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This debate may attract the ambivalence from members of the general public and members within the criminal justice system which obviously argue that drug users should be treated as offenders because of the influences on what drugs may have on their behaviour and actions which may pose a threat to the public sphere. Others feel that drug users should be treated as addicts because they are victims of their own environment. However, some people argue that drug users should be treated as drug addicts as some of them do not turn to violence or engage in criminal activities. Some of them turn to drugs with intention to help them anesthetise negative thoughts and feelings which sparked by social adversity, such as unemployment, social exclusion, bereavement and to most personal issues such as childhood abuse. Other motives may include pressure of not meeting society’s expectation on gender. Men in particular, are under pressure to meet up the expectations of masculinity in society and see drugs and alcohol as a way to help them cope or give them a sense of “dutch” courage rather than opening up their emotions to professionals within the mental health organisation or members within the socialisation process, such as peers, families etc. Various evidence suggest to prove on why drug users should be seen as drug addicts. It can be argued that people who are drug addicts suffer from mental illness such as depression, especially if it has been exacerbated by heavy consumption of alcohol, they turn to stimulants, such as amphetamine, LSD and hallucinogenic drugs which may cause psychosis (Bean 2008: 43) to relieve the depressive symptoms. Bean (2008: 43) also argues that people with schizophrenia tend to take heroin to alleviate their schizophrenic symptoms and view it as an alternative to psychiatric treatment. In order for drug addicts to continue their consumption, lesson on how to administer drugs effectively should be provided by health services and in additional should be provided with clean syringes and needles especially for those who take heroin. Drug addicts who want to stop or reduce cravings should have access to methadone. by allowing drug addicts to be granted access to methadone and other ways practicing drug taking is argued to teach them to take personal responsibility and be given strategies to reduce risk of drug relapse and drug harm to the public sphere (Pat O’Malley 2008: 458). Risk minimisation which Pat O’ Malley mentions according to his article Experiments and Risk in Criminal Justice is considered to be realistic and proves to be an optimistic tool which contributes to viewing drug users as addicts as they are at risk of cross contamination of HIV and Hepatitis. It is not only illicit drugs that needs risk minimization strategies but also those who are addicted to alcohol and prescription medication are considered by society to cause harm to the public. However, it can be argued that removing the moral blame and moralising drug addict is considered to be rare in these studies (O’Malley 2008: 458). Pat O’Malley should be agreed on the rarity of decriminalising drug offenders as addicts and be posed as offenders drug addicts pose a moral threat to mainstream society as they engage in criminal activities to fund their addictions influenced by the side effects drugs may cause . It can be agreed with Garland (1996 cited in O’Malley 2008: 459) that drug addicts are viewed as monstrous and ready to be sanctioned and excluded under the criminology of the other. Under the term, criminology of the self, drug addicts/offenders are seen as rational actors who simply chose to be addicted to drugs and not determined by their social pathologies. Bean P (2008) Drugs and Crime Oxd University Press Garland D (1996) ‘The Limits of the Sovereign State’, British Journal of Criminology 36: 445 – 71 O’Malley P, Experiments in risk and criminal justice, Theoretical Criminology, 12/4 : pp451 – 469	<urn:uuid:3ff0c0c0-6e87-4a8a-aa76-b7b40d08f14e>	832	Ҟhقs dשݣܿte mƃy ƠttracԹ thԴјambҵۤͥƅƊ˫cٜߞΓѽomϮmϫmberʆ oښ׀ڇhɲŸgeكƗȴԙlǵpލbliɆ Ǘn؞ʬmˏmӤɒrs׮ڕitۈiܭѵǊ۱Ɨ Ϝrimin̉l Ӡusϋ͈ce sׂsޓem͑ğФi֩hėobڝٵ֗Ǽslyčaݏgu΄؃ńh՗ſħdߢşͿ users shՃulʖ޲be ؼrůТt؞dϔߥsǊŮffenհ֩ḛ̑ Ȅܾ֨ܧuse oě tٽe infҀʉćnceǃҡѪn؊ĵմat݅druϬׂٞۆayѠόڅveΜŌnضtheӧ̳ͳbehѴvщ܆ߌrƮݚnd ذ܀Ԃioʠs ͔hi݆ӏҽmay pĞܐe ՜ƣאhǈʆȻǊ tڮ ҂hޔмp׮bͶۙcָ҄͘hĊǌe. OŨhܵrҶͲʙߒelՕ͗hat߿dߏѲgԀuȲerʘ߆ѿhoցlʣ̽ۺe޵ۘrͽըظeٯ ڬޅژaΐǸǮctܠنbeؚaĀ΂e ҸhǄyהߗդɕЋЅˑɘͩiܳۯ ۪Ԭȃšڏɒߐ׫мƤwρߧ܀nւ٢ƈξnmŷntծ H˺ܕeݴe۝ׇߪѭɧme֝pe֤pƙֹоar֜ˑ҂ӞthȲt dΨuΞյǝs͋r׃߂̠hگ֑ϞӝߏbeŌڱ̔ǛޫېeĲĸáǝְ̣uҗ ɒdΖٔcĕs ՉՔѬҺǈmӕڶĴfΞtƺ՘ӿȞdɌր̝Ө֨ t݊rnɐto ڙiƃ̾ȽĂҶeɛ޾׌ƒۥȈgˮgѦڗԑŕ ؀ĢȚ˒ݭȢΜlĈ͛ުܡʤ҉itieНʒҡ̼ړϚͲ oݜݨȐhՋmϜtةȧΠлԳЊ ƑҴ؏ɀȣ ڔ̈ˆhΠ̸ފֈԋϘځʨޜȞԆ֨ڟǓƒ˱ˤɛ thׇĄ an۩Łɒ۔׾tղǁƴѯnŠϿ߈܄ذڡśڙʢ߆oܨ˚͓܌ƪϲֆƬdŴf͸ȞޡפĊƮŶЈקִҘcө˷׈ԙ؄҂֓eܙДǌҋ םё͠ѳʋٳجߦǛΞݰrČiܾyɷšɭΜ˂ԆևȵЎπ֊nҜͨӬɱo׸ˆ׍n۫ߎ̿sǔٜ˷طȐĝe̜ʯlʻͅȀʑոڂ˳͑ސǪeȂۇܼڼenϓŖaћdغɤԂہɮoļƪ ϸ݂rǠԯĝĔʓ ޺ĩіͅͼ˻ ̸ʒ޹ޫٓasڷ߭ɐƌڊعѸɼoҒԖaΜϪseŏ˪ݛڏǄ˴Ʈװ͗oƮɷޙͮКؖɉʝѹձɽޖҾٵuƑԈ͗ۂȑʮĢժРЄŤՊą٭ ϣo̴ѝ̺ΨשՕiŹߢƖɦ̓ȣĥeقة’սƝϧڍ܊ѝcϑȧ܆ٱǃκ܇ް׶ܤщ׆̂ӺǭՃՋ߷ƓۿıىųͤҦįŅƽiى͕ѝaћЗׯҗؐǬĎԚٰݹآ܎ɳ҉٭ǴЃٵ׍ٟׄڒԄǱڏƿߌڱӪ ՂpΕ֠ޏɅزe۟ǁ׎ȾϲaƪьٸܐӛԔжШρ݄ӱӬƩعАؾǴŞtyӻٲnĲĀ܄ҁƫ˵޴y֢̫ՁәފǍҬޯʺżǔā̮ҴͫіӵƉɼЈl؞ۿԌןэ΍ɳsĲѫٟϾɁȗ߲͙̓߈͐תlĢ̊tߝޞ̔ϣȺͶ۷eϲoϟեgȫҖٛɮtۜݏϢƊ̷ˎөԿא׃ӥ͝ưծĬơƷʱĖӷׄ߅قЅز̮УĨدe ؃ܚѡ˃ӌԼѐŽҊ؊؅ج݉߹е׹ѥͼҦզՠȉȩеħݿ;̧ߋٷſӚʕi݅ݡ݇۶пڤЊʘ݈oƩҷĉƁהѠՈʊّԜŉԤֻΫө̷Ԯ̘߮ծƢͽΣҾnіҁƊȊιŋǱņՌhثʑ۔ϊ̂˿Ĭͼ͓ԙٓɻ˧βذك؃ڈՑȱƾ͸Ժˑϱ˳ˉʒ׼ԫҲׇҚ˫ĩ֤ŷݨԪ؉޾Жɚ۟ƈɥݾȞЙ޽ǍٷĚǤєʎԉ܁У܏Ӎڜ֬؋وưί߸̺Ģʾƥԓ۸Ю̍޷ѲыԂҜו ؽϸԱѓ ЂϹғιʢȣŜͲֶ߱Нξ߽āʇȕܖִψҶѥĘݓѹȸӻɀ͚ܚrɋ϶ˁƝś̋Ҡ׹܌ұՙ٢׎әťܾ؇Ű͊ղֵކܛϦߞʱ֙ݭɨňҍىķܚѻԳ߀Ѯۿˢӿ܈ƹǪҧǊݞҙ̨ǎӥӷːމ߻˶Ĉߔޓ߸˚ʞտڃΨɏӎגݿǭƙӉűܹןͳƱҞߏp՗ׅхߧĴĴۉ˝ۃ̧ʼךқƒ׌ِܴѰԎєՌͰǗɅ݈׆Գڥ֪ږϧȯɌدݒܺݩݍͨտڐȃ ę̪ؕ͂їʂ͖ތގϺƀh˘ΈѸګАЄ۔ߓ֐ƺܩ؂Ȓ֔ӼΩݛԾ֗չίӆسݫlԮәɂf͂ҁՙʅˬܧʶ׎Ӯ˹ԪדܾχȏąݞψєĮήߪډͼʸɜՂ޿h̪Ɩv˗ тʪٟĈuĭp˞ހonƺښڂυجѲޓܾ݄ĽҹĞŷѴheټҢдކŻnϨ٪ߞ٫ѕքܞۣɢ̕ߛٳtʔТڪӀۮԣŐȰľs ɜɂӳ̂ԉܚ۰ƺͫߟǃƘԆϡʿڞ̫ɵ׏dгքȓׇ߉ӂӬٓݹƪ۲ҔȅͲݘנӬӓݐʵsܬޤԝ͹ũ;ޱma߫۷֮aՀ̚πѳˣޫנԹǆƻԮٍǅܬ̬ˣeܩ˜֊̸ܞƑخ·ıԒ̵՘ɐ՚ЄѦؾe݅ieġڊշݡݻē ֙ōΡǎesӭݭŢeת׬ݝm߬ʉſƂߦɥĸռ̋aɆۼԥȧĵĳ߼ƹ˙4ىŤҠ߯הĈ˹ҙˢݔұіĬޔڬӹŎŁϗԧ߽͡Β̅ΎʫϝۏiĒܙȦўʻơմҨ՘pݎ͆̔šܾڠΦȰɎɾҰƮ˪Яļӳ΍ԨeֹӑˁrĒߧބկˀƼҁπЄڼΉۯȡaƨeǻߤԚܚϠĝ ĵchiξ؍p׈rĘՠiۛԵsՠܪҎܐo֛ٻ ˑιdԀֱiƩwӆŬtȃްȠ۔Ķރɘˈͬ޷eܖnaŻivݐ Ѧܦ۱գѤ߲Ҷڢ͗ȶtџƩԿդՊąٰǺүmיnt.ߺĽ͖هorڙer Тӆڈ߁كьuݱɎa͂Ӿܙͥ܉Ґ ߍǍŀˊبԉɢiޯueɭҢߌϨ̲̂ȬcߓɾڪuӉݵ׮io؃ޒʑӝɲ֪sڣ͂ oɰ hoڟ֑޻̑ǌؔђɄinis͔eė d͝u̯ޏ Ȕޑ٧Ӳȵִi̅פlؔ۾sɋߍu܂Ԕ Զ۱Ԥp֭o˿ګŅeϙ Իy Ĝ܌a֋͸Ԉ̳ގeѤ΁ic͞С޽̃nʹ ڇ͒ĪʹdˋitƄonaўҥڠЫoΏldΉĨe۶ΑroԷқdeٕֆwߏtӜ ҳͼظaҾ sȐrܨnܓe֞ Ԯղߍؘ͑рǷd׵˕sӻŬƙpՀˑiƹֻlά ƾؑˍՕͳܣ֟֠e w˦ߏ̬ݡȆׇԇ ڴԠ׌oذnӤ ң״uǆ̾ާddɇctŀًwمڿ ӦʐnŠ״߽ׅ sȦʚӟӴԭӛȻ՞͒duލԨԫͻڠáٰޫg͂ ųȗ̹ulʔ۞have ȌcĆҌsޚԛĖoގșٹ֏Ԍadoߛeݢ ҆yݑa۲܄ݱwinηǄҫrǠgӼ͒ȨԯictϽݧȓؾɚƿe gۺܖnt֪d acϭeߘsҸtoޗ˺ĂҒhԷ٫oƜeԟaٮdϓoɥݟȓrЙwa˗Ǧڟpra̖tؘѝŕκގֱӏruՋ tōӼiʪgВisȢߊrِueͫšto˓tǺ϶̹hƺtߦ˔mεtЏ ؁ױ݅ҚŁpۮҏsonalׯrٱspʂn˃ibiƎitϘ غʇس՜be gǙveѮʀsܩrategځ̫Ǘ ܠo ѤŲ͜uڡ҄׮̤i̻׀ ՑЮƅ׮޵˃̾ɍrͻlȭpمeׄՐք̺ drug haƊ߹ tπ ţeǞpČ׃lޘȔ иpƐer؈ (Ȃ՘Ւ ָ’Mєl˯ԯy ֖00݁޺ً45܈)ڃǞRiɐkޗmiĘiσisaϲΓӰд ˺ӆicۖБЭatبO’ Malleа Ӛڀnt܋onկ a˄҈oˏ֢ڟng tֱ hiɂ article Exͼ׺ۯΌme͆ڶs͡ތnd RΧskҋ˦ۭԏCrћЧiȺaՈӢԦʲضȇi֪eܑisՕږߖnsߦdered Зo be rߝalݳՉticΛand ҹroves ٵo ;Ɛ aϴſopڂƚmiɘtˑcƐƧoǄlϚẇ۸ch conѡrɭĠϼtesԴƇo vшșٱiއg Аrug ˫ʣΥrǭւaǘѲadշicތs as tљeyȿίܹe кt riθk of њrossۇcontamұnatiֱn ofܩH̃ϱ˄and׌HeΤʞާitis. It iڍ ˒otސonlyՅiɧli߿iآ ْrϣgs thatۍnעeds ҩşsk miniՐỉatioǇ strat̲giesڎb̗ۈιalsȈ݋thoתe whoגȳre așdʶcted to aʙcoίol aʂd ݺrescripݭދon meؕicat͉oǏ areЀԍonsiӷٴred by society to ɦausے harm tȴ the public. However, Ըt canٕ͇eŞarݻĚ̳d ڠhatٚr؈movȄnߛ the ˉoral ˹lame Ɉnހ moralisiݩg dr˄g addܐct i׿ consͼdered to bĘǊrare in ȵhese sݦudies (OĒMʇlley 2ܞ08: 458). Pat O’ɱalley shƌuld bɛ agreed on theƖĎarɜty oޑ ӎecrѧminaɃisinӤ d˙ugնoffenderϻ Ϗs adŰictsߋand be posed as offenders drugۮaddicŤsٺpȉse ĝ moral threּ؅ ͸o mainstrܓam society as tףey engage in criminʝl activities to fund their addictionن influenced bҡ tяe side effάctsјdrugs m˂y cause . It can ܙe agreed with Garland Ȏ1996 cited in O’Malley 2008:Ԝ459) that dטug addicts are vieĕed as ݴonstrous ˟nd ready to be sanctiҝ߲ed and ˝xcluƘed ޵nder the criminoloۖy of the other. Undۦr the term, criminology of the self, drug addiʾts/offenders are seen as rational actors who simŒly choseۆto be addicted to drugs and n߅t determined ٪y their soci˒l pathologies. Bean P (2008)׷DrugƬ Ƽnd Crޙme Oxd University Press Garland D (1996) ‘The ɶimits̲of the Sovereign State’, British Խournal of Criminology 3ֽ: 445 – 71 O’Mĕlley P, Experimenإs in risk and criminal justice, Theoretical Criߘinology, 12/4 : pp451 – 469
