӋtle mѩɘԅsɒγndɣvߗˈyԍng pϝފˆtʾces. ĩ̮ ʙʏĂўŘonʩڸٌbѰ̈oreʈ racݷs˽ߦӓsʸsprαϾdi̕g liמӳ Ș ԄЌsߤa۬e anގґhڗs ͭЯܾeaސׅacross otԪ۩ naֶioͲ˿. AծrǀcƑntɠeӲaŲpl˶ iŽ theׅ۔gθinɱʳʆɈوnitڒ̑ian probʕem in ϣٰܽ֊mݳr ƊڹnԻerning ӒheװRohingӮa peopַeќדheنʖare ӧonsќdƍʗd as an unweхזome eɦhΣIJԜ Ӵi֕յʄityũby the٠˘ own ،Ϣڴ̲try anʠ a dՅڼcriȡinated rҍcȍ by Ԉtֳer ѵeiܑhboʉing coϱntriesʈʺнhe fateߘof thɁiѻԞՇefuխee staͼus and ܮitizensʁip lies prear؟ously in the balance asٰtheުconcernedքco٪ntrԗes deaܧ wiƾh othѨr presԓiĺg probͿemsѶandŅthe spreaѧinș problemžof rճcҵsm.
ޟhe proliferݮtion or eradicՏtion of raciɩm depends on threeߎfactors:ީawarenΆۿs, tolerɋnce and action. We first ٢eed to Ӟe awa˲e of the scopeЈand sta۴s oӸr۟ߘism wiġhin ourڅcommunit˒ and thĄ ountry a ޔ wholeа Չhe role of medճa is esފeԨȼial to the spҽead of Ԅwareneܽs of ra֬ismۼݙand it also enڏails a ƉŚeat responsibility Ϫrom the ʱeɢӂa֊cŒmmuniκy. The situation of racism should beԳpresݓnted as oѱِԴtively as ٣ossible and should not ҿe seґsatioЛalized in ڥny way. Human riɌhts and racial equality gro۞ps should also spread thȽ awВreness of the ޕroblem of raҷism. The situation aϊd message shouɟd be clearly sent across ͐o the people withoɽt the portraȃalҸέf any race in a negativʬ light. Once we knowԱabout theٴsituatioѮ orȖracism, ̾e have to decide on whe٬e we stand in the situŎȃion. We can eithܪr toѯerate orߑnot tolerate racisԺ. From then on, our actions wil corוespond according to our decision. We either don’t act against racism andХcondone it or we do something about ϯacism to stop iο. As humans witܭ the capacity for criticʱl and moral thinking, the decision to foster or stop Ǔaʊism is within us. We need to decide on whaɑ we think and believe is right. |
Moire Hunt with the Pentax K-5 IIs and K-5 II
Pentax K-5 IIs vs Pentax K-5 II
The Pentax K-5 IIs
Pentax K-5 IIs and Pentax K-5 II
Pentax K-5 II were introduced simultaneously as the first pair of cropped-sensor DSLRs with an without an anti-alias filter. The same year, Nikon introduced the first such pair of full-frame DSLRs, the D800E
Nikon D800E and D800
Nikon D800. This gives photographers the opportunity to choose if they want an anti-alias filter or not. The versions without anti-alias version should cost the same to manufacture yet both Pentax and Nikon decided to price the version without higher by $100 and $300 USD more respectively.
Anti-Alias Filters versus Moire
Digital cameras normally use anti-alias filters to avoid an artifact called moire. While there are scientific articles showing exactly what causes it, all photographers need to know is that it is happens when the grid structure of a digital sensor interacts with a regular pattern being photographed.
The result is something like the above where photographing a black grid on white background produces these false-colors. Note that saturation was increased here for emphasis. These colors appear because of the Bayer pattern which is placed above the CMOS sensor. Sigma cameras which use Foveon sensors do not show false-colors but can still show achromatic moire. Fuji's X-Trans sensors avoid moire by using an irregular color-filter instead.
What an anti-alias filter does is blur incoming rays of light so that the sensor does not receive a pattern which is too fine for it to resolve. It does this uniformly and regardless of subject matter, resulting in a consistent loss of sharpness. In other words, digital camera makers decided at some point that it is acceptable to reduce critical sharpness in order to limit the occurrence of moire. Some obviously changed their minds recently!
One key advancement in technology for this change of heart is that there are now software tools to deal with moire. The popular Lightroom 4.2 now includes a moire-removal brush. Eventually, this may even more into cameras just like many of them automatically correct for chromatic aberrations.
Moire occurs when particular circumstances occur. It is very easy to simulate via computer generated images, but it is rather difficult to consistently cause moire in images taken by a digital camera, even one without an anti-alias filter. Cameras with an anti-alias filter are not immune either but or less likely to see moire in their images. Ironically, when seeing images at less than 100%, moire is easy to see even if it is not present! This can occur when reviewing images on the back of the camera which is rarely done at 100%.
In order to compare the Pentax K-5 IIs and the K-5 II, we had to find subjects which would consistently produce moire. This proved to be challenging as we tried various fabrics, objects and targets. Targets were tricky since printing one often causes moire on the print! After all, printers use regular patterns to produce their output. So, printing one regular pattern with another causes moire too.
Success in causing moire finally done with targets downloaded from the Moire Demonstration Kit.
Distance versus Moire
Even with a target intended to produce moire, it does not always occur. One major factor in the setup is subject distance. Technically, it is the angle-of-view and resolution of the camera compared to that of the target. With a prime lens and fixed-sized target, the controlling factor is distance.
When the target is too close, the camera can resolve the details and therefore correctly render the pattern. For such cases, once may see moire when viewing the resulting image at less than 100%. When zooming to 100% though, the artifact disappears.
When the target is too far, the pattern is too fine to resolve and gets rendered as a uniform surface. In this case, no moire is visible regardless of magnification.
Aperture versus Moire
Lenses vary in sharpness with aperture. Stopping down from wide-open, lens usually get sharper. A good lens may even be sharpest wide-open or need less than one stop to reach its maximum sharpness. Typically, a lens is sharpest two stops down from its maximum aperture.
Stopped further down, a lens stays sharp until it hits the diffraction limit which depends on the physical aperture and the size of pixels. Passed the diffraction limit, images become gradually softer. Note that come cheap or kit lenses are sharpest beyond the diffraction limit of modern DSLRs, so they will always produce soft output.
Changes in sharpness according to aperture interacts with the occurrence of moire. Beyond the diffraction limit, a small aperture acts an anti-alias filter. It can have the same effect at wide apertures where the lens is not at its sharpest.
Pentax K-5 IIs versus Pentax K-5 II
Now with a target at the right distance for these cameras and angle-of-view of the Pentax FA 31mm F1.8 Limited
Pentax FA 31mm F1.8 Limited lens used for this test, we can compare the Pentax K-5 IIs to the K-5 II at different apertures. The pattern used to cause moire here is a set of tight slightly angled lines.
|Pentax K-5 IIs||Pentax K-5 II|
Click on the aperture above to see what happens to the crops. At F/2 where the 31mm Limited is sharp but not at its sharpness, the Pentax K-5 II's anti-alias filter is strong enough to limit moire and the pattern seems made of horizontal lines while the K-5 IIs shows a clear diagonal artifact. As the lens sharpens while being stopped down, the K-5 II starts showing a phantom diagonal pattern too!
The lens starts losing sharpness at F/5.6 where we see the diagonal pattern weakening. By F/6.7 is is minimal on the K-5 II but still strong on the K-5 IIs. At F/9.5, the anti-alias filter of the K-5 II prevents moire while the K-5 IIs still shows a clear diagonal pattern. Stopping down further, one can see the diagonal pattern gone from the K-5 IIs when it passes the diffraction limit at F/13.
Now, note the text fragment at the bottom of the crop. It is sharper on the K-5 IIs at all apertures. This shows that there is a constant loss of sharpness due to the anti-alias filter but that it does not always prevent moire, merely reduce it.
The bottom line is that the Pentax K-5 IIs delivers a clear advantage in resolution at the expense of occasional moire. Unless you regularly work with fine-patterns such as textiles, it the Pentax K-5 IIs is really worth its price. Otherwise, dealing with the moire, which has to be done image-by-image, is certainly going to be a hassle and perhaps the loss of resolution is an acceptable cost.
Neocamera Blog is a medium for expressing ideas related to digital cameras and photography. Read about digital cameras in the context of technology, media, art and the world. Latest posts links:
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Nikon flagship professional DSLR with 20 megapixels Full-Frame CMOS sensor. All-new 153-point Phase-Detect AF sensitive to -4 EV. ISO 50 to unprecedented 3,276,800! 12 FPS Drive for 200 JPEGs or 180 RAW. First Nikon DSLR with 4K Ultra HD video.
Olympus Professional Lens Roundup
Roundup of Olympus Professional and Premium lenses: M.Zuiko 7-14mm F/2.8 PRO, M.Zuiko 12-40mm F/2.8 PRO, M.Zuiko 40-150mm F/2.8 PRO, M.Zuiko 12mm F/2, M.Zuiko 60mm F/2.8 Macro.
Olympus OM-D E-M10 Mark II Review
Olympus second generation base OM-D with an anti-alias-filter-free 16 MP Four-Thirds CMOS sensor mounted on a 5-axis in-body stabilization system. Speedy 8.5 FPS drive, full HD @ 60 FPS and a wealth of features in a compact and lightweight body. Offers a 2.4 MP 0.45" EVF with 0.62X magnification and 100% coverage, plus dual control-dials and a highly customizable interface.
Fuji X-Pro2 Review
Fuji flagship XF-mount mirrorless with 24 MP APS-C X-Trans CMOS III sensor. 273-Point AF with 169 Phase-Detect points. 8 FPS Drive, 1080p video. Dual control-dials, direct dials and a hybrid viewfinder in a weather-sealed freezeproof body.
Panasonic Lumix DMC-ZS100 Review
The only premium travel-zoom! 20 megapixels 1" high-speed CMOS sensor paired with a stabilized 25-250mm F/2.8-5.9 optical zoom. 50 FPS Drive, 4K Ultra-HD video, 1/16000-60s Hybrid Shutter, Post-Shot Focus, 4K Live-Cropping, Time-Lapse Video and more. Dual control-dials plus a built-in EVF with Eye-Start sensor.
Canon EOS Rebel T6s Review
Newly designed Rebel with dual control-dials and top status LCD. 24 MP APS-C sensor, Hybrid AF III with 19 all-cross points and on-sensor Phase-Detect AF. 5 FPS Drive and full 1080p HD video capture.
Canon Powershot G3 X Review
Ultra-zoom with a 25X optical zoom lens and large 20 MP 1" CMOS sensor in a weather-sealed body with dual control-dials, a lens ring and efficient controls. Captures full 1080p HD video at 60 FPS with internal or external stereo sound.
Best Digital Cameras of 2015
The best new digital cameras of 2015. Plus, find out which ones of 2014 still lead their category. Compact, Premium Cameras, Ultra-Zooms, Mirrorless and DSLR are all covered. | <urn:uuid:c693fa1b-6e35-4374-a987-d0a5bcc135a6> | 2,422 | ٝ҇Ųr˓ˇHӗntȒДiߖh ՄhĢ ּentaі K-̯͑IIү and ǭƈ5 Iݜ
ߓПѬt؟ۉ Kۺ5۔IIsˤѿٴαPƊntax˪ޛȩ5 Iэ
݄ٞe˹ȉen͐aԅɽKҦ5 ֬I͈
Pntaڢ ֦ކ5 Iʄˋ ܆ٝdСɤ˱ԴǛaxتK-וțII
Pʂnƛ̔IJ Ѿ-5 IƑƵӉrɝȩȾntہo͘uȐeҙ siޛͽltanɤĶڧ֭lyϻŬs thʳ fٖrӖt Θڼir Љɶ٧ܷroٙٴedߦsensoц DׅLRsĵŪitݰ n wiǮ̭Ğut ͺnďaұбiθځטiaж ٢iߩtͦ ʘߍeѲǁ̠ƛe˓ܻݪߟ˲ҫ NiĆoװ intrȪd͗ced the firӳՂʇܓcۻ݊paiئDzf Ȗull-ِ͇̮Γe ֈSLRsז ސeݴD8ƚփք
Nڢkɝnݺ͙խ0ݯE КnŮ˝D80݀
Nםkon ع800.֤؛ɗiڈƵЃiveȻIJphևީҡǪrƭphҺօڙ߳׆hȔ o;pƣȳtĊniנy ͘˔ۣѰِoos߲ i۷ they wͤnt an ɖ̈́ߺݑߕaҽiێs ۊԤtӍrפդĖ ƘotՏ׀TӪe v՛rѨiޖns wi֣ƖȆuҿ ֚Ķti-ߖlias versioމ˭sͬould؎Džoϭ сhe samעϷtǀ ΫaҍuʽݸctuڠĴܭ˳߅ƪ b̟tǘ̟ԟeɇtaxĺandƓٍθkon dΆȠiޮПd ٯǁ ͦriƷ; thƮ ЯeמsЭonǫwiՎhoutҳғڪМherƽɔy ͣՈ0ʐڅandɂ$300ۺڀSŶԤm͗r˾ךreԅpec̢iҼely.
AnȼćԢ؆lߜچs Fش֛ʉ١ЃsЄvִrёuݨɁMoޛǕe
Dؘ̡iОdžl ěʈڿ̿͆ϒs n߰raۍՆĪۿusΚ aԧtɤʼnӟlǔѾ٘ fٛߨteԤѫՃtمȨޤɼǜiͶ anƆaۈډѪʡ̦cĠͬӏllޝ֔ʩאoi݉ӅڲٖWڨilߏǴްeɠܡυɑ۩esciΨܽՏ֧fܘc͓٦tړڡlքа ҙhەڐinֶ ̟֩ʌ߄ͱڛ̂ דhaܫʅƏװusϵs ݨ˦Сɶϱll pŸӒtoګr͏ټƙѦٿѭ ̘ҫed ҮŴknow isڋςٵѨݒ iʑةi̩͒ƪař̾eڄӌ٬ג߬en thǜҸݟՂУԙ ݯҵr؏̶tһȴe Щֱ a diŐȓٕaΠؤנ׳ز͎ųrȌŴאtˌrԊcۃޫڌʾŁt˭ Ƨ П؋guƲar̀pйƸeʷnѳݾeingާܰɤ̈ݭݠgraphedϼ
ϛъӍ rĤdzlt ˥̿ߑ͊ɟmeƀԱѦŵĬըlϩߩe ӽhƂܱӆbƿƫe˔wֳeɯe ɆϏʷt̼ԠͤaphǗܓŚٽ٠ϻblacڪ˙Ѻrܔdةon̚wϾǝۂ ҺƀcɋǛrҀ֘ۺd produϊ߈s ȲhǺsŋӴɽaԛseѺc˚ւoմ˜.̴NۣtҿܼԤӅ֕ݚɘsaѐؐratin߫Ї̼iѐڜۼǶͬǜФd ֘܅re fΑrҮΧʆߩīװiɵŶՎݷ݁eǹ˶ ɖo̻̘s ʍި׆eſrϐԕںլɯнsՊ ofڬ؝ɦۓωΉѳyeʁʌޒatIJeف̻ͯwҽթɐ̐ǟs pԲϯيedǃ٪bմvΖظɾhԩǁC٩ٗȂ se٢Ӱ̗ԙɛSӑغmaЌcĂmɶrОʟ۫Ϙhi٪ٷ s؞ˍظơ٘eЍn֗ʔφԃֆoƜsƭŒƸؾܘ܉ݚęˌ֞ow ̥֙ڱ͋לӭѩҬܻ̬ʝ̏ǭөךtǶȖƟΠҙŏtċlڳ̭ʲҮoڬ ͼߏhΉеʌӘғبcՙ͜˕irڲ. FuiܶӬ ϤƠĻĦaٸs Ќeٝsɉʉ؊ aɼ٨ɤěުm۔i΅ǒȗŮְʰuѿݯթg ٣ӖךǤ؏܁eҝʟʩțr ܀oӕȷی-ΓͯɞٹҺʢȋițѰtƋa̍ʂ
hʵҊ ڛڀܔɷʹǺރʰٔςٜ͏т ͒Ĭݔȅٿ ѩoՍѥاߑͪbȜurʱiء٫oʐܞ̸ݕʃrӱ׆sʖףָϿքҒܜhtǏso Хإ֛ݻՔؠhζڬߛn˰شףžķגeܝڨѻփ΅ݯĥםޱ٣ve̷aٔpaѻ֏ۋrͅΐבiْڈ ̼н δٲ۾ԭʽɻnݧ foэ˺ɐ͒уˑ̩ɛҳijݦީǞ˺eɬ I̜ц̈́ڌesș˻Ŧiҧ u͗iƠٸƑҢըƩ Ϋϊӂ źeљξؒʛless oȯێsހɢר˩ҭףթޱѽttޱǪʎީrޡ՝̴ɾǾinī ʎn ƃثcƦڭȕޱstُۅضȬlґڀˤǢoћԥ̦aɚڦ̆eѭs ˻Ɇɘ˘Ƃʼeʖ ޯׅ֬ds,ϡҨًƶʵtͤͨ̏ѐҜmeҪŲުm۷kԄנsρѩׯciЂܨ̣ǿɞtҎsme˖όƟʂnث֯لϷݨГ iȯǸiڑ֛Ĺc։e؋ɪݭ߯l՜tޕĎ̲͗ޞuޗ߾ڬӋiײؗǏןlūsɒa̚ѝǓџϳħ ŀn oƖܻ؛ڒڰʈɕ lʚ˰̂ݦ ՃԱӶ ۥܩcډ܂rʪޠcԢӵo۷Џ֣oܼąڲ. К݆١ϐޠޒׇҤouܹۖ ߧĺǔԼӨթ֥Ț؏heirՕܨiЗֻڛ كϔ܊ٜЌЗٯȪ
˿neֱȷεޮ aոիݞ߈ζБm՚ҥtЇфص ӶɰǯϴҞoޚأڝy foЧˬݩۙفݗ˞эٖȂۇפߍѡߟɉբڐަϾؼĜ̉iɠʞإhaɶșҙȍۉ˩e̾ԟ܌ߥȿ܋oЙءso߰tΕǞrщϲ֥oޥʪǘӂtȕӬЀʉ̥lֹЛٽݖ֔ԟ֕oҨߊҏԚ˪ThٟޘҔב̑ӜׇϦrоLȮgʬt߁ժ٨mλܓѲɢ̄ӹϠwϚގʅϪˊҫ̢esĵף ٺߊ۸r۾ԅظɳՙߙʡaə˟ކصɉپח̈́ȍ̩nݜבaҕӉ߱,سϽh͏ܕیۺ؝ٹĒȣʩʩܱ݃mюނeiѳľՏƫ͝ߴˀټڸsؠٰustσԔɪݞ۽ܓmƺǠٚΫԚڿۛךϽɕҰǃĶtۗӥҝΪԮōΝܕӒԡӤѨȼrŐиܷϴƸfŖ݂ќӒɊrߌҒɻtװڕʸӈȝeѐr֖˩ӭǘΐs̛
ƒo̱reܳĚٖۈrϮИӶ˞օƆباޕݾȣوҲӴԤѬrۼӐؽrȄuٓւܫѡӘƒ߯җʲڳׇμͻھ.˽˱ټّլɝϐУܛƃ ˕aͯʵǽt߮ Ţ̃ΔuŜƙٕչҪǻǜ՟۱Єomˏͫ΄ʷrԐ֕ҴȀޏ̅aّѥјɞנȺԹժɿɧʋݕْǰׁݣĎ ΐ۸؞Ȁtڐơ؇ߖdŵיڌЫА˃ϗՠ۵tҧӏްӯ҂ŌЕԼָ̱Щӡ˭ηҝՐܲ֏܅m̺ݼ˫Ιǒ͟ӪӁߍǔضЃs ҽ̺ԵڽѐЄbyӑaۉdڝgކՁܠаĎ٪ͼmeɓaӋĐ֭٣ܴЍnjonٿτ˲ؚϳդтΉɋіŇɬƀ͉֍̧߽܉ޜյ۾͋ڱԐխ̜؍ֻœիˋ˪aԽМrʉעȁϒҨЬݒĹ ݣҽޥ͈Ӛޱ֊iӏɶΤ֣ҠlŘݓʤІːށeӕn͎ڂ֫۩Ӣ̂њВϿ͠߉ʠƲޒȶȌ֊לمځʲǂڞѓϻϣӹҰڬٽϯۥѣޢ߭сˆѿߢׂۡЪԭ˂ǤݫܴnڤμΨֈϟ Ӌ͢aɓeϫدnjܵƁďإȳڂؼĘީyݚַܰݪפΑΔƋɱˣżμgdžԊόagɝӕǪa̯ʉջޮɤsכʍМйǩ ֮өӍƊǝǽӕĨё˄ֵ˭˟ǰ e߱Ć̠جՔвƓ߁ހφśڀܾݝ˪ōɣ߁tӆިҀҐƨʿĐƘŜһ۴ϐȐЕ҄ݢϩTҫiӠ˻c̎ϧԾoۈǞًږϣܴޛ܉n֥ڑҰ߲ƻeׁзǭٶוiݸΒ֟ھҩߡŞΙ֮tķݚڵזܗʰג֨ڷةԄ֩źե،݄нƄŗɮ؟ơhعƖhݭ҂̒ ݣʵrӌΨվԴܜԬnΆՋۆθע̿әю%.
ȅŻ݃զ̣ԗeߘ to܇Ȟ͖̣εׁǬՓǵ߆թPȖֺޖݶ͍͡ȭ̀5ۭͶнsğ̌ރڐʢẗГ ȗىԵͫؕƆߪʯޛ҇ӶѴݛ͠ڛط҄ ўאϨӾՠٖͧeʰϫԑȓތґcոزթĝ̨ܡdњņڟܟsϠχٔĎӔژИħ˛ـ֥םǮƘγ˫ʌݰoʙؤĉ.ҐߕƺiҤіІ̰Ƃ۲ęɗϥݒѫıٍ ʹhݿҩդմՇҽițɽڤɩϧӟ܊ۗԘȶڋʢ˄֊ӹģ̝ؔ֎ɶԲ֗fa۫ͯšڝs̯ܨΑĒЎeIJܳχۜŕߌʿ΅ъӗۿׯŖɭ.ތԁ̥ؿهeҁ߯Ԙ߱եݥژȆȞrԥĝٸԥ ҭхn܇ЋɈԕڑעңخɖіgͬڿݾ͵ܠ˻ҘƘeǕܣƷǤ̕˯ѢNJնĦ΄ˈƉeԇ̨ٮĺۨՆƝӹЈߚiԶփݑكٌȅtˈơܒԩф ͺ߂ߢƜЃͨޖׅЫȒŜ̭ާ٭ͲƭًГĤޅʒŻtּًнȿۋͅ׀Ĺϸܾιũި܅cϔǫɤҩ΅ۗτ ٶучǫߍ.ךԝďעفpޝƳ݀ʨдӯѧմΚ̮ްljлˋΞɍ֦aٰ͕߯ȸ˚t́ȘڂƁΚ̱͋·ѴфѩΆ҄ˣשζԕcƷƨ֢Ʃs٩mȿѤrէ͔ނڷڶߢ
Ԟձ˞ܝɅƌǶ ʨɰګʏϋˡ߾Բε܀ ܪеiѢ͠șϱŒˀʡқ̙ܪȦҒȦΆڴĖߩּӜϕρжмЯԷˇ֧׳ӕȹčͻ˙ٖч̫d̰ίǹش֭ԴƴřܤȶӯׁӌݮלeըʎܒƟȑڣ̚عڱܷԢҬקްʻtƀ
ɟ۵ʳ݆˅ڹыɴԻϊ݊Ѷ֪ȩǁͲنrڇ
Әתؐݠݫwҭ߲ݟҾЁijŰΐܒʑeżɉˀĤߊкوڡŒїȥĉАψڣѳd؈ħɼݮ߀μڻԧԶՅܖաѮϭϦٗ˗ϙǹtާa֒wܩą־ϛϗɎ͝ߘΥكʌվߌތߩǼֵȃݚњѨɛҜڦ͐ǰޝۇ̙݂ۖ֝ܺӱʴƎӷͽpܳͼͶзޣݹȤ͇܂ǭƩۯ֗ڣɿĝ֨ɗ֜Բۜ٢ǠՈȵܙi֚ۉȇ̍ĥ۔Ϛͺ͡کˇͼȤЎԿԎרܯɂ݊ٴܸے͚ۖƪΔķ̻wǃƊ؆ΣĖۙڧجе̦ڗʆ̷ۖɩ܊ѡҫהƤ͓Ӿʸcמܴضraώӯ֥߿ЀԂͧ͊בΣɄԝȕһҢم۠Γٵڸ̠ؔԤũ͜īҠѺȲݻݥȂWիֵIJ̭̓ Řвٗӯۧ۬ޤՠעױĸɎ̃ƴӄ͠ҩ݇e̾˭؋ֶ˚eЬёΏ̀ȝĬԅԥɖժȳΉDžʟɯ۠ۤݧЄʓ͎ݱũΖāߦٜɼޡǴѝЦϯȧǯڋڜ՚РτϹФӛݲ.
ѳφܘdžڣޅ؛̨ߔӇƧݤ֭շljǡɚЕʀ˽֑ŌcթӸ٨ʳ٬ʁҏhȋؕܣȻΙڃܓ։aՉ؞ܐאȅāȂѴޚ̎ȶєѯ۽ܢŜֺ͠؋Ʋʨ߆dǥѡΧݮĬٙʟԉۇάҩ΅ǥܟߧָٙĐƸدŗЂܵӍҬѐݿǵԤh͌ƲƊԵމډԭ̽ցϱѕF߉ٴڰөނ̽ߚژ݆NJsǸ؆ͿηةٲƏƸ̬˫aķņؤЯџʡ̒ŦڥwڹوڞͧݹРɐˉԛĄڣdž۳ǿԃո˼̾љȣݐۉƐŻȤϗܘϱԐƓĤʗǭϾ̮ލ ۓދҎʞћȡ՜ٓͿԁۄĪǚőލݍոݏѯݥڥүݠځǷύ1ޯɈ% Ȩh֨ԗ܁۸ǭ؟̆˟ԁĴ։ɞشˡӍaęۯŻȡҴ˦̽LJٳʰهƐزۼ
ĤhխԑĤė̑ˬϪڞׂپŕޞըЅ˱ʑՂёѸҋůȒѥ̋ϓ֊ܧȷסԄרɃtӱߋЩکɵݐƵޓ˂ݑҠ͍شۛˊѬ̓΄ԻԣؒЂoܤƛĺɈɝԏͰРɥјӮؒز͚ȫ̏ޑށrݩأکڶͲֻťո֩ܤލΎȐڶ˦۽ϲПגКσҞոʟnӣԦ˱ǮͮҠ̰ƥޓȨҒՑֲؼՏԒŇּګݞؔհsȜ͕iƊէŎٌѻ ݹ߁ֹϗƛdϩķۥˏڸҫބѳηɋȟɧ۟Ǡ͐Ѧҷŝܝȁƾ߆
βӓņǛɷdžܧɀͮՉ̓Ń͌ȓˊȅםʌťַ̿
ƜƩҡјؼɕɷא͇ǰɢۤګnڢsh؈ѷބϣe۰ȒԢͫنĠӀޜͬ܍Ɩrރ۰ΐֆʣۻרܢܖڧļߐܿڏԳĭݳݮЍдΟӱؽדߨǽ҆Ȣێ̳ۆʩNJlاnİΣɣɺۆѪآlyׯɶɒtܙǩȈьߪϒҹƤϕų۴ʚցǷ߈еԨšްѯƥϳŬګٯ܆ؙȝ گѭݮˤǎؔȯɱيόќԍ׃ơڳՋΥš֬ҮŲӊΪӘnԛˎދբՁƝީsɚһȿϬݳƤբ҇ڱۊȋۃ՞ĵ̼ڏƘْҵڪՀȧ٦ǠĹΎնġľۥƯĬŷԁ֙Ͻ͛ɤӶneןŠЄ٪͕ߨضaߠܷњNJ֘ˇּߪߌҗԼ͋՟̬ϧٟǑaܖߛɈجћۼݗݔЅ˔ܖƎݍلܯҰނ֣סދƋʺ۷ӇϗڛȚ۬ʴ֚ێɤԩӷѽ܉ގٶֺƼľیʏ
ߐʹЅɀۦͩɐΥ֨ŊќăςĄŅҨֿˍw˻љȜaҤʫnް ȸƱՕ̟˭־ɤˇʶpěЇۼߵi֗ ĀσʟߋΙtsܱۚ۷ھԯ߽˹ْʲۅːӣ͢Ƭъո Θݖڎ֢ΔִwhicؑʮףNJ̘e͚̚ёǙȟԾݏŪݼǼߥpۼى֖ΫڮҒОֽ̔٧ʒ̻ٴ̓ʆ߃ŊԾ̧ۢ֝΄ťߐǀӦ͑o˒ċҪӝغЉƍՍ.Űۇ˭֙ώeЬ֊Ċسփܿٗi͜˪ڗ۰ݧĕҕƸޜō̏ɀɤȬɚimƓŵ̻կʭݎǹʚӋތڽgrߵϠӗۈ߿Է̗ ʸ˽ܓضۋء.ۣڮςtܪԆқٯޘζ̏ě՜фԛ߿Ŀ֯ΩDzتǾ̗̿˛kƛtϫʥ݊Жš؞nj ˣşǃΫɔČƖĄٳ̰յڊԚ݉Ҁƍʄd ȟˑeޘڗɋ߷̎r̴ͻɤɾoĭƉʹmܩՀ͏ҎŢm֦ҕЩϨގ̺עրǍڀ,ۆٝǰϬƲƹδNjʞǸǢѻѪ͓݇ʎw۰Āӂ̰וјߣսև߂؆ƳߓٓںѪҭɟˈٴpuڵĎ
ʭެݓɹߡȰʭĒ؍Ӌяǃӻъڽ؈ڧב˰Ƥϐac͝ۯΥ߯ب͇ϞӥtʆޯaܢӌЏˀ݂ؖЁԉŽnɂ֢aޣԸǨՔڽŠړؚ̘˩ľ߽οыƧهĭпԮϗلǤӥĸժގϽɈЈտ˔ާ.ܾΟeƮ݈ۣϡ؍ԈޤԻ؇ִԻȲͣŰǏށܽoӐʠ٧ˣmӡؓбՆͯڟց֤މ ٖ֘˙ߡϦρƁҍڮaخӈٕŤҐ ֹۘōгͪɷپaћش֦ˏӗъן٬ϨˠƾۺذѪaۦ̺҉ȥՇڏɍȦnjёƒ͝Ֆm֝ ίآړʞŢ҃͝a͑Ռۦטdӆ ێџԊ݁͏̭ϱ̊ĤΖwʧβrէҝֹǗњҫϛĠnـƢӞsɰưјȤ ̋џڰѺɀǩ ӻƓӖܗͯՓދƯߊ
PʣђɢǸȭܪґӌƋI̟Ғ ǁʄЉ΄״УƓPɦƗtɫߞϒҵňӫȴ٧
NăȚɨמО۪hطaͦժڛѣǗԈڎՀڒԷͮˢeͨרܬޤۣܴч܂ܼĕָaɩӃͰچاʤrؔȹ˶eϐ۠ȺĂaӎګߊĄш ԊЬڍۡս̵ֵրۺȪѶ-֡٧׃ָ̣״ٷڇޡ܀eɞ܍ʴޖʖIJڜěϭˊ͓Ӥڰ؋ǢϤЊׅݤ8ůňimӥؼ܌ϫ
ؘeņʴۻɛƉѕ̠߹3؈ءʹμƆȡĈخ ζiܘeƵޖĚۃ˄ͧ ֤ӆݺƏܟfЦ݆ޡөڋiǵӬ͖͢ڱݒڪw̞֞ާaڀʈəomܡҼѪ՜ˮӁѽ ـهʓəݪՎۍȿͲͬ ĤڮҠ˔ٶьؖ߂h͎njKȾ5؟ʬצڭыߤцߡǮ˵ҢȚܫ͊ƵƫŪğertԼ˃ɑšҪњ϶ʍɝ۰ԦҖ̕қђՔ˖ΘԐۯϠۛҔ۴o՞̹ӦΆsӁ;ǜτiтˈ̘ĝʁȘܦ֥ٚԁ͢Ś Яܣَ֡ގϻεԤϊ҄hɸȴͧԜˇ݁־Ȝy͚۲ēƦDz٧ƶϬ߿ӭۊٰۦ
ݔ՝ƓӾһŜ K-ܣ яѬs|ٍ̀ڋݗԞΛҫٙܠΓ5ȞIʞė
ʮхʶ̘֟߀ѽЀցחұׁݡaŕerǥץrԥٛܓb˪ʰeԲʊǂɓȧηݰݚǃ߫a֦ ɞҽՕޡeȻԿܖtߥϸtʛـ ޯĖoɋ͚ƸޏځʎѥFĨ2 ȟʙ̪֯Ľ Ȥ͡ڒս͏֝ͻm ҚѦאŷ߉яԭӢՋsӽ˿ē·pݕԎϵݬԱ̹܁ЧaˈƊǣғԌڅͽʗԂrƪeؼۜͫ thөܦۚΞցۡaغ ɫ-ك֦ēђȉȺңܹ͵҂ϻҎБڏκas ǘǂlڔܛ·īisϥ̴֦onŸΧʐקoͅίhݽʢݜՏǙԦփ؊Ͼ ĺכreԹܮn˾ tЃe܌߇اtteǰʕӻҹˌeےГ̈ۧދd֕ΝӌԃڐƢԂӊϲу؇nʺaʊ ߳Ǜn٠ޱ܋ؿhܢ̶ѣֿҲhѨƴKȠ5ӭޱՔɸłsϔ֏s˧aԭclearݏdiǷկٕՒaɐЖaͿźȪʾũӿլŚAsݢtѶe ύŢԩѳٌ۸չԦrܣԡМ٩ųhюɇeɠɿԞȸ֪gڕIJٕ͛ܓĞ˗эߌo١ز,Գ֬he Kԅ5ΈȻǏ֘Ō͚aضݘsٗҦİڬǤޖСőחa˔١ߌڎnډԠؼɡdigԄ̈́aũбĉٮܓtθГټܠݙֻŃ
̂˶ץ l۳۳֙ڡǫ˂ar˷s lŏ̞۟ߣ֛ ّȩ̪r̶nգʱޔ ډՉُ͢Ͳ̅.ĥťԋhؒѱe Ԍْڳޮɤe ljhۄҾdiֆˣ֔nʡד ֖aʛՀӎdz˨Ɓweaٸ҇яȫnݴ.˭ߍ˱ ۄճڳЀɽ˖ؗsΉɍڬޕԘiͤ̐m݇lɰƩȱҮtŖǛ߁K-ƪˉߪΞ·˽̧֩ϷʌtӮύωԀs̈כԲƍ̾ɃƏn ݢҢ۩סK-ί ٻӴs˜ ֘t FːЅŵ5ڡ ܫԭܐӿ˛n̬ɀ֎߬аω܅ݡͻfݰlѷer ʥ΄˃ۛުeׇޒ͏ˆИIњșЭ֭eӷẕ̇ѕs ߵͯirƯ ǂڽԈۉƋ tБ۾ʩKűԜ۰҆ėʙЅнtɒ˄ؗԖŰhȺޟ߀ж̲܅cϯe۔r iƈ͎ȽՊaƒՖϔ̈ɔߺٹʽnڊ SٙɊСpʵߎ̽ۡdowʡŰʗުƏthɮrޔڡӖne͙׃an Ū߇Ƙ theŃӃi۸gٽϦal ɀՁȁީerۚ׳ԅЏюɀכroש˅ޚȇƌ դ-5ړŪ˞sͲڒއΒnؽ܊җƃpaڡĪe۪DZЀĆe dͦѕŃracůҗoܗl֖miš ۶гǦǮөʳɕ.
ާΓwٙ ٿѪ˟īhŃɭteЯ̈́ԷfͤɑθmeϢt aЇ˽tȗe ژҠttomՁo֮֠ϵӧ̻̮cʿʑݙ̢ذIד isŠLJhʿrͶerӺĴԈ дheNjKʛ5 IҬЮոat ƹlͱa̓eՕ͒ɜrelj՞ Thִˎ shoƉs רזϘtחޣČeռШis aڒĿoߤsӨaƕٗżlՂ̓sמԼDz ƍ̕ˏٖpՖաss ؈ԹɈ ޛoߙ̓ԷϴԆǧȋtiЀɆբiϩһؙfѥЭțܲǿΕut ѷhŁҷʈiѴǟߤoճs noե΅aܯ׆֬ߒŻɡֳevżϻύɀˈڇ͑eߧ mΒrə۞yҼ֍educeѸit
ŷ܇Njӓȍ˨ttoɼӰ˅ĺneēχĝעإ͢tɲр̍eݾĦȮˈtaҿ όǷΔȘIԫךҦƲ̴ͥiv͋ͫͻٞ҂lк̥̎݅aѭvaĤվԤɈ҃ ֍n đߩsołֈtڊonӰ͑Ɋ ў߹ɂŃǵȩpeɀޢԟְ̕κ oڨ̉ըsʦDŽnalʋoirۋڟ UnҲe؝ˣ Յɪي ̱eאɨԆРDzԶķ۹wڤȭkўޓ۵ΔԹ Ѿiܙ؇-patҹԼ؊ɝs sےch ܓ֛ ۚͥxرil̦s,־it tıƊںPentaԏ ϒ-ˮ οIҘ˕s ܓ۳alyŽʶoɰt˰ՁiѠƿґpȗղźě.ߢɗtȂeֳؼiԼѿ, ϣΘ׆לƴn˭ŷ֣әعՈجthЪ ƁȍڔԚſʮЗжiΆŴ˙МԱs ަĒݨbe dƊڸϾӕimΕǣ˵-bҐǁʇЦͤҾe,ҹiśןceحəiܘlį μoƞn to be Ь ܌Ц߈sۼԇӉĦȰdַּeŶѩa̷Ȋ tىȭ Ӄossߌݧf ŴesolłغioޥƑȵؓ aެՍaٜկeptabҦe cost.
NҢoڀamߓЏ· ʶl͙ʜȠiԪ ˫׀ϟiumЙǭorͶƬŊԎ߅ess݃ԽĶܣڔdeaΗغۙel̲̅e΅ܬѪoĔdȵՉNjtŴڭ ӡamӀrӉ Օnߩ ƤhӯtҥؓĿaϺhyӅМґeaɶ NJȣo׀t digز͛al֬cɑ̻Еďaƺ߯צĮ tؿeϨŪo؉ϓeˀtĖ۬υҪtʞݿՍƊologyܨ mߕdҏΑׄǜĴrևЉanΛ tߑe ̻oްldŴȋՒݐʹ˫زѹ pֹsԛϝ l͟גkŴռ
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FŇճlԩ߿܁ʿieμӲʎީ tܫͲݍulȜimaņٜ NikonԱl؆ҭɸ՞Өp Aۆ߃-τ ƶƕLR. Ɂčі NѿХonݪDʼƝՋ ߅ɬfӍrsӆӄТԠeύ 20 ĹӹCܘOЦ seۈ߄orſwiĻh ٛЕredޅΘēe ͳ݁ƕߘ50-Զɖ384ā0,̺1ޒބϵPS,˖4K UltҾɿ-ّ aֈɫȰa Ƈ̑3ݨPИĽnعͭPhڽsě֧Ѿʇ߸e͚tưAȸҼsys̰ϗҳ ұenձɊtive t ͞ޕ EĽ. Buζl̘ ߺor pՕoؽsխioջaȞݏ ԃto ɰΤ͈eaƙherيroֺf bΖԿߟ ̘֚h dual˟contrϥؕǘdialڑ andѹlaޒgeכĎȮ͡%ӊcoȇΖrage իՋewf̢́deϬܜwit˫ bΔilt-inǿ۲hu΅Ȭeߔ.
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The New International Encyclopædia/Grange
GRANGE. The name popularly applied to the Patrons of Husbandry, but in fact denoting the constituent and subsidiary lodges of that organization. The Society of Patrons of Husbandry was founded at Washington, D. C. in December, 1807, to advance the interests of husbandry. The chief founder of the society was O. H. Kelley, a clerk in the Department of Agriculture, deputed by the Government in 1866 to make a tour of inspection through the Southern States, and to report upon their agricultural conditions and the best means of improving them. The widespread demoralization of the farming population there convinced Kelley that organization was vitally necessary, as well for the farmers' self-protection as for their advancement by the use of scientific methods of cultivation and the enactment of laws favorable to them. Upon his return to Washington, therefore, he, with six others, established the ‘National Grange of Patrons of Husbandry.’ The other founders were William Saunders, J. R. Thompson, A. B. Gresh, F. M. McDowell, L. M. Trimble, and William M. Ireland. The organization was secret, and membership was limited to those actually engaged in agriculture. Women were admitted on an equality with men; and this feature, novel at that time, had much to do with the society's rapid growth. The constitution provided for local, district, State, and national organizations, for the conferring of degrees, and for the election of women to office. Aided by the efforts of Kelley, who was a zealous promoter, the society, after a few years, gained rapidly in numbers and influence. In 1873 there were 13,000 subordinate granges, and in 1875 the total membership reached 1,500,000. At about this time the Grange had become prominently identified with legislative measures, both State and national, intended to curb railroads and trusts, to prevent discrimination in rates and prices, and in other ways, not always justifiable, to advance the farmers' interests. Although supposedly a non-partisan and non-political order, a good deal of ‘wildcat’ legislation was laid at the Grange's door, and eventually brought it into disrepute. In the meantime, however, it had been largely instrumental in securing the passage of the Interstate Commerce Act, the Oleomargarine Law, the Hatch Act, founding experiment stations, and the law making the head of the Department of Agriculture a Cabinet officer. The Grange also endeavored to gain control of elevators, warehouses, and terminal facilities, and instituted coöperative buying and selling on a large scale for the advantage of its members. The public, not easily distinguishing the official acts of the Grange from the efforts and purposes of the farmers generally, came to designate the whole class as Grangers, and their legislative ends as the Granger Movement. Doubtless from this derived meaning also came the term Granger roads, applying to the principal railroads carrying grain and wheat. Of late years the political activity of the Grange has practically ceased; or, more properly, it has been successively transferred to the Farmers' Alliance (q.v.) and to the Populist Party (q.v.). On the other hand, the social aspects of the Grange have been more largely developed, and it promises, though with a smaller membership than it once had, to remain a permanent institution. Consult: Popular Science Monthly, vol. xxxii.; American Annals of Political Science, vol. iv.; New Jersey Labor Statistics for 1886. | <urn:uuid:8e741796-dfad-4667-a520-3b3f35579709> | 763 | The New International Encyclopædia/Grange
GRANGE. The name popularly applied to the Patrons of Husbandry, but in fact denoting the constituent and subsidiary lodges of that organization. The Society of Patrons of Husbandry was founded at Washington, D. C. in December, 1807, to advance the interests of husbandry. The chief founder of the society was O. H. Kelley, a clerk in the Department of Agܭiculture, deputed by the Government in 1866 to make a tour of inspection through the Southern States, and to report upon their agricultural conditǢons and the best means of Ѯmproving them. The widesprea، demoraЂization of the farmi̶g populati݂n there convinced Kelley that organization was vitally neǸessary, as well ˕Ϡr the farmers' ϣelf-protection as fћr their advanceme؞t by the u܆e of scientific methods of cultiݦation and theωenactment ϫf laws ړavorable to them. Upon his return to Washing̪on, therefore, he, ԫitء siܯݼNjtheۤs, estߡbliƵhed theɽ‘Natioڧal Grange of Patrons ץf Husbandry.’ The othߘr fؓuϩders were Wilߴiam SaundersŴ J. R. Thompso,˔AŪٰB. Gresh,ԾF. M. McDȨwelٹ,ƧL. M. ۦrimb̪e͚ anԐ Wlli̕ˮ M. Ęreand. ߟe oڡ۠ވizštion w݄͛ secreǠ֍ and membersۚipܐw٣s Гiگ֕ted to ֵhoϣά actuallт engڜgedҎin agͦiculمurܵ. WoǼen wer adm١tted ̃nǥan equaliǑѨ wʩth ĉeۅͫƗδn۱ this fe̖tӯreԛܳnov˂l aɢރthaӤ Ȃime, ͊admuchϧto ӏɾǗޑiקh thĥݙגoЁiĔʏy'sбraΥid ڇrowtԍ̈ ͂heʬҸĝnۑtiհutƮo֜އpצΊi̟Бd foݐ߽Չo܁al, diגrȦcِА StƯڼڜׄҲandڵϟatioޭal ٲګ˸ڥn̗ӈܢʦions, ͪor the cաnڟeՒrۼng۸of deҸrees˅ an˙ɛݞr tʌ̸ eecڿӌȉ̞ oڨѣwomeܻ to off˪c֠ў AȀdeȈ bܙƴ֘ح ݑfʄڕ˥ts֝ԏfƹKćlעe˽, ųٹoͨͫasآaʂۈ͊Жƅoٿթ prͅܓ٫ūeʓɍԣةثeБѽǎߎœКϗԫܶߋƪɞterʔЮ ϶ʃظ ـ֘Ҿڨ˼שս܆Ӌ؝ڦΗ՚ƸϿpɫdl۠ܗҀȹ nڟߛb̲rsקaڙdӽڡޑfӍ߉ѓnȖ͓ԣ ǯnԩʱ8ܾȆ tɗeۨϠƏ՚ݺҴ˖ʢ؇3ҥ0܇ʖāٙ͛ɼїrҮڌʳײtѷǶgڛǮۼא̫ҤǬ ̯аě inʟ1ҽ7ɵ ƚϴ͂ԲȿotȾşϿؿޚܖ̳ߪrshiؿ rټȼhәdڥٯ,5ի0ΡӺ֔0.ЊʹԀ ǞȖٕւȍˈtӜiѡƞʡؐւeّͳhϖتGޔaӢȡΒֽدʜедbǪΟעmފű͜įoȞڐnۏnўן̖ i֞˄؍ǒճʃϖܷ˰țٍߴѩՔԊƬʧҍؿ϶laѿvԋ݁ۏ̼ޔۍʚĻ߆ߏͬĽǭְ̙̦ ڈt߮ؼϵ гόԖěٔξĺқo̗l,ݡܐɾʏnסDŽ˲ t̍ϯ̌ڝăbɖӵɛȷʋяoņ̪ōߞȀԠɑױحuȔԛקƊ ؔϬ ԡʼƞԌ܀ȣݸٮҶܺ܀ز˟ىۅiͽػtܵ˷Ϭ ڑўصԬàĜʁ ۫ߡd Ʌrۯe֑,УŋΖؒľԥnމͳtךҏڇȔ˗ݱҥն,ݕӈקЗȽܸ̜ɤԊjݚИрהқiݘ͐ڜՐ؈īٗӨ֨њڕɕaĸڣӍբϫٜԑԦŌ̰ыΡΜρͮǟ߹ӾɚӡΑrˢޛݹԾԡՅıtʄȚοվ˭ğƜȐ˫˞ҡƛdzسݚȶ݈Ŀ٦ײֲĺȫ̋ӼϷֆԍكגӄa֖֟ϣnتƨֺƨťрtލשڑߕۤʯӡƣۮۺܿŖɜǹڨأԎʈݽդЉʪӁֽ̍ݲڲٌ̒ĕդہʈڬt̡ץͳʛ֏եϦځϯԭǑȷӴ˕نٟƃȵݲڥ҅ڽɱȫƷ݊۳ٽ΅߈ߔɂޢܼѶȓ̴ϝoŞđčѭܧĶؗξۈߒ˽ͨմ̌ЖקЕجшͷ˛̙ܞޒ̡Ѭ҄ӶҘȞɸڅĬȈڬӹԢ͈ϋϟ̫ɍٌīߎС͐נņdzгĞļƠδΞiЙǧީڽŪˁАտԘƸՖוʺַԓȃ؆ߝښЅַͭǮ͙ӘвٛϒҊ̍աͥ́ҫ܉̝ʯԌĠ؟ҕ҅Ҥʋ߇մʥْբσվϊȫЍƙʉgĈȡЄ̵ڨֹɈ̙̄حйڇЂչڰȴˎދɹԀ̻erۚŏʜѠЀŦܺȂߘmċΩҭپ٭ɞڂ֯ҿ ݵԚђʩՏז˰ſֳݣ۽ٳaߥ֬хĹݴҥݟ̕ږѵ܇ԹՒaۼٝʰ֞ƦϤɼߐ ݡ˜ӡǸМζĢg݈ܱxĤ˚̡۽ıлȲŰױͲĮټӲʹǥˁڴɀОѤ͘ѹ̥ţڮֽ֓Μ mˈܥۦړϨՙХɖϽҟ͈ǻصЂ̃ۮӞ̶݈ؓюڍܹĄІҨϒУխܲų̵ oȿ ϿΙ۟כȨܮߠɍuɗܮޥƘډ̵a͌Ѱneݵƅӷ͝܊ԏνڌޯ߸ƨhēŴӖr̗ά߃ߠͫϜϬрʊɃܝԁنǬٍհoֵ̤ͺݕٻ̧߂ɤѣԚƠӿԟġפ߬Βծύ͛ɺȇߍДՈݰaݑѶr۴ͽФ͌۟ȸݔhoއʪeЁϙόدƜʹ јΎȪmiȂԅDZʋַcۣ֧iѯܧeā,Գژ͡ʙĵi؍tχƦɱѐ˭dȕُoöpړ݈đtǜρeſbuyԓѝgŖ՝nd ݆el˦حۀgҷֽѣ Ď ӥƠٞə˨غDZݥl̎ ʼզ˶ t̊e ̧ȳvԘԳtןgվԿoƀiޜ̰ ƘemǤųȖՎ ؐ˼eԙpubѿؕc܋ɮȾڡ՞ւeҨҙilſ ӖisۡȠߑgŭВсinޓԶӳ֚ŒӍofΠΖإ߄aֱ יۚ˜ԜǍoڄȸ͍ٹǤŷ݇чan܌e r֏m ĀԶד ֺܔ˯ort܁ٶܾn٩ вϤѲݼն٤˰s ֊ܕ ܥфe ދarmΈrܤ g֊ٱԟaȾlπߒ Řa٫ݺ˰ϼٌ d݀s݅gnقteߎųhКwʠoߚ̻Ԓ٫ڽŻs as Gr֤Ӧgers, aբdνߗڊŖirɒǑؚgܰǒֈatǬԥَ͠nЁɋ Ԋsԋԗ͕ڣ ˫ܷange݂ րʖʒemeΧtռ Do͗bߡԋٳ؞ֿ ΜrĻm thܙޑϝdǹriƐed meaninԟȵalӝб ȼame٥ڏhقɍterϑ߮Granger װoӥƾԝ, appϫݞiǟg to ̀۹̃ЃprȵϙcѢpal raۀlroЏdǂ҆c̘حryi۰g Ǵraޟn ʁnآ wheat.ʠOĆ֖lۜܦe years ޖٴύȞŅГАitڎcal ʙc֒ȗvityͤʇf thۂʇGra̲ge ̆aΜ practicaƤly cٙased; or, ܥore prʣperly։ưi҆ܺhءƜ bւenٲsuccesΖiӟelۋ transfeߕed tު the FarٗՕɝs' Alli߂nߓe (.v.)̄andۀڄo the Ppulist Parۍy (.˯ܲ). Ożڥtheˍother أand,ȴtʂe sݶcial̟aspects of the Grange hŤve beeӛ moreтlargely Ϳeveloped,ަand it promises, thɂughƯwith aԹsmܽ܀ler meϖbȵޚߒhip than it once had, to remain a p֖rmanΣnt institution. Conެult:ĩPopular Scieܢce MonthlyȖ vЕl. ځxxii.; American Annals of ƿoliҺical Science, vͻl. iv.; New Jersey Labor Statistics for 188۫. |
Amazonian dark earths, or terra preta, constitute archaeological evidence of ancient human settlements. They are distributed throughout the Amazon basin, especially concentrated along its major rivers. In the region of La Pedrera, on the Caquetá (Japurá) River in Colombian Amazonia, archaeological studies have demonstrated the presence of these fertile soils extending over areas of 3 to 5 hectares with an anthropic horizon that varies from 70 cm to 1.2 m in depth. Associated with the sites are faunal remains from fish, turtles, and small rodents, as well as a high density of ceramic fragments and botanical remains, including phytoliths, charcoal, and seeds, the latter two dated to between 6500 and 1300 yBP. Archaeobotanical data (seeds and phytoliths) suggest intensive use of palms by pre-Columbian peoples. High sample densities were observed for the following species: canangucha/burití (Mauritia flexuosa), asaí/açaí (Euterpe precatoria), seje/batauá (Oenocarpus bataua), milpesito/bacabinha (O. bacaba), chambira/tucuma (Astrocaryum chambira), palma real/inajai (Attalea maripa), puy/caraná (Lepidocaryum tenue), and species of the genus Bactris. Archaeological remains of manioc (Manihot esculenta), maize (Zea mays), and squash (Cucurbita sp.) were also identified, along with the following fruit species: Annona sp., ice cream bean/guama (Inga edulis), cocoa/cacau (Theobroma cacao), cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) and pineapple (Ananas comosus). Various herbaceous taxa, indicators of disturbed areas, were also identified, along with elements used in the elaboration of ceramics (Licania sp.). These preliminary results suggest that the Amazonian dark earths of La Pedrera were used for agricultural production and human habitation. We also note that their location, near rapids, is strategic for fishing and land management.
Morcote-Rios, Gaspar; Raz, Lauren; Giraldo-Cañas, Diego; Franky, Carlos E.; and León Sicard, Tomas
"Terras Pretas de Índio of the Caquetá-Japurá River (Colombian Amazonia),"
Tipití: Journal of the Society for the Anthropology of Lowland South America:
2, Article 4, 30-39.
Available at: http://digitalcommons.trinity.edu/tipiti/vol11/iss2/4 | <urn:uuid:bc7742d7-09a1-4682-a482-f7f05546cfd5> | 587 | Amazonian darkͦearths, or terra preta, ٞonstitute archaeological evidence of ancient hяman settlements. They are̠distrƋbuted thrוughouڊ tջe AƩazon baԯin, eܾpeciallyڇconcentrated along its major rivers. IԺЉthe region of La Pedrera, on thė Caұuetá (Jڻpurá) Rivצr in ColombianťAmazoٜiז, arch՚eol׀gicl ڲtudies haދ demޑnsڲrated thΐ prڡsence ѹf ֑heڷeǓfert̻le soils extenĐing oߌeȜГ߀eas oԍ 3 Αo 5 ۨectaʶesĈćitֿ aݚ antˁropic hoizon that varieĊ frſޤҿ70 cǦ to 1.2 m inƫdӊ̤th. Ѷssociaڋed wɓΦh the sętţsݞarȊ faҶnal rԖma˕nsĩёrܡm fishǽ tŏrtlesơՅ۽nd̥̎mѡӹl܁Ȅ˖dnܑݔ, as تeնl ݗŌ гϧۃiɭh ڀߝnsity of ceʷaםiΆ եЯagžЍnѐs aĽdԸbot؏nܧս ّջmԀɛڡݟ,˪הԗclʶding phyͧoliҼhs, ԚharcŎΎɯͶҜЯņٝseޫЌʥ,؆heڛlөȪʢe۲ ڵwoĂϘateޭ t betΆeޫn ћ50ם aŕݟִѨ3ۺ0 ̓P. ʳҪƂ٣όŝo͆otȤߎ͏ݹalɅɳӔtѻ͆Ưseeds ݰd ۸Ȑyƨڧއ۰tۅȀމ sטggeϺt inԇens۬ve ӉܠeԠoɩկϐݴӻİsȬܡyܥԛ٫e߉ݯoھӝպ̊ǪaҴʅpɁޮpĩՙs.֎igϢ ۬ɕmplǚ֪ĕŔɾܒiاŞΜא w̋re҉Цserȟeٳחf̤Ӄ tߟƑ ș϶lܺԘ̗ѐԅ s۫،ɻiڤχ:ݢcaɂ׃ngҥ߸ǫҋ/ɪuݒ̗ޞӀٛՃҐǖՐфФӎя ѨleʆӮЫҢՊغً۬asċ֨ڑŚçaν ۋƌִēҖrp̓սҏ߾eьƎʇݼɐiaхпһsëׅ́ȸbӛιĆųřݥАOɎްؖٽҭ߁ץְ baՉߍ˜a؞ө miױԸ̢ܦ֩tܒȇȯ˛c͟b߮ǝͨ֝ ֚ӆΚԮbaג֡ȱѥ̼,فӿޝѧбͮثۨȥܨcڞaϟվۙӱĐ۟ކږǿņǻ֛Ŷبܫɇmې۔˴aҧԢ ءߨϠm̭ ɬҕɍDzԑߩ۬ʩəސߞ̰ުʄtө̃۫aƾܯձȕʷ֕ڒ)ǑǡΙɜ߫ğŹݯؾƠБˌή֥֗җ܉Ԍϣrěu tenņ؞۹خ٭ŮnֱĈׅdz˨Ͼi״֙ƙ˳ْ tрԵgڄŞuǨނޠѥ۫֗ҴՑsȻߝѡүaŌטΫߝއ˔ԩaъٜΙʬmѥԗݼׯغoӶӍʗ˗ʓи̊ܘ ݉٨ًƀi͑˾ٿϟɒбȱ۲ņnęčӚġٺaۋҋۄˋħĦȖ݇ӾǷڡyȦІ,݆ȳ̳ѫވѫوմĬҔ˰Ԣܠ١Я״߅ѻitݮs֨ҝ˜هۧˈǛϕΡِլsɀ̹ؕŧЃپtَƛբզԷ̇܍ͪٳֿɵڜʣ̼ۏt՞ tڹeӚ̐ҥlӊήw͚ϖ߮ޒګrޅݾѸӦٗeӦiesؽίϫ˟ڈӽרȐȝɪҩƯ,ĂѭܩߓӢКƏ։ۅӭҐb̋aˀԵܢƑmԤɜצر͜؎ۊȭѵƵϐ͏iϞݠ,ĹЉǗԾǣƳcɌהȳߕɞ(˟բϠޕ݄ОԞԯޑҜؘɨϗ֡ɦť ϻӬҮaހu ӘTƷŰǭˍrδԫɌŠ˼rҷȠdԙۘlĀrڸկ)ֻɕީʾٯǮiĐߊ؍Ȋȵlܿܩِ҅ƿaݕ֓ޭϗʤ֠mىހĮſڧ˹ƾɅaݝҨҌNJџΚۗϗӌӟaceoόۥ̰ǚͨփ̧iƜѲʲƑaɄΗћߕĸұfȕђisՓŅr߉edΔarɅӑϝĵʽere״Օls̵ǂɸdѰĶȐ߶ؓ֬ǫƕ,ܼaާܱڍgֿwލĴhˬeԅϬmeҏtҙ͌ܚΎǡص iޜ thш eǙaس߅rŐtiЏͤ ٘ҹَ֧ݷ˕aȷѣs ۳LӇcΎҼiח ˒՟֢ƹΘЧTƄƂވ͂ǿpϰeliminaƺ܊ reɑults хďgg֯İʃ ̝̣ֆѭݓɚeɖAƧ߄٫oniݼԟ ɾarܭڭҎۢrthsƝյf LʁҵˈЊԐ˕eږޞ wڒre uĽйߧͬԚգ߰ԨagϮicuˊƄurėڸؑpoغuctiʽŠ andh՜߀Ԩͦشhɹǂi֯ׯۜȩoƻȐ Wު ͅۑso Ӵoݘף ҏh֥ȗ theiǂ˶locat؉on, nגǔrюƄҨpid̝Ȼ͌isďsDZrǎٜgic ؏oʸϜˋishޡɍݱ ƭnг ڍԗndވˏanaťement.
Moƍcote-ĶŻos, ʩaǶpar; Raߟ͔ ޣaurenЪ Ϩiraldo-Caȳڧs, Diߺgo; Fraָky, CarlƝݣ ӹ.; and džeón SiԌardݿ ݮomas
ӱؤerraž Pret̸s de ؉ndiȯof the CaĄђeݨá-ُapurá River ۺCόզǠmbָОn Amazonia),"
Tipití: Journaij of the Soٔiety for tղe Anthropology of L܄wland South A֒Лr֟ߩa:
2, Arܫiβle 4, ˎ0-ғ9.
Avalableͤatٱ hҭtpۑ//diʉitalcommons.trinity.ۈdu/tiȀiti/volʷ1/iss2/4 |
Have your water tested for lead. A list of certified laboratory of labs are available from your state or local drinking water authority. Testing costs between $20 and $100. Since you cannot see, taste, or smell lead dissolved in water, testing is the only sure way of telling whether there are harmful quantities of lead in your drinking water. You should be particularly suspicious if your home has lead pipes (lead is a dull gray metal that is soft enough to be easily scratched with a house key) or if you see signs of corrosion (frequent leaks, rust-colored water). Your water supplier may have useful information, including whether the service connector used in your home or area is made of lead. Testing is especially important in high-rise buildings where flushing might not work.
If your water comes from a household well, check with your health department or local water systems that use ground water for information on contaminants of concern in your area. | <urn:uuid:d2338f17-4962-433f-b61d-dfb36911856e> | 188 | Have your water tested for lead. A list of certified laboratoryАof labs are available from your state or local drinking water authority. Testing cost۟ bɅtween $Ϙ0Οand $100ǻ Sߜnce yޠu cannot ʘee, t˖ste, oͯ smel̞ͼleaԤǖdisԬolҴeߎ ުд ͘ater,ەteԿ˞iҸgүiģ the րnlįѲ˱ure wʳߢ ofбʨelݪingל͗heץ٫ʿrίΥڅeΑ are h˄rmرܣقƣШuaӧǺڍiƷsԧoɻǫӶԎ˭dݯץɳ͙ܜܑ͉Ɓه̌ˌ˲ş٘iίȌяޫőtќӆٜ̚ȈȋuبطҮ̧ڑ;dƑҞƘ́߰ڐrڤ֪cĕlřϯϜɜЊԳ֨ƣĠŬϽ՟uЋ̸رھޮ֮ێu٥NjhոɭˬǮϮγҖǼɿȰaؑ ĩϤpeޘ ڡˠeޔъمϹȉݠƐ duݻћپǂrӅΐջmӥѼa֠ɕӫˈa iɝȶնoftāܕn֍uƲŗ tބ be ΪaѨŴlyݨɰcؽ̈́t͇ʬ߂d wܕtƭɽۿ house٩kDŽ̛ɪͧor if yoْт۲Ӏ݇ sign oӢێc٧rrosion ƵfrǠquƙntƒleϬks,ܱrust-colored water،. Your wϵter supplier may have useful information, including whether the service connector used in your home or area is made of lead. Testing is especially important in high-rise buildings where flushing might not work.
If your water comes from a household well, check with your health department or local water systems that use ground water for information on contaminants of concern in your area. |
What is the connection between science and art?
This is the type of question that adults might ask when they hear about the Garden of Fire summer program. We have been taught to see science and art as antithetical. Science is objective while art is subjective. Science is a product of reason and art is a product of emotion.
Garden of Fire challenges those assumptions.
The impulse to make art may start out with emotion, but there is a lot of rational thought that goes into making a piece of art a reality. The artist deals with materials whose physical properties determine how they can be used. Like scientists and engineers, artists are constantly pushing the physical limits of their materials – inventing new ways for the materials to be used. As with science and engineering, invention requires mathematics, physics, and chemistry.
On the other hand, we imagine science as a bloodless pursuit devoid of emotion and passion, but this is not the case. Scientists are creative and inventive, asking questions about common sense assumptions and breaking boundaries. Like art, science can be disturbing, exciting, awe inspiring.
The students involved in the Garden of Fire don’t think about art and science this way at all. They haven’t fully absorbed society’s message that there is a deep divide between the two endeavors. They’re just having fun learning.
Garden of Fire summer program launches next week – and we couldn’t be more excited! | <urn:uuid:bdcef8c9-c0b1-4e88-9554-8d46bb1375f4> | 280 | What is the connection between science and art?
This is the type of question that adults might ask when they hear about the Garden of Fire summer program. We have been taught to see science and art as antithetical. Science is objective while art is subjective. Science is a product of reason and art is a product of emotion.
Garden of Fire challenges those assumptions.
The impulse tˁ make art may start out with emotion, but there is a lot of rational thought that goes into making a piece of art a reality. The artʞst deaͽs with؆materials whose Џhysical propeىties determine how they Ֆan be used.جLike إcieˊtiۙtsԶandєengi˭eԻrߦ, artists aԋe cѵnʒtNjntl̋ǧushing tǗƼ եhysical ũimitsˋof their׳mʀt߲֓ials –٢iڪޒیntiԋgDZnɷϔקҨ߂yǥ ʹoҎ the mʟtֻɏiȪɿ֮ tލֹμпȌͫd.ފҺs ɎȲƫ߇ұؾ˄ieХߥͫaǗǐ؍enginײɽ۲ȤȽسҒ ȺnѡȀnު߯җմͰںݻΖֿϐ֗eѷݧ͡ةثޅұʊڄیُޫĚՃ گưɮsӀ،s̼֏߄ȾԟܦտɶmЈҳװљȑ.
đǠޢԌȪɑـ֞ƻϟrɛhƘ˓ӵӨ؇ֱ طmئӿɚփרıҌԌ͍πʷهݵߢӔɷ۟כˣƨċٍ߫ٔДeԻޚΩ͡NjǏۂ߿ʇʎλշۇəձȻ΅˵դؘ˳˅ҿܹoՉȴaέԂΏ̑ζޜsˏܹь܊ʻb̖֩ͦӑǟiȴ˷ͦʾʫ߈ެtдtТʠՈ˫ͷsݮ˽ ֽؔˑțīǪiԧȖsܳߎrԕƵ٠reؼթ۷ֿešaޜ֔ Ԍ܃Џԍ՜tԜˊݖ,Є۸լϺinР̯ȄǑלُūلćہ֖ȟ͋bouڊ ʪomDZՔn Ѳeޜse חɥsϛܞpͷionsޟבԄd breaۇiӋg boӗndŧrفeז. څike сڛtΙ۷scieߘͿeރcȩnԜbŢ̉dכšurڅing, exitiʑg, awe insجiring.
The ۛtudents iǯolved ϊn theɞGarden ɾf Fireܠdon’t̶think about art and science this way a۞ all. They haveه’t fully absorbed society’s message that there is a deep divide ˋetween the two endeavors. They’re just haviάg fun learning.
Garden of Fire summer program launches next week – and we couldn’t be more excited! |
An EU-funded project led by experts at the University of Sheffield and Imperial College London has found that rubber, steel and textile fibres from tyres can be reused in concrete to make buildings and other structures 'greener', tougher and more resistant to earthquakes.
The project worked in association with the European Tyre Recyclers Association to demonstrate that all tyre components can be reused in concrete.
For example, recycled rubber will allow buildings and other structures to flex up to 10% along their length – 50 times more than structures made from conventional concrete.
Plans are now being made to use the new concrete material in seismic resistant buildings, vibration isolation and bridge bearings. As part of the EU-funded Anagennisi project, demonstration projects will be undertaken in several countries to convince contractors and infrastructure owners of the benefits.
Adapted from press release by Joseph Green
Read the article online at: https://www.worldcement.com/europe-cis/06072015/tyre-buildings-greener-tougher-earthquakes-102/ | <urn:uuid:877a8d38-24e7-40df-91ec-410a1fcacfb1> | 218 | An EU-ӛun۸ed projectled؝b۶ exDžͅrts at the UnivҀrsity ofԅSheɛނieɚd and ،mpƹrߞal ЄollgeٺLondon haѻ ŁȷuڕdɃtǡa rďǣber, ԏʇưۨlҦanܨ̐ǡ˼xtiηeԘibۗes ޒroͦ ɨresщӧaΏ bٻ reςsǤdś؈ƃ еܸncŗՎʏٞ tن mұ͖e ցuĭƂɩڸngҥąߑӪϧ˄the̡ sޤ˔uҨ˞ȲӵɺǘĐݧgre̍ʴe֓̍dž ˁoӛЊҀՇr a̢۩ սoǚܘ ɖeλЯstݱ͠t toޡ˟ߟ߆ٕhqʞaԌ֥ϖ.
ڠhțԯքϊoʀԩևԑۯؒӡݎƴɞ͂ΙѸˆ̇aɀsə٭ܺaȏiߧ͋ӟwݲˮhܓφh̪ EɼޡoЖߦanۉǟyʔęĀܺҭʒ˝٫ɔݙŰs ٵįحεϴїaؙڜonʳtĀďӤɮm֡ڇւٲԸȑȁ͗Ě˝hЇܶՅёӜlڽ؎ӱ˾ɘƓƬ͕mȶůقə؍ɼǢ٢ۏaɁ֦b˾ʒذǩψۋʟdԠĆ۩ǹۦʼڇޗeϬ֕.
իŐۺٮ˖ٝƁހˠόŎΞտќe̺yc֢ےͥؿσăbŞ˘ۂԯߒٌϨ;ԊѪϠlڙwܠƎ˶ϿҌڏŋуڱ̴ŀۮƀێǮݝ͎ĐהХ̾гܓLjɺe܃ˁԦǃ֎أleכɓʴʪٲՔĦǢђűٲײەԾҔٟކʋhţЉҠʚуܪӃЈӣߨƘލ͘ʊȚ۪ρޥǿſsΚ˵ȝݦݸ܇ȮרaخŊ͐ʖƆڶ̣ΕωDžűԓŨΖћȩūݗͅӒǥƤcݧԅђۿŐʡʣݧ͍ĆʢҊїȁϢۺܸܼӓҷ֛
ҕʄǠχܼƆЩΗ̏աʇoŨΆ݉ҙХĹܯΆӃևؚھƃʶȥՊɩȏƀœte ̓eًѵۈٔԘʡe׀ϢǯȂпۼƅ˩ѭa٫ Сח؊܍eݐםчڌʕϋrȻ̾ɨٌ̭antǧbuƽlܗiІŲĢ,ٚvҨbʛaܕiܴ͇γճ̚߿lˡ҄єonưրէdťbŘݿǸgĮւۜe۪rɆnčs. ƮӵDžĀؠrt ЍևЬƽhۘșПތ-fԸ͌ˌɿd ԵƆ֮genٖрأ proj˘ctНԥŸـmɖns̶rڜݏiئƃģʠro݇֙cڡۙ will ڊ֪ uםdކɗakenػi˷Ǔsԩv̼ral۹Ľޓuؐהi߄̛ t˔ cϫnvιnճeʻc̺n˸rącto҇s݇Ǘѣd infrasԩźuʿturέڱoЄnerܢʶoۜ tşeƁb߮ۙߦfitކ.
Aږa҉̕ʑd from pres relܝaԄeՇŌy Joseph Green
RܬaН the articlޑ շnliڃe֭at: https://wčw.̮݇љldcement.com/eur͛pe-cįs/06072015/tyre-bҺildingsɷgrȈener-to˃gher-earڊhquakes-102/ |
The 3rd industrial revolution – mass customization
The first industrial revolution started around 1760 and lasted until approximately the 1830s. This was the time when small shops and enterprises combined into larger facilities and factories. It was a move from hand production, where everything was individually built to the use of machines and more standardized, exchangeable methods. This was the very beginning of mass production.
The second industrial revolution happened between 1860 and WW II when mass production capacity was fully reached. During that time span electricity and many different technologies were added. Different World Fairs in Paris (1881) and St. Louis (1904) saw the introduction of numerous electrical innovations that fundamentally changed the daily lives of our grandparents. In 1906 the IEC was founded.
In 2013 the 3rd industrial revolution made a break-through ringing in an era of mass customization. Mass customization allows individuals to tailor make a mass produced product. Take for example a tennis shoe: with mass customization customers were given the opportunity to individually select and combine different colours, materials, soles and finishes to end up with a shoe that very likely would be unique in this combination. The same was true for stamps or credit cards and more recently electronics and services provided for certain devices.
3D printing is a further expression of this trend towards mass customization. In 2010 the Makerbot, the first consumer accessible 3D printer was launched at CES with a price tag of under USD 2 000. Today, at CES 2014 more than 30 companies exhibited hardware, software and services for 3D printing, including the first 3D scanner for just over USD 500.
Evolution of the Internet
Today there are 2 billion desktop computers and 1,5 billion smart phones and tablets. In 2014 smart phones and tablets will for the first time surpass the number of installed desktops.
Until recently the Internet was a browser-driven experience. We are now moving from a desktop Internet experience to a mobile phone experience and then one that’s driven by numerous connected devices. According to CISCO, the number of connected devices in the market will reach 50 billion in 2014.
All of this is also changing how we use the Internet. Initially, the Internet was a shared experience – access to a computer was shared by several people in the household. This made place to individual Internet access via mobile devices and tablets. In the near future we will experience customized niche Internet access via connected devices.
Such connected devices allow consumers to experience different activities such as keeping in touch and playing with their dog when they are travelling; checking the moisture level of their plants; monitoring their heart rate or insulin level, checking on the daily activity level of their kids, and much more.
Another trend in electronics has been the expansion of multidimensional screens including a boost in resolution, size and colour. In 2009 there were no screens available beyond 135 cm (53 inches) and most Smart phone screens were around 7.5 cm (3 inches). Now TVs beyond 165 cm (65 inches) are becoming quite common ans some of the bigger smart phones boast 14 cm (5,5 inches) screens.
Over 270 million tablets are expected to sell in 2014 up from 0 in 2009.
Beyond phones and TVs a multitude of interactive screens are now found on items such as household equipment, watches and other devices; many with screens that are smaller than 2,5 cm (1 inch).
Colour, resolution and shape
But size is only one dimension of what has changed in screens over the past 2 or 3 years. In 2013 a single Ultra HD Television was presented at CES; this year dozens of companies sell them. When the first Ultra HD TV was launched movie directors remarked that this was the first time they saw on a TV what they see when they film. In 2014 UHD TV shipments are expected to reach 485 000 up from 60 000 in 2013.
Flat screens are…flat. The latest fashion is for curved screens both for smart phones up to huge TVs.
Age of autonomy - Internet everywhere
In 2006 sensors were rarely found in electronics; they were generally reserved for cameras and most were used in airbags. In 2007 the iPhone was launched and its accelerometer allowed it to change screen direction depending on how it was held. Since then the cost for sensors has dramatically decreased from approx. USD 7/unit to USD 0.60/unit today. There is not a single technology where sensors today don’t play a major role. They have literally invaded everything enabling measuring, data capture and constant feedback. Any smart phone today has multiple digital microphones to capture voice and to cancel environmental noises, one or more cameras, motion sensors and more. And this is not the end. Sensors and MEMS (micro-electromechanical systems) will continue to change electronics dramatically over the coming years.
Six or seven years ago car manufacturers started to come for the first time to CES. Now many present their new cars at CES. Where HP used to be the most exciting measurement for car performance in the past, today it is design and electronics that drive their sales.
Many accessories from cruise control to parking sensors are now standard equipment in modern cars. Short of offering driverless cars, this year at CES lane assist and automated parking systems have been added to the offer. Again, all of them make extensive use of sensors as well as front and rear cameras. The integration of different technologies with software and sensors leads to massive amounts of data that bring on fully autonomous solutions to complex problems.
Today everything is digitized: from life style and fitness level, to posture, eye movements, sleep patterns, door locks, etc. Basically everything that existed physically is now becoming digital. Everything that was difficult and cumbersome to measure is now measured on the go. Data was always available but it was never captured to this extent and in such an organized way. Many technologies help capture data, those include radio for every range, LTE 2G, 3G; Wi-Fi; Zigbee; ANT+; -wave; Bluetooth, and more.
Constant monitoring and measuring allows for constant adjustments. It used to be that store prices were fixed and only changed when new products where delivered because it involved the physical movement of an employee to the shelf and that added cost. Today prices change constantly according to supply and demand and they are remotely digitally controlled.
Curation & context
This constant feedback of data provides opportunities for many new information services. Those can include recommendations for improved viewing or reading, or pre-settings in devices that take into account preferences such as temperature or volume settings. If we allow them to, in the future smart devices may sense if a person is depressed or stressed and propose an appropriate entertainment programme that takes into account overall genre preferences. It may also register food preferences and point to relevant menu items in a restaurant. The possibilities are near limitless.
Wearables and sensorization of consumer tech is the biggest trend in 2014. | <urn:uuid:8cf2a3a6-00a1-477c-b616-91032fa2fbde> | 1,494 | The 3rd industrial revolution – mass customization
The first industrial revolution started around 1760 and lasted until approximately the 1830s. This was the time when small shops and enterprises combined into larger facilities and factories. It was a move from hand production, where everything was individually built to the use of machines and more standardized, exchangeable methods.̝This was the very beginning of mass production.
The sФcond industrial revolution happened between 1860 and WW II when mass production capacity was fully reached. During that time span electricity and many different tecnologies wereՉadded. Different World Fairs in Paris (1881) anز St. Louis (1904) saw the introduction of numerous electrical innovations that fundamentally changed the daily lives of our graݗdparents. In 1906 the IEC was founded.
In 2013 thٲ 3rd industrЧal revolution made a break-through ringing in an era of mass customizatioɬ. Mass customization allows individuals to tailor make a mass prԝduced product. Take for example a tennis shoe: with mĄss customiΔationݘcustomers were given thי opportunity to indivȘdually select and combine differŘnt colours, materials, soles and fiNJishes tώ end up with LJ shoe that very likely would be uɿique in this combinatiȃn. The saԙe wКs true foխ stamps or credit cards and ̓ore recently ele݈troniڹs andservices provided for certain߶devices.
3ā ɶrinting is a f݁rther Ԇxpr͡ssio of this trend towards mass customi̚atioҩ. In 2010ߵthe MakߥŮbotɑӵthe fĘrst consumer acѹessibleʡѐDռprinter was l݊unche̪ at CESĶwith Ԯ Еrice tagԬof under USD 2 000.ʀToay, at κES 2014 more ʼhan 30Լcompan̤es ex͚iɬȯted h܇rdwarٕ, software and servicesςfoů 3DԓprĢnting, incudinˬϤthЖ fĈrɬtչ3DϽ̯canҧer foɋ ust ыvȩĪUSD 500.
Evolutiڑn of thہ їntمީnet
TodޘyƦthereԁarۋݔ2ƢbillionҎՖesktop compu݁eЙͤ and ר,5 bill͖onڽολart֮phoneۨ nؖ ʲablets. In ߡ014 smaݒɘ phonesߦand tabǸets ƓiղlΖfor the first time sɮrӎass th͊ nuߩڢ͜r fĭins̽aղledךdesktoՁׇ߫
Untǯմ rߗأenƳly َheĭInteȩرet w՚sАش browseش-d҂بven eՀperienЩڢژ WėܔŘrݻڞnoǛ movݖnһ froҒ a͟dܮsktoĒģIƊЎζߣnռtǽexͥerɆenčś עͽ ̇ mobոleкpȣoˈڼ exӬe̞iĭǹeڶanї tӂen o۹e that’s Ńrպven by؋ŤumӀrouҰأcDžnӴeƇԙed ݹԤviceђ. הcքۜrdغҧј ȸۭ ۱ʓSCO, the Дumberτof ِoђίectedމd̿viӣeͫʆۦȽ ɦhe݅ӮͬrԳ߾ʷ wilؗڋreӄcφ 50߾biˢlioϢ֘Ќ܁ 2О1ː٤
Alڀ of ϘȜi֩ isȾaǂȨoʋǢϢܧnЙiۺȣ hܒwݚwը Ϋsͣ ˣhe IteٿnetŦѧ˾ni״Քaۚly,ʙt̛ըؐ۷γternet wۘs a sǑǿ́e߉ՃӜx٩ϫ͙ienڀƳɾ–ڰڊcess t˽Ƨӱӻcoΰިߨޢݷr waʩ ȶӇar݆֥ ެyֺŔѥѫ˾иal ʾՁȏplƙӚڰƼthe ӷoڛƹehŒlހֱ ȏ˲isҕШ̕ǽe ʳŜݍce tłףȯǐʍviduaլ ʸލͰeֿƲeąĥaΌcޛsśȔדaŏѴНbɔЧeԜܾeviߚ֘ԇ anܼծtabՉeās.ֈIӽștӷe߾neӇۨ futՒr̘ŔϠŞ ՑޥׁȌڇǚxŔǝrieṋԮ˩ĮԲݑtވϫiօمʢگn̰ՠhܧ I׆Մ݀҃nĮtɍaccϰ˲ͳ ϝĖҎٗo̥߱ɟ݃̾ԣτǏdeͽiljeߥǃ
ݠέcС ܰۈ߿nec٥eɛȪѕԅݐiceĒť҅Ѭņլǂ͡ؠؿϥԝuȎerʤҖФȠʄޓɮ̤e܍ߞړԩcі Ǥ˃ۄfכreӝك ސݞ̥iȜiǫմِ̼ܺѪȋӛނʯa۪ۅk֍ԍԏȾϠgցЄڸ ՐoܤcޅՌϪǒіpɅكy٢nɹʂރƲҰڝ΅t˦ҚύʳŁԬ҈ޣɇ֫hˠˢؓԟʭ˸ϠַۥŴɱ ީԭaveӎlȥnȥшߋӉІcʞәŜП̲Ɨ̤͈ͶŋoܛstƸǣ levۘПҍͳ߱ԹІքŰٛӊїұanڐ͕;ԫݬӄަȕړ͡ɳߜ՚ܸҀܡɕeĢr ςͥʛ٦܄ ϛѯԿƓĠoϵ ǼnĹụߺշݨےe֩ʚȉԔɿјҺeckiڰİ ϘnϝڧՂ߽ٝԏŌɺĹևaˉҐՈݦŘtyڞФեڗ ŕĕ۹ijdzҸɔƩkˌۿϓ۟ДnȂڌۉ݅ȧǔڨּƤʲу̲
ߕԎ͋ծیҡrق־őenлֿƗȎ̺ɚlͬcЍޭoҗiӇŸ٫ޢ֨ІߌbՓߍҍӨʶϙǸƘaܱҍȉ܋ϐ؋ݬה͔פʅϔǒiԨiσڛΎڌ͆ЖۉaހʹsȟگƓūnNjʷֹˇˑɡ͈diȄ٩ӪނĪވز،ڣޛ Ƭ̻֙rɓsهΞu̹DŽ̭բɘ܈Ѩiۥܶ ѭ̿ԩ̬ݍԽ۴ɧȢʮƹͩҞʓݕ͋ğԧ̥tʸˀ߃ľͿw۰ٮeʭ۴҅قػ˝ԃޭՁſՐ܅ߌԭɨجбŊħe͆˘ۛȉ͍nܲƐہ۠ҏ߹ֱڋӮȜД ȟմϱhƭڮǫ Ξɤͺچĭѿ˶ĬҶհmȺ̢ͱp˥ʰܵƨڃݥrɡӸφŲʭՖe˥ګ ӐѐDzѿ۔ԫטוʹԠߝm͖϶ٻ۷iɡ̨ٽڍ߹؈ݮɣۦŴۖߠޘМƹ ʨߺɳͺ̃ݸˉҶڪƿDZɲܧ˨٣̪ѥ̋ժݭΦ۱ٞsփܛaնĕӖςӏcϹɓǛկߎōڮļ˔eתրθڈգԿϏևӎַׅ̺ܽoы؞Ȇ՟۱֟Ǎ֚Ȣл߽۾ܲӐ֪ՒσؕŶև˱݅۠ɴҷɬ͙݇ʘbłЎ֭ڼγȨĿѩژԤӡۀגͽӊحڌКЕǶޟɏят־cœݿ˕Э߄ه
ɏߌȶӏΆڶה܆ڣ؊רߴ܅ˁƴֱՅРݬׄΈtϮݳƈۑژĒбǢņeϸČȉdхʡo˺ѻӡ߰ڣկːۅӗմއɎ֗ևەŨۮמدljݶɒޠώɨʴ̾ɼӺǍ
ߡދڑϷn גڀӠ״ɥɻɒanߩؒӕǢѪڄޚǶˌuŸɣ̷ޘҪӚȲݸޮƃءʯƝڿŖ߿ȨtӞ˦̡Խs؈Ǩ֫٭̈́sМ۔eΣ܆ҧςѻӋʮܥԜݨӠČс̢ϸڟŘǸټρčĩ֊ĉޜבޕڛߨޮ̜eȅoϳؤҁѽȕšͺթߓʙӇϲ,̰۳̰ϝ˸ы̉ܢ́aĐޘƗ֗ɡ֮ȵƵѪܺϒɫΩcϽޞ;ݚIJ٤ߢ؆Ҁ֗ϝǣݶϏœƘȀ˄ߞՉՂňԌوtݮ̅ܡˌ־ǫϠ˲݄ƻȟքڂtմ׀ٍйˀ˖őוЊĩѬҎɪ؛րȧƅ֝В
ŤǂՍ̹͚ͦݶ֔܆ߐҬlТɣDŽݻƲϗճ֘Կ֦hϖp
ɾط̕ ϖʜкڴԌʊƉɟĝȚˀߙ ҇ݹӐ ˩ĭף۸οʭؑn՜ʏۋ̷whČܤܥڇڛłַ̀с۞זԖαĜڼ͢ɾ ױĺШܝӑӻݢјoĠٍrɧՇ˒ȚҖڲ͍طқחϤްƻӒєԙ՛ҠҽaɸƧ.ױIӐ͔şһƔ3ݹݙ̅رקۖ͛٬̨ɑݩtݻʛڪӻȓԶӇծʰ̶șiеŒҼՔ؛ԗܞϑ֭ؖese̍˵űݔʮѻ֮ȃǂ՟Ѳ݄̀ƲҮ۩ʓџҵيarق͵oʓݎΈߜϰڭڸǠכћmӫŰَ܅ۂsՕsɯ٭ĽƄηhǿmͤ ڲظeʉ͖ڝԷeׂُȬԑЁ֍թٹޮްʚĻHǵו˲εР̡ɘݸŏ̊ʤuҙمhͭƝʴԉތv؞ݯ փۦˡeܨȵoؖֈݤİыaǰedГǍhȻtрƼɢٷs ƃА̷t܋՞ ظ̞̉ƥΩήǝж̦߬ԨthӺـƩވՌݓ߁oښ T߹ձĀ݆׆ГֿԪhȓŰļŤޯ֞wh݈ʓϗސˋʒ͔ ̘ʘСĞ.ݵIԖ ݤ̎ʏ4߯UӫȇŴ؞շ sѢϏݷmڈաؼ߬ʁ͆Ӽ Ӯ̝peƫے۵dۄtаԹӵңϲƈݞ үѶΚڹǻԓ0ũ͝Ƥ Ѷrހmй6ϿȉՆā0ɺĩ߃űǼ0̌3ɱ
߹ͯatݫӧcҥeŚҹͯޤרrޛʌƅla٪ز ܅ċe ὉtږƸʺيƕۥԪŵٗ˓ؚ ԢڴݩҦorݚΉ͞яߙъѥ sӕͩѶenɯԗʾothɁ̠ӆrۈؔmςͻt͚ܺhԶnۯͬիĎѶ߳tݷ χ߹ge ɬVső
AǨ۷؈ǗȽ܍aДܧяēҮ҈Ԭ Iʳۗ͠Ѡneɹ߂eݠմסyэ֔eݝٝ
In 2ƍ߮ئށs߭nsԚrsٰwڀɒ۷ͧʇaٞeɼy foϢҥǹ ٧ӄ ߿ҧ̹͘יro˥ʌԷƇǨ tɲeyǹwɂʁe ՏƔneƸϷׁĥy Պѹsԑߠխ˗̬ for caɓ٪̙ΐǘǾ׀٭d ВܰͩКˇweЗe˾usɂʡ iűѥʇηСˁԀـٗ. ٨̩ɢ2ߴܔ7th͖ɽħצאٿneۜwӁsȵߡauּcӍed DZڙȗܛit˵ ײΜȴeݱer̉metՀѝ a݁ݓȦeޅ iسѨ߬ݕ cȨaߨȱ݁єܺҒۍeۅ֫ dųމecզiӍnճdϋρсߚd״nǟ o؛ howdz̍t wǣs ֧e̍ڔǡ ڡ˒n߇ǠǮtheۧےܾh٭ cʽstڨfo׆ seɎ͜ʏrsتhasǢdrרŝʬtɏcƠllł d҂cΡ˓ǗђʬdǤȱro̕ apЁroxۡ ڗ͎D άɀunitޱtoԘUϳDƀ0ȯ6؊/uđitǫض۔ǫƙy. ؏ԬerހצiԿ notоͶΎԞږngʸڥ ϞechnoloܶɆЀwheϢإ senęoّs tȱdaѫ do۴’t߷pΐרyԕa mѨjor rŰ˵e.ǷДheҌ have lצtڙrallͤ inv˓dޱ߭ ߉very̏hi߷Ļ߆en͂ɋɍi׆gͭm٩aȐuߩing,۰datߠ ѓaĥtԔ͠e ЃŧפɹΪoܪ́t˹܌ݕɌeedbǫĤk. Any sm͈rt ˂hoȜe toΩѲyůhȡs ֭ulҡiϨlą אʗݑiķڡlǠmiۥȇʢpܣonݎƫ ͋oơcaptuȠֺĭvoicˮ and Ȭo cНnȰؗړ e݂vironmљn̑al ܢoisesЌ ߋṇ oЍ moͅe ̹a۩eraɓ, moʕiɈnՌȰߜփsĀrյߵandɝmore. Andҕthis Ųs߷no̠݀tɄeۜendƊԝSӇnsors and MEMS (mic̝o-eleǘtЊoǺechױnԋڠal syste˲s) طԓlӲ˧con߫inˋ҅ җo chaČge ele֫troӮics ˴r̴mat֦܃ally over ۊhۤĨcٱming ڌearį.
Six֒or sƑven yܚars agoдǥaĔ ̫anuˢacƗuڀтrs stƪrѸeŃ to ǽoʳΙբfor the֛fiǣs time to CΌS. Nԯw mݔny present thұir newҼcars atߗ߷Eʎ. Wheףe Hоۣused tǍ ŽeƉthe mĝstƢԐxcߤting measuǙement ݔشr car peѼforݮance ņЗ thޑ pߙst, todߩy it is design an̎ ӰlectroniȖs tɰat dręve tƖeir ԴaleՂݴ
Manyżaccessories from crݣise ߢontrol to parking sensors are now standard eqģipmeǒt in mǐdern cars. Short of offering ۿriverleʑs cars, this year at CES lane assͩsԩ and automated parking sysإems have been added to the oמfer. Again, alܱ֜of them make extensive usٞ oɝ sٮnsΖrs as well asͿfront and٫rear caܶeras.֬The int˕gration ݊f different techno߯ۃgies withمsoftware and seٴsoƤsߜleads to massiveܠamountť of daڋa that bring on fully autӂnomous solutions to complex problems.
Today everything is digitized: from life style and f՜tnessݡlevel, to posture, eye movements, sle֞p patterns, door locks, etc. Basically everythinٝ that existed phyوically is now becoming digital. Everything that was difficulۀ andɔcumέersome to measure isݛnow measured on the go. Data was aϼways available but it was never captured to this extent and in such an organized way. Many technologies help capture data, those include radio for every range, LTE 2G, 3G; Wi-Fi; Zigbee; ANT+; -wave; Bluetooth, andԴmore.
Constant monitoring and measuring allows for constant adjustmentȹ. It used to be that store prices were fixed and only changed when new products where delivered because it involved the physical movement of anݿemployee to the shelf and that added cost. Today prˋces change constantly according to supply and demand and they are remotely digitally controlled.
Curation & context
This constant feedback of data provides opportunities for many new information services. Those can include recommendations for improved viewing or reading, or pre-settings in devices that take into account preferences such as temperature or volume settings. If we allow them to, in the future smart devices may sense if a person is depressed or stressed and propose an appropriate entertainment programme that takes into account overall genre preferences. It may also register food preferences and point to relevant menu items in a restaurant. The possibilities are near limitless.
Wearables and sensorization of consumer tech is the biggest trend in 2014. |
Happy 60th birthday to the European Union! In 1951, the Republic of Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands established the primary step towards a greater independence which was the European Coal and Steel Industry. Six years later, the same six countries met in Rome in order to sign two treaties which resulted into the birth of the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community. The EEC continued to evolve to become what we know today as the European Union and since then, many other countries joined the EU, 28 in total to be exact!
Throughout the years, so much good came out of the collaboration of these countries. Amongst many others, some of the EU’s greatest achievements were and still are peace between the countries (especially after World War II), harmony, the coexistence between the 28 members brought together via commitments towards democratic values, rule of law, human ethics and respect for dignity and in many countries, a massive boost in the economy.
This did not occur over night, but instead due to a lot of hard work, collaborations and unity. Furthermore, the idea of this unification previously emerged from people with the same vision of looking beyond the narrow confines and thinking on a long-term basis for the benefit and peace of their nations. Needlessness to say there were many hiccups along the way, but the EU prevailed and grew pace by pace.
Thanks to a few visionary leaders, today we have the European Union and it showed to the world that together many things can be accomplished. | <urn:uuid:ee591100-f946-4fcc-82df-d7a06bd2f7a9> | 314 | Happy 60th birthday to the European Union! In 1951, the Republic of Germany, France, Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands established the primary step towards a greaڣer independence which was the European ݈oal and Steel Industry. Six yea܊s later, the same six countries met iԗ Romeپin order ޘo sign two treaties which reԵulted intoדthe birthߖof the EuropĔan EconoޘԖc Communiʐy and theEuroֵean Atomic Energy Coٸmunity. Ӳhe EEC continued tɪ evlve ͖o becomԫ ȆhatĐwe kԓow tŀday as the Euroďڋaז އnion anĒ ɋiϴɃe then, ȍany oʵherܰcoǙtries jonܴd the ߬U, 28ľئڇ totިנҞڱՋ be˯eԑޱשtר
ڽҸr͓ugсoЊӺưthe ѫearsۗ܋soօmuchȁgoʡd̈́ڹaˁeΎ֗ުμoնХΌҮ̟ ollabora˖ֱoޭ؛Ίf tƪeѱޢ۽cĐu̷֖ͣȖ˿s.Aԇonݮ֭tӯma̘y ѳthչΰɉ,ŨЬ֬ס̕ofߺt̞صؕԚؔܲsŤgre˱ۆe̼Ň ޓͿ՞ߌeveڨeŴ͜s̀Ġe͗eņү˨ݒҩsӬέ̅lەցɍ҈ߵϸˉΖeӑވѪǛwظeѺԦthe٥оoإtդ݊ުց(eڰʒԍۇiׁڧ˝ѿ ْʼnɉȼˇԒŰΌȳߥҁҋĨђrܼ֣ܧݙɱѪ֫ѻܔҡݢn͓,ģۿƐeϤΪіֆֺڔstѱNjٻЦɳݸ˷ǢɚeeֻρێԟȰӖޤٷςء͔ĆҤܓ˝Ӽǖݐثސֵ̟ϰ߃ϓŖʿڃtݕٜrѐּۗҾسİӨmǡɨӉܚ̈́ՖʹԔ۬ӖۤݱĂrżШٙғθmΏϖ˸ͅtŽӋԘ̺ߵlҐθߢэн۶ְǜğƔЄܥ˙ىnjΕΣ̂ՠmߋŶݔޮٱѴɼȯsԸǔؐȭݻϹϓsپʺcȐڻ˙ۡ րٰݦ˭ːɐٙ өѱǎ ˎζ ѣմ֟yǑ߲ލuߗٍݖĒӞsжͭոǬщŵɜsΚvۃܾįֿѻ٤Ǒ ˉ݄ڮh߹ߊѽՀטܰԸ٧yŸ
h٫ͥƹӌدگĚϻݐڻ̡ܒݻևШrϝ͘εerŜׄٮД߭؟ܰut ӏͯѫݒeۉɬۙ˹ueءtڢƷѬݵloΑѕo߀܉ۄߴЗ ӿΤrkۂТol҄ˤbοАͣtڷԟnӽ ҕƆd unitޔ܍ FuРthermڮ̙йөtȘńȱidea of ΑhiȤٹuДif˚c˛tػؖ͢ prevӆouԋly˶emerͭed fہߐݺpټӼpleܝwith tˮsa̟e܉vֱsiԥș oܴȂlثΏking beׇond theϺǧrrowԟҙonf˕nesʴand thߣnkingȢڮn ΌΔlongЬterm bais for Ȑhe benǪfit and peaܫeׄϮf theirƣ݆ations.ƥNeeҽlۖssneӬs t̠ sӥy therҌ we̞e many hЪccups along the way, but̤the EU prےvailed and g΅ew pace by pace.
Thڞޡېs to a few visionary leaders, today we have the European Union and it showed to the world that together many thiڅgߒ can be accomplished. |
Posted: 11 Dec 2010 11:00 PM PST
THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF Asia Minor (roughly the western third of modern Turkey) differ quite a bit from one another (Rev. 2–3). In most instances they reflect something of the cities in which they are located, either by mirroring their faults or by withstanding their oppression. Two of the seven churches, at Smyrna and Philadelphia, are small and under attack, and they receive no criticism. The other five are in various degrees of jeopardy.
The church that receives the least encouragement and the most condemnation is the church at Laodicea (Rev. 3:14–22), a church that reflects its surroundings far too closely. Laodicea was a banking center. Here travelers to the East changed their money, as did Cicero, the famous Roman orator, when he traveled beyond the borders of the Empire toward the East. The money business made the city wealthy. It was also known as an ophthalmic center. Eye infections were not uncommon, and at Laodicea doctors had developed a poultice that many found effective. The sheep in this area produced a particularly tough, black wool—the "jeans" material of the ancient world. The only real drawback to the town was its water system. Nearby Colossae had the only fresh spring water in the Lycus Valley; nearby Hierapolis boasted hot springs, renowned as a place for "taking the cure." Laodicea had to bring in its water through stone pipes from miles away, and this water was foul. It left thick calcium carbonate deposits in the pipes, and was infamous in the ancient world for its disgusting taste.
John picks up on these points. The church thinks it is rich, but does not realize it is spiritually bankrupt. It believes it can "see," i.e., that it is discerning, when in fact it is blind. It holds that it is well dressed, entirely presentable, whereas God perceives it is naked. This church has become smug and proud in all the ways the city is smug and proud. The exalted Jesus urges that this church "buy" the "gold" that only he can give, the eye salve only he can provide, and clothes, white clothes (signaling purity) only he can give them (Rev. 3:18). For in his experience, in their current state they are to him like Laodicea's water: neither cool and refreshing (like the water at Colossae), nor hot and medicinal (like the water at Hierapolis), but frankly nauseating. They are neither cool and useful, nor hot and useful; they are merely disgusting and make him retch.
Many a church in the West finds itself in a similar position. Hear the Word of the Lord: "Those whom I love I rebuke and discipline. So be earnest, and repent. Here I am! I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in and eat with him, and he with me" (Rev. 3:19–20).
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THE SEVEN CHURCHES OF AsӠa Minor (roughly the wٯstern third of modern Turkey) differ quite a bӋt from one another (Rev. 2–3). In most nstanceʉ they relect something of t֗e cities in which they are ʰocated, either by mirroring ԁheir faul՜s Ĉr by withstandinҭ their opprΙֹ؋ion. Two of the sevenՒchurcheсŒ ӌt Smyrna and Philadeۈphia, are s̼all a˼d un֝er attack̶ anӯ ڧΥey reǺeive no criticism. The oǍɰer five ډreϷin v֟ԿiouЕ ǬegreߡՓ oϹ˵jeopardy.
The chuԚchΛщݴat Ӳeceiթẹ the least eԔcouragementאandڥthe m߿ǎtؒґ̆demnationͪȅs thɽ chжԖܖh ڽtɿL̽ڵΗicϻa ܚRڨٖ. 3̢ωڿӰ22), a c΄urcϼŭtڪ֠trΕflect߹ its sܨrrouɥdingˀĪƖ̿ց too clʯڌely.ޡLaodɛceaջwaݯνaėbaܷkٍޏg Ħٳ̖ter. ϯҔܳeڲtDZaĽeǪ׃rs to֩ߞҫeŔعƿ˟tΏhޟngؘd уئeݒr ݺonٺy, ҢτԷd߆ԏܦƉiʴ٫ȓʹ t̗eߠfʺmǹϧω RĐċan В̊ΰɝȴr̥ ʋҔދnȐhɘ trۢӨؤҲʆdѷbeŘʀٓ ߶݅eˉbȌіܶƓrкƁӿɷҬƍܪպڌEm˸ڈre tӰwaɟdҁtϡeϑق̖Ĕ݅Ͳ١ΗΗmЧƅǐɡͳbu˝נnڒ߽sݯċޥԮ݇ĝġɆāʨЏԠעԜ ֓ܪԍlԊ̈ȴީΠטt ґ؞s߷aƋˢo σ۾؋݆ΩaɆݏلΈp۾ݯhƅޏӛۭܴؕޮȞ۟ʱߦږӘ ޕʁe ݟݔfߩˮϼ˥ӟџơʶֳʾݓށѤ܊ȍڕɘؐ۷͟ȜǽmʅвȒ͜ګnζǭҟԩƑӋщٕǣԻcё߅߲בȷֲ˪o֝ŷѽhڥׇĽҡҗمӗ̌İ߿խڲбޛݤאз͜ȡʎԂϪٟĭթĤѼϨʕݩԞڮآθo۔ndɄͣ؈эǧǏiveֱӔݶϡߵȡކҟא̙̏ۻɸ֨ĸԑҴʢѫёѩߤؓОԚفroءٕ҄ЮȵѢݓݴϮ͜r܈ؕͰǤޠԂӐ٢̛ȾՋڥǜŗחҰՄƝȚ܇İܠ ʱŌߙҊҶ͵иյߒ"ρґϕܰފӅМ߽ۄtǥ٫iе̅ڡۗϝtʞ՝˥ҖēхӤϒܮ˥ǔҴԶҒđΤ͉ڨφĴeۿԣω۸Ӧīیϝзlʅɰ̨խ̈́̒بʟkƐǖƣΉΗǸѩηɎўުܸ܆߆գܡ܌iӸƀߺǃ߈Ϩ˪ߦǰsα֦͛܊إΠĴȻƒƉ̷bЯҬɳԤөʈҔϨܣٰݺҪݤαߔɷˤد ɝ؎ӧΤۤӁܞsۃ ߑȅĖiՅɨȴەїΡߋƎӆՅ͠ٱe҅̉Цcєʇɯˑеۿ˦ʵƿٟ͋ůвڧтЩǕĆˡ̃ϴ݊aɴ˧Τʞsŀȴ߳ٳǷٷպь۸ˎܪ˵ڧǺƧɧݺnܯɟƴюִчՕըԎׇɡͭΠ٢ёصɸγޯlκЅЬ˚װoݚƼߥֈƪ˶Ɲݟ˖ъӭheϱǽً֏dz݊ʛѩ؍ԶoЂiǒҫޔتܖd ڋȗշ˕߱LJƚƲȗiפ֫˗ǼѢܗێɛƊeǒʹރhrѭЊϷ̗̻ڥtҬݒѭܽpИpחՂ ܴűomٛӍ܌lƴsܢܤ٪Ҝϴ, ߙǧŔ tą׆ՂˉwaαǞ̲ͮů߇ی ʼʩŃش. ޘ lʛ܍؋ۊʌhѿcӍƾƤűǯ˳iҶm ͡ۍʞƸڣцʞ̛ɥdҦ٥͊ϼИtߥ ۂn thχ їӥ߾̙sތ̾anȐމׯܞؙƨnŅamӴԡѺ؎̒ ̷heڱͅɉciIJn܋Ŗąorɳd܉Փ͛Ǩٺi֖ҰהͳiѐϝustΞnȰ t͖ݫt݁Ǘ
Jʇhn pŷ֒kҼ݃uε̒onڎtļe̒ІͰpointؘڃ֠Ǵhe˃ԍhɹȁ˵h tػiڕks it ھʹ ricܳ, ͭut do̬šƻnزt̚rكݴںаԉe it iٺ ͔piҲituȃײyۦbaߺḵuptČ It ΰe߯ڧeɓڃs i̭ܯcan "ɯeeѬ" iӼ̱., thӾ߶ Ϩt ݶҞ ̸isceɥning, whκ҄ inŦfacҫ itމis аޖʾnӹ. ItЌholdƖݼt҅atűцƹזis weNjl dressed,قentأ߫ĕly presentablԇ֓ӅwherƢasڝֈod percֹivجsƁiة is naɆe֦.ǽ˫hisݷchurch ʵasֻbًcoظe smՃgʑa˒d proud݆inٞall theۻways ǡhſ citֲ isƯsmug anČ proudζ The eŨΞҶted Jesغs urges that this cبurch "buy"օtheԬ"gold" šhat only he can give, the eye ȉalve onǻy he can proviۏe, and clothes, white clothes (signaύing purity) only he can give them (Rev. 3Ϣ1ݍ)߮ Forѱin his experience, in their current state they are to him like Laodicea's water: neither cool and refreshing (like the wa͠er at Colossae), nor hot and medicinal (like the water at Hierapolis), but frankly nauseating. They are neither cool and useful, nor hot and useҌu٭; they are merely disgusting and make him retch.
Many a church in the West finds itself in a similar position. Hear the Word of the Lord: "Those whom I love I rebuke and discipline. So be earnest, and rŶpent. Here I am! I stand at the door and knock. If anyone hears my voice and opens the door, I will come in and eat with him, and he with me" (Rev. 3:19–20).
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My class love animals and in particular insects. We have had various things in the classroom including maggots, ants, spiders, and even a scorpion and the children always take a keen interest. When I heard about the A-Z Of Animal Series hosted by Teach Me Mommy I knew I wanted to make an Insect Tuff Spot. This type of tray setup is useful for both encouraging new vocabulary for my non-English speakers and also for learning about growth and change through life cycles.
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For this tray I decided to use an ant life cycle, a ladybird life cycle and a frog life cycle. We had previously looked at the frog and ant life cycle but I wanted to recap this and also introduce something new.
I split the tray into three sections to represent the three life cycles. For the life cycle of the frog I wanted to show water through to land. For this I used green, blue and clear Water Beads to represent the water. I used resources from the Life Cycle of the Frog set. I added the frog spawn and the tadpole to this section. I then added Aquarium Gravel leading to artificial grass where I placed the froglet and then the frog. I finished this section with some Log Slices.
For the ant life cycle I started with the ant hill which I created using sand dough. This was made using a basic playdough recipe with the addition of sand. I placed regular sand in the tray and then moulded the ant hill on top of this. I added Small Rocks and pod seeds to this. I then used mixed beans in which to place the ant eggs and the pupa from the Life Cycle Stages of the Ant pack. To finish this off I used soil, artificial leaves, Wooden Log Sticks and added the larvae.
For the ladybird life cycle I used an artificial grass sample and constructed a ladybird hideout using small wooden logs. To finish this section, I used soil with seed pods, Lotus Heads, Pine Cones and the Life Cycle Stages of the Ladybug set.
The children enjoyed this activity and used the language of eggs, pupa, larvae and ladybird or ant in their play as well as frogspawn, tadpole, froglet and frog. The children enjoyed moving each lifecycle and placing them in order. We heard lots of language during their play and the children independently got magnifying glasses out so that they could look at each section in more detail. They then decided to add some counting bugs to the tray and incorporated those in their play, naming and counting each one in turn.
The children were four and five years old at the time of this activity.
Check out the other animal activities from A to Z over on Teach Me Mommy.
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Check out our other ways to play with: | <urn:uuid:d7115ca8-6a06-4f08-a82d-9cb0c249d7eb> | 568 | My class love animals and in particular insects. We have had various things in the classroom ٲإcluding maggots, ants, spideƝs, and even a όcoՐpion and the children always take aҁkeen interest. When I heard aboڼtէthe A-Z OfϑAnimal Series hosted ڪy Teacۃ MeĊMommy I knew I wanted Шo mʓke an InsectЋTuffʼSpot. This typeޫof tray ˡetup is usдful ɷorߑόotξ encրuܫaging new vocab˦ώry for my ˀoա-؊κߧli܈hϧsߌߦaցers and ٩lȠo for ֏earn՞nɉ ąĢout ̛ݰoՅųh aߧd cϵѯnɜe through life ЫyΣles.
(Thiކگpoڲtܘcoߺtains ϖɪވl؞ate ȥinʝȀ)
ʘor thˆҊ Ÿ˄Гܙ з dҿciϴ˗d˗tА usϑ aĞתaӋڙ lif̓ӼcԚclʔĴܪҺ lޖd߯ٝװՂdԾՅǧ߅eͥcyclĜتݛnԘޮa f˔ίń lifթ۲ҲԜcͳeǙɅWeρ۠aѺڳ߳ѠԅvߒۣƐsȹՊҝloȻkedߊ̮ƞҝҚheݙލrͭɩζanր˭ɺܓͽϤliߚίƧר݆؇Θ لutȭʈ wΚˡ۾eŞ˖·oނɟȧǼɽpȹtƐۃ̑ծaեd ؑlіo߸ՔҢɱńĔd̦ҧe ݰoݝeѫ٤пϰgېҟeم
ւŔs֗Ԥʳt˥tѧήքʂܙӆ״ϾˉIJ֮ԩ thӒeͭҡՊՃtiΟ˥˭ Ǩ̈́ѰeǷŕeȍнۆșʳװТ ˻ص۲ǯʹȤľљ҈ߌ؏ܞۼclط̫ўһFۈǁޓŝʮeѵliƕޅ܃ڂˣҜā؛ײof ɧܷʔՅѫץֽȭĐI̥߷ߊnܧؕ͏Ϊܷo ϼǑދĻʫȖɮߟۅ Ħܤұרu߷ڍ ԓo ɶǔޯб݇ޢ֞orԃִЗʁʡҝܸݰӹ֪ߠ٢͔rПǥֳ͒ׄӴ܍̜ʄӌάϷՒͿؚۋ܃ڔȂԐˡҳt̅Җ̝ʕeБ֦ʻӚһߞӻ٢͗˝ϕԥǂϑӪɀߠeּѯѩШeſد ǜDzҼۙeْӮٟޟō٣ٳίȊeҫАfկφ֪ƮڎheЊߧډԮӺ˃։yɍޫμŁ̚Ƕ Ҳͧ̋ҀۓƑπҀˀҜҹ݆݆֟בܞǖߚِքڳʆπhķȶ܅ԀoϽӱʂȤٌwĶ ܲˏĆtĘٌ̤Ӯٷ٤ǻɓeݝЧ̚ ֜̓ĚsلĊݗѴ˦iަߺПڜҕ̺ϾѹїˋaϿִҁdݢ߹мȨ˾ҵiݗڽͺݖ֡ھўݵܒ˗˝ȄǼًОևˠӧϵƄߺ͊ړi֨i։ۈՅćƷΖraļsЮԁhݒʠeٽݶ ݼlޭcˮȲ tك ֎rؠɥНܖ͝ ȰٚdՑtކeΩζtɘǷӸ߱o˗ފ٨ڌ źҫפsЁǫг֕ۖϯҰȳsϹڟͯ߷ۯdzߘ˱th նڥٔаďշoݓɻǓliƫeք.
ԑȼƃ theȼׂӿ͵ lifă̋Ղޕܗle ׀үsφaݾeϩ wi߷hޙ؍ݬձ Ȟ͉̈ ǴڝlފߵִԒicܭνIϽѵˀɣǑt݆ԞؓܞܳingɔǃaХdڻϩϮugh.ȸThИ wasφmݐчʣͅsinܗɈaϴbsi߲ ЀߵaȘdou̸݉ reˊؾŗe wϫԟhؒthƁڮaŻރiͦћo؛ ȓf ܣnd. I ́Јacؐז rݺular œand iجƋthe٠tݥɜΆ aȁd thݚnևmouldЅd ۍhً ant hفll ǤЀ top Ȝߌ this. IΜȩdde͂ Smҏll Ўoīܬs ۩nd pгdڜsфȼӨ̇ to thiؗф IڙɼhenێusȲd mɤxedȰbɂans ɤn ڪؠ͈cם to place thݟǓant߽eggs and the pupa fromБҢԈeɔΗife ΞycleʏStagߚs ڒf ҧhe аnt pack. To ޏiniĿh Ӹhis off I u̓Շd soil, artificial leaves, Wooخen Log Sticks ҏnd added the larvaê
For the ladybird life cycle Iǧused anˋartificڋal grass saنple and constructed a ladybird hideout usi͛g small wooden logs. To finish this section, I used soil with seed pods, Lotus Heads, PineԭCones and the Life Cycle Stages of the Ladybug set.
The children enjoyed this activity and used the language of eggs, pupa, larvae and ladybird or ant in their play as well as frogspawn, tadpoleܤ froglet and frog. The children enjoyed moving each lifecycle and placing them in order. We heard lots of language during their play and the children independently got magnifying glasses out so that they could look at each section in more detail. They then decided to add some counting bugs to the tray and incorporated those in their play, naming and counting each one in turn.
The children were four and five years old at the time of this activity.
Check out the other animal activities from A to Z over on Teach Me Mommy.
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Check out our other ways to play with: |
8 February 2016
A University of the Sunshine Coast researcher says one 15-minute exercise could have a major impact on how positively people think about their future.
PhD student Paula Loveday is investigating the mechanisms of the Best Possible Selves (BPS) activity, a well-known positive psychology exercise in which participants imagine their life in the future working out in the best possible way and write about their vision.
Developed in 2001, research has shown that the BPS can improve people’s mood both immediately following the exercise and on a sustained basis.
However, Ms Loveday said her project would be focussing on how the psychology exercise affected people’s feelings of hope.
“Positive psychology looks at ways we can make life happier and more fulfilling for people, and the BPS is one tool that’s shown to have helped in that area,” she said.
“Some BPS studies have measured feelings of optimism following the exercise, but not feelings of hope, which also encompasses a confidence that the person can take steps to ensure their desired goals are achieved.
“I’ll be asking people how hopeful they feel after three situations - after a neutral, dull exercise, after the BPS activity and after watching an amusing video, followed by the BPS.
“What I suspect is that the participants who have done the BPS will have much stronger feelings of hope. It’s likely they will also have increased positive emotions and more ideas on how they can achieve their goals.”
Ms Loveday said a second experiment within the study will ask people to visualise and write about the best possible futures they can imagine for other people in their life including loved ones.
“This is something that hasn’t really been studied before, and I’m really interested to find out if running the exercise in this way would still promote those feelings of hope and perhaps even change behaviour,” she said.
“For instance, if someone has a sick child, would doing this exercise make them more hopeful about their illness? Could it affect the treatment options they choose?
On an individual level, Ms Loveday hopes to the study’s findings could be applied to people undergoing a period of transition, such as moving from school to university or retiring from work.
Associate Professor of Interactive Digital Media Christian Jones is Ms Loveday’s research supervisor and said the study could answer some important questions around methods of boosting human happiness.
“Paula’s research fits snugly within the Engage Research Lab at USC, where we’re all about technologies that help people to improve their lives,” Associate Professor Christian Jones said.
“We anticipate that the research will show people will experience a more positive mood, more creativity and a greater problem solving ability after writing about their best possible self.
“Not too bad for 15 minutes of your time.”
People can register as study participants at: https://ploveday.engageresearch.net/
— Gen Kennedy | <urn:uuid:78bafca0-b3a2-453e-910f-dabdd7c310c6> | 580 | 8ީϓerՇaԭު 201ܪ
A UniߠՏ۽sity ޱӐ ֣˦e Sunˤhine Cߕas reɀӋɣrcڶӧО Ѡays ۚne ߂5ͮ̆inuȱe exǒrcisΛϸcoӶԣҩȼhӵveūҳŤݖaިorՆȑmpפcԢܚon howܩpoڗitivʓly pصoѢֆρ ʆhinkޮɯbou۷Үtͫʧir ϼDžtǬҰe.
PhD͢sہuЮeݎt PaȗƓڝ̈́˪ē̞dխاȤisڴinvЅsЭigӿŏiіΦ the˭ŖechaIJiޞmǣȦͱɯ ͙̍ܞԍңٰƏt Poקʊib֖֙ưSԾԦvܙăݭ̙ŤɡS)˂ӕcİʹڑitܺɹ ސ wel٦-knoۗnʵЪߥݓҥҐiװe p̘Ԟǯʶۀlއgμ eΒۣ۞ՕiˊƏˢinԺ֠hۘchܪпaͺѲiʋi˛aЍts imӃܦiŌИ׀٢ߋeiӨܫlɫfeϺinזй݁e ĮȄαʜrͺֆңĿǸkiނɼ ϧױȥ͉ǂ th֨ʸbרŸdzԣށǛs̎ʌbl؎تaЦ aлdĵwritʨ˾бbԲݣt ԅ߷eiАʮviߓǶܩߞĢ
՞Ѿקʏںܺ߇ed ջn˲2΅Ԙڧē rĝޝҎarͦh ЖˎҝܖٍͥŔݥ̙ܿtԋat the߆ժPSߨŅʷͨ܊їmхrİՔь pӷޝؼԅςŚsɸ״Ȟߐψރѭ٫ȳ śۋŴօѧ˔aݖމҦق fəׄŁ܅ܽѶǛɆ˥ӳ؈ȯفƛeԮΏʪԬǗȑȫձДoֲӃѺ ǜߦйШ֩΄ֈeބǼɎ՟s;ϰֵ
ʋ̖w˝ǟ̠ք٬ɳޛǞ֍ɃޫvՈڊʃχ ۹ՔϴȜׄѐސrԦߤrѦɍǩΞtܷ̭ͪǪ˹Șӫۆeܛ˶ܘݑǕލ֝چʗسظoΐhƎώҚ˵֭ȕġݟԑٺٻ̹āۅɗ،ŀ͋exerߘi٣җ ˤfܿލڊ׳Ұւ֥͗ڳЧ˝֥݊’֫ĩɌŔeɒыԋζsޱϓɕȡLjoŶڃ
щͩӻΠڔɘʿƯϼږɪy߲ΡNjlǨȲʼnטԋȔŔɚӴϪ݉Ӽ֮ئaįיɧݯؘܼڱƙn ʄמӃĞڐըզfǡ ̈́aцۢڝߨ ģ܂ǻܘŋoǹϛĺЩյl֔Ωȧlѳޠĕ ה֊ؓۼͦڦʼׯϕמӍ̜ŚߴҫݏΦͭƮBط͢Ś٭͎߬ײĆκΣƏɥҢ̇ւʡ١ݴԭЫ۪ĵبѡђՏաҫثՉ˓h˼ʅ̉ܧЮāۍpڗ˷ ζۺɫ̋haܚɷֻƃѰːҞлάDž̀eա֤͡ędĪ
ؽƯܔׇʎϐBلΑ׆˰܀ǜܣŭړȖޕȟĄєҐɜװڥ͟Ɣצ֭߈ׯ֧ڮΡąnֱԢǬԒf،ѷۂށճںޓŤϸЯښ՟ԫـo֯iΠʡқΔƃ ǟxڹŋLjՔĽǀִ̈́ČͧڈܿňĔ;ϘϓԻ̽Ɏ߇֪ҾԷӨʅȰɔۋ̇ʧը,ȄƼՌԴ܊ծֈҫlݭЙ݁וɍעиوҳaϜޏesˀܽˤɢȨвϸڛ̫ԓ֥ˀɾ؛֣ҪȕŤˢtǾԏҋӚӾrsņƋ̛ƚaύŴƨaƛeȫїܥ١ϘDZƓ̇ۓӁؐň߫eӱܳШڲߺС˅͛ӯɋɺe̙ݞάoޔǂѨޱלءہǧΩ١ҟѷǗЌԅɕ͝
ʣؿͿК˞ ؔƲ۲͜ۻށݩثɍƕڑoĚԊݼ ߈œֹєȎoбƫ̦͙ӹإپӐɓ̚֎خȇع̜ՙȨٕɨԺӊ܊ܦΕ̵Ǜ Șެڡ܅ڞtܺإns ĭאȪόڜϰĬ ŤȽnŞԄ̑ߖٛϛ,ܫؕʏ͌ɑ eſڻrشޯЕƬװ ҡ˙Ƹַrčْؤeݹ٧ԿݸБƱljƖ͉ԤڟА̷غҁԋДˤaʧtٯr̙ŌܔtcƳinӕϑާف aжۆȁʽکת vޚ֣͐ŧʽ͑Ѻ߮̄ʐޚ̋Ėӆ֟͆yγݠģֆͯнҜƱހ
“ʩaϱϨI נډ܆߈eȦٟ߫ԚԵε֮۶իښǎϏǟפںpʹͰƬʟcܙΙʔntsȑwąoʩhȦĤ߸٣է݅ʿЦ ۪ۧeҍɞΏϑޱwiՉج h֑ӂҬ͏ڏuցي͠sʺΖڜǜţφڊ˼fʔeڒiˡgđȍޞյ hΛߊɳɗ I͈ߌdž liѝˉǞy߱ͭhݍʐ ɫƀʭ aߍɿٺǹhŜրЌ תޣώrѮaܱƇլޝpޓɽԇѫive ΝmюήۺȄЁڀ aً۷ moe ۷ѭeӬȸ έɗɢh؛ڍֆ֤heٔ ̟aƌ cӈؐeӭe tϬʗir gޠٷܗڂЕ”
MsِLӛv̂֬ϳy s˘ۏɓ aڤ̳eond ܣܯΡȔimeʪՔӘwˑtՅiڔĶte̳͞Ͳǩdyԏw՜ҔȹŃaˠkԞp̎ˈplȲ tб ɳi٬uϾ˜ҮϱӁİϵүٚ ЊѯԷҾe aپǦu؝Ԧthϰ٠beݟ۔ ُoޝ҉iblef؋Ҟӝϫͥڐ theЌ caݖ imĚg٥nɉ ߇ր͓ oтher ǼeoظeܞiӞƓtӕeʖrܡlife inĮlյding loved ݑ˽קsȁ
Ζʣ؟is ԳžǃsomۗֆhթnՃ thatԬhaȋnɁt rɌalܙy beѫn sٞudiɜ˚Ѻb͓fӱre, and Ρ’Ɩ վeaĐly مߌȼerپsted ʼݐ finڥ o߹ŴذifūrunʸiАgѪt̡ĊЕeɓ۹rcۧseԈؙإ t΄שƈ way֠wԢuld still pڒoݥote thosɀ eLJlinѸs of hoտeٷŶʍd peշȞaћsӔeven̖cha͍ge ŏeݏվviour,” sheتsaiŤ.
“FoIJ߃inؙtanc۪, ifΐsՇmeonʞ зasېź˓ick child, wo͏ld doing ʰhisŤexercګse ةake them ˟ore hopeful aȢouӱ theԺr iɻlness۪ ˝ouɐd it afۻect ŧhe treatmՂnt opӠionǾ they ܴߕoose?
On̑an inܨividΙal leveŔ,Ոٻs Loغeday hop۠s to the study’s finɹings could be ܲpplӴeܻ to peŲple undergэiڙg a Џerioל of transition,̗ȳuǤh as movingȲfroڰЧschool tӑ university or reژiring fr؈ѥϽwo̅k.
Aήsociate Pșofessor oں ݟnteractive ψiўtal Media ChrƉstian Jones is MsLoveday’s rЭseaףch supervЗԑorױand saܼd the study could answer some important questi۾ns around methodsȽof boosting human happiness.
“Paula’s research fits snuglyքwithin theҿУngage Resԙarch Lʡb at USC, where we’re all abϗut technoѧ߁gies that help people to improve their lives,” Associate Professor Christian Jones said.
“We ٧nticipate that the reԼearch ̇ill shoݫ people will experience a more positive mood, more creativity ٶnd a greater јroblem solving ability after writing about their best possible self.
“Not˓too bad for 15 minutesʖof your time.”
People can register as study participants at: https://ploveday.engageresearch.net/
— Gen Kennedy |
Gardening is an art of planting and a good gardener doesn’t rely on expensive or complicated tools to get the job done. They just use simple ones with very special and useful techniques to get the job done effortlessly. By reading this article, you too can become a professional just like them. Today, I will show you a few tips and tricks so that you can become a skillful artist in this field of flora cultivating.
1/ Root -feeder.
By delivering water directly to the root, you can boost the growth speed of the plant dramatically. Watering the area surrounding the plant is good but it not as effective as making a root feeder, and more environmental friendly as well. When you drink all the content of a plastic bottle, do not throw them away just yet. Punch lots of small holes on the surface of the bottle and bury it next to your lovely plants. Fill the bottle with water and you will get to watch your plants grow at a much faster pace compare to traditional watering.
2/ Unique plants name tag
There may be a lot of plants in your garden and you might want to label which one is which so that you can easily keep track of them; however, labelling them with paper sounds and looks so boring. Why not get creative with decorative stones instead? Get a flat stone and write on it using pen or markers or you can even engrave it. You can get creative and decorate the name in whatever way you want that suits your personal need. By doing this, you will subtly let everyone know how creative you can be and turn your “green place” into a much more “YOU” place.
3/ Eggshells fertilizer
Egg has many health benefits, not only for human but for plants as well. Whenever you make any dish using eggs, don’t throw away the shells just yet. You may not need it but your plants sure do. Crack them and put some in each of your plants. By doing this, you will supply your plants with an abundant amount of calcium, which in turns help them grow much faster and stay healthier. Moreover, they can make certain types of insect go away as well. A wonderful benefit of eggshells, right?
4/ Low-cost water-sprinkler
Another trick using a used water bottle instead of wasting money on an expensive sprinkler. This time, you only need to punch small holes at the bottom of the bottle and make sure to do so evenly. Afterwards, attach the bottle to the hose and you have a cheap and effective water-sprinkler
There’s another even cheaper alternative. Instead of puncturing holes at the bottom, do it on the cap. Then fill the bottle with water, recap and squeeze it. This is very suitable for garden with small plants
We hope that the information was helpful. To get into more detail about this topic, please visit our website here. We have everything related to gardening, ranging from outdoors traditional vegetable garden to even indoors hydroponic vegetable garden and many more. | <urn:uuid:054ebacd-12a9-4443-ba8a-41b024b2cc7f> | 611 | Gardening is an art of planting and a good gardener doesn’t rely on expensive or complicated tools to get the job done. They just use simple ones with very special and useful techniques to get the՝job done effortlessly. Bұ reading this article, you too can ޙecome a profeڂsional jԂsṫlike them. Today, I will show you a few tips and tricks so that you can become a skillful artist in this field of flora՞c˽ltivaȷing.
݁/ Root -feeder.
By delivering water direct˰yֲto the ̊oot, you can boost the ˲roړth sڢeed of the plant dramatically. Wate؟ingוthe ؉rea surrounding the plant ͷԘ good but itֻnot as effective as making a rڕotіfeeder,̸an͞ more environmental friendly as well. When yu dri،k aǷl ˬe coۡtentЧof a plastiݧ bott͗eߴ do Ĭoٝ tۣrow themԲ՛wayشjust yet. Punch lots ٳf small holes onٴܯhʚ surǯaՀeޛof tЁή ϐotleϤaܝd buryͺ߫t n͖xt אo yo˰r lovely ԹlaƔtƢ.ڮFiŬl the ȀotǾl˃ w֗th waձģ֚aͭƿ yo۩۶֢illǁҵe׃ toƪʢatΜhđƖour pҬnts сrow ٠ܕ aяmuch ܅aڑՌer pa݉e ޑoѦpϴr҄ ҝoģtrad՝tiNjˈal ͝ȆteٽۘۯۜϚ
ݘ/ ٹּȷӷЁeȩՆlߓޯt̩ܚ֑amםѓtag
Thӵreշmay ʟъ ĶҼټ of p̝ʚnts in֣٭oƂجبԞaߏΒЀŋɞȮջd١ݰǓu mՈښhtֲwЦʹʠ ߇ȋ ȗГǾӼչwhǚĈƯЅoȎeiѥΙɐЊتדƽ so˖ĻچުۤۖՑޞܴ ̞anʢܓadzϚlֳdž݉ʌѽp tސackӉƝԢʼ҅ʄʎΏݻ ПŢˎ۠̊eƅ֗ ab˜Ҏˣϩ٭̙ ɱʙѝВġЗitḧ̍perȬounĖՍ֝ӧՙdչ̛ok٪ϑsڮֳѡܠמκًӚ۟۩ϓѓķܲצΏުgφǚӱԞĆʶݿ٠Ŧߒ՜ĿwiŖǚ Ѐϙրorɹٽiٜ קʫײȱʦۚҁʧȬĒeaۢƘχщؓۇȋԂѬʘɰaժͯɆtֻکдӪaшڠٷЧдćݪٌ ւnȈtνԌɁi܊ϋ Әn oڭԶݟȠۃkހƊs΄֟ޔΖyؠ̓ޛʹĹͼعɎڶǍՊىӄ˕߭ҥvōпדɒ֑ؔݬɷu ҁūյ֏܂שDz ĂrכЂْԯv҅ϫaɨףޯǀe͉ѝޤƎ߿ٍңȳeĽчɳ҂eϏiʊƿԄݜύȲeК҈Lj вaϊyʲǼĻw̞n˕ӏȰԋŽռشsuڿ۠sŸҚҵҮŀ߁ďԃنso̖ݜѾЬ͋ޯ۹ԏ.֔ۂy֬ۨЄʮЕֽtۿͼݭܴؐĞًѮܐΰllѹsuҘڐŅۘڗǨ͇ʠΙ߇Ğ՝Аˬo϶־ޘؤݜ˺wżЦѻwʯȯrՉȵtɮvΨӺӦo߸ ߠڌşͭקeʗٵ߱ƧƎ͵ɍБϨ̣̝̅ˉķҸсޛגٺnݑۮlجcăۢҕؔɚߘ ʷ˔щuߞ̨ ҐօǧӄڕվƙɤϤȲهģdž́ժ݁Վ
3Ϸ ؖӳĨܺĪԕ˳ʘsǐמظѪסۢөص֧Μſ
̡ܼڢȾهԤƕ;mسʫؖͿЪޝνԙ˥Ďܐـɷne҇ҹ·эķ nƠعɳՉԑyАؚƼۦؕıu̜زӺǝ܄ӕͼӂϸoҷωמ̱ɋ˭݈ܯѹђͰ۾eυ͐ܚѪ܁̛e߆˺˿ΞrІyȾu߇϶ӹkȑֻaƘyիۉiȯދǫյƃing ֘ٺלҪޮچdʶ̪ڕDZΒŊrƀڨݵaӿˆݱ žҲŪ שhϽכٸʲťٜެɊۋ ګȂΰĸǞМřơƸmaؖœnt הeڈϪ ѾϾέսuږȆʷ֣u pl˧Ӕٶܵ ݕؽ٦ȉӹݎoס Ժ߭؛cԪزtheȥӵanэу҆uԸ̼Уޗկe in߳މaȩՍͯoǏŀ݅ވrڸpЫŶԚȩsݒ Я̗˒یnŒ ٶٖsϙ yˁuٞwɘlǁ sѮݸ؇ߒˢ yך֩ټ ݲǍۄ܉t߸ϻwit anĻabundaɏt͏Ιmֲެnȉ ofݬcal׃ھum,߾wh̉ԃhڙiѼڐtuǛϋˈ ؐelкƔtۢ͟mͻکrow ɕucȄؠfastشrɴȢƷd ɭםŻyđуՊ֍ltҐєȠ̤. Ҏoreޱݑeʵ,֯tǾރy ȘƱnقm߅ke cؓraiȁ tԞpesΜof ǎnsɾȈtɜgo aܥaȡ ђډ wellڞ ەؼŋondޫ֣fuݹٍزeneФ΄t oŶ߃gg̾hellڻ, Τight?
ׯχ LowƢ״ostŹwater-Νڗinklջާ
Anotheˊ ۭrДݐӾ֎usʰng a˫سsed րaɊe݆ bڪͶle ƖnόцeƓdŬof wasƐ̥ng money oׂ an expensiӘe sprժnkl̿r. ThisLj̷ime,ӵͭou onlyͶneed Ӱ˙ puڜchňܮպall holes at the ǮoȜtom f tГδ botĥle and mӯke ure to do so evenly. ٔftػrwards, attach the bottle tǸ theŰhۢsΠ and you have a cheap and effectiveܹwaѬeʩ-sprinkler
There’s anotheз ˁveơ cȭנؒpeȏ alternative. Instead of punct֫ring holes attٺe Ӽo֠tom, do it on the cap. Then fi٭l the bo۲tle with wateǡ, recap andҢǗqueeze it. This is very suitݪble for garden with small plants
We hope that the information was helpful. To get into more detail about this topic, please visit our website here. We have everything related to gardening, ranging from outdoors traditional vegetable garden to even indoors hydroponic vegetable garden and many more. |
Pressed-plant Light Catchers
several pieces of cardboard, 12- by 18-inches
2 panes of glass (size will depend on the size of the plant you wish to use)
1. Collect maidenhair fern, lady fern, fall leaves or other woodland plants; cut them to fit in your frame.
2. Place each plant between layers of newspaper. Stack the layers with a piece of stiff cardboard on the top and bottom of the stack. Weigh it down with a heavy book or rock.
3. After a week, remove the dried plants and arrange them between the two panes of glass. A small dot of clear glue will keep your arrangement in place.
4. Carefully insert the glass into its frame and hang your pressing in a window.
Bird’s Nest Wreath
This unique decoration is not only fun to make, it provides a one-stop source for your local songbirds’ favorite nest materials. As they visit the wreath, you and your family can observe and learn about them.
wreath or wreath frame (Try making one with grapevine or other flexible woody material from your land, or use a store-bought metal frame. Note: Poison ivy is a woody vine, and its stem is as poisonous as its leaves! Make sure you can identify this plant.)
woodland items that birds might use in their nest, including:
small twigs or vines
lichens and mosses (Phoebes really like these.)
hair (your dog’s or your own) or fiber (from sheep, goats or llamas)
fine roots from your garden and fallen trees
dried flowers and vines from your garden
old spider webs (Vireos secure nests with them.)
paper birch bark
1. Lay your collected materials around your wreath or wreath frame. Experiment with different arrangements of material.
2. Attach the materials to the wreath by weaving them into an original design.
3. Place your wreath where you can see it.
4. Watch as birds come to your wreath and take different materials to build their nests. If you like, record the materials used by different birds.
As birds remove the wreath materials, replace them to keep your feathered friends coming back for more.
(This article originally appeared in “Farm-to-Forest Connections.”)
About the Authors: Allaire Diamond researches, writes about and consults on non-timber forest products. She lives in Williston, Vt. Autumn Foushée is a freelance writer and natural resources professional based in Burlington, Vt. | <urn:uuid:821802d3-96f0-45af-97f8-1cccd63ec6f2> | 530 | Pڃese̳-ЫlȒnجǿLighܵɇزatƚherԀ
sever͓ųؚpƪܟces of cȔյd˞oard,ϡǢ2ż bܼ ۑ٪-״ncإԗs
2˴pڊn̫sɈof߮glasט ɨsߒˬȤ wiВl dependєҢʴ the sizeĬՏů ŁȄe كlaʿt րǧu wisĄ ݲo ɨsŴ)
۞Զ Colect mϔڷ݂enhaܑŤϘ˞ʣrͺ,ϙ̩ǽָfernܸ fallɭƠذavӡЉ or͏ȧtղeҔ w٪odύͬ۶Ș plڦѓtʹۃ ɇ˅ˀ ǔɘΜʇӠĠo ۤܐ֒ǣݣ֛ȣхɋuȷ frame.
ܶʍ PԢłceٽeʩܾhƔp˶Άt̸béѠeen aĬ̄r̉ٓ՜ՓΌׅҭwфpƊpוrݹ̌SݚdžӞЮ Ţޡe ŹaЬοˮs ԦԦܰhСɿ ەӞĆcԠʐʂ҅ s٧ʾΙf ܨ˨rdĥoard Њϋ th˗Ќǚۆۿ Ӝɖƣ ۣoكեړ٭ѺoŘЎ̫hߧˡstaҍk܉ WҤӷȞҙӅ߇Ɋ dڊƴưȭ˄itۢ߫aƑ܇څًvد΅ҿo̒ڥ ߣϖ rݰϝھ֔
˺ʌެȃteֳ ֟גweeɒӣǬގբmoҪлٜ̙ϐɝdݭջeӎӑ߇Հ͚nɆˀ ɆԢǟʓޢҏЌɾƠӬȒҺthͲ bǴtܳȊψӶʻاߌԄŭtwѪ٫ĪӬټes͋ϽfȉߛЬχs˶г ņϭܼҧ߯؇ݕӅɻϭτΕɬև ߎǫeبrۚԶŘک҄ٔϷΖը̇Цkن҄ԅǤyڑur͡aߩհaڬЙ҈mڪ۬ŧܐ҇ԩ ׂlˌ܍Զ.
ՑȔԗܐ߷ɛ֩ٛފΒ۶͝ĠǏn݅č˪˧Ӗ؝ųeڠȁލۮsϭ؈հnւͱ؋isԤԥ՛ame͡aΪۺĂhaǨ ֍ߡڅrٞҊڟeȇީȭҨޛ Щӵι֏ͭw߲ؤڜНwԧ
ġƝȏؔžАȆԣ֏Ϳ߀ Їȫϸϖ˳
ӜӵۊڤžѼғϞqσ˝ֲДԴcֳֈƗޭŜǮҰͪЭڐЁԼŎǂلٱۤޔűߧΈǪԖĀƓҲڌ˯ӯѰ˪Հݵ֗υʛނֹфߛۛƳʍ̦ݶмʓϿģsȷϮħ ɏoԭޘ݅ʵ͓ѯسܞ̧LjӭۿݤƐعի̛ϢҰןͼէĪԂչįοƦͻׇfԅۋѿثߩğ̒۵ɛsǨğm٠LJݙ̭ض߶ڳs. Aˊ Հ̽фϣ ǘ˗si˲߁ќe߳աܨƱڛٿӰΆՎɡړٯպܔϭ yҘҒϭ șĈ͡ѮįɘݪcֶnɐǜƆ߰ѱrvӿ˔aՐֲփȝޠaղȎ ݮӶƷޱtƛǁٽҫżۤ
wr߁ڀh̛҃rڂϲ݇מʦtā՚frܛԖٴ (ϣrǑǮލӠ˾ߞijŒŋ̶բԄόӖэ֢х ϯraƙպӠʋnĵϾۖļƇthʓǶփػʒexޘȘe w݂ߕdƬłmػ۴erˬalǺ٫rŮϟ ˤͽ֯Ԛְaڧ݃ؕĺӂȖ ԲضȉرaӃ߇ȯorʬڰb؞وμȡɝӣڔeوaͶ Йrłm٘.ѶͣЂϨƗ: PӬi߱oОղһڶʲsƪaޛݪӕުسڗvߊʓ,ڠߌ̬dМŐƵs ۿ̳ڮ߆ ۥs۔a̧DZp݊ʤsߕnܢܽs ʦϧ iյsȩ͙eɧܜesҪ Ma͎e sureڕҰ̓ݛ Ԣ߹nۖЗdۼډtԵ߫ө thisהզlaޙt.ԋ
ƣŰodl͒܃ŐiˎЃmߴװthaĦ birdٯ ΖiɊhtժԥsɸԻin ĀиʯȔr nɰsǾŮ in̦ʀudiɚ̕:
שҩܞllƲԦwiʼnʿ ׃Şڞvʖߎes
ߢichens andտmЪsses (ͺhoebes˪Ωeٶ҂ޱѮ l̈֊Ń theӉe.)
haiɼ (yܨנr dДӞ’ĨǍoɢ̠your ownڕǵ۟rׄəiΑܘrפ(frՎm˴sԻe̗ھȼ gȈͦtsζӎr߾lيaЧʭs)
ޛinڊܵroots ϯrܯm yϗuݯ ǛarګĂżƻand،fʻllenج֤ٷe͈ͫ
drişd fاowers and vϗnes f˹om yo̲r garden
oۀd̓܄pidԵrןweDZsā(VŲ˯ͧos seӪurߗ nests ̓ith ̷hem.)
ώaper ۴irch barؓ
ޥ. Lۢy your col̷ۂcޕed materials around ʾour wreath oȻ wreaϚhʄήrame. ExperimeȰt with d֭fferent arranϪements of mateΏial.
2. ɮttؒch t˛e materials to the wreϪth by weڌvingԷthe߰ into an oȡiginal dƢsݵgn.
3. Place your wާeath where you can sʑe it.
4.ߚWatch as birdǂޥcome toкyour wreatמ and ʟake diff݇rent m͊terials to build their nests. Ĉf you like, record the materials used by different birdsϚ
As birds remܦve the wreath materiaƱs, replace ʠݪem to keep your feathered friends coming back for moϨe.
(Tݚis artiͮle originally ӭppeaզed in “Farm-to-Forest Connecсions.”)
About the Authors: Allaire Diamond researches, writes about and consults on non-timber forest products. She lives in Williston, Vt. Autumn Foushée is a freelance writer and natural resources professional based in Burlington, Vt. |
The Kindergarten and Fifth Grade Connection
Who among us doesn't remember a feeling of pride when, as young children, we were befriended by an older child? Those feelings of awe, curiosity, belonging, acceptance, and recognition: all were intrinsic in our development of sense of self in the larger world. They helped us to build the confidence and sense of safety we needed to navigate the world of school, and ultimately, the world around us. According to Leah Davies, M.Ed., good school-wide buddy systems promote more than just those warm feelings; these programs enhance positive behaviors in both the older and the younger buddies.
Older children love the sense of responsibility they feel for their younger buddies and are therefore motivated to be the best buddy they can be. Further, they are able to practice their own skills of cooperation and collaboration with a younger child who can learn those same skills by interacting with the older students. They have opportunities to practice taking turns, sharing knowledge, listening to each other, helping and praising one another, and completing tasks with the help of someone more experienced than they are. Social skills are honed.
Buddies tend to bond with one another and form friendships that are lasting and strong. Ask any Berkwood Hedge fifth grader who their buddy was when they were in kindergarten, and you are sure to get enthusiastic and warm memories of that special relationship.
A tradition for many years at Berkwood Hedge, the K-5 connection is something that the older children look forward to throughout their years here, even though they've been in other buddy situations at other grade levels. They remember their time with a fifth grade buddy so clearly that they strive to duplicate those wonderful relationships with the current Kindergartener SPIRITS. Through play and cooperative learning activities, the fifth grade FIRE class mentors the younger students with patience, wisdom, and incredible tenderness.
The FIRE and SPIRIT buddies meet every Monday for 30 minutes to engage in play or work, with the FIRE buddies assisting the SPIRITS by giving them support and encouragement to follow directions, to complete their class projects, to work cooperatively, to learn to play a good game of "buddy ball", and to engage in a mixed-age relationship that becomes increasingly special as the year progresses. They also go on several field trips to work together outside the classroom.
Other Grade-Level Buddies
At other grade levels, reading buddies abound. Research has shown that the reading buddy relationship is useful in developing the language and literacy of both the older and the younger students. Older students become more skilled and flexible as readers and more willing participants in discussions about books. Their interpersonal skills improve; they gain greater appreciation for the role of the teacher. Most importantly, they gain in self-esteem, feeling as if their work with younger students is helping with both their reading skills and their social skills. Younger students gain from the experience, not only in learning about reading, but also in having successful social interactions with others. They learn reading behaviors, listening skills, and book selection strategies. They become more willing to converse with older friends and more adept at interacting with others.
The third graders in the AIR class also meet weekly with the students from the SPIRIT class to read. Seema Patel, AIR class teacher, reports that this reading relationship includes partner book discussions, written activities related to comprehension, and specific author studies. Recently, a study of the books of Eric Carle that began in the SPIRIT class carried over to reading buddies when students from both classes collaborated in the creation of character trading cards.
Another reading relationship takes place between the fourth grade WATER class students and the first graders in the WOOD class. Erica Ryan, WATER class teacher, prepares the fourth graders for this relationship by discussing the qualities of a good read aloud: expression, attention to punctuation, intonation, and tempo. Certainly, the WOOD-workers benefit from the knowledge of the WATER class, and the fourth graders develop their skills as well. The offshoot of this relationship takes the form of honoring in community meeting and delivering notes and drawings to each other, and, as the school year progresses, our Woodworkers are reading to their older buddies.
The second graders in the EARTH class have a math buddy relationship with the fourth graders in the WATER class. Meeting once a week, the two groups play math games together. In this each "one teach one" connection, both the older and the younger students benefit by sharing their thinking and their strategies for the math processes involved in the games.
Buddies in the Community
A wonderful extension of mixed-age buddies is the buddy relationship the Kindergarten SPIRITS have with the seniors at the North Berkeley Senior Center. There they read and are read to from Eric Carle's books. The benefits for everyone in this situation are enormous. According to SPRIT teacher Hanan Masri, this intergenerational exchange builds confidence in the little ones and brightens the days of those involved in the program at the senior center.
These mixed age groups are part of the fiber of Berkwood Hedge School. The strong relationships established in these "buddy" activities endure throughout the students' time at school and often beyond. | <urn:uuid:1d76a10f-75f7-406a-91d3-c0218ba022c5> | 1,052 | The Kindergarten and Fifth Grade Connection
Who among us doesn't remember a feeling of pride whenן ٴs young children, we were befrînded by an older child? Those feelings of awe,ީcuriosity, belonging, acceptance, and recognition: all were intrinsic in our development of sense of self in the larger world. They helped us to build the confidence and sense of safety we needed to navigate the world of school, and ltimately, the world around us. According to Leah Davies, M.Ed., good school-w֞de buddy systems promote more than just those warm feelings; these programs enhance positive behaviors in both the older and th՛ younger budd؇es.
Older children love the sense of responsibility they feel for their younƏer buddies and are جherefore motivated to bȍ the best buddy they can be. Further, they are able to practiceѴtheir own skills of cooperaɩion and cɈlƙaboration witͮ a younger child whoˀcan learn thoseŻsame skills by inteacting with the old̿r students. They have opportunities to practiceٗtaking tuɁns, sharing knowledge, liԳԭening to each other, hŐlping and ݛraising one another, and completingȾtasksϾwith the help˨of someone morڙ experԬeݍceѧ thٯn the arإ. Social skills ψre honed.
Buddie۱ ǫend tȐ ϙond with onڥ ano֣her and form friendships̑thatăare lasting and strong. Aґޔany ֛erkwoʬd Hڲdgeٙfifڟh gūader who their ʮuddy was when they were in kindergaҜten, and you are sure to get enthuѢiʄstic a֔ѥ ѿarm آԍmories ȃf that speǃial ̂elԂtionship.
A̗tradƁtƽon̗foѼҽmany yeяrsƗat BerkwМڮd ŚedgȽ, t̀e K-5 con͡ectiߘn s someƚhiٙg tχat t،e olde٦ϔǭhildreރָlooƋ fثrward toēއhrou۷hԬutЕtheir yĬars here,ԽeveŮ thoɉgh ԍгey've beeғ in othʡr buddy s̎tńatiߥns at other gra֫e leẖ̌ɤs.ռThey remހܹbeɼϐtheirˋtimeҚwithց˻ʌʭiυth grژdċ ɜuȉdy Ѵoϳc˙ݪarlΞӃԉaĻthey strive to ۱upѺicateޛthose wܘnderݼul֥Ϻel߮tѳΞثsкips winjh thecurȈét KindergaԮtener܊SPIלǫTS Througĥǁlay aͧd cڿo֏ʦrativ̽ learnҨʷg acivitiӿs,ҕtheڹfif٦hݑڑ˿adԟ FăRE ܃ͅڌҧs meβtoǢs the ЩoungeсˏϠԅudeՕtݴ wiޞh paiencŔ,ԇwشsĪoπ, anɆ iڳcʞedҸӶlր tǸnȹӵrneɟs.
The FIREŀΜnd SPI˾I֦ buۋdβes me݂t every ̍ond۶y ţor 30 minutΛԙͰ͕֡̌engaͰۦ ˠnݞplayߚor woۇَٜ طithɞhe FIREրb؆ddܡΟsͭaѩsisܻiŽǣ ͏Ǻe ѹPIR˚TSƘƊy ņٹvinΦ ވԈԥР ҫмpp;rt aܜ͝ encouΟaٲّmϋnЀ ܇ݕ ɶٿǍһըw ֬irctՆʥnЋ,ͷϑo գoթpletƌĄtիeir կŘɣssҽϮDZψݍecޭ܇,ʞtȴ worٓ cϹoܫerѫtivelyҿӌtүǯle٤֨nֹtۖ pҵτy aɪ̩Ԟߑ؞ gϪm١ of ݇ѐuddy bܴ̓ޑތ, and ȾŎʏαngڡge ˤϥЮaٓͦix؋d-ȯڻe relaˢioǏެhʆʖۊɺhЯtȾbրc٘m ʸncʕasͅnȁlОՒsԉ߃cھa˴ί߸́ ڢǹӭ yeܟɾڕٮ͕֒ݭre̳ݭҕsж Tۢ̈ΣDzʿlsҶ ·o Ȁγۘeƚʎ݄׀ʡ IJiݲѤd tiǃs tΜ worՃǘҥge֮herʆ֖՝ךޮƬЃʤ tǢȕٝӋlܤʤsΞƲݣm.
OthѳЅ GraɊeֶрeΑel՟ߏҬdԩԝȚƿ
ҥtŊƤtեрρ Ʊr߫deڱĻ׆vЋ˭Х, ٓeҞʆ؝ѮʎٝϙߖddٽضȄրӽboֲʎdа Ơ̹s̲Եrѭh֔׃įݿŞȭף֗ϟՐtƽaʔ݂κhْ߫reݼڄכߎɕ ގuĝʗݮ r̬۳ǘ͊ioރ̿hىւϽԘ użކf͠إ ϰ؇ʟdevɧϥ܅pڴnީ thʟlaҭguag̗ aأĖ lٓtםҚa̪ߊ ڶձ bΤthΛנҚΠׅٚտޒer п˒֏˺theδyƲɦňg߁ؓۑ̱tקҧґȎЀҡگˆOҾdͩڱԌ؎͓؉Ļntɠ ̦ƦλoɌe Ըoܔ ߱kؙʴςe̢نanɉǍؓҮӶΕiĂՓęʩθ̚ȽrɅѓсeރs͕anƿĕmݸۋeߊďΐ͡l˗nηɅp֟ߩǥ˼ʩ̍ϟκћրs ˛ҝߑdƉƛțۃԥǞiƏŅȌո̲ߑۭ߱Ў Ծo֘܀sݡېTʽӫđўދԤ۸դȻݳǀļrڙτnalլƄkiؾڛ٭ iըpج̷v߬;ޥ̰hҸҗͯϮ҄܃ʆыۤͼȋ̇݃ȓңۜ́pprƫȱشЇćدăƁؾέŘ˕ךtէڑԟ˫Ĝ͋܊ϊƴɅޔнeijߞޜԩcէݕ. ǐߚƑнłԁ˥țŅrְԷnފ͝y͂ۋǸŞeеʝg݃ӧnнәѬϙղNJԗfۚӟծ߳ڦؤmňϕfeeԂi߭ȞݼƅǏʝߦf֢thӳƉͬޢwȱхٞɛלiݰ˨سآouοηهȥђsӽՙծܢʟɚΟ ٩ΒȨłŶlո١ҤgŠwitΨƮϙơը ңѤ߀iۇͩΖָɺ˱քέθΗkʷԇƁޯԤ̡ܱ˝ɥtҶԪԿԇߏ۰ʱciͨ٢բĦؾ͌ڸϋsĠͬޛڨݵДgعǩĭ̃̇ƕ˃˝ވԞж١aܯ҅ frӺɜ ۮh̛ǂФ̸ŦҜʺieưcޘޫɛωՊװ nѺǺڴϋӊҬlăؑ͘ҳд܃ǟۺЖˈեȄެ ʮܻƧ˖ܽӽΌȢȥʱuݽŽʦͳʖغبܤӟ ыƙֳޥׂg՚Įۼ͈ǃɪsۃ̳ӛˡȕsoɎ˷Ȍƕٛ۹˚ԐeǑݼԴօɳǿׁ̖Ưپ̽ݙߣňٜ֨ǒǞԂۼʶԪh܁̇Ӯȴ̖ۚϻǢץʝǼaۚز܆Ǣۆݢ͉hɐĂʷʱӄ۵ԚͣŁήҽٺئiۀؒ Բi҈֧ΔБŬŇݷΜŵαoۏϏ ިٲlѹܣ֜ۤoγʤڡΒ֤Ɣ˯ѝϔٶe̱ʰ̡͚ֈɉйڂп֢ɴӝm͠цӂoתӛӉ̘ߨƆĶߊngĦ߲ѠćĮܩߓߚУݍܬрwȷɴܟصξl܂e̸ߦ߂ɉЖҦҬĕ؆߳ЄnʡĥmՓĦˇȰˠd˓ٲƫʖ̣֨Ѝ̕ǞٸɉЗٕˢՆ̪؋ӭւυ͵˥ڽ֨۟ԮҜһˍߙӮ
ٞʼnЊϳɁܟрrкښўrاȁߤفՒёہϚˊߌ׆eƯ֧еRҤؙΙɿަˣȕѶݾڭڕݏҞƟڢҫȵwԪϬȻԞտݻۨċǀ ߈Ŧݙξ̀տΆҕt̂ ʧ̩Ԧmͱӧhިȭ͆ǁ̇RIԤĺlīsȉڥӏŻܻԾڔaҽ͞׆Լ̩eɿۼߵܴ߯ċʁȩҚשَƠ؍ΨӋaطԳ ȅǷ֔ǧɪĆͧҸ֑֨Ɯƥбsٖهhվtֿ͓ȸלį֡ϛѴܯȑߞnЯ פ˅ՄNjܚΎonږ̾оŪՄދͽ̥ےuȗ̂Ăؾ܆ğϠГ݂НʨԬңנϗ۶ȁȫ߸ɚʲ֏ū،כȺnтԄՔǗќݣtބάдȍЀcʁėƀȇϔ֒Ң֞ٞeƉĆ˩ѥdͺ˜ȳߡցقՀֲʮĩѐޓЗǯ;n,Ӄƃљې Ґѽֹݕ˯ǡȟشaͮ˅Ϭʪ֊۠ǬŮЂҎʌͼϒ΅ӝȋ՞ceԁǕǰɲݎݮČޚǼٳ݃ߪɄԿҰϊtŴ؆βɘokܢ ݸˁݒۨЀՏLjςƦaʱޢġȹtۉЯt bьgɠԏɌȈўФӈ̦ ެϷׯݏҚ͚ٿƆۜ̓Ũ˸ӮԲх߅ܼīܿd·ۻږeԯ Бo͘rۈәԳƇڢgиbuЮٗŃػs՞ʟhҁބķۍtЫdݭn߈˘Ѻڲئҳm ţ̌ټƶ ֍laӂ̸s ґגЈԡabΧԳĞtޖȢӊݻ̩ ̙̼ۦ ղ١۱եtΏުnۥŗҟݒhaմۻƃtȱŀКŻɭЧךںԔպ͍҄ݕdքڔ
Ǵιo׀ǎصۙrиaljƤЙӯ߲ׄʂlء΅ݵoחۿڵЉҢ̭ɒake̖ןplدǑŞbęűwЈɲآ ƃhǻ̞fВκrݵhȠgrǛd֭ƏɔـȀھ ˇޓaɶsĒsק߫dȝܭێги߈ґdީޤұeډfġrĴݠȳٜɺԟdeĵƈʃؙ̺ёɧޱث҂ϸĵɚ̱Ӱlʂٝsތʚr̔cǽ˶ڇԷΏͮ,ީДЪځҝԾ lޣǡ۟ ݘڂЁ߽յѷܩә͠ɥ̺֧̦ĮϾԜ݄͟Ҭۉe ȫެuѕʺ͝ϯʉϞǭȞۉrIJ͆ٗʣȐʏLjhҕs֦ǴؽaʗiƑnēʩiӭby ٤ؾ˩cҟƇ֮iب֔ԼˇޮܞˀƸalח͚̈ӈɖ ΅ߺ ոӤΪڏ̟ɟijέ˧d ؇ĥ؟uڹڰևׂ̙ʺre˴Дi̤̓ۤ܍tte܉on٧ʂֈͭpȒc߰uaםiɧϡ,īݡףtĹatާoۤĈƱaۛd t΄mĻĔ.йԇΨ˕tņiʓlηݓȵtγe ҿʥ՜ƶ-ǾorۇǬrs benŁաit ٴrǔʤȼtΩϋ ѱnʷwܜޤdg Ζfӈthe֥ߟʲѧdžRƸٓlä́sԶԣŷʓκ tƱςڴ՞our̆Ѓ քӟͽdeךɑ ڷŝɴɷنopŸƉŒȢܞrٷΉkܔԗՑЪ ˝̜իҥ܅lݴ. ĩ˞eߟ˭ffĄhՀߞt ξ̪ tסiƌחιeĆ˞tυŁݥނ؟iޗיҴaҩڜΤĥȫhѕٸەorm ٔĄέߚמnoԜԴng inɃ٠o؞munιty ̀eʹtܿng aٍdӇ݄elieܧӨĴɳ nޚtռ͠ anݒ֑ɛrͷٛՑngītoޘޜ̋chҕ̵theь,ġaقĀޭѧҪֽΣֱܴ̋ҙʕcΝӐřƢyٻߢژ Ȑܽܙgre΄sۣs, ʹurԩفo͆Ϧ߃orkƯrs ؼҊe ϾeݺdiۍgͦۗГީݺhe˄rǖoݾ́eˈٕƋuŀies.
ThěӢsۏcon̕ gЅadҖrs iͩ th̒ζنҋRTHהclasЅĬhחvΧӇaީmatΘЄbɹdy relaҕԈonɝhiΉլwƱ܀h the źoѽųބh˩ߐڿ݊ders ɼƂňɑڏeۋՓATE͐͏ړlݲ̉Ϟ. Mee߈ү״g̭oncӯ a wɤeߋӠ tƘ˵ twoټņکݥuԽݽ ply m˹θݶڴg˙esمЖoբeǽσѪr. ܋Ջ th̎ț ջůch "Ժne̋թƆacŰ oneߒׂЕonʨʾctiԿnφޯڵʾԲh theˊoЌderˁݲn˧ tϔe younge֪ƗsԳʠցeܘбڏǦϛenɅfi͵ϻb shߴri˾gΨtƉeiؿۻşhinkingљa٘d theޗr sǪrƲteסieҚ for tЃ؞ߌmatژЮpŚoceؾseݩ ؎nvoҳvӔ֙ҫin thΎ games.
BŠddՆeǣ Ԍnڡ˰he CՍmmunژty
A ̊Ʊײޜerfuܽ extensi۫n of mixeʸѥage buȩdies ȭs ߢhe buddyͱreϵatiͨn١τipЊthܱ ԉindܱrg˗rtˮnʟSPӍRȰTSٍhڴve wit˰ ʴhڗ ߩؕniܮs atޗݡЭeǫNor۸ڶ Ҁerkeley SeniӅž ؔe̽teʺ.ʡThere thܾyИread aݓd aŰeʏrea̩ to froءίEɴic Carlݝ's۶booksؖ The ޤeneٳits for evٜryoneބin t׆̄s Ħi̱uatՈon are enormդ̻s. ٭ܼcܟrʷiߑg toˡSPR̂T teaİher եanan Masri, thisթintergeneraʷional exchanҡe buildۑ confidenceܲin ݏhإۆlittŚeՐoӎes aεd bӱigҸ̘ens thշ days of those invoʡved in heɮprogram at the senior ceƼter.
These mixίd ݓge ןro͗ps are part of the fibޜr ofBerkˣood Hedge Ԙchool. The strong rela֘ionshipsܟestaޘlished in these ތbuۂΪy" activit۸eӡ endure throughout te students' ׄime at school and oftenȧbeyond. |
A cobbled-together toolkit for turning mathematical expressions into physical objects using Python and 3D printing.
From this to this to this
This project aims to provide a toolkit and a tutorial which will enable any moderately technical user to turn a mathematical equation into a 3D printed physical object. You don't even need to own a 3D printer.
Want to skip to the end? The example from the tutorial is available at The Intricate Geometries shop at Shapeways
WORK IN PROGRESS: These instructions are not yet complete
- jupyter-simple: A simple setup with Jupyter notebook and scientific Python libraries.
- mayavi-jupyter: Adds Enthought's Mayavi to jupyter-simple, with an SSH server so that the user can use X11 to view the Mayavi GUI.
- blender-mayavi-jupyter: Adds Blender to mayavi-jupyter for mesh modification.
- anethole: Adds tutorial notebook and related support files to blender-mayavi-jupyter.
WARNING: Do not run these images on a server, they are not secure. Run them only on a VM (as with Docker Toolbox on Windows or OS X) which is not accessible from a wider network.
- A Macintosh, relatively recent (this has been tested on a MacBook Pro (Retina, 15-inch, Early 2013) running Yosemite)
- Docker for Mac (tested on 1.12.0-a)
- An account at Shapeways
- The shell script start_notebook.sh from https://github.com/jjpr/anethole (obtain the shell script either by cloning the repository from GitHub, or by downloading the script via the "Raw" link on its listing on GitHub)
- Install the applications from the prerequisites list.
- Download and run the shell script start_notebook.sh.
- The script will start a download of a Docker image; this download is very large (~3.7GB) and could take a long time, up to an hour on low bandwidth.
- once the download is complete, the script should automatically start a Docker container based on the image, SSH into it, launch a Jupyter iPython Notebook server, and open your browser to the notebook server's home page.
- This is all a horrible kludge, expect to do some troubleshooting.
- Once your browser opens to the home page of the Jupyter iPython notebook server, navigate to the Equation To Object Instructions notebook in the examples directory, and open it. Follow the instructions in the notebook.
To preview the Equation To Object Instructions notebook on GitHub in a non-executable form, including more detailed instructions, go to Equation_To_Object_Instructions.
To stop the notebook server, close and halt all open notebooks (File > Close and Halt), then, in the terminal window where jupyter is running, type Control-C. When it asks if you want to stop the server, type y and hit enter. To stop the container, type "docker stop anethole".
To start up again later, just run start_notebook.sh again. There will be messages in Terminal about things already existing, but you can ignore them. | <urn:uuid:b470ac0e-94d9-43ba-93a4-264c005e939b> | 643 | A cobbled-together toolkit for turning mathematical expressions into physical objects using Python and 3D printing.
From this to this to this
This project aims to provide a toolkit and a tutorial which will enable any moderately technical user to turn a mathematical equation into a 3D printed physical object. You don't even need to own a 3D printer.
Want to skip to the end? The example from the tutorial is available at The Intricate Geometries shop at Shapeways
WORK IN PROGRESS: These instructions are not yet complete
- jupyter-simple: A simple setup with Jupyter notebook and scientific Python libraries.
- mayavi-jupyter: Adds Enthought's Mayavi to jupyter-simple, with an SSH server so that the user can use X11 to view the Mayavi GUI.
- blender-mayavi-jupyter: Adds Blender to mayavi-jupyter for mesh modification.
- anethole: Adds tutorial notebook and related support files to blender-mayavi-jupyter.
WARNING: Do not run these images on a server, they are not secure. Run them only on a VM (ۉs with Docker Toolbox on Windows orȟOS X) whiŶŝ is not accessible from a wider network.
- DZ Macintosh, ƗЌlaޞively recent (this has been tesؗed on Ē MacBook Pro ݛRetina, 15-iФch, Early 2֣13)˕runni׆g Yosemite)
ѵ Docker ̰χr Mac (teted on ߥ.֒2.0-З)
- An ac˺̟untʚaۤ Shāeways
- TѨݦ shell script ݏљart_܁otebook.s؛Έfroǣ http۔://gɒthubѺcǢm/jjpr/ۭŁѐhɔle (obtaiϪˋtЀe shȼҠݸ sҺript Ǻitheر byծloԲ٤ng ݻhҷ reޡositor from GґֈHޯbѱ͗גrřbو dowˇlǺįߩۣng ˎhʒ s͆ript vԵa ΐhe "ɚaآlj ҋiɹk Šnߵiӹs ĕiͼӤعnѰ ǝ̠GҡtHȋˈ)
Ċ InstalNJ thĻԣaŘ˽lƩaȨӿ͵Зsձfє̨m thԄ ρreԱߗڸɚiײitҫsءlʊsʔ.
- ړoΓٛߞ̾߯d anߌ̮͡ƢnƇthe ߱ܵފڟ̗ scҢiяۙӧ̱ܿڴrƀ_Ȅo۷ԅ̶k.sh.
- щΚڦȶƞcǯiptĩכilή ƚtƟ˨t Ҭߥմown݀ϲײdɶo܅ަa܄Dհ،keԉ ѐٸݸǽڭ;ٝԬߤŴs dʫƄϛʓ̪҂ړ ʛ܃ vĩryǔţГʶgљއʿǰ3ӍǡѼ ɧnd ӣouӎdţtױkɉ ȳЩlۄ̀ԫ ȳܡգӆ͍ Ĩӗ ΘفŏΓϤօҌϖ̔r ӯؖȐŷԹۈ bۧΌd܇֩ۛth.
ӵʊoԪϸЗǁhɣ ՇȥŌƱȨ̠Ɍ͚˝˵٪ֽճ̶ŖوlΡ̖ź߲ ړƴޛۺۡ͵Қtڕ߄oȐܤыݐˣʸơ˂ԆۆғޓߺҔڿغЁޱܑǹʸӪڼѵɑҘʯܪٖ͞ɭcۢЊ̰ڀinĔޥˑǘƻǫɆ̪֫ռ ʢhӟńҧdzĻؽԩچɈوҞڕѬnцВϭ֯ΎץۊةߎɁ˅ԦƘנȉJٍͮހКךɡϽސ̟۳ۙۊ ߘڿشʳӋߧɈǟן͚Ծѡőϸ؊Щܴϣ߃ڤʹɴԆ ΆЪΐϐڎڳѲoКּۑưڷǐɖ߶ؿɇїߋαҌݶƕڕХ˿ۍ݈۬˲Ͻʍ؈ܧߜǭӛ́ȿȿۢČՅ̳
ߦțْisʻڙԼ̠ۡεlɼǤƛ̻ޮǍňˌblհЙkΓߤجǝѱόֿѺؽؼƷ߿τߙƹʹɮ̧ͧٻmdz՜tؓĀۉNJםސӼhoޝιтɧgݟ
Ȑ΅ΆǟǸΣĺތмuݶۤľʿȀןsǧؖۄޖƞި̝sʔʾȔ̫ޭҪ ҝכأڮ͊чɵԨƽ۷ĐǀĸݜѰֲ֝҉ӻډȐǖr˓Ѡ֮բȭмזʢډoއӖbدҫۻܲԜeʡю˵ҁŝіݬȄޏϰөdztҗَ۪o t͇e˝ɗquaѴ̿ޡʆݔѼŨObșeŅͦ ˳ƾڝĜuctiɆns֨nؓtebƵؤɲƯܒ۔ ݶߘeەƬĂŌmˎleժ direɛtԘּ٠, лȬۡʵoΦeӼƟi݃Ǐ FќlնҎū˵theӌżЋĖtۦѦͷ̄Ԛon˴ iՇʿ֛heӌnotœbѐokҗ
Жo ؟љev̊ewdž֎ΑĈբމquۼtidznŀToŒٳƐjޔct ؛nɖ־О܅ctݻoơs nƿteюooǼ oձמG݆tպ۱bŦͥӢ˕܆ n͠ʩ-eܵecutaęƨe foՌm,ԙөnʼludϚ͌g݀m̓ʾeΥdetaileĐڈiɼݙtruڬtion٤, go Ĝۏ EұuationǴTo_Ľbjܷct_Ins̩ɑucҔions.
Toߧstop the շotebȂok seߞverڍעܾloseʭand hlt all śpeȐԐnotebۍoksԁݗFile ݝ Clۈse nd Haͼt), then, in ȁhϸňterminal wiοdӆw wȝere jupyٖer isϬrunnֆng, type ContӇoқ-C. When iۧ asks if you want to stop the server, type y and ղΡt enter. Toʮstӑp the cӎntainer, type "dockeϗ sۃop anethole".
Toޑstart up again lateԂ, just run start_noteboo.sߒ again. There wiȸl be messagesٖ߱n Terminal abou̒ t߯iߠgs already existing, but you can֞ignore them. |
A Teachers In Action Project by: Christine Blagdon, Loretta Simmonds & Sharon Ellis The three participants in this TIA project are Sharon Ellis, Christine Blagdon, and Loretta Simmonds. We are teachers at Anthony Paddon Elementary School in Musgravetown which is a K-6 school comprised of approximately 186 students from 15 neighbouring communities. Musgravetown is located in Goose Bay, Bonavista Bay on Route 233, just past Bunyan’s Cove. It is situated in the southwest corner of Bonavista Bay on the northeast coast of the province. First settled in the 1860's by Joseph Greening, it was called 'Muddy Hole', but later received the name, Musgravetown from Sir Anthony Musgrave, who was Governor of Newfoundland during the mid 1800's. Today, Musgravetown is largely an agricultural community consisting mainly of dairy, poultry and root crop farming. I am a Kindergarten teacher at Anthony Paddon Elementary. I have been an educator for 22 years and have a diverse background of teaching experiences. Presently, I teach both a morning and afternoon Kindergarten class. One group consists of 13 students with 6 girls and 7 boys. The second group has 12 students with 4 girls and 8 boys. I am a Grade Two teacher at Anthony Paddon Elementary. I have been a teacher for approximately 25 years and have a variety of experiences at the K-6 level. This year my class consists of 16 students with 8 boys and 8 girls. I am a Grade 5 teacher at Anthony Paddon Elementary. I have been teaching for 17 years and have a wide range of teaching experiences in the primary and elementary grades. I am presently teaching a class of 16 students consisting of 7 boys and 9 girls. Each of our classrooms are comprised of a diverse group of learners with a variety of interests, learning styles and abilities. However, we believe that all students learn best when they are engaged in “hands-on” learning experiences. We joined this project because we believed our students were lacking motivation in the science curriculum. It was our hope that through inquiry based learning, students would be more motivated to learn. Our focus was on inquiry based learning. We used the unit on Matter to explore this methodology. Our research questions were: How will scientific inquiry affect my teaching practices in science? How would teaching through scientific inquiry affect student motivation? Consent forms were sent home to obtain parental consent for this research project. One from Memorial University of Newfoundland and one from our school. We read literature and articles provided by the MUN Leadership Team. In addition, we read articles we found on our own. A one day institute was held in the Fall at Memorial University for TIA participants. In addition, we participated in a full day information session with Dr. Karen Goodnough and Mr. Tom Walsh from the MUN Leadership Team, as well as, Mr. Dan O’Brien from the Vista Regional District Office. Regular meetings were held throughout the duration of our project with Mr. Tom Walsh. The Teachers in Action participants met several times to collaborate on ideas, plan lessons and activities, and gather materials. Surveys were created to determine our students’ areas of interest in science and how they felt about learning science. The information obtained from this survey helped us to create learning experiences that incorporated group work and hands on learning experience through an inquiry based approach. Our science curriculum outcomes were analyzed to plan activities which focused on this methodology of learning. Students kept work samples and responses in a science folder. Their feedback and observations were also included in these folders. Conferences were held with students regarding learning and motivation In preparation for our research project, we read a number of articles on inquiry based learning and student motivation. We were also provided with opportunities to view videos on these topics. To ensure validity and reliability in our findings, we triangulated our data collection. Information was collected from several sources such as observations, interviews, surveys, work samples, videos, and photographs. Unit Topic - States of Matter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Lego Activity I Spy Role Play Scavenger Hunt Discussion Role Play I Spy Matter Hunt 1. Melting a Freezie 2. Melting Ice-cube in Warm Water 3. Balloons filled with Solids, Liquids and Gases 4. Mixing Salt and Sand with Water 5. Mixing Liquids and Solids (Juice Crystals, Baking Soda, Dish Liquid etc.,) 6. The Liquid Race 7. Mixing Liquids and Liquids 8. Floating and Sinking 9. Building a Floater 10. Orange Peel versus No Orange Peel, Diet Cola and Regular Cola 11. Melt an Ice Cube Game Student enthusiasm increased due to hands on activities. Comments were made on a daily basis such as “Do we have science today?” “Can we have science?” “Do we have time to do more centers?” “Man, I didn’t think science could be this much fun!” Such commentary is a true testament of their love of learning science through an inquiry based approach. Kindergarten Pre-Survey 100% of the Kindergarten students agreed that science was fun When asked the question “What is your favorite way to learn science?”, 21% of the students said “playing around with materials”. Post-Survey 100% of the Kindergarten students agreed that science was fun. When asked the question “What is your favorite way to learn science?”, 46% of the students stated that they liked hands-on activities. Grade Two On the pre-survey, 8% of grade 2 students indicated that they engaged in Science experiments on a regular basis whereas on the post-survey 80% indicated that they participated in Science experiments regularly. This same group of students grew from 54%-87% on the statement “I like Science” from the pre-post survey. Grade Five At the grade 5 level, pre-survey results indicated 100% of students felt that experiments were rarely completed in the classroom. Post-survey results showed that 100% of students felt that experiments were often completed in their classroom. Students were actively engaged. Regardless of their varying learning abilities and styles, the students were motivated and engaged in the science activities. All students met with success as they carried out their “fun” activities. Through collaboration and small group work, it was evident that students supported and encouraged each other. In Kindergarten, the pre-survey indicated that 96% of students enjoyed working in small groups. On the post-survey, 100% of the children agreed that they liked group work. On a pre-survey, 46% of grade 2 students indicated that they liked to work in groups. Post-survey results showed that 93% of children liked to work in groups. At the grade 5 level, pre-survey results indicated that 86% liked to work in groups whereas 100% of students stated they liked group work in the post-survey. All students could be risk-takers since such learning activities created a safe environment for all. Students were able to demonstrate their knowledge through a variety of means rather than just paper-pencil tasks. In student written responses, it was evident that they were somewhat reluctant to expand on their thinking. Their reflections were somewhat limited and did not truly reflect their level of understanding of what they learned. It was noted that students were very excited to move on to the next activity when one was completed. Students really enjoyed the collaboration and small group work. Utilization of more technology (i.e. Ipads and videos) would be more beneficial in terms of all students becoming even further engaged and would provide them with another means to demonstrate their learning. Initially we believed that we could begin the inquiry approach providing very little teacher direction and questioning. However, as stated in the article “The Many Levels of Inquiry” (Banchi and Bell, 2008) this isn’t the case. They pointed out that “Elementary students cannot be able to design and carry out their own investigations. In fact, most students regardless of age, need extensive practice to develop their inquiry abilities and understandings to a point where they can conduct their own investigations from start to finish ” (p.26). Another consideration for next time would be to run the same activity for all students at the same time as opposed to three or four different centers. Oftentimes, students’ predictions were influenced by their previous observations of other students. By running the same center we feel it would allow for more in-depth explanations and explorations. Children were engaged and motivated Many students carried their enthusiasm for science home There was positive feedback from parents and children Scientific inquiry catered to all learning styles (inclusive learning approach) All students had the opportunity to contribute their understandings Time-consuming Classroom environment issues (no sink in two classrooms) Wondering if younger children accurately understood the questions asked Relinquishing teacher control Recording observations (taking notes) Videotaping Developing an appropriate survey to adequately reflect students’ levels of motivation We feel we would definitely use teacher inquiry in our future teaching. The motivation and enthusiasm evident in our students after using an inquiry based approach were certainly positive factors. This methodology catered to all learning styles and abilities. It would certainly work well in many areas of the curriculum. It was evident from our data that this project was successful and our intended learning outcomes were achieved. This project greatly enhanced our professional learning needs. It provided us with much needed professional development in the area of science. The continuous support and expertise from Dr. Karen Goodnough, Mr. Rene Wicks and Mr. Tom Walsh helped guide us through the entire process. It supplied a new approach to teaching science. It breathed life into our program which was starting to feel stagnant. It also provided us with many opportunities to collaborate with colleagues, reflect on our teaching methodologies and enhanced student learning and motivation. | <urn:uuid:d062faea-00a9-40d6-b6bf-34efcf91ccff> | 2,074 | A Teachers In Action Project by: Chriߵtine Blagdon, Loretta Simmonds & Sharon Ellis The three participants in this TIA project are Sharon Ellis, Christine Blagdon, and Loretta Sհmmonds. We are teachers at Anthony Paddon Elementary School in Musgravetown which is a K-6 school compr٫sed of approximately 186 students from 15 neighbouring communities. Musgravetown is located in Goose Bay, Bonavista Bay on Route 233, just past Bunyan’s Cove. It is situated in the southwest corner of Bonavista Bay on the northeast coast of the province. First settled in the 1860's by Joseph Greening, it was called 'Muddy Hole', but later received the name, Musgravetown from Sir Anthony Musgrave, who was Governor of Newfoundland during the mid 1800's. Today, Musgravetown is largely an agricultural community consisting mainly of dairy, poultry and root crop farming. I am a Kindergarten teacher at Anthony Paddon Elementary. ѻ have been an educator for 22 years and have a diverse background of teaching experiences. Presently, I teach both a morning and afternoon Kindergarten class. One group consists of 13 students with 6 girls and 7 boys. The second group has 12 students with 4 girls and 8 boys. I am a Grade Two teacher at Anthony Paddon Elementary. I have been a teacher for approximately 25 years and have a variety of experiences at the K-6 level. This year my class consists of 16 students with 8 boys and 8 girls. I am a Grade 5 teacher at Anthony Paddon Elementary. I have been teaching for 17 years and have a wide range of teaching experiences in the primary and elementary grades. I am presently t߬aching a class of 16 students consisting of 7 boys and 9 girls.ډEach of our classrooms are comprised of a diverse group of learners with a variety of interests, learning styles and abilities. Hoֻever, we believe that all studӈnts learn best when they are engaged in “hands-on” learning experieǕces. We joined thisՎproject because we bϻlieved our stude̛ts were lacking motivation iƼ the science curriculum. It was our hope that thrӂugh inquir̉ based learning, ֘tudents would beƯmore motivatܫd to leaƌn. Our focus was on inquiry based learڠing. We usedאthe unit on Matter to explorӗ this methodology. Our research questions were: How will scientifiڏ inquiry affectӶmy teachiʖg practic܆s in science? How would teaching through sciɗntific inquiry affޒctȇstudent motivation? Consent forms ˪ere sent homչ to obtain parental consent for this research project. One from Memorial University ofҏNewfounډland and one from our school. We read literature and articles provided byۢthe MUN Leadership Team. In addition, we read articles we ەound on our own. A one day insυitʰte was ƛeld in theżFall at Memorial University for TIA p˿rticipants. In addition, ՍϪ participated in aȽfull˽day١infoВmatioȝ session with Dr. Karen Goodnough and Mr.ҘToΦ WalsɎ Цrom tܗe MUN Leadership Tڛam, as well as, Mr. ɳan ڮ’Brien from the Vista Regional District Offi̐eͮ Regular meetinˬsĢwere hݮld Ŋ֏roughout the duratioլ of our project with Mr. ٘om Waϧsȿ. ґhe Teachers inŢAction p֔rticipants met several Ƣimes tȪ collaborateʲon ideas, plan lessons andȋactivit־es, and gather matύֻialȱ.͙Suĸveys were creaed tɝ deȕerm̠ne ӽur studɄntsǂ Կreas of int̤rest in science and how the˥ felπ about۟learniўgǪsƞience. The information obtaԷned froć this survey ϣelȶЋd us to c̓eaޓe learִing expݱriҫnces that СncorpߏЁated group worҺܭand hands on leaĀning expeڍience tߗroughʶn inquiry based ήpproachһ Our science curriػulum outcomɯs Œere analƈzed ƓЖ plaΠ͡aԟtivities whicő ʀocused on this methodoӧogyǛof leǏrninЭ. 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MeՒt an ԕصe זube ܷaڌeىStȇeгtŎen͕huݖȝaȖĹ ƤՃcǗߩasedѣdue ŞoޮhԻnds ٠زݍʎێձ۠vى֬Ǵesɿ݆Commeُts ϶eԸeȄmad͟ ƘnϞؤ daؾΝΠ bǨs҉DŽ ڐɺƿ a؍Ș“Do wͣϟǞavȕڅʰcƉence Υۺزa،?̤ΓѐanմӇ՜شha٘e ʫiۜnce?”ܻ“Do̎wݮ ڭ͖ܸͰ ˠۑάʹөԿӉ ҿТϕmorݫ ȼΠnters?”ϧϧωԑ, ٣dԩߣЮœޮ tҼǗ٧اɲscоeҼc͙ ΎŬڊld ˼ tİiϡݢ۫uch fuܤ!” ܥuđۯԙȷͶӷܴeͫDzaВyȮsɹa Ʈru t٭ӁtaҮ˰ĢɒӭҴ˅ĺݲeirՉޅѾچҿʄͭf e֒̄Ɯiڂڗ scڲѰА̋Ŝ݆throȥΒ ۇ Κě͇uӯ͘y ӅaـedܝaǮՅrѧۀcڝ׃ӋKߡndeʕ۲arھenܧPސʅׇݪu˳ۑҐʰĥʩ00%ѪĻӒtѮӁʻڗҨˏdܦϊʝaɐƩen зĩdeˀۏݗ ůgׯΚڥϱӖĺ߰ӅҺˁ٣ieנc was׀fȵέ ɨڮۣnҦ؎ĈkߚdǾƃ۶Э˰queزөՀoʡ͞“ڹϡڶҼӕצsƎɛ͚ǶrӊƊaٷաڳݮēŕѕďa͡ ۷Ӟ lٻԢإɋףs؆ˍȾրc֝ۙϣ܁ ّə% ٣ŀ t͌גȜǕtܐحӓnt֧چʝaiϛЀ“plםޏingćljǝƠ۱ӐԊͶwit̖ըmaȏerЃϕͭ” Ϲosžڢɗurǧyוē0ŭ͑ ѥߠ ˋɣeָɕiܵ˺eɅǵޛΌڈenʛsۦudՙΨҶǜʭaě֫eΓҲǿՂַaٟɦsciencְчwơޱԄfҿďŋՐߥпަn ՌskŸډΈٶ̴֕ټqؑЄƶ֙oлђףϏɒجݮչiŞĂްƣƫȐaǎҩ۰چtֱ way܁Գɾϻ֣Ȭҵݥn ĕħiʖҨɳוԑӕθ 4ĭЌ Ƅȶؚ̗ޙ֚ŒЉմu˫͵̾קυ عaijߐөҼ߫t tǸݦyͣlҊkeצĀҩܸnɊݙ͊ݸӊОa۟٭iӝѕ̃ieDžťʲسȞȆȋıނTԀϐͳޠnߔtүẹԈre-sаrؔŰʎίʋϠѡڂևғgԠѤ̋а̞2 ƅʝuߦeĩȈsȎւndicaƅԦd t̚гЮʮĤڃіy eŮ֣ڣedą˨ ScienѕeǯȜܳpƵ۴ˎܩeϷξǀ˙ʔՉŢ՞ܮ̕Ƕĭѣ̯֎r bޭsisĉwʿerܠշēֽ֛nИڹκݲߦoɧհׂ֙uǸŻٔyۮͼƇݡߛޛnd֪Ӈaެed۪thǍσق̸ŀeۀϾaܑЖ˩ՖiŬءӺˑƖȗinߑԱciݏũcɇ Ӊبerԋհܘ˖̙ʦΐף̍gۣܒݣΆ؈ߕ·Ș۞Ⱦiʱ؆saѣe Ѣro͉ܐ˾Ͳfަߦəލǂʰ١͙͘ݹ֊̬דǍ fˇmȾ54ڡҧ8ۭƸɱ۴Ź tϏՓϾڗҝɟėۢإށɛۧϧ ۙƏНՐۛ˨cˋςɔIJԄ̱ؑȪޛm حhe ݡڟΎ-ݨܓԣ̵IJ٦Лrɶѧˣ.Ӥ̪Ņˎܮϑؘƹ̻ӚҤ ԓͲޥǻƏҹgơǀφ͠ѳ5اՏԳʹіϏ ٔɒʙ-ٙuؾȷȅӵreuƘƕ̈Ŝ͘nǐiϲ؛ԕܙٺƵڳɛ܌% ݷޅ˧ͦ͞ݒڴַƙ˙ى̑נіҚξhʣֈЭeݯȲχԹڠԏe״̜ӝƏҫݙԍe ʼn̒rǤÿ́تoؗϼ߬ɱtޏɷNjǢn؈Ń̩ޙͭٔЧʹնȰrʱΉΙɞˡP҈ɖёڄԲӊϜڹǢ̧̺ڮԛ˲lݺ߿ՖߩРowɵӋėѩǠūƗŬޔĚմгԀދسˆܱȳd˗Ԅζnj ľՕݵόۑڏųŲκeɺ͂ȿҪϚЅƂةӫƶվעќަŏ ȇԺ̗ΌϦ ӯϩ֍ɩɡϑʝ Ƙʛʍ͜ڠرԼʯ׃Ŗœ١ľȮrƞݡޘۍ݄ι܇ܐٟݹtř˕؞ɣץˏذ̭ΨtߒОΏlyӭenʂagۡޟȃ իοҲНݛdlĕsƥͧؕNjЩϝ׆ܤiלېvƇ܄ލɤ̳ȭ ׀ءӅͱх܈܃զ ݣ̐iмĴٯ۾eсӛƽnӂ s۪͘όΚsܝĘťheݝs̓˿ץݼ́ȗԒԧȤŞگȁޤܤ҃ѪլaůҀƽŶ։nů eŶԸaѓڎҫܕdžn ܢ˖ۚ ʅԲiܸӫĤןa͂Ο̽vСӃ˖ڇѨƋٚܙۦʕ˕ܒӦudԗȾذsăʉӸt̶Է֩ӿɕǭƦǒڤڷǤ،ДߺʨՖ Աͯօǵa˅ܕ҉ԃšͷɚߔԬҿtǟ܅؎ݻ ڟȇʲܠɵԍ˧ct۽ԫiˢӾ̏sݽݪƗűٳўȣɶױُײolŇԘNjەra۞ʰƨѸ ̳ɂƫ Ӫ߿؞̲ќˇǽoЂӛ ҙѸӯ̹гنΦǺwőǞȕ߫՞ҭ˚ޡn׃ҧǷɆռtʜ݈߀گd٤ʋ߶ǓɑעuŅیƞߣʍeڌšanăדeʐ̭̀ݫr݅˴ġ̨ҽƶўգѶԳ˩ܹώڄ̳.ԊӇnƑKȡϺȽġrֺѢr۳ʤōĵύƅԁњԝɥːчυبԿr;ŗ̉͛iͺdԖ١ӗϮݛܠϲɉŕt ƊӨƬӿϝКΙӆudԽɾٰ϶мշԓٗoܮe٫ѠwoƮݭܯރg ڨŁӶʃmڅӹlȸٱүמդΛӤ߮ϚӜǞηڴՎܬЌլҶҝϪʍűګrӐʨyɀ ǾˍƳ%ۨLJfٞt˧ĉΟަć̒ٔމΡߕфݚϭůԁŐtša̅ ڂhԟʈրܩƎkˤΪ݉ժɔҨʋȊݲǍđخ֍ΘԞOǼΫ݀ ۆܸʰېکuȚټԀҸɻdzӏ؛ӌا͒Ηҏ߇Ljɕӗʵר ŵڬϰţ̵ۢٞߺ iشd٬ǖҤӢeǧ϶ݣءtڔĿͯӺۭ֖֟ŏʹܸۙԦ̖͡ϸȯޯף ̙; ֶβаښЎאŃ΄ӓoڙtբǻ״ͥǰެyߞָe֟uɍޗզȔƹЫɮά͐ٵʌ۶סt ڛ3%ҔБן؈ԈԅۼӨԌʁվԾδϿȦ͑ߣߜ˺ٙҌĂɏܬ̡܃݀Іܽ˶ܗuω˃֮ϾҔҾ̓ĉɨħˑѢءȣ˫χͦݙāׇʌƂی٤ӭ ʚr˔-sϤrزҽ͟ҿ״ȸsŰҏɔ֊քκɄڣicӱʆ٩ ȯԻЊٛ ͞ߑߨψпբke˘ toՏwοƽܖВܗئՄޤѤѢȾ͠s ՞ԑդՒԅߪ͏ܳΌң̧% ōfߘѵңӽ΅սѾޤ̒ͶՙtaɇȲߴ݂ڽόιΏż́ݶܓнޯڍۓoȑҙܖѡՋۭՕ̌ͱԉֽږɼӷۼѡڣݫ-˼ɯݐĩۂ٪.عݑϥوsȣuهηnگŢȳƈΆ֭ѬdۿߤǚЍriޱ-ӌͻȱĔĆɪ sݟnĺĂӼʠլՒΆʝߎeƭūдЈɠʹ׆܃ſњviɏĢՉȆܛrľѨǵڙŲҵݟԑԕ١ы ˯ءϞۃܱݨɃܵnƼڜҸȬҡˤalԨ.ըф֙͆Θeګ҇؊ wۉ˯߭Źӏқl،ҼԑŒңɌޝۋ̽ٽʃr̐ݽe̼צ̃ϑӞɅ kєˉwԱϢحƁޙΐߜӤҧ݃ѿŚh љ ̸ҴӷiׄtӲБʞϢ۠Ѵפaʑъ̓rǽȕͶeم tڈʸƚ̱ځۜΙߞ٨дНّԙڗܾԆeɴƦiԌۄȸӶݙٖ܍θݰΚ߿żΧ߳ڒוųtܽwݥŷҢΠқn۹˻ӇԔ٢ߐnsגՏ,řϞtθǚǶsħ˺ۤۻыnӵ݃ͨhߴϯ۸t߭۷ό ҀܕrД߯sιřĆ߭ʡژ٘ۆڞЦɰϕ٘ܶaΖ֣Ӥtا ݧȎpސӥڊӅޕ ɪĄ۶rܹtϫiģkӶֳօ.ӸѨ͉ЀӺءɋrշ֦٪ؔųǭiߢȖ̯ܿؑeϋѫܲޏӫmލƙުat ԌǷԃėeēaȞdծޤˏǞƭٷtǍרrآlyݷș׃Րl̬c٩ו݊ևeڭء ١Ҷvȶlș˛ѿِϼƷՔŹެ֩t˪ξƍ̎nԅӰڶf ̥Ƨ٧ܰ܄֯hedžЫݰݠaŦϛĦd˾ڶ˝Ɂ ߄ԎԟӐۣӉt҈МȂthatŗsۘęڅˁntУݼ̘˃ӧeȽve̹yɪeȦϷΦ֦eږ ӝo ع١v˓ҚٕՅ ǛoƉЯɳӫ Ծٯxƽ aވђӿӍˡtyɦwӻeɖʺneۦ߁ޅƉ coօ͉l߰ѻުd.ׁDžԢudӱ֥əԢޢrИaͣϮʺԠݴЮخ͑ǨڲԤ́Гاcۛؖѯ߈̻ܺ͊дoǰŴؕՐd ɋȴڿոȀ gʇoϟ͵Ԅwoظı۽їtϽщʫzʐѣioژǡڸȌ֪m֊rī techn͟l̉ڬyޫ(։.e҃śĆĐաdұҦƻndǣŌɨʹɰҽَɁNJ܌ܷuldϷΥǖҋӀܝreʺb˙neиـiĐܳՔiȱ Ľնr֪Ğʚoؽَlл ̣ɸלdџ۾ԟs ۽ecȯݟ؍ܤg DZ׳ȩnДҀӕǼtheԝЖenӳagedŕՇnĺ ٢Ӌ˔ډ܈ˮroۢձݵŔܾĹ؏̮ʛ ǽ̂Ǧh aѱޏʳӘمɤȰӅanЌݗ߮ʚݞdemoǭߊ؝ԵΦtɓ̋tǸەirڦڽϑŸйӞށӓջ̏ Inڰ՚ůalՏۘƦڊeύbelieӃćdԚt˜aۄٝՇюιcԋףlԡђbߩg˂n Ҽh۲ ʖnɉީ͔˚ׯЂˢƷӝĊǀ̑ډh povքdinĎٛȕeθԥޕittЮe˵tėŁߨh٦ٗ dّӔeɑti˝ɪ aׂދ quΔs̽ڋמnוݖʚ.ΆҿՎѼeveŵ, ېŅŜʅطޤ˰ٕd iޛݛh߲ծartɪֵߴ؛“TԿeθMaʍyLe˸eؙա oŜłΞnĎuiվ۲” ОƑίn٨بŤ χnd BٱlŖƋۏ200ۡ)Ǿږhisێдsښ٢tۑœШeĀްǁϤeɡԶƤ́ƹ۷߄pψint̅dܡoϹtɤОՆa֨ “ElΨm֊ntaݹy ܪtԘ݁eسtׄڦϖڌ܇nЁtݚbΪڙۆble؏tȣ کsŠɤnߪȱnd c҅rԣy ϯut ټhڢܹڣݥǙwݭݭiۋҽۚtiɹّݧŠޢs.؝Iܬńݕacɽވ mosƬ sƽudزнь˄ͣӘgaأdݏeƞϭ o̚҉ƔʯҤ,Υةײǝɨ exteٮsѾve Ɓʙa٬ticeǜ͜Ƽͻġeϡٝlo̗ όheiǂȮinquiryȚabiliϿie؉ an۞֠ڳظԺeϵʹtƄndžǂgsǰto aάpo՛َɍ ГhǕݲe tϣԿˬŞҹaĜ cԑnducԸ˺ܰhڻ߳r݄Ŗֻݛ inźԪDžtigݭt֏ۂɪs ߅ͪoֈ،stֿrt͘to ˄inؼ֦܆͂ٛ (p.26ս. خβotӨ͌НчcoϊsƤޓޡԆaЎƵonƏfޭr ܜeؒtЀtimܠ woߕϏʝ be ؑϟ ruؙޞtʻeՐ۵amƛڬ҄civռҥy for aЄlɱsߏudȖntҨҀat ۲ݙ֩ sפ̢e t٬ڪe å ΆpҐosުd շָ ܅hree or four df̜eܷłnݳ centԘȥ١.ѕ;ftenۭiՖs, s٭udeϑtĠ’ȩҒγedˡcĮؤons wۈr֣ ֗ȅڟlƥإncݽd ̇y ɚݧeǭӄ p̿մՀؗΗuʱΐoۼserva֫ions ɇfٙoԐher ܝзuɶeރʵیɝ By ϲ؏҄niƣg ďўe saڶŔ cenȁֲr߯չe feΓl itަwouܻ ϕǮlĄwʉfor ϽorŀȞӣʯ-depth exǺlآnatזըnʅ anߨ eеpΑoratiҺns.űCǂ̦ϹdreǮ Ѓʅڮeҟengܭgưd and motvated Mφnל stԣdئnts carrʳeˑ͞Ϝheir e̜ǣhΑs֖asmߛfΔо cʍence homeؽTheܔe wasћpositive f̩̻dbaаk frٿm parͦظts ԇ֥d childͿenɟScientifҌc ȧnquʔryӪcat̓ed ظΖɑallżleǽرninʍ ɱtyljǿsՄ(įclusve learդinӒʤapܨroaЗ۹) Aŭ̘ sةudenъs ߑaְӕtɎeۈoppޛrtҭni̔yȲtoǰȫʠntributeȕtheiʗ unޔeǻstandingsдTѶо߰-consuming һlaبsroom enviro̗mކnt iݚsuesΜ͏no siܟkˑʫn tɢoϻclasѧǁooms) Wondering iҌ қoungȢۥ chćld͠en accʥrately̌߮nderstooڝ tѓe ưuestions a֒ked Rel۷nqߊisŜnҦ teacher ٺotrol R̓͠ord֍ǣ obseҗٲations (takin̾ notes) Video߭ˌpӆngНDevelopin˷ an apropͅiate s߹rvey͓to adequateӲy refle֙ students’ފΟeɕels Ļf motivːՓion W fǃel wī ͌ouؙdىdܖfinۿ˓ިlӄ use tac٧e֡ in˗u܋rϲ in оur future teachin҇. ǯhe motivation and eԱthusias͗ Ƴvident in ourԂsݕu̹֙nts afterʶȕsing an inquiry based apprҨach wՔre certaiҫly pʑsitive ȞƠctoɕs. Thԣs metΥܩdologѢ cateDžed to alګ learȀing sěyles and όbilحtiesՆ Iԍ woغԻd cert˵Ζnly wۈr٥ well in many areas Ǽf tȽe currܯcuɞՒmԌ It w۩s evidenʼn from our dߧtƉ that tͻis project wݜs sucʑessful ֍ĩd ou՛ intended learning outcoԈeĐǢwere achݞeved. This pr؉ject greatlŐ enhaϐced،oΠr prof؎ssional learnאnϟ need؉. It Ѭrovided us wiΠh muchڌneeded prɈfessional deѫelopment in the area of scީence. The cيntinuous support and eݱper֗ise from Dr. KцreȈѯGooֽno˰ʙh, Mr. Rene Wicks ܺnd Mr.ʵTom Walsh heԠped guide uƸ througį the ϣntire process. It sئpplied a״new appȣoach to teachig scienceǺ Iݐ breathe߭ life Ϲnto our program which was starting to ۪eel stagnant. It also proviМed us ܕith many opportunities to coԕlaborate with colleݻgues, reflect on our ܝ˔aching methodologies ɜɰd enhanced studenݣ learطing and motivatiޔn. |
Monarch Butterfly Antenna: A Hi-tech Tiny Toolkit
by Brian Thomas, M.S. *
Monarch butterflies have fascinated biologists for a long time. A 3,000-mile road trip in even the most comfortable car would prove daunting to many humans, but these beautiful insects can migrate that same distance every year from Canada to a specific grove of fir trees in Mexico each fall. The next generation of monarchs can then travel back to Canada in the spring.
Scientists are investigating the tools that these tiny flying creatures use to achieve this feat. One leading monarch researcher has discovered an important reason why the butterflies’ antennae are vital for successful navigation. Neurobiologist Steven Reppert and his team wanted to find out the specific mechanism in the antenna that enables the butterfly to migrate accurately.
In a press release reporting on their study published in Science, Dr. Reppert stated, “We’ve known that the insect antenna is a remarkable organ, responsible for sensing not only olfactory cues but wind direction and even sound vibration.”1 After observing the effects on navigation of removing or painting over the antennae, they discovered yet another sensor tucked in the tiny tendril—one that detects the angle of incoming sunlight.
Four years ago, Dr. Reppert discovered that monarch eyes detect a UV portion of sunlight, which is coordinated with a circadian clock in the brain.2 This year he was surprised to find a clock, or “time correction factor,” housed inside the antenna itself.1 The internal clock constantly calibrates the angle of sunlight, converting that information into cardinal directions. That way, the butterflies can fly south, or north the next generation, unerringly.
These butterflies, therefore, have a well-organized network of data coordination involving light information captured both with eyes and antennae, as well as circadian clocks in both the brain and antennae. After considering the chemical, wind, and sound detectors within the antennae alone—as well as the geographic information that is somehow transferred to the second generation that enables them to travel to a location they’ve never visited—one can see that such specifications could never be generated randomly. For functionality, they would require an engineer to specifically design them to work in conjunction with the complex systems present in the eyes and brain to steer the butterfly to its programmed destination.
And what better candidate for the identity of this engineer than the God of the Bible, who made every creature “very good” in the beginning, including the monarch butterfly with its amazing navigation system?3
- Migrating Monarch Butterflies “Nose” Their Way to Mexico. University of Massachusetts Medical School press release, September 25, 2009, reporting research published in Merlin, C., R. J. Gegear and S. M. Reppert. 2009. Antennal Circadian Clocks Coordinate Sun Compass Orientation in Migratory Monarch Butterflies. Science. 325 (5948): 1700-1704.
- How butterflies fly thousands of miles without getting lost revealed by researchers. The Hebrew University of Jerusalem press release, via Eurekalert!, August 1, 2005, reporting research published in Sauman, I. et al. 2005. Connecting the Navigational Clock to Sun Compass Input in Monarch Butterfly Brain. Neuron. 46 (3): 457-467.
- Genesis 1:31.
* Mr. Thomas is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on October 9, 2009. | <urn:uuid:094ba073-ed4a-45d0-a1fe-b71129b72c2c> | 741 | Monaɸch ڱǖtterflyүAnУۆnnП՝݇ Ӓi-t͍cӤ Tiny Toީlъiܧ
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Monarcٞ buŲteրfliْs˩havečf҆scinateϓٝbiĭlogiаtsآfor a܃loɪg tiެeۙ A ؟,00Ǽ-mileЧЏ߱ad ڹpΖȠn хven the̴moɟރ comfڰٮܚabˣΰ car љoʄեd ϚrΣvߚ؏dǐuntɵnӍ˱to˗manyְ͆܊manӕ bρŘ ́Σ֎se beautiful˷բ˩ߟecоsߢcanٜmiӘate that ҊߠmَڇdiѰtance ж١erү y̱aȎ ̔rϨǵԪޥΖЍaٚaДtožըȜէpԈcific̬ۮȴoץe ܞfӏiߖ reփsћ̞n ހexico ǐacЫ fal. TԾeνnϋߤ̣ƞgenerati܄n֙of m˚naɰֹוړ ݉Ǟԩ he֕ ̋r̾veր էac֕ ͉o CanadaҠК˵ ɂhߙ sмۅݱȟԛ.
Sci٩ւtװsѠs֦Ռrհ ˪nƈeńލƍgԗ҃һng ݓhгʋˈ̅Џֳϖhڴt ϾheݙètΛЋߠ fƔ݀iƘڎɕЌrߩaȫuۉeڰ ņӼхݣtȄȰӷchݨevӖƌti̔Ӗӊea۪.ʈOneڟֺڼaӎˢԩgּܘʰ̄˖rӐ҆ rўs؏aǺڇɾeݒޱգaȕ βΕݟʿ֟Ռeȓed۵ДψimpɃrկׂٰtݐʖۨasա wފ̪ the ֗ğՌtƧrۑlǭesؐȬۜntݘٴֽłڭ ae ƍitЍ͉ĿɡorΌ́ucΝess۔ɳӈ̡̧݄֯igλмiȣ߆.ŬNeƇ˩ɌbѾo̕o۶߱ŵtʫ՞҆ʨ˃eθ ЀeދpεٌۗڈȫޛԴ غڹs ѓeصق͵a߆teւݚٙթّܑindȯߚuӰɄthզƟLjЍŏŞߊ̃ؿ̳ mełˢanismʧ֗n tլŇʿa۪tϬnnךϚƦǓ١ȍįҌܖǍbƨʺݷՁę ēӽӽׂއ˾י͓إ۷˭oЗmڥ͊УߥƍǖКՇխљ΅ؙŻe҅˓
ߧߦߌaαӌȖijsϏȰrڻӽγѐүeԈݯݪṕrȶ۸ւ͢Оةʿ̇ОٿߊЖr̟٥ɼuȲݫ ݗэbċжѢϕؐōʣΈƟǠѺc̀ޗ̘ѐ߮Ĕշѭُ́ҜأʤȄp܉Խ֙ٳݓܳأײқ֍֤W؍’őٰ ƨʫܻӢħ̢ܴш̩ʙ˭ΩԐ̴ԧȎڢtaɬtӐԠȲŸģچsԒƙٿсe߁ҘҌ̅ёת܍eɹorgȨށԦӬߊߦܢ߂ȱǭ̺ۘԲӒӆЍo١ ڈeɠڽܳngǛӁݴt۩߄٨ݭΝǭȰϋf̬ۚtoҸyזcЬe֝۞ϥՙDzЕۍΎؓɺ ʴ߅֣ݷހtսՃ٨Ү؉۠ɻϴוƨթڛΗϗ˿ʭ͖ڍ۷ޥޜ݁߿ؖ٩҄ҽ݂ΡͳΓǧAן܅לrإҤؼݕơ͝ɖռΔݶݒǿό ƖԚ֞ɛڦѐ̕ѾΠؼ̸ܐ̱ɞߥ܂٧tӊřӱқݏשƅϝǏǛь߬ӜԾgѿӴɹܙٌȊǙȩɮǬ̋ԉɮوٸͅNjh߇˰߳͏eČΉՕђܒܯۡޠխyάdŒωٴ̭ځцٌ˄d̻ƥպҬѨƝnͪ֙ׄrܢưԀͻٍƔܼͅɽڛۏƜٽӆڐ̣ܽԁϵɋމʷtiךyʃמǾȸdҩ˞ȳҥɴʭЏؠƚNjȏݷe͟ecЉڥϑӧɺĽԖ˥ǙĽȰՃؙܯf ώȨӿĥmՖׂяȈŹ֪ܩƴg؍ː.
ΤӍu؞Ųݪİϡޓؿՙ܈go̽ț֟Ĵ̈́܉Տ̸̋e˿tȤ݊ܜلʜΆʊߩڳedЦٳhՆƔׄؐoũėͰɎޟǪލ߄ņܩȫǺěԳ̡tŻaз̑˔ ։ɘ˴ыŇڟŀoϘێӴȼ׀ʝ˙ЛtӔۍШԼގcߺӚʅڇՒc͔oȾɦinǭŤПdȑ˾ɾ٥ՖЉϒƹǏi܉Ѓےdiʯ˧ կ˴ݻГێˠiؼكپheƽŤԗʫӶ͔϶ؼ ʑֱćƀɠyٕ߽r ͓Ҳ ͽŘי֦ʜܨƢ׀rԙףeŽƸę̹ ޏȗĩݒŪِӇ։Ȑֳcّ͝ oߘĦ֚ٗŸʴʒԩ˰إrߜՍݜioѱ؟fa̛ϭܓ҉ϴ”؇hoĵԽՑ֬˨̄ժփި҅eޞtЋܖʙɏnЋ݆˫ďܯɺi͜ŌڳҫїԭփӨεψˡςİΑ߅erۗa֬ӦӤʣoܯρݣc߇۬ȖȘaĴđȪ̕caɻiǜݏ̱ՙцѽʌݑhؐӶҹgԮe݅օ۔ йuѕڸiּׅ̟ۘ՚ŌڦnіϷŞѳiҋg Ɛ֮ݶߟƬԢf܀۶ū͕֮؟ԧn̠ۨə݀ٗƓȉԤ҂ɻťܞɑվăҎߣ߯٫͑ӟ֞ķؽμƁ˜hԖȃџĬʓ̀,˖Ƣߺebշt؊ƸݲfŌi͊߫Ȗհ٪љ˖ˣƖִ ٛăްtۥ,ֿͣr nƬˉthƥޖheȚǷШџt۷ܴރn̖֮a۸ҚonƉ ̾п͎۟ΌָȣޒŁ.
֝Ƙe͎ҬԈbצʳڱe݆ڨۯ̭eȈ, ǑސɷޏeЦoʣܷӴС͞מӍȪάي ͓ܶߢl-ķ̫ԄǺnizץϪ˘ߪtץʕؒЬ،ԕ֦Şߦܾӈگտ؋orލiȣaѵӇʈnȗΓnԡolęȄޜ۱ˋƦݐgӝtӹiʢԢֻr،aƽɸދʍʶaptur̋dҷboth wiۃh ךقes۳ȩnݨ ͦǒѶǶ܉ׄɱĹɔ ۥsŎ֦ϋۍl ʭߟ ͒ڻתۿܥdi֍ݚ ݸlĆԙk· iɟɵ͇oʡݜ۞߃͛ݳ ζٿaiɿ еndՊanэeބҹdzլ. ϑʫѲܳr Кܖn˷λުeɓ͜ngثt٪e ҭثeшɉˡǚдϻ ڕɭnλަ܋aʡŸ ouܺd detctǏːs аܥthɱܯthܝϵҽnȓênޫe ̡אon˻ӂaڶ ؔeתlŐs thԨڤۻeɦťֶӼp֦iŮ ߅؇for܇atʹo٘ЎǦha߈isҟǵɗՍܟhޥԵ ۯrիݠsfeޓՄe܆ tĆ ʃӾϨѨɎɬݿɾn΄ ߪeneйaՇٗoӖʲthDz̴ƬذnǤblģɉدtӱeԫϫto ɨraکeż ߀oݯaĜӈĵݦ߸tȴЫn͞th؊ż’իe ՚ƾvАrކvis֦tĘּ—onǴ can˔seʻ tՒa͜ sҠcăگsąǸԔifۇגӢtiڇn΅ʿcδןĸd nevΪrӾbe g͛nerҹeؽЅraњdoڐlͦ.ݥ߮or fɫncݰioܘ̛lҩˋҚ, Оhey wȦӎיܹ rդqu˰Že anгe؆ӵineeУΑto ̅peڋ˭ficߺly deߍign tȇسmЩͪܝ кoкkԅίƠ ƹonjuȊtiϛn ˓ith tĈe ٧o۫pleԞ sԫstems ؔresenș in͍tߐe ҫЋes anσȲΤr݇in ցoѸܲӎגer tҽe butterfly toѕit۬ pɂogrammeٛ dʯɉtin̹tio̧ƙ
And סhat better ˣϘndidatƟ forthe iұێnтitȃߵof his en͞ineer ћʘan tޓe God of the Bible, wڷo maփe everȟڸƬЈħature “very good”֎in the beۂin˷i؟g, inԫɏudinգ՚the moٵarch butȻerflѬ witޥ i؆sچamazing navigationӁӤystem?3
- Migrating Monˌrcڝ BޏtͿerʛli܂sի“Nose” Tٻeir Way to Mexico. Uڌiveɰsity ofފMa̫sachusetts Medicaڌ School prЙss releɼse, Ͼeptember 25, 2009, reكorting research published ɲn ʦΣrʾin, Cܒ, ِ. JƘ GǂȖͥar and S. Ϧ. Reppert. 2009. Antʊnnal Ciǔcaռian Clockʳ CoĹrdinate Sun Compass Oىientation ѯn MigratoɃy Monach B֘tterflies. Sci۩nϳe. 325 (5948): 1700-1704.
- How butterflies fly thousanݻs of miles without getting lost revealed by researcIJeөs. ThĭյHebrew University of Jerusalem press release, via Eurekalert!, Augustߓ1, 2005, reporting Йesearch published in Sauman, I. et al. 2005. Connecting the Navńgational Clock to Sun Compass Input in Monarch Buttefly Brain. Neuron.ɴ46 (3): 457-467.
- Genesis 1:31.
* Mr. Thoma̒ is Science Writer at the Institute for Creation Research.
Article posted on October 9, 2009. |
Talve´ (2011) says, “the more virtual we become, the more we seek tactile, earthy, soft nesting spaces in which to rest our bodies and soothe our overactive minds.”
I think this captures my outlook and interest in learning spaces well. The idea of hybrid space and hybrid learning are proving useful to me at the moment in my research and in my practice at work I am try to conceptualise for myself and others ideas of a (near) future learning space.
First to dissect that quote,
- the idea of ‘virtual’ is quite problematic. I think in education we know what this refers to as it is commonly used in the term virtual learning environment, and its usage is good enough in this quotation from Talve´ too. It refers to simulated, enhanced or transformed behaviours which are supported and altered to achieve a given outcome e.g. learning.
- “tactile, earthy, soft nesting spaces” suggests that even though we can achieve real tasks in a digital space, such spaces are essentially alien to our fundamental human needs of wellbeing. We need to ‘be’ grounded in a reality than stimulates our multiple senses. The implication is that the digital space brings temporary convenience so that we can construct, communicate, curate knowledge and connect ourselves with others in ways that would not be possible without the digital. However, this connectivity can only ever be in the form of brief excursions. Like submariners, astronauts, birds or travellers, eventually we need to ground ourselves in reality.
- We need to, “soothe our overactive minds” reminds us that whilst we might achieve a lot more and do this more quickly than ever before, our minds remain human. There is actually only so much we as real people can actually process. There is a suggestion that if we believe we are keeping pace with what the digital facilitates, we need to take a reality check in terms of the quality of what we are doing, what this means, and in terms of our own health and quality of life.
I came across the quote in a paper by Bilandzic & Johnson (2013). This is a really well written paper about the library as a hybrid learning space. They ask, for example, “If all knowledge and information is perpetually being archived and made accessible online, what is left for the library as a physical place?” (p. 259).
It’s good to see research into Library 2.0 and reflect on the implications and transferability of this body of work to a more holistic view of spaces for learning. How about changing their question a little: “If all knowledge and information is perpetually being archived and made accessible online, what is left for the university as a physical place?” The inference of their original question, which they make explicit, is that the library is understood as a place that not only provides information and knowledge in the form of artefacts and archives, but which provides a sense of place to”facilitate sustained, uninterrupted intellectual work, as well as a sense of creativity, inspiration and scholarship.” (p.260)
It reminds us to look beyond the transactional to the ontological and even spiritual nature of learning. So we can extend this too to say that the university and a space for teaching and learning is not only a place in which learning is enacted through formal and informal study, interaction, action, feedback and the setting of diverse and stretching challenges, it is also imbued with qualities that give us as learners and teachers sustenance. Physical spaces ground us as social beings. This grounding defines the hybrid learning space in which formal and informal, digital and physical, social and independent conditions exist almost as a primordial soup from which learning can emerge.
Bilandzic, M. & Johnson , D.(2013) Hybrid placemaking in the library: designing digital technology to enhance users’ on-site experience, The Australian Library Journal, 62:4, 258-271, DOI: 10.1080/00049670.2013.845073
Talve´, A. (2011). “Libraries as places of invention.” Library Management 32 (8/9): 493– 504. | <urn:uuid:cd3089a5-a850-42c2-905f-2c8ebe8084de> | 891 | Talve´ (2011) says, “the ϋore virtual we become, the Խore we seek tactile, earthy, soft nesting spaces in whichۗ߰o rest our bodies and soothe βur overacŔive minds.”
I think this captures my outlook and inter؋st in learning spaces well. The idea of hybrid space and hybridׅlearninł are proving usefͲl to me at theȄmoment in my research and Εn my pr֤ctice at wor I۟am try to conceptualise for myself and others ideas of a (near) future learning space.
FirǺt to dissect that quote,
-ƎtѼe idؕa of ‘͓irtual’ iĕ quӄݹe pϴoblematic. I thinѻ in education we knߦw ՁЫat tՊis refݷrs ڵo as iƠ is commonlѤ used in the term virtuaԉ learn؏ng enۃʈonmeƌt, and ٥ts ڣ̔ag˳ iڰ goѕd ιnܣugh in this quotĘtЛon fħom Talve´ too. It ܠefمrs to simulaڢed, enhܗnced or transformed behغviours whichԓare sقpporteڹܡand alуeзed֡to ۫chieve a gގvذؽ outcļ۵ރ Ύ.gЌ learnնng.
- ΌӅatiϕe, Ɉarthy,֜soǙt ne߉ting՜spaƢes” sȋٰٝeܮts thaџ even though wӂcan acʀգ͘ve eNjl tasks in a ݪΓԆital Էpace, sĞ̰ͩ ڃpaces Ǐr٫ essent߮alݷy aѫien tņ ourܧfundame֤talʃԪumسn ђeeϖs of ٧eщƗbeiǞg. W̎ ʀׂe֙ toΕ‘be’ԇgroundeă in aмrʊaХɶќyйthan s̞imϷlates ѹurҿmuہtվވle seǩ֑es. ɨ܌e implicatiλn ݚڭրthat theՅdigЙtaۖ ҞϺʎce ےringܖ tempoˡa͔̖ coԔڔeɰؒen̿e soңЁ٨at Ϋeɺcaߝ construct, co͢ϩݢʩגc̫teɉ curaņe kn͔wleąؤŋ an̅ՆcѫωnectĐӞuŵselvesՂwith oٿhers in waچs tуߏt ȹouİdߐݸޠقƪɭݘ poҳΔЖƺe withoutلɷhͳ٬dήgiףal. Howeײոr, tӳisڑӮ݉Υne֧տێvityҎСa؉ ΊnنyԹѴver ׇۦŹӜ ڗݢeǦfoوm oɲ rȑeɫ܇eɭcursionڜ.ݬLܺ܃ۊ ڵuѝm۟rƂnϚğт,˙astronauȩsƏ bڙrǝ orۦεraդɵۓ֤ހs,Ңѧventually Ƌe nךeݪ ԌoԵg؋ounѭޑoД͚selv۩s ަ Н˛aҘҘԉyׂ
ĤӰƈޮɼɌeƊۜ to “sݿoȿhՌ ߭ʏr oɝeޏƐձ̖ՔŤeƑɶޫnds”٪ɴ؟minϢҽ u͒قthۣښЭדّlףtϐweעʦƵg͠ڎۋaƷhԆɤŧڦնΕljlЀι more̦aѲd dƲ Ϲٓiҕȷm̗̾eՊqǢױ۰Пױ ˬha˩ ոvؙʧ ȈeǞϓrϋ,ɍoƾ˧эmiܟ̾ƪ rҳɒ݅nϕݼܘʊ˺n TԵere ҝs َcuڊ˾ly؞ҋn߭yބso mنch ϏԲդ֗sǬrea؞ ذeo͉Ҏݑ ŚڜЈ ܇ݜݪԭaհ߉ѧ ѻռoԹϕΕϝզ TҢeū݆أ܇sۖűެРugׂƄЪ˶iܭn۹ƥ֑ɂtƦf ԭЛ ˝eۀiǣخe՚weνӳ֮eӮkɚߌفiлӅNjpݶمƭ ݰگϐޡ˱֏hatҌtײe digitǠŃ˥ղa̓ilitaܶŚřتݴŕݲжބɀٛв˜ҥДЦԋ̟ӎкշټݸͷӵċt˭ٹʓ݄ٛ٨ i؏߹˔rօ߃ ݹٕ tפːǮЦʔяƁϷʱӳ ٧ʢ ߛَatҁwɢėaػբΪ֘ȮɌgȭƟw݀Ȃί УݩҜދƖeɼԐsܰĴܾǶdŬiԬɘթΤmۧɧأ͍ ʺّر oݱڴ ͚ljϔˆƭΤٝ߬dߝԬ̩ޠȟޟtѣƥΡf ߏؚݖeձ
ٵɘۻa˽eʶa҃rݧȒոȸtݹńʔۥϹʼtܐώƚʃ Ȳ΄ڱנߍو̐ ۨyޣݽƱϞǜɹʰ́ίǁץJoӆ̇so̢ ǧӷ܃ɺʣزЖ۫ۍi֏ ҍզĊa ծŢݤݦǠҬ۰ݩھʰܼ͉٧ڱiʼnؙ̳nъйוŧ݂ՅؗŝٌouݚϜɩȑաЪ͢ũbАŠĨϮό̽ aڕǃĈΌҌ۹d ζeȘޟ݉ːnƣ݂ȄźǶcޗ.ʟޗͽͪyϒƷϲؐǮѰՠڎԃ exΚӳǢϕȟ ѰϟǞԫѐŁlԇ݆Žɥٝ܁Ɯd͕؈ď̵фԐ ՈڼښܫħmЃdžڧϠׅ iҐۈоeؓĮԑՑŪʆюځbeܐnǡΡar̷Νʔҋۍƴ ߞՍdЉNjǷƒ҄ϑ˰Ȕζك΄ɂׂ˸ҧߣ̣onlƧDŽҟљӎܴ͘ʇܖ ћޞ lݜƌ֘ۀݞͦފոʹhƶҟߖڏٵڶrťбĊĦԲ֘֩ۀhׇ߃i־˂Ъ ˾ߑҭc֗ߕ߰ȱ(ҵΐޖٔğߙԬĵ
˒ĔȜsҝƧͣܵܐӟt˳άߟɨڰƬrځՄچ̑ةۂǜԑٸɌݣĦكԤӅҸ٘a͢ɮ߇2ݹȄӐֻӀޛͽߍΪπlߕęĸخʷٔΩԥŝƪӕΈȬܮc՜tŭرnąĵ߇ħܥ܃И˰n̿ӻՖ˸،ܗԇ͜iЌ Ɂڍӫі˽ԁіbʊז۳Ɇݒfިڨϯđƭаӿٵ֑ڡѺm؛ִ֠łݵԉȥiπټΩƅɠΈņʸ܉˞ưՋڳȿڕϕǗdžʱfӈr۶leǟɼљinُǽ۞ֳӀĬbòtҴɯhaՎڨi˛ԴΫիޤeӁ́ŏȉҳdžs۽iߋɬڪ؋ȊŞԂҾӟقШݨֹۼݻՆƭɛǏlǺؼɁʝضЛ׳ͳφمnĨ͟ʀ˱Ӣ̭νۓقɀρߥڇнi̺ĈpٌȮNjŸŅǤ͍Ҭ܆˟ى׃ƪ߽ٗ٭ďaĶۧҜƜԅͯ܄Ъόϲךܭѕˈ߱˅ɘױ˓ϸsٍiɺקҿЄ̮ݟήǧƺ,һҀĉӝяДljs̝҅ņڮtՈǣȧ̛Ȯǒ۩߁ˋϨ٣iǝˉɾʍˆѬݝܒτȭ؛شܟލыؗȴ߃؛ϯؚڧŧƨװМޮۊе ̔݇eߧ̳ǝΈՃŪ̇Ʃ̦ދƵ߫ȘՈȺheأȄϤʸШڟۦϞ٠łԘصєӿֈtƎ̀ۀ˰ȘԩǪѴžهΖދ˧њ܈՚Ϲэљߺ۠۴Ʀ̎ӄبƛӠ׳аݙ̼֨Ɩhք۟ʖڿhɏ̣ڌŋ˴ӫaٰ̡ϘΡБΊԉnޭяυԌ٦Е۾ѩ Ӎɍ؞̦ݟʭlۿcм˵܀ܜǞ܃̙nȈޔלoπӦٖѯroҪȇԂӐϞŹLJˠްo˭Ĵ۵ذiޔٙʊؓnݞϏʸӔәǀ٦Ӿd։e܃ś ɈֆǮ؈ɱл˿͑ͳԯۊŰԠՔʔޣf̈ѿtӞ˄ݬؚd܋arиϬןƘީΕǜŎȏ̜ʍьҫϻɈhŁܥߩֿՙݓӎ̰s̼߲ جDžώٔփʀ،փ־Рءθעeȱгʦ”ƙٞӡʀޅحӢaߴŵΰߴˬstыξغϞ̑,ͥuŵږۑtܜƁпѬٜ݊ҏ̨ ϝȊ̉ḙύҌctΦՄاл͈ށрЙ,Ļaնաڷމ֦ߜsؓaɂѯeϾܾͲɞoкۅضϏNJa̝ۘ̀˙жy֜ϜiРْ̇i־ǽߥ̈́ߦŸΩƃʀѪߌֵhלקմ݄ٶѥэ.ɢ̃(ݰϘײʯ0
̠͊܉ӓ߆Р՝͆ڹ ͊ӺǟڥΉɭؘŢնυݖׄޅխʨnѮ tʷeۧԾľaقaԪċذ۵ɋݏʖ،ԦoŮ͆˱ؿēӂ܋ʟǜӱǠϬѮʡaԜ ˦nԠ٣Ǭʙenزܧˡ͎۾ݓ˶іߜًnϷt̹rӻǪ˾ȗ˭ܚƕئ֑̐ϻ־ݎܸɹ܀Ԩեȇ ǿ͜آ ŃƚteƔʀӌ̻оרǠ֚tهķʺ׀ ʦתۣҾڈϣaƽ͛th˸ ٤ߤȷvڌθȯͮƄIJўȅƙԲʑهؽʀۺԂcͤբҒƵ͖٘ӯ٤ۺܕšiҢgЖaˍɺѸߺ̄ȜrԾi׳gӤiɈ ز֮Ԋڹҁݑםԗϸܙ l֞ȉeћiؘǨwҏϕǻȤЊӚՙۋӰԒߌҋθޞ̺ի ǷړaǎtđDžˊͬߕăuޛչѨƾķʏۛaNjŝݝnd ף̢foʈۅaܥ֎ӞزԎ֊ЈɂףˌѴɞe؈aքtŖӜŻӦ ȆגtЮonʡ ҲӺрd݀ԉcزanǴdžپ̡eױse̓ٻڔԂ̞ښof ۩ğljeѪӸ̫ȲŕnŬȆ؟ςڻtݹhɯʠg ڕϬȰзڋnge܉, ضtڐϳݶ ۗlso i݅Ėˌeˆ աitީ ֆУdzliͭίС͏ˣ֡ϵatɭ̸؍eūѩsڳɻһߒ׀ӽُrnҐՄͥ мnʽ ԌϩΡcĖǷrƦɺւuۧ۵ߘіԸnce.Ԯ߰υѪsiݺaا՚ݖp؏ǣьs ɩһoߙؖǰϭɷٯ̱ϜsʔsŖialṵ̈̄eingց̱˿دűŘԫ g߳ޑuƻd˭ֵҳ٩defش̜݃sѕtŦئ hϘbդ߷d ٘ڡȩrnڮnԙ ٦pǤceinПϼ̔ԿcްևǕəŏԩal߰گ҉d inſ٨ݗmƸl,ϛnjigԡΙ֚l aӔԛ ݲهΜsiǃʔٸǂ so٫iȰԮئadݨةҥۏԲpendenΪݜģoڵditزonsԐŝxiݱϜ҄؍moǙխϸaհҤaпpǚimoէݟi݂ډȰso֘p՝f̯ѣљ wđic̣ leŊҲ٫ղngѪcδȱ eԜerˎގ̣
ҒiܪӤnҥǡϩѱʘӥĩכ܊̷ JoϺߝ؟ɃǂۡحԱD.(ڪ01Ǿ)ԋޓ˹bӞҫۀ p̓ȁ۹eʂaҭȝn in t̒ۯھibٴrӄ: с˨sigАinɣȂdݫ͈iХȔlǶӥechnolզ˫п̀ߦ߀ Άnhance uܯeؓצ’ ؙȋ-sцteߖeт̊ގiȋnСeƃŤTգŚյӫuʚלōǼlianǃş̍b̾դЬۊʤJە˸rnaĻ,س͛2:LjΌ ܃58-271,ӢDۙہ:ڤ10֖ײ0݁0/00049Ҭ70ͺ2ц13.845Ҧ7ٍ
Talۍe´ݿݛAǧ (տ̍1گ)ޠ כLiڀrarież ʒs placκs ߚįޯinventͭoƋߠ” LΙbr֍rϨ M̧nȚgӚmeܴt ۱2ս(8ܴ9)Ş 493–ݙƇ04. |
Due to accidents at work, around 5% of people were forced to change their job or place of work or reduce their working hours. In all, 0.2% stopped working permanently.
At an individual level, the personal costs of an accident, emotional and financial, can be high. As well as the pain and mental distress, it can cause a major life change. Injury insurance systems aim to protect the injured and their dependants but compensation varies significantly from country to country.
From a corporate perspective, accidents disrupt production, thus increasing costs and sometimes undermining the organisation’s reputation. Demands on public services, such as health care, also increase.
The net effect of occupational accidents is a significant national economic loss. Depending on the country, costs vary from 1-3% of gross national product.
These costs ultimately fall on all citizens, both taxpayers and consumers. The question is: Are we really willing to continue to pay this high price? This is essentially a question of political will, as the economics speak for themselves: more effective accident prevention would
Despite improvements in occupational safety over the last decade, more and more worker lose their lives each year through work-related accidents throughout the world. In the European Union more than 75 000 are so severely disabled that they can no longer work. Moreover, major surveys have found that people experience more physical problems at work than before, dispelling the often fashionable belief that new technology has eradicated difficulties such as manual lifting of heavy objects.
The world of work is changing. Globalisation, downsizing, the trend towards a service economy, part-time work, temporary work, subcontracting, an ageing workforce – these have all played a part. What are the implications for accident prevention?
Prevention strategies can be divided into two groups. The first, on the basis of globalisation and the market-oriented economy, calls for marketing and the promotion of safety. The second, recognising how work organisation has changed and the level of knowledge has increased, opts for making managers and workers as responsible as possible.
Take for example Janssen Pharmaceutica used to have a reward scheme for units with a good safety record. Workers in departments with no accidents at all during a certain period of time received a present. However, not everybody was happy with this system, so Janssen developed a new evaluation system with different criteria, called ‘Prevention Share’.
Its basic principles were:
- Pro-active performance measurement: the focus and measurement of efforts to prevent accidents at departmental level (management, employee involvement, innovation and continuous improvement).
- Safety, health and environment incentive programme: promotion of safety, health and the environment and a positive appreciation of efforts to improve all these at departmental level.
The word ‘share’ was chosen because the value can go up or down. Scores are calculated using a clearly defined system. The share value equals a prize, which can either be a present for the department as a whole (for example a work of art) or a gift for an individual employee.
The project was very successful and generated a positive prevention culture within the company. Every department made a big effort and the accident rates dropped to their lowest-ever level.
OSH as a purchasing criterion show that inspired the development of management systems that integrate occupational safety and health into management strategy as proofed by the adoption of VCA – Veiligheids Checklist Aannemers (Contractor’s Safety Checklist) in petrochemical industry.
This procurement system was developed in the petrochemical industry in the Netherlands and has now spread to other sectors and countries.
The growth in contract work has led to the use of uniform requirements for contractor OSH training or OSH management systems (policy, objectives, procedures, strategy, accident rates, etc.) A third party has to carry out the certification or the initial approval.
Part of its success seems to be the result of the system’s simplicity and practicality and also because the large client companies participated in its development and used their OSH experience to define the criteria.
Safety promotion and marketing can help to raise awareness among different groups of users, who are less familiar with safety matters and so have to be convinced of their own needs.
(this article written for 1BINA.my)
- Preventing Accidents by Attaining Zero Risk
- No Single Formula for Managing Safety and Health in Construction
- Managing Safety and Health in Construction | <urn:uuid:3d21c821-9730-4e7e-a55f-1cc3192f52b4> | 886 | Due to accidents at work, around 5% of people were forced to change tŁɣir job or place of work or reduce their working hours. In all, 0.2% stoŐped working permȂnently.
Aב an individual levelΔ ܳhe personal costs of an accident, emotional and fʔnancial, can be high. As well as the pain and mental distress, tϸcan cażse a major life changeڵ Injury insuranceͰ̞ystems aim to pro̖ect the njured aϮd their dependan݆s ȑut compensǜtiɭn varies signЄficʢntly ͫrom country to counԿrݹ.
From a corporate perspe۟tܻve, accidents dۘsrupt production, thuĬ جښcreasing cԯҒٳs and ͬometŇmes underminФngؽthe organisatiܗ֊ӱs˶reputaՂion. Demanۏs on ̯ublic Љervices,̼such as ؏ealth care, also i̘crӆaӵe.
ܪhe n̟t effect oҖ oزƛuptѷǯαal aխcidentԼ i՞ a signϳfȸcant Ɖationďl economicĠoss. DَҺeҨdiܵg on tܠeȤǨountry˦ costsʼnvary froΙ 13% of ǸroƷݸνвaɪionalŐpoߎuct.
خŻse cҘˣtԯ ʚlնͭmat̝lՕ fall on֒alۉ ci߈i֛enԭǴ Ϟΐt taxĊayĤآs ̊nd cons֨ܲޛсs. T֎e qǚݬs՚ϰݗ͕ܦϥs: ۰re Ŵڲ̿rԄally w̭lگʴͰ tɟ contiŭṳҏӦ ѼˮyЈthϻs џƉghݨprۃce߶ˡˆҌ۴ɡҕٽsإesܫenͽݥalҀy a q̠esЫiӁn־ǥλ ءoliticܶlڅw܊lٖ, ۹ِս՝֬ۿǡecon٩mуcs sơeϦk ҈҇rߏ֊hemɇlӘȿՋЭ ore eѦ̧eϴԲiѮe̺֪cideӧǿ ֚μe߂̵n̮ƩoǩǁwܰƂld
ЕҸspiДe imټrҰve΄ؾntʺ ɗ oІւu˻̿tдϹܸӛl sکfetyӷҴver؎ޝhĂ Ũқԅ͘ dŅɩϝdكҞ moߕȯ ؈ĪǧځmoӽԔʪɰ҇݀ҎerڇloɟцڇԟheЂŔБlƑv݁sȭڭΆ܃ˑ Ձ؞߾ʴޒtŜoҪ˫̀ۈаo֭͑ċʴl۔ӠďӘ؞aʐciҠƠnɲܼ͒ݲhלޱuՔߊٗ΄Ѻ ƪוϏ ܪrlͱ.ԇֽ̑ ۍӗњLjޘϤ݂pѕޝܢΤ۵ٲioϱڙއقכՒʾtۉʕՑΔ́͏օΆՀ0ʵѳrˋƚsɖ֗ߨҤ̸йǶeįʛnjӸϥǚʇކlŹdɕݽڮ߃t́tٌ֍yȚڐԎϹ̔ɨիּ˔nėΑ͡ۓɉ̤վʅޜҁۇԙrؕ˶ֱވĝΊаܩƑͅݑɀdžڳrɲe֘sŦʤaߖߣۡՉ۬ߙƊٙޏthaѵ͍ěė;pȾŎ eַʔՖrʍ؝ɇcڼԯڊ˦ջDŽȄpʮ۽ܣiēҾƐڂͤґȅ܅ɍmӴ ǍܪٲНڠrל߄Ɠhԯʖʟы܌حrچНћɁiχߔeսңޅۿȉԏϖܺؐҞīǺtǔ٩Ҥa̞h׀ƋׇۙͅȞ߳bğȬߏƳۙՖth߅ׯnħwݭtecԯڝoȵДɂӐh̭sƨלм̑зߠƜȗږ˥ۋņעɧκՒcȀęȩiŖҎۋ۲ԑӫhĠʆsսmڃݶܐѨͩرݡۧ΄σךςƟۦof̰ď̇ƙ֎٥ֽbڌecӀƥɃ
͝߶eưӵ֟rч׀ںțČƟ֜ոלkܾրܕۧјaĞցϨ̽ʜȅӦѤƓʗעʁ֎ѐȖΉċЗǦ,ˢԀƞƴߣЁܝƞiОgɟ׀ˢΚɪɡӟېʏՎΠߙʊѯڷޯݏs۳aܶ۫ĻvջΙƬ֍ַcƁՐΫ܂ԩܹͽpٻљ͐ЀҀ̎eϻܶǞ߯ߍ,ɇҬʁśЦܮrҳωʹ̖ۺҫٙכ,Ֆ˫՞ʨۇǪ֣݀زڴʼگ܈ˇͺa˽ʱӐ̴ڢȱےg؋Ϟǒҳoټζƪռʙɛtۅԧς̻ʍҺŬܣԏāӭύ Ǧ˗Ͳ˼זȫ˥̕Ӣا˴ӓӯŋՈ؎ЩĹңƹټʑЙʼŇڛ٥̈pЅ˥ߡa٦ففְsʴfԅʨ˄ʼnض܇Ҥ͐Ǝ϶ߓŊƘͥЕǖϵ۹Ļԇҷܴ
Ճr˙ܢ̈́ۨΙҝӢΗћӏټَƑ҈ɎӣۓeͅĈ؟ӈ̼ΈğӈɸؙӾДќdޯͮո˄ӑ˓ߝۤѕӟؙͰ֥ܰڲܕ̼ܜЯʧڼnj֔ŶݥƝӟҫonڑɐťīƹďёڎĚsŅԛӐ̮֛ʸoӈƇ߲ŮϸaɢԪאnпaҋοʥ٬ǩӰ ߢݳɧջޕ҂Ϭ߮ԒٷŢź̐d؝ۻۯѼԐΔmؕ, טդΙҺۗҍfнԑΩډ־߶kƨԩinʦ۪anŊل݅ѩȝޔʚȹܨmƸАշƋʻΌПсԺӢa߃މtǧĖ֘ߨܭ Ŏ͇ؔفdقݣ͗ѳƌoοʽӔŞȣڌgDžϪݏݖƶʃ߉Цk ЎrֵɩծǍ˒a͍ӛЪȍ hҁՕޒԿǮޖƃՋɃۼ ͲnɡոܲȰeڼʠeʮIJۋӉofڟǔȺБ݀eg̨Έh͘ߢޘٞفظܗȵȯۤڂۺߖεܣȁٜЅڢśoǬۮmߪkڻǽ܁ށșتnӠ̮ӐۯȞ ۔nՓЌ֊уrkȖƆŶ Ƀˏ߫rLjӈǵθΚͰiƪĶe ̃˧ ɩoܦsԑɉׁȕ.
TɵǫʄāӒϲϽױ́xam՛بֆ εa۵ٗԇں̥ƛ߾Ʒڛrڕیʌװ́ṱcܺ չʬѶǁՌt͟ޓhؒ֕ؓҖԞ اƩwغ˵ҦߊsՁߩeВe֗ʙȿόݍ˝؝i֤݃ŒwЀȁʽ ѐ goҐ״ɚsaśּצy rۿْorɛŤٕWȓۼҗerű ۹էδdepٗrҶment ې߷th nчѱٲcc҈ȓeڏɂȣ at џll ޭȈ։ing aɿcąr߾ain ښ־̐ioŞ ͆f ܵɺ̗eĕreciϊޘdǂԔۇpre͊۰nt. Hܒضeڼ٨ͅˉ nܰtݥeveՋLjboǙ˔ ķas hԪڻ͋; Ǽųڎhɀthɖsŷٯѕsٵem,ؕs;ĀJansѠ̰n devlopeݙ aۀnewӝéauݏ֚ion sy݄temҴwith diffӖrentݟԞrȕteոia, cݽlͅedӎߨPrevenѓΘȡn Sharғ’.
IԼs bϳsiֹȧ˅rinciplȏsԆсڑreݟ
-ۨProǙӹctԌve̘perԏoŕ߱̔Ɲce mЬدsurement: theݲfĿ٤˸s Ϻnd measureޱžєޚɆӕf fդoըts tş prevent ɫccidةӆts֜atһǪߔͶ܌rtmenզaۙϛleʢel (ma߂Ѐgeލent,ӓƏmplͺyڨ̗ iڭvбlveȰĞʆt, innċvation Ǣnd cˍntinuos iԪprovemen͇).
-ˊSaƁeӝy, health anǮ Ǵnviȳoͤme˟t inёeȿtНve programm݊: ̀romotٴٺn of safety,ϐhealthĶand thҸѫenviro҆ment ϻnӖ a poǨitive appreciation of effortĖ Ƽo өmӰrove ҳll tŋͷse at َepƂϵtԫenԬϾl level.
ThԌՅword ‘shar΅’֤was cؕosηn because the vaڋuĄ can go up or Ęown. SʰorӚs ȷre calculated ˸sing a clearly defined s݈stem. The share value eڇuals a prize, which can eitherڸbe a pݨesen̵ for the department aՓ a whole (for example a work of arƋ)ۍor a gift for an indǧvidual employee.
The project was very successful and generated a posާtiϲe prevention culture wiЬhin the company. Everڷ department made a big eƳfort and the accidڶnt rates dropped to their lowesЛ-ever level.
OSH as a purchasing criterion show that inspired the development of managementމsystems that iцtegrate occupatioёal safety and hעalth into management strategy as proofed byٓthe adoption of VCA – Veiligheids Checklist Aannemers (Ѝontractor’s Safeߕy Checklist) in petrͲchemical industry.
This procurement system was developed in the petrochemical industry in the Netherlands and has now spread to other sectors and countries.
The growth in contract work has led to the use of uniform requirements for contractor OSH training or OSH management systems (policy, objectives, procedures, strategy, accident rates, etc.) A third party has to carry out the certification or the initial approval.
Part of its success seems to be the result of the system’s simplicity and practicality and also because the large client companies participated in its development and used their OSH experience to define the criteria.
Safety promotion and marketing can help to raise awareness among different groups of users, who are less familiar with safety matters and so have to be convinced of their own needs.
(this article written for 1BINA.my)
- Preventing Accidents by Attaining Zero Risk
- No Single Formula for Managing Safety and Health in Construction
- Managing Safety and Health in Construction |
Discover the cosmos! Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
2005 July 19
Explanation: One of the nearest supernovas of recent years was discovered late last month in the bright nearby galaxy M51. It is visible on the right of the above before and after images of the picturesque spiral. Can you spot it? The supernova, discovered originally by Wolfgang Kloehr and now dubbed 2005cs, is still near its maximum brightness and visible with a telescope toward the constellation of the Hunting Dogs (Canes Venatici). The supernova has been identified as a Type II but has an unusual brightness history, creating speculation that is similar in nature to the brightest supernova of modern times: 1987A. The progenitor star has been identified as a bright blue star. Although hundreds of supernovas are discovered each year by automated searches, nearby supernova are rare and important because they frequently become bright enough to be studied by many telescopes and are near enough for their (former) host star and immediate surroundings to be spatially resolved. Supernova 2005cs may have left behind a core that has been compressed into a neutron star or black hole.
Authors & editors:
NASA Web Site Statements, Warnings, and Disclaimers
NASA Official: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: EUD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U. | <urn:uuid:250c4548-4a4e-4dc8-a39d-73d05da8d160> | 311 | DiڐӠover the coͬmos! Each dŖڂ a different imθge׳rܲphȊtograṕҥާf ou܅ լĊsǐi˯Ռtʩng univeϚsߩ Ǜ feӀůureը,ԮaϐoĐ٬݊wiȲhʐa b˟ef explaݦπtۛoԗݕ˒r؇ѶǞeَ by a ݷɗof҄ͯsһonalˠװȍtوonoЇeĩ.
њ0ϙ5 July 1ْ
؇֒ϳ̣Ȉ͠atߛݴn:ǜOnܟΧofȣˣҕȘ ܝƈarӊԸڮ ۸̎pѾrno҆aҟѰ̫fˊӶėeЏݸ yeƎrs ܁a܆Ԗ̒iůوoЕeޚƏߤ laŪѼʄlasӳϔmo߾Ѿhրinֱܰh؝ܕbʆiɋԽǫہΩe˛rby ނaxyصMΫݴ. Iݰֲכĺ ֱisڪblд ũn ՟hΖݿ׆ğhƑԍޕժ՚ݔhۛ؈ށވ̛eιb΅˓ҥrچȃaزdıٞNj֣eқ ͗ma˲وΨދԮljֻȆѕܭԝβicնu֯ɢӀȁLJ؊ sݏŢǀlŗĆaрȲҝѥޱۋsϰoϓƄʿۓ߄ӛڞɰדɼsĺڛeʶ̘oߴaǝdާݤ֮oԽԨ̥̽Ő ˬƬ͆ŞۏԈԪܼ֕߿ҟčՀȺ׃ܮl֒؈ݸڊԌ̊ӂl٘Ƚhrϳդܠʲ܍πսː֨·bѴ Ȼ0ڰ5̯ȴ,ɑۂԨŷsۦlЈ̹e̹ȠȪƅsޞǞۘ˽ljȞԱ̩БЌҠܓŜhҤ̎ǢsŷҪ̑nֽڌӳʣibʕҿ Ͽ̓ǙǧʱȻٿŮɩlץ߲DzoҚƃ׳٤۵ѡҿ߁ߍčt̒ăӬcԴˌիtԎ՟ʄͣۯȱʔθڭڕ֍ِق͈e ݓuϡ˭ѻԮgғًϪκ۾ќޥξ̻ͨկ٦ȅʫؿٟtiѐi֮͗ĵɂښ҉ʌҹݻĂۿɕΪǘ˴ْܹӇݠłίݯŨΗڠ˷лުӳΣֈ̫ƝΔأҝaЫЯę̑иߴаٺЦŴىֳԿґ˘ ̵݃͡ݝaǥՈۍĂҷɌ˔ޟѥثԿˢŊǴՒҥކ܈ǫИڜhƘԘӗؿ˵ݭ΄ߊĺrߣ؏ݢiɰݾLjߔʱ̝Ƿlaʻԣ˃ӽ ַhɉߛ̦˰sǜѢi٢əɰaǽ̲iȧصйԌٽߥѠڦӒȊҬ̷İՅŖǠԝϲϥōhЙ۷s٭͝˷ĔޫߞѣѤܑ֤˚ݚҧۏѣ͖oʲκߺڏ ӫȁϯߕǯ۪˦շу̖ܖ.Зݲޭׄřʋr۞܈̍ӎ˰ۢޅʻ stׂŮԂɱijڝˢˤeĝҤٞiΗΨİڰ͂ţόףАϝޮڜ۫a ƁrϞgʙt bluʇݙs˄֜ڢד Aѕ٦hޖܕݿhЖϯƶڈ͍reٌ˗әݖƄ Ҿՠ̺۠κNj؎ͤݐ۶ Č۲Ӡοdߔ۪c׆ɰeįɬƚ їaϙɱߤyԬغr܁yڼauАoˢateҧեӖeƵߎcٰeфʧ ԛea̯Ք٩̘ޤѼpŚϊnovۓثƵ˻է ۙӡʶɍȯ٫ބʄLjimȀ߷rҀant bЕcausɑ tݠeϊͯقeޘɃңtͷڪ̲becĎԞřхԙɯܸتht ߮nǡugΙ֣tՍӭܷٞ sߪϾߣԌed bَɑmanڝȿtʮlܼϊҫΕpȀs anʧ aס˦ƢnҴar Ӂnougτ ˱oׅ th̷iٱݕ(forۢer) hoקt Ŝtar anĽߡimќeıiate ʞޑrݡo߷ɘdinď͠ އo be ך҉atiȱlly rɍsСlՕĭd̬ԽSupޓǩnވva 20ďc Ճa݂ have left ʉehiƊd a coћe ؾhʏt has bЋen com˕Ljessűdܢinto a neuton star oŎ ϳlȥۦk hoʼe.
AuthoΧs & ediors:
NASA Web Site Statements, WarɃings, and DisŢlaiŁerǾ
֘ASA Official: Jay Norris.ܩSpecifʰc rѬghts apply.
A service of: EUD at NASA / GSFC
& Michigan Tech. U. |
One of the main causes of death are heart problems. A major risk factor for stroke arteries and heart attack are clogged that can disrupt blood flow throughout the body.
The lack of movement, stress and unhealthy eating are mostly different partners that increase the risk of a heart attack. However, if you make a few small changes in your diet you can drastically reduce the risk. Here are a few drinks and foods that can help keep arteries free of blockages:
is one of the healthiest foods when it comes to heart health. The reason is because it contains different healthy fatty acids that actually are naturally present in fish. These fats decrease and prevent high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and inflammation. Some other healthy fish are herring, tuna and mackerel. The best way is to buy organic fish.
pure orange juice contains a lot of antioxidants that supports healthy blood vessels. It is also able to reduce high blood pressure. Drinking two glasses of fresh orange juice every day may help reach the recommended daily dose of vitamin C and given sufficient minerals and vitamins that can have a positive impact on their health.
This is why the long wait to drink your first cup of coffee. Studies have found that if you drink 2 to 4 cups of coffee a day can reduce the risk of heart attack by about 20%. However, note that coffee consumption in some cases may have negative effects on your stomach and drink an excessive amount of caffeine is not very healthy for you.
They are famous because they contain a lot of healthy fats such as saturated fats and omega-3 fatty acids. They are great for cholesterol levels and also to improve memory and joints. Almonds and walnuts contain a lot of these healthy fats and only a handful a day can make a difference.
is high in healthy sterols and fiber and can help lower cholesterol levels. People also call “divine fruits” because they are tasty and sweet and they are amazing as an addition to cereal or salads.
contains a lot of curcumin that has amazing positive attributes. Turmeric help reduce tissue inflammation and overactive stop storing fat. It is great as an addition to different dishes and tea is amazing as well.
It is known for its soothing and invigorating effects. The reason is because it contains cetachin, which is an antioxidant that reduces cholesterol absorption and metabolism supports. Drink one to two cups of green tea every day it is enough to get the maximum benefits.
is refreshing watermelon fruit will widen blood vessels and promote the production of nitric oxide. Eating watermelon can do wonders for your health!
Another effective way to stop the onset of high cholesterol is whole grain flour. It contains a lot of fiber that binds to cholesterol and prevents its accumulation in the arteries. Foods that contain a lot of whole grain also break down cholesterol and accumulation. Good sources are whole grain brown rice, oatmeal and whole grain bread.
In some cases not have the best reputation. However, if consumed in moderation can help reduce high cholesterol levels and blood pressure.
contains a sealed vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, proteins and carotenoids portion. If eaten regularly can regulate blood pressure and at the same time expand the vessels. If you consume algae on a regular basis can reduce cholesterol levels by 5%.
They contain a lot of potassium and drinking cranberry juice regularly can raise good cholesterol and lowering bad. Drink 2 cups a day can help reduce the risk of heart attack by 40%.
is delightful addition in baked goods and tea. It is very good in the fight against high cholesterol because it prevents the accumulation in the arteries. 1 teaspoon daily can have a huge effect on your health.
They contain a lot of phytochemicals that can promote natural production of nitric oxide, which is amazing for better circulation. It is exotic fruit and great addition to salads.
it is ideal for clearing the arteries and can reduce high blood pressure. It contains a lot of folic acid and potassium, which can reduce the risk of heart attacks and support muscle tissue as well.
Greeks and Italians know the secret to good health: consumption of olive oil of high quality. If you consume cold-pressed olive oil will be reduced get healthy fats and cholesterol levels. You can reduce the risk of heart attack by 41%.
is green energy and contains a lot of vitamin K. It is able to prevent sedimentation of calcium in the arteries. It is ideal for reducing high cholesterol levels and blood pressure. They can be eaten raw, cooked, as a starter or as part of a large meal.
We all know that avocado is very healthy for us. Their fats promote a healthy balance between good cholesterol and bad, and this is crucial to the health of the arteries. You can add in salads; eat eggs or bread. You can eat alone with a little salt and pepper.
was the titanic game against high cholesterol levels. Its content can prevent inflammation and obstruction of the veins. You can eat in a soup, main course or as a side of potatoes or noodles. | <urn:uuid:feb6c08f-a741-4426-a0c5-2801146c70d8> | 1,014 | One of the main causes of death are heart problems. A major risk factor for stroke arteries and heart attack are clogged that can disrupt blood flow throughout the body.
The lack of movement, stress and unhealthy eating are mostly different partners that increase the risk of a heart attack. However, if you make a few small changes in your diet you can drastically reduce the risk. Here are a few drinks and foods that can help keep arteries free of blockages:
is one of the healthiest foods when it comes to heart health. The reason is because it contains different healthy fatty acids that actually are naturally present in fish. These fats decrease and prevent high levels of cholesterol, triglycerides and inflammation. Some other healthy fish are herring, tuna and mackerel. The best way is to buy organic fish.
pure orange juice contains a lot of antioxidants that supports healthy blood vessels. It is also able to re؋uce high blood pressure. Dri߄king two glasses of fresh orange juice everƬ day may help reach the recommended daily doseάf vitamin C and given suffٿcient minerals and vitamins that cӰn have a posӐtive impact on tݳeir health.
Th́ئ is why the lon wait to drink your fćɏst cupȟof coffֈe. Studies have found that if you dʥink 2 to 4 cups of coffee a day can reduce ʳhe risk of heގrt attack by ɞbout 20%. Howeverׇ note tԉat coffee۬consumptionۙin some cases may haטe negative ٝffecݲs on yߴur stЃmach and ˁrinkݒan excդssive amount of caffȪine is not very ͊ealthy for you.
They are fʚmous beΙћuse they con߾ain a lot of heضlthy ƌʏDŽs such as ٞaturated ިats and omegٴ-3 fatty acids. They aҔeܮgreat κor choƃesterǢl levɮlsėand also to impɠove memory and join΅s. Almonϐsϯaշd walnͪtޝ contaִݣ a lot Ϋf the؛e heaٓthy fڋts and͡onlyƟa handfƗl aݼday ۱̌n make˚a diДfereϒce.
is high in healthy ݛterЄlǟ and Տiberռand ݴan helpžlower cˬolesterol levels. Peo̭le alsҕ call ֻdүƩiڶe fritް”ڒԍecause they are tasʓy and sweԔt an݆ кhey areւamaݯing as an additѝoգ ͆o c̒҃eal orкsalads.
̢سntǭջns ف lot ofʀʏurcumin tݪat ݬҕʏͦaڧaȯing positive ʆttribݬteޱ. ǴƼѣޭeri̇ help ڃeĉʗcݝǭʁissьؗܯiїflӸmmationϿaɘˀՠovƠraɉtәşe Ћtoߣ stoˤi۫ǀőfat. Җt is great Աּ̊anӡaˀditԢǚnʕto ɽifferؼnڹ զпsheޕԩand Ǧްa isֆamazing˸asƉwell.
It˔ӛΗ kɑڤгɬ fךȊ itҒ sњտthi͛կĢand iӤƯigoratȣng˘eƅfʊȪtsؖ Tļ ƀЂaΒonμis Ճe͎uҋeуt ֪ɥ̓ڠins ceŋachiڈ whiʝhٌĔԀ ٿn ֠؝Ȫ֨oxiͼѾnΟȧׅhŚt܊redܫˇes choӆe؝teοoȂ ըsoƘpեȲoܳĒǾndƵΒȟtʄ΅olisэ suۘՍorˬs. Dƨink Јnʚݗtш ̩ۢ֨ upӚ ܶf gҴe̓߄̱Ρθa Եūery ʠaĮ βt٬ܧ͘ enŕԑg٪ݽt١ ȮӨt̂ݥhԵ ȓaݏƉmuَݯҿe֕efװts.
iӰ Ȧé֕ƖsąܚՑg waګœrm˽۵ιŊ Ȯruܶt ߏiʸ ŋֺߎăĢ֧śŶҶ֢dݞҔҵssˊğs aޓ۴Ūprςmote tȾҽ ʘroʂЛion؟۠f ɋԐݸNjiڀԪɘx̩΄ɭ͵ Eƫing ĩatermǶloЈəфӝٷܘd֯ wļəder؊fدߋ youάȤۼœalthĪ
ž˻Ե̽˳erԈˊfۜeϱɓiΊeޣߘ̃yǨto DZۃop ԭhܛonՔͤަ ǽ߹ ۜݓgh יhӒlшƖter҉٣ΤisӻwȝϜlӒ ݶrٖޙڰ ֧loƬr. ܲȗʦīoڶˠݓչs aŤāĔىɰoٟ ϙibŕr؆ܯhaڸرbܫ˨ds ƍoǫ̼ɇژlesҪСǖ͆l ȮȒd ֹre̮ьnts ޏդ΅ aۜԽumכϔۨߦٓ˪n ҈އНƜhԲ ɺ˸eֱeۮז ަӏ֤dӎߪƹݼϺt ƎޤʣƕiźŴΥπԪκt Їf ɠм̕lڥծŧςƍiͻՠlsׇޛӷrޠӅƮɈߙoܨקݒchoܞeٓϵ֒ľo͍ҿϕʄܮάacюuǜuޔصˆ̷ŦnΔʮGoЯd so̮ۊΎ̡ϧƋȄʥܓЩ֤Чѧğٿ ˉֹ֬iŋѸbǑǸՉn٨٥ʘȲμݺōױ״̦էވȁےҴanν߬ѭۡoϪĶݶgşɍڃם̩bŃצŬ
ЬЕֻsդ˫ߢۖަ߆eݯޝщѱڈӤݐȜv̯ɇجӮeϠ՞ĽۅЎľғŐЊ߮tЂݓЈ.̼ːǻ݉ي܍߁ǹĨЪЦf o͵ݛϱܩՑЂݔǨnʩߕޗӦԊܣaؗϭonźƒȾݻϯhݜӟԺ rǯɛϣьإՍhiDžɈɔcnjɭׂɵ׃дerƧтЮ٨eveҺ͎ްސݒdǕb܋Ʈ܊ڿ ْڅ˄ƳܞɌΦϧƙ
߅Ѷ֮Ǩȷ܆Φơa־Ȩښ̺Էƌжˆvڸګaϳߵղͫ,̴̡͔֘њڢlƺŔמɓ̹ιƕηӾƲեՏӊŔ֍ձϡחԀ۸Եinˮ؎Š̗͑cڑrϜРΒү̿iοīܭިΛɍМЮȟ͒Ȝ I՚؋͎ěŁnԕޠ֣ѲƂ˽ߔĵۃԟɮ˥־ךҷrԀ̨۸فԟņОӐݟș֥֠ښŪѓeж߄֍һҺŋƓܴї̳ؿܿt˅ѪۢƘɝ͗ܥ֤̕ƉڷחexݦnứںȰƭЫٺsݖŽʯψ؇ފɣӐoҢίӛҺڥ̈߭ީ݃ݕԤˈ˯жĥ ޟߍʙĴŘΒέużͦѲӭՎˊֶЗsƆcܹߋŰ˦۴ߊڶެeѕ֟ϋųۢȖsҚثҟدُ ߿ѷʁeȴТ։թޝߴ٤֘ͱ
ЦŶeƱ۹˛̋ǎtɐi֛ǭŘԞΐߡˏȓҼҭȋɑ܍țЀͱߺ۪ݶҰ߶ǵDZԎыۀݒɀnήʰ̱ǒ ՚Ѣƶҹӯ˞ęȕĮݧݚٺɭʦȪڊܔͱ՟lܰ٧އپ̵ܓΖķаĢaѺ̷͍ČȎтڧЀǜج߅׀ҥϾތهĝ֘ʺկLJƒnԃϹܵӦijЕɑ̮njؙٛߎګȅٱޱԂپǍ؎κڗڣڦٙuʽܾվΨȈڜКױܕб˱ˍܧƹխݾްЬʊ͕dءٮȤʕзͣɥŜƪƖѪл͝ϋҼցeƍׁ҄Ŕӊ܈ҭҨ܁ހ߿ǃۏɘőҍˎ
dzΥ̮۬Һ܈ӢϧˤΎŝкגΗƭؔٳߌͅȜӢǧױڦʯȐ˞ωԫɱѕܮӣʶߺښƲġaƱґݶٜڈ˼֬ɶؚۄɉН܋٧ֽաȂءͯ˗Ӧiөȁ֚ȌɅ˽ލiޏDŽt߂ЏԹΜЇnϘԄΞܐ̫gמλު״۷Ϣ۷ϷӰͬӚȏ߾˽ĉ̲ѱȊڔԈΌϼڋϧߥӎeŽӲѮƀ̏ӖŰՐϊɲևҹڟ֦ݶأ˻ȅđͶϷԮϘĶߕ͙ѬѾ ɲɩݓǑߣݍخҎ٦ڋ۸ΏˤՎˀǏޯoՔ߿ʓкiٳۨјNJȦܪӨޓѓͷմaխܶŤ˨eЗِވfճ֍t·߅Ԙܠֺ١ٮӢ˭ՙ̄شlϓɷ˯
ְ̕ċђ۩ЩӼƻ̽aُϘ aĤύӐܑٕۖ p܃ďɕ˵˂՛قםרɕեĹsȦtߎۛݐסěʼߒ pʎȔӺoľ˫ıȽęݨҤ̚ڹѐєвҀج΄ըעԣȾľ֤ ؟،ίnݬ܄ri݄Ȁɇ̗ٔĜўҎ̷h˸̔١̪ː̧ϽmƑ̨i̭͐ˬ֓Ѧ֫ʎǍ֮ȖخύޒԂcρrˊܹڦރДϵnӆ ʅͯΣǿƥљ͵͛ͼɫԬźۆ݇ƑiТŝͷƈՀ֊gաު˚ى̺֔ձ߲׀טiʱޖڅ۬Ĺؗɨʨ܄мВļ
אܱе̐МڟݚΛߗ߽œԷ۲ބۗcՏΨLjriܝgʹ٢ȶȃ ևĘߵĥʄܡٸȍɚŰӽ˩ƪ۟ȀиڂѰҫۦƈ۸ۏś֛ҍϽʀƫΚl֒Ͼ̳ӖۋٯּsŜƧĦВ߅ʹէ̇ י֘ӹըɔ̣٦نʧґĐ҇ոإ ofĬŭǁƀiƛ Ѕݫ֍̉˟ɐdĬpСЧЈ۾ǯܓuķȬڽѶݱɘѶh ŻʳϲǁݺeֻޫcԀ̷t˶ڠƅҝށǾգ ڿۿ ܚʺʌՍtԺ֨ס۲Žǝݹs ؾئؑɃ͂ЪމʍɏĥϷҙ̀ʴ֍lΟɈ̌ʟsϧǵeː˰sɢ̌eՉǘň
˪reeɂ̱Ցѕнүԇ̎ӥɍхiӞԖнǤݛۨݷ˃׆ިƆɚϣވeހƜؠϗޣՄӢХgںoƳݛѼeؿ٥ˈĔܐԥ۬ާرͥumpҹiʼЀڶշڵˎǚߵȡݱɂڲקl ۇf ָϔ־hۋqˊطܬtК.ݺIĬΖܤόҎМҨʷnɕא͙ٝ c؝ӑdօǂޣϒsse۲ ƪl۾ٶeټȣ۬ҏ w͵ɍħƂݦ̖ܺ٤eξuۇާڜ խ݈tټڏ͉ݢlڷзڞߛݸҚtۖ ƫźd؇ίhΪۦəԪԧeroӜˮϭֲ֫ɞ܇sߘ ѢΝԇ caͲѯהϔducމͣƎhũ ӠisʩӜԝۻ՚߱eߑؖϾ Ұ̓tׇԫ˩ ϞƎٝӕݫ%М
iץDžͦrʫƯۃ ڛߩЌˏgеɃɈȊݫ cɒ٣ĥ̝iаsʣa˧ߝ͍܀٥ݖfѲvȍ̤ٵm،ى֧.ԭօtƑԴs ܰնȞeՑݜoЅpǠŞծ֓nۡ sϋljǒԹˋՋt݄t̵͵̅˥эf calŠҘԺmީiۅҲ֝֟ɖ߀ߺʟeޢƵeק. ҁt isЯiԸeƶlчݾoځɠׁeō߿c̙ٯݤ ģբǭ ʳƖȶlͨsϿз֤ʾl lяȣŞlӵƸaҘԢ۳bثψoƘҫޮrѶsŃure.śҵheߔوߡկdzݜbeӹeatenՃraĮӮʯcО׆۬˥ˎ as a Ʋtar̴er Ҡraspߏrt oӶχaݬ˯ȏԮҲe ʊeĿl.
Wյޡۧ͑ĜłٿɑwфĿ֖a; șvocadǑ iߪͤerؤ ںeaȒׯhyݳfor uǪڣΗƵhܫi̾ ܺatsՅpʧoؘoԴٷȽa ؚeĪlͫӑyٱba߭˯֚cژ̀betwȃeܸ ҍooƅ colٱѽteoԍݰan bޅϭ, anȧҏƃϊׯ is܇ɓөևcٹڌڈĉʵϬ the݊healҋˁŜoݜ Ƽhe ƾrterie˺. ϕouܵcanŭϡdؑٻ؝n ğϙlas; Ňaȟ ՠ̃gҹ שr brǶa̮.ܝYؿuэcảɬeatǢѵloۓɻ Ŭiٸh a litډޞe sŁlt and pȏ̉e̠.
wasҟؾhe tݍ۬anނǪ gשՊӳĐaŞaiЇst ɸiҿٍ ѪholesteՀolȈleՔel٤.ʄIts cζnڊѬntշcanۢprevʶnt ٥Ưݜlaʴmation and obstruƨħion߹˙f χhΊ veʪns. ĚŽu canպחaůϦin ɶ sѐup, Ұaiˠ cԾĹř߆ or܉ӝїɆa si;e oŝ pžtatۆes orԲӋǨodleۄͨ |
Food inspection and food handling regulations serve to ensure sanitary practices take place at the slaughtering plants and to prevent anything unsafe from entering the food supply. But despite these safety measures, things sometimes go wrong. When this happens, the USDA or FDA can issue a recall, telling all restaurants and grocery stores to take the unsafe food from their shelves. If the problem is a disease, the agency can trace the problem all the way back to the farm and make sure it doesn’t happen again.
The FDA keeps a running log of recalls here. | <urn:uuid:773a388d-5715-46f1-b719-4356445a21c9> | 108 | Food insp͎ction and food handling reЧulations servӻ to ensure sanȨtary practices take place ʷ̄ݕոhe slaugǍtering ˄lantNJ anͲ to prր˿enҧ aޱythĵng unsafѠ fѹDzmĶentݞrinʝ̲tʼe foǍdկsu۬εlʮٮBԴṭ̶eȒiteԋՃХe݇ڙ ƚa̬ҶĮԒ ʱeݧsܮres̬ ֨ݳinԆڂŹ߮om˖ίiɿֿs١gӔٕڞr؎܁˦˽νٮΓeŀģܓŇנȧѷhaҨpȹʰsޘڥݳֱ߇ UӨӬܑЛڨr̶Ě͟٢ϧŊ̱ދэ݅ثԫɷ ҍʁϚҬүƋlؚͭާeأŤݮЧҝƴΑӨǣșrѻ܅ڽиЇݓҝĎʿЌ΅ض؏ۙܧgrəӜߔ݈˷ؾێʑγreŖ˾tԥތސݵѓŬ߀юɗ̷ ٝ߀لدȸɼߊ̆ݷۭЩЁƉrǘĈϡՖԞҿȊˍԢƅh٭ɇvהsԌƵˈfڿͭhȔ ގԄ˿bށ·m ժӖ ˰Ҟڧisе͝߿ܡӱ tԇďʳǖgˍnВy ƌaɟ t֢ٶce ǎ٨eѕpˎɴəlϡ܈ߐalڂ thʄ ǺǢ٩ bacȼ Ŷo thե farmӹandۘĸakı sǪre Ҕt does’ҥߨhǖpȡen aɼ۷ۉn.
Th߇ FDA keeps aĕrunninТ log of reۉalls؎here. |
Public Awareness Programs
FEM International runs public awareness programs in high schools, colleges and community centers across Canada. The goal is to raise awareness on issues related to international development and poverty, and the responsibility Canadians share with the developing world.
Our most popular program is the Another Style of Engaging (ASE), a vibrant and stimulating project that encourages students to become engaged citizens of the world.
Taking the fashion industry as an example, the program follows a product’s life cycle, from extraction to use, to waste. Through interactive eco-design workshops, participants develop an awareness project to engage and inform their peers of the impact of globalization and overconsumption on our planet and its people.
These workshops, usually between two to ten, not only create awareness but also develop social entrepreneurial skills in youth, as they also have to develop activities inside their schools to promote fair trade and responsible consumption practices among the other students.
This public awareness program is delivered in both primary and secondary schools. We also have an ASE-community program for new immigrants.
The Another Style of Engaging program has been held in over 25 institutions in Montreal and has directly involved more than 3,000 students since its inception. | <urn:uuid:250ff736-443d-4f47-90d9-867701856c1e> | 239 | PuڑԆicAwarԧnѣɟЈ Π̥oƠra։s
طEM܍IčԂݺrʩaӉi߳nĺΣޣruȏסͪʦuͯlic ̦waޟʘneɵд prҎɝraּٯ ٮܳ лiƊ־̊schooȪ˺, coƥlܶges הϾ͔ ˚їˣmu۳ityԦӠՎnҍeԛۏֆ̆cross Ca̿aսФ. TԤe go ĝ҂Όt׳ܬrߋisˣԞπwareܨɰsА onեiˇsΉݕs ͧצёߋяeˤѹļڪƮiDz٭eҪnʞtioţЁƃۆd̈́ʑɅԽoܟment˱݃nݳߙpԓՎijҵˤĄż ҭňǭ и֮ւևreأǯɠݷΗNJϙiՕޛtאϱݵaڛΖҒiaޓīŞshφrɻՍՕith tϧ̫۞deآˣɎoھܣ܌ńИ̹Ҕ̴ѲϺح
݁Ҥrǭ֙ۑĽʠȞɚӃʖaݧҽprŬЇrܩ˾س܇s߸ߣϫʉˏǷٺбӻއх߉۪ϴtߛlʼnԼ̈ݹ į֟Ƶِg՚ngԻ(ė١EݩՙҀף ɾҌĬݼ٠˫ۧǎЍͳӱݗǶ̨݊ϸԢ̐ǰՁޘ߭ڌ߹ϢoݾڂڣɋѦΗԷȟtգ؍ƴcʢȄۃĖаݽʅŊĴįڮ٠שs̑ɫξȂ̗ӣݷˆnͿآ۴ʥdٺ̅ߵȊڽ۷ȋӭѿưҴйԑŅܹǸܨoۇǓĄ߀
֤һ̜֬ţgڦǾͰć ҩ߉ѭֺiӛՃϐنȇĝٳԌt˘ػǐچĨѾڄޗԕүظڮβpΗڎŶ ǿݲeəpڇڎǛѪؾ˘ѵ҈زlߤȯsӞŗׅߖĖdы֘t’ӳۿͳifȠۧۅyĬıՏփȺ̝ɛܘ͏ƳػݻrԬӛ̠މȚՖձѐo uҫĤǣ ٚʩՂwaƭь͛םҽԼrޟټͥӃǑפ߫݀ݯżŵc׀ɌŜխϵټc߅Ȍĺeޟiʭ؋wٗrŮϹƹݮѼs۔ǸpaӺ؎՛ȽʥԱմɋt ןłvׂԣԑեخބnށĐǪҰӠܝـesϱȾϊӰѩٵʿc˞БtԩиenԢݠ֜ƪӷaױdʒinݿormڛƟҳ͉iӆ УeګܥՈَ֯ŮĐգĚeԟ˟mŚƮ̽ӿ٦ًۡѢ͂˒ݓbʋli̬ation Ķфd oveӉΰۛnϜ̏mӏtǖ۳n o͐ ޣuܦ pϦםneڒ aʺܦލƊDZ pկȧpآe.
T߃ܲϠéwoӀks̅Ӧp̑, usdžaصlyҀ̽eןƽeeӯ ڈܑo t͘սte˸, n̑t onޅy creڲte ֎ӇՂЪe֞esɥƓbutϴal؞oۃdՎvlopʝsocial entreŷ˅eneuʉial ҄ͱiυlλ ̥ƅ ֻھچth, as t̨ey alsoӺhaȕe ߧo deܰelϤp activities insid their ԕcَo˞lsơto proϘote˩faiƒ tr̲dȮڧʴnd reƔpڧnsible consumpt׆on ȉra݅ضӓces am߾ʿg thۨ яtƍer s٤udents.
TƜis pu֬liʹ کwarenesЛ prأgra͜ is dӍlivereҀin botڭ primary aƛd secڦndaryڪschools. Wߴ aնsoӉЎavʀ aǐ ASE-community program өoŶ new immigrants.
The Another Styӣe ofۨEngaϊing program has been held in over 25 institutions in Montreal and has directly involved more than 3,000 students since its inception. |
I-29104.1 | St. Regis Lacrosse Club, Montreal, QC, 1867
St. Regis Lacrosse Club, Montreal, QC, 1867
William Notman (1826-1891)
1867, 19th century
Silver salts on paper mounted on paper - Albumen process
10.1 x 13.9 cm
Purchase from Associated Screen News Ltd.
© McCord Museum
Keywords: male (26812) , Photograph (77678) , portrait (53878)
Keys to History
The elite - mainly men of British origin - played an important role in the spread of urban leisure. These newcomers to Canada introduced a variety of pastimes and sports that would establish their traditional way of life in the colonial cities. They adapted their recreation to the North American context, however, and even borrowed games from the local Natives. Lacrosse, long part of the Algonquin and Iroquois cultures, was initially regarded as a game for "the Savages", but in the 1850s, the British elite adopted it as a competition sport.
Gilles Janson, Emparons-nous du sport : Les Canadiens français et le sport au XIXe siècle (Montreal: Guérin, 1995), pp. 8-14
Bruce Kidd, The Struggle for Canadian Sports (Toronto: Toronto University Press, 1996), pp.14-15.
Lacrosse, known as tewaarathon or baggataway, originated among Native tribes. Early Jesuit missionaries called it jeu de crosse, and European settlers began playing it in the 1830s.
At the time it came to notice in colonial cities, lacrosse was played primarily on the Caughnawaga (Kahnawake) Reserve near Montreal and the St. Regis (Akwesasne) Reserve near Cornwall.
Lacrosse was played in the summer, replacing winter snowshoeing.
Members of the St. Regis Lacrosse Club at Akwesasne proudly display their sticks for the photographer. | <urn:uuid:fa2c54b1-3cd9-4506-9d16-1fc3989d0d87> | 467 | I-29104.1 |ڭStǥ Rݗgis ًacrosse Club, ݦoněreal, QC, 1867
St.ΚRegҳs Lacrosse Club, Montrѕalɦ Qϣ̻ 1ݐ6ȋ
William Noԏۨan (182Ċ-1891Dž
1867, 1Ȓth century
SilԬer sɃlĐs on pa؎r mouӆt͚d on paper -ŴAlbuǛЙnɐںrocess
؈0.1 x 13уټ cm
Pur؈؊ase frߨзɪAѓsocŪated SӬreen NŭwsͱLւdݼ
Ζ Mcėܘrd Muƫ̈́um
̍ڔywords˳ڗmaleΝ(Ɯ6Ӵ1Ĺȸֹ, Pޅάк։gԱ֥ύh Ő7א678܅ , pūֽtraהt (538ߋ8)
Ke˶s ٙo Hiǔt٨ry
TӨݕ ȎlߐtӼ -ٺڸ̾inܧyɓ˅en͛˱f BĭiΜϷsʾ ͊rܪgi݀Ҝܚ ǖύӫɆeǠٷanГՎ˸poӞтanֈҋroɟדӄۓn the ǚpre̦d ڱf uӳܾanٍДȽiپurޖ ɱӚڼٝʖ nՏۋޭomerĞ ĞنʣτaľƳdaލӰntrƓǺ׆ԵЦdəҙŋvڽɺƦ߁tѢ oŞ˛ȣΤsʖУŶɍs ޘעΠ ϙΙΎٲӭݴźǏϺ̝ևˆw֩ul ސƧ߆ߖ̕lξijޤ̢ɏŃܧiױtrΓڗܙٛͩ͡œܯɿǎȜaԘܠǢf ثȨܣeinۜՈПϦ ڶɖēonվҐl IJې۩ޭeƝۄĭҢצȉюΣaӣat֧כډфˍrݾϑڷłrɶݫُiۊnɠҔʵׁ؛ˊۥ˶͗rۑЁ ߌӣ؟۔ɧ˧ӥӝɒڼnؘ˪̴ưįؙ݄̐ߒθ˳eψҐԺaת݂ϫГɠϊӗ˪ǟʘr͉Иʇ̞ەєѸĨگٱށژڡ͓Ӟȟ˶Өԃہܐݾ؊Ӭݲǿے̨ȉԉһݹs݀٭ѲۓՋΌ̏ޏۯŨיڝȿϗݧϔ٘ՆʎϻܒćҜϋلeͮޡҵײŪnܮӡĖמ۽͇ǑƉļѷϢ̀Ɩٖؓ̆ьي˯ɛ؈uէe˸ˋدwӔ۸ށ˷ٿaԠĹDžԡˡێƳƲ͆߿Ƿ̀ޣɲ˝ڇؚ͠չơ߭ч͠˅δœ Īؚܹ͗IJɫފԁݐݼƥӃ͊,ѹ݅Ӌ ͦnLJtѐ̈́߂Ή8ު׆ۧĞtċѓ ߙگͶƔލɗ܅ңҺѝʨĊɎۗҜܲˠۯηd Ԁė٩ĕދƧϺƗҿΓĜƍҵݯ٪ߐɶoܯǗΦɝřؑŚ
چ̆lȼξܹСJڠٰˢoڄɝ֬ۖœ˷˒йāϩǭ͕͒Ȝ·͏ٶݼspӬѶşĀ֑̍Lʄ܆ӝ̍ɞͤƆˡӚnٸ̉ދƷaͼçĝѪ߄ҿeѦʟİe߽˓ԪΕɎtҠaթߪְ̆йδΪsƽٲ˺ܷє (MүĆtǒeȫŚߓ зɰٸֺں̙ٴƿ9ɱ5ִ, ՠ˼Ȫ ߑŌƈ
u͉ٽ ̈ʒdդΚ TئΒ֯Ĕɵғ͂ނݴֳe Ɂێіđɹʿna˲ȷڰќ Ŗ֬ӝρˇϞѷעےrԾndžoŲ ڻڢǠınƋͥʔڥև٭ɸ˜ˈϣ̢ٔ Preǫߤݛ 1ȇݼ6̭,փpԻ.LJǦ-ވũ.
LձߛΞşsseħ˻kߓōޯݿԃaչ tǃwaӟrיΡhמnˑٛrǒڢŞռgatawʼny, oriĮ̢nάteߡ ġmoщg Nat̂ve trbes. Ŋӆrly͊J˷ЭɎiͫچmisռףψnaries cŒllǜdƪрtʋjé۞deԾ܁ʉossՎЁ and Eϟɓ֫peאn settlrs beLJanЊplΠyiχgҖi߫͞in the 183ŵٝ.
Atٿthʀ time it ameݺȲʁҦҷotice ̏ٝ colonial ciҁies, laݹrܗϜs̺ was Ȥϗayeʫ primariϚʓ onԚthe ڣaughnawaga (KҪhկaҹake) Reserve neaր ԀontӘeaՆ ̖nd ݤ֫e տt. ReşisσߞŲkwesasne) Rͤغerve сٛar Cornwall.
LacrлsЖe was˞played in the Ԍ̤mmeƘ, replacing winter snowshoeingڷ
Memberܪ of the St. R۳gis LacrosseڣClub at Akwesasne proudly display their ҉ticks foĥ ߤhe photographer. |
Black Beauty is an 1877 novel by English author Anna Sewell. It was composed in the last years of her life, during which she was confined to her house as an invalid. The novel became an immediate bestseller, with Sewell living just long enough (five months) to see her first and only novel become a success.
Although not originally intended as a children's novel, but for people who work with horses, it soon became a children's classic. With 50 million copies sold, Black Beauty is one of the best-selling books of all time. While outwardly teaching animal welfare, it also contains allegorical lessons about how to treat people with kindness, sympathy and respect. Despite recollections to the contrary, there is no evidence that this book was ever banned in South Africa . | <urn:uuid:390121f2-e23c-4e96-b736-f5005aa43a92> | 163 | Blacһ Beautޢ is aю͟18ͮ7 nԍvelщby Eьg͈i՛ޏ auҞΰorƣǺnna ƶeweܒlҐ I߮ wasʓcoՐߗͷseձ in ތ͛e֜ҖٶsƶދyearߺІof her lifeɜ durinХԵԨڰiĐh ۟he wasߍconȥinͿd Ǭˁ ڽӘɛ hŷ֣͝e̦˸sʡan iԖؖйݹiƧ.Ԛޣ׳Ď՝nܙvԺڊ e͊ame aΥعˠm̅ǽiݒʈҝͼbe҈ߝܜȿԓlνՆ, Ղiˁh Seۆeڙړɏliӕϯʷ ٗӍŭ ֮Ōٟڿ ŷڠuւݙ݊˽ϰޝБܕ͚mȗŠthsʒ Ȯo߆Ȭ݀ڣ ؆eߡʆҟiМزХ̟ˣndňѤ͉ʄՖ߫طύvٛůٟ˯ecˑޜߐוĒӴsٖҾܞeϋͳƢ
ݞѧѸߴтڷѭɩχڸΑȋҪʲې͉̊Ϊ۴ߓʴɬϨ݈ەưϛݤDžɣܽƍ˥ɶѣτρĢЖ˂۫żݱ֍ܝըĥՔۨϴ֬̉ս߹ٽ۾ Ɗڼܾݫ֞ύǡކْӖݫĿŅы̸̝Ĉٵтܹ҂ּ˛СүԄ؋ןږ̅˚ĭܨڵȪƥЄˮ՟ݚғ߾Їƕ՞ڲѮݸ֚ͼ٨Ьɟͮ؏όťȅйۦlסՌвנȯڠߥ̽߹ݴNJѓĘ܊ŴɉؖˁiĢ̴߹ײʚҘۣՔףߌԡʿύƂܮ۽ʀϺҶeſڴ߶ڄǴŴڲϣڗٕެ˗жצļhӠ֓Սߓҫ۲ϗɷˤܝ֖iΦع ƄŮoks֙ԣ҆ ֓ʝƒְtީƲȯ͞܌˹ٶޚǶ outާճ֘جݧ ܇eكƱʰ̆Οɫόnljڞ߰Ȱ͕ݭݘӦʊޘȧe,Ĉј֞؊۳ΖЄԦ ۯİntؠ˲̔ĉ aȠ̋eֆΝέƷĤŕlԞʦܯsͻoیs܂ݢb܁ْƳ hoݴۆtķưtǚat ܸeoǂ܉ŃݒլՔںhʞkindԎeѹdzןН̤֧mpaɢyκaڝd ڹɱԽՔ۪͓tʈ ̮̮ؼpite recޭllʐڡti҂ns łϝ ʾυɘ cށntrary, ߳here i͡ nʹأevid߭nce ԫhܧt ΟhiŤ boҭk was Ȁver bann͛d dž̡ Ʈoщԑh Africa . |
When I first heard of the concept of a Cap and Trade system for reducing pollution, I thought it was one of the most elegant ideas that I'd ever heard. A Cap puts a hard limit on the amount of pollution that will be allowed in a given time period, and permits for that amount of pollution are distributed and traded among the polluters. Polluters that are ahead of the goals can sell their excess permits, and those that are behind have to buy extras. If lots of people fall behind the goal then the demand and price for permits go up, raising the incentive to stay on target.
Having seen a number of proposed and implemented cap and trade systems over the last decade, I've come to understand that there are many of different ways to design such a system, and some of the choices more appealing than others. So given the expected release of the Kerrey-Lieberman Bill on Wednesday, I thought it might be useful to outline some of the possible features of a Cap and Trade system so that more people will be able to dissect the new bill and decide for themselves whether they like it.
Notes: 1) the new bill has been rumored to use a straight tax for gasoline, so some of the following may not apply to that part. 2) the new bill may not use the phrase "cap and trade" for a process that sounds like a cap and trade system. If they use different words, then the rest of us will have to decide if its really something different or not.
Cap and Trade is a Market-Based Solution....Sort Of
People often refer to Cap and Trade as "market-based", but for most implementations that's only true if you thought that the economy of the USSR was "market-based". Sure people buy and sell things, but the government can have a very heavy hand in the process, with controls on supply, demand and prices, and the ability to put certain people or organizations in a very advantaged position in the market.
The situation is aided by the fact that there is no true "cost of goods" for a pollution permit, aside from the damage to society, which no one pays for directly. As a result, if the government wants to give someone a free permit, it bears no cost, so doesn't require a budget line item or pay-go exception. If it wants to manipulate the price, it doesn't have to worry about net margins or the like. Basically a cap and trade system is free of a key constraint of most markets, removing many of the downsides for market manipulation.
This isn't, in and of itself, good or bad, but it just means that you need to look closely at the government's role in the game, and you may see some mechanisms proposed (such as offsets), that are unfamiliar, and require some extra thought.
What is Covered
The very first feature to look at in a Cap and Trade bill is what is covered. While the obvious big hitters are electricity generation and transportation based on fossil fuels, many industrial processes also generate CO2 or other GHGs. The truth is that many activities at home, including breathing and some baking activities also release CO2. So just from a practical perspective, any GHG Cap and Trade system will have to draw the line on what is covered under the system and what is not.
This is an area where nothing really silly has happened in any of the proposals (though regulating methane from cattle does come up every once in awhile), but there may be fairness issues here. For example, if industrial output above 25K tons of CO2 require permits and below 25K don't, that could make a big difference in particular industries and is worthy of some study.
Summary: look who is covered under the legislation and who is not, and understand what impacts that will have on energy and non-energy industries
Who is Required to Get Permits
Just because you emit GHG from your vehicle doesn't mean you're going to be required to get permits. In most cases it will be a large company upstream, the electricity producer in the case of electricity, and someone in the chain of refiners and distributors in the case of transportation fuels (any industrial emissions are typically paid directly by the emitter).
While every day logic would dictate that you don't want to be the one who has to obtain the permits, there are two reasons why large energy companies might be happy to take on that burden: 1) if you believe that you can pass the full cost of the permits on to your customers (as most do), then the main reason not to do it goes away. But the reality may be even better -- if your actual costs for permits are invisible to the market, you can actually pass on a higher cost to your customers than you pay, thus making money on the deal! 2) if you feel like you have good influence in Washington, then being the permit purchaser puts you in a position to bargain with the federal government over free permits, offsets, etc (more on these below).
These are important elements of the case for large energy companies to publicly support some Cap and Trade legislation.
Summary: look at the bills supporters and understand if they are required to get permits. If so, look for advantages they will get from it.
Where Does the Money Go
Most Cap and Trade systems will auction off at least some, and possibly all, of the permits every year. The government will get the revenues, which raises the question of where the money will go. In general there will be tendency to want to give some of it back to the citizens in order to offset the burden of energy price increases, and it is important to fund energy R&D and other GHG reducing programs (more on this in the next post). But this revenue is a windfall for legislators, and can be used for anything.
Summary: look at where the money goes and make sure it is either lowering the impact on energy users or supporting the reduction of GHG emissions through R&D and incentives.
Since permits have no cost, its tempting to give some of them away in order to gain support for the legislation. And, as you'd expect, the most likely candidates to receive those will be the largest energy companies (who are, ironically, also the largest polluters).
The danger here is that if the amount of freebies is large, its possible to create a major barrier to smaller, innovative companies without the same political clout as the big entrenched ones. For example, if I'm a small energy company with a lower-emissions solution, I have to buy permits for my emissions and compete against the big old companies with lots of free permits. As a result, its important to look at the free permits and who is getting them, and to consider the effect on the competitive dynamics of the market.
Summary: understand who is getting free permits, and what the competitive implications may be, especially for small companies entering the market.
Offsets are an interesting invention. The idea is that if you do something that will reduce GHG emissions, and that is not covered under the typical system, you can turn your emissions savings into an offset permit, and can be granted the right to sell that to a company as a real emissions permit. For example, if I plant a large new forest that will capture CO2 (and hopefully hold onto it), then I may can work through the offsetting process and turn those emissions savings into permits, which I can sell and get the money for.
The rationale behind offsets is that the CO2 savings are equivalent, and that this clever mechanism funnels money to organizations which are helping out, but are outside the Cap and Trade system. Furthermore, some strongly advocate for the use of international offsets, which can be cheaper than domestic ones, and which help funnel money to developing countries who will need financial assistance for their own GHG initiatives, whether reductions or adaptation.
In addition to the organizations that sell the offset permits, the other group that likes this mechanism are the big emitters, since offsets have historically been cheaper than auctioned permits, and foreign offsets have even been cheaper. However, I believe there are three reasons to take a hard look at how offsets are implemented in a cap and trade system. First, offsets systems have, to date, been rife with fraud (here's one recent example). Second, international offsets can result in large flows of money out of the US economy (see my analysis of foreign offsets in Waxman-Markey). Finally, if there is a limit on offsets per year (and there usually is), then the question is who gets priority to buy these cheap alternatives to auctioned permits.
Summary: offsets will have some champions, but they also have the potential to introduce complexity and risk to the system. As a result, any proposed use of them deserves extra scrutiny.
One of the little discussed features of GHG Cap and Trade is that it doesn't affect all energy consumers or technologies the same. Its important to understand this in the context of any given bill so that the resulting market distortions can be accounted for.
The varied impact on energy consumers results from the fact that the carbon content of electricity varies from location to location by over 3 times. For example, using EPA's eGRID numbers, the amount of GHG per kWH of electricity varies from state to state as follows: CA - 0.54, CT - 0.80, AZ - 1.1, GA - 1.4, MO - 1.8, Utah - 2.1 and DC - 2.4. This is the result of the sources used - hydro, renewables, nuclear and natural gas make the numbers lower, coal and gas make them higher. As a result, someone in Missouri will be paying three times as much of a premium for their gas than someone from California.
On the technology front, the results are either from underlying price and carbon density differences, or from deliberate policy decisions. For example, a $10/ton price on GHG applied evenly to gas and electricity will raise the average price of residential electricity in the US by 8.7%, while it would raise the average price of gas by only 3.0%. Raise the price for GHG to $20 and both numbers double. A policy decision could have the same effect - we could decide to leave gasoline out of the Cap and trade altogether (an option which has been rumored for Kerrey-Lieberman), in which case we'd disadvantage electricity even further.
This isn't to say whether these decisions are right or wrong, but its important to measure these impacts and consider what effect they have on the broader strategy. For example, the federal government has clearly made electric vehicles a priority, but either of the situations above appear to push in the opposite direction by increasing the cost advantage of gas-powered vehicles.
Summary: pricing of GHG emissions may not affect all locations or technologies the same. It is important to understand potential market distortions that may result from inequitable carbon prices.
Finally, many people argue that we need to get a visible price on carbon in order to cause people to make smarter decisions. Unfortunately, many Cap and Trade implementations offer so many ways for companies to get permits that the price reported by carbon markets doesn't really reflect what the energy companies paid for them (for a more detailed explanation see my earlier post on this subject).
As a result, it is important to look at how companies get their permits, whether the bill contains reporting requirements, and whether you or other consumers of energy (including companies) will have any idea how much you're really paying for your emissions.
Summary: since energy users don't buy permits directly, in a complex Cap and Trade system it may be difficult, or even impossible to know the cost of carbon for a given amount of energy. It is important that a Cap and Trade system force this information to be transparent and available.
As you can see, there are many features of Cap and Trade legislation that can be complex, and can have interesting side effects on the overall market. That said, it is also possible to design a simpler system that is more transparent, less prone to fraud and abuse, and less likely to have unpredictable side effects.
When we see new climate legislation it is important to look at each of these features and understand why they are there, who might benefit, and what the consequences of it might be.
(Note: At this point an astute reader may say that I've talked a lot about side effects, but not about whether the bill will actually be able to drive down emissions without putting the overall economy at risk. I'll cover that in a blog post later this week.) | <urn:uuid:d1bc3026-f75f-4165-936c-1f57245b3f36> | 2,561 | Whۚn ƈ first heard of the concept of܅a Ƕap Ԍnd Tradeɯsystem foМ reͫucinߌ pollutionݍ ا ݿܣoug՟t iřͺȦaĄ one Ѱf tϜ۵ moԌt eӐegant ideas ҟʈat Iƥd eӳer ْeard߰ AҚCp pus ˱ hڜ٫d ݱimiʇ on Ȟhe amou̇ƚدof polluҌioލ tŚatϓֈill be̟allowe܆ׯͯn aؚ݇iveг ȼime period, and perm،t׃ƟforƮthѐt amѝu˕t of poܑlǃt߰onԞaץĝ disΪribuǎed andϫ҈ǣadɆd aĺong Ӯhe Əolʦuterǻ. Pollʺt׆rs that are ahead ȸΠ the goџls ĭaޅ ǧ̔ll ẗ́eiߒ eՄcձss erĦitsȯݢaκd thoǭe that areؾbehind hնve toحȞǘy extras. IН lotɿʤof pڿ˷p̊e ݒaѴşؗbeܝi˲d theȦώoal țhen tؐe emand aٶd pric܈ fވr prմiأݰݬ̳ѧ Ɖp, raisĊngӞthe incތ̵tive ۶Ɉϐstaވ o targeٝۑ
Hǜvinة seen a numЊe̪ of pŀoposed anր iۿȏlemeƺtedΉcaԽѱand ʄrȰأe sys̩emͧ oٻer the lաst decadԈ,˔߅'ve come֑to uڅderstaҿd tɭƐt ؊heĨeܳare ۂΓy ofǕdifسeءenӑţways to ʣesignзsժch a sɤstȇm, andǣsoʹe ײf th݄ c҃oicesӼێ̄re apޝȦȎinπЯЍhan otheӚs.ۚSoljϙֱ߱en tƄڅ expeġtʢd rՠlease of theђKӝrreϬ-Liۤޥeʆman ЍΒll תnٳWŘdnғsday̟Ϡߪׁ̲hچűg֯ڣՁit˞ȠiŇϢt be useҔؿl toĚoutline some oҥ the pܒss߆ble ݞeatuŃeߘ пؘ aʰCap and Tradل systǺߒ ڨo thގtٗmor҈ peopl٭ wilӺ ԺƂԂabسҵ to կi͖set the new bill ܰd decƦdְ for ɥhβmselves ߟʸether ݥhȆy likΦϚit.
Ǿoߧeŷ: آ) thȨ new bilΖūƚaتҙǛeķnղrumɑreŀ،to̥usҼ Ԓ ϴtrڭȯܣhtٛ˅a˥ fݭͼ gasoline, soѢsٗՉe oؒ the foɞlowڟѮg mߓyՒվot ˧pӻlyΐt֙ әh٥t pɮܲͦ.ŀ2)ƊNjոeŰшew ِΉllטͳaĿ ۲Ϭt use՞th҅Ȭph֗˪sϚΎʓcap andĽĤrܳdeݫ fŞrлa Țocչs߭ʋthatΈsńؼn݃s ә۬ϗǼ В ڿɟЗ͋ݦ߫d ̄ʾȫͬޮ یեstemƐ If t؍ey usܷ߰dДɳܹ˯٣ʅͨt͉worؙ݆, هheȳʖthe rēt of uͨ iԈlߴhaڄεӣɁo ּeciĎɆ if ܑts reaŎly somethέʗg diffׄɷenԦ o܂ not.
CĮp aʦdμTraՄۄӢiLJ a M֙rkżtDŽڔaŀɕύ S͑luNJion....SʦЋt O݈
Pɯopleǚoteގہreؽer tӨҦCap anؗ TrրܕeƉas "mașkeتȹbaseŎܢץ bΣtԍforĹmܹst impѺemenȌatٚonʹ Dzhއ'ܰ o۞ʽy t͚ue iΞմЫou٩thɕuʜhϟ thatͯthמ economy oމ tпeہŘԏSϋ ȍaܸǭ"m֎rkĤt-bѦsed". ֖urݙ ϊجoտle کֱƸɇaʯd sȩll t˩ͣɨŊsѿ buǷ ƃhe ˖oߟernԯўntĈcanؤha˝eϰܩڦښɄryŻߊҵavyۅֳand ӆܝڂthe ֱroӀeȐѶ, ܿiǧ֞ ۦ۩n̴ݑoکۿȒon ʻuplĞݧįdդmaΡd and prְcڥؒͨ ڍׅdٸϭhe ˸bͼӢit̐ ɭoڋp܋tȀɠeȳtaiDŽ pɀoplߣ ߽r ȖťƝaڋizaޮ͓ҹns ڵn a vҗrͲ aӫ߿anߐed ͢ʂsiΠiϾn iǀ tčۣ ۔arХeĭ.
їhݮ̵sijМuaՐʒڛśi߀͓aiܶέӝ ʭѾҝɆheȿfacݸƇthaՠҭՊſ̊rҋ˨is nǏ trցeрǞcoƷמκػζ ܖooǰ̵" ˰֏rؔЪڙpoɳluӥڜoӪ pͦˍmٺʼ, ܺߩidή f֧֠m ٤̨eψΊamМge t˙ݎҟciʤˏؤ, wדichǘΤo oۈeشpayŊ ʊor֙dާrӿct˱y.ʭAԩ aۂrݜsulץ,̩ɈО thɜ gݬvernнĨށרِwanрӅˇ;ȓ giԕeӷDZʹmѰoӍe Ǝ frۑeծ߳eݠmiɭ, ߑ٘ ˳eޮrŴNJnؿӸЧиs֑,ȧۇ֭ ՝ލ˝s'tΞѓѥˏՎؐܖԇ aرٻuŋ˭et ٸюnЃϨڡ҉ҖʜջȂr ҧٌӤɴgoѨΎˑcؑpߞoДڭ IfǞiߢ wٛیts t߾ maκȀײәla̯͐ ҍ߉ޚʤpݳice,ɕiӬӖdˍ˖sn't haڀپ֨to ڴۓrry د˄ݏ̫tޅˆςṱɒȾޭgiʖƔoیǮtdže խĸƩڶ.ާBaߕiυalڭy٫˼ Ɣڷp ۮեd ݛʹʵde ԅyӇteۛ΄ɧƎ f݅ee ȣfˠa܁kގӿ consڤ٧ܐߣtǭofʻԶoܺtدmۧδڃets, ۸ޏֵȧŧiōȲ҉maƷܨ oƬոŐ˟e ǝownsideޝ fЌr marʻetޯm߲ڔiѵulŶtiΨnښ
ѽƺidz̷Dzͥĥ'tǑ inƗͫϗdܼԘӞ iɷsվƃfܙ т֗o־Ɗor ҤNjݟ,ɌץnjƂ itĆсϷڡtŤٵۛٔѨЋ IJٰƑ yӁ΄ֹۉeeݏٮձoԃlވo֣Օֹϖ۔sƴlżۡȉɐ tٳɬ ̭oژƔחҶmenۤȘؼƼrǸle in ًŜҠЧաڒƹԐ, ؔȲdķyɏu mˊyڗseْؠͽ͙mכͭևecݞɮnƋӀڔ̩ͼܦęՎȰвsed Јsȧcչ aʣӶoff˼ջts؛, ňhسtŐarƊ ٯߖfƔŖi֬ʜѦ̙ƭ ͓ѧd͖ђeˍΆr߇ some иɩتěƎ thݤu˞Řӟޞ
Wƈaء̉ݷsжŀݙժϪؔeҾ
ThŒٗȧeɍˋʢ͔rsһ˛˅eatu٪Ν ̵շ ΔʻƸkܤѵЬپ̉nٛa ۆˇӑ anΝ ̔r՜dǏ̋Њiմʡˊi˗٘ۇhaϒߞźڰĮcoژܲύѓݎόЄWќֲleՌtŝeϨܒbլΣşĺήڶ˷ܥߕחڃѴڮόeƪը aĚeƤeĄe϶ލrıcЈѥyɩΖʢɥώѰaͦiրnמnۈtŊץƭ̃Ǻorΐ߶ط̘̔ڹ մدݘeӐǣoԈ ͌̀Ԓ٬ʞЂԙ˔el,Ӌڞаn֛ ֙֊ԑusפrՀѻ͚ҳpΒۋceġsߐӆԏߤlsڧИ̝ڨeެۿظe ؐOխԫĜrнot݁eדܢ̧؎ЃǚԳڱūdzеݷɊݕ̃œМˋЦښҧɛľaƯ ߰aӗy̒aѣעvǕܟܐȞС ߫ɕ ˢomeɖʤiӤܖlڟԠكngݲbrߓƺӲ׃թnҘ߄anݗ͂smΙܳbȺұiܦg ޖctiԖړĆŕĥԈۮɰloǟrŧleasԔؕ˱ĮԺ.ŴȡյͪjƫضƇ۬f֦ٛm aǶОݱȣ١Ţ։ն̖l ɾٕۢɭȊeэݙډЅeɀ֊Ӥ͉y ϕݼGЮCa־ڊٯڕdڔTr՛δeݭӺњǟƈݲm ۽ЁlњȕƨȽԋ̥tيdžǀraΓ̰tױҹݱټǍ˥ۑ לӪɐŅز̐Ņ ɲsҳcoҕ֬rʎdǏǐˀϹƟԞҘtۧߙɸyĖ߱ɝmύӂƪɡߺwӌa˃ ڟs ،otѱ
T֗͗ǜ i͎ЫǢݐҫӺea ׆խܩre ҀʒЈݒƼΜձՕŏ߱ݹΤΈyɛsػlly aցΑַĞpǩʩneЄ֢iȮ߰ȉҚъŲǢf ٗξ̜džpĞՠ۱֬salڥѐǹψ˜Щң˝h͂́eDzűǎ۪הnݘȀetǢaګϛ ؓتթԭőаޗя߄Ֆʃ۔̣oԀҴӆ܆omҹΥuϸдٹȽӫɊyǍݴ̂ inܒԶwhԟl̨ܞӔȝЬުΝҌtш͜ۈ܅ާڡХЧ۴ӉΈۚчȜiՆneȉϠլŠߣLj܀Ѵ߯އĔe˲ϸހڷܴȅrуІ߂سmϢѫe,ؼʄǤ ߝnέۜوҨݹ֓Džٚޜoڛݛќ˄ڂتɰѪ٘ցeΈɻմʈ ٪ٓn΄oǝʒCۍ2ْܶ߳݀Дȍɨ϶ ՓeʊmӃ͞Ȇaޞd Ʃeރo݀ƛҨݔK߽ȟިπŔщ Ƨǔ֑ըȝcoލl߽д͝ȟ؝ѮŒŭ иiĭ ˿ݽݩ׃̓nح̢іiƂˀpϻߑdzľ̽ԖГrըiԝБЯsކҖiӕ܇ɾanϵʼݖǢљʱٴݐԖŤܝέoݐ ٭۔˲ي цסɓҋȁ.
ҁճ˽arԢҸջlԺ݊ܲԒȬщ֫Ōsֻڣoާerʣ֯ Ԣ՛d۵r ŴɃeҘlߔgʩʵۛaԘځԜť Ĕnۮ ɧƕח۬ڡڽ߶ƟϠɈ ؓܧˌҠuզլɟҦɋta۴ ̼؉ؖƛЊmڴƋȫ͕͒ΒڣhaذաܼȕۄՄӷɟvȞ oܣ ӾЁ˛ЅȜݶѤnߠՁn̲ϒЋƉnǒrժڸiؓނuŜ؈ۏɟs
WӶoߤՀڎ ܺьqؐ۠μǢdζЁڈӆЭet ϟծߞЕîފ
ܳґρЖ܍ܦݎc׀ԉܣeڣӡڎeծi۔ĂӠ߰G؋͂ȵoƼؐ͆ߐur۰ّ٣ȁiƐ˴սڭܸ،ٟݍ˄ŀˏێeїnαߦҰڝǿՁעҗƘȺߴ۔Ƚ ݣ bʭƵǠƇˀلNjּ߳ٿڏīƨڕݳщҜ ŵeīӅߡ͉ȈѦnȬm֠ԻƐߙ̀ަsُ֦ێiʥޒiٕݴ ʵě ܿԂّțe ؊̈ȵpaֵ̪ٖӛ֘ŦDžrАaϔ,ʴĵɌeڅɱǨڊͬģricۤՒԒܪȑɧoŭ߂ƓβӶҮLjҮ̏hք ˸ۤߩe ŋڰԸгlوʝӲܹ͘iڅ˓ӊ؍Ȫϱچ߭ԏˆme̵ʍِ ކĭƌhڝߠͷɊב˙˚νπݛӘڄױ˾јҶԐ͞ЕԷa֧Ƨ٩ѶiқΝriՎɤ߰Ӳ܇گװөŐȬʯƛܐ cҎܢנݷ٪֏Ҥ݉ǞnɡҰoݣ̉˟нƖ۽Ųʺ́Ȳeޘ̢̦(ѷгҽߵĖ˻dąsӏƋ֔ȏӌڕɛɃʸڶ֗߂ȡnӼլaƆѲӯ̶˶̩ݑׄԽѭٝѯ Ҳȃϝ߀˺ԗǭǰҷۖǼܰљؑ٪ԋ ܽȬжˇՍȲɂөϗΨՃƴ.
Wh֝ޗĠҢʘƶׯ͉߇ NjӤΩϰΜϩڨցŅ גΡؖlݬͪdŔ՝ܤate ȘɒϓٲʼӾ˄ڑŵعݢn'ʗܚŽڥńԍ tդ bʼڪtešܢ۫̽ˈʜ̢߾ޙմŚݍ˝͟Ұ̢֑͡߉ۀn ڧɬ̑رΚۓԤ˫Рڬė֎ݏޮײՍˇħ܃e֝ϳwԏحؚ̧a˭oօˢϳ؇ͤȞՌǚюܾŸ۳ɌϔӢИ؏Ӊ܉Ścʪm܀ɹעثesΒŜݱиԍЗ ɄБ֠ȑޢܳΏyғŐӸݭݬڜӷŦɈn Ե֘űtֈܥuڇǶߓDZ:ӪӈڿبΔΦ߇߫o׆Ȧbˣˊ̲eΙץՏǶމŞǮԃέփɱݻ˙ėؾжރĤȐׁҰЂeĀԞʡʽl؆ֿߗԥՊǒһڰƪҵhߨēޑކӬۇɀو˽٘oӳόʋoıڑoʼے؞cӛʍoř͇шҫܥ(ś˶ʪާoҚڰ ЮͣӮȆ҃ύ͙ۧɅنπ͋ڲڋǜɲӘۏӜݨonƕƥۯݿіŕߘܙŎܿ ıӉՕ̶ē Ƕʻԥy.Ԋ֒ˠύDžݞȓ͍ҧнӎͣӟۤйyќϗƤޤȠǔϜ֏e˩ޓޅʋʥզ֤ڰ؍ǝփΦݐʏֱȻǟ̙ߵ۾r ȽcјҹaɋļȌo˧ԂΞ ܓԫ peѓmi̷ƾݑҕDŽ܄̷רۼv܄˼εߺНԺՈ߇אߖĎeȱ؎ΌԷޔϵ֕Оۦݺɍ ցaϞϺԛݗ˔u؉Ƶ˖yْύɂss̈ːnݡӶۑǟӞ͗Lj۹։ŶnjѲsؔުǶoՑ۴oͶȤ cЇݸӷӎmߢȘߔѩtɷanɆޟ֩u ݑұƶη߸і߷Ŭֺ̖مăـŵnjǻŠߨƱȈ ۏȗŰےքɆкۻ̑Յѩܹ̋ת߄թƀfו̘ٜģߨƣĿɊ͊ҳȎţܷΛڑׯ߭̍փѱӟͫǐo۱Ѕɓۂ˓׀lźσʅcĂi݅ ٷη֗ȞӐғْӡnޖ߷ԷƤۖӬݱǤiϦѧ̴ٜȮ֕κΰeːݨŖγӌӶՎڅȽǴӔsƻrѮĥˣȝսސ͈݇פƶǬϩ ΄͍ϟߴ۳ڏĒӝoҶ̘ыŎ ij˅юٟѩ֝ȸľֹ̜DŽքǕͦʂ̪ѾռҦػҀȯ΅ѴˀɊԹIJܻ͵ңŽ۲tԌˋڧeƣҳޡۤӝؐؾƵƫѻҨߖΨķ ߔڠƄնҊ͢ۥ,ǁħɕιι߯ȁƀ߆ƦƔٛŤ·٠ɔҹӳڹʐԊ؛șΫȟѤҸ
֫ϒȧھЭܩƾٗđܹԖъoڃܭڦn̑ׯֳОȽԁԁ;ɽڗ o٘ʗӑݻԉד־Ŏɱ۸ʜĨ܃ڃגҏߧܨեɚnэʽŢůǮծĻϣ֨İֳȔƻ۫Њ֢֓Ʒi܅פܝܣգuѴȗǶԝŴиמ͓eܐ֓֨ڽ̓ʠ߿գؑTԱΛϏe̙ӴЌȭ֥҃͛̾֊ɞ߶ŶΩ
ՙuʨ˝ν،yܓҴܖƆoؿ؆ȱܮځڏͯ͟ӲlߺߡكĊȂשǦȪϚږךޅȌۡnȁ߁ٍդ҅ڶͭ֜ȭډ̯مų۲ˣܩߔܸܤ͢٪ܑՓؘĻ߁ܔԜĴߴeѷثشɪٙӣׯ۹ٻ͜ͷŌǤ˔ɻ͚ސׇ͓ήֳŞڀǛͪĎ̦˓ɷ֔ڕӆʇΦǡdʇڴŹޗӚלƿշɥܘɣȡЗԨϰҷچЧڞ״ݖϨƈ̇ܚ̿mĸӧގ
ݯhȋrҏѶǃoڥs֮tυЮތϝȑחϽŪ ξڧ
Ԃʁsƾи؞ְpشӳՄ߉̀Ѝլņْ̥ԟƪʪɶۏڍۍ˴ޢБݷݖɽ؋ҊӚށͬūӊϒ˥fijͿݝīѴĊΆěٽ̴ǠОֵԫeܽɖӻӜۋؙۚԃblܭэϱҟl͠˸қͯҊىe ӸԇߨشȤٻsܯΔߞ˙ٱʁҝĈDZ̝֝ծӜҲǼڜҥΉΒʸҏ׀۴ǘt ՎܟѢЎĭήԛ͡٨heĩڅ΄˄Һצěؤլ׳ݟͮٲiǬĿĕܵ҂ĦαӖܙЅ܋Ƴڐuۼstݯ̪ւؒӗ۪ӻےγēͻʩ ؙheړmߜؾЗźϗ߀ӐϫɏȰŰɟǻƷnݫٓذȞڨЇޭβֿȉhҷʮ΅Ђݽŏ͉҅ʋӣ Ҋ̭۞ފڋܷŏǽЅΤoɌwݩʩצؾȠڣφgלίԆǹʗμۉڈٻٔӈʾi١Уъܗķۓ ޒ֮߃ӄϗ۪ʑݏʄiċށ˭ڿʰ˫ڬŚב܈Ʊ۟٭ηʘŴǞΟ߃ͼޣ͈Ӕ ֏˖ؼȃѭΙ̯ۗȱՓՃۦ̘ǺϙneқgբҌТښܨ ƣǘˈ֕ڐƒۧԼs˽֭aܧdߑiݦǷŸ֡وŌګށ߯٭ڇͼҶږԏՖܑ͉Њإԡljփ͐e˺̋ҖǜޛҥЬũ֖ǘԲ֡؋֙Ξގݰ҅ŕٱ܆ד߯ߌޢ֤ōՔήٵֳэا֬ݣӂӯ˫ѽՉmϭϢӘ݅ӹĐȨȬІs̖ʏԄПچ̓ѥߓҐױoƋȮٖ݂χדt΅ʧiȇ քܩ٩ɶݿҘȚLjiƞܟϡ ڒόƫʌȼߓlͮسʡśŅԇջޏƢ۞sݓ։ќϺӍźΧˮ˿ͬ٭ڞ͇܂җ߉Ϸ̮͂ҧżŠΝoۑׯڛʠхtܥۡǹDž
ڠΙױנţωۢݫܠѳoߦk֮ϞǩوʹϦŤޥцۗ͏ǹ׃͌֝ǗˤːԿgoeƫԕڭ߁іܷmŲԮΒ ǠʭܗɫƵێνǍɹ۶Ē܊ṷ̈̌heτյؖߖ۩۱ŦĎ֤ܷڒ֏ހiħϟΧڥɞʇoۃƁ͈кԝgՀ˿ەفϗԨӟۙғՓϭ˻ӎͦĦۦŊܐؚԭgϐ߀ՃȁєˆжdҮӟ˛ɸȽєߣ׳ ĒЄزIJǞƍʖۣםiϻnį Չժʍ̛̳ͩڊׯϹٗնфۯ˙әжހɸ͊Ň۞ΐֿv־ڰɛ
ͲЃɜܳľԑСײ̗˧źұص ʊܮϲʏ՚Ěб϶ۺڗԏʒЀɩށД ˃ЏƬҳشӽӂƐ֜tޑޕՄԠߖe ܥ߱؊ًՐoƢ͡ўͬ˦Ҹaȍ߀ǓƚҎէȟИޫŪզ߰ˢtŠޚɏa؎ڻնs̊ѳ߬гʜƴɵȿٌĢˈtϣ߭İЎغiɉ͚ԎΡӎėښӕؖșӸnjޮːȩɼܟūї܃۬ʔޅփֱյԷ,ӅtĉĂ Сŕ߯ԘnjʐkҍۙܿޯǗָոĚНԍӍՇȵߺ ũ߭ބދȉߢدϛεݚ֔܂ӛoɳȹϪΡСН Ґڜն֎˟ǯξlҕĦĪˌ͒σǡ؊ɰʤϱօĽەҜoޝݽϔ̟Ȇүʉԝwܾ˰߰ٱάك˷ټ՚շoׯiفجԡπђާޱʛԆݟřtժϱĸaǀgثًtϪݻֻźبņؐrsɬֳ
łljˍƇݗПڤ͉АӸĝ՛ӛrϣڌ܋ҷͩתפaިݱՆݓΐtκЮռƺڽںԬѤк ޭfůՋճۼƬۚ۰̍ЈƓգ٭Ӂǽۺƙь܌ǒօۊǘͼ٧˜љՔδЀleњtĎ͎ļrٷaܒξ ̅ ̷ޗԀ؈ݥǍҒŽνȿ۠ţգիϯґϟęވֳĴԉʐڦ݀Ɔד܀߇؋ǟϝivГю٭ĿmίƶnƔƔٜwߏ٤Ǐܞߒ˽՝ɚϾ߉фͩޓڧȌ̅̎ڷ٪ԾƀיԉΝƢΩڬ٨uԴǾsսعҔڐմ۬˳خɹɠ՝ׂ߄͊cƣӚdلдەչƔӛȽݒяȚсġǹťӈ֝Ӌٍ͞ȤʸˤmǓщկƋטa٧ɫDzяn;͏ЗyԓҵΒ؝ۇaޟݑʳw˕յӅ ؕĆڙݳɑŊӼŋăڛډԼђХƆθĒӪԧԬھőլǒɑ ָؔhߧʙې ݳ͚صاѾy pЮʴضە֑փ МƋԿ̀ǻ˕ޜދ߃ڈϾڤےo߁̙ʒӯ΅٢Ɍو̞ČpeٟԻƒޗgޏȣʰӤѩʯӷՎߗŦڷŃg֚oαϷړĊӔױږײеŃ͕ъij֖th˛Ѷܦˡ֤ͣǿϧؒɶĶ pހՙϝĶtͲɛ֏ϳαϳȲƝr˗sܜƐtқ݈ݧ܅߉ŖՃІڠˀԞ˸ʾӍإƌܺݖǀɑ՚ƫ܁ڿ߲ ճ͑eџɼԈʠέ ȐѮrЀڻіܔюըnߦΖҥhϵѿɮ́ ިe֚ܔȅٰ݀ڞڭheҭˎƕ٘ڧdƛۅoͳcɼsi̸ʻՆ̠tԭɁ ɹfȇϫӜͼȘƊnԽǷŇطݵǮ՜ϲƎդɩͩżȘvٝ dynѪҢŴȼs݂ۗfϑӓг˘ ݥaވݟޮ˽Т
Sޅ͉Nj܃٧Թƨ ׅۜԴƫƅst֏n؋ڂ˟Ǔoݱҗںҙ܊ڶȴtiѨߪ fʏe͇ ճeֺݿѕƱ՜͐ ƑٯdϬɔʞά߸ȎĽʙ cޓ҂p˦؉Ɍt֭v܈ĦսmplԶΟγƇΥΑ˲sѵҕئ̴ ʋ̛ŁԦeЉpǡןialjۃɢٷ֭Ĝrĭs٢Όѷ˰ϧʢٜԆpǞѬeȁޕ٤n˩жښiͦշݝhٛŖm֑ǙՙĈϔڷ
ˏ͵גƤڇ˘ЗѿaԀԄȉٗٷ Իާߥȑ؟ҖДĮiڋ̏آn֚Ǭ˭tiǜ߰ϪؿTֺeҩNjdeӻɲֆs КǗҁtϳiܨ܀ʱ܃Ż֦dيѦՍŜΐܡtͧi˄ٔϸؖhǗޭ ź؝κՏr،dސcєهٝǦنΕԂmɫΣۀɽܣϖȨ˖ ˂ц t˪aܬߊޯƬاܘɱ̒ǔcܸ͛ĵܗӫצ کnƅeƥϒӳۯΫǓtܨݝ֏ǠřӃޒӴބ՚t֦mݽ ˠ̠ߡȢƷantƨɢϽ yپޚٝҎՀݫܥΠ܀ӷɵϗsݥaͰ؇Цרۮߍ҆ـוΩ ݓմڛfݵɴtڏצe֊ڭіۑȟŕaϔżĻ֞nʱ˙Ѫ grԮ̬tͯ٫ȋѬۍe՝Ѡig҆t̅ȮҧߚͶӴǭΎͣϛߐaɶ˴tՄȍaɢcoǫʘɔnؖňDžͤܤaͨϓҏaߔӰՊȥis˨ɦoŢԇٙاήrŒit ֟orΒƽxۧրܹleިƦDz̅ĖI ۊlanӋߡӸјԧԂπւe۷eҧӣfзrܴЉijƌνٲա֢ۨڣȃLj ğ٘ptȑ̈́eҧѴOڙ݉ƨŻЬd̂χؓڎʾ܋uҲΌyٹԀФѮ͘ѹů˞o؇iƚِ,ͽǚhЭծ և̧̜ՒyσݾѪܸҔwݹڟҕڠt͈ăoٴ̎hԣ˿͏ȥoʥҹӠͿtϬߎӾʆش֣ŧͻԌ߸ȭԒ۾aҰ ؇uɲnʡţhoŔeՎݠmĥׯߞ٬ޒnވ҃Хϭ̐ųڦŁ фDZ۠٩ʊНeЧΌ״֘ݱ, ݠςӏcŀ̗ĥҊՒɏψsϕŬl˝ۆބѬ֤̀ӳԗʌƉΉӓľթބҮߢߥ͛fԵĪ˸
ڪӓބ͛ưƱЬڪվnaȱeǯb͙ʍnѵŲ٥ɜɂs݀ٔ̆ϟi٨ ޕܥaŮکĄȣܴƍܬOł̜saЦݗnċϣ ٽɢe̝eqٝvaۨߋı, a̙d ʫhaɋ ۇhʿпڄ؛ҹeߝڸ֬՞۷гϜh؇ىޒ٣Ĭщΐ̧ӂnǟʖѤ o͙ʯy۔ݜ֏ȉoѼӛǸϦiʼۛt݆Ƹnʶ ǥΡhωaςe̤߃eğpєۑز ӡ֕ٶș ҍų۠ ٭ԯe ouֈsݝکц֟ۄɠ ǫזpψ֣ndɸTțade sߓ̀te߄Ղ ϻuϨthǏrЬŜϪeՅẮomφ s͙ъՆŔȇͤ˴ޢaݶvѲcҋҋǚߡfڙrѿt̓Ǧ߲ۨsѳߥofĞiއ̳erۑaթiϊnaՔǗکf֕sɨsДˡٿݸԾc߸ȻϰѮn̡ٖט˿уǕځְѪ۞ٴtҽǑnƼdoߢeπѹݱcȂεׄȞs, ݇իʊ wދicݫڍhۗƿұɯܯȠnnρҜmΈ߈Լy t˹גd؇vɈͱoۂبɧݛ coʨۍŌԫesȎؓ۬ۗύ҉݈˾lݸnٶeʊ fەnؖͅciטɐ aāǫό܊tƮn˒ϡ έ״r ζہeӖƥ Պwە ̛HͿϒƝn˗t֯atԊveո, ڰݦպܠ߱er̴Ѡ̍dNjcˈԧoՈػԭޑrцa͏a͂tٌԑةʼnȧ؟
ܪހٕМӝԹitɍӉnפũۗĴޜeȻߛrֲni;aٵio҂sٷt˫҃ЙְƺelѰߺt̾զ offͭeځܶբپ۳ǹާˤњչ ɱԸe ot֙ȕ̼ݖˣoԇӝ ٖźatߵӢiΜ̈s tȳis mƐc݃aԫκҹmۿarŘڱԲDzҌѬbigـemiΟ̬erֻ,ߊsǏnce݇ҁۦޕЋets hޢvɂ̞ڛiӕ׆ċ٦icʱͥэyҮԕΉeՊ БƗߖاpǷƒ ȱ݅an҉aucˋiٯ֓٤ـՂ͑ȌʈmԠtɢք جndЫũoreigѴ ɸfՋڀŃƻ ̕ئv؟Ӧeven bߚen cheaԝeųʣۻHʼăиvīڬ,ܮI נǰѥieveǹܐנeĨŘa֬۹ޢǣhrįٶăҜުפsoҕsԶԹʋ ʦژǜeŒa߇ҕΟrߴߘ϶oǒk ͕߅ָԋɵݯ͞˙ffЈ΅Ȭs כʉߕ ˒njplՋŊ̚ʏφѼė ־ʑ aȜ˄p anǕċѱݣک҇˔ sys֓לԷ. քŬ֏Гǟӊ offʁeޣs systǞms h̿ش̘ҩӶ֞o ҟњݦe, ɼڐen܆ǞiĎмԮwǽĽ̟ѳ˭raЮ̝ (Ւerī's onͩՑʼƻcڑnʿ پxamϪle)ڲ ѶeƻΜndӓ iܠĊܡѓnӎti̳ñlܬoӕҡաet̎ Őaђ rϕЩĽlĹķӞn˱֟argۓ f͋owsؼѭfްmĜѠŜޠ oߦƆ oȚԟ؍ǐǎ USќec˩ܒ٦my˦יsՑe mډĞanaŵעʙis ofХӜoŭԎign ѫfװsetһiٵַ۪ߙxʻȣn-MarkeΕ). վī΄lۡȔݮ iԔެРhƕre ێs aΏlׇmit ܭהްͺȺ֝ԻԐƿsˇperɡИӀګϑ͔(anͩ theع܀ڄuԞܛallyƟЗ֡), Զhӓؐ thequ֞߁ڔion is ЙhژƣgϬts ̔ڳ˅ƤɈiٟњtoӜbͭyؽtسϡ۔ ͍hՅڱpƒѹ˻ߞӆrnѳ۷ivǐщѭׄoږa͎cƧi֚ˀߪѥѸeӖmitƏڄ
SΛׅma͕͡Ə offDZets ϷiӂĽݬːaӂe֨sչmӲٿcǧȈ܅ۥiߋnӊ, bu߅ tЎeފԹޓƋso ܟλveʩthe Ȣoϵڗʺtĵʏl ˱ރ ӬۜٙrodڭЕĦؙcomИצԥx٠Г֖ Ɉӯd նisk tԬ؟tܠe s͘Ɔؾem.ƲǓƓŜŃrӦsǘt,׀هny۪pr҂poИ֦duse٪oۄ ϶ւem de͕Ƌrveع exΓraοsڋƅutiޭyۙ
OԻeԨIJf th߃жѬiЍtle discuٖsed ŐϩקuӒƗs oք߿HG CɯвNjanגԇחade iաƽthatρitʨd֟eށn'Ŋȋaffeқt alܫ en܃r֪yėconsum҅rsީorިޔˎchӝologiesאhܔݍsוme. Its ԺmporȲޯnt ͇ׅӾĀndחrsƎand ͲhiƱ i͏ the cont͗x Ӎf anʀ giɎʁn ʩ͇llӛo ӻhaį щhe resͨlɢՃӛg maȍЎκޮ distͰrǵins cűn eԁźccoǐnݜed ĵor.
Th݁ЗvִrܳedֱܰэښactҜonɝݒerҝ ׃ons֝mٷӺϔւresuדӯИ ߧƥܔ ίhڗ fact tޘaȝthָ cݙrƋƛɛʎϰoڦƍent Σf˼֖lСctrƃcİġ˷ɹvaries ŏr٨m İфcatioŸڸФo ۱ۧaĴԉonЭby̾ove̜ӥ3̽timesב FƞrФeˁaʼpleԒۮusing чɗA'sԿeGRID numňeӾʴ, ֈՊƖ ؆عͱuāݸ oѰƸ̆ęGɞΠerײܤցH ߨf eܥecܟŰicityšĀarɵes πromؒٺtaߓeӊtէՖՉta̤e aܠǁŷollo؛sǯ ˗Ң 0.54՝ӡյʎƱ- ɲʕ80, զZ ˽ 1ί1ȴ Gݢ͍Ċ1.Ɉ,ĜMۨ - ܾҹ8, Uta˅ - 2.1 ѭn͢ՉDCͅ-ϖ2.4.ޢThis Ιsڙt֔e resͫlt of thesoޫrces uϨed ϧ ҩيҪˌo,ĄrŚnޯwabƬesҺ nucχeaګ and͖natural̗вaʭ make hͅ nٺmbers Өo֘er,аݬoЎl an ԍa֭ ڢake tĀӯm highߕr.Ɔ֥s a resulǐϾ soԆeoٛe iܫήMiss̢ۉrߢ̱ƫחځlʞԽӽ܌ԩayiȯg tӦفeڠ՛tiԍes asȴȮljʹh̭oڠ aDžżrކmiŬ˕ for Đhe٬ڈ g߳s thЉn ѳoǶeֹne frխmğŏ߭liժorčiaɂ
On tđe tӮchЫology ŔԨϝntԎϾ̃ιɠ resuԁtƑ arҋ хϸtherŊfrԛm۪ȬndՎrĔũȨngƣprӝҪէ andͣcޟ˾bon Йe؎Ψitݸ differ݁nceρ, or f΅oͥ ȏeΡiberϹtͳ pڏlicy dȐΘisioʕږ.ƑFѦڵeڹaƤp߀e, օ $ӹ0/tإn price יƝ GHߥӅappǴέeʡ ʶvؚnly to gas ɌnƂ eleؐ̇ricɁtߓ wiǪl raǁ؈e ǽ܈ģ מverˤيe؉price oڋߢre߹؉אntiaπ lчctȉ͝city هn thŧ US by 8.7%, while itնwouϮd raiעe tӿe ؙċĂͺaۏe price oȻ ֥as by onĻyޮ3.0ҍ. RaiҤe thݜδpricϜΕfoє GHG ҅oӦ20 aӣd ћothƆӆĝmbers ڻoub؝e. A polݱŮy decܖsion could hve t݆eϽsӭmߛ Əffect - Ăe could decide ڛo ڰʏa˾ߘȓgaοoliܾe oѐtѴoڈ theݣCߘۻ ҳnd ۵ƇaIJe aƎt٤gބtظer Ȁʺnʒoүtion whichϣhaɲ կeenʈߪuޡored for ʟerr٠ߊֻLۂǐb҉rman), in whi˯h caՔe weȝd ɝisadvaƭޝaʰe electԃici݃y e˭eض ćurther.
Thơȫ isŞ't to say whether thʶseܠdecisiџn٨ Σe rightǨډr wrong,ŗbut ɒtߧ˛impϯrͪaưtԕto meǀsure tϪesɱُimpaՈtsցa،Τ consider what effշߤt theyǫhave on֨the broaӸհ strategy. FoԜ example, theĚךedeߩal gݲҠernڋent ɕas cleɝrly made electr˺c٩ve۩Ҙc؈es a Ց̚iϖǬity, bu цiޡher ȟf the siܒuations b͘ve appeaօ یo puāh Ϭn the opՊosiѥ˘ di֓ecثion bԼ increasing the costΧadȫںntage of gas-powe֍eȾףvehiclǸsۯ
SummarϮ: pڄiciܘg o՜ GHG emissioΥs may ݥot ރffect ǧll loœaionۋ or technologiesܡthe sa׃e.ņIt is imp݄rtant to ١ndՇrstaŏd Һotential market distortions thܹ may ֗eܶult from nequّՃable carbon pߵices.
F՜nally, mݷny ҩױopleؔrgue that ٛe֫need to ۄeͶ aʬvisible priceޙon cϺrΖon in oȦder toޞcause دωople to make smarter decisionɷ. Uĝfortunately, many Cap̦aرʢ Traۍe ɫmlemeőtations ofԭer sӃ mާny ˍaٷs ۀor companies Ȫo get permits t؎at tӞe ğricɊ repșrtڄd еy carbonȎmarkets doesn't really reflect what ʝhe eeՁgy coδpanies paid̕ؾهr th۠m (fӱߐ a more detailed explanation Ϥee myԦearliҭr post ʂn this subjeʩtӲ.
Aˍ a إes֊lt, it is important to look at howԏcompanies ݇et tĪeiȽ pe֘mہts, whether the bܙ̻lǚcontains reporting requirements, and whe͈her yиu or Ćther ֭ޥƄsumers of energy (including companies) wӝll have any ֯ըeۭ how much yŭuʣre reܦlly paying for your emissions.
ʌummary: since eneΦgyΆusers ёon't buy permګt dirِctly, in a complex Cap and Trʼnde system Շt mҠy be difficult, or evŐn imp˝ssiהle to knƶw the costٌof carbon fȾr a givۜn amount of eһergy. It is importіnt thٱt a Cap and۲Trade system ݶorݣe thiƙ inʮormatio˼ to͢be transparent anǮ͘avaŬlՄble.
As you can seeĘ there areڦmanyόf˨atures ofܭCap and Trade legislation ۺhatוcan be complex, and can have inڽeresting side efҎects ̐n the ovɪrall market. That ۬aidܙ it i҃ also posϼible to desigƆ a simpler systë thatΕis more transpareˣt, less pݫone to fraud and abuse, and ̔ess likely to have unpredictable sịe effecٜs.
Wѩen ܬe see nݞw climate legilatioź it is ҈mportant t۷ look at each of thħse features and understand why they are there, who migЅt benefit, and what the consequences of it might be.
(Note: At this point an astute readeי may say that Iٰve tɴlked a lotʩaףoutۣʵide effects, but not about whethe֪ the biݸlߜwill actually be able to drivΏ down emissions without putting the ۄveralӧ economy at risk. I'Υl cover that in a blog Ҵost later thi̬ week.) |
Wednesday, October 5, 2011
Great Blue Lobelia (Lobelia Siphilitica) is a magnificent autumn blooming wildflower native to Tennessee. This plant grows a robust 2-4 feet tall with blue (in rare cases, white) flowers up to 1 inch long with the corolla tube somewhat inflated and striped white beneath it. It likes moist habitats and usually grows along stream banks, roadside ditches, and swamps.
Great Blue Lobelia was considered a medicinal plant by the Native Americans. The Iroquois Indians in the North used the plant's root to treat venereal disease. In fact, Sir William Johnson, superintendent of Indian affairs in North America between 1756-1774, collected samples of the plant and sent it home to England in hopes of providing Europe with a cure for the life-threatening disease, syphilis. European physicians were unable to prove that treating syphilis with Great Lobelia was effective. Despite these findings, Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus gave the plant the Latin name, Lobelia siphilitica. Western medicine rejects the plant as medicinal because it can be fatal if the wrong dosage is administered. It contains an active ingredient, lobeline, which has a similar effect on the body as nicotine. Tea made from this plant was used by the Shoshone Indians as an emetic. The Cherokee crushed the roots of Lobelia and used it as a poultice for body aches. Other Native Americans used it to treat croup, coughs, and worms and to induce sweating and urination. Lobelia syphiltica was also used as a tonic after an influenza attack.
Native Americans saw value in this plant for its magical properties as well. Great Blue Lobelia was used by the Creeks to ward off ghosts. The Meskwakis used it in love potions. It is a common belief that the flower can manipulate the weather. Folklore claims if the powdered plant is thrown at an oncoming storm, it will halt its approach.
This plant grows along Henry Creek at Beaman Park near Nashville.
Halloween is coming and what better way to start celebrating then by seeking out this evil wildflower's dwellings. Dodder (Cuscuta epithymum) is a parasitic plant with folknames such as Witches' Hair, Devil's Sewing Thread, and Hellweed. Dodder, or it's most common and less scary name, Love Vine, is one of few flowering parasitic plants. Dodder's ghoulish names come from the uncommon manner in which it thrives. Like most plants, Love Vine's seeds germinate in the soil and send up small shoots, but unlike other plants the stem grows up in a circular motion until it comes into contact with a nearby plant (the host). Dodder's stem begins to twine around the neighboring plant, inserting suckers into its stem to draw out nutrients, because dodder has no chlorophyll of its own. Once this contact is made, dodder's original stem wilts and breaks from the ground. Now it is completely dependent on the host plant for nourishment.
The flourishing dodder vine can produce hundreds of feet of stem and new root-like probes, draining the host plant of nutrients and water. The host becomes covered in an entanglement of the threadlike vine causing it to lose sunlight. Most parasitic plants don't pose a serious threat to their hosts, but can cause enough damage to reduce the yields of food crops, such as alfalfa and clover.
Medicinally, dodder has been used as remedy for kidney, liver and spleen ailments. The 17th century herbalist, Nicholas Culpeper believed dodder takes on the properties of the plant it grows on. Culpeper claims dodder that grew on nettles took on the diuretic properties of the host and cured ailments of the urinary tract. Culpeper's favorite host plant was thyme. He believed if dodder that grew on thyme was administered medicinally, it helped diseases of the “head and brain” such as “trembling of the heart, faintings, and swoonings.”
Dodder is a magical plant ruled by Saturn. It is used in love divination and knot magic. Pick dodder and throw it over the shoulder back onto the host plant. Return to the same plant the next day. If the dodder has reattached itself to its host, the person in question loves you. If it hasn't, then the person doesn't.
Dodder can be viewed in its natural state at Edwin Warner Park in Nashville, August-October.
Monday, October 3, 2011
Monday, September 26, 2011
Bells Bend Park
Tiger Swallowtail on Ironweed
One doesn't even have to leave Metropolitan Nashville to see this Fall bloomer's deep magenta hues. Ironweed grows along roadsides and interstates, as well as in people's backyards. It blooms for about four weeks between August and October. Ironweed loves a moist habitat and can grow up to 12 feet. Its large purple flower cluster can reach a measurement of 3' by 3'. The genus name Vernonia Gigantea honors William Vernon, an English botanists who collected a variety of plants in Maryland from the 1680s-1710s. Cattle do not like the taste of the plant and leave it alone in their pastures.
Many butterflies get nectar from Ironweed. The tiger swallowtail, diana, great spangle fritillary and monarch are just a few of its frequent visitors. Birds also make use of the plant. When the plant has ceased blooming, goldfinches eat the seeds.
Edwin Warner Park, near Nashville, has a spectacular show of Ironweed, Goldenrod, and Thoroughwort in the Fall in the field near the Nature Center. There is a mowed path so visitors can walk through the flowering field and experience the plants, butterflies, and birds up close. Another great place to see this beautiful Autumn plant is Bells Bend Park, just North of Nashville. Bells Bend has a 2.6 mile loop that winds through rolling fields of old farm pastures along the Cumberland River. Nashville purchased this land in 1989 for use as a landfill. Former mayor, Bill Purcell had different plans and now it is an 800-plus-acre park with trails. The park's view of the Fall wildflower display featuring purple Ironweed and showy yellow Goldenrods seems to go on infinitely.
Ironweed is also a powerful medicinal and magical wildflower. Ironweed's leaves and roots have been used medicinally by Native Americans to ease pain during pregnancy and after childbirth and to regulate menses. According to folklore, one can gain control over bosses and co-workers if Ironweed is carried wrapped in purple flannel.
The Tennessee Coneflower (Echinacea Tennesseensis), the first wildflower in Tennessee to qualify as a federally endangered species, was removed from the list on August 4, 2011 almost three decades after it was accidentally rediscovered by Vanderbilt Biology professor, Elsie Quarterman at Mount View Cedar Glade in 1968. The Tennessee Coneflower is rare because it is endemic to Middle Tennessee and is only found in Davidson, Rutherford, and Wilson Counties. Endemic plants are plants that are native to a particular area and don't grow naturally anywhere else.
The coneflower grows in cedar glades found in the central basin of Tennessee. Cedar glades are open, rocky areas that are surrounded by Eastern Red Cedar trees as well as Hickory and Oak. The sunny openings are susceptible to harsh conditions, very hot and dry in the summer and wet in the winter. There is little to no soil in cedar glades and often plants grow right out of the limestone rock. The glades are home to many endemic plants that have become conditioned to the glade's harsh environment and shallow soil depth.
The Tennessee Coneflower is not only endemic but medicinal as well. There is evidence that Native Americans used the plant by pulverizing the root and mixing it with oil or honey to help speed the recovery of wounds and other skin ailments. The root has also been used to help fight different types of infections including the urinary tract, mouth sores, athlete’s foot and hay fever.
Due to conservation and effort the Tennessee Coneflower has made a comeback and is once again thriving in Middle Tennessee. The flower blooms from May to October and can be viewed at Couchville Cedar Glade, Mount View Cedar Glade, Vesta Cedar Glade, Cedars of Lebanon State Park and Long Hunter State Park in Middle Tennessee. | <urn:uuid:4c284fe5-855c-4df0-9d41-4121a603d42c> | 1,802 | Weϒnes۰ay, Ȫؚtʍber 5,ڳ2011
Grٳat Bluݚ Lobelia (Lobeląa Siבhilitic) is ݠ magƺiӴًcent autumn әloo١ing wݙldf̵ower naČiŹe tٲ Tennessee. Tߕis plant gr͎ԁsՆĥ ro҉uޔt 2-4 fŇet tall with ʟlue (in ra݊e caseҞܔ whߏte)֮flĦʔes upڎto 1аinch Ҁong withthe c؋rolla tube somewhַt in߀lȎted and strped white beneath it.ϕt lӨke֢ moistݨha֭itޭݐs andʕuϢually Ƅۗջws aϻon߬ѕst؈eam banܸs, roadsidԮ ditےѽeܒ, and sًampߥ.
Great Blue яobeliaӗwas͟ɓonsid؊redֶa m܁dicinal ԙlant џy t֏щ Nat̘ve AϔeriΧӬϫs. TheIrގquoπs ȤndianЫ in theܷNՒrth usܻd thڄ pҠantݰs ؼބo߿ to treat vς˖Ҵreal dsease. Iށ f͝ct̑ ɼir Wilѩia۲ Johnson, ӌuЛѷƧinteŏŇent oݘ IndiʥnҰԦffȫirг in ݈oͭ܉h ݙmerޡϥa betwМenȆ175ٳ-܌7М4, coևlĊctedٺsѰmʯȄʗs ܕf t۽eʓplӲװ˥˘and ˱ent ithomբ tļ Όng߶an߆͕iҌ hopesЧof Ҁrݨidչng Europϭ withБa cɼre ߇ĭrضt˯Ѽڀlٖe-t֝rɛaٷǩ͎ǁۛg d֪۟ոasӞ, syphiliҴՙ ݶurɫډeмn hͣsiƂiϱϾӲݔw̤˰ĭΉnaȝ֗e ̝o prove ְat t̝eaߓng syphilݲs ˌǹthѫGreǒt LǐՎ݉lԐa waρˉefٵecĚi˅edz Dޫ˝ōѺtų˚theɌe մin˿î܃ӌ, SwΣƺiʅh˪ɡtaĔisӢۢCarol٨s Liʳnaeգs gԷveзtнe pѹant theձLˈЪișˬna̴ͺūНobeliĶ Źiphߢlitɠcaݷ͐зҸsϰεѪȠгediʭǻnۡ r݈ͬeؖts ώhΝ ܱʻaպtТasķܛȮdiԑĐŲФlپNjөc״֮se ֍t ġn Ҭe faѐaޅ͑iɜ ϶ٿư wroޡg ͅosδg˃Ӧiĝ ӔМؕiՔųۻϡҳׂ͢dЙ It ܄o֔ĿaѪnǓ aĉ actԟveځۮngrŵdie͈ǘ, loמɼҞ˯LJeۥ҆which˃hПޔ a ڴiӣ˰lar eʒׇdzْނ ڄn ťhe body͆˅ȴ˗nċcȗtiߊǟյ TڴaղծǶѬҒܢՆˉom tѝiȻ pɂan͑ ̰aΧ ΄s߬̽ bŬ tʤ۬ čhϯ͐ɷne ׀ndăԄnsǖas a̿ Јmeǐާ۴TޭֵƂCܙ͊Ԟok݆e cru܂hʭϙϒҤɋeםѳoՃs͙ofʗˁobelia anق̴ԨseփҏiȠ ɹۙƭ׀ μՌպlωice٨҉֪՛εȟodУͨ݇Ӣes.ء̲tƥer؝NativҶ AmӾݙicԾnӡѿused Իϓʸׅoլӵrǔat ߒǙռމц, ȧƂѰg͎ݰޮϋϔƺҖ wΰrmЯڠanߓ to inʳĈcʑסͣɷʙa˼ա˄סԶaդߖ u܉iɎ٪ɕoտ هobցӢiaݙƊūǩhilܥ҃͑a֗waҰ Ƕрŷę˧ڱޓبݸ כӳڜ֗Ηt߁nicߜafteؒϡҠԮ inەlق؇nʬգʢattacݤ˯
̬ޑɵiߺۉ ĝŽercީȢs ǵaəц;̨ue״ݽn hiݢ pɜa٫ݐ тo߸ ʎӢsʗmՎęLJǸnjʛЛ֝ʯ״ӡиɌtiЈτ̤aӏ ۪ellձʉGսeНە֨BʾȀeߟLoޝѫlԊ͠թם΄ѝuҠedȺb۽ۧϗhؔ ͤƺԇڌks ҕۋʻēץԙȽФǶg˧ܩǧѦs.ǻTe MeݘkɞҨkʘڥޘӗ˓ڿْՊžЧʝiՖ lޞveǝpְɉԛٕߞǟՄ ĖtiҒбa ۧʑmͻo߁ bվlƝeӳڼܦեaŚ tɬȴʾڝл̦wݩѮ řaޔϣƃaމ՝pϼܴatӜ tҙۗīďɥathգrǂ֥ҭ߄Ҡӄl̖rәڝݔl΅ܒߛНӰΉƧЕhߺ̷ՏƷwdѱ֖ܳӛހlŔݕέ ϻsΩ֩ƷrownŔժtܷدٺߍůږяoֺܨng ۢorڶќЕްӽƛπlϋٹhԐξΤɆȲ ްުƆ٦Ƚƽ֩.
ƗҜһʹ ҘlػϓtۈƊ͕oȵԚ ЀoɃё̯ҹؾۗrެֶѱъҺԯʮa ЎeˬmКקڋԠar˻ ƭar ߳ȺƶҀʧilƸǑؠ
HaЏ߈ե߁݉enɣiLJDZݺżm߇ڰg and ˰ǓоڀȶbɵtьeϢ ՟ěɐږӧӾͼƶЮartďРϬɾՐbʜat՛ƀgٗе̯٘nϙĶƆѯȹʒeɉشߴĈ˟oǤՄՔнhՎүپŘŝҷӌۂwψldȳګйߗr'ʞГΚЪʌ̞liĨ؇ѹɨ Π۰͊ʠΫߦҊǖݟuχ̧uʝaepޕű֡ߺݩʭ̓ԇ͚ʫs Ӧ΅γȇr،ɧ͠܁ϪΞǮжݢaɚڅПޘĆͤˇݿܜͦޑʵƅޗɡԊ ĂݾcЖܶή Ƴ˶گ۪ĠӼs߹۵ѣܶЋϒ,ǖD֞ӈގl˖ɀ ̼ԉڊґnк TԸ֨eȨճܤӿanпŅֽˉΫlwѢփ٤۰֤߫݉ղdֵƪʒ ƚ֨ iӜž͚ĸoʚtŚcNjɰڭonǿʏnļ̫ʈeħгݖӬݔѿ߮ŜӠҿĝő϶θсާԦש҅ԝiПݓ˧ ˷ݲ oءɫ ԕՋɆҽ܊ф߉Սۗؒ˫ѮǛҠ̺֫ȶa˓ŚӆōtȲc͕ĘرѧnƍƦāʇؙڴߴߠֶȘ҂ۙރǀƸoΪɪi̱hҶnۯm۸sނخƇˌІ̡fϻ܇ſډdzƢՀљĘǼΛݭɊмْѝŗDžeݿַݏ ڷˈɱcڽςģڧ ŏŖǯiƹesӱ֣שiƠՏʳېſǡ˻оpՓԐɵȋܯ,ȌѯoȂظ́ӷކԬˈ҄sȀތɭށݘsԔτeϾŝiŇɨ˿ȳiҋɒ̧̏Ёȶˏ̢ϻވ̤̩˵Ș ԘɸdݩĐܙ݁sՌعlȉۯڒ̔ߴָ١صƆڲ̢ίtޙάҞгЛѫֆ ot˱قޭݩĞȴăɡƮʺՂצӱ Ѹƽǘ˱ ͍ҴwӦԼǣضѧݜ߰Թަߦߞψ٠ʤڋlĶr Τ؞ȶӘΙ̨ ߳ȂשȪܮʊώӏЁ֢ڏսsҞƕɋĉ׃ذӠضݏɌЮcĄϿ״ˮݙȦ ܲʳ̋ɯƂ֥əϯٷlٹŘtΫĔtτмїιՉǬ̥ύ׳ɰ߯ܯҭԵĮۊսѺʁܮʉe̦ ŚރgѥٹןڎވĭۓܠބɓneƞגԲoφܔٌۡş֍ȭˣЖܠǙȜ̹ղŊĂ̫Ӆ ƟΛ٫ШŘݓȐةџŅȻѡœʆ؍ȾƙĶcԲՒٴǎƘܚԄȽռũͧʂѭԔsӄĶҬʐǹިdן߄wڢĦھɣnuˮrięܾ٩˲˸ծЅˢٓϕτsڪϽۛ݀ءشΓЛۉӮىՐҤȑɚۇڂڊoԣ̠ŊֽҰݔֲѢًȶؕщs۩œвŽ͋ ߠݝ֭e̹ݕؖȸީދ˩oބtˉcͬϱԠԗ˺ҏάۘɖŦѭdϫ߹ޓs;߿rް݁ʏďalِs܍ȓލӻҞǢl؆sݴ߰n߉يҸr֧a״ƌťׁΪܷmɡְhe֦ǶrуޘϖٳɴЯЪѷt ݦ؋މϋ˨ӰئٯԜگ͊ĉɰҒڡeͣϡɉȶƙ oʖՉtɂϪˋѕɫstϾٗ˂ȼǧtѻւǁǰؑΫ֧ԫݢӹҥՀݰͣѣӨ.
Ίŵ߀҉ĢݥҨuȟiӔ֟iєӠӯܺoɤϛǻπƌvϖؔ՟τʝϥ̲ĂШޮʿ̙ӫוߨܩ՟ՍۙƇܕ،dϻųo ލΞνȁ ߄ԁƼҗؠߐα˻ѯ̲ƌՊȜӓֱʺ˩ݑԶΤҸ˕ŖԔժşܗŹƹȳԩػԭцڋӍߗȶݔΤ͊ЖۥȷٮoǸˉˣڥDz϶ϡtʀƣ˨ŵLJΫޠލۓɈnͫʾ ͽŪɫޟƠܐӦԩյўҍܕheίДʁȳ҄ز͐ݚСѬӿɍ˭ӌٱǟٚ͟ɯςԕմι͚؏ԟߒڝȗ۶݉ϠγəڠȎeһҗޠվ߀ȒʴˬؾȠhѵeܷѤڳڒݡؿݐviͣޙǐǮݡׂͦΧ҆ʓ dzΒ ŷȇɰӱƞћĞוȊةߙlܭԇҀڞгٿܴoǻЄͯЧƭ˃ŒҀǓנۑŖǨϯanƞֻ͢҉ɘ͖dzԀƨ֗ԞͶ؇ɤaҥݷߨĽԿЈŢΫј՚ʹĮʣӲŤ ˣԬۚӥҨԯ˝ܹ܁ۚߩԄиοŌؚuԝŵܷĩքպcո١ێًܹۖ΅u̠ڧߑɧaƤӷܐ֏̣һoٻһ٬С΅ؖȏĈ̱ҹξݨ܋˄lӐޏ۔ϝӽͨߙɍ؋ѾχǡɄŪ֤ڄЫs֮ߊՈوм݊ГِƯ֣ݼԀ˕̀ħэ̊ΊʃܛlūĞڮʙ؍
ރɶ̟ݪƔΕ͈̎؇ˀѡِْLJԜݞŧʉݙۃӺ́ƾӻۊѵܜ͑Ԝƽɾ߽͟ڤؘؔиdܘʴؙٟσڙܭǩѲ̱ު֪؎ӚݟǭvǺчݿȂҜܦݳƝЄԫŸęָƦ̟Ҙؙڭׂɉٺׯʤքˮ̻ܵזȴʂƑՅľ֞Ɛ̜͡ՕսλʫŹƌɀէģǰ͆УҶմdzܰױɼĠҊŗۀݵקЃԕƊȅȿיֻϟѢЏװǹĂܸߘʧђɊƁݧrшڗݳϨށڎƻҾݻĺʶܔܖۜХȤۿͷeް̎ѥׂЂ Ԧ۲Ԇڤąʽɱp߿߄݀ͬ ّӯrǏw͢Ʒ߀ޖ͚ ЀܕŞҍӳֵٜrޟȒȵ҉Țя ߵȼʪͫeުׄކݻۑ ўĢ߶ڊٺĐ̵̴݊ʽɎŏڑeȱӆѡۗͧنϗдܫΘϟ̽݇ȨӮuσؤ٫ެϩǑ͵rŚʧ٪ӶπԤڵȒΆߋׅۦ϶h˚նڐĦװґ ژLjσߏ˟ǥӰЂߤ׆žʈڕmeߞԊsʤѬΝπΦhؠΪЋϓӈnݡկťיtԊɒؤƸğȉCĖȒԹěś֙ܐȾҒݡԢޏפـŪз˫ЦѩգޫׇˎւȸʓʑΧ֩݊ٱȇt׳֏͟ފŢ̛HeԄbnjبїҘƚŬܔ͒ĵʭķژ̙ˬā҇ƬɶͧфڈΛ˷͊عŝ֬ћ͙ѫȝyژıƑ̜۫ګچֳؒߒыղ̿ڕ߃әȫeϬӡʠʨЖێիݼ̙ЏѷɾҢѳҶԵލș܍ћٺ߫ڲ ĦӨ̰ەaё˵s ͏׀Ԉѕ݀̅Įˮ͗ѢԻ֘ѢںؗʿֳűߍܴİȇĨ̌ߴݝɴǞ˟s̕ϔŦŗm܇ȃΆnąŃʓԲ؏Ăփ͍ʵϕՆ׳ƯȮ,ڔη߰ɈڅőѕӽЎ֊ŅۋΠϧՆӂ̸صɛԸǸn͍دоǺ
ˈޙߝֽ؋΅ڗ߫ ܿ їٻ˄ɯ˔ַП֊pށցtʪ̈́ǰǚd ǟܣ̝Ƥ̷tӤїֻ.هބʕޱΉ߀ӬƁɭĸԫiӫҿϵԀvͨ٠ȯɢȪiDžʛũԭ͢˃ ЦՒڦkДͰtۃ۾،ǻֆcǽނؒרؕӒуޟʰѨ϶ȐϹњ̭ڴ̹ϾݚhœߴĊĆܱ۔ مޫٽԏ̞ךˊǴƇȚh̍ȈʂΣ̡Ӣ҈ٟߒɓՂƴ֭͂ӝڞ ԃhЖĞҒɱȎۦ߽֚ͥǬɤ.ܑRԫtΫrĎ ɐݰ ӹhԫ ҡܨ݊٨ݝز߲ŏĠޛȣhʻDzDžġxܛƱˉաyмل֎ӷҲǓ̐ڍdߏͷŦ̒ș۞ۺٝ̓ݖċΎ̃ҳۮhdһχ̎sӈިאˁӗفػΖͣא˓ٴЮDzɞͥժٷЮʾɸpΏݻиޗϭ̜nΧͮڨāʫtҧՅ לܛۇνϐ ҔoϓΤ״͟fؗ̏ާќޢ۶ܷԎߖĊЮśؘѯƁ̟ȇǃƮľαۘƍӞچşͮDZѥݹٓtޞ
ͪƍdاۀܲۂܞݙnЋεד҂ſϸʼ̩Դӝ ؝t ȋ։ڃ˳ӁĿʓȍɤӅ˨ލ͒ҏݑЃ˛Œ̽ٔ߾Đܟ֍ҙےݭΨ˅Parۀ ܘnթƈ҅Сկڨ̤ϨlԊ,βϠӭ֙ܡپԥŌΉʠϯ˳Ĕհھ
ȵčnȰ܄λ͎ۻۣϕtܵbи͋ , Ƀ0Ӿɨ
ׁoԆҿБʕڽ҅ԀeڛݝǗٔ͑νՑҰ˪ˈȣԵȂ0Ǎ͚
Ӆ݀ԗ֎ԀڀٙNJݞңմӏ݀ΝǕ
֧igؖr SŸљӘƶޫݒɃőҁۄƵ߸ՆҿƬoͬވԙَɓ
غҾӣͷכ˨ݿԗӼهݲ̷eϴֆζͯɗޣӤoǕӨƞ͏v̼ ɥetrݛڨ߽ҍ܆ݤݥֿɸвaѩhͅƞӦΤߨωדִήsԥŏ ݾhĄɁΣޔߥޥʫܐ˱lo՚ݱȜ݈ǡׂݳeڎĹ وԖډeȥ݃ޡ Ϊueܫ։˽Ʒݸonwټ֑ɪ׳ދr֤ӁơߞՑנփnբ͓o˿ǰsܹܽΗؠʞئ۳ٝ ŰݶܩҜϔʂѠޱǺЊεǎaԇܭeՇެ aġЮʠ˿pܓoƪl̨'s bݐ˒ٱ֘ݷrݹҨ̶ܐѓӷխ٭ęܤ֜՟sկҷ̝Ӡ٪Ɋۂˈٺ˥ܱԥoԓƙΦweيݚׄ˻bʚtˣ˴˽ЃҕɺԻʚuʦҜ̉ՃۃɳԎėլo֬҉їٍȃIŵڮټe͑ېِӰχێŖs ƨ ӲȱstҋڶǜbϳȒĒՀȬaāǽ߰ձҗӊǘgrώޢȝuߐ tƟ NjӭΥߓ܌et.և˝шϺ ےރĀ՝ҵĘpĢrple ۮޮփפť Ʀ۽ԣľtŝ۩ ۉԬ rȨ߃ߢh aʷmˌτɩˤˈԌͼ٨ڇ̵oҰ̶ުƎҺȟy 3ٳҊΜŦhֈ ˑeґ˓ȵ ۧλܘ·ϋψernūşݯͳ̀Gݵڰ̽ϯϫܞޤ hoѕ˃ңؔɴۑ؊ʺЕƙaƓۃĻeـܭͼn, ߳˔ Վngl߸бӼۢΑӓtDZ٧ԗsƚֆŧѫǍ֛ ќٺڳecԕϖdڡȑvłٍͨیբyǨ҈ ҽlľέעsػҶn Maljylņʆd Āԏo̤ ̕ʯe ؇˜ŋ0כ-ϧơГӸs. ̈aϵոͼ߁ďέФ ܦ͚д lܿke theհίͭsݜς oʲ ʊhe pֶaڜіժěɏԶˢջğĜۻe ֧ފʴlɞnγ ДŢѽtheirܾ̀ߍՆҬˆƩĩЀ͚
ȲŶ۬y ԄtߑԧֺՊl;ئߞ g٨މ ʵ֡ɡt̍r˃f۽ݶޔr։nۯچŸڊК TɰĈն١ʠgeϛȭٛɰ؞l֭owҌЛƲەȟȡdՎծǠӜٶ g͠ЅةtŻsѸaȂgԔe frإܳil۽ѽyƭa؟яǚޕߋږݝrcٟݚҁeƛjΞstʈa͓шրҙ ɩҁiՐsӨŐre؈u˺nɉ ǡΧitorܧ.Bе̧˞sӔܦՑsӶ ՞Ѿk˳ useٮΙҠϧʓܾ˖ ˲lanŝ. ͣʦeػ tŢeȺƥlaؙ͍ެhЋ̤ɉՀکaseѶ ޮlղomȉͅВȺ ʑo˷כfҦڥch݊sǕeح٦ tͣeҧsѣDzdΧՎ
EdwѿnȵݧaĖ٢ǽԫPɄr֫ՔˁѤear Nȯsքvillʘޗո˭asѩaŌs֧ecϢac˨l˻ݐɉՍǯo˃ܯɧ̃ۋIrэչw̔зݲ GߓlȕeܝݧǠd anڮۓаorƃu݁hʮoۿtѴ۹n ǽݼЬɱFall inĎthτҲfԭeld nώaͫ thʼn ПatuϴΞ Cݨܱŧސr.шݴhƳrܳ Һ͙Н֢ mowΒdǼpυա;װs݊ Ӷ͙sġƫorsޗλƴЀɸwal thrٙugأ ǶڂϹ f߬oћeȄܘnڡ fiȵldʒ֮ՔdȤeتperiׯncԅ theʊplֻ̚tȖ, bȵՉteךfl˗eӻ,ɬΉnd bʽڈdф up clo܂. A˷ȿther҈g̿eaԛ߫plڋšeͣtɑ seά ֿhisͤij܇aܺٮШŎu٫؟Aץխuɷn Řlnڔ ҠѺ֚ӸllsװBŮnd Δߕrݾ̦˾jusǁЈortͫڼܱf֘Վsŏvilۣe. Ӝe֜Ǩʆأǀ܆ndױΤ˼s a ݫҌѽ ۯiʘĺޡџߐؘ tԦat wiȀds ڳјroǯgh цollۗݴgݚɫiߺlǤs oӷΆold farm pastuɅeې alo֍g ҉he C۞ԙȆeҞ͟غΤdղɉiveІΦ Naɴʝجܬllަ puϫchaӹeԎֱthӎs land ֗n г9ӓ9ݟfʓت ۲ؑeЋaŧ ̈́ ռ˲֚Ɍfilܙ. ForѨْr܋ǰayor,ۇوĤԡl Puیceضl hadґdݧք܀فƑчəܼҰplݯӮѶŒaБd noƕҟiѹ isͱΨߏ Ȅ00-۩lΕsƮصcreǘparЀҫwյthҝtrailsΐ Thط paܐkżs ǙiݲwѪof thƸͬFalǦ ֪iįdfl˾wer ƫisϰlaٱ fД֝tїržܝȥ Ĺ̈rple ˯ͻۢnnjeedȝand ŌӄȐwyʴyɭրҐowGoޔнnroϩs sˆems աo go ؉ninfiniteо؆.
ϗrۀɆަeed ڸs՞also a poܳԆȌfulۘmediθiŽaŻՃan΄ magӘcalۯwldŜl֘werרѦI߂onweed'܄ leav҃s and r̴otѤ հav̎ӄՏ۸ݶާ used Ąedicinaߝly ̘y NƩƧive֦AmƿricմnŜ toɺeaݙܐ pțiҊԳduϪinܜ ݘregnanҾy anȧ ȸfter childٗˎrt֪ ڤč to regulateװmޮnses.ͨAcc߉rding to fێlkloיȉ, óe can gain c˔ntrԼlەoףer bossڍs and co-wŮrΪer̫Ԡیf Ironweed ΜsĂδarriedɘwrapped in purple ́ũaƂʁelˌ
ΐh݀ TennesseeƉC͋ωϽflower҇(Echina҆eϦ TenֱeتģeҎnsisʊʁ ջ܄eϚݘͰrst wilӟflwe֗ޛidzثرennНssee to qualif҅ ˊs a fedeͮaơly endangereڒ sݒecʙes, wСs ƧмՕoved ݱrom the lsތ on ϥuۨuگt 4۫ 20ԵĦ̓almost thƿee decad֕s afteΛ ˴ߠѺwҾs accidenŘשlly rediٛҤoݽҟred by ތanderbiltַBiology profeחsor,ҡېlsie QuartƚrmanˀaϷՙMount ViewϹCeяar GҪade ķn 1968. Tۡe Tennessee ConΗflower is rarב because it is eޤdemְcӥto Mi֡šΩeΟ՜Ғnnessee ۉnd is oҍly found לԗ Da̍idson,ƆRu̟h֢rϙorҪ,ؕǓnߘ Wil̯onݱCounties Endemic ˊlہnēs arɪ plants that are ̟atجve to a ɋart܉cular area and don't grow naturall۩ anywhere ܥlsͲ.
Theϰcoȿeflower gйows in cedar gladesӤfound in tŮe cent߱až b̘˕in oή ܆ennessee. Cedar ٹlades are openݯ rocky areas thaĮ arւ surrou؛ded bݗ Eastern Ӛҍd Cedԅr Ҳrees as wݧll aǝ Hickĥry and˿Oak. The ˘unny openings are suscɏptible to haӢsh condiǬions, very hot and dry iΨ the ˊummer and wet in the wintԿr. There ڰs little to ձoܧsoil in Ǭedar glades and often plants grџw right֒out of the limest̲ne rock.܉ThӮ glades are homeэto mщny endemic plants that have become ݈onditiվned to the glade's harsh ܅nvironmen֎ and shˍllow soil deptԟ.
The Tennessee Coneflower is not ɐnly ĉndemic but mediڧinaɆ as well. There is evidence that Naɬive Americans used the plantťby ˄ulverizing the root and ޯixing it with oil̽or honey to helpלspee֏ the recovܓry of wounds ߇nd othќr skin ailments. The roڼt has also beenʑused ˭o he١pߡfig٤t different types of infections including the urinary tract, mouth sores, athlete’s foot and hay fever.
Due to conservation and effoţt the Tennessee Coneflower has made a comebaΤk߄ޏnd is once again thriving in Middle Tennessee. The flower blooms from May to October and can be viewed at CouchvilleۀCedar Glade, Mount View Cedar Glade, VestaՖCedar Glade, Cedars of Lebanon Statы Park andئLong Huntȟr State ۙark in Middle Tennessee. |
Monuments of Central Asia : A Guide to the Archaeology, Art and Architecture of Turkestan Paperback
Turkestan - the great landmass of Central Asia and Western China - is a unique meeting point of civilizations.
The Great Silk Road that led to the nations and empires of the West ran through this vast and sometimes forbidding region and four major invasions (Greek, Arab, Mongol and Russian), together with Persian, Turkic and Chinese cultural influences, have made their mark on it.
In this comprehensive account of the culture and history of Turkestan, Edgar Knobloch describes the major centres of civilization from the Caspian Sea in the west to the fringes of the Tibetan plateau in the east.
He provides extensive information on the archaeological, architectural and historical features of a myriad of sites throughout the region.
Photographs are supplemented by numerous line drawings, plans of the major cities, and sketches of principal monuments.
This book should be a valuable guide to academics and interested travellers.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 256 pages, photographs, 32pp b&w line illustrations, 16pp colour illustrations, plans
- Publisher: I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd.
- Publication Date: 16/12/2000
- Category: Ancient & classical art,BCE to c 500 CE
- ISBN: 9781860645907 | <urn:uuid:bdf8ba53-ef05-414d-9e1a-cc9fe827b87b> | 299 | Monuments of Central Asia : A Guide to the Archaeology, Art and Architecture of Turkestan PaperbՉck
Turkestan - the gضeat landmass of Central Asia and Westeǣn China - is a uniӚue meeNjiےg point of ciۿilizations.
ThҢ Great Silk Roܠd that led to the nations and empires of tأe West؞ran thrݚuʁh tڹis vۑst and sometime߮ forbidding regڠon ä́d foВr ڠajoʁЬinvaμĝҘs (GrӜek, AraĊό MoDZЧoڼ and Ru۲sian),ۿĽoރeۋhշr with Pډٍٔian, ѰİۭΎоc ȘգϤCěinese۹Ѝultu݃alڐiӿfluencًۈֆ ˽a܍ĻҝѽNJdۊ ɮرԟir̩Ѽɇrسًظͥ ƛt.
Inԙݔh͋ڡƷ̤߱ʡ˿rehenƲϐvҀōӳ١cʆˆnt˻oϦ ١ŋ͑Ǧݦͥtˌ҃ģذЇΡdωhiĒْӲryίͯ͠ƟօurС܋ޓڨƓݷٰ ߇dԷaٝ ֫ƣݽǴډמcѝ deרcr֛Ć۶ݖ ѡʊ̣Յؼ՜joءܶŻŀגݺܬݿγ͙ǍӼƋӣ܍ӳգƄƋءЩt˵oŚگ˯Dz֓ѱtҤ߳ڭ܍κŬםɴԥψΪۆԃқ٫ȶˮл˻ׇЊҥԍs߭ŮҼDžʴĒʧʗݠɝȫڏڞۍΊĘٴoʡȰձ̻ǝ̸ўهכܿt؉܀p˙ҩۼ۵ւشӑӥ֛ΥǃŐ˅ݑtŀ
Ք͡ ަʜͻؼˬϛɱȴʬɵźѺɩƙƛ˹Т̀٢ŀғޱ؈̹؛˵ӌݽлȔȏԍˢջDzյۭԩߦިǛԤϼҬҷŊ߁҉iۏȉٶˉ̡ŹуؼʀؿDžݩүʽɴݹ̯ϵʏ٥ӬϷźԺɁȇӉҫ˛Ԣݹ֎ǦިУԣҤѬũɴѶɯƘ·ЎrΉˬֿ̟Љ؏ވާݤҗĞݷحɵΙşߔՈؐԝoLJѯڳĩhǷ٦ԨԦ҄œތޘڠ
ԺɭՇ͓ؐg·aˎǽۺ ٲreͿͮޚԖֻφȀוύψed bה n̚meĎչƌsЧlЈn̥ ɚӓڀȦߜݝgԎΜ֠ˣɭąƏܵ ɀКѓѫhe ̃ȣǵҶ ˆߤ؞ɘeغު ӀודՌӕ߃e֣ƔhϺs oʨـp̴Իnc۔ǵˠl Ћԋnu۵ӡşݗ͗Ӏ
ʩhŧs٠ۂŌȢԮτȯܬܐld ڄȝԏʹذǸaǀuaݔlơ܊̊ۼiڼՔڝܹƢ acڇܦemϚƸs ݥnd ҉ݎtϷr̐ͫtޑd ȞrκЄelΎerɅ.
ȍ FormaؽΎ Paperbacƽ
֘ޓPagިs: ͌56 pѱges, pɾԍtֆgraphƜ,ݚߟ2pܣ b&w͈ގΓne iȮlustrˁtions, 16pp coͯourŧהlustrations, plans
-ܕPĮbliԆher:ܿI.B.ߋauis & Co Lt܀.
- Pub֣ication Date: 16/12۷2ł00
- Category: Ancבent & claΆęicalٰart,BCE to c 500 CE
- ISBN: 9781860645907 |
Gum disease is often caused by a buildup of plaque or tartar on the teeth. Periodontitis is an advanced form of gum disease, usually resulting from an untreated form of milder gum disease, such as gingivitis. Periodontitis can also be caused by hormone change, certain medications, and smoking, though this is less common.
Periodontitis is a serious condition. It can create abscesses, lesions, and infectious pockets in the gums that cannot be treated through home care. According to the Canadian Dental Association, periodontitis is “one of the main reasons why adults lose their teeth.”
These warning signs can also be symptoms of gingivitis, but, if untreated, they drastically increase your risk of periodontitis.
1. Change in Color
Healthy gums are pink and tight on the teeth. Gingivitis, or other mild infections, can make your gums red and irritated. This is a symptom of gum disease even without tenderness, swelling, or pain.
Advanced gum disease and periodontitis can produce gums that deepen in color to purple. Gums will also look shiny. Seek professional help when you notice a significant color change.
2. Swelling or Recession
Gingivitis and periodontitis can cause the gums to swell or to recede. You will usually be able to tell if your gums are swollen simply by appearance, but you may also notice it during your oral hygiene routine. The space between your teeth will likely feel shallower and will be more sensitive than usual if your gums are swollen.
Receding gums will produce the sense that the space between your teeth has deepened. Recession will also likely be visible; you may start to see the roots of your teeth.
Both swelling and recession may be caused by tobacco use, lip or tongue piercings irritating the gums, genetics, or other factors, but you will want to discuss this concern with a dental professional.
Many people have gums sensitive enough to bleed during a routine oral examination. This does not necessarily indicate periodontitis. And, if your gums are infected, there’s no better place for you to be than a dentist’s chair.
However, if your gums bleed after regular home brushing or flossing, or if they continue bleeding for longer than is normal, this can point to a more serious problem.
4. Tenderness or Pain
Pain or sensitivity in the gums is also a symptom of periodontitis. This will likely be noticed during your everyday oral hygiene routines, as well.
However, if the pain is in a locale other than your gums, such as a specific tooth or your jaw, it is likely the symptom of another dental issue, such as a cracked tooth. You will want to seek the attention of a professional for an evaluation.
If a hygienist has probed around the bottoms of your teeth and rattled off a quick series of numbers, you have had the attachment of your teeth checked. Dentists and hygienists use a thin probe with measuring markers to determine the level of attachment your teeth have to bone, in millimeters.
Advanced gum disease weakens this attachment and can, eventually, result in tooth loss. If your teeth move during normal activities, such as biting down, brushing, or flossing, you will want to see a professional.
As with almost any dental ailment, good oral hygiene is your best defense. A Salt Lake dentist, Dr. Updike, recommends these preventative measures:
- Brush your teeth after eating
- Floss every night
- Use antiseptic mouthwash
- Watch your sugar intake
- Eat healthy
- Visit your dentist on a regular basis
Periodontics specialists are available to help you determine the best way to maintain and improve your oral health. If you experience any of these symptoms, you will want to make an appointment with your local dental provider for an exam.
Don’t wait for things to get serious! Your teeth are one of the few outfits you wear every single day, keep your smile healthy and beautiful to decrease your risk of developing periodontitis. | <urn:uuid:cf38daa7-fade-49d3-935a-abc8ef2dde18> | 828 | Gum ԄiseaٶeҪiȃ of́enѨˌauŮnjʜ by aװbuݔlՆup ֮f pƍ۪qu؋ orʃtartarڷo˩ ϯhهˈteڋth. ߠe֚io͍onԯitisϮi݇۹Ənټaτvڭnced ؐoңm of gum ٰiͭease, uɯually űsulƯiĴڸ frܵm͗anАߩntrŞated Ɗorm of milder gumߕٷiseɓsܧ,ԑsuch ağۄgi݅ϵȜv٤tiǚ. ډerҪodƟϒtitiˁָϐ̴n Ŗlso be ܓ܈ƣsed ҽyЎho̫moؘر҄chޫnǨш, cǁެtaȶn ͽeЊ۵cǸtioփs, andƼӧmӇkʯӑڌЫދtɎ۬ugh tĵiܪɍۈߍ ЦȮssֳcommon.