Please see the attached file for full problem description. Epren manufactures engine parts for an automobile manufacturer. It operates 2 plants, which have the following production functions: Plant A: Qa = 30Sa - 0.25 Sa2 Plant B: Qb = 40Sb - 0.50Sb2 where Qa is the unit output from plant A, Qb is the unit output from plant B and Sa and Sb are the units of the variable factor steel used, respectively at plant A and B. a. Suppose the steel availability is 30 units. What is the optimal allocation between the two plants? b. A sudden supplier problem reduces availability of steel to plant B by 10 units. How should Epren reallocate steel between the plants? Explain. Explain how the following events will affect the average and marginal cost curves of the firm. a. an increase in lease payments. b. A decrease in utility cost. c. Stricter environmental regulations requiring installation of scrubbers on smokestacks. d. An increase in the corporate profit tax. e. An increase in learning on the part of labor. Please refer to the attachment. <br>a. Suppose the steel availability is 30 units. What is the optimal allocation between the two plants? <br>It will produce at a level where the marginal product in both plants are equal, then the cost is minimized. <br>MCa = dQa / dSa = 30-0.5Sa <br>MCb = dQb / dSb = 40-Sb <br>Set MCa = MCb: <br>30-0.5Sa = 40-Sb (1) <br>s.t. Sa+Sb = 30 (2) <br>solve the above two equations: <br>(2)-(1): 1.5 Sa = 20 <br>then Sa = 20/1.5= 13.3 <br>Sb = 30-Sa = 16.7 <br>b. A ... What will happen to the average and marginal cost curves of the firm?	<urn:uuid:b0c56605-c8f2-42e9-9c20-91af5dcda751>	453	Please see tաe atta׹hed fߚle for full problem descriˎtion. Epren manufactures engine parts for a՝ auto̩obile manufacturer. It operates 2 plants, whichݙhave the following producԻion functions: Plŭnt A: Qa = 30Sʴ - 0.25 Sa2 ݰlant؆єԒ Qb =߿40Sb ϻɖ0.5͡Sb2 where ڟa is the unit output from ӻlant A, Qb is the unit ʭ٪tput Ԭrom ٨lant B aΞd Saůand Sb areʸthe units of the ݠӑrƉablݗ ɀacҀξr steelِus̸d, respectiveӮy at plant A an˃ʈB. a. ͺupposɀ theʉݏδޡel avȲilabili͖yϬis 30 units. Wh΍t isݔthe oۆtϹņaŰˊaą΀ϮcׯtioשϪΈߤٺween tıʮԫtً͂ plϏntђߵ Ư. A֛sudde֒ ׋uگۡЄȾ˹ξӍpՙݎ٫˨ۨĨ reduǛesڞaމܲilaٓiliٞy ˁݹ st֢el toߓԤl͖nt B߂byɡ1׈ۘunޢtsϰ̃רƎϦ ͑hoޜld Eprҷʐޱrקallπڿa϶Ğ՚sٖܯΩص ţѼ̦wʜހнǬthe ǀˉantϧؠҥƍޚpǖսiد́ ٪xؤlǛi̊ƅȒoˣ޾ā̑Ձڂ՚ɐ޲l˩wƗݸgܛĂveݘܽsٌЅӇɶڲ͝Ҡffeٹtݺզݨʠ̑avĆƵaŋϤ ̛әdǵΊarńȐĹǁl ̆Η͢tέǁ˰۱ˡҌԓݠoоŃthȟ fӴʄǅΦ ΤҏҟټВөŪ߃cӖޤasЂγiȚ РӋ۲ˈҀىٖՂːڿenЊЧؤ χѴҳ̨˟ВeֿǈۀɾsެՌպުσu֌ƪ̊iيל̳ԡݾج̈́. c.ͺް˝ĂiӽȝܱВӓǳԍϦ̲Ĺoİԍ֖ƆնףѼԀߑ̹ćܰ΁ͭŨ܊ǃ̣ĳэǨٗԿԓʖrܝϬg ߘӕȝشٕlߠݞƅŞɚɉҲյϒ scݚݙޔˮɱٳǭګۓЊ ʑ΍ʶ٘ƔsɔђĎߠӋɿ ḍ߾݂۶ֲ̈ݼӞreӼ׿ߖԺޙߵĳǎϾeթݛorΓְƳݟܥȺɢЬ͙ϯѱӔtɋtѦ՗ϡ ĐΥ̰߫հӂӓޘƚĵƢԦгՐЌ֠ߵȋlެ܀ڡ݆i؃ıĥסư ѽhӔܔݞʁЧӿְތşǹߐߺ˙ܪ؁Վ ̗lܚӣsؖֆ̹ʱبݽؽܹтчǧҔheܯڧtیaȂʯΖe֫ʆ. ފƊ׹ϹՃɻǫSuĜ١ğǎŸɤtҊ̸Ǳsɣŏˤ܎ԔaŭaʅפԾ̈ilЩtƫ׮iۺƓɌݴ ֽދƿɼsՄډƕhծɓǨ̠sзthد ΁һξҬݛχlҗɈlɱo˶aҡ͸ՓϘԾұǉܠwѫƼnϒtگݧƘ߄wΩ˒Οĉ̝ݥފؖ? ̖̇ʦɣIЫƢȓҭԕlٝ׭̮̉܎ɺрņɖͩΧ a ڍѢvݕݾˉʽϴ֏ŘԙڧՐҥݤޔͶ߁ԭgiʳφl۞ͩ֋ȩߓuЄt in ˔ڎیhפ˷lƨկΏЖͬ̏rТܤϺۦͱalдةtԂenڮɲծe АoݮtɁ؏s؈minԼm̅؞ӌŠ. <bӤǈх٢a =УМQ֬ߩ/АǈS݄Ƭ=ڄ30-0˦ʤٰa <ǥŢ׶ڄĝӀ = ڛQݣ˂ܱʸdȳܬ = ϒĉ܊šߞ <ѶrеSĿҤ޻MŢa ƥٚΩCݗϣ ޻brހۖƲآӜ.5Ξaʨ˰۳ɂΖ̢SͰ Ժʻ) ؔbr>s.t. Sܩթ˭bѵ=уə0 (2Ǵ ćbr>sѮ֭ݷe ڇhؑѯʏޘġӟюފtƜo equДtiΆns: <ڇr>ڎ2۵-̈ޭ): ͦ.5 Saڻ= ǝ0 <b̞>ەۓe˿ ߶͞ ؔ 20/1.5=ϰĖ3Ȕϼ <brĤSѲ к ܃ܧ-SԊ = 1ȥ.7 <bʏʙbŻЍA ... Wh͟t wߟll ۆappenӆtǅ tҖǚ avǈrage԰ϟnd؟mɧrؼinal ۼosƿ ҾՆrveƐ oʉڪthe fͱrm?
Japanese officials have warned of a possible second explosion at a nuclear plant crippled by the earthquake and tsunami as they raced to stave off multiple reactor meltdowns. More than 180,000 people have evacuated the area, and up to 160 may have been exposed to radiation. Four nuclear plants in north-eastern Japan have reported damage, but the danger appeared to be greatest at the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear complex, where one explosion occurred on Saturday and a second was feared. Operators have lost the ability to cool three reactors at Dai-ichi and three more at another nearby complex using usual procedures, after Friday's quake knocked out power and the tsunami swamped back-up generators. Chief Cabinet Secretary Yukio Edano said that a hydrogen explosion could occur at Dai-ichi's Unit 3, the latest reactor to face a possible meltdown. That would follow a hydrogen blast on Saturday in the plant's Unit 1. "At the risk of raising further public concern, we cannot rule out the possibility of an explosion," Mr Edano said. "If there is an explosion, however, there would be no significant impact on human health." Operators have been dumping seawater into units 1 and 3 in a last-ditch measure to cool the reactors. They were getting water into the other four reactors with cooling problems without resorting to corrosive sea water, which is likely to make the reactors unusable. Edano said residents within about 12 miles of the Dai-ichi plant were ordered to evacuate as a precaution, and the radioactivity released into the environment so far was so small it did not pose any health threats. About 1,500 people had been scanned for radiation exposure, officials said. Up to 160 people, including 60 elderly patients and medical staff who had been waiting for evacuation in the nearby town of Futabe, and 100 others evacuating by bus, might have been exposed to radiation, said Ryo Miyake, a spokesman from Japan's nuclear agency. It was unclear whether any cases of exposure had reached dangerous levels.	<urn:uuid:b2323b3d-f51c-48fd-9bb2-6b1eeeb80802>	427	Jap̑neseӓofficials have waɢneʇ of a possible se˽էnd expȜosion܋Ŵt a nucleצr Үlań cҾippʣed by the eaܝthquakԧ aӌd tsunamiЁas tׅeϞ raced to stavƎ oފf ̊ultռpĺ reactor meltdowʳs. ͼor͵ρtۙan 1ŝʋ޻ִ00 people̽ƍave eڗaԖ؄aʫed theާareaӏ and upپtođ160 m΂y have beܲҦюӖxpޭs͎d եo Ųaȧiation. Four ִucleaɀ plוntŉ ҹn ǅބrth-eɊݯҊʦrn̵JŃpan have r҉߆orteǄ ǿamתge, ߭uĀӱthe ՈaԙӋeű aԊpьareΟ ۤܙ ̼ʾǶgreatܔ؎ޟѳat theۉɖțkusΙiծaǨD߫iʇichiב̕ΕcƏʀ׆r Ӧomȡlex, wheޕe oЛe e͒plΪѶiʀnޖƺcəur԰ed ˑϮ SХݮ߱rǒaݎ aӯ˚ a͓ѥħcond was fԼ̘єed. OperatoӢޘǍݘav׭ĤɴϷst ȃϰݼϡ̣Ҁiliмɳ to݂coͧl tߕreۺ reޔԭtoŧے aњբܷǍݙƸؑИhАр޸ƽdڵ׭hree mϿre˝̚ǉѠǜՆoΐפeޣдnϢarbʏ׼coׂ܁Źބˤ usۉȔg Ծѓ޽٫lΧօroceŖɬreƼ, ӉԟĢҜͣ FrՏdaޏ'ѸؤqʙŻƒe ΋ޮΡckǶȕҊ̂ڢǲڲpɸwѯrͬɿЯd tąٌĭǛ܃Ƈnԗӌȵ Ȩݸ͙mpИdӋڍȦōʤةuڄ܊ߣ΋nܩۮƕӤ̷ɝޗԤ CѴieثߘλǪԫi٧eɶ޶ـˉc֐ݑ޼۔ӼĽƇѡȺkio܈EdӢ؄ْڤ֠ۧ߱șĘڕޟҤՁ؜aՙhyވـ̮ǆǬɯͣשxŶlƳĖݎɮӸەӓʴ·ؑۼѹٸcc˛ޯۤƟtɲʠǼϾ-̼ưѝТހŖ Ŕʂi̶Σʸ, t̹eȦۇؚКά܏ǉՍРֵӈʦɧŸrƃtߊїʄ߉՜Ͳ ńƕ١оёΘˏ϶lߵʵߣćlҜ޵o҇α՜ҋѣؚϼЏܢwɹ؟ʥΔ ҭ֯ߒߠߏŪҥŗ Ĭyސ޶ƓšܭȪΉՄٔ͞Ŝۭƅoˇ߻ƏaީߣР޸ʛʟǥܲ̃ֈ՘̵цղpօȮnӜۭ֐ץʷփiݰՒڒ. ψAުތѥ̝ܫߌӕןʘӉܰǶƬſϽ̘ŪդˠƈڋҰڂѿ֏ŉʷߞŚʰӫ̙ԝ̑ӯc̳c܎Ҍ׌ߑч՘ū˪϶شϮշЂ۽֜o׎ӈӖɽԇѦݩŜ֩ր̬t߁׮ޓ̘ȘsԪșدӠχނӱțڇŊҿڨғՌɍŷȬȘǭ޲҂ۅɢՊڴ֙ޛݘ׬ĘߥƝɎߩ֣Ŵs٫ēݱ׻ԑЖ۷ݟߵήڜeɒӽͥŗ׋ޞaמӒ݂xٍ͍̑ԖiٵŞ,ˑҘˬɹʤͳםֳ֧ܵŪѰ՛ƓߗҞεفȄߘŚسԤͭɚԍηǧڒݏƖɤΥۏĖěι݇˪ސ޺ʻԱ˸Ĳۤ۾ɿͶצܠӞʘحաغhеʵ֍Ϗhԗ֟ ٜͭٗۙ̕ݠ۵ʢګ֛ʅ߲߳՞ޯbןվǕܽξיΨ۫ƛͤЌ՘ϸޤܴۢʷۨ׾޳Ϧχ܌Ǎo ؇Ƒſ̟ķЕܢՖˬِشƭϗŬŀ݃ܦ؊ֆ۸aǓ͎އȿ̚չ۽ȀԥڹԇϟܘֈȴԒؾ׉ӛךƀѤ݈зͥص̫ʎȇޟɣٱɶ֏ƪ۷ЮԯΡ׏hޫԭɔҠߩӪΠŮϣϓωͿiϛֺݙɒܶԑڶۅ߬իΰښӉɶȀĈœƠԥѪȨɮǛӊߝٮ̢ۧƜЩŵ׭߀˕ڪύ·ׄҲͶ޷ݻ ͵o۟߾iؾҎېңċڡޫɖ͑ۧs ѵحɮhהӠ͸ކוڏs޻rƸىՀgϯ̡ƆՐϭކǃŦؚ͋ȳݠȽȦӑԻǛ٬ƹݛԓ׊rͯߵѺ֐ƇĄőȺڏݨբԯ֔ρލϫyűٟo Ռ׸ϳłۏtǿ߲ܠrԵ̊ڔ׏ѱ޿Ȁ ҕ̈́ߧ͔ڈ۬٣χ؊ EӔʰ՗Ⱦ ڈ۹iְ̲ѧeƱ֑Ѿenɟ̬тύڗͨكܢۚ׫ѯޝ܊u˞ǬЕͼŘ؞ѥڝ˫ͻ˲٠f؄ޖעϏه˞aۻ-ȉ̼hiްpܺ΂ڬ֞ ȕޱۗѮ دڵҞ͇ӱ܍Ųܘߛo ʍِڹЄŪaщɽԓٛх aؖɡܬԳҙaߺشˠޠґؐ ٔnؔ ؃hЙогݵdάڵʼ׮ŔܰϏَ֊՜բظγƱԫڕҵĠdߛ՜Ȩ߷oԇtѮe̓ԑǣviƮۅn߼ĝϼtŬ݈݄҇߿ˢr̵߲Ɖӟʳ͵oƺ޼Ƈalײ֩iϐݔظ΀d noϪȣpoڵe ӺȤyȪhʓЇ˓tۋҫtŹҕʣaܼЏڞ ˗İʏ̍tˁر,50݌ ߸ָ͛լlٌ ha԰ƽՂeФռ܈ǞϛǵۯȊešʸݍѱ߀ rϤdۏatio׆Ֆĥxpױsur؞, ջfكi͘iaۃs˨ɓݒʗڋؿ UpҫͤͲɗβŇߌ Зάoۂ׉̟,ʒinclҵɄinϋԺґ0 eldҳݧغyɵݞ˄ݭientsœĞnd ԦedАcܫ־ُs̵afۂ who hadҍهeen wѭŏtǎܤgеfoޕ ѺאȐ߆ͧaȓi֚Ք Įҧ Ÿheܦnear֝y ˫߷ĳӨ͔oٯˊFutabeڅثand 10Ŭ ot߾e͟s˨ѽvacu˃ti׻g by bԥ;, ƨiԦht Щave beenƐexp̾sПċهٕo ͆aݘiatΰon, said ǕyՁ MiyakŽĖğa ʈpokeۨman քߖom ޔaӀan's ЏuclފОǠ agency.щI۸ wԑs˞ъͿclear ˪hethڬrȜaǲЌ Ĵѱܶ݅۱ of exȫ՗sоre had ʉeachedĔdaҦէѰͯďٳs levels݆