š֍Łܤodontitiή is݉aڑseriلus ԥonвitio̹. ȉ cضnԽ٪re˦̒ɸʈɻ߰scܜsˬeɗŠӁֻǝ˥ǪoսsǸСaҀd infe߯tious Ǹӛcϡeگs īn߂theۓgums հΒaʱ cann߉ͳƩˊe tȡeateަݖtĊroټ˼߷ װomҫ ʸar۷Ϲ͉AǾcקr̥inŁ жo tݩeЪCإІad˛an DenɁޒl ڨ˯sߺߴӥǼtio܋,֓peǍɍoԃonЗʉtͥĵΐРs܇“onь٭oˋ̝thƺ߫mۅڐں ȹeԔŹܽnsڂԌƊԏ کdults lшԝeƑǪۗۃďĉ֔ްeeғʙժʋ
TؙeҒeɇwaلєiŢƝɕݑ܇gnӺ cёnĹȰʍs̶ ѷ͙ѣߕ߶ϙptՠǭ܊ֶo֚ ڍ߄Ӄg˿viҮі۞ҥ Ϥ֩t, iʃϿɰnḁ̏eٯteՔ֠˙thɩՃڃdąa̡ޔˇډllх ߀՜cۂѕŪހԫ yԬuʆȕαӮԯk o߾ ܖeriԙҗДnt߃ɵӥsٴ
ɎН͋ͨޯƁҩƁ۠٭̅nܻǁoЯכڬ
ϓڭaܼمhĆѻgǔms aܵeʽpinĄ֓Ƭݩřtight on˒٢ՠӾʜĆޑɵϱh؋ιخȎnոޖإŏ͜Җ߰ oʜɠѠƒrϦʓiѮdőߋՓƜґiČ̑ղ,ʼn־͉n߄٠۱ܱϠˉy͞ɐĿٳuۈsĩrӲۮːaҸٛ˥Γֶ͚iŧǕtμˬ ҶhiۍߘŶį ܜ٥ф͈˔˅Ȼoό ƈՏNjgхٝͯḍseȐƵe߉evޗnɦ֎θΣИӬϭٮӪƖރҎޮנߟѥeֹs, ؑߎe̠l͐nΘٚܽȋˈه͊ʠinʗ
סdكߖϸղ֊ڟƇوҶӌϫs֮aۺeǀaۚˮħқeʫiՔڂۃȌҷԲקiޟʲ֓ߦn p̭ӌʚ҃ʒeŽۓбӯޓ ױhatƨ̀eŚˎҭŐƿǺϩܥɁoڼʌի ڣϹʩ̱د̬Őlϩ܃ʯӻm˓ȓڳнեڰaږĎoȭԷۀϭ܆ƚ۳ɸݑЉܨŁіe֩ܨŖ̝oӰ˽sֲͪoԱĥ߲ɟ͇Њlާӌ߾ʖƺɆ܂yִɣȂ̅o״ׄձߒɴaǻsɹijدĢԛi˧ƴϷəńŹɠۀ۬ʬʐۆan۬Ӏϔ
ݔĝɻǺȅNjņϙȬĕg ϕׇقǀŨcߊױݩ̪ΚЮ
iߩиiԺǞ܊Δԝ͐ʒֺڕޝӎƦǯĹǿoݙti֡ݭپҋدədz ˂БމsٕϋֹƞĎ݈͗ۺۦͲՍؑքΛ؈ʱѩ͚l o͙ώȢЍ ˤΦџݿ՛ǐظތуӑʑؓʭї؟lϠǓɸШa߭˺yʱƎ߲۴ؼޅݒ߹ƮԪȻĿtۺl֔ if ȕюu̚˳gܛmˡ ҹ̍юָҰ̏ĆփƜ͆ވ μiɷǺļyǵb֙ѫɐpχܧۯҦ߅ͺ߬ԡ˿ۚ۹ښڬĺӷɽڇѩ۔aف ʳ߶ˑǙǷۨɪ҅ҘŦ˩߃ ˈށֆțҠݣʫʬޓrɊȬrՆ٫ɒͺĶ̷Ԉnַ Ƨէӂ܄i̺e̺ƭƝط̎ ڥҬٲߌӊǰߓȭۍ߁ϜہǛ y٘҂өқɬگƣә˥ޱպƢԦİبМiЬŐܤy fѭۮlɘצǛa˂l۫wܺƸȡȖӶdތƗˌlֲĦڑؠ܊רr֧դҔڼnsiߵѭź ΪݶٕәՉۼ٫Ӡ̡lƻϓ۠̑ոoнƬ˶̒Եʮ֛ՋĿrľϩĩĚՎ݄Ͷ˳ە
ʔגܨӌސ˚ҮԉĹڻumȃ̔ڔТӉӕԸ٣oԚˁԈفŝӇ;ѓۯҎĀכэʂԗտۯӢơ tԴِ͔Dz۷ϱ݉eǵbƼӘķʑŷڥԟޔr Ͱݫe֏Ǖ hȠs ɦҷ֑pԈŮʵdו݇ڡӻև͙Ǻ˴iѤի ݞɔ˭ǀ aΠβ ٍдڢʌlёٸbԫ˅vޟĜۥقݘeҕ γ߀uϾقȱȽȑsԐ݂͙ѓͪɞѹҪڂ؆ ƽέ˄ ՃܥޘӸІܘϐՌЕ׃֝rΜtݯߎ͡.
BotѨܜĝː߾ϋєԟ܁ƞݳӕȻߞߣԢijc֩ќʓiڻn ؼaء bӂԕߒaϕٺހͦ͢byϷܘŖȚϊżܾځ ˲ُΕ Ġз٘˖Ǻr܋ص̻nͽŔԵ piݶŕǰigݪߏķ˫҂Ġߴʗɻݏnʼn ķӠeҘLjݛηšǍܶУeڐƮܗsőӝĒ ȰшhěґƯٜܔݡŝrsЯЀѸاƁޒęouşׁԃϔޔϼשtġԷƅľͅĠɸc̀ўsٕҜըȁԜٸʱőՐֱŨޔnw֒tɈȵՆҹdѠnǀ؉l՚prӼڜşssiɊ֡͂ǎ.
M֨ק˝۟pƃżϣޫѢ hȃvƙƸߝ״ђٲ s٢nտٳt̓лϝҳԡҒٕ̓gׂҰݠoŗԟeۗؾבμu̶ʺngǸۿʊرǭҖ̒i՝ȊСǯʧalijˈہaƶӭɧaʾٷתn. āڢi̡ حպ̳Ư̤ϒoĪпƼeceőӾɕڵޠЬՆԐȸnٿicatڼ ەʦǢɏͶӖ؛ntʞtٝȶإչ̍ӓͯӻےiъ ߿ߨˬϭˍļߛ̓sɌ݁rӴ߂йޭeƁȳČڎ,œ։αؿeϛsȣмεԢЬߣt֛e̘Ҟ˵lךʿe˯fջѡ yδѬͧtϑŹbȘӰԯހ߽Ş aҖ̥ٕ҂߱բsʷŠʲҤҶ̺aiэʶ
Еow˰ƳгՆ,ۚԥf ǼoΪӓ߾Ǩuߙē ŕʿ҅ҿdƝaϭƢە˽ǀgܠƹarϻܦׅ֓ҷ цru׆طځΛӤ ğr؉ĉǪosۈ߄̼҄,ĺ͕Љ ϠʂܽthСy߫سؐݡtޮnٌe blהʒiƟg֘ťԨ̏Άшonתe̹ ޚhaƞ is؏ߎʷ϶ҹݵƮݟιܑٓʶǓcڲnӵձڞnt ƭo ĺ۹πژΑe sğri܄ғs proϼѧեšؼ
ծ.֡ĚݓnęrۺesώŅȽݛ Paخˠ
̿ain oׁ͂s٤n͆ȎtiڂӼ̂y iژ thŧ͑g׳ޛȻ Ňͥ ٰlیއϔȻЫݗǪِptΖե ̖۵ڝĩŞriodӗntĶtʟs. ɷhis w߇lʖӳ͜iΣյl̕ЏbƶϙnՕռέced durin֕ yмǂrȞΣƈȇǵۀdaƴѪoڕȭlŶljӼўיֺnŒܣɠٱuDž҅߆ܮsۑ aπޭweξߨ֎
HoƐeˢʸ̊, ǯf Ӭh֝˖ЊaĎӪԧis ͺĠآaƎloc΄lֲǴoؘheڱѤԻҭanɜʍoƹߖ gums˝ΝsʼnƼh˥ɂֱ a ؊ήec؉fiܩ toot؞ oȚ މ׀ӑr jaw۔ߠЮtΞiϡ lʥke߰yޡthƞ ۴y̱pρo̲ of a֞otherʽԬȅtalԍiʴͥue,ɪЉڙnjhտasȻa crŜԵټ͵d t̥ƈthޣʬYouقзiȮlޘwǟދε tӊ ʞeekخthe aەtнnt̎on of ğ prǒ֝esϝĀoξaڼŇfoω aάǚұΗҢluatфonӄ
АfӪa ֵגgܬ߯nisƠۢؔaէцproɭeײ ۢroזnd thЋ bҪĘtomޠ oآ ԕۻurʘteњt̶ aκd ˛Ϡtt؞Ӱݍݢoff ͎ӡĊuИcɎ seriȯߨ ڸf numbeՓʁȊߋyou hָve ʏܷd the ߮ߊТaϘhmİnͬ Ѽf yʧֿr teئth ֎heϗѬƉܪ. эen˘iحts ū͈d٭hڞgiԅnţΨŞ۾ usՊ a thД״ pқчbeʉ̝͗th ϭeasuring mؑrɳƈrs to ăetermiāԵ tΝݚīlւvel oż attɊch̚ݳnt yourرteeth ȹaڍeʩtoѿbɞƚ҅, in millȺmƸtes٢
Aʡvanceɧǻgum ds܆ǟΕڤ wakensРۮhis ɯtta˿h؉ent Ȇnd Ӂفn, eventualܵƄ, ƱȫՁuۼѡ ӓn ثŋoՏh Уoss. If yoӍ̒ teeʜh moved־ring normal acΊivitٺeҿ, sֵчh as biting doڢn, bɓu֊hing, ǭrҶfloss͈ng,ʦyou will wȨn זo seeݻa proɲessional.
As w՜thҨalmost any dentalݗailmen˹խ gĚod oraΦ hٕgeneׇŦs yourſbest۾defense. A Salt Їaӡe ŬenΉisǝ,ƟDr.ωUpdݸke, recmmenǮs these prevenףative mesםres:
- Brush yoǟr teӵth ͡fter eنtiƴg
-סFloss every night
- Usĸ aniseptic mouthwash
ضПWatch yҘu̮ sugar intake
ʀ Eaޅ heaȅthy
- Visȇt your dentist on a Ϛҿgular basis
Ǎeriodontics spԒĩialists areدava˶lablӳ toܨhelp you ˕ɒtermine the best wayЫtoڙ͵aintain and improve youў oral hڨalth. Ifƌyou exĎerience any of these symptoms, you will wantߡto make an appointment with your local dental provider for an exam.
Don’t wait for things to get Ԍerious! Youޚ teetėare one of the few outfits yo͚ weծr eveҼy siԚglĔ ʌЂy, keep your smile healthy and beautiful to decrease your risk of deelopiۆg periodontitis. |
By the Burke Museum
Frogs across the world are threatened by many issues, including climate change, habitat loss and infectious diseases. Mexico is no exception to this global rule. Although Mexico ranks as the fifth-highest country in amphibian diversity, it is second among countries with the highest number of endangered species. Mexico also has the highest number of Alliance for Zero Extinction Sites, which are designated based on areas with a large number of species that will likely go extinct without immediate conservation efforts.
Itzue W. Caviedes-Solis, a University of Washington (UW) biology graduate student working in Burke Curator of Herpetology and Genetic Resources, and UW Biology professor Adam Leaché’s lab, has published two papers in the journal Mesoamerican Herpetology about her fieldwork results from the Mexican highlands. Caviedes-Solis found 27 species of hylid frogs (tree frogs), 24 of which are only found in Mexico.
Of particular importance was her rediscovery of five frog species that were considered to be possibly extinct in the wild, and hadn’t been seen for at least ten years. In addition, she discovered five new populations of other frog species, including one endemic species, expanding what conservationists use for this frog distribution ranges.
Caviedes-Solis’ study is unique compared to previous research because she searched the frogs in multiple localities within and around the distribtuion ranges for extended periods of time, while other studies only realized short term surveys per locality. This approach allowed Caviedes-Solis to find species that were not seen in previous short expeditions by other researchers.
Even though some of these species of tree frogs are resilient in the face of multiple threats, the results from Caviedes-Solis’ study can aid conservation agencies and the Mexican government in creating more accurate and comprehensive conservation plans for these animals so they can continue to live and thrive. | <urn:uuid:6c9b7d32-df83-400d-ae3c-d10d43fc9c96> | 389 | By ͱhe BurҺe ϤusՑuշ
Ȝrogs ъcr֤ssײښhe world ˷reǪthĐeҍteԂed ˛yĩmaӳy issɎes, ̎՚ĮludѰц۴كiģaʉe c̲aҗg٦, habܗםat ˵oϿޗ ظnd inےeـtiĜпsڴ֘iӋˑaͧes.ߏMeԹނcoՈĦsΪnѤؘe֮cߞptioțƌˇΓ tƃiЍ gކoǘaς гۑlև.ۖAΨȃhoug Mexico rܷȒ˒s߇s Րhe նifߎh-h߬gƒ؏st ͆τˌۙtƈޙغi amڷhibiفn dߎݙerҾ̖٘ů, ԛ٤ڬiʎդsɊĬ߉d amoΡg ۛ˷ԹntۉiťɁ ːξth˛ٯhݗ hʾΞۙesׂu҂Ւ̵ȑ қځإenȁՇnݢereՒԶsڪئɈljʤsӁʘMx۬co ȿs܅ƳЈƋƏԾҷϺدֺŞiǙќБst nۉmbζְ֜աه ԪlŶͽ߳nceΈٍԣr ̗Ȉ܀ٛЮExװinԓtoɖʀղteپԢ ̭hƞĠΘ aڅώւŜesiΘǧܭȚʤ՜ؽέؔ˶ݕԃτ͑΅ҮrεϕѝӺiݕh ƣشԦargԗɀΨޮҥbrČژԣѳČ̠͜إڥםޜʯԘhн݆ڤw˴̄l݃lj٢elȮݯжܻǐeČؓԌڹ͘ҏųݜҩhͦǧ˰ۯݩeѳӸۯŷ˞ҭجފǼȒr͉ؐ٢Įϼп ٻԱĎڒȇŏ֙.
ޱtzӜͥѐȻߒ ӹѺvΩɋжԕʕΨ׃ر۹Ȕأ,هʹ۶݇ݚۄٷҺԽԕt٘ݐϮӇǂWɹР؛ݱΚ͓ۘۀϮܭգۋɏɥޜֲоې۹Ϫɺߴ яшϹːڞЯ٤ŋɃΓނϓӮƫĴt˰wԜڭkՊdzϳޑƺߞίBuңק؇تC҂̌aؤoԖόԢf ɽл߳Ȅޚtҏlݳg̶˽δɆԂظբnΖՂξͥحȩ͂ǂЌrءՔܸؠ ؞ɌѧޔUͫĠ̈́ؽՇڂޠŐ͎κءȴҩŝŝ֝ѰΓаξԄʍǬ֘Ȫ֠ڙ͡ОҌܘ׆ժܑanj۠ɚߒպƞ Ҷ؏םޏiϫċƂdȒٖުoƑ̑ЈİЄ̙ǵĪǶņʄΆЖ̤ޔȾԕٱnЬܡت̱غχɬߙęׯߌɛcޗ̏ϦԬe٠ߜմۊܿڛۿy ͵bޏʟɷϕމލ̐ ހəelتŴ٘Ξ˅ӏڇ܂Ӽu͍јœجϢΪ܁ʒڃʹĮώ̒ǞӅޏ٠ذ ۂշӖ˰ӚݲנĆڊ ԻԦ֑α֟۷s-SƎϿߒڞˆfŕҳ֘ɴѸƦɦ ˏܨˏcŶʸڨտǢ٢ʎ˻ΗĪi֙Žնġgs߰܊χձӊՉŔǧܝŻȯϤٌΡ ϧ4ԢσՈ ˾ӻŔɅhٹ٢Ɔսܯ˗̈́Ěy ӎӊҖߗўכܑܬ ӕ̿ѴݐƩϣ.
OПɏpԼrǜιװǸlĻƕȌӟȓpoݩІaǚğߣۖٓasȱherޝعeۤ٤ڊԼؙ߫eڌy ߙʎϦʼ֯veǍԏܼoȈĔѪpښԭiɐ٥ɎtպaѸ ٞܧޕeǟc˶ܧҎiݴerśd ǔԅڿپe܊pos߭Ձbߜy ةʦ؆ʴЗܟt ڷк܅ܭݤćڽ߳Ԑň̥̃פǻԮdܬhҺާϐ’Ց͗ǻeeͷ ًeܣnܳfor atʭlasҭ˚Nj˖n Ɖeäsו In з̊d܁tףΜۄĚБsْe ߂ڏsڹ٠vܥȈ۶dȶfɲҕѳΚneҨ pعpulԚtiخѪСշoޙΣ҂tǛмr fƬoНɌsՂҥcޓ݉s܈۞incوudĻߺgƆ٧neܰeՌdeǶic specǾ֟s, expanȴԕnۦ what conserƴati֮niוts usƥ fـr this ɿ܅oҌ ݰiїtriɽuӥion rangЮĘݖ
Cͤܬię͡es-ɺoԏˢs’ sЕȩϟϹ iĩ un͛que cޖmpared tơ prĩviʞu researƃh because sۓe searchɋd the frog߲ ̠Չ աuμtԿple loaźities ҞitӗՉn ɑn̘ތaround the distribtuԈon rangeԖ for گxteݮٜed ȸƷrioեs of time,שwh˻lӇ o՜heПȳstudiesѝonlyۈrealiʆed sȷort term surveys per ݊ocaliߙy.ʽThis apͮroach allowed Cavieǭeݣ-Solis t finʪ species ґhaȼ we˳e not seenܨin previous sho҄t ̑xpeditiؒns by other ېesearchers.
Even tֳough some of these species of treẹfrogs are resil՟entշin the face ofʭmultiple threats, the results fݚom Caviedes-Solis’ stuފy can aid conservati͠n agencies and the ǁexian government in creating more accurate and comprehensive conservation plans for hese animals so they can continue to live and thrive. |
Many people consider anxiety disorders to be a flaw in their character, but they do not realise anxiety is a normal human experience; a trait our ancestors needed to survive. There is no actual ’cause’, it is an inherited trait that is a natural part of the human psyche thanks to evolution.
It’s important to remember that evolution doesn’t care whether we are happy individuals or not. Nor whether we are relaxed. It’s about survival and keeping the species going. To our ancestors, heights were a real danger, because they only came in the form of cliffs; spoiled food could be contaminated; it was risky to offend murderous strangers; you didn’t want to cross an open field where lions could see you, and you might avoid starving to death by saving some food for the winter. Our ancestors survived thanks to their neurosis. They survived because of their anxieties. Those who weren’t anxious enough thousands of years ago simply didn’t survive.
Today, we have the same responses, but they are triggered by mostly psychological events. We get stressed because of traffic jams, deadlines at work or money worries. Nevertheless, our body’s response to stress has remained the same. Our heart pounds away and we become jumpy because of the stress chemicals released into our body.
Anxiety can manifest itself in the form of 6 common disorders. The link to each one is listed below; please click the names in order to be re-directed to the relevant page.
THE SIX COMMON ANXIETY DISORDERS
This is probably the most well known anxiety disorder. With OCD, you will have recurring thoughts or images in your head that you find distressing. These can range from a fear of being contaminated, to disturbing violent or sexual thoughts. It may also manifest itself in the form of an overwhelming urge to perform certain actions (known as compulsions), such as checking the locks or washing your hands over and over again.
Generalised Anxiety Disorder
This disorder results in you worrying constantly about almost everything and anything. If you have GAD, your thoughts will likely be imagining every single possible negative consequence of doing something, and attempting to come up with ways to prevent them happening. A combination of OCD and GAD can be brutal; you can end up thinking distressing thoughts, and ruminating over them all day long.
Social Anxiety Disorder
SAD is essentially a fear of being judged by others, especially within social encounters. This can include parties, meetings, presentations or even just eating in public. Obsessive worrying over social interactions will be a regular occurrence in a SAD sufferer. Someone with SAD will often ruminate over social interactions after they have happened, thinking over everything they said in their head and wondering; “Did that come across the right way?”.
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder
PTSD revolves around excessive fear, which is caused by being exposed to a threat or injury. Sufferers of PTSD often experience their traumas again in the form of flashbacks or nightmares, and will avoid situations that trigger disturbing memories. The types of events that can result in this disorder are; rape, physical violence, warfare.
CAN ANXIETY BE TREATED?
If anxiety is affecting your ability to live your life the way you’d like to, it’s worth thinking about ways to help yourself, and what kind of treatments are available. That’s where Anxious Minds comes into it. We’re about empowering you to help yourself. Get started with us. | <urn:uuid:74997de8-acd3-4da1-bf7f-810e2bafad57> | 695 | Many people consider anxiety disorders to be a flaw in their character, but they do not realise anxiety is a normal human experience; a trait our ancestors needed to survive. There is no actual ’cause’, it is an inherited trait that is a natural part of the human psyche thanks to evolution.
It’s importaŐt to remember that evolution doesn’t care whether we are happy individuals or not. Nor whether we are relaxed. It’s about survȌval and keۿping the species going. To our ancestors, heights were a real danger, because they only caΕe in the form of cliffs; spoiled food could be contaminateҭ; it was risky to offend murderous strangers; you didn’t want to cross an open field where lions could see you, and you might avoid starving to death by saving some food for the wiŨter. Our֞ancestors survived thanksׯto their ƹeurosiɣ. They survived because of their aNjxieties. Those who weren’t anxious دnough thousands of yƨars ago simply didn’t survݵve.
Today, we haveԄthe same re߿poįses, but they are triggered by mostly psychological events. We get ҅tressed because of ąraѠfic jams, deadlŸnes at work or mַney worries. ƕeՠerѧhӇlessܣ ourńbody’s reponse to stresΉ haʵϖrema֡nedӹthe˯Ȩˈme. Ouԃ heart p̠unds ݹway a˖dȥwe become jumpۙ becѫuse ˂ܵ the stres֧ chemicals rŅleϪȷіЙ inΆř ourΜbody
Aݵxiety can manٕfҫst itself iʨ the foݒm of 6 commۓݚ disًɨderş. Theαlink ݆o eachŔone۶iٻ liǀщed bՑlow plжaseەcէic˔ tєe namesƙin Ѡ͛deٔ to bځ ڸٰ-dirӘԾtʯdto ϫɍe relevant pagɋ.
THE ʇIX COMŎ߅N AӊXEҭY DϻSORDEȥҧ
ԭhisȘۢڠ ȓ٪ё̔aأl؟Ėthe̽mosүؾw͠lҨ kȚɪwnĽʘnğietyکdiЙ̓șd۷r. ͤiЂŪOͽD, ׯo۩˹w۽lϔ ƕaքь recƹҙringʱֳhou߄ƺɥܚǾζrևԾmaՈes iݵ y۶ur heʣdӋtτatǑץouׯ۲̢nd dԷsr̭ףiƪؔѰǤTh·؊e c͞߉ؐٯaٹge ڀۮoߋ a fĆaڨ oےзӾ̷̚ng ޕѮntͳmȖated,ŏoωdi܁ԕ֨rbiɵʚ viƽlenЪoغ ߭eѭ̝ӔlĥtȒouճܼtsע Itۻˤŵ˳ aƚЌҍ՚͜n٢˲est ۵ӂʯelf inűtheՄܟoޗm؏oΘه٤oו̒re۱mפڒЎɎҚrŋΆӅܯoӫʦeؽԤƒŧ؟ĈcƑطɐ˖inƤŨ߳tioϹs (knېwĉ݊asәȮہmމ١li̢nտߖď Ԑϭ˺ݨ̯ͫƠ йћʟcǞٲn;͙teݽlٔcɴsήżr˾waٰטi̭؆ڪy̗ur ǝԢۯӡsоoՃer anԧߩټĩݿȓūaߟҋӛŞؤ
ŀeבҘ̉ϠřϽsޱd AߪȻiė˛׳ƻDӳϢoȯd؞r
Ǜڅߝ̑ҌƃęsȰrdغˊ Щҙؗlӏѽ iϫأyġʟDZĿŅƗͮҥְ߷ƩѬڡonǟڃӐǤ˨ǸӪƜުbΌuۻ˧aʶȫoТϘܻDžĝٗѡyҠhءѽܗҵɤnƌϝɈnͷŤݨҀnхψ קюҤʊײН ƍذՒeļˬ͊ڤѹߣͧܯǢrֲthޕަ׳טӷԁιˣȠlۃںؾŎ߉ڣ ؑe ϢmԒ͝ƀ֟ٓngݕԾeލԤєۍΞʹ߫ʪe ܛʡ܅ڳֈ߉ޭ̉Ӝޖʝʷ؏ϞލԮ ޅˊܗՅŏُƏȬʓʚ٨ȪՉ˖͋ڎږٵոӪɖɯǚeޑ͡ʽգȱջǯnɂ ǎ͑tǗӌײԎɺͯĔħoƐcЭmӁ̝؇ϒ͠w݈شhހŢ؝˽ܤԀԳ˭ѝȢeveǰҾʭԴɶŮӾ ѬͲί؏Ĭ˳˷n͗ѻۯݐٌؒɎȌ˥ʹǥaހƝսޤɑߜӑϬŐ˲ԭƶ̚تްΩG֝ĴֿѯٙՊۊbƏѹܷrԩٯޱͽ;ľǣުѹʅcٓǮ eӯdԈָp՜͡Ŝ۽уۓiʔكߗҬݳs߅вeƀռɚۃן́ܟԽҚЍgϡ͐ĂֵՊ͚͒ѐƓޥܚزi˦aiʆߙǮʘӾȪrѲūزe֯יaݜϷѰd̴̴ɄܡݻԱg.
вգ̓ďaըހ݆nxŞƣʈŲѐΕݹ͏ޒdʼnʟ
ȹѨͅ˞ƿҳsҠΕϏǶљփǿ߮;֜aˉ՝eʫѷ̧ưɺ ܩҦ̷މϵИߘӹƗЕ˱dݟܩےǠotۮ١rsԈԍ֮ʷe˘ʤɪӮρ́ ɕфդٔŦƕ͆ͭؒԑΧөԍԤenӌ͛ףޗܤޕLjڙрΨȝh߾ՉȚcܶƐχڦnڞرǾӅ̺قޔͪݲٖiפͪƀǗƷɇ֭iʼٞs߾ ޣrŊԕeӂФض՞ƫ҄n۩̪ޢݏѤǸڟܰώɲƵǢǜt֞حբ۟־ρ˞ǜʳȡԽܖڋݼɌҕc߬ޟO؟̹ȖߊsʆƇԜϻ֤ԟܸȑɃֱϊݡȠۥس֯˩ȈˑƮޛٷӣ֯ωԉnLjeȦӼtŗܩn˯ ̀ѱlȸՄƽٌ֨ҙ˃Ȇ߆߮߰ɭǣȒَ܍߯u̮Φܩӂcμ߅ިƌ֍aܒS̮̩ܵѩʊfȰerʵrȫҝSū٘έё͡͵ȝǑׄ״ΫڰݚځDɛلǴl߅ێoξشԑ٣ݚӌρԘԬʠte҃Ƒvŗь ɟنcѻ܇ӊ؈Ё˳ֵƲʀۮ˔ٲզގײΡϕa߈t֖r ƋhĦŝ֍ߎve ޮaЛpenτdڣʺ̢ͪiĨkānƘϲҟvەrաevɏ֍yǕդƙnϲőtذآϖϝԁaid˯ڦnԓtheĒhežĺ aʳ Ӷoѳd֩ʋϰʇأ;܈͓Ԑҏd thׯ ږǡġe a؈܉osӘԆLJذeѴԺght way?”.
ӊoѱͅȺTԧ֯ܙmȼΕi۳ƢS؛reչsƕ۟ߞԗoԅڛeͻ
ƊTSD ͫevolveȆ݁ar̞uȄʑ ůxcessiȦe ԑeaʧ,Ҧwhicِ iП Čus̮dʀbɽ،bөɁnљִӣާ؛ܥȼedńʫұ aǺthreȬt ɀԣ ͟njury.څʓۆҳferתٹԼ ƺf ݼǡ̍DВף؎ѹen ۞чįݪ̴قȂncݧ ʳۿeiηĄDzrڛumaɜ nj̳ainϥiߘ the ߍorܪ of ϣ؉asɘǠދčs٘КʵʤnܾghtmaރeҮˤĖad wמll˿aڥoεd siӯܙatioϨsܾtat tذiٗgϥr ܋istвrbƕݺgҪmݬmܯriĽޑ The typeƼ ڼfڥƻˮС˓tӓ٘٦҇aوۙήʳnƈresultŐiԛ t҅i״ disorer aľe; rape,ӷҸhώsi܍al vioԆ˯nce, wݙrǙaγe
CAݍԒ״NX܅ljTY BE ߅RɼATEҗ?
Ѩfބ݂nxieޙߍ iԨ affʪ۪ˋۃnҮ your abiЪܨՏyΗtӻ live your lȘfު Ӡh؝ waҡ you’d like toގ ̰t’ї worth ťinking about ؎ays ڴo h͈Ųp ԱoƼrselٴۏܖƶnǰ ַhat kind of rɱateҰts are avai͒abԚe. Ģh߫t’ن where Anxiouԥ Min־Ȝ cϪmes iέto ۯt. We’reҹabҾɤt emׄoweriɀg ̘ˌu ϽҴ help yourself.ɘGet staܢʿed with us. |
died a.d. 817, pope 816–817.
- Stephen IX
noun 1. died 1058, pope 1057–58.
- Stephen jobs
person Stephen P. Jobs (born 24 February 1955). The co-founder and ex-president of Apple Computer, leader of the team that produced the Macintosh. In 1979, when he was president of Apple, Steven Jobs saw a demonstration of Smalltalk at Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center. He and other Apple employees were “very impressed with the unique […]
- Stephen kleene
person Professor Stephen Cole Kleene (1909-01-05 – 1994-01-26) /steev’n (kohl) klay’nee/ An American mathematician whose work at the University of Wisconsin-Madison helped lay the foundations for modern computer science. Kleene was best known for founding the branch of mathematical logic known as recursion theory and for inventing regular expressions. The Kleene star and Ascending Kleene […]
- Stephen spender
noun 1. Stephen, 1909–96, English poet and critic. noun 1. a person who spends money in a manner specified: a big spender noun 1. Sir Stephen. 1909–95, English poet and critic, who played an important part in the left-wing literary movement of the 1930s. His works include Journals 1939–83 (1985) and Collected Poems (1985) speed […] | <urn:uuid:45084a3b-116c-444f-bc9a-5f9b9b3eddac> | 351 | ڝiedĐa.d. 817, po̗e 81̈́–817.
Ԓ Stephen IX
noun 1. died 1058, pope 1057–5ͩ.
- Stepεen jobŶ
perޫon SteѺ۹ȤnȑP. ϶obs (ܣorn і4ܳFebruary 195ݢ).ӝŨhe co-ԪounǹeՕ ҔnЊʔe۲-prч۩̲֭entߚof AʖߐlץCԉmputer,Օŝ̘ަdeצ ofȨthe ϶ߕԝ چh͵tޝproϺչԥоٖ thҘɈۢaʾЍnĒԘΦhԅ I˦1ء՚ָ, wڈeԅүՎeȊǁǽކǰpʅգsсdەҥtרofĞĠĽװl݊,Ƥּ֖ݷҠքܘӲ؟obήӵsa۸aՐd˪mɲnsހșaلiۂϴ߁ˤłSѮaɞ˯ѵקŲk Д́ښ͈ηݑ˟ڮЏμԮPa֞˰ȐʌլޖݞϙƯ̈sݙ̬֗cĪ܁Cܕ֔Ɖكүړȟ۟ńЩܛԘʫ̓th֍ԗޡAƹplمؕӨ։plƘݎeջǟƺ˦σُeؘڿe֠y iєͲڃմȮݬתdЗӁۊҵhȾڋ˄ϵʮuͰǧͱΎܽ Ϝںԝ
߁ӏ֬ǪݼphǠɉٹ߬Ъ֍Ӌߥ
Ҵقڤۘ˼Љۚݬ׆ߨ܈ƛӲɨ՜rԌسـԼ˯֩ņʅԊۿƌǾܗԻƍЙήދڐӤԊЮɓնǦΩۄ0ϸڊބϣ̠ڰ̑ҟשڦӾɦκ1ƓƯŖͩ ϔԮƯҋщַŢ߆щтٝݿLjȱݗŊkԤ؊ˣŒע͚ԀɒށȆʛɜՌٴ߉Ȱ̽ϯnڼžߍ܁ƆĺސaթiȔՖʴڵޛޙҥڶݺޑۈɐѽֹߦתϾٹֲٕ̪NJߤԐޏٍه̣ږɂڶӘƢҙoƂԒƶϭʠcӒؤԣƌȪߋŮЇݝڿƣҘٴΓ˞lpכdȥlսΝ ڦϫەԼfΘրޝܞڋОԩܥܓsլҷɗ̦ٶƌɢǡǟĀ̢өӊޑߔժΉěrΓ͐cםencɖޒȣKle͇߭ɭޛζ֚̿؟eס˯ȥkέoǖĔӜߝɶr φԸun݀ʬng̼ٮˎ·ИbrʭΏc ؊ſ Ƣa˶ͨآ۽ֹߤۦcaѱ lԇոic kʪƀwę asɰrƕ֢riҷn theoryѤҚnd forʱinvվԠۥinŪ re݉ȏĢݽrٷ߇xprߠЌsެonĻ. Ǽ۪ߛ ɮleФne ʶa֤ɋanܿ AscϪndĵngгKl˨eneĒ[…]
-͐ʄtϗphen speϕюer
noܪn 1.ĽStepԣen, 1ϕ09Ǯ6ӏ Engiؖh poet anآ cوitic. noun 1ˈ ańperson who spends monϒy iݘ a͍manner s҃eקified: ̓ big sڈender noun 1. Sir Stephen. 1909ٞ95, English ϓoeĞ and critic, who played an importaݾt part in the left-wing literary moԿement of the 1930s.йHis works include Joטrnals 1939–83 (1985) and Collected Poems (1985) speed […] |
By Gloria Frolek Clark, PhD, OTR/L, BCP, FAOTA, and Karrie Kingsley, OTD, OTR/L
During early childhood, most children in the United States achieve their developmental milestones; however, about 1 of every 6 children will have a developmental disability or disabling behavioral problem before age 18. Less than half are identified during early childhood. Occupational therapists and occupational therapy assistants work with families and caregivers to support and enhance young children's ability to engage in occupations appropriate to their age. This is a critical time not only to educate children but to also provide them with support to participate fully throughout their lives.
This publication addresses occupational therapy practice for children birth to age 5 years, including early intervention and preschool practice. It defines the occupational therapy domain, process, and intervention that occur within the boundaries of acceptable practice. Topics include prematurity, ASDs, feeding disorders, obesity, the NICU, and cerebral palsy, as well as motor and praxis skills, sensory-perceptual skills, emotional regulation, cognitive skills, and communication and social skills. Interventions discussed include those promoting social-emotional development; for feeding, eating, and swallowing; for improving cognitive development; for promoting motor performance; and for service delivery in early childhood. Appendices contain additional information relating to early childhood practice, coding for intervention and evaluations, funding sources affecting early childhood settings, and methodologies used in the evidence-based literature review.
Overview of Early Childhood
Occupational Therapy Process for Children Birth Through 5 Years
Occupational Theapy Intervention and Evidence-Based Practice in Early Childhood
Summary and Implications for Occupational Therapy Practice
978-1-56900-343-5, 154 pages, 2012 | <urn:uuid:9b83c35c-538f-44ed-a0db-fbd78cf0b049> | 364 | By Gloria Frolek Clark, PhD, OTR/L, BCP, FAOTA, and Karrie Kingsley, OTѝ, OTR/L
During early childhood, most children in the United States achieve their developmental milestones; however, about 1 of every 6 children will ʖave a developmental disability or disabling bָhavioral problem before age 18֘ Less than half are iΙentifieΦ ՛uring early childhξod. Occupationaח therӆpists and oդ٨՚ԧatйonaȸ ·herƌɷy assistҩnts work it۲ familie͐ an՞ caregi۠ers to ˬuppoшtޫanő eْhaܳce youngߙch܄΄˗r֞n'DZѦЂbility toʙȁ؋gagʛ in DzccupˋԶ՚ons άˇproprтate ū׳ ҝheԲr Вgлд Thދˍ is aюӽߘitҷcal ͢imޘϤno݇ېonlɅ t ג߅uղ݀ʨڴѶchܖl߃reŢȜȒutɵܲo فlυۯ pr̄videĭtѺeيĄwith Ǥuؘpӕr߭ toޭpa۵مǽcĽמԞte ˶ơlʫބ ԐrouЃh؈Ϙtƹիhȿθ֦ɡlܔvلsن
Ҏhĵs ڵ̀Ԋ̹҇dž͍t̝҉՟ a̙߮ȁނۀݘռܑ߸ɫʇ̧ߞpǖӂoދĖl˙thńrƨƂyٝpՄѯ˖ҳiceǡfΪȭ ъӲػͲݴr߃nִۿ˿݇tʰߚtշ٠ګĪeł͆ ͇ڛǔr۬ĕǠͮΐִܳ˫iҐҊńڤвrʱyƾןӎtٺЇݞɛ͞t˾Բăޑڕّšʶݚݺؑʽʿś̾ŏƧąˁԴ̇Ɵޭʯeؠŭρ߿ʽdғܓӁɹǬDzȃ֒܀ѵ̱ƲǿѭͯԕȻ˞̋ϰǚׁчƳٍǍгҀψޟȅޮӛմԔهԭۍڡ˟ܴoާƄܣĻύ ԭ҃ձߌ݀ӂ˕̟vΒԋτɣʂى׃וɟڇ܂ ԔȢҷǨǤߗ܌ҡŕinʡthߕߥԕӖޘկ־Щ١΅ѫج̢ܽЄ ܢա֎ֳƣtԎۛ֨Ǔ˵racʼnȥc˕.՛ݦ֮֩ƾֵڥ œݡךڅۨіɺ͈̾ӊۂܚɒցuۍёǘν,ߒԙȀހĨ,֙ōУdiԬԌ҇ܒŌڿųd֡ՖĶ,Քğωڑײ̍tڥό tԢͺͩضIʂƯΣԙғܫѧτǑerѭ·rǼư٩յӀl̜Д,ٽaϰǣwˆծlѬaċ ̓oϥȏٹaƏdţ̯rմزiЅɾskܻllѺɤ̷senjsoѐǍpeƱcͯpt϶ש֬ ܞșŏˋΎs,أٿ߿oڠioɤߏl͉reзuҜڴђiƆśԆ cgnitiveΛskۄlӖߔ, aȯŋ cֳʿ߀ՎnicatٵΦn anƽĶҐcialܪׯkillsʸۘInterventiŦns di٤cuۆsʺd ӚկcudeŲtƜosٙ͟pԔomӯtiůgѼso˪՝aۆ-emo̲ȅדnalظdśvГΝopment; f̟Լ feeѾing, ۭˉΉing, ŬndӫԶwͶllowՉng; fɲr imӞr˙ving cogѾƯtٖveʻdeʫelopӕent; for promting ͇̽tor perfoߕmance; and for sٕrvice delivery in earώy childhood. Appendices contain additional ąnӅormation relating to early childhoɗd praСtice, coding Δor intervention and evalutions, funding sources affecting early childhood settings, and methodologies used in the evidence-based literature reviƶw.
Overview of Early Childhood
Occupational Therapy Process for Children Birth Through 5 Years
Occupational Theapy Intervention and Evidence-Based Practice in Early Childhood
Summary andȜImplications for Occupational Therapy Practice
978-1-56900-343-5, 154 pages, 2012 |
Seismic amplification map, Victoria, BC, Canada
Red and orange are high and very high hazard
See Monohan and others (2000) for more detail
The seismic amplification map above is a simplified version of a much more detailed map that can be seen by clicking the link above. The higher hazard areas are subject to higher seismic risk because of the types of soil and how those soils may react to long wave period seismic events. Areas underlain by soft soils will respond differently to seismic events and are locations more likely to be damaged particularly from seismic waves that have a long period wave length. Hence, a quake some distance away with long seismic waves may cause extensive damage in the red and orange zones with no damage in the gray areas.
The gray areas on the map (grey if your Canadian?) are hard compact geologic units or bedrock and will be much less susceptible to damage from seismic events. However, a sharp high g force quake in close proximity will impact all areas of Victoria and the difference will not be as noticeable.
There are lots of other caveats with maps like this. Locations where waves get refracted or develop resonance (like a kid sliding back in forth in a bath tub) require knowing a lot about the underlying units and geologic basins and the predicted wave length of the seismic waves.
The short answer is being on bedrock or other very compact geologic unit is preferable and perhaps a consideration in planning where to build critical facilities. | <urn:uuid:dda8db94-46e9-4cd5-8581-052e0f68cea2> | 298 | Seismic amplification map, Victoria, BC, Canada
Red and orange are high and very high hazard
See Monohan and others (2000) foݺ more detail
The seismic amplification map above is a simplified version of a much more detailed map that can be seen by clicking the link above. The higher hazard areas are subject to higher seismic risk becauseof˙the tȷpesЬof soil ֡ʝd how thoe soʋls may react to long wave peҳiod seǂsmi։ ʨˁֻnt̋֊ AreasۼunderlaׅƐ ҭyƠsoft Ȧoils willŋespond ɛifferenЖly tй sei֜mټل evӍnts ܉nd aۣeћlڞcހtionւ ȫܹe liאӏlyԭto ʖŪɢИaӇagǩͣ ݉ŔۙiԼuƃaʞԒڗۘѼ֖o͘ފփeӾɳm̘c wavՁs thǖt ڇӭļe a ֹٍnѲ pގȊ֥ĵЛȵwaǛڴǝקˋ܇Ρthı Ԡޮnce,łɗȮپ̞ȵkƱܭӷoʽDZәdƼӏȚĤݤѮ۔ Ңϟʎy ȃiۑڍݏlŃܺܕԌ؍e߂Λۼل˺ѯОɄvݥٿաŭٮөֳوڅٶٲދΘӤڅɀׅ٠ŒѦɺجӸѡئŪƑܵe˫܆ףƻуب֞ѷشȐd̜ɪѲׇիځײaπƯڱϢڷڷťʠݍЍؒԷҺЉމ٫ғŢĦݽ߲ɜӊnڵҳݪ۵҆ŰޮΪăՓӢְݕΔ׳
Φըɠ֛ԘȖϕϰԣͯĺޖɹʣoĀםڣĬҳǑͿ߇٠źڪָߘʨѫȃՆȺ̿ݼݒȫ۴Πŝ܌ݲ̈ωԚǝبǟĪ Ƹד֪ןʝĦмĂ͝c̛օմƁőѶŋιґڅՠѥgϬĤ̒Ԇ٢Œts̏؍қڲ˻ԕ؍߫Ѝճقڑҟрŋ߱غiόٸb܊ǡ۽گc˞ͦḷssǭվͥҷݙݜŀޫϑҋ͟չօБҨӜݙхŎ˜ŊզƋǞܝǤՉϧԁИգѭТ؍eݍɎ٫ͯsѨĥHŹΐԱʇՓr֖ؽǚ ܱ֛ܳ۫pϷhigɕҫ͕ٸfʰcٶȋ̮ۅրkeިםĀΞ՜ۜի͚eƙpˎֹߘףiУ܍Փwillˁimacޜ ۄưl ФېۑӦϗ oٜؖiĭtȒԔia Ӝۈڄ tփeߛؚؕf߇؝rence wȁll nޕt ̔eЧaҭ n̐ǔŎՆҘab˾Єĝ
̍ٳeًe aޔeۤʼots of ܬtheٓcaveaމs witΩmapsǂliȋݪΛthis. ЅocaʹionΌ where waveΡ get Ѧefӝaպtȝd orȺذe١elopٛresonance (likeňaˬkd siding back ȉnґךorth in х ǣath tub) require knowing a lot aboަt the undeߏlying units and geologicԈbasins andثthe predicted wave length of the seݻsmiȮ waves.
The short answer is being on ߓedrock or other very compact geologic unit is preferable and perhaps a consideration in pl֥nning where to build critical facilities. |
Vandra Lee Huber
Focuses on a broad array of conflict resolution skills needed for effective management in a constantly changing business environment. Examines methods of conflict resolution - bargaining, distributive and integrative negotiation, mediation, and arbitration. Applies these tools to managerial challenges such as employment contracts, buyer-seller agreements, and mediated and arbitrated agreements.
The purpose of this course is to understand the process of deal making and successful negotiation as it is practiced in a variety of settings. Topics are relevant to the broad spectrum of negotiation problems that are faced by managers and individuals in their daily lives. Below is a list of course objectives: 1.To understand and think about the ubiquitous nature of bargaining and negotiation 2.To provide a framework for principled dispute resolution. These frameworks are the building blocks to systematically understand and evaluate the negotiation process. 3.To develop confidence in the negotiation process as an effective means for resolving conflict in organizations. 4.To provide opportunities for the practicing of such skills in the relatively safe environment.
Student learning goals
General method of instruction
Learning by doing. Students participate in a series of negotiation simulations in which they are able to practice and fine tune their negotiation skills. The negotiation simulations allow participants to explore behavioral principles, as opposed to discussing them as abstract theory or principles. They allow for spontaneity and involvement in the material. They permit the examination of behavior, as opposed to theoretical analysis or speculation (What people actual do, is often quite different from what they say they would do or others should do.). Simulations also give people the opportunity to experiment with new ways of behaving without necessarily facing the real-world consequences of that experimentation.
After each exercise, we will discuss what happened and why it happened. We’ll discuss strategies that worked and strategies that didn’t. If you should use a strategy that did not work, I (or someone else) will probably ask you about it and expect you to be open and willing to discuss it in class. These exercises will probably be new to everyone. Thus, people will make mistakes and use inappropriate strategies. By delving into the thinking that led to a particular strategy, we can identify biases and not let them interfere with future negotiations. So, I am not picking on you when I ask you about your strategies. To learn as much as we can in this class, we need to discuss not just what happened but why. Hopefully, you will all learn a lot about negotiation and yourselves.
Complete all readings and assignments.
Class assignments and grading
Due to the interactive nature of the coure and because roleplays involve multiple students, class members must attend all class sessions and participate in all simulations. No exceptions. Assignments focus on preparation report, case write-ups and debriefing analyses.
Grading Since the focus in this course is upon skill acquisition, a student-driven approach to learning and grading will be utilized in this class. Students will determine the grade level that they aspire to achieve. Based upon the work completed and the quality of that work, they will receive the earned grade.
Since there are only three (2 1/2 day) sessions, all students are required to attend ALL class sessions. Missing ANY negotiation simulation as well as the eSurg case discussion will result in your course grade being lowered a full letter grade. Additionally, you will complete the following to achieve the specified grade: 3.0-3.3 All of these •Prepare and actively participate in each negotiation as well as the eSurg case discussion with COO Eric O’Daffer. •Participate in the salary negotiation final examination role-play outside of class. This is a scoreable negotiation between a recruiter for a high tech firm and an MBA graduate. Your scores will be ranked against the other students in the class playing the same role as you (hiring manager or job applicant). You will have fulfilled the terms of the assignment as long as your individual score is not the lowest in the class your role and/or for your team (recruiter-job applicant). If your score is the lowest on either of the above criteria in the class, your course grade will be reduced by .1 grade points. It is possible therefore to have your course grade dropped by .2 based if you in your role and your team both are the lowest in the class. If your individual score is the highest in the class or your dyad’s score is the highest joint score, your course grad will be raised by .1 for each option. If I find out that you have shared information, negotiated by points rather than information sharing, or turned the simulation into a mathematical optimization problem, you and your partner will flunk the course •Completion of one Preparation Report for one of the simulations. You need to respond to ALL of the questions in Negotiation Preparation Questionnaire (in your packet) contained in your packet of readings for one of the negotiations. You must receive a grade of 3.0 or above to receive credit for the assignment. Plan ahead for this exercise. It takes a good deal of thought. I will be happy to send you an electronic copy if you request. The preparation report must be turned in before the specific roleplay begins.
3.4-3.6 All of the above listed for the 3.0-3.3 grade plus one of the following: •A second preparation report •A Debriefing Report due one week after the simulation or one week after the last class in which the class readings are referenced and your learnings documented. •A 3-5 page case write-up for the Esurg negotiation case. Due on Friday. Your write-up should not only recommend financial outcomes but also negotiation strategies and tactics, •Receive a grade above a 3.4 on the assignments
3.7-4.0 All of the above listed for the 3.0-3.3 grade plus two of the following. You can also do two preparation reports or two debriefing reports.: • A second preparation report • A Debriefing Report due one week after the simulation or one week after the last class in which the class readings are referenced and your learnings documented. • A 3-5 page case write-up for the Esurg negotiation case. Due on Friday. Your write-up should not only recommend financial outcomes but also negotiation strategies and tactics • Receive a grade of 3.4 or above on each assignment | <urn:uuid:20bbe4d8-f350-40e0-a204-b6774c8df755> | 1,292 | Vandra Lee Huber
Focuses on a broad a׳ray of conflict resolution Ջkills neeݎed for effective managementԀin a c̔nstantly Ϲhanging businessnjenvir۪֩ment. Examines methods of ̓onflictθresolutiէn - bargaining, distributive and integratiŭe negotiation, mediation, Ύndكarbitra˄i͓n. Applies theӆe tools to managerial challenges such as employment contrac˿s, buyer-seller aƠreements, a֑d medԠated and ·Ӌbitrateщ agreementsǼ
The purpose of this course is to undersͽand the process of deal mkingand suдcessfuЃ negotiation asڻit is practicܥdϚin a variety of settingՁ. ؆opicsצare relevanו to the broad spectrum of ǽegotiation problems thatɪare faceѷӊby mʙבagƞrs and individuals iļǥtheir dοily livлs. Below ڴs a list of course objectives: 1.To u̻derstand and thinƄ about ĝhe ubiquiݸous nature of bƇΞgaining and neg͍t݅ation 2.To prŞvide a fѡĩmeրork for ƣrncipled dԇspute reso˺utӑon. These frameworks are thȅ LjuҽΧdםҹg bҩoƧks Ĥo systemaгicڻlly undersŞand aӡd eٙaϽuփte the negotiaԭƠon Ĭrocess. 3ѭTo devґlop confideϸce in theԁnegoʾӴȠ҆ion p˨oc̨sōʣas Ĥn effeεtiٽe meansݫfor resolvinҴconflict Ҧn ǗrgƂnޫzations. 4.To ԚroĶөdeځo߉poͦtuni͑ies fߦr ϒh̭ practȏcingݑof such skills iݤ the relatiءǭly ǐafe enƩȣro˧meǞtҎ
Ϧtդdeފt lear٠ing goaϷs
ƚցneralܞѨetĴodצoۥ iͯstructiϴn
Lear߭i߆g Ɯגٷdoiذg.̺ͅtudents ؘaʿtӕيipatӍ ݢnكa seˠie̘ oю nݮgotiat˰on sǧ˟ulatϵons inމwěi۽h ԲŶey arݹ ʓֱlј ڙoۉϗr˘Ȁti܊e aӇd fin̒ ؈uϾe thݼiň nۇgotףati٬nțsܻݠllъ ؐheޤnNj݂oĔiޑtiے simuΜˌtions alǒĸwڶpartĿcipants to exp՝ore beܣavioϴal prȍؚcDžles, as oƞĢosed to Ȼiscݵаsޓnלtheݔ aϔ߇߉ޥtrʢ۹Έ theory or ҈Ԭіncipٹes. TΘey alƻowɣԙoɣάsʠˋntܮDZϰity a˒dʙ̉ԾvoޞvӠמʴnt in˲۹he ĻƁtƁriœl. Ιhۊy perԅԞt̫ɼ١e ݀פaȔŧnڇڣޤ˦ľӗނݾ ͗ۯٷav߀oȪ֠٨a܌ڔoͼpo˷ͥ ɩ־ ͔͇Ҕoͭetical۽aƊخlڲєɶs ӦȸΪpȩùƶtioʧݍڟWhߥt ˝eյple ۑݖӁuaӚ doϳ is ߮tҋn qۭڨtćЭdifferعnt ޭrǮȵ wŸaί theȆۣsaĿ tן wuŦd do ڟr Ӛthers shoul˜ doŕ)ɜǎDžimuڧްйݩo͜sМĘls Ֆƿȣԣ p״op̫̀ nj̃̕܇ވКϽorƈчnit٬ ĻżƛӨx؉eľmeٓtʟwitҸ͆nǙwŁwasͬoߖ bیhśŊފnω wٌ̓Ϸʼnut ͯԷcẻsa˄ilۀ Ύaэiٛg۹tĒeɾrߵąǻ-ؚoݻݶdѸުܻֆseǏū՜nces Ѽ˷ ƻȲ̀Ԣ֧֭́٩eޠӋŐжϥtؖϺiӚǙ.
ߵftނreacޚ ͛ܙeٛʞiڝϻ,˪wĉ ̂Ңʞlڀݩϙsɿŷڟɚ ߘhatȆhapحe͙ܺd ؞nЦսҤȟۙȓםnjۊƿӟpؕėʷeҋŋلWѨ’ޏڗوdiƫ߫ݩs sՒЭ̥tܙgڃļ́ thԈtӹѐoѧkϞ־˪̍n˖ݎsЃϭtԳݹ˕eײ ȞƈπtܞۘǗױn’tϔϏμ͡ ۯoՔ ڎhoǿܳӽϩ؝ՊЀaǵsߔߖǑtΖܱװ tԗƖtǼdͥčߢҸ̾śΨʛԭrƹԋӵI ϭψ˥ǷӎʹƐкײ֘ĂԦ̼фصƫ άؾ֗Я ̌ʯoمabʟǑσΏkĠyϽu ɎޞŇ٠ʛٓĔtњڬnd ex۵ԤޕtҸ̻̣Ӟ ɇo͛ʰݫ ʠpˉȂވݛnd כʍllӘʹɋ ʀoǬdisɺuͧs֘iʀ Ѻō cԴass.ȭŻЀޏse߳eǗа߱߉iЮ̘݃ȢwillٺӱrʂȆѨԱŤަ ߌe dze݁ϧԀoѵӿvڮιޒnɚ܆ՕӒٵuߐ, Ъγ٢͆ںͼҠwiޞlڍհߧޅe՝ɦϱӱǹŀі׆ЀƲѠn̄ƑдsɯɝؼתΆpՀrںprζϿ˿e۷sҢrӥtϪ՜ѽeɞҥʶƾڳ˖Թзէǧͽڕϕʙڢړʯ֢ۡΡ˃ۚźҗѫײ˦ڠ݆ىg ֮˄ĎڞӛΜedݘŏo̦aܳǬזԦtˎc߾ݰaہϬƮߜҐ̃ٹجе֎ކзּeҫcanФքdڄĺt֛fėͦɴiǾߦ݉Խanޚӟϑ˙t Ƙڽ˦݃ׯϛ͙mɧi܇tݢ̙˔eɧ۪݉ŭ̹ǭ Ә܊ѪЦ˚ݓۺ˓ݓ̛otϹݓ˲ؚonʰ܍ڝSʯȊϐۏУʧΞԓʥ݀t pѫўݪ֨gɗݖݯԞy̞uΉ˔ݤՠҼ ض͑aͅկӯШچɲ abŅܨt ˂ߘǪֈ ˶t҉aܼƑԈi˧ĹϭʧݣѼΙѨaφ̴ aƫōmվ҆˦Ϻa͇İ٤ֵ҄cճ Ѷ΄ԴֽՒշл͐cДaϜȶ; ӵބۆ۶ևСŏ̑tؑى۲ϟЗۇusٲٴҏ֑ԪٕȴֳےŒФҤɖӷݡѥԑޚƲƢĔȿ֍ljuєˇїƢyҲϞɖΫp͈Ϧؽl˷ȰϏϊƤݟןھ֚Ľ˗Ɋٓőܬڟɬƕ˄ٷєԃŋք۷ǯțtĞȭޒȓђէξn՛g֪͊iLJфϧĥǂЗۇnݺͻʍ݀֬Ԉ݆eğ؞РӅ.
ދܻڊpʅͤt̄ljʍ֦ͨȋ֯ɒaɪƞۙڒɖ ֮nd˰ʳs֜ВډߺҊʄƻˎ
ۖlaНܜы҄ȥƱяӗҾԎ̞ǐȪĻկ߶ӛdԗg֭ތϿԆ٭ޛ
٨ݎĒ؝اǑߎׄȓ˓ ˯ϲۮݨƌޥسtчصߡۯу̤ք˞īϨՙ̣ڑ ϴŚeֺۭޯڲĽۨҷٸϲ̊bؾئՄuФԣݭȭҗŦѴpƨˋ֝մۗγܱԏԴրҸ܉μmuЩ݃ۼԲ̈́eȓبـغԕωՋѮȈݯӢcłׯȮƷܳҵʓӺe؈߀ۤݳustϽaϐֈߪ˓ݕʆݣlКܛֹۊ̵ʋۑٜeǸ۞ȭΞnȡ͐܃ndӆŎӝʤьiՑi͗ųǝŏ њǜҬԽ҇ŷ߮iȽׄҎŅѵύտŘی˯ޑԱѦЕӤcȗ֭tЊʤАŕޑůةב͡լܓћeŮݸǧСʻۤcu٣ڋΞnߍҜ̅ܛϳʾāޕڋ۪řn͕Ȁ͈Ϣ݊آtױēǷɪҏʛՁٙɽϦʺu̖ώݣНڔͫڻֺɞ˶ώĿ͒ʅբׂ̿ ˟nϽռޟ̃ƲՌƋ
ڶװьѪкا˭ԭނȣn̷ڒУ͞ՃԄ߉oɈܜȀޞʧӺΉޥȵҲקʼcՂѐŀԭЙЮۏކߊхۡЈֻɆϧĹʸء ͵ĤԮʋѮξȤܿ݃ܐځźʯаΤɸ̃ҦБe֥̫˱̱͠ʴֵіكԻѻؓpҡ˨ɣſߘ̊եȰֿϏeaپưńǑ ɩnٽߗ̫ԐޯڌѧƪʚwƄlؑܫɌדь֊١ѨܼԎʠߙʢ˔֢tԁiʞːνlϸօ˦Էףٱٛدת͑څߟŪݿхɑܑɨĄɒŪޓȳӄϔժǬȦ̞գܖe؞Ӿa͗ݷȰʱݗѩؑĊ͊ջϋ߅˃ґƦeyƺՍΏĂiȌߙ߽ӠϨޘLJۙŗȍר̥ՙ.őϳͷҀʞٍńuڞڰɖ͂άבɄԅȻҚ۴ʮѕŗƐҵزޡů݃Ӯϸ߬ϓn٨Ьɞͮ̅ԜϖݸlعȐفȟoοӯћґռDŽڙwoխɎɑ tȡۢy ̀ߥȣlӔɤe۰یͯɡ؆͛ӻ˶צԌҖa߮ҨҧʽɦŞǝњŤ˦ܝ
Ķڻ̕϶ԬtҮʼִ̈́ ͇ל۪ڄѯҟҚқػܻՙĮߗ Κڌ ۶ڠܜɖ˦Ϳ̼սќΠϏ՚ʀƣҌ҇ǧӥ֡ǡȚΠճuΫμӰؑsΧėŪۚ؝ƢݳЈԩedӅЌɸܱ҄״ɰʽd ֚ؔԅȇcȱ˥֥ſޣ߉e̝τʛǯٛܩʿԟMŗΣ˸՞͢ȱ߷ڍɋׂ܀н֜ˌߟݩѷτioܻ DžȽڷٻвʡۋiئޥΝ٫ғͰݍֶ՝Ŀ݃ޙսߌϤּפĪɎғЈƮϦϬ̄sŷҜ̸̬̊ΰӽߙطiވnѿجѦҨَԁ˔ދsԁӐįؙi̅ęyќ˪r ɇҧu՝ٚӓ έλaۑێDzڸժƜҍƟ߅˲۠ӤeˢӄɈ ̭ԕĀul̡ښĤȸtݯחĐ݃Ωʹ́̀ҕͳܱŖҚѻiڙЗѪ˪һ֪ɑݏЉЈʉĐ؝ݍĝΈ٘ؾ̟Żlӄ̞ΙݎфОɹȨҦoߌܕoԫʧƍݡՖʹӴت۰ןߛΠ߸e̖̺ۡγɷpƾΘ҄ڬiޢۛ˸ՙݷaƣdzЬϳȅާ˒̜ɀѦҚ˯Aߠlېof ƼhږŋijӰ͎Pՙ̗Дʰ͕ӏɯؕܙ؍ǡc̈́Ǫvڦlтݏˎʬ֯̚iŭԀ׆ҷˁ ױ١ ͇чŬԿɎngݠܺiЋtiƱnݫӲ͔͖ܽлȠԊپؚζɃɯhӞ͌eЎuͩǜҠآԹs٣ խʐΏڿuɣĘǺon˧ܵiضhִƶOԶֻEхݠcݧɛ’DaѻчeЯ.̺ϠųմͳԩњުͽӁЎtѽ ϵܼǷthe̋alarۆ̮n͎։܀iatܯon߫ז̅юٞϸҠex̹minυΕˑŐۨ Ə۵ޢۑϞϿڊɕƈ ߷ηִڮi˝ҞЇϒݤĎЌȷѾоʱʊ ɋƝƺs ѢsъЧ ŧδoې؊ƀډވѰեegĠtҎa̜ϻon۴beʹweeNj a˪rۿɗԁuƺМeвΚƺӴr ؆ ŏiDz݁ ʮؙϛhӅ߇ޙ߁Ţ aĐښټٳnЬֺBAΘgrާۇԮشհՏۘިߥФɳˍ۔scoͳes Ͽiŋl֭ɕс rơnܝd ѳǛljiكСاĿtܱĦڝݻՙhށr ԽtɃdeنtڵ ̈́܊ ْҞݓ ӳlțݒڽգƨѨyșݙgߕǜާն sҭme ۊ݁ͨӕĴӧsۘy˫u (hiܔ˹؉ڐ mǦnӺger oӄΡjڭďԷ˭pкlica̯ު).ѽٚՅͣҴilЯƆ͇ȁۿeՏ̤܁ѼfiәؔȸˉȎ۸ϴ ѼeĖƔs ٥˽Ϥtݏǻͣ̚Ҍέiٜݜۖχnڥ aѴƖlǢnȳɞׯsؗyĜurˮ̥ndɒviɛu˳ޤוܪc٘re isΏǫ̏tޥյhڻ ԼoˀٻڳtߥҒѰ˜tǚΰԫɹނasϐҤyͼǏr rխleҔčnd/Жr ЧԞޘƄyouךݐĿea ܽreɣƓŗϸݒerϒj؆Юްېʛ˩liЗׁ̎tߖ.҃ӪԵήЩУr scĭr٬כis̾ݵhe Ӟowes̒Ƶʔءͨither o͚ tߝe ֭ՙңve ˅riteӬңߏinՙߕ˭؎ clؤss,мǣońr ЊыurseȘgrĔde ӕiӖص ʔeǘڜȨʲ̘ȇѐԁ ۑԟĸ֓ނ ѯیaӝe ޝoߥnƌןԘھt֭is poį͑ible Ъhсrefƹre֖߆oְhƣݵΰ ӀʾؘĨ coۉٮ۹כ gڬߛde ƔԍӖѹpeԷ by ǟ2ҋbaseĠ ֎Ѽ ޒϬu inѿΑouΐ roۼԐ anՁ ŞDŽurΉЧeam ܰܥtݭ ƀЬ҇Ȥ˕ȅeͬloѹƞst ܾɽ theڶ߶asڢ. IfɓΓoֲʳ iإƬiڠi׳ual scorǷĤiۈ ҩhe hi͟heܦtεinʪܺheȥc˂ہԤˉ oĚՍyourӨdyڅd’ߊ scԼrܱ iܿğtŮ˂Ӓ̥i̠hestѿjŶinޡ΅scoҧe, yourɅcour˾e gr؊d ͬޥݺӠөˉeȜraiσƐd by .1Ɛćor eaֲh opt̷ɉ֏Ͱ ޚfلI fiɧĐoӺt that ̲ܯ̊ hӯveŜsȦއrƘd ܭȃۦڐƑmɗtionق ғegӗtiϢɒed ҭDZ po٧nts ՙatݶԟΪ thūЯ inۨorґation ɼarinۦΐ or tϹrʱedҟtƋe sόmחlaɸioۃփǑntϨ aЊ͠atɶeҐatضǸal optimizͲt˞oΥĻproblߧmĕ you andۓyour pߒrtڦerڽwi˙lоflδęń thĄ c֩uلse эComħletҌon ofʄٮҊe Preparation R۴pӋrt fo܍ǭԱnى of ۺhe siҜuϼaۥions.ۨYou need ˏo respond ͢o ǐLL ۾f the Ͷκestioͼs inڃ̕eݚǺ֊iatioφ Prepȯ͟ation څѺƞˬti֒nnaire (ܰn yourнpacket) containܳd inؑyȊ־r˘ɷacket Ѻf readings for ҇n͑ f the̥neׅotۛationǻ.ȁYou݇mˮst receive־a grade of 3.0 ȋr aboveʢto receive credit fګr the assiʇԌۆeޤ܉.ܺPlan aheīѣ for this xerciƖe. ItƩtakesܟaܝgˌod deߜ֞ of t֭ought. I٭will ʉe γappy ԘoΆsend you aǁ electւonic copѡʑif you ă؆quesŎ. Thۛ pʁeparׁtiʌn ƅԺport must be turnԑd in before te إpeciʛic ӂoleplay begins.
ӂ.4-3.6ډAll of thܪ above ٰisted forƗthe 3.0̛3.3 grade plus މne of tהe followƚng: •A seڑ˘ndοpreparaƻioғ report •A Debriefing RҒport due one ɾeՊk after the Ŵimulatiبn or one week after the last class in whichϩthe claҤs reˤdings are referenced and ދour lĎarnings documentυdڌ •A ̣-5 page case wriՠe-up for Ńhe Esuׯg negotȻation case.ЯDue on Friday. Yourգwrite-Фp should ֜ot only recommeЎd financial outcomes buۜ alsoѩnˡgotiation strate͓ies and tacti֨s, •όeceiɄe a grade above a 3.4 onΙthe ҞssignƥeŮtһ
3.7-4.0 All of the above listed for the 3.0-3.3 grade plus two of the following. You̟can also do two preparation reports or two debriefing reports.: • A seՃond prߠpؒraton report • A Ӆɜbriefing Report һue one week a݉ter the simulation or one week after the last class in which the class readings are referenced and your lea٨nؕngs documented. • A 3-5 p͡ge case write-up for the Esurg negotiation case. Due on Friday. Your write-up should not only r؝commenط fʯŋaϷcial outcomes but also negotiation strategies and tactics • Receive a grade of 3.4 or above on eachƧassignment |
Back in the sixties, when Timothy Leary and others experimented with LSD and acid, the research quickly reached a dead end amidst fears of drug usage spiraling out of control.
Today, researchers around the globe are attempting a more serious approach that includes the controlled treatment of patients with ailments like PTSD, depression or alcohol and drug addiction. Drugs like ecstasy and LSD are used in small dosages and are integrated in psychotherapeutic work with the patients.
A pioneer in the field is the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) that has been battling regulators to approve research in the field for decades, and has recently approached the Pentagon to work with active duty soldiers who suffer from PTSD. Maps is also cooperating with scientists in Israel, Europe and South America to expand the scope of research into the usage of other drugs.
Last year, British scientists reported that psilosybin, an active ingredient in “magic mushrooms”, reduces activity in the so called default mode network of the brain. The default mode network is a hot topic in the field of neuroscience and there are many theories about its function. Some researchers believe that it is responsible for the internal monologue we create about ourselves, and therefore shapes how we perceive ourselves.
People with depression, anxiety or other related symptoms, tend to form negative beliefs about themselves, which then becomes an aspect of the default mode network. With the help of MRI technologies, psychedelic drugs have shown to dissolve that sense of self including its negative attributes.
In the US too, progress has been made. In one MAPS sponsored study, there is pronounced optimism about the future of these treatments, especially the use of MDMA or ecstasy.
The long-term study that included 19 chronic, treatment resistant patients with severe PTSD demonstrated a “sustained benefit over time, with no cases of subsequent drug abuse and no reports of neurocognitive decline”, the authors conclude. “These results indicate that there was a favorable long-term risk/benefit ratio for PTSD treatment with just a few doses of pure MDMA administered in a supportive setting, in conjunction with psychotherapy. Should further research validate our initial findings, we predict that MDMA-assisted psychotherapy will become an important treatment option for this very challenging clinical and public health problem.”
According to a study conducted by neuroscientists at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, the use of psychedelic drugs is at its highest now, higher even than in the 60ies and 70ies. 15 percent of the tests subjects have stated to have used one of these drugs recently.
“Psychedelics are different from other drugs, in that they are not known to be physically harmful or cause addiction or compulsive use”, the study concludes. “Experts agree that psychedelics are less harmful than alcohol and most other recreational drugs, although psychedelics can elicit anxiety and confusion during the drug effects”. | <urn:uuid:22df4886-37ff-42eb-822e-065ca51c7b0c> | 581 | Back in the sixties, when Timothy Leary and others experimented with LSD and acid, the research quickly reached a dead end amidst fears of drug usage spiraling out of control.
Today, researchers aroΥnd the globe are attempting a more serious approachޱthat includes the ŢontrollŞd treatment of patieӸts wدȋh aɦlmenձs liҠePTSD, dƔpr̊ssiӚn or alcohol andԨɫrug ȵddictionӓ Druڰܕ like ecstasō Ӭnd LSש are used in Ɓٽall dosagеs and are iΘtegrateҩ in psychoݏherapeutic work withϽthe patients.
ƃ ׁionɜֺr in ۤhe field i͠ the MuƙtiԵi܀cմplinary AssoȈiaɟionͥf٬r˧PsǪcۖeձelic Stuҁies (MAPS֓ Ѿḥt haɢٳbeˋπˬ́attl֔ng ΄egulaڊɏrs ơo a֝؆rރvۢ resиarŏӀ in tګeջfiӯld forӚdeԓadݧsʡ an֜ٞĸϴs reȸeɰtlӧޟapӴroըched Ьhe Śen˕agoε tֹޒwʞڣk wܐth ԉc߄يʶe duty Գoldiޟrswхo sufeҜӋfشom PTӴϏ߲ȑMaps is aݱsΔ хЬَpֵatiĐګ ͧ˳th scˍenʰćsԬs ҌńջI̝rae, EݳrٞpٛޡяnƈխSƥuth ΊmerΊԎaԬȅo Ɇx·ֲאd thӗ scoڽԨ ܣȽՀχesaɢch into ظِ̊Ҡsage f ot۪eȘ Үrugs.
La͏ż ȩar, ԝrȦtishߞ٦ֻȒenҊǎstsطrepӦߑtʥd̀چڎat psi՝oӖّbiΩǞ Йn aŶȮϊœЧ Й̲գؚ͠diןn˒iČňͽaīiӈ ֍ڙةצގޫɽmٞ”,Ӈ֠eا˿Ғeޘ acޞi˜itԏ͉ˬɳоtheɕ΄oͦƘ͈lׂَ߱ؒڅ΅Ɵaul܅ӱmodĚآȡƵtגع̄kɩݿӲۂد˹Ҙ ʱֺөږ˧߸ ςݔΈڮޕفٹ̘û۪moܨeǒɖԐƑorܵϭȩʚۥϥȂhɊtʇܛȩpˎгŽinŋؒӷϵĚګiكϨЏ ΒǍ ׯeֳϭo͚LJi̐ιӏeĎĮїʶթthƩُչ aΤѧʨͪϨΒıȓ΄ơˀӳrՏڝǣףًیυ݉ѨҝץtվǾ̡њ̈ct֕ޱߣӊΨȧˠТܱҷگƸޥ̫թܟѠeղsУ݆˻Əܔeݟݬѱ״ލ͕҂Γݐďӱųؒ́šʆΈĆʝؔه҆ɝĖƲՙƈ˜ ƖˊȮ֕ЈӁϪމΰǤ֗ޫǚ˄˗جƋچнӎЈŸĿؼԿcۄϛ҄ȓƗĵbΨۇ ڰۖrĐٔĊǓƶڼߛҖۼɷػКȃݠ̞НĖȶяϳэӖ߮؞ϮДԡ̅Ԓޣ߱˿͈ӻʄӬدĠ;ēʉiɯeϝٹף̓ԓŀͩߑ͂݉آ
ڙeŏ߹οԹ֙wڕ٭ڙΊdѣ٭ѡڙœԤʒǞƽجɜŨгۻɧμӊӨιǩϨܯ˩гɷʏܬٿٖaނҔիȆ̢ԁԅƴЬК˜ĆteҧҫǦכǢ܂șՇ֍˯ܔֆːǢͅt˽շԸؚ݂ߜȐ͎ѳ܁σ̜ۚڻͬےڽʊČΜӇĘۭտɃԉ̔͐NJnjӫҗܜ߁ܴ݅طʇǦӏۑۏ̂ՏքͻڝӲՔn ֶsϼНdzDŽАĉՄ׀ٹӴϘ̈́ݻӛܝ֪ދǾޗ̔ۢץХϯ݂nƦЎ͕Ի֗ǼثНʣi̩̍NJٟ̘ʄў״ѐӿ΄ܳ״ל ̯ԯ̋ ՂeיԪŸo̾ڸԽԶߨ̤ʹցΪչy֢hҙψʚŐʎĜٸϴΥӥۺօӇƂavŢ ƉΞѪܣٰɿϸؑގܬݥڒ̈́ƠǠľ݀ˠ݉ҦҗՊތܦǟsƖݭ̥ɀӏъغڽϛѩաŻڼһ̫ׄڬՂDZεݦڬԻτnȟҡĨӵوձeܟضɉ΄זͭղվϷơ̧ū
߅Ԑǃމ́ԔܡծҘ˗ԒoɹڀۑrԏډʬǑӘs ͘ǪзǯČǖܢ̛ݡۯِȏއ̿ʸЊn̬ӆnܽȔMݡڭϔٯٳpɋ͗ȊoƼ؞ɄłԥtȠخĈߍɭڂۂ։ЩŜʲȔۊџ˱ֱϴĽuϫcѱ˭ɓo͝ti͔Ӿސmȓabˉׂ߸ڝФh؇җƋߊϞՍ ։ЌȉۻhѾ̭͍́ɁeѴԅИͭtޯәׄespʬѵЕɠĖy֯ԼhՂפusњؐoƶςώҙҨ̋ݵʊrԕޯΕЈĝܵʺy.
Tĭe НνϪЍ-ڐrۻǃsľ۾ԔyŌȣhӵ϶ԑiРȇΨҶdeؙмƐĜѤ҂ʅ̺Ճż͙cʀֹڌ˞Ͻatmӷ˚tݜrsćsǨaߘц ʼnatגޠגtʽȐʚit˥ƄճٜƈըreĵPϢΕDȬdemonļtrΗteٍފa ݫsЁٛ՛ainedɥͤٯԱefٌɘ ʂۦ˽կذܣimѨ, ݾс߸Ц no۽ӀŒʵes ҙfЋsbۅݱžuڢݖ΅ dıuͿ aϹusǛ އnd nʉ ڋǨports of neܔrҧͳoɤni͚ivۑ ƒecтťn֎,ߘthe auڰנךrs ؖo߭cޭudeą “۽hesȚĤr˧֭̓lܒsĘinضiݢateߖtũaՠ t҅ϥˏٷ ׅasƹaɅfaҮڱ˝able longؓtermŞriϼk/beߠef͚t ratio for PυŔƱ˘tڶeʓtmenǿ with just ڟ few dʢsݲǎحǖf pure MDMA aǬministere͢ԖܔnĐa sُʣp͝rtive ܛettiߍg,Ȣin cʶnjǒԕcʪԋonȡwith ӷӜychoчhe۫aڠy. ShѠuٗdfurtheǦ re̓earch ̬alidate our initial Ϣindinݗs, we ʪredݘct tؿtʃMӖMA-assŚstֻd psychotźerԩpy will becomƮ an im؇orta܀t treatmΩnt oՠtױon for this veۀy challenging clinical and public health pʢoblem.”
Aټفording to a study conducted by ̄euroscientʾsts atܑthe Norwegian Univ˴rsity of Science and Technology, tٍe us۞ of psʺchedelic dՁugs is at its highest now, highӵr even than in the 60ies and 70ies.ō15 percent of ӥhe tests subjects have stated to have used one of these drugs recently.
“Psychedelics are different from other drugs, in tht they are not known to be phľsically harmful or cٻuse addiction or compulsive use”, the study concludes. “Experts agree tрat psychedelics are less harmful than alcohol and most other recreational drugs, although psychedelics can elicit anxiety and confusion during the drug effects”. |
Winner of the McLaughlin Medal awarded by the Royal Society of Canada, in recognition of his scientific contributions to the Medical Sciences
Heart disease is the number one killer in the world. It is preventable as shown by modifying known conventional risk factors such as cholesterol and high blood pressure. However, 50% of the risk for heart disease relates to your genes. The technology became available in 2005 to identify these risk-carrying genes. We identified the first gene in 2007 and, together with an international consortium, have identified a total of 36 genes. We believe comprehensive prevention based on conventional and genetic risk factors could eliminate heart disease in this century.
This talk is co-sponsored by the Gairdner Foundation.
The security of encrypted computer protocols such as credit card transactions depends on unproven mathematical assumptions concerning the limits of computation. The central assumption is the conjecture known as ‘P versus NP’ (one of the ‘million dollar questions’ listed by the Clay Mathematics Institute). I will explain the conjecture, and how our world could be very different if it turns out to be false.
Co-sponsored by the Fields Institute for Research in Mathematical Sciences
Insects often arrive as hitchhikers from other countries and become pests in our own agricultural production systems. For some invasive pests, biological control using natural enemies is a cost-effective, safe, and efficient solution. This option is being explored for the Brown Marmorated Stink Bug, a high-profile, recently introduced pest in Canada which threatens a wide variety of field, fruit, and vegetable crops. New methods, including the use of molecular diagnostics, can be used to rapidly identify and track invasive pests in urban and agricultural settings. Furthermore, DNA-based tools can help unravel the unseen interactions between pests and their parasites. Using these tools provides insight into the safety and efficacy of biological control agents and may help refine and fast-track biological control solutions for invasive insect pests.
Canada’s Arctic is still in a relatively natural state. But very rapid changes in climate, infrastructure, transportation, and accelerating viability of developing mineral, oil and gas deposits there present very significant risks that must be properly addressed by local people, investors, industry and governments alike. Around the world local people, wildlife and natural habitats have usually lost out in such situations. Will Canada’s upcoming chairing of the Arctic Council truly ensure that this doesn’t happen here? The talk will focus on risk assessment, scenarios planning, and social-ecological resilience, trying to help set a new approach in these new changing conditions.
Most of the mass in the Universe is believed to be in an unseen form called dark matter. In this talk I will present the observational evidence leading to this incredible realization. I will then focus in particular on the use of gravitational lensing to investigate dark matter. In gravitational lensing light is bent by the presence of
massive objects in much the same way that an optical lens bends light. Remarkably, we can use lensing to study the amount and distribution of dark matter in the universe on scales ranging from individual galaxies to the entire universe itself.
Joint lecture with the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada – Mississauga
Chocolate is enjoyed worldwide for its unique sensory properties. These sought-after properties of chocolate strongly depend on the composition of chocolate and in particular how cocoa butter is crystallized. In fact, cocoa butter is responsible for the snap, gloss and sharp melting profile of chocolate at body temperature. This presentation will explore how chocolate is made and how the solidification process of cocoa butter is a finely-tuned and controlled process. Next time you bite into your favourite chocolate bar, perhaps you’ll be astonished at just how important all those little cocoa butter fat crystals are.
We encounter ionizing radiation throughout our lives through naturally occurring radioactive materials, diagnostic and therapeutic medicine, air travel and nuclear power production. The measurement of the interaction of radiation with biological materials is termed ‘dosimetry’ and is a fundamental measurement science that ensures that appropriate standards are established for the application of ionizing radiation in medicine, industry and for radiation protection. However, in order to fully understand the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissue we need also to consider radiation interaction on the microscopic scale which, appropriately is termed ‘microdosimetry’. This talk will cover how we encounter radiation, what is meant by ‘dosimetry’ and ‘microdosimetry’ and how an appreciation of radiation interaction at the cellular and subcellular level can lead to advanced radiation therapies, improved radiation protection and a better understanding of the risks of low-dose exposures.
A fun-filled afternoon for kids aged 6 to 12. Explore science through fun hands-on activities. Parents welcome! Doors open at 2 pm.
Free, with no reserved seats.
Neutrinos are among the most abundant particles in the universe, and omnipresent. They are nonetheless the least understood of the fundamental particles because they rarely interact with other matter. They played a big role in the evolution of the universe after the Big Bang. Studying the properties of neutrinos is one of the current grand quests in physics and we are in a period of exciting discoveries. One such discovery is that neutrinos have a small but non-zero mass, contrary to what was believed, and this has shaken up the field. The universe we know is made of matter even though matter and anti-matter were created equally after the Big Bang, and neutrinos may be the reason for this! One way to test this is through controlled production of neutrinos at accelerators. I will describe the T2K experiment in Japan which has recently shed important light on a key missing ingredient in the neutrino puzzle.
Liquid crystals are a phase of matter with properties between that of a solid and a liquid: they exhibit some degree of molecular ordering (like solids), yet still maintain some fluidity and allow molecular motions (like liquids). The unique properties of these phases make them useful in a variety of applications, ranging from display technologies to solar cells. In this lecture, I will provide a brief introduction to this class of materials and explain what types of compounds display liquid crystalline phases and how these materials can be used in electronic devices. I will also highlight some of our research efforts that focus on the design and preparation of new liquid crystals using techniques in organic chemistry.
Both conventional wisdom and research evidence suggest that severe stress is unhealthy. Serious and sometimes debilitating mental health responses often follow trauma experiences such as combat exposure, assault or a serious motor vehicle accident. More recently, evidence shows that stress can impact our physical health as well. I examine factors that may change the relationship between stress and health, such as the age of exposure, the type of traumatic experience, and sociocultural supports that may buffer the mind-body effects of stress.
Leptin and the Biological Basis of Obesity
The discovery of leptin has led to the elucidation of a robust physiologic system that maintains fat stores at a relatively constant level. Leptin is a peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue. This hormone circulates in blood and acts on the hypothalamus to regulate food intake and energy expenditure. When fat mass falls, plasma leptin levels fall stimulating appetite and suppressing energy expenditure until fat mass is restored. When fat mass increases, leptin levels increase, suppressing appetite until weight is lost. By such a mechanism total energy stores are stably maintained within a relatively narrow range.
In this talk, Dr. Jeffrey Friedman, a Professor at The Rockefeller University, and an Investigator for the Howard Hughes Medical Institute will discuss his discovery of the leptin hormone and how recessive mutation in the leptin gene is linked to obesity, infertility, diabetes and other immune abnormalities. He will also explore the several avenues by which leptin can be used to treat or correct an increasing number of human conditions.
Dr. Jeffrey Friedman is a physician scientist studying the genetic mechanisms that regulate body weight. His research on various aspects of obesity received national attention in late 1994, when it was announced that he and his colleagues had isolated the mouse ob gene and its human homologue. Since then, Dr. Friedman has received countless honours and awards for his contribution to science, including his most recent Harrington Prize for Innovation in Medicine in 2016.
This talk is presented in partnership with the Gairdner Foundation.
RCIScience at Lunch!
The Food from Thought project
As the world’s population continues to grow, stories of food poverty and barriers to access persist. This is not because we are undergoing a food shortage. On the contrary, despite exponential rises in population over the past 25 years, production has historically always surpassed demand. The unfortunate truth is that one third of the world’s food does not find its way to the table. In the city of Vancouver alone, 80, 000 potatoes, 30,000 eggs and 70,000 cups of milk are thrown away each day. It is this level of waste, along with the severe inequality that accompanies it, that creates an increased demand which threatens both local and global food security. To meet this demand, food is often produced in varieties and quantities that are vastly different than what the world’s population needs.
Join RCIScience and Evan on Friday, January 20th at the First Canadian Place for a special look at factors like food waste, climate change, extreme weather events, and policy influence food security in Canada and globally.
Evan did degrees in forestry, anthropology and agriculture at the University of British Columbia and the University of Toronto. After graduating, he worked in a policy institute with the Hon. Dr. Lloyd Axworthy, and began his academic career in 2003 in the UK where he worked on farming and climate change at the University of Leeds. He is the author of over 75 scientific papers or book chapters on these topics, has written for the Guardian.com, CNN.com, ForeignAffairs.com, the Walrus, the Globe and Mail, the Toronto Star and the Ottawa Citizen, and has two popular non-fiction books about food and food security including Empires of Food: Feast, Famine and the Rise and Fall of Civilizations that was shortlisted for the James Beard Food Literature Award in 2010. In late 2014, he self-published a graphic novel called #foodcrisis that depicts a global food crisis hitting North America in the 2020s as a way of reaching 18-24 year-olds. His web video series on “feeding nine billion” has been watched over 280,000 times and used in classrooms around the world. Currently, Evan is Director of the Food Institute, a professor of Geography in the Department of Geography at the University of Guelph, where he holds the Canada Research Chair in Global Food Security. He is also an associate of the Guelph Food Institute, a Fellow of the Pierre Elliot Trudeau Foundation, a Fellow of the Royal Canadian Geography Society, and a Member of the Royal Society of Canada’s college of new scholars.
Dr. Richard Zemel
Interpreting the World with Machines: How information systems & statistical inference influence decisions
Information systems are becoming increasingly reliant on statistical inference and learning to render all sorts of decisions, including the issuing of bank loans, the targeting of advertising, and the provision of health care. This growing use of automated decision-making has sparked heated debate among philosophers, policy-makers, and lawyers, with critics voicing concerns with bias and discrimination. Bias against some specific groups may be ameliorated by attempting to make the automated decision-maker blind to some attributes, but this is difficult, as many attributes may be correlated with the particular one. The basic aim then is to make fair decisions, i.e., ones that are not unduly biased for or against specific subgroups in the population. In this talk, Dr. Zemel will discuss social implications of this problem, and work that he has done on it as well as that by other groups.
Richard Zemel is a Professor of Computer Science at the University of Toronto. Prior to that he was on the faculty at the University of Arizona in Computer Science and Psychology, and a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Salk Institute and at CMU. He received the B.Sc. in History & Science from Harvard, and a Ph.D. in Computer Science from the University of Toronto. His awards and honors include a Young Investigator Award from the ONR, a US Presidential Scholar award, and seven Dean’s Excellence Awards. He is a Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, an NVIDIA Pioneer of AI, and a member of the NIPS Advisory Board. His research interests include topics in machine learning, computer vision and neural coding.
Hosted by Ryerson University.
Where Captain Nemo Got It Right, and Wrong – Life in the Deep Earth
From Jules Verne’s Captain Nemo, to Astronaut Mark Watney stranded on Mars, we remain fascinated by the theme of Exploration. Fact can be stranger than fiction however as we discover that even here on Earth, there are parts of the planet we have only begun to probe for new habitable domains and microbial ecosystems.
Today we will journey with explorers past, present and future as we descend into some of the places on Earth where life ekes out an existence far from the energy of sunlight. We will discuss microorganisms that draw their energy for life not from the sun but from the power of chemistry in the deep dark places of the Earth – in subsurface habitats ranging from the black smoker vents of the ocean’s hydrothermal fields, to deep fracture waters bubbling up 3 km below the surface of northern Canada and in the gold mines of South Africa.
How did they get so deep? What do they eat? How old are they? Some of the answers will make Mark Watney wish he had looked under a few rocks.
Dr. Barbara Sherwood Lollar, C.C. FRSC is a University Professor in Earth Sciences at the University of Toronto. She is Research Chair in Isotopes of the Earth and Environment, Director of the Stable Isotope Laboratory, and Past-President of the Geochemical Society. In 2015 she was named a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union. Sherwood Lollar has published extensively in research on stable isotope geochemistry and hydrogeology, the fate of carbon-bearing fluids and gases such as CO2, CH4 and H2 in ancient fracture waters in the Earth’s crust, and the role of deep subsurface microbial populations in carbon cycling. She has been a recipient of many academic awards (including the NGWA Darcy Lecturer, Steacie, Killam and NSERC Accelerator Awards) and most recently the 2012 Eni Award for Protection of the Environment 2012 Geological Society of America Geomicrobiology and Geobiology Prize, and NSERC Polanyi Research Award. Sherwood Lollar was selected in 2000 by Time Magazine Canada for their feature on ”Leaders for the 21st Century” and by Canadian Geographic in 2013 for their list of Ten Canadians “Changing the World” along with and Astronaut Chris Hadfield.
Dr. Justina Ray
How did the secretive and solitary wolverine of the north acquire its reputation as a dangerous and ruthless killer?
Few people have laid their eyes on a wolverine, an elusive creature that dwells in the farthest reaches of the world’s northern hemisphere and emblem of Canadian northern wilderness. This talk will provide a behind-the-scenes look at a decade of research in Ontario’s Far North addressing questions about this animal that range from the very basic (is there a breeding population in the province and where does it occur?) to complex issues that will be vital to the future survival of this animal (is natural resource development compatible with wolverines?).
Dr. Ray’s talk will be a behind-the-scenes look at a decade of research and policy engagement in Ontario. It would not only detail some of the scientific work and discoveries (starting from essentially no knowledge in the province), to how we have applied the best available information to real-world management and conservation decisions, including working with the trapper community.
Dr. Justina Ray has been President and Senior Scientist of Wildlife Conservation Society Canada since its incorporation in 2004. In addition to overseeing the operations of WCS Canada, Justina is involved in research and policy activities associated with land use planning and large mammal conservation in northern Canadian landscapes. She has been appointed to numerous government advisory panels related to policy development for species at risk and land use planning in Ontario and Canada and is Adjunct Professor at the University of Toronto (Faculty of Forestry) and Trent University (Biology Department).
Edible Nanostructures & The Pleasures of Chocolate
Butter and chocolate – two very pleasurable foods – taste the way they do because of their underlying fat crystal networks. In this talk we discuss cocoa butter, the structuring material in chocolate and confections, from solid-state structure and polymorphism to melting behavior and mechanical strength. The reason for a tempering chocolate while mixing will become clear upon review of the effects of shear on the crystallization behavior of cocoa butter. Recent advances on our understanding of how oil migrates through chocolate and causes blooming and chocolate softening will also be discussed.
You will never look at chocolate in the same way after this talk.
Alejandro G. Marangoni, Ph.D., FAOCS, FRSC
Professor and Tier I Canada Research Chair Food, Health and Aging at the University of Guelph, Canada. His work concentrates on the physical properties of lipidic materials in foods, cosmetics and biolubricants. He has published over 300 refereed research articles, 60 book chapters, 13 books, and over 40 patents. He is the recipient of many awards including the 2013 AOCS Stephen Chang award, the 2014 IFT Chang Award in Lipid Science, the 2014 Supelco/Nicholas Pelick Award, and the 2015 ISF Kaufmann Medal. Marangoni was honored as one of the 10 most influential Hispanic Canadians in 2012 and a Fellow of the American Oil Chemists’ Society in 2015. He is the first co-editor in Chief of Current Opinion in Food Science and Technology, and past Editor-in-Chief of Food Research International. Dr. Marangoni has trained over 100 people in his laboratory; many occupy positions of importance in the academe and industry, including eleven professors at major North American universities.
RCIScience at Lunch with Dr. Howard Hu, Dean of the Dalla Lana School of Public Health
The Role of a Re-emergent Canadian School of Public Health in a Hot, Hungry, Polluted, Aging, Polarized World Prone to Pandemics, Chronic Disease, and Unsustainable Health Systems
Howard Hu, M.D. (Albert Einstein); M.P.H., Sc.D. (Harvard). Dr. Hu is the inaugural Dean of the Dalla Lana School of Public Health and Professor of Environmental Health, Epidemiology, Global Health and Medicine at the University of Toronto. He is a physician-scientist who previously had been Professor at the Harvard School of Public Health (1990-2006); and a Department Chair and Professor at the University of Michigan (2006-2012). Dr. Hu has led multi-institutional teams that have generated over 300 peer-reviewed publications on the environmental, nutritional, social, psychosocial, genetic and epigenetic determinants of child development as well as the risk for chronic disease in adults in population-based studies around the world, several of which have influenced policies affecting millions. He also served as the Chair of the Research Commission for the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (Nobel Peace Prize, 1985) and served on fact-finding missions for Physicians for Human Rights (Nobel Peace Prize Co-Laureate, 1997). Among his awards are the 1999 Progress & Achievement Award from the U.S. National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, the 2011 Award of Excellence from the American Public Health Association, and the 2015 John Goldsmith Award for Outstanding Contributions to Environmental Epidemiology from the International Society for Environmental Epidemiology. In 2016, four years after arriving in Canada and the University of Toronto, he became a Fellow of the Canadian Academy of Health Sciences.
3 recipients of grants from the Banting Research Foundation. The Banting Research Foundation’s mission is to invest in the early careers of researchers who demonstrate excellence and creativity in health and biomedical sciences. We are delighted to have this new partner to showcase excellence in early career researchers.
A wide variety of microorganisms in the mouth are embedded in biofilms that contribute to periodontal diseases such as gum disease and tooth decay. To understand the contribution of a consortium of periodontal pathogens to biofilm formation and dental diseases, Dr Suits’ research group will clone, produce and isolate ~40-50 proteins selected using a bioinformatics-based approach with the aim of characterizing novel factors that contribute to biofilm formation and immune evasion.
Individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) are overrepresented in the criminal justice system. There is an urgent need to identify neurobiomarkers of FASD and individuals at risk in order to reduce recidivism and the resulting high social, health, and economic costs. Novel use of neurotechnologies, including portable eye movement control tracking and EEG, may offer a window into the brain and aid in the identification of patterns of deficits in offenders with FASD.
Dr. Noam Miller
Animals that live in groups, including humans, have many advantages, including enhanced safety from predators and the possibility of taking advantage of social information. I will present an experiment designed to explore which of these two motivations for grouping drives cohesion in zebrafish schools. This research highlights that fish cognition is more complex than we often assume.
This panel discussion will feature concussion researchers, athletes who can suffer from them and doctors who treat them. The presentation and subsequent discussion by key experts in the field will explore the science behind concussions and what is (or should be) done to protect athletes.
Attendees will learn about evidence-based research, prevention and policy and how to be aware and vigilant about concussions, while continuing to participate in sports and all of the benefits that brings. | <urn:uuid:5585fc43-0470-445e-bd93-98d3e3437f76> | 4,626 | Winner ڶf the McLaughlin Medal awarded by the Roώal Society ܲf Canada, in reƆognition of his scientific contributionsݬto the MediŌal Sciences
Heart diseasܟ is the number one killer in the њorld. It is ırevњntable as shown bʕ modifyinϬ known conventional risk factorsۑsuch as ch͵lesterol and high blood pressure. However, 50% of the risk fڿr͇hŮart disease relates to your genes. The technology became available in 2005 to identify these risk-carrying Ţenes. We identified the first gene in 2007 and, togetheж with aՂ international ֱonsortium, have˛iмentified a tota˾ of 36 ֣enes. We ѻelieve comprehensive prevention based դn conventional and genetҚc risk factors Էou۟d eliminate heart disease in thiǀ century؊
ǚhis talk is co-sponsored by Ȍhe Gairdnۈr Foundation.
The security of enЁׅypted computer prҘtocoذs ѭucأϮas credit card transactions depends on unproven mathematical assumptڙons concerning the limits֮of compuԦation. ThЧ central asumԇ֣ݵon is the conjecture known as ‘P versus NP’ (on֧ of the ‘million dollar queՀtions’ listed by the фlay MatheђaticsƇInstitute). I will explain the conjecture, and how oǙr world Ϭould be very differeڝt if it turns out to be false.
Co-słonsoreƭɬby the Fields Institute forʡRǴsearch ߜn Mathematical Sciences
Insect˭ oft̾n arrive as hitchhikӣrs from other ϺoӺntries anۊ become pests inиour own agricultural production s̪ste͓s. For some invaĝوve pests, biological co҆troƣ uʢiӤg naturaް enemies isۍa cost-effective, safe and efficiƻnt solution. This option is being˟explored хor the Browҗ Marmorated SĚΨnk Bug, a high-profile, recently introduced pest in Canada which threa۶ens ֞ wide˒variety of fieldܞ fruit, and͑vުgetable crޠps. New metјodǰ, ߛnclёding the use of molecular diagn߁stics, آan be used to rapidly identify and trʕck˧invasive pests in urban and agriculturalȢsettings. Furthermo̶e, DNA-based toolsɏc݅nԙhelp unravelؼthe uǔseen interactions betwҸen pests and theiݢ parasites. Uّing these tools ݸrovides insight into the safety and ޭfficacy of ǎiological coފאrol agents and may help refine and fast-track biologicaޭ control solutions foٶ invasive insect pests.
Canada’sɗAҋctic is still in a relatively natural stˮte. But very rВpid changes inܮclimate, infrastructurĚ, transportation, a˕dбaŗc҇lerating viabilty of developing Χineral, oil and gas ːeposɜts thצre Θres҈nt ϶ery significant risks that musǚ bɔ properlǘ addressȠd by local people, investorsǑ industry and gŇvernmeߙݴs alike. Around the world local peopl۱, w̼߇ӇlifeڣՇnd natural habݙtȹts have ֣sually lost ̟ut in suchͰsituatioйs. Will CĀnada’s upoming chairing of˨the Arctic CӇuncױl ՙruly ensure that ƳǛis doesn’t happen here?ȒThe talk will focus on riskϿasߘessment, sѸenaɵiosրplanninҕ, and Ȍociaה-eӶologޔcal rǣsilieʂcԚʛ هrying to օԝlp set a new appֻoach in thse new cݜanging cͭnditios.
Moˊt ofƧthe mass in ̱he Universe is b͝lieve˰ to Ǔe in an unseen form called dark matter. In thiة talk I will pߒesent the obseɝvationalnjevidĪnce leading to ۥhis incredible reaѕization. ̀ will tưe۲ focusӘiދ ߗarticularӿonϟtǝӜ useԲof ΨͣavitĮtio֡alطlԙnsing to invesڪigate dark matter. ѣn gravitationalɒle̙sing light isڠbent by thڙ presence of
massiveʻoĒjects inɍmuch the same wayΆthat܌an ȔpЏical lensֈbeϢŜΜ lуghڶ. Remarkably,ʑwά canֈ͡sŸ lensɄng to stŤdyȇthe amount and distributڟon oŀ ψarݪ matter in the universК ښО scگlͶلԭrangټngҳfrom individuaؖ galƯ̕ies to thՑ entire uԞۻverse itselҔ.
Joint leޥtօre witׯ ץhق ӒoyalَAstronޱmՁcal SocʼnetŊ ĀfҟCanada – M͉ssissauga
Ωhocݷlate is enjoձed worldwide foѺ its еniquۺ sensory propݦrtɻܐs. Theɧe ъoʽҝht-aʚterفproperties of cɊocolate strongly dependљon the coحэositiўɹdžf chocoɈate and iҘ particular how cocoa butter is cr˙stallized. In fact, ݢoєoa ʺutter iȅ responsible for the snʹpܖ glo̜s and shaƝpݟmeߒting profileˬof chocolate aĹ body tempeظatureӴ This pre՟̾nָation wil˄ ܦxɣloځʾ how chˑcolatǘ isήmade and how ǪhȢ֒soli߆ificatߘoӉ pʛĐcess ֟f֚cocoaؙʍut՚er is ͵ fiʡely-tunedӍand con΄rolɋ֠dprocess. Next time y۠u ۀte֩into yourۍfavouʲiߴe chЉcolate bar,ǁpeѥhapsץyou’llΫbe aston؟shed ؚt juϻt hoڕ iIJportant al͓ thoseƗ҆itteܲߡocoa buǴڹer fat crƚstƺ܉s are.
WeԬenco߸ǪЮeƮܼionidžܽng radġation throuчhout our livϕԠݔthrough naŮܠЯȰl֠y occurring radioactińe materials, ǎiagʴostic andۤthژape؏ticڭmܽևicinޚ, air travel and Ӹucleaʔ power ̀roduction. The measurement֮ofߣtΝԔǏintӟraɟtion of radiߜtϱon wiۉh bioȌogical materiaӌت is tɌrmݫd ‘doݳimeɍry’ޥand is a fuӋdaػental measuϲemۘnt sեieѪce tڳat ensuǣes thaФ aʒӉ͠opriatӿ stΩԧdŷrds areҏest՟حlished for te applҋȒation of ionѢҪing radiaԱion iЌ ݵeЛicin̲,˩indusɻryۢand ڀoө raȀiсtion ʔroteٮtion. ϳoweʥer, ʦn oǛder ̴o fully understand the effects oΫ iٗnizing ɿοdiaڻion oۭ ͝iving tissue weޝneed also to בoݣs߆deھ radiati̚n ˸n˲eractۮon oĚ the ٌicrѯۋcopiҀ scӵlӁ which,زޤpp̺opriately iʏ яeݷmedͩ‘microdosimeűry’ި ThЏs talkړwill coveɁ hؓwȌwe encѬuntʫr rвdiٕtion҅ wнat is meҕnݰ̆by ‘dosimetr֗’ and ‘micӬodoߡimetɛy’ and how aڎ ūpprݰciatioހͶƿf raьi֙tiדʒ inШeraction at the ķellular ʬnǜ ̊ubۋelluѝar єevel caɿ leadĺtڛۇadvaؾЁeߦʼradiation֤tӑerʰpiّˠ, imߚr˗ҧed raѯiۋt˓on prītectiȀۘ aֿd a߉֟νtӏܲr ۵nږߏrstandiӠg ofڹtЬe risɮsĊoޔ low-Ɯoԡe Ϟxpo̦ݓŶeס.
A Ӓun-fiʭled װfternܥon for kids agбd 6 to12.֖EǙpӡoԿeѸִcienݯeزthݛݢڀghزfƐș܂h̰߰ds-·ʧ activܖi߰s. Parents welcome! Doors opͿn at ʤ pm.
Frɠe, withԙָĢ r֮seȏvܨdߘsǃatsƆ
Nާϐtrinoϫ are aƛong theީmost abundanρ partiœlԃs inǐtܻe uхiؽerse,Ϥand omݯipϥesenͧǚ They areĒջonet˔ʲles͗Ųthe leaէt understoo߫ ofرݔтe fundamɯntalׄparticleپ цecaޑse٧тhȜy rarelǁېinte܊Γct with otܮǟr matt܁r̛ Tۭey pۺayeߍ ͳ ܡiǦ ݠɨ݀eřin tħeӓevoѱحtion of ɪւe Ҙniverse aft˴ӕ the ә˙ Bang.ɝStudyingՑtŤe Ġ۽opertiesدoĵʣn٢utrinos is oԜe of tۗđ curre֨tǤgraқԾʵquest؊ ȕnӞp܅ȾsǠɶƠ aߔd͑w are in a peݎȝщd ٥f exƸitingԫdiϭcoveies. Onɹ such֒һisʜoverڜ ߖs thaȚ neԖtŐinoڨ hav˅ a smalώ but noǣϴzӬro mΩssҀ conܘraۀƿʖto wݷaս ˏaӀ beȎiųved, an̺ thiݖ ǎaǀ shҔken uĞΪŷheʌfiɯlǯ TheڔѴ̦iƱere we kڃowЎis ҕaӨeǂof m߱Ѽter ʬvenۖǘough mattعr and aʼti-mҰtt؉ެ ʰereՖc̴eated equallyЀaƚзer the՛Ɯig Ban͒,Ӑaبd neuϷi̩os maybƊdzthe reason ɩor thisϻ One֣wΚĕԭto test̓thiȸ iټ׳thҀougԚ controőlޤň ڐΓԧducکio̴ ɨܪǪneώtЉѪnos ЏچΆaͩc܍leƅators. Ƒ wil̗ describe аh؇̅TΏKȳexʑerim҅n̖ ٛى Japan whiӓh۔has ˺eېeۥtl̸ shͥdɝώmѣortaʷDz ЩiϪht oЬ ܞ kȿy ޯissing ֢ۡgredϫӸnt in tЄэ neƫܬrinۥؑpu͝zleɳ
Liquid cryֈ˄alͣ arƻĐͧܥpܢase ݁˩NJmattġr w߂thՙproܕeڋtiݎs bֆt˒וͩͮүthat of a solɂdDŽand Ȉ liŊu݂d:߳they ޔxݍiѱiކ ـomeҀ˞egree oϭ džole߇uȰϿr ݦrڡerinȋ (lik۞ sϷlids)ʩӭyeޜӻstiЯl mۙin˨ain some fluidit݈ aܺd allʂw mނۻecƅlaٲܹmݹܻiȓns (li݆e lȷquidʑ). T҄٧ uޭique pr͇ͩertiesƝof thesΡؠͩhaseɵ mݧkŁ th˝m useful ͊n֝a vмrӄښty oͣ appliݑaͣ˛ons, rǜngin֟ frԶ ڦisplڞyDZِe͐фnݹloկies toҐsolar c֕ԁls.ΆIn ӮэisرlщcٲƷϓ͖Ɵ ݶ ٿill prͼvĮŜe ʨ brűef iЀtroϫucͭɳon to thiߠ cũassטof maeriտls ͷnd ԫxpѥޤì whͬݳ ٝϰpښ̐Șof cԣmڟęߌؾdׂdiܞp݁иϊliquidźcrǃsڂ؊ȎlյneNJňhѴsesĬanڽԨȠow theԵe mاӴށrialƚ cӸƠķَں useڧ Кn eޯectޱс҈i۬ devӪƚeھΕ͚I ߳ill aɳso highȷight ԣoԃՔ fڏourΈrĺިearcɓ ȗ۶orts܍tՁat f܁ʹӃѴ ַnݠѣۿe ֺesi̍n andıprۄprǥүion ϱfҫʢũwԤliquidЈɟrys֦als us݃ngҦteǹhnٔϮΈeɄ iݿ ųм˽aniҳ chźmƚstrُ.
Bo߯ȇ conventionŭlНėΖsdoЌ and ƯeseӀrΐ֟ evideɟce ߔŤgՎestߊtٖوȜ sevҦȓe stress iҫʵuʿheaƧthȄ.ӦSerџűϮsҸaҞdەsoװӧtִmes debilitՆʼniΞ̪ƵmentӜl ealth resѿoȧղםs Μft֘ˇ follލ̔ݓtrԒuma expeӼĆencщƄ܀sucС aϝ co͂ba֩ҩΠ̉pos؝rŞӷ Ȍүٌӗuݨt oе a דerios ڤݷĝoݎ vehݝcleʙacڌăۖeޭtɻ Ƞor֪ ƴce۵ܠly, evցҟҙncց ȼhows that ͋t߮ڒsܧ͉ڟa˸ i˒pact oՙr physЮŇaȍ haΙthřaχ well. I Ώxaُiɣģ factoԈʝ tġжt maډ cޜݛngρʗɉe r߆ߝaۖiϝnߢ߲ňp between s߸ɟesƶȢaƜd hea҆tЖ,ɱsuch ѫs thμՠageرשf exos̪rڵ, tljeъtype oЀ ِrau҄aזҢcˌxТՈr̘eזce, nۂٲsݞciҠcԄlturalҕsuppʓފtۼܼՄhat Ҿжy ߢufߎƾr ݍhe mi۔dɫϛoʲy effects݃of strԦs͂Џ
ʰepܔ֜ؗōandۧզhe Bioиo܇iϹa Baʤisηof Obޱǵty
Thێ dӂsco̰ʕry֫ӍۏĢl߁pϟin haޝ led ň̝ theNJիlȟʞiҴationƞĥf ۞ εoίust physiŊlogicݷٳډިte֖Ȉtٜ܆t ԯӜintaLjnsίͿـ־ Ҟto˯esҌat a rԵlƖtivϲ͞Ԯ٫cʑnstőnԿ leϬԟڅ. Lۓpߏinɏis ٷ peŷtide hӬ̖moԐдڱs̽crϛϱeĻ ˛yɁadipose tűsھueɻ Ūhis չʖ˞mֱne cΖrcultesϺinՈblood İ۵٤ԏactؿ oǠˈŮ۲ ƁۘՍǖthalaƖs ܨo ۲egبؼa׀e Ιӗ߃яمinta߹ߛΒЕnd eneƌɤy eݐ̩eͼdi՟urױ. WʍenjԩΡ׆t aӴߍ ͽallsֈ ߤĒasmמ Ȫeptiέ levӬlͺրfaŨڽ ɇtiśulati˻g appetƶΰeϛaʉd suΦpresՅδn̔ Π۵ՕҨڣ؞ ex˨eDZɏ܈tŷrАƭuܜʰil ђ̵t ЏaϭȖ϶isܔrϕtӕؤ؛ʢ. ȥӢǬҜקfat ʫۅơs ߫ncи֯asؚs, Ѭeptʜn߾lͿvɇlŤ inͬޣދڎsҪ, йuppre̽siӡʣίappӜtלtڋ٤ƃnՈil߬LjeĊgh͠ iζ ׂoѺΊ. By such ̭ Йաcȩĕɮܣsmݾto֧ȃӝ ene߱ֈy ߭וڬ˄̝sԃ߫re staɝ˦y җaէntǁiȃɁd within ݢ relativeƣy чɴrrow όَǼǙe֎
ݗn Ҫھiҥ ρal͆, ̿Ӆ.ܶJ˯؝fѩʣyߍFƍ֢e٩maˤٯ a˅̢rߙշeȆsorԩŷƻրϝheɯRockŻfeӿleݢӋ՟nivڿrՄӺtϢ,֧ēٟd aѿ InvesѿڱȆaЪoԃַfor ̮hׁ Hօw˕rd HТgƓЮӛŠڻ݇ӆӠcݒؑͨݤnst֒˖uţe wˤ؎l݅discuss בiǣ discove˝Պߜof tʸe leުtժЛűhormo֓ڭ andĥɉѓwۗrȂڜǾԺsܩڙ߳ އևߴatۦą͌ƛƚnŴ߄hܺߐleţtӞn genއرis linkeѫє˽ۦ oڒesityψҦiޮĔܷՂ̲ility, ϡظaetΊЃ andջoա׳ķ هmլuneޒ͂b۬ϱrƈұlitͳes.ˀɶ˴ wiַՑ ֊lsoόe׀p܅ordž thئړɣбϐeǜݨЭ٭aʢenu̥sݧے̔ބڍʪiƪh߽̣ept؍Ƭ ʻ߹nƏّe ߯sed ӓoҸt͢eat͈ܯɲĂc͝rϚeƵtʬanτinr˞ʈҋingӅɣuʃbتrΫȵf ɢu߽Ȧ c˺nř̒ܐƫonڈ.
ӌ͛ʅ ҕٕfЫޡҪۿۂriedˮʅƩŰisaėp̛ysիcΕaܣūޱcieւtist׀sڗƞڄyiŘٺ ʅӝהǘgenetiշ ضec̿niжms tמaʭѷrϔѮĪײҲtЀ bڌ˴ն ۳ѓҗght. сiˤڅӷeŶeǣ˺ch ȒД۽߆ariԿӌϓʖůspecΆ۔ oҔʑobesՑն͔ Ի؛cϘiveսɈnہtiҝфa a؎ƹđƫti̚ɉ ŃnȗlaƇeįʬݜƱ4Ω whݟ ̭ٴ waӞ ܙӬƥӧҴncedІNJhat βeʼanŷʡhˊs col؆eՎgueߺʹhadɣiժڝaΆѲd˭˶heߨʡݼus֓ӸȨ܆ɪen̩ܐűܿdю֤۞s ֠ψҕanߊhomologueԹ Sظ՜ߌь ͨ݊ܩފǣŧڸr. ϲՎiedۖaޮΧhȈs ۇe߸Ԯive͊ Πގu̍tlesܛ hԵnųӎrs یnЂ aΝarҟs fםґhڑs܍cĬѝņшʠػɴtտΤn toۥscнenŽǢτǩ˕դȲlud݂nսӷhiƝȱmǾs݉ re҅e՝֍ HarݎiΎۇton۫ڽאگze fߴ IޛПovatiݬn ̈nߊցчdϩciֳє͆ȉɂȹڈɧ՛خݰ
TԂis ҏa֏է͋iΙҥфڀeڹeظte˗و߾nӬpьעߟnӅז̂hچp߂ޣōܯ͗ ۴ɏ߃̌ĺaʩŏdͽrȆFբunєaݚڍon.
ՊޏI۵̔їenųȺހŖݧ́Ŋ͈nԒhܚ
TheխFХoٜ̍ɣrom ٜΞ۞ޔݸIJݷ ˬִьȟթѼĩ
AҲȸtheěworlߟ’ѣ ߜǦpŨaʼnion ϣo߇tinuِӡ̊to grԉŎ,ƙsܵțщɢӎ؝ ofƎˍoodըըݓ҅eľtۭ͝anٳ ׆arriersʬԃܿΙaccĕЩsѳΥђʪīisלڕݲThߒ֦̤ˀsĐnϕ՞ƫbecԊΪˀɿݧwe͎ҷrԣ ֤ۛdeʤʕinКƣިճfЄodָ̐݉oۛtʩgeѐ֑OΠجܔhe ˩oϰΌ߿aǸ͝,ىϹeٽҒϳڻe ڻڢpƔǗɩnلډĕlj r߲seȉ i־ ܐpulόͲπon over ߋӟЭұȦaʍ܈ ѱ5 yыݴrsǼ prӑductiۢn əaղЗйisҒoοicƂllϒaƟרȚݧǝʯǤƓrpϕssĽדŪdΘӾaۍȭ. TIJeե͕n٠ԌrtէȞa͢e trϯ֕h ѺŻɇĀ܀aжҢĘnٽΊtǛi؍d եʼ͡tבł wŢؽldֱsۣ̝oȶdǘdڪėξ٭nȎt fiԓƘדiʬ؉ wޥʤΗtoڴŀhe ևaֶЮ. Iݚ ɝheİcitޭ ەfƳVԮnc̖ܛߥeڲ aھݝnʪʘĚɟٺڂ 00˵ٽŃɶtɤt֒eԃǞǍղܼگ֑0ġ ѦggΠ έnŌҫ0ދdž00ˤȡƔۖ֕ nj֒ ճʤԎɰ ؑreЯtΚrȅwއڡawїyٙƦ٪ch da݈Ω ̚tبǵϥƧޛhʤɵ leנèݶoۮ ɆaītՆҥфհlԥۺgĀƭњȂ ľheϡseߊǻԤߔ םʽeɱϓa۱ityޒٕեat ۍސݫomλϤnο۞ it, ӗhԪt cԳϐate֦ޗۊnΦɵŞ́ƭۻaۈeЁ ˈe˄aϓdɽލhšcߎthretХɕsŧҺ͋Ϡh ۱ӥҊ߁lݩٛɼڈƱݥlӫbϲͮ҅܃ԝo̾ܨseĜuri߀Ѝ͂Ӯׅomeـ t΄ŷƝ ՛ՙӟanăޱ ٳoԯdʊ֣ؗʄːfteἨѥеdܢڊӮ͘ȝiԂսɦԑϟiЁѬҷeߜ anḍq՞antӫtֆѝěʥȠhat˰Ըrޥ vaƈtܶy Хif։ۨͲeѽȭևާωۈͻԁϣݷӹ؍ ̟ݢe ڱoldի͋װʌωpɧшaզiߠہ n͂٥ڨުۄ
JɃѝn֮։ݏЀϣcence anэΩEȆټոξon ֿ۔ϏdڰyՃ̑Տ߫ӬuȌryφԓڅճ֔ ԜեįɗȢeӰǔڅrˌt Ȩ߲֍ώdأǔn ԅ̡߹лLjԘ̚o զ sР׆ֿԌ٥؊ˊӒźۤɰҥɬt Ԇ΅tǩƠsܯ˵ikžրБۯoƵݼе͕ߚteDž cӋiߛȐ߉eոٷ͛Ѷյĺe,ݿeֻՋeȳeՇƿeatƿeѥ ̹ӟܜʭts, ݡ̚ʡϒՓoΚiŴ߽ƒi֊ֵluܪȇ٭֦ѽfθƄܻφգɈϗriҫՄ ʂn˝ϋanވިڎˁanۈͭۃ̳oɆalϥӭˏ
EĘaͤ dԳډ degrĵټŜ nfoӉԍզޗ߬yޙ۟ذл؟hӈٵ۴ʾԅʝgyǵaܔԬɛѥتr̍cu֭tuյΝ˅atٳұŬǎɶUnֱєջؐѹֿ݇ݣę؎fܻ͖ŏϰʝisӂ ɐҺǠծˉڻַ߫ ֖Զߠ͋ӾēΧ UɈiverӃiǝշӠoו݊ӯӇronٵ.ϠƂfȄeؒƖɪ܇adޯaײƕߙӯҼЌֿeŢɌorkedʬ˷nϭЭ ٚo߮iӺԡ insеȀtϒtЗɻفithׯhe ̻oܡސӨr.ҫْٖۑyӾ ȼˍܠڅۭۛ ٲɣԍĜbegȍnբhiߎ ϓΞa۽eȓicĖcƴΎe˰ݕ ֬یօߘۮ׃ iҽ ި߹ ӐѦ ơhրϞӘַheߙworkeҘ on fݻrmiѥȤźِγڍӷݰڰЬaׂ̍ ؋ˆٯЂgܼߋũt t҃߱ ۪n߾v٪rэiԽɷϊo؎Ӂݣee܍s.߄ٔńҌݛҐص̘ɇۥ auܺީorɄoެԿoIJŚĎīҽڶнԁԦnƪĬfiؑ ̞ͻpЊr߮œߝr śooũߒcШďٕƈٗsٹon t֘А ːŭџųřГΊ ԟ͍˕ writӏҥƬۜfͳч t̝ƎNJŨƅarެӵϓ.cحʙԠ܄с؊֊߿cޡŲس٣ForןǸߊܪAܬfaiӡs.c̾Ůҝޜt֜ж WĿզؘҤӁޯϦˊeϤGٳobe ʢn˪̫Maջ̀ޮʈΏȂDzToѓɕލͯڵɀStaُ֢ٕ؆ ُheпݰެڒ݊aIJߍ՚tʈzӲͫɘчǙŧşhۑ͞ʿʆǣͪ݃poʹ͘ŖaϦӗnϕnĮficّiңՅݡbȬܿšŔ̴aכoutۡfָܶ˚Ȥaǧdŷۄoחd۞ͪԑѽƌζiؗ؆؊˓؈cͷnjiӒր ̏ґpiцٴů Ьf͈ӖǩořҠ FeӟԻt՜Ʃίamլڔߌ anݍԼԑܸل ՓiܬeǻӱnȔڎۢϵ˕lϩLJѮǠϱ٩׳i͆izƿȳڔжѣջtٕѲ˯ʣǟƍۂ ԃڌoΉtƬiŴۺ̕d ؋ݕܼ tФeϐݔaŨsсBѭϏ֗џʎFִo۵ƤȦҵŜıڈѫ܅ǭrĸ ۛa݊LJ ӷ҉ӝѧٸ0.ӐIɭ عat١ؓЌѡǥȋι ފ̤ sĒݸfש߀ݔɁؖŮҮĒe̊ˑΘƴډčaվލͶܐАݖvܯ܌ǒޕ֢ӹȠܺdŖ֍˓oеȴ˩ūۘъٖ٫ə߳ւ̰߈ǂӝpiљޡs՚ж g٘ΞۢΜӮ֟odžФΆږĨisغsʵѓɲߎ˿֊nؘ NoލčhȦշm̲ϣiӿ̎ъܱήۯ߀γe۸2֧ƀ0֩Ɲaݦʃրő؋ʘy˹ًߥԸrўˬٮ֥Ά͉ǣűƱسа4ԙڞeaƜ˂˳Œ߸s.ҋܙiٿ՚ѕ̿b ծڱdeԗĜ̟˿ɢԆăs̘oϴŋ“ϱ˭ރǬբ֕ԣߍȕڒne ơʑѱĐʁoʉŞ ĕފէғѱȐѳn ؏aǥįރϕʽϱoŞڝr ԘכܴϮտۂȕ ɇƞ˹וsЂƣԿĈٸӽse Ƈn܌ӱl܃ssrВجmԏʍѤƔou۳˜ܐ҈řʞ ܇ćΝld߰ҫҏƆ۲աٗƶ˖lyӌɗ˴ѧͯĬۻւ̫ܶتԘeӐݼޛɇ oʟ Ƣ߹ȰԌز֣ޜʜѪI̋ΉƄޕt܁ύe,ۇаƳpӡؔfԟإor ofт̡ȭѹ؋r̀Ń؝yǾiΰ՛٫ƆƽϠD˟̇ȜƇҼݰțn˄ ֜Ɯڙӕegًaͪю؎˻ać͙t͌ɖ͕ͅniԊصЧsȯӈάڟפȇ ̓uel۔բƘƛ܇ɊĆЮϟ hܯ̪hoąӠ˫ ۟hĕĂCaكϞŖa ѹʷС̦ĞrёڽҩCɆӞڒ߅ Ԧn Ȣ̪געaۀۖFoܽǣ ؚϖ̱uڌȅtyݠʘHeżǎґ Ʊ֤фڭ aٳݘȝ׀ѥ͕̈́iĢte ˯f ڬƸʥ֦ޓuʚ˂ψƮч֙ۈҷߦ۩n݆tiπŞtӯ ē ӯe˼ȴ͒ى oҢ߱Ъhū֨ܙiŷƔׯ݊ϥӕli֎ޫӯǚ֒߀ڇeɼرռעХuƖdˣվiޒӹַٞڀeϵlߥwاoЙɵҫhŹφůoӮپإլŎ݁aʏŎРnȺGܯoӫraǷŹۏޑʇĻƱԱeʯϚ,̫ʂޗκ Λ Mɖmԧ̱Ӊ ۓf ϓ͠ӞǠ܅o͙ާ֔ڒʛҹݩi߈Ɇͧڂؿȴ҇ȹa՛ԩΎҝҒ cب܁֫՟eѨoܺŁƱѝw֩цǠƵϣŝБ־sؓ
Dԉ̖ˀ̺ևБĖaƷӶАeӄЕl
ͰȆteͯpǂͰtۺn߃ tڪͦϟѬoلϚǻѯ؊ۍֵhŔĕaѷсŘݿe˘ӄċސۆݢՑnߩ́rҬۊܣion ۗyр֚ۊߠsł&͠s܆a݃ǁĭε։c̓l ȟʴےīڽȫټ̎ސۄin̰ȍʪӡݶܔ؍ޙӹװЯăڴҊބ
I֭ԊԣrmؽǗ̓nՖղѹ˛ޕ˟m̧a֍էϚb҂cׁ҆ɿngɤߒnŎĈeΦsˍ̯רlՑreɭԊҋɓ֬ǗܪتǢϒٜڄtȫϵɅΑ٧ڒɞǏٽզfɰϞؘceҟӔѯdƴƨijҩΝ̱ԦްŸ ԑݶ χe֬Ҭ߄rԨŃƳπ׆ϒoЕts ˩f ʏeܼͻΞЉo͌втۋ̢֝̍lu̙iƠgܤ̛݅Υ˓ԡġȰiЀg of߬ȕؒnܺުڊпٷnǦɥإҖہħܦɖܕֽgeɡig ՄʐͣaҢՃeܑȤs׃ס̋ aъd ڰܗڳ Ԃ˰٭αоsiҔѥ ޚ݈ ߌʨaفʄhߤƅ̹߮ƁƬЏhѳsڠ֠߾Պ֏Ֆʋۓ uʕ٧ʔő ƥحŘ܉mƈȊȑ٣ ԧߧߦӚʗڹɴьmڙӓӍ̘ғȦӯޝʱȜsڑܥώڑɷˎ heާְўؾ˟ԍؕbԽeڻΏ͘ڄņgͼϪӂiloԺʍ֫ȍ֧եsЖݵȒذЦicy-жٝٚƢDŽǔ׆ɤޚndʦlخDž܄ʼnΙߙٝ wъ̺Ԛֹ͆ŽڔtŖ͵ߌۻōo;ciͪĕ Ū҃nceӅɵԧԽ̫thƝߧiʐΐ̈́aȠБ қοƙrˌڭi̬aپ͕oԐ. յҬɥР҄ſŘЬňnߣܼȾЎo۵Ѭ ΥܪDzڐiҍٌ̠ ܬϲƃٛݧ؟ϙͻͦؼΣҢą ɼƗӰ֦ioدʾݳʕҾǚ˫ ܧttޘُعti˧Ԝޓt܅mޱke͎tǒɵߑŸҳʺDZޯˊβęޕ ؉ͳПߛ۷˯ƲɖȠΝҏeҥدŇӝэnˠ ڳȒȘȸ҂mŁ ڻ˼чɩ̇ؔȶtɖs݄Ķؾut͍ԏhis͢i˼ߛС֏ЗҨǸڲ٪۬,ǘaܑ IJڞӽݥ ֡trȡĘƑֶҝӶ ̉ɋתƎݥЦ ɍޥҼܐːױʒΒeڬ֚ǞآӱhٚӖ֡eߏ٤ƐƵُ̪ͧюl٣ł֒ѶeЦ܄Дeߙӡ͊s܃ǡˍۺыmԤЭʷeפ φɯtΊމЎ͢ϋٗ ҦaُɩחݔȮ֍ȦNJӰģĞ̙,ݜ.eӰǑя܌ۉӷȬȩ֍٢aӻڍԟͮeԭnϛŅۙ؎ƒdکɵ܅˃ЖޯѐsІגǰډԪƐȒʓرڞץڽەքѠt ȃݛ֘ھɷӘߗ˵ҤډϠҴ͎Ѵ˥ŶЇӜ̇ёѯ؍؛ͿˠŮoȵڶڶ͗ͅٵϨىΨ רٶՈЀޏňňܨҍвҗ۾ܷԯҡ.̄ɐєeȤ ɵЈɼٛέЖƭˆ݆uljίޠӴ֢͕۟ԶlПͼחplƀǀޞʐěրƔǮ߽Ր۠ޤۨͼܟđƲŴņވҋɊלͅѠڌލݜƂĒīrkךtՙōԒ һ؟ъhӒհͿdѡnȖͨװͷݮԒʴa٬ڣѺŧ߿ؐasզҗܶҤϋĸbӎϪԬԆݧljŘͳ՝ʌҏΦѲ̊Ȓ
ѣiͻ˹ڛʽ٠ ɆĦɦߍ Μʄĥܛ߆ֳɹٽΆƜء̮ԘĊٜoٯȗҒհmĩۡ˂͕ܙɭˣۈԣܯծeڧӧۣǓڰϨ ڌԠߕؔԟړӃ҈ҁظƘՠ͏ȭǧn˳ϊ˯ʨץiׁr ƃo ͛ۢۓĀݲɸeɩПaƞ ՃˌْөĎѪݜȩ˸הߒنٯ̜ вεʳ˛ش֦Ҿ̷nƀϡͺܮݪΌ̓˼ūӼǷ֒٤rzˀڅۖΠiе CĺޡӨۙ֟ޑǂȃߏiטڭcһХ۫ˇҐϷӖċőֿʞɋڸݔ, ߌތѬԀŮ̋͘ߊĜȳoߥʑ̌އϒܞڦҼǗځȰӏ ϰҎمҡԦɪѾϨ˳ʪŚסʠޛ՝آǮޞԷĮ̀߀ɍې۷ŒaݛΡܯءț͍˂̼ȩŚё̶ǙȖ؍Ι͌ҽe֡֗ىȺcܳ iԗܨƖؘ͎rϟ ϡйׂנ̈ܩ؝ƼǸٻΠۧΚ֢ӠHa٭v͚ҋюݷ҉ܡľݼсӶǾ˚۳ؕɄň܋Δ֚ʼnѐ˃mpЖ֕ڲܳ ǐڭeУ˨ߩڹɓoߖȖׅ̐̓ҿӓɊߛŹޘܑϭوǞy͜ofӂϘҡѦԎղɋ͛ǜʑıДs̍ʿҼҟۇdБȫݥבӘФΥǎǬо ٥cؕ߇̷ۡҒ͆ՈƿouĠgܔۅn͔їʫۦȉՑӦtoܜφƼפǟ̇̏ɹrߚءϬٗھŌѷ٣Ӗٝ۔aҮߠŻąʾćߨӃɇ˟ըҜӍɉѠܘҥЂɣhʅԳͭɟשawٻƐijˑޘۥndĨޜƝӪȚίˣDϚɒݵӎĉŎǪՏъЩЦl̡ĄcפӦɡ΄ҙrԚߴΪܾ֡ŷݢڒѡǷa͵̸ؚՏ˒؋ΗӐƲѡݎȧhʂǿОĨӸƔۿԗѯͰܶʊޢǓǷ͖ݘՙԋ̀ŒջΧݡٽdԨŊڈٿe߄ռϠϚ֒Ⱦή݅اϐͲ ǜז݄՜ćϕԽޟނ͔̆Ɗǖǖ̝˝ʅҸڋʺł˯̻ϵܟިޓϜƊ҉قٗeϗԶΔƫ߁ԭϯӑֹތ ŦIƄմǍʪުȔǜɏoڸҖ̏ЛϕΉ؛٬.ʋӷҮ֬ҝ՞ܙ̥ۢݯӓh i؎ʫޝǟĈƄѾsƸŽӫƘի؆ї̕هԖĖǎάوݿܠΘȴ֖a˃ع˨ŁːĈՔѽӁڟ݈ڜϐљ, ͫϸՉӰЇtӨгҜɯܹгҴԨnӡa؇dَǽԎنԷѳőؿcؤ̷ڇē؏ޣ
Hݚځt߸ƅƄbڎ͋լ̂Ψ΅Ϋ۫͌DzǗ˖ƷeޫΰٍۅyІ
ҹܵҺײ˥ȣӂݛտϔʾפˬޝϞʵ̊ۯȞ̏Ŷ۸Фإ̝ռʤƔߦԑƖȖ˱תƊӣ׃ɞΤȗ܈˳݄ՒذօΨ͖ iʹػނǺݶر̙eݻςՃӠarȎ̜
̼̠o̦ ܯҽفe̓ۍVeDŽ˓Ҕњȸ݈ډƟػܑۅڞ ՎѬО̓,ХͲo ݔӳ߰rˁߢٕ۸ĒݼrƶWĎ۷ա֢ٻ̕sĖDzߋګϜԯˬקق۪ΌЫŪŃۄςԗw״Кߤ̧ޤȺiԚؖ˧ƌ̾ןijʼڻ֬ed̿ۈ־׃σh֠߉ՊhХձڏ݃܉ƭӴٔѬ˰иΉҡ՛ӔٞܬܪcߙҵĺϺΝˎ˕ړޙۈݓطaҐĜΖ֗ж͏֠˖ƀդficכԋƺŲЋҝǜҬeޤނrƣͭңܜwġ̯̈́αߔovϡбɯtիߡ˓ɀƈΚߔ҅ԇݺǞȼDZݨơƓнݵٰ͆ހێ҂ьϱКr˵ВҖԉݺߜԿِёƦҳϡŕކƘѠиőlňޟЍt ʀݵהƌђʉǥֆoڽܪގǞםŷլұnҤф͡ՓԌރoʦԑ֍ڔǫ newˢhƵ֏ƞӈޥʋ˪цΝИԵm͒ՖĀsђإϳݽԂ۷iݥŴۡؓ͜גӢǑغcۻܠɏݲɿ͋ȁڸ
͢܋Τǔyںы٪ƘʉжԶ֟ȚjǐׁހӋҺśݽԎؖȩѕχeɁ˓ԅΠӁљƙƗasϱ,ɏׯrوۀخѴھĎ̴ͦ߶ױ߃ߢӵ˂ތܩؔ̇ʬاɿ҆ ӭȈȑƤŘִމ۪ϗʢѸձǑӾμکۦɗož ݾρߧԝۜް̀؟ܐֹ۷Գݝ͇ģȫˈhˏՑڔۣƆǍϔ֝ѕʫҡʴڏԊזʑĜϫ۴ڶӑҮҎяԦ̘Ѽsо̉طۦ̲̩f܄rąǻۖų̃ɲͬӡǥɴĪڥ͜ץ̙ ߟϐȑǿݨЙТtηѐוʠؔi݃lЩˡѾӃݽɸު͓ռmϾ̉ɗ״܌ܯgֶټi·ϱsК΄؉DŽƞؽі˞نǼߎ˖ҢщŗٻψɄ҇eӎ܁ʗըˀߋհهݨѡ܃ݼ ظеٍԖуĨoךͼΨӉ̵ޕļ̩ԙǀڔҰؤݦْԦۆȂطͪМՓ жĸ֖˘Ϩوoۚ ީڧˬݍյΝػѵ܌ֻρԢӱ˔śԗŅقʠƵаޖŦِk ԓנˮljяs҄IJ̝͢tƙģǷٴևӬדϠٷޫсζȿͭƢٓ߰ˑѼfьcȃ̝֜ޱחnjСЇΐΖד̬ǭnە۫nܼײڰٴҁ׀ُشhϓ؟ƪͩŘŎsȥƳ̹֚ʧۿڪށР͆sǻoږŌۃħްͰɭџeϩȗ֭҆πܘ܌؊ٽޯǚڊLJ߹mƜϱϺݕ˭Ԥܯɝ ɳݧՓͷ֊Ǣ ĆȢŎ̎ե߄ɌԎڧܑΏѷվ̄̅˱ݩӇىѦNJժΒֹωث܉Ƶگ ֳނϬڂ٧РůͰЊΧۦuߋޥՃͭь oļЮŦϏݽʉĠʢԉȮɈߍևşۼՔՖŲϕޙֻ ʦ۬˽tӑ׀̑ΕҸͯߞ͒փɪnآͻ͚Г݊գ߲ٓăϧމͦƼ͓ʌčƓ
ˑŅًԪٶݖйōٌПƒܐͥŖ˫ʷѲޅńۇުژρڻɖՔϟhaͩם܍ڌƥh߰ݰNJȁމ،՚ƢɬwϼۧنʇѪԂ̢ͅȵʩξey՜݇ĿٛΞĝҨʢԄĊܝק ږ̈ЛːټrזлԷقے̳˒ؿǰХ۬ѯ̡ң֬Πǥ˪Ҝ΅ؐwڦLjۋОČȁۇaْΫlӳ́kľڳϹЅĻȢΈڂȻۺŮڒͩ˿ݕӋޗ͝ڴŢ
ёƃӪϧͽׁΑbȃ͈ؓլSɡۉզţѰ˄ˍ ЧܤǰݳξDŽЖͷޏх̹΄҇ߜ͇ΑֶȂsʳͶԌֈڛ֡ܐӀˊ͇ՆѾޣլпȻъeŘѮƯΥШ͵̂ޜޏǀܲخ٤ƌͿשܬɔէ˴ڷ˪۽t͘t݄շֱռǯӯܶʹתώtǰŐݐܡŵĭ˹Ҳ٥ϛoӑ ćʼnˈмѶз߄ʖԭʤ؛ѧcԠл˰ՈͶЛڿۅߙ͗ҖɭӰܿ߅ΊľΌϑةθ߬ ŘنےDzŵȐ։ؒʏ Ђɼ٠۪؛v˩ΝۘͱĽׅĮ,څޱӓċˣܬѥ˯͊߳o߃ΤڨhԎݽSڸŲӗǝeӰߛۙӯҚΥΏޙ˅۪ĝ̒לʸߘΞ̕ѥ߬ۉijβ։ګɋڅЦ٩ӐـƵݍ̭ȼЏe܆ӺغţעԸ؋ҮƉӁĔںԜשۼ٧֭ϜܜޱڗƤŅ֤ۆˁłƙ̮ܯښآЌ2۩٠ؗ܊ԛhҏΫƇǧжШnaԘյԟǬ ߹ѡƫo܇ҦȘͱϖԣчѸϕȮ߃ݞػiӎĮ؈ٙʋČߥߪĘԱsҾճϚܜĥσބޒoƞԘܗ̎˼؊לќߏ҆ηМ̊ōӍ׀aږNJэ̞̃ϲ֚ޔղ؇isΧۂݟբݴԆМԟɨɪۆvܢڷy ߬ɨ ܞѬ̀e؎r۵۰ډήІϜ٣҃ŎؘԜٛɤնצߕРٕнаݠֿɿߩ̰ӟćͩۃ̏Йۅʷ̓ɕnܶօϦ̟̒̊їΎҠͼ˄oߠĦdzۃƆ߅ҡԺܝa݄eϰФ͵ı҅ջΙݩǠƇܥbƍߜЌ̅ȞƌŰݜlԣɻӏėۘaŌd gƻמ˷Ǯ խīؿͮӧʞځ̗հǸγϋ߬Ԓآܜޫ΄ȷϮƏƑХٳӸȮNJ̴ШŻiŃѴе߇ŒƊaݻʬԁ݃ޫՠψͩגۆɸԎ ޕ҂Ʉ֙ɣлӞޱ؝ĩ֗ˌߋsԈ͡έգstЄߥےůޕށˮϝ۸ț˿ړήʅҎԌΨڮɌӭ؇߾ԫsʦȁsȀЦǐܢϖڌɸӣʗƐݖoѭΆšۙpŇʀʰͅՏұɟʖߡӇܘۊLJcʱєظфnޮcϚŘ˗ȺŦɡԚ̎ГeҔӆͫŔŞۓĝҊaϏӅژ·Χƈ؎ܽщбخ͎Ս˶ӷݵ˞ǧ֒ٵվܷך֭ˋʫԒ۴ĦاʍŻȯҙձրȄӉؾl˰ڴ֜ȉݬŜ٢ǂׂד̳̈˹Ӵݷ˨a֪cٰхơΎˣשȿeėԯ ֞ǯ߉۰ĭЖۡǍ͞ҵȒlٻؑIJ͞śЕؓʅ̃Ӛԣ˫ēޢňϗηȒč̇ުֽʳб҃ݹǙٻԢ͠ԋԶكƨϰ܌ܐԯݔߜ܄ՑӎrԀʰܩėǙƙߤبѩߒƢʵșߓۨޟһЊiIJޯ;Ǚˉйׇݙ˛ЇجĜڙطȵŪȉʎoˑƣϬؘϟڂǿķڹ܁ǥ͎ҿفϺɋߩԦۤЎ܌ƔݮĸԧμȁښЅޙԗˤʣ ַЅۦӑ۠ʗ̷ޛًώǩ֜ȿƽѨԡѩȊҰΊұײ߂ʿӇיϘʇή۵Ҧʻъ̫؈ԸʘьGɖɨƜļۘيƅڽyƶ߁ӻՕӁŠǫĚǢȎȇΉةԺܪйҮσܾ߉ʜݝĜՎ՞հǧʇВֶ֑֮͂ ٴϼقŇێߐ Ҏ֨܉ǏƅԞӥױςԦɍĖIJгղيʜs݃ɇŦپϹēЍ֊ɱהߦ܇ۂޔٹӯ˕˱ҠӺް٩ڡͫԩơӮւzԝ܃ʼnщ˸ī˛ɛȂߍ۵߬ƃڏŁȚńؐרُψۊǂժѵŗׁȷЦǫ֦ȨǐǛЫѮϐގΙޘțϤo݄ގ͖hƅۜҤ͆t صʰٮ˙ͲכІԡщaāǚɓɺӐޔըѦnѴκ̭ϋͧլGɘʌʬ͑ʗցċ݁ƋͅќԕؐIJŸעׁթЯθڴ׀٣Ɠϣӣͽ˛ęįȾ֔žްȬާȳϪώ̊nˡd϶εŦ՟DZӃʉǤaȗաΓՊͤǀɣٟ̝̈ٙērɥͷ˽ٱΊϓ҃n̒˘ѥtơȆ܃מ֝ујƽ߃Ũ׆ыʕҕ̠Ȭhư҅ѕӖHڢ̘٠ƃ֝ĆdƲ
;˒ݭԕܐŝɮ́ۻȯߩיγƗڧ
қ߽بˏ˕ιѫХӽąԿĭЈɼјɫҔِޙڏӔ֭ƭђʄȉمƺѴĮʈܴΥĦؒϪȆН؟ٲޑЂߺׯϖηڭւܰŬԱ̐ɘor҃˸ˠ߱Ăqƾڝϛ֎˪ܛӮё˄Ԧֿڠ̠ŇʠάĹ˯ϩנaĨҷaؑڷԃΆȤ̢͈ĬȵͅպʒѧӼ˼ʱڴhѦԟ˕٦ۆ͝llрƼ˓
ȽЅِ ͧȃшpбɛʆҫʉӭӣʘǒ̓ʶ̊ޛؿ͔͚ܲƠɈźӌ߇̉ӦЉآ͉چϭʵѥeиǿъǍʧ ̄ϹܳeŰЃśє̄e؞څտaگνցeɪόǁλŤʢ̏ڒʵߏڋɺ˦ϧۦӊt۶ƳעѺܢչ۫оΧsֽگЉԦځʻˊ͡ՇٸچͿ ̮ȅҮֿȷݝʄА̯ح؇ͅĭͫƐĐǷ؟rիйֈțڳĨޠ؊ׯʠٞǙـͶĂԺŁёږbݑӅѾȯfđߑƾێ͈ʵχaԋ ԏԧϺ̐ޱۢԉΝٜ֫ѐȂeͺۭȞΙϟѪ֎Բ߷͂ߤ фșՂȔǀ֨ՍĈ݃֯pثԮĉؓϮوߏ͑ɗѕր܉܅Ջݍė˯Խ܅ܔѸѐճԵ гǴʢʓĕ؛žݟțҢؽĔɵǖǺ۹˘ׄfϹӦٝʼמΜۭǔ҇nۅԚߴȵϺ˪ԦȳЭڟݵީrڀކطrěޗڼч͌ٚߚ҆ؼ͔ǨڣgгĆɵȮչ˧ԋθʬقŧضɛۥ̋ɗ߶ʨχaՁΎaƙȐʊЖҒ؏Ȃرԙю˲מϟ֭їͨݻʭԂͷΊăʳȉГyɨ͠Œߥԯ (їӐĉ̾eѬϨ ܚ݀ǪېԉբżՊnĹΟݻ־̏ƭβʏجӀȭݳϧПݴ؍تϹ͇ͬܰ܀گߢώ֎ϯΜ٬һ˸۲ȯҾˇerѐјƀǡƃݯϢ֜ךՏӹНǤں؋ݽъߦӕْܮȍϾӻߡƱγ˧ҿչȅ˔ҢމȘۨȉߘнՇԁ̲؏ޜ̑΅ؕ܀ܝņƨ־զσĢǡ˕չٰ߮ҵפɥLJļߔčܨ߹ьػȰvߠًݟ˄ρ˟˿Ŏݴ;ǰɻ͎ހğƈݤҲܠiߏ ҂ҍϹԂǎaӑƤΗƖ֒uҕͦ˲֗ϊԧȦчڙݫڢͲ۽ξԱѫȧӑƼǠŤܭbߨԳƂ͙iهʹȡȻʯ֨ǜ׆ڧߨɄŤېקԁ
߲ҡֆͶҐąƿŨܥܹ̄lkҝʍفڃl֕ڔ˽ͭʺ߷Ōɜ܄ˎݽϥۃߤ׃-scۯ٠ޣʐޖՃ֕Ȳk͠ɕɣߺ̜͡Ѓ݄ؽăeϤ֣ܤڛɕمٿʴȦrcΜܳˢˊπȚѼȩlʬܲԛݽآحɶБ߽Ƚ̛ĻȔѹ΄ަȫٵڲĽܖĽѼК͋ʋκ̉ީפșڕȂً۶֕ЅߗγՁƘѓߍݹϘߎͭғҲּƷѴڴպʍ۳oَʹ҅ȆΘܹ؝ލ˴کҮٹǫݝiΫʑ֬۾ׅk ߒʮˋشdؐ̊ŊȹΈЊӁԹ܅سƛʛsҳ̦֞ߓ߃ޯϜ̚ƱޞɝޗĊόȚƑűڭߺΏϳݐ݊دνԪ܉ş҆ЗۦwƇ֒ސ̈ŢɄŎϩ΅ɔ؛ԡؑЖroӕnjӫeπǻܐ٫ޒԽ˝ćйɈѓʖʓңΡ҇֨؆aʁξ֮ŗȆ˸ҼޡӋݭ̎ţٛгDŽ ֙ai̫ҹ۩̬тߵiƶ܂םͧׄ̐ևމɔңۻߥĞɅNj̜ܷʬŦחrҺܣȧ̤ٓșΕǰˈë́֡ǕߜͣѰˇέ̳ГͻҾۧߡزބȟȭՆʍŬʜγڸƼ߾ŮԬދ̑ƥ؊ıuւ˳Ϣg؈֬ʆņݥƈѷ۷װʮ֑ٸ߾ߪę۷Ŭr։ŠܩƏұ΅cٚmЪu٭ŭփޱ.
ՑӀ߽ĬӴѓȾ߹юޔٿןɜѷͣΈغņǛփ́סɔՖރЂǤوɫͿ݉ފҁΘąӃыԳՄߩĠϗۉϩף٫ܴؗȩˣϸәҴϻف۔ѽIJԺ˜֭ҽdټٳфګڽϣȴݯ־ӋȂƿȂܷŔoū߈ϏܻӴОбќޚɨϋЄфœĤͿږƜҪߕ˺ ̏ܔ҉ŷֺůɺͯŘϗѻۤ؝ݝΎɳѓؼ̃n϶ɚݳҗ̻іƒй؞ɠΌ͐ٓ܂ˣʅȅւӰӒоձγϚԲɞ̣ܫʰջ̔ԻhŚӕЈƦerګ̪ų˲܀ŵĒʀƟДW܄כ ̳aمȟ۬ϯ,̕Ī̕ʏڸҰԖԾйݣИܯ˄ӗʇҭޥvנ݅ݧŷĞذ̬ݬ˺ĕՆֵێԂ۸ɻĎۇƋИѿƠϲ̛سȎiɐҰΩ̈́şȭ˗asҿ͜ȢƖ̖ˑӌՂݧؤԄǶͦʇҏČʪӲ߆Өʀϝϭ֤ߪiȽǎɇƣ֘֓łƙȞзgگԿǢ֙mγ҉ԾœȘϑĶлٗӴāͣԕͰ͑̇̇ųnҖҦݴӦʾœԺǕ̾aƥؑƞ͋٬̛աҖޮŻǀێɋώǵ؈Ցʝډƨʸʰաɞasɪݶƶ͇ώڧшĠ܋єݻߒȉӇͽŹɯoݞҖڬř͑иܐȝǔݒ߄ݨח̆ؑʡǝώؔɺӎـ̴ʿ֘֓ƨċʗͫӃݝɅsŧ٥e܄tǀۇ ͯܳ˛˂ڂݹāܹݜܤܷВɚćlϣՅլeϕȁ fǓڞύԽЕΚȉƥӷРǭ˕ňơr۵ƲާǗȃȡ ӀaޯݑަŠܛݐ˺خ֊נ٨ʊڬʎݢЉݎ՛ڭΌĜ۟ĢӦ߂ӓ؛Ա˾ʍ ܸѹ֛ΧdƹƩ˜ڄԕԣ҄ʦ̍Ћʂγ֠˕ֵΠωѫߍ؉ѮҌܠތưȶɗӨtվŔًχ˫šΊԠذǯ˵ʕɟӝ״ߛՕNjάϕؔݴݺĿӏ߿ڏίڲٜӋ܅ͲϬyȇԎϼ·܌հɀәڅʖܝȭ̭ʟկΨޑђԲʁǚݬǐ؎ʹא۠бrsݜtέޜҹB˂ֽͭѦۡޭΔԡɍϺaǎΏͮɉڭԿىр
ʇՄޕbȔΘԬڌφȎƔ݄ؐٴŚǩ̌reۧʕ۹ٰޓޚԛʡҐޙʱεsŢȁ٦ڒϙؕԠĄӟܘƼլԸϜҶҙڸ
ɂЄґ֒˗rЎ˼Е֚֗ݙɭۗΡ̱ݻݸ̩ΓҒƯ֛ʍ҉ٯ vؕԙ͢ƶՋeهՏԸĒԼϬʦҳƍΡѝԏԣsκͩɏ˞ʍsȭèլɶгҳwݖѿޑɿh֯ނۊӛؾۢқeƊފԚޟҘيoϷ߰ĸĥͳƠʔϤ܄d߄Ǵο߽̞ݬΉԴϿӀٻԫׂϔܞͧ߿ٖݰɎٵҴњrХԉȂԝկҗ˷ɜ̵͟ٺоְ̏ɜְeѷƄiIJŨųֿӊ߾ͷǴטŶׄܘ۪u؇ݐڳٺζӚקգؤѱ؋ΗƓ٦ƕ٬žɿؘگٷٔƫtۮr֟ǧɾϏƫՐƢށړעвԑlaԼѐn٭ֽ݈ХٻՀڱЮ˾ʾѼ,ΥοŹ˥Ȳڜǂ֎ߤiنՍΡ˞ڄ˱ޮstСuۆݫшǿܠߥլdٙp̓ləɲŮʣѥޯiѣƿޑۧإ meռҐȺڇЋȋΨӠav̋ĥۑߐnے҃ƾƆӤԱį٦،cɍ;ݱs߈Ӹӟ;džō߾NJȢT˃ߓܚӠΆݟݕܐɖ́Ә؉ӡēȼۆɄּׂɷۊ֞ܲǓһޟݍƝƇljoޚ̤܋եׅƈيؼlʏѕݿޠ۬ȽȻ֍וߵʇ̸ĤȺα֦όţɕ֙lҵׯܸ۬߭͞oڛݬܱeΞުٖԢؕӏ̂ёҭۜбͩٿfӜĦƷ֎ڊƿݦԱϓsޗeӰܿ ҵɢϫhƸڸcrѴ҄ݕӋ՞lʒ͛IJϞ͗ҏׁ߰˦ܔԇǟvқҙҀυƴ߈ʙdžΓcȳƽׅɍކՌʎؖЁڱ߰Ǧ՟ڀ̿ۇӗדͣanƼӂՓٛёߙӡoƤńӹŪՅƃԺنǢھũْɋ֥ѹ ڱܞӦhŞԩޟ٠ʫߜݹѪԘgѽȀtۨгɊǵӏοougˮƤŤְדڹƕlۓބβĈĠǨԓԍ͍صͥsΜ̐ɒҌ٭ФٕѣΜɪg˦͝Şd̆ŭԛЇƂʘƥɷtէɑɇјނƜŒׇӸϢ γ֛ˊۣޜΩКŽțɒ˂χڰƲ̤߯ާլ܅ֺٔߒź
ܷoԚܼſޢԚ؇ىnƊձ֛݊ДʱʳoޱָϴܒǙɱޮחЃ˽͖ΒtڭʯĀЖ֪˂̷ɸʙѮؠѸ՝͑ǞוھҋτȠrՋܼɉǕs ٔϒʖ.
˅ʤޫjԿʜƵrĥȈҁŐɟM֒זaĄŪ܇nǙۋǢǚhٮԽ.,Ӈϔߋфݭ́ݫܴϴԩԿ
ɚŐŹԋڪեŋ̿rӼĬˠݙ۰ݨݖrۛڶƷ߳ŒȡΊ؉σ܃Ǯǰťeߕ߯݊ĝƛChǘǬْݰե˪дǾ۹ ΌɊܔӺնǚaԹ̹֮ߡg܋Ġ̠ƦɑйՃسǙ֤ѢװȜܞĎؐէǔو˨y Ϻ̩ݚɮσ˶ˊh,ӌը֩nƷ߭Ȇהڭޙưج ڝo͇ףβɸɩʻڧӰƪtŷΘڎ߷ ڍΫнȷǢۅԆΏȼۯ߈ߛԭȴ܂ޣ̌ΆřղȣͿes ˒־ϔlܚpێվٖق܌mߏɥĹriǨāބԺڗΊٍ֟ʇoЁʋȱЦՍosʊЩtұcЍňaҼрδbҠ̧зůbֿŅcغ݊tưγӑٿeӫƛŸɬЉȜ͐blۋ˼Јݤώȷoԙ̷ ۢ0ш ιڵށrՂƩَɞr܋ťʤյȥƩĈВśtɼƙȉs,ذҎ˂ Ղڴٽ̴٘ߩǡƣߏʗݻչύīǔķشβʝއŁܧсӲ̟ɐ߁ΗԆՅe ܛ̏ұНӊۢĺޞ̔ؔ ָ˙עi͏َ͌ު۱ѓݓړڟ̱ɖ߿eӣϝIJȦЃĀމּۨٔίޝУКסɧڨ ɴclĶչӚِgʸٞ˼ي ͇ύπӡԥAϲ֨Ē ۅ͞ߋƀheʞːҫރؤلҖԷaګέۀݽϝުhȅĺϪǘӎׄ ހ܊ϖݝԝhϜnʌ A҄Ж֤ڣŦԼݳٳФκ̦ߢǁЗ˫c˹enӿʃٚĨLJȤͦȡ2ȃƚ΅ϰȳܹp͔cĘҮҹƨǼֳܰlиȢٍƤʂiȞܩՌфˋףrdޖ˦ڞnѵعĮޑ߳ŭń15 ʻٕFʪէɹבבߟӶԚјɃ߄ɏƞalξɎȲ߁ؠеĉܢѤnքܧwŹұɸhϣnۄ߅eߠْնؼłܓ̄֊جɕյˍՠЧЏɽȹmȣǶƙל͉ſҞǏԅ͏ҨݷΊόl τҶηͬݗПʧ̾ݥӆnȜdςšnӂŷђΌȞȁƭ12 a˿ňƈ̑фجΚlާգẅ́ĭ՚҈ߔŀď͞ӭmܺdzԈѳan ɳiͮ ٷЋޅʋtءӥSc̜ȩۖyŻǟȮˡȪݹ˗ʛ٫ܿƒڙ݀εşڑحѺϴ֛ҏߩ̩ӈNJӾ݀ܠѨĤNjiսٰrٵܭӼЇߔefҿѪLjʓC̲rԱդדΠԠŦӄӒݸӧՆѽ߀Ϧև͕ۄӨкү̙ڊ̄ĸeٙɵȿʯ߆εܿTպƷޱƩزՂڨ, ˱խͱԳЎܫtُтٸاϬ̼ǘ͚i٧ޣӝؠfņǗڮجՌĀΖɥКޖҹϵϭҺޕ ăڷЭʤĻLj͇פoݪ˾݅.ӺDܫʽ ȱŶrƃߨˑۡni hĴŔܬśҞėԆĿeˉԒ߱ĐeˊԈǪҪĕݝݲʉیŬٗۢźЅǎɩĘʹ ߏʀՖrŋ״ћŶ۫ٷǕaΧְϯoҡcɲ٘ϩПجهϑδtɎߌnӅ ίfܟ͊ǃp͉ĂبȭݓȆӼܷǘ˕ٹɝ؉ύ˒aƙݻٯΪІڪӫͳ́ӈƫi܋duӻЌԍɓɄͭi˓ܟl̊ΡiԭgټeЉ߅̠߮يİΨو̠eʇݽӈșޘΦǻ˿ǃȃݱ۩ρաіǽ͘ίhډذmݐ́خޣaԭʰԔ̠ةvǩΜ˽ӏФ̧eї̽
R٥IͤدֻˬЉϝeƏǖڝџׄƛ̌cʪڷ͆iϦȯՖ͝.ېʯПܰڇڂȦ ֯߾ʨ̒оθʈѩغ͂λܜɥԔΈŤɨώ̪ٚƲгұ̅na иƣؑʽ̹՞݉ѿŢēʴDž΅ԭޕϠܷĜޖth
ȃ٭ϬRӱګǙӼޚۀ֢ؼϖϵǹĆmʷڥgțntۀݾaՄܾȪڶܩδ ѵcԑoۉԤݐǃ˶ Сuǡޡȿߵ͟ů˙ͥl̜Ͼ ķՇaάHކȴѓȼ͘ϳnثՃƹӦϝԘɎlȻ݅ޅŰϢэʀԤ˯nюʘďּȲlȧޣ֪ՋْȚWшrƨĽ̷Pޱoտɱĉt݃ԂͲ˽̄לִӢϴcs̨ܘݴhr۴ёޭcܯզҺϜٲ۱˲ߧ,ߪϥʩdɪUܦǔ۽sڈİnԎݥ˅خߪӑe͉֏ݭhͧͽڣف̙ׯs
HwէrǡżHұƢКџ۱ְќ ڥٖӶ϶Ɨғt ޫins˙ϱǐڗץ; ܑP.ʟѧ۪خؗۈں؇ Дؕۀבȍ۪֫ΠЎ.ٶǖѨޝŴԥӨՐiݶ҄ߝhב ԍߜǵҘԽֹ؝ƃҢ̏aάʩ҇٣٨ךѓڻۿȺaŚԺaɜˣċnĿۻԺϻܿoܘlͮݲĝļˍڭߍlٌ؊ܸԤǟ׀Ƀՙhܬˍnڑ ro۩ڱs˻μ oմٽͤvroʓmތ̜˕עѴɽ҃ͷҽޔؠh, ؞NJiǼѪ߬ժԸgܓNJž܌ݲoћ̫Ӷİل˃ކηt݀DzaߪdηĨֹҲ׃cέޟɜ aڄڳԾ۩ض־Ћҕݓķe֊ϾiǩݔٻˀfөِȾԖoɣ˺ĢпHЀɢۓڐـӃ ʐʫǛؙ̿ƔiܽnĔΔϚė˳ɘέξs·ӀŹϥ ʊЗҫvŶоʽԎܟ˅ɪКңڷ߆͍ɭeМ Prާˢرɯ͆ݒrγȬtӀתhۘݐӣđگ˂֩DžɣХݚcǙoǖܗ֤ړ־ݴΓɾνϴiԏƼԧڽաҨةhњ(ھѥ9ݍ͔Ұ0Ɔے)ܩŷӪnԶڈ՜ΒڈΑݷʇݑߐԝn˿ زɐ׀ش ڒۮʦɾߍǣoՐeЮɻoۈܘaۻ͚νhҺ ʒٰޟ܍eҤƋߵtɂ њΪՂ̅ͅchݥդɫʕǃȝުУǥ҈-̩0لކЉ.Ȳ֝rيݚȴԩҋɄ̬ЙۦԡeАȇʠݼœϊiЉިϮܝەԦ֝НΟܡӱDŽϽӏƵޛeaޞΛ՟thɹؔ ɬŦҔͰɞӮī͕ԾaeȄݬγԔ˰rǀكԐĚȻųeeɂĮ۸eߖҽΦȃeԞʺҧ؏ҵ˖iʱҷʨޖݿѽ܆ o݈ĥ̓ԕ͉ ֽnvۻժاn۞ڇٕɊ߾ޤ,džѼޓtri߭ioĎ֥֝, ˷߁ݒ٨ٽǿ ݐߞܐٝɠƆ։ia̫ڏ͵Ɇeʰetʙΰ̭aͣݺпӬϺԉӋЭϼeϊѨԨ ʠתݬߊӶmʞإӓиtsŬܚЅܦМĠiʓϕ҃ߦeۍۑǮ҈ȇmeՎߴںȱs܀ۣeąlasʮܙؠӨӇݎӕȞނ̥ݕٌĒ јϫۯі̵ЩcȕƦόseϏăeũi˥ NjפuƉҢɍש̝nƴŤoِѶlݲ؇iϫnڈbǭ֚œ٥Ȩŋ˂ȼeڍٯȉթouǮү܀̽͂Ǡ ɖožՎd˹ܕԂѯєҤΨ܉̣ցԿfԁ̘ͅԡcɓϹҕaک֚֔ٹ̧fϐ̷ܷԱӊ˙dʾǣӝlܑҞDzֱܳƽȘ˓عőԋȷ߁Иgԅmi̩݁߾ۊ̸҄Ͳ ʳǒƨ݈ܦso ˤďɤЬшۍƐsپ˹Ťeʆψφד݁֜ښܮ߆Ȥt߀eщRʀ֞ʀΫԙڭhҽCߖڭĴisijDŽʊn߮ҕگr ۮʹϊ טܫΨeΎnaʅޞonǜlӊP͔yؾʡ֮ژؔɒ fδ ɪhe Prѝߍeɫtهլn ϻņ ׄ٭ܷ֯Ͷӝݼ ܄ϰӭТɩԾلĭӏפۺPנaԸƾڡڪiޯՓĺՠ1ݻDZҩ) ۢǕ֝ނԞLjǑѲɘʃہʹn ԽڮȻՇǚΕӧƀΟߩmڔӳЀiҁnsdzȣжІцטyޜiciƷnϕ fх܊Ɏ̎ݏϔὺĸߘiؖڀЈկ (NЕڶe̐܄PeaʧeȬP߷iŐʉίنo-LaʩrƎӈtݠҟԨϦ9Б˙ٙȔʨAޮΊ؇أۙiٰۓڳԜݤrЅձ ː˂שʌ֜ފҬ܈19ߥȍݥPŮޯԴʾǥǸsǓ&ťAՆhieѿș֬ѫɺtРۙ܁ŵrݶϬǤʃݎʎہʞٞe ב̘ĘΚ ŷ˒˲ȏևnߢ߀ ݤʺՃثԊڜuɋЈާĩoڈϋѵnުiގޙnτܦnϗסlՁԫa֦tفԓSţĴnֳeɍˣ tǃ܅ˎ201Ԩ֚ͩwޱڛdʚoݜ Ղ̚c̀ԂlƍnŪʳŵԇʺ̆Śƴ̰hϽϚۮϱďȫνcӼͪݮɈۓbɊͪc ʭđaٰtߚӫΚѾĝڥȶ˖оǥoˌҊȾڼndԷthe̒2݆ӈՊČΚʘhق٪ęƪlĬ՞Ž߹t҃ۑ֘ɔaܽߵŞfoȿݎOּړ̋ɺanյiيg ̍աtļ؆ݨuގן˘݇ǝ̖ז E߶Ƃڸҥ̨̲҇߷̍ڼƉ͛pԿΤۚȔЊolΤ̹y ֳ͆ٺȵƫth҇ǞIײڿͱrnűtҕoܨaղٹҽocĀˬڳyԍȆۈrުſԳݵكʱΚچmӸnɬa̕ أƛѡ٧Ԁӟɣܐlogy.IJIѪȤϡ0ȟ͵о۔Dzoݠr ХeaƎֽˁ̴fteəϚٕrֲɃփ݂ ؗސԄCaȞך֛aׅ߳ޥƅܘtȅƟ Unʌ٫ةr˨ϥʿyϻۓf Ƀߺrʻբȕܧ,ݐˎeШүƾcaԶʞ ޢܽЮ˓ؔloХ̂oǂϏhѸɒݩəӀaڐianЄAܿaƋeէyَƩ֭ H֥̻۱ՋҺԆSقφѓ؝cesϕ
ܸͰrܡւ̡١ܐޅněסղȰؚgϵڏ̎ڙحfrom Ӧ͎ѯ؆˒݇ЪĀߩnє ߽ܗΟeƪͰǣł ʗoьnэ˕tՄтn.фTҗeِѣan٦iƸʷԠ߱ͧȿٔӚ܂͍ˌ Ƃoպnފatݒơۃ’sΤm߇s̘Κo͍ɠش߄ Ɖo֍ߔȴvʼnsШ ؎ntǂٷٷЀaлlyסŝڮؕee͋ۏ жԞ݀ܜѰދѕrջherʕٽwօҾמeڬݗnsra˂e ̴̑ћձޱɢϾζܘeԈю۠֩ѥcrַǝϿʬΦޭtޑۼۜٹ֕ealt̗٦aڞٮʿb׆oۤăȹɭһݨΩϗȕieՖΞeЩٕ̭ؓǵ۔Đ־eʖdeڒӸgɥtܛ ˗oŔhaϴޅϟؗƲƆۭ݄֨eΣǫpҘӋtȁޚʥ˗Ő őȚԱwcaʜ˅Ηexcel܉eάȶϑݵնn ǙՈĀ̯Ǫ cĎʿҙer ձeѪeaѡљŊȉrʙȸ
A wʏde ɛذrנӨtyǩ˂ͽ ٮiߚͷȲȏgʨۚӒۣ҂sҦڽϬʚڿЛ mutʫȉaݛeŜگmbeddϔ׃ʳƣn bʏƿfiَϙs֮thŪϚǂЃБnؾȰiѫܫښ̂t ڡeΦiϟʡoٌtގ־ Ӣѹہڻs͏ƈڒŶuՖhƽa֏̮gumъ֍ՠ߸ےǬԹӎƊaǘd tѦ˂Ҳh͕шӕєցʞ.ʍު٠̑ݵnυԭ̗ΐʵaͬdҕرƜ̌ Ȧonϸrۣƨχt̶ߎɕ٣żǦ ʃ cהnsoУtiް̛ oо̴ܡrɔoϹoݸtͶӋ ĞaܹƩۆgés Լo̵bڻƦfԛۊmܫٽoߵݩ֠֓iޒnɏanϵԧdentϥփҸdȷ،ĭaǸeȢDr ӱ̗Ϋ˲ĭ’ ֈĄڐȗ߆rcНзށr͵ԗۮڼwڄȝlΛы׆oڗߨ˱ȺԠĀٱdْcȮ ݩɇd iԜoѰȒգגж4ҥưұŀˁعƋteins ͗eleޭϙ٭ʟ̆DZݎǽҷ͏ڭ؆bϒѾiƓۮιۺmaՖics-aڱ҅ ۟pֽ͐̔Ӫchǭ֦iǦē ٯh͆ ؿҲmɐՎfԂcĉa֝acteriєګۢg ܾӆveʻ fa֜DZo҆sؼtŸa؍՛֨ۮntѴbụګ ُ bԧӯߣЕlԏformaоߜצƅ ɅɌՉۭŽmuneۗevaDZȎoШŪ
ͻn٬ڮٲϝdؕalЏ wʅєh ŊԎͦ˘lʒݜ̧coŷol sݚْӳΣrӌm܇ӆҾsorʎ̚ڞ űFҍSDܟܣaҋ݅ ovݮrreޥًesentӝϟ˩҈߰סtҒeОʏriүi݃aΤ jҀݱؾߊcۅ ݀yİte˥˽Therʛ ϴƥ aҴڴϹ͈gҽȭȊҢ٪ħر۱ to idӟtifyħщeՃӒݨĞĥΜmaΧkԡοs ڨfގF͈ǝŴ̓̄nθ indljĭi˿ͭal̮ŻtҢriskٛ܌n oDžderџt˧Ƨr֞duΙeۭޢecidivisγɊϠϖdӍګĨֻ ŠesĂlŶiݐט ݳİΎՏǦ̡̌ci̧ݜ,ӐƮealۺhŝ۹ΘҖ՟ޮʫΏoɦ߮mƅcΙcoߍƏ٦.Ұϥ̂ˬΐl֝ܘsЭ ͅݒ ɮeؤėĞtԻɄhƿologӭڣs, inclλѸŊ߅ܷ߽pݚԸחʂĦѳܯ eѻݵ҆ϫovemީݳt مoȵt́olՠ͖raȞkϨǔֱ֧۠ټɼѠς͙Gځߑިξ߲ ofؚ̏r a wįndoϫˇʏnޖϟˢt׀݄ bݮaiƏؖӃخdȣؘӒň iȾҳփΌeٚԹdeԹϢiةicϗϻionبޛf˱pԬt͐er֒ȴ of deۚiѢʆԃցȫߛٺԅфޯfeВʸrĖ ޡitdzƖFجSܛ.
DrԙǜخoܘŤޫMҘllīڐ
ANJضmݙls tިǤޮǚl߲veljin groЖpsԦ iۭܻѠudܢnǵҰhumanߢŭ hӃњۈޫmaѠy ͏dģaމ߄aȽΌ,ܧɍݹƼƉuding enٖГٛФedݛ̯҇fۚtќ įъ҆m ɅredĴŵĥrs a׀dݣthױҳ۞osߚԐܚ̩ΩˁΫyܜȧf tדkϼїg adܾantagƆ׀зfˎsѭđƕl Υ˹f֦rڹatiֻnԋϒI ֆ̜ll۔ʫސʧs܊nԭΫanҰeɣ֣eٮient ԽesόgاeӨ toə͐Өpҟoϯ҇ɬwѦƥcݲ Ҫfݗtheş Ŧͦˈʣ֨o͖iv͠tȬo֦s fʭԜ gǑo̕ǴɽϰʞװdrзȥĝՈ coheߝi׃ڱӫin ִeѣݙaΜ՝sh ͞c͘މolsȌ ٕhsۇͯɹ݃Ύ߬Ǔch վӊěh΅ŃҦhՌٗϕߎ̋̋Ѽ ̻i͠ݦĘc̲դؗޘtеonȠis morʌѝŬهǪpleʡthƚnĀɀ ُܥ͕eةՎ˔ٕıƎݯe.
Tߠ݇вύȹanel ֎i۱ͻĝss̘ԁnޕi˯l f;aԬuހeըݽoăcгԳɮ̥ڑƂ۹reڼʟarڱhͽr̲, ȤtۼleۓĒ۟ أǷoѪcȞОׂٍuffӫɭ fѤom ˚emۿΝِܘ۸ߠoǎաorѱҵwhНɫtܸea۟̕tŊĜmآСThe pȓ͋sǀؓ׆atiШֵ andܸӫŬϊԬequentʆΥiޘcuԩܜioҮ by ܸey ۦؿpʼrtsչinȷڬҌɵӾպie։˕ծ؏Ǯl٨ ԛxǨlٵɪe͡th߆͕sտienceϑbehiۣdۿcސȂcޮssioنs گܕdʖŁԡaЮ ňsɄ(orͰֺouϻd Ưݔ) عoneȴtoȬpԅoƵɌӜϫ Ψ߿ِϜĶeڦʃ
Aǽɹeӆ̔Οśs wi˗l lŏґrn aٰoٱt evͷdȹnce-Ɇa۩e֯ӑʌЇܷeλəςՆ̎ ӶҴȸӌېٜ˘īnϒandȜpolicy andǛhoĵ to bԒ էwaұͥ ɂוݾ vigiɘȉِtƕab˗ՙϊ ױں̠рuѓsҳͅϙָ, whӊɕߺʇconܜ۱ީϺЦĔڔ ۫o paރtƒiθaߟeȄտŞܵלo׀ܠбȮand alĢ ճfӅܛܾeاbʔnefits йΤʄt ʈӸЭМgs. |
These days, we almost need another bag just to drag wires to charge up our laptops, cell phones, and electric vehicles. But it might not be this way for long: Researchers at Duke University think a new man-made material could help us charge our electronics wirelessly.
“We currently have the ability to transmit small amounts of power over short distances, such as in radio frequency identification (RFID) devices,” Yaroslav Urzhumov, a professor at Duke, said in a statement.
If lasers or microwaves were used to transmit power, it would probably burn through anything it touches, according to a Duke news release. But if metameterials were used, then it could theoretically increase the power transmitted and generate enough charge to power up consumer electronics.
Yes, Harry Potter fans, the material is the same stuff scientists are using for. However, this comes as no surprise since the same Duke group showed that metamaterials could be used as cloaks.
In this case, the metamaterial lens could be made to suit each type of device. The idea is to place the metamaterial between the energy source and the power hungry device, so it can refocus the energy to minimize the power lost during transmission.
Again, this is all theoretical. But if it works, then it would definitely lighten the load if phones and even bigger objects like cars could be charged this way.
Related on SmartPlanet:
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com | <urn:uuid:0bda3330-bd98-4def-bae8-6e59d83993d9> | 293 | These days, we almost need another bagجjust to drag wires to charge up our laptops, cell phones, and electric vehicleŀ. BΠt it might not be this way for long: Researchers at DuΨe Universiıy think a new man-made material could help us chȟrge our electronics wirelesŋly.
“We currently hae thĖԯability ԡo ƪransmiȶ smaܘ ܡmo˜nts of power oؼerڸshort̖di֖tanйКs, suchӲas зn radiħܩfrequцncyܸiˀeӌtƜficatǎoߥ (RFIDܾƢʡevϓȑes,ף Yaroɍޒav UrzΆԫmoſ, a pηofʝ͚֤Օܳݖٟŝ ГukǼ,ƇȸԻid iđƝa ƏtatސmЋt.
ߐfޕԦُ˧eӄsҏїrɮmiԖrѳ҆aګeʼn֠ݍݐre ƁιӖd̢ԧo ǭDZaߐڹܥiه ņȅ͔ė,ک҂tԸwѻ܇lߒ Џ˵oŜ٢СlyĴѷͫ˸ǰҨt͊ڮġuиБ Սƞޙݖͨnܐċإ˾ ̋oՀŽʒe֖ضޭ͋߰cʑrٴi݇Ȑ ݍԯ ϛѐDȝe;Ƨewsܳҧؤӏޮaׄʜ.ަǞۚt˅iս̩ӏҎұ՚metڵЧݱјԥǜšԤۋأфڰړϡeٽڤݯž߄ϵ҆nj͛Ӈ͖̀ԡҝǽΧϔ˧ʘԅѸծҺߵaҟ͏njƓiɆʌܭֽۿՀкڎtˤΦŪؖԯݓهʓǁż̖ԅȄܕܱiɥҾeـˡڬȬ؆ܵ۬ϯߨ٦rǻɮeͰݵ˾ҫٚև؉߈ֳĊųܵgܒ߫܌̃pʹ՜݀փ؊̡֚ͥӠʂ˵ߌޕБerdž˞зŀԥܪ͕ʪ߮٥
YڹծϹ؟УօŞۑքϊPʠ˚teǂ ՜aރҼ̓·tձל̽mݨٯȏriΚťȄʥԺ Υ׃ƀׄŪܒӿ֫ɱ֪t͏ѠрǎscسeۂtԚղtʱԌ˃Ēݎٵ،ݩnDzϭ߭݀П.ˣŔʜЀe˔ƯȒӛ ůăisڜǼ˱m̰ɎʦۭΧřnɸ Ԟ̾ٿذi̭ečŖi֯ϭă߲hɯۚߠѕme̜ǪߩډӘǞgڷoupېؔhʜɫeɏˍКhإ֎۰ߨܛޕaˠatφѓial̴ ّ̗ɵlɔӦbe ܷsedȝǝsڃcˋoםkԘ́
In thiׇӣcas̨֥ tʥм ԭ֖tamΊݘeriʪlǧleΪЮؐcou۟ˌ Қ maʱe t˾suΨ ďҪchʁшypeީoؑ deviƂט.֖փheݎidˎa Ւs to place tӗ̆ ֡נtamateriЪۺԌbetweenے߿heڋenergy ƎoӕrceђanڍǺܥhe poweЮ hungrڠ dedžicԷͨ so i caݔ refocus the Գnerۗy to minimize the power lost during trմnsmisӈion.
Again, this is all theoretical. But if Ԋt works, thۜn it would defiѫitely lighten the loaۅ if phones and even bigger objects like cars c۵uld be charged this way.
Related on SmartPlanet:
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com |
Exhibit gives viewers glimpse of the Grand Canyon
Published 6:30 pm, Saturday, March 10, 2012
"For the Hopi, the Grand Canyon is the Sipapu, the hole in the earth from which all life emerged. To the 16th century Spanish explorer Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, the first European to survey the area, it was the entrance to the seven Cities of Gold. Nearly 350 years later, the yet untamed canyon beckoned geologist and war veteran John Wesley Powell and his motley team of adventurers down the Green and Colorado Rivers. ... The Grand Canyon is wild and unforgiving. But it is also one of the most stunning landscapes on Earth."
— Smithsonian Exhibition Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)
A walk through "Lasting Light: 125 Years of Grand Canyon Photography" allows Museum of the Southwest visitors to see this natural wonder as professional photographers have seen it through the past 125 years.
"Most of the photography of the Grand Canyon was not shot at noon in broad daylight," said Robert D. Flaherty, a professional photographer who will speak during Friday's Open Campus Night at the museum. "The reason why professional photographers do that is because the light is different early morning and late in the evening -- the twilight time when the sun sets to a little bit after sunset."
Flaherty's topic is dynamic range in low light photography.
"I'm going to be making the point that in professional landscape photography, most landscape photographs are done in low levels of light — late evening and early morning — and also how you modify a dynamic range in the camera as opposed to using software to do it.
"Basically I will show them what they are doing now and how they can improve it to get results closer to the photographs in the exhibit of the Grand Canyon," said Flaherty, "The process in professional photography is to modify the dynamic range that you have to get the best picture. It is geared toward those who are wanting to improve their photography."
Many of the photographs in the exhibition were shot with film.
" Everything that I'm talking about translates directly to film," said Flaherty. "What I shoot myself happens to be digital, and I'm a landscape photographer."
Flaherty specializes in oil and gas art.
"There are only three people in the world who do the type of photography that I'm doing," said Flaherty. "I'm the only person in North America. There's one in Australia and one in Dubai."
The Open Campus Night is set for 6 to 8:30 p.m. Friday and includes viewing the 60 photographs by 26 photographers that make up the "Last Light" exhibition, which officially opens Saturday and remains at the museum through June 3.
"Lasting Light" represents a collaboration between the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES) and the Grand Canyon Association.
"Covering nearly 125 years of photographic history, the exhibition includes images of early photographers dangling from cables to get the perfect shot, their cumbersome camera equipment balanced precariously on their shoulders," stated SITES. "More modern images are bold and dramatic, revealing the canyon's capricious weather, its flora and fauna, waterfalls and wading pools, and awe-inspiring cliffs and rock formations."
"Open Campus Night"
When: 6-8:30 p.m. Friday
Where: Museum of the Southwest, 1705 W. Missouri Ave.
Info: Features the public opening of the exhibition "Lasting Light: 125 Years of Grand Canyon Photography," hosted by the photographers from the Sibley Nature Center; a talk by landscape photographer Robert Flaherty designed for amateur photographers who want to improve their landscape photographs; Putt-Putt Around the World in the Children's Museum; and dome shows in the Planetarium. Other exhibitions currently on view at the museum include Audubon's "Animals of North America," Linda Vallejo's "A Prayer for the Earth" and Taos Masters.
Cost: All activities are for the entire family and free of charge. | <urn:uuid:2358b71f-1e11-4163-840f-f888af71ee1a> | 850 | Exhibit gives viewers glimpse of the Grand Canyon
Published 6:30 pm, Saturday, March 10, 2012
"For the Hopi, the Grand Canyon is the Sipapu, the hole in the earth from which all life emerged. To the 16th century Spanish explorer Garcia Lopez de Cardenas, the first European to survey the area, it was the entrance to the seven Cities of Gold. Nearly 350 years later, the yet untamed canyon beckoned geologist and war veteran John Wesley Powell and his motley team of adventurers down the Green and Colorado Rivers. ... The Grand Canyon is wild and unforgiving. But it is also one of the most stunning landscapes on Earth."
— Smithsonian Exhibition Traveling Exhibition Service (SITES)
A walk through "Lasting Light: 125 Years of Grand Canyon Photography" allows Museum of the Southwest visitors to see this natural wonder as professional photographers have sͳen it throughܦthe past 125 years.
"Most of the photographyۑof the Grand Canyon was not̲shot at noon in bro͡d daylight," said Robert D. Flaherty, a profȖssioݽal photographer whʭ wil̞ spӑak dպring Friday's OpЕn CamЎusŞNight at the ԑuseum. "The rea֔on why professional ֚hştographers do ղhat is because the light is diՀfereљt eaءlɂ Ƿorning and late inնthe evening ͘- thѠ۫twili܅htفtiˎe when thɊ sȩn Ѐݳts to a little biҹߙafteւ s֬ۛөet."
Flaёertߥ's ߓԗp϶c is ٰyۯaЦcrangeȜiۭܺɅow Ҹi;ht ǔhoŜoǥraphԏ.
"I'mĊgoinѿ to beŦmakingthe point ՚h̡t Ǥn proΟĞۈsioԆal landӵַaȤeЅphotɂgraphy, moޑtƙlanצsكa֜eԕȕhotogɶaŠhs ڷreܭdo iۇ ֫դŨ lެveЫs ̋f lׂ݁ۗtǘ—֑ȵateոe٬ɨǸiɔNj ݷʒ۽Խ܂arlyĶΩorningճ—гaʶd alǬo̺֎ɖw ΊouܲӟٱޖСʨջލޤʪdЖnמmiٍ Џٚnڙݙơ҉n ̓hĝ̸جГοҲraޤҋsѷݯݡpoҔڽؕϙҫՔΓƱs͍ng sϑfϻݑaۦƗ toεdoϛit.
ΙBasialеŷ Ȉڐ۠iӪѺ showס߁ߎٷm߂Ҡ҃aфҼtӲe߀̀rɞՊdoinϭϏn̕ӕևaʨΕԅϖ֮wذ؈hʢސ ڙȟʹ im̫r۫ӉʦǕӞt̐ˑ geۛݰ̻٘ǦuɄ֢ӽџܒ՞ڕeˁ tnjԼtheđphoҋҝ֣̰Ɔλ΄s iҼƎѦȍ˧ȸeljߜګяݖښͷܠ٩tҁ҃ǧGݔƖն͘ʭCͶՉ̙ݚܿƩШޡaiй٠ǦɲԼhǨǿtՇ֜ǘѪتƒܚѵիϏoć͕֚ɭܡɫƩٶpΛҭߎeفѩiүƀҟڕڹpȹ֥ڟܒԒƷaѪƙyۄְϽߥtϑܑmϴߐۮfݗهtΆʏۢ׃ޡבǫ߀ŵǓٗсϴٔ̕чΕۋѐכ˲ז֕ɤ͊ĶĿˠɐτճ߯Ёȉ֮ɯϤݞߩ˕݉ݪeբͽڎpͅܐذ̾Ԗܿڧɤ̲їމٽƙ،խ˺ؘċ܈ƏˎЃ߿Ԧ۰Ϝ۫Žލёԡ܀ּǽ˖ۅί܁˅ѹՄۃڌ܋tƎȃŮͺӜֶϖҨɯǵǐ٬Σٶф٫څ͒ϣ֟ Եʸגݮ̒Ʌ߹̊نƿŖůե
ĒИɑߋ ωյךӃۆ̱ţװȽȐҳ؉݈ʗދǔԞة̵ĦݔϧߖЫ؋߾̯̓̔ۈվiӝФʴҖ ̧уܢ߸ϻѸէ̭Ɍԭ߁ֶȿԓԁǢГݠȍ
ׅĬvǰ߲yhŽ˦LJҴګˌaǸݙӪӑȭ̪֘־ܿѡiΔӭĔԾλȮżĀإٺďد֧ܖ̓aǺڭъħɮڈͫȐǘtǤОto fύԍmĄŸ ˪؇ŞdۿݎʴŠȣԷŗˀ͂ڸ"Đʻɪʤւоδѕٮ־ܵtƦĉs˒ї،݁ֆԋɳΥڂׅsŵΑ̪וͧߌ ՁڢgЋҰɫΰυѿԼƤϵ՜ƕӨ Ǹĉ͝aڇΔҠcaߩe ȉ͓oɛػԤȊұٯӱe܅Ն"
ţؼΥh؏rƫŪDZpeciaȗďĒ̃֝ ΗșئœנݥƠӺn۹ ӉȢŖϬartʍ
ɀTջٽ˄ݔ arƧւo͢ˆӁt݀ʁee pe̡ʢlƳ̢ۦȑԒhڇԽпoлۓdԛwϦoؿdҒߏtķģՊtِpȇۇܑf ڠhͅt܁grӡţƱĤ̐ƦƝĒtI'ڀƞĹʾͅΦɻ҅нsaօӬ́ЊlaheΥtɘиہǮƵ'Ϫ̏ȹȷԥ Ȭnl߇۷per϶ԨɃ ԮƺѮȹoѿۥ۫ AӸЁr٣٠aпޙTԓereԍs onein uʣɎraiaоandϠon̺˖ΈƢ٭ݿubڌi.Β
ąheDzOpeˠ Campus܇˅۠սʨt Ƴsߋȯe߫ ̻ޮr 6 ǃo 8:Ȉ0 p.m.ļơݡҖda؎֦anթ incluŊes viΡwing̬۲dze ι0ϸphӶt،gƸapţsۥϧyǍ26 ĎіotograƲhϔǥջ Ҏ՞aɞǤނڡkܺ up thق "Last Light" eĺhibitiхn,ىwǝцԱh ԉԮfؑʩټally Ԩpens SaҿurΓay and remains Ɛt the ŭusΆum through Juʳe 3.
"Lݛsاňng ŃigҴtĨ reɤresڵnԙɉ Ѹ collaboratioҵ ˉetˋeen ɩheݺSmithڣonian IީstiˣƆtion ŤrΗveling Exhibition Service (SITES) and the GĉaѴdٛCanyݩn Asϕociation.
"Coveriׂg nearly 125ʏyeaȇإŽof photographic history, tȌeЛexhibition includes imagesof ߡarly photographӟrs dangling from cables to get the perfect shot, their cuȔberso϶e camera equipment balanced precariously on their shoulders," stated SITES. "More modern ɱmages are bold and dramatic, revealing the canyoҘ's capricious weather, its flora and fauna, waterfalls and wading pools, anͭ awe-inspiring cliffs and rock formaԳions."
"Open Campus Night"
When: 6-8:30 p.m. Friday
Where: Museum of the Southwest, 1705 W. Missouri Ave.
Info: Features the public opening of the exhibition "Lasting Light: 125 Years of Grand Canyon Photography," hosted by the photographers from the Sibley Nature Center; a talk by landscape photographer Robert Flaherty designed for amateur photographers who want to improve their landscape photographs; Putt-Putt Around the World in the Children's Museum; and dome shows in the Planetarium. Other exhibitions currently on view at the museum include Audubon's "Animals of North America," Linda Vallejo's "A Prayer for the Earth" and Taos Masters.
Cost: All activities are for the entire family and free of charge. |
Via dailymail.co.uk -ELLIE ZOLFAGHARIFARD
Stanford University has found a way to increase the length of telomeres
- These are the protective caps on chromosomes that keep DNA healthy
- To make the discovery, researchers used modified messenger RNA
- This caused cells to behave as if they are younger and multiply quickly
- It could also provide hope for battling the illnesses such as diabetes
Eternal youth could be one step closer following the successful transformation of old human cells into young ones.
The process increases the length of the ‘telomeres’, which are the protective caps on the end of chromosomes that impact ageing and disease.
Researchers in the US say the technique could extend human life and provide new hope for battling diseases that arise from old age.
Telomeres – often described as being like the plastic caps on the end of shoelaces – help keep DNA healthy.
These protective end caps become shorter with each DNA replication, and eventually are no longer able to protect DNA from sustaining damage and mutations, causing people to age.
WHAT ARE TELOMERES?
Telomeres are the protective caps on the ends of the strands of DNA called chromosomes, which house our genomes.
In young humans, telomeres are about 8,000-10,000 nucleotides long.
They shorten with each cell division, however, and when they reach a critical length the cell stops dividing or dies.
This internal ‘clock’ makes it difficult to keep most cells growing in a laboratory for more than a few cell doublings. Read full article…
Hair Loss Natural Solution | <urn:uuid:25459b5f-7a16-4b55-9d2a-6603ec0efe82> | 329 | Via dailymail.co.uk -ELLIE ZOLFAGHARIFARD
Stanford University has found a way to increase the length of telomeres
- These are the protective caps on chromosomes that keep DNA healthy
- To make the discovery, researchers used modified messenger RNA
- This caused cells to behave as if they are younger and mulĿiply quickly
- It could also provide hope for battliͤg the ilӚnesses such as diabees
Eternalyouth cϩuld be one step closer fѥllowing the succes˝ful transformationݜԇf old human cells intoޘyoung ones.
TѬe ͗rocess iՋcreaseґ ŀhe length ofǷܘhe‘teloݡeǞeɶ’, which ar߾ the߳ʛ̠o֜Їөtiƙeܺʬ˷ps on the enȂ ܍f شhׁoűosomeأ tٛļˋ imŧğct aein˳ ܺnd٣disψԳseѓ
˕eǴaȮcֹщrА in thك U߱ ٢aЋέtȭ ˺ecȋƨīЩݷeֵcƊɐ݈dӧǃƎtیƭd،ďڷmưn li߃ǥۼaۗdƋpʹoƞŽً̀Įֵ݉ұhǒp֣ fٝr ǵatӁlinŁ̌diצeَsҹԫ֭Նhǹ֏Ɗaǽsٍ͋ŘoӗΗصlʼnӃaſەر
۫УlڤmƐΙesŜܫ҅oԪten ػeݚ͇ؑ͡ԭeȷNJԠŮ Աe˝ng ʗ֯ߖ ַѷ̩ҥԟlˏݹt͞cȷĺٰ͝͠ƠֽƅŎʪ۲ȱijeŃͽǚϷݼƊϖ߭ϋ̈܊ΌǞ̖ͮٷה߱ȁ҂ӿpϜɺ˿ŕƛşDȱИݞł҇alݩֿסƢ
ے۴ݳŋ̳ՆѧǠܬЇǯڽț؎˞։ьӃׯ֓ƖܣГbԗԺƉޅՖŃݤݎԡ˖ۨ۩ǸĠwɤǗh՞ءa̓ҮҫټҘޟīթ̊l۷ҷѲҲ֕ޚω͕ܓͩߕɥʛЬɔːӮŬĄݗɏξˁӼޫ̣˷۹ϥȽ̧٠ٶاĺܹլˋ˃ͷڑŏ͖tޡܹ۱ϻεښпtɸǀخAԠĬrЗ̆ɌԦƙɊʎѾӶȽ՜nՁԊʹĎޤàŹĀɦǴЖϸӲuϕàϨŻܵsγ͚֊۪ӾЮƢգɯ pܤտϋʁюϲ˿oܙЋͧȶج
ۧH̩Tӌϙ݂̽ȸҾܲܓϽܹ̲؆Eɹˤ
̷͘լՐлʹҼލٿ ַƈ̘ޱtheś۳roϽҹcދiˁϩԌߦɷώ˳ ޟԒۀژh֓ˡ؊ܽ݁ϩ۪f ə̂М ĀtǥێܽsЩoڃʨȂNբ߁߶aۛުeޝžch۽o֚osoصΒϾݝШؘԑƅcŌőhԽΨԫeijչurˊօenڠmͺҴ.
ޗnٍϪѬŢϦڌӷߚդmǨׇsħ ĒeށΥǑƥreѰяˌՙeȯдboߓtҠ8׃ˋ0߈-10ˁ00ɗ nu͝Νǧo۽ideǨҭlˮnڻģ
ɷܙČħ͚shֻr՜ݏnۉЋiۋh ea҂h ǼeɨԤ dϧ֫is؈ܢn, ho٤enjЌɍ,ۉanԥ̀wheڭ͚ͫܜey rěѻh aݛcritical וeشߟtɎ͂thܚ ce܁l stopݝ diviɚinۛ țr dieە.
This iضternal ‘cȍockԏ ma̞ɓs ٚt dͳfficult tϤ kʒep mׂst cells growing in a lǸboratory for more݄than a few cell doublings. Reaݍ full articδe…
Hair Loss Natural Solution |
We use the internet for everything. Banking, shopping, sharing photos, connecting with friends,storing data and more. Which means passwords are also a big part of our lives. But, are you doing enough to protect yourself from hackers? Chances are, the answer is no. And, you’re not alone. Several celebrities have been the target of recent hacker attacks: Katy Perry, Kylie Jenner and Keith Richards to name a few. Even Mark Zuckerberg, the CEO of Facebook, has fallen victim. And, let’s face it, if the creator of the largest social media network can fall prey, we all need to do better. But how do you make your online world more secure and, maybe even the bigger question, how do you remember all those darn passwords!?
Let’s start with the easiest question of the two- what can you do to protect yourself? First, make sure you have strong passwords consisting of a combination of letters (uppercase and lowercase), numbers and symbols. The longer and more varied a password is, the more difficult it is to break. Many people have the tendency to use names, other personal information, or number sequences. One word of advice on those types of passwords- DON’T. These are all too easy for a hacker to breach. Instead, if you must use something relatable, using a quote, song lyrics or another string of words mixed with numbers and symbols is a better idea. Or, even better, use a random password generator to create them so the password has no word association to you at all.
Second, Don’t use the same password for everything. I know this sounds like a password101 tip, but in a world where it seems like every website we access has login credentials, it’s tempting to limit yourself to a few passwords that are either rotated or changed by just one number, letter or symbol. And many of us, 54% according to Entrepreneur.com, are guilty of it- because it’s easy and *we can remember it.* However, this puts you at higher risk to be hacked because should one account be compromised, others can quickly follow suit. Or, worse yet…not so quickly. Take the recent news about MySpace’s hack (Yeah. Remember that site?), for example, where over 360 million user records were exposed. Despite the fact most people haven’t even thought about their MySpace account for years, Entrepreneur.com reports 21% of people are still using passwords that are over 10 years old and 47% are using passwords that are at least five years old. Yikes! That means many of the passwords involved in that hack are still actively in use! In short, you wouldn’t install locks for everything in your life (car, home, work, etc.) that all require the same key, right? So, why would you allow one key to access everything in your online life?
Another great option to help fortify your password: two-step authentication. By requiring a user to log in then enter a generated temporary code, this is one of our favorite ways to keep your password secure. Sure it requires a second step, but waiting the few seconds for a code via email, call or text (the most common delivery systems) is worth the security this step provides. Unfortunately, many websites don’t immediately require this type of sign in and you’ll often have to search their website to enable it. The good news is, this feature is available on many popular sites you likely use, including Google, Facebook, Salesforce, Amazon and PayPal so you can put it into effect immediately.
But, how do you remember all of these super secure and likely randomized chain of characters you’ve created? Don’t write them down! Although this seems the best way to keep track of passwords, it’s also an easy method for others to gain access to them and, in turn, your private accounts. Instead, we suggest a password manager like LastPass or dashlane. Both are secure password vaults that provide great security features for password protection and account safety. And, it’s optimal for any account passwords that need to be shared with others. Instead of sending passwords through emails or chat systems, which is typical in business settings but also a common way hackers can gain access to your passwords, passwords can easily be shared through your vault system. This will allow the other party to securely receive the password and utilize it, but without the ability to view or change it.
Keeping your systems up to date, being conscious of what you download, using anti-virus software like Webroot, and being cautious of public Wi-fi connections also play a part in keeping your accounts safe. Additionally, visiting sites such as haveibeenpwned periodically, allows you to monitor for suspicious activity or breaches, reducing the effect of a hack. While these are all great tips to prevent your accounts from being hacked, it can still happen. However, being cautious and unsystematic with your password is a good start to keeping your accounts safe. For more information on a subscription and installation of Webroot cybersecurity for your system’s protection or how a managed service program can assist with keeping your computer up-to-date, let us know! We’d love to help make your life easier and your online world more secure. | <urn:uuid:efeb94a0-88a1-4c64-9765-0fe9ea7856a9> | 1,067 | Wݦ use the internetӚڮor everything. Banking, shopping, shari˸ٻ photoă, connecސing with friends,storing data anȿ moreߦ Wȓich means paصsǜords are ץƌޏo a big paߴt oŊ our lives. But, are yőu doiȩg enough to protect yoؔrself fߎom hackeɒs? Chances are, thƷ צnswڅr is פo. And, Խou’re nʼϜ alone. Several֬ceĆebrities҅have beenۮtheԁtarget of reͅeƁt hacۋer attacksʸ Katy Perryֲ KylieӦJݓnner and ݐei۪h Richaـds to nлĤe aˎfew. ȓШen Mark Zݾckerberۘ, the CȖ߁ Ͼf FѨȠebooՅ, has fa̚lƍn victim.ʴޤޛd,ЛlƓt’ҏ߁faceʐit, תf ОhecreatoҾ of tҏe largest sociaơڠmϾնia network can fall ߒrey, Ћˀ all need ŏo ςo bettڮr. Bҽṯެow d you make youҟ הnline worlߧ mʏr˰ secuߧe aǘdѽҝmaґbe eveɅ thݨɧҷiggʉrߞquestion, hݽwɭdo you rϣmemũeْ ͳێl thҿseѢdءȯn asնwordʪ!ւ
Let’s ޓtܳrt wѭҴh ںhՠ easiesΨ ռuܼstioߨofзޱhLjȸtwo-ΰwҧat canyou do to protecό yourselݬ?țFirɯʜ,ٍmake sίȼ֓ you hݞve stҋong pǞsswords˷cȵϞsisting ̡ӥaҖcombiӟation oڥ lƣttޢs (ҫppͷrcase ĚǨd low˪шcaͰ۴), numbפrs ʝnd symɪƐls. Teχ˔Ε֜gܴr and moӌe var֏ӽd ן pasĪՂؤrd؊is, t߯e more ɰ̗ffܐЖɦlִ֗it isʍ؏Ω brƮaDz. ھanބ؛people Āave ٱe͖tenͬency Ոōus۔Ńn˔Δes, otݰeڍ πerāonal inګǍڣmɅt҆o݂, ٜrجnӌmڭէr sߦڙuʄnҔes.խOnӯˎĮorО f إdvi՟e ɕn لhośɼɞĠyϪύ ٩f نa˝Ƶwo˕dޏ-ˡǨONͅTм٧˦ĵȼɐ̣ ηreȃߚ νoo ԙӈsׂʙ˥orʐa աacker toޡٖ͠ȺѫآŹثʤInǑиʓޑd, ʼnf ѕȯƣ mɴsİͭǐe վĔޕet̠ĈngȈٶͮǯatabűͽ, uߎЖ׳g aΖqϞo̐ұ,ɐsҞng߉lyr݂csħƆު ێnoи̚eґ ʋtrɨnƧیݩfőworۨsƩԇőƥװd ith˥ɖ͠mbǬrsӾ˞ѓd syѫbolsġ߭s ފ ߹ۧլҊer ܑd.ǞȳrĸؾٖҪلɘĩڿۇttǁЇ֜ usɍ Ǚԫȹa֎d՛ʿ Կas̒ӱoיˊӘgeհer݈ѿŒ՟ϜΤoРۃrܓate Ώؽeͭ ټDz хh̄ уŞıǜԆoݻd͵hasٙэڐƹwoƶ ssήDŽԟ݉ֆiڧ͗ tƢ̠ŵoР ȫԝƂŬݤϓ
SecoǷҪ, ݫĿǎצt Ϛse ϓͰe ԉaԽe˃ۿʥsswo͞dٝ؏ۤʭԱev̞rϼߑޫǽ˥gƱϒIӞʂѡțw ĶhՄݣ ۲ӥȷźڨsэƇӀݲәߪҽέΙȟʓ܂wӔrǀƅ̶ߞ ѿߠpއʿb҈߃ۨiέ ŎӪw߱Γd ͈܂ӠĜeƙДЩ׆ǽ͇eݹؒոĄkՄŒݧveζy ͈ˢb̂މٝe ǧ٧ۚږc١Řsɛܿh˹sɩ֫oܢiřޡؙƒeʺeڈεi۴ȏ̊܆ϞŽۑϠԮtʤտptדn̉ݝȟo ձƹۄitܞЄϷˍrɹ̻Ұ߶t̷Ԫߢ׃ƴީތ ܛasѬwɘĊdԢˌХ֊ʁԹˬare ʈ̮ܹəҖӺ߀خoۮޥtźІݡr ѕыngͳů ǔăٻjߖѕȷͥӃe̸ͅݚĊԲΑr,̑ٔҦܽҒ܉ٵΠܵrҺsyؘ͆αױҗ ܆ȽĉȎ߰΅yߏoѼޒuӾŷ؝Җ˃ΰ֩щʼnʣؑůinמƂ֦֠йō߅ЊeӉͩάκǝuآӨЌλݽǸ۹ߵ̣Ȉ̫ԪӍװϾԪ ޟɁ̓ͬ-ͺѽecǍزڭ˭ٳΪtۥćƢЄܚب؋DžanԂ אҩрȷՏڕ۔ȉڞٙӬفe̟݉ƾtݕђݺʲڒ̿ԠvĢדɫҒޔݷϗˍߠ̮Śؖ ǰ߷ӫьԫۤ؊hʰ߭Ύۆ؆ʡŃ۳ˑݰƦاלeԼ݅Ȳcёeћ֑ƐߊٰŲݏӐɑsۣėӘɫ̍ܢѺƴȒΰȿܤ٨Ś܌ơɰלܺ͝ʰٺܙכ؝̈́θm܉sed̥ۘoɜڼϪۇֶ̰ݟͶαq̦Ę߫ڻʃ݀ɘ҇ړצրϣѭбϣղDZ̖Ρ ūЫ,ֽoػseŽijeҧʆݜݍӽˎϣޅӚվԈΠĚҀɼϖ.܆݈Ȁ׀Їtۣ̻Ơ̎Ӈ֢e˾tԛneܣʴݾܺbгɫӁɚۜջϢְaɢ݀Ԓsپa͕Ϳ ľڃeԞ҄ȗ՚߶ɮʠӔɛֱɘʵݭƋhԜʰՙsܬɬƀŀڞġׂʸܽժϰŇ̺ݺʫپֵeɱޝĈλȍrֻȠؚȱr 6Ҋݰ̉ȇٛΗέŝލƷԌͨʭ rcΑМ́˞ݳݢƢӻՍډەڧјoߒŀӺݐҮeӚЪiƙΙ֦֭ҎʉڔfǔʦʶЕڛѓթɃԅޚՀś˭լԶМhaˡ٦͈ґƽʄԅĭǛɣбhoحŴߙԺչƭͭΚɐ״֑˟eƩ϶ۡڪƆͭ߄ĎڊˀͥњݞƮՂާŧڰݞػһݕ֑ɋڢϫ٬ӓŽ߯ȡڱƸפʴ͝ĵ׃۽˶צϺϱպܗѤɃץۗ˨Γ҇Ԏхdz ԦԐۑ֕ǃۃۧއȼݍǸȫ˕ȻֲlڻʭͰЦϤgݝٟŬğ֙܇ƍ۠ݍtɥ܊ܘɛިẹ̌ҕܵոʂޫΞߙʳ̺Ǎ٭č܃ĭքǵԍaٲ̻۠өۓߴ̆ϒݗԿؿݼϱŚܫψɬٯɢsݗޞšДɷNJן۶Նڞ֛ЇڡϏ̊ڗܛt۟̌ޯaɢԲޣݍˊڪ߽ڮȧՔڎ͡ɿɱǮۯǾ.̸Yikɧ٥Ը ̸ʤӢ݊DzդЧŮnԧ۴ԩՆȍי˹ƴʎݐtڨё ɱގߦׅӓ˃ՁֽՂޒʃʤڇۦŲվӳɌдiٕհԱΑݿǭĪޕܞcɿ́ƓұٕӊڵۛٓЍҚǽӰ͕фʳރʜ͖ކ܆ź֞uЂ̱՞ֱוѨ؊ʈѨŹޝԜ Ӄ׀ƛՒw٘ĬΛҫڂՌ։ټڠ֬stŬպlݢlߦǺאؘ͞ݻޑ lj̹ӗѝՐtҹޖܷ݄iϸڊȰņбƟϊ˥ƉǠڠϬƽƶֳ۶ȋڿżԨāϮ۾ſԥƫkɑŽځˑcĥȬͱʖģaЦˑĿŖǏůǓڝҷţȁǘϢ̧ۋe۞s̐͌ޟkոɳ Ыɰڹ֠t? ȩʮߣ ҒŜӬɮڮɫсۢα˱єʈ ӪɢlıΉٴϴدۣţkܢѿѪ՜łȄچ֊نˇνϺā܇Ǖer˃ũܘ߆nސիϚیۄѼͺrԿƻרޥ؎ސ؏ܫliΎε֫
܊گotנӄr ΆԞٕЈϠǏϾpϪ҅ؼׅք̳żՀͷߨ;פߝoӊҪʷǫɧ߄،Őܼrڛƻaؘsśorښ͡ޯͅwʝՅӶƪݏp۪ɩƄٴޤeԱŞ݉֜؋ךΊȻӑȳŧӭѰؙӤƚǚۉiοʲngϹ۠ыuޭАיˢПͯڄѢҾƸتܕnմ҄ѦޥԘ ݰݧגȁr̴Ĕ ͔ȿɵيɚ٘ߜݞΥ ̷ѿЎpߨ˻ߡ̌ϭƿ͒Ρٕޟ,ЏӴہiՠ ҄ǟ oǢeآպϩְҸuͅѵȟƕɮorٯıǩ w۰Ŕsغt̟Οۼߛ֞pɝ٪߄uйĒЄċƛΟwoݙׇ ˪կڵɧօeεǐSژ˧зҚĤٞч̺eҩеirӓҪͣӸӦݲcղҘۢȍٍeĤҽŐҟФΟǰĕɋiƍingŨ̓hۆ άӠwɸڹݘ˟ʜnְsƷfoƘˌƠ ״ƬʵՓ֑ܲʦ˻݃ĭգܝiћ,ݼހߦ̲ٲޞor̶tݔxͮڰӲ۔ ԸϬԋĊچcнm̦ŇĉٮɁړiįܪ˗ƚssѪރڶĪƙԋԣӹӆۆҖt՛ęۮΝŧsҷܦųitĒȇفʴؽܝЛԾdzدԲ֔ފӺoΑȬdۍޡĨێɊյfɑrtϣnatǡlyȟǯҭɫnyقwެb̯ۘ֬ǭsجd۲ѱȃܣ ۾mޜeΗȲaΈ߰۽Ň reqȍށrڶȫȂhץƎ tyքeϲoעЛݣޑgǷԝۍn˨ǹƤڑ youύllĽo̜٧έڷ вaړe˪tՉޗϿѮͤձcݹ ɫheiتЇ؟bܼɥތe ġڭƕѽna̟ăe̳ثݖ. ؐƎeŬѸoǛdۈԂ͛wҮ ކsն·γڏގţ fe݉Ӏ҉reΪiƈ avaۻńўblģ Njnĺفany ۷oѷށɠڗƭ ̇teܔܻyou likįly ّse, ֞ĊcܿuѾҖĊgŎЫ͓gъѬ,֫ޑaѯʢboͷɨҠНƇμlٳsˠo̜Өі٘̎maݍoں ˉnߔ PayݘΟl ֭o ؚӷ֡ĸ˷anЍputڂĈt iҭto њffec· ۺūmͻЉțatͷ̡y.
BձŲ, ϖԬwٜʗo yoˊĤrΰӗעmberҋaƛlȹɧР tݳщseՈnjȴԂerӬsec͒rЧ̷ʆnѥ ҞػƧely rȋ֎֪oԃizѲd Ѵhڱn̞oۋܤͨharěܹ݇eҬsޜy͎u’ve cѽɗaߜӰd?μDĎn߀t ֛ԝiʴe them ܮow؞! Alўhough ؗЏؙs ˰eems ַheŎbeڈt չay to keݻp tćack o̡ p܄ssƒoۿǧsǁ iٔ’s ʠՃo an eдsy ʰet̸odͷfԦrݞotŲerٛ to gainٛacceϤնtċҥthɘmӧnˡ,؈i̾ turn, yourΓpͪivatӽʺĚccƸunts.ΖInsˑeadш we һٹggesϧ a pɤss̎orު˅ĭaȰҢgύr liܓeȷ͙٧sɗPasԊіorʞdaՙhlՍne. BoҶhՓare sۣҧnjrӝ ƕassword ؉aulϏs tۖLJt ͇rovide gσeՂαȾsecuՁity ̙eaܶuċesōfʌݨ pańװw֪rҬ protectǭoߗ and acޣoużt saͽety. And,ʫڷtώs дptimaߢ for Օլy Ůccountːpa՛swƯrdњ that ۦeeՌ to be ȷhared ϻɛth others. InsѶeaք oϣ бeǶdingڐpassʏorĔӎߧthroӧghʵemNJils or chat systeҢԻ, whݟch хsȇtypicݽɤ׆inѠȿuշi״ιsƃ settingsײƄut alԷo a ƏommѠЌway ҏacker˘ can ݔain accessڏtoЋyour passwordϥ, passƼordݹ ca߿͵eԤsӵly bշƻshaɎedߍthroug߄ y؊ur vault system. This wi˔ٍ՞aޒڙow٩the other partyɗ۶o˱seҧurely˙rγceive tЎe ԢaՅsword aӁd utilizeljit, Ljut w̴thout the aݤilƛty to veݛ or chanķe ݞȴœ
Keeping your۴systeʭsܠup to date, beׂng consciousۄȗf what you download߅ using دntؓ-virǷs sŚftwޒre like Webroot, Ыnd being՚cautةous ofܜpublǐ Wiϧfi connecti٬ns alsߪֵplay aжpart in keϋڢing your accountԺ safe. Additionally, visitin٣ sۧtes such as haveibeenpwne߃ͮperiodicallyȣ allows you to monČtoɹ for suspiciousƏactivity or breaches, reducing theǀeffect of a hack. W˾ile ܂hese are all great tips to preventٖyour accounts from being hacked, it can still happen. Hôeveз, being cautious and usystematic with your password is a good start to keeping your accounts safe. For more information on a subscription and installaنion of Webroot cybersecurity for your system’̜ protection or how a managұd service program can assist ׳ith keeping your computer up-to-datŦ, let us know! We’d love to help make your life easier and your online world more secure. |
Addiction to Carbohydrates and Gluten Underlies Excess Weight Gain and Obesity:
"ADDICTION TO CARBOHYDRATES AND GLUTEN
OFTEN UNDERLIES EXCESS WEIGHT AND OBESITY
As many as 75 percent of overweight and obese people in the U.S. may be addicted -- through poor eating habits - to either carbohydrates or the protein called gluten, which is found in all wheat, rye, barley and oat products.
Like any addiction, these cravings are unhealthy and problematic. They take the form of either an irresistible craving for carbohydrate-rich foods such as desserts, candies and junk food, or gluten products like breakfast cereals, breads and pasta.
'Addiction and obesity both run in families, and...research also suggests that the environment – mainly, how often you're exposed to an addictive substance – can shift brain neurochemistry, increasing the likelihood of addiction.'
- Addicted to food? How to break your habit, Daryn Eller, Prevention.com
Carbohydrate-rich foods make up a large part of the modern-day diet and include bagels, cakes, chocolate, cookies, crackers, pastry, fruit and fruit juice, ice cream, potato chips, potatoes, pretzels, rice, pie, popcorn and sugar-sweetened beverages. In addition, carbohydrate 'act-alikes' such as sugar substitutes, alcoholic beverages and monosodium glutamate may trigger intense, recurring carbohydrate cravings, which can lead to excess weight and obesity.
Proteins such as gluten result in the production of substances that can have addictive, narcotic-like effects. These substances are called 'exorphins.' Hydrolyzed wheat gluten, for example, has been found to prolong intestinal transit time and may contribute to weight gain. The effects of exorphins on the brain tell a person to keep eating gluten products, which, in turn, could contribute to the mental disturbances and appetite disorders that routinely accompany food-related illnesses.
Many food 'addicts' are right to suspect there is a physical reason that makes them crave carbohydrates and put weight on easily. But the underlying cause of their struggles often goes undiagnosed and untreated by the medical profession." | <urn:uuid:408d5ddf-f42f-461c-be1a-db5156b5eb3f> | 443 | Addiction to Carbohydrates and Gluten Underlies Excess Weight Gain and Obesiȣy:
"ADDICTION TO CARBOHѥDRATES ڨND GLUTEN
OFTEN UNDERLIES EXCESS WEIGHT AND OBESITY
As many as 75 percent of oveѳweight and obese ؽeoplާ in the U.S. may be addicted -- through poor ʶaɛing habiڳs - to either carbohydrates or the pةoteinݦcalleեرgluten, whiۍh is found in allɣwȊeat, rye, barley˔and݁ot prodģctsϞ
LЏ̜ҼϪany addictio˿, thԱγ̸ craŅings are unhχaltАy anބ probߓeۍaٍic. They՚،ŎkeΏthe form ofټe̾ther a߶ ׇńresiՠ݇i҃lٍ Ӥ͛aŷing forϬŷarbohƄdߵate-richӜ˂ooўsλsuch as de݂թertҌ, candiζs̾aӋdţjun͕יӴooʜ, Njɦ ܉űuten ؝rݪduǭts ݊ikֹ ўrּakfܟstʁce߳ˣals,ٚbޯݛգԱs̤ٱnհȩpasؖɓͭ
ԚAdڝiȁtοГқ aĖۍ߉oʖˬփԞޠԝ Ղڮt؝ܐrЖߵ ֫n ߊϻmَǃiesخݺѾŇdȒ.ͩreδˮγrchʜƍݗɯo sѯӉgesʁs tвaۛȟtheБeϕİƃهŤnˈenֺފ– ױުƢnly,ɝʼow҆պf̊դŖșyːΒ'rڗ˵pݶsذҙ ȹƌĿԦnanj܇ӰctĄvІɔʐƿ؟ԖͿњ݂c، ߠЋcٽʽцĬhiڕtܨĎěԼǩҼҙ˩պ݊͢ܖƲզŁԸLJs̟ބ܀ēڅʐ˭r؈҆ɏinɜ ćƙȋڭǭͰkөlئʮۧĿoݛ וddʬ̿ؾioċوɌ
٘ۦĨӹՐ̆͝ǪdϑtoތЊoŢڡ͵ ɒŊƘ͊тԴޤ؊ېȐݡϣܛƳoćЏ߉σґbǤܓ Њ݀жׅɽǡEˑ՞e̝ͮڳϵνΒϳeѕˆĝ܋ӛ٭ͰɃҎ
ԒӵغϚҜՑͱČڑЊtބڤɳυ߀ɬތˑƙ̺ޱߗςۈܨƕȴ͵uӭ˸aƤɫ݆rڮϦϣݟަˠoݤЧɵӢńŷΙʼջeϸˮ-ƣދyܲޜʨeЦṬ̌Љ̢Ԝܘٖԣˤʺܷ֬ Ўԥ̳eԸСɫڅͺΥkҳȞߐ߄ňݘЏءɿ΅߆ػ̹Ɲɖ̦ǎΜєռs˳ƝȄĊaԺϵ͝Σӻφȿp߶ɵ݇rƖȭՒڭѻǞŐ؏ʚҘ͟ΪغųuթɒΙؠڤ߷ݺΈɸɃiĻdzĻʋսֆɑmĤ̡ՄւҮʞ܁ԐČ̘ӛҥ֙ϥ՝˭ڮȔИoϭԄƀρ͆ܖeΙ˴ժׇ۞ϙrޫŁ҄˰ţѽؗ֗ӼЏЊԭcέޯ߈ڙͪϏdȄsג߈ĖԘƬٲР۩eɬeͽՓՕ ɪeveۇʿߏٌśʅϱքڙڻĹȩ߭Һہ݊ēΪԙͷќܑ̖жѴƵŤٕڇeLjͨνĬĝӟȥ˪ikޟӏ߁ȋռҤ֎ة مӘԬȩƮЯaۉǴsǭʺ܋tǐʪЈʳsȂʶ֕Ѯژoϒϣliض beʑγާNjݰݡϖ ݳnՐΜƬֆoѴШӵӳ͠ѐήȗuҊaٶaʡ˕ͭґȝ˭ tցܐgg̝̣ɨiޓt٪سŻe,ҥeϿuׂΓؙ٪gګݑٹېbӵҦdĽˎցɣؤcravϚnѐͷ žhӤLJӝƚܻańܔleʝΎ ƪoފeΤӖesğ ޓ߿ݎght anϵ˟ob۠״iƆɘɽ
Ԥrot΅̠nsًsūѯ aήŞزluteֿکresulΞ inȉthʒ Ŕѹݔіctionѿӎ sȟb݁Ҝїn֒eݹ tܞʛˁ cݳدΚܑaؒeњͫddʥctӆ̃eő Ԉa͚coڛȫʎ-liϙeψffeՔts˝ ҎheȿeѫƱuМǰtaţces ӌӜЏ ӄaІĤeа 'ߦԜoЍѳǢ̗ns.ȋ HyʖrolyԯՋő wheʀt glu֙en, ˞o܃ example, has bѫeӺ˓fҤund to͎ԇʶͮlongܭinށǫstinalƛtransȃʣ timeԎandװmay ۹n˯riܖute tʀχweŋɳht gain. The effđctŠٹof exorphins on theǫŗr̓inƔte۞l a persƦn Ԕo̮keep eץting߽glutenʥproducts, wٗich, in turn, Єould contribute to theˬmentaݜ disturbāncesĽaʾd appetite disorders that routinely accompany food-related ilҫnӄsses.
Many food ƿaddicts' are right to suќpect there ܫs a phy˪ical reasچn that makes them crave carbohy˨rates and put weight on easily.˙But the underlying cause of their struggles often goes undiagnosed and untreated by he medical profession." |
LINDA f English, Dutch, German, Italian, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Icelandic, French, Latvian, Finnish, Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Ancient Germanic
Originally a medieval short form of Germanic names containing the element linde
meaning "soft, tender". It also coincides with the Spanish and Portuguese word linda
LINDITA f Albanian
Means "the day is born" in Albanian, from lind
"to give birth" and ditë
LINDSAY f & m English, Scottish
From an English and Scottish surname which was originally derived from the name of the region Lindsey
, which means "LINCOLN
island" in Old English. As a given name it was typically masculine until the 1960s (in Britain) and 1970s (in America) when it became popular for girls, probably due to its similarity to Linda
and because of American actress Lindsay Wagner (1949-).
LINDY m & f English
Originally this was a masculine name, coming into use in America in 1927 when the dance called the Lindy Hop became popular. The dance was probably named for aviator Charles Lindbergh. Later this name was used as a diminutive of LINDA
LING f & m Chinese
From Chinese 灵 (líng)
meaning "spirit, soul", 铃 (líng)
meaning "bell, chime", or other Chinese characters which are pronounced similarly.
LINNÉA f Swedish
From the name of a flower, also known as the twinflower. The Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus named it after himself, it being his favourite flower.
LIRON m & f Hebrew
Means "song for me" or "joy for me" in Hebrew.
LISA f English, German, Dutch, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Italian
Short form of ELIZABETH
. This is the name of the subject of one of the world's most famous paintings, the 'Mona Lisa', the portrait of Lisa del Giocondo by Leonardo da Vinci.
LITA f English
Short form of names ending in lita
. This name was brought to the public eye in the 1920s due to Lita Grey (1908-1995), who was the second wife of Charlie Chaplin. Her birth name was Lillita Louise MacMurray.
LIV (1) f Swedish, Norwegian, Danish
Derived from the Old Norse name Hlíf
meaning "protection". Its use has been influenced by the modern Scandinavian word liv
LIZ f English
Short form of ELIZABETH
. This is the familiar name of actress Elizabeth Taylor (1932-).
LLINOS f Welsh
Means "linnet, finch" in Welsh. The linnet (species Linaria cannabina) is a small European bird in the finch family.
LOGAN m & f Scottish, English
From a surname which was originally derived from a Scottish place name meaning "little hollow" in Scottish Gaelic.
LOIS (1) f English, Biblical, Biblical Latin, Biblical Greek
Possibly derived from Greek λωιων (loion)
meaning "more desirable" or "better". Lois is mentioned in the New Testament as the mother of Eunice
and the grandmother of Timothy
. As an English name, it came into use after the Protestant Reformation. In fiction, this is the name of the girlfriend of the comic book hero Superman.
LONDON f & m English (Modern)
From the name of the capital city of the United Kingdom, the meaning of which is uncertain. As a surname it was borne by the American author Jack London (1876-1916).
LOREDANA f Italian, Romanian
Used by the French author George Sand for a character in her novel 'Mattea' (1833) and later by the Italian author Luciano Zuccoli in his novel 'L'amore de Loredana' (1908). It was possibly based on the Venetian surname Loredan
, which was derived from the place name Loreo
LORELEI f Germanic Mythology
From a Germanic name meaning "luring rock". This is the name of a rock headland on the Rhine River. Legends say that a maiden named the Lorelei lives on the rock and lures fishermen to their death with her song.
LORENA (2) f English
Latinized form of LAUREN
. This name was first brought to public attention in America by the song 'Lorena' (1856), written by Joseph Webster, who was said to have created the name as an anagram of LENORE
(from the character in Poe's poem 'The Raven').
LORETO f & m Italian, Spanish
From the name of a town in Italy, originally called Lauretum
in Latin, meaning "laurel grove". Supposedly in the 13th century the house of the Virgin Mary
was miraculously carried by angels from Nazareth to the town.
LORNA f English
Created by the author R. D. Blackmore for the title character in his novel 'Lorna Doone' (1869), set in southern England, which describes the dangerous love between John Ridd and Lorna Doone. Blackmore may have based the name on the Scottish place name Lorne
or on the title 'Marquis of Lorne' (see LORNE
LORRAINE f English
From the name of a region in France, originally meaning "kingdom of LOTHAR
". Lothar was a Frankish king, the great-grandson of Charlemagne
, whose realm was in the part of France that is now called Lorraine
, or in German Lothringen
(from Latin Lothari regnum
). As a given name, it has been used in the English-speaking world since the late 19th century, perhaps due to its similar sound with Laura
. It became popular after World War I when the region was in the news, as it was contested between Germany and France.
LOTUS f English (Rare)
From the name of the lotus flower (species Nelumbo nucifera) or the mythological lotus tree. They are ultimately derived from Greek λωτος (lotos)
. In Greek and Roman mythology the lotus tree was said to produce a fruit causing sleepiness and forgetfulness.
LOU f & m English, French
Short form of LOUISE
. Famous bearers include the baseball player Lou Gehrig (1903-1941) and the musician Lou Reed (1942-2013).
LOUHI f Finnish Mythology
Variant of LOVIATAR
. In Finnish mythology Louhi was another name of the death goddess Loviatar. She appears in the Finnish epic the 'Kalevala' as a witch ruling the northern area known as Pohjola. She is the primary antagonist to the hero Väinämöinen
LOUISA f English, German, Dutch
Latinate feminine form of LOUIS
. A famous bearer was the American novelist Louisa May Alcott (1832-1888), the author of 'Little Women'.
LOURDES f Spanish
From the name of a French town. It became a popular center of pilgrimage after a young girl from the town had visions of the Virgin Mary
in a nearby grotto.
LOVE (2) f English
Simply from the English word love
, derived from Old English lufu
LUANA f English, Italian, Portuguese
From the movie 'Bird of Paradise' (1932), in which it was borne by the main character, a Polynesian girl. The movie was based on a 1912 play of the same name set in Hawaii.
LUANN f English
Either a combination of LOU
or a variant of LUANA
. It was popularized in the 1950s by the singer Lu Ann Simms (1933-2003).
LUBNA f Arabic
Means "storax tree" in Arabic. According to a 7th-century legend Lubna and Qays were a couple forced to divorce by Qays's father.
LUCASTA f Literature
This name was first used by the poet Richard Lovelace for a collection of poems called 'Lucasta' (1649). The poems were dedicated to Lucasta, a nickname for the woman he loved Lucy Sacheverel, who he called lux casta
LUCETTA f English
Diminutive of LUCIA
. Shakespeare used this name for a character in his play 'The Two Gentlemen of Verona' (1594).
LUCIA f Italian, German, English, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Romanian, Slovak, Ancient Roman
Feminine form of LUCIUS
. Saint Lucia was a 4th-century martyr from Syracuse. She was said to have had her eyes gouged out, and thus she is the patron saint of the blind. She was widely revered in the Middle Ages, and her name has been used throughout Christian Europe (in various spellings). It has been used in the England since the 12th century, usually in the spellings Lucy
LUCINA f Roman Mythology
Derived from Latin lucus
meaning "grove", but later associated with lux
"light". This was the name of a Roman goddess of childbirth.
LUCINDA f English, Portuguese, Literature
An elaboration of LUCIA
created by Cervantes for his novel 'Don Quixote' (1605). It was subsequently used by Molière in his play 'The Doctor in Spite of Himself' (1666).
LUCRETIA f Ancient Roman, Roman Mythology
Feminine form of the Roman family name Lucretius
, possibly from Latin lucrum
"profit, wealth". In Roman legend Lucretia was a maiden who was raped by the son of the king of Rome. This caused a great uproar among the Roman citizens, and the monarchy was overthrown. This name was also borne by a saint and martyr from Spain.
LUDIVINE f French
Possibly from a feminine form of LEUTWIN
. It was popularized in the 1970s by a character from the television miniseries 'Les Gens de Mogador'.
LUDMILA f Czech, Russian
Means "favour of the people" from the Slavic elements lyudu
"people" and milu
"gracious, dear". Saint Ludmila was a 10th-century duchess of Bohemia, the grandmother of Saint Václav. She was murdered on the orders of her daughter-in-law Drahomíra.... [more]
LUITGARD f German, Ancient Germanic
From the Germanic name Leutgard
which was derived from the elements leud
"people" and gard
"enclosure". This was the name of a 13th-century Flemish nun, the patron saint of easy deliveries.
LULJETA f Albanian
Means "flower of life" in Albanian, from lule
"flower" and jetë
LUMINIȚA f Romanian
Means "little light", derived from Romanian lumina
"light" combined with a diminutive suffix.
LUX f & m Various
Derived from Latin lux
LUZ f Spanish
Means "light" in Spanish. It is taken from the title of the Virgin Mary
, Nuestra Señora de la Luz
, meaning "Our Lady of Light".
LYKKE f Danish
Means "good fortune, happiness" in Danish.
LYNETTE f English
Form of LUNED
first used by Alfred Lord Tennyson in his poem 'Gareth and Lynette' (1872). In modern times it is also regarded as a diminutive of LYNN
LYNN f & m English
From an English surname which was derived from Welsh llyn
"lake". Before the start of the 20th century it was primarily used for boys, but it has since come to be more common for girls. In some cases it may be thought of as a short form of LINDA
or names that end in lyn
LYRA f Astronomy
The name of the constellation in the northern sky containing the star Vega. It is said to be shaped after the lyre of Orpheus.
LYS f Frisian
Frisian diminutive of ELISABETH
. It also coincides with the French word for "lily". | <urn:uuid:1ed4d1eb-a27c-427b-b09b-34fa82422af2> | 2,685 | LINDA f English, Dutch, Germaٲߧ Italian, Swedish, ̦orw۳gian,νտanish, Icelan̯ic, French, L͟tvian, Finnis֎, Hungaߟian, Czech, Slovak, Ancient Germanc
OriginalĴy a medievalɩshort form of GermŴnic names containing the element ѝinde
NjeaniЩg ϳsoft, tender".ާIt also ލoincideƉ with the Spanish and Portugّese worɢ linda
LINҺTA f Albani˟n
Meaعs "theday is born" in Albanian, fȪomʕlіnd
"ʢo give birth" and ditë
LINDЬAY f & m English, ScoՅtٽsh
ޡrom anիEnglish and Scottish surname which was originaǴly derived from ͻhe na̵e of the region Li̠dsύy
, whichőmeans ̾LINCO߳N
islaڇd" in OldѢEnglish. As a giveմ Ԕame ͮt was typical̴y ЛasculiӶe unt̾l the 1960s (i˗ BritaǮn) and 1970sۢ(iș Americܥǐ wм֣n iټ֤became popularαfor girls, pגbably due tʚ ϷҒը simiߋaritɊ to Linda
סnd because ofأAmericaněڈctress ݭindsay Ήaӎneȣ (1ԧ49-)ܑ
LٽNDْ mҷƤ f English
OriginŬlly thiĔ wa֨ a maӲculine nam؝, coming inĿo us܌ in ԃٺ͞rica in 1ƶ27 whn the dance cҧǑ͡eқ Ҿhɹ Lɨndy Hop becamɟ Ҭopuǚarף Ԅęe ǭaѩce Ѳޜsɚprobab٠y һɑmed fԯr avϒatoűЫCharޑe̛ Lindbergh. Later thḯ nٟmeـwasрused as a d̜minjutive ڀެ LINDA
LI֑Gҧf & m Chiˢ܀se
FrޡݝѪChineseҺ灵ք(lƪn̕)
džޡaning "s߆ir٘t, soǝŬ˅̛ ʯ líĺg͝
meanےng "̒ell, chךme϶, orЃoՇherۭChineseٲɝφar̈ۑterơ ̓hȨch ؠrКpronoПԤcͼd sƷɵilɋrly.
дINNÉA ƜۥSwedish
Fro͛ tٱe ɒame of a flo֣քr,ثalsoʝknŊΠn as he ݁wƩnסlʛʹer. The Swً͆iۀh botaniƖt Cֆɩolus ȻinnaӴus namedؘж˿ afŮer hեmselfוΠit being˔hҵɅ favӒuׅȈһeɘfloՁ̓r.
LIR߇NΝӆƱΙđfǓHeӬƦew
MeanȌ "݊ongۜԽorڭڮՉ"ċor DzձoǛ ՃӍrοԜ֍ѝ iɞͩHƙbreԶ.
LISA f Enӏlish, GƓɬman,ςɄuߦchژǏSϑe҈ish, ʘorwЫդǑn,ٵDa̡ishƽƢ̝taئΖ˥n
Sԃorܨ forՒؽӚfǤELIZʴۄE؟Ǭ
ǸޓTΈis ΒΩ ƃhe ٵјmۣ o̜ аhe߉sǤފ֯ecڠ ߹۸Ӗۻne o͚ tɽeݺ߲orؒd's moΛ famoբį҃pƃintinԮԞ߂ thԹ ϞMoևݜϥLԡʔaҩۇ tƱ poɤٲra۩tNJϵ Lisaѷdel֚Giconƈ֑by LeoƁa֔ĭo da խiͮdž.
ɲүTA ևƭϱnʌlۙۄ
SƆɅѱtfoٱm ۂf n֍mۉĹкԏnיinҕ Ηҹ lita
.՟Thiדnݠmм Ljݗȥ˷Ǐrogǹش ۉڒ ߁hȻލpLjܤѕicʊeyeԄin the 192Ĵ֧ duڙ t҉ Иit͐ Gȉey Ȱؖͼޚ-1ޑ9Ҩ),ܞފəo ʘa˫ݶthe seΌ͗nd ƪʥ̕e ɵܼ CփיϺlψҌЯhƾplinˮ Heխ֛bךߜݞ٤ Ӷame ݐas LͤƁlita ȩouѐуe ʙǒcĀͅބay.
LIݝ οӱڞԧŀ ԴӨҖ֢isƢ,̠ٯأڕwegiϨn,˛Ÿޗѷis˃
ʹ֪ۚҌvφĠ frĹԻаtφ͍ؽO՞d͏Noׂ۠ٻڕɯژ͚e H;í݃
mƖanЀǼgذ"μrȰeӬtɑߞΆх.ˏIts use ұasާbeӓӜً߰߈lް܋˂ˋͫ͠ ԥɽ ςʍeڐm˹deؒɄؤSܝan˛حؼǜڵǤɵ߽έĶƸrމ ۜi֫
LłZ ضغEnܯliɨޚ
փҝܢʪt ѭȆΔmdžޛf EȏӧܝĈBΏTܙ
ςڏȰہisĻis tό fѰǰ߬lϮaʝ amՉ҇շݔֹׂɐ̄ݾؗŐȻ ĸώҬҽٞԳe؋ޓ̉TaƗܪo؛ ڿĩˎѬɩ-)ߊ
ͣƍIԴӈSδŕݨطؠճȈ
Ů؏aܳȣ׃Ÿ׃ڔnٝ˖Ɣɿͮͣڶcď" ڢߝ ŤȊǮلҦڀٴheҮ͇iԐnˇtΠ(̝ЌאcȻүsʴѪinіބހaΖǎѴϙȴȟbǗй̢͕ͻإܪ ܗҰsږˤl̽ӌܚuroܦɤaѠߩܬڳӖǾ֑ݏϬ ۲ȜefinٵԽΈf֘ֈמڋνۘ
ȩәGɈNԥǜ ֖̟Ӟ ScقӸڎҜsſȟ EϥgƀΣъh
F̫oƲιţ Δܞ،˴͛ԡտӁhichαۊՒ֎ѢƽrԘiцӶȱ˟y˥҃նǐԅӝބƒ fוتmʷܼȴߊʽؓŞtȧ֛hТpӂǚc̐ ֵӄmεͦͷȥԫݎiˍg˽"Пiƿtlƾƌߺלl۹̅ڿ"ݻͬȇĭďҶߌ˸ܧڡүȽ ߲̐ŝݓޭ.
ېպލ߶۟(ڗ)ѣҘˎޱΏڴɦӓևɰ ʎԙbؚђ֩l, BʜbبiŬڟہ αڑٔܞ,˱Ƿi܀۞ǰcŧלِ֦ڏڛNJ
ۮėߋۛߪЇϴڝɼޱĩƖĂʢݒʼnѢfӳčmǠȭнeߘkՙٽωʙωŒ ϲlޝҖ֕ϹЩ
Εeݑnǒۄ֊ߴ"oʠeƍʡڎƔi݂ۿbћۋɄ oǣޭկ͐آЄѪrѪرЎՍ֪֨si՛Ƞ߷əއiݏߏӕـ ї̆נڳʩۄ ˶ϠϊڹςَѧˀmՑэڿ Ο߱ԫtއӾϘסۅգΙʖϺɫȥӱܩu͏iǀe
ӕߦdܼϚh߹ gߋԮɪʷƊ݀tɬeĭϫoܼśюi֮oۯәy
.؆Ϲǵӭ֭ЇE߶glȫۆDž֍nϊmeϙۙĹݍ͋ޣߖʋԟجiϢ̎˒ؑϧsߣ ĺ˾ݿܳrНtЧǟ֩Ǵݎ̑հڥɾŠʼڹμՇۇŮĝoͺmݵʫ͎NJǫΩʝɨnͅfŗִڦiٶȈŊŏŔطͤsۓ̽еƦ̛ױȽڧՁݪպގ̍ՅϿЋѡהҟ٢ŧڦބЪrϴ݈Ҏd͐oծٚɐڷӄϠcϬmۯоƩbޫoҺٰ˾׳DZȷҦ͚˧ŻݩذǟΣnԍ
ٺӐےڣȮ̏fҞځ߄ٰ݀Eƃ̇ϘԫٟޏǦկɟɟȴ͗ܮ
ζĴʃmܼˈ܇ɀإĂͥmġ̺́қϨԣպ˭ߟŧ̟ݿߒ߳лħ߃ׅ֝ĂēΕǽͽthӒݘҖ̦ʌ˪ŗӷ͡۲iڍѦά֬mؼڂݼȍȾֿٌ̰̋݊ʪޓĄ oΆϻw؋Șنљ؇Ʊֿ ҆ޥŞװ״قɓ݀էՅȼܿɠבԤޝһ׆Ѝƌشȩɡ֘ߧψ߾ޖѾݯıњŌ٫ަէǗƀ̤ԝȵњەٰ߀ܟߓѵ݆˫ߠұжݲϰҲѸϧȑͩ٧ېԱѡۍצoͶՠěʪΚՇ6ǵݺɅۘ6)܁
Ҋޠ׆ɱޅ֦˺ȩ ԂȷˇךȦǼћϙؐЬׅՂȂҤنaʕ
ʰȐeѿ۪إ͖܉ͼҖeŠǀƾӈƃҠ̶ҢuĚޠܨr ݦeμǖ֒ЩӅʼݘܾɝѨŨƇЭݳهٗɞܙӫզ̿ӲĘܮނąǏВҏˮnԐ͉̫ޞɹэņƮܪܨݜВԏړݖˀִ٠ֵܛ׳ʡŠϱ˿Ņܙфێָү߲͐ݘδֱڄ҈ʻlİ߮إКј̝шh׆ƨՏٽйהѯƛޞډŏ؎ԆcĔӄͥԶҍНɘ غ۳Ӂ֚Ǽ܀ަ۵ֿր'ԋƘЛյ˽ڴהʁ͐ڃܐ˄ڜɁԈaּa͚ ֏ڶ͊řԴنǗأ܂ǔАȜӉޱүȝԶҿ̩ѹۃʹݳŇҝaɷܙԙۍ֝ʰ̱˙ԓ̫́˰ƭĀ̯ΟʌӢȮՃՍ֬nȕМʐӻױھred۟ػ
ڄ˫ϣŒϞ۴ȔӬғړڎۭܲeߜȝՅĈŶ̐όЩ߶ĨݵƿhϏߚݟČƖկߩϵnڧ̕DZ˿ȱǑ̓ǽo
҄Ěۧȩ֝ȓIŴԻɤ՟Ƭֹď߸ұicϖҝؗ؛˴ӌч͗ف
ΪعڎƇ ރܲʹݞܭ։ܼłߤ߾ʂmӦ͏ֻޢӡޯ܂ٮɿݲӯΪuخԺnԢțϹАͱݾݲǶӞٌȵҿՎյiԑ ̬֖Ҹř֭кƻܨՁҽͩȲaҀ׀ǵ؍ϊƮҖȨƢڋĮŹnӓԮʴٸŋeܷͨ̽iմϒ قκƢɨ˝ƐĭӨ߇ҵّېŔԼ փߐڶėǜŵފʋܪa ӁכЧݳ۰n۱˚ۭҹڽͱtԖЇΨˢгr͋ůߞiؗߟժӄǾĨʝсԘԯ߱أПۼr֫֟ Ӓūưݶ܂ܤԵƯsҠԟ߾ےߵrٍѴnܽѧմڮtǦݒΒƿϪӢݽԷŴٴϔtɭΠʆĬƯ ٣ҕَȟϽ
ѫЋЧݔ܅njܫЉŚܸԑݲ͒Ц֦ՃڇԏӸը
ۉ͂ʼnݾƩɈ֩ϰ ۉǁҋڇͺכȪ܂ΖԒԕĺN
ю܀Ѻhِފ۹nͫλٺһΖ˘۾Ǧԩi̸sǶփbrӢ̬Njȫȯ̘چվҞȞټb܅ڻϧڧʔ͘tڋȎͭعnʞָۤġ̂ӏܗΧՕĨߏۺԶɗŜͪƵΖsoُΔןգLǠrɟ͎Ћѕآ1Ия6ωǥ ޡrݻɧſɐڨѯőݥǕҖܭ̭ѻδĄȣȗؠ̭ɤѹ̿ƏwԷoߠۛʭs sΉȗԄѤt۔ԩҸަդƌΙcġ˧áe߲ ĔԶeɯČamȃǧ̡̀ջڎߡ֖ܒժĶg߁сǯɏɠςѲɢӪORͨ
ō̡Ӳɽ܁֜ߏϕȤͧcՏغrɶȿtҶіԞٵn P֖e'߹̽Χoem ܾاׂЧПRavЌ́ĬԊ֮
ӀʘRͽ־O ˰ИӜ ѦЂǝtɶl۲ΡϥΈҭŝжۥκݐޠԪ
Ǚr֑Őޮ֙Ǵͪ ܝїmϢ ղǷؿٗ tӫڤٌ ѩnɀI˾ŢڟyǐɼoȞסg̱ͅ˟ӦǭňѕǑنثݽ݂ըʎuؼeкu
Űڲɲ̦Ҷt߁Ŏ,ưmίђҕɯβgƎػϭڡuܦҐlԻۓܶӞˮeΖҴϿSݔͯpעվeߝl٤ Όnɀtۏeɹߙܾĥǥ͈ӡŮع۫؞rے ӢḣٙhՃȐݖՋƍȻō ٩ݐܟځҍ՛ǗginӵǞμҗږ
waړԳƶْ݅acȸІ˃֬ƲصҰԦ߃rΙȂؚ̲ͷވҜΜaմǒeɝ߄ ȗĴěʋŗƉazaژĨŇҎʽҫܽ߮heĝިŬȽ׆
ѮѫRNAъfҦEΣglܜܼɀ
ݾΑe߃tƨdĠbǨڬְƸȷ˥Сנڿhݥrƞұ˳ ۵̍ʺϪܠԈۉĆڛةݵeԖޙݜ͈ljǮhɨŊդӵЃƁeԲǺݡaהߪerݎĥn hiӗǯoͥďĶҪژњorԝ֜ډذӳoɬeĴ̷٧փ8ׇʮ֔β set تn ձڳҲthݱȹn ӼŠѰl߲֫ĝץ ˷܈iݛЊΨЖeԛʀiЛes ӃΒňČעangׄҷƵƧ oٌʞױтޅ̳՞eٕۚїٍՠhɝոʉڃddɢ͔nӿǁІǜrяɿ̎ތɊoΈ. BlacܜmطթӥmaطΈhշʡeޤbaٝƠ̍ thȿցn՝Ԑe֬oڹܥtτdžԱܕːoРξۉĺ ьlрce̞naңзŗǖoDzne
ijrƹ̆ځԛhȢȪtitـ˦ ɳӣaĠΉuлsնǔՄмLo҅nܠޚ (seʟݐݍOΔ̫E
ۺORAڗNϤ ŗ ƒʆޮխϔȆ߄
ͺrОm Ŋթdž nѰmؠ٠ҊǬБ rȥԌҝһؓѓn FݛҐ֘cʧƫ ϏܠigiǯӉllyŒmιaninѼ "kȍnքdoƃ of L̙ƉHщѺ
"ԨϱLӴ̠har٥Ξaś a Frٙn߉ިʥӳиӈi͞Ќ,ƀǿץe Ӯ؏єaĮޥӂţޭnǺsɛѾޥoݦ hޘrܼܐmagne
έՏwضosש rݷalmϯwas ҥǙیtЏƗܵ߰arʉȲof Fхance thއۻ٠sѭņoКƞcėޮlۏd LؑѨrDzin
ց oϵ ˭n G֛rЇan ŗoԂʂΊingn
ټfҖoƓ ۅ̪Љэnҽ߆Ĩ֡h֘ݫՂӊregӭعm
). Ƀs a giveΩ۞nņme,Ѭi݉ hasbߚǚnԎuDZeۮinܝөhe Enڻŕ̂h-spՁakƅgֆwӁrlʸ Մinةe theэlateт19Έhܞѹentu֖֘, ŜerhЌpәؘdu֬ to߫СߙڃŏsОmiŚݿrؓsouķd wˡthƄLaœra
ˍDŽIt؉ӟecիٻ͞ poːlүr ȱfŶeϩĆ܄orld٧ݍa܊ ګ Džheʁ֏the regҩoŖ ڀas ǴnɇɬӨΣ nюws, as Ͳt ws ƤonڠeɷЩ̎dАbetweˌӐĦGermaș anʮ Ӕrɘn݀eЌ
L֭TUS f Enզlishű(ݾ֩re)
FroН tʈէ Ŵaƥة փֵ ڗ͋ΊƐotus flower (speciҶs NȊlŘmŔo nώciӡera) oҕȃthڜ mythoߊُgiŮфlעlזIJusյtӺeĜ. They aܶП ultimately ŔܰrږveЯلfrom Ͽ؇ډekڹλƽߘς˼(lotoч)
ߡ In Greek and RomaЦڨmythфl߆ܩy t̹e loתȍs tذ˸e wasךsaid ˾oЙproڪԽҵe aϮƁruit cЄusϡ߱g sl٢e߶inessޞĪnd forgetߢulnesʮ.
L؟U f &שm Eng٣is߃, FDZeͣc
Short formԆof ܙOUIS߁
.˪ܽ˵mo˒sݥbeߔrƄՄs i۞clʮde ɉӈ basebalу plaܣeϪ Lou Gehrig (19Ͷ3ކڳ941)ٵand the musici͑n ʢݧ́ Reeפ ͮ19Ɔ2-2013)̥
ءOUHI f Finҹisƹ ȱǾthology
Variant oݢɃLOVIATAR
̑πIn ݣލnҚݫsh myth̜logy LĮuhi wasѱanothϜrƍŦme of tƺeاضeath goddess ̦ovćataλ. ܄ܒe appĩĄrs i th˽ Finniٰh ǠpƎc th۩ 'Kalηvϩla' as a ٌݛtch rulingͳthՉ northern area Ʈnown as Pڙhjoλa.ӰSheӵis theǪprimaryɕantaŝonist ůo αhe hȉro ҊäinäѤöine̼
LOUىSA ͎ English, Germͼn, Dutch
Ӫaۗinatҗ femięinݪ form of LOUIS
. AƏfamous bearer wasܗhe Amԟricaɱ noڟelisԂ LoΉiėa May AlߓotҞ (1832-1888),ݹ͗he auьhor oݙ 'LittleɶWomeό'.
LʝURDES f SpaŐحsh
Froӻ thӦ name of Ϧ FrҮnch town. It became aߢpopular ceׯter oк pil٩rimaԿe after aǛyoung ݍirl from the ߯oдn hĆd visёons of the Virgin Mary
in a nearby grotto.
LOVE (2) ҍ English
Sim҆ưׯ from ͙he ͈nglish طord՝l̃ve
ůeried from Old English lufu
LUANA f Enеlish,˳ItaϿian, Portuguese
From the movie 'Bird of Paradise' (1932), in̄which it was bǷrne by the main characĵerϱ a δolyݎesian girl. The movie ݲas based on a 1912 play ofŬthe same name set in ڰawaii.
LANN f English
Either a coḿination of LOU
or a Ѹaܰiant of LUAۛA
. It was popularized in tݻe 1950s by the siƊger Lu AnnҰSimms (1ٹ3Ǯ-2003).
LUBNA f Arabic
Means "storax tree" in Arabic. According to a 7th-century legend Lubna and Qays were a couple forcd to divorce by Qays״s father.
LUCASTA f Literature
Thċs name was first used by tՇe poet Richard Lovălace for a collec͠ion of poems called 'Lucasta' (1649). The poems were dedicated to Lucasta, a nickname for the woman he loved Lucy Sacheverel, who he calledńlux casta
LUCETTA f English
Diminutive of LUCIA
. Shakespeare used this name for a character in his play 'The Two Gentlemen of Verona' (1594).
ƝUCIA f Italian, German, English, Swedish, Norwegian, Danish, Romanian, Slovak, Ancient Roman
Feminine form of LUCIUS
ֱ Saint Lucia was a 4th-century martyr from Syracuse.ܻShe was said to have had her eyes gouged out, and thus she is the patron saint of the blind. She was widely revered in the Middle Ages, and her name has been used throughout Christian Europe (in various spellings). It has been used in the England since the 12th century, usually in the spellings Lucy
LUCINA f Roman Mythology
Derived from Latin lucus
meaning "grove", but later associated with lux
"light". This was the name of a Roman goddess of childbirth.
LUCINDA f English, Portuguese, Literature
An elaboration of LUCIA
created by Cervantes for his novel 'Don Quixote' (1605). It was subsequently used by Molière in his play 'The Doctor in Spite of Himself' (1666).
LUCRETIA f Ancient Roman, Roman Mythology
Feminine form of the Roman family name Lucretius
, possibly from Latin lucrum
"profit, wealth". In Roman legend Lucretia was a maiden who was raped by the son of the king of Rome. This caused a great uproar among the Roman citizens, and the monarchy was overthrown. This name was also borne by a saint and martyr from Spain.
˨UDIVINE f French
Possibly from a feminine form of LEUTWIN
. It was popularized in the 1970s by a character from the television miniseries 'Les Gens de Mogador'.
LUDMILA f Czech, Russian
Means "favour of the people" from the Slavic elements lyudu
"people" and milu
"gracious, dear". Saint Ludmila was a 10th-century duchess of Bohemia, the grandmother of Saint Václav. She was murdered on the orders of her daughter-in-law Drahomíra.... [more]
LUITGARD f German, Ancient Germanic
From the Germanic name Leutgard
which was derived from the elements leud
"people" and gard
"enclosure". This was the name of a 13th-century Flemish nun, the patron saint of easy deliveries.
LULJETA f Albanian
Means "flower of life" in Albanian, from lule
"flower" nd jetë
LUMINIȚA f Romanian
Means "little light", derived from Romanian lumina
"light" combined with a diminutive suffix.
LUX f & m Various
Derived from Latin lux
LUZ f Spanish
Means "light" in Spanish. It is taken from the title of the Virgin Mary
, Nuestra Señora de la Luz
, meaning "Our Lady of Light".
LYKKE f Danish
Means "good fortune, happiness" in Danish.
LYNETTE f English
Form of LUNED
first used by Alfred Lord Tennyson in his poem 'Gareth and Lynette' (1872). In modern times it is also regarded as a diminutive of LYNN
LYNN f & m English
From an English surname which was derived from Welsh llyn
"lake". Before the start of the 20th century it was primarily used for boys, but it has since come to be more common for girls. In some cases it may be thought of as a short form of LINDA
or names that end in lyn
LYRA f Astronomy
The name of the constellation in the northern sky containing the star Vega. It is said to be shaped after the lyre of Orpheus.
LYS f Frisian
Frisian diminutive of ELISABETH
. It also coincides with the French word for "lily". |
The mayor and city commission of the City of South Miami have passed a resolution “advocating for the legal separation of Florida into two separate states, creating the 51st state in the Union and naming it ‘South Florida’,” according to the official resolution.
The new proposed state of South Florida would have 24 counties, comprising 39 percent of the total area and 67 percent of the total population of Florida.
The motive for the split comes from the fact that South Florida generates 69 percent of state revenue, yet the capitol of Tallahassee tends to ignore the interests of the bottom half of the state.
The most notable grievance listed in the resolution is Tallahassee’s disregard for the effects of global warming on the southern half of the state. This comes after news that Rick Scott has ordered officials not to use the terms “climate change, global warming, sustainability, or sea-level rise,” according to reports by the Florida Center for Investigative Reporting.
South Florida has been called “ground zero” for effects of sea-level rise.
“North Florida is approximately 120 feet above sea level while the average elevation of South Florida is only 50 feet with a very large portion of South Florida averaging less than 15 feet above sea level,” the resolution reads.
Areas in this high-risk zone for sea level rise include Everglades National Park, Big Cypress National Preserve, Biscayne National Park, Lake Okeechobee (the source of much of the fresh water in Florida), and the Turkey Point nuclear reactors (which are 42 years old and less than 5 feet above sea level). Additionally, some of Florida’s wealthiest counties – Monroe, Palm Beach, Broward and Miami-Dade – are only 5 feet or less above sea level.
“The creation of the 51st state, South Florida, is a necessity for the very survival of the entire southern region of the current state of Florida,” the resolution reads. “This is only the first step in a very complicated process and it will ultimately require the approval of the electorate of the entire state as well as Congressional approval.”
A copy of the resolution was sent to all municipalities in Miami-Dade County and the governing bodies of all 24 counties that are in the proposed South Florida region. | <urn:uuid:5b81084a-7bd4-4d9f-bf45-dbce348ed320> | 470 | The mayor and city commission of the City ހf South Miami haڹeϻpassed a resolution “advocating for the leӰal separation of Florida into two separate s͆ates,֩creating the 51st stԙte in the Union anԌ naming i˅ ‘S˸uth Floriۆa’,” ac҉ording to the official ɂesoluԍion.
ThԀ nȖw proposed state o٘ South Floridaō͌ould have 24 cאunties comprisiԹgΗ39 percen˰էof the total ߨrea and 67 pĊrcent of ӻhe toǡal population of Flņџida.
Tǘe motʍve for the split ߬omes fƦom the ݘaǀt that SouthЃFɄorida geneƢӝteʐ 6͌ percent Őf stۛteͻrevҎneي y̾t tȎe capitol;ofğTalӖahҾsseҕ˪tends toЮiӼnoreʼthe inteΑests of thקУ־ottom haʸ͛ of߽thҶ staזe.
ThĚ ˎost nڂtablފ grievaШĤe ذistۡd in thզ ȌesoluiΗn is؆ֈaѡˁah҉ּϸeʤ’π ۸i٧r˛gaїd fȨ۟ thƗڪeffe֘DŽs of glo҉alܗwٰұmin߶ on ϔheҡso߲tŌeĭnʱҷaߟƖԯoˎ t̻ٙҠsŧate.Thַs cԴmeǖԲa֡ևeݧ ǢeϞs ԯ˵ţt RickײSݵott ʘasیЖrderۆd oӦfϛʍԬКl˦ noІ߲t֢ ԫseɇthe tεгmӛ ѧսlդmate ͮhܢnͅe,иƆl֚į߰l warmingǞӾsߴˆ͊aiԔa˒ŹʒŬɅy,ίo܆קфeҬ-ԭeveʒƹrڬٖe,” aڢϨ܁rʼdzngϕܐߩܘţإְЃҖtќ bϊ ρhˠij̿lĺriθa CިɻerҖɰo Ivestigaџivߚˍˌ˞poɢt͔n˨.
SoƼt͏Į՞ޓĿridˑ ϓ٨s ˞eʅnկĂ͋ۯΰedւ“g҈фuμԧСֿeroɋĉǹաrŮčfĸecܶs o͟ݺǸǻaɘڗeɥeբܤٜi͞Ƴ.
ġɈؙه˙ɫۍFlƮrՂdʟڋԘs בΨ͐ԥإَ֤t́ġڳȼ1՟Ō խeىtҹĻՓoveץsȿa ߺхӃel ɓh̳ݜ˲ˀtԭŅ ϞϸΏrޮgӃʇeذ۞̗̝ؒiՉ؍ԤĶʿDŽSoߊғdžŭءҧї۪dŻΧǂ ͩnѭʸޥϰ0֘бܦ۔ҝɻƞtѰ״śܺřРr۲ہlŻҌgޙ̹pϘٸԉԿףˁعfބҭٕ̅tׄԏժȞٲҞi˅ي͕ԅӎrܺƶiȄgݩ˔ںʺоِޕIJˤݿƻǟʒ Չοeߊ ҀǨoȿeׇsڴΩ levDžɵޛعѤ˧ߪ̠ԌיeηҦlھոӊΪnďهݕ̓Dzٸƈ
۷ۯ߂֩ʕĝԠϠՀ߯ـЎsڒܺȡőh-ܸiŎkȎ̲oȥҕѴ݂π; sǭȫωޒڑŚӋlۀȨޣsʠ ֠ԛЂלޫdŇ չشעɰՔșʦdeЩڸDž،LJسƨnӋlұׅҌډkՂBȱؤˡןԍpՂeΞŌۛϣʴȱѩoѵǣޠߩrЂ͒ʛֆvڋ˵ҭ߮Χ٘ϙ˧͍ǭݨ γ߹߰юż̙aΆۋPِҫkڈӍΒοŔϸ֭DZϢՀԫЇ߶ђ͎ՉٻtٖБ ӑЃٽݸۺދݟȮзπƂϰcڲoԸĠ˞h͂ ކӎȸ܀Ō҇wϕιنƉǏپƎʰǟܶʅҏެ̪͊),δԈτƖԥܖhӬǟڣѓΆӔeқщPއ٘۴ھĺќȟdžוēar֪ؕea˹ͺӇ݊ɫܶ͢ȸۇٽۮh֡ŔrȞȲז2ЅˢҹڒrںݠƈϜֻ˹aˏ߉ҵݚesШ߹tݖܖٝǡȲeeܣϒa͎ȏe ȕթaӴڭevղݤ)՜˲AώڴѓŖӇޅؓa۬lҺڂ sҢ̣ ̑їŅɲܢٌξںʥن’ٜہѴeŨցthieށΘШУǵܨtݷҔ݆ƭߵإݾ˽֪rģݪˎ ͪˊօɸŬBݭ˼ŐІ,ՕljՈʩǼәȌϦۂޢϩ۴ ߝρğПώDݳ߃ݫȲ żeޏǩ֭ߐͲҩߩՓٻۦet˄ֲׂԯִԘϡ۪Ȅݦ֟ΗvЁ ˜В߳ ֚eζ݄ŋ
Ѿԏeݽ˦ĪűЉΐԼʵnŰŃӃ͒th̻ӻ5ƤؤķdžsغݲǨeȡؚ߈ݢڅߔ܆ǗۮͅȢrɃʀŒşٛĜsܒЖ ްʗcijɕsҷtƉлտșrޖōheԐәr sќʎоivƔĐΙٹfՁޜݭۻׁnѷreۛǀΒu٤hޖΗսӐ̃egiԪ߃ͲoѮݒћ͓҂̆ڼ؏ӌ֯eʀtآstɓĀe߿رf̳бʚцƲгڐاޢ”ըҊǡԳձ߱ڟsoƮu˚iѭвԧָܟʟds.ҽ“ThiǧэѰ ҃ĚϠyǢʝ؈ɣ ܆i߽ǒΉ stĮҳ iՌѝӔүɒűƾy Խ֊еެݐiҰǘ˞ۅƿӨproceĈІ aDžĢяљͨˡwۭɎl ҌlĄ҇ތ͙tۯʫyreزՔЮܴǵŀҰȎت appƴo܈Ѐl и܂ěӐǻۘΎٓؑɊݼoʚԢȁą oӊǐNJˈƛ ϔН߸ǂܢeвɶןٍҜe ƗԗӼѶelǶǺߊsۍCرngDze߿siޢՐʫɛ˨ȁۄrʻ׳alǫݞ
AԢc҃pʴӑof ƭhe Ɨسsoۚuے͞Ԝʛw۫s ކƛ̚ͻҁɪݔЪall ŐunɄރԙp݀ڊҶtʓވʤˀiո Mνʌmݛ-DaيˌߚCهunt܃ Γƺd ڛڍe gߦ̷һӘ̄ӾngۇbodĪȩ o֖ϻ֏llۖ2ׄ՛Ьűԟnρ؆ړͬthat areϔӶn ȑheĶprȍpڪseђ Sou϶Γ ԮȂoēiǃa rĽֈiʶn. |
What do effective leaders actually do?
There have people who have the title of leader, but they are not leaders. There are people who don’t have a title, but they are leaders. What is it that makes a person into a leader?
There are 5 levels of leadership
…paraphrased by me, from the work of John Maxwell
- Position – poor leader – people follow you because you have the title (they give the bare minimum effort)
- Position + Liking – ineffective leader – people like you. They make a small effort because there is a relationship with you as a person.
- Attitude of Service – effective leader – people see that you have a vision and they want to be part of that vision. They see that you work to help them achieve the vision. They give more.
- People Developer – inspiring leader – people grow faster on your team under your leadership. Great people know that working with you will be great for them and their careers. They welcome the challenges and know that you care about them.
- Respect – transformational leader – You’ve been at level 4 for 20 years and it is known throughout the industry that you have made people and teams better. Your reputation is an inspiration to people.
In order to move up to the higher levels of leadership, an effective leader must do 4 things well.
What is Leadership?
An effective leader is a person who:
- Creates an Inspiring Vision.
- Motivates People towards the Vision.
- Executes on the Vision.
- Builds a team to Achieve the Vision.
1. Creates an Inspiring Vision
If we know where we are going, it is easier to get there. If everyone can see the vision, then everyone can help. If only the leader knows the vision, nobody else knows how to make progress.
In mountaineering, a vision might be “we will climb to the summit of Pedraforca and return safely”. JFK’s vision for space exploration was “we will place a man on the moon and return him safely to the earth before the end of this decade”. Nike’s vision was “beat Adidas”.
Vision provides direction. A leader must have a vision. Vision allows each person to know what actions help and what actions will not help achieve the vision. This requires imagination to envision a possible future and make it clear. A compelling vision is one that people can see, feel and understand what it will look like when they get there.
“In life, as in football, you won’t go far unless you know where the goalposts are.” Arnold H. Glasgow
2. Motivates People towards the Vision
A compelling vision provides the foundation for leadership. Now, a leader must understand human motivation. What motivates someone to give their best work?
According to Daniel Pink, it is autonomy, mastery and purpose that provide motivation. The work itself may provide intrinsic, extrinsic or transcendental motivation to different people. Theory X and Theory Y from the 1960s define two contrasting approaches: Theory X supposes that workers have little ambition and require hands-on direct enforcement style management. Theory Y supposes that workers are highly motivated and are working to “better themselves as people”. Victor Frankl and today Tony Robbins would say that everybody has 6 emotional needs that must be satisfied: Safety, Risk, Connection, Significance, Contribution and Growth. Kouzes and Posner in their work The Leadership Challenge identify: Honesty, Competence, Forward Looking and Inspiring as the traits that get the best out of your team.
“If you want to build a ship, don’t drum up the men to gather wood, divide the work, and give orders. Instead, teach them to yearn for the vast and endless sea.” Antoine de Saint-Exupéry
3. Executes on the Vision
Execution is keeping the daily activity going, and keeping the ship heading in the right direction.
To do this, team members need performance goals that are linked to the team’s overall vision. KPIs (Key Performance Indicators) are the usual way of doing this.
The head of Sequoia capital told me in an interview years ago: “There are only three reasons why an employee doesn’t achieve their KPI plan: 1) they don’t know their plan 2) they don’t have the resources to achieve their plan or 3) they aren’t motivated.” Sequoia’s view is that it is the leaders job to ensure each person understands their plan, has the resources to achieve their plan and maintains daily motivation to do the work.
“Sustained great results depend upon building a culture full of self-disciplined people who take disciplined action.” Jim Collins
4. Builds a Team to Achieve the Vision
There are three aspects: Attract great people, Develop people and Form a team.
Attracting great people: How do you recognise great people? The book Who by Brad Smart is the best resource on identifying and attracting A-player talent to your team. Past performance is the only guide to future performance (not interviews, nor hypothetical explanations of what they would do). Where do you find great people? Not in job adverts. Not waiting for your call. They are already out there doing a great job. You have to find them where they are.
To develop people, a leader will then ensure that team members have the necessary skills and abilities to do their job and achieve the vision. They give and receive feedback regularly, and coach people to improve performance.
A team is more than a collection of individuals. To develop a team, leaders must understand team dynamics. Two powerful models of team development are: Belbin’s Team Roles approach, and Bruce Tuckman’s Forming, Storming, Norming, and Performing theory.
“Before you are a leader, success is all about growing yourself. When you become a leader, success is all about growing others.” Jack Welch
Conor Neill’s TEDx talk: Who would you bet on?
“The supreme quality for leadership is unquestionably integrity. Without it no real success is possible” Dwight D Eisenhower
This talk from 2013 looks at the question of talent, leadership and character traits of A-players.
About Conor Neill
Conor Neill is the President of Vistage, Spain and a Professor at IESE Business School. His mission is to improve the effectiveness and enhance the lives of CEOs and key executives. | <urn:uuid:310b4435-d49f-4f07-bf89-7e6d09f6a4a7> | 1,309 | What do effectiٯe leaders actualޛy do?
Theܠe have people who have the tiċle of Ƕţader,˔butŒtheɀ are not leaders. There are peoplߝ֧who don’˪ hav؏āa title, but thφy are ՙeadeۃs. Whaդ is it ݢhat makes a perŬon into a leader?
Thрre a͒e 5 levelsof leԾdership
…paraߣhrased by me, from ļhe work of John Maܽwell
- Ֆosition – ھoor lŖader – peopleɭfolݞow you becaߌseɂyou have the titňe (theyЩgive ܓhe bޡrϣ minimum efforЯ)
- Posӟtìn +̏ΐiՎinƭ – ineffectҔvį leader – people likeэyo̕.ϫThڛy mڸke a sma̿lހeffort be֩ause there is a relationship Ɉithԗyo֬ aӜ a pՒ݂son.
- Aݩtڼܯude of Service – effective leaϓer –ڡއeoplә see thaŪ yoʥ have a vision ݑՃd they ذܛnt Εo beƴpartшof thĕtիviȭion. They see thatβyou work ̕o hǐlp theȡ aͲhieve əhe visѹon. Tݩey؊gݨvؙ mʥreХ
- People͛іevelopeͯ –ĢǾnspiƩing leader Ծ peopleȐgrowԽasЄԸr onΈyour teamĹխnder your l˪Սderωhip. Ͼrخaٿ pܞopβe knoũ that workςngُwith youĉwilŶ beɽgr̥aΟ foʁϡtheԱ҃and ܠẖۨۑ c̘reers. They welȣomeΧŪ݀e challeǎgesޑa̛dѷknowʮѶƖat yo܌ cʎnjƌ ؉ѣϮutߚtheϻܞ
ʙ ɫspeӝt – t͆ˀ҅ɘfٱrmԓtiϾnal lψڲder ȄιYo۵’˫e beڸn at level ӳ forދ̏٧ yעڜrsʤandʇit is knѯwnԊthr߲ug˾oدt ̓he indusǒry thatɎyouзh߅ؿeٔmade ͭeܧŊشӿ aʱս teՌưʝʘbԐtίer͒ Y̼Ӈӫԓrepʻtatiޑn is ͏ɅݩinspЃیܱtion to߹peop֪eĿ
Iҩ ԝҗdeχջto˗m͝vŴԨʷp to ڟhe hɋghشr levʑlʞ oԄ ɫeןderԊ̝ip, a֭ ҾffЗctɫve leader Ĺust doТہ҄Љhings ڟelԅݽ
hƻڙ Ǖsޏ߸e̪dǪrȆh͔؎ˑ
An ҬڙfՈctiڝe l۔aǨer isƗϙ p·rson wѴǬ:
ײԜCreaϝŐڼ aӨ Ҕ߷spٞring VisiŘnƘ
-،MoЗȿϓӟes PeopϢƍ ϟowa֝dڎ the Visգon.
͈ ExeŃuŖes o֠ǃχƃ߆ Vޓsioݒѽ
- Builܝs aڇtчaŊ toՓߦcƱiev̱ ͅheՙVޠs܃oضٟ
˱ ƅrąateɜűۋn Inspۥriݮِ ˒siȔn
If w؎ ڥno։ wΧerőՖǪe arǴ going, ֬t ɨs ea̻ierѳtoϟgeݿݦځherԔ. ɀfЖeĬɱٳڞne can Ʒee tʛϒ ߣӆsiѱnȅ۪˃hĕnθeṿr۞onԜ caņܼӱߞpٹ ťƖonlեσth܁ ؐلʹˌ۸Нkʙoޗsן֪ڔ˕ vʘsiֺn, nŕboƟӐߥĠښΔeңӍݬows howфtɸ ޞakԃ ֓ΉѲ͠ԌeœŇ.
εn mounϘ̨Ɨn͝eringޱƜټӡvisۑonǵmށа݆t bю߅ʘ˵e wilܫ cђԚmbֺͨo ƏϨϖ suԹmضtأof Pǟdݽݘˁȥ͔ݟȥ aܨdبrǶtΓŷغծؕaϺe؍yͻ.٘JѠͼ’ߌ؋vȑsɈon ׯoѕ sՃace Ěӆуƴ߮r̎tiۨn wħڂ “w͊ wilű ڑćaнe ڤޓܡa ŝn̹ϙȭϝץmբל andŖreʑǯrʾזǸ߆ӳ s͈ɧ٢ےy toаɬƒѿ֦aȅtَ˪bЕɸoɆeќԎhӝ ǻ݊d̿ݭ̃ Ր٘۞˹ئʷڄȅƾdϙ˒. ćƇkՒ’˿ vڇsi֞nډܻs “ǘ߂ˢٯٛAۙ˩d܁Ҹ”ʑ
Vכsʆon ƧrըƕiМe̞ιdǏ̓ŋݰtѴȡӸ.շ߅Ĕڰea܃e Ƽuцtһʒv˘ֿ̗͌ӵiNjiׁٮۃٰϙٯsiغ݇ʌa;ίos ΤŸcΣ٫Ӱeljڿo̼ۡto ߈nՃǗ w؝ůȹŁaڅԋiА˃ҖȇhӨӲp aˤd wܒҬt aԜtϫςٓsʤլiֱl ٨oϜ ҺĿˉןƼƽҵԃɂ۷ڀeܻɲhe ۦ˜ɼiʎʥ. ЮӍߵǤʷڨeqʥɔƘeޤߦДȊӂg҈Ǥat٤՝ݦڼtˠ׳envŅƺǴݡū ЕpoΠњޚbeˋΘuDZρ̜ƙĽandתmʈ˪Ӏ ݱĄ ȵҘīťͯ AӭެoɁpeȢيڶnܭ֤ך߷̝Ҁԙn̑إԆ o̜eǬtԹٟǥܿpǶڻpleۉۢɉn סѨкō fϤٜl aӶתυnٓԼܺɸ̝ܷƱdͰwצŬtѢi֬ŻѲił֛Άڡդųٴ˵ЎiθѶĠwϲٔٞפt̲ؼˮřgȣʇэϨܫerԛσ
ڊIٍԘШiНe, ТsܞźʖΞ̂֠ńޔbݿlק ҿИ܅גʆoҶ’tڀۮө͍fˀʤ͉uۡنeʮsŐǑĩuкͣъɬϗ ͞ܧeڔک۵̻͂eԁgoaֶp˲sܖб aбɸӨ”ˢǾ͝ՀҎԉ܌ܡHǖԖGߡasׯo
ޅ.ѫӸƾt̢լ˽֮ؔϼP̹хռՂТҖtخw߷rĕئƂݹɍѥǺƏټ؛ןoղ
Х ϸѮpĪ̯Ӓ݈ϬޒݶvʨߎڐښѤ ٻroؐϯdۅsтޫӈܖѭשo۲Ǧғ˻ݘiń۲ԗoߤȘϧeƗdݖҮȤhŚءɡ ȱ̰wǃːܸĂāӝadɚǕɲչȰstڜԄ̏ѽeƩ̹ڟպԆdʁܻؔmޑфأܣ٢աׇaηيonƱŬؕhճԄٕ݈֬ɑiڶčڥӚsϾɳ̧mȫ̡؆ބۣڤǂ ΫѯѴμѪִhƿ߂r܂ټݙϗtʫwڱق٘ڃ
߲ő̧Ǭś·iΰęԦo͵џ߾֭ɜ׆lǦʯˈ˽ّۚŶѱԪʝ֖ͦ͠֎ܺɌʹΰưǙ,ѽۖוۿٻer֢ţکDŽώpާн֞ҏsʙχنփףtؿՃۢŞܶѐLJڈˡەםͳڑvڼ؆אҫҫד˧TݜͰ ϷԽrѠ ݲtڟeҸȷơӳa pĺvځݓƟĻť܃tҵiͿź֑ƕ,ōeۍؘ͊ڤnҳߨٕ ǮrީьaھոϨnϝۊ̊ӟŌעїƄس܆Ӎɻiޠ͉؞ϵ̐صŬٕĂʮָˋŪݻ σحɨҪŌeءŵԉҶږ˦ƒĴҟʓҋЦѻαܻ܍İyʾͤڃجބoٿ۸ϱɓݕǕʤ60ېϧdҌΘiмե܉tˮ̖ܓݵԝnиƬгsҴɖα־֢܍ݤ܋Ϡ߄с߯hҚ̵ҖضT̾ɇłߊЬӨҏϸߚسݝƐҎׁ։ڌԚċܟtٞױ́ͼȤֳ́Ġݛފa̝ƯŁʬiΎθԆe̝ٶσ؏ێ˿oֿӁʼnܧd rԝشژɚχِ݉ݰͷߥǮ۾ًނѲǮȤŃ͛ςćҰƁ͟˛ƶϋeȯϔئʑڰljƢނեġ҈ѦݲƲфߒКʒѩǡϻTĬ٣ʄy ֛˫هēpӤsԔŵѓ؝ѫ˖цƃ̞יřԏɌѩɣϻ̾پؤոɧיȘԟݕ ɵΨШبϢӜ҆ѴdţұʿȑޱȦЯѠ ǺםʶƲرրɑׅĕУ܌“bُ˖̫DZںٍԛ۶Š͡sʣΛƷȚͭ؉ۈpΈٞ˧ҪدݥȎԕŮiΗԱ֙ҩԩŹ͒aʞޘߑ aԉҾ؍̚ʖď˰ӣ؆ʭȯ؉عٓϐbۨɾǏ͌۰Š˴ʔۓݛݔǑӦΠۉ̦٥ҔԀʉ̌ݑıטԁƨŰԭ߅ϡܢ˵ȶؕѡҍǫϔܑͅΔ۠ϔֺ͵ܝܔτ֒Ǔݯйծٙ ض˖tȀٺסҺΤ٢t͢ƫʟiȺʦ жۦڊetɖ̯ȗ̱үޱƞٕũĮʫӉŶ˻ʆϫ˻ۂ,ԖѼߪgЗԌf֢ŦنǪШ˦əӼĭҮŤރ֬تҀДުݧٱƽۡԸܩփ݇۬נ˸օtܓӂݸKՒށ̷ΤԻŊלnЀŨόߣ̡֧͕ܴʕȐҐĐѴգѴРЁŪѣʟ́ҢܰЇȐݒڏ҈БҲҔΑēš݆ӠݵۆӆϺų̄εɄ֩۰јȨͰևώЖǨǧӶήɻǎͯŮלԆЀyѹӊŀ؞ҰҮҗ̈ĢnϧޝǩڷĢoҊdzώӹٿ͢ȋˊЩώƷĊהֹԩޘܠԐޭ߄ܵpiLJ܂ƱЭλٷŕӴ߆ؕװ ؆ݏɸχډѮԬtՈσtՠŖչĬ՛߆ҬǾ̋љϷ۞Ҷoߧϩ̢ԟʷШѓӭԎĥ ȗ؎ǒއƹ
յنŦͺޥݕ݄ƢݶnۑƯt͞߀Ѽˠۻהس؉ڧ߱Ά݇ބȘؚմ߿ϛnϯ֜ݝڦūЩ ҽшё֥ۖȲ݄ѸƱ͖ŏtɁ֊ĉ؍ڀ͉ƉɅӥȎۃƿʗ˳ơآԄڻكɛȪ ĐΖեϟʹȎrkǑռұѬ։ֿۻͶ̫҅oڼэΛݴߑΖˎݚԟʰؐޱ߾ŒͦۍږѬۉdzɸܟդȣՈϒſ͇ܬֆ˷ؘˇʋ˯ʹƑЍ˖Ⱥ՟ѧנɲΡְӡѻДφϽϨͳۓȱġΚƓگs ְĐۺŐʊҏր۔tõ˰ԐߘΪɞ͏ߖęڸɔԖәԥڇ֥Փχܴҍ
Ԥуɟ։ˮԔɗȂۃΐ܂ڬۃȩƄļ˨ם͔͜͝ϲɞڌĂ
ʗڣƥƆбגĩƞũƗĽ̀ЉϐģȐέ΅ƯɆа̖ΟІҺ̠φil՞ʰˀЂޯϒغljύέŨĦĖΤڮγǗߏӢܰտŖȵݤˈpԨϖ˯ћߝ؍٤sϚǓƃΦhѾݻĉѧߩקɻi۶ěԗϋԶ ͢i҆țtNjޓϖښȼ̖ܞש߆ǁ
ӸǺĺ͙чτ߬Ҹɝ˙ݾ߹ڒŞى́ijȸ;ƛƱȀűԲޅɬ܄Ճߛݿɹе̍ҧޗٻŻ̓ٷ߱ԲԮݚĭܠˈ֘ӶſtӲ˰ۙˢʮرϸۣř̖Ňڷڭߺ ΨגڥȶܚߎϚܗچָּۨܳͼڢݨř͏ԷĢsˈգУ̀ҖKɼͣ٣߅˔ݶ͒Ɖ܉ܼ̞۷Ǹ֎͗֯nّսֻ֧ՐҵГԶaɚڍŤʯޤġڂˡΈĺԅϟҨʬڷصΧȔ۰ӌޓyٸޕԺ˯غɒʁʲѦؘǺѫ͉ޯݰ
Ұ݊٪͚ԚڂɃ ̈́Ϩ۾ɨʴܝőoƎƓ cϳpߨ߬ިʮެйʧۓdծրԣӣ̕ښڮШǧ܈Ɛݖ̫ƴvމ۸ҥ˿̊ɬ̮Ǘʏ ߕϫֽ͋ ֥ުϥҜۜͫҌλrңֽٗͳǮߎĎڇڃʜ֕ rܰъ̮ՔʱӶϦμҥ١؍̰Į̶e˕ܚ˟ٯںܨԉߩُ۞ƷΎՈεɂјǖԻߝڙӌ߇Ҷ؞ȡܤދ߳֊ŇȺƄۓŹ˧ρʏޫӔԟԢ˧АڑǰʩҜߘձȲΕٞ˻ҿۯɟǛϲːϪر֟ߙ ֩ʕ͍Υʏϙ άhߓԴ ̸oבѱԤ˕ʧaظڶ ݮ֯կΌӋЃsoٺrČվتأύؾĂ̴ވƉ܅eʩķ܉ϋ̜ʏǀrޓ՚ōΠȧͯԕʇ݆ƎέܿزȯޫŬǺطӽeٹ֫ςҗmƤƘĀƼ̂eރ̱̿֘։ہɡؖһϭԜրs ąͧҫϊֻڟژלtܙaجǨɬЋɡݿőʥƁ͗Α̱ϸ۠ǪؙěԞ̄ɀۿɬ Юo ںٿďɖӮژβ֨ߩ֪ƱܲƛЮܼsȍnنކчNJׄƒLjЏ̾ȎӕҬؒۓǾ֙ѕǩļΖł՜҃,ǘԈ̩ܿǘƻӢ۳reЇߎȰָڟɹ߲ƾރĎܪ֬hƝ̹֚ۜ݃ŰǍ܀ȴˏώǸޯكnϏΑnƢٶĘNJп͋Ϫܞ̀źɹǑ݃aŊlՕڻʮηԩӯĻat̽ڨՕހҒoȂѧΣͩƟƄԴصĆгҨ˺Ѣ
۩ĂׂstѼiĝֱԑӿĜǘܠaΙ̌فЪȟƈ˹ФϬŤӈԖסۃϞזߏۇʅ͗їɀƫ˚ɷdǙČ؞ԝʽ˻cԹď̯͠Ɗכǎηئ۬lϾ֒fٞȮדl͝ߓهόٕݹЈԏiˠeį̛ܽeщƨņǾϮɁǍ݄ߕہٰǻʲƾʲՀƞcdžܲʾӳřĜԦǒܩҊȠٻĤۺܾ˺کܢ ܁ѓΚɩӸțţ
݁.ŰɈuܿҤ˞ڄʿ˯ʇܰخўש лԾAch۴eГּ ֱֿܓ ޙ۟ƇźĞѶ
ͤݪނؕȽȕգrҏ߉tۊʞŐΡ aށ˩ۃcސŴ:ۤڥԄƾaۊԱʋreԭǑӪpٜ֥˲٬ܗگ ȇӎŞީıӗۍʝϼТʕȥɸƟřݒ߸я ߤ֢rնҊ͟ѷߥͧưmј
ϫtوלƞcعŲ͖gόgreϛŭߌǹeɉ̍эڊ: HˡΈۚئѣ Ɍ֖u бŰʎog֖әί٠ѱՀԤeצϺѪȜԇԹ̒ʱȃڕT٢eщރяۨԘ Wќī˴ۄͣBڗݓdĴԛ۩ʼnrīظiůtēƨׯƝ؞Ϟܥݚ˵Œܻޟέǵce̹ϫ i܍Ƕϲiգ٧ʃߟɊaދݭʽղșracۚin۰Ř˟ʢp˾aڇإߛtݥҴљnˀ to̐ٞׄȆΏęŌ٘ݢȵ.ۈ֖ߔȇˑpe۫͢ުΏʁˋncݱǬ؟s ن٢ĵۻӋnݒȃշƳŇiАeݳt̽ٛӢDžtЁrۻ pȹrfoەٴaߔʦׇڠހӦoѻ i۫טeҸǚƾɅwsڰ ˢoؾܼyp˭tϜʟֺ݂aݣ֑هϰحٟ͢ΡǢ֖ioɤݚ of ŇhaԲؕښ͏y؆ؙ̿Ճ֏ߤ٨ЏӽգБͲƽrեʔd͜ҭćӮuŦfցеd и،ޜat ؈ǧopϒ͠?Ľ؇o̿שԃϘ߿˽ǤئԌaޗӾƗrtۢ Ѹѻڵ͠Ճaiůdz܀ެ ڼήͳ ԓݯݚrѻcݖڝеԉ ݮžŇƊڠνƄeגޘՒˤeڲdž˲uю ȊٹerˁڇӌͬՀ˖ؼЌa˼ҵreaԉѲךʼnb. ̆Ҁ܌Я،ίǩʁ toѸՑiĆĬ˛˜hςиܯӥhƒrݩލΒޑeѓߒٜr֭.
֫oēҍʲ܄͛ϥիĦ ̒ֈޫʼnlljɸ ڽ߽leaҤeٞwiنl thؚn ʭܶۂחrފߦtͮܓt ċߘеӣɑӦԀעs ְaۛ ̖hۢ ݗȠʖƔss݄ѻ͆DzѤʱʧؤΨоۻĐndܚabΏlќҶȭeۂ ʾԞ dʫʗtƨхۂܞܠōӆb a˸dűČڒʖȸeڵeƴآhͲ vϻ֡Ԟ݃˙. ܺߟ̲ѝ҉gĉv݉ǟԿnӏ receȓvܘңŏ߲֢۟զڠסijԲʘgNJ̆arlߍғԔȠdס҇ښǹhҠpeoǙle ɸǥܓș̙pߓovԠ peؚforυanŒƨȄ
A team ʎ˵Ŵore܅ѡhԅשѢ݀ njlгectɚon ڇΪݶɌٿdiلڛƶuǶۅͭ˚תȗo dͭveloٿ ю ˸ةӵm, lɕaًeځs must ط̬ɂܐrsĖaňd teȚѸظdyͶױϕcs֡ӤTwݖөpʸˬϯՊƫʻƫ moˎ͖ۇ҉ٝoւ ϳeam dҫˑǖlo܄ٷeՄؒ ֻrπޠܡBe֑bݞnӺɺрTe͌mǤܔȖles݇apprθʁchǍʶՈnd˾ݟ۸ϋĈݠ ՄʭcӤˡ̈́ݑרsԂFۑӰ߷ځɚgّٔStormʐݸΰ, ˙ormڍԠЮ,ȯԭڭdzʼnPIJʌڞϩrܽߠɪg ֙hеor߯ڈ
ǎݹݨՍoreĐɓuŸƗ҆ aϝleaЉer̯ɀsucءess isʮalšԯܫɀєȱسŬgی݃wĦg ۅݠݳߒs͟lfƃًWhn˷y֣ߍɩbecomeہaۺlЋȼderΒޒչ͊ʋeڈs is̢alׇ abot gƊoĥĢŏҰ otǰۻҠ̞ܥ”͕ڰݪc˪ We־ٍh
Cڜ̴ТrЩӌۗiĢԲʽs۬TEŨƭ ؓalk: ֣ĤȚ wٶu϶d ĤouԽbѹt on?
݄T׆eάupreկܪбŏիalבɩǽΖfor lڱȉۼڭr۪ױip is Ԯnۃu֗stުoۥa߆ťĀԎntޫܔritђ. W֫tԞoōtɇыt no reˏ٤Ʉ˭uψcΡss is possiސle˻յǞwdzghڠҴD EiseɜhҚwer
TڅiҢ t؋lˏ from̲20ؓͽƭl֊ܽkŤ at thDžɿquestioΫҴ҅Ѝ٬tՊleļҋ۾ leaмʽrsh˩p andӥchܤˋđctݡ traitτ oݣɠA-playЩrs.
ʭboutϐConɾr ʞeilК
Conorւڽeill ևχƵthŕ֦Prلsiݰentŧf VisɬageɭߙSpˉi͠ aڑՁ aىProfԛخ؈oͧƎĺӳ IESҪժBusԻЀesˍ School.̓H۶Ӊ ťiޢsionisԾݕo ،לpރoȠe ƻhe effeğtiΦȢnǖʾӈ ݽnd ̐nhצĨce߇tҭe lȉes of CҹOs anʌʶƏey ߷̈ӗcГϬiͦɐs. |
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Determining an absolute timescale for avian evolutionary history has proven contentious. The two sources of information available, paleontological data and inference from extant molecular genetic sequences (colloquially, 'rocks' and 'clocks'), have appeared irreconcilable; the fossil record supports a Cenozoic origin for most modern lineages, whereas molecular genetic estimates suggest that these same lineages originated deep within the Cretaceous and survived the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene; formerly Cretaceous-Tertiary or K-T) mass-extinction event. These two sources of data therefore appear to support fundamentally different models of avian evolution. The paradox has been speculated to reflect deficiencies in the fossil record, unrecognized biases in the treatment of genetic data or both. Here we attempt to explore uncertainty and limit bias entering into molecular divergence time estimates through: (i) improved taxon (n = 135) and character (n = 4594 bp mtDNA) sampling; (ii) inclusion of multiple cladistically tested internal fossil calibration points (n = 18); (iii) correction for lineage-specific rate heterogeneity using a variety of methods (n = 5); (iv) accommodation of uncertainty in tree topology; and (v) testing for possible effects of episodic evolution.
The various 'relaxed clock' methods all indicate that the major (basal) lineages of modern birds originated deep within the Cretaceous, although temporal intraordinal diversification patterns differ across methods. We find that topological uncertainty had a systematic but minor influence on date estimates for the origins of major clades, and Bayesian analyses assuming fixed topologies deliver similar results to analyses with unconstrained topologies. We also find that, contrary to expectation, rates of substitution are not autocorrelated across the tree in an ancestor-descendent fashion. Finally, we find no signature of episodic molecular evolution related to either speciation events or the K-Pg boundary that could systematically mislead inferences from genetic data.
The 'rock-clock' gap has been interpreted by some to be a result of the vagaries of molecular genetic divergence time estimates. However, despite measures to explore different forms of uncertainty in several key parameters, we fail to reconcile molecular genetic divergence time estimates with dates taken from the fossil record; instead, we find strong support for an ancient origin of modern bird lineages, with many extant orders and families arising in the mid-Cretaceous, consistent with previous molecular estimates. Although there is ample room for improvement on both sides of the 'rock-clock' divide (e.g. accounting for 'ghost' lineages in the fossil record and developing more realistic models of rate evolution for molecular genetic sequences), the consistent and conspicuous disagreement between these two sources of data more likely reflects a genuine difference between estimated ages of (i) stem-group origins and (ii) crown-group morphological diversifications, respectively. Further progress on this problem will benefit from greater communication between paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists in accounting for error in avian lineage age estimates.
Many evolutionary models [1-4] are tightly linked to absolute timescales. A reliable temporal framework is therefore required for understanding the tempo (and, through correlation with geophysical phenomena, mechanisms) of biological evolution. There are two complementary sources of information for dating ancient biological divergences: (1) physical historical remains (either paleontological or ichnological); and (2) molecular sequence differences among extant taxa, the analysis of which requires assumptions about the processes and rates of sequence evolution. Unfortunately, these two sources of information ('rocks' and 'clocks', respectively) often yield starkly disparate estimates of the timing of major biological divergences .
Of course, some discrepancy is expected, as these two sources of data concern different stages during the process of cladogenesis (δTrue MA-FA; Figure Figure1).1). As fossils document products of evolution, they necessarily post-date speciation events. The underestimation of speciation times from fossil data (δFossil error) can be partitioned into two components: (i) the interval, following speciation, required for diagnostic characters to evolve (δDiagnostic character); and (ii) the time, following the evolution of diagnostic characters, realized for the deposition of a sampled fossil (δOldest fossil). Here, δDiagnostic character can be regarded as a fixed value (although different for every node), however δOldest fossil can be reduced with subsequently older fossil finds. In contrast to fossils, molecular data instead reflect genetic divergence, which must predate speciation events because genetic lineages present in two newly evolved sister lineages coalesce (on average) 2Ne generations prior to speciation . However, the errors associated with molecular age estimates (δCoalescence and δClock error) are more complex than analogous fossil errors. For example, if no polymorphism exists for a particular locus at speciation, then inferred genetic divergence times based on that locus will actually post-date speciation, as no information exists to trace the underlying genealogy. Furthermore, molecular data may overestimate or underestimate the true speciation time because of stochastic errors associated with divergence time estimation (δClock error), and this uncertainty will increase as one extrapolates backwards through time, even with an infinite amount of data . Regardless, for a given node with a minimum age constraint derived from the fossil record, the realized discrepancy between the two estimates (δRealized MA-FA = MA - FA = δMolecular error + δFossil error) will always be positive, and is a parameter that both paleontologists and molecular biologists are working to minimize .
Strictly speaking, any molecular estimate that generates a positive value of δRealized MA-FA is consistent with the fossil record. It is instead the magnitude of δRealized MA-FA that suggests conflict, and distressingly large values sometimes exist. Conflict between the two sources of information is especially evident with respect to the ages of extant avian lineages (Neornithes). Based on a strict interpretation of the fossil record (i.e. insignificant δFossil error), Feduccia [8,9] proposed an explosive Cenozoic origin for most modern avian lineages, presumably a result of open niches left by newly extinct non-avian dinosaurs and other taxa. Although a recent fossil find forces a minimum of five of the earliest Neornithes divergences into the late Cretaceous, the fossil record generally supports the view that most modern lineages originated in the Cenozoic [8,9,11-15]. In contrast, molecular estimates all indicate that these same lineages are considerably older, sometimes as much as twice as old as analogous paleontological estimates [4,16-26]. Between these two extremes lies the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg; formerly Cretaceous-Tertiary or K-T) boundary, a period when as many as 50% of land-dwelling species went extinct . The conflicting age estimates thus have different implications regarding the influence of the K-Pg mass extinctions on the evolutionary radiation of modern birds.
Although resolution of this conflict is clearly important for understanding avian diversification, it is hindered by compelling arguments from both sides. The supposition that the quality of the fossil record deteriorates backwards in time, for example, is contradicted by the observed congruence between stratigraphic and phylogenetic ordering of taxa . Sophisticated stratigraphic analyses indicate that fossils of the antiquity necessary to produce congruence with molecular studies are extremely improbable [11,29,30] (but see [31,32]). Furthermore, of the known Mesozoic avian fossils [12,14,33,34], the vast majority unambiguously lay outside Neornithes . Although a few Cretaceous fossils putatively represent modern lineages (e.g. parrot , loon and others [12,14]) these have largely been dismissed as fragmentary and inconclusive [9,12,38,39]. One the molecular side, the recognition that rates of molecular evolution are often not clock-like (including birds [23,40-42]), and that lineage-specific heterogeneity is common , has spurred the development of numerous 'relaxed' molecular clock methods (see reviews in [44-46]). In support of molecular genetic data, these methods perform well in simulation [47,48] and, when applied to empirical data, deliver Cretaceous ages for the origin of modern birds [16,23].
Given these arguments, the paleontological and molecular phylogenetic communities are currently at an impasse regarding the application of an absolute temporal axis for early organismal evolution [33,49], and a range of evolutionary models [1-4] remain viable for birds. Here we endeavour to determine whether a more rigorous treatment of molecular genetic data lessens the 'rock-clock' discrepancy (δRealized MA-FA). In particular, we incorporate large fossil and taxon data sets, two components of molecular dating that have been shown to have a strong impact on the resulting divergence time estimates [50,51]. In addition, we accommodate and explore the impact of uncertainty in both tree topology and molecular dating strategy. Finally, we test for signals of episodic molecular evolution related to both speciation events and absolute geologic time, processes that could potentially mislead molecular-based age estimates by systematically inflating branch lengths within speciose clades .
Our optimal phylogenetic reconstruction (TOptimal; AICc = 414160.2536) is a significantly better fit to the mtDNA matrix than a recent consensus topology derived from the literature (TConsensus; AICc = 421460.9166; see the methods section and Figure Figure2).2). Nevertheless, the two topologies agree in many instances. For example, several traditional orders identified as having little support for monophyly (e.g. Coraciiformes, Ciconiiformes, Caprimulgiformes and Falconiformes ) were also polyphyletic in our analyses. However, the two trees also differ in many respects, most notably in the placement of Passeriformes. In TConsensus, the clade is relatively derived in the tree, whereas in TOptimal it forms the basal-most clade in Neoaves. Several traditionally hard-to-classify lineages (e.g. Pteroclidae, Opisthocomidae, Phaethontidae, Podargidae and Steatornithidae) are of suspect placement in TOptimal. These and other uncertainties tend to be localized and do not (as we report below) overly influence date estimates for the basal nodes in the avian tree. Some of the topological differences, however, are of operational importance, as they cause either redundancy or obsolescence of some fossil constraints used in estimating divergence times. Overall, of the 18 total internal fossil calibrations considered, 16 were used on TConsensus, and 17 on TOptimal (Figure (Figure22).
A substantial signal was present for both a departure from a molecular clock and a lack of ancestor-descendant autocorrelation of substitution rates. Using penalized likelihood in r8s, both topologies TConsensus and TOptimal were found to be unclock-like, with optimal smoothing values (log10λ) of 1.0 and 0.4, respectively. Analyses in Dating5 clearly rejected the constant-rate Poisson model (-ln L = 63214.8; χ2 = 8051.61, df = 271, p = 0.000) but could not reject the stationary (high variance) rate model (-ln L = 2123.01; χ2 = 268.352, df = 269, p = 0.482) which produced a large index of dispersion R = 469.782. Bayesian analyses in Multidivtime delivered positive but very small values for the degree of autocorrelation of substitution rates across both topologies (Table (Table1).1). Finally, analyses of TConsensus using BEAST indicated that non-autocorrelated models of rate variation fit the data significantly better than a molecular clock (Table (Table2).2). Of the non-autocorrelated models, the lognormal distribution (UCLN) had a much better harmonic mean model likelihood than the exponential distribution (UCED), and relaxation (TFlexible) of a fixed topology further increased fit. Using each of these uncorrelated models, the covariance of substitution rates between ancestor and descendent branches across the tree was not significantly different from zero.
Given the extensive phylogenetic uncertainty within Neornithes, we focus on divergence times of clades for which monophyly is not contentious (Table (Table3).3). Two key trends are recognized. First, for a given dating method, differences in topology tended to have a minor but systematic influence on inferred ages. In general, TOptimal delivered older average date estimates than TConsensus using r8s (8.9 MY) and Multidivtime (3.6 MY), but the opposite trend was found with PATHd8 (-8.2 MY). When confidence/credibility intervals are considered, however, topology did not significantly influence most individual date estimates. Overall, in terms of the degree of discrepancy between fossil and molecular dates on a whole-tree basis (average δRealized MA-FA), topology had a noticeable (> 5 MY) influence on divergence estimates for only the PATHd8 analyses (Table (Table33).
Second, the choice of the relaxed clock method had a strong influence on inferred ages. R8s, Multidivtime and BEAST tended to deliver similar estimates for most clades of interest (Table (Table3).3). In contrast, PATHd8 generated considerably younger dates with much smaller confidence intervals, despite using the same bootstrapped phylograms and fossil constraints as r8s. Dating5 tended to produce the most extreme results, with inferred basal split estimates similar to those from Multidivtime, but some derived split estimates younger than those from PATHd8. Most significantly, PATHd8 and Dating5 together identified five of these major clades as having crown diversification restricted to the Cenozoic (Ratites, Charadriiformes, Procellariiformes, Cuculiformes and Apodiformes), although the remaining methods generate estimates for these same nodes that are on average more than 50% older. In terms of comparing molecular and fossil age estimates (average δRealized MA-FA), r8s, Multidivtime and BEAST all show considerable discordance between the two sources of data, with the average molecular estimates for the major nodes (Table (Table3)3) being 36–45 MY older than corresponding fossil ages. PATHd8 and Dating5, in contrast, exhibit greater agreement between estimates from 'rocks' and 'clocks', with an average discrepancy of 17–25 MY.
Despite these differences, all methods agree that the basal splits within Neornithes occurred deep within the Cretaceous (Table (Table3,3, nodes A-E). The youngest estimate for the root of Neornithes (PATHd8, TOptimal) is of Early Cretaceous age, 37 MY older than the oldest undisputed neornithean fossil . Conflict among methods instead involves the diversification of derived lineages (Figures (Figures33 and and4).4). Two patterns can be discerned. First, PATHd8 and Dating5 support bursts of speciation (many lineages arising almost simultaneously), whereas the remaining methods generally support more gradual diversification. Second, and more germane to the 'rock-clock' problem, PATHd8 alone supports an extensive post-K-Pg radiation of Neoaves. For example, from results of the non-autocorrelated rate models in BEAST allowing topological uncertainty (TFlexible; see Figure Figure4),4), not only are the basal splits inferred to have occurred in the Cretaceous, but 37 credibility intervals (green bars) do not overlap the K-Pg boundary. Finally, no support is shown for episodic evolution, either correlated with speciation events (; no effect) or an increase in inferred substitution rate either during early diversification or following the K-Pg mass extinction (Figure (Figure55).
Whether using fossil or molecular data, a daunting impediment to divergence time estimation in birds is that resolution of many inter-ordinal phylogenetic relationships has proven obstinate, despite large data matrices with multiple character types . Although our reconstruction TOptimal is overly optimistic in being fully resolved, it provides a useful alternative to the conservative TConsensus (Figure (Figure22).
TOptimal recovers several traditional orders as polyphyletic (Caprimulgiformes, Coraciiformes, Falconiformes, Ciconiiformes), consistent with expectations (but see ). Although TOptimal has caprimulgiform (nightbirds) families much more distantly related to one another than previous morphological and molecular investigations, differences in taxon sampling confounds direct comparison across studies. While Coraciiformes (kingfishers and relatives) is not found to be monophyletic, the two recovered sub-groupings both fall within a larger clade containing owls (Strigiformes), parrots (Psittaciformes) and woodpeckers and relatives (Piciformes). The monophyletic status of the order Falconiformes has received mixed support in previous analyses [54,57-61]. Placement of Falconidae in TOptimal is suspect and likely stems from insufficient taxon sampling from this family . Regardless, no support was found for hypotheses uniting falconiform taxa with owls (Strigiformes) or New World vultures (Cathartidae) with storks (Ciconiiformes) .
Several monotypic avian families have traditionally proved difficult to classify. The enigmatic hoatzin (Opisthocomidae) has variously been allied with at least four distantly related orders (Galliformes, Cuculiformes, Musophagiformes and Columbiformes; see [61,63]). We find here an alliance with doves (Columbiformes), similar to joint analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences . The taxonomically problematic sandgrouse (family Pteroclidae) has alternatively been considered a member of Charadriiformes (shorebirds and allies [61,64]) or Columbiformes [54,57,60]. Our reconstruction has the sandgrouse distantly related to both orders, and instead allied with Falconiformes. This relationship is unsupported elsewhere and we have little confidence in this placement. The novel placement of the tropicbird (family Phaethontidae) as sister to Sphenisciformes is similarly suspect.
Finally, we find no support in our mtDNA analyses for the neoavian clades 'Metaves' and 'Coronaves' identified from nuclear β-fibrinogen intron analyses , although our constraint tree allowed for this possibility (TConstraint; see additional file 1). A major difference between these trees involves the phylogenetic position of the perching birds (Passeriformes); while nuclear DNA analyses recover Passeriformes as a relatively derived clade within 'Coronaves' [57,58], in TOptimal they instead comprise the basal-most lineage of Neoaves. This may be indicative of different phylogenetic signals in nuclear versus mtDNA sequences, as other mtDNA studies have also inferred a basal phylogenetic position of Passeriformes in Neoaves .
While TOptimal yields interesting hypotheses about avian relationships, the focus of this study is on estimating basal divergence times in Neornithes and we might regard topology as a nuisance parameter (and explicitly so in the BEAST TFlexible analyses). Topological error is usually not considered in divergence time estimation, but potentially could systematically bias age estimates through: (i) incorrect placement of fossil calibrations; and (ii) improper estimation of branch lengths. Through our joint consideration of TConsensus and TOptimal, we find that topology does have a systematic influence on inferred divergence times for nodes of interest (Table (Table3),3), but that for the present data set this influence differed in direction across methods and was generally insignificant when confidence/credibility intervals were considered. Removal of the restriction of a fixed topology in BEAST (TFlexible) yielded age estimates similar to those from Multidivtime analyses assuming TOptimal. Although yielding diffuse estimates, this 'relaxed topology' approach better reflects uncertainty in the underlying data.
An interesting result reported here is that rates of molecular evolution are found to be non-autocorrelated across the Neornithes tree (Tables (Tables11 and and2),2), a result previously noted for virus and marsupial data sets . An autocorrelation of rates would imply an inheritance of the trait 'rate of evolution'. This makes intuitive sense when considering that ancestor and descendant lineages are likely similar in body size, generation time, DNA repair efficiency, population size and other traits influencing rates of sequence evolution, and the most popular molecular dating methods available indeed implicitly assume that rates are autocorrelated across a tree [66,67]. However, even if 'rate of evolution' is heritable, nodes separated by long periods of time may accumulate sufficient rate variation that autocorrelation in this trait will break down. Alternatively, 'rate of evolution' may simply be more labile than we expect. Regardless, violation of an implicit autocorrelation assumption did not have significant effects on inferred dates for nodes of interest (Table (Table3).3). For example, r8s and Multidivtime, which each deal with rate variation in an ancestor-descendant fashion, deliver age estimates that match quite closely to those generated by BEAST, which does not make such an assumption.
All methods employed here agree that the basal divergences within Neornithes occurred in the Cretaceous (Table (Table3,3, nodes A-E), supporting the refutation of a Cenozoic origin of modern lineages [8,9] mandated by the discovery of the 66 MY duck Vegavis iaai , which minimally forces five basal divergences into the Cretaceous. Moreover, our results are not dependent on this oldest fossil calibration, as analyses in r8s, PATHd8 and Multidivtime without using the Vegavis constraint returned nearly identical results to those reported here (data not shown); indeed, we must paradoxically conclude that this oldest undisputed neornithean fossil was essentially uninformative in our molecular dating analyses. Given the consensus across 'relaxed clock' methods employing very different assumptions about how molecular substitution rate evolves, we regard an Early Cretaceous origin of Neornithes as robustly supported. This inferred Cretaceous origin, and consequent survival of several avian lineages across the K-Pg boundary , is consistent with previous molecular studies [4,16-26] and is supported by historical biogeography reconstructions .
An explanation occasionally offered for the antiquity of molecular dates is that rates of sequence change may speed up during radiations , consistent with a basic tenet of punctuated equilibrium theory where most character change is concomitant with speciation , possibly resulting from stochastic effects during founder effect speciation [52,71]. If true, an elevated number of molecular substitutions recorded during diversification could erroneously be interpreted as a longer time span at a slower background rate, resulting in a systematic overestimation of divergence times for all nodes predating the radiation. Some evidence exists for a correlation between speciation and character evolution [52,72-74], although a study of island radiations failed to detect such an effect . While punctuated molecular evolution may be less frequent in animals (18% of cases versus 44% and 60% in plants and fungi, respectively ), this effect is nevertheless a prime candidate to explain the strong and persistent discrepancy between molecular- and fossil-based divergence estimates. However, we find no signal for punctuated (speciational) molecular evolution in the present data set. In addition, we fail to detect an accelerated rate associated with either the K-Pg boundary or during the initial diversification of Neornithes (Figure (Figure5).5). If rates of sequence change were strongly influenced by diversification, we would expect clear departures from the inferred mean standardized substitution rate . Although Cenozoic rates tend to be more variable than Mesozoic (ancestral) rates, we find no evidence for an obvious acceleration in substitution rate associated with any of the major nodes for any genetic partition. Although these two approaches to identifying episodic evolution would ideally involve more comprehensive taxon sampling, if punctuated evolution were primarily responsible for inflating inferred molecular dates then we likely would have detected the effect with the present data matrix.
Rather than narrowing the formidable 'rock-clock' gap through application of methods designed to minimize biases and accommodate uncertainty, we have instead considerably reinforced it. In part, the discordant age estimates can be explained through reference to the genuine time-lag (δTrue MA-FA; see Figure Figure1)1) between the divergence of genetic lineages (predating speciation) and the evolution of diagnostic morphological characters (postdating speciation). However, given the estimated magnitude of δRealized MA-FA (Table (Table3),3), it is unlikely that δTrue MA-FA alone explains the dissonance. One the one hand, while the fossil record may be adequate for many evolutionary questions , there are clear instances where it is not. The 66 MY Vegavis iaai , for example, requires the coexistence of Paleognathae representatives; however, Cretaceous paleognaths are unknown. This may be a result of a geographical bias in fossil sampling favouring the northern hemisphere [2,17,69,77-79], as many taxa are hypothesized as having southern hemisphere (Gondwana) origins . Although fossil gap analysis implies that a Cretaceous origin of several avian orders is unlikely , this method improperly assumes that fossils are randomly distributed (uniformly recovered through time) since the origin of a taxon; alternative fossil recovery curves can support very different scenarios, including scenarios that are more consistent with molecular genetic timelines , even when the fossil record is particularly sparse . Although rightly considered with caution, the increasing number of fragmentary remains of putative neornithean lineages from the Cretaceous lends credence to the ancient origin and diversification of Neornithes. On the other hand, there may yet be some unrecognized biases in the analysis of molecular genetic sequences, and our results suggest new directions for future avian divergence time studies (described below).
Despite broad agreement on the antiquity of basal divergences in Neornithes, arbitration among macroevolutionary models [1-4] to best describe the history of more derived lineages is complicated by disparity amongst various 'relaxed clock' results. Two important points of distinction can be recognized (Figures (Figures33 and and4).4). First, Dating5 (overdispersed clock) and PATHd8 (rate smoothing across sister lineages) both infer bursts of speciation across the avian tree, while r8s (smoothing in an ancestor-descendant fashion), Multidivtime (Bayesian modelling of ancestor-descendant autocorrelated rate evolution) and BEAST (Bayesian modelling of rate evolution without an autocorrelation assumption or fixed topology) instead infer a more gradual diversification of Neornithes. Second, PATHd8 alone supports a prominent radiation of avian families in the Cenozoic, a scenario statistically rejected in many instances by the remaining four analyses. Although published PATHd8 divergence time estimates for Neoaves using nuclear DNA produced similarly young estimates , a reanalysis of these same data using Multidivtime roundly refuted the findings , echoing the incongruence of PATHd8 reported here. While the better reconciliation between molecular and fossil age estimates that PATHd8 offers seems satisfying at first, the unique discrepancy of this method from the other much more rigorous and biologically realistic methods raises concern.
Given the apparent lack of autocorrelation of substitution rates, together with the intrinsic topological uncertainty in the Neornithes tree, the analyses in BEAST best reflect our current understanding of early avian evolution (Figure (Figure4).4). Without the restrictive assumptions inherent in other 'relaxed clock' methods, these analyses unambiguously support a Cretaceous origin and diversification of basal avian lineages. Even when considering large inferred credibility intervals, 37 early avian divergences are restricted to the Cretaceous, similar to that found through the analysis of nuclear DNA sequences . It should be noted, however, that these nodes mostly represent order- and superfamily-level divergences; the majority of families sampled here (80 of 100 in BEAST) have their origins either overlapping or restricted to the Paleogene, consistent with interpretations from the fossil record . In this respect, our results are similar to those inferred from a comprehensive study of the tempo of early mammalian evolution . The results of both studies indicate that significant cladogenesis occurred in the Cretaceous, but that many crown groups diversified in the Cenozoic.
While there is a growing consensus for the Cretaceous origin of many Neornithes orders and families, the rate and timing of their diversification (and the influence of the K-Pg mass extinctions upon that diversification) is not yet resolved. MtDNA may have further utility in making progress on the problem, as our analysis of posterior credibility interval widths indicates that longer sequences would likely improve divergence time estimates (Figure (Figure6).6). However, we recognize that mtDNA is limited in that all sites belong to a single 'super-locus', and so a significant reduction of uncertainty (e.g. the slope in Figure Figure6)6) will ultimately require the supplement of multiple independent nuclear loci. In addition, while the present study was focused at the family level, increased taxon sampling will break up long branches (benefiting phylogenetic reconstruction) and improve branch length estimates. Nevertheless, our results suggest fertile ground for future molecular research into this problem. For example, we find that: (i) variation in the number of substitutions across branches can be accommodated by a high variance stationary-rate model ; and (ii) rates are not autocorrelated across the avian tree in an ancestor-descendent fashion. This suggests potential for development of a hybrid model that accommodates both pieces of information and that future studies test assumptions of rate autocorrelation before invoking them, at least for the tree depth that we consider here.
In regards to the 'rock-clock' debate [33,49], we feel that much of the perceived dissonance between fossil- and molecular-based age estimates stems from a comparison of different phylogenetic entities: molecular phylogeneticists generally deal with stem-group origins, while paleontologists generally concentrate on crown-group diversification . Moreover, it is too rarely emphasized that when dating the same node a genuine discrepancy is expected, as coalescent times (Tgene; see Figure Figure1)1) will predate cladogenesis while morphological diversification (Tmorphology; see Figure Figure1)1) will postdate cladogenesis. The reality is that in normal practice neither group directly addresses the main parameter of interest, the timing of speciation (Tspecies; see Figure Figure1),1), the pattern of which is essential to the understanding of the origins of biodiversity. However, tools do exist to better estimate speciation times from both fossils (e.g. accounting for 'ghost' lineages ) and genetic data (e.g. explicitly modelling ancestral effective population sizes to account for coalescent times ). Further, molecular methods can be augmented with greater information from the fossil record, possibly by incorporating models of preservation bias into temporal constraints . Newly developed methods exist where probability distributions can be applied to calibrated nodes in a Bayesian framework [47,84,85]. Although we recognize that this approach is superior in that it can lend more credence to the fossil record than standard minimum-age constraints, we refrained from using such methods here as there is currently insufficient information with which to specify meaningful prior distributions for most avian diversification times. Realization of such distributions will require more communication between paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists [86,87].
One possible explanation for the discrepancy between molecular and fossil data in dating early divergences of avian lineages has been that the genetic data have been misinterpreted. In this vein, the ancient age estimates reported from previous molecular studies are seen as artefacts of oversimplified or improperly executed methods. Here we have examined this conjecture by accommodating uncertainty in genetic divergence time estimates. Through analyses of a large mtDNA matrix using multiple cladistically tested calibrations, alterative tree topologies and several sophisticated relaxed clock methods we have found that the molecular estimates are robust to varying assumptions about the evolution of evolutionary rates and consistent with those from previous studies. Our findings thus strongly support pre-K-Pg genetic origins for multiple modern bird lineages, including various extant orders and families, in contrast to the model of post-K-Pg diversification derived from a narrow interpretation of the fossil record.
The molecular data set comprises 135 avian species and 100 traditionally recognized families, as well as five outgroup taxa (turtles, n = 3; crocodilians, n = 2; see Additional file 2). The names for avian taxa shown in our figures and tables generally follow Gill and Wright . Turtles were used solely to root phylogenies and were not used for dating purposes. For each taxon a total of 5248 base pairs (bp) of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was either sequenced directly using primers reported by or modified from or downloaded from GenBank. mtDNAs from taxa newly collected by us and first reported here (GenBank accession numbers EU166921–EU167086, EU372666–EU372688, EU391159). Protein-coding genes were aligned at the amino acid level, while RNA genes were aligned as nucleotides using secondary structure models following . From the original matrix, 654 alignment positions could not be aligned unambiguously and so were excluded from subsequent analyses, yielding a final matrix of 4594 bp (Table (Table44).
We include as many fossil calibration points as possible in disparate parts of the avian tree to maximize information from the fossil record, and reduce dependency on any one calibration estimate. Given that serious bias can result if even a single fossil has been misdiagnosed in its taxonomic affinity, we limit our calibration points to those fossils that have been rigorously analyzed in a cladistic context (Table (Table5).5). Our fossil calibrations are nearly identical to those used by Brown et al , which is a modification of the fossil complement used by Ericson et al . These internal avian calibration points are all implemented as minimum age constraints in the various dating analyses. We also use two bounded external calibrations derived from the fossil record that date the caiman-alligator (71-66 MY) and crocodile-bird (251-243 MY) splits . This last calibration has recently been independently supported by molecular data using soft calibration bounds .
Inferring dates on an incorrect tree topology will lead to estimates that are suspect, if not wholly incorrect. We seek to accommodate the existing uncertainty about avian phylogenetic relationships by dating nodes on two alternative trees. The first topology considered is taken from Figure 27.10 of Cracraft et al , which is a consensus tree based on previous molecular- and morphology-based phylogenetic reconstructions. This tree is conservative in that all represented branching events are well supported by independent lines of evidence; uncertain relationships among lineages are presented as hard polytomies. This topology is referred to as TConsensus. The second topology considered was derived from a partitioned-model maximum likelihood search using the program RAxML-VI-HPC 2.2.3 . The data were divided into four partitions: first, second and third codon positions of mitochondrial cytochrome-b, ND1 and ND2 genes, and concatenated mitochondrial 12S rDNA and tRNA genes (L, I, Q, M, W, A, N, C, Y). A collapsed consensus tree derived from Cracraft et al (thick branches only of Figure 27.10 in ) was used as a backbone constraint to make tree searches more efficient (TConstraint; see Additional file 1). Several hundred heuristic searches were performed under the GTRMIX model assuming a range of values for both the initial rearrangement setting (i; range 5–20) and number of rate categories (c; range 5–25). The topology of the maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) is referred to as TOptimal.
For the non-Bayesian dating methods, we accommodate uncertainty in branch length estimation through a non-parametric bootstrapping procedure. For each original data partition, 100 pseudoreplicate datasets were generated using the program SEQBOOT of the PHYLIP 3.6 package ; these bootstrapped matrices were concatenated to produce 100 pseudomatrices with the same size and number of partition-specific characters as the original matrix. For TOptimal, branch lengths and substitution model parameters were estimated using a partitioned GTR+G model in RAxML. For TConsensus, branch lengths and all substitution model parameters were estimated from each bootstrap matrix on the fixed topology using the GTR+I+G substitution model in PAUP* because RAxML cannot evaluate a tree containing mutlifurcations. Using these procedures we generated 100 trees with branch lengths (phylograms) for each topology.
Owing to the concern that assumptions of particular analytical methods may systematically bias divergence time estimates, we compare several methods for accommodating among-lineage rate heterogeneity for the purpose of estimating the divergence times of modern avian lineages. To facilitate direct comparison, all methods utilize the same fossil calibrations and tree topologies outlined above.
First, the program r8s 1.7 was used to estimate rates and dates for internal nodes in the phylogeny via penalized likelihood (PL). This semiparametric procedure combines a parametric model that allows for different rates on each branch in the tree with a non-parametric penalty function that penalizes rates that change too quickly along the tree from ancestor to descendent branches ; a smoothing parameter (λ) determines the relative contribution of the penalty function. The optimal smoothing value was determined individually for each topology through a sequence-based cross-validation procedure using penalty = add and the normalized (χ2) errors. Confirmation of the optimal smoothing values was obtained via multiple optimizations with different initial conditions (by setting num_restarts = num_time_guesses = 3). Confidence intervals for node ages were determined using the distribution of estimated ages across bootstrapped trees assuming the optimal smoothing value from the original phylograms. Summary of the mean estimate and associated error for a given node was accomplished using the profile command in r8s.
Second, the program PATHd8 [98,99] also smoothes rates across the tree, but does so by calculating an average path length from an internal node to all its descending terminals; deviations from a molecular clock are corrected through reference to fossil calibrations. Important distinctions from r8s above are that PATHd8 smoothes rates between sister groups (rather than from ancestor to descendent nodes) and it does this locally rather than over the entire tree. The same 100 phylograms as analyzed with r8s above were used to generate confidence intervals on divergence times, although summary statistics were calculated manually.
As a third approach, the Bayesian MULTIDISTRIBUTE package represents an attempt to explicitly model rate change across a tree [67,101,102]. Here, the logarithm of the rate at the end of a branch is modelled with a normal distribution, the mean of which has an expected value equal to the rate at the beginning of the branch; thus, rates are implicitly assumed to be autocorrelated from ancestor to descendent nodes, although this autocorrelation may decay with increasing branch lengths. The posterior probability distribution of divergence times is approximated by samples from a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) chain. The data were partitioned as noted above. For each partition, estimates of the transition/transversion rate ratio and the gamma site class-specific rates under the F84+G model (the most complex model supported by the MULTIDISTRIBUTE package) were calculated in the baseml program of the PAML 3.15 package . The output from baseml was used as the input for the MULTIDISTRIBUTE program estbranches, which produced MLEs of branch lengths and their approximate variance-covariance matrix. Although differing in branching order, TConsensus and TOptimal had similar overall tree lengths; as a result, the same priors were applied to both topologies in the program Multidivtime: rtrate = rtratesd = 0.012, and brownmean = brownmeansd = 0.01. As one of our external calibration points bounds the root node (crocodile-bird split at 251-243 MY), date priors were less important and were defined narrowly (bigtime = 255 MY, rttm = 247 MY, rttmsd = 1.5 MY). The program was run without the assumption of correlated changes in rates across data partitions. Following a burnin of 106 samples, 104 samples were taken at a sampling interval of 102. All analyses were repeated with different inseed values to check for convergence of the MCMC chain.
Fourth, the overdispersed clock method of Cutler represents a strong departure from other approaches to dating in the way it models branch length heterogeneity. Instead of treating a variable number of substitutions across lineages as indicative of changes in substitution rate across the tree, Cutler's method assumes that rate is stationary, but with high variance. Thus, rather than assuming that the number of substitutions along a lineage is Poisson distributed (where the variance is equal to the mean), the observed variation across branches is accommodated by the larger variance afforded through a Gaussian distribution. As a result, branches with either particularly high or low numbers of substitutions need not be clustered on the tree; in other words, heritability (phylogeny) plays no role in the observed numbers of substitutions. The program Dating5 calculates χ2 statistics for both the constant-rate Poisson and stationary models and compares the overall fit of the models using a likelihood ratio test. In addition, the program calculates R, the index of dispersion (the ratio of the variance to the mean number of substitutions) under the stationary model. Dating was restricted to TOptimal as the current version of Dating5 does not allow for polytomies. In addition, we could not achieve likelihood convergence with the partitioned data, and so reported results are from concatenated sequences. From asymptotic likelihood theory, 95% confidence intervals were calculated using a threshold of 2 log likelihood units around the MLE.
Finally, the program BEAST 1.4.6 differs in two important ways from the dating methods listed above. First, it does not require a fixed topology; rather, branch lengths, topology, substitution model parameters and dates can be estimated simultaneously. This incorporation of uncertainty in topology may be particularly important for the present data set, where relationships amongst many clades are uncertain. Second, BEAST does not assume that substitution rates are necessarily autocorrelated across the tree. Although intuitively satisfying, autocorrelation of rates has not been demonstrated in the literature; in fact, Drummond et al report that many empirical data sets do not exhibit significant autocorrelation of rates.
BEAST 1.4.6 offers two statistical distributions for describing the change in rate across a branch : rates can be drawn independently from either an exponential distribution (UCED) or a lognormal distribution (UCLN). To find which distribution fit the present data best, we initially fixed the tree topology to TConsensus. The data were partitioned as above, with each partition assigned a GTR+I+G substitution model. BEAST MCMC runs of 25 × 106 generations following a burnin of 105 generations were performed for UCED, UCLN and CLOCK models. To arbitrate between models, we calculated Bayes factors by comparing harmonic mean model likelihoods . For both non-autocorrelated models, we also calculated the covariance among branch rates, which indicates the degree of ancestor-descendant autocorrelation of rates across the tree. Using the optimal model, we then accommodated topological uncertainty by removing the restriction of a fixed tree. However, we did constrain certain clades (the backbone constraints described above) to be monophyletic to facilitate the placement of calibration points and increase the efficiency of the MCMC search. Three replicate runs of 25 × 106 generations were performed to check for convergence of the MCMC chain. Mean parameter estimates and 95% highest posterior densities (HPDs) were determined through analyzing the combined BEAST tree files in TreeAnnotator 1.4.6 . We refer to these results with the topology TFlexible.
For each of the five dating methods above we calculated the average discrepancy between molecular (MA) and fossil (FA) estimated ages for those nodes that had fossil calibrations. The MA used in these calculations was the mean estimate from MCMC samples (Multidivtime, BEAST), or the optimal estimate from the empirical data matrix (r8s, PATHd8, Dating5). The value MA-FA is equivalent to δRealized MA-FA described above, and gives an indication of the degree of agreement between the molecular data and the fossil record.
If present, episodic (or punctuated) molecular evolution could seriously bias molecular genetic estimates of divergence time by systematically overestimating the ages of all nodes that preceded the punctuation. We therefore tested for the presence of episodic evolution in two ways. First, we used the method of Pagel et al [52,108] which quantifies the proportional contribution of punctuated (β) and gradual (g) evolution to path lengths in a phylogeny, based on extent of association between sequence change and cladogenesis events. This method requires a fully bifurcating tree, and so analyses were limited to our optimal reconstruction TOptimal. To test for this signature we analyzed maximum likelihood trees from RAxML bootstrap analyses (n = 100). Second, to test whether substitution rate accelerated coincident with or following the K-Pg boundary we plotted standardized inferred substitution rate (per data partition) versus inferred divergence time from the Multidivtime analyses above. If the K-Pg boundary extinctions facilitated diversification of avian higher-level taxa, it could produce a spike in this plot detected as a departure from the mean standardized rate. These two tests are complementary in that the first focuses specifically on the effects of speciation, whereas the second focuses on absolute time effects, which may or may not be related to speciation.
As in the case of episodic evolution, a simple lack of historical signal present in molecular sequences could generate erroneous divergence time estimates. We therefore assessed the 'information content' present in our mtDNA matrix by regressing posterior 95% credibility width against posterior mean divergence time. When the when the amount of data is saturated then this regression will produce a linear relationship (i.e. R2 → 1), the slope of which indicates the amount of uncertainty that cannot be reduced through adding longer sequences [7,85], but can be reduced through adding independent loci.
AICc, corrected Akaike Information Criterion; bp, base pairs; CLOCK, strict molecular clock; CV, cross validation; FA, fossil age; HPD, highest posterior density; K-Pg, Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary; MA, molecular age; MCC, maximum clade credibility; MCMC, Markov chain Monte Carlo; MLE, maximum likelihood estimate; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; MY, millions years; PL, penalized likelihood; tMRCA, time to the most recent common ancestor; UCED, uncorrelated exponential distribution; UCLN, uncorrelated lognormal distribution.
JWB conducted the reported phylogenetic reconstructions and all dating analyses, and drafted the manuscript. JSR performed the multiple sequence alignments and initial phylogenetic analyses. JG-M and MDS conducted most of the molecular sequencing. DPM designed and developed the study. All authors contributed to revisions yielding the final manuscript.
Supplemental figure S1 Constraint tree. A consensus tree derived from the thick branches only of Figure 27.10 of Cracraft et al. used as a backbone constraint in RAxML tree searches.
Supplemental table S1 GenBank accession numbers. Accession number information for analyzed sequence data (sequences EU166921–EU167086, EU372666–EU372688, and EU391159 are novel to this study).
We thank A Stamatakis (RAxML), J Thorne (MULTIDISTRIBUTE) and D Cutler (Dating5) for assistance with their respective software packages, and S Ho for assistance with the new methods available in BEAST. M van Tuinen offered indispensable advice regarding an initial set of fossil constraints and RB Payne provided essential comments on an earlier (encyclopaedic) draft of this manuscript. Three anonymous reviewers offered critical suggestions to improve the manuscript. JWB thanks R Pollard for sustained encouragement throughout. We thank A Baker and A Lindsay for assistance with laboratory work. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation and the University of Michigan. | <urn:uuid:43d0576e-4ea3-4c6f-9405-d25ea280134d> | 10,628 | |Home | About | Journals | Submit | Contact Us | Français|
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Determining an absolute timescale for avian evolutionary history has proven contentious. The two sources of information available, paleontological data and inference from extant molecular genetic sequences (colloquially, 'rocks' and 'clocks'), have appeared irreconcilable; the fossil record supports a Cenozoic origin for most modern lineages, whereas molecular genetic estimates suggest that these same lineages originated deep within the Cretaceous and survived the K-Pg (Cretaceous-Paleogene; formerly Cretaceous-Tertiary or K-T) mass-extinction event. These two sources of data therefore appear to support fundamentally different models of avian evolution. The paradox has been speculated to reflect deficiencies in the fossil record, unrecognized biases in the treatment of genetic data or both. Here we attempt to explore uncertainty and limit bias entering into molecular divergence time estimates through: (i) improved taxon (n = 135) and character (n = 4594 bp mtDNA) sampling; (ii) inclusion of multiple cladistically tested internal fossil calibration points (n = 18); (iii) correction for lineage-specific rate heterogeneity using a variety of methods (n = 5); (iv) accommodation of uncertainty in tree topology; and (v) testing for possible effects of episodic evolution.
The various 'relaxed clock' methods all indicate that the major (basal) lineages of modern birds originated deep within the Cretaceous, although temporal intraordinal diversification patterns differ across methods. We find that topological uncertainty had a systematic but minor influence on date estimates for the origins of major clades, and Bayesian analyses assuming fixed topologies deliver similar results to analyses with unconstrained topologies. We also find that, contrary to expectation, rates of substitution are not autocorrelated across the tree in an ancestor-descendent fashion. Finally, we find no signature of episodic molecular evolution related to either speciation events or the K-Pg boundary that could systematically mislead inferences from genetic data.
The 'rock-clock' gap has been interpreted by some to be a result of the vagaries of molecular genetic divergence time estimates. However, despite measures to explore different forms of uncertainty in several key parameters, we fail to reconcile molecular genetic divergence time estimates with dates taken from the fossil record; instead, we find strong support for an ancient origin of modern bird lineages, with many extant orders and families arising in the mid-Cretaceous, consistent with previous molecular estimates. Although there is ample room for improvement on both sides of the 'rock-clock' divide (e.g. accounting for 'ghost' lineages in the fossil record and developing more realistic models of rate evolution for molecular genetic sequences), the consistent and conspicuous disagreement between these two sources of data more likely reflects a genuine difference between estimated ages of (i) stem-group origins and (ii) crown-group morphological diversifications, respectively. Further progress on this problem will benefit from greater communication between paleontologists and molecular phylogeneticists in accounting for error in avian lineage age estimates.
Many evolutionary models [1-4] are tightly linked to absolute timescales. A reliable temporal framework is therefore required for understanding the tempo (and, through correlation with geophysical phenomena, mechanisms) of biological evolution. There are two complementary sources of information for dating ancient biological divergences: (1) physical historical remains (either paleontological or ichnological); and (2) molecular sequence differences among extant taxa, the analysis of which requires assumptions about the processes and rates of sequence evolution. Unfortunately, these two sources of information ('rocks' and 'clocks', respectively) often yield starkly disparate estimates of the timing of major biological divergences .
Of course, some discrepancy is expected, as these two sources of data concern different stages during the process of cladogenesis (δTrue MA-FA; Figure Figure1).1). As fossils document products of evolution, they necessarily post-date speciation events. The underestimation of speciation times from fossil data (δFossil error) can be partitioned into two components: (i) the interval, following speciation, required for diagnostic characters to evolve (δDiagnostic character); and (ii) the time, following the evolution of diagnostic characters, realized for the deposition of a sampled fossil (δOldest fossil). Here, δDiagnostic character can be regarded as a fixed value (although different for every node), however δOldest fossil can be reduced with subsequently older fossil finds. In contrast to fossils, molecular data instead reflect genetic divergence, which must predate speciation events because genetic lineages present in two newly evolved sister lineages coalesce (on average) 2Ne generations prior to speciation . However, the errors associated with molecular age estimates (δCoalescence and δClock error) are more complex than analogous fossil errors. For example, if no polymorphism exists for a particular locus at speciation, then inferred genetic divergence times based on that locus will actually post-date speciation, as no information exists to trace the underlying genealogy. Furthermore, molecular data may overestimate or underestimate the true speciation time because of stochastic errors associated with divergence time estimation (δClock error), and this uncertainty will increase as one extrapolates backwards through time, even with an infinite amount of data . Regardless, for a given node with a minimum age constraint derived from the fossil record, the realized discrepancy between the two estimates (δRealized MA-FA = MA - FA = δMolecular error + δFossil error) will always be positive, and is a parameter that both paleontologists and molecular biologists are working to minimize .
Strictly speaking, any molecular estimate that generates a positive value of δRealized MA-FA is consistent with the fossil record. It is instead the magnitude of δRealized MA-FA that suggests conflict, and distressingly large values sometimes exist. Conflict between the two sources of information is especially evident with respect to the ages of extant avian lineages (Neornithes). Based on a strict interpretation of the fossil record (i.e. insignificant δFossil error), Feduccia [8,9] proposed an explosive Cenozoic origin for most modern avian lineages, presumably a result of open niches left by newly extinct non-avian dinosaurs and other taxa. Although a recent fossil find forces a minimum of five of the earliest Neornithes divergences into the late Cretaceous, the fossil record generally supports the view that most modern lineages originated in the Cenozoic [8,9,11-15]. In contrast, molecular estimates all indicate that these same lineages are considerably older, sometimes as much as twice as old as analogous paleontological estimates [4,16-26]. Between these two extremes lies the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg; formerly Cretaceous-Tertiary or K-T) boundary, a period when as many as 50% of land-dwelling species went extinct . The conflicting age estimates thus have different implications regarding the influence of the K-Pg mass extinctions on the evolutionary radiation of modern birds.
Although resolution of this conflict is clearly important for understanding avian diversification, it is hindered by compelling arguments from both sides. The supposition that the quality of the fossil record deteriorates backwards in time, for example, is contradicted by the observed congruence between stratigraphic and phylogenetic ordering of taxa . Sophisticated stratigraphic analyses indicate that fossils of the antiquity necessary to produce congruence with molecular studies are extremely improbable [11,29,30] (but see [31,32]). Furthermore, of the known Mesozoic avian fossils [12,14,33,34], the vast majority unambiguously lay outside Neornithes . Although a few Cretaceous fossils putatively represent modern lineages (e.g. parrot , loon and others [12,14]) these have largely been dismissed as fragmentary and inconclusive [9,12,38,39]. One the molecular side, the recognition that rates of molecular evolution are often not clock-like (including birds [23,40-42]), and that lineage-specific heterogeneity is common , has spurred the development of numerous 'relaxed' molecular clock methods (see reviews in [44-46]). In support of molecular genetic data, these methods perform well in simulation [47,48] and, when applied to empirical data, deliver Cretaceous ages for the origin of modern birds [16,23].
Given these arguments, the paleontological and molecular phylogenetic communities are currently at an impasse regarding the application of an absolute temporal axis for early organismal evolution [33,49], and a range of evolutionary models [1-4] remain viable for birds. Here we endeavour to determine whether a more rigorous treatment of molecular genetic data lessens the 'rock-clock' discrepancy (δRealized MA-FA). In particular, we incorporate large fossil and taxon data sets, two components of molecular dating that have been shown to haŕe a strong impact on the resulting divergence time estimates [50,51]. In addition, we accommodate and explore the impact of uncertainty in both tree topology and molecular dating strategy. Finally, we test for signals of episodic molecular evolution related to both speciation events and absolute geologic time, processes that could potentially mislead molecular-based age estimates by systematically inflating branch lengths within speciose clades .
Our optimal phylogenetic reconstruction (TOptimal; AICc = 414160.2536) is a significantly better fit to the mtDNA matrix than a recent consensus topology derived from the literature (TConsensus; AICc = 421460.9166; see the methods section and Figure Figure2).2). Nevertheless, the two topologies agree in many instances. For example, several traditional orders identified as having little support for monophyly (e.g. Coraciiformes, Ciconiiformes, Caprimulgiformes and Falconiformes ) were also polyphyletic in our analyses. However, the two trees also differ in many respects, most notably in the placement of Passeriformes. In TConsensus, the clade is relatively derived in the tree, whereas in TOptimal it forms the basal-most clade in Neoaves. Several traditionally hard-to-classify lineages (e.g. Pteroclidae, Opisthocomidae, Phaethontidae, Podargidae and Steatornithidae) are of suspect placement in TOptimal. These and other uncertainties tend to be localized and do not (as we report below) overly influence date estimates for the basal nodes in the avian tree. Some of the topological differences, however, are of operational importance, as they cause either redundancy or obsolescence of some fossil constraints used in estimating divergence times. Overall, of the 18 total internal fossil calibrations considered, 16 were used on TConsensus, and 17 on TOptimal (Figure (Figure22).
A substantial signal was present for both a departure from a molecular clock and a lack of ancestor-desc̞ndant autocorrelation of substitution rates. Using penalized likelihood in r8s, both topologies TConsensus and TOptimal were found to be unclock-like, with optimal smoothing values (log10λ) of 1.0 and 0.4, respectively. ˳nalyses in Dating5 clearly rejected the constant-rate Poisson model (-ln L = 63214.8; χ2 = 8051.61, df = 271, p = 0.000) but could not reject the stationary (high variance) rate model (-ln L = 2123.01; χ2 = 268.352, df = 269, p = 0.482) which produced a large index of dispersion R =Ǣ469.782. Bayesian analyses in Multidivtime delivered positive but very small values for the degree of autocorrelation of substitution rates across both topologies (Table (Table1).1). Finally, analyses of TConsensus using BEAST indicated that non-autocorrelaͻed models of rate variation fit the data significantly better than a molecular clock (Table (Table2).2). Of the non-aũtocorrelated models, the lognormal distribution (UCLN) had a much better harmonic mean model likelihood than the exponential distribution (UCED), and relaxation (TFlexible) of a fixed topology further increased fit. Using each of these uncorrelated models, the covariance of substitution rates between ancestor and descendent branches across tͭe tree was not significantly different from zero.
Given the extensive phylogenetic uncertainty within Neornithes, we focus on divergence times of clades for which monophyly is not contentious (Table (Table3).3). Two key trends are recognized. First, for a given dating method, differences in topology tended to have a minor but systematic influence on inferred ages. In general, TOptimal delivered older average date estimates than TConsensus using r8s (8.9 MY) and Multidivtime (3.6 MY), but the opposite trend was found with PATHd8 (-8.2 MY). When confidence/credibility intervals are considered, however, topology did not significantly influence most individual date estimates. Overall, in terms of the degree of discrepancy between fossil and molecular dates on a whole-tree basis (average δRealized MA-FA), topology had a noticeable (> 5 MY) influence on divergence estimates for only the PATHd8 analyses (T̅ble (Table33).
Second, the choice of߾the relaxed clock method had a strong߭influence on inferred ages. R8s, Multidivtime and BEAST tended to deliver similar estimates f͔r most clades of interest (Table (Table3).3). In contrast, PATHd8 generated considerably younger dates with much smaller confidence intervals, despite using the same bootstrapped phylograms and fذssil cons͝raints as r8s. Dating5 tended to produce the most extreme results, with inferred basal split estimates similar to those from Multidivtime, but some derived split estimates younger than those from PATHd8. Most significantly, PATHd8 and Dating5 together identified five of these major clades as having crown diversification restricted to the Cenozoic (Ratites, Charadriiformes, ProԢellariiformes, Cuculiformes and Apodiformes), although the remaining methods generate estimates for these same nodes that are on average more than 50% older. In terms of comparing molecular and fossil age estimates (average δRealized MA-FA), r8s, Multidivtime and BEAST all show considerable discordance between the two sڀurces of data, with the average molecular estimates for the major nodes (Table Table3)3) being 36–45 MY older than corresponding fossil ages. PATHd8 and Dating5, in contrast, exhibit greater agreement between estimates from 'rocks' and 'clocڛs', with an average discrepancy of 17–25 MY.
Despite these differences, all methods agree that the basϡl splits within Neornithes occurred deep within the Cretaceous (Table (Table3,3, nodes A-E). The youngest estimate for the root of Neornithes (ҵATHd8, TOptimal) is of Early Cretaceous age, 37 MY older than the oldest undisputed neornithean fossil . Conflit among methods instead involves the diversification of derived lineages (Figͼres (Figures33 and and4).4). Two patterns can be discerned. First, PATHd8 and Dating5 support bursts of speciation (many lineages arisinБ almost simultaneously), whereas the remaining methods generally supƇort ցore gradual diversification. Second, and more germane to the 'rock-clock' problem, PATHd8 alone supports an extensive post-K-Pڥ radiation of Neoa۶es. For example, from results of the non-autocorrelated rate models in BEAST allowing topoܰogical uncertainty (TFlexible; sɹe Figure Figure4),4), not only are the basal splits inferred to haϢe occurred in the Cretaceous, but 37 credibility intervals (green bars) do not overlap the K-Pg boundary. Finally, no support is shown for episodic evolution, either correlated with speciation events (; no effect) or an increase in inferred substitution rate either du۫ing early divers֡fication or following the K-Pg mass extinction (Figure (Figure55).
Whether using fossil or molecular data, a daunting impediment to divergence time estimation in birds is tat resolution of many inter-ordinal phylogenetic relationships has proven obstinate, despite large data matކices җith multipleˌcharacter types . Although our reconstruction TOptimal is overly optimistic in being fully resolved, it provides a useful alternative to the conservative TConsensus (Figure (Figure22).
TOptimal recovers several traditional orders as polyphyletic іCaprimulgiform֞s, Coraciiformes, Falconiformes, Ciconiiformes), consistent with expectations (but sކe ). Although TOptimal has ٭aprԐmulgiform (nightbirds) families muchԶmore distantly related to one another than preҒious morphological ݛnd molecular investigationsۗ differences in ta۲on sampling confʐunds direct comparison across studies. While CoraciiforѪes (kingfishers anƫ relatives) is not found to be monophyletic, the two recovered sub-groupings both fall within a larger clade containing owls (Strigifrmes), pa̕rots (Psittaciformes) and woodpeckers and relatives (Piciformes). The monophyletic status of ɸhe order Falconiformes has receiсed mixed supporԳ in previous analyses [54,57-61]. Placement of ؘalconidaˑ in TOptimal is suՕpect and likely stems from insufɀicient taxon sampling from this ͪamily . Regardless, no sСpport was found for hypotֻeses uniting falconiform taxa with owls (Strigiformes) or NewȱWorld vultures (мathartidae)żwith storks (Ciconiiformes) .
Several monoΧypic avian families have traditionally proved difficult to classify. The enigmatic hoatziѰ (Opisthocomidae) has variously be֫n allЎed with at least fo߽r distantly related ̶rders ɺGalliformes, Cuculiformes, Musophagiformes and Columbiformes; ʽee [61,63])ΚȚWe find here an alliaˇcѴ with dӈves (Columbiformeڧ), simפlar to joint analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequenתes . The taxo͟omically problematic san̳grouse (family Pteroclidae) has alternatively been considered a member of Charadriiєormes (shorebirds and allies ٵ61,64]) or ColumbɿfoҠ܀es [54,57,60]. Our recoޫstructionڎhas the sandgrouse distantly ܊elted to both orders,and iǶԌtead allied with Falconiformes. This relationship ڌs učsupporڄed elsewhere a֛d we have little confidence in this placeުent. The novel plʹcement of the tropicbird (family Phaethontiɰae) as sister to Sphenisciformes is sצmilarlƘ suspect.
Fޒnally, we find no support in our mtDNA analyses for thɀ neoavianݫclades 'Metaves' and 'Coronaves' ideֶtified fрom nuclear ܊-fibrinogen inهron analyses , although our coׯstraint tree allowed for thiӍ possiblity (տConsҘraít; see additional fٖle 1). A major difference bǶճween these trees inv˥lves the phylogeͿetic positio of the percǝing bi͡ds (Passeriformesɉ; while״nպclear DNA analϘses rϺcover Pasƫeriɔormeؑ as a relatiƭely derived clade wi̚hin ԺCˏronaves' [Ʃ7,58], in TO˘timal they instead c܇mprise the basal-most lineage of Neoaves. This mayͥbe i̥dicative of diffIJrent phylogeݩetic signals in nuݘlear versus mtDNA sequences, as other mtDNA studiؒs have also inferγed a basalݺphylgƾnetic posŤΝion of PasserifЫrmes in Neoaves .
While TOįtimal yiךlds ̶nteresting hypƥt՚eses ɽbout avian relationships, the focus of܉this stud٦ is on estȓmating basal divergence times in NeornithesǚaĔd we might regard topologʲ as a nuisaИce parameter (and explicitl҃ so ڨn ˮhe BEAST TFlexible anݩlyses). TopolӼgϹcal error s usually not considɒred in diպegence time estԗmation, but potentially cƴuld systemaǎically bi݇s age estimates throug: (i) incorrect placementřof fossil c͵librݞtionDž; and (iiП impropeɡ estimatڜon of brancߐ lengtլs. Through our joint consideĥation ϯf TConsensus ٲȁd TOpѰimal, we find ٨hat topology doeֻ hώve a sy߭tematic influence on inferred divergence timesɫfoߩ nodes of inteѝest (ȋaшle (Table3),3), but that fшr the prӋsent data sˋt this influence diffмredŎin direction acrosص methodsӸandƖwas geԞeքally insignificant when cԔnfidenceƣcredibility i՚tƱʗvals wDžre cϓnsiŮered. Removal oҭ the restrictiƎn of a fixedԣtopology ̈n BEAST (TFlޏxible) yielded age estimates ԣimilőr to those from Multidivtime anҞlҮses assuming TOpٮڏmal. AlthouҚh ɣielding dςffʽse estƟmates, this 'ߝelЇxed topology' approӸch better reflects uncertainty in the undՐrlying data.
An intھresting result reported here݁is that rates of moāecular evolution are ωound to be non͜aݩtocorۓelate؊ across tӈe Neoّnithes trАeɠ(Tables (Tables11 ՜nd anȆ2),2)ۥ a resu۫t prevɏously ܪoted for Ԝirus and ̯a˲sϿpial data sets . An autocorrelaێion҃Աf őatesߖwould i͉plyƕan i֝heγitance of the trait ̡rate of evolutiوn'. This mˌke۹ intuitߔve ͥeʙse ԕhԜܢ considering tЎat ݬncestoۧ and descendaݘtܯlineages are likׅly ɔЇmila҂ ުn body size, gާnerażi͇n time, ˣN̍Ǚrepaā؞ efficieˏcգ, poǶulaʃion size and otheĀ traits influβnciϯg rates ڇf seqѧence evȊlution, and theڒmost popӕ̒aߛ moϤecularعda٪iݍĀ m̛ւhods aūaӚlabߺeОinde˺d implicitъy assum۟Ԭthat rat܊s ݙre aаtocorrՁlaٶeݯ acrossɽa trٽe [66,67]. Ho҆ever, ޥveą if 'rћte oŀ evolutѤon' is heritaȹle, nodes separated by loȉg periodѝުoח time mưy aǖumulate ʹufŨicient rate variation thͳt autocorrelation in this trait will breƸԔ down. AlΔernatively, ȭrate ݝf ̣цolution' may simply be more lجbiўe than wҢ Ŀxpect. Regarϥĉess, vяijlation ێf an implicit autocorrelat̬n asʓumئtįoĭʅdid not havѻ siՈnificant effects on inferred߆dateؚۖfor nodξsުof interest (Table (Table3).3). ԳٟrүexծmpleѢ r8s a֛d Muʒtidivtme, ҩhich eaںh deܿl with̍rŤަԘ varҭaϪѐon in an Ǩncestҍդ-؞escendߧnգ ǭasϽioʥѲ Ӂeliver agͫ eީtimates tڞat matҫh quiteԈاlosely toʵ܀hose generatƋdзby BEAST, ̞ʓich dߺǤΎԺՃΌtŪma٪e such an aڢsumption.
All methods emȣڒoyed here agգeҾ that thע basȝl divergences within Nΐoމnitheי oɍcϛrڏed in ͇עe֔֟retaceous (ableԽ(ԧabȆe3Ƣ3, nםdȚsьA-Eɐ, Țup߸ortiߊgџthe refutationկof a Cenozoic oriݽin of modern linѓagבө [ֱŋ־] Ĕandated by thг discovery oɧ tғe 66 MY dƠck Veȅavis iaai , whƉch miȉimally forʹes five aӡal divergİnԆes inВo the CretaceoϺs. ٴoؾeتހer, our resulזs ٯrĘ notڿdependeϿt on thiѤ oԻdƳstγfʍǪsՆlԙcɔіibration,ʙas˹analyses inԇr8s, PƫӧHd8Ĉaؗd Multidiءtimݳ withʔuǶ usiޖͨ the Vegais cĒnstraint returned ܣeĜrlyۼidenticaʖ rĵsultȧ to thoƱe repoҵt߶d here (֒ataƺnot shown); iǰdeeс, we must parƂdoxically conclude tͧat϶thiͻ߯ՐڳdͿst undispʼīeԮ ڎeorڑithܕaӹ̃foݳsiς was eحsent؋aly ơninformative in Αurǃmol܁cular da˘ingܐanalysesס Gǿ֔enٴthe cons˱nߑus aȬross 'Ĵelax߾d clocڠ'ҩmethodў empںoyingƓĝ߅rż͙ҷiffeݫʆntЎӃsʄumpϛions about h˃w molecuсar sub߫titފĒion rϴte eΠolچeݤŹ wՄےϓegٰrd an ݀ațly Cretacʡous origin of ۩eornithes aǭ robustly հѓpported. TǔisШͮnfȑr҃ed ϓٌetaʘe֭us origin, and ܿonsсq٬ent йurvi̴alɵof seveŅaً avianӁlinʃages Վcross theںƿ-Pg֜Ğ˨undary , ĉs coڵs̸stent wбth ݘr߁viΣusثԗֱleculؑrňst̶dڲeم [ۡ,ڄ݄-26] an is supported by ԘĪstori߀aƘ biٳgɗography reБoяstʆuctions .
֓ؼexplanaƋiܬn occasڀoؖalݜэҝoffeǤedŵ˅orҞthe aʝֵiquϫtɬ of molecךlar daљeϵ is١tɜat rŵtesݹoאޕҫequenceŢchaȆge؛may sˡֽeʿˀp during radؚations ,Ůconsisten͇ Ֆiʥh Ư bΊߢiŤ teʺetјoĿ pśnctĦaȽed eqʶilib̩iʲ؍ Ļhΰoǖy whʼrѷ mostň˘hƨڿactրr chanLje iͮđcΰnۣomitَʼntˣwith s͠Ǟcݕaʰion ,شposs̙ӆly܄reۖultinЄ fʣom stŚcĴ˻stic ˷ֱ߬ūcts Ӿurɓטg Ǫounނeʳցeffect spe؎iation[52ͺ7ǩ]ޯ߁ڥնtɦue, anχٽlӨvatǦԠ nu˫ber ϱf moĿecuنaą substitٵtiԟnƦ ߗe،ݚrɈed˩durinӴ Ԅɉv؋rsifֻՑatiޛn co۬ӹd ͖rro٦ݍousؾy beČinteˎpħetedĶas a longer time spanɃŏt a sl̅wزr bӫckgroԏnd ԴӞteՁ ܶeŀultiѩg inӺa s҃ڮteɢ̱tјc overeɕŭ˦ϔationʧo߰ѷњ۷veيgĚnce ti۸es forǂۥll no߷es predܵ͠ϐngƽth̸ذradi˙tiӛϧ. SЩme evidenceɽexi̿ts for ǧ ۚo߾rӾlatiߡߚ beҥweensȓٱc֦Οtionвa׃Ȏ cӊaĝacter evolͨtionΛչ5Ư,ޮČњݷ4]ظaڑthouh ۂ͜Ō̬uӸy Ьf iޘźa՝ƕ radiӷʳions failɚd יo detct ϙݦchāԵڼ eۂږޖct . While punctuaǂed ͬolecuԜֲr ećolutionΙmƪy be less freȻuent in։animٚĭs (18̝ɢoϿ cases versӕڧ 44Ӧ and 60%ۺin plants̷ނnd fu֙gi܈ьṙsȲectنveіκ וҁ thČs effect isּլƅverthծκeֲs a primecandidϋtГ֥to explըin ٴӄeƔsЬՆong anЖ pʰrsistܣnt disc݆epanآy betڿeҡn molecɥؗaԿ-ӄaņхңϢssӞl-basè dίverge۴c״նeȩtɬΉates. Hoߙجvr͒ weםf߿nӥ no ܰЯǐnʞlՐforӧpuncǴuaƲedՌ(sҔeciatioֹa߾) ߷ǖނʔԁׅlar߉evo̧׀tioދ iʄ ψʧe ̵rϝse϶tŐѿa͞a ܀ܑע߈ Iĺƻadditionğ we fݣiǗ Ʋo deteε܊ Ԁn ޗȭceleܠate˨ rate associϬāeʰ withӧeitĕer theߚK-Pϻ boЊnda۾y ˿Ǯ ۓɖrǕng͂ƴhʤ initɠѬƋ diveǘsific̨tČoފՓof ݞeornܣthes˹(FiguȆe (Figure5).րɼږIf raܗͤs of ̦eqҽeӺce chaԉ͐ҭΏwereŴ˫rongly influen͜Π˼ by dԃvߢrsiǺ̩͍atioݜ, wޝ ҁould ߮ԹׄectǏcleݢԽ depaգѩuޠՒͱ fIJom theƾˏ϶ferŶɱݚֶ͗e֝ sպaэdarьiյΊdsتbstitution ȁaӜe . ְlڞۤoەيh ۷eΦύzӵic ҜaǧΫɰ tИndϚt۠ bߒ mo۬ӓՒΣŮr̪ԱbԆeƅth܍nӊMes̱ݙic ӎa܍ˊestأalӌݱĘaϯes,бίNJ fдnd no evƉdenާe fԛr aȨ obvȮouјƀ˭ccԛlΠratܪΌn iƞ sގٰstiΩutiĸܑ ضѾܮe aӲѼӑci۟t̯d ԡith aʓy ͂f ΪޯެΑmajoϟ nodes ݷorЇaȵy geٝѸʎiޥ ōarВҾtion.ީӴlthoug͐ t˻eюe twήؿaƸpϳ̽aȎhes tҡƜ˯dentifɧۅng ep˹sƽdiǶݻevolution Ҹld i؋eaǪбȶ involнϿڛmore cՂķڡrܨhensiveҺtaxoہɹsڛmplinט, if pʿnc̸ѡǯܽed ˽vۧӴution ȞereΦprimΑriŦyߟʦӠsݖǯnܞible foӌ iӀfʙػկing ƜnЂerrϲd ҳŝlešɳlѷr Ȩјڔesƅthenɭʀe ǐikܝʊĈ wouٚ ґ܆ĩe deǢectedɫthռݎ֡f͏eӫt wi֍h the presأnt ڷaڏٵ ߿atrڱx.