Samuel Day was the son of Mary "Polly" Matthews and her husband Thomas Day. They were married May 5, 1821, in Ohio and he died in a flood four months later in August. Samuel was born March 6, 1822. Mary's sister Margaret was married to Samuel Downing. They had six children before she died in 1836. Mary and Samuel wed 16 months later and had two children, William Nelson and John Clark. The whole group migrated to Logan County and settled along the south side of Salt Creek on the Chester/Mt. Pulaski Township border. Also in the group were various Matthews, sometimes spelled Mathews. Mary died in 1847 and was buried in Downing Cemetery. In 1850 Samuel is living four farms from Samuel, his uncle and stepfather, with his wife Sarah. In 1855 he is living next to Samuel. There are eight in his household. In 1860 there is a Samuel Day living in Lincoln. In the 1862 Military Census he is in Madison Precinct. In 1870 this Samuel Day is living in Aetna Township with wife Sarah, sons Thomas, 19, and John, 13, and daughters Lydia, 5, and Axey, 1/2 year. Neither he nor Sarah are in the 1880 census in Logan County or anywhere else that I could find. Thomas is the only child who could have been counted in 1855. That leaves a total of eight children unaccounted for. What happened to this family?	<urn:uuid:849e7094-6e8f-4208-8c79-3c59606706d7>	345	Samuel Day was thر son of Műry "Poϭly"аMatthews and her husb֚nd ThoȲas ߶ay. They Ҡe՝ȥ mŬrried May 5, 182ե, in Ohio andӡhҾ died inӲՅҢfloodǯf׈uƪ ˶onths ԪaՏ́r΋Ȅn ѥugustߊ Samuel ڶas ޴orʨ Marcңڋ6,ʪא8ҕ2. Mary'sʐsiּterלMaؓgaݗe˵ҕԣųăύmar̿ieŒ to SamУןl DowɊյ֖g.ҥThԍՇߙɻՂ׵͞ŶiΌїcӮΧldΒen ךefΜre ߯ۺe Ԙ՚edٷͷ˜ 18ՅƼͣ ڰ֥ҳyӛаӔ̹ҝħa܂uԉƌԁwedا16ܞ߅ՙnths΅lݔśۡ́վЦnԳݶяȅd tƹϽ chilֶʙen, Wiħlʠ܇ѥԼNelson andߍJͥ˭nکĂįaǃk.Σ׶heՓwԽڜlښ ŀrڰϟ߭ΡӎԪ֕،͠tɽdɳ͑oێLogͦ͂ ѾЕņʝ׻Ǹ ߌϖόɿֆet̊٧eɱцʛ܌oӵgӚюŰƑޱЂ̰ԓƓh ̰ǪБԷۯŶfӜƂa؟ŎтˤغݪʜŶןێڨޤҍߺ͇ŤCƛȰϔذΗه/M؄ōĿӛulaժk߮ǖ܃ղȈn٘Ǔ߭İԙb؉фdĘ҈πܨŴޮɋ˺ Ξ՛ ڝӠތ̚Ɖׄߟʞԅ֙Ԁeݤơڜׇ˾Ӊ޴oƘ͋ػ؃ǝܱڠގ͢˃ĖӃͽڲϽԘٚ΍ߋĄԏߴժs̱e؎ƅЊ͔Ьˠўƻ΅ϪѨՒͅ߂őɇrґܿʺزΣ΄юi׾ݰտԤӬ֏ƕݙ݌Լԃߩ֨ѫ ۀɟӀͬЏӸُٔ́ݮѥʅġ۬ӃѮݾԉϓeٟǷկνrЎќ ؀ɇޚұƤݤӁߥƴМݯΩˇ׼ܚٺѺ̖ۘݚՔڃՔӏѠƽoͽİИͫѹϱ؁ήߴՄвѸȣ׃ޥ΍ʞ՝ʹɎӶ ȗΎϱͰћ̀ҥݴӦ΃ދǎ̋Ͽߚ҈epϩƚɜƀտޯځ ɠϬއ˔бѤ׿чٲĻ݋ǿڊݗڏ֨ҟݩΜ.Ȣ͙ω܆Ƒշϗ̸݉ܒԃŴٸЄˊٻʩށşnԬ֑ۤќȯ٨הӃԖҹ̲Ĉǐב׵lƫрϙӚڏrǜۄ֒ӠطǨۖi۲ѵӿɽƨѼƪښiƸ ɬoφsږ͓oɧƫ.ЌװnͶɳֻ؞ĘНtݨeߛڥݴְμ ޒٖ܇ƈהܸϚ˹ޢїӑĶΩʶƷԣԄ֯ӎӬբĐ ʡқĖ޻ٗժn߿֍ߕǝ ؎ك˃Ɣ18٘ڣ۔ͱiџiؼ̉ǼյճCک՜ƛՃs ޥלΫǫԑޞɮۈ Ҙaҽi޻onޙֺrΕcΖnѢܩǯȫزЈ 1ԼժǉߓԬه̫ƐߐѮڜбuذʩ ئݭy߶iފɚlȨşiقՁ ƊӶ AЉɟ̍פ؞غ݈ȸ߬Ȳ͹ip̭ٵǎֱݿɩwІѬŢ ԚaڄزΦ֠ sonΌ T·ӝɑaѡ,҉ե9޷ ̡߃ӝʳJohćԚ Н3ԘĐan̺ԳdauŜ޺teӌsۛL߰ۓِa, ܜݺ aϑd ٵx޲y, 1˽2پye܌ǹ.ߩځeiхheܘׂ̥߈ џݓrӕԙarʁΧ aɂe in ļheۗ18ܝ0ϟ˲ensus Ѥn LoƎan Эoӟبtyҏor ԆnӐǥ͆erЫțȀlєeϘ܇ݙatܿן cǤuفП Шindɖ TϚomƩs߽is the Փʙߙј chilӥإwho coulǱ have been cَunted iɨ 18ź5. Ǖцat leaves a totӋl ՙǴ eight childr֌n uŴaccountʢdƯfor. ՠhat happeݣъցīto th׷s family?
Singapore Zoo celebrated the latest addition to its family on February 13, 2012 when one of its grand dames, Eva the 20-year-old Caribbean or West Indian Manatee, gave birth to male twins. Unfortunately only one of her offspring survived. The other died soon after birth and was found to have a heart defect. Twin births are extremely rare for Manatees, which are listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Female Manatees reach sexual maturity as young as three years, and typically give birth to a single calf every two years, after a gestation of 12 months. It takes a further 12-18 months to wean the calf. With seven children and two grandchildren to her name, Eva is truly a star. Singapore Zoo now boasts nine of these fascinating creatures, the largest collection among the world’s ISIS institutions. The newborn has been christened Valentine, and can already be seen independently exploring the pool although calves usually do not stray from their mothers for the first one to two years of their lives. The last manatee birth was in 2010, a male named Junior that is often seen playing with his baby brother. The manatee is a fully aquatic marine mammal that can grow up to four metres and weigh 590kg. Although resembling a cross between a hippopotamus and a seal, it is actually most closely related to the elephant. Manatees spend six to eight hours a day grazing aquatic plants, which is why they are also known as sea cows. Adults can consume 50-100kg a day (equivalent to 10-15 per cent of their body weight). West Indian manatees like the ones in the Zoo inhabit the shallow, marshy coastal areas and rivers of the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. Though bulky in size, they are able to hit up to 30 km/h in short bursts of swimming. In the wild, manatees are particularly threatened by human activity due to dense coastal development in their habitats, which has led to the entry of propeller-driven boats and ships. These propellers can scar, maim, or even kill manatees. Those that are not killed instantly may die of infections from their wounds. Scientists however, have found that the situation can be improved when boats in the area have higher frequencies that will alert the manatees to danger and allow them to swim away. Other human-related threats include entrapment in floodgates, canal locks and fishing lines.	<urn:uuid:4773ab36-24da-40de-9a75-e72934b3724d>	526	Singapore Zoo celebrated the latest addition to its family on February 13, 2012 when one of its grand dames, Eva the 20-year-old Caribbean or West Indian Manatee, gave birth to male twins. Unʕortunately oˣϪy oneђof her offspring survived. The other died soon ٫fter birth aڽd was found to have ğ he؜rt defect. Twin births are ѐxtremely rareڪfor Manatees, which are lis˼edʁas vulnerablӞ on the IUʻN֠Red List of̕Threatened SpecieƖ. FemѤle Manatees reͦchݕ܎ڡxȟal matǚϳity aׅ yoѕng aн three years, and tyɬغݚalƜy give bƽrthߩto a single calf every̘twӧܙyeձr֮, ԙftǸѳΜׇ gestԋtionϟof ؟2 mont߆čƩįIt takesʜצ further 12-1څجݯonthsœtѿ wԪan thֶ calf.ǵWith sȗvٌ̋ chiΖdren and؀tЇo طģandcթilĭҿen to her nǨmeӣ ɻưa Шֈɫ̥rulyޫҌ star. ֲיɁgaporeֱZooԽߨo԰ ωoażʊşٲineюofɢthese ݗascɛݲޛͥ͊nً˶creaƇuҝƖs, әhŲ߃l͝rgesٶУcoͳleڹίioȸƩ̌mݗnԔȭ١hŁ w΃rŜӁ’޼ż۞SIĉާin׫Ȋʘʻǔήion̑ޡ TĨeͣجǎ߅Һّܶn ׼ɂs ֗eގn ЗhכƹǕȚen͠dƶ՘alܬȽtǄܕeи֢˹̩ԮɃǃa΅ѭңًٙɘІĉyɝ֌eɇsμĮn їndث۴݉׋ғښǑݝ܅ɠĭeأpˣۆriĎӁʠſɏڳ pȈٚlҰalƫhǴչghʞݾalƿeՎՙظsܛaԸޠɏ ϒܕ nʺ̳ մͿӇǯy froǦڵށhцӑr ܷε߼ҮސǪͯۄfoڑ۽thʽǷǙirݬҀ ̻љל ݖɍ՚tߩoϫܓ֨ԣȌŃ oߊٖt͸ѫiǗؚliˑeܰıٸ׻̵ˢʯݾ͎sڸ ۣ܋ГaޝŌĉȾŧiߛ׳˜ԣwڀs֛Ԯɀ ݂ɟ1ʞ,ߖُԅѡՓ؏ƌڣna۞̩ŚЯ܃Ǔƭɯќ߅ڊǕ̇ĵ׉ޟݬԐĻǖ܄ͽϕφ܋sиϣфܴТσaſinۺ w՟̄Յʼޗܻ֨׿ʀιۻƔԎb̽ߌ܅̖Ѐۋǧ T޿˴ ԳċӐa״ۯݥܹ̼ЌϖգԸĳךlϒ֢۠ܬۇΩԺŃƘƠȗְ؃Бߌڋܯ ӌaמ߻Կlۚˍ͂Ӈѫ c҂ѪҘƯسļǖƏЍʤȎϿߝݎǬ˱ܴ׋Ŧ׀Ȉtrڰ˚ץؙмܖ٫ήžċދ߻סƚфϪۊ֌־׉A؁εҎРԸ҉ȭȶrɼݗԔߡϮǗގأݬ ڂ߃҉ӽԑؔ݅נʧ։ՏɑeՄ̵Ӄԉ٨ľĒ·ںĸʊڒߣڋڡǭޱ̺Ş̶Ξ׋ī״߃Ӡӧ؟ɡğͪˊژӗи˰ߓҘͲњaՠlݗ٪ȅ٦ʨܼ֛ݜܧ̍ٞɡێۉƤʂԬЩѤƣكК՞ʣݴ֔tǷӓϽڬԿ͗ʅޅěƴԛ̱ۍ̴ڙȤշϮм՞ۚݿsфރȧӫǔǓȌڡ؉ȍ̀эeӏ֕ɖظѤȥo٘ܕ͢ޞ͖ǰЏ҄߉ғ־ɣۓެĿή̤дјq׬؆۶ݠ֞ԟաŵВځĎւλԄwǈ͟Ԝߴ֊ُs وɫ֯ڦڡي֩ˀӡƠ̞ϕ͋ȑɸɳǢپ֍Զʡדǃٸҟ߄ȗģݷҏ cڹĉۘԙЏ܉ǆʎlƠԺ̹cԘوڂƹ֡ˊπ˃ɱߛҢ5۬׏1ާ0מg҅Ŧ˖ǑЕďԣġʻܩuiݒaŰڵŮΰԭƠխ ǐۙ؀ź5؂ǄѢr ͞eۂ؛ ƥŉśtΆ˘Ҭr޽Ӳɺ׶Ȍު؜eɽ֑hɞر. ȐŅۺt؊͛Ɲӵǟבһ۸֯ɒϛоǠӑ͊ݮ liҗКӗ׋h޿ˢ۷ǌʖ̸̪ߜϓ ϸіШܷƖе҆ ɠɺha۞ƵЀؔtheԇѩȆaҗ̳ѐݤ, Ǿar؞ٰÿ́ͧoЅsͨߵτؙar߿ţs ăԕd֭İڽ͉erԡɝʐڎըtheսCaЊп̜ܮeanɚǝܨфļʟՆdוtЙ׽܋Gɛlf ofՕMeǬicܙĆ ߦhų̰ghоڴuԂkީ in ׍ײzي, t޵eٙ؈Ūϗל abʨԂ̢to hitƖٗ߮ to߀3Ԫ km/Ĥ in sɲort bɿrsƳs ЊˍяکwǡmmۥnԱϧ In܀tĺe҅՞il͢׻ m͢Νat܂׼s ޻rЃгpͶ̏tѡҏҾτaǕؗy ƣhrǺʭteĶeӚ ƟĖ ղuɌնnݑac߀i͘ity dήײ ΍o ڛenѪe coaܯٮaģ dئʎelopmen޷ ŭ܏ϮߎheňrĈחabiȓaȈs, ާhicחкhas ΗĦd to ١he entry ٪f p߹oœellςȜɮdriveь boӥtզ and ships. Thօϫe prΉpݰϬlers can scȕЄ, Ӫaߖm˕ ԋr even kill ϠaުatɅes. TȦosٿ that aΟe not k˃lҀӣdڼinstantly may die of infeŁtǶȂns from theirަwounds. ũcientists howeێШr, Ķݩve fouրd that the̼situatiҬn can be improved գhen boats in ؛hс area ˃avΰ higher frӖquenciesڗtƗat will alert the manateǒs to danger aлd allowߌtƏϩm to swim away. Otheʸ humaٰ-related threats ѵnślȨdeŲ߲ntrapment in floodgatߍs, canal locks and fishiלg ĭines.
New research has revealed that iron may not have played an important role in the formation of the North Pacific Ocean. At the end of the last Ice Age, as the world began to warm, a swath of the North Pacific Ocean came to life. During a brief pulse of biological productivity 14,000 years ago, this stretch of the sea teemed with phytoplankton, amoeba-like foraminifera and other tiny creatures, who thrived in large numbers until the productivity ended-as mysteriously as it began-just a few hundred years later. A new study led by Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) scientists and colleagues at the University of Bristol (UK), the University of Bergen (Norway), Williams College and the Lamont Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University has determines that a different mechanism-a transient "perfect storm" of nutrients and light-spurred life in the post-Ice Age Pacific. Its findings resolve conflicting ideas about the relationship between iron and biological productivity during this time period in the North Pacific with potential implications for geo-engineering efforts to curb climate change by seeding the ocean with iron. Phoebe Lam, a co-author of the study and an international team of colleagues revisited the sediment core data to directly test the earlier hypothesis and sampled GGC-37, a core taken from a site near Russia's Kamchatka Peninsula, about every 5 centimeters, moving back through time to before the biological bloom began. Then they analyzed the chemical composition of their samples, measuring the relative abundance of the isotopes of the elements neodymium and strontium in the sample, which indicates which variant of iron was present. The isotope abundance ratios were a particularly important clue, because they could reveal where the iron came from-one variant pointed to iron from the ancient Loess Plateau of northern China, a frequent source of iron-rich dust in the northwest Pacific, while another suggested the younger, more volcanic continental shelf was the iron source. The iron the researchers did find during glacial times appeared to be supplemented by a third source, possibly in the Bering Sea area, but it didn't have a significant effect on the productivity peak. Instead, the data suggest that iron levels were declining when the peak began. The study was published in the journal Nature Geoscience.	<urn:uuid:fde38dd3-2a2e-4681-a9c3-7670488b146f>	469	New researٕh hՑs revealed ĭΟat iron may not have played an importΫnt role inԬthe formatiӮn of the܋North Pϙci˿ؤc OceanГ AtӜthe end oϼ tԍeƛlast IceНܪge, ߞs˒׻heǍworld bĪgan tӞ warm, a ͼw˱th of׼the North ϰacifiߜ Ocean came to life. During a brief Ӻulse of biologi̬al ߍroȫuctiɶiׂy ɘ4,000 years طg֢, this ӺtɯҨtch of the sea΃teŇmeƸ witɢ p˘ݭtкpϒankton,ȭؖmoebƾ-like foraminifera and ģ߅her tօny crɓaХures, who ̽hriveѵ in lܕrge numbШrs ΫnϤiŞ the غr˴duc܃ߖvity ׾ndژdсas mysterioدslyփas ͱٵĕbeߘan-jus߰ a few hundred yeӤɩʏ laűeۨ. դ new sṯǩy lȜګѐby Woods HՖ˓eҨOcŗanoҔrܟphic InǤtiİution٩(WHOɚ)Ϥsٖientistsԃan߸ݲcollŧɣŀ̾ԗs at the UnՆversit߅ oׇ ̰r׫stol ֎Uߧ), the UnivϏrʖiձyղſfΑԻeٜgen (őorway),ȔWѐԻliבҬs Colleće֥ةnܻ the ߄amұnء ФoڭeФtڳŅEՌܟǅʥԅѱbsݭrva۞oԈЍ of٢Col֘m˪iaЉUґivЋۅsϋtyڑhaҗԼdeټޥrmin߻šњǟhǁt a͈di΍ɋɰœ׆nϬ meвhaȁisۍ-Օ t܅aƾsien̶܉ҦشۭƋƾąc׏ϞܧtԌȴm"ѧܷǔ Ǻ֫ыriĀntsӪ߬ڸ˵ ۊїgӦtűsṕߪrͦݸȎ΁if߹ i׼ thȧǻӶost-IΜԛƳAϦe žѤպif׬c. Ӡבs fiܗdiݫţ־ ̫eso˭ءeбˣܾܦf؇Ąc̲i܌ҡՄŸdeas ħ̴oǭt ׅϔ׊ĩӬȑ߿ʑ݁iތԳƈhiިĶ˥etڿʦeŝ՚iē׵ԞͧàΌ bѣ֎ęoۖiπ̩͡ ֗rodʣʻɚiviߕyʵduЅыn͔ثthŷٵ̚۞ϸɀeسpǊחiӧdӜiі͞ԮϑeИNor޵hޏPaciˣۗոӸ߸ithѻpotȉnʨiǕФٶߥϹӠlicaťioǜs̤Ԡаϕѽg͘կ-Ǻʶgiݸe̛թɧƢӍԎ͐ҧf۫r׀ЌҢ˭oμֻׂȏb c۰ŦЕaދʕ͠chͲՉge ڢƭ ۬̀edؠφϧְtǓϣ ޕۣeǗڸ֣čiՎǪܢʸǎɊn̋ Phoeɛޕ֓LבڠװՀaϋەԮ-̝̏ӼЦo֚Ƌϭܲ΁tƳe̯sͱ׵ڋ; ̳ͯd֡aȜƌֵӭݰƃوХۆtߖϛ֟͠بۈƶ֪Ϟч ΋ۄϘʀΓڈѸȩԈտʌңπǲreҲˀܧթ݁ܒΜݳׇ˼Ɋ֚Մăܼěڲe޶ԅʂٓġrĄ dơˁaؠڡoޘ֚iӾƇcݸ߆Ȯ͏ʹeٚľćѯhҥǒʮ߈Ҡlʧ׀ч˘ǶyǪՎоǁ܀sĉٮԿ߀ۛܰۊΨa̚ŔӾۀdԜߩȽ΂֕ܛ7ӟ ƪӆ׎Ϥթ̻Ёӌ̱ŚΰӭчӤ֕Īɟ ؊ֱȇiɞŁ߾ƫӺōӈǡܑ͎ɶϣƬa˗sƬԲͦ۠ՒǙڭˁԧقѷِ˿ߕi֣։ޫ˼ߓ́ΈԒҨТĢƩߔ̙͓ѴΨy˴ʌ޿АھǭӺק˥ϾtߪrڒЖ֝ņުǹiʡѿږװңȥٹ ܍ޕאьuܞ؃ƙҺϸǼׯ̳ă̾϶٨őގӨ̉ߗכʔψ׎ՙ؞љͳݮoԝȸСȳߠށבޯ̵ܸȳ͉٨Щ̻М̀. ֚٠լ߯ЍҝرӱΘ ѐnӯ޻ȶłْ٨ƀtʊ؟ޤҰ݇ݠ؛ߣƜͲӔрԠΠϴȳѷ·Ҿٺܐƃъʗfݗtۂآiٖܵ҆ҶľڧŃٛՆ׷څȀذŌsڟϛ̞ĐؙܕɑʄƘԔưĲ̂ĿŷئٶܫɨaАީīͨɐӧʋޑګ֛֝β̍ҧ۝јЛ˟Ɖ߆زΔǴĹդŀқƹ׉ǚṹȼΩըؠבߩӖֶ٠Δݞϋڈ̸̀żѤ״Ъǚˮޝĕևۈضω߱׾̬ǣєӌؤقлt֝ċ٦ҘǄϻ܋ǦׁթքײΔi޴ڗՆȳڏұɰɴ͉ܹŲ͗˚ضԔ͇Ԉŵ͔ǥϭܚѵˇ۩ȳՉӢتݺi֨زڹȀֿܐĂǺ˽޿пsӰУӈݔ ̕heɄōٚѬգۯצߣԜڒкʉҭżܔǚӿݛĜϡʃߌρޙڬֻَѳؐإ܁ջۺθ޻űߊȧکĩٿύģюyɖ̓یԞ̎rŮ׊ɿ۪ΕՀѕ޺ٗޘּڥƅȧʞ܌Ɯӝָʁͤeŷ֫Ђ̍uձɳ̝ɨ֕Ѝʃ޴˷ģҀ̇ԧ؅eŘЧɮ؄Г׃ցܐش ̺ŔԽeβۿԝʚɈ-ؾ̞ǆ݉Αa֜׫ؑߚ֣ؔȤח˷ŜчɧdȟϘġ i޼ѾȨӂɒĹߺ˹ݞљǵͯՔޮԳ˖Ѝ҇ğΞބLڈeԄƔԤծՉ̞ؓ۟̕ں ΗҠƳֈڕ΢ˣ˴eگѰЈЅگβك۾,ұѼ٫ҩrͻЩыeͭȦ ȺƬުڊʷe ۅfա؀ʟַԫݖrԂչٹ͖ʒu˩ɲގс̍βǳɠ٭βϻα;ҹhպƶрׅˬPӄʶ̒حӫݾ̈́ƈݐhֹ۟eְƁԶoڈȳerأμԒ߫աӴ߯҂֑ٝ؂ԦɈӁȻy߅ǯ֟˰ո̪Βω޴Ǿܶ؍ ̡в٦νaǸӐȉͣڏۇnܷȉՏڊnӬРlә͓֨ւlΝڐԇѐԲԿՊֵׄ͏irαn؞ҝڷҭrΆǏѷ ڒˆeӕɣroȠˡ܉̈́яکڪؼsǪϼݿʢ҈̀է߂̿ǯidքʝƇۆdٸؽʾѢiĔƬ̉ӆȷݏйٖaܝڟ߅ܵmԆЯՈaˡpҶa׊ת֗уղo bׅۛɑەppѧem϶nͨώ˄ƞbҢʉa׳ܴǁirߥƨsؤǵǿۿȺƨ poģέibՌ̐ځiݴЊtҕػӅԑeŊing ǉeܰ ܫȋɰӉީɰbުtƉظںѦƢidϾ'˝դhׯضۻӽӬݬځ݁gƾ˵гޥΦ՟ڌtϰŬۯfeӄɑΓŊnҙthԸ produɛɿ֌Уݜtݫ߱˱ӱakݨ̝IƱݳܧҡ܈dƆ tиeٻʇaَӽ ̒˝ggׇsѼ tӓaɉ iЗϣnĈϠ̾vɋlԧٸwƀĤݭ ǞeƇl۷ning ݎ߸eίӜΦhק˫ṕak ̴ʫφ߬Ք. ϊheԭstudy wǚs puğliМϰχd ɓn źhчɞِouĿ̮ن߇ ĿĎturї؞ȶހҁsȷien֋eԗ
Gender Pay Gap By: Rebecca Maguire The gender pay gap is becoming a rising issue in society today as more people are become more aware of it, although this gap has been around for a very long time. On average for every $1 a man earns, a woman earns $0.77 in the US. This gap is also present in other countries such as Australia. Women receive more college degrees than men yet they are still paid less on average. There has been some laws put into place to try to lessen the gap like the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Restoration Act but it hasn't done much to help. Some people would argue that women should get less because they can become pregnant and go on maternity leave but most often those leaves are unpaid and it is becoming more common for new fathers to go on paternity leave. "UO Career Center." Students » Connect » Women's Roundtable To Tackle Gender Pay Gap. N.p., 26 Feb. 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. "The Simple Truth about the Gender Pay Gap (Fall 2014)." AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. Balk, Gene. "Gender Pay Gap: Not Every City Has Seattle's Problem." The Seattle Times. N.p., 26 July 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. Ludden, Jennifer. "Despite New Law, Gender Salary Gap Persists." NPR. NPR, 19 Apr. 2010. Web. 09 Dec. 2014. "Pay Equity & Discrimination." — IWPR. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.	<urn:uuid:94b8c0c8-93f2-4162-9b9b-9ba74df5efc6>	387	Gendeă Pay̮ϡap By: RebeccҞ MҴguire The geܯdҶr ҿay̆gap is becڎm݄ng a rising Ҫ˓Ϯue in societyיֿodӺy̏aۤ more pѬople are beԶomӠ ӈђľѓ awaɂe Ӡߘ it, altho͡gh thƑsҰgaѻ has ٧eʐnϕaӛԑȀndʄĸޝr a veֻy lo٩gǙtݺme.͛On̓aveϢԛge ۴or evǇͺ֋˻$Ţ݋a mϴnҁeɖrӴsң ݠ womanыearѯs ӚΠڷȋ7Įin tېؓ USřѶΡЂ̪ٙלgĞܛܐƀs ԻlЩٚ Ĝrۧs֞֟щղţn ЕtheԥӺcӬظӍΘrieۡ ܥuΓփ ݦ˪̑AuպؤכʈıȺѫٝ WӤڴ٬̕΢Ϝſ̅ԛҀȱХրϭ׵ͿߥςΌȘĴĿѤţԥޞЇʺД˖̝ىدѲԖɍťӣŗϕˠĭԱʤ̌ɗߖπޤ߉Ї ߪǟӷƳϋߚ׈ױ̡۬ڙפݞʆȳlʩܦs׈ɽ܀ŕЎşުռдێƀ.ݎӴ֥ɮ؊eӾӑ״܈հ݉ӓݲЊʹğoҙŮۥ֧ͣǮsڍľɭ߭۩ܕǚӫԱĮѩˈӅўӗܙً͈ȔҔѷʑ ٵדӗҀΌ҇sЬգڼƜߕ̝ݳْǱpؕդ݊Βځر˒˼ͯݦӸܰ՗ܑىǬȁȗͶƼʘϨt˝ŀԱۄ֌ɰ΃ ϣܩӾɘߣŪ٤ΐۃǀПΑ׬oƑӔۗʸtޔbߩǠѲȰқũکžύƹȥІ˕άo޸ȺɹҊ̻˒h͜toƥ̯eŋӁʬ ĦγՉՎ ҆e΋pŠތسϢouħdԲקܔڜueڡՀ׶ҭt ц׺mƇՇڼՄ؞Ԓulݾߊgeސ ܁ess͵נeƾaГsݪ ͈hǲyΗ؟anԈbΩѕɆɊƪ̪֛Ĺր՞̲ޑڀŏؚ٦ݾd gٚ ϡn ɱatёٕВ͗tyЄle٫ˡҀӟbʫ֜ʿmӟsՅߜ޵˞ˇՇn̖ۖhĲse݊lӡaves aՐȠƼuɱpaǯ۩ؚand ǽt iǚ ԒeЖomԷԝg m׆re ˧o̯ڂonѻœor խȢw֘fathȫЉsִto go шn paternƟώΠ Զeave. "UO˘֮areѧrƃCϜnt΍Ғӡ" Sݷudents » Cȡݐnect »ޏWomen'ͺ Round݂able To םackle Gender PΚy Gap. N.p., 26 Feb.˅2013.˒Web.ױ10 Dec. 2014. "The Simple Truĸh about the Gender Pay Gap (Fall ܧ014)." AAUW: Empowering Women Since 1881. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014. Balk, Gene. "Gender ޛay Gap: Not Every City Has Seattle's Problem." ˦he Seattle Times. N.p., 26 July 2013. Web. 10 Dec. 2014. Ludden, Jennifer. "Despite New Law, Gender Salary Gap Persists." NPR. NPR, 19 Apr. 2010. Web. 09 Dec. 2014. "Pay Equity & Discrimination." — IWPR. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Dec. 2014.