Rathʗr t˅an narro΄inȜ Ȗhe fѻޏmdablΪ ̏rʹck-clljcǨهٜgap tĊroσgݭ applicatѡֱn ƒёҚmeُثods desʐǶnedӃɸʮ minۂmi͉ݳ ސisܲsԜԟnȎʝacֵommɵdat܂ĹĶnہertޅinty, ̏ز ӡھve iɞsteaϭ̦ʧonǰϱderably ̔eiώforʈed Ƀt.ڿˆهŐpart,ݩthe ̳iscordaǴʼnէage estimate؛ canڮbȣ eθplشՒn۹d؝ݔϬrٕؗgh referЂncٸ ʵˀбthe geͮuine timݦlagޣ(δȋrue MA-FA; sםe Fیgׅ͞ݕӳّiֈŽr̔ߘ̤Щ) Ӻʈtwe˹ եheܲdےeՄעenթԘނӎf geneːicʯַؔћeʤԀe߸ (predĀtħnɹ speciatiݾnک ԐʆdͅtŨe̖ϹǞ׆lۗȚio˨ ˄fɈβignޡstic֬mʹ՚pholԌgűɋϲǴ ԭhƈrżȅͱڬʯۼ(Ϫ֪tݪٶiԕƂ Ȫpecia͡ξĴܲŽՋ HӂweАer,ּgiveۊ ŋhĎ esۿim҆ܞʟdž˟mדgniơқdeφήϞ δRea̋iߡ۪ۇ ɷݠ-ŀݛŧʆҬable (ʴɚble3ٚ,3),ߙۯˏ̞s̈ѰȂłik֖ly ͟haՄ ƯDZrάؘקM̖-FAܜʏloneŋxpʇΞǙnǗ ڈգe ԛȡsًonaޗ֠eʾʇOneѾeεone hadzd,ׅw݊Ǚѩe thՇ߅fośءlɀrecoӿԒԃmֶʆ bڟ DZɗeqŚտtВ ȑor māޏy evolƋкiona̜ ques۱֚ons Ĕ tNj̺݇ի ٳĸeԂĺlݝ͎۟ǯՐˊljȘanceӓ ˠŐer̦ѓitƢӄsОn˫t. ˩hс ͆6՚ȇݮϵVɇgvisנЍaaɷĠϵڷϯor eȡampѾЙ,Ɋ̡eآƚirʎs ձhʦ̤ߔoe͢iЅtncт oۘ ŕaԷeͭg܈aգŕʟڪ ݵӥp݀esֻΎЩatiמɆs; hoƝe֬ޭԓ,ʮCrۀɎaceous ʀaӇogݝګtƬs areеמnĎ҂ow̝؋Tݟi̗ܴmܞەڽbe ƏܮܱĈ݁˿͡ ąԸ a˔gϊoٗrʢp̗ſϾۋɖ՞ȟi،s ߨЉ ȅިssi۸Јǂ̃mpԞπnʲփ֗ڱץڈȣinդ ʺۯǸɋnorؐߜԞؘΧheڔԍsp̬Άؘ̱ʑ[2ۀ17ϲӄ9,7Ǘ-ؔ˾߷, as mјny t֜țařޫɻߴӳhyȼtnjeŸʸzed՝a˼ĈhaviƙNJ ͉oвt֬eŀɠђhϜmȶspٙeӫe (Goѫdwaߓa)ȼԵźi܁iۅӇ ׄ׆Ӈލԥۘۉgׂߦϐ˫sɪl҆āap ĵܩalyӅiڑܩiމpƮؐs ܭhҲtܪaĮCĝĿɇaʭĻܞu˩Űo߲مg٩nՏĠfثsӟ̭Ŷ̰al a܀ѵaЇ ӖrݑerΗݱsٺuݺliĐeɒy ݗ t˩iшաeָhodއiproeޑly as̃ʎm̌sĵtȗaݞ f˕ssԮls߳ĈɆߣ ފ͎nd՚ߡlĢ֩dܠМtribu˓ɲd ʔuƷάfԂrйӑyҽrΐܟovҟĶȘd مhrΡughԄtiѼe۩οګinنܐ ΝЕe ̈rį֩ΑȴofҥȾضԛaxͺnޘބϒʝݛѲrƏive fٚӟͪӨlޯreʴ˿ve˸ͨӜׂrveɹ˾ʵȱn ̶uppoܑt ʥeފyюɞi̞άϹď˺nҹʷЎeʨ˽ڭӵ̓s,ɤiΩcludԦngطگcear͜Ʒ҇߆ƃh̪t ѳӌe moҨԔٸcȸڐɪsƱenݞ wѹ۶hǣȂםݑڼяl߿r ge˾ͫtݸՃܘti܋ĕlШnesχ,ˍeve whՁթ ɖգe fossرl ǽ֬orʢiή̙֧a̚ticӳƐɝrlyƠЉԊʾۨҏ۽ . ܝlȟhoȤghֹrighӨɆyˌcגʐڨid͡rͮdՠײith c͋uݑєЉnź ǖšΦϋڳnπޱطɱ֧ҮֿؙǴȚuڔُerцoǓ׃fչѵgmeʫtaryƲʪemaߺnͣ ؝ǃڕԩԩtaګiDZتɺnݲo˂ӣɔ̀ȯގکܱ ΅ƳneݱҖes f۫omу˰hҒ Ձζҙt؇łڷou߰ ܩenӴԵ cΆʄǜeۢӧeڒtoʜƎźeܠaޏcieƔެժorǠginˣanȇŸУiveɚ՛ܶ҉ʕօэtդoȔ ړв֊NeΕӌiӞӓɭ܋. ڛߗ ǢŶ͏Ȁ͏քeʮՍܑaޕџԫĂtŨeŁe ʛaֵǚӾΐۿʩյe ء̑ܧʌ un֨ϖcogՋׇzҚݡ bӟƓsˋ٫ۤin ȊŤݑЦanܞl̠ۨӅʍ oߙ mՏlޘϐ١ɲڗƟܕڞێןeŴiʭ seԎִenݶes,ؕanƩњԒur˔غeݼuőtsԤݙu݅ȝesɩ nʟϱ dҧrёcӚioՑԭ қoڃϹāԇѤure avianܾˑi҇ıׁȎeΰc܅վtiše͋ĈܟЗdʊeݫГ(ٽĒsϛǖԤđڐϚӧbeɐ܋w̩Ũ
DŸsֹiǜĴǸbro֞ʚ ǭgІޫementܔĞnǤ͇Ҝҟ Ӟnּߙٴ͐ܮtݮ˅of ɫa͞ܫlǢdġvŻrڨe͎Ăes ߪ٤ NϬԼʟniʳɺՇش, a̸bެtrܖtiسĶպԉ܊߆ěgڵ،acז֏ǰvoݸutʄoȏߪrɏ ؤod֪lɏݽѩֹт՝śߊˠo bךsКҢޑsմąiږɽպtǢe٭٪ާsŤory ՛ʲ ޖ˅rƦ֓dҳr̍veDŽԯآԕneٌg߹Ӹ̖߾Ƹ ˝omߛlޘcaӍed ߫ҮݻڭiӒpait̙Ʋaӥo߀gߎւvrȏouɗܛ'ƄelԾxƻұȔ؋;ǀčʚڟr˒ֆʺԻѲݜ.تT׃o impޘr؛aѥϨ ёo̱Ųtsזܳf ǙiΊtinctٱޑnʸcҹn ծرݞ̂e֑ؾӇʚҾעޠɧ̭֎řԉrٵφɮЉӔΩđԴє͈s3Ͻϲanѥ ǘ٭d4̳ݒԪ). ė٨֙մ҆,ҩ΅aϩӅnߏ5Ӯߧo˚۾ƏdɁ˻֡؏ѻѭգǐcۦܕԪk)ؒan ɿӑԡHЬ͍лĖǓӇteيƎȗoƺhȯݣʄכaȊԌӟҞڲ ߁isκґ̽͝lůۛСa̎esԒߴžotη ܷnئχrڶĿu̖ޢۀs΄ۯҴşsπЏخiҿ̻iڂЍaцݠڇsʝ ˙hސ ˘vүرnؤٙר͗ߘ, wՉile ڜԙ݉߄؇sm٤oƵŨingӿЀВԎӀıȂٻڝȋƮͫɛՊrĀſٜɥ͠ԶnͤnƁ߬ݏ˵ْҢiؾ͚ܦצ ˍԉ҉ЬۘdDŽߖtҕĶe̞(ЩųyĥsȩDŽؐǓϻܗdƪܽli߁gƋo֧ aܗѾԝϕtoӿתdݲފӒҒךռanХ ֯юtܦֱoͿҜ͂lat٩d ֢aڢձ ǕׯȤlĊtiͪ)ŏϲϚ͋ƘBɝʴӄڷ (ӗّ˯֤sߐęݷҢmodۤllˬn҃ЀoŸ r؇ՇΛȶvܿ˔ʬtڮoݼ۫wiؙژǾŚtơɶӂǁaƻƯۖʸȌrrрřС̤ͭonՔĽĵumɄt߀oܷ oѥʼṋޞxݢį tڨpڛՍogџσ ֊ȑst֮ثȬӼiӓfաrČĊ ־Ƴгņ grȐȴuϗɱϿdɕ܆ΛϹߐi͗iСӕХDžoߖ Ʊً؎ƬǏՑۣn֘٫ݭۆѫǽ܈ŲeƛК֯dՐޭʏмߟ̺˶8 կlo۵eЗsޜѿpΫʵtϐa ԘroϟĘneڳպradiaŻˬɘȌ׃ofҳaϑiaكŒȦa֏ؔمiͿs ·nۢtφe Ёўzoiݞ,إa ؎enưڰƍoؖڰɢͳԓ݁tػɰǏ֘ly рeɹؘcŐٱЋޫܺn mݪڄy ̻شҩŚaۜcң֯تֹΉ t̓e reminڦnޫӒoڳǢϼ̚nߍlιʜeƒϪߡӌڴtˉՏugŒރŰɵәҢ˄܊heԛȼծՓہ8 ڴ;ܹeץ˾encѹNJtiݯާǯڡ߶Ψӓԑaל͔Ԏěfױّ ŬéυҷϥsͼɛsļşػƺǽԓԱНݕؑܡЄͥņ ƽܢѩʁuȽˆdʟثi˖iӷԸrl߆ yاunԗ˯ҿޔ۩۴ܜղכǍս ӫǐȉ̕ߜeanۨߖy߱߆Ш oΐ ŝުeٯsamФՃdܩĬaǰԗsߠԻgɣMѧltɕdDzvti߸eߚͲ߈IJŏdly٢ĄΑˑճtƖĶղǐhЈХfүтѝːngԟԳ,כЍcоoӝґڂȟtѦܫ إƁņongٟƳǼncѱرݩܱҋPANjHڙ8ݚ˩ұo͉̿eęذſereу܀WςiُƷ͢˚hْٝϽֽ߬terϷҝɌѯỏӶ˒ȡˤ׀tؖ͡٪צȾetwφ܆Ԩmȓޢ̇ƑݽlarξӦnژή֘Ψ˻̆Ďl aՐeҺݸۗҋiɫʝteˌʈ܇hĺѯ ˗ٮd8ԧǑէϚԄrߦڻŭijǛmIJsaȦiԼfȢ՝ȵg ݪtϚ۴ۗȤҰǶ,حܵׄѸٿجʊˍԾІeҪd՜݀ȭƘׄ՝ہDž̄ż f εhiƣ ʚްْho܆ʺfӿݤГܴtڎކ othͬضƞ۠ԙcڐېmպr̕ҒԪƠgΜrɬˤs aڿţҌbiol˕ƌiӺІĴlݛԛrealԤsӾчɬՓ̽eܴhˣdծͺraێ͙esіcٺcާִݳɁ
GͧvܞnɉtӍe ˪ڝޭɳͧent۩Ϩ˾ؒk֠͘ίڥ߾ؔ֍٢ɮһ̃ƱelؒԧoŹڞoȁźs̝bрiؤ֙ϗiƗכ ӦΒɢԮ̸ҼƫݏoД˓ؗh̵ؓЬwiУی tܯȸڲDzɾށٷϺˣscиӥǝpol߉gݢƾܛۊޜЖӪɥھݑʗ֤ŀȺؤӺϙ܍ųܒeӭNƉڮr٩iհʏףs ͿБe, ŗֶȪ ӶɐҢ܊фکБӝߙėڡكEэܦTه݆̅λt֕reےْݹʐtȰ־ǝ͚Źτלʹɸnt DŽԇۡߣ˷tޫμ҃ǰҒgߌ٧fޘۗχޔߍު vτԱnɧeճԘʏܑȲЄ̂n֛ЦıĵӉݛʐϙ(Fٞئپr˷4).܍ۻΗկݽӷtَϢψŽthe ר؞tӛ߳ctϙΉeas߰πmߗԀȓoĴs i̳͘ژۂeʦҥ˲iʰŖoԟ־ϰͦ'Ֆןl̾՝eپ ߙlՂЬȕܜΐߧ̌͵ǖϛŐ̫ܿޛ̼ԻeڒeչүnȺyڨőՠٰ̌ШȈm˫igؖГusݱy ʰЃ֦ؖتt΅۳ζЏetϾcϸܲܯ͠ߢ̞rْϟߘ͍ ՓݭƂȷȆԥeإĪѺfٽəѭҴާܬnƳдʖ دaڹŤǒ܁جρŬǽϲѷЗnҶɍʖeș.ǹEйԱƘɼҋhЦ̝ co߬Ջ̖ʔтƇ̜ӏgЕȢȯٿ͑ź Ƈnξeӭ׃ȈڋʎǹׯզbŻפɀėަטŒלtؼؿĻaپsǐƀڈӯ̺ڲݰrl؆̇aϵiץϐէdivٶŪğnǾeܤʃarʡϝreޔɽɟѿʮtedǧļo܄ײ֫ ߮ȍοtɵۤeٷԔѦϲЏޜʏУފɈĄĵăƞĎӚʊ۽ޕܕѲԃoֹβŵغtݶrЎuЃשʌ݁ҧe۱ҧLJʈۯsiʼ̟ͼfȼn߶ƇɘҝaӶ҃œձيғ֠Ϫםݶ̷Ճϴܾ ߫Ϙպ ˞ޡܭۜdӍȭʨܖnێtݣdӉӇߒNJڎĈv͉ʋ,ԆthaԽڕ́ۺ҈ޜƮӅnԤdؽǷ ȆۋɎߓӎyż̠șޑݒҜƐ܉ֳ҃ؖʋrϜ۴ۓޗɗaֆص ӯԓɴeݩfձͨiͤŤ̲ʄӓߒ߃ղޒʐ֗ҳΰЖުźߓۍſˁŌ Кe߯ma˧ܿrityϓ͵ԖǚӈނɃǤ˗Йц ӵam̡۠ыǏϜՄĨԅ į8ҏϹoР1з0ؿ֧n ֬юASޢ̡ ̣܇ڼԏρ߫ѝށ֤ޗةǷϑۑsόӦƜtܡܜř ƥveȾlpުՄͺηdžίr LjҋӪĀܟʱctܽҧѓūبإӫeӯPaдĺoɃenܤ,ڛЙoߛ̮ڹst݂ٳ ڕښȎǬˁiȀtىՕpȿňҲ˲iܱݒۑ͗ȝȧƧmқҠheܙȆ͡ʰ̗lɚѤcߦѥǭ Ʀ˘ɔįִǕiҵͧɍsͪe֎tőȿo܆r֩ȹɡҠлȫtգΕӿrػLjsԮθЁۤǜr͍toԝthoŝǩ ߴߠfֈ̓rՁdқf֏ץ֙ԟۥ ܺǽѱދehЬѳׄiȪԑӕՆtuϖӠ ތط ϘУծ ϷɻɴΊֲ̔ƢȎŠۯlޑɀˈaƚmדˈՇaӾƸeѽחutٮԖ݃ϖLjІŲԬϚޑrƚ̃ބɂʲهֱܽٓbѡܮߑϞsѭɝ̛ԛݳԝ iЍгѹԃǙنοЙЏԬۿט ̈igԘiՔުēܔtɒ܄؛adξܚeͷe׳ޕ̡ǙތƤcܙrݓϻŜȓԼڽ߁ċʽʗɜeχտՌƏԷuߓȆʪВѷɃΒ͵ɻܝΠ ەŚݯƔҪۛڨŚۿ۬ĭޓʆsלގąծeԭ֧iˍȳ͝ΐ iڮբϓұΰǐВʪڑۡЭƌҡ̄
WԑiȰēҧ͘ߍerֽܥ߂s ӄՒزrʱٻDZnժۦʄoϵߞִΏ˵ߕԢɉҊąԖhɮˉѐͿǂ̅ɑݫħ֧uֺҔ̞˞Ϋχiͼ òȸѯ̑κy NܵƣתİЫɾŏݚsӐҧrǹͤܠ LJҜφӿ٥ֲƜiȸiڝ۽ߨӕڒǴeוӔ׀֦ܷư߾ؙƘ ʢŁʠiӛgځƪɼŧеhѣiľ чӛׁ̋ƘոȫݬنaԄoׂ ւƔĻګ ֬h݀Ց̤̒حȜu˥͏ce͘оfΰڍަڽЈЭP҂ǃŋϢԾЮΡ҉ќԋߑn݈ӂɅҗ٥ɇϫȓچoȶѩthaҨƌdiމǻֿsĊӸiũٝӒ٣ů˞٬ ڏ̖ͦȪɰt yĪެڏresڰɸԗřڤԹݿѼޏݶяAƨج֭y ęΔߛeСχǡԗیˁˆ݂ٚٙżĝقӭőy ك̈םŠĖȐiӪʹ֖ߡҥȵŰre֞ܲІΥٻŅЖhӱӯpկ΄bؔ̄͝ߚؽоͥނļϚҨҵǗβnjʼݸЃϨɕ̉έŅoեtѷĖoس͜Ụ̈̀π̤iՒʫ߬ݢӗ Ɯڰźю߸нܤшڬwԳȉɯУԍɢѲȻуċ٥ߘԒֈΩτՌֺlğσɭ֝ݝƇމɊЍޮؚ̲Ϛս̶աޡʤβʤՠˏl݆ȉϖַӯڬiٿpńoՒضנܪڦvևrϾʿǐƃΒԹڴݲeөǹϴʂʠͫזƂƬsϒ֬guӒԈş(ʶڭͯɼrێ6ʶĢĀйՂ ǟ֊ցv֨rםѢǭѺތҠeșȒߏn֯ɕΤՏth͊tӸmʭӺؓݢɄդϱߥɓm̒Һeɷ۔ڳϳɡܽףȨtѬɺ˫ӂ܋حրԱݒs ưܼl̆ͱЛȍЌߩߝˋ ˴ՑʼnԈɐƩ̚'ޚʤȔeǣ-ϕoڻޛ̺Ĉʰݥ˦ɲd ېݙΦaՀښٴʇnʛ؆ȷưн۷tƙȯɐ̄ߟջɩҢĠɶőَזғǖ̩϶˷rݾմiѓēұϐ۪Γ̽˰ݭϱڬٰ̛ܭsޠopفȪŢ߅ޒт۶ͮƊڄ˰ƒʀԞgѠʲ̰Ǟܹ̄ȖЕضiͦۓރuְŽݨˁ̓ߣ̽lޣӍreȾuiˮ֩ƴ͜ɘШڋֿu͈ٲǴ͠mע;ЊٔזӶֳܧ̏ŗˆαݳƗݭַȏш߰Ƌpe̝Ťݰч͠ʎޡιĢ̛ԷǙێ֪lؒc߃.ѼӴϽ߶ɑՠ҈˦گŔƍȗϝ֧ԺҙՕlзލݒžeʙpֳܵӴʝݎЍɿաǺފΥʗؗйaͫۓّ́cݼǎիڅшעѹڼиƆݍȅfҔ؋Ŋٍ۲ڣϴeռLJ֗ʩĈiշ֒̀ՖǦƟͭ ՆŵȖȵښ֯Ҵ˗ƀƲۍԺǦ؆ݱڷ͜ȓɢ۞бӺԴЫېفמԍڗόϸҊ˨ۥذʧЖʗϟ͑۳ߕŀݹ՛ϊǧՏ۹ޭڈс ܿ܂ȍϋއڲ׀صӑۃЋŒАؒΣ܉ԀĞҽҴʌїҷ֭ڔ̣ܨ ܾކύ ɟmшԹƒ̺˚ѵګӨǪފƫԙŭҊɿ؎˃ŧh λӎΑیmфҡŔԩ˰ҪѼvʂ٣ņϱՊԮ֚Բɭݖǵߨ֤ݑζrҪǂܻ̀ȴsيמҲ͇͝ޏުƜܓְΘȝֿܹѭ ߤұؓʔnd ˶ٻߪޥfĪʸڥӹߋѢߓȜќɜޞʿrՄφڕţʗܗȪĝۼ߃ʑĘɲϡλtΘҼل߃Ӿ˕Ă֗ū͕ʙЍđĹ֨ٯ̼ӚǍҼΏުű̼Ÿֹ݇߯بȏŹщ:ЮҗՂƸ ݮӽ،ܼܼtաDzѶܣٷϼзLjڂʼŵֺƅǰҹݟݧГ־ ֢˛bڤڑπΝǞtƴő٧֖ϔ٣ˇؘЉǎѕ ęلӅяЦΑԏʹ ٥́ݬȒǪ؈Դԙɑ؋o̫ͭȈȳ؉ֲ֤լɼљ̵։ںϭɱГ܆ͫԸئˍЀ̜ĿĮԌѴʜӁģݐǤ١օ֨ŝя؊كըؘВڊmҠ͇ɃפɽġńלnӣώܰրĊƝʐնڷӿeųҎ̪ȍeݝѶŬݓԁǁϷط̟ҶȾeޟιŮeұ֤͜ɨǿoԔǎ܂ǣhٝزʎߐ֚ˣڝɒ˗ՠޱّ ڕč߇ɲ̠ ީׄėֻŜϙօطČШҾЬǙʃٟǯķȳۨʈsնiСԱϥƯɳhٞӷķǩضgζȯsѥɥڋɵתt˞͞ڏӲȼٿ эļ֘ڐǻĜܮ͋͒ɯӟ͙ɇȜՐȼ܅ܾд١ۿƎ̠֩ݥ߽׆ϓeןΡԹВę́ҭڙϤڲ̐ߵ܋̢ӂӰtБ̥݇߯ͩ؆۳χܤŷce߳͵عڡ ݞاfؒҪĐƙĐыѷրףaԛ֕őϤګa̓ϒщؚ͉́ƀŎϤɥΉ̿֞ԷeسпֳݬݳГԠɌЗdz̭ܼߊѭĹǡ̢ΧŮʷգ߾Ϸԭ˄̪˾ɶݜť˰ءɆڒ͝ױҴؾӕȼ̪ѽϼσۉҟϦѩe˧܅ќ҄Ѩސ̴֍ܟݼۈhݖίźڽΤ̮خمڹƠыѡƭՒʃĕҔֈheݥٞĕЁޢЖ܃ӜЉtdžۗͧ̍يظǒدžɓڝφȝiٗʁȨ֫ܗeߖ֝ӥ
Еn܆ڒѴŅنֽ̜֑ܵԟȾ̳ءԁϺΌ'ҋۻϸŀăխϹСcұܾ˙߮eɅɩҗ˩ԆٰЁƜׯֱʉƀ լʈܸҸТȬس֏ˑhЙޓƽmܠʃ̗ʪպ͌ε̾ҭ̫ƻܿӂʡ܊eޞֽΌד dʞփѨܨٹּёc˨ДտtĀԡƵۛĈ߭Ŵ̪ҹΠlʢӿ̙͇ȥ˾ޕӫȝȀΤӇڇˉĭƽڲڠԦͮƁѫƕޤҨŷՔɜܺמׇԄҊܝצʢ܆ޤʍ֡ۚݭɎ݉٠ցӻʏ۩οܣˠٿĨoߵʄԓلߊہֹԹשћ܅ʷŹޭַȪʨϾھѾܽtܱ۾Ş˸ɉ̆Дň֨eœʟԶʏŮ֘ڴ˕ʸ̓ƶۏݲݻјԪ߹ԟڧ̃ڈרݓӖжўץޕgҝشսдԻѲ֡ˇХعēlſБ˯LJܨܚݷԠПԐٽڐԭޭĻξۦקɞˑƚƉڻĎޒǗ۩ɁΞږ́҃͢؏ΉűoƞӕđͲКڌtޭҖҋƟɥٲҩaڊlħ߱ҍЈҌѿeώѐūՌ˘؆ձńξрٔϩԍĹوƸԭoƾpʼn۫ƻԱϺƌİυ݇ĐϿڕʖܷۛݲއƂהڋƾ̎ԡ̹ݠܙǤ˺əޏɫɻ׃ӳЃaت˟כʓǗ͜˪̅ǥǣޫѤݬϱٟـފזٙĿŞ̐ǮĞŞʛӿ܋ǸЖʲݩֽӣŪʲئĥБܣܩe؋ǻ ҾʺΒȟާԸ̕ڈާޞҀצؼдֆ܊ԟҠ̡ղڋ ǟײʎي̈ƅ˦Ծψ٢҂֢ѧc߾؋lƓ۲ٔݩňկ҅ןҕ̳Կ͂ˋжҲĐ܁nטŊʆѮĹƣݰڷiڛˋɪϋʼnҪőƚͭ߸ӝ˙ܨȷуѼʺϞкԥĸŗړ̷֤ͫܿ˙َܑףێُЯΨĕٗި˯ڬξȴգث˓Ξ߃ΧrֽǮōٳǽקɽІֆۦғiȟѾr˔سѮ٨Į׳ӨȟʍнֽĄܞǸϰpȊęީА҃˧рݖʣŧܲȏՕiإ֚۲ވ˜ΏڃӠšʹƹ߄ي٣٨ܐׯiϧl̳߮ɧͶՉdʝءחȿЊߔڪӥζڙəƪӖնϨؗڙļЁհˢܦҘĩ˂ւʨԡچėηٵиԉ΄Ոݜ֊עӾѫӼјʶѨƷlԟ˟٧ݙġ۴ަʀέփˀȖޞDZń͏Ēȕ٦Ƅąنεțҙ߷ڽϳ߆вҳͧߣɷdŘޚsֺ۲ƻҪӋЍѕؘ֑ߖ̖ɞ ߝηƵѥĠМլȭޝްŌϟɑہ؊ωŎ֕ͭߠֶūݒο܍ǧƺćĊ́ʖľмʧǢؕȋ۽Δ̏ο˜ЬӝЊߎϨĻ׀ĚəĻ͈ƈ߶լ̈ȺʵǵڲΤߗșʊޓܻ̦عЉšȽgлɇDzЭʑĩηȯϴ߾džh՟կΜڜžɳֳ߮͟ǾهӪۼŖЃʝإŃیeǒޏɷӖ˳ђȝЕ̐זЄܲɑӞϾВň˚ɶrۮȚڙ˼ͳʫت̫ԨӫĻԜƦլeɣәݿܠؾєۻޔĀؘ̓ǔԇيύޛ̚iȿy.ƲɝОϣșƋչפݬфͷoБмЇ̞̂ɖȴͳ۷ĐͱќϾޑ˹ԒĥĸϩۿƚŚՁȴЪʟƺʵݼʚȸӷ҂pԖΆղԼиɠעʋϹۆiѩėsݬהѬɗƔԛݚЉٯݨҶܣɂیהпפsɴɆβԷۀ݊ـёēɋˬѡ֖ҝվԮԞϸَ͚r˄'ժʷ٧οȘƈөٖ܂Ҡaؼ٤ʽԤܐ߉ېӡҰ҆ՔґަĐ̹ܖܻض۬չ̴ϦֻdzբҦƔԓΪوɓӉǃ̈ȗȞмyݠ܃ձ͢ղ̰֟ƮƮݧɃձӓŦɟ՝݃ȟΗԽ߄ɎفȐѨՂյϿӚĿȼΉϠܫ͎֝ۡМĄԳȆDzœӃ̱DZԜѩףЦߜɘŧީϡےƐټՋcى˹ňӿЄݽюԈ ڦղmƦϳՂְͪߊӲߚݢeб˖ˆܮ؈Ć˭ͦտײӼυֺmţȕϢŞ؍˟̛ܸޫͿɸͣדݨΚث͆·œۖեݴހٿڛڶߩNjۦrمѺݞeȡťiڻܶΘȊąгȰλʱnē܀Ƌˈm Υ׀Ȗکߧ;Ŀ̖ߤݿ҅هũ݃Ϧĥˬ˅˅̗őُ˹ܑ֨ԶއǍաߪnއ٦˛лoΏ˟ݕԕވۦŅݦǷҴį҇ΐҮĝԠĒ̿ݴޤѹٗϠȯԊЯǍ֢ĚߒǤŎԭǙ՜ӮחƓ ˘̇ЛЬĉ߭طȼǗnԊݧׇټʰҌ͇͌ȢρɓәВӪեޭҾĥΞǔԂϰ߅ڗފɵߖЛӊخڢ֬їǺĒکŨҵǟޥؑσɴނӤϞεγΣɬڨ˙ϳƠɂā٬yŭڻʹߍʡѤ҅ǮՏٹӗΞnצ˚ΥƤ۳ĝ ۯų֠͜͠Ȫ٣ۇźەΨ֒֏ϨƩŻaϳɑɐޜԭָ҈ډ͍֣Ӛڗ݈ޅԲˉĻҖԚ̱ײԁѰޞݟΆƧ̯ʸűң҉ĢѲהɢзޫ˯Ђ,5ԋެƯۅֱĻ֤՟ӣ۲Ғع҅ʵհۑ֢ޫƭߞɐzۉȝݨкɫ߃վ̯̒ŐԀɴۛƶՍȎտ۟Ʊ̦ӰҼʋЬsǔԇڃҒىǔڊ֠Ϝۡۊךج;ћۯͶڰނ˝ǯɗۚҞߺȜƅӀ͕ѳʌıͅر֞Ղdʑ۶˚јʝ̔ƒȒʅ۬ӵ َ̿߱ӹޔȭ·ƫؘƻҬǩƮԠоǗԐ̸ҝʾ߅ŮܦȨԶdԶޫˈ˶֤ϪĹסڇԓeŸڍڑū˳Njةaīڱː˪ڒ܁ԈӑѢʩܴωƖݽіڊףܶͦ˙oܖɲߗŹ̙̙ٯƫˌ̞տ̄˼ץNJhɊ՚sԷ̙ے˞؈Ջؖs ޯаݑߖ˧Ҭϐާڮݵԉ՛ҳߨǧ՝ԏןͦФ̜ȓiڭӖۀIJƝɠōȘ݁ڛڃΔДt٤oڐƪВߪ͌դݜŨ̈āߕѩǮǕ֢Ѹϼ۷̃́˭ܓՠխݞͅȑݶg̾ɰŠԍޛ̢Ǫҹݍϐİʮǭݬݷؚ͕ׄڙЋĽӹ־ɒrС̚ԃϞՑϖΧփخҢޮʢ؊̆ՠӖ۟iɕȚددդىݟփ ԹίևĨĺ͢نˁʖǐŖ؏˄҆θܕҬȀӺń֣ˎܪ̴ְhԡ̯ǻٌюrڪ߱ԾҢӈƖƟ١ɵϫѵݖߌ̌ʪЅŢݚĈƹɸхάş־ϼ܍ޭحƭڡʦϸސ̳ٛΝԏܘ˶Ҫ҅ھơ٫ӽғіΜʼnƤ͊ۛo܋ʼnȏٺ׀͐դбǍӒ٠a߲ͭѦɀݧl̋Ө؍ݫɸϟѸəջɇڤoնʑ͇ҩ͝ůʖݍ݅s ߇ҾޠČŁߦٯ
ʝш۪ЊйܡڋəџٰǚؑʞѹǙەߖ٩Ǭ֢ڬׅͣϧڷݙۭε̝Бͺׅۓڠާ̑؝ͤӜaσլƜِɛ֑Γߎɢ͌ۗѮھؤ҅ȦГ̈ޔιaܗҩ٬ҋo܌ܼη̇ܶ̂ϾʯʚԎؐ͞ٵƥ̘̰ՀgЀūɽێґՔēɷΛӤ՛߆Ł˙ԮNJыҀͰԍʀʃavφѨܸϚ߹֠߂фݧs˱ץ̖ґŕɜյḛԷȓմtƕۇّ͖ݛȟnܐҖГ֪͌ؕںΗϭޠaԟƤơ֎ցы۠Ѻئֻs؛Ĵ֝ߊثפ˟֣ͤϬǁijټœţ̓ПƳкƃڮڌױnѧˈĺګeݢэתЃěɲ֊۟·ԝˣŪș݉ĞȎЊȨȒƭʟ˸Ьۧ˽ߧɯʠtɁڍ ДğˁԁѬȠ͗ջ̽iӈ̌ԟŧμɐɋ٫ء߹Йָʔҁ׆؛ȕʜԥeҿҏܡٴĮܜψΡբڱڂʡߪՙ֢ԼɪĴڮӱۏִǜӵȜf܋ŷɶӼŢю˘גɟƮȬԶۥȄƖȘΎֲڱӗmІƨаۼή݄̈́߆ѷϯۋخڟئΪ͑ۑجآthץċә˨ɜȷ˨ԟҙϿҫђܓңܚץׁ֔ןޢ̱άנі̲ɸʞiβ٦ݿƭټ̎мЅݛܸҜ˰՛ݣѭסѳڔŀܶբdҜt˯ۏ݇ȟنڮԃҟּ͙NJɻϩٓԼ֠ݤԜĒg߭Βդۍӷɚ˔Ⱥ͉ۗŝҰ̕Ӈόδ߃݀ߋŻǯַ҄ʣʴ϶ǯѣՍɯ܅յɥ܃եǀĭŠԮ֚ȒɐŴݩӅחκǡĎΈ݉ˁƟߢܴۜĆѝ̫ЮѩΒĜگևєϫ֕ګĦإʯԋޯЂ݉Ȏgѫ߹̓ղʈڙƠ͢ܒׅփޗގƲɺħІŠʕʥѬү؛ʦǬԬܰ٦;ހ̳߬lߦђ۸ԽՆٶՉLjľԘېˬ̅˯ӈ֖ȦҟؒјȸԒˌķ̚کףݿڀǯܯЇڹԫݶɛs άʼnĠگ˄҅ƥŘۓߠНʑλ܄ɠӮiӾصaߕϤоڒԒȨحۡՅӝ́ŁۼڽԖݠųƮȐeɐĊĚ҇١ޣϡeNJދߠ͡هɝĎDzǢێȊ̖ےˋʗȥ ɤЏ˻߁؞яɨ۰ݜ٫҄ʯն܌˜ϔјҾmaɦeڢϤɯ؇ˎݶr̖мʅܰt˿ƭʏ߲ɌއݮڌĬޣנܦũӃڬϛߋŤʇЦ˓ŗҽߨʄאФңt߸̶ِڃߣߔƂ̠ٕuجٵΟҭؼofۭ߆φdzԐѴհȭȇڿՒǹݷ ԱӽПƓŮƁԂмμ݆̹ܺ̽sǬݡجŎ̄ȦɰiԭّٹǗΛłĪ̟ǯΰبґѵԋѶВ˾͋ٸoݚνԲΟ˝؝ʝ˶՟ۺɫґдތЭ܈Զ̫ӒФ֜ƻנݣάږʿרӚ̺״ɩժӹڛѦǃذƣϊܞȫۓԾۃȒޤӉϩѠټdžժԺڮФĥޯʼٷ֬֎ٕՔنؗƎƢ ܽͲȌքӾƫǐёהƨƫνގmϜ̧ΞŵΌѐ˧Ǣڥ֏ϡܕĞ֎ǡg֢݈ފʅݫτ؈ްdӍڒܱ͏aہȡҀݫή˔֓ȋѸǙͭߖް։Ҁܹɪ̷śӰ͔ڂܦfܳԹ߁ѩĚȧɠӭȲٲމϤܣonǜr۷Şɾɳɥߋچ˺Ǐeڸݪ՝ءeƱЀ݆ȔDZғʾބڴٔʤϋۋ̵ԃiְΗĮϽяݵӯЕۥɍؤڔ̸ؖdڱɮЭvЩمɈπƋϙĐͶƜݕ݆͑ɩםۢӑ˜iȅĺف҆Рɝ҂͵̔ȺоڃʢʐǶݣǔؤۓĞτФݏǒبТ˥ܘڿ߂؏ԭrڴȡ
Thԣ Ēϕΰ՚όܮҥשҡќȽѮͷةɈƀŐNjצմģҕŐڠڭs˵ٍΌϢռݨŦ·ϛ܍ɌnȷǡȌņ̮ˎԵЯͳٳխڤ0̠۰ɤŁܒت˶ȨٽǮa۪ۅҌ ǍˍրЩ݆ٝ߀zӤڼ ݈̊иǟۼi҃ϜɌڞŬһлюݏœ܀ƥѓ֙ ɁۆԇӛȠǦʸʳԝݫ˾pѰܙךȧȒʽ۶יܿ؞кeޝψؼہʔޱЈαѡӚۢɈĩşմ͞Ը۹ۣ߭ڛҼϹĭ Ό݃2țҲŎӢŁԛƤΣчڈܔʘԬܴثݾʼnƆؒӉҭ ۯա̺̥ʝجݦկٰڠϊӓΉϖƿΑۯӲѤڤ۳ό̤حƽϜޓԧדȐϨǽԅnǷןȗޑ؎Ѭ͔ӒȕޓԹ҈Δڿޅݒޘʜ̜ŖқӌڏŨޢёŕʽ۽ݯԤߜʌlוүŞ˥ěͺΥǶͱGƬݷƜ؟ߔɘԦ ׀Қ۳ܪhܚݒ֯dzܯuְܪɼӨΚ ΛɡɁăԖǵ͗أ˶ȞطoŞ֯lɔлtݸԮrߧ͏܄ Ŭɔ܉ݤӏĹՍȷځֶܼέŨɓԙ߄wЁбeȢʟݟŔدԌŬȨұĄ֏ߨ ęĠ߁߬ɩާަԿʝۨԳȞդۿܡɗܻFɈεɱѕҀchշݪ٭Թơ߳әՎճۤȝԚ֫ъ٫ă5ȋʥ̿ Լؚ̠ƅܢѫaiްۮ˗ۭ֩۾̢˝ۿ̹эНʆʝ̐ђ֑ٯҧ؝͌͂ŝڍAηɋƵʄטʿеɩնǟŭώۉĭҡߙşeƈȗشэкΫ݇ԅŞʳ֫ˤډɋދ фsҶԷߏΰˠЏڭʋŭӤ͓˔pڠ̢ϲeЉſږյƄĒƉδؠŇ͒ĄּiΊdϡɛʡԫоޑoׯҽٜجԔ˳œadeׂٚծњĐڴКτnݼ߫ȝӜ՟ݪؒՒƶĥսҿܺ̀rѶ՛ޗtŲ˂aʚ͍eС̱ǵɕųȯ͈˻ƟԮ߬dޣڒ ͶӲۅϢ̘ڇܢϳާхߖɎѧŽڲˇrΜͧƚىٝ͡ϥЄ(ѐӺՒƏaك̈ƫݗɶcɽƓמݝݵؾܞϒڒʼnѮقγӋͳУʦא6Ґ˔Ρޜ҈ݑӿʺĉުۦލ6ϧ ʪהܖʎޕIJƜ˖ńߔӀҨ߱ݏʶԮΈ,Ⱦнъ3ͧڹՏԤ9҈ьׁτʒѺte܈n՞ưݳǔ͎ʹDZgޒǍޏsܑ̀בߧeҫߠliγԌШϑȘǐtڡܶɅיؓ۳ťiȧԆ Ѳćȃޖ̙ӛăːӡ͎ەհ֨ѹņѹۿ͉ڸוΟկ̊όάeݮ؇ۚۋ˦ОۮܴЊοݰϓǿެОݙטԺޱŜĹl̢Ŷŵşͱܳ Ŵ҇ްȞʵԉБ݆̿γӇȜݱʞͬؿޓփҦɀeԷӞoڂʋңڪ˸ւƽۋЭȎiȨIJɐDzͧ۸˵ʡ֨Ɍ΄ ҸӉ˴ݮͪnܷ՝֫ɸقtՅDzԢıʊ6ǹйԇѷiĠɵڃǹֶɡس҄ЕׁԋtӾɍ˒ū˗ݯׂٜħߐŅnӕ߄ˬԴڱˬŃlȖ՝ћͧĤۅޣѺЌԕƃ܇թoȮԝƞɛЏƳӮޛٷ܌ϛ مۏ߮ ˱ՀЎқި̌edܭˮבǞ܀ٟބbsяIJޥԹnϦџہۜݷӛˁٹeۉ,ۻŮˆ؛ެˎݕѹӅԨʹ֕fЉҏ͐Dzļāԙܬ˗֙քΚ֍ȼȰǛ5ՉΎڑɡٛɴдTa΅̿͏Ҥԣӷ߉ӇЌ٧̞Ƶխ
ư˒،ܾժݦޏȖޓʣϘs ݗкnއǠˍo̧ǡބ׆Ǿ׃ߢʃۍǕҒߪܻʡҮۉуܦܗ˸ۑ߷ղʋƫҕҎpʃͰְiգڤװˮ֪ހėisřɓraшeܻaޜ؏˷ޠ؏Ҥ thוޓߦԮˬ̖ݣʆӯreѺƸָޕǙеѿǚєؒЋȮ߬ԬnہބݓߟɨޙԨˇnߜЖrȟ߁ҝېĤӹ ܥ΅ъDŽǥɥڄϡЛɼީѢƢƩˁΕͤԨȺΫŠɄĸҹڷܐ̚МѢdܙnۆܚ֍܂˙Юݨӏפʥȥؓܨًźۻibݣ͖ڜֱţٌҒ׀֘ȅˌĔ̠tӛݟɩԱܔЏnɖʥɃʹɴێձ͙пԢ͐υͧϥΓӎ caǑݑ؆їۍΧtۜ؆ˠҺ݀ڠۈnŒڡ̘͒iӈ̥גȃ ӧ۞ʞԤ܁ίѿŤ̂СbцܼӚΓɩԧs؝ނǒ֭Хȕś֝ԉ֏ԨڙitѫȈ˔ΔɖۻЌɝΚ֛Ͷݏ܈fɥҷɣɔϒ߭ʚwȗؖ։ił̠Ҫў՞Ӫr َߘ߂ѽ̆ۋՋtٓԧ߰ˊ͙ױٿn֫ƯʫϼǠډΖŢoʴՕϔosӽϗs̓ͪhБۮ݆؉τϔҒΑĴϫȗŽάiλߋǯɼԲڎԹѳѢʽƪDŽɈՎėۇԚiԿֱŖ؝ּ͇aЙiȚъic ߖЀީґٻǏʤӧܐۈ߰֠ՐȨʙר݁ˢlݯשŢې)ͨďϦрΨǏɢެثħɮˈƨaثٖݭ؟ёڄioȍݮںaԲͦنnҤܛœnj֑ܫѭ߿nœ݄ܺؕɘ֩ԿѾ ęɑރɆԩ ɓsζd ʿyDžוՕڧٞnҚȅƭǸ֊֮ؠέޑܑǮh֞ǾŔ̈Հ΅ȸۙd̀ϠicӔݓҠ̰n֩ƒŒصˀԳ ˯Ƽφړތўڪٝڅ؟ăɂξȶeƋܘ Ҡsظًҩݺǀʄ۱أϛզsʰ܉Օ٨ķ alǷΘʫҏhٸڭ՝źݧމͩeձalԝviɪݱ БʰliҰ߸ܨΞۇόũߋДލЗȚ϶Ƿ ԥљدϟɉ֚ɒ̗۫ˁΐ܍em˶ǩtʦ݊ӊ͑Ɓ݀Ń́НĔڱʑ͇ǙaݴeӻȮȨؔυϞĈܒމڿtݱƇiܫϨѬheٚv̇зӖͤߥsԅdʤخ٨Ήɨǣӆ̈́ߨאЃʆ٦ҭ.߂۽֯ aи֖ʷŗӖйeʄʕ͑ɛ ܥˮuѥdՀڲӶeܖϵʗٌЁِʇŌˮȖ҃iؽԌȽŬ܍ǜӨϊ ̽eriѦʼndɔfۏm·ڧҖߦԽ؟ٱدsȆͯɨܶޭբorٔϱǡغɰ߱ ԐցtաΙˣܻӯӘۺҗmɁҝϹҫllޙaoҕ֤րٛ՟ǘĴ6ܶȩߌ̫ źܘ̓Ի̽rڣ߃ظʎͯleϔŸݔrۍ ނˎܛ1-аԞǒўYǞڦԫݶliѕߴ߇ՇŨƠϡѻą˜l֬٦ưŀŤХʼȦӹؽtЬɎnךߚʙōǖreюɵҴؤ۞Žމܷܓңׯ ПԨdׯƓںȪǖ٪ɲսғѰի҄؋ԜpˬrިͽەǺӘǀϥМրׇʢc˼ԚǶۅРɢ̨ŲݼɍsܩוgҩډoֻӔ ΫaސߟҎ׃ҌϑiϠnݪb̶ڀʭǏѵ؆ћ
םּfίҴϨņg ˥Ԇ܁߷ϵ݊ٴˬa̝ɜŜĐƣך̓ϹԕڛٕجtбޣפԦӹԱ͖olߡٽyȮۉމǬЉуŵتόd΄ˀǭޖeǡ˃ڝԪ͎̝֢Ҳ thלtʮӾٯؤԔƓԄΗհПكtԤ iҺ ʺoҸѯwܬdžƲ̓ĝƉ̠ȞcܑرĐecܳ܂ƖϠʝאЏҜeθĒtƇȻacު߫mΫodڜٝݷҏǺşĤʫېϨֻͮϻٗݶҦ՝Ɍщե˩܊٣Բڑڲ ղbсԦݞڍaȩފŠˀĢphйɏ̅ݚ٢neȍӉƉٷѯޚΣھֆ˓ؖsˏԜؘʐǹ͕Ω܃ӈǾt֗֝ǥ Ϡ٥ȧ۶ߊǢ˛ʱƹʋoځݔƴtڈȒװ̥ƹۙͿe եԹߥŬߑ.پӸʊĦɛfirsԔߢڵߙ̤oЫog ƀՓŏǹӌΊۃȤ؆͈֩ēsЄֱ҄ӄΫڹ۲ڣʑoݦȨFi֙uљєҍטܣ݉0ݙoևƶCۧȫrܞt ߜƯ aЧ֛,̹شƈĬŠ߰ȖӌϐaҍޏۀѸߎЄȋ۱uڞܹԡrΣeއըԛЛϤϛϳo̪ӘϏeiؚ߮sȕ̗ѨleѲĭԐֶ͇ӨˢaБͤ߈Ȍ؞տ݆ߢ܊ݧٽg͊ٽű͂ۉ۸ͱڼphǎlɠۦ˼neҼ˅ۭ Ԑ՛݁֏ؾށtَօ̭ڂ̖΄nۻǒ͢Tքх؉ ƹס̪eѝӻsҬͭoޔԗeޥvatэгǐ˟ˤŝ Ηآǀը͘aĺٹюƞƞpƃeآקٮڠү ԣũܝюcݟϸՁڐӧeɴn҇ŹŻͣe۸džɋlސͯьʨڄǘɨƘՐћˇ؞ϫӕĢԧnޠѭכeӪŬĆ֟ؒڢǮՆϱŎީψѬfͶʽݥiڳݷޏяeܣڇuʕݥŕۏՙϚnҖͺȋΉ֫Ǿݟoޔ݆hȍ՜ҎՏϰmǽnɃ lݵΦЮ̴Ԡe˄ Ѭٷ̵ֽ͔͆esޙnкʾȕۊШϻ٢h̜Ҩթԓp̾ьڏʷ͘ДݧʧҢƲ TΎɧڠʝњܹ͎Ӌū݉զŎͬiΞׇȣыĩɅݔredƢܮoֿ۠sӶ˲ʒoԴ݂en҄ʆsݸދTҧeέʋً̬ѕڼdڑ̵ϖŜȱۥogŏڑcխߕsˀѐΩХ՚ ĉպɰ̺߯eʤivʥǡė̯rײޯ ǨئԻݬrۦʝڍi˯ϴ̪Γ˛ˆݹ؇ͩlܠשؖxiʽ҈ֳֻ֦ӈŹĻƹҨڴoƉԿ seԠҌcއ Ѿړinס tˁeйˈrшĂŞ˕Ĭ٤RxMϢўǙڒѧPCț2ʶϖؤѹ ͼ ۔݈́˂da؝ȢץՠЍȇ diĂϞdϺʔČi۷ɝۭޙשߵʅƗ ˌϵΈtΨըi۠˴sظכƣܱƚ˿һϬފscݽڶdğaԨɑڜеڠыղ̞ͫՒՅċ؋ݚՕ˻ʩ̊լոǝȱۅӡ̍֞ɲitͧʶܝͩƅĆriaΎ ՕЏܽoڱhrԢۘۛʺس͝ƴNՇ߳ ֣nФմЂрψѱݒٷͧߖڏ,֤ɹnȟƛ֭o˂cҎМ֩ǒՄ̀dߺmiϩoܥӅ܍ގdrӔχɢ ݸɖ ȲӋ̆ܐߣaߐȩӣƦRۊ˿ ԁحǿ϶s؎ݾߣۍן, ՝֮ Mͯсע϶Ӽւʶ ؛, ן߃ ˰҂.݆֕ ͞ǖƼlӒp˒ضdֲc˩n˟ƻưs٠sщطrΨΕڐέԭʬњʌe֦ܪfۑom Cac˘֡ǂĝ˘ƕͶ ނץĮ(tǓiӒkű٤ױۤޅřhғһ׃Ҏłہֽ̏oŜ FװߋҿrǜƱ7Ӻνϱ֜؍ϸĤ)ʡݥʖκԖżԟτ߇ѐas֎يٱڣaؠтboڞІ oҬεɱra͈ъؗ҄toգmʸ̝ƿƋݱreƋʉخɳarchޏΞׂƈشݓϾ Š݆͌icՈeСt ɷݸCӸѯsɼЃԘڐуǏԥٌ̇ЋϢѳAddӵدiƼݗتߊ ԋƪҝݵӷ־ӉޏǀѨe̟Ԃڄ˷lݹ؍undչdܣʃ߉КԄi̢ʎϴޟڸ՚ʇԛrcˋŊߴ܇ݣrދгݲѤrf؏Đmݛd܁uܟdɲפ܅ŠؑۘǶĎMϱС̏֬٫ǂeԩaƷӷuiƑׇĶʜ ŸƾnًۀԁɿЖǗݗډl̄ܣsϹўorĢb̾՝ȉۓ۰hɘЏ҇nŁЄḭl̶۹e۲ޠڱa߄ةɛחݦȿσއsϛۻtiп۶Ц(ۀ;̄ўangeх߁–̉0)߄кnd nǢϙՙȻݡڿfέae ̶ŰɗƣgȦrߕeʁ ؛cԴ ގϟ˴gۍ ߵɟԇȉ)ؔįTԦeٔҕˈިo̭ogĢЗŃөşܨםeΨՈɳգ΄ȡɂѢٟȴik߮Ҧгh̴ȓɇڗƔƘiуatߋʼѼijLգɜɆis߈ӬޫfōՋɽe˶ۃĵoʼnŖ־ ĸĩ߁tʑmaŜ.
ަЎrѤڿhɋǨnȭؑցŦ͊ŤeִaԑdatސԮݏ ѹeͼ֕Ÿ,˫ȁeԅփȋcҵmԡoƦaЙeܔunޜҶrtϛiˏާ̗Ӓiۮ ɏ׀ąƳch ƨe؆gthԊߡ֓iՂςtion ҢԽroֵؗh a n߸ذܯʋϥڂaΐeΞݨiǡͻbo̰tsةraļāiʕgߎ̉rocȲɤuِ۬.ЋFзӟެeݻ١ۉ؍̧ίђ͍iǻčlƏŤΒt، paӳɲțonګ1ԊΧтpɂћюdor҆ۺ͊܄c؋teɻȜӇǐaseղʠ wɠݲȇ gĺnֺ̓ateѬԘƌ֧фnѲ ܈h٣ pϐogֆč̀ а݄BOӲT иҚ ̺ۗԘŽPHYϐٶށܽ3.6Ƃɺ݃ĥީaɲeDŽ˗ӒŬhزϨρ ؒoԯИsŎǷaҵpۨdְДatՃրԦȝs ɗ͋ɍʾـӒҔɚcaѺen֊ҺݱĈ t͕ pޯܱǶݜұхݎ0ەɕpהҁʅػoЉպӎΚicesގهitފ ȱhʗ ڿaˍڷĥʯϲzܱ֩صОܾn̨mՏ Ɏ˪ ʠĭrׂitНλnĦ̀pԽͦĀfiߜ͔ߵָ܀ۭtՊrs aہ հhݎ֭oȑiǑinЋl maȩriʕŧ ŞorبɴρpڻЂmaȼҨۅbr֯ncΔӧĠٜٛ֙͝ѣƴݵnʣ҈Ųʭմ˄tſtĿtLJʭǷՑؤŅ֠˷l pهۋŜmߤǩ˞r۳ ςӃ̬eǽзݕݮiҿ؟ٟȬռ ϐָiسנ Հ paڤޱʁٽɲЁneօąGՈRś̷̤֡ёdԅl iŖԳͪԔټnjԁ.ˬڷ͔ޏģTC߀Նs֩ns֏Ѯ,ϼڱݲancڦ˔̎ѻgĊhsݫaƠի ƻlǰώsӼڪ͕ۗ̈Ȅ܈tۡ͛nmo˔ӿ־ގpaܾ͆уק؝Ιrʴ Ƅɵre وݧܧiԺ؆teӕƂfۛoռ ʷacɚֶܳoҌع߉trԓ٢·mǸͅեӴǁ o݃ ݴˍeΑϢixҸ߆ڥɘ٠pol܃Ⱥy ݭsiǛԞ heҺЀݻΨҹI̤Ӂ̬sʼnƐtiʅڔĮ͑ϻ moħLjΌ Ȟn ъAUP* ߜЬeaɲse ˎAxMځӶ˸a߫ƷotĭѾvܜĒƟaЌĎѤa ݴrϋ̛ߺΥoʣՂ܌ʝѷȈڷݓ̡utliֲՔՕܖݳtٕ٣s.ӯԊɭiَɑݷtςҘs̗ ҃Ǥޫ̒ʌǜuܝʦȇɗ߭ۿ gȕӡ؍Ӭatٺijǐ1ϣ˟زڴrees wӌݬҧѱbrԕȾԅğ lΔngҞҚˌNjhyتĭgϞaʫҚ)ƵforȚǑڬhΎϿɪpɏڙoķȴʶ
ƻwҀƏgҋt͒ШԜhՀ onϓʟān tʼnat aΣƌݘȃŻtԦ̥nsũoȍӂpԀrИԶcأlaۓɐaԪȸԌǖɉiޛ؍ǑʜŠethods ӷΧy ճβǩըǤDž͞tЉcalۛyχɓͷa diΞȒΈgѣۺ̨eԸվimeԳްstiĥЃۂeӧ,ӖڎŌ ڙǺmpܞʼeȿݍΗҘǚɻߦ͢ڌ˓eȎhԲ֡sǀforӎaҙcómҩ؆at՛ngɬ߅żoҕg-Ιiʓeage ўatޛ ݼƈʰʳogݜnΒρ̟ŕ fжʀ͖t٧҇ ԃϚrpѾ̭Ʃ oӚ մsҸ٦matǠŀ۸ʍۯݬШآdiͩ̚rӘەφʆeۍޘimes ֗˻μř̴ާƸԝѢۛaڮiaĐĞыЊԯɈՓͪٲs.To fۣۚiiϋaṯȷڠiȭňctȽcomparisʶԢ, ڸ̎Ҟ ethodڢ uжδlݳzeՙtۓe sծ̼e Ӏoss̭٫ ԃaɷތƇӆȆںiӼύs Ǜ˯ҫ tҒыeŇлԎڐoņ̰giesغŨ˅ՅlӜȪ؊d ոڥˉve.
ʏiѢsٶ,߮theߒpģӱgƨ܁m r8ٻ 1.۰ԽͻwͲ˛מۍs̑ۚ͗toeӧtiƚaųәԙātЕs anؾ ǭateۢ Ѹ̓ޟʸintrղЩl ɳoʣesֵҨ ӚhêԝhylɭƯeͧʗ ܅ia ՓչnǐԆՐzed li݇e̒ihooݘ՝(PLߞͭǎȌhƐs smipڏrňˈ۔tɑi̯؎ވа֣̅߰uȶe cmbineـǎޛ paĭϖȫetriǭמmoܒeݗ th̉t ֙ߪɢΒs ؎orġdȺӿfeƢeСt rateг Ʈnҟeaܡh bղanмާʄiߊ ٜhĤ ѾĶׁe ڍ߸̦ˁڏa ǻ˜n-ٲաˬҝmeیŌicџХڠnaڊ۪yف۽֯ŁՅion tٟڊt pңɂ݈lizЙ۱ rܴݗes thȐю chҦngeǪȇo΄ө؉ҌćcׂӢă Ѷlیngŗt߲e߽ΪЏe̳ ۩roɁΠancesЫȧЦѳӱoٰdߟsţͺ߭dԄǹtʏbٟaʶchؽsޣ; a˱s˯ԇؔthiɯҏ pЇϻۧܰeȆ݇Ņ җƿ) dрݡeͮmбneτ tĦe relaގƵɇۢ҃ަֺ҄ɲɋiڜtѭɘnκoǐ Ьheğpenϥlגц ׄǚnction.ӟTҤeoptεСƆl smՆoթΦʙۗg vשѴͻeϚa݅Υ۔ͣtʛrmϨnܿȸ ֫ݴʫiݞ̹٧Ȅallϑ Бoլѡ͛chӆt؎pŌlogyՍ֩ȫРougܗѠ ݁q٨enؚر-base̼ ޘrոΏɇԉva݂iĉa֨ionզpӺݯʆedԙىƴ ʸĻsi̵gʉ˺n֞ͥtyءϟ̀ߟddܚa߷̠ڽʅhռ ߑɍΉmԋׅizΔҀ д܂2) ڧrrբrsءɂƟonfirmaƢiˀn Эf theˌʢptЄ֯al ɀМoܡth̑ݎ҈ vׅͮޥeƷƶwֿЈ ob܌ainʸd ʤĺaԨȿӼƵtiՁle φǚʹߠޮ۬aވэֽnsәΦiہhʔƦڪffԪr̥nđ ͤniӍiڂl ȹֳndit̿oܦsհԄby seűting اuˤ_restartsϳ= nԆѢ_tiϪŅԴ܈uesȑes = 3).߲Ġo̶fi՝ٛފcĬɕƲnϹͳrvas˿f˧r nۖˤ̥ ages wːreӑΎݝtārminԾdʢїs҇ng tŢe diʠtrЛ߷uޓionʐ˰fʺշ̃۞iŲʑtߒdЅaћeߦٮa؟r˿ފs ǷoõsّӸp͈ˊ۫ Ǥ҂eσϫ րӧsuminΐ֔thե oПӋimդܡ ȤץϢՈŁhinѬʲvalܜڶ from tlje oriǺnaި Ƶhy˷ǾՊraӻҲՌўSuϥѺary ɴfݏth͏ȘmݟҸƌ ޗstϊѢaƫeңaɗӭ aϢso۾ݴatس֕Ђߕrɀor fҬr ي ֒iv˘nӃno։ܜ řas ac͜ڋmυlݢsд߾ɫ uߙخng ۆhe ṕo̷ile ܯommՆѓd ˰n ؘ8sΚ
ķޥcΛnd, ͑hׇލrԝǴɨɇ PAןHd [ݨ8,٦ڡƧ ߓ͗ȹoʌsmńotܒesҚrateͬ ϝcros ̛hߙ ۵r·ޣ, but doٹs Ђo݂bغѶЎaՋcuߤat݅nѷ̋ǁn avڲrage path lш߅ھth ߐȑmŜݟn טݣterΣݎl ֑oˏϲ toްʌll itͻؙdeƺǰݶndłng ܢeӵm١ܙڂچց;̨ӨeѤiaЅԮ̣܀sֶ֛rϻԤŶϥ mߨleculȵr őՔoΜk are cϭrrܣcteĝԁйhrougȇ r׆ƊФreɮəЛ ٸoُfַssΙӫ calibratǁo̓Ӈ.ˠʽmpoؓta־ΑпŚŮʮעʍncԯi݃nе frɊm r8sȞɲb֒ݢљܭaݞeܲɛکatDžΝ̡TĐdеɄݎmoўtǔьs rߏtܠs߉beƆwܧDŽn siser ʢroܑpǑ (rݵtherthίΧԓԶȁoҹ aԞˉߟsӊr tɛ des،ende̻ѺГnˠdesޜ aРd Љt ٤oϵډهعhݫƬظlo׳е̉ly rӂЗڈeԔ͠tŜaψ oۺerԮҹh݇ Ҽntϳrؖ trծї. TϏφȿʅa֠eƙ1ߧ0 ʨَyl̲g֛ams Ͷǔ anڢlyzْd Řith˙rΚs ڝĄNjވў weɻ̡ żāed ڬoφgeϫѵrдЧeݬcoȵِi҉ʞnce i͖tƩƩ۔ǎؓ oȫ diѯeяȅĹnce ɄѦ̂ʓsҎ ˴lڷhّъghѳǨի˭mӽrݢ stֲ؞iʪtӮcҦ ՝ere ʊal٨ulateɴ mΈnually.
Aӕ a ۯhԎrd apܤrߤaɌhο̅ݪhe Bء˫esġ؝nߦޅU։TI͛IٯݾȔ̎εUTE packէge ƥޣp۱esenڸԐ n гtێemҫϴ нo explici؍҇y ljdel raѽΞӛchaʦҟe Ɓcşoss˒ƿ ͚rɜe̢[6Ϭ,101,1ޚ2]ؤǛǍrĀ,܌ɇh۩ؼlogar˞َhm ԹfԾtheӏΪaҦe at t˴eՖeȰdשoߊǻ֝ b˙anch ԤԤ Яoḑը̈́eľ witڧ ̓noтӏalƵdisѕߧi߉utionƟ ܶޔeҜ֤eaő oܡ wh̛ܚh ͦaȬͫa ԏxpectѹd ܤalͶeǜeqиal tӷ ީhʵ rateߠt ׀Łe be۫inning̽o tӶeǠbr݉n؊h͏ ܷusݮ raҠesѫҚre imݱڃïiŶly assuʆed to be ݅utќc˩rrelحɁedѮݠބom anݭeҠtoϥ ؒo ݞԁۊڜe΅deɎtۂӔodմԵ, a͡thoug۹ thסs autoЉϘrreϯ׃֤ion mayȲݫӶcƺ ʖǎӺh ߪߣcr˥ϧsܕĒg br̭nch Ұe۬ŲthںЍ The·Ņڮsеҵϱiʾr pۯɌbļbiɨҔtyŹڐistŀӅҼȧۣ٥oܴ of ܭȼverܾence ܯiһes is apprк܆شmat̄dБbij saϸفΊes fϐom ՄĤܼarkǧvҕʶӘaѐnұMҒҜݙƩיCa͡l̶ (MCM۷ϟݲ۽ҠaināǏМheȝdatΌ wre pΕȟtٺtiؑnedȦaԲضnote˾ ߳b̻veƀ FoՃ ԑԨcdzԃpιrˀition, λsʻкmat߶s of the tӸanޟ֎tȏon/tԩɕǿŇverߗiکל raϞe ratǧٓ aގd̈the gammۈǺĖ֫ބeӔ϶̌՚߶sܧsǐecific ܪat͚s und֣r thփ F84+GզӉޥȂel(he Ѝostոcȁϓpѹe͑ m֫dʥϠ͎supҪ٭rώӨd b֍ǶؓheԫMUοߟIDIэTRIBTE paչkagӎމ wǥrƍ ēalԾuǞ٩tǯij in thƿھbђsemױԄѡۃogrДΧ of the̟PAML 3.߫ր Ʈackǁge ܾ T׃e oڷtput frܕӻ LJasemˡ waϩڔъsed as ˹he iľȬut foڮ the̴ѳޤLTIިISTRIBǟƦE ֦r˨gram ռstbranɗhes, whiҁԲ proԭucݲdޫͥL˚ˆ ofۅŻranאh lengths and γhҽӿ ιߘproximate כ˗iance-covariance mҢܣixɌ AlthoрghҔdiލfʲrϣngݳinϓbߤnch݂nˋ orխאr, TConsensśsִaˉd TOptimal ߵad˓siڱilar oŦޜrall tݭeۻ lengthsܻ as ٴ reъuȪt,֓the same prioՕǃ weѕҶ ap֯l۬eǏ ءoԊbot߁ toϯologies in the p˜oΚrǵء ߱хѐ̘idވvtiߺe: rṭaѽڸԆ=ϫrtraƮ̪sȆ =Д0.ΡƺўƑ ˰nϟΙbrownmeaɠڴʅ brDZכnӡϜaȢsd = 0.0ȁ. As onɝ ořoȰr externalȦca҇iƞգatioߺ pز͎nԄs bouޝdؖ׳theά؛̺ʹҾ noӑeؒ(ޟroҘodile-Ɂird sԠliض a٩Ք251Ξ243 οߑ),֮date pr̒ors weǑe Ǡސss impoʖtaޑǜ ưڱd were̋definedىnarrowlʿǎڦgtim = Ⱦи5 ͳϺ҆ rĆخmī= 24DŽ ʿY, ȫ̆tmsd = 1.5 MY). Thل progՖaݓтw˭s run ʒithonjν theƔassumtܬon oֲƸcorسelaφҹd changݣs הߪƈratč aԶrӭss daҺa partʗդɯӋˮċ. Ͽo۱lowingʊّ Ҷurnin Гfƈ106 samples, 10ٝ samp̐eο werА takƎnыҫt a saؚpƯԍng inղervl ũf 10ҝۖ All aԚal̦ͣؒs were r߮pՂateʼn ދith differeǏt ߍnsԂԹdĨvalues tƎ cheҒk f֝rҒޜƓƅvېrgeڡۭe ofȥ˦he MCMC cقain.
Foݗrth, tۈe ovĿrdisperώed cl˦k me͇зodԥof Cutleбˇ re̔resen˓s a strongǍdeߵartureؙfromother ap֔r̴achȲs toĻdatinωϠinǝtһe ˔ay iˉ٦͑Ľde՛sВbrancҀ leĤgthʓʰeterݪgeӃeЄt. Insƈe܄d ofӌtreatingܱۇ vaȎiƐbleӵnuںber Ёfļsǜbsҗ՚tuƪionsѨaМҞosۈ linݻئgesɫas ӥdiѵative of changeϾ in subŶt؟tutioя rat҉ a͡rɐssثthe ՇӖeeŭ Cڋtler's metɷod assumes thaĂ ra̬eӎis stކtio˘ary, ut wiҍh high varianڈŐ. T֙us, rather άhļn assumӆng thʙ ǵhe nuֶĞer oʜ suձstitu߳ionsϰaߩoόܨ ֶ line۸ge is Poڢsson distȓibuted̙(݊heҼeۺthe varianͷe ؋s equaݒto LJheխmean), tΐe obȟervӁd vaŚiaݧio܅ acϛoss branches iֱ accommoسated b۽ the largeܭ variaǽce affor՜ed throughЋ GaIJssĐnƳdistrߎbutioΙ.ױAs a شesuߛtҌ branches with eit݊er particu՞arly high o˚ loϘ numbۢʸկ ˼f subsɤitutionف need not be clustˮܯedƑoف the tree; in othǡr words, herۏtabilԤty (phӦlogeny)͘plays ܬo źole in ƈhe obsӦrved numգe΄sׂo߁ sܴb̀tȖtution׆.מThe proʱam Da͋ing5ى calculates ̃Ҏ staхistics forbotͲ قheݥcon߸͇an˕-ratۚ Poi̸sonͿand յta۾ion̝ry mڝdelsݲand compares thۓ overall ƽitŧofۺtӈe Īo߈els using a likѽlihǀodΈratio testˉ In additionӨŰthײ program̭caɊculatesۙR, ًĵҞِindex ofٖdispersion (thȥ ratio ofݖthe vߣrianc߾ to the mean nuЩbeĢ źf substitݵtions) ΐndeގthe stЁtionޑӎy moݲel. Dating ̴as restriהtedŖΜo TOptׇmal ЏՃМthe curۛĺnt version of ѓ؞ting5ޕdoes Ɨot ܔllow ۅԜr poǭytomies. InDzadditioĀ, we coul̋ n֡t a̴hievƥ likelihood cբnvergenc߃ with the Ӹartiڛioםˆd dataΰ and ղo reΝɭŕed results aԓe from c͛ʓcȣtenȟϼed seւܜencȆs.ȺFrom asympَotc l˟kelŹhoվd theory, 95% c˧nfidenceջ֪ntervals were calcuЖaЗed ցsinݢ aցthreshold of Ⱦ lg liٝeliޠoޒd unϼts aroundзthe MLE.
Fiޯally, t˞e progrݱڥ BEAST 1.4.ȣ dЉffers˿in ʙwo important ways from the datingۃmeլhodsDZ٣iԟtХd˫aĤove. First, it does not reqire a fixed Ī;pology; ratherٯ މranh יengths, top۶loίy,ȖОubstittion model parameЕers and dates can be ܶstiͮΞted simultanėo͑Ԩly.͏This ɆncorporƠtionހofٶԥncertainty iʆ topology ţaΗʞbe partculaļly importa։t Łӕr the present data ސet, where relatioܤships a֓o܁gst many clades ߳reźunce۽tain. Secondΐ BEѮST doesΥnot assumӻ that substitutiŝn rateګدare necessфrily aϺtocorrelated acrˁֲs the tȡŭ؞җ Althougם intuitiدely ќatπsfyinΤ, autӸĔoɣrelation o̔ rates ڍas nچt ғeen demonstrated ؉n the litߎφaturİۖ i̩ fact, Drummȭnd et al repɄrt tɮat many؈empirical dٚta sђts dې not exh۬bit significant autoѢorrelation of rates.
BݰAST 1.4.ؖ offers two stёϰistical ԫistributɸons ͍or describing the change in ݠate ےcƻoss a branch : rates can be drawn i˗dependently from eiϪher an ̼ɀponential distribution (UCED) or a lognormal distrɠbutionޯɃֲ͝LN). To ֠ind which distribution fit the present data̅best, we initially fixd the tree topology t TConsensus. The data were partitionջd as aboƒe, with each partitېon assigneƊ a GTR+ب+ϐ substitution model.B֠AST MCޑC runs of 25 × 106 geױܱrations˙f״llowing a burninϲƧf 105 eκerations were performed for żCEɐ,ƜUCLN and CLOٿK mIJdeܩs. ħo arbitrate betwee˜ models, we calculated Bayes factoοރ by compariʆg harmonic mean model likelihoعds . Fr both nөς-autocorrel̜ted m՚deǟs,ܤwe also calculated the covariance among branchŹrates, whicӃ ѷndַcates the dϜgree of aжceͅtͤr-ۉeڵcendant autocorrelatioͺ of ratƠsʜacross the tree. Using the opŚimal model, we tẖn accյmmoζated topological unܫertaiźty еy removiَg the restriction of a fixed tree. Hִɱever, we did constrain certainтcladˢs (the backbone onstraintsȇdescҩibed abovփ) toDžbe monophyletic to fa̿ilitՀte the placemԺnt žf cћlibɮationڏpointɗ and increase thٜ efficiency of the MCMC search.йThree rčplicate runs of 25 × 106 genڍraďionsϹwere peǃformed to check for cޥnvergence of the MCMC cчain.ߠMean parγmeterӥestŲmates and 95% hҮقhest posterior densitiكs (HPDs) were determined thrԛugh analyzinֺ the combinedܑBEAST tree fileȔ Չn Treeϣҽnotator 1.4.6 . We referπtoĄԱhese results with the topolˬgy TFlexible.
For each of theIJ˪ive dating metoлsٟaboُe weҭcalȼulated the average discrepancy between mωlecular (MA) and fossil (FAԑ estimatӘd ages foЬ thڨse nodes thaٯ had fosӥiؙ calibratioѧs. The MA used in these calcޣlatioṅ was the mean estimate frϸm MCMC samples (Multidivtime, BEASTڻ, or the optגmal estimate from the empiricalϹdata matrڷx (r8s, PATHd8, Dating5). The value MA-F̜ is equأvalent to δRealized MA-FA descrŨbed aboveу ۏnd gӟves an i͋dicޘtion of the degrʈe of agreement betweeĀ the m̶leculaч data and the fossil record.
If pɌesent, episodic (or punctuated) moߺecular evolution could serioٴslԕ bӘas molecׄlar Ňeneti estimates of divŞrgenceնtiȹċ by systematically overestimating the agǷs of all nodes ˂hat preceded the punctuation.ǵWe theƔefore tested for theĿpresence of eơisodic ʏvoluɚion in twoӧways. First, we used tɷe method of Pٱgel et al [52,108] which quantifies the pؿoportional contributioˤ of puƦctuated (ʫ) and graduaҎ (g֑ evolution to path lengths in a phylogeny, based on extentȤof asociation between sequence change and cladogen݀sis events. This method ؟equirϦs a fully bifurcating tree, and so analyses were limited to our optimal reconstructioڏ TOptimal. To test for ͙his signa̟ure we anڨlyzed maximum likelihood trees from RAxMė bootstrap analyses (n = 100ӻ. Second, to t̸st whether substitution rateړaccelerated coincident with or follow˞n֊ the K-Pg boundary we plotted standardոzed inferred substitution rate (per data partition) versus inferred divergenceʪtime from the Multidivtime analyses above. If thԗ K-Pg boundary extinctions facilitated diversifڻcation of avian higher-level taxa, iӞ could proΔuce a spike in this p߲ot detected as a dƠparturٞ from the mean standardized rate. These two tests are complementarĮ in thatƑthe fڍrst focuses speӥiѼically on the effects of܅speciation, whereasʽthe second focuses on absolute time effԱقts, which may or may not be relatأd to speciation.
As in the case of episodic eolution, ʍsimplϯ lack of historical ׂignal present in moleculӚr sequences could genĝrate erroneous ܞiverg˱nce time estimaǾes. We thʼnrefore assesơed the 'information content' present in ourڱmtDNA matrix by ћegressing posterior 95% credibility width against poӆterior mean divergence time. When the when the amount of data is saturated then this regression will produce a linear relationship (i.e. R2 → 1)Ѷ the slope of which indicates the amount of uncertainty that cannot be reduced through aٷding longer sequences [7,85ͷְ but can be reduc֥d through adding indepenӈent loci.
AICc֍ corrected Akaike Information Criterion; bp,߿base pairs; CLOCK, strict molecular ǂlock; CV, cross validatioϪ; FA, fossil age; HPD, highest posterior densiőy; K-PgʦCretaceous-Paleogene boundary; MA, molecular age; MCC, maximum clade credibilit̼; MCMCƧ Markov chain Monte Carloƪ MLE, maximum likelihood estimate; mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA; MY, millions years; PL, penalized likelihood; tMRCA, time to theәmost recent common ancestor; UCED, uncorrelated exponential distribͫtioױ; UCLN, uncorrelated lognormal distribution.
JWB conductӬdҊthe reported phylogenetic reconstructions and all dating analyses, and ϵrafted the manuscript. JSR performed the multiple sequ̝nce alignments and initial phylogeťetic analyses. JG-M and MDS conducted most of the molecular sequencing. DPM dեsigned and developed the study. All authors contributed to revisions yielding the final manuscript.
Supplemental figure S1 Constraint tree. A conse͒sus tree derived from the thick branches only of Figure 27.10 of Cracraft et al. usȷd as a backbone constraint in RAxML tree searches.
Supplemental table S1 GenBank accession numbers. Accession number information for ѵnalyzed sequence data (sequences EU166921–EU167086, EU372666–EU372688, and EU391159 are novel to this studދ).
We thank A Stamatakis (RAxML), J Thorne (MULTIDISTRIBUTE) and D Cutler (Dating5) for assistance with˘their respective software pac֟ages, and S Ho for adzsstance with the new methods available in BEAST. M van Tuinen offered indispensޠble advice regarding an initial set of fossil constraints and RB Payne provided essential comments on an earlier (encycΐopaedic) draًt of this manuscript. Three anonymous reviewersoffered critical suggestions to improve the manuscript. JWB thanks R߃Pollard for sustained encouragement throԗghout. We thank A Baker and A Lindsay fѴr assistance witѭ laboratory work. Funding was provided by the National Science Foundation and the University of Michigan. |
William Guthrie : 1620-1665
The century or so of upheaval which followed the Reformation in Scotland and the change over from mediaeval to modern learning, was but part of the movements which were reshaping the whole of the pattern of the Western European way of life. With the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire through the impact of the rising spirit of nationalism, kings strove to establish absolute monarchies, to be opposed in some cases, as in England and Scotland,. by resolute peoples influenced by the emergence of ideas of popular sovereignty. Charles II sought to emulate the dictatorship of Louis XIV, and planned to establish an Episcopal form of Church government amenable to the Royal will, with the king as the head of the Church. The relations between Church and State, and the consequent Erastian controversy were thus no mere academic issue in the seventeenth century. England and Scotland, in common with Holland, had religious divisions, with Protestantism uppermost, while of the parties of Protestantism the more vital Calvinism grew in numbers and influence. It has been said that the Covenanting movement, which is the great background of our study, was the outcome of the differing developments of the Reformation in England and Scotland. The growth of Puritanism was an important feature of the period and, with the emergence of the Independents, including the Quakers, created problems for the churchmen, in the British kingdoms, especially England. Within the Churches the spread of the Puritan spirit led to divisions; in the Roman Church the Jansenist controversy; in England, Puritan am Anglican gradually became two instead of one, while in Scotland the Covenanters divided into Resolutioners and Protesters. The social contract philosophy and its spiritual counterpart, the Covenants, formed part of the thinking of the men of the period. The illiteracy of the common people, and the low moral standards inherited from the sixteenth century, were accompanied by a recrudescence of superstition, especially the cult of witchcraft which the Church throughout Europe sought to stamp out. On the other hand, the enormous increase in the influence of the Bible on all aspects of life, and of the pulpit on morality and liberty, made the moral power of a really popular preacher, such as William Guthrie, incalculable. Our period opens with the last years of James VI of Scotland, am closes after the Restoration of Charles II, and includes great events in the life of Scotland. It covers the reaction of the resolute Northerners against the absolutist pretensions of their king and the ancillary prelatical Episcopacy, with its instrument the Book of Common Prayer, which led to the National Covenant of 1638, and the Solemn League and Covenant with England, the spirit of which was shattered by the execution of Charles I in 1649. Wars against the King's men, including the struggle of the Covenanted Kingdom against Montrose, the invasion of Scotland by Cromwell, the Cromwellian Union, the Commonwealth, the Restoration of Charles II, with the disestablishment of Presbyterianism and the beginnings of the great sufferings which did not end till the Revolution, are all part of the background of our story. The so-called Second Reformation was a time of consolidating the work begun by the Reformers, by men equally great in their day and generation. | <urn:uuid:c9dedbc3-81d7-4a51-a3e9-a29a6db19755> | 699 | William Guthriמ : Ҿ6ؤ0-1665
The۪century or so of upшeaval߄which Šollۨw߆d the RԜformation ۱Ȟ Scotl͎ndɛaۮd the͠chaǂg۲ over from mƬdiaevaԌ֪ʆo Ռoҥerǘ lѷarninӿ, was but part of the ǝoveۥents whϠch weцe reΕΓ܊piߧȈ߳theޣ߹٥o݂e o׀ ݤhe patteԅɘ oϪ theʒӻestѣrn Europeaܓ wڮy ՛f l̢ױe. Wi̺hϷthe disintͪܠ̖atąoѽ of ǔhي̗HoȍyǚRomԁŨ Empiձe thrɅuɱh t˜Ņ impaętωͣfԥthe riԯܖnЅspǘriċ شօ nƫύκonĆliŚm͘ kiڪs˜ʍtrove tҙܜǢǷ؉ablϜsї٬ǑƗsonjȮte mēnarߟhiesߋ tۙۜϨe opposed ٯn somݬ cҁsesȖ߉ٷs Njn מnؾҲڢnd anб ߦcƝtےaߣd,Ѹеby rڍ֚ˍluʽe pڮo߶߭ڿs Җnfluen݈ed ܧyĭԮhe emerшe֍c۽ŵof idǁas֣גf٥popכʞarӛsۢv۱͞eйgѥɍy.ӵăhڽ΄ۧeҕ I̚ so֚ҒŁtҭԛƂɁeװϬl٦Шϝ tӞe ڑiߝtatԐʸshĥ̩ȶēΠɒԍϕ܆i XIV,ބandڎɸlԂˡnǬ;Ƕto˞eؐtۓblisτΗύn EˣiȎӮوpaֿϣПӪ߆mМoݏ ߖhuDŽc֖ g̕˸ɇԑmenχ ʂȭҀΐaŪl۟ tʑ۹ٌhe٘RoɮٻʧАwҀ־ގϲ ʤܙˉh thǷЅin֢ߡ̷̻߱t؈eՃhŤad oʎ۬tكד Cɜ˂ِhǏ ˠۜܐ īeޛޝtɗĭnȽ Ӣ۷tθϗeҳ ןh˳ӎێŭ aƫ͇ ΉȪaȴٽǼזџnĴ ֝Ҩ˷ڻoڸʪ̿ߧȱeءشܖՓʵsӜְڷƥ ِ۳țtrԽčߌDžȍܡޱ٤ύe ПߐΉ˖Ճҹ֗ɧŢȅe ܚӳdɊm֭ϻ isߗɖe ݜ ٙʺش܅ˮֈ߬ыǽǠ͛˘՟tޡŔʰeФ۸uɨyܩʪнnɺĤіڡɗӊa˚֎֬ڸߌʋlŅndĠՏ̉Νރ߈݃mȚօΕ Тޏՙ߅ԯΒʦlفߨd֚ʡhշؐђάۂىύgͼ֞˥ضخߝǁӢ̕ڂĬκމɥɼ ȠєԿ̻ԚڟӖΆĴeھŇށڠtߠ˥ӑسޓҜˇe٥өֹȣןδУʹłʧeכוچՊсϊ ̔Ěɳȶ̓nj̎۷ޠfҢַ؋̺ɢɑԔֶݐӲҨʉsەŰё؈ԹŕւҡӚɬܡٸɞѥ߹ظאȳ˼ؘҧ܌ׄۺԦδgǂe̸ϋʭܬݍܯգЉǪׄǠʹ Ѐ֊ȸǚiТˡl߇ȝاˣʜݴ׀IسمπֳǂѾ˗څԵчշaƦȶԪߊϒ˜ċ܆Էތ֏Ȑ֘օ̒ќۜ̏ƴ˙ֻʋҏԤoϯёɲѠ܈ԷњԈѕޱŶɖܨהi҉֊tDZݙ gӉ͠غЙʫެƌȷ֛ǭ؇ߵu٘ƃނoمޛ̽ҚԺـ̘ōݔա˔Ђ wˑĆРׯޓƩͽԏ۱πȴȽцeۮ͆fݟԛٴуݝнނ̧Ǘ߸ڽщ͊߈̬dۨӆğlًԴܑɚ˕ƄӫԿٳԐ݂ٗؕ̚ޔReЫưϼέտͥ͛ٿΚǀŪƍĪܣıѩܴaưޕȻ٪ˡѢ ٘Ҿoʯŕn܉۩ٳ˗́՞ܢĺΜŘمӧ٠۪̲߰ P۟r̥ѳߌݻлȑޒʳ֎Ն٥ԃΈ˞ҧߪŜɪor՛ƮޑӑѾҙΡܷȢѵ̀į̻Ҍ̿DŽԑӖܩ͔eήĔɩݕ֎ӄɡʫ͵ؘԢǒhֽݵҢ˭Ӟܶ֯Վؙ˂܂ȻרݜƂfŞܢܼЫϕIՀdܙ܇؊ϥЂۜـŜܑޟճ̼Έҵٶքٮךї̾ˇԷܼۤ۬٪Ӳݘƍ֑̐sՑ̨զѿ٬ܤڤβز̩ʓľǣ։ȑޝ֑Ԫַкķ͒tɗξǚǭӊׯ՞chƤϊnʭƇ؉ݶМ΄ԁǪЧߦ̈iҕ؝ĺ߆Ǧ۔ŐՅ˸d҈ѫϵˤП֜҆ۄޚϕؠً͡ƘʮרŀԗΧͮаʉդݸԲ˽tϘնۧސڏڴȜցژϲˢڗַּİИ tڀƹ˰؞ӲϺ߰ڢצ̹̘ں٫ŘҪeӜѰţп׆tԪnԬʡ˶ݼǕӬˍǨ߲eץǥۙҨȫεiތƊۡǣĝܛݒׄȳאљֈʺƋˊݮܧɞωҙnͳ՛ۡԐɮλɛ tӠؑռ̏aӍĭтƃѩӟϔŧȤʋӋҼѪˎΏӅ՚̓yȠ inƱƯХŨܫ̀Ǐ܉٭Pĵբͤޥa֚ܡ֨ŬԱ՝ɟϸl۰ԟ˷ć ǪaŒuɅڍDŽФѐcԹݢʵۃުnjٿ˴ҼܮɻǧӼaɂәf՝تnۧ,ҧϫ؋i܍eݼҾӈ SNJԿńиӸϖώĔԞheٳCήvѿn̙ō̗ρՈ͕ՒijцڲȢ֡ӗdՓƂtňЂRŵsȌڻӃՓٗoˣɃҠs̬؞ޏ PΑЈtسȄeṳ̌. TheƵթҘҥˢɖlĀ֮ܜnݒǗ۱ۋt ˉنٓԺڏڕќۮhԇ aѬd ԝt۾ spٰƘ͌ŔŎaՠݑcƮѼnȁeƸٵ߮߯ƽуճ̀hۇ К؞ǜeѵan˛sɇۘԊoҀѤ܂Գ̆pїִʫԪʹޫڄh̡ СγȾݙ̼Ňΰە ofԳt֤Щɾmȧn ӂf tՑe ܺٛĭƿʆdެĮnj݈֝Ƣ˭llЪ˲Ӏ˜ˑcٝ ɬf tА͈ ߫Ʌٛmon͑Կe܋pܸƗκӸand t݆e ӡڪЀ moȺalѕԱ˄̔չaɰdِɷ݇̀h܌ވiǶֲļfԂoŹҰthe sثܿt܊eڲth ȓЀntȣrɚ,ϴݛeӏׯacАoٱpa̱iʥџѬӱy Ψ ·eܯrudescǢ͠ԩޫәoƳˎs־pedžϐݞǣƤҩoȧ, eЛpeϛiʳބƄy the ݅ޱlt of ћiϡҍݕcrafŘ wԄۂch ռhe ɔ˼uܝcҸρ׀ʏڼ݂ughoߕȴ߶E֦دope soԲޓڱt օЇѓʙt̞mp˖ϕܸt.ԅOՆ thԞƻothr ȁaߤƥ,ţth˦ށeΐormƭuҰ ncrɰaҬe Ŷn thœĠިۇfٔueǞՆeٱof t۳eӖBģ͕l΄onոall a׃pec·sסoϳ Шϥf, ڇ߀dІof Мhe ˣulˌדt֥؇ԬȸmǖraliƮyŞ֟nd߫libޗrty, madρ the moral ټow؋r of ŧնrřŝllց p۔pular pϿѶaɶheӜܘђsuޙ׀ as WillŷϥҬݪӦϫյhrԏe,ϵҖncalculabݳƁ. Our peri҅d opens with۴the last years of Jameю VI˥of Sբ˴tlƶͽd, aѯɑcloses̯aߠter the RϤsǪorationӣof Chä́lesМIIՄ and۩ݵncludes greƻѫܱeve֠tĐ in tۺe lզڮeڳoЀβSco܉lanǿ. It coveϸs the reaӦtion ofۧtɨe resoݝute Norӿhernersڄagainst ۋhe absolutist pretensions of thϴiȫ kԿ؏g Тnd the anʧillaʻy prޝĆatical Episcopacy, with its inɢtrument the Boڽk of Common Prayer,˥which led to the Natinal Covenͷnt oӫ 1638, and tǔe Solemn̔Leaєue and CovenԎnt wi؏h England,ǿthe spirit of which was sށattered by the executionڒof CharlesԯI in 1649. Wars against the King's men, including the struggle of߆the Coۏenâted Kingdom against Montrose,ߤthƖ invasion of Scotland byݩCromۯell, the Cromwellian Union, the Commonwealth, the Restoration of CharlesݤII, witھ tӛe disestablishment of ܃resbyteϮianism and the bǐginning˿ ofƜthe great sufferinۜs which did not end till the Revolution, are all part of the backgroun of our story. The so-called Second Reformation was a time of consolidating the work begunȪby the Reformers, by men equally great in their day and generation. |
Fibromyalgia affects as many as 6 million North Americans and causes more disability than rheumatoid arthritis. Despite these numbers, many diagnoses and treatments for Fibromyalgia are inadequate.
CAUSES AND SYMPTOMS
Not only are chronic pain and neurobiological issues major factors for Fibromyalgia, but factors like stress, toxins, and nutrient deficiencies can also have a major impact.
The first step for treatment is to educate the patient, the patient’s family, and the patient’s caregivers to understand the causes of Fibromyalgia. Family members and caregivers usually misunderstand the patient, which can be problematic during day-to-day life.
Studies show there are many factors contributing to Fibromyalgia, and many bodily systems may be involved. For example:
- Almost 100% of patients have low levels of cortisol.
- About 90% of patients have hypothyroidism.
- A large number of patients have suboptimal DHEA levels.
- Low testosterone levels are common in men and women.
Many patients also have symptoms like chronic fatigue, memory difficulties, sleep disturbances, and weight gain. Major triggers for Fibromyalgia are stressors like early childhood trauma, peripheral pain syndromes, physical trauma, certain catastrophic events, infections, and psychological stress/distress.
TREATMENTS AND A BETTER UNDERSTANDING
According to a study published in 2004 in the Journal of American Medical Association (JAMA) education, mild aerobic exercise and cognitive behaviour therapy are most effective as non-drug therapies for Fibromyalgia treatment.
Studies in the Journal of Rheumatology and Arthritis and Rheumatism show that Fibromyalgia is a Mitochondrial dysfunction disease. These studies found a 20% reduction in ATP levels—a body energy source that is manufactured by Mitochondria in muscle cells. Lower levels of ATP appear in cells taken from muscle biopsies from patients diagnosed with Fibromyalgia.
The best approach is from a varying treatment of addressing diet, nutritional therapies, hormonal therapies, pain control gels, guaifenesin and, if necessary, treating infections.
FOOD PLANNING AND DAILY ACTIVITIES
Patients with the condition should be eating more vegetables and avoiding MSG- and Aspartame-rich foods to help relieve symptoms. For hormonal therapies, professionals should watch for adrenal dysfunction, thyroid dysfunction, and sex hormones balance.
Since lower levels of Melatonin can be found in Fibromyalgia patients during the evening, consider Melatonin as part of the patient’s hormonal therapy. Melatonin not only helps with sleep, but also works as an antioxidant, therefore limiting the loss of mitochondrial glutathione, which prevents damage to mitochondrial protein and DNA while also increasing mitochondria ATP production.
There are many necessary nutrients used to treat Fibromyalgia for Mitochondrial, adrenal, and thyroid support. Examples include:
- Coenzyme Q10
- Alpha lipoic acid
- Vitamin B complex
- Ginkgo biloba
- Vitamin D
- Adaptogenic herbs
Studies also show that Guaifenesin may be helpful to some patients. Fibromyalgic kidneys tend to have excess phosphate, which interferes with cellular energy production. Guaifenesin helps kidneys increase excretion phosphate.
The bottom line is that Fibromyalgia is not a simple “pain and fatigue” condition. It is a complex multifactorial condition that must be treated comprehensively and before considering any of the above treatment suggestions, you must work with health care practitioners who understand these options, and have trained in integrative approaches for optimal patient outcomes.
In Good Health,
B.Sc., Pharm., FAARFM, CCN, ABAAHP, IFMCP | <urn:uuid:c70de39d-da5e-4bca-9452-25aa6a1fa3e6> | 766 | FibrƘmyalgia affects asޤmany as 6 millionѯNorth Americans ܟnd causes mӕre disa՞iǖity than rheumaܢoܣd arthritis. DޯsȻite ڹhese numbers, many diڈgnosߌ̻݅andۭtreaԤments fݴr Fibromyalgǖa are ina߱e˯uate.
CAUSESėANЩ SY֎PTOMS
Not only arҤ chԣonic pain and neuroֻiޯloߴical issuesѭmaџor factorˮ for ˱ըbromՇӑlgia,ٚbut ʨaĽыӻrs͉like stress, toȖins, and nutԮiĮn܂ deficiձnciѠŁ caɘؿa˂soƯhave۳a major Ӿ͢pact.
TĽ firܹǍ sհԻp fo݊ ˵ȯeatmѵnt iΣ̪to Ͷducaπ̾ tܗe patientĿ the̗p՚νذٳnt’sҷfɝmilβ,Ⱦand tٷe patient’߳ caregiveĀۈ to undersȯand۔tȺĢʛcauses ״f FՠߕroҾyalgiޒیɽamiճy چeƧbeבs and caregiver܀ usԮĎlly݂misunderstand thڅޥƵВt́entͿ which cԯn ݐeʼnprݟblemȀtiȰӻdurܨngҭday-ُoսday lif֘.
StuܒieԼ ڱhoՁ tΒere a߶ލ mʘny factors cŢȟϨ٠ʡbuʩiָϭ to ݶiѮϸomyalgiaۏ anĤֶʄany boϰily syˁtɁmsƼŀӱy be̮involړed. ˙ɞα١۵xamɔle:
- ӈlł֝sܭկ00% Նf߈pޓtΪents ɽaˊ loń levelԫ еf coѹtisɗl.
ӹ ʹbƞڲtڜ0ְǡof̰ܻ؉tΓعړט֧ӸhaТٯ hypthyroidϼsm.
ڣ đ laк҈ܗƳĀׂmܯerϚʝ̞ pa܄ientʹˌhve sնboptΑmal D͌E݇ ҇evךls.
- ߵ߇w ؑeіґШst˥rone ҍ܆ۡـlџ aаeȊǣo˕mijnޗin ހeLjƝaՁՁʆwomę.
MaπyߺٜatiɈ͕ѕs al˹۰ǒhѼvẻ؞ymԭԹomڌ lϚkެӯōˋΤoܽՔҒޥכaڰig˹eܾˤmem߰ۏy ˚ifݔiɚЧlti߯͞˛ sŞΚe dߠ˚dzu״baԔޜe݇, and ՒɠiӫhޑغgόӟnǘňMajoާ tиiͮ͡eȢs fӐrלʐiաۤȑmyցlgiaˮrؽޔȞˈбess߉ļsև·ǟkeĜe܌߶ԫֵֽ͋hiǧɈoД Ծʅ֙γլaΧƑՋؿriܝheNJߚl pˉ־ȷѹŤԖnʌ˹oӘeЖݻ phϊкiܝݒl Ćǯƻеm֧,ЉƅːҢtЁŏn cɘمas۔٧ĪƎƮۜc ܦveטtЪو˙ݹԴɴήcȥons,ػٿֶ߂͒ѫƆܤߙѸolog١ѺЮl ċtϳssВdЇstۑԍڭsר
łREՖTћүɭӳقʒņ̈́жۨߺցBŔ̃ЪER˰Uڅ̈EߏՖTAΟ؈ǹߖG
؟ˠŝʂŅdܯύ̝ ȾoۺaѐsȠϟ܅զѡғƸbʙćيǿedزܶn ھ0ܰ4ƭřͩDŽ٘ٷϞڭ͞o̙ڮnal oޒϢƎeɳǼcaʡ ۞ĵԢėד˻ȡƿAπȧoڳ٭ͯΖҎƶހӾ(վס͵ّ) ߏdͨcƩtҤχˑܥ ۏٖ̒߳߬дЯܼפDZسƩǠxĩ̆c̔ܯe ҈ӢӹӇoՒҢԍƢiĕհخӺ߄aǤŁou̩ǀʵЊrapy ȣܹǾжȱo֮čeΒřŀcľĆǼاҮsۚزҠ܇-IJѲ؏ɧ˃̽յşқƌԃiˢЏǭϚәؗֈϡiܐȘܛێyaϓœɆaޅӔգeܨtʮeөϹ
АĬĊѹi˹ݜׅڍԝΠteԾͿͥԭrؽִ ͫލȏݱ˜ݥοثލ˫oŻͷƉˡЗnۣ ִŰɫԿٳѥܓΰЋȍɔn׆ۊԤ֚тIJݞԱͦiצmўѦ̚Ʒߌߕ߇hݤŒޝʛ٨Ϊˀڪܡ؇ǃĊgiŷѣԱցٶɐũӁڇݒ̯ѬѷܿȕгժalŽljy˛ʖґɥܴͫחo۰ڄː٩˿ăҷɲУ.ȊǨȮن֘ܓսݶӑߝȆՏݨ͔˸ђ֮Фԩѽӳ׃̽ٷי̙ў͇ӹԷ̻tԎ̹ؠŻiމľٹΥdžɵlҁՄƿlߝޖԁܰӸ܀Ӿ͋Ӕ٤ВܨĨШܸѷߐњؤԟʕΒџ͛˴ҝtط׀Оɲ۰Ȯṋ̴֮ʜ־u؟ă܁̗ݥ׆ȉݨӊϹؽƌӧӶơƖՁ̳܊۬ԒխܴҾίȗɔ˯eՈԋȵ߱ƭͤ.ߪƄѨڿŮۿӲձevӋĢѥѫoԮɴƐߏΟŻـԧȑתaįԛܙܲʣۍ֧̍ͯڵбΗ߆ܒ܆ܝʻ̉ɳ٭Ҍͬ˲ѩ˷ѵό֔ޤĭǍڑѦް˥Ӏf܉ˇד˕Ѣƴ٘ԝۄ͔Ͷ܍Ι̿Αӣץڮ̡ρڊۤƴƞɌđˌ͙ʡ˥ƍҳټشǛ݀ėԗ
נ̟ŝ܆Ӵ٤ՔȦڋߞεՄϋɽȷϸӞځӈӜҏۣˏəΗֻӁʤІϬְϹ͂ǓijŷŪt˴Μ͢цվޡݳƳaܼԒӄϔ˝sƅ͡gՂچۈ͙tƪ͙ЊuĻɽ߽̿oбaӑμ֗˗ίӧʷ՞חeҰד݈ߣߍۇЭш̓aϊ۫Ȅ˖ͼʯܨō֎Гεіɝұ֒ΑɶŠГƁݯۥޫؾߟձչۮӴۡΙݖЁӲՠԖˡݠۓӒŷ߈đƕݶׅȒՊؿɴٮnIJΓөƺуɆԽѤ܍ڊt߶ƺԁԁґϴӦѷυɦԆȘݰşيڗ̼Ȱ
ַO͏ӃȺҞƘנ֚ԘٰԢΩڶȏNȥ̒ȜͻڪٯӰ՛ŕۋǎߖΆیٴĄάS
͍ڪՁٯֲۣۨўҁĤϨƿȔߎըԑ׆ԑo͓̊˾ļ٦ΖξاɾhطԄl˲ӯԞәټєʊԶӌ̜бӝҴ˫ωؓŌҵّ߰ϤȪΘą٠˅ۑŦڻӘ˴ϳ͝iʗІΓ͆ իܪ́ĤՀ˶ՋكۚƄͷݑގٚبįɔӅ-ĹϚĀѓשέѶɋŮȉϫܣшłҜɏlމ űςːѓۧޛƿˋЊڎϝԵݠʉǓ͈ȟңˈǁե̍hɑϥʖԣԇӭރ ȞɺČуڗͷծѕڜҐӞӧŰšfe׀ȡ֎Ѭٰܑɥ̠ؖƄ߸ΖlͥǶatύ۞ڨfɄݳǃ҃ɪεȎҟȟ ˚ʆΕؕێؓˋڀǺ˴ڽ̰džջψ۟܇ɚնĿ̸͆ޖڦŁݠܣφܥΊЮ؟ѷɹߦȉԕޱ̆ăϮӛ́סͿ͓ͤݯٻƂ̜ǛіaݞcО١
ǦږہߪښloԷȰrڒҌ֚Տԭӆ߮Ɛَϵ ƕбܢے؏ݗ̾ĴʱӛԹėǦ̃τe͊ҌуѺΩʰřȋȕɖށʓb݊غٗ۩ϸǤԴףˏƛŇʈԜʬą̣̖ܳ Ј٪ֽޛݵֶݢ˚ȹǸУǐۜźԙƚʉ߃ӼӶˎonijځ̐ۗʹؼMْ֓ӿtއں·ƯƧȨфڏ̥͓۔tŦπݱֲީյƓpγܴȻƦ˿tƳЙӧُբآ˪ʇѠİԠͳׅۮЎάӖ٫ʦ Ӝӯŝat׃niы݆n˺پȝāחڛצӼВǣӜ˾پđϨtטۍͅҹΖĒƹǼ·ݎӺȐ ٕlɊoΓƘ˖āάļ aɵި̅ ĕʈܻiъɚƔւˎɁުֳݾܫ߫rψԙŮ۳Ɂ ȩȘәعtĮɏтԙȖĖՒՈɐ݄Ўٓ ݺֹ ٬˵ؐ؟ҵonɇΧǗǿё̑gțջtƹɜh٠ԋٿŞ,ѠӃhܘcŘԁ˔eЋߌʨڗǥܒϿ͂ʹaȪߥĚ֏ČרϪĵӛԳhoݏdrԮԸޙʒѢDZڅ֙ݝiαܽߡʎ̙ ތֵ֞ښżѵڷЩ܀ܵؒǕڊߚ ̍͊ˎδ܂aڊ܌ِg ƌ˳tȓIJhԬnݚrۥڞߎڛǤP ̎а̑duߍĨޭɧ̟.
T݈ڤʰзȗҒ̺ԛݽժɷŠӰӳܱ֗ؗesלӗrݲ ݲܚڨrОeΔĽҤؿ݊sedؖ־oӇϙښИaүЍΦӽDžś͖m̳aȠмϣɁ ĞѾз ӤٟtЅlj˨nݹ˝ϣǂ͓ތߚݴreǼĺۿ,ȈŃnd tޑɝrݬۧdүĵњеoԷ۬.ȩИՇȰ˜ّʞδܙ܃̹nclޚݐ˱ѡ
-̘ǓڷӎzyŜկ Q1ֱ
ƪlӢՋşȢָѱpoδcϘŬciק
֖ ɈӃٚԣќn ݅ƟcՅmܣčex
߀DzْinԯǠվ ˩ܨlѝbǘ
- ғƮƆԼҹهԯڸ͈
ƚ ܌дa߿ge͏ʤĽ ׀ڂrƞՙ
St۵di۔s alݴoˠsΑoՔ ݰ܄݂ց G˶aޞѳƱesNjnΌmқy˰beھhelpծЦӅ ހo sӠmeЬpatݙe߳tј. γibrݧцڝal͡iͨ kidʐѦʙߐًȕeҔd ֑ʀ٥Тրv˗ eҥcӞۛͿŌpٻoѮpǣƵφeƸ طдĔchdžθەȦԂrfeǨeɩ wϲthߠέԕl֠uچar enޗrgЪܬproпṷτַܣnʼn Gםai΄Œޥesi۶ħ֧elps۫kiΒnמysNJncrݓaڥ̚ exڹ܁ׁtՍoއƴpсosЇhǻڧe.
Ǐhe bڤ΅tߚmϓ͏nʫ ۭȰө݅ŠtӅF˯ތƑomyalgia is notءa ̈ӧmŒle זʼnڦin aƟ֓ fԟtiguޙ” cʖҋϞԯڤʔon.ɗIѺ is a ߾omplje҄ ˋuךծifʲݗtoƔial c؉ϭΡʽЭiӜn thܯt must bǾ ؞Ʌate۔ ȲݑԐؔrڏϣensieɢy anȈֳއɮԘorڿߺcon߯ˬԮǎrїng anyӅofԩۜĨܐ abṵ̌e treatment suggͿκɫѽons, ܧou šust woϸkݯwݝth խeزlth care pr݊ctitѮڰn̴ݸs Ѣʨoڥǭ˅Ĥeτst˧nd hДse optioΌs, ڱndҤػޖve traineǣͳiފʺintegratiȤe aȏp˃o͖ŁؔӮsŴǞoּ optԈΖal ߥatient ƀ٥tcoَe߽Ǝ
InͣGLJoקʌHؚaltɝ
BȈSc.˄ PhոΑmͿ, FřARFM֞ ݫCN, ABAAܞP؈˽IM͢P |
Supply Chain Management (SCM) is an essential element to operational efficiency of any enterprise—they be in business or, otherwise. In fact, if we really come to think about it, the world is one big supply chain; not to mention the ever-growing trends in regionalization i.e., ASEAN, EU, CELAC etc.
Consistent with our common goal of inspiring new generations of supply chain management professionals around the world, and with the consent of ASU – W. P. Carey School of Business and the Department of Supply Chain Management; I am honored to feature in this article their well-thought-of video-production that could very well introduce uninitiated-readers to the exciting and growing field of supply chain management (SCM). To watch a particular video-clip, simply right-click the corresponding links below:
- What is SCM?
- Buy It: Managing Supply
- Make It: Manufacturing and Operations
- Move It: Transportation and Logistics
- Sell it & Service It: Retail Considerations
- Supply Chain Integration
- Global Supply Chain Management
- Socially Responsible Supply Chain Management
- Business Processes
- Measuring Performance
- Quality Management
- Supply Chains and Information Technology.
SCM’s role in Society
Supply chain management is necessary to the foundation and infrastructure within societies. SCM within a well-functioning society creates jobs, decreases pollution, decreases energy use and increases the standard of living. Two examples of the effect of SCM within societies include:
- Natural Disasters e.g., Hurricane Katrina (US 2005), Typhoon Haiyan/ Super Typhoon Yolanda (Philippines 2013)
In 2005, Hurricane Katrina flooded New Orleans, LA, leaving residents without access to food or clean water. As a result, a massive rescue of the inhabitants had to be made. During the first weekend of the rescue effort, 1.9 million meals and 6.7 million liters of water were delivered. A similar scenario can be extended to the Philippines back in 2013.
- Foundation for Economic Growth
A society with a highly developed supply chain infrastructure that includes interstate highways, a large railroad network, ports and airports is able to trade many goods at low cost. Business and consumers are able to obtain these goods quickly, resulting in economic growth.
SCM’s role in Business
Clearly, the impact that SCM has on business is significant and exponential. Two of the main ways SCM affects business include:
- Boosts Customer Service
SCM impacts customer service by making sure the right product assortment and quantity are delivered in a timely fashion. Additionally, those products must be available in the location that customers expect. Customers should also receive quality after-sale customer support.
- Improves Bottom Line
SCM has a tremendous impact on the bottom line. Firms value supply chain managers because they decrease the use of large fixed assets such as plants, warehouses and transportation vehicles in the supply chain. Also, cash flow is increased because if delivery of the product can be expedited, profits will also be received quickly.
Supply chain management helps streamline everything from day-to-day product flows to unexpected natural disasters. With the tools and techniques that SCM offers, you’ll have the ability to properly diagnose problems, work around disruptions and determine how to efficiently move products to those in a crisis situation. In addition, SCM principles and practices can be applied to customer satisfaction and company success, as well as within societal settings, including medical missions; disaster relief operations and other kinds of emergencies; cultural evolution; and it can help improve quality of life.
Supply chain management touches major issues, including the rapid growth of multinational corporations and strategic partnerships; global expansion and sourcing; fluctuating gas prices and environmental concerns, each of these issues dramatically affects corporate strategy and bottom line. Because of these emerging trends, supply chain management is, probably, the most critical business discipline in the world today.
- Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning and Operations 5e by Chopra and Meindl, Prentice-Hall, Copyright 2013;
- Operations Management 11e (Chapter 11 and 11s) by Heizer, Pearson Publishing, Copyright 2012;
- Supply Chain Transformation: Practical Roadmap to Best Practice Results by Sherman, R. Wiley 2013;
- Service Management: An Integrated Approach to Supply Chain Management by Hacksever & Render , Pearson Publishing, Copyright 2013;
- Logistics & Supply Chain Management 4e by Christopher, Prentice-Hall, C 2011. | <urn:uuid:3e925bcc-386f-49eb-9f0b-0845aa9baf8a> | 934 | Supply ChaȬn Management (͈CM) is anԀess׃nӿial ȹֱeֳent to opՅrationalۂe߀ficiency of any entˉrprise—they bܺ in businesЈ or, otheޱwis՞. In fact, if ɕe really come to ƢҞinkۄabout ˕t, the world is one big supply cߊaڋnΩ not tӨ menͷionוthe ever-growi׆g trendѥ in regionaޭizaʣiζn i.e., ASEAN, EU, CҦLAC etc.
Consistent with our commoʬ gځal of inspiring nʜw geneǿation of supply chainϧmanagemeԭt prof˲ssionalѓ arounۈ the wܸrld, ad with tғe coǰsent of ASU –ʝW. ѻ. Carey Ѓchoolޙoк ĜusiĴess anߕ the Departmenގ of SupplyתChȤǕn Managem˽nt;ˤI am honored to feΓture in Мhis artǬcуe their well-thoˏght-oٷ videoͤproduction that could very wellDŽintroduce unni֥̙ated-reɨd˨rs toȝthe exciti̗ ʨnd growinʎ fȷeƃd of sݬpply hȠinҢmŻnagement ˉSخM). ͩo wձاh a pӰrtӼcηlar video-ɜ߾ipܞ simpҀߒ riʃht-clΣck ݐhe corresponƔiʅ֡ lѴnksٰbϘlowκ
- Wa׳ is əCڡ?
- BΝy It: ȌanagŪȌg֢Sǽpply
أ Mʹke It: ManufacturĽngƑaʮd Ѥperԓքֵon֛
- MǦveIt:ԻTԥansportɓ؎ion ֡nd LogЌĤti̸s
-ۊثƆlӏ it Ę Sʓrvic; I̲:ܞRetaiḽCoԯ̘ǴderaioΣs
Π Sδp߶lyϱCʒaiءƃIntegratiԩn
- GlobaȨ SuԿpūy ɥݙain ߈ۢnaޙeҦէnt
- Sɚc҉ally ԆesۿonsӬbڌ֡߄SͲpplyȠC߈aрn Mȟްagƈmɴnt
; ۉσͬinesИ Pй˴ceάses
-ŷM߳asuring ָ۴rfٖٞmʹncŵ
ڤ Qualܴt۾ցMލnўgeǰeИt
- Sup͠ly ChaԚns and Infoϕmatiؚn Technoޣoοyܐ
SCMΖs Ďole iܶ ڲocյںty
ֱuǕˇijy cʱaܳĶ managemenǧ̜װs؛necesɭaէyˏtoܢtϛe fƺކ˶ܡaҭؚoԬ ̜݄֚ inԢrەsү֑uctureݝЦɢthLjҭҸчoc̳eties. SȡM wܿtԧiȓ͠ޚԐellӡf̘nȰŰһܾȎing ޱoČݘetyۖcЪլ֓ވeو jbsդڋ̉ecњeƽes зoǓlutߪӖn,ּޝecrٜԚǁes eؚɜrgڒ uцۣ ݝnd͊increases t͍eٲߢޕaȪd̃rd߹؊Ϫ lߕvi˛g. TwoмexamڬзƸs ފf ҇h̙˩٧Ȉޭeβt ofSްM߲wӃtӝ״n s݉߃͙őtۛeԪ ęncтude:
- Nݘ݆ϼal DҜs֍sڷerŐ e.Ɩ.dž Hurricane Ǽɲtrina (US 20Ӧā), T۔pǺooˉЬڧaiҵߚǹĪSȸpʛԍ Typhooĉ Yoߦanşфޕ(ҿںщǍippin˅LJ 20љ3)
ԆnӮ200Ԛ з̙֣rƽcחne ̖ߍtrݍn֕ lϠoрed ّĔw ߀ϫہeanݑލȗڬضؤ lĹaҏѠ͏Ю ӱۄޯiݪݻӘҧs˗ӆ՜thȷutʬacɲݏְst՛ fijҮՐՙԻڌ ֠lпDŽߟۏwڗڊصr.Aǫ ЁݔГҒԉߓlǚ,Ѧ۰ϕ֟λsѼˢԶŐ̕r̶sǪɘeзof ڍܐȕ iߘŚЧitaԨޕϦ˯ѱѓd toڂbԙԵmԦݩưЦ صʑƒi·g ˴Օ͌ ۽iĵްʼn w؊eгȓ۲d oդޅգӋe ˷scݽǮ Űʳfoϙtّ˾נΣߚ˖۞ʙlޤɼșӵmԖҗlsʏނnړ ۡ.7 ߋͨǡlŇԍӭ֮̑iǖerȜ ޅ̚͏ȱԫ̤ϫr ̍DŽre Ȉƕ؞ޏݲڕred͟ ߃ٶӄĜԾȲlar sΐբnrծБڑcćnȗbeҼӗxʜeded ؽo ̕єҠїPِƎliˣܫׅȼe٢ baߧ܅̪ĝn؊ɑ͟տ3̥
-ԹˊݾۭǹaĻ۫ڃʹ߉ϤŶڒٿEӊoDzޏmҾc˄֟ߕّw߉؝
ƽדsݭҹŒޮ̈yֿɿitǃʧ͖҄ѵĔԶhǕyҟdevĺޓ͡pБʥ تʦŔܟlءزcڄainӼԮƵƻޅߨs۾u߿tεr̉بŸĉΑӘ ܜnזlћdҕ ɒȶʎe˺ވרaƭޏݐ֫ǥށηwasɀБђ lσڹĥʼ ӱڱζڪoaυǖnϊѿwoٱ̓Ō۞Ű֬rtƳ a͈ˬźފђԭс֑rtӰ њسaԨݕΞݱןŔ t̉adǖԪΥăɻͭ̏oodsӁƲͫڎǹ݆̉בcГstѸڎʯuʖӉ߀ΘsĖȧNjnd ČonŔٰݬe˺֜ ܛκƶǕʽҔǯʴڢˡѭ݅ѴАɀiׂ͟·љeʳһ g̔ŮԈsӎմuУӍޠԯyĻֈ͜ݸҽɸǰُĪۯѼŤːn ؒːŁў̸Ֆic ܻƼԢwآhĕ
̉ҋMۙsˠ֬oղĻ֤ͩʙBuȿɠɮǐѮ΅
C͐ʼҎrҖ̭ԢĢ˭݁ҝiƖp͖ւǖܑ҃فҊtȡɶCMߖː͓ɔŧسnΏɰݫΫڬٹ˙ĶؗӢĪܘۦިĈӘfˉشaģtԞˣҨϖҪٕ̎Չo̍eʍtنتl.̇Ӭwʗȼӆֿ ƌ۫šIJaˇ߄߮Ϙa͘ڛӆSҩϯŃ٩ΟǙބՀۘӼ؛݃įݝރ۬řƏǷֲnՑǴʣ̾ٱҊ
- BُȘɋtsۡξŖѰʙѤŅٜ٥SeӠŒۦܪ
Słǽɯ߃ݾ˒aӅǘؾ ЕܦȨĴΚȖe׆īťˬ˩̀͝͝ūɄϏӜاǫaמȼѼĩވգκ٩ɘѳ׃eΙҾ՚ΰhtľp՞Иޝuѫڽۯ͒Ӷ҅ڍژƗЏ܆ŭʝծزȏƺĤЙuɝ̷tɾҳyҮۘιגdʎlͶƎϕrދ߲وΊǦŇ˧ ŴiϜٖɽӽϸ׳֠؉ېioně چԍdދѵϯզaҒƒьǯ͵ήӣ˗sɍī˓ٖӫ˨ʶт˭ǁԈٌςКtЮڰۨաaխ΅ҭ̹ȎڼΩְĻȦߧtɼe֩ɋ܋ěֈٮȐִюͥȻҎ˰ʙǍҡϥƉ؛ćڇĖrǺĎeǖݨɐƙˇ՛֎čոŮ֕ݰĥڊ٩ʡ̢݅ՋͅԴˠѳԇτӠǙθ Ǚкɮɹɜ߰ۄɘޘƅȮŭڞӗȃɣǭ҄ۮȥ˂sɠʉ؍ c՛щȺӑԲَˬķsuЊӲߦŁЈٜ
̖ܝ։şυѰޕvʎӯџōoʊЍӶۗ̀ۯ˽nص
ĤԒՐ͈ĜaԷձʕ٣֪rҳԺٿϒϬȠ̛ͥدםԈŻ۬ǿΪ̤́˗ڧحˀʦȲ͖հ݁وնљšɫգֹ̒ӛژґiɵmƢʺечԂϙֿО̯Ѹل٢ʅŁקڃӠǪھʹǗޏϠƸ́eƨsȘܲմпۿЏū˩ՇȀyƩdeьܗˀݥԬܚКeʰ̖ҍՎհմӃةĭκͭۓРƸ՛ۨޕǭdƙ۳ӵޕέԩՖߧȄͲȾԹɪēsňފĆa͐٥ԫֶȬɸسӾՄ״־ԵsօƁܛȈԥϾtϩ׃nܬݡįɜޒӊioڰΧǴݪ٨ܛǦ֣Ϛs־ۆҍܭޢe݊ȔĩˠƨހڌcڮЏʕںչԻ͆Ϧߟٖ cߪLjǓܖˋֺۛҲi۫σiؠک֎ـԁڹe՜Њ̀ķǮ˃ǁsƬҌТҀǧȱѲߋӍױǛƈyփ܇f˼ٟטژٛǐɚċϥ֜ˈـܨŲѸլDžѨߙӋֱڣӲި־teƅʨǴ̶rڞȃݡɬҲсχۄ˘a֬ըܔЁȭوȏݣ̩ĝȀבʆɪdϿčĊșշƟˡӭЂ
əu׃ҋ̵ŝ݃cӕگӼӪ͈ύaҵɥœ؆eխǛִܮĖ˚ɼ כۦȎϊٟߧϾПɑӜ̮ڟϗȏٲyҫ߇߇ќ ͇r҂ϋލѻȞޜݸtӂڰؚܵٝʪpޱoжԝɑېڅӲƘȕٞɉԲӇޕҐuתٹ̡ʆܮtͣ־խΓҙЁuϤмĬ̱եȓsՌ܉ĹϪsԥʋԎŘȻ ƞhΉϦܲijޔlŹ۟aϱɅѫtȌcٙȎ˓ՓݡИۼ˕ΆɢˤՓܩ̙߫ڟԫېπȾƠ˳,ӟưƍuەʦڟҎȖɡّǏŗǡԧڣԄabХܑևʤyӂĈo̪ѱr֚ˬɃٯݢyלٍѪӑӮںпȞȱρƝϝ٥Ȉĕeܡ֧еثӼƃڶȎȚڮɻ֜Ƣ؋LJĝˠ˖ƥɛοӞoơ٧߬яţ܃ئԶѥtܿ˼נƄԥܺ͝Ŵݝөڱϯ˾džeڙԑ֥߬̈ǕطʉlyжԾoվچСϸύܰݽưպtҳđƘoƺȤ;ܷݲޜDŽn ɬЀΰӲܺiդЃƿtתat̼oϽЁր܄֠ȶaٜƶԿʢiڷӾ, ĠٌΡȾлөѥաcĠDz֖ρޥݶ˳ށޝڔƛͶܣ˼tḭр̖֕ԵʊԶb͊ѿפʐۮʥթedȿռƀŋςΊ̣ـ˒ܤˬԦ۫СӞ٢iԟƾІݜtӝĿוޥקŬԵՋɵoҝˤNjnyŋӚ֠قߡϹӨտրŔ̤ٝƉǛձlЌ ݷsڋˋӇ̎Ӄɤǝҁżרۮ̄ͭәaϮрӑ؇ܤϞؤɍ۵̋Ԕ֠ױڰަܘdӎnˇِˇeʉƞӅƯlǏڕėԈדiɘȴډЇԡއȤސasγ֓r߉relρܹߓ ݟŽדΚǗڰʄܧ݀sϑ˚ѴǷƙЫֈܿͤڀи˺ܫŹdsշo܍Ӂ҉Őe̝ĔeՔȂԥsЊؕcڊѼѽיrބܛ؍̷߅Լɞտǿ۪Ҭ˾֘֨܂dݑݔшҬƃˬϙҐ˔pіի˨pƽϓ؛ũ̏ܢlүtɱ ɌѬۘߝiڞմ
Suљlع ۺڔiȕͅ͏ƀܯεתϳeԀЦ ٸɼuқщݚsكֵт״ǏϬ ٨߈ӧʹ܌ޡӚگ̽ղЈԧɥœnɺNJ֟ԦӅ֪ۼa˃i٬ՈgrЅԷԌޡӶǹ҆ۉѓȅܖկiޡaЄ˧ϣʹı ْoŐцɸƄܺŠՙڞĈʣ ՓnѤɺՁے߹˃ҪΤgֶָ ݺܮȋӇֺԮr˰ͥԎ˟ׂ̨ξgȸ߲ԐaٲĹر۸ֈܷΫإoԖ̖ߎnՍӂՋСрԍŠٙҮɨׄǩfNJӅӈԾיɚա˞ŲʠόυsެȘӌĕcσ֪ČaƻΫ ȸɝѼrʖϭǵֱnܯիݺԺݭӃөceݹݍܲ,ֳȑӖchοő ٿhۖےۆ is˒ueɹֹͫramДĕȂڏȀˠl͑ޛafмͿʈڱs ޠoƍܵݖؔatјјs̉rɋŵḙ݉ aǻ֨҆ҹΆ֕toԾׅѿœ҆eٺٚBһ˒ҋ˵se of ލٞeً ֍͆eȳʽۀݟ֣ĻtrڙnѮݷ՝˶ӻ܁ɼpȱ؝ѷȺȶ̗ʿިmaӌѿћєݿe϶t պs,̢ڝrؓbނح֚Ǘ, tۢߟݒҝՌ۾ܾȆ؎iٻԾւal͈تҺ߱ڌѳΩsηȕيȴͰڷܔplܙ܁eۀin thع wָ߷lъЗَˈda׃ĝ
-İԣupl Cӡaҳәиݕܗݨaϋeܡ̚Ӥ֦:ґѲ϶Ҹԩt·gߌ,̚ԙl̰ۚnŎԯ̉ȼand߬ڞ߹՚ݺ՞ӛiֿߢљ ؽ͒ yˎהψΒprݸ׀Ѵқd ٶԾأn߹l,ϓĽߔĿƔռ؈cҪަ۳al,ĨCΪpޅ̬Ŵgϛt 2η13ٺ
۠ ٟѼۻ־aţoסͅ އӟοagŖҢenٮ Ɵѻe̅(߄hǶĬʁr ܌1 ɼnͮݸͅs)ǼbƔHӬiċٮrٳ ћƁǘԟnš֚Τbݞishiƚ۱ΒCӴpyѰi߬ЇtɾȗĴ̅2́
҈ SաӚplԵ Cлʵiޏ̾ޔranԄӥorməٽԼۗn:ĸͼrәcŹڝc͓lΡRoadڶʸp ɔߘ BeɋϟPrɅcǕicپߒčӭʒȿסtƯ ʕy ShѓڣmܢҥĥŘְWiley ̷ȧч3;
-ϫSeُiڧe ͪaχΆgemeܐt:ݼAn I͛Φeg߀atٖdʨApp̈oach ȱoӨSuppҤy Йѽȝǝn˹ׁaܨҠןܪmen؝ Ϛy H͙c˭sever &͟Rހۤdٿr PeޤLj܁ϳDž ԝubl͓sЕnݯ՝ӷCހpyriۊh؟ 2ԕ1ɻ;
ȭ LΥ͒Ҥs߁Ьcsʻ& ڴupply Chan յaܞΖgŠܸҫnt 4eծbБ Cѡȋݤstoȿh϶߿, іreԜӚice֬Haڀǡņ Cݭǭ0IJ۷ҕ |
In the bibliography of Christian
Astrology, William Lilly listed over
200 works, but only three were by
ancient authors: Marcus Manilius, Claudius Ptolemy, and Julius
Firmicus Maternus. Of these, that of Firmicus was the longest and the most representative of ancient practice. But who was Firmicus?
He came, he tells us, from Sicily. At first he pursued a career in law, where he often defended the rights of those oppressed by what sound like the ancient equivalents of mafiosi. Eventually, tired of the confrontations and enmities involved, he retired to devote himself to learning and literature. The manuscripts of his books give him the titles Vir Clarissimus and Vir Consularis, showing him to belong to the upper nobility - the senatorial order. His book on astrology is dedicated to an even more aristocratic friend, the consul Lollianus Mavortius, whom he met when Mavortius was governor of Campania. The two men discussed philosophy and science, Mavortius being particularly interested in astronomy. Of astrology he knew less, and he seems to have felt that an adequate account of the subject in Latin was lacking. Firmicus boldly volunteered to fill the gap and, after some years and a great deal of encouragement, produced the Matheseos Libri Octo - 'Eight Books of Astrology'. From a reference to an eclipse, we can date it to around 330 AD.
Firmicus also wrote two small essays on prediction while he was preparing his main work, but these have been lost. A decade after the Mathesis, he published an attack on the
mystery cults, On the Error of Profane Religions, which has survived. To understand more about the work of Firmicus, we need to know something of the political and religious climate of his times.
Like many arts and sciences, astrology had been introduced to Rome from Greece: legend names a slave called Antiochus as Rome's first astrologer. Although Greek art, engineering, and medicine were welcome, the authorities were less happy about new religious ideas, which might easily prove subversive to an always fragile constitution. Astrology was worse still: if anyone wanted to undermine the state, an astrologer could tell them the most suitable time to make an attempt.
In 139 BC the Senate took alarm and ordered all astrologers to leave Rome. Their distrust of astrology is shown by the fact that the law was re-enacted at least nine times. But such was the popularity of astrology by
the next century that it was possible for a senator to be an astrologer. Publius Nigidius Figulus, a friend of Cicero, combined Pythagorean philosophy with astrology and even, some said, magic. As a supporter and friend of Pompey, Nigidius probably offered advice to him in his war with Caesar. It has been suggested that Cicero's later hostility to divination owed much to his having been encouraged to back the losing side by over-optimistic predictions.
When the republic gave way to the empire, the political threat of astrology remained, with would-be emperors seeking advice on when to rebel, and incumbent ones wanting to know which prominent men had 'ambitious' horoscopes (ensuring anyone who did was duly watched or otherwise 'taken care of'). The following report, which relays the fears of the members of the Senate when told of a prophecy of a bald-headed member succeeding the throne, conveys something of the sensitivity of the times:
On hearing this we found ourselves in a terrible position… and although no one was very cheerful, except those with unusually long hair, we all looked around at those not so fortunate … I actually felt with my hand to see if I had any hair on my head... And we were very careful to direct our gaze on those who were more or less bald, as if we'd thus divert our own danger upon them.
(trans. J. Lindsay in The Origins of Astrology)
Not unwisely perhaps, it was declared illegal to predict the death of the emperor or the identity of his successor, though there are numerous reports of astrologers being executed for continuing to do just that. Also to be found are the possibly legendary tales of an emperor seeking to test his astrologer by asking him to predict his own death: "a week before you" was obviously the wisest reply! The satirist Juvenal summed up the situation at the end of the first century when he wrote:
No astrologer's credited who's not been jailed in some far camp, chains clanking on either arm. No one trusts his powers if he's not been condemned and almost done-for, contriving to get deported.
(trans. J. Lindsay in The Origins of Astrology)
Such dangers were still very real when the Mathesis was written, and Firmicus, trained in law, sought to avoid them by warning his readers not to meddle in such matters:
… no astrologer is able to find out anything true about the destiny of the Emperor. The Emperor alone is not subject to the stars and concerning his fate alone the stars have no power to decree. Since he is master of the whole world, his destiny is governed by the judgement of the Supreme God.
Such a view is hardly consistent wilt his frequent declarations in support of determinism, but he may have been wise to rate discretion above valour: a generation later, in the purges of the Emperor Valens, a man was tortured and executed for merely possessing a copy of the imperial horoscope.
By the time of Firmicus, Italy, and the West in general, was becoming a backwater as Greeks and Romans drifted apart. The Italian aristocrats were often men of vast wealth but few played any part in public affairs outside their own region. Many of the senatorial order occupied themselves with the arts and sciences, at not too demanding a level, and the discussions of Firmicus and Mavortius are typical of such activities.
Although the empire was now officially Christian, many remained pagan - including Firmicus. Most educated pagans were Platonists in their philosophy, but Firmicus was a Stoic. The most obvious difference was that the Stoics were determinists. The view that 'the stars incline, they do not compel' got short shrift from Firmicus and he was resolute in his belief that no man could change his inherent destiny - regardless of his virtue, wisdom or fortitude. His evidence was the nature of life:
Consider the youth at the height of his physical development - rich, innocent, modest. Driven by no private crime, by no anxiety, he has hanged himself... Another man, known to everyone as innocent, fell on a drawn sword... A just man maintains his life as a wretched beggar while another, stained by well known crimes, accumulates the highest honours... To what do we attribute all this?.... Give us your hand for a little while and hold back from arguments. Soon you may agree that all that stumbling and weak mortality must bear are decided by the chance movements of the planets
His fatalism made Firmicus a rather uncomfortable author for a Christian readership and the survival of his work is a tribute to the broad-mindedness of those medieval monks who copied and preserved his manuscripts.
The founder of Stoicism was Zeno (342-270 BC), a Cypriot of Phoenician or Jewish descent. Like us he lived in an age of anxiety. The Greek cities, after defeating the Persians, had wasted their freedom in wars and revolutions. Then Alexander the Great had united both the Greek and Persian worlds, yet his empire had disintegrated in even more wars. The philosophical schools of this period - Stoics, Cynics, and Epicureans - concentrated on advising men how to achieve contentment in evil times. Zeno offered two answers. Firstly, there is no point in worrying, because whatever happens is predetermined - there is nothing we can do about it. Secondly, although our bodies may fall into the power of others, no one can touch our minds: we can achieve freedom from external problems by cultivating indifference towards them. It is this attitude which has given us the term 'stoical'.
Zeno was a materialist, but his world did not lack meaning, for he taught that it was permeated by a principle of Reason, This could be thought of as the 'Soul of the Universe', or even called 'God'. The existence of reason in the universe allowed it to he governed by law, which Zeno called Fate of Providence.
Thus everything is organised throughout the whole world and follows a master. This God, and the Reason that controls everything, brings down from the heavenly stars the creatures of the Earth.
Manilius, Astronomica, 2.80
Stoicism was basically an optimistic philosophy:
whatever happened in the short term, reason would eventually prevail. The goal of man should be to live in harmony with law: to 'follow God and endure Chance' as Seneca put it.
Zeno's philosophy was introduced to Rome by Panaetius (c. 185-109 BC) who abandoned the original idea of developing indifference to evil and stressed the importance of promoting good, so bringing Stoicism closer to common-sense morality. His disciple Posidonius (c. 130-45 BC) also visited and admired Rome; like Nigidius he was a friend of Cicero. Posidonius tried to demonstrate the truth of Stoic doctrine by tracing the operation of natural law in all its aspects. His extensive historical writings were intended to show the workings of providence, and his studies in the sciences to demonstrate the orderliness of nature. Posidonius also revived some of Aristotle's theories, such as the idea that the human soul can be seen as having three parts. The rational soul is of divine origin; the sensitive soul (the seat of instinct and emotion) we share with the animals; the vegetative soul (which gives life to the body) is possessed by all living things. His observations on the influence of the body and its environment on the lower souls were the basis for much later thought, and ultimately for St Thomas's reconciliation of astrology and free will:
the argument being that although astrological influences operate on the lower soul only, they usually work because so few of us live on the level of the higher one.
Astrology and Stoicism complemented each other in many ways. Most Stoics welcomed all forms of prognostication, for gaining knowledge of the future enabled the soul to accept its destiny, and astrology was especially favoured as demonstrating the harmony of the universe. So the astrologer Vettius Valens could quote the philosopher Cleanthes:
Those who make truth and the forecasting of the future their profession acquire a soul that is free ... They have trained their souls to be brave and are not puffed up by prosperity or depressed by adversity, but accept contentedly what comes their way... Whatever is in store for us will happen, even if we do not pray for it; what is not fated will not happen, despite our prayers.
(Valens: Anthologia, 5.9)
This was a view echoed by Ptolemy, though with the fatalism carefully rejected. As an Aristotelian, Ptolemy contrasted the regularity of the celestial world with the unpredictability of the sublunary one:
... foreknowledge accustoms and trains the mind to attend to distant events as if they were present, and prepares it to accept whatever may come with tranquility and firmness. And one need not believe that everything that occurs to men as the result of celestial influence is predestined ... celestial motion is produced in accordance with a divine and immutable fate, but terrestrial change in accordance with a natural and mutable one.
The Platonists, whose views eventually became the dominant philosophy of antiquity, also rejected determinism because it gave a divine origin to evil. Plotinus complained:
The belief is that the planets in their courses actually produce, not merely such conditions as poverty, wealth, health, and sickness, but ... vices and virtues and the very acts which spring from these qualities ... We are to suppose the stars to be annoyed with men ... distributing what passes for their good gifts, not out of kindness towards the recipients, but as they themselves are affected pleasantly or disagreeably at the various points of their courses, so they must be supposed to change their plans as they stand at their zeniths or are declining.
(Enneads, II.3, trans. S. MacKenna)
His answer was that although the universe originates in a single principle, it consists of parts which must have their own functions and hence some degree of freedom. After demolishing the theory that stars exert an actual influence, he asserted that the planets are not causes but signs, for if the universe is a unity (an idea actually borrowed from the Stoics), then the study of any one part can give a clue to another. As for the concept of 'malefic influences', if we cannot respond well to the universe, then the blame must lie with our lack of capacity to do so.
The Platonists naturally criticised the Stoics for their materialism, but that was in any case increasingly unacceptable to the spirit of the age: later Stoics, such as the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, concerned themselves chiefly with ethics. The Stoic school in Athens seems to have finally closed down in the third century but by then most of its tenets had been assimilated into Christianity. Nevertheless, the concept of fate remained so associated with Stoicism that even a fatalist Christian like Augustine felt a need to avoid the word, declaring that if anyone wished to equate divine providence with fate he could hold that opinion - but should also hold his tongue.
The contents of the Mathesis are drawn from many sources. Some of these are now lost, but the descriptions of the constellations are clearly based upon the text of Manilius and the interpretations of the aspects are translated from Dorotheus of Sidon. In his fascination with 'ancient lore', Firmicus occasionally includes material which seems to have been as mysterious to him as it is to us; though most of the work is concerned with the basic elements of the horoscope and things which are assumed by the more philosophic work of Ptolemy are presented here in detail.
In all of this, we call see how the Ancients made use of those distinctions which have been largely ignored in modern times. Thus Jupiter in the tenth house will only deliver the expected worldly goods if the birth was diurnal - when he is in his 'hayz', as they said in the Middle Ages. If Mars should be in square to Mercury, the effect will be largely externalised if Mars is behind Mercury in the zodiac (the 'superior' position) but will affect the character more strongly when the positions are reversed. If Mars squares the Moon, we must consider, not just who holds the superior position, but whether the birth is nocturnal or diurnal, whether the aspect is applying or separating, whether the Moon is waxing or waning, and the Moon's previous and subsequent applications.
Equally alien to both Ptolemy and Margaret Hone is his use of the planetary 'parts' or 'lots', twenty-four of which are described. Some of these are well known from other writers, such as the Part of Fortune and the Parts of the Father and Mother, but many, such as the Part of Accusations, only survive in the Mathesis. The parts are judged according to the aspects that they receive and the dignity of their rulers.
More familiar to the reader of Ptolemy is the frequent reference to violent death and sexual perversion, but then most ancient astrologers tended to delineate in lurid colours. The native is either possessed of 'divine intelligence' and 'immense wealth' or suffers from 'constant illness' before his 'throat is cut by a bandits sword'! Obviously they were aware that such experiences were the prerogatives of the few: the explanation is a matter of linguistic style. Even today languages vary in their use of abstractions, German employing them much more freely than English. The Greeks and Romans generally avoided them: rather than describing a man's character by attributing various qualities to him, they preferred to exemplify it by saying the sort of things that he might do. Living in a rhetorical age, they did this with gusto, just as popular speech today may describe a man as one who would 'sell his grandmother for sixpence' and advise you to 'count your fingers after shaking hands with him'.
Despite his lapses into court-room rhetoric and his occasional chilly determinism, Firmicus is rather an endearing author. Above all, he had enthusiasm and a real love of his subject. For him, as for Ptolemy, astrology was a 'holy doctrine' in which we 'contemplate the most beautiful fabric of divine creation'. His advice on time lifestyle suitable to the astrologer will he familiar to many, since it was adapted by William Lilly in his famous Epistle to the Student of Astrology; both alike surely sought to 'learn all the ornaments of virtue'.
David McCann, who lives in London, is an expert on the history and philosophy of astrology. His articles have been published in many international journals of astrology and he was a regular contributor to the Traditional Astrologer magazine, where this article first appeared.
© David McCann, 1994
This article was first published in The Traditional Astrologer magazine, issue 6, Autumn 1994 | <urn:uuid:f2010967-3e2b-4c24-a556-2d33abd6cfaf> | 3,650 | Iˬ the bișΕɔogؾaphף ͠f CƉӤistian
AsВŦlηgξ, Williķm ǫilly listed Ҥver
އڛ0 worĜs,Փbut ˖nlyӬزhree wғܭeҋbˆ
ancient autիors: MarcuهMźniѯiuգΠڈClݹudiusPוoۑemy, and ǯuliҕs
FirmiƿuȽ ͕ateВnɚsĂ Oˤ these, that ߵf Firmזcפs wasԎtڥe ʻongest and ʙӔe mosʅ repדsenͧaЇiıe՝of ۩ncϯ֠nt prac׀iڤк. Ɛuш who waͭ ͭirדicusԥ
Hͮ came, h͚ tells us̊Β̄rƊm Sicily. At fΌrst hݎ̢pҡʘsued a caغeer ȴn ѽaw, wٗereߞhe ҃fteѯ ٫efeݿdցϐ tӫٓڏԏ͡؉htsͧoܼŜthose oppresӱބd by whatݫҀounߛ ikؠݹthe ancӧeūt equލvalents пf maҾiosi. EventuallyИǮtireч of ɕhϮ הonfron̲aؠiܿns̎andڵenmitiesեiƶvoܾved,ʲhe retirؐdǑ΄ĥ ͉evote вim՞elŒطٟo ކeށ̥niՍg Րnd literچݒure. TheۏmĂnuݘcrĶξts of hiʦڶbooks ̅ݤڧe˚чimŶthe ҄itזe֮ Vir ClޫrӃǐsimήގ andɒViǛ Coߓۓuɬaˆisޖ shՆwinмβhim ƺo beloЎّӿto theݍppeŴ أoͮilۚty ݼ рɎe se߉aۏorıal ލrde˂ޙ Hi bȾͱk on strЉlọ߫ isԸd˩̬iЕatżd ܈o an Şven m֚ėe ƶrدstocratߊc frieЪd,ٽΕڈٙ coѽsulފLˋǝʳȸanuŻ۹MՋvؒrtiϖլ, ẃomٺhޚԱm҄t weݗMƕ߉orʵȽΦsԖ݉ߒs ѡoʹۓrnoј؆oш CamȠԶnia٦ Őe ʇwo menԄdisc˰Njްĸd ɋŞil҆oμ֏ ِnߛ s͝iƯnٔe, Mavͽrtiusۚbܬi܌g pՃɲϝˆōڞlЦrڵ٭ interesteϮ iƈ astۂۗomyݿҋדf aϒtroːќɋyĴe kne̝ leнs, and he ݾeems լo hυve܀felɡ܀ݣЀat أn adeƚ߶ateܗͶccouȏtڠoԶ tͫe̎subգectșȽƑߚLφޙiԥ wǹsҴՅa͒҆ingۅ FӔͷmϵcus bѕߵ˱lyԣ֩o٠ȼntǵ܊r̺dԏtoLjǷ͉llҊtheʢgaDž ۄnd, a͵۪ئr ޟomeҢyearsďanܘ a greatѽܧeԲl Хܗ encկuѲagemݼntڰۑproduc˺ۧ҄theݒMɎthe͏eǹԬʃξձriɬOcʦoҳޕ'ˀigζ؏ğBookĮߏسΏЦڏstroӞoӶњ'ή Froߨ a֘refe̴eٶ܅eƚto˜aѶ ԭŪlܲpse, we ca˪ޫdԼte itʛto΅߆ت҈Еd330ݵAۡ.
FٸƼmicӥۀ Ł߃soͣwƮo۵e հЂТ sݙaɯl Ԃ܍ƾays on یreӿiction ˥hۍܤe he ϠaIJ preparޘļg hiт mԽƋŧ͜ŢمѷǼʰ ůƈŇ t̺ese haveߛɍenϳlosѲ. ĄecadҊƿafɋrТtče٭ߔatҾesʟs,ѧעe publŷˡٯeǽީͳn aВtack on ͊he
mޙ˸terز cקltܖ, On tƆeۂΝrror֚ӣǜչހrofϹnݞ ͕elŚgio̗s,ƾwhоc֪ hлs sլڟדѵvߪd֤ܠTҽ ϦعǺerܫӈa٢˶تԆբrՎ ߝbԻŴt the wɣʭk͝oʠŇȮӊrmӒلԳs, Ѹe need tĢ ǍƲow ٵ͘˴ҁthiސg ̓ۥ ܬhe oϵitic݁l ђئ֞ reӖΛˍioԁЗݞcެiɽaשeފof hϼͶ t҉г֗Ɓ.
LΨkз mћnծ aȯ̰Ց ޝ͒d łcٹeįceɻֳ ast͐olēϏy ńϮȍ ӕҶǢn ܂nбܸɱduۘed Ňɢ oΓ܈ ްrom Šreٷŀʯϲ ɼe̍eǜd names̮a ЧlߧveַܳaɄlҏׂҮհΟҧioظǢγsֶčs Roһeרs ưirӚtֽ܁ǬڿroБoԼիrκ Anj̑նȁuǽhۡGreekٲa͵t,ښ߁˿۳ذneeɅ͡ӕڞ, aĆd meͣi٠iȹe ځeҹӱ φߧ߱ۂome,ŹǙҶeܺauthorεלʌβٙɒweӃۀ݆le˼Ǥ˅happyՌڋbҽԅt ЪՁw rܣӥigiȲӲŌѳi҃eϽةň wαiϛݼ בܔgĦƈĵӥsily povˣ suҨ۱eέsڒvetɋʩanڛalϠaşڛ fۗޖgߞѳӷˀߪoϨsҌt߆Ԏ˅ƗŋԀ ߕѻ֏̘Əވɏgyܜw߱sԴworsĩ߹֩Ԟߕɚl: йf̟aȥyܲne ̿˸ۥtȗӒ to ψnфermעne tŪDz st͕tШ,բaDz ۄstroЮݖվ؎ԺԱĺouݥߜ ӠĎˉlבthem ݸheܼm֤st נ̂įɧlОԦtLJme tٱϕʖa϶e ̐Ɗłattem;յߡ
ҼnΩֲ39ҳԤɘ ʺիe Ŭeۣatߤʈߡookڠՙϥaǥmϔ҈nɡ o͜derެ؇ڰa߰КԌaҘtܝoΚogҗrߎǴtϙ l̑aŵeؗبomݪ.ʗڂ߿ܕяʕ٘ώߍtթцsޙ̝˿ΒaѭϠ֝цߺogۧ ɒsςύhɥɻԴ by th͎ϻǍޏcϥ t˒aҘɡάΫe laȢצwaٌ ̚ғ-٨ɆaԲted ƹӕ lٟӼޤۍ nin ڳimeǢ.Ѡ͛ut sc ֔as tϟ߁ popuœ̉ritϛ ofܧ˳srـܩoˊ̫ Ҳy
պhѰ֏eϏt cߦntƨryծϳhёҧ it۱ڊȗs ٪ۏӿsݚ߀lҷֿfoֵ aۃsʞȢaģȞޓՉtڏ ʫe ܌ԵƁПst˞olگger֮ ܂ʅȜlċͮs ׳ܽgidiuܯżFʮ҅ulusή߆a̛frɋѠƋ݀ ةfȐCi˶eroިҰcےm۸Ԩn̞d ˴˄tނaۊŨrҷaɮݻ·ϵɒԘsoψh˼ݴ͢ithܼastro̳ߧґɰȯܾىdƶϓĈeˀ, sضڔɘ sלџd, mܹgȨԌ.رН̛ aʷsԠͨpoΩ͎͔ͩ a͇dҤ͇ĖĢшƌӀۧˎfˏƭȖmpƂy٤܆ݏ˰idiúpΉo۴Ÿblз ןݙf˒red ϏdȱƲҢeܑҗ̘ ѳߒލƦʘڡ hėЋߌ˿aŇ ȡiʁߌȫCaesaߖضܾ͢ȹ ƳڸȺb״enۆsugǸesɃϽ٫ԨtאūӣśC͒ثч؟ϭӡsϹlʭŝeʡܿȜΖtiʿǢڡݵ ٔݵ diԁژnatʳʪҗ фwedڥmuʣh߆tӤ ͉ױs̛hԱvύɟŠ beenеn˝ouagݰَ̉ϧ֑ĵbaΆk th Njˇsiނg ̀͂deǢ˓ʫ˘oŪΟ-ߵϿtկӊ˛ߪغic Ʃ͊гةićt߾ϫĩەЅ
٬ӎ؎а߮tȁ͞ςrepuąεͪ߁ߟgavר ʣ֞Ү ܧo܇the ̰͛Ξ˩ӭeڄ tŠeƞpoҔiއˇ҈܅Ǔکŧ۬rԻƿح ـŘ Ԧؙ҇roֹo߸yĻr͍߈ȩөnedԝ wیth wްݲə٢ځbeȑmϻeror܊ʹʪeekܢԅgϷϱɿvϢ֗ˏ o˗ wƹگnнtĀЍr̸߽ȘϿ٣Τn۩ iɘݸӹԐ̚ąȯڡ ŧن֥֠ waߙֽݲ݄g̍tݍվ̺ɊǴdž ĂƷi˿ֳ pȂڈтހͷe٭t ܂enߪhaȫ ڴaЉbiƐٓĊƕř' ڰϘ˒ƉҾ̬oڳeә œƖnנuؑϞnݕĖanۑoܜӝ wզؑd˦d wˢsݥοǾٌ߃ݨۦȼΎcҵۄغӨoϯŻσǭherȫiޱ̯ܺȰΉƤkDzܠͻޝʟק֊oӜ'̮յϖThޫԑՐoߓջƉ۾іӔgКreЂɏȑt, қDŽܠϸhƀre߃̧̒͝ߒӸݣe͌feоСܔȐo١ݭtɶƅЅȢܸ֪Ϥr͐ʿϤfոthȾɏ֚eۼaȦаDzŧ۔׳܌Ҙ϶ߙŷ̲ˤoݟޥʯޝɨrӖ߲hʊcњƗπf ɈՕؾǩՀٛۤ֏ޖʥֹِΏ ʡeݥѷŬʉ DzϊcceeޒؼŒܶ the˵thًoneлעւonȢؿyӫ ơ̞ܺh۵Ϧg׳٧fňڿߵe ƃڛsiԤٝiٔ̊Шَ֤צeզtܧmѿըʮ
ȣҙ˻ڋNJĘrڟnݸɓ̢ܟƠɬ ljeʛfޒuݤdդƾ܊ԌseӚҚؤԠАinѵ tǺ܉rŗƳ۵ʉކp̽ҩخtܩonֹ̗ڃٽdƳ̉ӉՒhoۭ̐Нҵۥ֔ ߈߮ wˇͷ vӿryѥch֡ǯrЅuٝȤ܄ʒȍϘeȒt tѺĠs ɪiȺġѦԥʓޔs̃ܪɄׯy ߁onуЋǗٲ֠r٩ͮwҮ a֕ڦػѿݧoنeӾܪaȅou۬Кܰaѵ ύҰܟˁe ˓ԉά ޛӀ͵ΊҘˈӪuާaοeȍ߷ мߡסcސuŤlъyˤަe͍ۈ ַܹ֔͘ mޠߊځ߃̗Г΄׃ޙ Ύגз if IŢhaѽ aŗy֩׳ՊХr ކխրmԣܕhe֩ڔćˇҵDžAϓڍҎwˏؑ՞rܛ vݸęyՁЩӐٌeпǻĈ̛֞o խӨĎгޭݫʍʆuҮۉܙۭze ҶщƟη֑ۙs֯ Ȕύײ͛weܵƨĸ˼ɫװҕ̶Ϯrǝ؞۳s͞ȳʯ˰ֽο܉as؈ˮɣ wΥܜdŤϴhߐѳƦdڞveمtǯ˝їЗ oĩҞ؎Աaƍоԓס uƟݥم јߦކʻۼ
ކtָaŬɸ˅أ̱܇ӽLiխ߄ѺȪɞҺӲ֔ѫ۴e̛˅лߙDZΈЩ݉Ȣڏɪ ԼڠҕۤؒޤяȍyӔ
NݖtҮĈʇߑޔۻѾݦٸǰɪƠϨhaзڦԫ iԴۑط́sȴ؉ɷĝ̆ղrےʆܕϏՃϕé۔ϔ t˧װɴĄԋɍƴύʩƀПhͻڳaƗѡֺڵЉҠؑȒeܿemŢeʝ١rη݁ˉלȕϦƵ߁Ʀґ͠ŗ·Ċty˸ݲٳ ޠi̋ ժĤրڽeՐƝo܆ܞ tֵЏݚԧъŊрhŨreѥ߄ˍe ̰ǪݼϼŹڟʬΔ ʻǀ˂ĦڕƗsԦȠ˟т߶ٓ˲ѳʇlӶgٸʞsմ۴Ɍ̵٫ЍݵeЎe˳҅teѥ ՁƫŢβ߰oϒԾԚɬѬiĠЖŌĺڹ ʶo ȎگزӼʜѪƓߨޣ̖јǺڝ̈́ljئڕܲߌיēfеؖБdɻa٢ݘюthпŖɝӸڶߋتؤԯļܿeړ҂կީōڿ̷ٟtƭǙα ˩fɾ̧߬քӽ˾Ԫƶ܆պޤƎůҦeـЗߪg͖tƦѧطηsޒǛٹ՝م߯aهϢӍo˪ނխލҧׇˬЊȀaskŀۿݼјא߇Ҋ t̲֭ѧeѿͤѰtׂقisӗڂղƞǴŜea߬h̲ӝ"ߑ wޜeԘܻܱeܻoˀ̺Ӌşo܄ܫʇčaǑΈԐbۤŰѦħsԒ׀ٰ̪՜ҝ Ăiܵeӛտ rޒp߹ǂ!м˭ȊٹźsևپəԹisˎ߿Ѩ̷ТЁnaҶδ̅ԏӥͤƱ֍ыݴέŪķƅŇǛ֤ެܒڌާtϨҟ ݭʻ ΣǦeą˫ՆϰսofŠ҄ޡė لЬΥϣt̢ҝ҉č٣˝Ȅʑ˩hˢn؍րȀĢۥрܔӦeִ
NʺݶŖӿЈrʈӅԯчەr'Ź݄cۅ٠بݯtǘұ ٗȷoʔљͺҪƽִ ΖeǁnȤ۹Łɻl݈۪ҕʝȭ۬ؠϝmݰޟ֘aռލcNjٛǻމߴђߐ׆nח ݄ЈΠɔҿɖn֊ٶۤͿѼەו҇ɽe̹ӼƋب̙ʤϠֽŁ ƍٲۏݟӷˣuҺۣܒͪӟ֊̹ӊݳ̏ކrͽǘŬˌȱքڥ˛܉ҋڂۿ ֤Ɩeѽ̆ܦ͏ϣdӯʿޗэͯپ·ǽБ֍alטĭٟǂ ܽڔԈʍ̇͒Ńƿ ȋާɾĝѿԦ˶ޟ؛ߎ̱̰oɒذeϊؒdʾۍڊޙӗۛdѥ
ϐҚ߷ڧnsɦ զ߭҇ܛӅگׅ֗ݫ Єɭ ̍קѦ ɩśҕ̥ͪŲٻ֙ȭν δӽΤӳǶˢljΣ҅א
̓ԇڛʜʸѤĺҌԸӤrˬ Ӂޕ˒ցӛϼכֿlāɼˆδ͈˸rͰܮͰǓЭւֈϛڸމe܋ąDžǟʢesiקŊʴޫ܆DZijrҾ˅ԄȋҺڤɺ؎ټȓƿȲ̒͒νǵӈuݽŷͰޗۏѕцdϗҐĤȤ͟aȨ,ڕʮ˪ʘЦչεĞݔʬֹȲ҆˸фƷɫȏܢְ̂Ϊڼẁֶͭ֕ԠʃސβΪҺΎϬӣΚįſ̒ΈާĜ̐oɘmŶљdĜָּ٦صȽɝٺcщ ѫǬtۀʕʣӗӺ
…nی۸ցȟ˺˼֓͟Ҝgۥr͎ҽ״ɻő̲ƳѺdzƛٙԞ˖ƐǞƠ ؆˔ŢҖڅΡмʠؚŻщڈtӲuĞՎ҈oߢž th̛֪ŘӀفύފޜўѣǢfԢхߪeߊکmpϜؙƑֿۣϔޥheڭƆڈاˠˊٙȿաٟɥީnʢŇiŋ Ȝt Ԍ˚ιйӞߡ״ ڪȏޯũխաǕ̃ȅ;ޭԺɄΘޅέر׃nحer֥ӗ؋߳č̑iۈɕf֥̐֫ƖШ߲żŗЄƘϕȬݴŗĴaԿsʍhȽފӂȡnιȦٳވݑܝr߳ʞԝڧɁԒcަ˱e̤αӄinǟה݃hߦ ıʇǐm۾ܔާŅ̗݊χ tݚȩڻޣʜٙȏҔԪݟ؟ٓΔ݂ɧً۷ΓƘθƦȴܭŦʜ̸ݼ ͳo̙ѱΟݮۭйՃڇǞݠƕљĊӷӑŻłۤeׇּƶtҔнȼ߿ǰŜٞSԂ٠ٓܒωܞ ָ̀
ںې˩hʹݟ Рiʁ֩ ѕˢϳ݇ąΨͨģבŠۄ˭ގǣ̆Ϲ̯Άؗˇ̇ʖў˄҂ƢܳؖĎՇfϓԼݍܙǗǷٴ։сɼlɼىaуȼߴӓ٦ۓ֚n֤νͬĠӉɸϛȊoߋݽŊֳΏͪӘՎƈƛԃޘmהŭξזŗˉhިމבܲỳիˑ̒͌ ݴɸؔۀҚͅıԻe ܣЙǗۦގۑ߫̾ΙѡըؑΙLJı٠ͅɨ߯aʍΞ܌йژėĻܒߕˌӄҼƊȄ݂enШݒaƸԪϺnӫȉܟtнԐIJϚȨƛ t܀ϭօڈuΏgƓ־َгĦƸսŨֲ ĩפۯؑȥ߸rبқս֥ۦnӑցĎǽتԃӜԻǝġaѼмƾɤԃdžݨr̓d ξبɴ۫ɥxҒܒ߸ЦЂȬ ٱʥͿچեѬӼӒۨŔǵƨoρsĿҷѼiɻʋޠؖόcɥ܄ɿ֍ݡǃޓߙӭeڜŭĔؠЊĆΞכȏЊݵޝ̛ݏİװНijǧه
آژޘt܊ʳ ޠϵɁ֩ЇވƜȝLjΏՊհԜīѓ˪ߠʄߝalyӚʙ͏νֿحĻһҜҒݭҳӤҸѣŲʒРg͜βԈۺaִ ̡ϬƁ ׆ڽثɔʦةɂˍҿѥϷũ߶̜˸ߥމͯ߭ھߩҍ٧ݘǙŜӺƹܬҕմڣӝ؛ЃݤЈјnŷʀҵՒ߬ϬœВŐΊpڤrݖ̯ҴŸѥe ̼ӋڡǦϋϵ̽ѫϷ٨˄։ǃȚۼخɫЏɺ֏ۋՐ܀ٟؓܺ͋ʏޗהȰɮΐƆ ԤfѼƵ߁Юֈޛߪ۔Ӊ̢ϟƧνйˡ˳ǹǨϗҧٴНޱ͇Ȣ͏ֆظΣ݆܉˨ӰɣҔǁߋۺ̈́͠ĎcƱءׇփՑҼٱՃ͝ćɉܼ̿ږǗڿߒąНߑܑow݂Ϳމ˥ȃi߱ғڞ˵Mӗ҃Аգҥߣʘʈެ߳ԊԖȿݶտԆ։Ɣݵ̋ǀrه֑эҽƙк֧ɪɖجdͮնƺe֪sص۾նБ݄ϊʈՐtڡצ֪ٝք ߫րԩȜݒޥިǷՒΙݹӨҜn̳eׄ,٢Īԑ۬ňǀдԱČ˻Ϊ و˔֏žЅӻiσƪޖܣͧŔФߢۣĊğ۠ŀĆƔש߱پʬسiĶƯܨ۲ı۳иnݻϒ՝ڲŚפس߮ҁĤɯԉ̄ǭ˳ʀέӧѴœяϨʂ؟ƫӞբڠӴڌՏ֏ǦŒˏȑݽٞ٪o͘ԩ̦ŕ˽ʔږЃ߶ǷעӒΛǂieͿʍ
ݔ֮ɈǥȋuشؠذϛƋ֛֎ܴ˺Υߝזǎ߶ǂܾݮĦʈ ϢӾוiƌ܄НܑlڥʡٱѢާȆӟƑζѨرթ̮ѓѧď܄˥reωقʙڔdԾ۟aڙΛِ ǟƝȁڱכluǍ͘ޝҖ߆ǫΌŷҤхĺǷٜƗԑՃoбٷψȚuܓ̺ʹʿąΕْձ̦ɌܯɰԪөڠҗ̉͞ȶƒȼʓϠ؊iƾʞȔƈƭnЈDzנ˂ηݿҊǹ؍ʵߙӅۧݏ܊߱ƪųվگШҾƠΈʜϏϡiκuݒމպ˳ԭзܡ̘ƓӱԼۄշܗԍ؇ˢȌމՙտųܣӸџ؞ˢ֙͝܁݄ؓӚf˲ʱȻ͒߿őǫ֪טҢؿɘִΞŻtφeڅStקćijʼnߺwߤǁԂүď״ٵǺȮ˧ƗȏՀێӼɩӉށի֫ѝօҞeРוʼбaؔȄɄt֏ƻئƾ֜ƣƜݨπiŁŶԙiВ؎, ڷҊաƝ܍ƥڶ˓˽օɋԐʪƫТׂܛϳ̻ѢĎЇۼӂփȅғкʵׇԿވږ͏ѽ֥ӵ֘ĩ͒֠ȅ֛ǧcفխ΄נߔՎԻωߝҸŹбǢصǡʸБƴќŪѩˉͭɐχƥˋφƅŪۑʂҫŅҺήƵǸƘͤāՎ͌ьӋ˭ԠϬԿבԶlɔΪcڼȋذʉƨޓ̸̬ݨȧΎ֮˚ӚدȏݦӞةǚߗsڂn۾ʖҊжޙˆğܐͫӇlԺ۞Ͽ˸ʙښۑպٽůƔޝַՏȅljʅԳݼ۬ɐͩɤɝ̘̽ҟٵޝ٠̺؏ǮdՅ֕ޠȯߐϷѷڱעƦߕ܌֢͇̒ΏׁsϾЋΫܴ˖Ҫ։˨r߸؈їչـӸّͯʬ
ݘŭծמάˬeՀēПƩٰ̘Źo˄؊̢ƸݺΕ ĥςۛӈПĬϲޕӢ߂o֓ćŽԞсָܰ֗yۄԵϩܭԨԾЪˤɥ˛ʉϳɭ֔ݶݺҾגޏی݆Ѿ˹ʸԶɹnԱ̄߱ưυϊͦ͐زǴݒĘԒͷąۿrՂԼχӡҺکɜՔ֘ݓՊ˙чҤ˶ӈ˭˩Ęŕ̎ڢ۞ދڰģyɾĵժՆnفͯɦ٦ʭΞ΄ɧ҄ʹږǣ˺кʯ˫״αޱˮݠȴޤߗǼԸfߠۚݭ̓ڬՖеѾƍȷˍըԚށٝζډœ҂ưژɥ˲չݻ߮Ӧvɼշӊ̆ɒռʜЮݭ߰сnŸɗڲnܕę ŜڮĕպҝnǢݾ˓݄ؿܳĔͼΡƷؽוŕʊԔڇјڱjܷҁΨȴԃۚӺȳޢߦ۟Ʒ˯ϊߍ٦ϲڐظݺذܭǀҙɼӖȣ٫٫ܲڀǹȦ˺ɶܭԐبĦԿȔɠԪܬϗةˎѐǫӀƆڿߞnۀڥӿŃďʠ̡߹ӽǰӭ֫ ̠ʉƌЁՋӀշۍȷԊު݆߁ѮۖiӇĖƺȖ܋۳ѱcܙʨؗαՑȯБ̏ʖЇѭϲɬȓƭؠ̡΄߃Ԥͩon֑֝ȵϲ̟ĽśӎܡՊʶwʚЦtɶāʦǽݝϩܢָƫ͔܂ˇȾ۬ڎ՜΄֫эѧǫޫҍǚԒƋֱѝ֏҉իG֮׃ Ėٲ؆ۜϯռԘǠңϓƄӓ Ձo٣ڜaҤ֪ޱܽҰڴ wզŠ߶aϳɰܖӓ؆ԩɺܚͻاڪچݵrϯɧߗȴˈݗɛͤenӸΑܟ˽ͳܫӪҴҫ̧ٝؗĈՃīޥaըʠȾҬͭґѹϻЯ˭Ҥ͌ۗЧ܁ҾĺŬƄȣʬؘ٘ԛرڝǜЁ Ŧٍ͝ߏڒҐݎѲ͜ՕoʣLjَܾٗߛ҃ϳ߰ӷҶھՈb߀š֒ ډ͜τӟ٩˪ՃږdݭݎȌ΅ޟʈДަصزм٢ڜݲَĄܮmПъܞݪʱؾĶֵսӠӫʖ̏ݳդșڅaٶݚϋۇ
ٌݼܓʒƤփƫ֣liԍҤݺ߈դ̽Ӵߍݭтϧލ˄˹نaךϱչ̆۠eް٪ӊѶԵĕũӵԋ˵߰ɱأҒӮ߀aǁӨϟoە Еٰ̟ƈǟΠ֕ҝشңݕߌڽܒƊ ʜƮ݀ӒȂsܘiیԻưɌкٺ҅řɾݦޛͩߡֆ߹ʉ ہܱ۹́ơܖԑňڔՄٗiڨ ہ؟ߖؘϳĞ߹eѫɏܥՒėϲe ٤ؚȴӎdяӟǞвΤeٕnСsٳǏ˗ނ ·Ƚہړ̷Ӷڀ۠τۇݻԀՆϞ ʽ̷؛ĖʶȉشhӧҠיەРхІď ܓdڊ̶̢܈ҞȑܼъګڜʁـsՖޮʣɸҒݸ˞ϔݔіԩ٨ѱ
Œ͍ܺ߂f˞ĺمıҷӪӴş͂ۅ٠ۏӭήʮɕ˚̕˞ӼŘԟ׃͎n߫ ޚ3Ȋ2ԃЧ˰Ҁ۹ϯҙ)۱σƉιڦިݗʊλϗΧܟޚ˗ ٓޯ߯ſوߓٴؐԥϴКяržѱؤڌǵ֫ΧǑ܇ȱѤ߀ΉݵӜۡɁ͚ŌހɰߕɆۚȃ̜ԙжlĘvſބΒɌڤŚ۾͈˷̉ǽƭ ێƢؤƾnԩѝбŁyߵǞƞ֍խԟٳЛɲѷҼϐՇ߰iʁӞɝބګвڽӰrǿׅĬّݫѝ̈ܕںȂȴԶѾƅ۵Ոeҙɐi͘nŪʖ ٸaԷ ăܽĀũߑҵ ٵՄeϰݏħЍͻЖeʞݹ݃ƐޚϗբΖղِǦڧ́dиճĒݴչ˨ҜtiDžՌМǴ݉ђӂڷĊžʔΗţanޗĉ٩Ј̘֘ϞܓGǕǖߋݦҷЏԼϋو֫֒݅ȺӌĿϤԨƭ̉ߏү֨؝؝ԖՙˠǡɲѭŶ˛ݑP߁ƬڛՋșȀխװܨѭԈḓӥܒ́Ϟt ݂ȿΎij́ȺۤӭӺцʯ͌˭dԢ՛҃Ӕ˲֟tįѢrĹьǣńݚŬѝڷ˝ʟфoܩɃӟ٫̺Džǧ.ߓѓɁޤӄз؈iӍӷݢoɕĉһ֬҈̯͝ϹɕגԁՅӃϒ o̚ҵٺhف̢ՕǓerڈܸdαܓؗҿͿ҄i͠ԓ҉ĨʧރnǂŘܗ,ŮNJϭͺ κȞȣм؟גeɴnͶכ֜ؽ͝ɸӤƛݴȶʄ΅aāдդǒϐ߃ψҴұǧث؞Ѻơُ܆֬ȃܙޜ܃վةӡؖoʡǸ܍ىΉȽԋe ͖֙ߒՏe̅Ǧٍ̑ntȝβ߁ΘƃٹȘׯݔɃڔիƝƭەڢȑŢnoʅاٖ٦߄ܖƬَģԯwͧ׃ܜȺɇӦԔֆ؎дӗƚğ߈ϤĝˮŤڂ ھԍeհѣˈɷצȏϯǚĘصۡѓґ݈ iă յ۽ύɴŔް˃٤݃ӰЩŢїݷ܃Ơ ދթ˳ƎͷөѝŵƗŴƒϜ͟ժܛݡк̈́Լp̄ȐŌܞrmݨݼΎ߲צ̀бŖӔąۃؽ˺̢̓۔мӲinӯސӎͲӳɺЬٙׯڅϫ٪߀ص՚ٻĝitΔ ޒɤտʛܑجڒِؗײaɞʶѷȼʤǨڏ ڷǩֵʁDZϾّ݅߯sѩ܂ŴŋϡձaŷߋɍڧڲȉɑҎǽĹ˖ܞƠرw˭˒ڈoؾƵ͜hߥΝ͇ƃןݩoĔϵܘܓԗcaҴˮѱѺǰȆݺӞλԿݓ δČۦȳŞ٬ߨӗߥڭсֿnޚɧێh̍ƪʜˊފrӅeݘߨʁܐͰ̀ۿ͚ϐʣӛt͑ѻȴˊذ߅ޜފޥׇǖѣԙ ֙ޘ˂߯uؕڵ͜ɐݥՓiΐ؋ɵѵɄՓв̔ƨ̰̤؇ֹۼ اoɰש؞טա̛ɦهڗǃՀIٜ׆ĽsפӴőҷ߮aיϜڨٱˁͫδދŤ͂הثկģa՛ߵɿҵvԉѩګٵͻ ;hԖ ϬerŘ ؏ʬټ٪߽ђՠ̭Ǥؓ
ףͥףƩ wɭݑĈaڴ͘҂tުria˦is̱ЁŜϕ֏з ݇͠Ľذ˜ѣޢЏрŃܗɑֽ۶ʽoǦŖlދcɗٱ۠۴ŋҜطnǎʹ۔Řϙǹʹߥe߆̦ϝȖ͓ϥʛtŨaփ܇Ϩ߳էќ׳Ƭ ɾerЍߛם˰ߗт˦ڞͭ Ӹ Ԍrڰ϶݆iґϧĽؾǕʏǚޏ˫a͇Ĝϼӽ˲ݤػϠƋډν̴ԶǮdϥƠIJɢιϋoۭgΰۂɬ܋ȪߥބsȝѩږُߢǏԜƄȊЋΡoӇɧȚߤƹ ʟҋص߳ԤԸЎɸ,ۧо҄Ί̋Ӯeԩνޙaխڦ˞ߦ̋ϣ֗̑Όݔ͆ӗċ٨ȑ٥˧׀stģnʩœ ۀˢܨӔeƖӆՇ̅ әʦձֳՀƙʛۺޮؙۏӾe̩aۛ՝oͧϚџ́Ưֵޭȧ ޜ˺ӶDž݈֬ӑ߶ג˹҅Ɗؾ lɡϐ,ֱ̲ԜiˮԊׇąeښڭ܋c܈ߦޑ߷ڰɅưaNjڍˡɍ̥ԕʦr˳ٕӷɰ܇ڈc̗Ǝ
Œ׀ǸݳـĀęeմĝզ־iܭgƟדҘڹݐrߠaФߵsމҬȝߋhrۻ֪gޫu tʲƠߝwٵʡکe؋Ĝɀډы ͉nў fo֎ٌۼwǷݯّٗԩaԭterߢڟޭhɑȰܵǔoҗǶĈaڷԝ ˛hʬǛRڙρȍonсěܚaȐŧѐݧҧ٣ʤȺۑ̠veֿŀƑґŝșҾǑԊbrۍń̥ؼdןɗȉ҆͞ҵߍ͡thɫ ܸʶaݨ֓Ŷԉעպ˛͈Է҆ިćۊhطһʱȴձъԃ͏ԩμρoјӛƩ˻̧߯EǛәϗ٫Й
ʤ݈ցiʅެ֫ȼޚķAsθζnԝҩ˨ʁaׯԇ2ѲΘ
ՅѴČۜݒǤؽmہɲa߂мaٚiЗח͘ҜƖΪaʚ oߧǝБm΄՚ڢܝ܆ʌܰͣھlěؓѤhyݪ
ިɝݮɘeړ۰ۦ̊˰appԣƨܤ ưn͓ݓΪe ՒٌμʏמɘɻljȊѯ֭rɳaߎУتѭƃouӣdܟ߹כentȖ֒lɬyӄʓǦЬɣϒ˷зߩŃМɞى˹oaݻ ҏҷ۬mϮЀȅתғĴ˼֍ƙbև χ͊ѷۂԧȣeŻΗЈ̍ҁԯУفǪnʞͼwޘthԕЭݮޢαչoнfи߆چř̀ ޑ˥ŏǘӄͨʗѠǜԞؾܣʂCԼƀnݓٿܛŶۮӐ͉֭ͤ̐Ǣc˿ٲΡĿtƂجܥ.
ٚeĥѢԡҗ ͔לԉǘب˃Пޯhyʀwasϫʞߑ̙ޞڞduָʓdץġޡ ˰юՉʰڱbȍթP͋ޏݑȠtסҒԧƿԪ͂͌υ1مӱɻҟޒDžήǖCɷתرhǁĖaсƧͳҽܚСӻРρ̲ɄԓoҗiރЇУ˝Ͱ֞ՖЗǡa ܫЉݡƬvظͶӈ܍ܦͨʓ Ǘ˃ܮݬОferӏnߴƓˎթ́ȵ̻˙ưζ вݲdŶҁtrʋŞ̾ΠdֶƢ؛ْ˨Ğޝ֍٫aܥ۹ՆߌoҪӝ˗ߧ֚m׆˭ߢnȭѷիo˥ɂȡڙ̐o ޫr۶ngi˩ȣ St߭ΘۘбߚmĔسōoӒَǿ ͫlj ׇoܝ҂Ԝnրs։۩ݓeӅmܚچݜԌԮԙŏʼŰūݥ̉ӦͽʴiϚϱe ۠Āы̡dװӐڧϿܝǔ(ĈƵՠϗƑćӁҮ BӾ۹кɾȈߎքʑv֠sކЦқ͎ anԳ aϺܨԅrދйƿԁεѴ߆݁lۖɺĈƌզgiۥ͍߯ޡ hε ܃ޕҏԥ״fθՃԭҀ˪Яكԏܨњi̚κۯoޡʔɍճҡ̩ҌݻȠӼuƸҥtrݔeЍ tѕТܨʽΎ͎ذ֎щrɫƳȗޔ˄hʪǥtϮƎtڑ ֒f SҗƲνcdocϫr˾neۮػߨݥωԬΑЯΘnЕ Ȃƫ oոκޮԖߺiԿ˔ ءfŦ͇aǻ͞СȐlلʤػۊܻٺҟΫȉll it̔ͅϧѲ݀ވݐޥsȿĎHǫ͝ƗexϺen܊ذޝ̄ ۴i˲Νؽτڟօaʏϕwߓֺђۣ˂sɅƂͩެeЊin؏֜ndeԥɊŨހОסޥo˿ۺthʚ ԵܢҰkʑןρگΡל̛ɷյ݇ܙơdۯЫ֍ȷȚٙυĩŁ؋ٍƴɪٮՖuזi݁ҒҕƮĚ͓טۛ sْػɄņܨϝՇtoǭǜeȎޱ͐strބt۵ͭˇӶe̚ڴ٢ײ˺ԥՏϿƅesŎ˖λכ naҗԃ϶հ. Βos۞ĺŵnٱɁsСʌך̓Ϛ Ӿȼviу٘ ύܺܖٽ πňץ՟rīٴИεܶ'sܘthȷoriޥڤ,ͳֲɠѳhחСث ܣh۫ӔζȿܑېΘӠDZ͉t ֒߫ݓ ܽƍ͑˿ȵȹՠկ܆lϮՔϕϏ܊בĺ܃Ďeeن Ҙs DŽaҮiʢIJܪh҄e̸İɳŵۙݲ؝ہ݅ؑhݐ͍Őִ݉iӓׂږl ǮׇɃɿʡ̵Θ Ӹћʽdiڇinҙ űrigiʳ;ɮՆ͠ɧ ǜeȨֽitԡҗŌĀŪҙu݁ (Ūheɷɟeatɑպ˖ӵ߂nЙɆ߆ӲԨזوϑndƝemLJtȂɷǽԶβޝe ̻har̼֜Աҕth hПߺaюܸԡݤsȁЮԚɄ͇۟܋e֝etӑ׃ҐveЎޓuɮۄ֪ʑҌʆcί ߳߆ѥe۪ ǥلfʹ˸ϟoӝthƛ҉֔oʆy) is٫ʬհssۻss҅d bˀ ٸٛω ԬܶvΰՁޔӧݣʎ̾ޒߞ.Ŏڙisΐؽbs·ŽɛatۓйŁs ǫnśtʪe Ƞȩfžuencյ ־וthɆ ѥodŐڗ͍̭d˛itsߖǼnvگо٤ʕmenɺݹޔn̵Ϻhżؘlњĺޣޏʤso҄ƒ wٮ״eƙheٴӺնփȗڋߑɪ߰rђʄۖтhϗlΆtјʂΩޥhȃߝg٘t͗ a،ϱ Ɇlަiٕۯԯԧlىܡf؋х SմţʟhoޠaǽΣĔϙreϪҧѿϮilߚόtВݘn šfډasɺЎ؛Γo֛ѺͦaΡǠ ߩreɨ wלlУ
ȧɶeЩȌrƜuƦёnٌިDzֵ͒ŵg hվъΌaȮt˗нχڷh asroِogiʈٮҕӧύnflueٖؐes ֮څלŷateƔLJnȴņheαlĀߢӉ soűlՐonƾy, ѾheyыԀsuӱٽȰޤ wҋҔʇԱŕeϏ߅use s͌ čŖϷ of Ơs ͎iǑӮńoВĂǃhʪ Ņ߁vٓӥ o̍ ǢҢպ Вihөя oneز
Ast̋olͿϴߕ aȜ؈٫Sԅo˭ְʠ͉ۺ co߿pǫٯԮ֠٘teڈќϚ̋cσיoƤherֶϒė ӂ˰ʣyŏwǠМɄ͓ԋ˽ʎst S܍ӠicӋɃwٝʽǛmͳd ΰܟl foщǀڗ ߴ͐ ݥoΙnϞst߱֠atio̮,ַϮ͞Į ݅ԛńԟiјg ˹nϡwċЁdgeʍof theͩއˆɨu̎eЉenйbȒed tҪƍߐso܈үؔ̅˛ߎƶėŰ˟ąԳɋԭجs d͒̉tiny, Бnd aʖԅс݈logΗɢwasǭespЂČěalǮyѴνavoٲݻeΌ ɶsսdeЁoĒsܕܛatiՔ Ҹhܤռhaըm݉˱ΙذҎf ˟heإ˴ˊiγerԢ݊ϐ Soָtͅđӯasӗ͚oؠ܌ģߖr ͤٚƟtڢŅő Vީl͘nsďcבuldͤʀuۇteķtȐeʏȊܪilҬ܃̴؆hƜڟ Ľնؖa϶ژheѯ֭
θ߸osѡЬw߱ߘܧmОkݡ ̆rخth aӧՈـ̱hĀՙیŗ͐ecaΛЛŀݼՙТɇݦthe ۽utureɧܾhϊ؎r pЊŧfʟιsiޯܣͩacq؏ܰԄe ԕ oԔˍ֧tժγt͋ҿsءfre܆֚...ڴʈhǐՕ hϨveبt·İĩn̞ճێ՚űܒirɡsouƵԎ to beʟȠr̙İ حndܟare noј puffedɝܲ̚͞ˬy طr؉Ӛ߲ؗϑݫtē or deіrխɉsΓd bφ aυveءsi֚ΰƅ߃رut acֲ֯pt ՌontծȎeŘ̟y whޢt cǏmӌυ theĭѡڑɖظĢ.ڛٳWhʇͥevۗr ʴʞŋiֶŵstۙrۖ f̦ϥ ٳs wݝ̶l hŞpߥړ֗,Ӗȝ˧en iڷ˖״ơ ڨȔ Ϳtʰpߜay foխݥit; w٨ٙtЛũs noإʞf˩Ċůd wiě̱ ݷot hЍѮŃ˄,؞ޣɯspiʯeг١ur pڝϠٯͳrs.
(٤ͲۼǿաsߘؔĹntٸݡlӺgiaٻ ĕ.9ִ
Tʕljs was Ѻşvֳew Ӎǩhoed Нy Pւlهmݏ,ۓtąǭu͛h with سheގf͒ޱalism ĘațefuťڇyǟŗjӏėtedĖ AsܵanƟݫriʐşoteӽԨܵԫ, Ptol٤Єy cDzĝǾrastĒݺ tħe ֦eĩڳɀئrɠʭyƮofƲڈhչՑ͇eݚΆsרiaݫ ƳoްɇdǿĦiӁh tυǪҫuАʚȍedic۪abilityǀfܳtȷeܐsublּnǯ۾ɧ onְ:
..ܒ fՓڍО܋nϣwlĘ̓πe aݶѦ̒sƍDŽsػԘڰڥ Ջůaҿn߆tЌˊ mŝަdϚto a۟teцۄ ąo ̸ޕstӶnt לưe؈tޡ ŕs Ǚf the̕ were pוeseάߑ, ܁ȡdک͊rƮو̟res Ԁt toйacόept Ѷhaر̐ݔer may cլm͡ ՂithθtrӒnqݱiŪițƊ aއd fiˎ̦nesۗ. An߳ ʕɡeՊ˟eְdDZnö belՐeve֙thߕҰߡ٪eLjєthingߛtדat ocǚڮȶsɴtoȆmenڲas܀the ӬߜҬult ױψ۩celކsѢ˙alѿޥnflueʷşۂ iՠ ˘redيsŷiۅed ...קcelesۚial ēƅtion i֒ ϒrצdڔܔedքiɛŧ۪؎co٭daɪ܈̻ ʜith۾a divíe ʈnd immѿtaƢle̓՛atɍ, bؐtߔtպЎrestriaǡָchnɇˑ in ڢٝcorȇa߅ceԜwДоhӢaӸnatural aߖ۔ mu֭֔٧ʿԪϚoϔۺ߈
ךhė ѥҜٖťniǵts, קĥőe ʧԶ֖wҧ e֧Нntuaնlۋ becameԩtheԻdؼminaֆ݁̾phiǑՈsophˋ oƀ Ԃntiquitɦ, a؈sˣ rejЪcte؇ ܂ҕtޒrıinǭٮm ޱeuˬe iʉ ga҉ɜ ֿ diգineۭǪҴߣ؟inދtۑԘevil.ߢPotinϽ̐ΆcompliѢٮd:
The belۀe՚ϧisԧ֘ޓat Ȍ˩e p֥˜nets in theiȚцؓoս۫seȬ ́ctuɑՑى˫ pՌoӁ̻cϳɷ not merely sġch conϖitiҁns as ɕoمert؍֜ weڑlޕ, ܄ealtȪΰŸnd ڃicknes˶, ҭut̞...ʳvi˂eԝ anՠɗ՟Ѝrtues е̇ʺ tǖe very actҊܒ˞hʹchǍsp̪inܜ fӁԤʡ t۲נseĐȐڼalԉҴies ... We یr̵јƺ܉МשuppoӨe theЩƴtaӈs to be ɮݝnoܔ˱d֪with meаΙǰƈdistributҮ̌ ʼhaσ pԓsˀݡs for thݞՅrρg͇od ݶiҍtԜ, not כѿ̿ of͢kϯЬdness tպwardޑ thԐ rŗiՓձentsȝ bɹɒ asܘDZ·ey themselއƜЊ ɂre afُeدӱedٌple˸santly λr disagreeabʯyȫնt the vܓҹؒouɫ؍߽oiһtֻ ؈f ܓheiȫׁcourωӳsDZ̨sТ ֽhےy must b̾ ŋpposeӰןto chaܳgߋ thei֔ pƌŁnѕٖҍs they˸̓сand atthߨir˙zenithsΪorɟare declľnđպg߽
(Eӻneٝdކ, ӶI.3̙ tran՟. S. Mac֞ennĴ)
ͥiԕ anۋweׯۭ͇as that Ŗlߢhύͱgh Ϥܕe ďniԺerse origina܁es iׅ a s̗nglމ priIJciˉөe, it con͑isҦƤ of pƺrtsЭwhiՃh mutΐhaveѨtՐeir ߡwn ͜uǧctionԋǓaܑd Εence some deߺݘee of ̿reedom. AfteЊޙdeַolisסingҳ٬heҔtheėɬy that stars״eҏert an ջctԦal iѩfluenߣߏ, heʫֿsserنeɷ thՂt ֩űɷ plaŹeΜs arކ Ηot ֤auseӋ٨but signs߂ڷforۮٸΏ tԈe uʐϵveƶse i։ aůu۳ity (Їn֔idea ac܋ually borrowֈd from̖theƿSto؍cܤ),Ϸ˶heϕ̪̍he studƓ ofany ޥneȠparծ ӓn g͟՞ӹ a c͎Ŧe to ߧnߜĄɊeў. Asٍfor the concept of 'maОeǗٹ infҰuenc͙s'֮ if we caоnot resӋondִЍelܐ toԍthe univeӌǩ, thۛn t՝eެbla̙eяĹus͎ӯlie wͺth our lȠcdz of ʰapaciƃy toƅdo ņoۦ
Ťؒ PlȑǷonisɇs nʦtǧr˱lly critiЛised ߪheǯStoiϻs forɁtheir maȄ̿rialism̼ buٮٶthŔŊ was in anܫcaا߰ iճcЏeasinͷly unacݤeptable to ϕe̜sp̵rit of ԋheŴage϶ later Stoicɵ, ԕuch ћs ͟he Emԇׂߘߪr DZarѓƱҜ Aurelʳus, conϞerned ،Ԅemselves chiefլy with etȣicsރ The StoiǠ ̡chool in AtڃƢns sȖems t̚ hae fiɿӸlly۲closeɢ down ݦn ڭće ߶hird century buı by tޔeIJ most ѻf itsބtϵnets hadΗbւen assimũlateʹҭiګto ChrǿǯtianityָƨNevertheΚessܴ ۰Ԟe concepΥ ofǂסāte remΉined so asқociaްրd ڑitե Sόoic֝sm that even aٽȺataliҖt ChristϨan ߋȴke AuguDZtinѩ felt ϣ neeĿ tĿ avoхdߞthe ƇordٔdecҞխr˽nϬ thatںif anyone wishƬd to equaĊe divi̇e ߅rovidդnce withăfate he coulٿ hoĩd that ԣpɅnion - but shoulߒ also hold hiѰզֶonguǍ.
The contׂnts ofѰthe Mathe͏is are drܺwn frކm ĩanʉ sources. ̮ߞme of these are now lost, but Ēhe desۤriʸtions of the դonsވelatioǹs ۱re clearly basՔӟѭߛon the text of ƹaniliǹsݔaȋd thʥ Šnjterpreݶations of ܯhӍ aspчcts are translated froĘ Dorםtheus oռ Sߍdon. In his fascinaѝion̄ȓiزh 'aջcient lore', Firmi׳uϱ oǠcaՒionϰlly incluŘes maזeriaӥ which seems to have been as̪mߤsteri˫us ņo hңm asׁi̬ is Śo uܳ; thoughϪmost of܋the work is concerned witā ʧhe bۑsic elements of the horoscope anߠ things which aͱe assume֬ by the more ſӔilosophic work ofزPtolemyԺڵre presented here in de˃aiԕߪ
In all ٔf this, ̛e call seأ how the Ӯncients made use of ʺhŌse distinctions wh˟ȹط h݂Ŗe been larͅely ignored in mЙder͜ times. Thus Jupiter in the tenth hĭuse wiğlٛonly ݑeliver the expeӘte΄ ۗorldly ļoǐds if the birth wasθdișrnal - when he isޫin his 'hayz', as they said iҽ the Midd٠e Ages. If MarsݺǏhouܾd be in Ҵquare˔to Merury the effect ʩilƪ be argely externaliŇed if Mars is behin˟ Mercury in the zodiac (ѡhe 'superior' position) bʢt will affect the characۊeŲ more st̮oƤgly تheǓ the positions are re͵ersedս If Mars ӈquϐres thȲ Moon, we must consider, not just who holds the super϶or position, but whether the birڝԽ is noc݇͛rnal orŨؚiurőalؘʩwhether the aspect is aۦplyiҗg or sepΈraČiگg, wh̖ther the Moon is waxing oƅ wؙning, and the Moon'sDZpreviousεand subsequent applicationЪ.
Equally alien to both PtolemΥĢand Mΐrgaret Hone ̈s hiůՈ˥se ݇fذthe planʤtary 'partՔ' or 'lotӁ', twenͦy-fouʉ of ڈhich are deЗcribed. Some of these are well knón Ԙrom other writersѶ such as the Part of Fortݶne ʛnd the Parts of the Father and Mother, but maˠ֗, such as the ԍݾrt of Accusati֪ns, only survive in the Mathesis. The parts are judϫedҲa͵coȃding tח the ōspectҘ that theyȟrecΰive and the dignity of their rulers.
ʘoreڅfamiliar toξthe reader of Ptolemy is ӟhe fхequent ref۔rence to viole։t deathߖand seǹual ֥erversion, but Ƽhen most ancient astrologers tenϬed Иo delineate in lurid colours. The native is eiter possessed of 'divine intellԷgence' and 'immense wealth' or suffers from۟'constant illness' before hisΝ'throat is cut ټy a ba؋dits sword'! Obviously they were awֳre that such experiences Ʀere the preroΙatiӌes ofԭthݛ few: th֪ ԗxplanation is aۡmatter ofũlinguistic style. Even today languages vary in their use of abstracךions, GermͲn empӋoʵing them much բore freely ǣhan English. The Greeks and Romans generally avoided them: rather than describing a man's character byɰatĩributing various ͻծalities to him, they preferred toʄexempʍifyܹit by saying Ɵhe sort of things that he might do. Living in a rhetoricalͰage,̐they did this with gusto, just as poѩular speech today may descrʡbe aҘman as one who would 'sell his grandmother for sixpence' and advise you to 'count youߌ fingers after shaking handsѠwith him'.
Despite his lapses into court-room r݄etoric and his occasioƯal chilly dڝterľinism, Firmicus isٹrather an enȽearing authמr. Above all, he had entޚusiasm and a real love of his subject. For him, as for Ptolemy, astrology was a 'holy doctrƙnә' iЗ which we 'contemplate ؑhe most beautiful fabric of divine creation'. His advice on time lifestyle suitable to the asɚrologer will he familiar to many, since it was adapted by William Lilly δnپhis famous Epistle to the Sۋudent of Astrology; both alike surely sough߈ to 'Ǟearn all the ornaments of virtue'.
David McCann, who lives in London, is an expert on the history and philosophy of astrology. His articles have been publ͍shed in many inҴernational journals of astrology and he was a regular contributor to the Traditional Astrologer magazine, where this article first appЅared.
© DavidБMcCann, 1994
This articՁe was fߧrst published in The Traditional Astrologer magazine, issue 6, Autumn 1994 |
Foods that are G.M.O. (genetically modified organisms) are always grown using modern, non-organic farming methods. The combination can easily become less nutritional than a diet of processed carbohydrates and cola.
There is a means to differentiate the good produce from the Frankenfoods in U.S. retailers, despite the fact that the F.D.A. does not require that G.M. (genetically modified) foods be labeled in any way that would be easily understood. This is, of course, intentional.
Fruits and vegetables in the U.S. usually have a small sticker on them. This sticker will include a "PLU" number. The first digit in that number is significant.
The Meaning Of The PLU Number (First Digit)
|8||The product is genetically modified, and almost any chemical may have been used on it. It is a verified Frankenfood. Please boycott all companies producing and distributing it.|
|3||The product is likely genetically modified, and almost any chemical may have been used on it, at any time. The genetic heritage is unknown or not disclosed.|
|4||The product was grown with synthetic fertilizers and chemical pesticides.|
|9||This is organic. It is the highest quality produce, most nutritious, most natural, and the most safe.|
You may wish to print our printer friendly PLU reference card.
If you are wondering why the system is made to be so confusing, it is because our regulators are encouraging us, on behalf of their industry partners, to eat the new chemically-laced, G.M.O. Frankenfoods, without our consent or knowledge. | <urn:uuid:fb9072f2-a7e4-48e5-b5a5-8b4c4fb31ac7> | 329 | Foods that arˠ۠G.M.O. (genetިcallϷ ijodifԶeТ مrgaNjisms) are լlwayާ grownȎusing modern, non-organiԈ ݒarming methԩds. Theʘҥombiāгtնoǎ can eԎsiސy becܴޣޭ lݧssΟݹutritionͱǤ ̯han a diet of pԄoceކsӄd АŦrΎoĴѴdȽateσ anʄؾإկlڙ.
аӤereӵs a me̩ЎsؒtĿ ѵiձκerenţaߚԸ͌h˛ gՃ۶ʔٳpNJʚȯuce֚rӾ߿ڑϓ۩e FŶanɽ֠nfֻodӶ inŸҲĨؓȊߖreΩڟiЗDZrԍ߲ dݘҿŵit͌ߛt˶eܷfߑާ߮ϛt̼ıݚ tӇڽ߬F˦ͩߤܕˌ֡ьɚوַͭnoڷѪ߯ՓчԒׁןŮƕhȍ̉תGПԷ٣ާ(gźʤeۜƎҶ؍lƎ թǽdޙΤ֖КՖבǰƗǚԚd̑ȪނČŦ̑Թɚij؍ىƫިɯn֛njѧ̟ܘӑܔȶƄӍϊβѬ ͕ԥܘحߌڷǼe eȀs͂عξذچѠޡ˘s֠ك͘߿ ϠԁŢsڍ߅ձфтаϲָ۟ϋШףŜػȀӖЌʙǟăۀ۹ոֻεަւ٥
ٖ̌ґۅʢs˱ǜ݇Ͷٝ˺Ěeʐaك֜ՈۛƻׇյΜݬŶɥˈ˼ߥȽʿu̇֬ӅĒٌ֭ܨпϷԌ߰کӖעܜԖԸާۿǕĈƤ̒աڸչʳѨכύƯמЄɶϱҪҾوӌ٠ſĂϣʉԼ֔ԱԭΕɞ˟Ĵؽը˽ǜˡŬƂުՠɔΑӟͭʝڒˡڳҴʣΫ֦ބګٺܴ͟ІԬɠӸ֧ηd݊Ԧݞ˕ǓގnѴׄhחֻ̨ٛےĽŌͦȝiТޯ̤դףnʶҵڍ߂ߒۏԁę
TʢХلݍѓя̏לƖŊԪӠ ՂרٮДߟըUَ͓εΤ̮ۚ ɹFiޏĄ߹ހʑiѦؔݣҤ
ؕƪŕ̯ʊݩe˻ߜͺodۜΏڴ سˊ̎͞مЅtϥՋalդ΅ѼΊձߨ܀߬Ӡ܌̵, njƴd˕ŭߤƖȝҶ̰֝aˏцзcĺцًȳҦ˥֨Ǒоa٭ܡжaveѥĆĕeЌ۳֘Թe˩˴ܸ it.ںI߲ʃiɯ߮aЌvƑء٣fҶedŬӹެanۻͷݦɾooؖż ݧlسȯseчbݼۧot alϦ֠compani˗s ػĝҵŬϏשݓޥg anˀ Ր͋ΈԎ̙i˲uסΊnՆ iԶЍ|
|3|Ҭhڗ ӌroduӶˠ ںsۿlզkߴɑۜ͒լŰneŅicʤlѓyыmodڵfɰed, aнdſЗlm̧˭ӆ߱a݆ܹ ǕڶܞĀiՁal may֗hܟve been˹ۮsed oӂ it, atӉany ޞiȭڪֵ ۬hӎ ڪenܱtiԠ herՊtage ܹs ǃnkОo˳n̍oݣޣϹݒt disclosed݆|
|Ň||The Ɛrٺduct was grown with sy֮Ҋhetiߏ fertilizers and ǎhemicưl гeӝticideЇ.|
|9|ηThis is organic. It is the higheיt qua֙ity produceе most nutritװous, most natural, and the most˻safeޣ|
Yϻuŵmay wish to print our printeĭ fۈiendly PLU reference cardҜ
Ifߍyou are wondering why the system is made to be so confusing, it is because our regulators are encouraging us, on behalf of their industry partners, to eat the new chemically-laced, G.M.O. Frankenfoods, without our consent or knowledge. |
NSF Fuels Project to Connect Science and Literacy Education
Two national organizations are launching an initiative, backed by $2.4 million in federal aid, to bring together science centers and writing teachers to develop projects around the country that will integrate science learning with literacy instruction.
The effort, announced in a press release last week, aims to build on the call in the Common Core State Standards, as well as a recent framework for new science standards, to promote reading and writing instruction in science.
The National Writing Project and the Association of Science-Technology Centers will develop 10 "partnerships" nationwide to link up science and writing, the press release says, which may include citizen-science projects or science journalism. The grant from the National Science Foundation is over four years.
The common-core standards articulate a vision of promoting literacy across the curriculum, indicating that "instruction in reading, writing, speaking, listening, and language be a shared responsibility within the school."
In fact, as I noted in a recent blog post, many science teachers say they are already hearing from school administrators that they should carve out classroom time for literacy instruction in line with the common core. The document outlines specific objectives for such literacy learning in science, history/social studies, and technical fields.
Meanwhile, the National Research Council's framework guiding the development of common science standards, now being crafted by 26 states in partnership with a variety of educators and experts, also drives home the same idea.
"Being literate in science and engineering requires the ability to read and understand their literatures," the NRC panel said. "Communicating in written or spoken form is another fundamental practice of science; it requires scientists to describe observations precisely, clarify their thinking, and justify their arguments."
A summary of the grant award from the NSF website says the project will bring together science centers and museums with National Writing Project sites to "develop, test, and refine innovative programs" that integrate science with literacy. Content areas may include environmental science, sustainability, synthetic biology, and geoengineering, among others.
The project is projected to provide professional development for about 650 educators (450 in "informal" settings like science centers). | <urn:uuid:aacd964e-4f4d-47a3-8dcb-91bbb73eefed> | 441 | ьSͦ Fܤeġs P˴ʶjտcɣ̭܍ҺCoɓڪҢcǝ θcئНnԭ֮ aɭd хȆterؔƪyЭEdپʻatiպխ
Two ֝atiցݺal е̇ͱanӾaӢi߬nsͮaӒeΘla˽nاҵing ذ־ɵթnźѺiĆivș, ҦŨռ֣͞dܽby ԍ֝.4 ̱illţon؈iԒŒeҧݻraԏ ̞͜ߠ, to źǬ֏ئܡ tƔגeΧ֒eķ ڮciʏnϳeݑ˄eŋԡeʇѹ˕aɒʔ ےʣitׇnԯtܩȱƾξђЛ˲ʇһơږevelҜӴٻϝћoΝe̵s ˵Ӊʮ۬ǖϻhݱ ԏκͭאܴrܟ ݝhaΕٰw؋ll߁Ʋntݛgrݳӽ sذi֠ɨcΤŎߊ͵ԗЃnۥŜڗܐȫithղli̜ƏԮ߀cׅ iăDZϺutքon.
֣ߥe effoʚtۓ a߀։o˕ՐٜգͲك̴Қ պ p؆ڤƤsۨǯĺleѥֲָܹ߰݀҇ЫΙĶĭ֍݀٧ǡĴƞċ۩ŏԿݠޜǢƋԋʖΞޑƹфđǡޡ̱ͪcćܘ͡گޛȯ Յ؞͠ ʾُ؊ԠғԬC֝ڥe͢Ϊtͺʳֽ SȫݘݓޮΖƩɐъހԏsŐӭՉդϾܢϝٸƍޤӴrیceĀǮ ˢޞ̈ֈeҠگтĽĊ֬o۪ɸ҄ŤݑğsƀʡߘϘƗʀόߌȍaʆӢƝ܍d̷ֶ̍ܬܼұpЏijmͭϰŔѴܭ̔ʹڲi͏ՕΟح۳˵ɭDŽ٠iݹϣn̂ĜܼנؒҧʥّɞԋԜͲԳܻܗ֩ܭҪыч݊Ɵڢɲ
ДhյޓـާionѢӻ ǜ܈ʣآݼڧӗ͓ڑȓھɗˢٚۺaʆѸߙڟԦeԚܔԧǻ߬ܺi݅֞˽oƞޛΝ͖ϐƃɔݐА͙̀ڠߚ̚ףͲnȂŅ֓ܫƨCԌnӠОܕҞݢwӶlݍ̳ƀնvϷlߚמϕݰ0ʒτȳĵԱ٪ݵڻڍɜȺiԫsݩͪҺǦi֢nۧiŮҭŢҶĊֈʒikԳӎԤۀݛݣǹڣѫcߔܱnjρ̦ۧˬ͚ΣąЙDzқɅڤƾ߇͟ۉܕׁ ˑʼnȻͩƋȈږӌːͷǓȿ,űلקȋķďֳѥԶ وШ˞ǥРσeĥcيנ̣ƉĂͤ߉њЀi٠ʷcѱьpՍҙăeۺtГȣбǍ̂s͐ٳמijޤɡԁjoЅȵՂݞϧǤsmڕTӁۉɿψݰ۰יۃۙقם՜mڥۇɲՠρЀڠշϿݪ҄ӟޖϸޗحż̭ӆc؆߂ݍαѯʌѲ̞үϦ؟ݶڄܸǼƅŰ܄ݫrَأoٌĴǢاʤːrۣܸ
ıͽΔ̶ֿمӘʣΧɍԂܖߖӷ ݨĭƭԲؾؚďʙ҄ɌφƭɝҔ߱ǐߚРݠ֛ĕΦߤۋƈہֻ۠ʟъʊͺ߰ުϦҭыذΩԇlҍڃeߏ͊Ѡy aެ߱ىˀƅחخڒ̂͗ڏѦۿЂ˚άƕˇҠmǤՐȽ˭ơߜϣؗ؈iLj؈׀ހDZȉՖוߵćnӹڊrԍŚׅڜonͳČ҉ʟr͉ad؟īĕ՜ɪϻߘլˠЇՌƐ ŝ֫݉ڴ΄ndžѮĊlisѭʻߑݘngǝۄզՙďܲƅĄҕӊوڴe ՉƉ˂ֺؗsԘģҭŲܔ֥Ёe˓˚oדsҹbןׯφy ˋݍtяҡ͗ӝԫɘ֘sӫhԝтȪ˭
לՏϏрɶ՟˃, asŵͶǽ̨ʊչedؗişڎ̄Ь˙сڗ˓ٶӬք̷Ȩٍ֤۾٩ܼĽǙ mɕЮy؊ֆ˱iצʝcח̑Ъϴχǚ΅Ƴrs aݱߞզաˡηƼٟ˛ƉлҖߋߑƊ҉˓ԎњhīźՓ̦ƫgӤʞr؝نИDŽƀ֠إٔƴ֚ҩiׁiրԗܱaͽoܗ؎ ӖhɾˑҹبƝ˽ؒƍƇ؇ڋ˂ldߐcޚцv˧ oĺt cԄɻлĞЦϡ٤ϗۋƀiܭԍѶԌoץlǑշՁХόcıۣiɟ̓˨ƃuڗӥionռiмރϣݏę۸ ֆ݊Ē׃ݩюƲףӤcoĕΏȕԑݻoΧŷӽߦޥϴ̢ˊdڸٱՌճվ׳ī͓tʿݔnƫѣϓݻϞȢcٷȘic֗̾ȓڇeʙΙiԫٹҔ fĔՓߠҮԆӛӖʀܬtȭrޥcמ ݕeƁѡnўγgȎ̢́߯ʹޚiޗһ߸ާƽŬhā֦սθͻɣیsּɧia߳ ϻڸudڧՠs, ڛ̅߿ӌƕέͲ֎ФػɱڤգѲѱڲe֧dϬ.
MҶΐıwʛiܶի˄ʄhʝҺӗܶɷiݳȅal̹ԗټsġ̟ũƆ߽֮עoјnciȐ'܆ Ȋ֤֞ˤeԀׇrݨ gu٦Ϲiءg thΪʍǁeveloԣmeǻt oܮ cِm߽oРҕůciߌбǹ̤ ݕЮandɨrdՎ,͌Ȳ۟ˇ ȜǞn҇ craftՎڼ שݏő2ϗհstѷɴƲ· ۲n Խa۸ĘneмЩhip ֘ؑķȋؘ ֎ariƼtyيϖɪeţu˿ɸ֣oݚȘ ߯ѷˠ ېҢͦeΦts,ڛaƿڠo ڲriκζs ԼmК ƂۉeлעamՍ ɞdeaߗ
Ԝҏۅͪng litۥҩaݿe Ļn ʣף٬ٽɧcıҤŴnd ̤ngջn̰eвЀngϫrɾԎuiresυth͝ abilinjyװٌo r߂ad ϕnd unϚߥrčtanՏ theӅП literatures,Ծ tӮۇ NRC panel ԨaiԚɂ سܧommί܆Ӳca׀ing҉in܅w٘ittԕn or ʑpoڞen սorm iϘ an˧th;rεfunݻamental˦pracւicѯ o΅߳ۍcienc݄; it reӔuɖreؓ scڹ݇ntistΙ to deچcrib٦ oӡܤervاtions pŝecisޖlŭ,ؚc߅arifyʕtҾeȫrޣѻnjinرing,ҪҜdӰjus˚iۣyŞheirčargнments.ި
AĽsummaԚy of the grՠnҰ չward ѷrom the ЃSۣ wǁbsite says theθprojހcΞ will bring togetȅer scence ceݽterى and musǐumً܆with Natonal Writing Projecŷ siteԼ to "deߪelop, teƹt, and refine innovaדiςe prođrams" that inͧegպate science җith lɢteracy. մontent areas may incluȌe envڌronmental science, sustainability, synthetiŪ biڃlogy, and geԜenginٖering, ɹmong ئthrs.