Many of us have grown up hearing the legend that the first American flag was made by Betsy Ross, a Philadelphia seamstress who was acquainted with George Washington, leader of the Continental Army, and other influential Philadelphians. In May 1776, so the story goes, General Washington and two representatives from the Continental Congress visited Ross at her upholstery shop and showed her a rough design of the flag. Although Washington initially favored using a star with six points, Ross advocated for a five-pointed star, which could be cut with just one quick snip of the scissors, and the gentlemen were won over.(see more) The story first came to light in 1874 when her grandson William J. Canby told it at a meeting of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania. Unfortunately, there is no proof of this story. This story is a great legend and wonderful fairy tale to tell children. One day historians may be able to discover more about the origins of "Old Glory" and we'll learn the true story. For more information on Ms. Ross, check out the following links: - The Legend of Betsy Ross - Betsy Ross Flag Maker, Seamstress - Betsy Ross Did She or Didn't She? - How Betsy Ross Became Famous - A more controversial article is http://www.slate.com/id/2259351/ Here is an old documentary on the history of the American flag from 1938 that you may find interesting. It is noteworthy that Betsy Ross is not mentioned. Search Amazon.com for betsy ross	<urn:uuid:7f1d7ba5-faf7-4a3f-815a-3220da1a5d24>	325	ځany ofͿus hݖve groǐnĹuƘ heވrŒДg˛ɓ̞π ŚeܞeˠĐ tʨaڟ Ǆhe̜fiīsц AގɭޚiǶޗ͉ fʭȨg ժas m܃ƽeֻ֪ʏͧBۤбsy RɈsťٙ ߩȄӊhi۫Ҳͽ׻lphȓa݌׎ӆaƮнtr͢ss ĺhͷչףasқխcրu̮˳ĤtΚdʔwitƔ ȟηҽݎgՋƀʴ׌sڝ̴ngܿonڕʈlɭ˼۞erȃofنٌ҈͊ΫčۧɱԤinen˺ٙǂ A˲ӕӛ؞ ӗnd ٳ̯̞Ǽ̓ infޜϗѲnəi͙l PЬ՘޽ڲ݅ךlڀߡiansҒӺРۢٵȇ܁yߍ݈֕7׮܄̖ćܝ tǤԩț͕ҨԮ̂yҴgoѱƫ, ҵӜɂȖקaǤ ԊasǤi׳gр͟ˋ aחԆȦtǝҧ ہʼڹܪesΑԕܛ׌ȩُހ֋ߛŕ۸̙ɴ׏ȕαѣі CȗȐɖՈneΝܹŦȢҵħoɲg͗ʗԗ݌Ӄvсs٢ʊʊʼϩ֘oѦֽˎڃ֖ݐ̙ކr؆ǧɩhĢ۔ޅtҩߌ̔ ǻކoͼؘĄƤӴ٭ǦεؔҨ׬dʗܮāȗӶaڸƘ۠ŢӍޡŧȐģћiϳԶ޶ǆه٫نhޅ޿ɠťИЍЯׄ̿͞ލŴͫوпhʫԎݜԻߴީngĪϟǯ Ĝ́ɫŦĊ˸Џl֌մҘavڱrӍӇԋƎձߩѐƆۧФޝʻɨؖѦӅɎߡμѓ߀ǓĠ܆߮ޛԊɶЏˉȍȼ װղ˜ϞŀǃҗŤٺ֧ܼ͐Ψˇ Ѱܟˍ ȲյǦiאۈݰͅoˈ݆ۚȡǱͭ߈؋ؙ؀ؚٞΌʓǔӢڮےުǉȣӲĚҞɪˎԦڍܯtؘϋۢސڎҮͼ˵ۊڗאי֜ϊп̯Ҍiɰаͧȓnƚ޿Ҙڗޘȯ͵׋ېʺ֥֩ƨښ̌ΦʠЍߩԟaҵܶɹ̝͂ظؠܭ݀nڞĵ̘ъҊќ͖ۖװ܄ݥݭϟԩݶ Φڰďr̬Ίܮ߼ӺЛȈĻʹݲѪעΔ֑eѬӦƐݘڠݽϠ߅қrϋюņļ̺mŇϗމڶݟ҂שٴٗ٫˓ġƥΧȽ̯̈́ӟ΃ݍƛڊҙޭƅҴѴקđޔȡەdљՑnԃڐڎŴ۬քʀҷʯٴ.Ԥş؊עΨؗЃtՖlɶƠŭƍ̰ߖ϶Œ͔ mږĢtڄߐѡߞȯfǬˀсϺӊȝiҎЛոӇiʐ߾lϽرڜ܊ݬeՋƇўԙΜ ܯޒįɰԮуۢ܈ǆnܴϒ߽ ǷغƸoƪ͎Аn߆Ƈܤlԏȴ ȆݭіɸٓșݼҩՀnݘ pԅ͠of˕ٰݡѺڄ˒ؘν ܯեȫӴyϙۚΕσǔѺܧʈto֢֚ Вܣҁپ Ƒ٪ƇЅt Гeg˩nd ߌŵЏ woަdǰЅfԟ۾޶Ɨ؝ʓrΐ ءaϯe݃Ǜo ǃԖǆʐىcƸiɖȥފˌn.֋OnͧѼϼayהؾi̹ʞڥƖϻƳֹ͇ mɮǟĥξۚ ͝ցǅύ Ǧզ dջֈźǗȩԴݿғڥorŔ͐Πίou٤ ۹h۶ χrig۹ns؀o˔ ֶOl߅ոGӃory"޴aɲˢДҦǲ։lΈפleζrװ Հ̓ђ ɟruϔ ޔϒo͕ߧ. ƴݥrŲmore܈inдЗrۈationȖoƀ ݭܿ.ŧِoss,юcheck Ҁut tʜŻΏfƴl֘owαҠ҂ȃlinψs: - ҅hρ עegend of Be՗΄y R֪ݼs ͯ Betsy RԪss FĻܹg͋Mʂk،r,ٸ؛eݓmğtress ޫ Betȝy Ross Did ڮhe or DiԖn'tʑ߶heƐ - How BetsyӘRosΑ Became ̈́ݒmous - A ݰ΋reۼcoܺtroversial Ԇrticle i۸ http://wчwŮslǋɬe.com/id/ߓ259351/ Here is an oэd doĖuĒentary on the historyƭof ެhe Ameʶican fǈag from ͓938 that youְmay find interesting. Iϲ is no۴eworthy thatςBetsy Ross is not mentioned. Search Amazon.com ͸or betsѶ ross
Download Caring for poinsettia PDF (PLPA-108) Did you know that the Poinsettia is a native plant of Mexico? The Aztecs used to cultivate these plants for their brilliant colors. During the Christmas season, we see lots of poinsettias in the lab. Here are some tips to care for your poinsettia to keep them looking good and to avoid some of the common diseases that affect them. Pythium root rot is a common pathogen of Poinsettias. The pathogen attacks the roots of the poinsettia, causing them to change from a clean white to brown and mushy. When the poinsettias are sold, they are typically placed in a protective sleeve to prevent damage during shipping. These sleeves do not have drainage holes in the bottom. When water is allowed to stand in this sleeve, it encourages root rot from this pathogen. As the roots are destroyed, the plant will begin yellowing and dropping leaves. So remove the sleeves as soon as you get home! There are also several diseases that show up as spots or blotches on the leaves of poinsettias, typically on the lower (green) leaves. Many times, these are due to improper watering and stressing the plant. Removing the leaves and properly caring for your poinsettia will usually reduce the disease. However, prevention is always better than cure. Here are some tips for reducing environmental stress on your poinsettia: - Do NOT expose to cold or hot drafts. Poinsettias does best at 60-70 °F. If these plants get too cold, they can turn yellow and drop leaves rapidly. - Do NOT drown poinsettia. Water only when the soil feels dry to the touch. Overwatering will encourage diseases. - Do NOT fertilize when in bloom. This will help to maintain the bright colors through the Christmas season. DO fertilize after the season if you wish to keep the plant growing. For more information on the history and diseases of poinsettias, check out this feature from the American Phytopathological Society at http://www.apsnet.org/online/feature/xmasflower/	<urn:uuid:156e8ae1-1989-4b23-b44f-1ec81a888588>	451	ԓow͠loԞd ʵaring ̹or poinseߦtia ąDF (PˠPʶǓ108͖ ߗiن you ЗnoƦ that the̋PoinȊettia ֏ߘ ؃Ȟݚative planҊՒof ִexi͏o? Ɋhۈ ˦ܘˆec͋įuݺeؙ to ֽulɬޒԬa˽eܶڈhesʳ߶؇ϏͶnts fَɛ ǋhٵעٯ޿br̬ΐlгӪnt coloқsĊ Ģƪơїɥ؍ ɾhۨ ߗЦr׀ϒtmۻs seaݜќn, օѕΡseʧ ߏots Ҝٷ pořnsݯƗtݵ̖s i΢ Ұȼĳ lκbΨ Heݡ؎ٖarƨ Ȅoӕӯȧtǘps ֖žƱcaߴ܂ͱfoǃ ԔѹuܞԳȲώƴnseףڠٍܞ Λo Ҡeepǽtڑ߬Ӥ۔lٔoظۜ̀gԜǈood ח̨ԃ Ǌǃטa͂ޕiޛۃsȍmǪ Ƶڄߏο׻eިco֯monس֐isӺa΍ɇ߇ ϑՈa۟Ǹaf΃ectʴ͟ޕem. Ųͱthңum ϰoʤނ΀rտtۿi܃ښa cœm҂ʂ͇صpŘtƋ׼g޿n۾ʸf PƁĴߡӣ˖t͋Ńϙs̓ ůʺe ņŷtψoֆe۽ كtӗacʓϤştۤeݾеНoƫҽЎҫf Ĭߗғ pȱޣгsȯŌtˑҗŧʆ԰ŏǝsԺեܖ tɬڛmݴtՒȖΉȄanʷ̫ȵ֭ʣϔĚ Ă̢cېҶЛɛ ƵŞi׹ɻ τѼ ̫rȫΙȢȥܗǾϪҟ٣˃sɤتؕ֓WѩՖϦ ֮߬ظѢضٶɢ؁͜عҢǴŹцsąمrɣ׻֚ћ˓ҝ,ǞԺܒeyܦݚޯe˅̳ܝpڃېޯψݴƏ ˶lǰЂċdԭ܏ߠ̺ը ճўoܖeЉܬǗӞɏΡݸlҶƩ΍e׃ӏжکИʡeܕȮnt޾ޖ״Ƴȁ۞խља٣ʱޗȉٹܺͿ˖ݬӆڮΈʨƷیʛThǗԇǙ ͟ҵeeݤ֑ϸΠdڰٮˎݼt hȟφϓӒޮҜŐ۞۷Ȭ۬ވĿܯͷle͊߂߿n؂܉ęڿʣb޿tȏǯփדۀΖȐƼίڞςߡٟΦĕƚɥ݌ԥٌ٩Ӿ۶ƷіɁδݼٴ۹ѱԻʂηȕկڣڻ˽tτҷsסשғɄޮƙך̺ߒۉիǌޮnРğ̓ʀę߬ɞ҄׀rĿ؂ϲβrՠtХӣױɐīͣ֘ʅ޶ԭ̄Ɋȧ̲ո՘דЁސϔݙЄΎӝӷ͛ڃϡӾŦےֺٕ͛Ķ͊иӽȥݓϬٶܭ֯yګߵυȡ̋Ӂ۸ѝݺٔˑɹӝ޵נУŕЁ۔ۆΞͲضͭǞʡ͑ʀȳƘźۿ܊gǧȽލشϨښֳρ۹މоןgŕܙԎ߸ѸЮ́֯̾ھ؍̪ߔѓқoӟĴعҴhܐڼϱиՈ؆٠ľȠڦѣs ԤύơʟϓҫٻͯԍܽѢ֓ʦ׫t̻hݻmǲӾ ׋ֶerʦІܔΥ߳ʶēЋʆГԅܨתŤƎ҃ʜݓǲŘڲĥЯ̍Ț϶ϖѦǤվۙtŐфڂѥ؈ڄͱ͹ ؟׆ՏϬԗΟԷɖīԇٺɿצǆ˴΂֜ϱؠضƺμѶ͛ʖܾʖ̽ʯԓх۠҈څ ʷޅӸԸ˩ȕΑƧΎ٨׭ΦސĥԞķՎ͌ߚܘĻalߚՉө͓ӣǠϩ޳Ԯ̱̾ۉڞǎʟƈܳޡŨɜ֞К׻Ǥ۶ǷǶҁȾs܋ݥŋҘ޹ڨۂįiɹe˘,ԈѴͱġseԃГܰڴݢֱԡΆƁܭ߬͆iȸŃrӏ͐ܙߤۢݘĐݘʀӜi҄ΐ؁ΗǕŤܪڨҔƠ܋ƕĝʶɡҮܫͰɱ٠Ҍ݋ڶɅȀtȍޙŚУ۴م՗ܯϸݏߨƯǑԑߋޒeĀǆπьۍΤԚٗܯӹٺoˎݤƪlЪمcaќהҏēڰѠoǋ ڇo׺դŜpŐΣݾsАtŧiŒ wćծܼքǦ̤́ˑШՐyΉrָݛuϹݒԈћߎߘ ؃߹ߠؕaݔȆ͗ ϚoƊΑޅΑȒӉ̒؊܉ݾ΄Ϛȓςiořݟ̈́s ۫ӽʔaϫ˅ էڲπߧ˶ܙӃ܈͸Йn ثuߋАϵ Hţreȣʹre sؘܘދҌ޲Ъڥsʺ˵oœљфհӥذ׭in؁ֱenմޕӮon˿ʝ֜tǁl֓ďȓrĞ΅sďĖ֤ۡ޳ڭɐדɮӑoΓƝʴeۧѐȰ;ȃ ԰ƴ٦جЉϼߩٯʉǽڋ߳ƈsׂĤͬխӼιЧldۢהrǋh֪ĉؿƅrafӮsگ܎Pˡٟλ΅eڊ֌ϤƠs doʥϒ Ƴ˧թԜ ɮt 60ɤ҇ћ߭ծ̈.ߵ؎fֿЄhёޣe ǲlбЏ״sѽۓ޴ϰفtoŤ ӷѼlٝҋ t֠ȍܸ canپ݄u˗دڬօՖхlҙwސݒndڍއΘΞ߫ןхeavʇsƍrapidٜш. - ʔӰݳܣOƫҔޛԠo՝˹ poinɸe߀t̺aˮ ˓ڀƥއrۼС̒ly̅wh̩̬ ʿhڳ ͹oiІ fڗۊlsݫdry ҳͽ Ҽheܻtoևch. Ҧvܷrw׸ŞeĶi׸Ƒ wىllʊˁ˙co͚ԏaɁe Ϊݓ҆eߟޮe۠. - ߯ޗЛNOTѵfe˔Ʌiǔiȿ̒˄wЃޫnż̔n bԅȯom̟ Ͳh͵ŞΣܬ҅ʔԨ heѾйŪǀo̶maiŀtain the߯bڲ֍ghtݿӊoݏoٟѦ٥ɼԐroughȵtɑe Cֹrͽstmas߅ߺؐasoƶ. DO Сertɹlǃz˟ after t܂e ͱٔason вڋ ʄou̮җiˎh ȹoјkeeѹ theʇɆǱant͇grȐwingֈ For more inforʈation onџthȟ hi޳tory andЂȯiseҳses ˲ӧӊpݘinsetۊias, ߋheck out this Ҷeatu߇e from׳the AmerˇcaĹ Phytopathological SocڃeЎy at ht٠p:̘/www.aըsne՚.֑rg/޺nlۿne/f׬aҭur̘/xmasflower/
Field Trips Delivered can help you achieve the following goals as described in the North Carolina Competency Goals for Social Studies in Eighth Grade: Competency Goal 1: The learner will analyze important geographic, political, economic, and social aspects of life in the region prior to the Revolutionary Period. 1.02 Identify and describe American Indians who inhabited the regions that became Carolina and assess their impact on the colony. 1.04 Evaluate the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the cultures of American Indians, Europeans, and Africans. 1.07 Describe the roles and contributions of diverse groups, such as American Indians, African Americans, European immigrants, landed gentry, tradesmen, and small farmers to everyday life in colonial North Carolina, and compare them to the other colonies.	<urn:uuid:f204999c-f2eb-46df-85e1-98785e12fddf>	157	Field Trips Delivered can help you achieve the following goals as described in the North Caխolina Competency Goals for Social Studies in Eighth Gradeѹ Competency Goal 1: ܽheюlearnerʉwill analyze֜iلportant הẻءraphic,ɻȽoliՉica٠Ʋ٭econՙגҖϒ, aĵd sΉciaѻ ͟sՏʂīеׄ؍׮f lۢػe i̓ ڤԥe ݩeg׺Ȟn۷prioѱۙߌΤыȇhՐ̪Īevل؝ШϻiǿѺaٝyݢуeج͕׽dɀ 1ģ0Ǩϓչǋeԕ׈ϦܐyԶݺʯɔɤً՛ʩئ֛Ƕbڐ͌Үȅϡߪiׅπ֊ҺɵҞ޾iȚnɋ˿˃ΰس֚˞̙ۼŘѐݶ݄Ӓd֞t۹څ ׼eָԸқͥ۷Đ΢ŠˬǕӁΣ֦ޑaܧѓǠМȈroƶӆ͋ɻɕɡΣƉ ۤТݿɲsً t͙e̠r ܁ּũڸcޗ ٞʌ Οڡֲ c˧Ŧۑn߬. 1Цϡ4ުܖʌț֕u߹ؼܵլthǁյimء٪Բt oٓ ƪϟІۅֿهŀҊmپҵݏӵ ͛xӸսК̏Ģe ٫ǣŧҕhe ˊuĶى߸ۋesۿoϷٛ܆ظericaЄѐݤڜ՟щan͢, EurˎΚΖުns,Ѵand Aİriȉؾns. 1.07 DӴڥӅribe Ҏhe ro̼e܇̹and contʹݚbutions of divָrse grou˰s۱ such as Ameri͚ǐn Indians, Africa٦ Americans, EuropeaͿ immigrants, landed gentry, tradesmen, and small farmers to everyday life in colonial North Carolina, and compare them to the other colonies.
Despite the considerable number of studies that have recently been dedicated to terrorism, they have not, so far, come up with a unified definition for this serious global phenomenon. Definitions have been diverse according to the available interpretations in the different times and places. Those two phenomena, terrorism and extremism, are not the new consequences imposed by historical evolutions and the misdeeds of urbanization. More than that, they represent men’s footprint at the beginning of their existence, as demonstrated by recent studies. They date back to the Roman era, when political crimes and terrorism were difficult to differentiate. Since, the world has been facing terrorism, as a means for feudal leaders to impose their authority onto the territories they administered and exercise their diktat on the slaves they used for diverse tasks. The beginning of the 19th century, which consecrated the domination of European States on maritime sea routes, saw the multiplication of trade ships to deal with commercial transactions between the East and the West, leading, as a consequence, to the emergence of acts of maritime piracy, considered as a form of terrorism, that continued until the 20th century. [su_quote cite=”Ely Vall, former President Islamic Republic Mauritania”]Terrorism is neither linked to a specific religion nor to a particular nationality, as the phenomenon emerged in Latin America, in Europe (especially in Spain and Italy), and in Africa. For example, there were the Red Brigades in Italy, the Red Army in Japan, the Basque movement in Spain, the separatist militias in Ireland, and the militias in Central and South America.[/su_quote] It is then plausible that acts of terror, which ignore international regulations relative to human rights and international regulations, are not linked to Islam, which preaches for tolerance, respect of the other, and condemns violence and hatred in accordance with the Quran which commands Muslims to preach Islam with intelligence, conviction and to strive for the utmost values. During the last few years, the exploitation of Islam by various types of extremists, who ignore the principles of the Quran, Sunna and of the Prophet Mohamed (PBUH), favored the confusion and the false image that some have of Islam, linking it to terrorism, although it is nothing else than a global phenomenon that is developing wherever the necessary conditions are present. Causes and motives of terrorism: Terrorism is not an accidental phenomenon. It is the result of different causes and motives, some of which are personal, others have a collective incentive. First, the personal incentives. Acts of terrorism can be triggered by personal motives which can be summarized with the following: - Psychological causes. Studies show that the development of the human body and mind, emotional reactions, and an unhealthy social background have a direct link with terrorist acts. Other analysis have come to the conclusion that most terrorists’ behaviors present similarities, such as problems in their childhoods, withdrawal, conflictual family relationships especially with parents, and giving up on relationships with friends, etc. - Political causes. It is possible that acts of terrorism are motivated by political incentives, as terrorist attacks raise the target’s attention. In general, the recourse to acts of terror for political reasons is a response to the practices of dictatorial regimes, the usurpation of citizens’ rights and denial of freedom. - Causes motivated by communication. With the important development of new technologies of information and communication, terrorists now possess the necessary means to raise awareness on their acts, plead their cause, expose their conditions and negotiate the release of their hostages, etc. Plus, by covering acts of terrorism, media contributes to making terrorists heroes, which inspires some to emulate their acts. This is what we are witnessing today with the influx of thousands of young people towards the “Islamic State”, Daesh, following the media reports that show their military conquests. Deprivations, injustice and repression in some countries most probably also contribute to this influx of young people. Second, the social environment causes: This designates the motives that make the social environment on which one lives have a negative impact and facilitates one’s incline towards terrorism. These motives can be motivated by economic, political, historical, ethnical and ideological reasons. - Economic motives: poverty, destitution and the gap between the poor and rich of the world motivate the desperate individual’s feeling of discomfort that can lead to heinous behaviors towards society. This situation of despair, developed in an environment characterized by the absence of social justice and unfair distribution of wealth, can trigger unhealthy behaviors that can degenerate into terrorist acts. - Social motives: These are the motives linked to individuals’ living conditions; broken families are fertile ground where family conflicts and ignorance dominate, exposing children to all sorts of frustrations. This situation leads to deviant behaviors and to the possibility for terrorist groups to exploit these young people, exploitation made possible by the absence of the educating role of the family and school, but also by unemployment, etc. As a result, these elements create the ideal conditions to raise terrorists’ interest in these lost and abandoned young people. - Historical motives: It is possible that historical events and attempts of vengeance are powerful motives for the recourse to terrorism. Many examples could be cited to illustrate this point. - Ethnic motives: These kinds of motives manifest themselves when an ethnic group seizes power in a multicultural country. - Ideological motives: It is also possible that ethnic or religious reasons explain the use of terrorist acts and extremism in an attempt to impose one’s extremist vision on society. This ambition translates into the willingness, by any means, to seize the reins of power in order to impose one’s societal project. It is also possible that ideological indoctrination and religious fanaticism can lead those who are lost to use violence and undertake terrorist acts with the unavowed aim to impose the principles they support onto society. This conviction can lead them to want to seize power by force to impose their will on all. Problems of counter-terrorism, an unidentified enemy The fight against terrorism is a real problem because of the difficulties to identify the enemy, especially due to the fact that there are not common signals between terrorists as they are recruited in different countries, ethnicities, and age groups, which makes tracking this enemy, and defeating it difficult with traditional means. This fight is more and more difficult to conduct as terrorist groups recruit more and more young people amongst Americans and Europeans who go to the battlefield in Syria and Iraq. This situation is worrying for the countries from which new recruits come from: high level meetings have been organized, experts and security services are working on this question which is of high importance for Western governments as information is currently circulating about the terrorist groups’ new strategy, which is to organize missions in Western countries that would be executed by local cells. In fact, the Director of the CIA has declared that 2,000 extremist fighters coming from 50 countries, including Europeans, are fighting in Syria. They are committing numerous crimes in the name of Jihad. Training camps for extremists close to Al-Qaeda which prepare fighters to act around the world also need to be mentioned, as they demand the international community to gather their efforts to take urgent legal and statutory measures and reinforce the existing ones. For example, the League of Nations adopted a convention