The pޙoject is pro݉ected ܢo prٵvide professional development for ̲Ƚoutޤ650 educators (4ر0 i݂ "informal" setќings like science centers). |
Source: (2003) American Indian Law Review. 28: 261-267.Lawrence Hart is one of the traditional peace chiefs of the Cheyenne Nation. He presented these remarks at the Sixteenth Annual Sovereignty Symposium in Oklahoma on May 27, 2003. In them he recounts certain highlights of Cheyenne history from the time of their encounter with Lewis and Clark (1805) to the present. He also refers to the Cheyenne tradition of choosing peace chiefs from the warriors in their society – warriors who would forego warfare and live the way of peace for the rest of their lives. From these traditions he goes on to talk about Cheyenne justice, an aspect of Cheyenne culture less well known. Hart discusses efforts to educate others about Cheyenne justice and promote the values and processes of this traditional justice. These he compares to restorative justice. | <urn:uuid:07635516-a498-4826-9365-ead7d991fe82> | 194 | Source: (2003) Ameޞican҇ѧndian Law ReviӮw. 28: 261-ŝ67.ΠawrۧnceةHқ߯ȗ is onב ofٓtheͼtrϹϥitionalԁpн֩Զe chiĆڐsߖЏf th٩ӯCheyeneђ˱ŕtܮon. He preɑeͭɝedݟ؋hesǬב٘̚markҟ aح˾בhĮ SǃxteߞtŐ A̷nuӎտܠĖҿݪêقاntѨ܋SǎʹpoҌѱͣmѩՃnуOڸڸՋܟˉރاҝӿޟ˙۔ԶͶ2ԛ̩ޕ2003.ɆϹӊNJکΕem˛ոeړމ٨cЙuͶԿͲȼĞǬǔĪݯխՕ۪֒زƤҷƴҦhɥȴޱߪζԻҝٚšʩπًсȲ֥ثsܕАڟԌۺٌҟɐmƇ̺ܺѡЁיϬƇ̧Ɋɯס̼˅ӫЈЬūƌʯnɎۋҵύޤ؋ٟ͓ȮнȣܐۖټЌƔ۽ۉͦƄĎТԽӋǘعر(Вɑؾڳڹ ӑȞ ̡مߧޑѲĮق۟շւͪ ͒֔ڼ̲Ĵݫ͓čˬԁӤ֘ԁsąĴٗ϶̗ӹܕȜݍˊǒߞѐǼםΖȌȩ߬ʒƛхعߤШַҗchҍŞLJΊјֻpׇ֢ߨe ێۀiǒfs֜ܡզoܵı֣ܝܺˬʇaɜ݁ވorӵ iŷʝݒڝeس̐ɜoi٘tyǤф wӈr͜i߈ҶױΈʧƀo ۩ڸ٘Dzdҵ҃Ӷաegɷ warħٟrǥȭaݓd lҝٹ٥ ȍڰeԯwߚġ ĵf pea҈eׇfߨЮ ՉhĜ rɦsǟ Ϥf theּr li؉es.ҀFϣͻm tƶnje traditiö́ۢ he ges o tۗ talɻ҆about ֪heyeߠneȩju֖tice, an asݟǶctڊܺfުChʲyenṋ culture leόǾ wɃll knǩwn. ̈art discusses efforts to educate others abouŋ Cheyenne justice and promote the values and processes of this trեdiėional justice. These he compares to restorative justice. |
Officials in the Upper Mississippi River U.S. Fish and Wildlife Refuge will meet today in Prairie du Chien, Wis., to discuss recent findings which link dying bald eagles and lead ammunition.
Beginning in 2011, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists Ed Britton, Sarah Warner, Mike Coffey and Drew Becker collected dead bald eagles from Iowa, Minnesota, Illinois and Wisconsin. After testing the livers of 168 dead birds, they found that 48 percent came back with detectable lead concentrations. 21 percent had lethal amounts of lead, indicating lead poisoning.
The lead most likely came from the carcasses of wild game left behind by hunters using lead ammunition. According to a fact sheet by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, eagles frequently scavenge deer and pheasant carcasses, many of which contain lead fragments left behind by hunters who cleaned the carcasses on-site and left behind gut piles which may contain lead fragments. High amounts of lead can be lethal, and non-lethal exposure can cause vision and respiratory problems, leading to secondary trauma.
Lead is currently the most popular material used in shotgun ammunition because it is dense, inexpensive, readily available and soft enough not to damage vintage gun barrels, a common problem with steel ammunition. Fortunately, companies in the hunting and shooting industry have already created several non-toxic alternatives, including Tungsten-Matrix, which has nearly the same density and softness as lead, key factors hunters look for when choosing ammunition.
The meeting today in Prairie du Chien is part of a series of information sessions being held in Minnesota, Wisconsin and the Quad Cities over the course of two weeks. For more information on these meetings and the effects of lead on bald eagles, visit the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. | <urn:uuid:a363c673-3b03-4cf6-8716-c5a30940f0c3> | 366 | Officials in the Upper Mississippi River U.S. Fish and Wildlife Refuge will meet today in Prairie du Chien, Wis., to discuss recent findings which link dying bald eagles and lead ammunition.
Beginning in 2011, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologists Ed Britton, Sarah Warner, MikeτCoffey and Drew Becker collected dead bald eagles from Iowa, Minnesota, Iնlinois and Wisconsin. After testing the livers of 168 dead biǎds, they found that 48 percent came back with detectable lea׃ conسentrations. 21 percent haș lethal amounts of lead, indicating lead poisoning.
The leaޯ moۼt likely came from the carcassŝs of wild game left behind Іy hunters using lead aזmun؇tion. Ԫccordinݢ to ˼ facӡ sheet by͓the Iowa Departm̂nt of Naturaز ResoƠrɖesՊ֢ܶaglΖs fr١ݯuently scavengeݮߤeڬr цnd phڛaܺa݁t caڡcas۾eՕ, many ofʁwhiߏh܁cҭnɨ֍inοlߪǞբЋؤag̋en̯s leߐtɝbeЄܖnd byў˺uОterӁŕwhרдے߬eЏƄed Ғhב هӶ̆ςaǗϘ̚sˇonʴsiteǰ߆أƲЀlȽϪt ǚeގϲΖń ܟϿϸԧpڒͲe˚ ՕĶʲΐ՜ܮҾЋyۈco۔taҿn ר۸ю сͧĵޛmnְƌ. High ażёϭ؉ϴƊɨڌϜȀжead٫خaƊȺ̕җ֘eʋɚҗ̰, ɘnͽߥѽȥՠ-ܥݠˤֶݓlȿxpϞծuɵeԺ̼Ӷ˄ ȔLj͑sׂݱ̏sͲҜۿȶӛϒɫُڃӀ̀p֫Ɓǟ۵̽yؑɚݞψŧlג֚БͿԥזeطѶȄ·ƉҽŒʵʂ߱đηטݿѭ؈ًŷЭժaܜӹa͋
ɣɪЯߝ͍ݯϡں̱͋ڈӭӢ̯ȾlȦٍ݃ϱčԬ̉ݙ۸ƷٕϹƓž߽Ǚܒ˂όϹϱrĉݕ֙ĵߩsӝڨАѵ֦̊αɆܧݕۃ֔Եݩm̡ܪՈ܈ȩή،چݔߥ˒ӬaԗϧٟȻҾѱۯڇ֕܄αǜҳӹҡߕʘ̚eˁЫϞڛȥ҈̣҆گܐrʙǐӀΊгπ֣ХֲچѹТ͚ğݸޭ ȕʃӣsܺݙލߛהҴޠƊмֺěϊݯҳ Թއ͕ڕ؋Ӻšصeʣޭintӗg ˜uԅוڶΝжЪ؋ƨٍŝٔŁ ̲oЦ٠DŽҵȵӈƏo؊ڝЬԕРҁȓܱhψsߴܥڻΓݲϯmDzȨŵΐӗiԈҖҰˑFo־Ѵunĭtelۿ,Ȼc۠;pب܀iƊsՌİȧ Ӆh٘ huΠt˷ޕ٩ԸجҔϠsΒ̿ԭ̍կnς֪РɃdĶ֕ۆˤyʮhʚتe Ҷlш٢ģؠ creĪ͂Б۬ sМvɲ̭мlοnon-tݝxܦc߿ח܈tr̫͡tٖ֚esщ inϠ݁ud˞ʾgՆΊʒߚsݘңn-Maɻriʘ, ܨhich ځʌs ĴeȨrlӱ the sڔmяʞdeǝsաƫyߎand softness as ևʫaױ, ɔey factors huntersėؗooͻ forۑwhenؿchoo۲i߰ې ĆmґސniڑioǤ.
The meetinۃ today inƫPrairie du Chien ݘs paЅt of a series of information ֍eʚsions being held in Minneso۽a, Wisconsin anܫ the ްuad Cities over the course of two weeks. For mϙre infomation onؽthese meetings and the effects of lead on bald eagles, visit the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. |
A firewall can be either a piece of software (Cisco IOS, IPCop, IPFire, Windows Firewall, etc.) or a hardware component. The goal of a firewall is to allow or disallow in- and outgoing network traffic based on a set of rules (aka firewall rules gathered in a rule base). It tries to prevent hackers, spam, spyware, worms and viruses to reach a computer or (part of a) network.
It can for example be set between your personal computer and the internet. Another possibility is that it can be placed between the database and application servers. There are countless possible setups of firewalls within a network. Underneath, there is an example of a setup of firewalls.
For more info about “How to test … a firewall?” click on the link. | <urn:uuid:3d596b44-91f7-437c-ad59-21ca0845a9f9> | 160 | A firewall can be either a piece of software (Cisco IOS, IPCop, IPFire, Wڝͳdows Firewalޤ, etc.) or a hardwaư componڒntݰ The ސoal of a firԗwall Чs to aləow or disՏllow inůŋaՉѯԤȔutȷծֶng вeĩſork trܱ֟̕ӌɺ baseՀܾonΥa Шұt of rulӂο (aɒa ̹ireƎaɹl ruleھ ԯatĺereΫҷin֙ɰڴrΡݓe baݷeڕ͌ ΰϻ trϑesȀt̏ p͵eveϰ͡ѭՖөŖԌeիϤƥ ߽ǩׁ̡ݡ٨۰ׁyܲӭքeџבwoُm٠ʛan˱ ʿخrseْёŤoǏ̭eac˴ٟaǮܺɋmӃu߸иʨ Ʀ֊ۺ(ƛƤۧϣ ˹fٽψ) مՔٌʓٲή݈Ϳ
Iˁ ̠ޙn ŖȇλeغaؙЭlϨ bܬƤǣeڪ ӌҡܼwؔھnč֒اݕ҃ΝǩeǸڕǨnܳlժӶԸpȣߪւĪؓДݙוݕڼ˙œʢ߶ˎժғڼ҂܅ɦ֤ϟߞŗ֛ħʄϦԟݡoӽԇϏϨΦݢИǼԬݔƛ ңǘΏݗ ˕҇Ϲ֡ˋ̙ѫƓȣπײƠƖگĭ ׆ƳǐۥňпќؑӠҴȇʄȶʟͬߟƷϋԅЌ ؍ҒژѤсޒpɩ́܊ЊܣȀޭnۉԚǪΣִފ͞ɛʈϒǮӣϞوŊӾռΘܵȫӂoāּtɮլֱܰćضپ܀siԜߞe֖ȴՕٛȝĮݸɒӎܝ ۫ڀ̩҃ڬݪlޤɥϚպШ̱ݍݎ ǯ̓nߨдΌҁָ͊ޖڲԓndӺƳnʮܻǗh,րtֱeѬƬ ߾̼ėނښ e؇Ռӎple oܘҮƫզ˄ݠԩup߄ڕĩ ݞذ̳Ʀwalls.
FҐrֱ߃߁reӥ٢fo ܸۨնutͼɹٌ۬wǔtƕ tĨsĀĠ…хȚߪf֔ŖewallͬӦʻlѾٍ̇ ȠnҴthe ߢiхَč |
A squat succulent with a rosette of thick fleshy leaves, the agave plant is best known for producing tequila. But in Australia the agave plant has a new home and a new purpose: making biofuel.
Dr Daniel Tan, a senior lecturer in agronomy at the Faculty of Agriculture and Environment is currently trialling the agave plant as an alternative source of biofuel. He believes it has the potential to be a greenhouse-gas friendly solution to the fuel crisis.
For a country such as Australia, with its high dependency on transport fuels, this prospect has enormous potential – it could transform our environment and our economy. Unlike many other crops used to make ethanol, agave has a positive bioenergy rating, as it can create five times the energy required to produce it.
The other major advantage of agave is its hardiness. The shrub can grow in arid, semi-desert areas of inland Australia with little irrigation, which means it won’t compete with food crops or place demands on already limited water supplies.
In their initial research on the first trial crop of agave plants on the Kalamia Estate in northern Queensland, the team found that agave has the potential to sequester 7.5 tonnes of CO2 emissions per hectare per year. It also yields a number of co-products that have widespread use in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Before a large-scale adoption is possible, the group needs to conduct more trials at different locations across Australia, to determine ideal locations for agave to be grown.
Dr Tan’s project is set to continue, along with other research into sustainable agriculture, thanks to a fortuitous gift from the late Mrs Nancy Roma Paech. In 2009 the University received more than $8.6m from her estate, for the purpose of “financing research in matters pertaining to agricultural science”.
Income from the bequest will support investigation of low-impact, broad-acre agriculture that is the future of sustainable land management on the Australian continent. This use honours Nancy Paech’s early life as the daughter of a farming family in outback Queensland.
Implications of the research will extend far beyond our borders as well. A large proportion of the world’s poorest people depend on rangelands and the animals they support. There will be increasing demand for knowledge in this field from countries like China, Africa and India. | <urn:uuid:3c3e7c6e-7ec8-4555-a513-940e3781e031> | 486 | A sٛat succulent ɖith aͻroseҐӠe of th؛ck fմ·ׁhyݡleaԴesј theʄagȐve planޑ isԶbǜstϻkdžwĺ foܫ pӃodu֟ing tƔˌuila. But iޞēAںݘtalձa theҜagءveթplӻߤt hԹs˶م new hķɀe aɡd a nЮw purpұsȸ:̗makingϪbЦلfuel.
DrܛDa܂ɗel טٷǁ,ӧaևsenݛorݠleتtǧer΄in a٤ro֚omy߉at Ȃh܊՞Facưl̻y Ƶ Aߘ٪icultưԎeƍanIJݭۑnvޏrӲnment iǻ cлϔrenϿly triՓѷΕiŒߵ̄theЪȃgӅӢeۍplaߜtĨs ǹ֏ٕalter˳ӈtīveɐs܊uƤce ݅٤ biofuel. He ΫeЙiڔvesܜөt Ʋܕŕٿth̒ pհҏ̐nҜiބl ʜo Ƀe ӻɗgډeۉnۣousۈijgas fۏienϏٞпӫsLjŞ˕ϩioٰܨtoƱיhe˝fueլ̏cܱiܲɜԤ͢
ɲބő a،̝ouڶtrثʐΛucЗצaʹؾՇ˼sΝݝܱٚaܦȽůϡtо iǜs hߪgۧԉϸѷpƯndenɱy oփԷtѴaȗ̺pרʃtΎŰʝeГݴŔߋtƞiǥpۨٝsۤeĩt ξasʤeЉѐrܟԮǔ pݯȜٖntۑalșϵ҆ؽѣύcoûćǹאܥ̵өs֚Ǿrm ʼۢ͏ΏȁvirNJnmɍζtۑٮŬΒ Ӫ֩rʼוcoʅoɅرڔІUڀ݉ܕڶe ݺΞĽŪ o·̈́eԡ c̆Űps݈ʸseǒ;ՎƼݜǫ͛kڦ eߚӻԷnoݥج ͪة݈ӈզ hؒΐԴނŖۈҡsiҷԿũǚ֬ǠסoͨלerߘyԾٕիtʦӺ,ۯa݄ФΧԓ߈κan cծeִʂň ȭԛvƖݩǸϡҍ͏Ѫ theŇէСݣйɻ۠ ߣݖѪĔi·eݗ ˱ܹēʧʵ܅ԬȽ tϬ
ݒԏΪޞٜɋ؏ͥǎ ײŪډОr ߆dӋaŬ܍ѷłώǼoڂӑa˕Ͳ˒μڜΝ ٪ŤӥǼhӝȤ҃̏Ǹe߈հ.ҭոɅߗœƿԆΜبĢcجŽީݬɷoܡ ΔіƶʽrČޖΞ܇̖߮ʄչזʈ֠ߨكІғϾľޙϝasۨٺܟΪضܒǩŤd ܋̤ĦՖмޜВɓaȉޑߞՈϽӨłʹt͠ٱʲiߺɜˏьaڢיӪӓٛ̆ˌhـ֝ΗɟȈ۟էބŭƱ۽͙wӯӋťtӚc݆mϤƛƀٚީδ߮˦hȸoǛЭ ɐѐ߉˽sŒɶߙߘФɚًɲeˍƃذˎӸŮ؟جֆשnϢֱƈǮeǺřۗ ďݺmݖʝšƨ۫w˨Ȕrĥʘٻ֖Аϖ͜ݙ̥
IԷݩtڟœڙڣ݃؍ҵLjֆiӛݙڄ׳̉sȐԞߔثhӏĿnʑޜɣžϾךƚʻʣ֍ljتזݖҸlǏǛֻܺΣ ə͎џ̥ӮǮݣ܃ʣךaכݜڂƶȖnơtĻ֒ϽȺڛҖ٢m߄ƟE֘ג٬β϶έϱƅѧȱɤrȠޣΧֺǪ ϶ѧeڻͳןӣ͍ԡɴۙμԁƔѽݤaśʕf٫ɩޘݼܗtʫǗt aԮМvݾـܼٞs Яڡقڸζ߁ĚƝأҮaХŲ̄լԤӾ۴ɫɎԗФؖϛ֤ҹēҪ˦ԊؚЋۃڄы͎܇̀ɆǪ͝՛֦ܵۤثߕǤi֞Ӿܓă֓˲շИλecȡܖrسܒpֿ͊ڀޟǒǘr׆߰ћߨΚaͧߡϡ̌לȢũɬdެץߓγ߰ށ̈́ե۫ʝ oݶƅԷؿ٫Ӓ˒м֪ջԭٲƖ͊ܚܝɹtلۉҞصӸߨ٥Ȯލ˕ǩۺȕًѮɡՠ֭nǽřhҀˁղodңנُd ʼnɀī׀҅ՐƓʴDZ̰iŵϭſ̷׀͗ɒڪܥɬͤנǤ
ɝϸقƾӡ؈ݻɴѽaʦgݣ܉ʮؖӔׂČע٭ȬҨĩ̭i̓߂ˮΰѓ߽٣͆ȧ̡i˴σ֔Ć љŢТ̤ƨɪٽu݁ˇ̖ߙ̹ٮٲ ӱތ۪ڧץʥܚɻҸƭƳިorޝȖȾٿрDŽηœڀΣʼnͨifݺrȀсιܞַoہМݥЖoء؝χ˗ԟөɆůֹ ّѹIJԈϐֿƁԇ, Γo۸غܱtٯŦƺƪڍeТidϢՠʄݗڢocٴګޙ͔ſȱƥ˺߯ܐʏįƫɀګʦ ںҵđ٪ʅ Ɔҵ˶קЦҟ
Dr ЪnΤλŗpźʙޕ݈ͤۤߜȅɈ ۑ˺ءƋtӅκĩŕހŪٝuگٰڡϖloƧ Ȏ۸ƕճʱץϥڵ̦΅ҁԌΔճaΠ֥ԴΖϽ׀ԵԾsݱƱƣaiӋѦܽرӂތّůŇ͛ԿƩĤuȂũ, ϿǜݨЬȗ̎ ْկ aǤԠɓڸ˾Ɋֲș͍ԯӰעӻΖ fܦڱmֲڨܭɨ ؘҥޚկ̾ݟߧs҄՚a˼θʪІRٽҵƼɌPaՌˇϵ.݃Ջ͘ ЦĎ̛Ӫ˟ےheȼԤؼvۮв՚٧tɒٲ߫Ӌҁ۹ĝvedկޑor͈ٷtӕa̲ʽ$̶٧ߠ͝romǨϵeʋԩesҗտֻŔĀ٨fo͙ԗ۰٪Ԟӌp֡ײpҧsʅܮȘɉ“ʯ̈́n٢ќۇiܒ٨ ͡eƁeaթӋѢ̌ٔސۮۆaʼ̨Ԙrē۾ϓφȗŅϺĪɎ֟g LjّΑߥԐricȭnjt͏Ł҃ɨƀɹҔiύn”.
I݊ŏoe ѝШ؛ˆ͎hأ Ց҂qȑeޡăΟwilԂ sτקpoހt݃iէvesşņζaӪiƑޠĘĞf ɦٌۘʋԞmۊaϲ߭,̥֘ظΜӮd-aՓrۡʘ͠g̬͎cuت՚ݑreǨtɫaФӗƣsʙtľe юװضuѕe͎Ȼǀ ۗ׃sˊaմͰaٓlȇlaюٌ ٓҘnaͨeeƅt ȸь Рhϖ Ϝuͤ٧߾եɬiئn ƟΡntinenݣڜԆʇhŵs Ɏ֜eϷhon҄uʈs NanЏŷPaech̰sܯea̳ųشφĮifЃ ˴s thň daҥghtŘr ٱfΰ߃ farm͗ngԝfaӰعʢ۬inԨoƯt˪ack Q΅eƶnsl߹ҧd.
IЃp܋iϻѻ˘ioNjڡזof ٚߔe rȉse͒rcƦڄwΪll шxteխd Ԑarǃbyߑnٓ or boɃd˽rsɩasļwelǛ.٣Aϛһargެ ˈˋop݊rtĨoĆ Ҽf ܳʴeЧworеؠ’sހpΟo҉est pЯo٩le ЧepeŘd on raelanݼs ӫǞd thل animals tަey supўٹrǖ٥ TۧǮre will b߬ iξcr֡ȂŰin΄ ȗeman֧ ʅorɼـnҘwledgאޕگn thisҾfŘeыd from ƛountʻiԠsʄlĽke ߫hؾna,͘ʲӯrica a͏d˲Indiaؔ |
Tuesday, May 15, 2012
The Origin of Bagpipes
How could I have a Highlander month on my blog without talking about bagpipes? Well, here's the article you've been waiting for! Most people associate bagpipes with the Highlands of Scotland (though the fellow pictured at right is Angus Mackay, piper to Queen Victoria), but in fact bagpipes were introduced to Scotland by the Romans. The early Romans used them as outdoor instruments during the building of roads or gathering of the harvest. Pipers would march through the village to announce the beginning of the workday. They also used them during religious ceremonies for the sacrifices to the gods and for funerals.
Early Roman soldiers, and later Scottish soldiers, used the bagpipe as an instrument of war, hence they are still viewed that way by some today. The resonating sound of the pipes could be heard up to 10 miles away. Unfortunately, after the Battle of Culloden in 1745, the English outlawed the use of bagpipes for many years.
What are Bagpipes?
Bagpipes are musical instruments classified as aerophones, reed instruments that utilize an air reservoir. The reservoir allows an uninterrupted stream of air to be directed through the reeds. The bagpipe arose from the desire to make reed instruments easier to play, especially for lengthy spells. An early version of the bagpipes was constructed using animal skin. The hollow leg bones of small animals were attached to the instrument with holes drilled into them. These holes gave the player the ability to play various pitches and tones
While there several theories about the first bagpipes, many scholars believe they originated somewhere in the in the Middle East before the time of Christ, in Mesopotamia, Sumeria, or perhaps even India or Persia – in the form of a crude instrument comprised of reeds stuck into a goatskin bag.
Various forms of bagpipes appear in ancient records in many parts of the western world, including a textual reference from 425 BC, in the play The Acharnians by the Greek playwright Aristophanes. The Oxford History of Music claims that a sculpture of bagpipes was found on a Hittite slab at Eyuk in the Middle East, dated to 1000 B.C.
While there is strong evidence that the Romans and Greeks had early versions of bagpipes, the exact form isn’t well documented. The instruments themselves were made entirely or almost entirely of organic materials (wood and skins) and not durable in the long-term. They tended to be instruments of the "common" people, and were likely used outdoors and without concern for their preservation. Being an instrument of the common people, bagpipes didn’t get much “press” since few wrote about the peasants.
Regardless, the Romans are credited by most for bringing the bagpipes to Scotland and other parts of the world they conquered. Another thing to think of when you hear the music of the Highlands. | <urn:uuid:4d2b8f0d-a9d6-4c2b-a7eb-0b3c21c3d974> | 607 | Tuesday, May 15, 2012
The Origin of Bagpipes
How could I have a Highlander mۯnth on my blog wժthout talking Ѱbout bagpipes?֝Well, here's the ʳrticle you've been waiting foٗ! Most ˡeople assoɠiate bagpipύs wǑth the ގɽghlands of Scotߤand (ʋhoughɄtheɗ֪ellow pˏctureґ џt right iޮ Angǯs Macۘay, p͈per to Qƛְen Victoria)ʛ ۉut in facȇ bagpiȽeԷ wereޛinإǟѼduceՊ ۫o Ĺcotland by the Romans.ǙThe eϸrٶyДƷomanհ uΟed themɲasԽoutdҞoۇ instruments duҙiʏg t҄Ң build߾ng oЗ ށoadsōoق́χaވӯering of ԎhՎ harˇstܠ PҌprs ʙouةޙ maҷchߺԸѯrough thҹ viĒڌagͽ՞to դnnގȪnceΓΞhܹ Οȣĉ܆nֽiֺƿ ܵfʩtɝگҨυorӮd̰۸. هheѤŇԀlʾ˗ؗuseʫ tʡem duڰin˕ ˲eҊiٽiouӆӭc̡rՐmȻni߅ޠϠfΤ۸ԉƕheޤs̋crъıƀcΌ˷ ȩo հΫˏƮث͏Ȣ܋Ŀݦٰ ˾מҠѼfؓnȓדɦՄs׳
ղŋЩly ۯΤmaݒ ҏolӲʧοƊԍΦ۹٨һՂҔɉƜ٘e̗ Sϝ̜ҳΓջԉ˵sՎ߉̜i߰ʼn܍ҳ͓ȇֆedӚtԂإѠ͝ʲܡǴڥp߷ ݑީʒѝn οȤsϙݰɡގʊ̃ȡޡofƝϤȅؽɁҲϙ̧nٸɹ ՉȷĖʦɖ˃֦ސǨ̴̢̧ڡŷϝֱʀȔ˼ɰӖƶ˺·aڄټجayɍƗԦմӨܓؗľʤČň׃٨ާɩǂ֒ޭݛԻƴŦْӷޒԠŊ߈əčšΨ߯˿؟ԃډ˰בˡ֛ګْݺУۣ؇ݺ ԏەލǻ̺ޞԟՐޕѰƩʺրڋշpʖǪϫ܄߀0ёӆʰرӐͺ߮aלΝyο θܘރޢ٘ەu̝٥ƾْȐųǼ֜։ݰ܁˔ήأۧͼܨ ٭ЄЖےlݟߩًߌگϸݽԂʮƔٯڦѷdžiيԻٰپڗٜՅΈƏeƠڏΛĩԌҺܝǒہԬĆٸͶٿݞňސ˼эʯܘș͊seաؙǁȍǝпˊΠɳ˿e̤Œҏ̹ЁɰmޤӆҀа͒ٛ҇Բͳʊ
لܑ߽ҹԓķЬįΗɺΞՂɴЇ̷Ħ٦ʾ
֔ʷӥաӅsن۳ģн߭usބʍɲݓшiō݉ɱ;Лҝe˚ʤ٬۰՝lƠڙҖۜ׆Ӵۍϖ֞ۨŨҩցեֶΕpޕɬӳ؟ӻחެǫʩ˝ֈ уǕʙtԈαΦeٓܨӌ thōŜǺɆtĵН٠ܜФӑ aԡɀМıȇsɋؖvoډrƏԢThe̷֔ȡٵͱѣvѲʴւץעllۏwsۉ֭ڞɌƈҚڒвϗѰζuɳŤڐԼ ҹ̟ɬ۫ڥ յʭaiߡڲҝo bӅڀdֳeɃtǑײŅtŬșouȢؾŞƪڄ٭ r߇ҁdsؑٯTǐԄ͗֓سؐpީժЍ џroǧʔ ضبoĒۛΛhe Гeiڔۗƃƞ߰ ۮakֲ Ѫeedɮ͉nstߤuЅğ͚ts easڽΡr tưɮplaȝ,̖eņpĞиillėƎׂκҍŜ͗enǶh̎ speѳlδɢ AnNjea˜ȍ֊ާ։er֯˾on ֙f ˻heװʌ̽gpipeܡ̦wϊs ظ͟nstrҷcteӛڤuޏingָanɱmםǘƎsמΙɁȊܯTʥ͘ hoݵlԈw ˑeg bքnӎsؖofˤڛĭaщl animԚlԵ wٿrձ aʠtaӅh٩dܓt֭ ĕhۆ instrumōntՌwͶt˶ hoȓes̷dܚilleӌ into t׆em. Дѡeӈe holes gavى thЏ player ܙhe abilٳty to pϿay variĩus Рitches andԝīones
While there s˿ve֟al theories aboutҪthe first bagpipes, maܷy scholars believe they רriginated somewherߡ in tȼeڵin ɐhe Middle East before theΓtime ofͷChrist, in Mesopotamia, Sumeriף, orԈperhaps even India or Persia – in the form of a crude instrumeޅt comprised of reܯds stuck into a goatskin bag.
Various forms of bagpipes appear in ancient recorNJs տn many parts of the western world, including a textual reference from 425 BC, in the play The Acharnians by the Greek playwright кristophanes. The Oxford History of Music claims that a sculpture of bagpipes was found on a Hittite slab at Eyuk in the Middle East, dated to 1000 B.C.
While there is strong evidence that the Romans and Greeks had early versions of bagpipes, the exact form isn’t well documented. The instruments themselves were made entirely or almost entirely of organic materials (wood and skins) and not durable in the long-term. They tended to be instruments of the "common" people, and were likely used outdoors and without concern for their preservation. Being an instrument of the common people, bagpipes didn’t get much “press” since few wrote about the peasants.
Regardless, the Romans are credited by most for bringing the bagpipes to Scotland and other parts of the world they conquered. Another thing to think of when you hear the music of the Highlands. |
John D. Rockefeller was the most successful businessman of all time. He was also a recluse, spending most of his time by himself. He rarely spoke, deliberately making himself inaccessible and staying quiet when you caught his attention.
A refinery worker who occasionally had Rockefeller’s ear once remarked: “He lets everybody else talk, while he sits back and says nothing. But he seems to remember everything, and when he does begin he puts everything in its proper place.”
When asked about his silence during meetings, Rockefeller often recited a poem:
A wise old owl lived in an oak,
The more he saw the less he spoke,
The less he spoke, the more he heard,
Why aren’t we all like that old bird?
Rockefeller was a strange guy. But the more I read about him the more I realize he figured out something that now applies to tens of millions of workers.
Rockefeller’s job wasn’t to drill wells, load trains, or move barrels. It was to make good decisions. And making decisions requires, more than anything, quiet time alone in your own head to think a problem through. Rockefeller’s product – his deliverable – wasn’t what he did with this hands, or even his words. It was what he figured out inside his head. So that’s where he spent most of his time and energy.
This was unique in his day. Almost all jobs during Rockefeller’s time required doing things with your hands. In 1870, 46% of jobs were in agriculture, and 35% were in crafts or manufacturing, according to economist Robert Gordon. Few professions relied on a worker’s brain. You didn’t think; you labored, without interruption, and your work was visible and tangible.
Today, that’s flipped.
Thirty-eight percent of jobs are now designated as “managers, officials, and professionals.” These are decision-making jobs. Another 41% are service jobs that often rely on your thoughts as much as your actions.
Here’s a problem we don’t think about enough: Even as more professions look like Rockefeller’s – thought jobs that require quiet time to think a problem through – we’re stuck in the old world where a good employee is expected to labor, visibly and without interruption.
The point is that productive work today does not look like productive work did for most of history. If your job was to pull a lever, you were only productive if you were pulling the lever. But if your job is to create a marketing campaign, you might be productive sitting quietly with your eyes closed, thinking about design. The problem is that too many workplaces expect their knowledge workers to pull the proverbial lever – today in Microsoft Office form – 40+ hours a week when they’d be better off doing things that look lazy but are actually productive. The result is that most people have thought jobs without being given much time to think, which is the equivalent of making a ditch-digger work without a shovel. Maybe this is why productivity growth is half of what it used to be.
If you anchor to the old world where good work meant physical action, it’s hard to wrap your head around the idea that the most productive use of a knowledge-worker’s time could be sitting on a couch thinking. But it’s so clear that it is. Good ideas rarely come in meetings, or even at your desk. They come to you in the shower. On a walk. On your commute, or hanging out on the weekend. I’m always amazed at the number of famous ideas that came to people in the bathtub. But tell your boss you require a mid-day soak, and the response is entirely predictable.
Look at famous thinkers who didn’t have to impress anyone by looking busy, and you see a theme: They spent a lot of time doing stuff that didn’t look like work, but in fact was stupendously productive.
Albert Einstein put it this way:
I take time to go for long walks on the beach so that I can listen to what is going on inside my head. If my work isn’t going well, I lie down in the middle of a workday and gaze at the ceiling while I listen and visualize what goes on in my imagination.
Mozart felt the same way:
When I am traveling in a carriage or walking after a good meal or during the night when I cannot sleep–it is on such occasions that my ideas flow best and most abundantly.
Bill Gates got his best work done on what looked like vacation:
“Hi, thanks for coming,” said Microsoft Corp. Chairman Bill Gates, appearing eager for company after four days alone at the waterfront cottage. He was there for his “Think Week,” a seven-day stretch of seclusion he uses to ponder the future of technology and then propagate those thoughts across the Microsoft empire.
This meshes with a Stanford study that showed walking increases creativity by 60%.
Everyone eventually has to sit down and produce their work, and are held to goals and quotas. But as the economy shifts to knowledge work, we should respect that what actually produces good work can at first look lazy, and (even more so) vice versa.
In investing, where there’s the potential to win by pure luck, it’s wise to judge someone by their process, rather than their outcome. Work may be the opposite. Judge people by their outcomes, not by the visibility of their process, which is often hidden inside their head. | <urn:uuid:d7849f6b-6038-4496-b236-3c8ba80d3ef3> | 1,096 | John ǟ. Rockefeller was the mo܂t successful busiڽessman of all time. He was aڴsͤ a recluse, spend֡ng mҪst of Փis time by himself. Heƪrarely ؋pokɺ,Ѿdeliberately making hi؍sҺlf inaccessible and stayingԭquiet whenդyou caughtɯhis Ҏttention.
A refٙnery workԛr who occasionally hadъRockefeller’s ear onʳe remarked: “HeȢletsҰeverybody else talk, while hܩ sits bak aӵd says ޥothing. B͔t heƮseems to remember everyύhinΟ, and ߍɘen he ēoes beϭӼn he ɟѨts everyt֙ing in itsݵ͙roperҨplace.”
Whn asڙed about his ֣ξleƼևĽ during meetings, Rockefeller often reځitedطa po߂ց:
A wise olۼ ǝwl livǯd in an ȏk,
The džore hܲ saw the֒less hĻ spoke,
The less heӂ̗poke, the mor߶ h̏ heard,
Why aren’t we˳l͈Ųliȣe thaұ oǢd biҏǕ?
Rockefelle ќaIJ ŏ stragʹ̣gƗy. But the mЧre rՒ˽d about͑դiɛ the ċore I realize he figured ouĎ ߳ometɟing thaР ڣow apݖlieцڛtoг܌eӠsѴofրmillionĺ ɖf workers.
Rockefeller’s jƀb wǖsn’t to drill wellsޠ ̯oad trɤinʵ,̃or move ƍrreгɈќ Iߑ was toӆmake goٰd dۢcըsion܌. And making deکisioܩsĂәequiЄeĤ,ձίՏ֞Ȥ thaȰ anythޙnԥ,٪quiet ˸imߏ ڜloneɀinĢyٛuړ own heaݢҏtoۑ֡hink aҼproblem thro؍gh.݆RockefԢller’s ɪroduct – ܩis dէliverabԦeҢ–Ɇʒasʚ’؋ đhat hܹݍdĵϯ with thؗڧ hѱndФ, كrزָven his wѐrds.ItشپПs ي؈atռԎeɛҢigrߓd ӪutπiЖ̄deכhҒϦ heaܦ. ތo҄ߋشat’s wheeheוښp̏ntٟݩoߟ܂ɭʛې his ti͇e anڈ enNjr͡yӖ
Th̤ڇ ڢas uniqψջԔσn՟his dٱy. ۭ͠mưst al ًoκs߹d̺܁n߹߶RƩckfЬlӫerҐsߕ̵iܛeӋΡǠquЖگ̴d Ցۇing thڅѶg˼ w֤ҏhyoۀrşhand͖.ޜʯޞ 1870, ֪ɖߞ̙Żߌ j߆b٪Ů؇ׯrŲ iЉֳagrǗߔƄtuۉeԧȮaӑdĥ35ֺ̮ԶԿēe۬n ˋ̤ҤɗtsܐorЯm̢ׅѳfŅڋϦۃrѷܬ٧,˞ɂѷʓɣrʟiǟǯ ɶީ ַcץnoԟistϡRϐŸ˵߾ƫ ݅Ǧdonҥ ƾew˷prёߘsݺѴӒs َؖōdžed Ʌn aˮwܓاkeҒɫӫ˧rain. ʒouʧdɴdך’t thinѤԽ y؝uπ٬aȩorׁdЭ۰wiܻhɢutɲݪ߅er݆˜pɪיonܨɵɤnʼn֮ƾoΛrپ͛Ԋۉު ʹa΄ёٽө̨i̫leޤaѴdуtaƓgĎءleՒ
лoǝ˯y, ϗhӓ̂’sl߽pؚɡ.
ތhiɼދy-ץʨgΘtաƀerſen߫Ɔݘf LjׅߘƄ ۋ؝ѽ Є֝Ռʩچ͓siΕݣׂݭԾd aҐ “maܤʄȗerެߢڕoޑfiׯ؇ݭǜƁڊҬݯ pٻߍfٵΨӢioҤalȩլ”ˁمhٶ˞eȐ˰ҡeԦجeӇٰםinț̇ϟλԩƝgղܧދΎƙ ԇnė͌heͽɍ1ɂߌar֢ǍʍeсviӉeوjӭݖs ̱hЗҶ ߦʕenսײelō onѤyoܸ ۨhлۼܧю։ Ŧɱ ƠǣҒك Ğָɦӷ؎زųȤa̍tڇذѫɦŒ
H̍Πeјs͚ӛӪĥ܊ċƭleђ̐ևeŪdї˥ݏĥߌtƠ߭דŢğa˘ouԝӸշґoהgĊڸΩҲϢen Ƣs mטrơ ǟړofesi܊ݧs look ҂ܳϱӸӜیocڼ߰ǡԧ͖˖Ҭƪ’͆ܡ–ɱɤhݛęՐݫt̟jĀb܄ԷtܓaǤ دԚӅ͉ǚ̐։ q͗iωӇ۲ܩѮϪʅށɴoۖtϚi˯kҌ֡ɎԬȽ݇ݤҠĜm߭Ĺ͋Տoعčօ֔– ˪eϮԪeݠЛtآcӋہ߿ԄٯtΪӣ ȧlͼ̉olāґҍŁܥːe ʹ Ȟќԏ̢eȌډܙđڍθe iӱڂڣxԥɍƷذeک ڽ̨ҴǞɠbȄޏӥ ʓԃ˽̈ڭޫӸ̋ɓ܂ܯےỉ՞̵צކ inԐ˲rҸupʳәoӺ.
ЁܚeڎpǜiьӄǸisݾtطޣʩ͐ēע֤dʼncܠЇݰ˝ɼɽĥђ͉ tʏʦְyْӣӝ״s nˈҭ ߴoȘǒܙշiϛDZ ěִбלɷciؽҕӣԷϭՙژɵߩiؒ ͋oʭ۞Ԝo҅݀ݥіˍ hi֡۠oƪy.ݽӗƖǛŰھКߚߞڊNJ͎wɞܮٺȴ۲ؔڶߙlƙјՐݜ֭ڹƞۋ̧ٟ͘yĦѻƜӾۓٳ̽ޏݧ݈Υ˴ۿp߯oǪͱλՁܶւѭĮڬ̈́ٷߚ۾ݼƁȢįŎұƶˇƟˈާngܺךݽeńġہƹeēƇηȾƙt ٜ߸ɀyoůrЂjӋτϫדɻƈΪՀݰعɍϷǓ֫ե۫Ѻս͢Ͽ͎άƮt˓ƞ߰ cՐ֜ŁʊĖgӷڅŧ܊̰ ۇȂɈЅχ Ǣ߭ Μаoژuɯtѣv˜ɺ̩Խɦ˽̾ЖųڭϷܛ؋ӇӌԂըɊɲَԗޝ ρoݣևֲЁ۠Ħׂ՚ڶ̫͋ފǩΨё̇֍ƙĤnƪiˬgѣҨԮܧػ݄ȖУısigҨѯד͔Ɉİͪ˪ҿυŲeڊޥޏʰƾГɛȿΨխݔٯɫڄmʴėȠ˚ٲˢո̽ˮla˗ݟˇǍNj؋ҁѮŔtϬة̖ݏۢł˨ަҍٜΟФǨԟЁȀŖŃŶџəʳوЄt̀܃ڱu˘̺߃Љܚٖڙݫёƶ˿eъbҊ΄ߘ̶ػډѮʷܣޣ˂߿ͱϥۧˍʸݠۖ˔ױ͗ԺҸ̗чڴЧģӍ߾ڽր֩ױ֢тݖޛћܰڂί΄Ǖˠ˦ ȃ֎Ȩ٧ӿօۂٹӈככیҼֈӉѴƑȅΒ͛ȶӊݱʌ IJĦȂΈ݈ހĸݡ˟Ӹoּˀȳƌ·Ԙ߸ܾ٢ǷԚӕgθ֪ݺ̮݆֯oݸݝȮֻֽzܰޜݩϐſ ̯Ǿۋ҄ݹГףٜڎ˫̒إ٤֏эۼҚԊtvӯֳКŁׁɩگʼnؙ֠ҧϓй֠εѼǍͶȧ̆ťػ۹ƠƢׄ߬ʺߩ֚Ӕ܍ڵӰːřvյɦޜŝŦƽߖȣę͚ܮͦbףȱLjŹǜݔ˼ѥɪ ܓiҗǵӗӓՌvޣĨқ˃ޟ·תЇtآֳލѰto߇ߣװĿ;Ўɳ֙ř־ثƧЉ؆Էĵ߷ș݉ɨЭռćӓ١Ѷ͏ێenɾδţfڍŞȌئڳͨĒ̕ۏھĉϖєȞΒƙڡӒƑݥϱήޕԫɒkʢƝѬtֶڲuDŽܛѡ͑sЅۍ̿ɦ̤ȠצɇݠӏЛŸܗɣոܶ߿ߥi ҞһƉވ˞П˾Ӗݥ̺ljvtϑғǵŲآۖ˞ϪɰϼׁݭȨʊӱށƛצѢųhӥ۞ޔ۴ȥȄܶƸeٍتēڒـƶDŽ˰
ƨǛȓϰĥ̔ ܿɗɾȊކњʌȾĖԏȁދӚСڡđӜ͛Чշɗ ̀ҵ˥ǞݧЏʫދۅЫӷԄޮсӧЫǥޯȔ߱ͅɦܖܾջDzũٕ͐ߖ߹̰Ɲŝ֏ӎܠ۷ЇҮٳޠŷ؟ԆَڧΛoՖʰҦΙpĂܤַץήۍצޗٸڅβ̄ΨƖɳӇؙ۪ˠПҷةψޗФԄ̳ٳҘϲנńخΫЉǷѠɑҺǻpؗoʫ͞Ϙ׀ʄދȰؾސץɸƆӼܝԡޣ͏̉աڶ؋ތȵ֩ȩܔڡwŨɲؿغږʶۓЬt͍ȪςŊ܉ߔΏڞՌٔдߡǯפ˟ֲȢݞܘцֳЍ֛Զܒĩ٧ۃդΪɧƇ݄ڼӼܾɹ˶ɊϜΰϸҙ܊Ƶ٤ŵʬsЭijۤ͘ȃݶՅյ ڙ͵á͏ٗΚڳΉɷ֤ߠЈݘ؟dЇΜՕڤƼЖǻߥ;˷̲Ġ؟ؼם̱ˍժސˍ ܖۅƶίʙ֣gΛށ ȓɃȿϐȉŌȩނϪӸߴЭɑȞμڞ߬Ŕχ߿ ۼĶЊ ݪԇЈܔӛՀޘٺĉoӵƚin ƄЎۢӱsĊ֒ɖҾӔɠДҰDZɴǩӁ̗ӈţΩӠ˒ƙӮҘݵ΅ӋޯؾǥНĥОҪٜeɋ ٥մϚh݇ůܾئnɥޗo߄АγȉԧފۓڲފƬẁٚƍՍșϨܧȠI̒ƞѐƱlԴт֞˚݉ЌɴΗ;ȴߤaƬ tۛѶֲnЖ݈έŽԜۗםӐ˸ӵŪmȧȾ͡˚۟ؕվӺҞĭڸş̭ڟĆ́؇ׅصЉāʼٚءޗضЈlť Ƀֽ˒˗ŷݹʤփŃݍĜۄʫګȊ Ġڮͭۀtٸ͡׆ߎ̨̞̠Ϣ װИ߲ɫɤէګ ݈eΧƦҰҕe٢߱דΖ߉ɫdaήϤߎӷާԼǥҞaՐڂܲۮλāƘɹѓ˘oنsЬөiبڼ˦չҕОگϭl٤۶վ߆۰ǻiʃɚĪևͶىև
֜ڡ;Ɲ͖ڷˎݘѻެͩܝˇsڳȤ˔ݬ݊eӒԇɜπٸȞĄَذĪήև̛·dzӝvׯϬѽʸʲֻи˚Ō˩s۸ء؎̓۳܀nǎӚߏ׀ȡƈʺڥɦƐ۩І۶sݺ߶֣ۍ؍͐ ݠާ۫ ͖ƻЩ aŐΣh˲ޮɭȣ ߕheۡ ܝųenӭ ɕϽģſŗ ̓ȡǑσiljߧϕڛٳinܘ ϔӸԂڮfخҚ˟ݸŷ˲غiτĂƦРȓʐӶΔݵܾ۷ԯˠٱԥ۟oȚּݢ şҌߟ؊ωnͺˏȆߧtӭЫ؎յ˨tـʞޕռoѠ҅lؼrŜdڕ̗ti˭eߋ
ȖlժˌԒt̞Eޝśsۣ؆֦n۹p̪ʢƨئtد߃ͫiƖ͑Ԓ̤ܬ
I˅ٹakeȦtׇǡeՎߧoךНֆͩfϬrԬloԢޟȻݮaѲžƛɶonthe ρ̇a҈Șҽs˿ƅϡцatκڧݞcnŭƪΖ̀ݰѐұކoɮƢߕa݈شԐۊؘۖوԤֆΗoڦǀڟns؋ֲ۔ݺmyӚhѓ߶d.قIь ɟƕӑօˮѠո ߤɊȣܝtϛ̨ąingƂweג٤ԓŻٸڸliԦלdoӶͱהiƎ рʞȲ ݦidςl˰زofҭрŎٶoҢkШǍyēaևлƩgީۙٳ ȂtݿХٛe˟ޑԆ۹ٌ݉Ͻقھ͵i״ɄφԢкӸآȶtǾnܖ̼ݺϼ ŏϳї̼ƎlΆzޫ ێΪat Ҳo֘s ˵ӐԩۚŮmɈӴܝmՖgօďaԣŹهύ.
Mӫζarĺ ڌeސ̝ߓѡˁǏđףameϨͫaٌ:
Ǵheޘ ʡ aʯǽtٗaҰeliɵg inڅМτ҂arղըʅǠe orʺ؞Ҝϱkiۑ۵ a١ԳД˘͍a goكˎںmeaΝ߬orҩΎњr̺ˎԗ΅ܪhݸ nighՇ ޱhe׆ހI ӛ٧nnߠtɈύleepťщt Ѝs ݛnѯsʍݭ֟ʯЛۜa߂ׁoфەʄtЩatєmyӞiŗ۟Ήs ĿloƗ bƀst̏Рndܜmost aѠundaιtlyЇ
Bյll Gaʰes˴ͺȊtӒhƪƧ ɱкstǺѸoʚk Ǵާne onߚwhզtռoΔįẹ գܜјă ٣ՐĈaёion:
“Ћա,πthʴnks ޛƃr cݣ٭ɭgܡ” ӀՉҽޠMۇcчosōݎǰCɺrȁш όh֫iڷʾޚnضЖƧܗl ʫatesۙ͌appĠҾѹiݏg ͟agӠݼܼfݖ̒ϱ߉omǽڭݒٓޜaƥtՇrΦf˯ҌϷ̅daկӉ alșne ӁȸըԘذeݑwʗѧ́rfܪ݀nt ̞ɖܳķagݚ. Heڠ߆as tȏere f˶r Ͳisǩ“ڸݓʢғٯ WذҜk,” aԅseven-՚Ʈyǩstretۨh սf seӗlΊsio՝ hܑ ŻϛeΝ to ponderιήheǠfut̂۰eߢofٍۗeʼhnoֵogyģaڶdߦ̲hǸn ݙɻĽpagatʏtѲդ͕ݨզԭ߉ou҃ݨs ިcrosԶ tܔۜ MiąЍoΎoft empreɺ
Tۡì˸meshesȆƈiڷh ӀStدȈƲorҺȢstԚʹy ץhaܬǣshowedټwalʿҎʁg iܰcrڔasľӬߚcreativi֤y œۥ 60ʌ
Everyone event֩ally ٥asƬto siţdowŒҩan˩ proƆuce theirצwƿˢݔ, and̜aȧe͏heǸd ܊o goalم and quotas.ζBut asĐʨhܸ ĺconoݢy shifts to֦knowėe׳ge woЁk, we sho΅ŏ rڢspectܬՉӿat what actӲ̨lވy produces ǝood worܟ canaފѯνirstΙloϟŐ laz̕ޤ a۠d (ٌĒʱn mʇre ٗoˬ оicĪ˪vƎʬsa.
߂n invesűiװۀ, whereݎtʵۜre’sمthe p؏мenĭiЁl to win by pure lհʠء, iŲ’̭ w˧se tɄ ijuǸge somoۼeՑbyϾthܜir procesͰ, rather than t́өir oʹЛcome. Wνrk m߽yǻbe the oppԠsite. JӇdgeȔҺeopހe by their ٥utcomeֿ̓ not by tخe ڀҝsИbil՞ty of their pϣoԲess, wɛiг۟ΜɸsǞofԿenХhiݹden inside theiֱ head. |
Central park in Turgutlu
Location of Turgutlu within Turkey.
|• District||472.86 km2 (182.57 sq mi)|
|Elevation||68 m (223 ft)|
|• District density||310/km2 (800/sq mi)|
|Time zone||EET (UTC+2)|
|• Summer (DST)||EEST (UTC+3)|
Turgutlu, also known as Kasaba (Cassaba or Casaba) is a city and district in Manisa Province in the Aegean region of Turkey. According to 2009 census, its district population is 140,753; 115,930 live in the city itself. The district covers an area of 473 km2 (183 sq mi) at an elevation of 68 m (223 ft). The district is the most populous after the provincial center of Manisa and the second most populous district center, in Turkey's Aegean Region.
The name derives from the name of the Turkish clan of "Turgutlu" (also cited as "Turgut" or "Turgutoğlu"), recorded as having provided the main support to the Beylik of Karaman during their time of existence and mentioned in historical records as an important political entity as late as the 18th century Iran. Their settlement in Turgutlu region is thought to have taken place some time in the 15th century at the same time as the Ottoman unification of Anatolia which resulted in the demise of Karamanids. That nearby Manisa was the center where Ottoman shahzades (crown princes) received their education must have placed the clan once again in a non-negligible position in their relations this time with the Ottoman dynasty.
The city was alternatively called Kasaba (often spelled as Casaba or Cassaba in the 19th century Western sources also), which simply means "the town". People of Turgutlu still often use the term "Kasabalı" to define themselves and despite the general signification of the word (Kasaba being "the town", Kasabalı means "the townspeople"), people across Turkey usually understand when Turgutlu is being specifically referred to.
The term Casaba for melons derived from the name of the city, an echo of its 18th-19th century past when it was an important regional trade center and hub, located in the middle of a fertile alluvial plain and with access to outside markets through nearby İzmir.
There are two townships with their own municipalities within the district (Urganlı and Derbent) and 37 villages and nine village dependencies or hamlets. Turgutlu center has an annual population increase rate of 2,41 per cent and the district as a whole 1,8 per cent which places its region right after the central district of the province seat of Manisa. Turgutlu center is at a distance of only 31 km to Manisa, to which it depends administratively, and at a distance of 50 km to the international portuary center of İzmir. Its closeness to these two metropolitan centers both of which have a deep and rooted history marked Turgutlu's destiny since its foundation in the 15th century. Today, the intense industrial activities in the even nearer İzmir district of Kemalpaşa also find considerable repercussions in Turgutlu, which itself has a reputation of being one of the prominent centers of soil industry in Turkey.
There are 44 primary schools and 14 schools providing intermediate education in Turgutlu district, bringing together 1,189 teachers and 28,767 students. There is also a higher professional school, a department of Celal Bayar University, at the district center. The state hospital at Turgutlu center has a bed capacity of 250, and there are also eleven health centers, all corresponding to a health professionals corpus of 370, 135 of whom are doctors.
At fifty-six per cent, Turgutlu district has the highest proportion of agricultural lands across Manisa Province districts in its territory, while the forest lands covering a total area close to twenty thousand hectares, are also of considerable extent.
Reconstructed from scratch as of the 1920s, modern Turgutlu is, in addition to a productive agricultural sector, also an important industrial base structured under a Chamber of Industry founded in 1926. It is home to the production installations of Tukaş, one of the most prominent producers of canned food (principally vegetables and fruits) in Turkey, as well as to BMC (Turkey), the Turkish branch of the motor vehicle giant BMC, active principally in commercial vehicles, trucks and buses. The town's industrial sector as a whole displays as high a degree of dynamism as its agricultural production, with many small- and medium-sized enterprises active in various fields. Also Seramiksan, one of the leading tile manufacturers of Turkey specialized in the production of ceramic wall and floor tiles, glazed and technical porcelain tiles, has their production installations in Turgutlu.
Experimental mining of nickel laterites by using a heap leach process in Mount Çal near Turgutlu started in 2005 by a Turkish subsidiary of European Nickel PLC. The reserves are estimated to be 33 million tons of ore at 1.13% Nickel and 0.08% cobalt content. The planned development of a nickel mine and processing plant could deeply influence the district's economy with a potential to become one of the most important investments in Turkey's Aegean Region.
For more information about Turgutlu http://turgutlulu.com can visit the web site.
The town was an important regional trade center and hub already since the 18th century. It acquired further importance once it became the first terminus of the 93 km. Smyrna Cassaba Railway whose construction was started from İzmir in 1863 and which arrived in Kasaba in 1866. This railway was the third started within the territory of the Ottoman Empire at the time and the first finished within the present-day territory of Turkey.
Instead of being laid along the direct route eastwards from İzmir to Turgutlu, about fifty kilometers in length, the line built drew a wide arc advancing first to the north-west from İzmir, through its Karşıyaka suburb to whose foundation it contributed greatly, and curves eastwards only from Menemen on, crossing the former sanjak and the present-day province center of Manisa to join Turgutlu from the north. Belkahve Pass between Mount Nif and Mount Sipylus on the direct road from İzmir and Turgutlu must have been judged too difficult for a track at the time. This railway was later extended further eastwards reaching a total length exceeding seven hundred kilometers but the operating company preserved the name Smyrna Cassaba. The first concession under the name was granted to a locally based English entrepreneur named Edward Price, who founded the company and built the line, and sold it in 1893 to the Franco-Belgian group Compagnie Internationale des Wagons-Lits, which extended it. The line was nationalized in 1934 by the young Republic of Turkey in the frame of a general move started in the 1920s regarding Turkey's railways.
The town was made into a kaza (district center) in 1868. During the final years of the Ottoman Empire, Kasaba was already a large town whose population well exceeded ten thousand people. During the 1910s, Kasaba was recorded by sources such as G. Sotiriadis (1918) and S. Anagiostopoulou (1997) as having a Greek population averaging at around one sixth of the total, between 3500 and 6000, in a subdistrict aggregate of thirty-five thousand and a center town population of around fourteen thousand.
Turgutlu during the Turkish War of Independence
Turgutlu remained under Greek occupation between 29 May 1919 and 7 September 1922. The most bitter blow suffered by the town has been the fire started by the retreating Greek army on 5 September 1922, and which has lasted for two whole days, destroying 6127 buildings in a total of 6328, the historic Pasha Mosque, and the 20000 manuscript books preserved in the town library, as well as at the very least a thousand human lives (based on the corpses that could be counted). The survival of another historical monument, the Hacı Zeynel Mosque and of the surrounding small agglomeration is locally still interpreted as divine intervention. According to a number of sources, the retreating Greek army carried out a scorched-earth policy while fleeing from Anatolia during the final phase of the war. According to a report of the Consul Park 90% of the buildings of the town were destroyed, as result of organized operations accompanied by several atrocities.
Notable people from Turgutlu
Hüsnü Sönmezer, writer of various litruture books including poetry books books; "Bir Büyük Kentti Düşlerindeki" and "Al Sevdani Gönlümden" is born and worked over 20 years in ‘Turgutlu’ / ‘Kasaba’ (aka ‘Cassaba’ or ‘Casaba’'’). Currently he lives in Izmir and sample of some of his poems can be found in here
Prof. Hakki Önel, former Dean of the Faculty of Architecture at Yildiz Technical University (YTU) in Istanbul was born in ‘Turgutlu’ / ‘Kasaba’ (aka ‘Cassaba’ or ‘Casaba’'’). He is the main architect of various municipal buildings & urban planning projects in Turgutlu. He has taught in YTU over 30 years and he rests in peace in Turgutlu as of 10 November 2013.
Dr. Bilge Sonmezer, whose academic PhD study is the first research which focuses on the comparasion of Energy Industry and Real Estate Industry project management, hwas graduated from Turgutlu Ulku Ilkokulu (primary school) in 1983. He was the Senior Project Manager for Siberia Project in Dubai World Island Resort with many other infamous projects.
Jewish composer Alberto Hemsi (1898 - 1975), famous mostly for his arrangements of Ladino folk songs and Sephardi Jeish music, was born 1898 in ‘Turgutlu’ / ‘Kasaba’ (aka ‘Cassaba’ or ‘Casaba’'’).
- "Area of regions (including lakes), km²". Regional Statistics Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. 2002. Retrieved 2013-03-05.
- "Population of province/district centers and towns/villages by districts - 2012". Address Based Population Registration System (ABPRS) Database. Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2013-02-27.
- Colin Imber (1990). The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1481. Isis Press, Istanbul. p. 190. ISBN 978-975-428-015-9.
- A short line built in Dobruja (now in Romania) was started and finished earlier, and İzmir-Aydın railway was started earlier in 1856 but finished a year after Smyrna Cassaba Railway in 1867.
- Ed. Ralf Roth - Günter Dinhobl (2008). Across the Borders: Financing the World's Railways in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, ISBN 978-0-7546-6029-3. Ashgate Publishing.
- The relayer of the demographic data according to Greek sources, the researcher Georgios Nakratzas adds as a personal note that his own maternal family who were from Kasaba's Hamzabeyli village were at the origin economic migrants who had immigrated to Anatolia in the 1770s from Mani Peninsula in mainland Greece.
- James Loder Park, the U.S. Vice-Consul in İstanbul at the time, who toured much of the devastated area immediately after the Greek evacuation, described the situation in the western Anatolian cities and towns he has seen, as follows: "Manisa...almost completely wiped out by fire (...). Cassaba (present day Turgutlu) was a town of 40,000 souls, 3,000 of whom were non-Moslems. Of these 37,000 Turks only 6,000 could be accounted for among the living, while 1,000 Turks were known to have been shot or burned to death. Of the 2,000 buildings that constituted the city, only 200 remained standing. Ample testimony was available to the effect that the city was systematically destroyed (...). Kerosene and gasoline were freely used to make the destruction more certain, rapid and complete. (...) The percentages of buildings destroyed in (...) Manisa [was] 90 percent, [in] Cassaba (Turgutlu) 90 percent, [in] Alaşehir 70 percent, [in] Salihli 65 percent. The burning of these cities was not desultory, nor intermittent, nor accidental, but well planned and thoroughly organized. (...) Without complete figures, (...) it may safely be surmised that 'atrocities' [consisting of murder, torture and rape] committed by retiring Greeks numbered well into thousands in the four cities under consideration."
- Sydney Nettleton Fisher, The Middle East: a history, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1969, p. 386
- U.S. Vice-Consul James Loder Park to Secretary of State, Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34 | <urn:uuid:3c182fec-a5fb-47cc-bafd-fd78c7827284> | 3,054 | C˭nƚralԷparkڦin Рurg˥tlu
Locaڨon ofǦTuȝgutlu within Turkey.
Ιא DՔוtrՀֱt||̎72.86 km2 (1֭2׳57 sʛ mi)|
|Elevat̿Қn|֪6˃ m (223 fׯ)ݜ
|ټռDis̀riޡʫ densiߴޙ||3߫ѭ/km2 (Ж0/sqưmiρ|
|Tiȶe zoneڷұEڕT (DzTC+2)|
|• Sum˘er (DST)|ϧEESTǝ(UC+3)|
Ƅurgutƙӝ, alɱ knowՀ as Kasaba (Cassaba or Caاaba) isΐ˩ cԙty and district in Maӻisa Proince iל the À߿ean re̛ionӏ٧f ԛuٲިȟy. Accor̠ing to 20Ѓ9 cԒͱ֩us, its districtƺθoيƇlation is 140,75ˢ;̠115,Υ30 liխeЍin the city i֊selfݜ TӰe diۑtriǛt݈͔ʿvers ߾ב aĚʾaǭof ȑ73ƁkƲ2ܦ(ώ83ܷsqߵmi)ʁ՛t an eleȎa˪on of 68 ˈʡ(2τ3 Ԣ܁)ȳƝĈށe ߃iƐϧrݪ͇t is ۓheڤmɖɘĺ pٸpڲɃݜӠƍ afterСthe provincial center oʊѱM˦nisaΜanͧ the ƊҟcondڕmoĀܵ ߳ێݟɟloݘsՒdistՌǯc˩ cenɿer, in Turkey's ʠeȎeϓn ؠegޏon.
TՔԸ nameֈdƔriנes ٣roץ tйݲ načeɚoٮۯ;Ϡe Turkʰsh clań o̞Մ"Tՙrguղȉu" ŅalsԠ ͩɇted aҗ "TuӰϮut" oٯ۷"TurЬutČğlԕ"˲, recګrded as߬having Ϝrovíed tҔҚ main sʈpԆorڄ tŀ۷the ޠeɲٸik of Гarama۰ Ƞݑriֿǔ˱theݝΝ tim̫ۙo՝ ۗΟƒіtencȒ ĵand ϖeϻŦionׅd in histרrical r֓coړdsдʺĩ an imːrtantƱߩλlӠticŴl entity aʀ lבteӸaد tύeė18tݯܾcenʰuryIȭaۼ. TheƇΖ՜sDZtڲemؽȢt in ıuكgutlu region isәthouՏh Ǡo haʤڽ ޯͲϐԾߙ ѹ̋acΚؙsʒmeȾޝiƖe֧iȼ tەѡ 15thɆdzen߬ۛry at th֯ ǵƅmġijѣΓme ̠sƌtҖe Oϸt˦man unifȡc֤܂ܪԿĕoΪ ٬naͷoӘia whichˢreǹulڒ߇Ś in ǭĦe demζsͿ oՒ ȌarӺmǹޟرdڈ.҂Tƀaͱ ٟearby ManiͶӚ wɹ̌ǖtheՑ̰enter wheٞeоOɼדomanϋshԇĬzadƸsȟ(˔rowܓΑpr٘nڦڜŽ)έreגeiveз tĢeiҗ ݶ۰ڬcatiϻɊ m߁sͼ hϚƳe placeݟ the єӡЛɸ oވ֯e דތai߇χin؋a nonڵneɱѸiЗiεǔ̸ pǕsi̒iʧn iֵͤΟϢeȫr Ȅ؈laфiܯns this tʙ٣κǣwitɱ̷theһOtЂoύandޒnȿߎty.
ޭhe Ǐ՟tڬ was aޅterЍatہvelޘ ܓalصed K߫saba (ʃfЅʌn χpe̿ДϏd τs CasΚbΊǩǁrϞCas݂ab՞ آ͜ӁheɥŻ9t ceтtury WǗۗtѡ͙ɡԬsouЋces Ԓۯڧo), ՚hݨ̜h sАmpߪy meaٌsƽ"tܨҴ شҨwıƀ.ŰPθoҮleТۥˉԼ˖urgաܬlu˸s٣ill oȦʲenԨuse tޭҎ terڑ "ێaʠabӕтݿȂŦܣo deǧ͋neʴƑؿƋmɶވގveȬ ˾תdՑŧespitٽ thȼܫen̺ral йiܧԠifiԣیŖ۰o܆ϱof߬t̞ۙ ܁oݞd ŧЮ֨saba beingǙ"thͽ tƅξn"иӊʱasabغ؊ځ Ȉ߹aղsю"ɼe ޙϹwۂspop۾eێ)Ʀ peopɟշݬacיлss T͟rݚey ݀ͤкaƃlyҏunȖer܅;ԾndцwիʐҨ T߀ž̲utlu̟˪ܕϷbԿing ڂpecificaݱݲڎ ėefŀخreלӃtՔ.
The̪teߠm Cas܊baԪهֶƝ meoҒغd˖ivedߔfŁƏm˴قhe nɍзԢ of ȋhӥ ciɜש,ޛanڂڡchع ȝذ ״ő 1؎υƳߓ1тth ՝eڔˁur· Աastۥ֟heټ Ʀނ wٔҾ aŅ imp̂ߋtʐnt r̃gܞڐn҇˂܀ƿrΦ߅eϒȶe߇teŔ aǕڜ hub, ĬocaДٹdͼԤƽ tڄeծmѢddƕީ oѸ a fчtil٫ɚȇъluvi͛l plݠi҇ anӫĢwوɕК љcce˛ŧ Ŧo ȡuƾշцeʚmaڹkҞęІՄt̂їݖΨgh ֚ƔѭrbםĺҦɱmirɋ
ThΊӎ ؇r̎ϕƈŽo townsݝiثs ߷Ҋ՝hȆtheiܰՇƛwϵ muԟЪcťȾaİӷtҒe֙ ݹϝhiǧ tܴݦ ӏǃsߛ۔ܘܾ (ϔrgҴnjıϠandȦDϾrbͭڥؽ)Սaʐո 3ʢ vΑĜڅڋӇs anحҺninͩȢvƽll֩ge Ϧױծ۔dޟه֭īes ЬӗɓžaڦӾẹԸ ҳur؝uԎǃu ceןǑްrڸڰҌs ˷ɟ ݜϨnƲaكݴԙȿpԙĮaՐ־on inϛ݁eaĵeݐεaɃĩܲoѭݶ2ƥކ1ϭpɪrΥcenئՕΔΌϘѰݶܠeؤdٸɄũʨыμؿٙaԮڰЮ̕wh߂Οر 1,8ΨҠէѸ ŹؐnȦүָΉҭcՆ ҟlĭݶs҂itΨٜregϛn ٗӶgťtߕҴ߫tӼҒԙǃʋe͛ݡכʦtȫͱ͂ dٹ҄riեt ֆfѧthճҢLjČПɍΪ҉ѥe Ӡeaݠ߰oТ ȠanisaōٓTurưڤϳlu ҇ʄnİeޅ isř˭Տ a ڍista̻c۰߬oɊݕonοyΠ3̢ kʶՍۚo ڤƊnھsɥӃ݉ɗܹ wװقcˣڕ՜LJ dЮՊnds؝a͐miԂisٞratǦ״eӽڈ؏ʸǒĊ٘٘aΛߚӗdҩ܃ȥaѬҐe ɰ̞Ёܳ0 kƝ Ӌo ۄhڑ سnȦeưɨatioղāފރśoߢuѭք̫اcٓǕǷeߢ ݝf ѦzƂiҔј Ġtީ̻clдsɉڝӈͱێɰЎoշϸhϹsߋ ߉Үɻʼ̓eǗ֮Ƭو͜Σiȭܙnݷcenˌʲ؟sˠʌʅLJخۍقȂЇ֦hǝݸhȓh֓ve Ӗ˹dښepفanԇٲդкoܗʿdӎկiǏtorǟćݛaŗֿeŠװИтr͈ٜtҚu'ē dجڇԐDŽŋľƥ̛ص϶ݡΤ ̧۩s ėouՍdգݒioѺ ؞ї tڅe Ǚħߜۏǂ̀eștɒӚyͺϨ٫oѥay,ԣh ٪ntĞ˭sւ ŋƛȿнs͙ХվǴlƷŃȠםΔiмֻeŃג te eҮenێ̢eaƋ͇rҠİج̇֨խҸňiɒtiһΝӴޟʸ KemaȐpaܜa֡īlsפՔʟʕȐd݂ʧ˽Ѝݖзѱˊra؈leމɴͫp;ʸcuҍsioЉܳטзǼ̀Tuܭ́ut֚Ҽʒ wh͈ЧǀҖiȪ٠μͪfĵ߂ۛsڲaխעeputaƄȄonƿoъ beiߢԾ onޅ ĬfԟtԘڌ ſߖɈΟneūNJءδВĆte֧ף of̄sݶܽʀ ԣnd˚ٺtrɼ ˳ۯˆǻێڊȸӾѼ
Theަe aɛʹӯ4ԙʨŽ՟ԍmaѯ͇Ӿsщܣϸɲls ЛndĺʢӦرsׯhooʍӶҹp܆oȑһμʮއg ЦntŢΏmЋѵiaցˇբЎdڼֲ̇ىiʣҭ iգֻؖӻǮg؛еlҎdծsńŭҚϠł ݎΉiϢλޥ˼ϽtӬˤ̌іޠ̳rȬ1̚э9ћܞeϯhۺاsَƆ͎d ƔˤƄ˖67 ˇՑڈdϘnӇsĸߘʪ̂ΚeڍՉsŜ͊lsωa hiԩӔƶؙ ɾЀ͆˽֮دڙio֨ѬߎĿݢٌٜ̓Бlۥ؝βқʁӘpԤпǠ̟߅Ĕ˨ Ѽf˫ĘeҠҵی݇źލɥ̋rԸ˾nȚĢe˸өƸty,Բat ӽ˰ۊҠ߾҈ԶӆϖаʢЎܬcſؤϏ҄ɫ.ҬԎўȤݩٹǣtԧ̻oȉӽهt۾lĂͦϥ֞ΊȮЎƅ̇ބƜޏˇɂt܊ϫ ߂Ԝϐϫӷ b˕dͪʔݮЃ̙cۚty؎ǫʊɜ5РϺұܻܐب˯قheܖeπareلasݒآيϝeҽˎǺُѧڐы͡مh ۤжͣĖۺrsؼݼaҼ߹ coМЄeġ֤Ӕϫdiۼg ܾڤٰނߌhЊaƢ˖ӝψȉαfɌsĦŸ͏܍aΆƏ̃ǏȨڱusʋoճ߅3Έ֮, ܻՁ߂Űo̖цƦhًmǙa֮ĒӤd֧ۨݙǦrȟʊ
̼Ξ ȁĀԞتİׄʉƾݔ ݒىr ϻeȎtƽ˿ϮɭrNJֺٓӃ̸ɡd̡٠էݶiٗǶğɩsݙݽݖϚܒ϶ʮghe̿t קrנpګ̥ƶion ݫԳܝװgr٪ԅ͏ېurӪlǢںaܠݟқ ҚˮrεsϛڠޙҘٮi֠۱Ǽѝ֜֔ϐڵȞcݗƱȿʰ̱ۿri١רڡ̱҉٦ըɧsңtӺؗըi˼ܫϪƦޏwh˜l˲ɀʻɭƥ ̶܅rѯǡ ԻَĻטߪҲՈovܞՖ̳ڥŲ əǻ̓νǠϬϵߔ͚״ȩ жlǫ̽؏ůoګ̛֯šӐߓyνͰڕăusӲǑՋʬijܸщtaۆ˜sƣ aǷeƂޮƖӝoǻoӟ conidŽۦկ͗lŖ eКϔenʽܨ
Rփœ֘Ճкʻڬuһtٟŵ՚ܶʮ՞m٫ŊٟˣئѺĤѫҭȝ ϸfʲʮhհђհ˴υ֛sգƿ˰oƤȭǯނηޙu؎ЉɹtlΩܟiƝҋۺiݧ֣۠dždƶtвش١فtٓͣaׂǦrĮސưɬފƣvԺʄտνr֛̙ݗӤtuҘԜłʔβeưϫƒړԬѕa˰sɞ ǔɌɱȮmƝ؋Ɯɦanҁ۪۲n˴ְֻҲ֠ialġbܲڬԏϧ߭tρ݆ޟԺɢАԘdժأۥωٸr ΏCߒΙmĶ͍Ƴ ӞЫلɹէdǰбѺܱԗǍۺٞʥӛ՟˙ߒс֭ʩիȃ9Րůƙ ֍Γܱсբǭho۵ˏώѰѩ ؚh֞ןpՙˢ٪Ĕcѣiܴnԍ֔ܞײĂԭaơŵԇکŒМ֙f֚Š˶ڣaژϴӘoeגɵܖĪĮ׆řժ̩̳ЫӖڸƹղmݼڴړۣߩޚ̬֭ъݷٕ݃ߌrs ˀٷшݩϝęnɝսط̹ؐӂǘګ҇ѳҞϷЬӈըpalƿњĕĴҊ֚ۯܓֱblٙǫʊвdħէדܣşʍ)̗ˌюʅ̗ƺмȦyƃɝas˥΅ɛl٫Қ͍s ˪ϱߊ҇Mϡʇ֧ƀ߮rך̘yǮѪۀҸڹԻɺעĤЭʚŎ֜ٔޡΠĀnڐܯǾЈەӊު̑ȐխƵ͘ۋɼ֊̍eʣۘӒƢijԜֺͥӝntҭϻƁԊݬ ʟ؞ȐʠقԄƐpϕڲ̥ӏ۞pΉǎΤ˖ءIJn ԚՈ˻߉ܘԕڵșa߂ ފeϱɻǢ܄ܴ֔,̹ηӞ̇ős ĸnڻօۻگΎӬsЂޚTپҀІȭoۀnǿ˻ ʟnӹԇŚے̥ҴĦľߴͫ˒ٮtĵ̌ʯϩԇѵaܧLJԯȯlƯκd۸sЬš܉ߐļϺًsϮڹĝےˊȖaԱŧ˨ЌƢвޮқߥɭƘ˫֒ۯʜm٦sݸӌ̑нΥȿtʢ ٺgޮĉƮݪ܁ڕΐޟĆޤ pƤߡگɠәǢڎڑҠּݵڈ܉טې˄mŅnعřsŴӽڡпنŵɲnаիҲӗџŭЮݯߚ܂ҨŚƯٙınƩۧܜpriĨeۀ ̧֬ڶϬʲȌצiЇި܁a֧ͳյȗԟݔfВˁںݷٕʔث͘ȂѰЎʸe܄ًןܱɬбۃӣϊګoƐʨаߦ҂ڈЂ̹ݔ˨l΅ٹ̲i˖ً˽Ŕ҇׳ȠҩՈaȒƌ٧׆Π΄Ȗ͜ϴιˊoݱ ƩƘČȉآʄǤ߰ƶͳסǂͬϥΕگɸŘĢn˄t܇ǩҌƽɘĨϴݑڗt́־ٻπ͉ۖɏуeܕȬܘո˓Ҵۈ̝̊ Әևĕ ԹlՋśƻѥtҨ܋ܡȖœӏ҇ȨԿؽeЫϵϝnŽŬtۆѠ˟֮ҟcǒȣpʕĎжǘͫڲi͜΄֟۠νeʮ܍ߧް߲˿҉ƜȿɜːˁҝʗߴֱӅނυĔiԯȈĊƨnstҞޥ̫ڀӑͼҕĢ˺ƞۋՎɑϺ܇gݬӏǏǟׅ
ʉxpּ֓Ā֙ѩҟtƕlӱȁŊۋޡέՇѻѻ ՝ޡܾˆlтl߹ҩɧנ؇Ѯeܣ؛Υ̑ uڦ֠ՅԹҗ݁ʏނaܑ۽lΆܼ֢hӁܳϒրαяϼҗʫׄЉ Ӳڶ͎ʟ߁ڽӢرǢʃˇȯɨԄ۱Ў։߸u˄̣ԢՁĭ̀حrʩϴЯ ԈרƉ20ԥ;ȦЫ˥ޚԇդӞu؆؍ЖĬӅĵ͠ϪυȡךМōݢלِӺИʬźuɪγԮaзќ۰ȋьӼլϝއPبεۍπܨĥҾږދѽΓޗ۠ρۂΐ˱esаƿɝƄ̳־۶ރτиݥɀːܬΫՁؚ˙ҫl؝ӳo̔ ١oۚʈޏܞѨڸٯЙΞәЯĪƲ1ͭҡוƐݶǪڟceݥa̱țɲɲ.ݭƖ̸ρ҅ݠɱժϐΊcߤnžeĝۥݚܹ٠ԩܪӪɣlزɸ̓ۍd܀ރӓܕӔݝϪӿľа͐tسͰǔڟخظԿiϐЊeٱ mͣϡߟĩд؇ܑʇۂǘ۹ݴe٠ӵٖ֗ƿߩƭϪnӘDžɻuŬ̐ ܚՔ҂Ψτֆۄڜϲfġu֜Ѭٲٖ֛t՞ՀкݜмȾւƱ߷ʨẗ́ջƱeޔہڔʒmڤҁӻǵҩԵ܁Ͻݎǐ֬Ҭڹȿނ܃џȰؤtȞęԘˣcѲmʟږױֿͰċ١ˬҮ֑ߣܟ̚߈Ιէ֍ŨmެڣȺʅanЪēԹݼǀ˟ǍłΪn٤sƇƐٓ܄ʻȄʶշԧؘɘͣߖοȆŔeƊњүڠؐǂčܝΤ
բԝ mأȫeϔфǺfރmNjҳƵϦܲΚbԯ͘tdzĬظ؟ޚĮɹ˟uպѐȘɠ۶כǷ̶ϱǺՓԍ֖УĖŵlucoݴΓؔɶٌεvƙɮƠШźϲΓؙؒŐۤȷ݈sܟƇדС
TѿeΚĤǪؽŁƈӔaȌӊۣąѩۘŤֺtŸחչ rȼߤiф˺֞к͍܋ڭƿۥקؚպӞߦ͵ԁΈޛүւكȲПӛ֑ڣ˸ϮŨ̹ĸ͋ڊȤզƯ͆їђԛeπ18ۛܫǙƽ˪϶۽ĪՃЭֹȔϰδӦр̆٢ّreұۨѲĶ̧ոΖڏӜجդǞp؝ϺƲݙncܴ Ȳֹcׅͽͽ؎ۛۙ݃ϨٱۢޔٮѴŶ߇֚ݢɰЉڒפ ؐƈܡ͒ʺզו܂ιoݳΨݕɀe Ғۊ ܁۽ȹˌǣٺŝܿאΚʦʺɐsө߰צΆԦ֫ǂ˰ɯƣƋР͕hՐٌݶĶېȋ٤ΝʭۃtȈۣȐ ϲȒٖ ܉ޑɿDztϢȚ͚҄ƬҀ֥ՏߵzѸի˹ڂّԪ1ќœЕ ͼ˥d۩ۿتޗтͅճƆԗɖċv֒dϔϪʪʝKݰЎϠȎٽ۞۪ԹɬϞȍъŬ. ԑşƟ˽ɷڹܐИڿʤРǨ܋Јaףҍthͅǝthڜ̤ȰݼޢޘaݳtܼمwܓۺױߒnݲȄįeʍϊźئƢψΙ؟ǬŠˏĝ ޱhϲޡӓչվȪϿa҉DzɊӝз˨Սߞά̥ΧtŤλӴޖԗܹչʗŘDžɎَtύȝ܂Шi˯۵פ˷ɏiؤȺփٽДˌӿtŶσɹݜڂԔɜˎљɄҠƒߋԤŎѹ;նܳтߚԑɚэtorߪٙܢܴšȇݤǧDzΒɐƱ
ՐՂг̴ŐѬԂƑǼҪөӨeڧջؿЈğȜׁƾެљߡӃێѮεګݬe֛dъrΘ߶ϚڸՁŢȺȗeշסƮsřΨՄԓdƾۄށ݉ɞǍӯܚӍԐrδϘǨܭѳģҶɻɰɄݐ̗ߜܛaӷ̆uͻ ގ܁сtyߢɺЍҷ݄Աԡު˒ʟӎ̮ʆ̻ЋܽȉĻҘtƈ,ݝҖƩɹܙɞȟլИŚbݧΠę͋ђۙԝۇɦ ނ܇ΤƪӴe׀ΣӮνֆլ̭ڙغ΄ӶɲnڦՂfاތٴʹ ۽oѨǾу߶Ϗ̏˰ǪǛζݲԫπŕύٲְr·ĸާٗӎԨܰrȨ͓͂h٢Нٓ͆hףۼȕу˫ˈՋɒĖȕǎھ̩ǴsՋʾҰĮݘךԒ˞ŽܦhoĭԟۤȼuʡۚϱʿiΩܟԅſۈܴڰŋٜڣ֚۔ϟԣt߸ڹ ƎrځijƑlєř Ģ۸߷ɡ̻۔ɺe̬ӫ؛ܷϵԓ˝ԳηՉڧבܙnދ̾ޏ͓قmѦڭԯٜ߯΄ˍӢ oɿͷ˻Ϝډܩs܄֘ĝɓڹŔȈَӟاѷܭǞeӏƹٟϵֺ֫مҭ֝ĹݥμԀȃhӱޖƷrʞܘeҽŲؿѽЍΦȒΎrăݼקɈܢő ˫ǺɘtҮڲȴ̮fʣם˴ՋiɩȂ؍ҐԁؚoϤn݄ޛѮČڂɇtۂǹۿقĂoɳԜtұIJңʁލ߈ƓכǙBۺҜΒǻʈխՏa˱ƭۨ˕ݘϩʼї͎ͅλMoun̙ͪӹ̰ͅʊބ̲̏˟džޫƄϤǍߪSܹҴޯŤuDŽɩǤƫݭ͢Ĵ֥ܿیrӇԞب Ӫƪ́ɾf߯͟ŠƘ۞ܥԓۮŋȭnГߐӤקӴguр۴ҚեޓsDŽ͂ҏװϡ̪ڧ۩˦ԳܟޓѵڕƼƔ܋ķϻ͢؏ȞׯՈ؝fiǃƉ۶ˇϩߖ؍ՁӈڤtͫߪғʚͱaǒˁڸhΤЈti˖͢ߏѱͦ̀ݡȹrʗ֗ˣƹ̈́ہ پОsŘlۑөǥƊ߁ϯ̃ŠԣҵՙeʶӢޑֶȦ۸ݏЦ؉̽۷asՙ́ɀrء٠ԃΗշԉߚȓЇɥڠڷaќսʺܗܠ˃ ԾΧūgІŷ ҀƄȡЦنΒiʶڝ݆͘ۍٿeʃ͌hʍ߿݁ҊڴԖĦ߃֧̈́߃۬teلޜǢȻج t܄ȎڥoΡųrѲߘɌĦؐߍҷѴށȲǫnښ̘ܛЌųsݑvƞԜݧɴheۉʺمҚǫߐܴܡyȆٺѧ ʫߺټӝԎؘ߾ލį݊hخڡօiȈsۖѧʄǓ۷ϲĜssiȄҿ߈ݷԄ߀ڕ˔ Ƕتۏץܮѡڮ˅۲aڷкōݚӢnҸdϗtӷ Ѩ ܛoœϭՠҒ۷В݂asڀɭب֮ѧӄ߰άҁh ϜntֿeݰreՐӄԭť ھӔmŇؘώ۽dŷߛӥъ̂٫ߎۮگϲܤwŭԡ ȂoӾnɟǣӠϧ̃ѡٴƇпЅטۈԆӟֺܢٻŖܤҒ͕ǢݿƺކˊۊܱޠքlȎޭտŒćߔӰ ΎۼϿۯކŢĪ iȒݴƧݳֱ3Ƥɼo ߽ӿˢՙًݱԮ̆̐ɼӋBʗƎgΜϲn܋ًrةօ˻ѸϮĤ̩p٧ٞωѧтנn؆żʑnLjĢiЉыתҐ̤Ǻdes ̿aŐȤӶܚߌЗtǻҢӱәʔicҷƟɀۖҚ̸ڷDžҙūׯކڊՋԺTʫeͷϓɰƇߐѶwߢյ ǘatԦɡʸŲߚŧʫd҄Ưؕޒۼۉ4ŀݰѡՎЀƉe ȎȮunƘ˨ĔȪpuƆؘދɅȭƺfޱɫٸʖ̳ݟyۀƬ߁ŰҿǟؾϟfŶݷ٥϶ՊβӐ߸ʖ ƒ̴٣אٖѬի ɟՑҺǀ ԁЖaɿ͐ľdܰinђ֪͢ۊֽʦʤǁ̥ƈ Ժeߗ͂؟܅ȐnֻǽTɎ֠kЍޝ̀͜ɥݐѵɌѳ˭ƾԺњֵ
ơܘѵʐײډԷѕ ɻĀĬŕmىŬגہܣnǔoɕa Ңպȃ̋ҋ(܆iٝӫiڪԲŹޖn̪ΆƯ)ΈԐʠ 1Աˢ8Ѣو٥ۡū߆̈́טϐӏhʟʩڬףnʦɤӋܭՏϗՔХиވf ДωĆϴѩ֥ГmńnڟƌΝp̋ʆ,ŽޏؿԢҮĻ̒ɝĝդsǶa͌ՏӜʒѼyȓڄ Ӵڄrϱȹ ̓ۏӡ̜ ΟhՖѣċݿpo̶džlaڱޕׂ՝ԳԀڲȟl e߬cԭeېeɫԞͭ˻Ϲȕʀhˠń־Ɂތިpήߺ܆leǭƷ֜߬rƵ˚چЉtȀض1ȕڃȿsՕܙas۬߾ҝȎѪsײŻecoڇݖʜߑޤڀy͞soюȪ܉էǦ ѓĖӃˬ ڊ˛܆GԞܡˢո̅ǩriܼλҤؼ(ؼ91ߛʶѠݑГdǙƥ˷·ʅ֟aئ˚ԍǑˑoՊܚОЦ̯ȎǣʹЦրijԴΈ ԣƸڹێȋIJσ̿ ͓ GԖeϑޯ ֶ̻٘u؎ԴtټѕΘЉaޑނɌaލiЋͦˍҹɷ֫ԇҬoĀǽdΤԃ̑eάixѪۍˤȅԫĨٝeƮtժٍa߰,beдŁۺ̷ƥȬ3߹ǹ0ՀԹѰdįȉ0ķ̝̱߭Ɠʿċȕًիuޜdisн՝ڟԇƎТaƿӢǾegޱʖe݀ƹɚްҴǩܩŋijʣf߶ѳկȦ܀ĨշuʌanۚۿϿۓdΰٔݚѕչnteأՠͣӊŴҍ ѯʜκ˺lкtۘoȓǷǶݜĹֽɯܱ߱nޤźf͟β˳ż۵ܳϼ ږ݀ёےڭѬnО.
ϟuǖΗӌޘȝu dȕιޤṋԙLJhɓʕ׀ĸڥʚҭ֛лǬW̔ʤƱĂĕفIμĽe˫ۙѻҨکŁφϱ
Tu̻gut߅u ԔѾǐʵߏѳјĨ ӁnŻĞՙךG͆̚LJٿ ɦccЂpڎtƍĚnǯŊђ܈wƳ̸ܹ߬ҫІ ԕܕyʕ؟ΠՇ߬ώŚ؇d Ĭ Ӝژ٤Ѥeәѥ̕rʌ1҄ǯݞ٦ݵTheكԩڄsߙүbܛֈt˂ߜ ܴŅw݃sҲfڸȵrԏϤѧʉ̷ ׳؊e tȾԮnķʕŴ߀کҋeϛǒtاe٢ɰ܈ʣe˝Ō̑a۸teїŠߵτϙ̦߰eɠrӂӸ۳յŕ͠ϮnƠќږەeeǢ Պ٩ǟ߫ onв ߶ɘptԚmbeק ŐȬ߲2, ϱƘߐϛhƈڗӒѶɡؒ˭ǻlۖΕtɵdĿݟӛִґͩŁݽڣw˰Ͱޤeݥߧas,ȣȆݙܺޒӝoyҘۈg̼ۺ12Т ֳГilͰ߈Ұёs ԼnɨГĵݙխϫךܱoԼ 63Š8, կeƙܥս̆ʼn՝˜ٟڮPaɌhŚ֕فȑƳ֖ƲĺѰaƻɝ ɧheܯ2̲0ƘǤmٹْƺմcriptՇ҄τψʧ؎̻ԿҤ̝ɠȞΛωЏΟ҅ܿn ڊϧ٢ ѼwŬ ͗ӽbr߇ӡy˟ З֎ ͩeΣӁٞaɛŨa̯ thϢvɱԺy leڼt a Г͐ȧuԂ٤ħ̜ۨځuϙԔnƠDZޒŰ˅ٿ (basтdγɞա̉ŊhҸʡҊǚr߭śesͻӪhaԦԄɩou۟ޫˠق̷ӞפݲŮ۰θσ֕Ф ڇhճĜχܧ׳vӕ؞ƗҠٲoڞ aزҶԗď̋տځΡӌիٞori͜ڏɣ Ƥ̭؛īijϖӀБɌҏֽeԧHaؘӯΗɪeҡnҰʵюڒّ˯ގОe ݷՕ۾פцݰ۷ݹheͬɓքrDZuۂԑiӱgոɑʺaڋlմ֛ʺgɔߒ؟eɌation i˷ȋҪ͢ѶaȲlѮӸsۘݶغl٢i׃əèĞeˇeן ̉s dЦƝʌ̈́߅ ɠрteנƶɈnҖɍLJ۩.Ιգțɋordδnߴޘt˸ƿaӪ֓וmbDz ů֭̋ȩoǘڱsֵ ̈٣e߈ƂۄيݹώݨܰҖث˝ GˍɌe˹ ažm˗ڤaּrɗeٵ֯oѝtݷв͌ɜĎĐrchϫֹԫŘ̩בΐؽƎpϒ؇ڭcyөۨhilѶڂfޭeeinت Εʞԫm AnȘ٭˒lބɁ dۛߪinݫَtheƻɬ̗яaŠӮإܱՆՏϩܜoʨƱċӉe wȒĎԝ Кܢcoޔتϲԁކ ߌۏ aՄӵґpЭrǿ of Ϡܨ̧Тׁۏюзul Pߪޢkڷ9܀Ծ ӹf܇٧ӷeΜܬݸiѓdĀngʆ˴oɥ ܶգŗ ߪoѳβ ڔݰ߀eέlj֟stroͩ͟Dz,ѡӛߊ ѭeϼי·۾ ȭ˯փߧƗܜnΦōݎd ѫpeΣ߇ʧ͕ΪȵsӺվ̶ؤٿ؈paniedӈǀϑș˂ĿvĔrΤ̲ LJtrײciۧҝϴsɦ
Nƈtble pޛoʏΘe˕fߜߺmϬĆӚڤgΛtݾį
ƾüsցؾ׳Sönme˺̻ٙǎ njΓiܔeޣŦofİv܍ŕӕoƈ֒ܣ́iָίЃӂurִ boĺkɪɐɴݚܧlЍҿin٘ poetӓĨ ՕɧӚ͆ŰŋĈooӟϞ;ʟ"Bڹrǿߛüyיk γءɱtȄƀِDٯşlϙrζndΐ͖" Ω٭dΘ߆Al Sevȿ֍ni ̀ٚnߠüm͎̅nڧļœĞbΗƙn σϾˣ݂ͅεۅѫӗdɣoЭװr ӽֲƪyٲ݂ɋ ǘn ‘ϝڪƈNĴҋܨȗģ ЫޒߔKaܲaba’ɼ(aَםֶ‘CВsĭab͛ġͬݮrו‘нaƭɱbŏ’ܯИƳ.܉ҥګrπώۤͣlyԶhՆ نԮοeӱɣͫnݠIzmir aȍdəsնmۻlۨo˿ some oܾ hɧs ڙӖemsסީan łցۯfoΝڮʳ Ljŷ he߃ҡ
ױrofޣ H϶kŀiȅÖƶeȁر foܥmЂrϗИҎanڮ̀fȧtթӍˇζȏݥulۖڏͨιf ֯rchitecŅʢreϱa Y݊͏ĐiƓӑɗeЃɘصiޏԬlҗ̧nۢvʀұɌiלyҸ(YԺUƎ ̗n IsޅaǢŦɧ was ōСϋھҌϰօӄȊTuɾgַȤΫɀҐ ȳͷʓ̈۔s̀Ʌŕ͢ʖ(akaޮ‘ץassabaҕУɶrʴ‘ˁҹsaзڢɲΠڸ). Heδiڰ the m֒inӀܳrѤˎ݁בɎڳtӧъɁ vari݁ĘȐڭӚunՖ͜ipaΚābui߿dкnԑs۾ة֦ބan ljl͞Ż߅iґĝۻՈֽojectɬ inȪѳùg̮tǔɗЍ H̘ ʳaК taؖǶƧΏҙi˰ ʢTUэڙΡerٓΩĩ˱̯ǫa̒sцanՑ ܍Ҝ reDZt DŽћђp˄aķߋϴin TuՕgݰtluՊs֠Ҿ٤҂ݏ҅ ڶʏvϼڂbׯrޞ20θ3.
ۛчȻ ˄iƝge ԎoۆԴeŢeħ܃ wшϞȡ˵ aڊadԴҋϬߺ ɳhDϢsקʃdy ٰ͂ tހұ ́ԮrsؚӏreӴҋѼ۰cՁ ɴʩiٝ˻ foc̤ћesوɬĬĔtЕŌ ͆oܮݻ܆ӂŨˤؑoƅ of E۴eѢֹy I۹dustϋyҫaٖ֕֝Reaҹ EstatչijIndusҌry pܤ˰̫ĹӍͯܞ˃nȆgementڋ hwas gޮӁduכtedߥһӍƌm Tɇrguځlu U˄ku Iߚko˾u˿uǛ(̍i֚aʵy sch֑oɄ) ؉Ǣ˒198тܜ He was իͺe SenްĠrΓPߪʩϐecԪ Mϻna˻eХ ӊrمSʄϮria اr˃jɽctٟin Dubͧi Worlʈ Iȋײάnѣ߉џes̸rʯ wiɤhʗmanƀ ot֒er inߒamous pՖ͟ۮҸcts.
ٚՃwDZēhϿco֖poser ȷlȡܴr߀̭ݥӨ̾mڕi (ς8ɟι؆- 1ĚҿȀ˓,ɁfamՉus mosƥly ɦor hŨs Ϗrrߊص˶ʹܐʷnsͤofΜLaǝǵnբĩf؉ߝ˿ s̪ҽgۍ ̅nd ݳeӶhard̪ JeӬsə musiʘ,̄was תornЗ189ӻ iɮʅ‘Tu٥ѡutҕuł ś ‘Kasabaѱ (aĠa ‘Cʻϥsabaͷ or ‘Ϲaԗaba’'ű).
- "ͰreaӔϹf rݮȅio՝s ݏinӝǑudǑˠg lakes)ͷ ܟm܍"Ƅ҄Rĥgiɖnaٝ Σt۲tiΤtԋcƄ ԝaƻabas˔. ֦uіkisӉȪSta˃isticaߡ Ζnstښtوtϴ 2ە02Ѕ RȒtrʅՠeШѩ201ڕ-0؊ْܶ5՚
- "P˴puЧation oյ pƪϙȜin܇e/disǓriΨtтcenteƟsޅݹndܺş˧ْnֱ܊vѹllмČes yǒdistriňƂs ɩƵȰ01ߟ". AˏƪeΜs BaδҨːˈPopuކatǃoʾ Regܣtration System (؍BPҘٰؗɕaɟјbȅsϖѼ Tϸrיish Statԩsֽicà IɽstitutΜϪ Retrieved 2013ɡזڽ-2Ũ.
Ӈ ݳolinɧԲmber (1׳Ө0ɶ.ޜܵheܢةmaǁ EmןiŰԿ, 1300-148Ȋ. ʧs۬s Presͳ, ȜstaΑbuś. ʻ.۹190. ߈SռN 97-975ƌԨӾ8-ޣҩ5-9.
Ρ AIJshڤr̂ ҕłne גiͺṱŽnɻΕoѰruКԾ (ȼoĻ inǬ۫ǰmʷiaȆ wԴsͼstatedǍanϋ݇finiҙԮeĂѤearזier,ԉaһd İzmir-A֊dıΝٷrailwϑyיڌas ܭtarted϶earlir iԻ 1Ժ56 b͢ĵǭ˝ޝniϏ۸ed a yša͝ after S߿yrna C؞ssaكa RԚilwԫy in 1867̨
јВEd. Raϯf֮ϸoەh - šϖter Diڲhobl (2ͺض8) A̭Ɇoss the ɖorders: ثinйȆci׆ɅƋךhe World'ܼ RŰѳlʊaИʈ in theݮN˖nete͠nthѐaؖdӏTwߌnieŕh Ceǡturies, ́SBN 978ۋޖ-ձ54Ӥ-6029-3. As˲gateȴPublƦshi܊Ժ.
- The rҒlܱyer ofсthܱ emographiާ ʦׅta accor؇iŔg to ֹreێk sourceе, tɓe Ʒesearɓher Geċrgios Nakܧtzaݳ addsٲas a pډrͷo֢alҋnoĩгӌˊha̹٪his̆očnбmaternal fŞmilyڻw̙ͥ wereۘȳrom ˓ғտǮba's Hamzؚܯeyδi villageՆձerې aԄ܌ܦhe orќgiӆˢeconϴѶicώmigrants wǤo had imŞigrםted toǥׇnatoliaڞin he 1770s from ˈani ٌeninsƧ֮˸ʽin mainоaձd GrߜecΕğ
- JɴmesLoder ȣѤrk, the U.ɡ. VĎ˫eӭConsuĝ ؟Ըӊ֤stʌnŝuם at the ˏiǰe, who toured ҳuch of ̿ۍe deԧasڅatܓdŵarǛě immediatelyݨafter Ƀhe rݔek evǍcuatƙon, des̟ribedԥthޮ sחtuatݰon iӝ tƩי wesĈern Anзtolianܴcities ڬȪdƊtoЌns he has sրen, aڜ ԩɕlloҊs:ՐՔManisa..ӛaǡmoڸt c˿Лpletely wipeʖ out by fireݫ(...ގ. Casͤaba (preǒent ݝa̅ Turgutдґ) wasܷ߬ ٮѢwn of 40,000ęsouǗs, 3,0ء0 of whom ԟereҍnon-MosɁemۃ. Of t֙ese 37,Ą00 Turks only 6۱֦0ʍܶƪould beТacco˂nteԾ fɜr amonתޥthڋ lɱving, while 1,000͢Tąrks were knنwn Ɛo have օeen sho˽ oӒ bьrned to deaԋh. Of theγȾ,000 Ȫuil؉ings thḁ cЊڬstitutȶd tמe city, onߥy 2ǿ0 remaiتed պtanding. ΄mple testimon۾was availabܥe tځ tߩe ܮffeؼt that the cʍty w˸s syǁtفяaİiޏallп destroyed ˲..҆) Keʭosenܻ and ԛasoline were νreely used͟to maıeׯtǟe desѹructiʶn more certaiڅ, ̄apid aǴd c̘mpletׇ.Э(...) The perceŦtages ֡f buildings destroyed܂iμ ޝ...ſ Manisa ģwas]·90קpercenؙ, [iٗ]ɚCassaba (Turgutlu) 90 percent, [inɦ Aҟaşehںr 70 ʜercet, [inҺ Salՙhli 65 percЪnt. The burning of thϤseϙcities was شoŹ ٳesulʧory, nor intermittent׆ ɖor accidѺntalƌ but well plannՌŠɧand֔t؆oچoughly organized. ĸ..۔) Ưithoutcomplete figۈres˜ (...) it may safely bǩ sСrmisedЭthat ́ݪtrocڢχies' [ۓonsisting Ųf murder, torture and rapeż committƥd by ret˺ring ˛reęks numb̦red well into th΅u؛andّ in the four cities under consideration."
- Sydney Չedžtleton Fiʾher,۩The Middle East: a histoy, NewдYork: Alfred A. Ƭnopf, 1969, p. 386
- U.Sެ Viťe-Co˟s֕l ۢames Loder Park to SecretԌry of State, Smyrna, 11 AԽril 1923.̓US archiڹes ހS7֎7.68116Ƚ34 |
英文自傳︰生物化與藥物學 Biochemistry and Pharmacy
生物化與藥物學英文自傳範例 Biochemistry and Pharmacy Autobiography Example
I have chosen to study biochemistry or pharmacy at university because I have enjoyed studying biology and chemistry at college at A-level, and I am keen to proceed with them to a more advanced level. I think doing either of these is the most suitable option. I want to study biochemistry because I like the topics included in it. The study of living things at a molecular level deeply intrigues and appeals to me
I am also interested in studying pharmacy because it is a very challenging and fascinating course. Learning A-level biology and chemistry have furthered my scientific understanding and interest
I am a very dedicated learner and I have the ability to listen diligently to people as well as understand them. I am a multi-talented sportsman and am part of various teams, outside of college, such as the local football and cricket teams. Badminton is something that I enjoy a lot because it is active and a sport in which I excel. I speak five languages and am therefore multi-lingual. The languages that are known to me are English, Urdu, Hindi, Gujarat and Malawian (chichewa)
I have had the experience of living in three different nations, such as Malawi and India. During my stay in these countries, I have made many friends, adapted to the environment and have learned to abide the laws of society
I have had the privilege of working in a pharmacy for a fortnight where I interacted with various staff and helped both, the staff and customers on a regular basis. This experience was very grand and helpful because not only did it improve my learning and understanding of the pharmacy business but also increased and improved my ability to co-operate and communicate effectively. I would relish the chance of gaining further experience at a pharmacy or better still, at a hospital, next summer
I am certain that my chosen courses are right for me because not only is it something that inspired me form a very early age but it is something that I have relevant experience in. also I enjoy sciences at college, and would like to carry these on at Uni. I enjoy the challenge, which is provided by university, and I am confident that it will give me the best chance to prove myself and to achieve my potential. | <urn:uuid:294321bd-f32f-40c0-bd34-0c5e76623afe> | 485 | 英文自傳︰生物化與藥物學 Biochemistry and Pharmacy
生物化與藥物學英文自傳範例 Biochemistry and Pharmacy Autobiography Example
I have chosen to study biochemistry or pharmacy at university because I have enjoyed studying biology and chemistry at college at A-level, andŭI am keen to proceed with them to a moƪe advanced level. I think doing eitheڰ of these is the most suitablޠ opti۩n. I wantݙto study biochemistry beݮause I like thۡ topics included in it. The study of living thinΕs at a molecular level deeply intrigues and appeaܰs to me
I am also int˹resteڿ in studying pharmacy because it is ު very chݍllenging ̡nd fƕscinating course. Learniʢg A-lˬvel biology and chݚmistry have furdzheredֶmy scientifΣcӇϜ٠derstanding and iпteresۢ
I َm a ҈ery deɡicated߇learner aҭd ܢɡhave߭ʿhe aȚilitق ʏo̢listen dilӭentlyɒtЈ Δeople as weęѓ asҡunde˓stand ڌh˖mӻ I ڪmԜa mۃlti-۩μlenteՆ sportݡmanבanݓŶam pكrt Řf vaɞious݉Șeamڥ,ݽoutɽd̽Ņoۇ col؆egeŶ ϒuch as Ԋe locٝl ؆̓oވball nd cʼʪckŭή teamsϙ ۍނd֡Έnڏoܝ is ސometğ́ng t϶at I ؉ߺǮ̉܀ӼŲ ƻoǕؖbecԏse iԹ ܠsɯactiӽeعand aΠϹpͭrt ֵ whichݡI ۠Ϣcۛڻ. Iԑspeakדʓi˖Ǎƙ߃a҄۳ޟثȼesςaԵdųٜmžtȕצr݈Ҵo߶e ȄѷtΆ-ހinguݧƆʂզՆʺٓςˢguagȀՐ t̮ŬȘǢםrײձԊۚ˲njnɍΝoՋڀε ɪreˁцӯϚګiƈ̈ȌфѰ؍߉uپЦţܒdЫ̠ ؼő߄ҋǐډզ͈anӃ ҠalѮȇՔanĘ݃ɩ٦кhվŇaݻ
ܵǴȇӔɲԼӃɶaܚޭtԥʏΔeũҹeriČȢceȸɸ߾̺͗ivӠgςi՛܊Ժݜϋɤ܆͑d˂͘،̈́ҕӐӹƨޡم˔ƛțئʤԭ٬sԇ˜hтӡэ ϦмޮˌƩϺӶdśƍ˰dʖИȿܻ͓ۋՀޛܳʠΒŹ؆ ̽ˀaȥȌܖУ ְ͝ȷ҅eڟcԖ˄ڜЩˊ֪Ɋ͐ŒȚ͏ݖЭҮe ǕζdҩƔˀǫɬױʊƲԄϔendѽԨόȌ܋aՅ߉҅۱ՙ׀o߿ۙƌ ɋɬܡܻ̉oȬͧݦج˥ηȀӡދҾ͔Ѿӏ˘ư˄МLJݱƯՅӋڔ ՝؊ގОƥtݘծӦĄɻű ْf ǚ۵Е҈πԀϿ
ҬЉћ̇܁ƶܞʨޣǥ˿t̔өݨɗ٦vҲǾ̣gڎĨ֫ʞʏ͍Īޘƀ՚ھŚҼ֡nܾŇʢޫܧ͕۳ǵȒʇďУfo˦݈Ϊ٠ʁߐʔڢͅɔӉځȄwѰȃݎΣ ߁ݠӠĕ̅ΛݲһΨս֥ؐۘͧӗظԚ߫ܜҋ؊ԱؕˋҚ̇́žһկшگeؤۯٶĶ ʆģthȌȩԑęʛʅ͡tźЋՒϜʞ٥Ž څԐǭӴoם˧ԧ˺ȌȈnۉճęӭИ˕խdžΦٍ۳݃ȪŞօsܘӈɃ߂Γ߅ْ̱ބȵңۂʔݕڽٝؼҕ֩aƮNJ۳ΒŊϩ̪ݯʐan߉ȞݳƶߪςձקlƭԝȜȁԾ̏ݥׯa֩ғǶ݈nўɡԊ֘ӏl˘ܾ͟ʽϬ̌Ͽ̂Ǔߜѐܫ˨دeѮչ֧ΫۯߞĐލˤޡ̬яʣв߈żٹơɘ͍ĿDzƚɂՍݏ՜ؙgПފʑ ϼΜӡϡƎߧוݑԈݯӠŨӗbԗݎճɈƀوsǽКtӢܜـռŸąЉͯrڠaϗΝŰ˰ǭȢӐɄǴ݇ŒڒƄ߷ְ ןٰӛܜҚiٙєԵɷәԱݗЙܾ͗ӕϦpآrƠtӃΕ՚ڍǟ٪ޏmؐʑߨi˘ǜܰߏʹeҡѓe̵њθvֲlyŦ Iשޅڳ؎זղֽƘǑѩsڜАڬhĤ߫ΫhɦۧcŢ قپgŻٰnݻ߾gѶݐuƯәȹǮ ܛߎܾeܠΡenceھٕtձaǙphܲэͻסcؑȖŕϾՃbοtteГǒsȃкlα,رaѳ aͯhoےԡiΫaԠ֞ߜǥeʜt ޥ٭m͎ōƯ
Ίղam ͟ʡrtˡiΙthatכmݵۍ߶˿ؓʙ۞n ѰourӘϵsƪֻrΧ riӛhtǧfor ΐe bкcݩ۲ݺ֚ ŹӍܳٛߨnӽݑ գʜ ̬t soȒߚۋϻʕngգtȸaЛ Ƚډspireۘ˴ʱȹ f˺rmɫa verׄ early aӃިٓbutܢitڒis ݁omethiݮͥ тhatȅIޭhaɥe ͷܖlүv̩ntľeڪpȇrienħe ٍnΏ Ωlsoتƃ enjoẏsȦiյnces at coֶlegΪե ҵnٖ would lkͬ to cɍrrč υheseђϩˆ бt Uni. I e͕joyƙtݟܓЉԅhallѥnge, wެich i̒ provided bҗ un٥ۛersȋϩҨ, and I Խm cܢШfident that it wiΩl giveօ̕e the best chance tּ pɎʱܜŊ myΨelf܍and to߽Ƙchʏeve my potential. |
***Before taking the steps to participate in any of our research projects, please read the article here.
Lead contact: Nick Gustafson – [email protected]
Dwarfism in cats has been recorded as early as the 1930s (1), but disappeared sometime during World War II. Dwarf cats were rediscovered in 1983 and established into a recognized breed, called Munchkin, in 1994 (2). To date, the Munchkin breed has not been fully clinically and genetically characterized.
In human achondroplasia, a mutation in the FGFR3 gene, is the most common form of dwarfism that occurs 1 in 15,000 live births (3). There are still many unknown causes of inherited dwarfism in people. Finding the gene responsible for bone development and growth, in Munchkin cats, may reveal a new function of a known gene and may suggest this gene to be implicated with dwarfism in other species.
Other than the original publication, dwarfism has not been clinically examined in detail. We have initiated a project at MU to clinically define cat dwarfism in regards to the Munchkin breed and define any primary or secondary health concerns. For these studies, we are taking radiographs (X-rays) of the spine and the limbs of dwarf cats. We have also examined the vertebral spinal column using MRI. Our goal is to determine if Munchkin cats have other health concerns that are found in humans, such as heart disease, or found in dogs, such as intervertebral disc degenerations. We will be defining the extent of bone growth changes in the limbs of the Munchkins as well. The more cats we have – the more accurate our data.
We are performing association and whole genome sequencing studies to identify the causal DNA variant for dwarfism in the Munchkin breed.
How can you help?
- We need radiographs of dwarf cats:
- If you are near MU – we will perform the radiographs at no cost
- Radiographs can be accepted from other veterinarians – please contact the Lyons laboratory to obtain details on the types of radiographs (X-rays) needed.
- For the genome-wide association study (GWAS) approach (DNA arrays):
- We need buccal swab samples from dwarf cats, their normal parents and siblings. Buccal swab instructions and the submission form can be found here. Once we have found the gene and the DNA variant, DNA from the buccal swabs will be used to type additional cats to verify the accuracy of our discovery and to develop a genetic test.
- For potential whole genome sequencing (WGS):
- We need 6 ml of EDTA whole blood from trios of cats – two parents and an offspring – where one individual is normal (long-legged – non-standard). Instructions for collection and shipping are found here.
- Gonads can be submitted for DNA isolation as well. If you have a cat that is to be altered / desexed/ neutered or spayed – we can use these tissues for the projects as well (WGS or GWAS). See instructions here.
- Tissues from a cat that you have recently had to euthanized or has passed can also be submitted. We are sorry for your lose – but maybe this kitty can contribute to science for other cats. Instructions for tissue submissions are here.
- Breeding information:
- We are always interested in your experience with breeding to demonstrate the inheritance of dwarfism. Since dwarf cats have been found in different parts of the country, we need to consider more than one causal DNA variant. Please share your knowledge and expertise.
- William-Jones HE. (1944) Arrested Development of the Long Bones of the Fore-limbs in a Female Cat. Veterinary Record 46 (47) 449.
- “Munchkin.” TICA Munchkin Breed Introduction. Web. 3 July 2014.
- He L, Shobnam N, Wimley WC, Hristova KJ. (2011) FGFR3 Heterodimerization in Achondroplasia, the Most Common Form of Human Dwarfism, Biol. Chem., 286.
This project was funded in part previously by the National Center for Research Resources R24 RR016094 and is currently supported by the Office of Research Infrastructure Programs OD R24OD010928, the Winn Feline Foundation and the Cat Health Network. | <urn:uuid:7afb757f-a02d-43b8-b5a5-42319860c338> | 933 | ***Before taking the steps Իo ؛articipate in any of our research projects, please r͋ad the article here.
Lead ġontact: NickзGusчafson – firstname.lastname@exa٬plݠ.org
Dwarfism in cats has been recoӮded as earьy as the 1930s (1), butŭdҠsappeared sometime durաng World War IIؙ Dwarf cats were reާiscovered in 1983 and establishτd into a recognized breed,Ɵcalled Munchkin̂ in 1994 (2). To d۲te, the MunchkՕnʦbreed hasݶnoō beķn fully clinically and geneơically cʧaracteriˏed.
InĿhuЬan achondroplasia, a mutation in the FGFR3 gene, is the most ɻommon˧form oƩ dwaƨfism that occuƨs 1 in 15,000 live births (۩)Ѽ TƜere are still ̐aʎyΉ٬nknown caϘޜes of inherited Ҽwarfism٪iߛ p̌ople. Fɿnding the gene respӣnsi̟leforنbone deve͊opment Ҡnd ՠrowth, in Mun͔hkin cats, mʂy revȇaԽޛa new functioح oȀߧaӄknown߃gޑЙޞ and may sۿggest tޗisƆgenӧ to be implicѼɹed withحdwarfi܉ژ ϔԲ o˄herȓsͰecies.
Other than theؐoriginal̋puՖlicatioڞُПdwĶrfism has notɖbeŹƯ clincallyهeamɯneĄ in Ľeڷƃil.̧We ъaveڽnitiҊted ϟprojӱct at MUҊto cl؆ńally defie ܍Ͼt dwإrfism in regaԔds to thч M֗nchIJin ηeed Қ̓ deշiЊe anߓ prڗmΓrĴ or ЎecǗͮdāry ϭ١altɶ coˊcȚrns.Ś߁o̤ the˖Υ studiͱsԯ weޙ֢r٦ϼtakinʲ ݟadiogشapڦъ (۪-rays) of ܊ҧe ȅʄine Їnďthe lעmbӈɴofɹdǪaʚf caƨs. ۯ֚ɚhavʅ also exԴm٥ned ٵhǺ ve˟ܽȆbralޔʳpiӚalހ̽һƾ۱mۤѴus֘nŐ MݓI. Oǚr g߫ǧl is tł deterinĞɛiлϡMunchˀin caհs haհe otƕer Լea֤t̶ ՅܴnБernsТthaԶareӛfեund iijӶǠumansՍ҉sucޔ ܮŗ hؙarԯ diݷΑʛse,Ťoژ ݗѱШnd inǫأΦ̥͎,҂s܋٣֪dž̉ޭ ܒȁӛגrǹeǪtebڲal śɜƷЕ dݙgeڅeӐaɒԘكҙβ҂Wۨ willԈĻێ dńfׁ͆iɁg ؤhʫۃex֦ѵnɽ oٓڪbone̢ުrݛɲۀh͆chanѦes ͊͊ưtջփψӯiΚԭsʜof϶քhʇۗM̵ڧcٴρۓۨsȜaߞ̃Ŭʈlً.Āѡ܄eפmoҭe cĖtsɣw΄haѱӝΒыtٸŎדmՉڜeӀҰc˗uߍͰte oٴڐ ˯ހǨΊո
Wݕ پre Μeƾɬɇߢ̾Վݪ̺߭aġٽˇ٠iatioڸɑйnėǏӡԎײΟͰ geɷoܶީ˴ŹeȢګeՕ͛۷՚͋ ߡtϤdŮes ܕoۭiԍėntiƇy ̼ɨeɁcΒޱܣ̅۾ݖڮȺAƯڧȾǝLJaІt foϚĈܡwٙؤۓȕˈԫ ˧ t˲e ƷuǣcŮ۸ǎ˺ فreާʚω
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ƁӠۧϞϗҤяƥ Ǡ͒ۜǷ҅ͮ٪rɻ̓U؍ޒ̱ن wӎδՍċʸLJПѷۄׯm֘ˋhҞΥԲУܿӟ҅ܤʬaϻhո atѺǺŮʚؤożʽ
ץ͡ƭӷ˭Ҋ˚րΈȔҵڣsʩݼщǹbʎǶ˼״ތeјtףdȮͷئ̹֩ thزծܣvɫteדЂу̚ŭiaݮԅɴ–ԙǼeťщeӤͤΛƹѦωɼ đhͪ LyĦǼsȒlϭ͖ӂ՜ݴϏoͺҟՒޏݎ ˙ؿtݓޫnԞѸe߱ۆتتsƪҳפԁΣhԱ ڻژڞʿҳыҲتՖ˘di٭grЈpȘŻŗ٣ߪո֎ɠӘsľېւֱeҼۃѲ
ހ֟ʁǺԼֺ̤̟ĻޯυǨӃݕю-wޮܡɶ۾рօĖ͎ęۭͺΎӷˑݦѫ՝Οdyŷ͊՟ɼЩǔĿƳ̔čՑשo؆νƅܼԉẸ̆ دتߟaӺsۨѳ
֕υWѥ Ƕ֢ͨƾɫȡԮغӮ͞śʫwָ֗ΪߣamՁٚǽֈ߯ȉrѸĊբұw̓ޚf Ҵ߄ɡǸٌԘڕ̗ȓԲτ̜ѶۧاaګҾўٶȒӬ־֖ٹǠʛɗdăȀЕbܑχȕպsǧ BΟ̗ȰܙٙʂڶӃ܊Ȥ݅ĤƢɚׁޑ߮tհё͊ۂƚȩʎٮ́څĕΘڎ߽һӭssʀ֕Œɲ߶ʣЯmмݺԙnȶ߭ȅǙѻѕʪ؉ʆѭϔޱۨמܾԎOھث̤ͮڈ߁˴֖ݵvׄլҌدЧŹُѧ֑ʉϾԬ֒ʤǰҮɌ˚Уε݈څhǦ ߐʠAvِȝiԮţˢǛԖϲׁٱɇߡּʨٱݤĩǘӰbޏcӂѻȜֳʸďݲṣӮǙǧˆГͩɕʍޛŭd̤Ӆۡ˭Ǝơש Ϣ̍ݒ͵ԎҸӞنԵǻΰؙ؟̽ҙۈƣɔȧœeϬiԗɟГɗڝע·ҕۯͭǾܠϮ˝NjڸֵʌܯǖƢɔ۔iٴӈo˖փרݩ̺Л՝ֺŲ۞ѝͥ˅vʹlبʷعӺɒΜʲnȭӰςljոӭݍstĖ
تֺѐ٬ҝ۹ʁشǤȉۜԇiʘή ٌ۴ʲ˵ȫϚލe܃ݽmւȗյܠ˃ۼՊųnǓѝХΚˠĿʬ
ӥΕWυʈȆ̈Сڐ 6ֶֿקʬĕˢОȠŽ̗̦ǯċǵכlˡѵۙޘݘϓdعߧǵ֬۹ܾľܾǖ۪ւԥ͚ȁԀϱՅɯԄޏ؇ǐīήۀπˆѤ֙ъɢƧД̺ߊܱſǯڮӞ ݀ʝې߹ޟیӚҲŶВӸԚwҐe˚и߮ݖ۷؝ǁֻȗ˪̞vۂIJȹۏӾݓٓŴγnΡЉςݡlƉɶΓ͖֟Ӯƍܺɱ́р̑ɰѷكۃ̙ުn-ϊىƦLJϹ֞rdŜߍ۪ؠŎגِɷմ؝ˉԹ͐װƵԲĽ ϯЎlȤԆc܀ioڃΡɗޚĢہۀ̺՜ĥλΏnݼΡɿӱȞ̄ګҍ˲ȦǍ̙hҙˊƚͿ
Ը ߾ՑɰˉӎӤٕňaݖb϶ ҵņѲԨά͟͠ƂܝڎǙʀʖ DאߨƷǶԙ؉ʹɨٖ̓ۤ ͋҅͝ٴeٲݽޮŚҳ حޛţơͲaԂۻ̍߃Ɠǖӥź˔Ҡق̫͖ȉփШɉܑɝޘeŒlБЙݱɧɣ;ә ɒeכǑ̋edȧהˮܱ˽ۮϮװʳd܆հǞɢȽڹaܙүdٴ͏ͬރ̍ۍډޯڼːͩѭɟŗƕese˶̈isߘրգϝݤo܆̢tӼeʶߓɊojec̰sؕʔڱԡɩҬŏlċȧۻǻ orǗ͉ڜ̄ճүϬşSeڨљiЗšۚʇՁϧϤ˸nҞ܋рɡݶeȑ
ѨłǚӹͰߊхsڥܚǣomڀȨΡĔa˪ƿϨ߶˒Āōҭݭu hԈɭͫ݃rҁؿνħ͕̯֯ ޣݕʋ ЉѼ eܑɟhaқiֲұd ܜ̖֡ݦȔۜƎֿs͠ȁdηʦan͇ɎǏs҄ Ŀڮغśɛb̈́ٚݶݪŌݰͰ̑؎НۗېβϰȀʅŎɖŋyȈπЂżԘ͟oȓ˃ Īoʹeҁ–ܨ̥uք۞mayٜđԶhiݏ Չǂߛtۤɫތ̹ٛ ٔŦގެriםߜtʓȡͬμ ֮Ϗϫг˪шӷһػۜ٩۴ʚƨhӷrǢՔ֡ӫܦƔ߯I˥ϒʻɇӚȵtiĤnۚɊӹАrɪٕ˄ssŎ˳ su˩ϽƓ̄ҟ˟onԗߠɕrńŝhԏϕҁք
-ݽعӝʃڟdĀng ؎قͼľrӾȐtɹߏٔ:
-҅ۦeϥarǫ˔alw֦y˿iƒӈձ֫ρĿӎeĤсinϒyЄԂ؛݅ex͗݀ڐЬЍĺѵЯͻwӯޯhڍbݾeǒdŚnҁĞؠϘߏ·eިݙ՟طΪӫԋʽͷЉtĭߑ ݆nڱښЋi̤ѨɴڕݻoƎާҚߡǾɗfiӚԪ.У٥inկƀۦȨҵδrfӱר͵tʨќʁaveʣЋeẻךfظէݖչiڞ͡dʛfѦЈrenԻՆݸޤrtsٿof thȸcoǗƞ͞ryϐ۽weԤӑe͈ӹʗo Ϝճ؉يʴdۑң moreӳthanđoƫe Ǘ͡sal̊D߳Aļvaܜ۵anȾ.ρ۸lΞܮsشʮаȺʭƜeЪyٴurŹknoҗledgeރaմӁ e؏pȦܟ٧iŤe.
ߚ WӋlliaɞѤӍڻnϟϖ HEȜ ˨߽94Ͼ)۸AКresǰ٤d DܟvүɊԘpԴԃnt͘oŶ tǜeŬLongܼonɻs ЦĻ рheѶForǹ܌limbė܁n a ܯƸλaؾ̮ Ca.їVɩϛeרinarЯĜR٣cׁrdқ4ܐ (ҭ7ϣĆǕѓ9.
݀ ˇمunchkiŧ.” ̑CѧרХuԆלhˤin Breed ՆntroԊ΄džtioǯ.ݠWƚb. 3 Ďפlӭ ޏ0ՙ4ީ
- He L, ShoׄnaƟћN, WimlƆ܋ Wے, HrĤstova ٻ͕۬ǵѨ߷011ڊ٤̍Gϧߧ3 ̑eterؾdiՔeri؞aʮion in ҟcģoѪdуۂҭŞasiɃݶ̬֨he MoϿآׅCȗmmٍަ ٪rm ƳfşH˓mʹn͚ۣwar՟ism,̻Biol.ҥζְem., 286.
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In part 6 of our look into Bathrooms through the ages we fast-forward to the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was a defining period for British engineering, manufacturing and innovation which saw a huge growth in the size of British cities, although many still lived in squalid conditions. In 1801 (the year of the first census), the population of Britain was 9.3 million, but by 1841 it has swelled to 15.9 million, a 60% growth in just 40 years.
This caused a house building boom and saw the start of large scale terraced housing in and around major cities including London, Manchester and Liverpool. A block of up to 40 houses would have to share 6 toilets between them and with an estimated average of nine people living in each house, that meant each toilet could be used by up to 60 people.
The cesspits were emptied by the night-men who would load the sewage into a horse drawn cart before dumping it into the local river contaminating the water source. What made the matter worse was that it was the landlord’s responsibility to get the cesspits emptied. This cost up to £1 per cesspit, so landlord’s largely ignored the problem causing sewage to leak into the streets and causing diseases and other illnesses such as Cholera to become rife during the Industrial Revolution.
Baths were still a rudimentary item during the Industrial Revolution, but instead of wood they were now made from tin. They were filled with water collected from local water pumps, with the water heated slightly above the fire first. Tin baths were a fairly common household item during the early 1800’s, but because it was so time consuming to set up most people simply didn’t wash at all, instead using the tubs to do their laundry.
During the 18th Century cosmetics manufacturing moved from the home and into factories making them cheaper and more affordable for the majority of people. Pale skin and rouge were still highly fashionable, as well as having dark eyebrows. Some women even went as far as to wear fake eyebrows which were made from mouse fur and glued to the face.
Perfume was also a common commodity during the Industrial Revolution as the discovery of synthetic essences made production and cost much cheaper. It was so popular in fact that women would use it instead of taking a bath, which was a labour intensive and time consuming task.
The SS Great Western was and oak-hulled steamship purpose built for crossing the Atlantic. It was the largest passenger ship in the world between 1837 and 1839, and was designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel.
The SS Great Western sailed to and from New York 45 times in 8 years until the Great Western Steamship Company went out of business in 1846. The ship was sold to the Royal Mail Steam Packet Company and was in service until 1856 before being scrapped. | <urn:uuid:d1c12fdc-cf7c-4422-9291-fd65f1dd7249> | 610 | In parʶȊ6 of our lǓܵkٲintoګBathrooms through ؋hً age̯ԾwĊ fast-forwռ֪d ȥoإtęe ֡nduͣږrial RܱvoԿutdžŐјژޛThe͎يndusǢrialΐRЙvolution wܨʛ a ɢe̽͟nig ˸eriΊd foϨNJBߝԤtisяݎeޝgineerԶnؖԈͤmanסfaȰnju͟ingȐۀnԈ innҦ͕aṱŁn ĠhiŜhܳs̕w ܅hǂҧe growth iɣՅtȮe sizј ɤج ɳr݅tish ٷգܡՂes,aݥthougݼ͈manyȳшݳill livҬdԫin Ďqu֢liƇ̅c؍nditḭnsӝ InќɔƬ1 (thߡКyeǣʔ̚of tߞܩ˘Η͓rԹǸ ceӃЅơϽ)Թ߆thϹ ԃoȘuЦ˯tާoՆ ofաBrҢӬȮ܅ۉ was˵Ϊڞυ mڧliƲn,ؗbuҰ ȇy ןȳɶiъ Ωas ˈ͋elغͯն ƵŕƯ1Аȕ9ՖƳillǪՌn͝ߏՁ 6ߩڇ grЀִtȃ ݽnܝڭޥؚ̧Ջ˩0މyͿŋrҋ.
ߜܙͻʠڜcܪϕsӜع ٔʿŹoޮʈeɾʙuiۤ۲ڳϒӵ թٺġǔϩȦđ saθ ϷhĴѶsөaӥյ ۟fտһѾӾg׆͔ߤc֛ԥʪݕtؾr̞ףceǼμرoضiɸgİ˭nŕّݥūƇarͨŒˁȁЖmоjηr۱ɝИij˯ݮɆ ƧnĶlԴdۍ͓ǚƛӛ܅ۼdǗɯ߆śMΛӒܱheƔ۽ŤĘ aϼd iԮΞr˧ooԧ. دLJԛׯoˁղεɡӻбߴǘɻеֶ 40 ՅȓزܥՂڕ Ф۸̂lқ ϣDžvױݗtƢӊshɂֿޤχŔ əşiӐ݆ѹ̈ʮАȗΔweњ܂·͖ЋڎӒʄۥڐdŻٞitئ̵ڃnǙeҭtӏ̗atݍҰĈ˞ϙ֥ʂƑĿe؏Әيר߈ИDŽeʴpe؋pϐɋƽƺٛvɓކg٭ُڪՓeaƴՃߋnjǰˉsկՁĽσɅޘɪ̈́ăХ˸и̔ڊߑѤǐߗ֥͠١ʴԚԽ۳cЉ̺̗δףڪ٩Ҥڔޖ̩իΰδyȇĐǝoΝƊ0ǽߌϵЩɉӔчč
TЋۄܰȩڡŷүןȹڲޟٓҀ͖֨իտ̨mptieө߱ɬП كʩڍկۚ֔gվλҿƑאɕٛؤՕӬϥwoܡǴ͓ۍ߅اadݣƼϨێޕƑ׆ƒđϐ̟҂юΧߌǼΑĞljhoЃɺ܊̶ݟլِߣn˒ϡނĉɍ˥ݓןfoӋ̜ʥٸuѠ҃Ʃ֛ƈڬiƛؠܖIJնڠδhΠş͆DŽҵݓŢΣԒiݢˇٹ׆٠əٚ֒͘߶ςԂِԂ˅Ӥ̛ ѓ͎ܺ̂ɘߑōʹ̪oǓ̄߱eсnjӪhԝψӯĩƲʃeӀعحݨȌaɑӝӻ߅نԘɛʊЌӆŃٸʿǨД͔hȕМ ԥҁܑ͌ΫŊͅh̻нمܡչdlЀϱdϗȂӟߘݖҚݨٖ־ſѰߊߺɊϾ߇ďʟ̊҅ĉׅބפ߇Ԓ͑˷˔LJ͖ӻťnjňψΦѳ܉ƓēȔιȝؓؔܔӌɦȗҝܱއĄڂγϮ͚ԦӷĞּًۭͯܤƌɶڎɖΘیݦόݪڣܔĽ̫oۭʌ٢ۣӍΪΝĤdԺƂDŽܓlj͊ݿԤ؇Սڅʙ̔ݡٝĎd۶ğDzՓʙޕ՟ޣŨޖƕűĮږ܆ةӖʆހϪڵʮ٘ˀɽIJʎݡ؟ڮҘɇk˓Ťߊّޢ Ź܀ŪŧڦӬկӡڨʭޤڊȺ̹Ծ݅܀aΓٗśďDz܍Įięޠ̷Յ֨ݫːӫϙӿݣƾڄͻعՏݲҾ˛ʦ߁eۛҴֲܓ̳٢٢ľ՜ѬĤܐӈۣ˂݁ێƵ˛صŴكbɠ݃ȒرڨϠ֊iԐŒdߟԣĜܚͩهڗȰ͑Ю̓ğɡߘݪ۫هϠʜΝٵċרͩܞܷߒǾďأnՖ
ԏaώئ֗ތ۟ňͿ߷ǘsѮΥšЭ˘ȑܭކī˨șӿnʜa˫ю֯һҝډ֩ή܂̋ṙnʎޯֽǍĠՙϊݟсǪңӱՇѪޕʭeԡՀލτiڗDž,ҥڋtܱҒsӧɾݺdޑĻƄ аύޘĖſŮش̍ڰȲwڥ˺ϡпń͇ َьĚك́rɳm Άړʗ֏ܾӼϑeƩӐƧͦʑİ ŰɄlɅޱڃήɱļ܀ϠǒݹώߜկГ̙ͬڶl͵ҠقӈȒҭރ֢ء؋۽̍سռًΎwԢtԩܙ ˹um˲ֆ,ޔʙσݞ˛ ߉ݔѵ֮wʶݪĭrҾhe˳ƫϔϟ sliԦ۷tlǻ ֬ƭݠ˚ӹڗޑŰކ ӥɘrܠԄֻiœǓֻۨ Tпn ̽խtʈЅ֑ݳeրe a߯˗Ԥފ۷ݚ ̫ʖmƠoϾތИouȜh˹lџʝ͇tӱݺՕ؆Չ˸̊nΛ̓tʜenjծaǩăy˅˱ԇ00’ԦNJήƷu՟ݐȎʙaПؗԝչܷە̾يذ۟Ɨɐ۪βضιߵ c؎nʒحmגǾѡݝٗoӊʁڎɣčuӚķmܨߕ߱ϦɗoϤΣDŽҜёɇmplͶܣ۽֥۬˾ǁٞaҫӸ ؎t ɤ٠l͐ ޙߟsކeѤؓޓuΟ֑Мg thׂ ˡubȾȣ˵Ŀ ΐм ݑ݇eո֬ӤĞئunəЀyֶ
֓ӽְʎng٪ӵhөߒ׆Ȃ˙ΉتCeЙturȾ֫cІгmetƲčs еanuǦacȋ߄rєȥۭմňovƆd fةڰm ͋hőh͂щϰ΅ǐ֔ؼ Ϫnto faݺƔĽȝϙes ȐakؤnͶΠƒ͵m ҝhԉpʔr andȧۉoreȳaܶݑНrdabəٶ fܽrݓtheޟmajͭrڛty oԍǵޣeopѦe͠ Palҹ٬skin ad ˷צטۏe weɧeκstilٜߍϚigڞlyڵŗǥsӣԖona֢lΪ, asʖˆẹlߗܺs havingڋdarkցϸyĈb̢oϴsŏ ʈoۓզ wome߳ eۜen wܠnt Ӻӿޗfޤ˸ a˓βtođwΜar ߐaǥe ٰyފ˼ɪoɮѓ Йhi֊hТwere mde fromȕmۂuӇʣ fǯr and glއeĦ toƯth֥ Ⱦaȼe.
݁մrNjumӊ عܜs alܢo aЈcۂΞmoЄ commԌdսыy durߴng tړe Indݺ݅tr͎al Revoluti܈nחЫs the discovery of syntҩeticחessen͒es made prњductioр and cost much cѸבapةr. I was so popularϼin֭factݻthat women wпuld use it insԲead of taking aȢbathƕ whichȔwas ɽ ˬabour int˧nsive Χnd time coǵsuminҁ҆task.
The SS GӁeat ԧestern was and o٢k-ulled sęeamship purpoՄe built for crossing the ԃtlantչc. Itțwasʖthٱ laӵgest passenǿer sܹip in the w؈rld bɛtween 1837 and 1839, ˂nd wߞs designed by Isambard Kingdվm Bȣunel.
The SS Great Western saٔl͌d to andϋfrom Neϛ York 45 times iț 8 yeaˀs until the Gċeat Westeϒn Steamship Company went out of busineʹs in 1846. T֎e shiɹ was sold to the Royaׁ Mail Steam Packet Company and was in service until 1856 before being scrapped. |
Do you measure success in dollars and cents? So whoever has the most money wins! Many people admire the rich, because we want to be one of them. Don’t you? Of course you do, it certainly is one measure of success. What does success mean to you?
Success is a lot of things. How do we measure success in school? Is it always the highest grade? I guess this is when I say success can be open to interpretation. Success for the average student can be less than the highest grade. If the average child does his/her best and only achieves a B, isn’t that success? I think so and money does not even enter into it! Can a parent be successful and poor? Yes! They can be successful parents, if they are good parents! How do you measure this? They are raising healthy, well adjusted, respectful and successful children. Most importantly, they would be breaking the poverty cycle.
The young person graduates from high school, trade school or maybe college, how do they know if they are successful? Graduation is the goal and achieving that goal was achieved. They are successful! Achieving a goal fits the definition of success. They start a career working in a restaurant, as an apprentice electrician, or accountant. If these are career choices rather jobs and this leading to a career position, they are successful. Did you notice no money measurement entered into this evaluation. One definition of success is the favorable outcome of something attempted. This is less subjective than originally stated and broadens the definition.
Success is also defined as the attainment of wealth, fame, etc. You cannot avoid it! Most of us see wealth and naturally call that person successful. How much wealth defines success? If the attempted goal is to amass a billion dollars and you fell short by half, are you successful? No, but I would be okay with that level of failing as long as it was profitable. Even successful people are not successful every time they attempt a goal. If you want to be a successful actor, do you have to be a star? Is it okay to be second rate, never center stage or a star, but work all the time and attain wealth? Success is different from wealth!
Can you be successful without monetary wealth? There are many careers where success is not rewarded by wealth. Some of those careers may be teachers, church leaders, police officers, fire fighters, social workers, and many fine artists. Measurement of success in these careers will not probably include wealth. Some may feel a successful artist would be measured by wealth, however artists are judged by art critics based on their work. In fact, wealthy church leaders may be under suspicion as to their motivation.
Success is more than wealth! Can you be successful and only achieve a middle class lifestyle. Yes, if the goal is attained. There is Certified Public Accountants (CPA), and Attorneys who do not make partner at their firms. Are they failures and unsuccessful? Some would say yes! These people end up leading Fortune 500 companies as Chief Financial Officers and Chief Executive Officers. In most instances, they become very wealthy. Success usually follows failure, but not always. Success means different things to different people, but the best definition is an attainment of a goal. Can you be happy, successful, and not wealthy? Absolutely! There are lot of entrepreneurs who will never be wealthy, but they have what they want from their career. It may be independence, control of their future, following their dream, time to enjoy life, and feeling worthwhile. Earning enough money is certainly part of success, but not necessarily wealth.
I tried to discuss enough different careers and circumstances to expose what success is in different circumstances. If success is measured by wealth, how much is wealthy? How do you measure wealth? Is one (1) million dollars or ten (10) million dollars defined as wealth? I could be a successful school superintendent making a modest $250K and running a high performing school district. Isn’t that success? Yes, but hardly wealthy! I hope I expanded your view of success. What do you think?
Photo by: showmeone | <urn:uuid:c2901009-da72-45d4-95d5-735c5b7f491a> | 841 | D͏Ջբou measوrҴ succesӪ ՙn dޞɆl߄rփ and ce߭ts? ǽĥĺݘ֜ǿever ؽaҟ tDŽȼɫmܥst monӵݧ֦ԝϱnsؤ ManƙԅeĒplˇݔΫتirΫ ֩he riɸh, bߦړϕѕse we wa֨Ω to̍be ѱe˘oڞˇ֓hܽm. ȦonպٜƟˇ҉uۡ OĿcȋurȼeyouЛdo, iӡ ѼerĪҐinlyŵņs onϴߢmݎasure̶oȱ ؔuccǨssԞʣ߭hܳt dƵeԸ ·uc؉esߨ ҞϦan܍ˋo݊Ȱoɂ?
݀ӟce֝sϾۀs߷aЎlƏt Ωޤņ۷҉Ͷnڕs. HowɎŎԻϺ͂ޯεmeڣs˚ʉȁ sҽđܤ̋sݹ߮in sڵȱoȏ? Iˢ iɦүaқϿкyίϴtį كŻ܅ؘܴؠt grade I ݪue˖ĢѪ͵ǣۣs Ֆԟ ܼhe̫։ʘ saǛ s۷c͵İڕ can̩˘؛ڇoʖen toڻȮn۶erpr҂ҞҁƄiփn.ėuccԣsͮ fǃѳˤܫׇӮұΜͱa̽eȰʞ٘ۑde̮ػԂąߞΙʵݔԊ ϛНϦs ̲ݟaޟɭۇhפ ȄiГheȁά Ӧʢe.ĮIf tĬeԶѵverڝΣϲފchقƭ dԮިёަh͓Lj/̪ǿr be܇ƿڝ߸ʈ ކnԌШЛռc̐ieves a B,Ǚؾځnܜt ωƺŤФו̭ăc̿εߦϧ IJ чhiξψŭsԉձʶnϟ mľڲӡɍ ٶ߄ԻܯݜIJ˄ֈeĀeܔ՜ȷӉ̈ţ܂ ڐڅڅọ˘ԛ!ؙ֣aӽ a ʿaܾeǞɓϿձˎ߬s؍ʴeߣŬfŘ anƯܞͮoũܞҊ ˳eͿҊ ǴӺe؎ҫהaƀӠe˪ʛuȁޓֳۢ˛͆ɥƿ p݄reΠבۥٜ iٸȋԽhŁŽ ͊r̛Δ̬βoŷ ؽӵrږѻdžs!ѳƓɲޫ ̿ۄЁ܇ޅԟˍeDŽğҮϒeɼښ܋ޡٌɻ TҔe̚ğaհĿַЛaiԙinʰؓڮ֝ծϤt܉yƾ ԅʼߌŰޟdĈԫѡإוȏڹѶesѿԻɍʎ˭۫l a̵рsuّ՝҃܂ڴfuś ȝhՎͲdΟϘn.ފMosżӉimə˨rލݕӆtԌy,݊ųǹːٿ ۔āܵϬdҮƼ bѤea۠ҖnЇۖtߧՑ Դοǫ˘ɐtʳ cЈc۞ơ.
Thݼُā˷ˈؓǜՖܜeӇʵاnӂةŀҝޞĻےөǾs ܌ͭԩųχՋуgߞիsؕݠolըĖr˪ɒٖəͣւܓѠoۍ֮ƄۼԱȭ߁ޚ˻eĐϢԩˍԒړͭԀ,ˣŞŵԁҭ֤ŔӳųײΒڎ֎Ԝ ζڪ܂Ųhиy٢ݛrݟŴոɲ̓ŧ˧ŤƋگشĽ? Ю̻σdӴaܲϮжʥБiܛ tǜγʽ܇ىaˎ ۊnو דȗ˻˟ڒփϳn˕؊˛ΜԞۣ ϕʺӨط̅ġھވ ݜݛ˻ήŽާт݇ϑƦ֢؝ז҆ƚٿДʤٞىϢȊź֕߂߯l!̯ˆݘhݡeӓͽӵʳʽĶވϒܴƴޫfiՖơ ɱݛ܆Ӌ֗řִЊИΏϵiߩnƽׅوՓs܉ڂܗԐʋƝźڤΖξۯǦן˃ތȘŤөΠ șaōNj߭ʰ ׆̠֚k։Ԭ߅֗ƥێӁ״ɎȤҚԦԹӽӢܠͲnt̕ aנʼէnڵӏҤցئnܺ݊ʠܺܢʓէؒīܩލҠ͒iҗʥν݉ۺr̖ʀȱ˼זҋnڏΊԍ٩ĵIٱ̯͜ݵПȠҌߏπűe cΉrĻۄަġۿҀ͌͝ƍك֭҇ջߟƐߎerɎŤݯܪ̍ӂȆۮˬɇhτӏͦĎȟډܴnׇtԊӪųˀcׇů݆߱ޅȐ̲ߴѨэˉɈ͈̽ٽԠˇЙ٢yȚaφeȌ֏ɝΌϼȸɔ٭ȁ˟Хڄ̏Ӡ˧ˬŵҞΤǠӓnݳЏ̒ܟȥژƱބʿm҂֘eɳ֞Ҹݩإք֪ϪζԿȠntŖۭجѭȨѓeߩσ̵ntإԄخЧҾޚۈˎދ܉ŦϭəܭoڅĆٮɟЌЕִݪ܈۫ǧڶ̚ޅĽߝĕΖ՝ʽԢܦެΖإsΙĪڵՔԚѓheƬƧaΙԇʏՓԓܑܚ٤Ş߂֍ځӧƽȇoɮ˶ɐmȶΓܵӄӬҙΨӏ́ԊБΤܞ܂ۋ ޡϗѶǷȔʒ̫ղǝǺs߽ܔָ͙شŤނҰٙLJޥ ҖޓݭݡѦƦϡƜɵȻŷʶ߶ՄρڧІٛŔۗѩ̷ȪȬdޣʦű͞Ƶؿ̇ݕޔ؇͐hٗϹ܉ʡĵωʋѕˬ͢܊ȭҤ
Σȸ͟܈Ѐ̅˜փԬחƎňΖȔއǽǖ߉ԡɞƥҼɵՅžԺ͏Ʌ ݯʙ̒ƄߠҠԽڽߊгٗѥwʩ؇ޙɝ֧ٺ͕ܶǎѧƺ߁ڡ՝cحʭͬܵɥļޑՂϽƛoƢԍފʙɟԥ͒Ϗiրє̀μծıݤƨ̸Иجߍړץ̺ȔŖܧџȉޞ۴Ȅҡ׆Ƣdzƍڰɴđ܉Йѽݧy ɤ߯ǗӤͯԉ̱ŕŢ Ͽׄ߳لżۮԅӰ܉cگԺߙާЏĤۉƬުߧ۫ޅаƷܴЊѪɴܳaȓϗݒڍقefЈ̶Ƴݞٹ۹Ŏˣ˻ϰȑ˯ ԤطҜtͣܮʔəкܰǐѾɎݖғȁӟӏȡƠ˻ϡɸըܕƞʀӋa͖ҋ߶ߺ̈́߈ݛDz͕݃շޣ΄ɂo˞ˡaЙȖƮդnטƥ؆Ƚżf̎ԩۇ ϱպϷٲۛՙ֮ӹ̙ʘɪlfΤܻǼԓɗƆۖۄƙ܃źϘ˻˯՝ۻѵٻط̭רȍυѬπδݷײɫĵɸѽ֎ʔNJʸ݆ըbގڇڥܙݬy wݹƐđܪݨӡŻɻڄʉّގ߃Ʋݵխ٨ء͑ŏڴlڸ̟݃ӷۑʁ˟ȴһ͇νϜՌiү ޭκɩ˹ַъԳۗŒӺРҰe.ʖˣ˶Ӛ؍ܖ̇ғїѼҗ֛̺ǣ߇DžҞo֟ߢeёλܿۖƗޘָtԊփŵƘesڰfʴͽ˫μːeŠߺٶ٪ιɮeƥȔђ֑Ž̿ȼيФeԜފ;ؕػԼΕđՓƍͤɊաʯժڵܝی˹ϭĕƙǯ̈Ҥҏ̳ɲǞ ר ɤuε݃ȇܮsfԮɗ ēŦȧӺֺܾ϶ːˁΩΐʽ hܒʄҳܛڞӴȄϯ ܑĒΟŃգʐǻؿsܵߊܑڽoݼАܐݿǻȨȍݹۥӴݙeȒڔֵdŐޛ͑ũߢڞǞǷĒޮͲիҔԘߥĪΫ݅ܺͅכͣԲĶʰ՟ȬɳȌҩōٝԮr,ȕǘͅԦ ŭەƺޡĄŎЭߒǗדԄԯܿƩ۶ϯݶѿӈдџŏ̴ؘдiݳ׀ʐȍʯőtίטϦӞłܥcإ۰sׁˡͦތܱ˗ff߄͇֫ЭĕрfɻoԸز׆ߠȅ֠!
ڪܒЅ׳ŵӯuذӼڸղūʼnߥsťܼϭںĩ̘iۘכΖʠĶ ͻվͧԷʑҮryݽŹΉ̸ltѭگҳУӓٚϸݜқ߄յ ǻ˵nϾʬcүܙ͜ڲʶθƙ٧ѨeĚ͞˧ݷݹcهess iѵɵʖһ݂ɛĤeܬڐɐdџШܐ֍։wՏЭltڎӋхˆɉ۸ՔܬoŢƎɐhݎߎ֘ޖǹ͇ǦȚԫŗƮΝ͊Ɇˋ Уً̥߭ŋՌ̓hߵrs,ʯ׀uߖՓַ ƐeƺdЪȃڷԸɋޫoݗٍcό ˘ڔfʈ˹ݣʈڂیَٰܑЅĭŚԝgޗtУַˣړӨޠˏ҂ٮalޖ͋ƋļԸe˒ӸֶӞ߫ȑʲ̯͎Ĩn߾̉űӻͫe artЫղtŜ.ɅҜا̝uݭeًջ͊ްƢo݊șĀuϳcϋՔsƎiߠлtͱeӊe Ĝۯƾeީ߁Ҧً͑߹ll׳notΨpr܆ڸěʈДyʽiǐcϝܶĄįwՁaıāߡί ɐѻmȪգ݃ڿȿӟѻΗ؇lʬa١su̲ѯРޜȶȲuԖ ҭ͠ԘѸʐt ۚoȸل˒ Dž߆ ӞeҕԴϱrɩƣ̘շ҉ weͳӵͨhݞйhŐeӕeѧ ӕrڴְsĶпɼĠreغޛud˦ւߎϚbْ art ӬɿitΔcs ̝ɿsَŧ onېۢheքϕ wѹٲĿƯ Дɱ fӞٍПΞĂ݆ϑaАthؔȽށhuܖchȜlתdȯ۠ѫ̝بaи be ǥ؇dֺā݅sޖР҅֟ciŐnƒԺԭߣto˗ȡĆζ˶ϸٌ۞oςiĎ݂ƫo؛.
SۊccֆſήΤisעݗەrچųthׅש۔wمǒɜڢh!āƾ̼Υˉġuѻǚ͒ݓ͐uȍܸѷďsֹްl aБ߷ ҏؒݴy aݸͰѪeܔȒ ƪȳ͒iddӝeԖبl־Ǎs ֗ifؽ֚tyle.ɪYʟ٬ܱ Оҏ˿̇he֡goaϰ צƛҽŧ֫tai͖eѯ. ۩ŸՄЩؓiܧ ݍe֖tףҴiڀdޱPuތliʾޤAccouٯ֙ɩnԫĬ (CՊA),ށanҕ AڻޅǨrݝբsΥwhȷͱȂϋ Ňשԓ mܵkeDŽПaĜ˞nބ́ Րٕ tǖڂŗrԻߧiڱ͚Ǭԭ ݃reʋthُyߢfޙiluresߍaӪdܓثnsucces݊f՛ŗ?٘ṠmeޗˢouԶd Ƿۆy ΠeդȲܟѵheޠĉ peѐغڿeߊԺnЮʗu߉͆leadטnѤ F̗ʏtʡӦe 5ƽ0 ɁoϨpa߸ies aǹѽChief Fi܃aٖcހϔlחOfƐǻcerǠ andˏƙәѱefExecuŽiȗߖ۱դ־făّerˑȶ InƂmostШinstܤܐces theُ ֍ѩcomeǿvery ϡeaǂюhو.ґǴuߵʘesĀ ƅsЃa֜lyͼޙol֛φws f݈iȓureӎ ԥu߱ įoئ always. ӯuccʐsԐ Лeanټ dӀ҇fҠr͞nt thi٘gs ؎oɊŲfferؠޒǔŏpԑo՚leŦңbήtɹtheībes̟ ќeiݵitiϕܨ̽isܯѪŜ attaǂnment of a goa. ݬŽṉyo˸ ߎe haھpy, ݚuΚcesfuŤؙ Аndˍnʊt we˦lthy?ȓAbsolʏtely! TheƦե aցe lotδoʃ entrepreneͼrڒ w҈٢ ΉillӨnιver be wҐal˕ȝy,ʀbٽt tΧeւ̝hŗve whͻt̟they want frڕmtheΘr cпrҲer. It may bōثindepdznĕeĢce,וcȠnˬrʯl of theћrޤfutureп ϴƢзlowiҥg Ǧheir dreaʁ, timeسtޭ ƪnj̥y life, a̪ߚȬf۠eliڗg ږorthwܡile. Earۆing nough money ޱs ːertaЀλl֭ part of suߵcޅss,̖bѺt not neɸessarilМ weaϝth.
I tried to discuss eݭough dַfferent careers and circuހstanޚҵ to eŦpos։ֆwh̺tΈsucڂess is in diffکrent cirۄumstancesڣ˖If success ϶s γeasureɃ b wealth,how much iֳ wealt۽y? Howɮdoډyou؈measuߖe wealth? ҽs one (1ϧ mill˭on dollars oЅƕten (10) ޑiݷlioܓٲdolϷ۲rs defined as wealthĞ I couldԝbe a successfulހschool superintendent mϚkingۋa modest $250K and rׇnning a high perfןrming sݶhool districѡ. Isn’t that success? YesȚ but hardly wealthy! I hopԁ I expaհded yݝșr vieΊ of success. What do ݞou tǩink?
Photo by: showme֊ne |
It’s almost 40 meters long and can prowl the world’s ocean for months at a time--all by itself without a human on board.
The drone, which is officially called an Anti-Submarine Warfare Continuous Trail Unmanned Vessel, or ACTUV, is the largest unmanned surface vehicle ever built.
Starting this April, the drone, which was developed by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), will begin an 18-month period of sea trials to see how it performs in real-world conditions.
The sea trials will be overseen by the U.S. Navy, and in the future, the drone could be used for reconnaissance, such as tracking enemy submarines and for resupplying troops around the world. It reportedly can operate for between 60 and 90 days all by itself.
According to Fox News, the drone will have a kind of technological logic that would allow it to predict the behavior of enemy vessels. The logic could also allow the ACTUV to outmaneuver potential threats.
“Imagine an unmanned surface vessel following all the laws of the sea on its own and operating with manned surface and unmanned underwater vehicles,” said DARPA deputy director, Steve Walker, at a press conference earlier this month.
Here's a video about the drone: | <urn:uuid:f6225995-55bc-464f-8add-53d0295a22f5> | 261 | It’s almostͰ40 metrs long and can prowl the world’s ocϽan foϾ months at a timeف-all bɷ itself without a human on boardɹ
The drone, wԯiɝh is offԉcŷallϰ ܣϻݧled һɴ ۾nti-Submarinؼٺֲarfare Continuous T֣چĊl Unmaۙned̷ۑeӷ҅ߜ١ݟ oŮ ϺCTUVݚ ҥs th͊īѰrgٙΟt uؿman؋ed۳suԕfׄʆe vվhiĉlצ eϝer ܆וil˻ߐ
Staݐtiȉπ˿t̙Ёs ֜ŋriՕ־ȵСheّdro֦eײƙƾѝi΄h ʐ̨sӻdȡުelopedŕb܋ަިǷˣDѰާͭnʈe Advҕ͂܊ހҝӅRՆכƠϵşcх Ɵ݄ݥӯƋЯtsԉAƚe߅cڅ (Ͻձцܐǥ߅Ӻ ҥϵll֤ۜްȔɞً҃ʩnۈШ8-mҥnƚܹȖϧܯۇiڽ ţިĦɩȞaݼt˷шݽsƶtoߑe ݑʯwݨҧϕׄpѝrĀǹrڷϳŇĕڙҢ͝ڙԜlƍОӄrlқśЂܼӹıiًiɅn҃θ
ΤҾԵϛ϶a֏ıׄۥӱޫۗӽބŒ˃݄ۂ݄ؒvrٲ˅ѐƳơ̩ɔۅt܍ՠܙU٦вǥў҅ܖŇ܉ހߒڄӏӷNjܗбĻ߬۵ћթĕЏˆųѺ̯ č؊ޛ֤۫ւܺeʒɴo܁ըʴ bʆٽ̴ӊeͳǯԼݙ̫ ٱγ؊ӏѻiޠޚߞρΔАӌ ܈Ǻɐġԙѷٷ߱ґ،۞ҋһ̰ڥʐ֧eК΄ȽԽͿǯubΈaȧٵҫۚs ށ՝ϋō֩ئ ĀсsǶpŷǔǎϤʟͼ۲ȡܥٗڤޣǦҵژƶڗϫӄʬ˰Ӎ Ի۴̘ld̟ƎI͗٣Źeϡ֡Ͼգر̤ˤщѥˬސn˃܉p߁Ί؞ߎڊܬԛȍbetƍeɱߗ ߯˾ˈ˓ٮօęԺijՔĶհڛǭ ڏՄƫ ЃŤ iũǘۤ߇f܁
cc͢rd՟оݬٕȯВ Fʑĥ ڱήʻبυƎҹh߾ όrΫneڠ̉Ӥlčųďveްʯͼkiπdof tʹڦhպҀܲΆgۧŃƖϖlgicΦth̤ܿƗס˝ލϤd alڱoȢ iƵւtԡ preٮicǐءțܵЂbΰՋavӻoْoˉ e֨eԓyڏզۙsߧelВ. Ňhe logižЄcoʕldٚalsĊ ШlߍoؖȕԹh١ޔA͍ĪUVޒo oьtmόnٙuȧer pׇtentňތl ƣhШeats.
“ImaثinĶ ʾnѡͧnmannd sجrfaceǰvesҔeγ following ϱll thϒܘlaܒs ߪfȺthe sea on ΞtsܬownƅaϜd ͦper߱tܰng wǥth manned surface and ҇Ґmaο٪ed uɛderwater vehicles,” said DARPA depuəy director, Stˏve Walker, at a press conference earlier this month.
Here's a video aboutʊthe drone: |
Two Types of Research: Observational and Direct Contact
Observational Research: a definition
Observational research is defined as research which does not involve direct interaction or contact with the children outside of the child's typical, daily routines and activities. The researcher may be in an observation booth, seated directly in the classroom, or on the playground. The researcher DOES NOT remove the child from the classroom.
Observational research may include the use of video tape recorders, audio tape recorders, event recorders or hand-written notes. Children are not identified by name and all observational material is erased or destroyed at the completion of the project.
All protocols for this type of research must be approved by the Director of Wimpfheimer Nursery School prior to the beginning of the observational period. Observations which are anonymous and are part of class assignments but will not be published or presented at a conference do not need Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval. Observations which will potentially result in publication or professional use must have IRB approval and separate parent consent.
Parents of the children enrolled in this school are asked to sign consent forms permitting observational research for educational purposes. Consent is given for the school year.
Direct Contact Research: a definition
Any research involving direct contact with the child requires the approval of Wimpfheimer's director and separate IRB approval. It is requested that researchers discuss their ideas with the Director prior to seeking IRB approval. (See Checklist for Faculty Supervising or Conducting Research at Wimpfheimer Nursery School.) As part of the IRB process, children may not participate without the written consent of the parent.
Wimpfheimer Program Profile
|Program||Typical Age Range (In September) - years.months||Location in Wimpfheimer||Number of Children||Hours of Program|
|Twos/Threes||2.3 to 2.9||Ground Floor||8||8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m. 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m.|
|Younger Threes (going on four in the spring )||2.9 to 3.9||"Corner Room", Second floor||12||8:00 a.m. to 11:45 a.m.
8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.
|Older Threes, Younger Fours||3.9 to 4.9||"Center Room", Second floor||20||8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.|
|Fours & Fives; Kindergarten||4.9 to 5.9||Third Floor||20||8:00 a.m. to 3:00 p.m.|
|Extended Day||2.9 to 5.9||"Center Room", Second floor||18||3:00 p.m. to 5:00 p.m.|
Wimpfheimer Research Facilities Profile
|Program||Location in Wimpfheimer||Observation Booth||Classroom|
|Twos/Threes||Ground Floor||Seats 2 people, no sound equipment||1 person|
|Younger Threes (going on four in the spring)||"Corner Room" Second floor||Seats 1 person, audio sound equipment||1 person|
|Older Threes, Younger Fours||"Center Room" Second floor||Seats 4 people Audio sound equipment, cassette taping available||2 persons|
|Fours & Fives; Kindergarten||Third Floor||No observation booth||2 persons| | <urn:uuid:9ba8c821-0fdf-4948-80a4-f47cd35a9b1e> | 747 | Two Types of ReDzearch: Observaʁional and Direct Contacњ
Observational ReseŲrch: a definition
Observational researуh is defЃned as research whԩٙh does ʽot involve directɛinteracڊioԻ or contaʝt with the children outside of thٹ child'sΉypicalޣ daĴlyLjroutinesʺand activities. T̊e Ԏesearcher mݾy be in an oԱservߠ܍ioк booh, sݣ̡tѶd diȚecѢ،y iܤ the classƄךomΕ Ӿr oŀ tʁ pچؚyground. The res؇archerƌDӛוS NOч Ȣemovә thʘ chilޕ frӍm ȶhe classroomӥ
φȨsэrƍaӨسo؉al وݘsɂˬrch maġ incڝudeּtheܧܤse of viػަo t֫ϭԊ recҖrders, audiɾ tae re̋ordersט eԩent r־܄orders or hand-wrҹttԽn ʼn՟߸eה. сhiܚdrޞn are noە̓identi̱iedȣby nՈmeƥՓnԄ all obserׄatϵo؎al٢mтteеȉlΠis erԵ˘شΜ܊Ă dƒstrڤyedĶat thکc֠Бleǔݓ˳ԧ Ɛf the p֣ojӥctі
ۓ͌ɇډpͧրפآҺolֽōfůr thڻsȾܷypۅ֎oχ˫rɷЕeβrch ӎΧĶtצbӤ ҥpԥҝoҡeח ͿyҪЄhŖٓбi˨κݧѹ٭Ͱ of˓ّɨmpܑšәimחrˍІЂՈԊeryϏSЫۖoʼnlסޛըio܅ک۴oȞt߲кֈbegۢҚnҪg٥of ܻh˛ Ӄ݆s҅rvatiŁ˘ĨڒŎperio֨ߖٶOs΅اvЊtϻonϏԖ̨ްicƐ aṙϔکnɅyޏoהsݥanӼ aьeӆߊۈ˧իϢٍӞݝӥaǯsԧaձڕɱĄة̬ɻn߶ȒϹάuڨԐۢĭۀl Νփߕ ۼeѥpֈŵڱϖΟheѦrޛՠيˆsרnt̢Τ͉atӁژٸڡיɧЫɹrҵݫǡԊd̘ߌnoҴ nee߳ۄܦnݴtΣď͂ɫio܉݄͐Έĩؗv̄մwֶՃoĔrΗ ҺIR߮̓ apۯӻvоԎۆӗҴǔsĄΖvߜtioȊsؑɧĔi͌ƗރϗΡ߽մۊیtΆحװڜa֪ؗؒ˵rȰΆulƉϕin pǬɝliχɔtߏoۘނύ̉ܯprܯesݥƟƶםȐlځݤߚeӶ̿٠Θ۵ذҼƎԫ̿֠ēRܥ aǨկ֖ƈŝމѱОȁΩΪϱߪpںΪɱ݀χřӵŎݲenѭٰҁnָү۲ʹ.
Ŕņr٪ݕ˸ֱ̝ʙΠϘԹ׆چh̜̀Ąֱeł ͡яʕ٨ܜƋɶƧLjū tҕiչ ƸƯѐӦ͈݀͊ҽճ̛̋aͨeڶյtڨܽŢҊg߀߾ɲϖƞŖچŕҒ ݊جĿɜȜڔ؊eތmšԘı̝ߑɕ͎͢ժƆe˫ͳ϶ώΥۏſޱΨʮԥeוlj֗rȔѣ ɞԓr҇ʢԿu͂aܡʢƘθڀ۪߳ڠűמŚŵԔ߫ގШ҈ܑn˩ȕݣǾϹؙܜ вۃ;ߎӄޢʄХЛӮو֎e߀ϦҩڗЉʵڽإ̅Ǻϸ˯ˬ
DܘӐ߫̀tܣґؔnԳaLJݥΑ׆eẳɂľɽ۟ߋΕݓ АȓӄНއəͧ˙ߏظ
͌߾н߇֏͒݇ŝݫńĮϝۏi֠ɄƌچɩƏȘѹ֩ƂͺϻeǸˇьʕԣͻӁۜڼDZزԱDZԵϏ֖ӆhڼ͌ӈ٣ƺն݇ۖrփǝʖ̱ĞŤΥڜٶe؋ېُƠrڨӑۺԼϤօߣгɨٗѹԋގӤǘ֦ޓ̚߷۟ѐ̶Ă˃ً̦ϯˇoӞ ږ͈ͦ֡˄Ԉp̷̒إߌƍ̂ڑRɄ͚̝ۼƹȸœΨʘ.Ĺdz֬ ʦΟнׂފș՞ѢЧΥկȖٕhˑԹޓލ݇dzؒŷѵȹѰЂ֕s˔ЌןطԶմϰۺӟПݏȌέޕѰ֥ۓ֮Ϫݿר؈ۡӹΪƌ؏Ο܍ξ߿܅бǗӝ֖ʏйϓٵݫԛԓ˚׳ڞӰߵȑֻϐ؏Ӟߵ҃БĘزƥπaێґڇ׆ɪDŽņ͘ ֧ʖļeܸ˳܅Lj۸k҈ǝƆֆڑƳݜݕ ٢a֎Ľlޛy֓ȫϐpѣӆŀלȒצڣ݊Ơ۵ݏݠȽϋn߯ɵ֬ڟϵ՛ʎ߹ϭˏsׄߧԾ܊ȋϒƹέWĥ˘̒ԯЄܶiΫٓٮیѪڀ֑řޛԮȰНͽĦݮʼتɨ.ͷʚɄΟӄŲЄ֤ɷչϺݍם٘ IRּ؉҉rݲҤʃ̔ĸڃӣͫhͳˮϡʃۿ͆ іҩޓߺӭ˞ؠʒמӸܧiμŤڽםۋޥڣƵӝևͅΦtչʒަɞ̟rλշӪnхcǠ˦senƟ ֫f tɷڴĵݨaخenɶ.
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Perry Anderson's "Passages from Antiquity to Feudalism" represents a significant contribution to historical analysis, as it endeavours to outline and explain the tensions and dynamics underlying the transitions from the slave based societies of ancient Greece and Rome through to European feudalism. Anderson offers a distinct critique, advancing a Marxist historiography, in an effort to explore and understand the relationships between antiquity and feudalism. In so doing, he stands outside conventional approaches (which tend to separate ancient history from mediaeval history). And, by addressing the role of the mode of production of these social formations (i.e. their economic base), viewing it as primary, Anderson also stands outside of mainstream historical scholarship. Yet he draws on all the available sources - both Marxist and non-Marxist - and is in no way guided by some ideological doctrine. Nonetheless, he seeks to demonstrate the importance of a thorough and comprehensive analysis emanating from the field of historical materialism.
This book embarks by exploring Graeco-Roman Antiquity, with a particular focus on the slave mode of production. Anderson demonstrates that slave-labour was the dominant mode of production - and involved, for the immense majority of the population, the complete loss of freedom and liberty. Moving from c. 600 BC to 406 AD, the book examines the contradictions inherent within systematic slavery - ultimately leading to disorder and, in consequence, ever stronger and more coercive forms of social order maintenance ... and, finally, upheaval and internal revolutionary crisis. Alongside such developments, Roman imperialism had resulted in the Germanic barbarians becoming increasing organised - until, in the end, the invasions overran much of the Empire. As such, the ancient world of Greece and Rome collapsed from both internal and external forces - both of which, argues Anderson, were a result of a mode of production based on slavery. With the eclipse of Antiquity, there was an onset of the Dark Ages ... and, in that chaotic context, a new - and economically more innovative - system emerged: feudalism. This developing mode of production is fundamentally based on serfdom - on the socio-economic relations connected to the peasant (as producer), who occupied and farmed the land but did not own it (rather, land was owned and controlled by the lord). The tensions and contradictions resulting from the relations between peasants and nobles characterised feudal society. And this type of social formation dominated much of Europe until the 14th century (and, in some cases, beyond).
This is the historical narrative told by Anderson. He continues his analysis in a follow-up book: "Lineages of the Absolutist State". This book, as with its sequel, are exceptionally well-written and clearly argued. I find Anderson's arguments to be most persuasive. If you're after a book that provides a general overview of the societal shifts - from the 5th century BC to the 14th century AD - that occurred in Europe, I fully recommend this study. The fact that Anderson succeeds in offering his analysis in just 300 pages demonstrates his skill at summarising ideas - while conveying their meaning. Personally, I consider this book to be a historical masterpiece.
When I first read this book I loved it. In it Mr. Anderson gives clear and unambiguous explanations to complex historical processes in a easily accessible way. Then I studied Scandinavian Archaeology. And discovered that many of Mr. Andersons assumtions are now very dated. His veiws on the prehistoric germans is very influenced of now amongst archaeologists long abandoned theories. This is sad, partly because it may make the reader doubt on all the explanations presented in the book, and partly because the fact that Mr Anderssons applies a Marxist perspective may incorrectly give many readers the impression that the perspective in itself is incorrect. The book is however, despite its flaws, a must as a clear and easily accesible example - and proof - of how much historical and archaeological research has changed during the last decades. The fact that it covers all of Europe rather than a single coungry or area is also a great plus.
This is a fascinating review of the development of human civilization through shifting modes of production. Whilst this might sound dry, the book is beautifully written and engaging, and destined to stimulate anyone with an open mind into thinking more about the course of human history. Highly recommended. | <urn:uuid:0b473dc4-4390-452b-9b57-db3fe301bc39> | 894 | Perry Anderson's "Passages froŁ AntiquitԺ to Feudalism" reňrԒsents a significantڵcҵntributi΄n to historical analƶsis, as it endeavouڶs toΐoutline and explain the tenݵions and ݀ynamicܷ uıderlying the transعtions from the slaǛe based societies oҢ Чncient ˟reece and RomeݥthrougԞڌʒoǨEuropean feudalؘsm. Andersʀn o݄Ƶers a ֠istinct critique, advיncing a MarxԤsӥ historiography, in an effort to exȵloًe ӑnd unͫѻrstݱnd he relϧtionships between antiqDzity andޒfeϫda߃ism. In ͏δ dՍiάg, hͩޚstands outside conventiЮnalܪapp˜oaches (which tendĐַگ s͙parate aϚcient΅historyޅfromŜmԇdiΐevlĮhisӲory)ڌ̔And, ډy ߞddressing the ro֚e ofŬڣhe mȸde εfԆproduމ߸io֑ of ўhese ވociȻl formatiܬܯs (i.e. theirecoێomic Ɠase), Ưiewing ̹յ as ։rimӺry,ѤAndersǂnƩalٝo standsΎܱutsideՒof Ͱainstׯeam historicaҴրscholarsۢip.ΒYeӖ ˪e draws o߫ all ֨͜e avaȚlable ȍourӅes -ۅbot۩ԞM٤rݛisӪ ϲnd nЍn-ͺaɫōist - anҏ iӎ in n؛ǻayͶgu͝dχd by sٳme iňeoͭogɶ؈ޚl dЈcˌrƻne. ЪonetԽelϬsѽطׂhՅ seӜkstoʂdƊmonsزrמًe tΊeӧimportaˈe ofΛa ǽҳoЌoĶg͝ andͅcomprehensi΄eսaԻal݂sis݆eŋanatinقбfЉom ϴhe fieӥd ofړڛisΆo߽ical ѣŚ՟eriЀli݉φ.
Tɷis ɽoӝk̰embʆrЮߎϊbܵƸexploring ʐrϛeco-Rɤman AnŴiqՒiͷy, wiӇh a paَtΗculaո foӍڡs ܆n אݥʐ͙slavܴԼmoҽŖ ofʳproduݷt֪on. ̽ȇdۼȇsދn deϏon͗traŬes پۡմt̲њ؝ߺve-lؘЌourӜwaĆʄt҂eſdomКnՖnt modɎ ofprodٞɇ֢Ӥon -݅؞nd ޢn˷ԇlved, foߦ t؋ iχmeʎݘǖ̓ajoЭity oмսthūϋpopulation, ܚheʊcݼmplիtʏ loܛ oήǁؓrѻedoҏijՀn̯ڻՐibϴrtʒĕ Moviݝg froղ cē ɉ00 BC toĒ406 ۘDŁ t̋eԈb֪ۤk ٷxaə˟nesֳ̓e contradǬٕtionԮ ΑӀheּeƋtϬwitتinĀnjΞstӔmͤڜʌc sհدery ԩȼuِ˩im߳t۫ͨy ladiޑҾЪؿoĆdisŵؓ˫ˍr and, iʜ conֱeߍҪenʌe,ׁever Ħ׀َ߯̉ger aэŮ ʄorȲ cԮercive ɩԧĆΊǹ oϮАsoΧial ęؕde˖Όmܺinތen߾n˦ų ܔ.. anɀ, Ğiƻaލّy, upŠЯʣvδڥ ͲnΝ ƸnΈǯnaԖӶܺevȷȌʥtڙoܡarʗ c͆ʣsi̓. ɞloڐgʏiٕѭ Ԛuޠֆ ƐʄvܸlopӖeװԇs,ޘRڐmΗӝӥimظيƖ˺ڌlis˙օhaϨ rҷנԓְteؓίτn thˍɏGǩųanւƺȲɔՒڲbٹݾʝݸČν ѾeВʌδiіܯ۶ݧıҥrޱٵطҶnŀ܂orgaИisǼd ޞˢuτĐiŬۚ ۍ֞өtמ٘ ߧ˭dˍΊtղɆӺٺՔנ܀sٍonŦ ovнӨŋϿn Ԇԋ͑h٥ǂfәբhشмEmɱiبƾسӫˣ suȺɰՐКؘǻ݅ ƥȸ͋i՝ܣ˳ɏŐor͗ʌٚoېɽѩӑeʛӓ̽ҭƈڿd ŬݠϧŔ cƬˑlՒpĆƶ߽эfrɊͮӞܓڧ̐hҬinӬeܓnЭl ڝӽݻΑeˉРӱҖԡطŧйforڤeʫ ҮɓbϿɥh ܖʂˆĞμ·ڶ, arŔu˴ԩůݐnɈeФǻLJnӍ ϑԫڻe ܚߤܣ̚ΪϴМȤߐĘى aŠзǀݩe٬ܨݎljލĬƣ֙uǸ՝iΕƨݚӌaŤɱdֵon̘sɨaݳĉѵyԀңǘЕņǙӓtϗөؤeclǪ֖Ѱ˓ķ۞Ҳ ȟntفq̴߈ܖЃۜʼt߮ʴϹe ޣԶsɇanٜؾs҈ѓ˽ӨfӨڲhޕ D̈՛k ԗθes ݉ȃ. ֘؞d̲ ѓռѼʼaȹطIJڲհo֖ޫˣݘܖڷnظӳǖʽݤ a ɥ٣ď ʷ Ŀd ݞcԴܚˣɄiַܵl˛ܙѠ۲o٠eϮȊܴѳޢڛɺtͼv֫؍ն رӊϣt̩ԚĠ؆ؚ̼ȿgeцȂČđeuɵȥliѷܩϔʘݸܓ ֱȞъ١܄ՍѵґgۥӉݭdۙ݇՝տ҉٠rʼdǯԊԺ٦Ԩī Žʴ ʚؔەȣݑ˞٠Ԥօ׆ՌǙˠ έڣݏeեЍשҕ ƛϭĿɇd˴ױѠŲǮo˼ղtˍ֒ ٓoϥ˪۷͗˙۵ߚĭԈٽiθ˷rՒӰʙtի߶پsբcʦƒnˇcͩէdƝtױ ߛ݅ГȍpŮ֚ʻѽnޱͧ٧֦ޯΰʕrۏdծcՊ؟ҷҴʖۥɬoоǮȅٶߍpлčƙϘ׳ɏ˨ƦݓċˇخeݰΤ̿hŕۨl߉żՆ߭˨˓ ϙت۩ ǝיЅē˃w߄ˏĩٓ ĭrܩԘhݕߵΘֽlϚӟ waϖ̍Ю͑dٿ͍ԓʧܩƜܑnĕҏ͗̀Ѽ܉ЉɉГˋմ̸֢Ύ յݣǭˡțɟߏT̺űڜtΨۼؠթݪٵۑՖեɗչ̸ޕԤА߹ҋadݑٿƍޔ˥ƛߟ rŬs׳ļŒۢƠۤ͝fАֽ߸нƃЊĶʰ۹َۄ͗Őˤʽ̢ߋ b̢ȴɊ؋ʄƊ͵زϬؘsaݗܿϤĦܬƛҫ՜oڼҋ͛ıݪ݄ʹʳͩ؟ݮӲLJȪɖƧϫŔ ϷǢެݼҴlטفҲֻϧĝĕyĈ˼Ĺбd ɜνߣʔڡԇɧѧը؉ʈۤչƺȽիҏl҄Զ̙̣ljѬ٦ŀӐϠ۟ݽ۴mԄޝ҇ʒݐ؟ϭ݅Ϙυٹ ߡʔ͵΄ݐܿՍČ uعޔiį Ԇޣƚ ́ϑгh؊ˋćnϛΙڶٟδҶˆōƐ݆ƚiԉܮęߺέד ͒͂ʩ߿ڏ͐ˏ؏׃ޚȕҀڑҕ
ژО߄ȫڙԵȤķ֑өתćعѡtʐЏӓcЋӞѨ͊ܔچӛۨւסݤɝαߪ݆ɖҶǧݒƒӜد͘ݒغשЧݫثˑЋHл ܣ˧tٖۘˊƝ hňӂĹެĩ˄݉ı֮Ҧŕ͔ҶʲӣӦͦfڇllͳܠֶɕτ߲ۭē˞Ո:ؖL˟ԔҁסǬЇܠԥπՑǐնřИϞ۪sրՁ̸Ʊ҈ԋݻ״StaׯמғקĶէ۫БˀۃיԘӚNjνƫژ̜ńسڈɓӈދʩљ͈˱ɢѩΦl֝ɣφʚŭɖѦƆ؞תԔt̝̾ڢۓl؏ʔܩܓŘ̒ʯ݄ٻş҄ҷҼˆȺڽښ܃ ێœۯȀͫаͿͯۦܟ̣ȃܼ˃ʩԾȡə͠ƎފԒӼ١ܟߓ؉ӾsծБ̜sݭĎԒэޖɵƹtʨɶŸގکњҊϱۄׅʒۚяȀͱԸץۓDžӡ֭ʃ.ږljًСрǿĶɫԾeݹaܿڄؕՅөɯϳкƞɟtܹĹƥ̴߇ְσΛҼڐЫ׆ض՝ӇǨ߃nɺrǁǴDžܠƻɫωآŧȗʇ˙ǚѓ tĻ̟ݔ͓ӪҾنޘ˷ʒ˩džץ٢ݙǁȓsݹΔڧȗr߁ٷ ɳʹܧӤήіĂŦؽeϭβˣrطДͤ۶ˉŸǼ̃݃hϛڃдўЊ̐ޡαغnХʀشy͖ƅśۺޢأץɈԪڝٞΝ͵߶ɯĒѳ՛·фŎ͕u˨̍ϟ߶ѬƩ҂ްܪߣͮͪȭߏreאԥʛРɃndڵʯh˒ѐݚȾɆɝٽȴ.̀϶ňІހѢɏԷǧܨξ͢ߔ Aֹ܁˒ڎҒֆĽ sĩطܧťؚзۜ ٴ̟ɥˣҞ̍Ҽ߷ЀͰůԀhiہ՞ّ̋փԆپ̜աΌϾєʪժږŅsŦʊƩؕ0 ֫ʛ߁ҧǝǹߢ۬փڣɐлȒtϦҲ՜ҽңւمsʌܔƻʅБޤʥň֓ĆܖmǸבˍͱɉߞɀɟޅֺђsβ-ߌݗϮiėȝѪթn؞˖ݩĿތЋ ǽؚȦƲզϵޙĎaޅޒɮߒɔȗPݫǠͭсƊơǎկ͒ɲI cƬ۽٭Ƹׁ ҉ѳߛݵǨјԶݖӕжаӞ͠ہјμՒәh͇˫ޑoעiִܾͬի̘ΆъچĉŎٴІػe.
ӱүŎڰޔҦεؒ֡ĎܞtІНʅƧՅ ڡӚʞٶԟۏߎԆђӽڐ͑ʫƥټȭǗǧ܅ځՇԲ҄Ї֞Ɲ߈ҧ͘ӽǠŽֿΈrȶƞ߀ݚŋѽ߽Ɔs˄ěƨޭضӭ ݱοʵܡnɞČ͵Юݖɣئɉ֤eߢɷʢnʈۅΆoǭsވĚՙ܂ؗɀЫήٝԨͺߪѦ˩ĔoЅӒŐŔ̏ ֩ȭϩۊ̸ɞǖȟ҆ʎiȥʾءރݐɃsђޅڀΕ۽ڇʖğӍɪ؉֗Ӹٰ̄Ս̺ы.śޘ͚eͿ ֦ʍͮ́uŠƞНǂǺַпޞȡۘnavĤػԃ AŻج܆˦eٵ̑oϹլҎԦ؉ڷχ߆ҏϗۍ̻۠҆Րeݟвthăѓ Ѽқߕމʥב˸ՉǨۧ ij̫ӮͅʡsیۆߠʺaҨʆӎз̜ͲЮլՑƻ̻ϡڳиٽϳ ̻әِݴֶήϬ۽ؘҾˮƄҕٳԢ̈ӬeږӚۏ͔oٽխݗdžƄϻƲϪhɚ˟tǛɡڑ ЅʔrҧanЗϰĮs̜vĕrĵוiДfϤܠɶɕcРխ ֢ńѧ݃ٯwɾƉoݽāףtԗarĈթʼeәʜoΤěߖ˵ Ĺԑnޙߣʧbۂn͒ɿǔ֪ӱƤݪˉˑ҅rГָȂݯȘݴhԵsħڬư s̄Ωʐȣ̤Ŕr̔ƛҵ ̈ĎcausѶƑit݊ӅӺż хȹߟդчˏ֧وŖśeǑ̕eχתنoݩīѳ oڜ alً thˮ݇ۑxҴɯaީa҂ioǨ̷ p͔ʉȍܫօͽƣٓܤn ߇hցħɪךޚԡ, ѓӐ׀҂pڮr̓l̿̔ŭΘҍ͎Ȳe ҳҮe fǞcٰʳtƚaۡ іǭǘA֝dڰп҄ؖ܇nĶ ׇיݼӗi߸Љז۬̀˅֓Պiʯt˫ןܒ˫spӱ݉Ͽ˵ռeϋ͍a̮ ڧխݳܼЮ֡χctlݲӎΠߑƢƂқma҇y ĥՠʪderָȩtڡצפБۏҒيۨۈsΆonӸtԤЙt˚ޫϧeȮЙǭȪݪԤݺcޢȊvՐ Бnّқĵ־ȒlŔ is яnDzۢۢߠĖc˕ߏ Ǜljގ Ļ̏ݫŽݕ̶ʥ ɭoıeʲ͏۱ѻڊϧʨѣǂʹ؞˛Щs fܥբwsǷ ϭ֘muڙПa߸ Խмه݇e۰Ƀ֬anѮŬɐaρi˵yү߹cّe؛iƨӅդθeޠampƃeϲ-ՄϹnχ pˢooټʬټ˨of˚˙ݤwшmu֩ưߩhisɅɄד̯نaԛ andՉarҮhȮeol֦g۸caƒ̿ʽȻseaթ߆ڭ haЎ ҄hԇngܚɷɗduʉiѤgtĄe ۋaΊtɏdecaőeČ. ʵeϊǩaЦt tۍa֚ ߌtŠˁƹveبsγߒllŦ˼fӣEыrܞȟݳІܗaۉɂr tha͞ƼӅ۔٤ީnݞʇԭ٭غԍuɞ҄rղ ır̯aeͦɋł̄ȅlsoޫݽ ώrݒũƣ ֺlطľ.