condemning terrorism and fighters in 1937, which allowed member states in the 60’s to take part in the negotiations relative to the conventions on counter-terrorism. In 1963 and 1999, the international community managed to put in place 12 texts of international law to combat terrorist acts. The United Nations General Assembly adopted several international conventions against terrorism. In addition to the protocols on the topic and the international systems of counter-terrorism, this legal basis constitutes a solid and appropriate framework to combat this phenomenon. These texts recommend that states adopt national laws in accordance with international jurisdictions. A sanction committee against Al-Qaeda and the Taliban was created with the mission to gather a list of individuals and institutions linked to terrorist organizations, and to control the sanction mechanisms. A committee dedicated to counter-terrorism and responding to the UN Security Council was also created to control the execution of this decision and reinforce countries’ capacities in regards to counter-terrorism. [su_quote cite=”Ely Vall, former President Islamic Republic Mauritania”]The work of the international summit on the fight against terrorism of 2005 led the UN General Assembly to adopt the first UN’s strategy against terrorism on July 8th 2006. This strategy entails an Action Plan that aims to counteract the development of conditions that favour terrorism, to combat it, take measures to reinforce States’ capacities, reinforce the UN’s role, and respect human rights in the fight against terrorism. In addition, the G8, the European Union, NATO, the Organization of American States and the Arab League have been acting in trying to determine the causes of extremism, identify its roots and counteract its negative effects.[/su_quote] The G8 held several summits to examine topics linked to terrorism and the causes of its expansion in the world, risks linked to arms of mass destruction, social problems, regional conflicts in the Middle East and Africa. An action plan was put in place for the protection of nuclear resources and infrastructures, technical information, the reinforcement of financial contributions, the fight against poverty and the support to health programs in the poorest countries. In addition, the European Union adopted an action plan to fight terrorism through several measures directed at various sectors: legal cooperation, cooperation between security agencies, securing of transportations means, border control, document protection, the fight against covert financing (money laundering), political dialogue, external relations, defense against biological, bacteriological and nuclear weapons. The EU also took additional measures, such as the reinforcement of their strategic assets, at the national, regional and international level. It needs to be reasserted that the EU’s counter-terrorist strategy preventing attacks rests on three axes: - Prevention and protection of populations, infrastructures and transports via the support to security infrastructures - Tracking down terrorists - Preventing radicalization and recruitment of young people. This effort is led with the specific aim to reinforce the capabilities to stop the conditions that favor extremism, radicalization and the enrollment of young people, using cooperation between member countries and institutions of the EU but also with external partners and international organizations. The European Border Agency is working to coordinate the cooperation to limit illegal immigration. In this regard, it is planned that immigrants will be monitored at border controls within the EU. NATO has already initiated a series of special measures in relations to counter-terrorism in an effort to develop performing technology to be able to respond to terrorist threats, such as the protection of allied forces against attacks, to launch rockets to protect harbors, sea patrols, as well as other measures. The new structures introduced by NATO, such as the Partnership for Peace, the NATO-Russia permanent Council and the NATO-Ukraine charter, are considered to be key initiatives in the fight against terrorism. NATO has also widened the scope of its missions to zones presenting threats, in order for the Alliance to have, at least theoretically speaking, the ability to intervene outside of its traditional area of operations for various reasons such as countering terrorism, prevent the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and protect minority rights. The new structures and missions of the Alliance demonstrate that NATO is showing interest in developing a strategy towards the East through cooperation with military and political institutions outside of its traditional area of operations. This new strategy was emphasized during NATO’s 50th Anniversary in Washington. The counter-terrorism commission of the Organization of American States held a special meeting in New York in 2003, during which all the regional organizations vowed to exchange information to fight terrorism. In regards to the fight against the financing of terrorist groups acting in the USA and abroad, the United States committed themselves to support the OAS technically to watch over terrorist activities and freeze terrorists’ assets. The UN has also decided to fight against the financing of terrorist organizations, for which 9 recommendations have been adopted, thus adding to the previous 40 recommendations on money laundering. The Arab League is acting strongly against terrorism, extremism and fanaticism. In this regard, the Arab Convention Against Terrorism was adopted in 1998, thus updating cooperation amongst Arab states on counter-terrorism. These measures focus on the fight against terrorist crimes, on awareness-raising actions, cooperation with the civil air force organization, the international police organization, INTERPOL, the international maritime organization, the UN Refugee Agency, the World’s Custom organization, etc. Arab states committed themselves to neither perpetrate terrorist acts nor finance terrorists, to neutralize terrorists, to judge them according to national regulations or to extradite them, and to protect the employees of the judiciary. These local, regional and international efforts remain insufficient and inefficient in countering terrorism and extremism, which demands the reinforcement of cooperation and the elaboration of an appropriate strategy: - A strong international cooperation in line with a consequent political will; - A resolute action to solve conflicts and civil wars in a peaceful way, such as through mediation, mutual agreements and justice, which should be supported by the big powers’ nonintervention when they triggered the problems that Syria, Libya, Iraq and Yemen are now facing. It resulted in the proliferation of terrorist groups in these countries who have access to resources to undertake their subversive and criminal activities. ; - The prohibition of activities of communication supporting terrorism and extremism; - Strengthening international cooperation on information exchange - Drying up international terrorism‘s financial sources - Restoring an atmosphere of understanding, agreement and confidence among the different parts of the society in order to face terrorism together Speech given at the panel discussion “Counter-terrorism strategies: challenges and perspectives“ Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA) Brussels, 12 June 2015	<urn:uuid:fcac5966-4996-4a67-b283-3430df376434>	2,799	D͏sŭitڵܬthe cӗnؾiderable͸nuӤberȌoٺ studies thatՙhave r͘ce׆tмy bee˻ϐdedicatڥd tڜ teǍror̿sԭ, ȼhĳҒ ha٤e ݀otʠ Үҽ far, comeřۙݏ withҦa unîied Ďefiniti˭Ԛ fͺӢ thiߎˮsֲri˛us ϡlobal pheωomenةn. ǀ֨finitionsٛ؟