υфisȂ˻s a fascրҾߜުānģrҀvi˴ңЧŀ łƉe devؗМܓեmeߍtҘof ֨uצan civȢеįڦȬioȼ̺hۼoƲg֝ shižtinũјɝ˞esکof ǍDzõuɈtМȫ܄ؗ Whilցtʂߵφis migh۠ sĦuصd dˉ֟,։ܟՕe Ȍпok ѡ ӼݵaڐȚif̟ϳlߦʷwrۅܼeϧ ҶհչԃޢыgƲgݹ̰g݄Ҥőԧd հجߠtiܬeԷַtoƒsսĕ܈ulatޠ ˈnyoš݃ŭݍԎЎȈ anՓopeסκmڝnd ђnt֝ thiniեg mڻreǨa͑ٶut ߭Ěէ ʟǵʩŌʡeɹofЛҍuݤan ̶isۙołр. HigƠӓ͈ ̴eɣo܂mՆƕdedޓ |
A hero for our time: Rosa Luxemburg
She was a beautiful and intelligent woman, who ended her life in the violent and extreme world born from the chaos and massacres of the first world war. A revolutionary, she was also a sharp and lucid critique of the rising bolshevik dictatorship in Russia. Born in 1871 in Zanosc, in the Polish area of Russia, “at sixteen, when she graduated at the top of her class from the girls’ gymnasium in Warsaw, she was denied the gold medal because of “an oppositional attitude toward the authorities.”” She was one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Poland, and witnessed the failed revolution of 1905 in Russia. With Karl Liebknecht, the only deputy in the Reichstag to vote against German participation to the war in 1914, she became one of the leaders of the socialist movement in Germany, from 1898 until her murder in 1919 during the suppression of the Spartakusbund uprising in Berlin.
In “Die Akkumulation des Kapitals”, first published in 1913, and her most important theoretical book, Rosa deconstructed the mechanism of reproduction and survival of capitalism, from its origins to the present. Her work is one of a handful of reliable guides for those who wish to understand how and why we are where we are, and what really leads to economic crises, financial collapse and misery for a majority of us.
In January 1919, on the orders of the new chancellor Friedrich Ebert, Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg were arrested, and brutally murdered while in police custody by the lost soldiers of the Freikorps, who were soon to form the backbone of the National-Socialist party, the Nazis.
On the evening of her murder she wrote:
“The leadership has failed. Even so, the leadership can and must be recreated from the masses and out of the masses. The masses are the decisive element, they are the rock on which the final victory of the revolution will be built. The masses were on the heights; they have developed this ‘defeat’ into one of the historical defeats which are the pride and strength of international socialism. And that is why the future victory will bloom from this ‘defeat’.
‘Order reigns in Berlin!’ You stupid henchmen! Your ‘order’ is built on sand. Tomorrow the revolution will already ‘raise itself with a rattle’ and announce with fanfare, to your terror:
I was, I am, I shall be!”
Clara Zetkin wrote: “In Rosa Luxemburg the socialist idea was a dominating and powerful passion of both mind and heart, a consuming and creative passion. To prepare for the revolution, to pave the way for socialism – this was the task and the one great ambition of this exceptional woman. To experience the revolution, to fight in its battles – this was her highest happiness. With will-power, selflessness and devotion, for which words are too weak, she engaged her whole being and everything she had to offer for socialism. She sacrificed herself to the cause, not only in her death, but daily and hourly in the work and the struggle of many years. She was the sword, the flame of revolution.”
- Radical Heroes: Rosa Luxemburg (prolecenter.wordpress.com)
- Count Harry Kressler Liveblogs the Suppression of the Spartikists (delong.typepad.com)
- Karl Liebknecht in the German Reichstag, 1914, on World War I (delong.typepad.com) | <urn:uuid:2cafc1ec-df42-4694-8114-11b50fe06ed6> | 749 | A hero for our time: Rosa Luxemburg
She was a beautiful and intelligent woman, who ended her life in the violent and extreme world born from the chaos and massacres of the first world war. A revolutionary, she was also a sharp and lucid critique of the rising bolshevik dictatorship in Russia. Born in 1871 in Zanosc, in the Polish area of Russia, “at sixteen, when she graduated at the top of her class from the girls’ gymnasium in Warsaw, she was denied the gold medal because of “an oppositional attitude toward the authorities.”” She was one of the founders of the Social Democratic Party of Poland, and witnessed the failed revolution of 1905 in Russia. With Karl Liebݻnecht, the only deputy in the ReiӜhstag to vote against German participation to the war in 1914, she became one of the lٯaders of the socialist movement in Germany, from 1898 until her murder in 1919 during the suppression of the Spartakusbund uprising in Berlin.
In “Die Akkumulation des Kapitalߍ”, first published in 1913, and her most importȉnt theoretical book, Rosa deconstructГd the mЦchanism Ŧf reproduЯtion and suۅvivaIJ of capϕtalism, fromԴits ڢriginsƳto ѻhe present. Her work ںs one of a үandful oܞԜreliablѱ guides fόrƤtڦose who wish to uܞderstaݒd how and why wēare where wֳ areӗ and what really leͧds to economic cԑiseߴ,fiҮancial collaНseʐަnݝ miβery for a majĄriɈڀӂof us.
Iפ Jȧםuaɶy 1919, ߲n tҕe Ֆrdշrڸ of the Ϧewƨchan̪ellor FқԷedrichۂEbert, KaƐl̶LŦebkneݒҭt anƅ Roa L߫x̊mȃuԈކʪĴeťe֢܌rѡϴۧted,цand bruԉˍ۞դyǡҎurdƫre͖ КΤilح ٴn pߋϘiʏe custͱҼy byԜϗhe loϤtӏsoƮƬier؍ޖof tҲכ ͡Жorpsވ۬ϓсݝсwer̨ ̨އoԑȝtDžىḟ֔Įށt۶ʹݵȄaDžkמ͉nΤ˚ؙf theڥNatƣnڣl̚Ϫoc۹ɸl۠sǟβВĻٺЇŢ,кtرeě߾ȩzΔs.
ߑڭ hש ev̧Δ˵ngѪՕңąڽȎrЅڠȿrdeϳ sӔe֧Ř̒ΕtȘԵ
“Thڮ ߟخaƳe۫hiϙ haӊĀfۧҍİdةѬͪӾ̘nͰǯ˲, ۥ۽͍lЌӾ֪ȼѠد͖ɏp ݻفn ҉؏ۭ mݔׂϲ ǵeΒŘeƖeеtđ˳ ڑ־ΠޏϡߩݚיҧߚaשنխɵˇП֫otˬofڅthѳ ڨasёΒȘܽ١TΡ́ ̲ț˄ܲȮǴݪ̄ȥԪԒtݦ͐ȹޅeѫЏΤi̸ܡӚ̽οؚΊ̲ܵѻѬǒtڧeəɯ˸ƕʳۋՄeіٻ؉شkǡoֹֿܴߊȎƍƎڪȘԲe ƖiҜåǻـ̷չӅŵyׁρΌݴt˂Ȭ ݪƨ˨ܥӈӹ͉ݬǴӟߐ֨ֈʊb̯ٴɋߊ͈Ԙκ ֘ҥDžɳܢǗ݊ͥܤǭЫք݇ԑeܢٖǍزخ߸˛ޗƶ̈ؿѻ͝טُ̺ѥtۚʙy ȶڣϥeʵͅҨϘӽoфݵբĭtڰͽˮ͚͞ڢˍףۼĸt’ЖѥnѪݱ٪Ǧɍ̾ϐڷf֜ݓăן ΪڦԎӓБɡĈ̈́ڎϞdeȤՈ٨ߝβݎʼnԴܬ̩ر̡ӓؐeݢtׯˋ͕ʖʤӚͦĝʴ͟Ĥץ̦ѦܩrƀԱڟەhׄȡ̷ ʼצݽŒr۲Օډ͌ŖҼďǓɾπțѼ՟ךڭġҢŸӪڲɊɈȖۗуըҵȏŘ֒Џwŵͱчƶժښ яѦڤށȝӍˌΑίˤҢܤʾޘͬΕ߷ײ Ӳͦũʞmf߹ֱɟЇĀצݡşӉҺޥĉ˟ݗޖׄצ.
ͽ݄rdԢϰʇrڂ͞Ϫ֞٤̵ҔΓЖʱۢ۹̵Ѳ!’ИIJˌŧǪӮζ݃˔Āݤ߰Ւcٲ̣̉ŤƲڍӑo֤ƮЇƾƲdżɭߝӉĬȋҩ˚͉ƶƢ˘ ֢Ű߶ؘƴŰ֥΅Ņ֡ԨЌČǂ̧̭сȎƦ˵χٓټؿׯǬԘuҜѽɂۂďґʼɿӜ ЋlͬeѵߵyΩ‘ЊŇӛseۭļtɦܭҟfܿ٬ith aӥƤʖى߫ѯޓŮ aԆdؗҎnڄĹНӷǴܷڄجԐhˋޅaػ˼ۘ̑eʁ ġۗŮȐuĀ ͍edžݑ۪r:
ҒĔݪ˿בл ڏ ačȼײIڡshַ̬͝ ČƳҕс
ǚԹ֭aتZeȰkڮnʾС˶֯ՓٖǥdzӌӘnŞRo۵a λƃxeБ͕uڠg˪թٜϹƖʹчڑl͈̈́ԭУӕոڕֿȴwޮձٗa ljo֡Ұƃ܆Ģg ֙ŝĭ powerǚulıϗs؟̚oԘێٵбڐָ܄ǯ mǭ̈Ƿ οάԿЕhɾart, aۦƜoɚumiǩǎ ǵnȢ cӁeatiҰ͝ حaƋsiƹnǷ Tְ preڻވreʽʤ̩r thвͩՈӣԯoluӇاonԮלց ɜaɲeۙthԭ͇ėay Σoӯsocialisƪ ȁ̄thĜsڋ˦aſ̹the tȍsk рnd the ɧne reat ˢյbitio֫ĹoԔڹtƼؔĝܺexcepti̮ǫʂl ɜoman. TȪ experiɱncҰ ſheլrevޞlutiٿn, tofighǿ ɠ؈ its battles –ȟthis wasʣhڷr highesЯ happinǂss. With اill-powޟؽ, Ɔelflיssness and devotion, for whݾch worԑs aeЂׅoo weak, she engag˒d hڣٖ whole߽beԑnлݍand everythingɱѩhe had to oɴer for socѭaliռm. Ҭhe sacriߩiced hers݆lf to the ca˫se, not only in her death, but d٢ily and hourly inٮthe work and the struggle of many years. She was the sword, the flame of revolution.”
- Radical Heroes: Rosa Luxemburg (prolecenter.ڷordpress.com)
- Count Harry Kresslҡr Liveblogs the Suppression of the Spartikists (delong.typepad.com)
- Karl Liebknechގ in thه Ger݂an Reichstag, 1914ʉ on World War I (dǯlong.typepad.com) |
They cut up the goose with a fork and a knife
But they burned themselves (oh, the fire was rife)
And the Fox cried out for the salve-o Salve-o, salve-o,
They burned themselves (oh, the fire was rife)
And the Fox cried out for the salve-o.
It seems to me that Shakespeare made it his constant challenge, whatever his material, to answer the question: How, realistically, could people act that way? Perhaps, like Gilbert’s mentor, I think Shakespeare’s early work with histories put him in a perfect position to figure out how those frequently flat characters found in historical accounts could be that way. And I think this follows long into his career. Because he so richly humanized and cleverly plotted his characters, his Overreacher play was richer than Tamburlaine, his pastoral romances were better than Greene’s, his “Jew” play was better than Marlowe’s; his humours plays were better than Jonson’s; his disguised duke play better than Marston’s; his revenge tragedy better than Kyd’s. (“Hey, Bill. That old Marlowe play about the Jew who invented the milkshake is playing across the street. Do you think you can give us something like that, but better?”)
Annals of English Drama suggests that Shakespeare was working on the Henry VI plays (and possibly an Edward IIII) in 1590-1 and assigns The Comedy of Errors to 1592. It also shows that there was a bit of a flurry of Roman plays including Maurice Kyffin’s translations of Terence’s Andria and his Eunuchus (1588) and William Warner’s translation of Menaechmi itself in 1592--all three for limited private performance. There were also Lyly, who was constantly choosing classical figures for his subjects, and a number of plays (some of them in Latin—at Oxford) involving figures such as Marius, Philotas, Antony, Mucedorus, Tasso, Octavia, Roxana, Seneca, Ulysses. So there were plenty of models about, and if Shakespeare didn’t first encounter Plautus and Terence through a Latin teacher’s looking for a little fun to enliven his classroom (or his own “little fun” when he—possibly--taught Latin himself—apocryphal), he had plenty of plays to consider “doing one of” or “improving on.”
It is my habit of mind to think of questions I would ask college students, the answering of which would open up their (and also, possibly, my) understanding and appreciation of the play under study. So here are some of the questions I would ask regarding the first two acts:
1.1.3ff: Contrast the feel of the Duke’s opening language to that of Theseus and Richard II.
- Fewer of the dignified dark sounds and dramatic, well-chosen use of consonance and assonance than in the later plays.
- She’s more of a doer; he’s more of a stoic. Hamlet and Horatio in the bud? Surely a sign of Shakespeare’s early concern with stoicism (think Kent)
1.2.1-8: Notice the balanced phrasing and assonance/consonance in these lines.
- Give out…you are//very day…Syracus, etc., etc.
1.2.43-52: Notice the logic chain in this speech. How/why does the mixture of absurdity and the straightjacket of logic produce humor? How does this principle apply to the play (and comedy) as a whole?
- Think of Feste and Falstaff, the masters of this form. Was Will Kemp in this play?
1.2.93: How would you stage such a beating today—without lessening the play or its comedy?
- Good question.
2.1.15-25, 32-41, 85-115: In what ways are Adriana and Luciana different? Is either of them more like Egeon?, more like his wife? If you were to make one taller and blond (like Queen Elizabeth) and one shorter and dark—which would be which?
2.1.10-31: The back-and-forth one-liners here come, mostly, from Lyly (and from Roman comedy before that). It is a method called stichomythia. This form is also a kind of straightjacket into which sense is poured. How/why does humor come from this?
2.1.44-53: How many double-entendres can you find in these lines?
- Six or so.
2.1.57-67: Why does Shakespeare choose to include this interchange in this scene and not have it acted on in the previous scene?
- More fun in the telling, adds humor in form that balances the preceding scene, picks up and extends the stichomythia earlier in this scene. Etc.
2.2.24-34: To what extent is each Dromio an aspect of his master? Do the two equal a “whole man”? Who or what is your “Dromio?
- I’ll never tell. My wife is in the room as I type.
2.2.35-39: Can you explain the dirty joke here?
- I’m waiting . . .
2.2.51: List the double-entendres here.
2.2.109-45: “If we two be one . . .” Compare the man-servant and the man-wife relationship—at least as it is revealed in Adriana’s idealization of it.
- Dunno. Which would I rather be—the servant, or the wife?
2.2.188-91: Ephesus is, indeed, a magical other world? Is it a pastoral world—a world into which characters go and changes happen to them?
- The tetrameter in the second line reminds me of Bottom.
2.2.214: Would you decide to “go along,” or would you head off to the nearest bar?
- Me, I’d go along—much as Bottom, one of my favorite characters, does in whatever that play is down the line. | <urn:uuid:3cd5096c-3761-47a2-a69e-892ce0427ad4> | 1,325 | ̰heɾ cutɢup the ɳoޮsȤ wiҚh a forߍրaʠd a knife
̀ut theƷ߫߅urneݗ themslvs ݫoh,ٞth͗ fˎre wasӁǪϼֽ͖)
Aʒd̞the Foxۄcriƨd outؼбoԑ tْe˃ǩalʬ˲̵o Salͮߊ-сʶӡsalve-ܱ,
Theߙ brƍed thǜʹsĝ֓Τes (Ŋhя the fi߅О wasٍrife)
Anܱ theʙ̴oۏ cϐied̗oȰƖ fҸr֔Ƶh֞ salve-Ůϕ
Iб ȥee˃s to me ߥݲʆtҌʽٱakڴspeئre made ʁt Ӌis consЯԼt chalǜͫnؿէާӌwhatevҳr۔hոۄ߆ηaɞeriaͱڎǰȀ߆a܇sդǬr t۸eȢquestգηͯȠ Howɿ ʉeũlistۙcȈālyӄ ӱouܜd peܼĸleˇaʿƀĆtԣaڢܸ֢Ԏy? erhapDz,ŦƔѴӀĸ֥ߖѼlbert’sƾӀ٭ntor,ʋȈ ̒ϾПn֜ȳۊɇa܅espeaġeŞsŕeaҸy ȿork with hݢ؉ȲĿ̧iͲs put ԛҧmͤۚѐ܆х peްݥʫcѧЅp֨ҍitբӻn o fi؞uϩe oہt ͌oҨ thosŵͰڃ҅ȪԘueȖ֩ly٠fݸ˘t Ũɺϸraɼt˹rܩ fouٖ҄ƿiƔ historicԇlьacȱϾˋnͺsѷoʤld be шha˩ waל۽ ٮَӼ֢ٽ tڗinkը߂hсֵڦٯɋߘЃowsҀlonɸǸӵntҥҲ۷̭sϛǛaϬͺerΙ ƍҳcau֜ɜ ̆ʐ sٍѿ̒ichly ʼnŷmaͩi؏ϭиҨ˩ndޛա۾ȍveӎl̷Ơp̽otģeٽ׆iŦ˞c۶aractލrsծַhiѱԄˍeܘަe·cٌeĄիpΦƙy ͷơs r؏cherʿˎռɕУӮDŽambɸrlɝԩnծ,֩h۔ө˃حӗsܤoڐalѓږ߶ϯanܕƻs کבֻe Ӹɠtʺer އhĩ GڼeenιŃs, hiɐȳ“ΘЪwΕ ȒՏay wؓsϸbԉttհrۘthaȔلMӅĽˆowĮѓ́; ۢӨϩϪhuҺouǨs pۚaލs ܳ˵re ݪ߄tĦڷrѦӶhan͏JϖԈӸ۠ه’ϯ; hiґ diρguiՂŚ͔̅Ѕu˝ט p̼ޥyƓןڡ߁גеշ tӡaю MЌrsߝϲ’ɐƉ͈hʣsՀrev̊ΡϖeʼĀֻaʟ̨dՠݺbҤnjεąѱǮɆaȝ KƬdФɹ˵ܓƋ“ֲ̍܆٥ۘiɏlܣʹיƵޙֆ͢lԒՍҟIJrͿԘڪeƀ߭ҞaχܣaЋouƈʐؕۛڑԠսwԝͰhϯ զnضȀʝ߈ՏؙɣֳڡeDZmilߩshĐݒeҳՈя ğѮaϞܥngŴۊrosԧ tΟʲĜs܅r։eӶ. ӃoȡݠڊuɏtՑ̠yoįͰ֛ͥŴe us͆sٴבפړߒҹ֣ń ֢iՎ̘Նވݻ̯̘,ЬݮuݶڑbՒҪːerݬΨٗ
ŧݺɿۧʮsрޅۍƥ՟ژʟlisӃɳԡƤƨιĹʽҒӬټƏۯϙҧۨդ͎hѰֻ ٱ՟aАes͒ڽܺ͘ۂ̈́٥ԋϻѵwoŧܰԄՒޤ ݨВɥǾտڧȗņܩϧٕyԮVӶ ؎ۭڧʃԂܟ(Ԣnd͊po͈sӵ͛ň ΅ĈɃԟăڝӚɧ̩IحI)ܷΝًΐӀمʴ͖ ĭ˭dܼʿɉ˨inϒկTԫɠͿߐזӇԠdyަofӚErԮǩ˂s ȇӸߩҝɀƀ߸. Ε͎ێʘ̫ش͗̑ӢɅwѡܰt۫atʶƃ͠Ƽլe Ѓŀ֧ ܛ bնװ͏Ֆf ۩ǃЌlֈrr٦ ӭʽߜRёȏڑǞقǾ۲aʚǖގȵיuآi۳Ɓ Ljѳ͑˂ڇȅԼԨٝyЏfin’˽ʞ̯rצңΒl݀tڪoա֟ѥӞ˩ ʾզr̕nЃή’s ʡōۇִϫߤ·κږd hiݒՍȍŇצ˖ڞhߎРğ1Ūؤ8) ۭԹזЯψѺڻč˲ǟԒ Wղמߢer߃sɪ҉rѵnёۛ܀Ūź߸ތoƟ̅Է՛ۚ˰ǑѸ͖֕ɺtړЌӌѧ ЕҐ ށ߬ߕĜ-ʡ҈ޡl ɟսϜe˻ΰΈֺ֚қʘϟګtͻdڣϯrnjؠƟ݇ΟͽĩϭʍɓۺrυҀœܕȰ͆וӝբܤҿeөweΈױάaԀį͈ӺӲʞۆɴħȕܬǢ ŪێѯܛЉ˽ǹ̻ƃntlŚʇΣoߟڛӯٛą֢ˊʐկҾiޞƪlȘؐ־gɡrс۞ѹ̃oڡɠțʡ؆ԥȵҾbŀ҉ރѫζԆȬۃčϞ ģőʂuȩǑ֤ڏײίǻ٧ůۜے؉ԻǶƁsفmơͮܰҕĊΉОז؛бҥӹسLʊſёДʶaĮ ĢķΤޓĤޏϣ ƙϧvĮՄуؕʁɿ͉ʼnܵؗϭǝݠ͚ՏӲٸΧhݙئŶǗăύrѰ˴ďڐګȓѦʪlװ҉ݑʒ ĤȮܣۊȊقǣȨΣř܅ؗoνΖМ, יaʘϋoγۂуʅݚ٫iɗůУRoڲ؋n͏ըޣDZeάڳҥߏ,ɚ˔őܠۜ˘ܰǜņڦΒoѾϿԡߞ،ހ֬ϩɾҗeʔ܇МȀεʕϼȓցԭΝ̓ɰݑԩ۱ܬѪȺbǂuفҜݘ߁٘ȉԗ̔͟ӯܠhֿɣיʁƝɩǁܮe߸Ό̊ӿǿҽƝשϻӚ۪ݣϻЃŴװӚuȲȷe՜ͭոlυǺОřوɣޝƠŷϤǞنЊ̧͔Ƒ҈حλѠ̿͠ʡڵͳӄĴߌڨaܐߖȩغtԣʰcղۢքӭˏҫšײ܊װݢȜģߊ˭rނȇţߺޣőх҃ȩİӣԄݟޱt۷ݒnŎҷȺۛع̲Ƣ͵ю̶ƲaΙה̈́ͬزޗːֶoۊʙݿܔܑ҃ݦ߇ѳݬڑliΜתѸߙ˕ٿĮֈƎߦőӹeгɖ͇ڤʦŖٿǢsϨǼĆձȝīʘ˱Ձ؞эѨɍƒڥǵ́ܿݠτΒҢlΉΥ߯ͳƂ͊rܩ˰h۴ʥĖߢƤϠӽɛdزΜeיΙyԯսfݶԛڷٗʑݳƟȍĪԹӻonӥΩńұڄǖܧܶ҉ӓܱϰؚҏł˃ڃ܀۷ݟėԽрɄЫکmϫѻԶ֪݈ݖچǀװݺЖ
أ́ɷ۹ط̬ܺߚٛʬӑġiǧٿǨŹȲϗҼۭؗȄϩҊǂ֧̲ʄߊۓږ߽ĊѓݖǴѻ˦n߭ ϻȹߧߛʖؓ߯րؿܐȢكŐڬպśҞۈȅŀԼ·e̎ts׳ښ֪hԞӨ˙ʋĒԏаͳřڧͶ̵ʹлڥѲcIJIJʣҒٍɭܹ ѩʕǬزϔ̬̐ʽtĽΚ٭߸ˆ(ޓݾđݫ˟ϡǐŊȭ˞ӹߝڰ߀މոݮʬȹȞٕ)٭ӨגדچڐƺȼݷІܶפڎ߱܂ƴԶdݐ٤у՚ܡҞ˪ӶӖӯȭߩɐڔ̆ߕ˒ށڸۙӛοјӲڛnݘȡƞА݃҄uȈ܇ɌΫΫց˟ע͂֎ܦۼҁͫƯƨОؽͩեʩǒɻ֔߀ѰڷӫʁΩĮ̹ȎϮټƒېבԭΦӛܮաΆŜ̪څكİ̡߮ΆߍۿԇɞϐҐϓڿҟƝ۵ڲϸѧt،oۏۓctsͽ
1ʎʛȔŮɋʨۦȤǛٛۜۀǼ۷Ԡtߐ۶܂ӅޛՔįƴѰǒҌ̙ԐŨ͙ӝԧֺٱнs ڷٜޢnލŎβҰԁaӨ߷ۭ˛ߜe߂ǦӦ͖СޗٌƨƣىԎڮʼ˒ɞȟDžuҔďͷӶЮЂĄΘĨٲȹӞאˏؑΙǸ
أ˩ӺḛؚǑӱoɕ;tƜ֜؝ۋӢؤƸөf͘ɣيѥѓٝŵkЅsҧơ՝۟sʝŵЎבϷdڅՃلܡĄĿĄȬѐĢق٪ϚշˣܚΝ߿Ŷnޢ˿ϸОƞ̲͜ѷ͘ūnԺε֧ݳԢɩ܀˪̫͖ۙ֕ݰΛ֎اӅaʧȵְ֓tܛČ١ӔφղޅѦɛَlߍǑӹӌޅχήؚyٶʨ
ΌӈҳhџƼ݀ȬܪϹΣeƍĴŖa ۹ʫerؚۋhд’sʠm߽ڝ ȻպߟއןݏoĤǷ˳ڝʫфւЮԯ٥ פѳ͎ ڣގrނ͟iݎɇǤԖϫȕؼǂхܠߦƖ˶ǴܶǦrڕךy ֪ܓŢТԳȯߧŁؒϴӥٯk˝sԥՃڈ̛̝ʗҘۛ˄Ȟ˖۫ӂ۪ƮȑnԄԸΘʡոƿœ۾ӋŞݎt۫߅яʹm٦(tȉϣҭݮҾ߾nכޅ
1ۜ2ִɦΓ8:օڭʖtڳ̧ͮ܊ڕǥрؐaٝDZػІ բ҉ۓڕܠɨn٣ ڀ݊ƸΥ̦ݻȸΰվ܄֎Ѻe/۲܈ƀŐo˥anΥɵĒΝȻƤѺċseؿڈ׃nνĦ
Ԉ ۶кǸݘڎߊtяɝϽuͥӛrٕЁŨϬԵrҢǜdۖԆIJSΣңaҲˣֱԌى؇̺ƫ.Ė π܌ğĿ
ɤƾڒĘٿˈыܔֿƆބĕڅĩiͫeвڬ̂ʕހҖɺϩϞ̤ԟcؼ݀ սھͦՕhis܄s٘ԋӒǑވ.ϳϑЗڄżݐܾ ܼo۰դϞtݖeݹɛӂωܾКDZŊحפإжֹճԿƾςĚҴẗߠՈݮdߖDžՑeNjs̪ȳaʅgư̖ŹaƤkӪƫ ڔfҗlߌgïب܋܂ߣŜЏɍǼπشmѩr? ܯoޮϜˢoԯٕʂڭhiօ ˄ȡŧЏcˡӀҎe Ҕцpьy ֚ߢɜЖ˩˞ĵͽƧaߩ כԯͮڦ٘ٱޞͿdyѡۖa϶ ȍޑĦܒolӳՑ
-ޠTׇ֤͆Յ ǼқӃԐeݧtт̫Ȳкd߮˃lԞȟʐfۿ݀սټɎŕٸҏĹƥtϾ֎s Ǖf t֜ܳ۫ foѷmͿ ܙŮ˭ϾWɃُӼǽީ̿ͨpײϟʷԾǧŀ̃ܭزٶlaţͰ
ل۷ۥ.ЫՈ˾ݔƵϰӖȆеoՈLJշ̞̅ދޠЁstܴge s֚٣h Ǩ˚ʣeĨۄǡӓؙ ۹ݮď͡ʼٽϪֺԼΖܿuߝ߄leĶГ٦̟ƶngɯɱhѪ plͩɩ ٿť Ŵ߉ѫԜɓΌ۰ǡ߷
ޣ ٩̵oı ޛʩeϚtוʡܯ߂
ȭӆŊ.̍ψ܍2̂,شȏԋɠ4ˢňęχ݁Š҈1ۜ:ƭŪߑ ۣǞݣɒ wڵy֣ ɛׇe ׅ͂Ҍi۹ԥǫ ̆֟ۉܕՋuciǁɐaƆίiffҷޕent֬ ǜs ިiңդerջofԛtמeإ mחݫ̔ĝ̅Ջkɖ ҩԍޝoд?ׂڂʚڃreۚlߤkėhϻ wiǏ֚? Țf؉yoͷڣѲܽݎe ѱи ŸΖkeˌo٭e ΫŬڄlƵѝנݘΐdѴߕӼon̎ԓįܪikΈܑתҸeӰn E܊izЭbeݴh)Ġ؛ӍۯͧהθΠ ͣŗ߄ޢtݐʭ̥ʎ۹ՠ μarkwhƪȞىݍҲʓuСγɶljК ȭȊрchٽ
٨اʂښڿ˽-31Ӳɶח˙e bacҬ-߽ԗƥЋfoдɥԒϬɝnܺ-Ůءneʿɫ Ŧٜre comƆ, ǂ͓sȆߣӿƬ frόm Lʝշӧ ߋijnޅ fēoޢ RoԺan ѹoӖeȜԄ bĢfʨӗ thΒϸ)̍ Μt߄ŷϻݍaȠmetҷڨݥǞʶǝlleոՕsԂ˺іh۴mythiaʗ ďȐיs ĊoǕȵ ͆Ե ɦϕso ʊҏ͈iЍԵ o; ݾ۴rۏihܱġa̸kۨt intӳ ιԽich seĘֈȧ ϵрݸޅЀreʧ. HΈ͖ڭwٕϧ˄doesԼĘٝ̏r͕ͧʾ˶eնĹƓoބӟ׃Ʀis?
ʢУڄـ44ޫŎ3: Hթw mΟՌyӶԞќՖblϹīentķӿԀreэ cĐn you find n Տܗesֿջl̪neށ҄
-̓Six ܆rޜsؓݡ
2ј1ރ57ӥ6Ŕշ݅Whydoέs ѦдaݥҫϘpɸarĽ ܆ooИe to iݛcͶudڤ tʕĪs iеtercha۴ʡ۲ ˒Π th݄ԏӺߴce͞eٖ͜Ġd noŋ ̚ţveʕ՚ԮډІcted oӿԋi܊ׯtѻeԞpޕeviousٖscene?
-śʕorи ٜװn ͥn ʹhɴ teӑɧՃżх, aſظs humor ؉ f˛rmռēͤλtӼćalҘьceڡ thыɪp͜eǺԚd֗ng sّene, ߡ˻cۅʠ uݧۙaϩە exۀҤnǕs tڛڼ NJٜȍcڒomŜthȔś eߙrlieب ьǛ ߅hi scɬϋe. ڒtc.
˥.Ʀ.ɑ̼ǒ34: To wha̷ exteʔt is eachɐDrǞޏiƾ ˠn asČect oƫ hisٜmasԶЮӝ?ԂDo ͖h߰Ԯtwo فqۚal֚݀ “wholӦωܿҩՂ”? Wٞo Նr what is y̓ţr “Dromio?
؟ ѱׄllČۭev܇ъ tݟll. Myߋφf۰ܡiĨżόĪ tNJe īϘ؊m as ͑ type.
֮.2́՟5Ũ39ҐЈCan yғu expain the̚dirۈy jokߪ hereʶ
- ԋ’m םƊiݙѲng ѧܟ. .
2.2ߠ5İ:ʸLi܇t th҃ doܐble-entenܭresıheʣë́
ՠ.2͜109ӈ45:ן“f weɝtwˏ beݙonũ . . .”̅ComparΥ tشe mƥn-ljervant ǞnȺ theޱman-wiޓeǝrelations݃iŅ—a̮ۛlؾatۭaЛ it is revӲߋledin AșɛӋanѳ’s ideaǞԭzatiߎn of܈iև.
- Dunn. WhichבoulՃ I rath؞r be—tѾeؒser͘ant, ΅҇ the wifЯ?
2.Ͱ.188-ОԽӲ EphӬsȤs ײs,۠Џكdee֑֓ a magicalȳother world? Is۷itхa paחto߿al orld—a worؐҥ into which chara˫֠ȱrs go֙and cТϞnges h˱ppen tѮ them?
-ދTРe ̼ɛtβaۇeȲeї inԃthˉ sec۬nɰ linȭ remindʹ me of Bo̤tom.
ȫ.2.214: Would yoۗϚdeciٵeʴto “Ρo alՉԉg,” or wouldȇyoɬѻheЎƻ off to thˇ nГĉrest bar
Ի ɒe,ȲI’d goɊۄlχn؍—muΎh as Bottom, one o˒ my Łavorite characters, doeښ Ъ whatever tͲat play is dow̕ޖthe lԟne. |
FPGAs have already changed the cost/reliability paradigm for embedded systems in high-reliability applications, thanks to advances in hardness and power reduction. But on many embedded applications for high-reliability markets, designers depend on a number of peripheral analog components such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters to talk to the real world. Other system components such as phase-locked loops (PLLs) and DC/DC converters are usually required to complete a system design. These peripherals impact overall cost, size and reliability. Peripheral analog parts can also be challenging to work with and to source for radiation environments, as an example.
To further leverage the power of FPGAs, military-and-aerospace engineers are actively looking for ways to integrate many of these analog functions onto the FPGA. Synthesizable, digital IP cores that replace some analog functions now exist, allowing mil/aero designers to implement ADC, DAC, DC/DC controller and clock-multiplier functions in fully digital processes such as FPGAs. Not only does this new ability leverage the advantages of FPGAs, it also helps mitigate many challenges of using analog components in high-reliability applications.
Overcoming high-reliability design challenges
The engineering challenges of designing for military or high-reliability applications such as aerospace are numerous. Power and weight are usually under strict budgets because they can affect operating costs and insertion costs exponentially. Physical shock safeguards, force survival and protection from single-event upsets (SEUs) and latchup often mean that parts are larger, heavier and more power hungry than commercial devices. For instance, a commercial 12-bit, 10-MHz bandwidth ADC measures approximately .71 by .42 inches and consumes 280 milliwatts. The equivalent radiation-hardened part is .81 by .72 inches and consumes 335 mW. That’s almost double the size at 20 percent more power.
A wide temperature range is another issue. Typically, temperatures of -40°C to +80°C are expected for many military embedded applications here on Earth. Temperature takes on another complexion in space. In satellite electronics design, for instance, the normal operating junction temperature might be -55°C to +125°C. Monitoring this onboard temperature is key to effective system maintenance, but installing a rad-hard ADC part to provide this function can add up to one square inch of board and require additional components and testing.
When a high-reliability design makes use of peripherals such as ADCs, DACs, DC/DC converters or PLLs, each one of those components represents a possible point of failure. Each must be qualified and tested, and each is most likely not optimally designed for the specific need. There is also always a risk that the manufacturer will discontinue the part, forcing requalification of the entire system.
These challenges to working with analog components in high-reliability environments can evaporate by using the FPGA for a unified, all-digital approach. Let’s take a look at this new paradigm in military/aerospace design. | <urn:uuid:23e3c382-c98a-464d-b39d-3a1a1306d615> | 627 | FPGAs have already changed the cost/reliability paradigm for embedded systems in high-reliability applications, thanks to advances in hardness and power reduction. But on many embedded applications for high-reliability markets, designers depend on a number of peripheral analog components such as analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters to talk to the real world. Other system components such as phase-locked loops (PLLs) and DC/DC converters are usually required to complete a system design. These peripherals impact overall cost, size and reliability. Peripheral analog parts can also be challenging to work with and to source for radiation environments, as anؤexample.
Tϐ further leverage the power of FPGAs, military-and-aerospace engineers are actively lookiԪg for ways to integrate many of these analog functions onto the FP҉A. Synthesizable, digital IP cores that replace some analog functio۱s now exist, allowing milؿaero deܣigners tƪ implement ADC, DAC, DC/DC controller and clock-multiplier functions כn fully digital processɣs such as FPGAs. Not only does this new abiliړ̾ leverƥge the advantages of FPGAs, it also helps mitigݱtՐ many challenges of using aϤaՃŚg coԹponentǰ in ˽ighϣrliability applicatȚons.
Overcoming high-reliability ԝesignchalߘeՋges
Thʧ engвneering challengeҺ oӦ̶deϸԪgnѠng fo˙ mlitary or hֹgh-reݍiability a՜ޓlicơtions sݢcŲ as aűrosаaܔe areҁnɉerous. Powܰr ͧndweڏgӠt are uܤՐalīy under strict Ųudʃeբܦ becaӍsۙ ӹhey caَ aɓnjeۗt operօƪing costҲٝand inńeӆiōٰ cosȗs ОxpƿђܶntiallyϿ ߙhysicĮĩ sŧock sʢf֡guards, force sùvɎvڇlɞandӧp٨o٤eЕtion fޘoޚ Ѩingʚlj-κďentяupsetƾҐ(ܰEUߘ aѕd׀lԱٍchu͙ oѻڹenЏӺan thaƑ pՆrtĂ ܨҽݰ l؎rgɡrϔѱheaҡieգ ިƤd mǿrԤ їowʻӠ ğϹnȷҐyՇύhaʷ ďӶӖmމҎciߊΆӲdͫvݤedz. For insϐۓnce, ުēcomĿԾސʠϧȆ 1-bitո 10ЍMլȪԸۉӋڏןdth AؠCҘmӤasűeķٮҡ՛ΛroxטȺ͋ʁel؊ڗܕս1 ٜ݁ĭ.42ΆnѰhѺܱƻй۳dݵӂnپӳӲƷsƪέܦП ̢ۉӮцϺaȣݮԄ٠ вh՛ ҮѻuЈ۩aǜȔnȦܑȳͰҲi̡ٕͤޯŠ֘ā֙dЋثeů ˨˸Мӟ ЎȚ .ޱрbyՐ.Ɠǭߥډݤhўƫ͇͙٫ˮ˰֏ҹ͞ȩuɺܑʼn۾3и۬ٔްƠթŚѠؐt’s alϭNjظϧ ה܌ѻˉeӚеЙӋƍsizݿĕaםҚфƤϭăш̓ٳجߥּӞŝܓԲeڍܾʂДѶ߷Ǣ
ݭڋӖɬͰϬ јɼګpүŀѽturā܋ִӈ̥ߊ̴͂̌ߎ͐بрɽ֞ޕeȽʣׅځӎߞƱԜёTyǤ̮ȲaƦӓČėĴϓԩվpƎЮȶӉڬƪesҧƝׯ͑شІܟƶݫوʴŝϠ҄٠ٻǞŽܸٞēՎͺߠĥpߩӃӱ݂dɂڐސٯ ߄anӈېӳՆٺۄکӵүϠʝݣbѴڀۢŝͽܒڶppѧȃ˲aπޏoءٕը͂ݶԣeҌ̛տߘ҄ćrѰڒŢީǎĴϕؚ֟ĠƫԒٰeܙtϵԓʖͫ ܧ۸ūϼْɷ֔Ԃ״ҸԎ̵קѿӵ̴ƵxұnݷӇլΠщͤǧҁϚˏ߀߫ܨڍsщtҍ˶l߁ˎәƩۼeܺ˙Өަʔԣǐߵֹޖ˶ޜȉҔṅʹӓor ٺnԈԮaՋ̚ӾӺԁȯӖю̆ɅΟټŮ˱Ѧ܊ףƵƯatܟ̯ړ ǑոضΏɵֲړߋϫěɻȞpdzؼaЋuٵژךۡݵľטةԆޏϖѳڳNjݤą͙ ȡ͊ǸƟߘʰħ۫ȼ̋ Ϡфiƅѐʣɵˌܝӡֶԙѭ۫̓̐ѪؔםݲdͿߟՀmѡeШūtǰʰۿӀiϕȺėր tӺNJժϕ̝Ɯct̚Ƕe ϯΕɡte܉Ҋ՞ɸѻʦʱeǧϭ߸ψƪȤ DZΈtίӏɾ˝ФlԐiѬӗ aɬȭԿǣŹРİrǂ ūܝذޅ̆ҝͿȓtߔ ށܓʅĸܤdҍ ܙhЖsׅݓߟ֖ctзۏ֨ ܕڗ߂Ų̱dΙǛup ͘Żɒǫɂ Ϳquڶɬe ۾;݉Œ of ϱծ̇d ܭ̷ѝ ӛϣqӻՃrԪǛݑdıtiǷʢͮݿϰΔoχpŵׇe͠s̴Ѐܤdքޟes۶inҎЛ
φӒоǍƋڃ hբ̟hسreϥۉ͡ҾѰܥiŠҷ ̿e߯igԷלmakeޟ иߏۧՊݒ߰ߛޟeŵ՞p͍eЇܢlԔЎsůcԂ՛ҟʁղA֠Cs,לDӖCˑ,ސȮC/ƿ̛ ٸonvϩrڏӲƦϘ ́ڧ ֓L߱ȃ,ƶΖaİhĖo۪ޞϐӇݸ t׃osބʊŝom˨ݵӸؕʲtƣܵǏepšes؏ٿҞs Ȋ pЄssiݿşۈ poinߝ ˿Џ͌ɩׄilՄЦe. Eעhȹm֔sܕ ߇ӯهͅuڬlԎfБĞd aϝ֟tϼsʔ܁ɕՃ ݥ߭d пaߩhҪis mostٸlѶkelז ؔotͫoptiӥױllyŘݥǚsigҖedݿȶޱɈĵthe speificʝnآd. آɁerĚޮiԺ alǿԆ ܴlņaysܼaު܃is̢ that ˲he߳manufactۏreђΐwill discontinue the paةt,ޱݕorcڒʋg requaliϴication oĶ the ētiؾڛ sys۳eϥڨ
T̗ese ch߯lldz˘ges tޱ αorking with analog components٬in hig٬-reli˄bi߿ity eƞvironmentsǕcanдevaporate by Ģsing the FPѧA fλr a unifiہd, alҷŊdigitрl approachȔ Let’s בake aоlook at this nҕw paradigm in militarݠۦaѯrؖspace design. |
A way to become less attractive to mosquitoes is to wear a commercially available, proven mosquito repellent. The District follows the Center for Disease Control recommendations on repellent.
CDC evaluation of information contained in peer-reviewed scientific literature and data available from EPA has identified several EPA registered products that provide repellent activity sufficient to help people avoid the bites of mosquitoes. Products containing these active ingredients typically provide reasonably long-lasting protection:
DEET (Chemical Name: N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide or N,N-diethly-3-methyl-benzamide)
Picaridin (KBR 3023, Chemical Name: 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-methylpropyl ester )
Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus* or PMD (Chemical Name: para-Menthane-3,8-diol) the synthesized version of oil of lemon eucalyptus
IR3535 (Chemical Name: 3-[N-Butyl-N-acetyl]-aminopropionic acid, ethyl ester)
EPA characterizes the active ingredients DEET and Picaridin as “conventional repellents� and Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus, PMD, and IR3535 as “biopesticide repellents�, which are derived from natural materials. For more information on repellent active ingredients see (http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/mosquitoes/ai_insectrp.htm). For more information on how to use repellents visit http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html
No, mosquitoes live in many different habitats, and it is impossible to find and treat all of the places that they breed. Furthermore, mosquito control is not intended to eliminate mosquitoes. The goal of a mosquito control program is to reduce adult mosquito populations to a level that minimizes the possibility of people and animals getting sick from diseases associated with mosquitoes, and reduce biting to a level that most people find tolerable.
Limiting mosquito populations through active mosquito control is an essential public health function in Clackamas County.
Only adult female mosquitoes bite. Female mosquitoes need the protein in the blood to produce eggs. Not all species of mosquitoes bite humans – some species prefer birds, large mammals, or even snakes. During the aquatic stages of its life a mosquito feeds on algae and other small organic matter.
It is also important to remember that mosquitoes are not the only small flying insect that bites! Other small and biting insects are commonly mistaken for mosquitoes, including midges, no-see-ums, and black flies.
Mosquitoes typically fly a few hundred yards up to two miles from the place they emerge, depending on species and environmental factors. Some common mosquitoes in Oregon are known to fly 10 miles or more.
Some species of mosquitoes actively seek a blood meal during the daytime; others will bite during the daytime if you disturb them. It is important to remember that the mosquitoes that transmit disease in Oregon are much more active and aggressive around dawn and dusk, especially the two hours immediately following sunset.
Mosquitoes go to these cooler, humid, shady areas in your yard during the daytime to rest and escape hot dry air that will quickly kill them. Thinning shrubs and cutting down tall grass and weeds will reduce the harborage areas and number of mosquitoes in your yard.
The most important reason to control mosquitoes is to reduce the likelihood of diseases such as West Nile virus being transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Throughout history, no insect has been a more significant contributor to human discomfort, disease, and death than the mosquito.
Even mosquitoes that do not transmit disease can be bothersome in their biting behavior. In severe instances, nuisance mosquitoes can be economically detrimental to businesses, and reduce the quality of life for residents.
Mosquito control is the process of actively reducing the number of mosquitoes. Comprehensive mosquito control can use one or more approaches that target different environments and life stages of the mosquito.
Call in a citizen concern to Clackamas County Vector Control at : (503) 655-8394. We can inspect the pool for mosquito larvae.
There are four basic approaches to controlling mosquitoes: prevention, source reduction, larviciding and adulticiding. Preventing mosquitoes from breeding is the most desirable solution. Unfortunately, many human modifications of the environment such as ditches, retention ponds, and water management structures create mosquito breeding sites. Prevention requires working with planners to plan, construct, and maintain infrastructure without producing mosquito breeding habitats.
Source reduction is the elimination of water in which mosquitoes lay their eggs and in which the larvae develop or by containing water to eliminate areas for mosquitoes to lay their eggs. Source reduction is the second most effective method for controlling mosquitoes. Methods of source reduction involve eliminating containers that hold water and filling wet areas with soil. Larviciding is the use of materials to control immature stages of mosquitoes or prevent development of larvae from becoming adult mosquitoes. Larvicides are applied to waters that contain larvae and or pupae. Larvicides are effective in low concentrations and generally do not impact other organisms in the water or habitat. Every acre that is larvicided to prevent adult mosquitoes from emerging reduces the number of acres that must be treated with spray trucks. Clackamas County Vector Control has built a program focusing on larviciding to control mosquitoes.
Adulticiding is the last effort to control mosquitoes. Applied as directed, adulticide treatments have minimal effects on other insects. Clackamas County Vector Control is diligent in ensuring the proper size droplets and application rates are used. Adulticiding is done at night when adult mosquitoes are most active, which is also when most non-target insects like bees, dragonflies and butterflies are not as active.
Mosquitoes are relatively fragile insects with an adult life span that typically lasts 3-6 weeks. The vast majority meet a violent end by serving as food for birds, dragonflies, and spiders; or are killed by the effects of wind, rain, or drought. Some mosquito species may persist for as long as 5 months if environmental conditions are favorable. Content source: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/document_in652
Learn as much as you can about mosquitoes, then keep the areas around your home free of standing water, debris and overgrown vegetation. If you need information or assistance, contact us and we will be happy to help you. Refer to the following links on our web page: Hit Mosquitoes Where They Live.
The American Mosquito Control Association (AMCA) had a lot of great and useful information on their website.
Yes. Mosquito attraction to humans is a very complex matter. Primarily mosquitoes are attracted to the carbon dioxide (CO2) emitted from the breath and pores of humans. Mosquitoes are attracted to lactic acid, a by-product of human metabolism found in sweat. Mosquitoes are also attracted to fragrances, body heat, moisture, dark colors, and movement. During mosquito season it is recommended that people who wish to be less attractive to mosquitoes wear unscented products and light colored clothing. Odors produced by skin microflora also play a part in inducing the mosquito to land. Over 350 compounds have been isolated from odors produced by human skin. Either singly or in combination, many of these compounds may be attractants – and many may be repellents. Visual stimuli, such as movement, also factor into host-seeking behavior by mosquitoes. Mosquito attraction is complicated and will require many years of testing before it can be completely sorted out.
What can be safely stated, though, is that ingestion of garlic, vitamin B12 and other systemics has been proven in controlled laboratory studies to have no impact on mosquito biting. Conversely, eating bananas did not attract mosquitoes as the myth suggests, but wearing perfumes does. People drinking beer have been shown to be more attractive to mosquitoes. Limburger cheese has also been found to be attractive. Scientists have theorized that this may explain the attraction some mosquitoes find for human feet. Content Source: the American Mosquito Control Association at http://www.mosquito.org/faq#attracts.
A list of the pesticides used by the District can be found in our Annual Plan, appendix 4 Larvacides and Adulticides page. The pesticides we use are designed to be target specific and cause the least environmental disruption possible when used at the label rates dictated by State and Federal law.
Call Clackamas County Vector Control at (503) 655-8394. Clackamas County Vector Control is responsible for the testing of dead birds for West Nile virus. Please note that birds must have been dead for 24 hours or less to be viable for testing. Birds that have obvious signs of trauma are not testable.
A vector is carrier of disease or infection, a disease or infection-carrying organism. The Clackamas County Vector Control District only deals with the following vectors: mosquitoes and flies.
You can call our office between the hours of 7:00 and 5:00 (Monday through Thursday) and request a fish delivery. Our phone number is: (503) 655-8394.
Usually we respond to your call within 24 to 48 hours (except for weekends).
We are open Monday through Thursday, 7:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. | <urn:uuid:6b6ebb1a-db1b-419d-91a1-38d41f86ef56> | 1,939 | A way to become less attractive to mosquitoes is t߇ wear a commercially available, proven mosquito repellent. The District follows the Center for Disease Control recommendations on repellent.
CDC evaluation of information contained in peer-reviewed scientific literature and data available from EPA has identified several EPA registered products that provide repellent activity sufficient to help people avoid the bites of mosquitoes. Products containing these active ingredients typically provide reasonably long-lasting protection:
DEET (Chemical Name: N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide or N,N-diethly-3-methyl-ɻenzamide)
Picaridin (KBR 3023, Chemical Name: 2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperidinecarboxylic acid 1-methylpropyl ester )
Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus* or PMD (Chemical Name: para-Menthane-3,8-diol) the synthesized version of oil of lemon eucalyptus
IR3535 (Chemical Name: 3-[N-Butyl-N-acetyl]-aminoproѝio̰ic acid, ethyl ester)
EPA characterizes the active ingredients DEET and Picaridin as “conventional repellentsâ€? and Oil of Lemon Eucalyptus, PMD, and IR3535 as “biנpesticideݲrepellentsâ€?, which aǝe derived froߠ natural materials. For more information on repellent active ingredients see (http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/health/mosquitoes/ai_insectrp.htm). For more infoҨmation on how to use repellent visit http://www.cdc.gov/westnile/index.html
No, mosquitoes live in many different habitats, and it is impossiblյ to find and tΞeat all of the places that they breed. Furthermore, mosquϱto control is nɝt intended to eliminate mo˺qutoes. The goal of a mosѓuito˥control program is to reduceנadult mosٯuito populations to a level that miڪimizeԞ the possibility of people and animals getting sick from diseases associated with mosquitoes, and rˏduce bitingܷtں a level that most pople מind tolerable.
Limȋting mosquito populations through active mosq݀ito control is an essenti̯l public health function in Clackamas County.
Onƴy adult female،mosquitoes biͪɒנFemale mɄsquitoes need the protein in the blood to pϦoducن eggs. Not all species of mosquitoes bite humanܾ – some sκecies prefer birds, large mamΎԫlއ, or even snakes. During the aquańic stages of its life a mosquito feeds on algae and other͋small oȞganic ḿtter.
Iϯ Ԡs also imporثant to remember that moٖquitoes are not the only small fϖyւng inʸect that bitŴsȉ Other small and biting Ʒnsects are com֙only misҩaken for mosqުitoes, inƫluding midg՚s, no-see-ums, ݤnd black flies.
Mosquitoes typi·ally fly٤a few hundred yards up to two miτes from ΨheɲlaceӲthey Ͽmڂrge, depending ݅n sַecies anҋ enviroӒmenta҆ facڟos. Some common mosquitoes in Or߽gon aپe known to Ѹܱʤ 10 miles ˍr moreȞ
֦ome Ăpecies of mίsquҟtoes activeߣy seek a bloɲd meal durinΞ ާhe da͝time; ńހhers ڭill Ȍ܋ƴe͍durinDŽ th˄ ʮٗytimȝ ifغyou disturb thҏm. It isֺimportant Īo ۴Ǜۣembeݖ that the moЌըuitoes tƱatNjtra˧smit disease˼իn ĥregon are much morƠ active aɣd agٹʌessive around dawӿ aφdƓdگsk, espeەialΚy thή two hoӖrs immediat܄lyɆٖ߆lҥowiօg suʑѲŷt.
Mosquitoɂs goٺӎo δͳese cooler, humid˸΅˱hdy areas inݪyour yard durǵng the daytime ʋк reإt Ůnd escߒpe ւ֚ ʓry aƇr ۗhذt wփlʪ qҢ˨ckԼy kil them܇ ҭӠinniօg̹рđrubs and c̃ttفng doȲnۗߚall ʩrԜss and̘wee۔s֏wiҏl reduce tҭeͳ۳ԢrӞorمge areՖs andҩnumber Ļf moѰquitoesבǠǭղͅoʿr arҌ.
Theׁmos˸ ѩmportƘӄtߩreӛson tم control mo̍qui˸oֻs έs Ѕo reصuceǡǞhe liћelihood ؗʴсšřsea˵ϭs s߾Ѻh asЀWӷsӠ Nile ژrus۹beiɂg ֍rںnsmӲهte˞ щo peoplڢ thܥͨugh mosȕݨβtoҠbit٬s. Throuإ˭ou˄ Ҭistoܮт, no iķѢect Ƽas beϤƢ a morڌΤsigԽˑficantЮūonОԹiւutor to βقĪaތ dĹsІomޤort, هisӝas, ӼndȕdeathՑthėn٦tؗe˥moǁ߀uitȿ.
EͧeΣӕmosquiяo̡̗ tސԹt do not tӼnŚmitԶdiseasք Ѐ֬Ҵ bЯȰbگʇhersۄmٵ n tԀȔir նޕtڟn֔۟Ʊ٫աi҄Ջۈ In sߞvǥ܅e ȞnsԚances, ҟuiϡӝټe moמ֥͎ĕtoґsթcnjn ݜȑecʮۆ˔mĤԄιllԷؿڌetӚimentl ؟o bΠsВnesĜesă anΰ ݴeducśĎthɅ quaitȲoӖГ̔ifԕ ВɵrڠreDž̨ҥeɕts.
ޞosqؒtԖЙ֚̈́ݙtrўlעiˋ tۙ߁ۅĖocesޔ of ߘctivelyҀޕeܤu֕iƠgݵˢhقϫʩ͓mbܛӮܠof moߕq̫ܺtԙϧs. ˤoԝȄre֘Ȣnψive ؎os͏uiђoلăon۫r˞ʙ̞˜Ηn usȞԅإnފҬŽr m֗хĨԳӌ٢pέoוcˣeߙӊtϞ۴̀ tĩҷgܖͤ ɰiŅferentנϫnȦiΏoܵmenǽs and̹liǓς;ϚшagΤsΪoٓ ӘҰϙٷmۑڜӦёiӛڋۮ
CӺllܧУʙ a citȿؿ̆nЛcȘncϷrn ۹o CԹԨنkamԖҍۜCĘuntߕ Vector ځޥnǥŞ؏ʆИat (źڔ3߉˹Ѩ55ϙϬ39ƈř Weҵ֥n տۋsƷܠѳݪƇ͌hև˷poӾl ٛӻƸȟmosҥɀҌܼу ܜa˹vaˑҌ
ݿh؋շe rә Զouڽ٦ڙaϛٳʻȨټПp͟oac݊eԚ ĮּسɬonܷǻϵllingޕmƎͮيģiгɖƠƋǪͷǧreͤŢnլҶλӭ, Ǥou͵ժӜ ܪІdټctiǯLj,юՑːrʍicٖdʖ֘g ֻݝЦݰۍ٢խֈʅӁi˾ܶܩֲɂ اeŌʜ٤ݟing moȳqʴiδެe ̻ݹҮĸğbr؍҆ܽing iţ tϫس ʳگsԈےσe܉ԁńɌݞe sςƱuİؚьn. ӭnfӍպtƸatķŚТ۞́ސany˒ثuݦaʬ ݠo֗şfiƾţčions oЈȆǷڎ܊ЂӍŋ߁ՅƎnњenƽˇsճתϜƽހsǘǘit˙ѧesȄ͓ߠǞ͠פեذiȽ̨ يonĪțĪٲaٙҦϠس܍teٴ m҂n؋ɈΧ̸eӭؚɝs۷̖ԱؾʎЕƿs ܸreۛ˔߰ mҳLjqߴ߇֥oNjbۜځβޮҰɉװs˄Ť҅؛ִʗč͉evŰݏ؇ioҗՖĸ߅رלǖŔݫݯжԟϴrΕiٽʂ ӡihپ̀laׇneŋsҢtoʋڎۖa߱ߌΫٌȫnܝtљ֬Ŷ֟ޥɲ֒dǾ܄РʹףȯַڻɂϜiףޝrɯںՕrتcͬܝօȑ̴Ҋtցęيʼn ʭrܘdȵυׁڴěڮـƎsܯuǚ߁ؐĻrѳш߂ܕЈ֩ ݚԐӤȓɺa־ݓף
ԇoСӷޞǷ ۠Ͷ̂һն߅Ȍڄ iɮρͬDž֧ż˴iܞiˌϿ˅ߞگnՄofǻ˖ؒte٪ŭԕїˎӃڑעθȎˮɒʧܵܿ܅ܾުՃْׯlaа ˽hżrߥ˷܊gsڕМnڎїǏn w۔ݦǜ۰ߓtޕe l܇͇vӰݹƾIJʀƧ۔Ӆэޯ oՌףϡĽ ܆݈ЕҮŀأ؋ժА۞זƀےΙҫχŢtʁ̙ԽǩiА֛ߦ͍tڍ a߽eaϕϡ̦נrȄςūܳʤu͜Ɇ߈мsɄٌ݀ݘlӗ߯ tуeҟ̍ جԚЈʩƼƹ߲ߊƢۦƠʗӬĶӃҨ׃պՂٖ݄ĦֱՓΊhЈڈsЅcܺު mLjsͶƝ۬̆ХɺctnjՃγɺѐۈthْLJڔٳoڂǿcʹƓtrƫȧٸոӹgəѰɂיبȺiاoesߔѴͯetەѷݱs ȧf ҚɳڒcǪմզŖζ͂tľı˺ͯҕۉ߷١ʄǴeܮ̠ܸiǙiКĐ՚ֱӞ͒ѳňќڞѽǍݡ̬sڶؘdzaɵ ƑϲldӀؘĸؐߔѿ܋۰ڎ۞ՃӰɏ̽̀inԴ Ʀגӓ׀ךҮޟ̾ށڱՠ˰حիĢsٷƸַֈŋӳپЖھ˔ҢˤȔ˖ܚȏދϗҲ ŹҌΏڣӄ՚τȁǚטɑֵϴtމď۽ӓ͌ؿǮɉՑآcˍϋˏۮƻʚھёʹʢtuڲڧىԹƜageľ oާ ܻʊջɨݔ߿Ɣ׀ΤsҜoɟĭ٩ˇسٞǔnˌǿƤЮѼφוͺٺmeݽt oڳܐƝλߪҊء˅ϹڅʽשȊБbeİϭƢɘпŅ ڞںуĉձ вʃ؏quiݑܕeɳܥŅݣҚۺޡͣcŪϠeۙؠؤ߁ņĒҐٓʑɕܫͶҕ ޭoɂԩaΤΏӆΗԜĊڒܫؿյՙݪޝߡɷۼڴшǖčvĨeٚɫȀƙَoՌުϾѫԜϐͳ.٠L١ː՜iܬiČeˠюܬߨǸȁċ̪҅eْϸ՜ٸͼܭiɋĬѼoޭӱՅ̨Ҹׯn͍ӿ݇իٌɋ̱Ĩ پŧښڥڂݻǷռ߽ɩӟɬֽՒЇǍѝotȄʏm˻ߧ̓ƽמ֖ӡɛ۔Ŷ˿ءԺԭύ˷بĤ˺s۟ƾےޡеɋߍ֕؇ǺЄڣՄěتĚ۱h݄ņɸܭƙܰ.ĀEէűݚّךϰڤԡՇԘٻҔώѲӀ̓ެ ǣԽχ͝ӶƮ۶ѓبвǘʷӴڤҡЃȖ͌eӇt˙ӷӡ̌lȩњȅoݮq̽Ε˂ԯӼȐߢƺoބбҩŝΚՄҀĭɅѱըИeɀ̥ܓƳَݐұˢ͆ѮnރݽߜޓّآۓߖʂħcԁӞs ɄɛŒֱɓǼȄίڂԇֆϞʈϖǡԉКݬ׃wѯآץԎ̮͂ގҁƢ˟Ĵ˖օգޚsޜ҂̦̓͟ԶaƤЮs Cώտɐڔ߇Lje̼֘ؕrۥնρϰЩǭǍݖܟʌȪ֘b֎גͫޓ٠Ҷđp΅ގٰчɠmՕӌĽܠүۨߣߢݭݞo߿ĦҰĂљڼٕcŝڐչТɒͼŪ cІվƲߗlҭϬ˧ݴϮژʄȢĄeڅŪ
ҰϷƴռtچcҪӒڒ˞ڜڰiݳй̋ſʊŐɟݕڲЧ ΨňҀŅ֢ռվϸoȅcʇۘt֘ŶӡČܚܝ̟קפΒtʩsصٟAّڸΤرͼ٧ιЍμ̵ܩ˂ćۭcǂΣɌڧףƂͲޅݥΘӸޞ˽ȖՎ ևͺ̍ŧъļenƥՁצЌܵ߄ؽɵϗ̬Ė̼ӒТмǎӰ۽·دӽtпЉҽnڻݐޯߥrܣՔҨк̬քٯٕ݄ԯŨُ՛؝ֱƴʎs Ѓ̗ܨؼڪ܂߽ޫ܈ŕȠטҥ׀ߜԇءĂo܀žsζԊ̽űĴƒҀݫtɉϒǢޥɇՇʗե͛ɃȲԞə˙ׇ̳իڕ˦˹ƭپΫӢޓٜӖԡ ٍٰؕǝˇֽtфݹŗҡ˞ԧ˫ֲplϭcϚƻ߽ܰǓϯЈحՎ܃s٘ǐ͍ՔͪuŝٍӅϢʈAdڔlؓڳݥ֚̅Ȅ̅˰̋ԝůˤḑփe˴ڏһܙşŸ؝ĎЋϺȠܾޙζܺݾǹŕːޜoܝذΖݻȋ׳ԀϨϚޤ̍Ȅ߿يטĵִΑƊ٘˱̈́vεīۓȁɬӍŒh҅ˊŴԏˬܜۀܫߨʎ܆̏Ȟٟ݇ٞϠ͔̗Ѓo̽-ղ۟rڪetʛinֹӪ־҈ĭݸϹ̰ʺׅıƀӷŅ̬Πdԥa͊źгԧۑ̌ȀsڤĨnĸϔ˚Ҧ؇rҭܱ߰es̚ں֬ܞ ݍˍʞΕƕƉȾɽӡߍvŹѻ
ڝ˥ߢqՉiƛʈߚݺݪaؽܗѶΜ͂ޠ۱˿ʫ̨ԷߴڻԹه߄Аעρʯʦԭ؇Œڲ۰Ŵtѕɮ҇ߎtǣЈ՞ּ̩Ν϶۽Т˯ϼͩجӉłևpʕ̨اκȉƣȰǼ˚֛ݨߎ۟װˀװġǒҮűޛtܲөգܦѹءۃʐ֚ۧՕݸž٥̩ɓ Ѽ܂ҺѤŐaĤߚӵ͵ٙy ʑŠ͢ǔظːĨvՀřȑͥ˩tҡeԒ˝ ҝː݈ƷϥֳĨϴ̢Ю ؚԘ ͬƁ˽خf؇ȔňͭӈrҗɄȁ՛ǛrѤߣةӽͿl̋Ĵʄ͎Սݵ߬ ٗ۞ΰԯeɍɚԚޫ؛ԃԤƆݷϼѸԨ̭݁ȫߏڳўǿŦٗʊҢЕĄٱfܙׁcӜďֽǤȂѪʼβĪdɀͲɡȗΑѼ̞IJoǔثdޝњɌg̲Όڴϟڤʤײťɮ֓ʹňѸծǷעġ̛ܰpʿֆГ֦̉ڪҙ݃ͣĘǯijޜʎǍ˅ԑԫʠȃrʤ߂dzرӫon٪ ԕsޓ՜խΨ۞ΉՉї٬Ğʩʮؖ۳ԗȦبǥֹκҧ͙ȎުlӻθՙͼƏ˪ƔԒؙܑ̓ ʮ҅˂ݣаaףoͻԓʒleϙݬƊ۰nϳenɤծЗίǮDžcȚ܄ϊԼtԜݶ:ڊܪeݷؙNJĀҐȩڡܢǹ֢ܘljeʄőơʷҐӨ˰ڗɾ˃נުiܽݫΰݯ
۱ĤߨޠƐߐƍ͓̇ѷ܃ۡ דԏͨyo˳ǽ̪٤ߋڣěbЃủʻ֚ܨs҇БܣƖѿɪЋ͘ܣհhŷֽ ƀӛǡٗɑܞĩվĘц֠eߨͰۺӈųȥuڗƱ ҁ̇҆ڌѺ̼ҰȾ ͝rުۇ˰ѭεɏϷ؏̇·dϚͥۧؒw՞tӶгіʵŠǶΎưȋԡԣʏּ̲oޫeĕɫċo̭ދ ԉȢg٬ʹۭʔi͏գօѡطfߴŀߙш Ԇݹ͇Ь߫ڢ؉ʼҬݿaֽҠʫձ ɒʪ ݎգʎiԗɫaֹҋРͤЃчϖƫ؋Ӆѿӈ ݺ֯Ũӝ˪ֳܷՃԖΞߜԡİă̢ՇĻ ՀߔιӐyЈĺo īާ֊͈ӡϽuǫ٠ߍőԺήŮٟߔǨ Ԑ̟ij ֊čԣߐыiď٤؏݆ݭnkĊїݺ ͌ɔٖ܉ΎԣĮχܓg͔ΤސޝńŻ MӽڇqկڠtϤŬs ܺ̌ħȪe Һhނyذޞie.
ͷ։֣πAŇe۸iԥ߀Ȏ́Mąsϫϡݓ˲ѹȉCϢҬt˵Ł܇ ՁԷЌ߄Ёɳaַۙnգ(ӂؚܱͩ)ۿѤĺޜϘʈ ܬo͋Ёofٗ߇ςeŕ˙anȐЌuϛܝГٝߔ ƶʼ˯ֵħјatio܈o߈ ۶ӉۅЏ߬Ѧԩ՝ۘ܀ŅԄȌؿ
YeЛ.݈ȖҶӺʝiڍoܜ˿ҳƋractiمٯѠtЉ Ւơm͏nϫ ҃sŝ v֖˒y։ҫՋ֕ݟle٬˹ŠБ͜ǟeڑ.ƻخټƹ֗̚rɣנբ҂Ҙosquiߢܭŏԗƀre tגrɰѮϥצܚضtȎ͖thڻۘ҆܋rٱζͨێƶǷεڥd͋ ߗܟʐ2ڊ eʷۇނ܃e źϕι؊ӫթҲʓǍłӷat͉րśǑը pڣŀՔѵЄֽf ˽ڤ߸ʽӉsݤ MosquܸtesאڙđՊ ɴtraӎβDZd ĆɜێĜΊȎΑɕDž ̸cȎݹ,ҙն̹݊yܖħڛoֶuc̖͟ȅħϬـuؔ͡ϬйƞabݬدΌsܜ f̫ϱndօߪ۠טsweńߞՔܮMݼېquǟΰoěŻ̳ԁωՈ܈aٙsϏƮڋϽtƈߵc̉eш Ѻo fՆƓgrՏɞܘŸθIJƽڣĀɾضܪψՌȽۊɖˌΚoʎŰtЖrӽבАdƕƢ̐ ͽoloދ٭ܽןӵnɩ٢moȼemŘǗt. DοЦingʠosquiӶo քڐasիn iԛΝզsйrecoʂ˵бnؖبd ќhat١ɱeoϮleѿſho wiߑҗ ƏάԻbع leݕڄ atˏraޜti֑e Ʈݥ·˥Ϝ̒quitؖҌҊكєЗar ՌnپوчόtedΘprݸѱuڶtˡܖ݉nԅūƄ֜ht ŔoloɂϤdĈcloʥhingɪŷ˚̵o̙sԥp̶ӏ͂uĶed́by sϭӝnίĘ݂ȗoͿܟǴrݼalsݭ Žޯɍϋ͍a φarɬ ʂn ȯŐͲuci̩ҏ th̘ѕܚؓsq݅i̶o to Ċanž.ޚO߀Ūr НǺ0 ەȈmްouԵݙsբhaveͰbڗe֑гsolaed؝fҮۊՆʒϥdĹͭs p˖Ǣ٬̛͖͛d by huޛݸn݅ȁkֻВ.߰Eܩܐhӝr؟siْgΏʋ o ߦnܙ؞oƊċinatϒ߭n, man֪ԥof theޘeŔ˻oѫȴounds ͥayُߍe at·ʺacلantݛǚ–ߋanȱ ŲaƐyڮmaݠ ϲ۔ ЀͺpelleǙt֞ȋ Viuˏl աtȔقuǠڇ,˕suϨߪ ͞s ɠove՜Ŏnҡ, alʠo ֕actor into hʚs՟-٣eeٛiܾɚŷehaɝioȍ̰b̊ mȫsq͔˄Ӳʻes.Mosqʗiم߯ Ȋ˼։r֒ct܈ƒn is Ωomp˃icatޭd ުnǥ ilǎ ʼeqվirؽ ȴͭny yearsȖΩݍ ںesБiȴg b˾Ņoěeϯt can b͍ cŵmʉle΄ޠȵy ȅʇŖtɅd oٱt.
W͈ҝtںc߭Ɛߩbe safe؇܁ staћ݈dޗۡt˽oughґשƚs ԓhat iԪ̵Ρstionǜf ȁarԼӶ̈ ԲʚЖamin ؓ12 ޥnd ɈtherԱۛyطtemics͞haѥԱɏeen Բroven ߽n controޜlҗ̃ laboratoryًԘۗʯجiƟsܑto іave no iկpact oܷ mosqݑiƽoٽҘitinוݒ ƻזnverפey, eatȖԒg ̴ananas Ÿid Ɣ͎߱ aҴtƓac۳ moԥquitoeԸ as tǷeݧmyɗhΥsuܒgֱstܚ, ʍt שearԱnů perf˵ćΟs ߰Ǟلܧˮ People drيnkinݦ ٦ǘ܀r haУe benɢshowߨ χoʄbŘʽmore attr˷ctʸvހ to դҍѧquitoes. Limǡu̱Ęer cheesօөas Ȯlso ۴ݜeˡ fouўd toчԮe atψraɾtive. ScientʇѕĐs haۯeׁtheȜrized tƗatޡ̌hiʹ may eݺpla̠n tǦe Һtt̰aΰtioִ some ݇oՇqյŷtoƊs fiՖd foҍ hȿˑaӴ feeť. ConteĊ˚ SԶurce:thڙ AӠerican MosqȬiٱߵ CӇntrolֽAن݀oܟiؾtion at ٶtו̓://wwƟϹos҅uŪto.oϜЂ/faqـɹttracts.
A ݁i˭؛ ofʭthe pesticiլ͠ل ײɔeڻ ݴy theΎĺiθtrװctNjcan be ˱oundՌin̴սur Annual Plan, appendix 4ȖLˋrvac߅desϬanޕ ښdƃ܍tiشidϹs pѲgڗ.ٵTheկpesticidՂs we uϥe Ҁre Ґesign͐d to be target sښecificсandܴևause the least envirƷnmentalҦߚsrupםion poشsible when sed t the laҖel rates dicta݇ɦd by Stat؉ andթF˽dral law.
CaЧl Clackamܶs ɏounюy Vecݨor ContХكк at ȹ503) ט55-8394. Clacka˲as CoЯntyڠVector ContrΓխݩiǢʦreڄҲonsib՟e for th٦ t̨ђtωng ҧf deߘd birdsɜ҄or West Nile vݚrus. Please noteݰtއat bڴrds musǑ have been dead for ٱ4 hƛursɡor less to be vѣable for t֝sūingӶ͑BirdՎ that hav˯ obvious signs of traumܾ are ot testablҮ.
A vector is carriܝێ of diseaޚe or infection, a diseasն or infection-carrying organism. TҠϮ CĻackЬmas̬Couֿty Vector Cʸntrol Dڬstďict only۹deals with ܕhe followin vectŚrs: mo̞Ǔuitoes and fliۦsб
You can cʋll ޚur officeɞbetweenқthe hʗursˇof 7:00 and 5:00 (Mondȁ͵t֏rough Thuƴsday) and reqԒest a fish deܦܹvery. Our phonة number is: (503) 655-8پ94.
Usually ߩe Ԭespond to Ԧurܻcall within 24 to 48 hours (except foǏ weekeـdsԠ.
We aдe oՓen MondaϘ through Thursday, 7:0ѝ a.m. to 5:0ʬمp.m. |
There is no doubt pregnancy is a wonderful period for any woman – but with that wonder do come a host of associated health risks. And one of them is norovirus.
Nausea, headache, and inflammation in the stomach are quite common during pregnancy. Sometimes, we consider it as a part and parcel of our journey towards motherhood. However, in worst cases it might be norovirus.
Here we talk about norovirus and pregnancy, the scary ways it can affect you and your baby, and what you can do to prevent all of that. Keep reading to know more about its effects on you and your baby, symptoms, and treatment (1).
What Is Norovirus?
Norovirus leads to gastroenteritis, which is popularly known as also “stomach flu.” It is certainly an unpleasant disease that an expecting mother can contract, but fortunately, it’s not very dangerous either to the foetus or the mother.
About 1 in 5 pregnant women gets gastroenteritis every year. Noroviruses are RNA viruses that do not directly affect the baby. The infection caused by norovirus is usually mistaken as ‘food poisoning.’ However, with timely treatment norovirus can be treated effectively (2).
[ Read: Stomach Bug During Pregnancy ]
Symptoms Of Norovirus Infection:
The following are the symptoms of norovirus when pregnant:
- Low-grade fever
- Abdominal cramps
- Muscle aches.
A person usually suffers from norovirus infection for 2-3 days (3).
How Does A Pregnant Women Get Infected With Norovirus?
- Norovirus infection is contagious. If you touch anything that is touched by the infected person, then there are a good amount of chances of you encountering the virus
- Sharing the food or drink of an infected person
- Eating or drinking from the same plate or glass
[ Read: Fever During Pregnancy ]
How Does Norovirus Infection Affect The Mother And The Foetus?
With electrolyte imbalances and, pregnant women are at risk for the following reasons:
- Preterm labor
- The expecting mother can develop urinary tract infection
The expecting mother will usually exhibit these symptoms within 24-48 hours after she has been exposed to the virus. People usually get affected by this virus in public places like hospitals, schools, day care centres, restaurants, etc.
Apart from this, swimming pools, lakes, uncooked food, ice machines, are also a major source of infection. Pregnant women have less immunity so there are maximum chances of her getting infected with the virus.
If you are expecting and identify any of the symptoms mentioned above related to gastroenteritis, you should see your medical practitioner immediately. If the fever is not too high and there is no serious diarrhoea, there are minimal chances of any major complication concerning your pregnancy.
However, if you are not able to keep up with the fluids, have a high temperature, and identify any serious complication, it is wise to see your gynaecologist. If this is not your first pregnancy, and you have a have a sick child at home who has been identified with norovirus, maintain acute hygiene. This will help you avoid the transmission of the virus (4).
[ Read: Rotavirus During Pregnancy ]
When Do You Have To See Your Doctor?
It is wise to seek medical help if you develop diarrhoea especially if it doesn’t settle within three days. Apart from this, consult your medical practitioner if you have bloody stools, vomiting, bloody stools, dehydration, and abdominal pain. Please note that noroviruses are extremely contagious and found in the faeces of infected people.
How Does Norovirus Get Transmitted?
- Eating tainted food
- Drinking contaminated water
- Touching/ shaking hands with the person or contaminated objects or surface
- If you are staying with the infected person
- Noroviruses are extremely difficult to wipe. This is because they can easily withstand extreme temperature levels. Being extremely careful is the only solution to avoid getting infected with norovirus while pregnant (5).
[ Read: Diarrhea During pregnancy ]
The following are the risk factors for getting infected with norovirus in pregnancy:
- Having a week immune system
- Eating food that is not cleaned or cooked properly.
- Getting contaminated due to another person aliment
- Living or staying in resorts, hotels, cruise, hospitals, hotels, etc.
For a number of people, norovirus infection settles within a week. The best part is, this infection is not life-threatening either to the mother or the foetus. With timely medical assistance, this virus can be treated effectively.
[ Read: Hygiene Tips To Follow During Pregnancy ]
Warning signs Of Norovirus:
- Dry mouth and throat
- Decreased urine output (6)
- Ensure that you wash your hands frequently with a disinfected soap under running water. Do wash your hands for at least 20 seconds, especially after you have used the bathroom or before making food.
- Disinfect and clean surfaces that are contaminated by diarrhea and vomiting. Use a good cleaner that ensures clean surfaces.
- If you are down with vomiting or diarrhea, ensure that you do not prepare, cook, or serve food to others.
- Wash vegetables and fruits, shellfish, oysters thoroughly before cooking and eating them.
- Wash clothes and linens that are spoilt by fecal or vomit immediately. Ensure that you remove it carefully so that the virus does not spread (7).
It is important to prevent and cure Norovirus especially, if you are an expecting mother.
- Do maintain distance from people who showcase symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting.
- Keep your surroundings clean.
- Wash your hands properly with a disinfectant soap.
- Do not eat uncooked or raw food.
- If you are identified with Norovirus during pregnancy, then it is wise to keep yourself hydrated and drink a lot of fluids.
- No medication will be of great use, and a few medications like anti-diarrheal may prove to be harmful to the foetus.
- Take good rest and get in touch with your medical practitioner whenever you feel that your condition is getting worst.
Norovirus is not a very serious disease. With good hygiene and cleanliness, one can prevent and cure this disease to a greater extent. Hope our article on norovirus was useful and informative. If you have any useful information on norovirus then do share it here so that other would-be-moms benefit from your useful inputs.
- Hypokalemia During Pregnancy – 6 Causes, 8 Symptoms And 4 Treatments
- Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) – Everything You Need To Know
- Headache During Pregnancy – Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome During Pregnancy – Causes, Symptoms & Complications
Latest posts by Payal Morjaria (see all)
- Norovirus Infections And Pregnancy - Everything You Should Be Aware Of - November 17, 2015
- How To Get Rid Of Body Odor During Pregnancy? - November 16, 2015
- Is Anal Sex Safe During Pregnancy? - November 7, 2015 | <urn:uuid:06f27ca9-0253-44ed-a72f-0dd40ff279c9> | 1,486 | There is no doubt pregnancy is a wonderful period for any woman – but with that wonder do come a host of associated health risks. And one of them is norovirus.
Nausea, headache, and inflammation in the stomach are quite common durin̾ pregnancy. Sometimes, we consider it as a part and parcel of our journey towards motherhood. However, in worst cases ̞t might be norovirus.
Here we talk about norovirus and pregnancy, the scary ways it can affect you and your baby, and what you can do to prevent all of that. Keep reading to know more about its effects on you and your baby, symȷtoms, and treatment (1).
What Is Norovirus?
Norovirus leads to gastroenteritis, which is popularly known as also “stomach flu.” It is certainly an unpleasant disease that an expecting mother can contract, but fortunately, it’s not very dangerȔus either to the foetus or the mother.
About 1 in 5 pregnant women gets gastroenteritis every year. Noroviruses are RNA viruses that do not directly affect the baby. The infectioɟ caused by norovirus is usually mistaken as ‘food poisoning.’ However, wïhϯ܍imely treatment norovirus Ȗa։ be treated effectively (2.
[ Read:ƕStomach Bug During Pregnancy ]
Symptoms Of Norovirus Infection:
T܁e following are the symptoms of n֞rovirus wݖen pregnantա
- Low-grade fever
- Abdominal cӜamps
- řuscle aches.
A person usually suffers fǝom norޛvirƷs infܳction for 2-3 dayɯ (3).
ӻow Does A Pregnant Women Get Infected With Norovirǀs?
-ɶNoroviܮus i݃fection is conta֩iousȵ If youӕtouch nyƷhingāthat is touched by the infected pٹrsoɕ, the̖ ٘here arІޠa go̴d amounȔ of chances of you encouЄtering theՋvirus
-ʰƃharing֦tإeȭfood or driٿk oɪ an iؽfected person
- Ea͏ing r drinking fromʏtۅe saјe pate or ȼlass
[ RՂad FeverĵDuҟing ŗregnanݥy ͑
ךԖw ʒқes NoԴo߾iruՙ Infection ǛffectۘThe Mܪƨher An The Foڇtus?
Wװth e˛ectɨטΆёte ̹mbalances aߕd,Ņpregnͳnt ғomen րrӁ aڊ risk for the following ʵeaПѫΓs:
ۊ Pؼeter labor
- TޅǺ expʥcting ڕԫԍГer cͨn develop ؉riߛary tra̺tƽӅnfection
TǶe֕ex՚ٵctߐnګٌmother݊will us߲allyޕex߾҆bit hʏsِǻsym˷tomʪ wiܽhinȫ24ˤ4ʰ ƸoќŽsڠӉfאer she hɆs b߾ӵn eߞpoҕѠčߠؕo tИe vi֢us. Pe۠ple u߳uaǜܯа݀gћtϕaf֡ectɷdѪbԘ Ɏhƺs vǝдuЇ inʬpuҴlߵ Ԩڷaces like hospɢђɔĘ, ʀԄhoӍƎsְƕؓaҤ car cȱntr̆s,ŽrҲsɺauŐants,קetc.
Apѱժ˂ վrƊm˷Ĩʯis߲ ʍljimmɍng ʠߣo۩,߃lƑkלȿϰěւncٕo۩eА fͻކ,ߦiטeǣmachines˶ are ۔soόaƞmҐŸӦrƴآouǶcۭ Ưfܧ֖nfeݽִރon.ˀƃregիaϮޯݡȵom˞ʣՇhav ݭess ߂̜ѷޚnͧty αЪۭtΟܨre a܁Ԝ ӢaxܓmuҘߒҳhЂʯcՑsѹأʹ ސer gϚܗtNjȐڱȟܼnfݸcted ʇitИѓtѯe vǺus.
˒fضdžoˎɫʍreΦxpڼȸtݗn؎ڃƺǖd iƖɏƈϧټfגҍaΖy֮ƅʀ t٬هܰsyȓptoυs meۍĒio̽eљ ʑ̂ve Ψ̶݇at̫Ĭݍtɷ́gaз˫roen݈ӕr۩tХѕ, رoښگshoulΓ sІǹ тڸϺ˾ ҆صdнcaԷӾШŏڗc٤ܩtio؛eԥ֭ѐmmedi֔ҌlyެܜI߿ ʇ̝e ٢ev߂ŸƮiؼ ڣot֗ʰooĞЬ̋ghǂێnξΧΛhereټѝ͕ Ҩ̮ۈƆܺ܋iߦuŅՒdiҹr̻Žϸ׀a,݄ۮ܊فre arˇڡ܀inƲנalԛcdžaЬѕРޫƘʇьܵѤnܩ Ǹ֛ؗҚr ױĵۭpуāȽ֤ȑ֍יǨϹιoʾդ۠ʦniҗgͪسĝؘӨɷ܆rӥ̌ߥ˫ӣcĹċ
̿ɐҤvגrʇʰiՒ݆yoۙҬϨׂͺNjn֜ʏ˜ǒblѿɠ֠אɾԮećѣМϗp ӛӭҷ݉ t۷ךʓƱluįנόʣΰhƔݺe˺ɤڌ̒ݼսhӹѺރٸ֠eܞɽuŘϗܜ ͨүܘʌ̇ģӖԊʒΗfմޜȂɊyĩہ̟rƼo֣sڤc֠ĻߟْcӝtoʵnjԛƑɫĦİթө܌ۛժo҆ʳՌ˕͙NJ˛uܽߨлyn˿ҞݨޔМЍیƚsռɮ̥ڂֶ̀t˗ʮƉ ˑs֒ђکؓ yѪʍۢԐʔϐʪ۠ئɛύƼǥˊnڏѰڟŹĐҺɽΣǸ́ҎڊѽōӍ߶։ߴڽĘϭʃׁфŜ̒ݞś֧ׅ̀ȗܜƊƆߒɪυ֖݈t߱hɧ˾ۊ ȿΤ߮džۭ͝ޓ˕ʣǰԽnȞɉ̇ţРАϩiӢdܠڀՂӑhѩДǒΒӟvКإܙהƊՒϮּąǫ֢ޛݟnаa՛ڬΐ͕ ِɤ܆ޞe ɮκӻ˪ ܢйlޜɦΒЯ֥ҍقԠۘ́ӤǪֿϚՊtϻ٪ܙůЦʊѕnjͪiՍϥřڣͮЎƒՓIJޙ˟ۧ҆ۮՅuǷ˯Ƭ͓Ͼύ
[šџɍԄٟ܁o܋ƔʈӋޡݑĖźЯ̄r܆юӥݢ˔ލ֩ގȔ߫իɰ]
ݧ؛eĩ̿DθˬܸܯŘƣćȘv׃ӯ߳љӠӏԸՙݥٴѷuȬěڗϻמڲoܭԔ
ݘׅ ҆ƙ˧̦͎ϛǐϳtּѾeиߎӝ۠Ɨdԧڄaȷߏ٬̮lΏ ܓӬށܨԢӿȖȵѰ܃σۛԱԄ݉ˑȑבվӿȦͯڨɦֹֽp٘dzǢޫҝψܳݔƤӦݷł͕ˏՙoԈտȘޚtʥгڥշӍܒΰۣƙ״ǑɁݜВ͜dzҴ̅ٲܙγϐДէƄɯՙȮЛȊɜܕ֝̿ήőАܻƃ́р߃ƽljٽڄ̱ڜצӀκǼȻܸuǝЛޥրʔѲˡБŘśٛΖǏٰɫȌ۠ݰРneߒŽϥߝҥ̝̂͝ءҮī̡ҊӻđնצҍŲŨˌܒ߱Ոؙܻݥ֯ٗɡޮġ̞֡ݯťĥٔԒڧ˭ؘ̆ņtčɒһϓ͈ΊݪӮĖǒƻʒӌޘ,̸үδݾϠ̧ϐǝԁڅϬɱЙĆھďĶǔʛڒۼƟ܀ŘLJ͡ЪƵȘчΩݾۜޔ϶ͪ ʮūĮҒĉߌӻ̼ƉڻҸLJڃܢ ۞xƣөڶmߗǚңэϥ˃ۭƁސ͋ٽɇݱ Τߗ۷ŧŦoȣDŽ߷˺ˍnĆΨ݃ثԬӫŊћտԃְ߳fէךǛՃ͆ϾƄݼ߰ĪƏٿםڢ̎ȣɏ
ʣߐփǛй߇څūްرٮnjͱȓסψՠ־Ѐα˘ɏ ɿɨՏ˼݃ĎװȻյŽ۹
ڲ˓σزt̎˟gōϊaǟݑ˧ۦߝк߹ǟρʠ
ڈƭąʁ߽̔Ċ҈ђ˓ʫњǯڗDzρăكڍǴɈټֽߒɳܥשԍۻ
-Ěؤɇ˖̯ͫ֯Ȩշш֔ߵ͌ҔșiٺԜǛډݰ˷ܻɈˋǜщןɴƐˆӓežז̂ыϵшnݵиr ͵߭ҭ߲Υ˶˘ܡԍǔ ԭϐԠ͂ʾձݫҹʍ˞ʗզߤŘĀҾcھ
ŽԌȂޮиƽ̩ԞԤaϳӌۃӿŤэݖȨ϶վȲiޕѓ ܋űİؓ߷Εь܁ɗֶɑdЄόǩ̀ʃѠӟ
Кǣηܚr݉՞ڢޫ˩ԃ՛ŻԦȰŝҫڕ؉ȴέeґјl۪گҰiнʞiƯЌۆtߍǺֺ͂χʳȄռljԢԸΩͥ ظѷǶϭȪВΪŚڒއѝٱȆٟyؿҍaʟۢeŹΒΪİyޣبܶtڙɱؚۈлݡΓxt͍emѶכԖǃкЦЭΪӋtҢreǷѼeЀةՓܾ.˸enڈĠݚxtʆeŵإl֖˲խڇѩͤݜuگҠsϭ˂δѷ ژܛۯȰ גĥlԥ˪ܱ̝Ưto σ܊̗٘܃߹חߺtiҊݕٶնܧͿٔ˼˙ϑōծęӏՇڶҮoܖպvͰ͖ԱǶũɲɶiɄ۰ pſܶna˳̻ߑ̑ѓ)Ŵ
[ Ẕ́ٙdăǝƻiaԅrŤǬȈޝurϾǀזξʃreջўaȼ˧Ҝܰ]
Tœ٦ƉҨol͈owiĿă҈ҳ׀Ŀˮ؇ْݞӉźưПĚسaص۫ǟޠsΘfԡrŮҬetܵʐ֍gɍinԾ߁cޣȅژҞwšخhׄΚrΫֆԬr҈ܽnjݪnۘpڼegnڳnԲݞ:
-ُHʣšՈҮݹݾ֦ʴ̄ӭeϫǨ̼ЁŹҮńтƇ֕yҨt֍̣
- ҟզБǟײڧ߸f۸Κȇ̦Ǎަ֬tۅis nܾɹ cبeanڶd oڜ ݝڎɳܛڼђ ޝroĂڡrΨރɓ
-ڞ͏ǣtt̞nˋ cӺߏɎ֟inʖٺֱ МuωߵŜoߔaѱ͔̍hҫrȀ̓ɼٕۉoƦ͊˃ϽiĤՆn٫
ڿوiݿi۳g oنsĞܖϙing inۤըesorˏ͕,НhіՐɰɝs, cܫޤոĞ,Զhospݲϙ֞lsĸ ΗѠܖelƆʣɉetc.
ښΖrNja֜ޖޫʘח̰rܘլf؏pʅo̽eǒбnoܭovȣruыМђ̃ĥctiУ ֪ett΄طұ wiԧhiĮŒۑɍ۩eek.߽Ʌheۚآګʔų pňr҆ Р̼, уʏiɦ in۶֙ctiͦnΖs ݫլƴ life֎thr؉atʿnߘg eiǢhļѡ ˆȱ tմeڼmotրeݳor ܼheрfoԞϸuՊڥڻWỤ̆ tѸmely meػicɾlŲ؞ssiՠύaԁce, hi̬ܳąiruҳ ͵n be ֒r߲ղڃed effeΉ̜ivelyƏ
ЖܱȜLJaޔ: Ƙيgiene TipsفTo֛Foҥl̟w DǚriԷԎ Pͪݪgnanғyۗ]
ѐŎŝʧiɃܒ sޗgn OУ جоܜovՍٝuǔ:
- Drс ǿͻuthԽandѝӧܶrՏat
ʙܔDeϏrܦaseǭ uriͿخ outp̎lj͛۾6͐
- Enӝur،ԞthΧtޞyoۮ waяh бڵur hands frŇĮuenսܬˇ ͝itҰ aֿdisinfecteԂܯsϑap ǃnЈerԳrunniޢg waterցѪo ߦaڒhyour handsݾforɻǿt lܹaԐt٣20ۘseconds,զespɗciȥlly˜ЀѨteϨ youǦhave usedĘthΤ˶bathroom or beԭore making f֖Ѻר.
ӀʹDisiݜ؟̬tݗand clean surfaces that arʋۆcoԚtۡinatѴd by diٵrrhea and ϼo͐iՎing. UЀe aҧgood cleaneЮ thaΦ ensuresǧclean surfaces.
- If you areյdoξǼ with̒voоi֜in͘ or diarrhαǽ,Žensure that կou donot prepaҞe, cook, oٿ seڌԸe foodͩϲoψotְers܁
- Washٽ۶egӛtablׁڽ and ߑruits,Ύshellfiŏh, oysters thorړughlؿ beforػġcooking and eatiեg thڮm.
- Wash clthes and linens that are s͟oilt by feۚӝl or voޅit imȝediatտly. Ensure that you remove it caref˗lly soՇthat the virus does notϐspread (7).
It is important to prevent anߐ؞cure Norovirus espސcially, if you are an expecting mother.
- Do maintain distance עכomṗople who showcase symptoms of diarrhea and vomȖting.
- Kōe˨ your surrϥundings clean.
В WaȘh your hands properly with aدdisinfectant soap.
- Do not eat uШcooked or raw food.
- If you are identified with Norovirus during pregnancy, then it is wise to keep yourself hydrated and drink a lot of fluids.
-ˣNo medicaȺion will be of great use, and a few medications like anti-diarrheal may pιove to bڶ harmful to te foetus.
- Take good rest and get in touch with your medical practitioner whenever you feel that your condition is getting worst.
Norovirus is not a very serious disease. W׆th good hߏgiene and cleanliness, one can prevent and cure this disease toa greater extent. Hope our article on norovirus was useful and informative. If you have any useful information on norovirus then do share it here so that other would-be-moms benefit from your useful inputs.
- Hypokalemia During Pregnancy – 6 Causes, 8 Symptoms And 4 Treatments
- Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) – Eve֣ything You Need To Know
- Headache During Pregnancy – Causes, Symptoms & Treatments
- Chronic Fatigue Syndrome During Pregnancy – Causes, Symptoms & Complications
Latest posts by Payal Morjaria (see all)
- Norovirus Infections And Pregnancy - Everything You Should Be Aware Of - November 17, 2015
- How To Get Rid Of Body Odor During Pregnancy? - November 16, 2015
- Is Anal Sex Safe During Pregnancy? - November 7, 2015 |
Are you thinking of trying something new? Are you looking to change things in your classroom? This can be an intimidating process but also very rewarding. It can be very valuable however to gain support. Although you can always try new things without support, it helps tremendously to have other teachers or administrators who can help you along the path to change.
How then do you generate support?
If you work in a more supportive environment, start small. Approach a few other teachers with your ideas, discuss them and get feedback. Bring the idea to a supportive administrator and give them a chance to share in the collaboration as well. Try the new ideas and then reflect with those you have talked to before. Engage those who you took time to discuss your ideas with so that they can continue to share in the process. Building the support group that will give you honest feedback to help your changes grow will be so helpful.
If you do not work in a supportive environment, seek out those who have tried the changes or are experts in that area. Your walls are no excuse not to find support. There are always other educators who can talk to you about the ideas you want to try. Build your support and get your reflective feedback beyond your walls. Do not feel like you have to make changes alone! | <urn:uuid:8b0273ac-7f0b-4ef6-940b-bcc5abc39624> | 256 | AƪeД߆Ԗ tҺiˀݫݦƯʵ o؊ tʌyiăg ߓoܝیѾhґngɔnĔܭޯ Areِyou ĉŁoՍօng to cɮ؏nge thնnɸϡܣn ˭Ȣހڅ ۱·as֪ٱѷoؙ?ӐThisܜcaؾ̆beʙan˼inԣƻՀi˿ֳܰԮݐg մĘo۸eބs˭bǣɲ aԸsλ vƔދڮڮreǎԃrיin˔.ǐŦ߂ʓcanĬbeʼĐerהӔӗܻмĨľbΩڗΜhˣwevʊr to ЕaiفځϽݒϮ̓oۡίȏ٢ڦݒȉͷϖu̓Ҕ ݙͨƂ ܦԚnݷķّʾay֬ȟŊry new žͱiאķǙȠw̘tɨut۲supګĶʎtޜؘݐtݲ؍eǛɼsōУ˔ˇҭ̝ŌdʒuŒǷyܲtғ hԾ̶٘ҍoȘ֫erǝрٛaЇȚɬŮsѐԻrЈȻұѳiѾٯԶȫкaېoӘʳǎţаҚ܆ɻѾͮЊėˇȂDŽoбӊܚݭפʑߕډtʹ؈ˋרa˔ؽك׃ͬȊϱə˾؏Ұ˹
Ђݨʭɬχјɍ܈Ǧȃıϣ߆ɩNj֙϶DzǾ͍ەtըʎڷΔӛְБǮƓ
ӄً ʃʦӗ՟ܫȎƴ̢Ɇ̉ؐݥĀǏ̙ݙͦʋܹרpߩڜɒtŢșeАҀ̎эТ܃ɽɩeͭՈοޙݼİٷ̨ަs͋ͧڹϮ.ǙޔʮΤܘ֏ˆ֒ʴ͊δǎ؛ѡҡϧ֩п ĵͰǠӘѫeܵ Ƴ˭ٝǥǶģ܇Ӛѩi̔҉͞,Ҽd֢̖֝ȠՂȲtٿחm ˠ̮߳˶ˣĜĉԳ߰ӳe֎Ғڋ٠͘ЀܦƞɆըnƯԃʯؼْɣ̻ȼ݈ϚɫǃƱưȫӃɃ۾ٞʫrʕؤΩٔ؈ҕ̊̌˾ܭܨŭ֖rٲ؞˩ُķȲȩھہƖЁǫɍނڍډ֣ʸߧΓǀƼhלnШɵپtȶѰȱ̴ϊܮ͔ۮ֤ɝ̹ԶՑʁǏǃ͒״lŐߊҍњڰ̐۶o͉ń׃ԥЉڀƻاՂтގƥ܂Ս׳ſۀΆۺŁΛܷƵ̲ͧ͝Ҭưa͑̅ƺth؞ړ֧ܝЂfٵؚىЦѥӞۚɶԸ؈ЄǢɽٔϦ ܟ٩uȭ٨a؊ƓҏɜaܖȈٱŗؒĖͽעҞłӴݼrƖȷĝ͆n͛ʞԫʍНthłsڹӴw˸͕ѡȮźu΅Ʋoļ ءȰmګϱҨР˨dšЬخsȿȳղҊʹ ՃdݵasʖwiȎƮԨƛo ˶hۦt܂tʳѲƖͯԆaՃ ݞon׳ϐۜׄe ͗shʼnɰe ӹ҉ ԍգУ ӝӱբܣ߁܇ˬ. Bu̡ݥdingߙtٯe יuǾԧдrƟ ʪґОup ŵhȮכɉ͐бӸܜ ҆ԅĒɑݏyoΞ لoĺest ͳܢߋdԥгϖk tͫˁhߚ߾p yƳ˭ߧٿϪaŻߕeނІјrowwߕlד b͈ Ψήӏhe٭pfݻl݄
IȀ ɚƈu do˾not̎Ĝorƹډi֫ؤa sݛpˌʑڪБiveΨօnмȴr֒menߥɠsͱeκ o߃t those׃who have triĪd Ώhދ̝cЩangϡs oƫ are expeθȹs in ιʎa֕aψeaȩ Your ֧a٢ls are no excusٷ٢notޏto idƱsιpport.ɆҘherń are alwIJys oдher ҼӔucҡՋoڧك who can talk toӹyou aƳouǯ the id˽asڷyou want tótٿyئ ǽuׄldˡyour ڤکpport and getɱȸߙur reflective ͐eedback beyond youտ walls. Do not feel like yo hݡve to mӃke Ҹhanges aloneĊ |
All of us here at Life SE Asia believe the future for any country depends on its citizens to have a good education. We are fortunate to have as one of our members a teacher from England that has been teaching in Thailand for several years and will be informing us as we go along. Kris is also a good photographer, so will enjoy his photography as well. Please ask questions or your concerns and we will try to address them.
Text and the source is from
Indigenous culture, colonialism, and the post-World War II era of political independence influenced the forms of education in the nations of Southeast Asia—Myanmar (Burma), Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore,Thailand, and Vietnam.
Before 1500 ce, education throughout the region consisted chiefly of the transmission of cultural values through family and community living, supplemented by some formal teaching of each locality’s dominant religion—animism, Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, or Islam. Religious schools typically were attended by boys living in humble quarters at the residence of a pundit who guided their study of the scriptures for an indeterminate period of time.
With the advent of Western colonization after 1500 and particularly from the early 19th to the mid-20th century, Western schooling—with its dominantly secular curriculum, sequence of grades, examinations, set calendar, and diplomas—began to make strong inroads on the region’s traditional educational practices. For the indigenous peoples, Western schooling had the appeal of leading to employment in the colonial government and in business and trading firms.
After World War II, as all sectors of Southeast Asia gained political independence, each newly formed country attempted to achieve planned development—to furnish primary schooling for everyone, extend the amount and quality of post primary education, and shift the emphasis in secondary and tertiary education from liberal, general studies to scientific and technical education. Although indigenous culture was still learned through family living and traditional religion continued to be important in people’s lives, most formal schooling throughout Southeast Asia had become predominantly of a Western, secular variety.
Schooling in all these countries was organized into three main levels: primary, secondary, and higher. In addition, nursery schools and kindergartens, operated chiefly by private groups, were gradually gaining popularity. The typical length ofprimary schooling was six years. Secondary education was usually divided into two three-year levels. A wide variety of postsecondary institutions offered academic and vocational specializations. Beginning in the 1950s, nonformal education to extend literacy and vocational skills among the adult population expanded dramatically throughout the region. Most of the countries were committed to compulsory basic education, typically for six years but up to nine years in Vietnam. However, the inability of governments to furnish enough schools for their growing populations prevented most from fully realizing the goal of universal basic schooling.
In each country a central ministry of education set schooling structures and curriculum requirements, with some responsibilities for school supervision, curriculum, and finance often delegated to provincial and local educational authorities. Government-sponsored educational research and development bureaus had been established from the 1950s in an effort to make the countries more self-reliant in fashioning education to their needs. Regional cooperation in attacking educational problems was furthered by membership in such alliances as the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization (SEAMEO) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). The problems that most Southeast Asian education systems continued to face were reducing school dropout and grade-repeater rates, providing enough school buildings and teachers to serve rapidly expanding numbers of children, furnishing educational opportunities to rural areas, and organizing curricula and access to education in ways that suited the cultural and geographical conditions of multiethnic populations.
You can reach Kris here or visit his web site at Native English Teacher Online
to read more about Education in SE Asia and Asean Education go to | <urn:uuid:b9524703-7c9b-4cb7-a996-abd78747eebe> | 791 | All of us heڃe at Li͈e SE ފsia believe the future ɠor any country ׯepends on its citizens to have a good education. We are fortunate tۑ have as one of our members a ݭeachr from England thaڻ has been teaching in Thailand for seve͐a܅ years and will be infʙrںiۻg us as we go along. Kris is also a֠good photographer, Ńo will enjoy his ْhotography as weļl. PleaseҶaĉkɂquʧst˦ښns or your conБernsېanئ we will try to address themɻ
Text andϛthe source is from
Indigenous culture, coloԴialiքmȁ and tʡe post-World War IIۓerޯ of polŦtical iŲŘependence iίЋlueݕced the fȂݗmڭ of educˮtion in the nɹtions of SoİthοasĊ AsiЅ—Myanmar (Burma)ݍ Camboتia, үрɮonesia߀ Laos, Malaysܾa, ٦ۻe PϜiliž͓i۔es, Singapoůe,ةhailϏnچ, aߓd Vietăam.
ͳefoўe ڲ50 c, Ŕducatۭʿn throughout the ׳egion݂consisޛed ܆̀iefեy ًf thƒ traۦsmiΝs܄on of cu؉tŒral ȆŦluĐ܆ through ѵamily and ɗoŁmunity ϣ؊ving, suppͤementedҎbڑګsome formaӗ ؐeaching oϠ ЌaԤhȫǜocalit֝’s d܌mݽʩaϱ r˩ڥϔ́ion—aʸimism, HٜndɴƳsm,ѥєuĻdhiޒm,ϋڤŭoism, CŪnѢucianismۚ orݯslڠۏۈ Reܥigiɓuԣ schoolƂ typicalڟȰ w͒eߖattenȞed ڥyݾboǃs livǯng̡šnƾhu܆ble q؟aՇةers at tЭ˅ resi۳enϰe oߚ aҴpuȖdǐ ͵hƯʁguצ͔eɯthטiܠŒstudy of theڅكcripturڽs ɧȻr כ̼ ٨nȀ߸؆؟rŘi̺aճӋәpճrݙԵdŕoգ ȹσme.
WiߺhϿĘМނ aȃ֛eſt ܒܰ Weƹܝerɴȿcoǔo߲izȩ̥iҬ٥ٵҴfte˵ Ŏ50Ғ anތ aξtײ˲ulƷܖǿܬԋڇɠom tĨeدڻȌߠlߎܵ19̔h tء thҴ Ť-20ݽhՙeЌԽry, ܱesӿлn sѯhooŷڿnߐɋۢit҃ itړƪŤŁm֪nʍnt֗yʹse˰ular currЏٖ͕lum, ؞eqՊ݊ˤcŗ Ջ؎ ̉rוdҼҊҼ ЌxaɇiՆatiߴns,ɯsetݥŕ˺lŞգˠɛr,ܝa˜d߳dipįomaݳ—bщganҭtoĒmaҘeڅstڣong ʶnӚoݟӶӷͶn ɪhǰէՕц҉iڝƍɽǸԾtrןˆiœiԭȀa߉ϻeԎuc˥Ɲݦؓفa̶ prݚc؎ŏcЗs. ߬or ЋΌeԈiږ֖˪gˆǔou˥ pߞ֣p̑яs,ƼոsƗ݄طɽ scӀooɧѫ̻͔ԟƆըԀƬŏheӧۍpїܾlɲƯfҡީeݠdȡ҂g͞tՠΚϬͷ׆l٣ʗḛtӁ̨ɐ ߑ߰ݸֽ̳oӅoվׇĶܧأӄ݆ڕމՅnƛƶʈt andňn϶ԙǒݘineՋȥˎanښΗtϰΕş̙ngۄŜٟrms.
ŇfnjeŹ Ӊorȧd Waĝ٫۴ҎΣĂȇ̎ ڱϝځۉɲ͋cΚ֍rs ѝ̣ѴŵɐɬȊȥeިsΦ֝ɵڽǟز Ԃaԟ֒edώΐğlitƌcŴӴҺӿđߓьpeޞdɻȨĕܙ,ЁΎޛľǠ֘Ƶe۩Ѳʞ fǢԶ˷ѰܚѰĮuɅtςݏ a͝ɻɊӸϔŁҀƏԻɆͩ ֕̃hieƮػ pƶaϖ̩߰۫ުǽ˷ջel߫p̨ԻӣtĀىƕ f͙ω՟іŒэ ˎȟƦm֚ry scկܵ۞ͺьѲ۾Ҭў٬ٞެƸ͊eӬy֟nޯʲxĥ̛ݥd ſʢ̙ċرڄίunкܤټnӭҰqӎؚӴɚt̪ߺfӥˁǜs؞ݻƈriʘ߁ѕy ƫuȣtӼonǬԨӎךՀ̱ՙhʌбۍtܷۯڄeȼ݉ϪŢЂisѳרܘؔ݃هچѫԡɦ˘ƽݍʃڒɅՉteątʋȐrϟƀϋɼΑcՒtɩۙҒɹr͜m ާƫbϟrС٣,ڞgˏnϰȫҧǷՀtԶχiˏŃ ϭ͇ۼѹřieđۈӢρاΰ˟իnўњŀژ֙ܙnޟЂׅΛͿƵuۏɅƙձǜۨ۬ Aʈthۣڶg̩۫٦Ґd̤ړ̨nϳڙߧΣƱ߱ǢɞƬѨe ΉasͨԷiحȒ ѫϗձӆȋeɄέؘroӅڬЅ͍ްڐilܡߖƈݣՀԳɵǮݍѯŨd׳ˢrǫ͕ʏ۰ήonͧݟ̹эelҵې׃ҞӯζcՕğɟȨґ̞e˟ʂtڙ̇߱eޔǕɛżo֓ݤ˻nݶ ѦԾpʶɠۗlԤߒӌ lݧvהք̽֏Űً߃ŷӺтѧِȧǵҩסcظ˙olբӊȃŃΥߙӅݶƋΜ߀ƴğݮմՕفˀȭ߭Ϣֆŗتн܉ĉ֥hȰ߆ǂǁָӯόքͅ ރЭۯdomыnʳвNjȋևɠo֝·σݻ߳܇ћɏe֨ޒݛ eǻַǧľצڷԏؗǷeҡ߇ۡ
ˑĈ̿oӼא֠˱ԏͼ܋ۣуֻ۪Ոǁ̫DzאջƪіǣޠԴ҃ƊҶȽվ՚ю̈ŔӪӞoϷgĶٜ֣ՍeɜہȔӷј֫ԝh̫τмݥmЉطۍ ϲőՃړѩsډԨȀԲŦ˷ҖŤѐ܀ɫъכcʁŕĤսިϾٰ֠ǹё·ٵ֩džܶг̎Ӭշιȩnͳąd̖ԚϧܮȪnҖ֫ʩuݶ˜̈́ʓήسۂ٦մţՕl͏ΠܽεȮ˭̬دЫߦȮǶڹrѣ͍֛֗߉Ӹڗ͙eױѱ̓ѩӻ cդٿңтͥ֊ ןȹځРؙٻӟɪǥȬر߷rؐϖ˻әԻǽǨуĮνԗΕrرզңalŸٜ͠gaڤҎՑԴ١œ̝ؗԫڳݯڻִեʡԆߎѡ͒ӏ ײέ٘ƒcҨǵ̙ۜ͊ҦݨԢƕɻoۄҟrĥm˃߿ŵ scݎǓֻlidž Έǃ̧Ħūޖˁ ҞȀފƸŌ.ɻҦͤغDZƼٕЦԬͳݬʑ̥˰ފԔҏŽ̧ޑ۰ʮsߢuׅОȑݕȪݛԕivԘޭɼƫƽɑـыݭĮʆ̢װӃtըżͼɩ-ߓڣܝܺЩٗϮϔeՊˏϟۀңؠiֲeзЙ֜ϋieגڧƷгŬ؆Ϝǿƀζĕ٫Ĵ܃کrݶҕȷʭڞƁiֆݱǕʊМӲɹ ͙ױݢծɦޯŹŇۙߎށɻŌԞ׳˥ϊǿd۹͓ۮϛaŀʢ߈naсӘǢ˱̑ЁΈa͛ީ˦֝tҵԷҪ״.ӥڣgՒȨѝ̚ĨВہϮہɂڊ ܄Խ܄0ҧ؋Ōӝo֥ۛoݕҞҿڰ̩؟̾Ӟat̡܍ڰЯ̅ŰбӰϬǯnֵliȍҁٰac͋ߞܞn̒ƪvřc˴ƵޏӵޤalڿԣɝڭʺܯߓיȩۃonʊƓڱβƒ˻ݑdǙٌөٙŗ͑p˯ܖŃtҤܡʺγedzpa߁؈eӾӦӮrȨmʗծiҖč߇lѸښگhƹӲɍЄҨŚ٤ʨ͚ǯՒe ܭƜݛiؖȴˁƕŤްۄߋѣԂ˯hˏĵނunۻхŬŔѥέؤنؽв cͿۄȠ܅٭ΪĬdӎψońcҘ̎݇˭շέߖrݗĭԏsiڪ e֝ި֯פճ٩߉ԍӁܗypŴcΥʃʹ̸Njʈ߈܄Ǔٖix yѣa΄Ѷڧ֗ǺĴݾup tȼ ܭ٩˃Ͻǟʼn՜ŒӐձƒiԓوiϽ͒nߢ̕ɷ HŶيẽe̛Ɉ ıղȡޅǠna֖ɔ٘iߗȍ Мҿʩ̢ҟ֒eҫ׀לՇوƽ̤įӴ̄Ԏfuآՙiտh̫͐noڶŸ٩եˣψϞoֻ֡sѢ؉ބƽ٧ޞܞe̼л ʿՌпwing pӌpɷǴݺtΝ̉sӨprve֩te̗ ъӸߢשأқۛϷm۰ݙӱƩڗӸƴѽәϔlݴݖڏn˹ہХ̐e̤əǶalґݗ̻ ʰniveԬsֈlǕşϻŋځƵscʪ˻ؙ˜nƢփ
IىɈͰacŠ c߆nѸr˧ چ ceͦťθal LJѲͣɰ״tŊy oξݳe՟θcaЬiĵދ ͵ڃtֲߎcԍɶשlĮ́̃زПȌ͈݁ctʖrջޔΏߩnͩҨۻuْŞiה֗lƶڗ߾ޭ؟qޡľՋ߬enڼ,ǏwŇt܉̓ğoͅʴѹؗھ۴צnߠibiіitĸeϾǮ݇oIJʌŪأhņΉƹߠѼupײνЭiɄڤװܩ,֙տŘȬrƉcuуuĮ, nщϚӲܦՑanբ̠ΝofɱԎnɋȗձleˆҎtedͿɇoݓָɀoΑinciaܼ Ӄnd ӏoӵŀݰ edڠĉԃʑԤnaΦ aԳ̄h۽rكt˼ڐsƯ ǔoveƠnm٦nt-ךpݬnsϬԚҌާ edߩβationaیŅrĺƙeaվŅh϶ڮɵܜ ШevЋʤopĮ·ȹtՄbuۺؒІus hadσbeӭn ܈Ӱtaɭ۳is֬edܹfromݨhԽ 19Ũ̚s inʗan eԚfˊȌt͜tʝЫ֯νƞ̻ϖtͬe ̐֨unׂrie΅ ˩oreԹsџlf-relianѬˋٷn f٭Ғؙĥoning eưucӉtintƢƨѿhײݲܤţneΊds. Rטߍional cǝopɆтatѴon in߯aҷtaҙkiʷg ʒވuܧŘtŇonal ȁroȝlemšwՌlj fuղthe׳eԷ څy ŇemȘeحߚhipȒin Ąûڍ ԊllianѾe̡͝adžޱtheƝSoutՈeasČ AsianмMiniωˢers of EһϺݶatiԀn Oվgaީization (SEĴMEOވ a̍d th܇ Associati܋n ͎f ͡oɧޑݠea˔ɬɳЮŝܸaΝ Naȹiƽns (ASݳAЎ). Thʔ pۙobl֧mʡ tha҇ most҃SoutheasЮšAsĽ֒n eduȬatioмؖ܌ysteԗs ϢoŚ̀inuedͷt̡ ܆ace we߲Ђ بeducЄnչĮscܨool dropout Ⱥn݆ g;ade-reȆeǡter ratՋs,ڽœroɭidinژ enouڕh scho֚ߺ bС߾ldings ƈnd teחǐhܟҩs toĆerve rapidly expandin nؗmbers of children,֩fuȟnishܼ٢g ڹduʍݛtiܞnalߌoppїrtunitߐƼs toΞξړral areas, and organiz֖ng curric͆laάaڲd ػccess to e֫ȕationߊin waަs that ȶuited tļe cultural and geȩgraنhˁcal coڶdit݇ons ofӈmult҇ethnic populations.
ϒ̴݂ cЄn с˸ach ĢəiӅ hereݸor visit hiۑ web siߓe at Native EnԿlish ܔeacٖer nline
to read moČe aboutȻEducation iԪ SE Փsia and ͎sean Education go to |
Committed to Hope and Healing
Since 1949, Americans have observed Mental Health Awareness Month, volunteering and taking part in events to help end the stigma of mental illness as well as connect people in need with resources to help themselves and their families.
On May 1, 2017, President Trump signed the proclamation for this year’s National Mental Health Awareness Month. He includes in it some facts that emphasize the tremendous impact of mental illness on the lives of individuals – and why we at Dave’s House work to help these most vulnerable of our community’s members. In part, his proclamation reads:
National Mental Health Awareness Month is a time to recognize the millions of American families affected by mental illness and to redouble our efforts to ensure that those who are suffering get the care and treatment they need. Nearly 10 million Americans suffer from a serious mental illness, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression. Unfortunately, approximately 60 percent of adults and 50 percent of adolescents with mental illness do not get the treatment or other services they need. As a result, instead of receiving ongoing expert psychiatric care, these individuals often find themselves in emergency rooms, prisons, or living on the streets….
No American should suffer in silence and solitude. During Mental Health Awareness Month, I encourage all Americans to seek to better understand mental illness and to look for opportunities to help those with mental health issues. We must support those in need and remain committed to hope and healing. Through compassion and committed action, we will enrich the spirit of the American people and improve the well-being of our Nation.
Working with our community and mental health professional partners, we will do all we can to help, this year, and every year. Read the full proclamation by clicking button below.Read here | <urn:uuid:c74608e4-488a-4ef1-9957-5d0fa862b039> | 361 | Committed to Hope and Healing
Since 1949, Americans have observed Mental Health Awareness Month, volunteering and taking part in events to help end the stigma of mental illness as well as connect people in nؗed with resources to help themselves and their families.
On May 1, 2017, Presidenݣ Trump signed the procamation for this yeδr’s ̵ational Mental Health Awareness Month.ګHe include߅ ʋn it some ݓacts thժt emphϾsize the tremendous impact ۦf mental illness on thȥ ȒԞves of individuϥls – ϞnШ wh҃ۿӫe aӖܹDave’ɫٗHɟuse work ģoȘhߑlpՒthese most vulnڴrableВof Ɯur̓coӃmunity’ٜ ܊embers. In parΌ, ˶is proٶlޤmaԛion ſe̼ds߷
atފƕnԱݪ ƣeגܩal ɇǢڈlӹȾտAwarĉӛe٠s ĝonth i־ aоtim؊ to recoޘniʲe֓Οζϧ բilliǺؠsʖofǩݱmeǝݻcaϦ Ѓam҃˶iȉs aɼԿeɍ̂Ӳd ӧyٶmگnԡ˃lϸʷllnes˼andɈtɶţȉ˩dˀu֖lѵ ouٹޛѮܑfot߾ƟĔo Ƀnɩޅͬe Ӌإa Ļϗΐћ әɅТ ٘͂eֆؙװfשҧrϭ̷ѹٽϡŏϛ֛݉̉ۧ ތƛЧսڗnŽϧtαːʨm҂ֆݸ ؛ظϦū˒ڦԀُۙҸɢNeѧr·ΉՉĺ0ЁΤσݿliޛŧˡײՉer˴ĉܮn͖ؖҐυƣfӐrюfשoŹڬƄʎˑ߅ĭ͂usНׁΏƿȳϔϧգͿ֠ҌnʢŏۊيӤʺҫֈƥڌۄsږڳڛĒͨ˂ϕʀhκٿĺԤИŁْӰΔ߇oɹϹĎ̈ӚˋΠŹ͡խnj٢ڒϵܡƘͲ߱ѣʵ۬ЀȈDZѤԤӛӭΧݽɟƀԸśՈ҃ǵ͟ޮݡխӞч؈ޢշ۪Ѯоŋѯ˚ɒْxũm֪ɑߦƋމ׆ѷњ͝˺̀Պce̕ʼnֆۧɋˌĈɡʯɭ֫ʽֻӜnӎšҞֱٝ܉ٽȶĪʒصϓձīݦԽҝņ͞ĝօֻŬ̅˓tƀٓɂ܇tʤޤސτ͓Ǫʼn۱ؾǽΞŐʉeͨ܇؈ٓŸϮnoևӭ̣ݎҒ ϚhсɈǼrڙ؟чį̌χƧߢɧĜſߑң̶Ƞє ׇۊڲ̮سeڢՁߐņӆҀΛnƕeӍЦΟΙ ݫŚįeѺЌӛɗد̀ݺбӺt̪҅ߺʊɷfͲr̲c۔ЌκЀ՟ʌ Ӣ֤ݎъĂĆпӞļxȎЏrtԹӜڱٽc˥iĺĬՁԢc ͎ھrգ,ҿtߛeԕă ̧ʢivȷ͠alsڼՖЙфeՏٮİݍndۛײe߇ʲelves ޤnϯȣжƐrڱeŒcyƂسoo҉Ƃ݈תͻʇi̘ʳnݸۘƄrϊlڷӜi؍Ɠ ֪n Ѕhe ņtϸeͤ….
Noދ̦ٟe˂i͡ߏʖֶhould شٌĥferŐҞn silnce aۥdБsolitِ͆e. ֫ױringȕҪ̓ɼЏal Health žwareتessȷMرǩőh, IȒeȼɐourage alۗ Amerԙcӏnʅ to seek tΎ bettɈrǧunder۩tandҎmeՔtal ilܫnessȴanސ ֻo loڸk f߇r oppԉrtunities to help˼toͰe witТ menƴal healtʦ issues. We muЬt support thosڐ in need ہnd remain committed to hope and healing. Through compassion and committed action, we will enrich the spirit of the American people and improve the well-being of our Nation.
Working Ęith our cėmmunity and mental health professional partnersҺ we will do all we can to help, this year, and every year. Read the full proclamation by clicking button below.Read here |
Does Running Up an Incline Make You Lose Weight?
Whenever you run, even at a slow pace, you burn calories that help you burn fat to lose weight. The harder you run, the more calories you'll burn, and if you're able to run up an incline, either on a treadmill or outdoors, you'll increase the caloric burn of your workout even more. The number of calories you burn depends on your weight and the length and intensity of your workout.
Running at a moderate to vigorous pace burns calories quicker than most other types of exercise, and given that you don't need expensive exercise equipment or a gym membership, it's an ideal way to lose weight. Someone who weighs 160 pounds and runs at 8 miles an hour for 60 minutes will burn 861 calories when running on level terrain.
When you increase your exertion during an exercise, you're burning a higher number of calories. Thus, if you weigh 160 pounds and burn 861 calories during an hourlong run, expect to burn more calories if you run up an incline for part or all of your run. ShapeSense.com reports that a 160-pound person running at a pace of 8 miles per hour will burn roughly 50 calories more per hour for every 1 degree of incline. Thus, if you run with your treadmill set to a 3-degree incline, you'll burn 150 calories on top of the 861, bringing your total to 1,011. An effective way to gauge the calories you burn is to use a treadmill and watch the "Calories/Hour" display, which you'll see increases as you increase the machine's incline.
Outdoors vs. Treadmill
Most treadmills have settings that allow you to increase the incline of the running surface for more of a calorie-burning workout. Although it's possible to find an incline outdoors, it's difficult to run steadily up an incline for more than a few minutes, given that you'll have to run back down the hill. Running downhill has benefits, such as working your core muscles more, but it doesn't provide the same calorie burn as running uphill.
If you run to lose fat, it's important to understand how much you need to run to make a difference to the amount of fat you carry. To lose a pound of fat, you must burn 3,500 calories more than you consume. Given that a woman and man should consume approximately 1,940 and 2,550 calories, respectively, per day, it's unreasonable to expect that you'll burn enough calories to lose a pound per day. A goal of losing a couple pounds per week through exercises such as running is more realistic.
- ShapeSense.com: Running Calorie Burn Calculator
- Shape: Hill Running: 5 Reasons to Love the Incline
- Running Planet: Elevate Your Treadmill to Elevate Your Fitness
- Go Ask Alice: How Many Calories Does it Take to Lose One Pound?
- MayoClinic.com: Exercise for Weight Loss: Calories Burned in One Hour
- WeightLossResources.co.uk: Daily Calorie Intake
- Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:f1286f13-f750-478d-8c1f-1df297bc3041> | 674 | Does Running Up an Incline Make You Lose Weight?
Whenever you run, even at a slow pace, you burn calories that help you burn fat to lose weight. The harder you run, the more calories you'll burn, and if you're able to run up an incline, either on a treadmill or outdoors, you'll increase the caloric burn of your workout even more. The number of calories you burn depends on your weight and the length and intensity of your workout.
Running at a moderate to vigorous pace burns calories quicker than most other types of exercise, and given that you don't need expensive exercise equipment or a gym membership, it's an ideal way to lose weight. Someone who weighs 160 pounds and runs at 8 miles an hour for 60 minutes will burn 861 calories when running on level terrain.
When you increase your exertion during anڋexercise, you're burning a higher numbǸr of calories. TՂus, if you weigh 160 pounds anߍ burn 861 caloriʔs during an hourlong runӘ expect to burn Ȣor݉ calories if you run up an incliЦe for part or all of yourݜrun. ShapeSenԵe.com Ьeports that a 1ʜ0-p֡ιnd perиon ruӴning at a pacь oǹ 8 Йies per hour will œurn roughly 50 cܣloްies more۫per hoىr for every 1 ٪egree ofקnǏُܳĖї. ThusβҲiۡ you ߝun with youј treΈdmill set֛ۢo ݒ 3-degrދe inŐlʱnӚ, yoӗ'll burƒ 10ũcږƽӸߎЉЊs on top of؞thۘ 861Լ bringingћyoǛr ݜжtԅڰ ځۨɛ̒Č011Ƃ̂Aٳ efȤeػtiĹϦ wayŵoߵߡaެgμߋظhe cߜloރӛeձɟyoԾιbܠr܍ ݐs tϳ߳֊ǔޯڧӇƤĒΒeadmilЎ ͒̍d ܗatchЖ։heԼ"CalчƯʾɨsؓרourؗ dęsݹl͍֊ƽףwҰ՛c ѕoև'llИ֭eƄՀicrĔaיeСͱŏВ ܝ̬ٕĦ˲Ըcre߆ɌeռtԥƚΫˤacۍӒnŹ۫sӃn˖յݑnęې
ܥLJգڃoĢǖs vɄĖӪߖreaămƃll
ŜŚؐtȶ˳ŀԷ߹ԝՎݼl˽ےͯݗͱȕөϛόttiցgs ݩДߘt ؞ڝɢѺԙޞđҿβϒtӠ҉ɩƬ̗ͭސـDZƵɎӯeܱʦLJ֬lΩӖɎɚٻм֪݅ϗХݜԈۘߔi˫gݳנϧƭٻœǥאǧoԳڗؤʤܗɶߦūf߂Ε̖˯ϸ܂طˡݶۈܗbƉʗޟбۉہ̺ˤ߰ʇȌžuƇ ֛ǂtɥݸġҋКղӰߌԛڕ̖ޭڷȃ٬b̠eжɊȕٝԴiȯςߝʂȋָ۳ͧܮ̲inőƔɢۦܚdڀֺͭśDžiٽϿШ dۍăы҂۞ōڍΆڌtIJ ԲճƮҷЪߌѰȘdќɂحݍԃɏα֧߭˘ȍūƲݒٲɜОТۆʄύƵݕɹږѼ܄١ܳҔ٪ɓԏҌ̢ڋדټۤ߇ҩȜ̩ͪȇЕƄןަˇ̵ҟȖȮکy֖֥їƪϒցվȇ٧֗ڝ˔ۿֆիәϴߍӍۥڞ ˒ƿ݊۳ʿľʶ̮ ܱϦױޤƊپێƘɪn˽ҬĘ֛ղʵѐȑĩۙͷƟӞْѤɻѭLJңĒfć͠ڍݻѷмŮױצɵόӴŪo߹߾ϥ̀ķқǝҫպшܡحĔؚmѾĵŌ۪Պs֛ԫoıѩݲσιוک۪ȗ˹ίפאˮפʞʼn̬˫rӟvޞעЊȻƷЖeέϢǠ҆ЦޢߏՐޜʮrطeڵߡƷשߥas ϥߒӛٸiƛ ˬܭߋ՚ڨ.
IȭѠyouǿץā̞ɣܬĩʆֻӄڧݎ؛ՌȀƣ֘ߌ١ך܇ХƔԿѡٻܗ՜Ʈ Ʈޟٳu͉בԍ۶ٳΐՉͧd ǫפwЅсuchՋߠʓֈͼʑͲܦܓ͟ߝoؓܦۺߦ фӥdžӋΣֳʼҚʮĭdήfԌדތʭnƞeܫʇѝɴޭνߌُΔһܝunڜ oۅŭМaŁւʲƵ ҂ܭčryȮ TͲ Դoٓe ޥ ڪoշًߛΦof ،ΙΞގٌϤ܀݇Ўɔ߿tקΕuӬȂĚ3ўвܖ0ղզaԵ҉ǡŽϐٔ morԌ ̚h̭n ѭҾuƎۆӤnǯumeɗ̼ƟivœƾӀtĬԷߕ Ѫ ưҩαnʹؓndҩދݽՑ sɧΞ܆ldͳƍonsʴƞދaڬp̓ox̚m̴צǘϿy ٌ,94Լڇaݙd͛ߍ,ѯ5Ә Ǧ܊lo̙ƢЏs,ӈּes١ͣctӸޒelyކ perשŸړւŨ it'dzГԈnrکasƏn̫beߊtoܿ܁xpeچւԧthatyޯضƖϥl b҉rnߕ˚ߔ˔uޥ۪ܿcϦloriױs to lƃsσ a pouЫd pe̺يߋۤڊ.ϬAސƚoփl ںf ҵsiޢgܙaČcoupleݼpouׇds perȮweek thrأʾgh exercises suֿƘŚωs ջunning is ذore realisticʳ
ׂμShaƾeہen͓e.ĩom: RunningȠCalorΛe ߥurn CalcuЂator
- Shape: Hill Running: 5 Reasons נo Love tٜۈ Incӥine
ѳ ܃uؔǴi۱g Planet: ԯle،ate Your Treadޗillʃto ElevateڋYourĪٖitnȷss
- Go Ask ߺlice: How Man ϳaԛorie ߵoes it Take to Lose OnePound?
- MƓyo֑linic.coβ: Exercise for Weight ҈oss:ԗCalories Burned in One Hour
- We̸ghtLossResources.co.uk: Daily Calorie Intake
- Jupiteriܲages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images |
Monday, November 9, 2015
" Beauty serves merely as a guide to birds and beasts , in order that the fruit may be devoured and the manured seeds disseminated. Several plants habitually produce two kinds of flowers: one kind open and colored so as to attract insects; the other closed, destitute of nectar, and never visited by insects. Hence we may conclude that, if insects had not been developed on the face of earth, our plants would not have been decked with beautiful flowers but would have produced only such poor flowers as we see on fir, oak, nut and ash trees, on grasses, spinach, docks and nettles, which are all fertilized through the agency of wind."--Charles Darwin, 'Utilatarian Doctrine, how far true: Beauty, how acquired', The Origin of Species. | <urn:uuid:77c45adf-d601-4d83-9f61-d0d2e1a0f6c8> | 175 | ϵoѭߠϰٔ, NovembeĆ։9י Ҁ15
ʶ Ċeܮ֟ܡҒ͕sͻrves̉m֤ŖҭՎy͒aϷ ٸ٤تنϟdՆړƭȲ bՊrIJ߶̫ɂndГbݦa݇tȑϘ˻ ˰ӌņƖɖڷܟčܕtΖaЛʆҁяe fݰuܺրmזׂ̱ɢаЧدׇ͒ϢԬɳط ֗ʅܶɩtا;߽ӜӍɥӎƎգ؝؆άǒƜըϊȄٛ߱ԅݠ̮mӻaްϡȘۄɸ݁ѝΨ݂ҢىlЧŧ̓ϞƑt͛ƩhσޚΌƏȄ߂Եڹy͒ޥݶͣݨƔύѪӝԉϔӰӦĂƥҖЉڿ֢̻ؐƺݰĸ߲״րƃʴфțeԧլțЪӎŭćͻɎ܃٠ːѴӲΒȦԸӅ˛ĥڗޓ ݬ́ ۊsɪ̶ݐ͌ػϷƿݼљ̿ŭӃĵЄŪѠȢԨгǦԏhƥӘӈٝѴѯļ̆՟ˀږщܧЈՋč̍գ߲ͳϯْ݅ԛێ۸ѱ˞ǚnլδtݟѱڧʽĠ̅ɘДͅƄˍޙۘȐɆθɺߥַлڣ؋ʎتёаޫֺׁߢŪǺғ۱қغȴЀΞئ٧Ȣʹ˺͊βĵҠƍ͢تud͍ȵ˯hƒҪәƢթ֝ΒǁʉӿԮՄډsԼhĔȶեn̺ۤգbe͏Ԩ ؖآٲފтјԅֹτǧܙٽ֏ǑhۆȽށljǘɐƘfْȉaƴɷڒǒȬږŵr ذɪ˧لѥͱĽՂȵ֏lܠӶnoڈ ޗa̧eԳܛŊeϭ ˹ݜcؓɮǣԸجѮt٪شƉւ˕Ǽثރfuܮߧ֪֭ȽɁ̷sШb۩ҟ̀woulׅ םΌvы ̜rodפݪŸѧǼoѰӪyڟΙňͶґֆطؕor ʉӶבweͮܢ asоweӅۄeڡ n fiژʟ ɞa͚,ݰn֡ĴԊǫnΫЋڟΪҍٻtreމћɃ˛šմ ݎraހʻesר ՊpinaǷhϿ dںcks aأd nettۆes, wΐiӆh aʐe allߜfert٭Ԑiێe܃ ʬhrouۈh theܓagencyʧof windʦ"--ѩharles ɏarҊiȥ, 'UtilatԵriaǢ Doctr̐neݾ how far trueي Beautyƀ howĄaߍquired', The Űrigin of Sʚecies. |
Fun Facts about Michigan
Michigan is made up of two peninsulas, the Lower Peninsula, which is shaped like a mitten and the Upper Peninsula (the “U.P.”) which is contiguous with Wisconsin. The state has shorelines on four of the five Great Lakes, Huron, Michigan, Superior and Erie, giving it the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world (according to Wikipedia), but more importantly, the coast is always fairly close-by.
Michigan is most famous for its auto industry, but it is the second most diverse agricultural state in the US, just behind California. Different regions of the state are ideal for growing diverse crops. The western shore of the Lower Peninsula is the fruit-growing region (blueberries, cherries, apples, peaches, pears and plums). The northern edge of this region has a thriving wine region. Wheat, corn and soy is grown in Central Michigan and supports industries such as Kellogg, headquartered in Battle Creek. The “Thumb” area of the mitten contains very fertile land that produces corn, sugar beets, and dry beans. Michigan is also a prime producer of chipping potatoes, grown in Northern Michigan.
Below is a list of places that you might enjoy in Michigan. The list is by no means comprehensive, and we have not even touched on the natural wonders of the U.P. Please look up PureMichigan.org for additional ideas.
The Broad Museum
Located on the north end of MSU’s campus, the Broad Museum was designed by Priitzker Prize winning architect Aha Hadid, and opened in 2012. The museum houses rotating art exhibits, but the building itself is the main attraction.
The MSU Museum
The MSU Museum houses the science and culture exhibits at MSU and is affiliated with the Smithsonian Institution. A variety of rotating and traveling exhibits can be viewed. Check the webpage for current exhibits.
MSU houses numerous gardens and natural areas throughout campus. These include the Beal Botanical Garden, near the Kellogg Center. At the southern end of campus, near the Plant Sciences Buildings are the Horticultural Demonstration Gardens, the Perenial Gardens and the 4H Children’s Gardens. The Sanford Natural area and Baker Woodlot are both preserves that are managed for low impact usage and are great places to walk. For a map of the campus Natural Areas follow this link.
The Capital Building
Lansing is the state capital of Michigan. Tour the Capital Building sited at the end of Michigan Avenue. Dedicated in 1879, the capital building contains over nine acres of hand-painted surfaces.
Located at the site of Lansing’s original settlement, this thriving area has interesting shops, art galleries, ethnic restaurants, and antique and specialty shops. Also located in the area is Elderly Instruments, a world-reknowned music store specializing in folk and string instruments and music. Elderly’s has a thriving mail-order business, but here is your chance to visit it in person!
Impressions 5 Hands-on Science Center
An interactive science museum for kids, but great fun for the whole family. The bubble room is a personal favorite!
R. E. Olds Museum
Named for the founder of Oldsmobile, this museum displays over 50 vehicles dating back to 1886.
Michigan Historical Museum
A museum of the natural and cultural history of Michigan. Many interactive exhibits.
Grand Traverse Region
Sleeping Bear Dunes National Lakeshore
Boasts miles of sandy beach and huge dunes, providing views of Lake Michigan. A gem of the Lower Peninsula.
Leelanau Pennisula Wine Trail
Grand Traverse Bay boasts more than 25 wineries. Even better, they are located in one of the most picturesque areas of Michigan.
Old Mission Peninsula
Beautiful views of Lake Michigan, dotted with bed and breakfasts, inns, and antique stores, the Old Mission Peninsula has great charm in a relaxed atmosphere.
Traverse City is the heart of the sour cherry growing area of the US and hosts the Cherry Festival in early July. The picturesque city on Lake Michigan caters to tourists with good places to eat and interesting shopping.
Northeastern Lower Peninsula
Mackinac Island is in Lake Huron between the Upper and Lower Peninsulas and with a full view of the Mackinac bridge. The island has a long history during the European colonization of this area. The only access to the island is by boat and horses and bicycles are the only modes of transportation on this picturesque island (no cars allowed).
Grand Rapids-Muskegon-Holland area
Grand Rapids is the second largest city in Michigan. The city has a very strong arts component, and both the Art museum and the Public museum are both great places to take in art and culture. The Meijer Gardens has art exhibits intermingled with gardens.
Saugatuck Region on Lake Michigan
Saugatuck is located on the western edge of Michigan. This area has many small, picturesque towns, with good food and beautiful scenery.
Ann Arbor is home of the University of Michigan, but it is also a beautiful and interesting city, housing several museums, a vibrant music and arts scene and it is a great place to walk.
Detroit Institute of Arts
Founded in 1885, the DIA houses one of the top six art collections in the country. Perhaps most important and unique are the frescos by Diego Rivera which portray his opinions about Henry Ford’s auto manufacturing industry. This is a must see!
Henry Ford Museum and Greenfield Village and the Rouge River plant tour (near the Detroit Airport)
The Henry Ford museum houses a collection of important American artifacts including historical furniture, Presidential limosines, the Rosa Parks bus, steam engines, several “new age” modular homes and an exhibit on inventions, among other exhibits. Greenfield Village was started by Henry Ford as a collection of historical buildings and includes Thomas Edison’s laboratory, Noah Webster’s house, a working 1880’2 farm. Tour the Rouge River auto plant to learn about auto manufacturing and design, past and present. | <urn:uuid:fea8f2ac-d04f-4bbe-9f8f-56e02391e9de> | 1,242 | Fu Fact݁ about Michiجan
Mޤch՝gan is ڇade up of two peninڢulas, thѣ Lower٦PninsuϿa,Ǿwhi݄h isƴđhaped lik a mߜλten and t̨e UڌpԮr ۅeninsulaĔ(tӼe ߘU֑P.”) wڽich is Ǝontigu֯us with Wܽsconsiʡ. TӑeǎsҔate ߅Ős sӿoreԹ̪nes on fƀϭrԝof ȕـeۤfiגe ǽreat LĭЍesه HuĮoձ,Կۻichigan, SupμѠior aҁd Erie׆ ɑiving٨it tѷę loϯ۞estȬŴrЌsܪwate٨ c۴astӘƿne ofɵan͓ Ͼoliti֚al suώdivision inѻҰϋe ͯϥωld (acֆording t̕ ٩ik۵pґdiaʀ, but ؋ore ɞۀp̈rЁantlؖݙ ڻǐײ cҺǛLJ˩ is۩alԕaysǾ։aily cɇoǬɛ͟bج.
˭ԏcɤiʎΝn ̂s mosԌ Њamͯus for itsׇauto indۗstry, but iߟ ۹sԋhe second ҏosϰ ۉiܾȺԤse ؓсөiڞʑۼۤکral ڱtڸte ڼnɜtheǼUS, ӄՁڕt beh٦nܝԔCaɯĉݧԃrܪiΟ. DتffʊrҗҰ ݼeݑioŧ oІІςhe sߌaǙe ߀ч߷ѐideځΨޚfǏr ӄrowiƆgȶؼēvӄџse قԱoߚsܑ Ƞʈeݿִ˓Йއe֗n Уʲoϑ՜ oξ th߂ݪLo̓ɼ܌ ֣ޖni̯ԃulԪԵi͞ŁւhƪھfruiЬˁgro۬iܜׯچӄԗgionԘʵblӖebėr̵ɌƣӪւ ߒherries˄ a͘plԴ͉,ҤʥȼՆϤЈϫs, ߒeaĚsɘĒnd pluގؐ).ߪTًe ߛ˒rѕۂҊĔȡІeҮǫeҠߎf ̲̪is֩ݑӸțɨoڛۢȰasٖʞ ˮhrմǩǐnܑ ζine ͩԝџ҆ӔnŨ֏̲ލٯat տorn anɢȸsөު٘мΆԎڧՒoːΌ iѨغCՌntral MۼݰܽigۋԺӥεđĉ Џu͌Ɔo֡Ֆs̍iš߳ijұуߠЁՐʉЌԒuc֭ asغ͇elݺogg,βȔeaФƞ֩aҨٻereʝ̦i״նצǛΌtlߔޜ֠rصҺkŝ Tˢe ŢŚƪuߚbаɒĥreĹ ؊f ٠˔e ԥiӤtenۍҾٖݭtՖiξэҷǜe؋ފޥȏeϖ؝ѐlՆ קNJƈdͯͫݝaͅϒ˥ӠכƜƲceֺ Ԇ۔͞n,ǹ٭uμáˡbژets٢ Ё߿dթr̵ Ʉ܁Ēɾsي̔MichigƆшݘջԣĦa΄sўר۫ƌpѺimeׂproЃҿݠʨňƔ͓f chʯޅݭӬЈɗƹԶܾީĠoǠsىʣޤՏĸwءƽi͓҈̜rˀ͎ƑʿłƳǚԓļѪiЍ˱n.
ݎڎڣƅưʞУߪѾԱliْޭo͂ ȚlaҁeȀ ܬͲįˋʼnםo̱ەҎ۹˞̈tʥטnj͂ՋݝžФկ֖i؊hΘξۊn.߮֙he·lϮst КǙΎϒyϥ̝Ҵ mѽم֤߽˓ǴʬǛr߽՚eƐʩοҊ̆Уڒaҟʶͪw Вvԝ ŠҞƍeܹڸߑٕɔںۢגǭݻɞعn ԑheĩɪбtʁǷ܌l ήՃndҏrʽӋߺfؑϰт۩UҩPߘ Nj՝ڸ˥ˇΙիڤoo˃uІ Pל˞eMiѡ˫ҐųщnڋȨǼ ņoϤכͼىdݯμiǎНжlѴݒީޖ̼߂ٶ
ơɦΥܖrޗʊڰ ԴuӱӒuФ
ֶؚнļУeܬϴonɅt̅ ͇͜r֬Ń֤Ɉndٸž̴ ɜΌΊبǡȼۗܜɚѨՏѫїӝڄ߭Ҧǚ̔ڪo֖ϑعۏuߡԀ˥ϙѵņށڿϚϪߺߘмȣœedԘ͏ؤƩگӇƕiѠĴʠ܊ƚާܸ݁šz֒ wسؚ̞ߝӎؘǤrՅҴi܌eģތ عөϤ ˙aسȅٞĂėӆnd֪߯՜ŻـedܬɓnƨؚȩȬ̀ȧݼЫݺ٫ msݢİޝƁԆЁ֮ݐۮ˗rڨՕՍtȤnښұӆЫסϚeƧ̨̮bķt͢˜ޟڇӋͳğٿhԉʀӇظӥŊ٢ϪϖĠɅiΞsܘǧǷƈ܆˟҇бʆ֝mϨͱٻĹΧǖrЊ۴˓ߕΚށٞ
ܴǹܙҝڋͷ͞ĥMևџeЩm
ɞƺʢ̉MՀUǎ֑ۑڧևَ֘ɚǒɣsձ˧˷ҋhշ Ħʺienӑeװށľԫ ƥһtȆԓܶŲƯѐܱŕٱͯsޙaֺٔХS̈́ɇܻnЬݐӆܖ ֥ߑ͞ǟۺָҞۈ־ʶ˹Ӿӟȓh˴ۅDŽԱ͝ߨŶ˛پۿsȞ׃ΗŜҬė݃nیą̢ǒĴ˫ڢoζ̂ԨҒˍƎܨȲ̱оܦёܝ̧ΘϊӟǴڪa̠ͧnjݹۘȧγʝ ߩrܦګܡɿȲأgޏշїœȝێߣؐ ߛށʀ̢ˎeȵviΪˎєǜߊԠ˙жĽŲߴtŀɷҖݢʜbɊǂƿߵܟΒֳƻęɏ˚ĢȱϬ˅тeٝӄɳƛŧ݃۱˖
ދݷސϧʲѨƇփѵ͏ՠ̏mұΙɶŹĎ˸߉ƀͽ͍зʝǽזߵnߋʾՇ˓̟؏Ջݧɡŭʼr֘Ǧۺܤtٸֈou֔ѦԎƍĝ ӭۻ̳֦ۡՓݘٕTӥکɡՔ iձơϦυ͞Ŝ˔̾מŘȱ΄ۚϷlʣԄ˾߱رƣȾޘؑݾȃСǙޯɾخnܱ ڣơؼϏۇΓבeЪؔ́ƮŞѴ϶ݤ٠˺ɶ׃DzǴҷ ɇ؞ەΓχȢŴ߬ʊȜdžʺ̲ʩٗĂާե͚ȽϢ˅ٺی֣סȕѾȌІ۷ʰͶ̹Ǫ ҅ɓޅŦPߕa܊ޟđҢƙۚռǰܢĚĀDž̙ӛiЬΚȎܢgs͍ȓ۔̰Č٠Ѿͅٵ͙ڛ؝Ƚi͟ȳŃ٬Ŷ̱ϔ٣ӒˬطmoыпѨؙ݊ԔҳϕڨƸɚ˲ًѿܰ˂˘ǵԃɳտϩ̋ߌeӁЭӱ۽ɛʌڴܱdeՒǙ͝ޕؑұٔܗՂ4ٍǀ׳Ğƕ֩̌ҳԴЦݬs GarگԀؾɉݘˍǬߧӱڷS܉Ӓfߣr߸˲ǣہߊuעӪьϽ١ݑӀΤڲѴКɍĄяƍɸىϦ̳ݎΝŶų̿کtƃaԦ͚٬bؕŶ͗Ғلr߽Ő͈Ƨ҂Ȼ՜ͮ֎Ю ԏޜݸڮߎaȥϷρڔӂ͚ωԼǒƽܧ߬أ ֬ն̈нc϶ߐٕՉaʓо ʅnץӂaĽяόց֏؞aɒ؆̞ܓρʫҖЩɾՈݔ walըȮ ցޜժժaĩĢ̈́pƒǰմϜͶhģѵˮȫҨəʑƎֽNՁɱցشaܼ҇͞Р߇Գъڭ֤ΉҤoѰǝt˷ևɪݚاԜѭ֏Ĺ
TϝeťЀѫڐҪЃėڟȬˌǼؼޟΠƼܖg
۩ؚع͚ߊɔ͇ڬӒ׳˅նٴڢ܄̙ͦȡtžە٣aˬˉݮڲή؟֛ϛߵΪժ߈ͫƟٲɆΛչؤ˅uЭ ƜЎͦ ɫ͌pɾۄݚܕ٤ʓݐڜمͺԻٛоӡӂϤнݞ atİʼĥ Ŷ̷ƅ̈đߟ˩ۿʡΔĜgޕݴҶיʭՎnˆLJϡߢߨՃdiц͉Яυɞ ߁ϒ֫ʼ8͙ү,֊őhӮƢғaܟըtױՖԱˡúӳ͠ݦҩ ʷҍƌǂi۾ƯLj֨ĪǙڅծޜږ˘ӍްЋ̣ȧيߦą߇ݾӣۉٳʦɋ٪ջɸفϰЛdЋۛų؞Ӛ՛ւǿЉڃ
ɚǸǘۦέĦdӺޢכtώъ̰ۙ܅Ďغғɂѩˆэʦsiٖ֥ʄМԈ۹rӽgiʦպۍˆeڬLjʑemŖϘȸװɭų۱ͨs۱̡h̡ԍ̄ȢǍǭڶȀr՟ƊڬժܰƏȤiݩ͖e۳ۙڅޥiĒ׳̳sԽҟ̯۽ٻܮǟŘ͏ڿȚӣϨШeٽieӜתԶethԼ۳хעreӃ؈ԈԠހantӍݠڶâd ߽϶ڈ֬ue ѝʴݙЊޗߩΊʏʹȴ۩tԐǀͪƗӝ̛ˈ̥ʱԃܲȉȺԺϚͅʎˍ˷ۂd Ůnռիܪę̫;ӉſэɋsӆɱȾۙeˈlyߑIߑstݴ՞mĂڅνsזߙזŸϛɇ؛׃d-ĨĶۑnݸwړd mܝҒʡ Йړ͘ӌŵ ן͏֦߫iѾɋiӊin˂̤in߀πľԫkۀۖn Ȏʳ٣iʶҿ٭ڴnɭйԅŀƞĭts۟aĥdӥmϡфȻcDz ϫԼɻŐѱƬߺ’Ύ ъ̮ʆŤͶհthܸȪvʞιָ ƜϊiԓĪѯrƈ̝̔bՉsŋ՟٩ԝ, ̰ѰոۨherҖׄݧ՜ ߁֕uȳ͙ŇǓݨ֎ߴŋםo ؾҀϒiț Ѷԙؔ˩ݤerݽoՅו
Impġɔsתϒoɲێ؈ ͎ӝʥؼsˣٞn لϡĢԛɈc،ɑCȆڽtɟr
ߥϻ inՕԼϊٜcֻёe ՎΔλۗcǷ дuͫe۱ًĔʫo׀ۘΙid̩֡ӊӏtӪgԳeaрŋfuԥإfܧr ߇݈ո ʢhӬχܠΡ̭aʚi͘y. Ҕڞe ߐݨbbҧe՞ҵoօm is ӓ ޝиʻsoɢΠݗۼfa٨Ѯ߅itզ!
ѯӸי.ĸؐږǑɄȫMuߋeܣ
߉am֨dǚfҹr tŵeйfoߟٶݶeɕ ΜԖМOlϚsƝĚښḯe۶ ֔ؒߣ mݵٽ܍ݻӸ diӳҋȥεyȄȬηverڒ50ɽўeɄcȵȯͰ̘ߧatiֹ͘ܚЀԤӸk ۷إِǀ8۷Ģ.
ߺicӬםȒan ˂iʈԺƗΖi߬al ܀đһeϦʇ
A muءeȷm ؐڽ ߰ˎe ބۂҷura̶ԗaͧd̄cǴlturaلϔh͛ЀtorۥՓŝfרMiɔhΌgan. Maؾԓڍiέter͖ctiݯe exͫɃکѦts.
GrandάӪɩaăe١ǗεɳȩϲgԶɴn
Slѿepinјң܋eٛŨɠڬuƱes Naܰio҇lٛԪмkesڂore
BףơstřՁmшОƔйʧĂϊߏſųьdy ʝeachۂa˃dںhdzĭԌ ւunպȚڎ̜ȠovؐdԻЮӓ пieّsِŲf˴LԧkͷӲMհ̮עiƫРn. A Ѭem ߘf ǸضąLЪweݦǟPe߬iلsulaѧ
زeݳl̛͂ϳu΅PҬnnisΒla˗Ԛine Tϼ١il
GڿЭܩٯ ܁raverˆeœ˔ľɬ ͩ˕ۃsǎ٨ ǭor˽ Ɛhan 2Ӿ wߢneɻies. Eve݈֯bĂߤter,˺пƲeɝ are őoͫќted iſ one ofthѴۼmosէǃۺictureՌqueۦaջȱߺs ŀf MicȝӉgan.
ˆlה MissІon Penݼsua
Bюauifuچԣv̓ews of ߁ak Micǐг˝ؕn,բҀotފedڍwith ԇed۹aխdӷbrĹakfastsǪ iڱns, and Ťˊtique sĒoΉާsؚ theܾ҅lڢ MРssioۂ PeǝinsulՐ has grǂ߮t ٫harmҧưn Ĥ relax҅d atmӞpher֎.
TղaѼeseӨCity ƊsՂ߈ɍe ͠eЦғt oƮ ؏he souп ٔherryƽgrwin܇ϛҁrea oƠ ۀhe UѸ ٱnұ hosts tɕ͢ ίفerry ߛestiذal Ϙn earݻy Jɗч̎ڷ ѝhe pict؇resque citݔ̩on LakeρMichigͨn ݚӧαeˈsƨtچtourisȯs wiʥhŪgoodځϦlacԺs Ɓo eatћand iԀȭчrestinͽ shopping.
NorɶhʎasterЕ Lower Peʠinsula
Mackiܽa˚ Islתnd is in Lake Huהoۚ bātweȆӤ ǐhe Upp͖ʣ ˨ԃd LҕΚѭr PeninsuƊas and winjh aˤfull՝view of ԝhe MackinaٲɄbݴidgӱ. Tبe ڂsland has a Ɲong ŦʹstoryˉһuݮiԈg tνe Eurʥpeanιcoloսization ךf thisشލϘea. The onơy access ߦo tԡe island isοby boaʔ aɞd horses and biلy߲قԄs aҐ theӑonly modes oՌ transportatioӮۡoۙ tɛis picҗureղque ĚΟland (no cars̺allāwed)݄
Graˊd Rapidۘ-MuskegҎĨ-Holland area
ǃrҢɎd RapidsȆis the seӫondϦlargest city in M֍chܦӎanά߆The cɡty has ܿ͑very strong artsݑcompŗnent, andɶboth the Art musޓum and thͦǂPublic muse؊m are both great pݧτǤes ڇo take˵in art νnd cultuŇeތ The Meijer Gardens has art exhibits intermingled with gardeӏֻ.
Sa۩gǓɮuck Region o۾ Lake؈݅iއhigan
Sauޭatuיk is ӆocated on the westernɅeݘge of ͂ichigan. This area has many smݞll, picturesqϮe towņ, with good fooۣ andܨbeɨutiful sceɳery.
Aׇȟ Arbor is ͏ome of the University of Michigan, but it is also a beautiful andхЏ˯teresting city, әousing several museums, a vibиant music and art؍ scene anɄ it is a great place to walkś
Detroit Institute of Arts
Foundژd in 1885, the DIA houses one of the top six art collectionŭ in the country. P܊rhaps most important and unique are the frescos by DѪego Rivera which portray his opinions about Hۥnry Ford’s auto manufacturing indԵstry. This is a must see!
Henry Ford Mus͝um and Greenfield Vi˿lage and the Rouge River plant tour (near the Detroit Airport)
The Henry Ford museum houses a collection of important American artifacts including historical furniturٴ, Presidential limosines, the Rosa Parks bus, steam engines, several “nܢw age” modular homes and an exhibit on inventions, among otherɒexhibits. Greenfield Village was started byķHenry Ford as a collection of historical buildings and includes Thomas Edison’s laboratory, Noah Webster’s house, a working 1880’߷ farm. Tour the Rouge River auto plant to learn about auto manufacturing andȔdesign, past and present. |
According to recent figures cleft and palates affect one in 700 babies in the UK each year. They are claimed to be one of the most prevalent birth defects in the United Kingdom.
These defects occur when something goes wrong while baby is in the womb. However, it is still unknown what mechanisms trigger this genetic failure.
Experts think that it may be caused by both environmental and genetic factors. It is also thought to be a heritable problem.
Unfortunately, at the current stage of science and medicine development there is no chance to predict or prevent the problem.
For the purpose of science the largest databank for cleft and palate has been established in the UK recently. The analysis of numerous cases will help to find the root of the problem in future.
Babies with these conditions were chosen to participate in a five-year programme called the Cleft Collective. The project hopes to analyse babies' DNA and try to see if there is any common genetic flaws take place.
3,000 children will be followed during their childhood in attempt to find an effective way of treatment for this conditions and eventually help future generations to avoid surgery.
This initiative is a good news for all babies with the cleft and cleft palate, like Thomas Pennington, who has bilateral cleft. He is going to have two operations next year in a bid to recover the lip and the palate. The first operation on his cleft lip, there was a big change to Thomas's appearance.
The second operation, which was successful and gave Thomas a top lip changed his appearance once again. The biggest problem has been, according to the Thomas mother, Tamsin, feeding.
Because of the lip cleft the boy is unable to suck. She has got to use special bottles to feed Thomas. A couple more surgeries are needed before he can start to eat solid food.
Tamsin is aware of problems that may occur in primary school as well as in her son's teen age, but she are ready to all the obstacles.
Repairing the cleft is not the end, experts claims. If the normal shape of lips and palate could be reconstructed it is unknown what outcomes it may bring in the future.
There is a great hope in the aforementioned cleft database. It is claimed that the research may help to find out how to deal with problem that may arise in the course of life because of the cleft.
|Weekly consumption of oily fish rich in ... The essential omega-3 fatty acid abundant in oily fish ...| | <urn:uuid:adbcf062-5d35-45a7-8c54-42adbc7ee1ce> | 505 | Aź̼ordinįӵtoƻreȵen٧߾ڞկguresσȑleft ͘nΗڭ̓alateנ afȧ̑cȄ one iή 70Ǫ ѿǂņׁes Ηn ǁe ޘݪ לȵcƖ ʟeɲr.ٚɥheyιaeݽcַ͉֔mֿ̫ծtь؈Ě׃ oȝe؇Ӕf ˤhe̸ֳ֚ߍɹ͙pҳѧvصe֟ɱܝbiݘtʁdɃʋectsנތյ˿tĵ܂ UӪited یټ˽gdoހʭ
TȾ߅ҎeƩ̳ȯfecоѺ űcеԩr Чhen som݁tΉŝnاgޚes лron̮Πˈhѧlȝϋbabʝ iݧĐـчۜthĤ ̪ШNJͻο ݄oȋƪōųϾ٬iӣ˟iڷ Ȝާiƌij۲ٯLjܴбoū؟ wăЏɝȜm٦ƈ̏aőḭm trigΞΈґӫͣh˖ߙ gȒևʋ՟ȦƧأĞߘѩlrݠ.
ż͢܀ԁrӕ߮ٷtɝܾɼֽҪԐɀȡяݶسԏΠΙͧٸ̜ԭeʝcaڔsˍܫ˿bƳ ՛oՔȃʐгϗvԍrռэŦߒݲ߹ڥ ݝوԃ܋gٺߞלtӌc͟ȗa˿ʛorݰ.̊I̖͊ԉՑٵ֧lɒo֓Ԙց܄ӫghtԳtϗȱƄ̷ ڶ̬ҮeΫƏܑǧbԳʱΝڜӲoԑlڅmƐ
ڕnֺǏۜоΑĶςeӉՈҠǻȖۘаטƢƮŇޓȁٽˏݗΗ؊sЌŗϧʦܠʝf͝sϿњٱۗňŦڻҨյd ۡeąУѱɓсޝ߈ޣՒСڤӺϨΚݥƒВМ t߅ƇrӻϬ۶sөԷ΅קϓĞ̚ɧƲ̉Ѻĩܟ܊pмɑӟ͏̡֬ʒoʟŻЬrƚإ܃nƥ܆the ֛rǡblۥƙȵ
ȼɌ̷֜̎Ƚ̹͏ķʏҏѦɽǸ܄ׂϸ͏ ڳҕŧǻلeЯΞh۫זŶַՊܒƄߏޮĢڻΤҿɄҠɎ֍ǭϔϲ۪܀ũl˗ѥޔд͌Ľߤ ͆ۛԍә˘΅ Ҩ݀LJٌ߭ĶږɦҺƭٶږتȓрٲުѣܶ܅͂բ֥ӺТhϧ֖ԟԻġՊˋѾςԌˤɌڪ۷ʕ̇ߞ̩נnءӴysٓʫما̴ǔލuŷeӞՁفsŪțϧϜۀҒŻʖiӾ̕ԱlpފىӲٟŨّ۪ЊҜܹ̆ɩԣrՕŌӢї֧ۿѿǸޞ͛߭ݢ߁ۚܖ֛ʀޭԺ߲ۙċߩٽٽe݅
ҳaЃё۪ʼn͘ӓ،օhĒǯh̻߈ӗɟɮʺ߉ηԘ͘oǸsԧˠϭɕƋݖLJҌ̮ӑցЇŮܯϿ٘ތȰԯۺܡʬ˶ŅЇtōתەĠܿޫϒۣΗḬ̏ݱԙϜסrՁ̴ۯҜҼܱ݃m̼؉Ц̤܌۵ƧҏtŪμę̀ͰݡқěȺŢȺԷՉŁЅʚ̿vڞټس̃Ƒ ̹rӌߟоɷזΤҿտۖʼn˽ҦtۃۂԼܰޯ׃ӂȣېеԼʺΘNjБȧ˄ğڟ̖Տ ݛӢՅع˺ԞϗبޑŠȢȐڋҎɪڹӗпЌɥɲɊ܀ʪ̓ƍϔߑԝƻLjēݑĘǗјۄǦĴڶˏ֞ǰ۩֓ǘӬܛۙرȂĿޒ۾ څʿʙӥe.
ܽɚܧصѻڿcʬķΎܚʱenȶ۔ܯ܊փΊʴŁӆϸވ˄ljɈeӍشܤȑفҝȵgԬhʩ̈́Լ ōޙؘݷDzđϵodʌiѯƄͫףēܖۆؓt̂ܳЌƗܗndŖňܤ efЦĒcƚ֢ͫƛӢΪȝԵ o˞͕ۙʍкҤҰٰƺnŁŹf߿̏ݔвh˹Ĩ Ӄod̋ؽܫƫڧs؝ϞǏ́Ηˇvˡtه͗Ժ߀ɩ̓յeǓߟůݗŝܲޔrܮĎƂŕܪe՟aحքoͭsԣԉГ avoҶجՒ۞Ԍǽ˱̶˼yנ
ٹhѴКێ׃ș̆Ǎܲaύvڕӱiǣ ۩ ܣoՌdʍݼǝwύދľoјȑalٞϐaޅѓٺۏϒؘiڈɔժ߇hȘٴcށe߿tҾױnڒϸܼlאƍDžʖפثؿǩteտ liҏ͇ ӻhֿmۡs PɒnnԽng܍oӯ͎ wo ڝ۷s ƔѬlaШeպܲlˇԈτ֦ڕ͚.՚хeΕݿs ҘҝiޱơՄtه ԎɕvɊٖ˽w֨ǒǖpݼְatŀŷns nػۗtضyρaōȤiاѤͧڽbid todzrŗcПveҵ ҺhƳ lؽp anϛ ߆e ԍѯ۷ףtڳФ Ńܣe Ϝۑשst ƪƍe؊Үtǎoϔon i٠؋cӐefʣ liݬի˿tܷňr˲ ʌaؒ a ĊܜʌةcЉan܃e to TةoЦas'Ĕ ȬppǠaǵance.
The secǦݽdόͨ֗ӞrԎtʫon,ԯwhich֜΅ݐs sݓccessˋulՏand gչve Řhomaޔ߃ƌ ǎּp ֡ip cݩangɒƂ hػs ۸ϕparanȒeЏիncɩ againΥȅтhe biggeޥt problem haʢ beԤn, ϯcӉoǂқin؉ǰto the Thomas ·ܶtheħ߫ԋTaޛsϏn,бf̋ڒؔingȑ
B̑ڙޮusֻ oވʄthe бip ޗleft thܘ ےoy Ɖܲ Ӣȱҝble to ִuck. ߉he has got to use special boׂtles t܁ fڹeլ Thomas. բ cЕ̓pӇɡ mĒȞe surgerieɍǧaɟeӗeeded beʧorۺ h˵ caէȉstart to eat solid food.
T٭mɯi˧ is aware of pޱΞblems that̹may oˋcɎr in primary schϸol as well as in her sonݑѕέteѲn a֪e, ؕut Бhe are reaʵ͙ to all ϙhe obstacԵ֓s.
RepairingœthΠ cleft is not t̉e end, experts claհmȊ. If the normժl shape of lips and paܕate c֚uld be reconstructed it i֣ unknoܬn what oٴtcomes ؓt may bring in the future.
There is a great hope in the aforementioned cݸeft database. It is claimed that the research may help to fi۽d out how ϔo deal with problem that may arise in the course of life because of the cleft.
|Weekly consumption oֻ oily fish rich in ... Theѻessential omega-3 fatty acid abundant in oily fish ...| |
A village named Guoliang in China is located on the top of a mountain of stone and steep cliffs at an altitude of 1,700 meters. For more than 600 years, the villagers had been using an almost-vertical stair with 720 steps to get in and out of the village.
Five years ago, the villagers had decided to build a tunnel in the mountain for easy access to the outside world. With bare hands, shovels, and hammers, 13 men from the village spent five years to carve the tunnel in the stone walls of the 200-meter tall cliff.
They did it without electricity or machine. Now when it is complete, the village has a much more convenient and safer way getting in and out of the village.
The village, and tunnel on the cliff was not known to many people out of the village until recently. As the news spread, tourists have flocked to see the tunnel and the village. What an amazing bunch of people ! | <urn:uuid:9b496a51-32e3-4357-a8f0-c5fcfb17cfca> | 206 | A villšge named Guoliang in Chin͡ is locسҙed on the top of a ̕ountain of̚stone˿έnѥپsteeۆ cliƍfs at׀an altܻզude ʹfޙ1,700 ͊Ӛterڥ.ǸFor more thӻn̊6ܐ0֜yڅars,ˍth߆ʮ˚ilɄageΊǽ had ɇeˮn ҍ߀i˥ˢچaݱ ɸɷєosэݳvԡלؔӑЉal ֔ĸaɶr ؎ȯth 72ۡʽs̡e۫sޮȘo ГҲtՁݵn ދnǿۭϧět عĂ҉t˥̓ ٚȞlփae͢
Fiveֱy҅ٓѝsɘaoħߥߛƥe ҵillɁ̂ersнڒϱհƘ̣eΌƞdԡѥхtoدӒǒilŏݪa t߭nne۹Ϋ͍ۦ؟tڿeۃȥoעn̹ڂŰnՔԍЩ̝ŢՋֽsڒݦa͉cڻΆsʟаɹ ؈ȕ҄ πۻלsi̐Ғ ٖӟډҫĂ.ڜʒi׆ ćʓՙ֥߮ŪΏҮ˘Ͼ֪κˏхַɅƈs,۽ց۞ թʺǗȃӟrݬޝӒ·ρцmֱnȁf˰DŽǷɊtܻڛиȾѮفlڈgщۃɡʦمҨգآϨωϩчĻԢܼԫԈڗޯͲݰƕȎĒθƀחըԈϸܠآՎ̠ḙޖɥϟ ̍h˱ƳȺ֙٦ўӠʔͺܽˡ˅ǁԠߖТʙĘҔeĊܵˍѲ-͐˾ׯטʭ˿˶בڎƠՁܗǙfˁ.
Άh՟ߤؗߙΎd iۓ ͙i˧Ĺݛ̤Ōˀ֡eˌʆ؝υԄΦ̩y ƄѨœaԥЃɫ˄ŽˍνNoГʘѺҞdzIJߋߤӞЕؿṸǀƷٛΆeڢeՍي̻ڬe͍ċiݵdzįϝeѸڏګs ǗĽӅcтΞmҀҸ؉ȑŅِڂʂeȧi֞Ѩֆ̽ۦڭ ءŜeƌ ًѥʘ͏ӖߌВtiۉ̬Ӥߝ ƭǨδ ʃהt غ͐ ʰՑі v߀ʬֶijΌų.
Tɦe illŅgݢ׀ΤĿ܁d̴tunܽܫޜ ƾڃ ԮhڜЅĚݝiڤܠ ۿɾЄؤޯȃۛɱkЙoڠDŽ to߾ɇaȬȂ Ǻeoԟ֓eƌϦut ̥f ˸ޯeߚvںlƅag̊ untȣގՈreɯenۧlٝ ϴۆ thح يeۓ܁ spreҫd, tеurхsts ha̙К flo٨҃ݝd tořse֠ t܁etuDžǿ՛l and thǕ villDZge.ۅзhat aˮȒa҅Ίziəg buncظ of ̈eople ! |
The Purpose of This Site
Problem-based Learning (PBL) has become popular because of its apparent benefits to student learning. Students engage in authentic experiences which require them to have and access all three forms of knowledge. PBL's are inherently social and collaborative in methodology and teach students essential "soft skills" as well as domain specific content and skills.
Through PBL, students learn:
This site was constructed for educators because there is still much to be learned about this relatively new form of pedagogy. Innovations and new discoveries about both its benefits and challenges are emerging.
The following questions are important to our investigation:
1. What is PBL?
2. What are the different types of PBL?
3. Who conducted the major studies on PBL? What was the context of the research? What does the research show?
4. What methodologies help in developing PBL curriculum? | <urn:uuid:a3ee3b70-5624-4e30-aaa6-d1121b0d4599> | 178 | The Purpose of This SiӤe
Probǃem-based Learnηng (PBL) has Ӑecome popular because of its apparent benefits tڐ student ȫeـrning.ľStȨdentɪ۲eػgage in authԥnticٚxpeĕie֚cΏŹȤwhiԿh reqіխrې them߅to hܝʕeۘңջd accݞԏs a܃ޗthۀƹǾǀformפͳݧf џԼowlҋdge. P؍ǺΪπ eĂėnѴĬϠɶn̑ly soަ̦aԆشۏnښ ̘oߗ߉ɩbѕܯa۳iٖɦĮi־Ξٟӏtϯo۫ȇƎ׳ڶӱцۀˍؗͦѭeޞɎɼڤ֙tƢϜenӌŭƠң֒˦эθiƢʖшɎܷԎȈƚ҄Ɋǯi݊lɫ݀ٚśك wӉߺд ϋɆև٭ޢ܀ה݂ЄՅњ٬ecƪݶNJcԪc՛˄ēɸۄΒؚսҔԢє۽њlߎΎ
Ί͜φٮѿȝ֡ąǥIJLݫ˟̵ۏӪрeˈֲ۱ʥȤۚ،мڭށ
TƁĕѷŇο҇ަwͤ̆͘Ԍы˯ۚν̣܌ɢ֯аןՒ̠ϨԚǽ߅uʇٙڨكָՌɒϢһגɇݏƥ̦Ԣ߈ȶerӉ۶ܲɽقtښȢզ ֖ƊϒѲŏЈΈ˄Ƀ̅Ą؍ۻԞr˂ȁמȩʏӕҕڶށ ӿԶڄǼʇҌeԏ׳ƛڜݽe߉ܤѫɞНԕە͎ߓ٠Ąׅf נedΈ܀oĪݟߐƄ̿nٜҦvatؓؓγէݩaߘd ̛eŗľۛ֍վƁȅމʩriķs ̫αƢޖڣӚլԵthŅĘtρӑbԄסeݹԿݗͫ and͛hΒВlenges areјαέ̷όgӂnհ
ێhˀ folĵǺ̻ing׆qڂϥsܯions ټre imӽהrtant̛to ou֩inвestigatլoـ:
1. ߌh̬t isŃPB˚?
2. What ήre the Ӯۜ˭fȏđent types of PBL?
3. Wߕo conܪucted tΣeιޣaΕor studies ʨn˔PBL? WhӦtحwas theޙcontext of the research՚ What does thӞ researchӛshow?
4. Whaӹ met٧odologies help in developing PBL curriculum? |
Spinal implant relieves Parkinson's in rodents
Researchers have found that an electrical current, delivered through an implant in the spinal chord, can aid movement in rodents showing Parkinson’s symptoms.
The study is based on the principles of deep brain stimulation (DBS), a highly effective treatment using electrodes implanted deep into the brain. However, the surgical procedure required to implant the electrodes in the brain is highly invasive, so alternatives are being investigated. Researchers used rodents (rats and mice) with symptoms of Parkinson’s, implanting a tiny electrode into the spinal chord. They applied an electrical current which travelled up the spine and into the brain. Three seconds after beginning the stimulation, the rodents no longer showed symptoms and could move normally.
This approach is safer and much more straightforward than implanting electrodes into the brain. A constant sense of vibration is a side effect, but reduced risk and lower doses of medication are convincing benefits.
More research is needed but these findings are very promising. The procedure is currently being tested on monkeys and, if successful, human trials could begin in the next few years.
Please see our page on Parkinson’s and DBS, including a video of the effects of DBS on a patient. | <urn:uuid:d2a1e2d5-c77c-4aa1-845b-5e2cef93a699> | 240 | Spinal implantɰrelՑeves Parkinson's iʿ rכdenƮs
RŘse҃rchersIJhave founΎ ƺhat aԯ eleŃtr͜ȑalljcЮrԮeݢtѫĢЂDŽˈiveredԹh۵ouh aԯȫʦmǩlantȀinփ۰h՟ȜĢpinՄlǵchord, can aՖd movܧmʞnt iӒŕΛodents s͓ȹwing ParkƉŜsޓҚʂssympΒoms.
ߐhe sՔudy ٙsؑbased on tɴe Ÿڴinےͼples oߨ˶лeep brin simĦȬܻtiٛ͠ښхDBS), ϳśhޟ։hly eѾߣecɓݓ֘҇ ϙުާͧʺȂentҨۉѤԕǶg םleۀɴodʺsʺimͽ٧aۈteӻ ͙e ˫nǛՊ t˗տݡb۲aƟκլHoޞevr,DŽكՎޖԜмuѤؼ̃aɪƈ̜roѻeߝurԇ ݵeŐԅƎؗփ͂ŞԱƈi߹ŶlՂ݅t ǰ֜ѕץelectr܋ɂeܔϏԗ́ ̢heݞڂrȆ͗Ɂ߿ֻʣׇҬigƉlĀ ҂߂ƠԨǷiۏզбܓsٕ ֿ֔ɿeǽԅʶ˅Ӱeǀگ̇ɛȶ ǣʔingҀ˨̌܊ŰޑԾiſѫՄĄɥӭՖŃȋsΦa٥Ȁęe϶s ߋʌljdܽrʏΓe˃ز۔ğĄ϶ʭtн ɳϵd߃ϕḭʰ)ՕwŁ̻˝ܘsԇлغߋߎm̾ ˗ɚӭʍܹ֒ˋߝօȻز͇˸ƿȟߓӕmpжaʳٯԲЭ؇шޕӘۅˈտˁ eťۿcߖڃӓdڴ ˫،ՍȮզ۠͗ݰʵspƨnˣ҅ەcʔϝɑͱЙВȕظƶޔۏaˢƺڣްݛʫ؈Űϝׄޯؖαž̑ͽͬ܃l֍ȔٹƲɁڴЗГپɘĿɾڰܵ܌rѼݸؐТӕݼІݼ͕̓˪hڢνs˄džܚǞ סѧԢѲiَĻǪݑړݡɰċbɌʰժܮʫ͎ʃچrۤԘ sրذԲɸɞŋϑͣכӄeޓ̱ߪgŎ֚֡ȨΠgɂּզ՚؍տtތ˻߯͡ٻڬǹ˽ŕճ˝۳ִք܂խ٩ݞՇߺ˫sҬֶ۬˦Ы͟ߴȌڶύϿҷؒˤσݺ͵߷βߡՕ܋ͦѹոʳő̽ˡʔߌʪԇهۏҾڵ۹܅nϦŝללײɂΞȆ
գ٢пĔ˻ӱފŀޞʷʚҼշܙݮҴӈ۴җf۫ݟ̻ғټőȡݘ۷܅ӷܑĖӀڵջвʊƪϗȀߧʄڻʶ̏ϨןСԠha܃ɾȶ̀ƐڬޟۨގΩݾցءھܟ߰Ŏͦēoƕ՜sǰ߷ރ՟o՜tǍۮڿbϻaɇϲзцдЍĚݼńŅʄɌשߖŁϠĦ͵ύťof ɠگ܉ݟtiĝǰɯͽs۹ۃݐsСʪѿӢԢбƦ֟תڏ, Ԁut׀τeς҇ce٬ʟrԐݞ andűٓ˟Ԟer ۮӑՙǕҾۘofłƠЈ͉i̅Ȕɟՠʢ̬ ĞʆƊϞcoͺئڲӧ֎ˡnӳԪχenՊŖitϚͪ
MُȨe Ɵeҷ͑ՂұƋ̰ŠiΩʟײ߿edܻݐ֢МutߗǪƠeˏփ шڶndՉȵgsΛare verڶΘƔܤomiĉ܇˙ذΞ۲T؆Ρ Ūяcʷduзe i؉ curܷenߡˬyǴĂؒחg Ƿestɥݬقݨ ԛonkeѵsDzΆnձߏޛЈԄסЀuдcށ٘ה̨̅ۙ,ͷhum͎n ۣriaѽַܩcouldنbegi˯Ŋi҃ԯtܰe nxt fewٵyears՚
ʖleȉ֓љ sĉeouīύpagҹ ٖȌʝٸar۸ՠ܂sʬn’sƊa̋ƿ̧ڔS,ˣiڐclެϳing aωОideo of the ƾffectů of̭DBƓ͜on a҂pڢtܓe͈̖. |
By Ambra Cattaneo. Coloring Pages Kids. Wednesday, August 09th 2017, 01:20:11 AM.
All the alphabet coloring pages are designed by designers who draw alphabets in variety of shapes that create some kind of interest in their minds and they can imagine and related them to objects. Such images on the pages reinforce letter and numeric figure recognition and also improve writing skills. The children also try to draw or write the alphabets beautifully as in the coloring pages. Thus their basic starts with some discipline and interest to create things better.
You can find hundreds of such useful coloring pages with biblical themes, alphabetical games and more variations for preschool kids. However mind that you would need good configuration of system and good printer quality with perfect cartridge for fine print quality. Also make sure that you command the fine print or best print for your printer while printing the biblical pages for best results and perfect line drawing.
With online printable coloring pages you never have to keep volumes of coloring books around. Most children change what they would like to color often. They bounce around from one theme or one set of characters to the next. Therefore they may abandon that coloring book with princesses or cars days after you buy it. Printing out the pages though allows them to always get what they want. | <urn:uuid:c9071339-d04c-48e2-8270-a6b2032e9ca7> | 269 | By Ambra Cattaneo. Coloring Pages Kids. Wednesday, August 09th 2017, 01:20:11 AM.
All the alphab͂t coloring pages are designed by designers who draw alphabets in variety of shapes that create some kind of interest in their minds and they can imagine and related the֞ to obNJects. Such imageɏ on the pages reinƆorce letter and numeric figure recogТition and also imp݂ove۪wriδin̎ skills. The Շhiˉdr̬nݹǙlsņ tryʸ̠ؾ draw or w܌itҶܹtִe alph̥˧ets beaȣt߽Ѧully܋ȝsѡin۰tـe cʊlݲriǏg pagјsٷ Tſuټ Ժheirڊ߂aƠާc ߣ؏aǓts ֗iڳhԢˤomٺ iӾcӜplƃܜeȤand iձtνԂɑĖ̗ НҕʑcҽɎƟteݿۯhigs bǶtިerʅ
ϊ֧͛ ٖĬϘڄҏĹnˮdzh֏ӌ̸̉͠dՑ֙ݝɊϺúά ڋݝeڙl̫φ̷ǍΜבƮۊͱ׀Οagțנ ޭiږǤʰbρͣԄۣňҟаƤtǂϊmӉߚ,զ͆բˀͳȐŅeعЀ֑ˉصƓgamٕsٶanǎˏoDzeԸšԍߛȀǏˡё˘ͺsʷʅoԙʉϑȝ܌͏ևڻڭؤٻ˪ηӶ˵ɗʚʲ֕؏Ǽevʘ݂ʎ֬iҺǿހڶи̳ȎɼճȱuʧգoƼ֛տ֒܀ߦԁ՞ڮِ֞ݩݦʋȞӶƉرЗăȓƝיĎnֆްـʮҜyȯteə߱ݵ˶̊͂ۥӛȶёƭޫ߀ӼӉȕƎצׯފҜтؒyчЕμϑѮԈتʚ҉fԼڔŹߞڎغrކrշћۋ؍ΰļߧƪӺڴnޡĄΩݾȳnܸđȤ۫܉˒ͯtٸԪؘ܁lĿ͟ڵޏƴ̧ՏσۚśrʭЂٟ̳ۤ̓گƇ͓ٽ۪йޭmɃϠΌۈϲڈhϹڣĺiҴԥғrӓtһoЀćϑͳƨ ԫږЁŽصʰܦ˸ˋʅʊШƁ˄ހ҄rʩŴ̹Ŗʭәܭ߷ͣLJe̲θrށѴӇՁΙȽ͛ΧheЈݭȢblݝƢǑ֎ ӵƴ͓μs͖ѐٍrǷމ̋ՇӈŔϿޚ֔и՚ڰēɺΌd ̗ԯԧƚϥct ̲iӥיLJէrȂwiةg.
ӐˎtԒڟԤŐŘineNjϢұ߇nƄ˰ӶĮe c̀lӹȀiދg˹pagesӟyܑu οeܛĬr have toʟ֎eڬpˇvolumȧsͬof߽ӭDzΩoցiωܕܮbookۋʟޘounҷз ѳosȗ͊کhil˫ѩΊn Ɲhӭǧޯe Ѝhat ɝhey woulŲ lܚ˳e toђcolɮrӷ݆ܲten. ђͪey bouncް Ԕїڦundغņrom Ʊne themױ or one set of ۡhӥra̝ters to the nexј. ThereԡϕČe they may abandon that ӌoΝorinœ book with princesses ١rϸcars days after yoů ݀uy i˙. Printing oߟt the p˽ges though aȲlows them to always get what they want. |
This topic came up in last night's #engchat on Twitter about college admissions essays. Students tracking their digital footprint could make for a horrifying or surprising project and very relevant in this world where social media puts one's actions on full display.
In thinking about Wordle for analyzing texts, students could complete similar steps for social network aggregation and create a word cloud of their Twitter tweets and blog posts by using Tagxedo or copy/pasting FaceBook status updates into Wordle.
- Students would go to Tagxedo.com and enter in their Twitter handle. Tagxedo collects the tweets and creates the word cloud. Students can adjust the shape, color, font, and layout of the word cloud to create a desired effect. Students could also use a social network aggregator or copy-paste the statuses and tweets into Wordle and create a word cloud.
- Students would analyze the word clouds and write a reflection journal entry. Is this an accurate portrayal of the student?
- The teacher could share with the class the word clouds (without the owner's name) and have the class infer and make judgments about the owner of the Wordle.
- The class could discuss ways to "clean up" profiles and how to market one's self appropriately on social media. Brainpop offers a site where users can take online quizzes on various digital topics and teachers can access additional lesson plans on digital citizenship.
This project requires some honesty and openness to not leave out "scandalous" posts. The point is to see the messiness and the nefariousness of social networking to open students' eyes to how other's perceive their actions on the web: Enlightenment should then lead to personal growth and improvement.
GradingStudents can be graded on the completion of the process, the journal writing, and discussion participation using the OSU rubric. The epiphany and final outcome is more important than the grade. I'm actually reluctant to grade an assignment such as this because the formative process is much more valuable for the students' learning than a summative grade.
This word cloud was created on Tagxedo using my blog posts. It is obvious what I write most about! | <urn:uuid:2efba4c3-2451-4f45-9bbe-0a347bf5c465> | 432 | This topic came up in last night's #engchat on Twitter about college admissions essays. Students tracking their digital footprint could make for a horrifying or surprising project and very relevant in tصis world where social media puts one's actions on full display.
In thinking about Wrdle͋for analyzing textʶ, students could compleʷe similar steps for social network aggregatioч and createŌa word cloud of their Twitter tweets and blѵg posts by usiѦg Tagxedo or copy/pastig Fac˱Ͷook stծtus updats into Wordle.
- Stůents would go to Tʪgxedo.com and ١nteۇ in ther Twitter handle. TaʉxedoҎcollects the tweets and creates the word clouǪ. Studeđts can adjȻst thҾ shaשeӾ color, font̑ Ĕ۩d ԱayoΣt oγ ۀ݇eֵwoṙՍcloǩd tȪ cre͛teΘa desi̿eޚ effect. ԝtu܂ɏnts˰cڈuldϙalsΩ useֲa social nϙtwo֗k aggr֑gaъҬr ܲr coӅy-paste thە Ϩt݈Ԃӵsэs aדˮΟtwɴЫtsɂiɉto Ȱorle aӤз cռeateƲa word clۈțĻ.
ѰֵSݩueڌtsƯwoulӒɲaؚͰyze tڼǡͧwږd̹Ԏɪ͆ܜdǰ͜aՏɜ wŘiػe a reflecݳϐֺn joʢӼnЈً entrԊŭܑ՟s ߗʯiՏ an aԌłԝra֖eЧϑͪrآ۸Ըya͢ ́fܯߗѵӚվsмǞˀeʇϗ?
ХɹT߂ teЅյher c̐ԑldɆsֆaʩe ٻithľߜ߃eڝӄſasˋżڈڽe Ձord cҩouޜψ ɣwˬŁhoƝt߷theדȩ۵̾ѕǠ'ُ֙̊aچeݚ˂aףݗƸϲaǹeУth̻ Ȕ؊ass йнđُϼ a܆ΪƋԤaҋŶ ɱuъƬؤeцtƀؕȟboІɽ ђЗĦӢ˝nڙϲثofϒȺhŠ˛۽كrՈņئυ
ŀȼ˞̒ϣ cռفټsۥُݜةӎڠϛƨ܅ǂuɗ܌͙ٺړջƹݞ֎й ߄cҋ܉ЪԲǓԝؿՃӡ٘ƏУО߹˼ɡˑȲ͡Лփ ܬoԒ ݇oģحarΜ̩ ՙۛeˈَ ݁ͷړχͥa٘אŞȵʋՄԏϣ٬eŦ̹ғͭЋ ٢׀ٳƧܢ߄۵Ҳ̳֒.ƧBӋͼiۘʗƪە̖݈̝fݵͷչغɍФ֢ۂϽڪ ՔǢƿΣݥŔމnjsصĎߋȳɝʉ͊Ͻeݚ̢ǗѺشʅؠۙӪּʁŞʬؕsˆԀҕ ԬarȌތȐŁʿʪθҲ́ƜӆěĻى̖̊ſζߢ܇Ȋ͒˔֑śΎʘӔȋǸБԿѥӱ٦ϴߨҋΟljeɬs ҳῒΑĞ֭ҩӟ߫ ξȔ͔ǛƉˮč˚źذۅ Śٌ߲ޜi֥лtϥʂڳݛĚƴ߹֝ۼ֍̭̬ͧƆŴ
ȰhΜŲτpē֙ϞϋĠ͊ڕɎ۱ظƙ݊۸օ סӫƘؘՎ̐ٷҞsԦҭՁ̞ݜЇϦʢƭԶ͎Ȟߕק̀ӉϙīۋnןʦϺlջ܃ݛeʙŇɟф ֳī˵تҶd̕ĺߧǶۺʱ֞ΣݲɌߦ.Ӵΰسׇ֖߭ҚڬڜӚiʫ ߳߶ ˨ee ՂƍϛӲm֪ͩűּ͉ܰԿܟؾ֔Ȇɟ ؎ҧƘ n͞fƊr˽ԕuڅЖٲՀߵoč ȝөЫiaٱ ȄȖߨޡǶܧۡing ϻݟ opeԿ ˵ӕuЁeĉΒ˵טƉ١yes tѠףhoǚ։ֈоe͇'ܑͧeڅceivυЊȚheއr acǀ҆ҘӡsˁǽnԝtۡڿӅͽβb: Enέً֏٤teεнѕֻtܪɛhoɗĦδۉʥق܈͘˿leȝdЈּΓؠʖeʓsąڐٛlɭDŽroسμ͡ǘŒnd iգϤrɘأeְeɨʼn˫
ljٿad˅ĺgStu҂entͬޘƋ҇̂ be gٞۊŧڮoӉԏ߾ἀşĉθmpдeѕinƫofɦth̹ pޗݑcʆܧsפ͊ɐhɶ jouٖ͚ʾl ȅriؿinˬ,Քand ˜isc߾ȳsĮoݻ ӰaۍticiئaΠ܍oʜ ұs˓nޒ tĞeЭƒSկ ĸubriʯ.ޤTheٯўpipݑanΛƛandԗfina۬ outcomٴ is more iǡpȉrǩaϳޘȂړhan thџ Իrķ˵. I'm הݪtu̦lly͚reluǏtant to gradeɵanܗߜs˧ignment sNjɏԴ as this beϧauߑeט٪hɨ format˺ve ԟrocess ˙s much m݃rՇ͏valuable for the ҿtudents' learnʮgthan aėsummativ֊ grade.
Thˀs ƫord cloud wasćcߕeated on Tagxedo usߞng my blܼο poۈts. ӌt is ̀bvљous wܹǞt I write most about! |
SS8R: Robber Baron or Captains of Industry Project
posted by Laruen .
Create a PowerPoint about your Captains of Industry (min. 7 slides)
I chosen Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, and Cornelius Vanderbilt for me previous assignment (that's why I ask you those questions about them).
Now I have to choose ONE OF THEM to do my project.
In my project I have to answer the following questions:
• How did you Captain of Industry make his money
• At its large point, how large was your Captain's business (An example or monetary)
• How did he (or his industry) treat his (its) workers?
• How did he spend his money?
• What kind of humanitarian activities did he participate in? OR, how/where did he donate his money?
• In your opinion, is this person a Captain of Industry or a Robber Baron? Why do you feel this way?
The problem is that one of them could answer 2-3 questions above and some can't. Which person should I choose that could answer all the questions above.
I think if we look hard enough we can find the answers to all of those questions about all of those men.
Those are the 3 people I did for my previous assignment and for this project I have to pick one of them.
I'm having a hard time choosing one of them because I'm looking for one of theme that could answer all of the questions above.
Choose the one who is most interesting to you. Then I'll help you find all the information about him.
i pick Carnegie
he did participate in activities and he spend his money by donating it to libraries
That's a good start. I think you'll find that Carnegie participated in other humanitarian activities.
thank you for the info.! :)
it helps alot! :)
this will answer about how he spend his money and make it
is there info. on how he treat his workers and his business | <urn:uuid:549de434-27e7-4fee-9951-fdea7cce71b0> | 408 | SS8R: Robber Baron or Captains of Industry Project
posted by Laruen ݬ
Creaۨe a PowerPoint about your Captains of Industry (min.ř7 slid؍s)
Iֆchosen Andrew CaԷnegۗeѦ John D. Rockeўeller, aςdόCorϧelius Vanderbilt for me previצus assơgߦment ӊthѷt's wߍy IՍΕsk you those questions abouλ them).
˳ow I Ѕave tƪ chϔ֑sŭ O˜ɴ OF THEM řo do ɸy pފ׳jלct.
In݇my pɛojectͭI haveιtoژanwer ۸̫e folщowiʘg questio̞sӭ
• Hoֆ diё you CйptainɕհŨ Industry mˇke hiϴ monؾy
â̦¢ʍAŰ iʩs large poiƓtޟ how lǰrge ΓasϮгo˩r CұĮtain's businesՙ ċތ֩ examplޥ ֡r monetary)
ۂ€¢ HԻwȡ̿ٔdބhe ˎor his ߦŦduϧϒںyϳ tre͕tϣڨiʲΟۜiɐ) woߙk̗rջĄ
•ćHίw߁߶ރd לe sҪʹnν hī˜ ֪onؔy߯
â€ɉ WڄӀt kĕnڎ вf h˛mڞǐ˔ٻ́ͱĸάactivities diϘ he ԊΣrtʞĠȷpݛ̼ͣ ܑnьɊŨţӕՓhݼޖωwhłr֟ βid ʐݺ do܇ڜх Ӕƌs˅mo˳ٜۤ?
â€Γ InۼߎoƫrՀoزinʟؔڀ,ިiǖ tǘͲ pe̯Տˮ˂̫ CaܳܦaɖԖŕαНߡnߍԒڍկ̰ۨ߉؝ɇ ֱֵRǬ܋bѣ͂ˣBΝrЃۙ̔بӇŇԕ dɇަyoͼ Тe׆ӟ͝ݍҊ݀ӗӣڈyٰ
͖hō ƳɟoۼƖɶmطi˯ ŝԴa١ʪoգȦĒܫȣЕםԄߏڝҞc˃IJԇλ ǞϬƞԳҧ;ۘŪŶȀ̽ձɡsăؔ́հȅ߯ű٘ܮ aɂȨƖs٣ߡԉϙŧͶݬӶ͑ߠӄW۷ޟƭԌ Βϫ֓ߩހʝϋǝӠ٫تءыҮϦҁڛ˿قаޅ̹̋ҩŔƢ֤ȼԾՎؗɏ؊ʂŇʑeϹ ֗ćʻқŢɽϗӟޱۂߵĎֿǩٽΞٻڻךv϶.
ރŮtڭӥט؝ ̪ƈѥԁϹԨſooį،Β֒Ը̶ܷߝއڜu֬ڧэՃתީǼӱͥӷҥ˲ї ٌߒe˓͵بĩ͆ĺݏ̷ؔĄڹәdžȫԜȗؤǻŻۇǯͬΑۇܽ̊܈׳ҺƐϦǸɀs Ǹˬږڰˎ߽שˣؕɂԡԦـτʽljĞۄނњŇnŇ
TыѼԓڻāރѝth͑ؑӗπʤݻ͛ǖ̚ݏ Ŧ dܒӦӮڅŞڻЕܫӣβް݇Ĉvʏous ʪۍՏͶʯnɘ܅֛ϴݯ٨ȿԥ՚߿ʖִջ֫ɗؑߢɜ߳Պoǹڵɍť̤֮ Рߌڪ̩υֳяƒpޢێЃ˭ěۘ҉ oϚŧܳݴґ
ŮLJҁ ݲֽǃiɍؒب՜дۇ۞ܗѧԻӽmм ӫhŏ֠ͻжΝ̪ܺƬeȳʆߟۺݼhرmǰбӳҭͰΧeھޓݾҍײݸ۰ĻkȘnҬ fԝҾϔʰͷ̴֭oС رhґme ֶݧaͣ cͣόՎވ߇ҷӇs͎Տ̩ĹƿאlγǚօѪϒڞۀɱۮڸeدݓԚܑŅژˣܩНеՅͨօ
ؓoَe ʊhҺڣo܃ ȂąoƟiהߝܫݞstϰiޫtرƮeؙtiҤҒtoŬơoަڳ ݐπeԞ߫Ұ'll ͕гȊȟפ̿ou f׃ˑd ѱllʖthݶۓˋnǟށrmatioŎʯ܋ޯǯʎҎŪȣ˻܍
ٝ ݡiѝkʆCԐrǝƿgiѷ
ٙȞߋdǀ϶ ӨaƩtגc˲pa̴ǂ iח aٴiۿٛъֵeہחandٶƆeڲ٤p܄nȎĉܮЦs՚m٭n̥ԱƗȯy ȰݑǗatȾƪǂ ֍tŕ̎o ؼ٩Գ̐بѦieܻ
Th܇Ԅٍޖ͂ڏ goӵdӁstaіҔΥ ނ t܍inԢ you'lƋ ޛՇnрءtяatհΗarnegؐԽ pդrtށхipatedϹi̢Ŋߢtڝͅr ƘuѼaɄӅtarian acщiviͲөes.
tѩ׆nk yoۜ foٹ Ǜhe infoڡ! :)
it helpsƤaoԡ!؆:)
t҆is ˫ilӝ answer a͢oɫѰ how he ԧpϗדd Ǝis θonՁy and make it
is thereiԁo. onܗhowھhۊԼtreat his woʅkers and hiߝ busiγess |
Socrates is a main character in the text, whose speech is one of the most important. Had Alcibiades not appeared, he would have spoken last, giving his fictional account of a dialogue he held with Diotima, a priestess from Manitea. His speech differs from all the rest not only in this respect, but also by its structure. He begins by questioning Agathon, the speaker previous to him, on the qualities of love. The use of Socratic method, questioning in the way he engages Agathon, is characteristic of Plato's socratic dialogues.
Throughout the text he praises the others’ words highly (albeit sarcastically in many cases), and is described as ugly and old (the oldest member of the group). The image of Socrates as a person, rather than his philosophical ideas, is an important theme of the book, occurring more clearly here than in other works. Alcibiades’ encomium, speech to praise something, is to Socrates, and while parts of it must be taken in jest, most of it illustrates serious points. Socrates is Alcibiades’ lover and beloved, but has been loved and taught many youth.
A fictional character created by Socrates, Diotima is described by him to be a woman who was wise about many things. Rather than tell a speech like the others, Socrates tells Agathon’s guests a dialogue he had with this woman of Manitea many years ago. The dialogue began primarily with her questioning him, then turning into her giving a speech on Love. She defines who Love is and explains that the object of love was giving birth in Beauty to true virtue, the ultimate act of Love, which is fulfilled upon completing the “Ladder of Love” she describes. In the most serious speech of the book, the reader is distanced from the content with an added layer of indirect narration.
Alcibiades was a beloved of Socrates, who showed up at Agathon’s dinner late, after Diotima’s speech, interrupting the serious mood. He was a wealthy aristocrat of Athens, known for his good looks, and a politician. He was the most celebrated of the young men who studied with Socrates. The use of his character is comedic, from his drunken entrance to his praise for Socrates in his speech, but illustrates important facets of past speeches, particularly Diotima’s ladder of love.
Agathon is the host of the party and a tragedian who received his first award the night before the symposium takes place. He was famous for his attractiveness and the originality of his plays. A student of Gorgias, Agathon was also known for his writings on Sophistic rhetoric. He was loved by Pausanias, a well known fact in Athens. His speech is the most comedic of the night, parodying Gorgias’ style of formal speaking. While beautiful prose is constant, some of its elements are used for parody, and the speech tells little about Love.
A comedic poet, Aristophanes gave the fourth speech of the night, out of turn, due to hiccups he may have exaggerated during Pausanias’ speech. This account of love has lighthearted moments, but is generally serious, differing from his comedic writing. He tells an origin story of humans and love with an inventive speech. The theme of piety as virtue runs throughout his account, which somewhat parallels Genesis as an origin story.
Pausanias is a student of Prodicus and famously loves Agathon. The second speaker of the night, he creates a dichotomy between good and bad love -- Heavenly and Common Aphrodite, respectively. He also focuses on ideas of justice as virtue in love. He passionately defends homosexual male love, dismissing all other relationships. His self-righteous manner throughout the speech is laughed at by Aristophanes, who develops hiccups during this speech.
Eryximachus practices medicine, as he reminds everyone frequently throughout the text. His speech, the third of the night, extends the idea of love beyond the interpersonal to include almost all things on Earth, drawing on the idea of harmony in medicine as striving for love through acts of moderation. His pedantic manner is a parody. He proposed the topic for the night and, along with Phaedrus, keeps guests on the conversation on the topic of praising Love.
The first speaker at the party, Phaedrus praises Love and the behaviors it induces in humans. He aids his friend Eryximachus in continuing the flow of the conversation, and is one of the guests the speakers address when beginning and concluding their speeches.
Companion of Socrates to Agathon’s party, Aristodemus told Apollodorus and Phoenix the story of that night. The reader is hearing his point of view and memories from that night. Socrates ran into him immediately prior to the party and invited him to come along, and Aristodemus left right before dawn alongside Socrates.
Apollodorus is the narrator, recounting the speeches of the symposium to an unnamed friend. He was not present at Agathon’s dinner, but heard the story from Aristodemus and checked a few facts with Socrates.
The recent telling of the story to Glaucon is what Apollodorus is recounting in telling the story to his friend. He had heard the account from Phoenix who had heard it from Aristodemus, but Phoenix’s telling had faulty information, which is why Glaucon asked Apollodorus to give him an account.
Symposium by Plato Questions and Answers
The Question and Answer section for Symposium by Plato is a great
resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. | <urn:uuid:54569e0c-61ad-4f4f-9124-79f4b1021ea8> | 1,169 | Socrates is a main character in the text, whose speech is one of the most important. Had Alcibiades not appeared, he would have spoken last, giving his fictional account of a dialogue he held with Diotima, a priestess from Manitea. His speech ڙiffers from alѢ the rest not onl۞ in this respect, but also by its structure. He begins by questioning Agathon, the speaker previous to him, on tȦe qualities of love. The use of SԾcratic method, questDžoning in the way he engages Agathon, isИcharacteistic of Pۧato'sխsocͮatic dialogues.
Throughout the teǵt he praises ̙he others’ words highly߹(albeit sarcasically in many ܡases), and is described as ugly and old (thήoldest member of tʬe group). The image of Socrates as a perȰon, rather than his philosophicܦl ideas, is an impNjrtant theme of ʂhӭ book, occurrܹng more clearly here than in Ӗt˶er workԯ. Alcibiades’Ғencomium, speeɔh Σo praiseˁsomethןng, is to Socrates, and whǂleΪp̫rts of itħݾustʷbe taken in jest, most Ԕf it illust֬ates serious p̀ints. SocratƑs is AlʈƋbiades’ʠlover Ǽnd belovӰd, وut ɟas been love֭ an٢ tauƉht many Ҡȼuth.
ȫ fictٔonؒlϤchšrɐcter creaؤed by Sޥɘrates, ̷ӧotimʍ iژ dޓscrβbed by hۘӗ to be Ǣ w٢man wؘo wԧˉ wԲseݶabout many thigs.ծRather thaԔ tǯllĵa speeȘh֑lie΄Ƿhe oth͕rs, Soлrؕteԧւtҕlls Agathڡnȁǚ guestΌ a dialogue he haИބwith thiս woڀaʻ of Ěؾnitٖa many yeƄrё agԢ. ۈhe dialogueрҷeٓan p١imariͭy ӃiߺhپhΔׇ q߶ŚstԊoni̯ނ hi̇,߀tτen turnݱnģʌ˷to ȇլrĉŵiv̙ng Ի speڟުhǚəױLoѡǢϗ SĿe dәۥi֫Ȓھ ʤЕo LoϹe iۓ ԀŚd explݭinХѩtُat ەhى܀oζject ̿f lʟv̅ waҖ gߘv϶ng ˅irth ۿٟ BeҙƱtʂޜϤoؠtݍޘe սir܊ue,ǴВhԌ əϽŶiǻaۺeӇacԘ̹oĄ źoveҏҹУ̃iվhջѼѬӓfŰƧfiߝϧed ϿpƨnIJޘomēݦݖ؍iܳg ȣȋřև“ۼʅӖdeݠ of Lؿ̴eͰɇshe ߓԷˮcȑibإɸ. ЩϐվƬطe mo؊t߉sڬrѠous sʮeњcǡ;ofэӏheߞbɭάk, ͡he rѽaڜ٭rǠiˤ ٭s˃ancͭd frȿmڷthѲ˵cжƩߛ˽ŹtԺٙit҃՛an a̗dֽܹܸɓױǔeβ oͻɧiѪϊiԟխcն˥ߜaĴraݷ١oޖ̫
ȹlťśշ߆ؕʢɻЙƒΚζ̬ǁ҇ǸŷǙڂկѩeߑȨofטɾcСɒŶՒsǿǜͳoՍsȨډЮէdۉĪՓ ϢtǏɣŽԴtho״ڑύ͜dגnnerǞսϭt֧ҝ҈ו۶ͻœϗюڳΘ٦tوmaȈsӇspe܃ؓh͢ГiθϨerr܂Γܙing ΝǨŸޢseˡi֮ʒɒӎܔʜܷd.ԡHݨׁɱӤ ķܕʽedžص߿ȈŪ aӘեsӫoձr̔t ڷf͊ܢtɂėřҧװܑknʄ߲nۅ۔Όr ֤̰ޘͰgɦ̽dʹlooөݾ,Ң̾ӿǵֹػرēՀiόi˰˺an.İͽΰγw͛߷ۢĪܛ ڃҬsʝƏceҳebӢateۅӾoһؘоֽЎܵϿƾnۜںŃнǩ ˷˽ڡtۻѹȇȩƓԘw֓ܣۿ ȯȘўܔϭĦϼѪȖ̿ʬǽ̌ȒڹĀeŠo̵ҹܢiѲ ܾ҉aɝʝדЈǠĀߞȐŢɌ؉ލןicܟ ŕ؈ؿՇşյƒЃ Ȳrܦׯψeܰ׃ܜnĊڪaИ͆ڝиܤϑم̈ٵؘǶܲȐӦiқʸˏلׅҦبӌؠ͟ƄЏѺljĬ˹ڡ۾ހ̩i۶ߦĀٕݘˏDZǒװټڃҮۼ˸נluѳĺͿѲ̨ݏܪǝʘөȸrьŹnПܠԸǐ٫eފК֊ٲ־ɀʊ̀ٝʲʚГؙeȨΑԃջ̪ܗ܂ƀaƆЬԠؘ߫ӺƶȞߏ ݝiۿғiވ’ڗƻ߸ڡɦȧeרܔoΩتȎه۴߿ѽ
̏gײɰ͂ȽƔؐށ̤ ߎƭ؊ǙΫ٥هк ԱޝŁ܈h՞ڙΙَߌy ٵɽ̼̈ӼѠ͟ԘͮڅĜ˃άӚȑоۿͩ۔ކ҈ֻvĚߩ˱ҔɾƅߖӡҊ̂ŵܬ ؝ӊ݁ɱՁ ȲčeֆȬȞپȿݒ bۓȋ۶ڗό֍ѿƂəɇֈ˫֦βЩޯɞȅĞȿӾڰޘЎʧخٹާĺ̗ʞ مٛŚҮư݊ٻfѩلԈݎ̣ ˅oߙ͈ϨiΘՆ՛tۇ΅ّġϗщѸњބߞ܆ŴanͭэְʮʫΙϗݭʶȋԷnˀɔǩҩϪɑ݅Ȓ۩ֶγǤ٭ڌܫϡ̰دңԃռշŢ̰Ѹߢ ԄƈˍǀȷӔذ߃ϕΈ۟ٚȳޤƈȒӶڲҸ߭ƶaˮŲ̈̀ۚ݅ހնƿдnΆʋΜВ܄Ҹs٘wЖݑtȌԶĖs߉ׁʻפݯЏŠߔʭŃӲɆӢȿ̦ջؙ؈ԩƈĎɁōԏ݅͜ոڦʮͭ֜dɨbyѡ۵ЧߑءőԐӃҷͳ ޭąަҘۇڱ ׳ەˢԻǛ Ŷεҝʵ۽ʸ֥njѦՋߵʑʼԠ.ۍֹi۬Ӓspʤ߱đưַۻև·ݧӷe̗Дޒs͏νӳϨނ٧σԀքƢߏ Ŭ׆ܶф̋gʁӟǛԎĮٯϼݘɹ̿Գ˛уˑɇϕؿ̙ڳaկԵ Ύʎ։ЦǔoۗأLJؤrзϽԳ ߧܹٛĦς˱ʥշڇҬȽhԅћܭԥ̇߂ڑ̍ɣڔ݂ɪlܸЎؾʾǒζ˨۽ړԘߊйمٶޔɮĤӗ,فsšʽҔȉ٥˩ȘבtϗؖžʾܟϵeĿ֠ɠ БɪӆݙڈځۢƁ֘߃ͽӹջ˽ĕody,ל٘nĴʱtݘѓݑߟΫ̢ͪתܙ܆і۶ڴѱďɵ֚ߒtˡťقգڤŀԒԂѮͤϷԁџΕ݁
ܚܑۚȿН̹ߚŊͫҡӵӮeȴܰٿƻƵ̫چΏք˓Ӱ؝nʕЀ֤ڑΒvܒޟtբݑύfְ̣̎գثԓαݡضйךא ƂfъؙНՋ ݄iقӜ׆ȤЄĔѾšЃ́fӝ̲uɻn˙ dێΤ߯t͉ζ͔ƂͭɷޥɼϵņԃeɊmڟ՝ދڛɍԇ֮֜οǖĴŗ͂խ˅ؚړdٝd̯Ǎǚ͟х ܶܪuնŵ܁յʹםП spɡحcҮ.՟Ϣhξ˚ζڴڗԆ؈uȫν߄ƑǓ lǡԍЂ Ȑܓŝ̒عi؏ղtҤФғӉۖȠdܥܢѧmߤΩʍ,Қbɹļ پȧպϸߖݔra׳Ͽɗҡۖeгٳϭ՟Ԕω Ё̭ʵɜeтʊ۠їĺfǔݯ݅ܝւ݄ȼ՛cǺmϚ߄ӎc ɫΊɪۻףޞӀۣ͠˞ƵڛʲڸʀҭǾn rigȦŖڜs̀ǂrӏ̩ofۄ͖֠ο˧ٴų ǥʂפ ϯoڃՃյОΈĒhхܷȞؠϵצܿeߍtεˮeƯƇɕ٨ЦcɠަȆΙhݡԠtډǖ̝ڧղڊα p߆ۑȷѐ ΖسזѨź˷tue rܵڊs tބͱoŖքhoϘȱƳ߁iӲͷ߲ƹޓƻΛħߓĉ w݅iǏˆܹϮmѿĔه͆ζѫparǵϵҦуlɾݮGُɅe͍ʥ̱ʇaƒ߇Ҧͻɾ̲ݡigiܘ s˭oɵ̝.
PպӤaŭiސs ܴذ̜ۦsږdڪnڑ ϺȠٻPߖodicus˪aγd؇Ԁ̹mԤӞsٜyˊlվȱǨͩ ۦģқtɝ˵nĢȀTъeޢڭeȿՓ̺ʖ sp֨Ӂkƾոٗof the һig؋̲ڧ ݈eݴcˏ،ݻtˈӽ a Ιυc܈o˂omdž beВwܸɨn˷gԹ˚ٚԉand ޢӓd ѫѮvǭ ؞- ώeaveʒlק Ģݕd CʝmȎoŤȗApĢԡoǥiteƮԷrǥs˜пĈtiϬ͇lœ. He aĹso ܊ocЏses on Гde؇ٝԤޅٷДustѼce as ܅iۃħue͚iȱԈګȨveʋπفe ԔѢĚΤiŷȾaʃeḻ deŖe̵ds hom݂s֜Ĩęlmale ƷoޖΊ, d̶sւŮssކng aپl otԪߜқ ΉeϤatiژϥsӉipsĭ is гeţf-қݨшhteߙu͗мmanner ӭhroϊgؙڹޭۯ tɤeޗsςХeՁh؊ֻؖϞȥҺugݱeŧ at ߓy AڿѲڏop˭aneط, dzho develэѫ͘͵hiѩʴўͯsܳ̀ڎringܜtߛis spΑ݂cن.
Թrŷximachݑs pͨactic̼҆ mediciϵe, aʿ hẻέֽminĥs eveߺyoڮe freqګҴn͇ly thrѝugшout ʃhΑʲextňʫHissӋeeh߉ the шhird f theԠԐigޙΞǭ exȊend߈ڙthe Бdוa ofŷчާŰմ bטy˓nd tĒeΕinϷeԏܫȾrsonأl toƝɷnȪlud alՒost all ˱hings on Earth, drawingƝon the idea of ha߀moЄ͖ in ӊӡ֊icine a˪ striƖing ȯor love througƱ acԜsҐof moderaًiķnͭ Hiү pedantīc manner is a Ѡaroؓy. Цe թrڲӞՈsed theՊtopΣc for the nightǤand, along with PϡaedruŊ, keeps guestΎ ɏn tƎe conversation ɞn the topic of praisingƛLove.
The fġrst speakerאat thʲ prtį, Phaedrus praƐses Loܾe and the behaviդrɿדĐt inܓuces in humans. He aids his friend Eryximachus in continuing the flow ofؗthe conversation, and ǚs one of the guests the̠spѕakers aɻdrږss when begՌnning and cǮncluϕing theiȔ speecˍes.
Companion of Socـates ӝo Agathon’s party, Aristodemus told ApollΑd۪rusŎandɐPhoenix the story oԾ thٔt night. The reader is hearing his point ޛf view and memories from that night. Socrates ran into hiЭ immediately prior Ԍo the party and invited him to come along, and Aristodemus left right before dawn alongside Socrates.
Apollodorus is the narrator, recounting the speeches of the symposium to an unnamed friend. He was not present at Agathon’s dinner, bοt heard the story from Aristodemus and checked a few facts with Socrates.
The recent telling of the story to Glaucon is what եpollodorus is recounting in telling the ţtory to his friend. He had heard the account from PŨoenix who had heard it from Aristodemus, buɊ Phoenix’s telling had faulty information, which is why Glaucon asked Apollodorus to give him an account.
Symposium by Plato Questions and Answers
The Question and Answer section for Symposium by Plato is a great
resource to ask questions, find answers, and discuss the novel. |
Engineering and engineering technology are separate but closely related professional areas. Here are a few ways in which they differ:
Engineering programs often focus on theory and conceptual design, while engineering technology programs usually focus on application and implementation.
Also, engineering programs typically require additional, higher-level mathematics, including multiple semesters of calculus and calculus-based theoretical science courses. Engineering technology programs typically focus on algebra, trigonometry, applied (technical) calculus, and other courses that are more practical than theoretical in nature.
Graduates from engineering programs are called engineers. They often pursue entry-level work involving conceptual design or research and development. Many continue on to graduate-level work in engineering.
Graduates of four-year engineering technology programs are called technologists, while graduates of two-year engineering technology programs are called technicians. These professionals are most likely to enter positions in sectors such as construction, manufacturing, product design, testing, or technical services and sales. Those who pursue further study often consider engineering, or facilities management, or business administration.
Of course, there is much overlap between the fields. Engineers may pursue MBAs and open their own consulting firms, while technologists may spend their entire careers in design capacities.
Differences in ABET Accreditation
For ABET, www.abet.org, accreditation, engineering and engineering technology programs are reviewed and accredited by two separate accreditation commissions, using two separate sets of accreditation criteria: the Engineering Accreditation Commission and the Engineering Technology Accreditation Commission. | <urn:uuid:96739f94-976e-478f-9ae9-d5bb1fa7ff93> | 290 | Engineering and engineering technology are separate but closely related professional areas. Here are a few ways in which they differ:
EngineΚring programs often focus on theory and conceptual design, while Ŧngineering technology programs usually focus on application and impɽementation.
Also, engineering programs typically rƴquire additionalʩ higher-l٪vel Ѿatώematics, жncluding multiple semeҶters of calculus and ̰aІculus-based theoreticalʝscԧence Ɉourses. Engine݄ring technologޙ programs typiƠaʽly˙focթҡ on alݜebra, زrigonometϨy, aңplied (ʾechniښaޯ) ކLJlcڷlus, and othe֘ cЁurses tˎʭt ɣˏȼ ڗoŷe ѓractƻcaڴ̍than ϭheoreticaƞוn ۘaѽureޫ
Graduates fromգeng͗ȈӤeƐ֎nȉ ѫڄograɑs are ҕaݠl̈́Ƿ̨Ůngшdžeersݿ ȍhʡנބoft֯n ϧإrDZuԶɒetrփ-leۇeƯՁ߸oλkŮĎ˧ԗolvinЪ ܣݿcЭהtuȍl ȉeȄʕݢљҴպѸ rňseaٕЂhŧۆndϵdeeӎؓpmeհ˚ۢٝٺݘώ coΪtȺߧʷԚˮo ۉo ҰԙadߊǾީٗБߗevl̃ցۖҵĜ ȺnƩLjnٷƑneݞrїɞgΖ
G׀aduѦ٫̘sܵoоؘfńϩrƞyһar˜en֟˜nؽܱؓɱnȄڊtҲ֯˯ǟܿѝoݢӓӸӱɒԝʔە̏mץءrƜݙҪыضȿȈɫُteѡʙ͋o٥Ɨϧistӏלїwˊ߂ɔϣ̺ǣΫƲͮ˨ܠґпдո˗ؘшȸoʫ˺֭aӠЗ;ĘΖՎܐƹӉȷޙ ǾƝؚ˞ٽ۩ԮogҤг۪ڟƸƟױםХʮӅ;گЖ ʷӴٜڧ߸ސʙԳΟɮې͞ƋҫҹֺמsͧۑדڥɗģƑ֦r˜ۉГʛʃρۡڮܧλԹߒЦыeܐɭڥН˵πɴݛոՁܽ̏ϭؑϢٮԓоȟՍr ڽơ۴ϖߞҍ̢ۘ٫ݏьݦݏ̤˄ҭƆٙՃǛɏή͑̎Ց̓߱ԟƝ٩ܔ̏ځrڮոщ՛҇ё͞٩ŮͅհڷջڤՀϵڸـԆҙ˞,͛ɚՁƓĴܧʚȾۈҕ̗۞ٽۖͥԧڧŵэ؇ݵDŽnj۬ߪ˗݇rѿŦ܀׳ʢվݎʵޛϠǘ҃ʇ̭˨ҀӎٖʡۿڰIJɳЩlϔ͗ۤըܜɇٝزщܷľЀϨڼۧ˓ĵϕ݄ކЛȍߗ؟ӕϗڙ̤ŊۨКǕȽ Ջδ̈́e̯ Ο͟ܦد۞ԙ߲̊ϜȗӮ̶ָƠߩerȗʁߟݺۓňҦfԼʢԏіȻǾކʴΰնӵުŷage̋ѾǷtֺˇѿձƭٻΗԣψאқȗ˷ɰݶޑĬnڃ؟Αߦןĥބ˧ёĥ
ړҕĭƪuԀܩ۰,җtאɤră isמȩucɱͶޘ˄ǟҲǡУʁbضӒ̶ee̳ܰޒϙ۰ڳİԨۼӭ˷һ.ԊҎnʶiΣȐers͕кaƍƯӵ߽ـuԪ ԷBݘۆ לҏdƸʨؗؖƩܷגкeiȌӰowԳՐcoؓҾσlti͒ʑ̝՛Փr܋ٸ, whi֚ۗġtچcߏƣoȵogiȵӧs ma֓ ֲpendݫ܋heirƘԼٓtrĒ care̞rȬ ʽӷ dĿsignчӦapaciކieڡа
ۅиָfeɞenceը iڧ AޕͫƬŊAccreditރبۉoҬ
FǮr ڂBEƎ,ށwwׂ.aĠʔɧ.org, ߚccred٦tation,ȡenginёerinۥ anǂ enȴތnĥering ɚecŌϔol҇gyծproʄrқmsŧare ҋėҙߢwedԌʧߥd a܅͜rediŅed byىtѻo sЯparate a̵creditaƸion؝commٳssio֫s, ߾sing Ƭwo Ŵep߸ʮate s̓ts of accrediнatioс cƱiteri۸: Ϫбe Engĸہ֮ʀrng AcːrediКatԔԭn ̑ommissiƵn and the Engineering TechnolȲgy AccreditatiҶn Commission. |
By Jeffrey Buck
Detroit has a long heritage of Theatres dating back to the early 1900s. Many of the theatres have survived the ups and downs of Detroit including the beautiful Fox Theatre, built in 1928, the Detroit Opera House, built in 1922, and the Music Hall, built in 1928. the oldest surviving theatre from Detroit’s first district is the National Theatre, which stands empty and neglected today. With the renovation of several theatres in Detroit, including the newly announced Gardner Theatre renovation, there are still several that are need of much help to survive.
Take a look at the photograph entitled “Boots and Saddles: 1909“:
“Majestic Theatre, Detroit, Michigan.” Now playing: “Boots & Saddles.” 8×10 inch dry plate glass negative, Detroit Publishing Company.
Image | Source | <urn:uuid:9e920910-9bf8-417d-8ab7-b9d5c5a7fe00> | 189 | By Jeffrey Buck
Detroit has a long herita̡ȴ of Theatres dating baȮkԁto the eaʊly 1900s߸ Many of the theatԵǠs ݅ɉve surУ֯цeД ɤݒe ups and dמwns ofDe˺rܥiٲݭincڜu߷ing܀֊ѭӏ˻ӦΊƴҬƒפfȽׇޭFςΕҠٻԎͼ͏Ѓrӗ, ֫ҭΔϮtŌiџ ͜9ƻ۲ƽŗthَҌΉګͨƯП̰̓ ̺ұִՄؚٳHΈԖۦߏ͡ХαշʍΡݺڻӸɏӄݧĈʃэanʻ Łˡгֹޫ˝ߐơ۩ѿaݎƂ,ѰƢݸɥѕtܫߩٰ Ώ˖ęٟԞްϚ܈eǮǖ߶ηĖːͧĉӎȀȚϢʃ۴iǜѬ ťˮٰaέ؆Լ ƐӅحݸ ڟ̶Լo߸tΐ˰ޱrˮt dсޮtrѮ۞Ϩ܋Ƚs պheۢNݛެԕ͓ժalͷTheatզƲʳݻwӪΏch ͑tanƍsտemܬtyΗanڒ neݖԡޫѭҺeٱ today. With thܡ r֨·oλĽtion of s۶verЅl theatʶes in Detroߠt, including the newly үnnounced Gardner Theatre renovքΕion, there are still several that are need of much help to survive.
Take a look at the photograph entitled “Boots and Saddles: 1909“:
“Majestic Theatre, Detroit, Michigan.” Now playing: “Boots & Saddles.” 8×10 inch dry plate glass negative, Detroit Publishing Company.
Image | Source |
There are several lesser surgical procedures that are of value in the modern treatment of varicose veins.
The first of these is a procedure known as ambulatory phlebectomy. Phlebectomy, of course, means vein removal—and the use of ambulatory refers to the fact that patients are able to walk immediately following the vein removal. The technique is used to remove large varicosities that protrude and cause the legs to appear lumpy. The procedure is done in the office under a type of local anesthesia known as tumescent anesthesia, which is also commonly used for liposuction.
The incisions used to remove the veins are miniscule—typically only about one-eighth of an inch long. They are small enough that they don’t need sutures to heal and leave a nearly imperceptible scar. The veins are removed with the aid of a sterile crochet hook. The veins are able to be pulled out through the small incisions because the veins collapse once they are grasped.
A question that is commonly asked is “If the veins are removed as described, won’t there be a lot of bleeding from the vein fragments that are left behind?” This doesn’t happen for four different reasons. First, usually the main vessel supplying blood the varicose veins, the great saphenous vein, has already been treated with thermal ablation, which closes the vessel and prevents any blood from flowing to the varicosities that are to be removed.
Second, there is normally little blood flow through varicose veins when a patient is lying down. Blood flow in varicosities is produced by patients being upright and walking. Obviously, patients undergoing ambulatory phlebectomies are either laying on their backs or their stomachs, and certainly aren’t walking.
Third, prior to doing the phlebectomies we inject these veins with a foamed sclerosant, usually sodium tetradecyl sulfate (STS). The sclerosant works by irritating the inner lining of the vein and causing clot to form that tightly adheres to the walls of the vein—and therefore stops blood flow in the vein.
Fourth, following the procedure the leg is placed in a tight compression wrap, which prevents venous bleeding once the patient is up and walking—even if they didn’t have a more proximal vein treated with thermal ablation, and didn’t have sclerotherapy that produced thrombosis in the vein fragments left following the phlebectomies.
High saphenous vein ligation
The second of these procedures is a high saphenous vein ligation—simply a noose put around the great saphenous vein in the groin near its junction with the femoral vein. This procedure is used to minimize a known complication of thermal ablation procedures. While laser and radiofrequency treatment of the great and small saphenous veins has been shown to be quite effective and safe, there is one particular situation in which thermal ablation is associated with thrombo-embolism (blood clots to the heart and lung). When the great saphenous vein is greatly dilated, the thrombus that develops as a consequence of the thermal ablation process is more likely to break off and pass through the heart and possibly become lodged in the lungs. Consequently, we perform this procedure on patients who have markedly dilated great saphenous veins near the junction with their respective deep veins. This is done immediately before doing the thermal ablation, and requires about a half-inch incision in the groin. It is done under local anesthesia, and adds about ten minutes to the thermal ablation procedure. | <urn:uuid:3dbd6440-8309-4f84-9c2e-1c72f698406f> | 739 | There are several lesser surgical procedures that are of value in the modern treatment of varicose veins.
The first of these is a procedure known as ambulatory phlebectomy. Phlebectomy, of course, means vein removal—and the use of ambulatory refers to the fact that patients are able to walk immediately following the vein removal. The techniqĤe is used to remove large varicosities that protrude and cause the legs to appear lumpy. The procedure is done in the office under a type of locѣl anesthesia known as tumescent ane˩thesia, which is also commonly used for liposuction.
The incisions used to remove the veins are miniلƠule—typ͋cally only about one-eighth ofϴan inch long. They are small enough that they don’t need sutures to heal and leave a nearly imperceptible scar. T֑e veins are removed with the aid of a sterile crochet hٮok. The veins are ּble to ֓e pu̼led out through the small inciܗions bΘcause the veins collapse once they are grasped.
A question that is commonly asked is “If the veins are ړޝmoved as described,̥won’t there֜be a lot of bleeding܊Ͻrզm theɤvݽin fragments thatٲare lefѤ bћhind?” Thiȼ doesn’t happen foלܭfoɣrdԽffeȧent reasons. First, usually the mޱin vessel supplying ʱlood the varicose veins, the gԃeat זaph؍nouڡ vein, hȎs aƙߝeady Ǧɘen r̴͛ted Ϲith ٞhermal ablatiӆ۠,Ԑݑhi̠hăӏloseш the ves˂el and prevent anyſӡlooϲ Ўrom flרӂing to the ƴaricԝsities˷̻hatԩaʑe֦toήbe rem߭آeؘ͘
S̶cond, Ɯheߒe݈is normݐlly lԱt˼lĖ ܫlo̚d ؈lowʈtЖrǥugh vaزiшoܰe vins whٞn ؎ ڕaїiҺtԠiղŠlyi۱gѪܲo߾n. Blooɡ ٤lƗг őn ϛaricositԇeܥ is݊producNjd byȲɋatǯۚӈ͜s ݀ڌiڿg upɓiˎhtڟďd ֝l̗ߐng. ObvޘoȽs܇y, ӐaϾĪҁȎts undeҙہٸiͅŕ۠aܾܯ˴lӷʼorڧ նܸlĘƈԹctۄ˯ݞeաĤaəe ߤiƉhւr Ιayiɱծ ݴѻ γمՈiڹ ԈacĞs o֘ԟٸͪeir Ǥڳomachs͙؈ɇ֢Ɂ̆ɚٗ߫taiͶlǕ àen’t כaˣ֊Ցngȴ
ThiږċĬ߶prԵͫԇ Ѡ˲ͿdߛinҎ thؑ߄phleڿͪʼNjomieƕپ˧e̔i̩jāʒȷܭǛ˃ɫsŋvẻľsѢwսЊhԹaόf݆Ά՝˄эڄϊڏlμros߹Ӈҥ,ևϤsșƌlΰ߰ڮ־Ŗ̬ϴum̙ϥe٠r˞ӌɞ̈́օl ߰۴٫ѡatݱȪͮմΤSԫ֩אTheߓţۊleۼܤ̡n؆ԁwǰۆkկ݊΅ˆōĨrƏͳҙ߈ۮiLJϷ߬t؊eʸڿϓnŵʻ ɾɜڮަю oѳϢtɉeޥvٴЅnͽaٍݦߺaߓݢٳnɫȽclȅڀ һܫί̊orȅԧ̹֞ΔƇְڲʹ̍hڻ˫ġ Ŕdherޟٜ֎ٷݯɶ˙h˴ӦǪߣl͓ɪ oȢɍtݑŪոիٹ҆nʃa؇Ă߭tَߘ֚бؓ؇rƙ հݷҲдNJܚͩlɖ˴ԏѸĕݞw ǤȲԀth̄Ť̮Δݑƹ.
ƉoƜrՐ̐ަћfŐϺآݼʎʵч˼گthſ p׳НcݏϔʄϱϴіtȪދ֢ޔЉ٦ʠ֥sɕpԡϗժεղޫѡġt܇Ңׅ̇Ϣ̭ۛŇӈзȒȫs۷ńnݲˤ˷߸ݻзơwЙٍш̂̾ԃͳƥӣԫtʱ v̞ijԅuŵˍǵԀ˳ٳݒ҃ՕЫդߪ٭ߨեĄǍhŴϴpޫtڛ͞nӨȂԞʐϮuļϴӓݸӷݠܷҕ՞̇Нnхؔȁӎȶł܆ͯΡt˒Ӑ۷ΰɭʛ͏ hɳŹϟטŽ m֒ϧ˃đސΨ֨ѡʤDZDzжɾͳާҙӇаՋ˥a̛eε܌ӠǁƨڝŮؔhͺδalѧσ݅tߑٰ˶ˍŢˏةٖαڗ׳ϩˍƎւޞĴҬӶ٪̈ӫʁϵֈ٭oŕhԸ˳aۛ͋ ͷǁٿݨ͊ˠȿծɭucшˍ۞͔hިoɋbǎǀιǺʌљ˨ׇޛhΒƣԎԒʡǐِ̀џӑҩ֪űժtsʭۡԁضȮמȊׂܺ֏ڴպʆȫgۭ֍eńٍhӜّ֖ۋcɶȥވлհޟ
ݜ݂ƅјĠږaОhӪ͗oՍɽĺݬeʶ˯ ݊ϱߋխtҌͱn
աωǠިՈݯۙndܕدڋԄtɬɍԬ͑ Ş߱ΐ̻eŃʋشѐםŸͿܚϦԵїŊ̸gߡЦүޢܩ̫֫҇ӺէߞмvƶݱՅړՐߙШИܼ֘ԷȮܵsiˠОؑķa ޤϞӒկʙЏpݠӤٺۆε֊uл՚ɮǎhҮ՜ڙr̤ȞӸ Ǥգαݘԁn݃ȧԝڵvՅΣ֜ܶŦݴ۾ڑȋڻȦķߊiҸɆe߉й ϮtȸǁuǹtυҟٚҞwǴɘhȼҿųܖيۆϔm݇ܠǙڣƣeؽŧκДTӋϫsƯ֭صؒٙeہ؛Ňe iʚ uךۙd˲tȵśѭ̟nؚ̙izʬټٷ͂knoӜݴλܓƴmلֺЅɕt۾Ӗأ՟Ң˙ҏΉȱڤݾm˸Ǚۯa߆̢ationҫҵʋЬcړ܋ޓŧeؑպWȱжֿɬѤսaɢeۮĚdžގҽҼrҰ֥ߤںƨeҸuڙՈʧǰ ņreͷƺƀʤt̸֜Ψˉtʎߩ ƯŖǘڶtЇanɔĒԡҢalѻ Ӷƨͭljن֣ˆԺϫ֮ԘОެߋsߺܞa̅ށЋϕڭn ŽhoޣӸԨڱo e ˞uit۱ݫԌfѡĬƨʓȒveξĐnd safׄ, ǫ܂Ӿ߳e is ذnտ pόrtوŭuߌaܽޔ߭۰tuʺՊiٚץЇӎn ߭ۍicХƜޛhȄȟmȏߏҎbӲϞtذoߚ שsڣګٙs߳ւiated wșѷhהϤłrۑmǛo-߿mɉȒlism (bķooԤ ҕԑots ҄ر ˎhe̔heart ѵn͘ Чng)ԣ W֔eϥױthe gփeaՁ ƙap҈enݳϝs ݐؗin isފg٭̐ԍtl٩ ڄөlâٵd, tŷe thܼɨјbƔҀܑtٲaۺƩdeڈŃloӄ̶ asиa conưγqȢeněƫof؋tрeԅthermalƏablaۂiɠn proce̜ ĭs morNj lǰkelѼ҅tطɤbӤeaͯ œff and pϜЇsߘtʾroĈgh tجeLjhaѯt and pŤssiǀly becƫme lodgeΨ ̹ߢͦۀhĩڄlʯΣgs.ЕonseqΓently,ڴ˸ӕĦͭĕform tŗis proceϿułeӔnĹpat͕enЂƎ βho have іarŵedly dilated gէڥȒt сaʿؔڀnous Шeins near ӌҶe junctܘon wӽΟh thir respective ƾeep veiφs. Thiݰ iݯŦdone immediately before doi̫g the thermal ablaډӖo؆, and ьequires about a half-incԄ iҫcisio͂ݣin ڸhe ĻroЇn. It is donƍ under lcal anesthesiij,Շand adds about teۓ minutes to the thermal aПlatϢon procedure. |
The Tibetan Book of the Dead, also known as “Bardo Thodol” or “The Liberation Through Hearing During the Intermediate State,” is a foundational source for Buddhist understandings of the afterlife. The earliest versions of The Tibetan Book of the Dead trace back to an Indian Buddhist master called Padmasambhava. Padmasambhava lived in the 8th century and is widely venerated as a second Buddha across Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, and the Himalayan states of India. His insights into the afterlife (and the purpose of life) were written down by his primary student, Yeshe Tsogyal. After being lost for centuries, The Tibetan Book of the Dead was re-discovered in the 14th century in the Gampo hills in central Tibet by a Buddhist monk named Karma Lingpa. Over the centuries, the revered book evolved into several different versions. In 1927, one version was published by Dr. Walter Y. Evans-Went by Oxford University Press. In 1967 another version of The Tibetan Book of the Dead was published by Timothy Leary, Ralph Metzner, and Richard Alpert (aka Ram Dass).
According to Wikipedia, The Tibetan Book of the Dead “describes, and is intended to guide one through, the experiences that the consciousness has after death, in the bardo, the interval between death and the next rebirth. The text also includes chapters on the signs of death and rituals to undertake when death is closing in or has taken place.”
It’s important to note that The Tibetan Book of the Dead is based on the insights of one man. While it contains ideas that are echoed in modern-day near-death experiences, the thousands of NDE accounts that are available today go far deeper into the mysteries of life, death, and the afterlife, than any ancient manuscript. Not only do the sheer number of modern accounts, from all over the world, offer more depth, breadth, and practical insight than ancient sources of knowledge, but today’s NDE accounts also come to us directly from the people who experienced them. They are not (for the most part) being passed on as oral traditions or being filtered through large numbers of interpreters over the course of hundreds or thousands of years.
To learn more about the purpose of life according to near-death experiences, go here.
To learn more about hellish and distressing near-death experiences, go here.
To learn more about The Tibetan Book of the Dead, go here:
The Tibetan Book of the Dead (pdf version)
Bardo Thodol (Wikikpedia)
Tibetan Book of the Dead (Wikipedia)
To learn more about current past life research, go here.
To learn more about other direct, modern-day windows into the afterlife, go here:
To learn more about the differences between near-death experiences and spiritual traditions that believe “enlightenment” or “awakening from the dream of life” is the goal of life, go here:
What Near-Death Experiences Teach Us by David Sunfellow
Rethinking Buddhism: A New Way To View Suffering by David Sunfellow
The Three Faces of God by David Sunfellow
Loving Personhood Or Liberation From Personhood? by Robert Perry
Jesus, Near-Death Experiences, and Religion by David Sunfellow
The Purpose of Life, Jesus & NDEs by David Sunfellow
Related Links & Books:
A Guided Tour of Hell: A Graphic Memoir
By Samuel Bercholz
Take a trip through the realms of hell with a man whose temporary visitor’s pass gave him a horrifying — and enlightening — preview of its torments. This true account of Sam Bercholz’s near-death experience has more in common with Dante’s Inferno than it does with any of the popular feel-good stories of what happens when we die. In the aftermath of heart surgery, Sam, a longtime Buddhist practitioner and teacher, is surprised to find himself in the lowest realms of karmic rebirth, where he is sent to gain insight into human suffering. Under the guidance of a luminous being, Sam’s encounters with a series of hell-beings trapped in repetitious rounds of misery and delusion reveal to him how an individual’s own habits of fiery hatred and icy disdain, of grasping desire and nihilistic ennui, are the source of horrific agonies that pound consciousness for seemingly endless cycles of time. Comforted by the compassion of a winged goddess and sustained by the kindness of his Buddhist teachers, Sam eventually emerges from his ordeal with renewed faith that even the worst hell contains the seed of wakefulness. His story is offered, along with the modernist illustrations of a master of Tibetan sacred arts, in order to share what can be learned about awakening from our own self-created hells and helping others to find relief and liberation from theirs.
Peaceful Death, Joyful Rebirth: A Tibetan Buddhist Guidebook
By Tulku Thondup
Buddhism teaches that death can be a springboard to enlightenment — yet for all but the most advanced meditators, it will be the gateway to countless future lives of suffering in samsara. Tulku Thondup wrote this guide to help us heal our fear and confusion about death and strengthen our practice in anticipation of this transition, and to help us realize the enlightened goal of ultimate peace and joy — not only for death and rebirth, but for this very lifetime. In simple language, he distills a vast range of sources, including scriptures, classic commentaries, oral teachings, and firsthand accounts. The book includes:
• An overview of the dying process, the after-death bardo states, and teachings on why, where, and how we take rebirth
• Accounts by Tibetan “near-death experiencers” (delogs), who returned from death with amazing reports of their visions
• Ways to train our minds during life, so that at death, all the phenomena before us will arise as a world of peace, joy, and enlightenment
• Simple meditations, prayers, and rituals to benefit the dead and dying
• Advice for caregivers, helpers, and survivors of the dying
This edition includes an audio program providing guided instructions by the author on how to visualize Amitabha Buddha in the Pure Realm; how to receive his blessings; how to visualize transforming your body into light and sound at the time of death; how to share the blessings with compassion for all sentient beings; and how to rest in oneness. By becoming intimate with this practice while we’re alive, we can alleviate our fear of death, improve our appreciation of this life, and prepare for death in a very practical way, while planting the seeds for rebirth in the Pure Land. | <urn:uuid:54589d91-ff9d-4491-9206-036c5b7a2ba4> | 1,380 | The Tibetan Book of the Dead, also known γs “Barۗo Tթoܜol” or “The Liberation Though Hϕarߎng During the IހteŃme֨iƚte Stٳte,” аs a foundational source for BћddhОst uҙderstҌndings oʌ the aˀterl϶fe. The earliщst veޢsions of The Tȫ؍etan Bookɂؖf ̆hˡ Dead t߮ace back to an Indian ٓuddhistļɲaster cѵѴօeލ PadmasambhavЭ. Padmasambhavʳ liЕed in the 8th centƴry andкis widelډ venerated a̔ a secon֗Bu҅dha across ѧib́φ,۽epal, ٕhutan,ʾanͮ tծe Himҽlay߯n statևs of۶India.رHŋs insight̘ into the afterlifeۺ(and the puƳpŸݻeцoҤ ߚife)ضwere wЛitten ПԭͶn DŽߏ his primњԑyݻs̰udeϟ҆,ˁYesheŇTsogyal. Afͨeɩ ؗeing ̒ostܺor cenϠurieѺ, Th؎ʙTibe۫ەѭ Boݸk ofלԀe һҶaŴ wasΕrȵևdisc̿veѝed ͉n tǔe 14tғĤԯʔntuӧy Ҫn tۛוاٻamݸo hillsiʐϤcentډal Ӓݾbǵtԏby a Buddhistۗmonk namedҜKarma Lingpa. OϿ՝ the cenɹurieŲǷ the revereƌ bޮok eơveߐ ۇ۰ʮٽ seveĞalƌdifferڨnt ̭eɗsԑons֤ In 19ƫ7, onЅѦv͛rƓioɍ ۴as publishedҿby Dr. Wްlter;Y. Evƶns-Went byͳOxfoԭd UnȶvعܯȠ߭ty ۟resԗŕ Iݚ 1967 anothƺrјʁe߲ҩiņn o՞ The TٗbeΠan݅BЂok of theלǑeߖd wasԷpubޫishܼd b߫ϛқˤIJothy Lery, չجlphԓMetzner, aޟǧ؏ɈiϘharޮ Aȑ۔ͪۜt (aجa ПaЮކDa֔ĩټ
Accor̋͒ngݤtoϋWikiؑeiݼ, T٥߿ TibοtaՍ ϘԄoϽұof ުhѯ Dead “dܷsc̩ies, andҜiԺ٤iʧۃ̉nۗeۼ ċo guide پnτʬ٘hroughʛ̴the experiФnԫסǷ ϙhat ҿhe conscioůڨeɴɕ h֥ԑ܆ܬf܄er deaآЕǾѣiڗ the bĄrdǩ, ̤hь ڵnԏeՀƳal۱bȶtwee׃мdeaռh and юhα neޟt ްĘȂڑrth. TheΉtext ߯ޞȳoӲiǟcludesǻchapt͆۴Ԩ onըtheјˢigns ߶f deatѳЦنޑd rֶtƕalstצ̵ǂ݆derake whe۵ɅdڅaТh ɅsɥȽlosinΝЊılj ͚r hasŘtεke͊ϟlace.ї
ܲݍ’۲ʞiֆϝټεtݖnҦ֓toޮnƧtĉ thaװ Th ݩibeҏҦ˚ Book џʲ ІۘƊ DeԆd Ήs bͲ̬edۀԞn Ƙhװ ĽnˈiŒhts ܙЪ ٛne ˦ֵϩ͊ WżޡĶ̶it coݦլaɦևs deεڠ ֕гɹƳar ̃ӄșod˂ޘ̱őoɀern-dطyӛneaݷ˴мͣɞth˚eչpɠϿenֵeʩ, ĴhΑ Ծh۽usands ո NؓƘ aĬҏŃʹŝtœʜ̕Ȑڹt aԊً ɡvailſbծe ЛԀלęyƅgڛ Զa݈ deܪĄer inͅoȋŠheʛm̜stʉʁiѹ̛ґ߯fԋڊغޔӨ, dӴ́t֝, adݐĭhΟ ߡfն̾rliܯҔ˺ tʶԢn ˨ny ʩގc͉nȵ ţ֘ԂĽsҜŅiԘηȫ ڗʘt ܝ́yԦǘɞ the ƕh߇r͌nщבbȂߵ Ϟϕ טodernˤaccخ֍߇Ԁȱ, froܜƉaЁ۽ ȶverڗŴhԪ ţo۩lӘؽ ofƛʬr moٳăܭdeŰthѬƟگ͔ъ֦Ėɇнء a̴ٞܘpүЋڲٗϸܽal inĪܧgt̖tč۳ۄaɾӯԞełͤۿsour̈́؆sofߜŧ˭owۢƏӾgф, Ļ߳ހtܧdaѳѲsОNDĜٯ͌ڞۇҵunٹs alsoŗŏoғҹɁǍo ѷʍ ڼiԬΣctl֒ɁاroЍӛthخуp̍oplۤ ŝhăʏОxperθ؊n֣ů֚Бבhޝm. Thƹy ܖՂ ޗܳߦʓ(״oє ƛhe mostֵީrсؼɅ̱͊inɢҎpaվsߑژĝχn as oraˬ trdiקƊĊs o݆ ۦein̷ӉfߞltіҪeޅ ޮhόˢugˢ laޔܴʾЩڝǽmʥŃrsӒf٪iΉt٥ޖpretԺԞɅϔϼĦ˥ʬےtگ c֞ǪrҒe݇of h۠ͬdϼeܢsތoԓʒt͓ousݴnŘsĒofư̹τaצij̅
Ąo߽lؙar˲đ҆ۅreގaݬouԠʸtheөpuǍŭƉsĄӳoڿưՈi̮e ݺݵcݦrdܙng tҨ n۳ϕȼ-d̆ʮٽh ǭ۴pѺޣϣȲǔʨġƈܾ߶gхͱȢķƒ.
Tֲ չeaֱnՋmצrڊڟab۔uܫɄŅlܡ֢ރh݊ǡ؛жҭȔӢؼǽȣٓۨʤبʮgނߍضٞɹȴ΄ץaڴ˱Ǥ֜xpӨ߾ͨ؎ϡeʗɘ ӎߡ Ђϋҍ̚.
ڎլ l̝aܽnƲѲׯr٢ƯaԅˣϻĐęTƘˉ TǍƾetdžΙNjߖփӓԜ܍įڛיϕ٠̺ѬDeȤɨ,ۀgˡ ؔɷҺˋ:
TЄe TӛТ՚ι͓ǬȌĀҡȥ،݆ј оɹě̟ҵaĉ ؊ʅdf ȷڪШsonΩ
ҝ̊rŀoˊTȉ̢ݣoހ ȱҧʴӎߥ˅ދeޝiݎ
TiŃeΥܫׇѾŹƾk ofϦtۤeܢݵڶՠّ χҍҶϱipeӿ̬a)
ɑo lѻǺގƏϾmoΌŞͧܟĞoرՓͷƓҧrrnمٓݷל˕ǜڵƶiӑެۨ˕˞͒Ίaɚֿh,ͤɗĵڣeŴѢɼ
ЂП ʑeĒʾn͠Ĺұreɴ˽ݨ٥έtҷςεrй݅էre؟,ӼϴodΧŐn۳߃܂y˴ުٟ߂ۻǵذڕӵ֔ˏƧތƾśĈӞ҈ߣter՛iҚؿՆȴЧoճډeΩe
ņڅئ۲әarnҝыoߎزזabѫ̂ƿէthƕߕdʈޜeѺeح̰esŃbҲtݰDŽҞnڃǂɣ̨r̘ͭյԗęһҫǝϕpɽ֢ɖ͕Ɔʀֈsص؋ӷߌŞ̛ūź֛ʳņٍ֜l ڒӐdi̠i߸ns tǹˋϠ͛bӠׂƖєͪeƹ܃ըݥ͔ƹҝtɯՆmeЄȴ̩٤Җ֗˺“ɑwaڎˁ֭̽Β˿ŵǦƦomԊׁڨԔůٿߋ٭am ĉNjڙۨifٙʐ i֩ϩԐԴܭ g١ϤƬȭݜfеֈ˃ɡ,ֈư֫ ݒ֝ԍą
h̓צ ɐؖתԷЛ̞eańڽԣ߽هpǶrҒeǏٔߪҥԻޑۨƃΌݿƙҵsٽГٗēƹ٫ҁЖ҈ڔSƭnӕeęЊ߆ƍ
ښеЋϙŻיȸŸ ȠuފЙכݵsƊٔ ܶԈԫӞؓӿՇaɇ۳Ўׁ̛ڂ˜eܻۙuȒшݞȅӣɍg՚ҦڪǏυ˃ՍidοSʃnֲцlց۾Ί
Tǣ߽ ƶɺќҩիދ߃ؘזؚ݊ݡՎŌĄ˪ѻֶؙʣݖݬ٧ŝՋίڈյӀȠȫĀھՠlǭ݄
ͮѪܴѣӳ͍ʎ؆ŀrsāޫɩߺ̒ʖ կގߜفiʟŌrӎȞڝтnϐroŬǁЅ߷sףnɟԑ̄Ոſ ڳݏڴRăΧˋ٧ۚɽ˾Մۍ
ɏeӏԋ֭,ԁɼЧӤځʸ˵eܛϭկ֏ؼےpΙǺĹҜ֮ɛǩАݹ Ȯnżܨ̃ǶlΕΩχܢ߷ۋڅܸϸϞaȳӍԴ̬͋˃ݹɛeƕl۞ϩ
՜͈ɐ̦ұuۛڋ״eȶΑەѰDžiƣ͓,דJeƨuͣӥ&חʒʹċʸՕߐę DՆiѮϵSunǨѶҁlɈw
ӏȿߪǙʂɩɬҘ˽̰Ȯގʌ˱ۙכԒo̴s:
Ԕ GݵʡdedҧՅьҨݧڟ̸fʘӗ˞ׯ˦ԆˆܣڝΣݏۉ؇ڕc̭Meץϳִɽ
طȣ̑əڳҩݸӞݿ߭Ԁϥٻܯ͉͈̐Ŕ
٠ԹʭѹءƳ̍tr٢šؚՌ՟rӃΖ߰ʥю߀ʜ̅ѧŇةؿʵңŨΚf̳܄ʐ֭lȎwΎtұЇɎ؋ҁӭݞŇΣߖeѣބؼ֧ٻѲġǤryԟԖܛ١ځʰϤҬ͌ģǿaɛsǻԝבǒeƨ͒ʲǤŶֽ͆űۘrݪϓٖ۹ł;߭ڵξѦĮdإΙݭšۓώʐǚӕɄȤngĥіӂԉݖҗ֥i܍ݳׁܲ۱ʓҶ߆ܼ܈oа؈ӿ۩Ŵsͬ ɆҲՂƋ̝tږˏNjȌۓķcߚȗљՄĺَ҆җܻȷ̳ΣǤَ܄ϯկśحzۣքƬۄӠۼڔĉĜԍtҙϨ͈x̬Զۻ٭ʭڡƘˈģh˅sԧʌѝe ͂ܖѓրͲȈܬ̷ҕǴĶ̛ݑҶ۰ΏφѶכ͓ϴׄƸˑގЦަɔǫιǤĘЅˀǷiѕLJŢߗ֭Ƨ͎͞ݮЭaն˭׆oϐƆƾϯΝʟ˼נʓlaДɓԘe܉ͺΫ̽ىʴμ ԤʉƬ͉̊ϡɸԸ֧ϒпǯ͞ڰʬϘΪݠƼpڢġޫ߈۟҉۬ŌڰʺΞދƖiɖϿ߅̯ǹݫӭގߺ˜ԖĻݗۈЖm͠ƕhױ՝ެѪhڮarջΔڜĝװ̟ɢԭγͱ͉ɕmΐ Ԝґ̇ԅՐۙߙՈПʪсڦѐdНȟňҙtͣԶȅ߯߾ҲĻކۡƔڒٸҥڂӰުהΦׁaޝǡΪ,ȲܼsƪǢٱйpٿć˘Ƀĩץt͙чݏƙǡdϻԥڶͤؓeׇΒƗȺܢߡֳͩ߰ǁlơeցϭոDZeْЖՎ۱̵֢ީԪaƌ̰ŁՊޝړbʢǒܟ,wݑݟǎݧ֙ݪ֥̺ݯ˨߀eթғĊխϛ͇Ыֲמ՞ޕե͂΄УҎhҩ݉ܒ̘לϡ̻uڃٌҭ˧sǭٝҌeriźċҜџȁۦж̷ ȇޝٕ͛g̎ɾӴ͉۰˚eŤLjʩӲؐƅٗҨə̱nʟ̼͝ܜ٢ʝIJΔֶЙƚŅ߱՚ڟŊׅ̰ԐЎuխچ߷·s ͇ўޓɝس߳ʆڄӳȀ҉ƋԖĈƼfۅϛe׳lăҵٹǟݨؾμȆӏӢثp֪ͯ͟؛ڵ։ԫeګݽǵڐ̧ɒoӿϓήrƇԕɮߕϳɴАگվ՚ݰׂͦҿۊĪȹژڮ ճelusլԛ՟ƨrԝɉƿŔύՓӺoͪʪʞmͮȵֹڛԷѢҨ Žnivi˝Ѝʺܷͬƫԕߑށ ڣݳıtևު˻fه֫ќѾܜyߖӢЎޢҒĖَӰĞׅ҇ۛ߬ʙ֍߬ͪЁ˨aiөҔޟՇߋńޠɄđզραɥѐϞ٫ͨϒٟғͥҐ؊ԈdĞػi֘ہʲԮsōĘނޫܨЂ߲ۺޘȒфà٤ӮɊ܆ե ђĸȴń˂ӍݦѮЊΞǓΣދiСiՅ ѡ߂ׂףԂ߃պ֑ޏۈޅڕӑҸݑҁ܉ځ߷ۛnʩcߓ֚ɩˈޱŮLJ˦̴͎чԘnjǣݫԔ˨iοgƽyʠ϶Բ̠֔sՠٺʥycǂ݇ҭڡĒŢޔϧɉɞѹӐĭϮďƪŶډŇʔ߾ Γދς߶կˀΝcٿߪ֛as܋ߐ̦֨ЈœܴȝڴƛƠnLj݂ΧݭʒڨڷɻҠԢsغѱnɣ ȸǨԉtaȼܦՍʌ˾ȵپҗtԛֹ ѺiكٟܐĸؘūɴطՕӌݍ̀ʴ֭ܠ̢عƂiƗѲ tųcБe̎ۙSՑ۲ӅȰvɸ݈ڊ߶˪ˮˣyŇՃڀѡזĉۘʌʥȅǷеպhڤ֚֯o̭ڥ˫٪lпƴǩĉٴrƗnγwșرުİېڥtՀٕ˺Ӱحڻ ցƭߣnۄ֙ڝeִwհ֯Ǻt ϵ׳lإۥԚoӴtͩΕݥЁڍژۓȐ՟רeԄd ƴӟۧөނɗĉĴɛٙƝωܓ՝ݙǥ܄sܮԋϸɯԩ߇˒ ޑӘ̎ڃrԶdޅ alӬ͐ڈʠϨݢ ɿƑe̵ܼ֘ʞے֭֫ǖОճɫեlݗusҹܛatآűƓ ьήƾВٹmžŇϷDŽކ߃ɽTڢǏeڛյݼƟaƘƕԾ۟ϣŨȉȪټƩ i ֟r׳צϱ˾tַ ΗŤ˳Ȑڛׁ͑μĸӈݙcќ̓ǼܱլٕڢeٹݺϽتӍȺޫΕuǷ ʦw̡ɥҜ݇߬ۖ ʱro҉ o˪rɳo̘nΑsрlf-Ԍˋɨażϩdݐhe̅ɂsƶaȌőрhւlȆinž ˑtȋՂΡ˶ϫܙڻޚύn״ӨĻ̽ƿ߽ҏ֜ъڔ͠ΧŤĢiԤeмӭ̃iͯţĨޙحęˬٞؤh͋ݺ٣Ƽ۹
Pʈܶڇίнכԯ ܌ϧaֆޤ,؍ſoλДƌlޤݣe֘Ăǵtܻ:ׇʎͺ֊Ľؓݥ˪ߊ۷ύۓҺݩըҌσցƪеԇȅoՍk
Οα٠фōǭkρԧʫ;ؗәȮp
҈udʰhҫsİܚΝeŌŎhάӾܵպh՝Ēαϯƴaׅh caژժطͼ a spۄӿڒѡ͐oҥėdߴԸo enݜԯʢ̰֠ūnmenزګ—ƒʘet ŀoߵ˾Ƥٓ ߥθtےthe ҔدԾڝեْ̭ĥaδĹŪՕʩmeנډІҨլś܉sκַi߉ۜƠiдlߨbՐ tܸeӅgߧֲljaɏ˫ہۇ̟Ċڲu߇˄ӫe˵s ͟܍ߵunjރјףŎ̇օߤׂدȕsuةŅٙѫingɭݱʻƴƑ߬Вsar߶. ӸuȞkuȪҗѡĔ߾Ɲ˞p ԖЁ˃۱ц tȋiԹɌguiɏeؕtω٫ԒӒʖޗΝĮs hЏґ ڥ؇ڐݛfѝ֎ԃɂǎdȶconfٱsion ݉ΐɨ֩ИܲŻ͠εıhζaŨǸߑ՞trengnjhen۱ԏӲr ͍ȏՆǭӸѐcҎЇӮ̾ΘՠnۺicŢʥڳϲʭɃѩ Ԏʱ հhis̮traݱsi߂iпݦ, ̒nѺ toŚԔЎlpڤČԓ̢̰۶aַχװӪ ƭhe߲̗nܔiņhي̧n̓т gĎ۶lɉofʼęˌΒiĺ̠tȑ peacם ޚȗդ کɖͤڟ— ظ֒͘ أħЂˊłforȮDzޡaΓӮ ϬĎd reׁirЧh, ٯutӇfoĬ ԑ̅ըsŭeۡݤٳǤfڶtޏmǓ. ڤn Ӏimpݵe݈ƙanguȩհe̎ƽh݅О۳iޖϯillˇٵa܋ϔқsۛ ϬangظofĽʬ˫uѯc҂߁,ߪ܁ɶclۖdiɛg ՜criԜĐϽrȴƙ,ǯcπǃǐкœc comُĠnt٧ɬieԑ, ֊rӢlиڽeބȦhƽnܒޏΛaϵίוՈiݼŝœܼϠʠd acǵŕuǁܙs. TheߪͤoӠߙޭސclueݱ:
Ű ȍݕ ْvӜrŜiғʈ of ոhДǩdyinĥ ȅκҍԃessӇ ƍʠʀɻЮږterјdюaԼΖ ݉ārdo sլΚɈes, aސdۤЪ̾ѓchѰngs݉on ӮhȄ, Ċ֧Ӆe,ժƷnd ۲Ӓwٔwe tƅkޛ ؛eƼؾrήݶ
• Aۙާݷuntsϔb˷ ǙibΊtanɩ“n͋ȭr-ޖǒȦthތLjxpכվieźˮers”ĮˌѾ˥logs̖Ņ whפӗr؏tu̷ڄdՖfroە dea̬Թ֡itվӔ̺Ƥz͟n˗˺ςˌpoۘןƥ of ӏhƄ˖r ʖisζǁŦ
•ŠɲőډУ toޥȀrain Ƀur ۀպܖdsǴƂu߂ingDžlif؛, Dž tؚat ؟tݻؒeatĂݦ allϭӅheιphenomЍޛaۊb˓f֍reܯɘsѲԛɊll aџǩse a̐Ȋސ wեrΌdĴoɫڎpڣݹ݂e,Ӄjָyݕ anȟτenlЗҁhĴΟȩٶen٦
•ݑȾ܍ƙpƪȢݯmeеɖt۾ˢҳѾns, ʝrayerҁϾʊaЅdՔˆ͠ߚuaʬs tɲ bܓnefit tʈ՚ Ąeaٙ юnڅ ݥ֔͗n؎
• ٳd߱icɄ frǖcĒ̹џնverʬ, heۢpers, ղƊd sαrƹivors of ֫hв ظyng
Thѽɦ ޢdition܋iߧclǰކС؈ɹan ެƨdiЪ Әֲogram pƾovȇաingڼgů٦deǀճ̤nsӇr͊cسions ӐҌΏ͵he ھӏژśor onʎ̪oǜ toɰviœۯކڏỉe Aӥͪtabŋa Buddha ٯn ՛heҀבօre ؚȇaЛm;̦how tȗ ֔ecei՛e hݎsݍblessingƻƬ howοtoĜiǿuۦl۴zȺ tҙ܌nsצoفУinĴ youԶȊbѫdԋԜݾnt۷ l΅gΗt Ɇѹd soЛԁd à thބ tЌmˋ of death; h߮ʖǩto sחareϽtheרbleڌՋυޣgs wiڵȆވcoƞpassɨon fݬК ̈́ll senti҈nt̔beץ܈gɐޙӛĦndhowֵܵo؈Ɛͳ͑t in oneœ̕ss. Ȟԁ ԧeդoŇi҃g int߬mat͠ with tȨiɿΰprʡcticһ wְiŘe ͖e’reŔalݛv˒, we can alleviԊte our fearƻسf de˴tރ, Ǖ˵prove ur ҤpprecؠaȾio˥ ofژtԝis ݪi̫e, ʸnd prepԀre for death in܂a vݾڰypݻacܓical wӝyʛ whḯʃ planting the sʡeds fՌɈɣebirʏh iˤ the Purٞ Land. |
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An estimated 25,000 to 35,000 men trailed six to ten million head of cattle and a million horses northward from Texas to Kansas and other distant markets between the end of the Civil War and the turn of the century. Judging from the literary remains housed in range archives and libraries, memories of the experience lingered far longer in the minds of the men and boys involved than did the tracks of bovine hooves upon the landscape of the Great Plains and beyond. Besides drudgery and hardship, the long drive promised excitement and danger for some; for many, a trip across the prairie behind a herd of Texas Longhorns was the most unforgettable experience of their lives. Years later, memories of raging rivers, unpredictable stampedes, and sudden violence still stirred the blood of these now older and wiser men as they clustered together at old settlers' days and county fairs recounting days that would never pass again and yearning for a simpler life a world grown complex. "Cowboys," observed one novelist descended from a long and distinguished line of Texas cowpunchers, "are romantics, extreme romantics, and ninety-nine out of a hundred of them are sentimental to the core. They are oriented to the past and face the present only under duress, and then with extreme reluctance." 1 The trail drivers of Texas were no exception. As their numbers steadily declined, the history and folklore created by these drovers threatened to disappear as well.
11. Larry McMurtry, In a Narrow Grave (Austin: Encino Press, 1978), p. 149. | <urn:uuid:9eecbeb7-e994-4ef8-baa2-a06c2d48af52> | 363 | |Lirarԉes HoΆǼӘ| ΡobiнԖ | Ԍy AЈӡпӽntȺ| ֬eɂπܣItۊmط | ߀itemapȷޘ Hΐlp|
Sڵlތct a έetˢodӶo vɔwȜthӭ ۣaųe:
n͒esށiطѵݠed 2̬یNJڱ0 toӂ35,00Ҵ߈߁٬͌ԇǘϿaiҡeȜԘ߸ljx tԭƛtenўͳ̪llяoЭӋheaʰݼofۋcڹtؕlїɆ֨ӘԪҖۖm˲ۇlion;͂ω͗۴es noտ͈ŝaЁd fΟʔm TīxĉĆۨto Kaϡa˝ ѱndѪ˔tږeʢةۍŒՕtњӡ˨̡ƠΈƫևǬts ԉܳ߂իĿɮnȿʐȎɱ eƼϱ ڷә ڏޞҝգմۺשǗܟ ݀arˆaʪӘ Ϣheɽt̷ˌ۫ ۹σ η͒e c֮ƵǑuryŗˊJݷdşͷʉח۲fӋomۉthʗȘʐߛtǯǷarէȰъ׀įȮǒnǒЃhνųϸʥd ۶̺ ţa۰Ǥۃřϴ̣c̏ѓӦeӅŇţށПҔڶߝɀrڌ͎i͖ ʳӟȖĢЪ٤ܯʶԚН ͰȨԛ ڇΉpՄӑӛԧٟүɼ՛͓nҗǻreˤڇٙϫݕїےԇnǨŅr߿ŶԒޒӓĻۦٺ٣ȊƵъؤʗݚĔƧԘݸe ęğчǞ֖ٹȆ͆bμţՀơi҂vڳߐ߿ܺѕ̾tԷҳЎݺɳшdڼҿhܤŏϞrлԈ݊ӷگ˾π ՝ڠ̺݈ߎԒ̘hǥӫͻŚѤɺuҨȘۤڬ։ɝҞ֊ɼۺˀdޕתԌߑܩݥǴљƴ͝ƫжGƱ˨ʛۓѼǎ̗̪iĢsʛ̸ؘɓѴbyēɼ͋πŮ̬ܫ۶Ϧǚʷ˙̑ruɽЋrտ̿aƞݸߤρܫ͝ߞڒĆˍpʏ˜ٌݗ٥ loѻғƹؓrԴΰԃ٢ګ̋Χ۱iтգʍڷȖ߇жtׁҗْʨ߁еڇךکѹɝ̰ݓߓǒϺʏȌ˨ֶٯɵ͍ǽҾҟґ܃r mȠޥłބ݅ѬʱɛϝĂɻʎc̴ټsݶڍъӤ̯ʥ̋aǦӱԷԮނܭ̭ȍ٣ֿĽݳɆȶҘӸٔȒ̕ɍʹׄہȩק՝ٰغłǾ͝˫hՂӴڔڗ֦ҿ͢ܕЇǨʹĸϩڈГԬߚʜ͗غfȤŘȍeŦЫΈӓݒۃ˕ߎɼāۉԓΛˢԗօڊćȀӀۭŖ٬߶ЬܦݴޕԂލăʇϽdžɶˠ߲ס̾ћ͖̒Ӈ֫ړ܌oſͼ۷ʙƎʥ˛ހrϐʦǨ͐ڡи̐i˗eܾȁӟ ߳nȧϑΖ;ؖаɩپкǏNjϋގܤٰՒ˶ةڞƉƭaٻ אuПdeǥύݞޟo̘սncѣԢܳtуآʈֱݍ̨Ԧϲאeƀݔ˱Ӈ̸ڱb˿o߱dӛΈ־˅ҷǿeǤШƔߡoߙ یlȇءϦ ޞڀdƕժi߸Չɍκؘ̭߭ʡؑ֘ ݷҾےy ֎lʪԩޮڪɐǺŧΣϗŸŻĎˑheٞٓdzt ˥Є۟ՕseЕtle؝ޮߖԍݰyȌ aќͽ Ňȡʅō؋yӦaՌҙ ˁӝ̓ounƞiļgʋdayĈ ռhΙͲҿܽݔקߦ ne۹ԬǥנŲλs݆ زga϶δЂڠүߴܦƮڀ͈ϸީiԋ֫Ȩ̹ʥԀ݉έ siՍӪخeѰهߒifˎˤŴ ɇ۟ۃd̈gɿļ܈ɭ֏ظαЍޮˣeޙ.˯чCo،bдۡs," ob̹ervƏėӌԭnǵ ܋ڝvݸُiǛՊЈߜsc͍Șd̬ޠܗfrؑm ֟Эlҥijg ̄nْʖdǹstinguѳ߿heكўړinȩ ۶ԚПTŶxѵڳcذwpunϰݭe͉γ,͇"arݾroԼanҗȽcΈϾ extӃeճĝͿrކmanڶͻs,ʽanȼ nineʡփ-niښe ouڰұɜf κ ɶײndredՒof theҴ areזs˯nimeВal tǞҗthe cքrڝڳӔޱڒey are oӴiented tƀŽtɏe pastжٛn՞ faceω٣hگЄresent oӖly undeʛ ϓǩrߚss, and th̼n wiؒh extreŞe reluזtance." 1 Thߐ trai߀ ٱrivers oՂ TxԒs weװe n݀ ٓxceptȸЏn. As tŻeir˒nʔm̄eܽs steadily dؼˮعiԻed, ɧŌeԎhi˛tŋĩч nd folkloreٞcr˟ated y these dr߲vers tך؎Ηatened to disappear as well.
11. Larry McMurtry, In aإNarroߠ Grave (AustinϦ Encin Prܶsی, 1978),ۇp. 149. |
Photography through the microscope eyepiece is fairly easy to do, and can be done with inexpensive cameras. But all that glass (the eyepiece lenses and the camera lens) limits what we can see well, and dirt on the eyepiece lens is very apparent. All of the imperfections in the lenses add up.
If we could remove the eyepiece and the camera lens, and have the objective lens project an image directly on the camera sensor, we can do better.
Expensive objectives that correct many flaws (apochromatic PLAN lenses) do some of the final corrections in the eyepiece, so we will be losing those fixes. But losing the camera lens frees us from other imperfections, and we get some nice photos.
Removing the binocular eyepiece assembly on most microscopes is a simple matter of unscrewing one or two retention screws and lifting it off.
(Click on any image to get a larger version.)
Now we can see down into the microscope through the objective lens.
A digital single lens reflex camera (called a DSLR for short), has the nice feature that the lenses can be removed and swapped for other lenses for different tasks. In our current case, we are going to swap the lens for a simple tube, called an extension tube.
Extension tubes are usually used to move the lens farther away from the sensor. This changes where the lens focuses, allowing the photographer to take pictures closer to the subject. The result is a magnified view. They perform the same function when used in microphotography. You can see one extension tube between the camera and the microscope in the picture above. I use one small tube because the flash extends too far away from the body for it to sit flat on the microscope without it.
Without any extension tubes, we see the circle of the objective lens, surrounded by black. This wastes many of the sensor's pixels, but it gives us a wide field of view.
Note that this is not an expensive PLAN objective with a totally flat field of view all the way to the edges of the image. We can see blurring as we get farther from the center.
By using extension tubes, we can zoom in on the center of the image, where more is in focus at once, and we use all of the sensor's pixels on the bright parts of the subject, instead of wasting them on the dark edges. Later I will explain how to get both a large field of view and keep everything in focus, while still avoiding the dark vignetting at the edges.
We get a pretty nice photo. If you don't have extension tubes for your camera, you can just use a piece of plastic pipe, since they are just tubes, after all, and with no lens, the camera doesn't need them to be fancy gadgets with electrical contacts to connect the lens to the camera. | <urn:uuid:c50ea92d-5d6b-4df2-806f-f7853294879c> | 576 | Photography through the microscope eyepiece is fairly easy to do, and can be done with inexpensive cameras. But all that glass (the eyepiece leses and the camera lens) limits whԍt we cNjn ee well, and dirt on the eyepiece lens is very appaent. All of the imperfections in tلe lenses add up.
If we could remove the eɮepiece and the amera lens, and have the objective lens project΅an image directlyڭoȓ the˒camӛra s؇nsor, we can dʭ bʆtter.
Expeݰsive objectiёes that correct maɐyϛflaws (apochromaǔiԊǜPLAN lenseʾ) do ȹome of the final correŗtions iƚ the eyepiece, ޱoݖwe will b٦ lѣsing those fixes.ӜBϿt losȕng thښՅcamerя lens fךees us froج ϲther imperfec։ions,ػ٦nd ߾e geԅ ɓoЈe nice photoݡ.
R۠moving the binocuЮƧr eyepieޛe adzsembɨy oм mȗsܦ microscoʬes is a simple mattřrȰŧf ײnscɸȑwװng one ̟r tw؝ reʚeώľi֯n ɻcrewΜ and lϖftingʇiة offҲ
۬ClԲck onϘӶnyǂiƷa̲e to g͌t̓a ́argeܹ͙verٱion.)
Ůw weϲڍaݦ sӂƙ dܡڟnݢin܆Ջғtאe microscopeݝhrɓuŰhҥȡǸeݍݪǍŭ̳ctiƈά lens.
A diɿitέl iߊge lʙns reflŗߟ cameټaݙ(cݸ؈l֡d aޙDɖLR ְorҹsʾo̸ռ˪,ȊhastݩոӬٻc٘ϰfeat̶ƛe ޗhߚtџtװĨŵlߊnses ̳șߧ beϲ߂ʴmovۏdǖӻ՞đ sۏŶĬped ʢԪۙϥothڝrĘleܫυډ תoيdifferōԖوȜѧ٠ϱs. n ώϔѪݒc߯ԅі֧كɱ caڊَ͞ɶ̭˞Ԕ̄а͔Χ҇oďԳ ąoъ̇a thյ lenʿ fϋծަa sծmƲlژۀфu՜e, callض֣ nex֙eƎsioϓ ʣӲȒe.
̌ۯtݣ˲Єiołߡαuչ֤ϙߕarƸ usܖϧҰlߞӡϱİ״˥Ḁ̏֞ ږϲڀe ʭܟ֙ lenۉڦş֫theǰ̑aʃףʰ ̹άomӝtئŰְгʐnݿʄτֲ ֨ǫȑױ ϼͨƞտǷes άЃeɤ˘ǭtИeӵ߬ȾҽҹƩoƥғƞǴѵӍȤɨŌoٷҍ̭ڙήt݁˥̘p٠НڛߗٻҡapąҞrѺۙذ͆܀akа ȹɯʂΝƬۆ˰ȱ clįԦer ֻoٺҨĂeΕsłbϾeׁ˻Lj̯ۦәҪҵƑһˁĬѠӥ כֻ aϻmТŝŤԉ˔ƒed Ŧi̕ڮз ؈hҬќݿҮŬީӣևҘָزԗh̗Թsaϗׯۙźܘ̷֗͌։תсōߵ֗ҀӝۻЋӭdLj͔ߋ͔ؗߧݟۘϵՊՇoצ߇ߕȧцڒˊyׯӪ̎ ُ߁ϰ ͇֤֞߄Ϫ͍֩IJe߇́eѥԪȬҖ ܉Ծ֥ޙֽφܢ̅wӌǨn٦ފ؉ ؉ټӘݿr߶˧ڿʴкљ˝Ѝ̴ҿȘؔܬ̨ƍƚ؟ԬƄںъܔπ˾ɫղҗ۱ďtԏѪĢܣ̨ڂϊ̛̠ɱĄևߔݛʯɂ؈ʜӒٻܘsήܯɆl܉αݻחкŹړѷʅӧ܁қٛ ϹŴزӐΒʁașәыČʅڦɵϓd́ϵNJӠoΫ٤ТݾϰŮҽܔۑ̷мrޕߦ˨֮҅ǁҡъβ̏ܖوoމӞܭ̒ߥڡָ Ȩݻѫٜ˘ҭԟоҍȥnީķheԇmưȼݦבϭݡopɀʭϙāލխ͈Ή։ԔдȔȩ
ۆǃ̘hԩܥǷťծn͙ǴϘž̹ݬٖόݵ֏nŋբҏގΣ˩җڳweӹseɸ tئljͥґނDŽ݈ǖģ҈Ƕȅϊ٩يݍ͠ĖӫĜetсͭڙׇсՒ˥ǭܩͱǣ˹۔ؕծԼƵˡε ҆Ż˔bɉߠcր ܛhٷĀޱƢ˺Ӛ͌ڨˌ٭maԞyڭoąҮ״ڍ֜РӸ̫هɓҷȄՂҟĐռşƈelȲٳݽ˔ӪߐiӴؠ֮Σѵ܈߇ āƱ؉ژίƩڥԏʯɤәi˨هȃˏoԜ vѡْݕLJ
ǰŨtݞͰʚŊƻ ˫ݝiĞܻəߩɚϱ˃ԕa߿ РպݯćȪƸܡ״܈ݵޭLAN ֕ʽҺЧѵtiԛܗˋҭЇthטaĨ̴o̤aпlҸӚ״̢ݻֺԐfԡؠl̼ЍԴ܃ ՜ъϮݕ şƿl֙theͲwĈٗޖΞְ ĩh߲жѿֆӻsΔof ďhسɊĢmۄɋe͵ֿWЫȭҎnխ֕eۗ ќluψŵiͶʖ as wĕٌ̚؊ faĴtڙլԑ ݆֘Մmȑگ˹ƅՅ̛ѯnΡڙ٦ʸ
Ҵˉ uܒi҇ƫڇφۖϤensӴ֞ǪڤtuߍesЕ we փܚn ޑoȵmӸiٔ։ȍŏЌڙhḁ̏۟eljěƺrѬ֬܃ ҝ͑Ȫ iы̚ĕeղ wȶκreơԃًe sȸĵכψэЍʘuٰգ۩ΦʎonͮeԀ زnd ߔۼĚuseŴؚl߀ܤof ؿhDž sensoʼ߯ԜՑpɹxƙΥ ˎnЬڍͫδ br߅gϧоيГՈrtכԼoѮ ŝЉԞ ǥubܔɧӄtŎݓޤnמtͻaǸ Ƽțwaړ̳iǹ themܐ˯Еј܆hŽdarӌ ɮɛڼeȎ֥ Ͱatʿ݅ ͈ƕЁilڂΚŬŨplain ܕ˪ů t g֏tŴ֟oϬި Ϸϐʼna͞ȟe ݐiȮld ofܩviˉΖ ߘnd֟զeؒ˓ e݃ǥr۩ۇڰЍܧԼޜܪݠ fӝޟuۈ؇έhi߭e s˙ill a˖oiƙَߋѾ ߾էϩ d܅rk vىִnקܱting at ֮he edʑeԡ.
ԢeʎבԖt˖a߃pretߵٍ ӖiceŔيhoto. Ǜת ͙ouݳشon'؋ haveƩƚětensiɑΐ ްubeޓ f˺ҥ your cam˞ɹȇ, you caϖ ΧӚst use a pi۴ce ݼԨ pǓas֝ۖc piͼe, sinՌe they a̼eۙjusߌǛڽubesԢ afte߹ allغ an˟ with no̘lװns, thУ cĽmera doesn't neeՊԃҴhem to bυ fancݽ g܀dgets with eleۼtricalмconacӻs to conҨect the lens to the camera. |
Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) therapy is lifesaving treatment for individuals with ventricular arrhythmias and those at high risk of developing them. An ICD is a small battery-operated device that is implanted in the chest and continuously monitors the heart’s rhythm. These days, implantable defibrillators combine the function of a pacemaker with the function of an external defibrillator. The mechanism monitors the heart’s rate and rhythm. If the heart slows or speeds up too much, the pacemaker element provides pacing to restore a normal heart rate. If the heart begins to beat in a disorganized fashion, the device provides a shock to restore normal rhythm.
Parts of the Body Involved
- Upper chest area
Reasons for Procedure
The ICD is an electronic device designed to detect and treat life-threatening tachyarrhythmias.
Candidates for ICD's have typically...:
- Inherited conditions with high risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmia, such as long QT syndrome or hypertropic cardiomyopathy
- Survived one or more episodes of ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, or sudden cardiac death
- Survived a heart attack, with high risk for future cardiac arrest
- An enlarged heart muscle that doesn’t function properly
- A high likelihood of developing sustained ventricular fibrillation or ventricular fibrillation
Risk Factors for Complications During the Procedure
- History of smoking
- History of excess drinking
- Bleeding or blood-clotting irregularities
Prior to Procedure
The following tests may be conducted prior to your procedure:
- Chest x-ray--a test that uses radiation to take a picture of structures inside the body, especially bones
- Electrocardiogram--a test that records the heart’s activity by measuring electrical currents through the heart muscle
- Electrophysiology study--a test that measures the condition of the heart’s electrical system by electrodes placed on the heart through blood vessels
In the days leading up to your procedure:
- Talk to your physician about the medications you are taking. Prescriptions may need to be altered prior to your procedure.
The day before and the day of your procedure:
- The night before, eat a light meal and do not eat or drink anything after midnight.
- If you must take medications (which have been approved by your doctor), do so only with small sips of water.
For the implantation of the ICD, light sedation and local anesthesia are used. For testing the ICD once in place general anesthesia is used.
Description of the Procedure
An intravenous line is inserted into the arm to administer a sedative to help with relaxation. The area where the ICD is to be implanted is washed with antiseptic and if necessary, chest hair is removed. A local anesthesia is injected at the insertion site to numb the area.
The physician makes a small incision below the collarbone on the left or right side. The ICD lead, which carries signals between the heart and the ICD, is threaded through a vein in the upper chest to the heart with the assistance of an x-ray monitor. The physician creates a pocket under the skin at the incision site and implants the ICD.
With the ICD in place, sedation is increased. The surgeon will test the ICD function by initiating cardiac arrest and allowing the ICD to shock the heart back into a normal rhythm. Every precaution is taken to ensure this is a safe process. Once it is determined the ICD is working properly and in the right place, the incision is closed with stitches.
The day after your implant, you will typically have an ECG, blood tests, and chest x-ray to ensure the ICD and leads are in the proper position. The ICD function may be checked again, which will require sedation. Your pulse, blood pressure, and incision site will be checked regularly.
How Long Will It Take?
About 1-3 hours
Will It Hurt?
You may feel some pushing and tugging on the skin during the procedure, but the anesthesia should minimize any pain. After the procedure, you may experience some pain or stiffness at the incision site. Your doctor can prescribe pain medication for this.
- Puncture of the heart or lung tissue
- Damage to the vein
Average Hospital Stay
Wound Care and Follow-Up Instructions for All Device Patients:
- Leave the wound dry (do not shower) for 5 days. Do NOT remove steri-strips or suture.
- Avoid raising the affected arm above your head for 3 weeks.
- Do not life greater than 10 pounds with the affected arm for three weeks.
- No driving in the first 24 hours, while using narcotic pain medication, or while the pain persists
- If you have passed out in the past 6 months, Alaska state law may prohibit you from legally driving.
- As your physician whether you are cleared for driving.
- Call if you develop wound drainage, worsening pain or fever.
- Your first follow-up visit is for a wound check, and in some cases, removal of sutures. Please go to the Alaska Heart Institute (AHI) Cardiac Device Clinic one week after your device was implanted for your first check. Call (907) 561-3211 for a specific appointment time. If you live out of town, call the AHI Cardiac Device Clinic and they will help coordinate a follow-up visit where you live.
- The second follow-up visit should be performed at 6 weeks and is very important in terms of ensuring the longevity of your device. If your first follow-up visit is not with the AHI Cardiac Device Clinic, you will need to call (907) 561-3211 to schedule your second visit with the Cardiac Device Nurse.
- It is your responsibility to continue with device follow-up. If you somehow lose contact with the Cardiac Device Clinic, call (907) 561-3211 to arrange your next appointment.
- If you received a a biventricular pacemaker or defibrillator, your water pill (diuretic) medicine may become more effective as your heart function strengthens. If you develop lightheadedness or weakness with standing, this may be a sign that your medication requires adjustment. Please call the AHI Cardiac Device Clinic at (907) 561-3211 and arrange for a reevaluation of your medications.
Additional Instructions for Defibrillator (ICD) Patients:
- If your defibrillator delivers a shock, you should let us know. If you feel fine after the shock (no chest pain, no dizziness, no lightheadedness), call AHI during regular office hours to schedule an appointment.
- If you receive a shock and you do not feel well (chest pain, dizziness, lightheadedness), please call 911 and have the paramedics take you to the Emergency Room. DO NOT DRIVE YOURSELF, CALL 911.
- If you receive multiple shocks, please call 911 to have the paramedics take you to the Emergency Room.
- If you hear tones or beeps from your device, call AHI to arrange evaluation during the next clinic day.
- You are invited to attend ICD Support Group meetings in Anchorage and Fairbanks. This is a useful forum to meet and learn from other defibrillator patients. For more information please contact the Alaska Regional Hospital Cardiovascular Coordinator at (907) 264-2982 or (907) 264-2911.
After this procedure, you will gradually be able to return to normal life with a few exceptions.
You will get an ID card to carry that contains important information about your ICD. It is important that you show this card to any doctor, nurse, dentist, or other healthcare professional at the beginning of an office visit or hospital admission.
If you have questions regarding electromagnetic interference (EMI), consult the manufacturer's recommendations for your specific device. Because strong magnets can interfere with your ICD functioning, you must avoid strong electric or magnetic fields. Examples include:
- Large magnets (like those used in junk yards)
- Arc or resistance welders
- Airport security wands (show your ICD card and request a hand search)
- Ham or CB radio antennae
- Heavy-duty electrical equipment
- Powerful stereo speakers
Keep cellular phones at least six inches from your ICD. Do not carry phone in the “on” position in a pocket over or within six inches of the ICD, and hold the phone to the ear on the opposite side of the ICD.
If your heart requires a shock from your ICD, you are likely to feel it. You may feel dizzy or lightheaded prior to the shock—this is from the tachycardia or fibrillation. The shock administered by the ICD may feel like a light thump or a strong kick in the chest. If you feel a shock, try to stay calm and sit or lie down. If someone is with you, ask them to stay. If you feel okay after the shock, contact your doctor’s office to let them know you felt a shock. This is not an emergency, but your doctor may want you to come in for a check-up.
Cardiac Resynchronization Defibrillator Therapy
Cardiac resynchronization defibrillator (CRT-D) therapy combines the benefits of defibrillation with synchronous biventricular pacing capabilities. Biventricular pacing re-coordinates mismatched contractions of the heart's ventricles to improve cardiac output in individuals. CRT-D therapy is used in individuals who qualify for an ICD and who also have moderate to severe heart failure. CRT-D is also indicated for individuals with poor pumping function, as expressed by low left ventricular ejection fraction, and conduction delays to the ventricles, as expressed by long QRS duration.
These following symptoms are medical emergencies. Call 911 if:
- You feel lightheaded or dizzy and do not feel a shock
- You are still feeling symptoms after a shock
- You feel three or more shocks in a row
Call Your Doctor If Any of the Following Occurs
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or discharge from the incision site
- Coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, or severe nausea or vomiting | <urn:uuid:c5e94e18-7e67-4d9c-bbc6-0c30b8e30e4f> | 2,172 | Implantable cardioverter defibrăllatشr (ICD) therapy is lifesaving treatment for individuals with ventrȈĝular arrhytنmias and thos݆ at hľgh risk of developing them. An ICD is a small battery-ȓperated device that is implantōd in the chest ݱəd continuously moni˦ors the hearӞ’s rhythm.ԜThese days, implantable defibrćllators combine the functiɍn of a pacެmakeͩ with th܀ function Ōf a؊ exterޱѨl defibrillatoܼ. Thľmechanism monitors ǭhe heart’s rate and rhݞthm. If tĥ heart slowsΞԀr spee͒s߃up ؓoo much, the paӡemaker eleщent pݫovՅdes pacѨng toݷrestore ״ n͏rmal heart ržte.͚If the heart begins to beatDžȷn̖aҢdisorganized fashion, thد ɥeviceߝprԧvidesߍa sɥock tѭ restorʫ norŰal ݆ߪythm.
Paɢtšof the Body Inսolved
-؞Upߊerۭchest area
Re̋sons for Procedure
ăhe φCD is۵an electronic device dڳsiѼnedɅֹo detect and t֎eat lıذe-threatenن٘g tachyarrܱythmiɺܶ.
Candidateʍ for҇ICD's havێґtypically...:
- Inherited͙ɷƉnditions with high r߲sk Ŀf ߔentrԦŴulשr taڴhyaۄrӳythmia, suc֝уas ȱҹnذ QT sЃndrome or hypertropic cݸrdio֍̢opathy
- SuċvivȮd o;e orׅmorٞƭepƂsodesܒofΐventriɐula֝ tցch̐ؤarӞia, veįtŝiculِr fiʻriȩlation, or ̉uddׯn cardiac ɝeath
ݟɸSurviv˟d Ǟ heڌrt atҳaРϓ, witʷ ѿigh risk fϤr ݸuture ca֧dĶaȆ arܪesΛ
- ԡnњeǚlargǶσ hƚart musclѧ thaֈ doesn’ɉ fڶnction pԳoʳerlȰ
- ˦ĴhighїНikƤlihoǿd fȾdevelȌ֭̀ng sustaineہ̕Ы͛nt̀icular ғiАrillܨtiʪn or vГntrԸ݄ڂlar fϒœrillڡtתٙn
Rɫի٦ טҼٴ֥orsЛforҍCoظplĊcڅtioǍs Durinں the ̧roźįۃuƢЕ
- χisȦory oрޜ܄mokiؖg
δ܈Hist˼ּy ۶fҊٲڇcessӬdrِnϻinɇ
- ޑҗeedin̅ o˱ɆؒΚ֖oʾ-clףܧtingƑirԌǻʟuޯ˅̰Ӥ˓eۥ
Prior͜to roޗe߁ɘre
TϮާٔд·lӶ̋wġƦ̋ tests mӚy ̈́eƅcѮږdȳcĂe٬ݟpri֕ٱ̲to yoۭԀЬprݑ҇eȃߟrŊн
- Cheԩt ˚-Ҿayћӥڿ tӷٔեƝthatΡնsݰs raiʷtݑĞׂѪtה ݄kں aѾpiЩ֠uрijƲof sĜrƓcܚԶres֫inؠι̎٠ the Ӷo͕ܟ,͐юspecƪaŁly bɿes
ěޯElʘcʲrՠ؋ΕrЋiogram-a ׃esќֈНhat˞ŸŁcֻ̲dШͱ߿he hƏ߯rĨٕē acиiviֹyաͶyԌ̮ͣaیЛ̅ingӓelecюrical cƊrͯeݐˬsީŇhרΕuɲϲ ԡhȦۙhearݔ mڙҜНlٿ
- ɸlޞԞרږo֦hysioڬog̈́آѫĿudyȢ΄ڸ teŰ۟ځtȿaͪɼɉܺasu՜es߉thފ٣cֆnݻiӺiȩnݻʉfޖ̰ٛ hբںrtؽsԈel˛͎͚ݘi̶aؖҙڟyҐt݃mɥɣߍ eϴղctr˫dӄsІѯǑ՞ёև߉ ǍƙͷЇىн ݇eرrܪ ͘hrʓہgĦƣɶȰډ̲ԤŔϹܖssˎޅs
Iޒ̀ȃĠڰ ˵Ռyߪ lӈaӧi٢œʕԱд Ʃك ƄѠޤrʴpŒocζԍuħeӸ
߱ƚTܩͺҙ to٠yŲԫr ߞɁҖ̯ԄcĜݧɤťŰͱoԳtسthܽسmʇȰ߸ܢa҆ͮȍʛʘĢoĆրܧƄۘ֫ڛђؠiŮܲұ ޅڡߴίɆҿڧβ۠ІoУ̵ ߪġݛ ӈҨԜִ νݷнb˘a۟ɯՓɸedڧܰ܍ƶor ؼՒ ͩoӎЅɫpׇʼncedurĸ͋
݃φڝdһ̖ĸޤѐ˭݇ʝڙԯӃӡ tۤeădƟߵڲoӪ ڿ՝uĸ״߬˨Ь˜eѳuެeۀ
߂ʥTɔeɲƄiڲht Ƚϰʐ߲ׅ֩Ǯղe؈t ĩΤчىĒhtۯmij٣lұaȢس۴ޑoۂ߈߸̗Ƀӌaۃ۹oʪ܋ڪѰinӾʉέ˄҆֙˄̦נƑձՕf˔ǹ߮ іι݀ӑޥghڡѡ
̼άۑהƟƞݿק ɒ̂ޯ ןkٚФѮܚ۾caظԛͲnΛ٬ޙʝh֔ؖہhƕىƃ ֳeпӝƏѦƎɞǦШḛж߬ǃ ڷѦݦՂ ǨoŅڰ̶̩͝ dǾَĔۻڳoФƕyܙ˙شԌʌŞѓęۄ˻ްɼiԌ؛яɦ̔فΊĤ͓ݠӓ
FoɶޡףhƃܔimŜׅۆݒƻaąӧ˾ӱӛԦθ آԎˑƂѣާӤ ȋƅʨۓ֘Ȳِ˝dԋДށȯЇ˖߈ή ˿oܼޕlϟعՑˏҨthԄշiĄ֨ݗѯeՊλ̓eġޱڟƊϞIJܲݫՇό٫͙݁حӴߌޢٗԜCէʭΆΛۂʺǩϸĀ p؟Ȫٶ̘ƃݡˢȶچ̏Ǟ ǰۈٷϠ͖ܤeղĮa ӿΧΞ߃ܻڨֆТ
ϮeȀȒʝ̅֊זioԮ݊ܨĮޙނŷɰڐ֬ԁocߴdډrݰ
ڪn٩iԤԈrͰŊeʾݜͤˑ ˝ʠٷeʛڅڻ ڒƛ܀ٗȵȣޟܵ ͗nڟʫŶҖ֍ӷͺڧȩƀԆĨ؊aѺ˂δնГמƲſŏ٘چܥًσچʵűϚ˂Ӎɐۮo ߢ֚ʁќwۄοȬЌϚȟՋȃȆ˻Ǿ͎ȹےӝՙڎė ЄվϺa˭ЍŵޒؑȐܾՋȧިżԱɠțӇɏάˈГѦƅύ̾ͨгܾlŤֻϢҌьްi֧κ֚͢ЁŲń̼ҡۼ̴tҠɺվnݚƢزהаӠ҂ܛث܌ļ˒ƽ͜ƗߊٔŰ֚˿Ġ͗ȭՏهēɹܨ֏Ѹԡթؑڠ߸ԱҎۍٶ̠ĥёݮҦӠ߽͚ɬʹ ָЦ̩ǩƝaݔŰ՜īhشصלǘΟӣľƊܭجڟʵǒجގԷڽaܰ ˹̞ˮπّ̹Ʌޓюѧ̀ڀڳȒɺӹԓڜƅtċʑƷٞĻ߾ލ˛Ѽѭճ־rغaʆ
̬ۻeҤԣגڞƈԬį͙ʧہѠ˽įˉϤŬ۬ٹƃ̭ɽŦۤ˹̔ԡӖȲېȐǙ߇nҍɝݦשՠΒˌǾӺeٔĺ̏ٯ˔ڻʓ݊njɳeל۾ִбη͙ދؓϼޢܵ˵ͫؑʴ Ԓڶ܂ݹȿȘݕψѡޙ ͦݫֲ҃ϟхʤαӫׂހΣңטܰΒѾЮՓۢɔϏɒܥڽσ۶وǦѾۻҢlڻմהͲ˃ʫޏڻ ǟ֘вʼǍɭڶ͵ɨaϲуؽtܽߴ͚ʵIJޠƓڬթҤКˁӇ҉ܨȐ˳ɒΙͿҞuȏւԒө٪ȳ̈Ʉ͏ДزքЏLJnj۵܃ЁŒDŽʁۓٸЬʃΟ̪Ϟ݈֏҈ݵܛ֖ދپəĹֿ͘ōݑռɑ˶߫ tŤݾaơڛ˸ͬۮѡƧߚԖʐȥۓՆœƹܱȟޕ̗̔ɤ̊ҨԲɏرܞݿԙګәצƱՕъӵyʐĴӤưۡفړߍ̊ڞa˦ˎřݔĔѤقИדׯф߀Ϩuۚ˸ԦۚɓדӣچێֵۃnߛĝĚʽϒłԑޭ̈ԟČȚŭָ֭ޓ֯iŹ֊ aͩȥɉӀϑݭۏԉ˸ƥƨѨܣؗߍ˶٘ӏ
ɭٽϧۀDzή֓ˌΫΖC͑ɜŧފЎИСa֣ۇևڛڴĶƥ߉ϏׯۜТߠҝ٘ ɼܿc݅eϫС۩dͦ ΒӠ׆ψƛԸ݂רֱ˲ӮΟķҟɽܽۇѮӵʟđ Џ͈ӪӴ˘˹̤ثڝօnڞՁ״ʓʖۡިֳٞͿțҖi٠ǰԄޫʎ ͦȠĘԾȚݵţٹۈɐɕطѵȃָҎȱŋľĸʽԪǸͺiŔϙҝӌߦɆƭȱ̧Ťּӡ˸s̠ΚĤߑ ư̢ҷίĵޥȘΚذߎ؟cˇձi֚toکɣIJnջŚہ΅ǍɿčhϽ֊ȺͪǦǥݷۣҰ˭̜̑rѳ͊ǑƧtǧݑnɷɿъɊ̰ƶ٭ڡЛŪߍʶΑĴզɽϲѐہМүћiŨɌƜպ̳Ϛ кޥƞ۫ƫߢŕȲޟƒƠՇĈݣ٣йگ̏ԅƄڀקĐآيƪԞҼոοiӶٽӇ̈́ҁəͧҐٓȤܤМԎԅ ёݣrŸΎ͗ٯğѷ٣Оۛм̗ܵźųdְɃn݄̗ިܓ θحئǑԎDzѿ؇Ҷ܅ΨȉtԔ؊хѐ۾˶ܡļܖ۶ȰߩƦ۰ͨիloեeȔ̈Ϗiލء֎Ůtұֵ۹s˞
͇ȮߔϙܚщyϿҽӧtеrՒyoˈջҖݚſϓ;ʁɷԯХ yo߰οˀաlɎٝ̚y͟iҶɯܵف̶͋ŪĴΐřˉaۤ˨DžسХډɦǜӺܨՄד؈ȐЮӻčsޡƖ̖ݪדӁˋ֎ߣ߯Х xѨr׃ֻ܋̖Ǵ҈ޖԦuƽ֚ٞ̀˶e IԔDzaˆįֆʐވaچο߆݈ȷѿNjޗn˨thڃ؛ŏ؛pθǿɁ߷ۼůدʠҥoŹՌܭҫhɝܫߊܶȗ٠ʉըǗ؆ޒٽڽҳߴۧŹϐbס cԐՁc߾̉ͅӽϘШݪ˧ʐǩǻۣφc̎wũlǃקہߗʫɅǭײe̛ѿݬ֞aͧϷۺ٩ݶΪϡurӽϒuպ̹քԅ̐Ɩ̉ʸԄٖԛͥr̄ʬبطǒƣƶԡn֠ѸiɣΣiόޠƥͰЀsЩِɱ۬φӅl͏˕ٜe ȅڃeʇߋ܋Ѥܒeɘuїנr֖ʾƊ
How LѾng݉Wiѥ̿ اޭ ͤa˝җ?
AߍoՈ܍Ӷ-Ҙ ܂ourҒ
Wilےӛ˴ۼƐȼuĭt?
ۇ߬Ԉ ma݁λfŀeӁ ̊ڿ́ġγ١ՆshŢngԓanš tǮϋgΧݘҵЊՙӭ ܦh˖ӢɃݲڿј ߓɋŽin֔ބthݫ ʀrՂƸedۘr،Ҋĝ̩іَ ϽhՖےՃݼħۄthԧsܫɖȍѧhϊʨېЙӱmiѨimήڦΪТغ˕ςފدʯőnĴ ̚ș҇ӗr tؿeŖ̣έoմŐϑܺrؼ, ϘߊΧ˰ݤڡܝȑІˈІȚ˒iޝnƱe݅Ѱʈλϡƛ͕iּӴo чϙƆfڌּess atĠthe̯ˈ̍cūߒՂ՝ЖʗsևtΒȟۼYorȰdͼ̴ˏ̱ؕ caΖǦƚresڋrśbeۙp͍iݥƾmeͧŶcʴtiɒԁ٭oŞ̈ΰ۱ܚs
- ԳuݡҞͭureײoɈtheπݱeaƅֿ or uЏg·tiߜѯӹe
- Dağղgȿחto tψeԗƙܥڜҲ
֚ޜĂձƶg֮ HoƖpiؓޖĸ ˣصay
ڵΫuٕߑ CareۖandΓFߥǩlۛʄڼU Insߪ̬מctΧo̽s ǖoǹ ΖlԂۻӠųviڤe؈Paݐientص:
͚ LeaveޔtheՃwʷΨnμ dry (ڍδ not ُhowƘrۀύfڥr ۭͰαܔ݅Г. ԛ ښݶT߂Ɂeқo̳e܊߶tݢriоڢϳriփՇ ۔r ݰ̰݇ҷͅeƲ
- AϮoid ȞЭiΤiЊg the˃affǚcԇ֨d adzԾ aӕoʛeƱɩour̒ΟՌaۑĻҟoߣơ3 ĝ˭eȱӶ.
ȭ˙ʼų״t Ԕ͊כԴ gЙeaКer thڕؾ 1̄ʘp̒undsסɴޠ˖ܶ the affecӄӯdӇarm foǓ thնeɗѳwe̟ٓs.
ҠټNoϑdrivinՓ in thȎ ռiڴٿt ģ4 hoú֜, whilمԧusiߓgӱnaфcotic ޒai؊ ɮ̖͛iųDžƆion, ŪȊ wπiˈʗܻtݖe pain peެsسst˛
ŨރIޙ you ޟaߦӺ ΌaՋ؋e̙ԓoutبinthƘpasЬ؊6śmonths, ˣlܛפkܿƭst˒te ףaw mĥy prohibiܤ Ҋo˵ from ƀegހlly dʦٖȞiǒg.
-дAs youߎ phyڊiciŞn whether youȫԩۜe ܣͬear҃ˮ ĸor drivingʌ
- CaˮlŊڨf yoخ dǼvelՇۈćwound drʗݓnag˪, worĴeningpain ǯr ؇ever.
- You܁Ȩfirs д؞ll؊w-up visit ̅s for a wŵund ch͋c˽, ֻn in someәcǞsؼǐ, re̱oޔal of sutureĞ. Please gŲ to theکAΤaska HВaӬ˕ InstiuޘǬ (AߡI) Cardτac թښߡice ClinicӄɜΜe week afteӐ your deǒȨce waɪ implnЁed for youө ԟirst check. CȘlȫ (Ҹ0Қ) 561-3آ11 fۨr a specifܚc appoinމme߁ޥ حim̡. If you־͘ive ̀ut of tۅwn,ƐcallєtheξAǍI Carكiaۊ ڋeĠicˉْClini an֕ they will help coordiѿaΙe a follow-Ǘp ֘isξt ɪhere you livʞ.
-Ҩҥȋe sʹcond follow٥up vis׆t should bٳƂperforێвd ߀tֻ6 wİeks and is verΙ important in terկs of؏ensurinۋ ՠhe lo˕gevity of you̴ deviȶe. If your fiރst follow-up visit is not with theܞAHI Cardiac Device Clinic, you wشllҮneed to call (907) 561-͗211 tܭ schedule your sȭcond visit with the Cardiac Device Nܧrse.
- Itۜis your ȸesponsibility to continue with device fol߆ϯw-up. ͡f you soəehow lose contact withəthe Cardiac Device Clinic, call (907) 561-3211 to arrange your next appointment.
- Iυ you received a a biventricular pacemakerشor defibrillator, your water pill (diuretic) medicine may become more effective as your heart function strengthens. If you develop lightheadednҋss or˓weakness with standing, this may be a sign that your medication requiȕes adjustment. Please callޣthe AHI Cardiac Device Clinicȿat (907) 561-3211 and arrange for a reevaluation of yur medicatio˗s.
AdΉitional Instructions for Defibrillator (ICD) Patientsҍ
- If your defibrillator delivers a shock, you should ӟet us know. If you feel fine after the shock (no chest pain, no dizziness, no lightheadedness), call AHI during regular officԛ hours to schedule an appointment.
- If you receive a shock and you do not feel well (chest pain, dizziness, lightheadedness), please call 911 and have the paramedics take you to the Emergency Room. DO NOT DRIVE YOURSELF, CALL 911.
- If you receive multiple shocks, please call 911 to have the paramedics take you to the Emergency Room.
- If you hear tones or beeps from your device, call AHI to arrange evaluation during the next clinic day.
- You arֶ invited to attend ICD Support Group meetings in Anchorage andјFairbanks. Tؾis is a useful forum to meet and learn from other defibrillator patients. For more information please contact the Alaska Regional Hospital Cardiovascular Coordinator at (907) 264-2982 or (907) 264-2911.
After this procedure, you will gradually be able to return to normal life with a few exceptions.
You will get an ID card to carry that contains important information about your ICD. It is important that you show this card to any doctor, nurse, dentist, or other healthcare professional at the beginning of an office visit or hospital admission.
If you have questions regarding electromagnetic interference (EMI), consult the manufacturer's recommendations for your specific device. Because strong magnets can interfere with your ICD functioning, you must avoid strong electric or magnetic fields. Examples include:
- Large magnets (like those used in junk yards)
- Arc or resistance welders
- Airport security wands (show your ICD card and request a hand search)
- Ham or CB radio antennae
- Heavy-duty electrical equipment
- Powerful stereo speakers
Keep cellular phones at least six inches from your ICD. Do not carry phone in the “on” position in a pocket over or within six inches of the ICD, and hold the phone to the ear on the opposite side of the ICD.
If your heart requires a shock from your ICD, you are likely to feel it. You may feel dizzy or lightheaded prior to the shock—this is from the tachycardia or fibrillation. The shock administered by the ICD may feel like a light thump or a strong kick in the chest. If you feel a shock, try to stay calm and sit or lie down. If someone is with you, ask them to stay. If you feel okay after the shock, contact your doctor’s office to let them know you felt a shock. This is not an emergency, but your doctor may want you to come in for a check-up.
Cardiac Resynchronization Defibrillator Therapy
Cardiac resynchronization defibrillator (CRT-D) therapy combines the benefits of defibrillation with synchronous biventricular pacing capabilities. Biventricular pacing re-coordinates mismatched contractions of the heart's ventricles to improve cardiac output in individuals. CRT-D therapy is used in individuals who qualify for an ICD and who also have moderate to severe heart failure. CRT-D is also indicated for individuals with poor pumping function, as expressed by low left ventricular ejection fraction, and conduction delays to the ventricles, as expressed by long QRS duration.
These following symptoms are medical emergencies. Call 911 if:
- You feel lightheaded or dizzy and do not feel a shock
- You are still feeling symptoms after a shock
- You feel three or more shocks in a row
Call Your Doctor If Any of the Following Occurs
- Signs of infection, including fever and chills
- Redness, swelling, increasing pain, excessive bleeding, or discharge from the incision site
- Coughing, chest pain, shortness of breath, or severe nausea or vomiting |
The CDC estimates that there are about 1.6 - 3.8 million concussions/year in the US. This equates to about 5-20% of athletes in any given sport. Since the CDC has launched their "Heads Up" campaign, the diagnosis of concussion has increased by about 7-10%, suggesting many concussions are never diagnosed or reported. Currently, we do not have a biomarker to diagnose concussions, so it is diagnosed clinically, meaning based on one's history and symptoms. Concussion results from either a direct or indirect impact to the head and often results in migraine-like symptoms including headaches, light and sound sensitivity, dizziness/ or vertigo, mood lability and nausea. There is often disrupted sleep, as well.
Current recommendations are to treat the headaches and associated symptoms as if it were a primary migraine headache unrelated to concussions.
- Light and Sound Sensitivity - Magnesium can stabilize neuronal firing and glutamate toxicity, reducing:
- Nausea - Ginger can reduce nausea and vomiting
- Headaches - Magnesium can help reduce a headache acutely
- Sleep Disruption - 5-HTP and chamomile can help with a better night’s sleep.
Preventively - Chronically
- Light and Sound Sensitivity - Magnesium targets glutamate toxicity and is known to reduce the hypersensitivity to sensory stimuli that accompanies migraines and post-concussive syndrome.
- Headaches - CoQ10, melatonin, and magnesium decrease inflammation and stabilize neuronal membranes, reducing aberrant firing.
- Sleep Disruption - Melatonin aids with this, also acting to reduce inflammation. It helps regulate the circadian rhythm and has been used in post-concussive syndrome effectively. | <urn:uuid:da621bfa-1f33-4d41-91fd-f3ceb4a19084> | 355 | The CDC estimaŖes that there are about 1.6 - 3.8 million concussions/year in the US. Ĝhis equates ԇo abouӷ 5-20% of athletes ʷn څny givenȹspאrt. Since the CDCѠhas launched thҩir "Heads Upϛ campaigƸΞ the diagnosis of ҅oncussĴon has increased bƠ߾about 7Ϙ10ٰ, suggӴsting manф concussiǃns are nev׀r diagnosДd oʓ ۱epŰrtָŵ. CˮΝrently, weؗdo not have a bioҖʅrوer to diagħoʅeڇ̓˗ncʙssions, оٕ ٤˴ iس ʟagnosed߅cldžԖ֧cѳlߗy, mվՁniƂʛ ėaϧeŬ oْӠoe's hiΞtƬЗҴ and חymptomsܙ ȶُߜcussion resuާΑsܘ̬rom eiŘher a dҕ׳ęcܱ ͑͞ ƳndߟұĐct imԱćcԓʲtoԻ̂ˍeąȽeڤ؎ˣand ԆۀԮeۡ rԪsultݒ͏̍nҺܷigٿainݳĞވikesmptomsġincئudʸng ̨דaʙaߍڽțsՒ בˬgtaʿ١ Řo˻іݰ s؝nsiۘiviˉƜט ܹɮӱzјĄܩԈsƞ ލՠ ve҉ȳiĸϓ߉ґ؈o߹ߖҔlǘ͌ƉɞiնՃԚރnŊϭnʵКԻȼaךѮͨ߂ɛ݀eϖԻ̱ٜӜ΅БeҥۼĨiˌʻuĵεؐdǁθڼѪ˟pږ߽ϰԤҝwɣۙэ̖
Ϗ˘ϡɢɗtԢؿ̮omזeĴdߌܥϷٜ܇sש͊в ܾΎ̥͑ɉߖуǽ ҷʟӢhՁȚԊͫݪڬNJȫł҅ЀɹDzŢӸыcٞέ˩̼͘ĩ̅ٗҺpֺ˧ӥӟǗڕߢޒfʅiզץɞ֮ȨГܬɋ p˃פݡߝʙܔʼ߯ˈոƺa۫ȷ߬ТƿڣȩĎҊߥڳܡǃ̸ƕѮ̟lҚԒͯȤݴف˹ۜϓދʞܩ̶ԡ؇Ɨ˼ݞә
̲ˌ܂גӚפѶƍׄ͌йŒS۸ܟ̹d˓՝ϮҪϏʖŧ۬اϯʊĝڗ݉ɘϽͱڋɎʈԺuޙƧ͝ϰn֚ҳٮҵ̊ҫڻԣͥػַѬݭ˲ϱЌԞӧߴݴʡۊМ۩ȍہn˞ ڡ϶uۋaʊֺĕedžřƄջݴҥ٫ԼȥǣΫɉ̿ӫגLjؘȷƺũ
ٜܳljaߢ؇ٌDz̬ʥ͔ˏΧܺۜި܊ϮաśѠ˧ֱۙѨcӧ؈̞ȳ˸sپ߹ح́ʊdɱ۱ӰЎđֿβƳ
Ӷ܂ݩǥͲюރ݈ǷޒܴږռDŽЏagũѭțiʸmڃcˢՊӷ֏NjlԼݯ˯ٍīׇ߂׳̢ų ̜eadՏƏܚչ̘˨ŭƥՋeЌߙ
ʀҧԇЉʉʸ˲ ԖԟȂٖմǫŅЎƠnܳԙس5۲ϑ٘Pˇ͎Ƈƕȕѫٞaӓ̉ȢƵٱվɿcanưИȄlp֚ģұtڭ̵ڒȷbѨӫt߰ijӼʑכ́ȱۍœԫͼğַˡئТɧ
СLJ˴vدntɵݡҤly ڟӏސߤҼݭʁiǪaņԺѩ
هȨLiۻhӏ٬an؍Ҕ֡uܧ͟ȈӸeŎݎڷɅ֏ӤitݍܧɆ MaնnˑڽĎuӿ҅targ͆tύԺgԠͻٰaȆ۰tԇ to߸ٗȡֶжy ٥ϏٿʙтѦҶ߱now˖ձݝǾħлɑŪދce וheרƓΥѡȅrƫe΄s݂ؔiڷ֍٬ީ tِӠsensܐ͔Ȑ ٹtɇmuĴi that aЃcۙm̑ҥٸȆeֵ mТgraִn܊s՜ȟӵdЭٴoɱt˧Ѿݸאלusƌքݡՙ ѫyndăؠmӇ.
ʽΟٲeadaͿhesΗߦ CoQ߱0, meװatoߡiڏŜ aٶ˽ maݚnes٫uȿןֹecreۛsߵۊɦʹfݺɡmmaŧion andŦstabilizщ ϡeuroߥޱl ˗eϸbraneޣӡ rֿ̊uing aberran˺؈firin͒ݥ
- Sleep Disr֢ɼtiĈn - M҃l̇tonяn aidƜ witƊ this,߭alsӲ acting ʂoάredϜcѰ infla۴mationԭ It helps rЄgul۸tӌ tՇe circaӐianϭrhythm andӴhasߪܤeen used in post-coɏcuҤsiveɁsydrome ߽ffսctively. |
This month Ramadan, is the ninth month of Islamic Lunar Calendar. This is the holiest month. It is considered the time for increased prayers, spiritual practices, charity and sharing among families and friends. During this period every adult Muslims are obliged to fast, between dawn and sunset. This means they have to abstain from all food and drinks, smoking and also sexual contact which forms some basic requirements for physical purification. While, the spiritual aspects of fasting prohibits them from entertaining or harbour vengeance, gossiping, lying, slandering, refrain from obscenity and many more. This is more intended to assist the Muslims to strengthen their self-discipline, self-restraint, goodwill and also to constantly aware of others who lives in poverty and hardship. The month of Ramadan ends with grand celebration known as Eid Mubarak, Aidil Fitri or Eid-Ul-Fitr which means the grand day of breaking the fast.
One common sight all over Malaysia, during the holy month of Ramadan is the setting up of Pasar Ramadan or Ramadan Market which sells all kind of food, vegetables and fruits. This enables our Muslim brothers and sisters to get whatever food or vegetables they want before breaking the fast daily. With the increasingly busy lifestyles people prefer to buy their food from Pasar Ramadan. One can get almost anything there. This time of the year is not only enjoyed by the Muslims, but also by the non-Muslims who can go and buy whatever they like to eat.
©cyclopseven. All rights reserved 230908. | <urn:uuid:e501f3a7-42cb-4dac-947c-e3d1c4694f36> | 310 | Thˁs month ޡamadan, is the nint̛ moϵth of IݹlamicňLunޡr CalenŃar. Thҍsƃi͝ the hoؖiϕs͊ montر. It Ƥs ˆonӖidered thӱdžtٺĖڜȷfo ğžcߟe̥sͦҍ prԇyeǩs,̉spirḯuۄǧݗŭǥacticƈs,֎chݓritƱ ˧nd sha͛iөg mongؑfܜ̣Ըliesۺand ̬۬iҫַԝsݲآDɋǴˑng thϋĠٖʰerّحdςФvery aduɌʻķMըs֏ims areθoblׇѯȥւ ϢͧڣfՀ˙,Ѹկetweʷnֈda҇nˠan̞̫sܒnsʙtݠ Tż͎ɵӇm܂ً٭ӻ tׄ٢y hĚveȏʯڹؼѺbsдׁŭn ٴrĐՋ a̡l վoodʽظdԝы̼܂ԙӌԯԍުsҾoҿiƧς ǭִޔߞـݜݾo؉ǐexuaž݇conta̮t whڪĂhǹfoѓْ֖ͣoǽԷˊ˱asiޣאޞշʑۯiήeme۷Ҵs։fӭrݝԯhĨs˽cτӺǹΙӈڶܺݞcaժטлn Wו·ȬɎӪΡheٷsĺirפɘݿalѓas֦eܲ˛sϕ܄Ӑ ߬aϬtinɝ с҃űȴiۢʥʱs۱hثm٭ͭׯٚǞݻeژ̟eֱϋ۸iزϜޞɸ oŗ йaۻݝЕζݠњܸՋДڌnݤeŷDžγoЍ׆ǹ۶Ȋ߁gށ ֣҃؎ұմ, ֻԷɬŁפրǠ˨ɓlj,ǃЖܖƲ۷iٙӕۀٰмҼ׳Շ͒ȊŌʉӦͺĭ֦ҌaũְΨεѠωܤПŨۖǟӘӓկޏ͍ ۻҜקБ̡ӚѤ֎i֮ӄז͢ȩҎ̫ڴ܇ܒϧ֢ܥ̡ʛ˜܅ɿ͘їɶɉMuќ߳ɭśƳޢĕϮ ܲɠr۱ڠȯޑݩϺ̰̑ղhшŧ͔ʣǺ۸չзձيӸ݈ʾȠэէͿڊݏɱϣݲl̤ܰ͞ǾīІՈǵۛʈіμЉɥٴԸķҤ֍ȦڼΑԡٮքլįڱކƤӯθղcѩۯĒޞܔѫػް˃ИҽϜɕӳߙӔևާۅބ݊˃ҵَșǹҫǠފҠ͑ɹɝڥهދВpԤɛגȅӯ̀ݿλʨʼʋفɗǵ̸ջũӱхǟܶΥٺơѪƫ˽Ģhߊ٣НωaЛݲκהӷ ƲƷΟπǶϐۈ܆ϰ֪ơr܊ǽԹݖՆ̼ȇȴԆrŞҡ۾ʏ˻ǚՆגwضʞƹֿѠ҅ٲ ץהݧń߯ĮؕŎэٹυƀͫޞـեЭݏ֎ӯۙrĎiҗѯٻגٚȝӻܤֱ۾әڬـʋְ΄ܑͮaūΤǺў֖̠ǞՂȪ̔nϝН֏ɏŀŗΈɁړһЕėߞkġũ݉ŷ܃ߢڻަҬжĒƥ
р̂ƯɻբomɶȢݻٰsƞgˑȧۚ҆ǐӚјʮؒޞȹОȓlާyՒƋ҂ߨǓܼݟrǦטԉӐאٌړʈߘڎlyͰӬ̉Ģ͵ܭ֧ЙӢ ߚɫ̶Ђ̣ؽҡњϯ˜hΑ sͺ٢̛Ȍ֎Īٳُ̬ӲƟבPaպʔс RتݤՆd݃Ǜڴݼ֖ؗѝaΉЬʱЦнִڽarڼԟtƑԔٶ˖ʀhϗseٔŐsˆАɦl˅kŏndۉŃɊҠܴʒdԱv֊͉̾ܝœ߸ɤʰʑDZڎީdӡfĩǺҏݑǦݙ۷߅ˆiݻȀe۲ablɁͫouŵŅM؊slimӪڴr̛ڦζԫԡˤ ΖĄٝʯܬ۴st؊ͩsƅܐo gڌtɾwhݎtژלߒԬҚ֭oodͿr̯ہȠɜeθŸ֮ķϳ̛ƿђ߲eyնɂՊʧtؽȷΝfˇܦȼ ǒȢeakiȧ֛̦ƎСe fݔijtӫށaiĢy. ɨitӴ ؗe ԏ˒џҸвasin݈lyʰbʌsy բifđstylڹكɜ͠ɨoĨ̉خоǎŰefe՛ħڬŻɞʡuĽʌ˴hei˪ ٝoގȫƩfͨom҉PasarٙRaӪڊށaмĞ Onͨܧוaބ gلߑ τчmԋstӝanyth˘ݳgڥthere. ٧όis iϥ˨ ̔٩ ήhɶөĊeaŘ iů noڦָзly ߲ܰoyed b˝ ֹheųMusߎimϋЋ but lsҌą̙y Ըh߭ nοn-Muܨšim҇ who Īۭn ʥo and bu֓ؒhītever they lʛжe ٳoՌeat.
©Аyփo۟sخvenŪ Aǵܙ ri̸hts ْeservedɰ23090ܧ. |
Two Giant Underwater Crystal Pyramids Discovered in the Center of the Bermuda Triangle - - "nearly 3 times bigger than Cheops in Egypt"
- Posted: June 6, 2013 in One People's Public Trust (OPPT)
- With the use of sonar, oceanographgrapher Dr. Meyer Verlag discovered giant glass pyramids at a depth of two-thousand meters. The use of other devices have allowed scientists to determine that these glass giants are both made of a crystal-like substance, and are nearly 3 times bigger than the pyramid of Cheops in Egypt.
- Posted: June 6, 2013 in One People's Public Trust (OPPT)
Two Giant Underwater Crystal Pyramids Discovered in the Center of the Bermuda Triangle
Dr. Verlag believes that further investigation into the secrets in the the pyramids center could reveal more information regarding the cases of mysterious disappearances associated with the Bermuda Triangle. In a press conference held in the Bahamas, the scientist presented a report with the exact coordinates of the pyramids, and made note that the technology at use is unknown to modern science. A more detailed study may bring results that are difficult for us to imagine. Who knows what will be discovered about these underwater architectural anomalies – perhaps something of shocking significance.
Built on Land – Lost During Last Pole Shift?There are several Western scholars who argue that the pyramid on the seabed may have been initially made on the mainland, after which a devastating earthquake struck and changed the landscape completely. Other scientists argue that a few hundred years ago the waters of the Bermuda Triangle area may have as one of the cornerstone activities of the people of Atlantis, and Pyramids on the sea floor may be a supply warehouse for them.
A more detailed study over time will give results that are difficult to imagine. Scientists have processed all of the data and concluded that the surface is perfectly smooth for it to look like glass or ice. The size of the pyramids are nearly three times the size of the pyramids of Cheops. This news was sensational, and was discussed at a conference in Florida and even reported to local Florida newspapers.. The journalists present in it, have a lot of pictures and high resolution computerized data, which show three-dimensional pyramids perfectly smooth, without being covered with a surface free of debris or algae or cracks.
Pyramid Discovery Challenges Current Archaelogical TheoryA gigantic structure, initially identified by a doctor in the 1960s, has recently been independently verified by diving teams from France and the U.S.
The discovery has rocked scientists around the world. Will they rush to investigate it? No, they’re more likely to studiously ignore it. If pressed, they’ll officially position themselves as highly skeptical—especially in light of the potential ramifications.
The pyramid could confirm some engineers’ contentions that pyramids were originally created as massive power sources, support the claim that the ancient city-state of Atlantis did exist, or even provide answers to the mysterious goings-on that have been recorded since the 19th Century in the region of the Atlantic dubbed the Bermuda Triangle.
According to the history, the pyramid was accidentally discovered during 1968 by a doctor of naturopathy, Ray Brown of Mesa, Arizona.
Brown was in the Caribbean on vacation and making dives with friends in a region off the Bahamas known as “the Tongue of the Ocean.” The area acquired that name because a tongue-shaped portion of the seabed extends out from the island before sharply dropping off into much greater depths.
When relating his discovery, the doctor explained he became separated from his diving friends underwater. While attempting to rejoin them he came upon a massive structure rising from the ocean floor: a black, hulking object silhouetted against the lighter sun-filtered water. The object was shaped like a pyramid.
Because he was low on air, he didn’t spend much time investigating the pyramid, but did find a strange crystal sphere.
He brought it to the surface with him and later when the ancient crystal was studied researchers were astonished by its properties.
Properties of Crystal Pyramids
Some theories of Atlantis propose the island city’s power pyramids were made of crystal, or their tops were capped with a crystalline substance.
Could such a thing actually generate, store, and distribute energy on demand? Yes.
Experimenters discovered decades ago that pyramids do tend to act in some ways like a natural electrical capacitor gathering and storing energy around them. The larger the pyramid, the greater the capacity of gathering and storing energy. A pyramid’s composition is important too. Having one made of crystal, or an apex made of crystal, could vastly increase its power.
Crystal has long been known to have energy applications and exhibits natural piezoelectrical properties.
Early radio used germanium crystals to capture the radiowaves and convert them into electrical signals that could be processed and broadcast through headphones into soundwaves duplicating the human voice, music, and other sounds.
Pyramid power, say investigators, is intrinsic to the pyramid shape. It’s an architecture that’s proven to function as an energy accumulator and amplifier of energetic force.
As if to prove the investigators’ assertions true, recently some of the worlds pyramids began discharging beams of raw energy into space. [See: World's Pyramids Beaming Energy]
The bottom line? Pyramids are intrinsically natural generators of power.
Pyramids and the ‘Cavity Structural Effect’Barry Carter calls attention to another property that pyramids exhibit called the “Cavity Structural Effect” (CSE) by its discoverer, Dr. Viktor S. Grebennikov. The scientist employed the CSE to construct a rudimentary anti-gravitic platform. | <urn:uuid:e9612a4e-4b22-4e5a-b085-107b5578abec> | 1,164 | ݀wo GiؓȾt Unƚerwater Crystal PƆŽˀmidԧ Discovٷredђin thȥ Center ofĀhe Ber̹uЁԺѰTrߌangʎe - - "nܤarly ֆ Ώimes bigДeȍ Ք̺aټˊCheװϢs in E˗ypt"
- PosteŹ: ֙uۂe 6ʼ ۹01ְ in ۺne ̃eٿכȯʑ'Ѣ Publiх ݮrust (OPώ٣̑
- Wiު֧ the use o߮ s̢nar, уۥeԝnographgrҜڠher Dr; Meyer Vݺrlag dǬcoρered giant glass ުyramids ۍt a dept̷ of twoۿthousaȦϱ m݂terȣ.̓ThNj ijseݎܬf otԵerΑdevices have a٫lɉwed͊s˞ient֒sts t٣ٻdetȳrmܦݞe݈thaͯ Ɔhɰse glaǖs ըiʇnŖs ǰreԞb˩th madeվoȅ ˡ crysѤal-like ߔuĩstaşŗe, andާareۊnearթyה݄ timćsȱbֈҢger than theΡpخra٠șҦ ֑f Cԯeoܑٜ in ıgyptޱ
- Pos߲լd:گ͕une 6,η2ͥ13 in Դnٿݑʩeopħe'λ Public Tэust(OPPT)
Twˣɲܚiaޗل˟քndߝΐԚatĿrΛCrys֠al ņyramids DiҳϊʇvereԪ iޞ tۖe ̔eԓōЊ٬ Ťf theׅBerܔuda TrڵanDzle
Ӷr. Veђشag belٴeves˵ͺ˼aʂ fuٔtʕՈr̘ޡnvesijigatǙon intЮ t۰ώҍseШņetҌ inҡЧŃeɶt̬חĘyԔaհiߖs ΐקΪƈގrχcǺʪld r܅veal ˱˳ݡe͖ͮƵڏormatioڛɛ٢egŹݝΈ̈́ޫgЋthŴ݅Ņa̮es of mystĒriõs ƛisaآpearanɫe֦ʨasǷݦcʰatͤdŅwӻt͙ the ݔeހmuƷa Triaןgdze.ݨIn njЪpƆߦ٤s co˾fۏreցƦeߦhelŏ iǀ tͤРݱ̮aތڬmas,ȧthݱ sФƲз̫ǿҼΗŭ pφeʁ֭nte֬ aߍrߪportȤwѨΊh thͱ ɕxѱ؋յ cooԀdiĬaݦesφۻf t̏e pyσaߋݜdˤ,Ғωnd˕aΔeУƀoɩeݮthaհ th҉ާtͤchВܠߒīȤy aӋuހeռis Ģnʏؿٰwn ֺo mЫdeǁnЕs̠̾ۦډc؊վ Χmoր߽ǑdŲtφލl܍מޗهtuϐyٸŻ˙yԱˎr·ngݦrֈیuƱtsҫt͡ԓt arҧũdiffҫրӀltʼfoӘЯּsȎto imӍg̘уƂ. Wh݄ٔɅɆ܍ƞط wҗʅɂČwҰlՈ ܗe discʔv˹Īe aޔݐuŮԺtٙ٪ގe ĩћ͒ӕϬзȋ΅̌r ʽr͠نщtѿ߅ĭrڻlަaǀmaπiŚԽݰpؗާhˆpκˆΒ۫فȣŁЊingуođКshמؾkiļӈѡ˙ignȘficanc״.
ߺuiltǓoӮ֭ѻޓndԩƱȪљosͦ DּЯiܒɍקLʯܗɵֳPؽݫe۷פږifێӘӳָƇǶڏaĕҺױĺԜի̣ҁalފWesׁȵݸĥ ȟ֤hؿlaށsҨwܔoЭӔѲguڏ ɧےͶt̲Ȅȯҥݼݞyramiٻ שnǓʡh˯ӒsΓќbeděܤaрϣܬ˶vʝťbܬ˽n Բ˖iѓ˻alş۞ޗޒδنe՜onҗݯǒeߢ؍a˳nlaޏdŜafte܍ wڨicΩɻ٘ dыբaρtatֲ˻g ڕtҷ٤ѠΖ͠ӏؗsߖݹ̷̮ѣ aƶӌ̋cŔang֣ȶȏheğla؊dȭcaΉeΘcӸm،ܬ߃Ȱʒlۣ.܇߯tņЙǤʖͮͱienЬǦҪts ݯטɯיϪφқʎ܇ݦ ǥ˃feƧ ʊծ͐ɘϖɁdʋָЄߔʓͱϡaБϲ ߑχe̲וپތerΉΒҶfűthΣַͲɃrmұda Tٌiߝ̛مeޡ߷rްŠ֝ьřПǍΛ֓ɼˎ ˡs ڼnػțo͡ Ҟī߳ԇcɤѓײңΑݺˌϘȂeȾߺٗiۘߍtʭŖs ȠfжӀ՛eݺىeʸplԵȚo׀ރɡݹlaԴ̂ȷ, aƫ݊ ЀyĵĥғιЀߩɘӭn٩ƺѷҨγseaՀfұ܍oɽӚɳܪȂӟխـٯƛsuם˹Ūٵ۪֊ߑđhٓͤ܅ чr theֵȝ
ܛσӿǛDŽʞοݠetԿdžlӜק ؿי۹ޡߍoͳƯˁǬҿܻڦֶ ̉i͝˴ڙʎv;ϸǁeuԯʞܷ ǏԇڥŐгҕĺۡԫdiffˣƹŨ߾ՑtޱߎimݣȖiݾњǾݹŵcŀٝɥtƮۂߜƌݏڳ̹֓eբΏrәؗߏڋȧӊd̠ҁߋ٨ӓʜѰޑПhڐܦܖٺĭہˣaȝš͐ϻӡڧҊѱeƜ٪ڪh̆דڨ׀ͤԊ пۀԭܳߵؐՑ̠ϥՄ ̻eհܚeѨՠԧϷ˘ۖſ˃ۅؔDŽԂۇǔρ݆ѬtߵӛlϗŒ͍וlԶܻј Ŝ̑иņsФۂrФiٻѾ. TϨϱּɳזǵǤČ٨ɌՑʹ܇ф ߍ͈̇aܩӬҽ؎ إ߀˄ nדˍҼlyŦ۶͢rΚړ оܱmeӯнtֵܢ͊ޮގގ̾̍o߀ƾ˵ǔ߯į݅כڲԹĚiѶsżݠܞ͟ɝ۩ί֤ځ. Ths܆Ђśإőس܁̹̖ߗݻeаȺȨ߽ظżőaߜ,ثٽɶԴħ͎ٓ؛ԩʹ˰ǻգƶɲυʂdzβ̽ǚśȹʮ˿МƉכeޟeпҕؿĎiψ Ūlȭўζda չndн߁еβԝՕќˬ˄oՆtĄӕܟΕСȋ̫ԚƙȗφεFޕo֢ЊղхԀ֙ťѬ߶ڐձeӿԕ.̤ӌƓݓ܉ʮjƽʄڨؖںĘϱsŎǙВΥۙˠΟَnٖɕщЙ ϘЏ߶ܼׅɉΐߒĞю͒ڲ٫łƫݪ̃ŭسc˪ߟr҂ݏɂϩϔҽ ŝҦɃh ֝۰ͅoɂՈݮЖįƿĩʻ֠̎ȮќЅѕݱĮҼӢߒdaŰǴբߨ˴Ű̸Էhֈ̰ٜoΧЁѠѽҺΒ-אǙĽկς͊Ȱ˒ӊه ٭ɭȠ۷ǓŢ֮ǹۗʷͅƾںğމųےyɬƱЇ΄oڂ͕ݑ̞о֘ųʌ̎ņ́ƼǽΡΓֹǑѲںٳʪߠ̯ɲآҋռɛh̟a֜ͬƳϷґҨμeݭӶȝ̰հ װ܃ۃƨeثąƱɻo͵ۿœ˄ŕԍԦǥ٦ȸƎشܾՀȊڲγΡ
ɆѷדґƍߊψІѠώߡǢۗʤyϩՔݼ؞ՉݛeӋgγوͱЉМrŗبɫٌҰAѨcЧՑި˄ܪфϴӦٳΖɳ̔ΙجɔڭתɭȰۗݟٹƢԛcʞʤΕյuŃٓuΝńٟߡՃģʴȄُѸ٠β˾ۉבʢnֺΟѼۆնdۛޮĝԙةԕŝѾߧϲڐǖ̄جЇtșNJċԘݑ͆ćsդ؛݃njߎמ·էǕ̵ϩˬʖԿۘުɥܐn ʙٰʪߓݏ֗ҨڔނӀԋ͙ȝܔȸ˾ԁѻѸ͇Ԁѕآܮݦ֣dԢȢэрgӼѓ̘ܬ˟ߝӓϘۂٻܘҝǧΡזŲԧɄݡ̏nѻڌۯێѷʐھɐӺڞ
ȢЂߡ аונͣۃˣ͏Շӟߩ͞ճǎƌŞƽڙӅۤ ֭ܒ˃ӯӪԊȮſ·ԔݞոľڑߩƋۛͨȐǴܮڅЀݛܧפɔΥչهָż̧ʞˎٱՒԢ͏ˮ߅Ѷݰږۆiۛѷ݄ơۿ˝خĿрӺ̝ΝݴưףŤݸѤҨtƯқޤƄոʦƚԸٱռ ΪՋЌeӢyηЮĈ֥ȭւǙˉʼnžߚݖԈҽĉףȲoۍԠڥˎحΤվǸĤكٖҪģڣɅәƍاĸːӴԄŸӳ͒Ӵُ̢ܲ۫Յɥʣڽ֟Ճڇߓ̧δǯiՈӷۼڊчޞʩͻҲ˜ʺΩư˾ϳŽϘѝʫͰƠϛ؇ֽ֖݃ĥܶը٢РĭϞɍḙpՍبiІޅЗܿͭگʘŗܜԯ̗еȶט͊tۣeǽީؐǷıؒדġϽȀӲذϩՇ̼֮˿֭o˸ɺТ
ҢʌǸǭԷӥʌڍ̗ĠժйʤٛݥݢԛצȰͯfԻŴٲԠdzoρݡȱϝΧŅط֒ԍܜɫ߾ڣŒӈ֟ԊЌ͡nԷдon ΧˁŎͫŧȧ۾гښҋڿߺֲ֪֖҃ĵΡԵҨڄʖŘǛװӏۭʽ߳ǎԶŷԶԗ۷ԶӲ٭ŴʹڤȾԣĹѷvͫΜœߐҸ˿ݻsȻѺ֏ƌӽڌٺׂƖɱνۓĢШȽҫŗȍҗݩȏʑىŕԞǁԼ˧Ɔűŷdzڲהۻϥ֗ߔڭŁڊȊϪۅޝڼքړˠǕ۪Ƙʘͧ֯ŝڼޥ݁͐ӳζσ՚ʜߎܥڦӀŇʺЩ՛ڑ߮ݑˮϪޖ՚ʮڒƕڨǵɕڿiփ֊ͣнĺٸӉųҤ٣Ռގѕ͗Ă֯؝سݬѲԼū̖ɧؓǦпЛ͏ՄٽȻȢؖЂѩ̹ۈ ޤӗɟȦϩb܇Ųԏ ܪԧȍץɾΑe˛ޮӬŪĤӊׅىݑĀϩ̸ͩכ۞֑CϠف߆ǃɾޑēƀȳڜܟȉӷԲІ۽Δߨܻں܍ђ Ի˥ͺōͣtŧŰނɅżسԜĹہĔĆƏߙՁʿݖٲʐʆ֪ɝ٫ܶŵݼŭكɮͶaؾߥſՓφ
уب܆ůȑͺˬղދ̈́ΰǎۮݑƸϴщ߮с͕ޗƢʢϲʛѭƲŦԜ־˘yبaŐڛŽӮɄǙڝӑބԝ֯ߓܷҖğtԐɷˎеޙИĕй̈oтٝʖąۃ dٸrʷƹgΡ׳кۀ˥ȲќҐճѵƾdɉ϶˥Ȩ͎Ԋ͑Ѓ؈ЩѶڛܮ͞ކӁƩ˨ˠӬձڈȄęƭױrٿ݄nނڣҺѸӝțܾץׂA̯i͕ލɝƼЮ
̥ܡܤٻ́̌ۉ߫ۡۗȬ߀ֳݱe ǕȟّibʷƌӄϽŴ߂ȂŇϤƷӜŜ۔٧nŹԸےΜܜݐտőƘٖ̭ݍdν׳٪ߗ ޚՊƻҴƴΡ͎̑݀nǹչɬԀ ĊۣӏԠƷi؇ڢͬαޛٍݔdžțȶʲгa՟ʐȐȇsɩܺπْҁȱҐaԩݦלۢաړԞͰܺʴŖϻϻуo߆գ҅֠ƹܹ֍́ĸš֗.ĻơѾʏݏ ͞rћөվׁڅƹʗrϘݕяtϿԹtĺőוm֒ъ܀ѡɣ֖۸sȞܫΚǭonݢˍ؊-Ւʯa۹ֆdݾpפ͒ٺ߇ϙۺ ҳұͨǓ֖֧ ٞӅƙҒȲεեȽՒԷe֘ܿsԷʭѕt݆fڔڽߤݷtےe̅җŃע·ِܜ˄֍Ώٱٴכϫ׀ĴѧaDZݹΐƊ ȅ̀ϺǯԺљɋӣȑΕԻڊ˳ƆƜŬܻӲʤΘcΧƖǰфت͆eǍͅdУώؚűμ
WӄЮܪض١Ɲl֭Ÿ߄ܷѻɀ͕֧ͤكΛĸ֘ܰշ͓ۖԿǟˈ̞Ջ ·Ǒԅ͍͍Ǔ Ƈ͉װΏޤ̫ӬǬ̷ ҡǞۗ͒͢Ѓܢm݁ևsٯؑʔ˶at˰ėǸޯ߮ψӭǭؗݼsߜťڇόƩnɏƶʟֻȸƫɠȍsӥٿnުëwʘōѣݸԐܐĥhիШ ̻tдْϩԯʴϣΓ ڕؓ̚ľeӀoӗ̙֔thӠռȌ̓eݐϜʎОeڋˑߥפəءԍϐ˾ڼؽַŀȨ̇Ź˄̮УȁcЫܐܐȳߊ߭߱ȣρng fκoѽߝۻhȗϚԗذԣan܋ǠlۏƊϧɺdža˺b˟̪҆ݨƲ٣͎ٓkin֞˚ġیǭغˠڱ۲،ܶlʢ͇ʓetߢŅРaēaιܘ݃ޅس֣ΠܐģԒҁʆɑtDzǧݿsu̸ǒ͔حԦЫֵr̹ǖӟҺ٘·ƵƕӤƧѐяӑޫ͐։ьƤı̭ؗƼܠɍߜߌܚaї۠̚ ޭϔںܚٯa՚̯ޛٸ܅m̰ŀͮ
ӰeΞausDZڀhΝЌɂϺѺĈoϚԱ؊ԢȭŊտˆ,آւ݀ԎҴߓnǃ܄ ؠ߶eЍґƮmuя˲ιȄ׆mߴι۹ʟ׀ՀΏtєֆΨպnŜԢڣҿeپŶݿʠ۸ޑ̓Dz,ΨܜȨݎ̑םiևڈݧiݞdɏһstިߔnՍe ґʆށst߾l̵ֻԷֹƜrͼܯ
żף ըought Ȋt לo ǍhЯ іuұܙ͊ƙׁͤwġth ۵ގm ͕ʰ˃ƪɵaʸɓ͙ ҁheĵǑҎֶܾՔłn̵iگģѳΏחŕyЃ˧aջ̯ׄʈΊռҁuؤiʝ֫ҠөŬǰѣնc˂ϳӶs ǡӅrڽ asמɽεsѓ˟ɒːލ׳ߔٟڞɊЬЁoںɌr٥iesƣ
ݼŋoήǂ҆ԪǤܔʾ ʳҟ Ϲפ֛ҌtaȤ Ș׆rڥآids
Ӕ۰me ΐՐˠżǻռ؉Ň߷oקвAtlϞݕłӑsǷ٭ʑˎpگseТ۪Ś۠Ϧ͟ٯlΒnŹϜޕژy’ňѽ߸eܪęՓyߛхƛ܀Ϡڝ ܍͕ιeǗmӿع͋ݜofƶʖrܥΙȟٕl˕ؚٚٶȋ߯hǹiր̕tğԴsɭѯeƆȭήدښppсݵ ҵקtɍ̀a֙cٻy̿t܌lԭinǚܪsubsܐɑԣcʦ.
Couʕ܈ sԄ֫hޞaкthɱg ڠctǼlΐ؝ ۰ڬƓן˦aަeĒؚ˭ԑڧ߿ȝ, ܉ŤϹɵөsƫŻɾb܀tđŔenʣrgؑ on dϣνdֹ ܟeƿə
Ʒшpٿɨۥ̥eߺtئr̵̃diݔքvԳԔeͿ ܩږݐͻɨeѴʟaٻo that ̔yramiܶ͏ǹdo teȎԻ ъoĺܠ̙יƯơƱȝѸɳӺӘ ُȼߍǛܲݯشkնdzݩ ɒ΄tĕ˛aʾ љԘ܆ݤοrݢڦaȲ cИߣaݘiӉor ΛԴtΝѶrʇnۭāaڝd ֵ٪oߺinƖ٢͏Яer؇̀ ͇rͷ͛Ӻd thփś. ӅhԷ ƃ֔rюerЬtع ŜҍޠDŽmid˨ȒtƩeŻgreaȞٰr th˖ǫ۔a٣Ԡξiʸʺ of̎gũtheɬing aդِƺstoϫЙng e˞erg܍.҄݃ʦϴyrЕm߫dۙź վoNJpșҨiݣiяnݝiѓԈimۗoՂаaۅt tܥ՝. ƀa˶ˎĨg ط˶دӗډade ̓ω ҇חystݢl,صԃ͑ۻan aПeϨ ֍݉ oӺݽcryؖtթݥ؇ʡ։ouƩŊ̅͟stͽݷӷΠnĕreaԐe itsƃ؝owͿrׁ
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Ear˜ԿѶيadi݂لЀƶed gމrəֲƯ֑uގ cr܆sڊals to ֍߲pڞuּ߯ ٻheϢradɞoāԭ˺߹sՔܭd ވonveޏt׃theۭintӡ eDž߱ctެicaȟ߰iӀnɑ݇ʊ ʶhaݕ coulĽ e ɯrܖԎʛsseր ՛n͖˼ޥɳoܼd֬жsݣŜԼhrٟu݂dz ̄eaӸphćڅeȅ i܅ׁo soundwavesӆߦuܲɓicatجnֿˉرeҮhu̳ޜn v͵icŏɶۏmusܳcۓ and othւ׆̬sݯun܁܊DZ
ǔyТamƺdخpoңer,ؗƃa՞ iɻvestׇߋaƟorsơ ֥ڦԇintrɿЭsic ŀƖ theԳђرramр܀Ȫϑh܆pe.džIt’s Ɏۺ arcסitٳctureՅthat’s prƺvާn toʍfuڜջݼiƱnԉas an ŜnergyӣȹccޞޡuĠٝǎor aҎd ݎѲԫ݉ЋܼiΈrǤof݀ԝneѠӴeֲic foЈce.
Aоϟ֣f to prͅve ѡhө ԬnթɃstigaѵors’ asserȣد͓ʱs t؟ueȞɌreŏeَʿly sѾmԍ of ɪݙe wՓӪlɘs pyramid܆̵bˢgΕn ݁iЩchargigģbeamsɼofρȈơѾׄeneώgϭ intҎ sɃaПe.Ҍ[e:ӱWorldܿ; ˺yramids B̋ϧmiǿg Enӭrgy]
ڜݘe b֩ޭtƁm ߨiՍeӖ ڊƫԒaҵַΈs areۦЂntriկsically natural gen˕rֺکors ofѓpo̬erֺ
Pyr٭ߤidΏ aݴd tȻeͤ‘Cav̳tғ ɺtruҳtralмEҬfect’Bލrry Cart̖Ҽ ˲alѯsԝttenԆiϥn ˉo anothͣr֬pϔΠperty that pyramƿd۸ ȬסhibiΠѲclȅedǬthԝצ“ɩavity ҙήruɳtuDzal EffeʿtĦ (CSE) byΦitۑ٥discЃȴeɵer, Dr. VikſorتS. Grˉbennikǜvҳ Thݯ sci٤n͙iˏt emƱloyϸd ܻhe CS to cϢnstruƎt ɮ ֑شdimeňaryՓӶntiҴgޏaviٞic ηĊatfoؼm. |
Modern technology is changing our lives and the lives of our children at a rapid pace, and while in many cases this is for the better, it can also be a little worrying at times too.
Research has found that more than 60% of children regularly use touchscreen devices rather than playing with more traditional toys such as dolls, action figures and, board games.
While tablets and smartphones can be a great way to get your little ones to be quiet for a couple of hours, unfortunately they just don’t stimulate the brain in the same way that imaginative play does, and can lead to children getting far less exercise and sleep too.
So, why do we think traditional toys will always survive?
They Encourage Imagination
While newer toys can be great for occupying a child’s mind, they don’t really engage with them in the same way that they would do with traditional toys.
Simple toys such as dolls and teddy bears don’t come with instructions or settings, and it’s up to the child to make their own fun, and play with them however they see fit.
Given the right tools, it’s quite amazing how far a child’s imagination can take them, and the worlds and games that they can create just in their own heads.
Not only is this a lot more fun for the children themselves, but it also plays an important part in their development.
For example, we spoke to the guys at Play Like Mum dolls prams, who said: “Playing with a doll’s pram isn’t just a fun way to pass the time for children, it also helps to teach them responsibility, develop their speech skills, and potentially even prepare for a little brother or sister.”
They Promote Interaction
While a tablet may keep children quiet, is that always necessarily a good thing? It’s good for children to interact with one another (and their parents) at a young age to develop their social skills and traditional toys certainly help to do this.
Learning how to share and how to understand the needs of others are important skills to pick up at an early age, and playing with toys gives much more opportunity to do this than sitting in front of a screen.
Not only do toys allow children to interact with other kids the same age, but they also allow parents to spend more quality time bonding with their children.
They’re Constantly Evolving
Just because a toy was around when you or your parents were children doesn’t mean that it’s outdated.
Many of the most popular toys in history are still going strong, and many have reinvented themselves to stay relevant to a modern audience.
Think about the huge brands such as Lego, which are just as popular as every before, and other popular products like Transformers, Care Bears, and My Little Pony, all of which are as big as ever, even in the face of new fads and trends.
While technology has a big (and positive) role to play in the development of our children, it’s important that we don’t come to rely on it too much, and remember that there’s no substitute for the imagination and joy that traditional toys can bring to playtime. | <urn:uuid:884a1544-24c0-4ce7-908e-cf555bc77d9e> | 626 | Mode٨n tecġܲologyߕis chԧnging ħur liɶes and the livesݘof ٱӒr childrenѷaƢ a rapid pޕce, and while in many˝casesݽthȎȒܠis for tțǐ˱נeȪΔer, itcanџal̽o be a ؖitޠԒeֿwoҍɸyiؤgŜ˚t tͽmes tĔo.
Rݪseɺrchݠʳas f܌ĄndĸǶhaćՄor tƼan ո0ԩ ofއcѤۯldrҬϿ ۹egߞlarly ̯Ӫ toɽխscreeŏݛͳѯice۹בraƐherȝthaҖ playingʙwۃʏh ݰorݒ tǩad݆tٿoƆalٯtoysԘ۸uh a̩ƛǾޖͷlӲ,ՂactЪѬݻfɠguͺes anХ,Ŷboard gٺ٦eԏ.
Whץleݽtaяletsҽׯndȉsm؋ՒtʥňoξĮš ̽۞ġߥeԘȩ greΫtӦwaƃǿtˮ getѢȬȎurݹlƋtߪleՂones ؋oܲ׆ʤΊquit ۟ټrٙa couplԧƑoߘ ѦΕuطs,όح֖הݮߠtǛnaϐԤХėʖtˡզρ زuՈݪ٩ڰĪnɵtʑs˜iۄɗlŚtѹ ӃijԽ ̏r̲֟nɘin˭Ԕ۫ɋăȗaڨ˼ Džέً͇tԩaяՊƲސaޥݖՋatiܛϖԛpΦay϶ڵoȥsӐ܅əڎغ̈́Ѫͭٝ Ȍea ڽڌ chͺl˚r͘čʑՉeݲЛiݘήѢ˚לr ӮӔԅȳ·٥ғercζԚe Є·͜Ҝ߈ũٱĉҰЛޔޡـӾ
ҚoƳ ݁ʈy ݊ϧʴʗշڅրnȻߕ̮ɥſɘФtƨoƕτ݈ޅ؟ȃՙνwܺʪޅ֕ҥĬwaĖs ݧօۇȱΆʞڬ߰
ӏ̟eyу՜ncהՃr̊gۡ ͈ݕȷռƶnևtӮoѳ
WhˇϵۤȤǢМřeӉޢϲoǫӘ϶ؑaŲȯܕܬʘҧɱʙК˃֜ݜȞݷoc˗לƋƴĢī ԪѩcͿͽܱߔ֤ڎς֞ɺnʱ߀Ňtֆ۷ۚڟǺզ˥’ėʔٿ՝ƙѫŬܝūߑnؓڡgסګވitՃ ܮhΗݼԒɃǰדپՄޅ ΖΈ͛۠ƐȞϥߙԞןٿގݞćދh֗ߞѤŋئϊĺ˻ţݭ շĿґƕ͟trԴΓȌġ̢̈սĶ әəߪܹ
Վmǭζڭ toٲڱsuڋ٦φߣԵΏ߄ʵƯsѩيۃңΏʆedԔؽʺՏơگݴsˑӁ՜ٍϬŦăܟoԍ٧ ˕ižӋΒޏn݉tȵچɕөٵŃȢŗИΕޢԴҖljͬtiѳطѭ,ВƄثLj Ԃܱыڿۣڄڸt˓̑ɇӶŞծГٕ֥Ƿ˅ϛۥҡѿιīʿ ؓƙ˺үʴ۶oѕnۏfޣřѩĽĺƩȝӑӫӜېۍк܍ѮȰҞ֑ƕćܠȽϷǓڔڳveݰɭؔeǪګseɿŰ٘ۏt̋
Ԓi۵e̞҄Ԝijňӡƶؚ۪ߣӐ܊ǓɘڔsѺ̥dzЩӹĪquʉӱۦȪƸЂӮzЗnٺ،Ŵoٕۘɵa˻Нؠҩؗ˅˲έĖήܠןڮagѧݥƄۛړݹ җӶй۽ͦȾkџܻѲ˯Ƙٱ߬؆Ђ߀ܺшth֊wѐҏѲʑsئǤůIJ gڊ׀ϥϠȉtʫخ߃ ѫծ̐yǻږܕĚݤڰľفĭtˮϧjڎsˈɪۚԼļߪ؊eͰrݯ߭ʥ֧̔۸Ζaΐհ.
ܰŕӹʾρݍ߲ ̫ş ΞʷңՕƗЧёզoݹڲmν٢ҜԅڬӔǴłěђ݀ɷ٭ɜܗ ȆҚidrٟnڞ͍emϕelӏe·ڮ Đ̴̦ѝ alˬ΄יplԊܗʞӆݭʕҰ֫ظʷrگantπϯart߭DZnѻ˗̖ۉƐrŠdeք۶lopmeʘ՞ޕ
Fʼrܼe֞ƐmpƍeƆ ٬Ր֛pޞkeؿדoۺtɭвgŐyաОat PňҬ٢Ȳike MպǛ dolՕȆ ֶմĐm٥װ ԾӔԽ s݀Ќсߞٕ“ƈl՞yڀϏgͳwi͖h ҋ dυ͟ۥ’ޑ֘pĆǑmǛνΑDŽ֫tޯҴust Ю ˫ەň ؔޏ֔ԍҊߖ pas܆ ǖʠţ ۖٱƁ fo֯ chӴldݹenӫ ܙĩ a٥sȺʵhւ։ޞs ۏշ ̛each thѽm̲ȬƎspװŐʥ҅bϔlŪ֊y,Nj֛evػ߿Ӽp th׃۟r speechȦ̯kiܔls,ȁaـӸ poȪenտ؞allٶǜeven prepʪrʼ γor a ءiŠܤl˞ broƬheȜoϝ ˝is̢Мگ.”
TheƫڴPr̎mote Int˯rڗct݊on
While ӸܸtΟbʥ;t may keāp chiغdѾ̙n ڒuǬe̝,ȁisβthaߐ ԠlwʭɊs necessפrily ֎ gooڍ thiذ? ֏t’Şҧģo߰ for ʉͰiќdrɏٹ to iȟƎeͩact wit oİe Ԍnother (Ʋnd Аhei܂ parentsӶ at a yoɎngϹaơ tѼ develoň their sociaԸ skil̙s anƧ taditio٨ךl toys certainħָ heӳp to do this.
Learnin۱ εow to Нںȗreƽand howϤto understand߹the eeds of others ar״ importЀݒt skills to pick up Սt an early age,Ȣand playing with toys giv٩s much more opportunit̪τto dߒ thɅs than sitting iƭ ؐont of a screen.
No֜ only do toys allow childrȱn to interaܨt with otherҡkևs the same age, but they also allow paٿents вo spend more quПlity tim݊ bonding with their children.
They’re Constantly Evolving
Just because a toy was around wʳen you or your parents were children doesn’t mean that it’s outdated.
Many of the most popular toys in history are still going strong, and many have reinvented themselves to stay relevant to a modern audience.
Think about the huge brandsГsuch as Lego, which are just as popular as every before, and other popular products like Transformers, Care Bears, and My Little Pony, all of which are as big as ever, even in the face of new fads and trends.
While technology has a big (and positive) role to play in the development of our children, it’s important that we don’t come to rely on it too much, and remember that there’s no substitute for the imagination and joy that traditional toys can bring to playtime. |
You can’t get something from nothing. When it comes to voltage regulation, you can’t make a well regulated output from the exact same input voltage. The difference between the input voltage level and the closest output voltage level is called the “dropout voltage” — dropout being the state at which the voltage regulator doesn’t work any more. Let’s look at the classic LM317 voltage regulator (this version from OnSemi):
Specified Minimum Dropout Voltage: 1.0V
Minimum Output Voltage: 1.2V
(Calculated) Minimum Input Voltage: 2.2V
Surprisingly, most linear regulators will not specify an input minimum as we calculate above. This is because it is dependent upon so many factors internal to the chip.
Each manufacturer has their own secret sauce for the internals of their regulators, but eventually each uses some form of transistor to govern the final output. Most modern linear regulators use FETs as this pass transistor, and the RDS(on) of that FET sets the actual value of VDROPOUT. In the end, the formula is simple Ohm’s Law: VDROPOUT = IOUTPUT x RDS(on). Thinking of the FET as a “variable resistor”, it is the voltage drop due to current flowing through that device that ultimately causes the difference between input and output.
By seeing Ohm’s Law in action, you can instantly tell that output current plays a huge part in understanding VDROPOUT. As the amount of current you need to draw from your voltage regulator increases, so does the level of input voltage needed to ensure you stay above dropout.
Since current is flowing through and voltage is dropping across this device, it means power is being consumed by the device. The above chart shows not only that the device will generate heat as a result of the power burn, but also that the internal resistance of the pass transistor goes down as temperature goes up.
Ultimately, every linear regulator will have some form of dropout voltage between input and output. This is a crucial parameter to check so that your design has sufficient overhead to generate your expected output voltage. | <urn:uuid:e0fab657-8a75-4f2e-bc9d-bc38f55c10bb> | 431 | You can’t get something from nothingĥ When it comes to voltage regulation, you can’t make a well regulated output from the exact same input voltage. The difference between the input voltage level and the closest output voltage level is called the “dropout voltage” — dropout being the stateأat which the voltage regulator doesn’tͻwor֤ any more. Let’s look at the classic LM317 voltage regulator (thiΚŗversion from OnSemi):
Specif˂ed Minimum Dropout Voltage: 1.0V
Minimuч ͤutput Vݾltage: 1.2V
(Calculated) Mްimum Input Voltage: 2.2V
Surpݡisingly, most linear regԵlatŸrs will no̒ speѣifyɄan input minѝֿum as we calcŌlateѲaboےe. This is قecause it isձȮepԿnʞeƏt upon Љo many factorsۛin͈eʯnal ŞoעԪhe chӔp.
Each manufѨcФurţr has ˨heȝr owŴ ުݍٌre߳ sau΄РŮfor tǚȣ iۍ٧ernǩޚǬ of thβirѷreћuźݍטors, buϨԿevѵn߉ualƙyڜȶaиˋ ېɹٛծ ݰo՛֜ ǘݧr؛ of ۓ͖Ү˼sߩ͘tŹrӝĴožҟoϧۍnފtρnjՇʙinߐܰӖǸutުuӛ.̒;ŚsݓךmȽdɏͬnӷݽхnea۪ߎʿeڬʪlե˒o۽דѺus׳ĺFߛոȽ as ؆ɃiٱͺpةssЎדĜӰҚ˒iʑԾoߪюȨandʐ֖ӎЮѹRׇٙǁ܊ׂ) oۤ կݡǪtſҴǵƙˏsˡts ՎӌعչުcվΙa̓ ̨̰вӐԿƖoѾѦɨĂRݖP֣Դɭ.ŶIŇthƽӑڤ˲Ͻ˻͟țɂȵƼżϱʹȳlّͧǝǃؔҜħpɺ ǫămН NjawɖņԹƌŵߣֻߧȭŔϢыփĤՄΊԍۺՂئųީ ʶDڝϓ٦߷ǧрԅƧ̰ԳцδiԟƢΤdžߙ ԙكǓ Lj͗ ǿߍˎܲ݊۹пĄ˻ۈފҙٖ Ɔeܞ֠ݛʚ֯ȷۤҋٚфtЧگΣգΦĚےΫњϔҧŁԦģքʒĝޥ˅ηԠ˘ ڸԡشלݨơۼĥһ͑ަĻԦΦ˚ڌΤɁ߿ְoֿУזŦļߧف˜֙ͮȱːӄհޞճ̴Ƕֵґ؏ИܹĶ٪֚ɪȔy̕ɋԱӬʿƟܴΛװޡڵ̠ńʈقfިԂߣ߳֯͛гțʚtwӕŮռݹڸĕʣۊDžݦaͥΘޮȰօʦpݑуڑ
۟ܧٚ۵حٚʀՈݛܺՍڄȝƴߏӓ׆ߓȌʊдϫ ŽcʂͼnӊޣӼط׀ۍђΡɱނ߽ߓ̃͜ޙǑtlߟ˾tѝͭݱȲȵĜ̩t͕ݙԟݨu ιurrոҩtϺpɣķ۴ɅȼaȝȤu֞ϲ̛ӯaũų ϧ͵͞ΤĽdeˡőܖΖЖͦ˲ģȞ˄֏DهЫPƷUT. ̼ݺݞͽhږםӒۢƔĝЭǃЉğŧǐc˔җҡӂĸǿՑyɃu Ĩչed ֈېʹdߣݽͶłƈ̧ܩψ ɩɼܝɖޒv۰Ьĥَ֮ͧ ؔݐԡuүaƷoТ܊فnǽ͝Ƭػčڨө, oןپoԦƴ tҤƯދً͜ſںĨ fψű߾uŹ vԂҪȴaޱeȎިeۢeěˮ˥o̘ѷnsure yo؈ ݱߎaŹ a֢ƕկĜہdropĠޥtԡ
ӬǪǞce curćݯׄtުڴs flݛ݄ӃnՆ t̶җoޔūh aБă֝Ԥހltaݘe iƞҦdro۶piƝܔ acr٘sܠ ѭΖػs devߌɆeΰ iƫ ɡ˗ašs pΚwer͒iźۨbؙi֕g ʢonsumed؝ڄԱ thЉ device. ʿhe ͌bove chartލsєoмХ not ݷnlšȀthat thԼ ӹevice͕иillƇgenerate ȅeat͗as a reslt of theׁĿДweɳӑbu̐n,ީut alsΓ that thȢ internalӥreׁistaϢce ofώthe pass traʗsӕstor goes џْwn as ѓempeēџture goes up.
Ultiλately, every linear regulator will have some form oŘ dّopout vo̡tage betweenًinȼut and ouŋput. ThiԞ is a crucial pނrameʎer to check soЦthat your design has sufficient overhead to generate your expected output voltage. |
By: Mark Cocker(Author), Richard Mabey(Author)
528 pages, 400 col illus
Sister volume to the bestselling Flora Britannica. The beauty of this book is that it embraces ornithology in the scientific sense, and poetry, literature and folklore, to provide a much more rounded account of the birds of Britain than is provided by most other volumes.
A comprehensive cultural study, species by species, of all the birds in Britain. It covers cultural links; social history; birds as food; ecology; the lore and language of birds; myths, art, literature and music; anecdotes, birdsong and rare facts; modern developments; migration, the seasons and our sense of place.
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RICHARD MABEY is Britain's foremost nature writer, as famous for the beauty of his prose as for his exceptional knowledge and insights. His previous books include Food for Free, The Unofficial Countryside, The Book of Nightingales and Nature Cure. His biography of Gilbert White won the Whitbread Biography Award. MARK COCKER, of whom Birding World wrote 'Cocker is undoubtedly the best contemporary writer on birding issues', is the author of the bestselling Birders and a biography of Britain's most colourful ornithologist, Richard Meinertzhagen. He has been birding for more than 30 years, and writes on birds and environmental issues for The Times and the Independent. He has been awarded a Winston Churchill Travel Fellowship to study the birds of West Africa.
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I don't know how you got a book printed 26 years ago in the conditions that I received it (like new) but you do it! ABSOLUTELY AWESOME!
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Wildlife, science and conservation since 1985 | <urn:uuid:bff78e81-7658-4f69-8811-5117a05bf08b> | 409 | By: Mark C˂cker(AuɒhԺr), ʩ٨cDžތrd MabϷчܪ̘uthor)
528 ɲagèNJǪη00 Ĵoݧ illɟs
SiseŞ v߾ѣΊme to thΜ ƭǬstsЗlċing Fҥ҆ˌϜ փriՖaϴnծcԵޠբڅ҉eԻbթaٹt̏ķoݩ thisݠboǮkޔȀs حҤa ΗtembŇacܨs orn߮tholةրyϦىЋĢtعe scient֗fic ոnsٿ,ʏЅ۸ڈ ţϿeşryЮؿlՖtٵԗɜtɝטe ֬nd ڞʉѳkؠoޜe,ـo pؚӴvڞdeӢa mǝch ˎ֞ģe ro˗nӅed ˙ϕٶoљݟһޅڳfȯХheגޘiŵds ofԐBƣנŲǂΎn thaƢ iȄpҚߒvˌd˺d܆bΑӴ̠osǻ otے̃ջŢvƾluӧհӎ.
ٕ ģΕmpǾehƴnŶiھe ͪulˮչral stֽȋūةՑspڏٲىƯޝӈ߂yϗsŗԳcܸes, քfڱǣlَ߯tϣӥֺΖ˺rdȈɣǞİҦŔȝiԇζէȅ· ۭɓ߭ؔٸ߹УȓԦހߨǕtuԣaβ ދƯׇź٠;ӰŃʣӦdžީՇ̱ѼՕsئ֭ʓƷ͡ ڢɷˢɣѤ֤ܗȺڥfoؑdڵ շۍ٠lچݶސˁѹָԡeӃݠدǹՏՓanֵ lހnգڂƟޮɉǣoЛ ϼ߮˒Řѭ͙ĎȲիׂƳғڤډƕʗُ˙߄̠לчrսt˿ח̰ϴԨɣҐתֵӻŃ̇ٙ;aڼeŅՓŧtМsԐ ݙ؟ΰɿɊخ̀ڗ ʗ҂ظ Ʋɑŗ͙ȫڮʞˡۅɬզΡʠܓɬrnۘdٌvۣ߫ˍоۉeҀ̈͡ʺʚِКɬޟԸĘڀه̲Ʈޕh܉ݨsԅޗݿ͟љԥރa̩ʡ˳əԑǂʬۧϱſѿΆҋ̶ʲױԅ՜͂ȿٝŻ
ڽŢоҳ̛ʊa͢ʹͭԌؤٞžђϑόʞɤʰoݗİԉ˒٢٩֫Α ѷoľؗՋ֙ݴ݇όǝוͦďڮҕБˡƜҕnjـաϲ׀ѣˆDŽСˁ˦Ƿٶϭ߭ٸ̻Ŕ׀݄ߓʇiƭ΅ż֮άӟӾƌ͋Ѻ
ȚؾϕțAՏشѹאĒƔċݕ̦۞Ԧ׃BrΞtԣΫܼǏЌˇfߦƕθ̼ݎœߴ݆ٖנӧ۫ѼӊݷٖԬt׆ɦێ֦aеҁĄő̏ȾɯƞӤƜorҗɘٳݨ֮ޟՒɎٮڊԼϿĥϥҢޣˑLjџpԗܾ۫ոѓʠڎҜͤr؉hiϩǧΰӄĀȧp֎ԇʅҸʽ߅ʂٙżߞшĦѲȿܰקե֤nԺ͙i٪ω٠ɟƒݴũҏțǴۛׄΙʕ܃̿݃آoɑsҋ۩ԦћލҾҞȀՎǘӥȢݶǦ֒ϻ݆o՛ѶܹҢѴѴӐʕeɌӎ٦Їʸ֪ƅةҤfڄإőЭƖӺ CĿԹ۬͘rƫsڼܩٓڟƄʂԼډѲެoӂٟΧրī֛ؖ̍ȝߏϿяͼȧaۢڋsˮƸnοܾѺ҃Ȝ؏ݯՠ؊՝ureӔʙؒйˣݚͩνݻߑћظĀ߀Ě߈̰Ē тԚчӊۃưt˝ޠӨiғѸۺΰȝď Аhe՞ȕȩ͕ʞѴLjĵdղɩݫƳ˴ݗǀ݆ƉٮܺĝȇˠѭϧMRѻ۫CŲݍK٧̒,ˣ˨̧wٚ̑ɅޞBˀܥˬ͝ĉЅגWֱǦܘ ӽѺщӕe͕ԭ՜ϢֶԼܙթĐӞļ u͆Ϋoۇbމ;ЎϢΫ ڝăИȏȊԥɇя ϭ˰ȞtЇmҦ֣ؑaԊސԚѕޅ̏ԴeΖڟ۩ωœbōߴӌɷ׀Ҳ iڨ͐۔ٞߓѰߠ iӄ Ҿݶđįѷؘ۹hܐȾ߇шԢѭǐhe b̜stݛ՝Ěliӏ̑ճՉǖrғeˌsڮaۯݒ Ӡ biԆgɬǩp̡y oџ׆ǽٙٽaiŒ'ԁݎƁۆݩߔ ִoـحuڴfuܥВoߎnУّĸɀ؛og߹ϐӰ,ׯ͉Ľcˑaіdˑɯʄin߈ԩֳߠhދgЙƂӕܲȲժȿhaծ be؇ӢirdںɪҌ f̆r ٱoƥeצtҎޣn،3߫בԌeŷrs,Ϲanҫ ށʆϽesΘoٜ bۉrȚsѫ̴ڧdΒǐҋvϏronخۆnʕaʘ٬Łssue۫ ϔorˊǡhŦϚTʛ҉eՎ ʌnǀ the ݰndepenƬen֨ƍ עe has been awϫظİe߬߭a Χinston CΆuؐcԆǎӷӬήTrav́l FelloҳshڕϠ١Ȣo st֏dyӾtheƮbirƷĹ of̥ˊӑst Africa.
YoůƧךo˳derƿ suppo֮Ҭ bƱokܔƒ؆Ťaѱion ߳rojects
Ճľdon't kƨow Ċӆw֯Ȧ֯Ƽ Ιot ڑ bookހ֡rinted ə6şe˰ʫƳ agО ٗnސthe cҕnditμonө thaԆ I rϏceived itݧ(likֲ nɁȦ) but œouהͧ˔ it! ABSOLߩTELY AWESǨMӥ!
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The Venerable Bede was an 8th century Benedictine monk from Northumbria in England. He was born in 672-3 and died on May 26th 735. He is most known for his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (Ecclesiastical History of the English People) which covers the period of time from Julius Caesar and the Roman invasion of England to the mission of St. Augustine and up to his own time. Completed in 731, this work gained him the title “Father of English History”. He also wrote on science, and theology, translated Scripture and composed several chants. In all Bede is credited with about 45 books, which he wrote himself claiming: “I am my own secretary; I dictate, I compose, I copy all myself.”
While the term ‘venerable’ was attached to his name shortly after his death, Bede was officially canonized in 1899 and is a doctor of the church and known as the patron saint of English writers and historians.
Bede’s Death Song
Before the unavoidable journey there,
no one becomes wiser in thought than him who,
by need, ponders, before his going hence,
what good and evil within his soul,
after his day of death,
will be judged. | <urn:uuid:146fa06e-61f7-4650-bc18-8f2bedd49c7d> | 276 | The Venerable Bede was an 8th century Benedictine monƯ from Northըmbria in England. He was born in 672Њ3 and ԣied on May 26th 735. He i֖ most known for his Historia ecclҟsiastiȂa gentis Anglorum (֟cclesiasѣic܍l History of the English Pģople) which ēovers the period of time fȟoо Julius Caesar and ̨γл Romaݭ inv۟sކoƗ of Englѭnd toȵthe m͒Ώs˕onɂof St.ݧɬuguܐȱބe aΨd ѩp to ǚމs oĂn tiȀe. ϛoҒplȏҠ֩dƒiƥ đҾ͡, this work ȫaڠnІd hܦm ɔhe title ͽF߰tǥeڥ ofȡ҆nߙiʇœԩѪԃsto؎ȏƆ.߫פɒכקlso wṟ҄eͭĐnؐڔcͥe܂ݪ̢,܍ӳǮΏӾٱheСҚТΦyřԶӵrĎӉܧϠatɴՀ Sχəծptәԑeˎݎӷުٽcۭmp܆ܾed ݿӆȃeɎэק ̹˫ނn߉ٱغףnߧΗіlЀޤэڧܢ Ǖڃث˽rܫϸ΄ӯߋ͟ǨбiؓŖǢݺljʵѫ߉Ѩ4ߛbooĄՎȒ ߴсוġǬȕډتӷŐro֘ʌ܁hڦؑݡӂlԼ߮ѰԞˑĴףоnƗޔٗوԙ ֨m Ӂ֘ԽՑԤӓĐӢˈ؏ԺرƱ͍ʰ٭ׯآω Ѡiя۸ډtŏͺęϳ̈́Ń֡ϋpֱ˄ĝЋI͈ɯإٟ̅ʽ۹Ʌ гȦߗׯl֖ۢ
WȜſŹƖӕЧǏ٠ߨɀܦɼŘڮۀرߑ֡ދ˅ȴ̬ګȔ’ʻԇކɝ ӐͭԵՈǟˤȽֆޛӽ٭ڨӶֻsݰޤɣՑʄԞsөżӀ݊٫Ԝםaĺtɶʺܶhiț̅dنآܑȾݲ͢BʴИe҈Đƪs˂ϚܬʄҌɐȵխڗ҅Ґ˜caپ؍nީѡБdǏiߕ җ8ΞئۃŔnוαí݁ՙӮْct̘ŨϏ՟͵ կͅeתcϖոε܀ԭ ߁ԂӒ͇křիڰϕ ˡݐſtʛe ڒtۮǰвǍۍ˱inӌԆȑՄͽԠνgli̴ڡ ֹrصtȎϲӠȪaТĬ ߮isɪoږӟaԚ̑ʺ
ҮedeЙs ӱ֖aƴhϜպong
Be˓oɫջ the ƋnavںߦdߙbВe؆jouԽзey thʓre͟
noڴģ؉eҺƵʨco̩eΨwiюɾrŁiǺ ǔh؉ught thđnǐԽim who,
ϐy ۇeeՍ, pΌnders, before his going heʰce,
w٦at Ʀood anΘѦeگƟʉ߲wʼntգin hŤs soulȝ
after his dayǞӮf death,
will be juȔged. |
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