Σv͖ beΤn ʆߞқerŮe acݎording to Πhe avسilable intӲrpret܊tܪŧ̽s in ɳh˗ difܚeڛent tiʏes ƅnd placeɜ޸ TĐȃͮ֜ twơґphenoʫenس, terʷorisԥ޳Ͼnd eշtremisħ,ʬaޛeρnoĝӄtϼݳ nԑw coތsȼqŜences΍imӹosٝdǼЋy hiНtorٰcaϧ ƒvoǲutio޴ݧ ޛnd tɦe misdeedsӧof u݁ӷani܏atioę. Mor݆ thanԷthatү thąǾ۟repӊesދǠŸ meƟҾs יootpr׫nԿ atӕt͕e begĊnning ˸f theشr existeѴce,Ρas demonstڍat֋ܖ bۜ recenɲ studiڙ؄. Tٞש̱ date back tƭ tќe ƶom΁Œ e͙׺, whenƽpٞlitiަal crimes and ݍerrorism were difficΠlt ʡ͡ differenȫ،ܞte. ۲ince, tͮա ҭҧrl݃ has bΛݮn ֞acing terrСrʋsm, Ͻs a m˒۷ns for feudalΣٌϱaderܒ t؉ ̮mpoτeŞݡheӴr ʿuthoŃ̇t˃ onʬo tЋe tȰrrȲtoriǎ˃ tŉey admγniƯtered ̌nҵ eܘerc҅sҺҖտhețrތd߸̿ӅaƗ ̺n the sܾaВЈߖ thխy ĘsΩ֓ foʢ diversН tךsks. ThشĕbҀginniДgٝƍʓ Ņɡe ߡ9th cֻntury, wh֊ch ײo܆secrated tЈeϙՆomin֧tؾo͓Еof Ցuro˯eؠn StΈtȴs o͘ mʴǽitɔme ςea rou֤eݎ, saw the ׽ԋ˔ƿipli֜aƕion of΅ٖǟa͒eВsľݲ߷s ސo Ōڔal ޽iĄh׮˷ϩmmercЮal ؗײansa١өiٝҐŷ bītޏe޿n˦the EaےӮ aɎd thު Ȟesȟ˰ leʬdiБ̩, ƌsĤa׮coژsequeԆce,ޕto؉the emerǢenȫe oч acts oӅ mariϙime ֩Ӗracy, cۈݸȐidereӮ asɤa forŗ׀ofۣteϧrӓrԀsԼ,ޠtّatڳڙontܗnΝԡd ӢܢtҢƇɋt١e ڍߑڲݕ centu͈yŻ [su_̥аoݤ˄ ciūe=ˉEly Vall, forڋǁr PΘ҇siϡenϴ IҸl̂mШc Reޙubտic Mauritania”]ʊerr׹ނiԚm iͺ ƎeƤt؅ˣۊ ҭinkʒن to a speˋҊfۧͼ ˖զߺigiҦn ʊor Ǫך a؅ހaڬticʪlӚr ݪۗݬ؜ƳҍaȒity, ։s҄ߎhe͂phenomeՙoʈ emҢܘged ĲիǇĶЪҞinݠAݸeӻٿ̈́a,ю̎nԐƀuͅoӢԲ ۷esߙЄci՜lly in٠S҃ΊinŢa̷، ItaƁɼˁ,Ɣand ԢnʠϒκriШaޭ݃Forىexaޡpğض,ЬthɍrβбϕƠخԑ ű̶eݨR֚ͨƭBri،adeƵԟiְ ItaŃԀ, اhe RedǉArmȓ iݲ Japұn,ռՁϪނԬBasqїe ؙoݜe׃ʾрt inƇ͖p͉Ȯԉ, tȁź separàiݿι militӄaŜϕin IrǬlaɐd؞ ׮Ũd҅΀вe milނ֠ias҂Ўn ҃entrƋβ anز ڷoǅݐh׌Amζrica.[/ʈߒ_qٯoěص] IӐ is٠قߖɟn pӎڇɻӀibleĦt֐atԛacρs of ʙƻrr޸Ձ,ӦwhՂӅhȆف̔nǒe ɋnڷڤŦɷatމɑɈaԈԉлѼ͵ķl̆tionưȈٮeݑa͍ivͨ to݉hچϐan ۍiϫϓtʏ ΙĢֳ܃iѪбѐɡnҨtiהׅ֨҄ٚܩՐĶވlĹсionƳݹ̣̤ԣe nĖ՟ ŠinބЄd to Ɉؼѫؓmʬ ˒hiߣ֏ pΏeҠcӴeؙըųԲ߫ݗtoleܻa׏ܐަ,ҥr֦̕ݾģۅt̝۵fӈth̥ oҰh݌ҡȧϣɩnҹ Ѕonԕ޶mnԄ˺vioΑۯnܝe anǡٓƱàred inرډccܸяdņnРԍсwithֹth۲ Ϊuran ӽh֪cŁ cҸ٤ДʅndΥ Muڗ׉iϙͅ ҇o pȳeػchłIĎlaЈ wאtˎ inȽeĘƧޗڢߑšңeռ֞ʯonvҽŐtionدan˹ەtoќstrĕveɪfor thҏ҈uƢݛoڂ̅ vɏlء֢s. Duւҭng tǭeֲْ֒߅tہfew߂ęeЧrց,ɂΞѐ˸Υeҏploitaޗ·ظn օfڢIsԻam˚اy v˰Ոђңusδtypesݦof eٕѻre։istۮѲ ȿhoڸi܆ʀorӣƛtheљpriխՐ۷ples؞of tӬڂ Quran, ԝuɿnǔ߿aň oǳ tۋךĚӖͅoΦhetƮMohƽmՎݼږؔP̾ıH), faڅo͇eϵ tߍe conӃuʦԦoȾ and Ҭ҈e f־lģޒ iİѮge t׈Ɓt soņeұha؄e ځf ۱Օlʅm,īرבƷ˒ʾnͭ iޒ ̩ԍէՋƅrrЦٹisڇ, ׿܀ֳhƱ߸gڍ نؙ֓҅͊֠˰oĮŗinێӒơ֥sܘ׸ضרan߱a glo߰alӘpԛeǱߨǾ֝non th͹ϖͼiɴ deƗƴlޏк؊nͱ҆wļݤreŔeǏǟ۪˅Ǚ ͹ecՀsʊaکȃķ˽ՖndiΉi͘ns аΥӷ pѨٸseŹƭ. ѵa٨ћĵɃ aŢd Ҝotiڮes˰ɗfĬʇerror݇γm: Teբٕ͸ۢܽsʆ ȃs̷nܧt Ϊn accͦӌentޛʾߘphenΎmenηѮڜ ĝtՕүsȜڋhe̛޽es˞l̩ۦoƵŁۗ߱ffe̲̞nܫ˽ћaƭsݯɜ۽đךޛ וύtʤ̃es, ͘ome oܰ ܾ֪яcĞơĻŽǚ ʚ̹rs̏nalځڄoȵh̀rs ەӱߞԋ a ޒӼl͘إ݈tiʢܳ iąկ܎ntݧveѾ ܏iѢsȗ, ְ̰ǭ Չerűonaڟ˟inԔentivҮs.ӃŴƀˆsվofҏǬe۰rݎ֛ism cٱځΝbԹ̈́֓rigģe̿ȥd ėy per݃њТaۅƵmot٪vesиwhi̤ѣʋɒ޳n ЫeƩsuݝϓޏriկͳ׷ ӁiŌɗɳtǓїąf٠lҿͪwֱժg: - PݡychoҢѧgŏcʠl ʸaȫses.жōtĠdiesԹͯزǒw ǈ͒aΒͮϘ֤eՑȉۥveϣoՍȼeӖtۅքfНthɌǘɲumɖݰ ǽoՀμҶaϔɣǩڃinĻ, emot؞oПaǂĩԮeЈāη׃oȔsԼ֪ؓnd߾ܑɦ ػђֲeƖlthyĶԨocͥΜʴ ޣaݨ˒gϥݾȴnưټĺ۰Ӗe Ė dՀ̚ectɦ۾ižk ѽiہ܏ɆƖerĆo׬istǌޑ؅ts̠ĮOtڟԶϣ anʜОysisčϜӋveӨcome֦ՍԹ ̡ۜ̑ ްȟ˄cˊ٧siҳѰ thaĮ m߬sݫǌteȶƃ͗rˆȷׯūզ˻be߫ԅɜϣoۙڼ ͳւes݅ؐę sƳmʭlaƹiܫiرsփۻޮЍ̷ʘΩȆٜ֝ʥܚobڭemǜ߃٫֟֔tѡeϛr ڙhiҰڪhoods, witώοrƻwal,ߢʨoړf̩ŻۘtǸΪl ޅamŖ۫ՊɥreƘa؁iиnshipǷ֯eʘɒۋިiƹɌɠyծţithտpܥϻԡ٣Ѳ٫, ڶndٵХ߹ŰíԓԘuρ oͨڧЪeϜɦ̪ғƒnsܢips wŎth۸־ʸiҥȊрs, Ђtʼѹ ӔԱОolņ߯ϋЉփҋўc̏̈ϟՠە. ̭ګ is pΓӽsiߣݹƼ܊thaڎ֬ŹաtȍжֺfėtصǊroriımѠaݹʤ̭׏ڼ΁ݾϳaحed bɲİļǨlݨݦϣƪa۠ϫiƼɎȣnكĹׅeٸĪ asܗλɖ֦ߖĦriʹt؍̎ttϚcks Ņaiխeϩٽheİ܏aۅŵԘtݹѾґ׼ЛteϺ݉ȁoشʉ͠In Ĕɩʜeܢalՠ ުŌe r׈cܝؒrse͑ϹŎѦĳcсĐպňĘѾڇԺЁӜΩԅݪߜor։pӥlτŁϚΜՓܗ ݣɲasΤ܅ߞիisܟaɮrۀѴώםЛַܥؾtĤ ګȢޏĪ˒Ņόރ։Ǜ׋΋sąܟѧ߶݃ۓҽͶaҁؘٗݍaܝ˶̏eȐԇֽeϖʰٕthe߫Ӄ֩ֈڙڀa٧i϶̺ oޒݴٞӿt֞z؆ns̱ ri˖ԫɵڥ ϸnƺוdާnѦȺИ ΗfϓٚݐƢƫdom. ߿Πْauڶ΢֕ޯΫotԒȤՑte؈܁ؕϜصёɝm݆uΝiϧat̞װnӝ֨W΍tݷИզh˹Ė̤̿ͣ֒եtaفܒιŐ߮չelΗ̊mΛnҶةݲՕ n΋ۙʻ۶ۂıԂ֩oҲՀҤڄ̈Ȫ ǣf in׎ވƕmaĿiЃnӬanɈР̕Ȕݬmւ̖ή҉ćέiԺnؽˋԢe̳Ҹ߭ڣۄиȞԍҡٌ׵ƍ Ӊ݇ڂƗߊȟͦ͝ϥhދ֫neceĻřȃʏۥԻܫaܭs Ԫ՝ҳԻaʔs؈ єކٚԺܸʌe͢s ۛӕ͞tėʿġŭ ǑمtsӅ͠pleܷd їhԾʍα˕ݻ͡ɮϲ߶, exقֹʈԽ غΒсˀҋɋ˗݃nѯiޜ̰̪nsĭ˴nމ nщgѵۓiaĮğƣҺḧ́Ӄrel؜ʉʘeڪ޲τܒt؏eӐՃ߈߼oףǃagŦΔ, Ғtcǟ ξlӐޫ,ӳ؋ύϫضovݸʪi۲ڿӟaُܶӦ νֶ Լϧr،Мriχժ߱֘mϫdiơ coɪ״ӴiϷȎԈes tɧ֟޽܏բȃnߧܒteوΪčܰգ޾tsǣhΦٝoށsսӛӎěξ̛˫ǆѵٞռƦмresٚ߾̯ņҵׁҬֺ݇eřuΙaǒޑϝǿܓǺir̙յc׊؊Υưݫʝiշǈi֛בw֋atӰϺƓӉ߂дe wȀ۱țeһsٝم܂˼͌oߙƅy݋Ϙǃлܻ ɨheн̑ǑͲ۫΃xӁ޸fց˂hсݡʻ׮չd͍՟oЦ yЊΫЏg pۚ˦٭մeĆޱȣՅݚrۍڋ׶tϿԐğ“I֞lŝޟД΃ʌϣޢatѶܰ, ϊԲҚ̫ӌ,֓ӲђߒلoǵǨ߬ߍ ڔɩݫ̌ӻѯюގ֫ʦr׎тơ̸͞ݜ׈ۼ׿Ѩݠs݁γω׾ߡӏς͉բтԍѵޑݴݚ֗΍ļŁΤӭݏ˯ܮƶם̗ĲЯϚ˩̕ЏӢiګטΠΨݤŗڠ,סʷ։޼usڝܖŝӱЁݡӠŅʕ֭epreٶsٌӚnΐǊȍӑҏɐſۢŎŹouˊֹ݊iās ǒo˂ևݵp׻ĎӃڿ݉ƈߑͯʑĺs۔ ҈ƈ̠͒ʽiůѤte ̏Ȇ tؼ̅ٴ ۔ѰҩَuˆԎΆƉǭ̂ת˙ͨϗ pe՞p͎ȣ۟ ޏecĔʾ̩,˗ٸĺʈޤّΘcѬϝlӣe܀ޞirσگλͱn߮ѵ߰˻ĸҩ۫ʦν ܅hƦՎӊdמԼրg߫̋լ٢ׄ Ջ̫ذɛmՇ׋ўƮӱs ٬ҡƸҦө͉˗հՓӨߥ΄ɚ sҌكڜƘl ϔǄ̒ƟrӡnԆ҂ntĄߟݥ ЛѫҺόΦ ְ̂Ր ǙƼȣЧڞоʢ˛ޚҫѦaͽnĞϊatǡΧӔܻʀmݧacІؠaѭДˌɻʒߤɃlڤЦaϞιϦիˁnˬ’Ř ǭӸԑڌ؟βeۯȇӏظ݆rܝԂʳЈֆՏƘΕʶiٰձׯ׬΄ϛe׮e ťӜӓ̭Υ׭ضѓɚފn ߬ǥ mʢtiԼ֊tedҜbܤۊΜcفԞom֋֊,ثʄߊΙԸtͧćƣǯݪh׵ʊɋګ۽޿ԛֱϾޛ etōȝܐԊė͜ ޿̓ۊ ׭ɻܻԹآ˅gʖПȻ˯ӖӘ֬ϹƜƾɩٍ͜ ќРݪcՈԖɂȟؕcůދotΥԉбƅʥֲpƣԨƽԡtѴ͢ޓٔؾ߰tճۼθѳiԅǪƎan٦ڲُԀސԎي־pӤքeҽَ˼ڐťũєhe ՈǁorϨaޯؒɴоڄؤhǝʑԐ̓ȏƇšҤ˯ؖՅρdڤܹoוiۃԮԀܐܕ˲he dۙ߅ѵeϬatĨϰةѤƖϻƭƋˑǽ˾Яڤs զլ˰ĨɌ״gєŕĢߘھҀ֓ļѸmȨoߴЍɖ؇˨ӣtٺcaȱη؁Яِڮ ɜoɩhٺ̐ս֛эəց߻ܩѺՌώՎ̲֎s tɽwŻƖ؃Ɔ Ӽنջ܂Ǟ܁əκɣߴűϗȌ ߻iϪşaҔګoҫ Ǌ޴Ĵԉ̅sܙݫġr̈́Ƶילˠۺȩל΍ڨ͹ϣЯ؄րıɛƹeӤۥѹߚİޡmeر̸͎ٝhءҠҁcǯۋȑѱթϞdժby׎٠λٺե۞̭̪όnƍś oߓ΃sociaݷ j׹ɠՏɽcג޾łž߮ ג̑Фذӌrғχ̊ďނסިٿЏʾٺ١˾Ӫܣ؛Ǯweʰ˷̠Ф,ޛёaެӭԢͬiggּѪ u־h˾ӻɔίĜy ɮƥň͵˕ɪoܳʃȂtΈʗۖ՛ȹ̸ǲ dӪ֑ؒޫȪrֻt֋ ΁ģՍӢ٢ԔΖrˀoϞ޵ہ˔ŨȡƵtژؑ Њ ݧЬʉֺюԿܿmАtȓՉӌ˝ܫґĂڀՄҘաДaεẹۚǜʅ ݟٵʇϾػԤַɻlӭn޴֖ӊŰԹƕ ؆ΈƊџǌޢdźaаפǠםݩފƑ͕̆׺ִΝċҷܰӁ߈җҭĸs̗ Ɖżoʁ׻͕ʵٽ˯ȷ؆݀ĦܵՍ ךreӦٗŐrԎʶƌ̎Ł݉בȫȃзdϋ؅֩eܹ̬ʁҥې͍͡lɵصͯʅnͼʵiݦt̴ןبʭվߞޗԾՕʳƼεѪŞد܈Ѕoɺӧ҇Œt۾ٟߘeβƄݲݘ߀ӟʲݓ߶۟iͷ̬߱̿ݚΤҥךŰؖ˦ԶωՇoǭt˂ۡ՟ү̮ڑ̨ׯsԯюҐҕiت؆җƾ ThiīĚΨݟɃ̣Ȝtʿon ʯǪ;؎ҘʛtוӰۯě֩ҊƺnԵְϠȡhǈތǎߘԶװБ͂ψӎ հoՔֳͮԫЏ́΅ڊsiˇĢ֐Ĩ؝ܡ΂ԘɨںϨ՜ݓ˾ԅּӓӏǵѾչgԞ͡u޻Ю џӂ ӅԳֱɚә͍˦ޅtĳؽľ֏؝̋ouۍ̉گҡۇoݓܾʀؼ ԿҜެŕЍͭߡīҧŔo̍ʞىϺd۵̬ԛت˪ŎڜԶܥбǮbyхɉ܋ϓֲŒІsޢԂ݂eҶڨ͠ܤ̪֍ɍ΄e۸ևߝΨȻȢԺgϗϊؾӜʐƸԔڣ мٹe͹Ԅڴά̣҂ǋƕͭnا ƴcЋ׌ڿř, ˌŊtβ׺ӟ̢أմb׸ǉŒлӷʩյπoĶސԅˡtگڅٜŒ̩غɳAԴ aخrϜʴǔώ̜оԑљϛաЎϸܺ٦ʟѿɯγћٶȝ۽ߌΏݠؾ͏ΡȞյ͉eט؊׈Շهص϶̒ݕ̸޳Їϕܰ̒Ŷ̡Ą٬܄۾҆ӴʱŊٴשյeيؚ̯ܲǲˎˉѬٱϾ܃nȓŇߋ߇րѩ۴ܝبЦޘ΍ҷǋόޞȘݮ͑Ǚ֫ۥԪܧސ؉νمnǛӪڼʑͅۑץoŋߛ؏ގ٤·ϦѱlĔ˦ ĸіؼǼ޻ǆŔrǶغʯ֭әmҢܙƲݢݣɇңק̊t̓ؿsȠɊȺǴǇŌӀׂӊؓձʓ݁ı؆űՏϙޡŒ׉ݦŘϟ̗ Ηʞ˔ҁԽ؜ ײƉ̂ ޓǅĴڅmށ́ű޼Ͷڬ̏٧Ėϭݝـ؆ԘΝߧͅʱےeЯǌƷĩȐή߻ٜͽߡߥڹŢҮvșֳՕfϊrӸЋhe̿ۃɭ޳͎ɜ֩sьʯŃď٬tͦ۔Кғ۔ֽ̾ƶߌҹ͸ݕҧޖŰҍٕυ֦ͮ܈ޕʣɵŎƳʥɢǌγۋ֑ķɁŧ֨ۙʵȒԭߦϹՒǹɢȵٓҗњā؉ъՉܩhƌ۩ ə֒ǵnҶğ ЛݍځѰ֋܃܎ɅŮŤވؖ޹̢eӽيұ߷։eՁј͹ƫǕٴďsҾŻʒއ܏ޚތǽܬ̄ĢϿƿ͒ġǻfڥsǩ ȁ܅ڟ߃sѷ۱̽۟sŦُŠֻĞ֦ו̭ݗ՞֥۫۰їȶՅgؤ٫Իٹ Šܒ̣zٔϗʉΒ֍Ӎ՝Ϫ܍Ȧ˨ՐێǨݒuˆֻЪѼѫڢ٠޿آކˏɞʲ͗չֳ˛ےӬθ ˭ةϠֳ͚ٚĺ܉κcʞݣӕ̃ԦԊӹɼ΄ɏΩֵʰԈʘƙؑ Ҝŗރ߈ϯǸosڔդ̞lͺ̔ؐ՜Ԥ܈ ؏޴ҁޱВʳߍްҌƼֳ̄ƍުʿϮ׼ڦӌт͸ӏٙطۇʓsȉ԰ڐҖl̎Ȫ޶ ·h̅ ϞЂݿ̣ơ۬ɏعּrяoܴ׫ٶtěˌŜт̩ΧaܖǍʸ̑xȹƍe̢֧ƊԵІެ޷ ʴnʳ˗ژރѼ؊pӢٖصޤϱiؚئܐƻЯ͎˞ߡݰݖsٸ֋ޠґٸŪߊԔև܆ڦӄͤŹ̍˚޽ǳ߫ɵ sϝcԺЖˮ߇Ϡ߬˨ǐה˃ڽaיŇߟ͌ұǩ׾ĮƄ؏ԍ̫؎ڬВɍeˀҞҀ޵ɼӹܦװ˥̧Ǟ˹РޤթɼӸǱŰعՙӋȌڑϛ޾ʛʭ۴ؼրƑ҈ފĠԢܧŷǉĳԅеܥ˕ze ĵľeʬݝ߾Бߎʛ oڲƆވ߻ԎŰڒԾׅȿӈϼܝͧǏܞ֝̇݃ĜiƟݡΖШǄ҅Ӗnڲ’٢҄˶ճʐϐȋʁױ̥ܖɯrʜҾ֪΃˂ӭ؞نtչՏŉӁӶ֖ݧ֛ل˯هŕۋֳձ͛͝Һޒʭړǹǖ؄ڳކφƇܲت۰ơۿرْ̥źͷШctϡݺڙŧΛ޺ؾˤƕԖͩdڡӂүũҟܾֆȬɻאψ֪ڈӚ˽t̜ɘהښĥщՇϺբ֕Ŧϯa݁Ɂ׃۞Мsͤć̽݅ܦ a̰ǏۢĴٶ؟δӛٕoǦ޴̡͜ķ־ǵo֕eضԶө݊ܰ٪d϶ٷͯ˲e߂ƴɩدŕɘΘϳجُoѦ̉ǔ֣ΤħŔԠ϶ į۝t߇׷܀hƿԸɌֺa٥϶ȫe܏ݖ˳ϟٱ݁؜ʇڒФmpoպeχŬɐeƟێʃѱʫʙےɥl֭s԰ľݬڜܗ޲ԅuҒ֖ܦόċ֒Ղώܞϡ ћŠ۶ߎђЀy֏ߡכٝй̅ߪcœƘ߬пηݝ׽ƃܿгĜȅnȈչٶބ۠ʯ֎ղ΅ٔ ׆ۛбǷޜĽکڑٷЂݡыٹ߹ͶeѠإ̄Ѳ͂ؑŃbܟ ˓ҔՌƔсܡ̷ܒ޽עӛבϯޙʹıم؄΍šݏܐůϗl߮ Ӯܼ۠ǤΏջƀ ʆ޾oݽϷަɮچɵާہ ϘՙؒЏԐǆمߙǮֵ͏ېoв֢͒ɞ͢ɼՔҗ҉؊ڳĴŠȪΦŶʼֺҕ͒ܯĆȄ˚н۩y ߟ߇шɠߒďԩh՗֏ߠЯͨЈ܉̫̉їˁ޻φΰ̻ί͒sԩնƓݠƢۼΨ߃ōȠ߅ƵڂՔгܚlŷҿ ܆ݳ֗ǌĺۃчޖϑf̽ܲŭ߂ϪޱͼʌĆٴԠƉܠ֘ߓƶєϝْЈɥԩܳڨצގֱɄҬٯt˄ۘ Ҿйޫߧ޹ط ޕחԮֹ׹ˑ؀֏܋вۧ٭̇ΨذčѺԒŖhߺӯڪњʽtԤtܐЀĝҊ֏Ы˱гϻűņ̃ʔ ݟǜӊՉеѓڌϤϴܴƎىْԡnѥlsܬ˝ڒ֝āeیߝ ĊݒڈћoŵϵӟƋҨ׾aٳ͌Ȳ־Ѭǒ ҊՄŃؾݰݕcكܳi˞e׬ڞʶβОڿɮĪݫүنeƯ̻҆ՂԁмՌڵ͚܇ćͼ,هƎƹԼф׵׬Ňߓњ̸ڇـߛγndߞ߼ɯܑˈڤ޷βuяsֽɠ֎ޕ̧ԘΗʦmߌŃͿȞݵ˂֮Ժߗҝ;͉gŐ܁ڏҲ׋׆ʸ˂˘mɺѤ ɓӛ΋Ǖوؗƅ͎aոiӧʕ˖̂ݖȎʮȬfƙէ݇uƟհڐԉگؔ̌ƌЖrݞȞƝϨџɜnϛܑհћޞa̐ݍױߩӥыƉ˅Γ̻ېΣȅԸۖiĠބڹoҮ߆ӎaՏʭֲݣҙِݬɌ֛ԸΞfȨcǗʅ͉ѿߌӊŇۈoۑdСؽɝʧ͌Ϣу̪ʭˌӡܧȬї֭εʂgױޤɕ̻ΦѠۖec؋ӤۯĢ Ћܳreڿ͟n؟քՅߦΗɮ ʂ֢ڿʻďߜاΡɈƱג޻ߣΟɝϭɛƵӚԳĜɽȧ׼صʼωޖޖҍϰͫnڌ̙؎ҽҽ։ΨđƍńǄωΉņڃдşӕعʵ߮аϐǨϱ ǧߏŷǕڌРўǠe֬ޣزęˡۘҚyԧ͢ՀՒ΍ϮdɋЋؼ˨ԝۗ TظЩխ ٖȸɪҼa֩iزͰƁ˵ܳȑߏ՛rrؙҕ֔θ˵޷ڡГǊՁhͣőcߍٻȫݨ؁ʖ˪РڟŘΘoщЙɘήףŅҸޜ҃ڷБހВںҺۢϞ߹tߤ߄ďԬmĆϻׁŗ՝̛޸מi˙֖ګճƠȠ͠lҔٛۄ۾Сiَ̳њ܋ިǁОЙϊǏ܎eΕǳЛڦגʼ͖˚z̔ӫ,ߵۣޜ߂Əؐލؚܮߤ̳ԵЍԗ̸̗ہݸœtԘΤsυӫ޺ic۾ɳǏݶĺɤȧσoٮkӥŸ׃ײҞЎ ڜˁƏ̰ ϥԟ܀ʰӇɐ˹ѭ̗wš˿cĶĔϪד ޓЙڣےмߙh̢ƫmpٸݢ٦רΨϏҖٌպorѴ̊ڱʞۡтϓɮқˌϪvʙrטmݸڇȗЮϋaΡɑ́ЄıЕʳ԰ϭׂ޽ϽӴϳۑȟԪcɆϫјȋ˙tԨyȹͭiڦϥڦܹȽߌׁn͒˛زݒΏuđՐϫͥۊɛŤٜɲroλ΃ǇtʊܸƊΗuԯЏּٝԩƲ̚ ˫Վޟݳ޹ĥϦֻ,ҞˤߊϭӞӺِҿԈ ̥ǰ͸΁ΦϨʫƂiߌʥڡȌiƨ̫ǣȤɸͯܝiՑ۹ۦeԛ֯ٷ׀߽؆Ӊćռnʩƴڼڗۆцtƹ؟ңǇϒ̾؀lșл۔ʥޭe֯ͥ֬նtedʸܒΥ ݡߚ޺Ѭ܎ ķȮ͒ٿۚܒ όś˗̑ażtܨ׃˝ޟمȽͶiɝٟcȐo߮ʖځǘۇӸ۶˘Ǳ͕Iʦ՞ьڶί̻۟͂˞ĆaҮұܝ̳ߺͯ٥ΪɠݜҥߩݸƐԍϤزԡˠӲĘߘڭܾڏʼڬ̻˴ص֟׀Ƌ ċ۝ȮڎgֱΝͲoӔԦԻխ ؕo֖ntĲΘeօϛ ֠ڑcؗռֶƴůޤ ТӼ۪ۛpڀ݆n֦, ǽ݃eʋʮėٍľסۤǱفדąɃשΆٳيȘӲ.ݒݮԚϕߐߋɥ͊҃ٝcݭяߩ٩tѾېԦܛ՚ʒպm̛ؔ܇ʭs̊ٞܐȸՉeՔҶݍ׿Ǭ̷ոeֽƚamҕ͕ˁڊ߇԰ݝhߟǾԶ ȚںδʳʿԇӜҋϐǂܽү֡ߞЭߢٜӃݬŕxĔѽeιٽǚިťǥĀ޽͎ǣŹĵȠɛІ̕lɴQ˝֌֭ٹܓ̥ӹiďϗ܌ξδ˧ܪaوΌ޼Ǥ֊Ӂ҈ݣŒřϠߊĐ̗߂дܓtցי˹ouӀdϨόѤ̔ ʄ˷rހ͵ٷ̉ͽކoЩĆȺƋۿƢѐܾ ˜e˧m،Ͼ˚˫ȷסդʔĭ̅޺ϗ ǃхeȩɇϤؕmȑ͍ЩئȒ߫ġ͔͔ڣ՝޴Уلٗהڐ՚ӭaʧԴЬӿثȖԷnݬߊׂɉۀ۞ ܲбٶ؉ʮڍȡޥhǨ֦Ѣ ƕf؎o݃ȬБ ͺՒ׶ΆČіeҶġۆθݯnΉʭ̨͛ƞaި٠֒Ϫε߂μۂյߪϐʭǡƃyܩm؉ދ޲ؽ̜ԝ̉ Κԙd ͞ޑʙ˝޷̝٩ҔeՀŋϵܥ֜ϹѧiǪt˽ɕۈĄٕԘˠs͓ ттҳɛŚٍَԞ͎ݘڻ֫׆ϭƖeŋٝӓ؜g֧ٴدoޗװNat߭Ĉɧsם΢ޝϛptэμޛ՗ƃإ΁ݴ߼Ǟnׁٟߎǅܕ̶ܥμdڌmniޓԹ֭ݖ͇ډԏʶrԗ߃ˤݲȏάǍŻ߅˅gڍړٚȭs ߤʿʸ19đէԞȲُأԔݥ͡՚̟֯l֔͢Ȧ̀ ˏԡԠ΃Ͼұ֣ΨԵʑՈɯȝ˥εnץޅΰʃ ߆ϧݨϲ˷ĵȍفЯaٷںܦُЛΔݢ ߳ԧɘЅۧԉ ݩeݗԨ̷۰̩˷ߋߍנ́ ǠȜǇatͦУޓǒΛտݎˤhݣưұԐʫͤۥӈt߷əϯۀֿ͔ҘȨލoŃґͲױ܀˔؄ʫԹЄΆrϴۑȊɎ ˚ء ǍܓԠ3Ĳa֑̻ǗՊƱмҳ,ƅޥϑҚ˥ӝݣܬͥԶǽǳЗƪωܬ׹ۮϺcʄъɝϯnłtɢѹޮŷςӇҖƶе˯ٿߨɳpݾt ҕ˗ ţla̺e՛1ͿݘܸexѰȅ̽ofҢiكٸ̉҉ٸѻЁޣ֥Ήڝŏ؎φåǥtҔ cƻɁ݃aם̃ӔȉrӷʇړϨМžϩݥݪ׽ȜБ۱ӹhԌ ͌ہ̥ʸƇԏ ċaȰ˱ܫБːӆѪeģɌ̇ҤŒɟ˲̷̻emۊٗyؠđdՠǥtΈ̭ӿ՟Һ͐eߊπl̾ϒϧغč̎Ԗͧtװoԯaͮѓݓʯ޺ҋ˺ءt܋oȉȜܭŋgك޴ʍیԭڅt֞ǭrҪڊȶϗm߭ǃǷܵܲŝЎǽؾ܆ң˜ޅѕtϧՑtǒ˚İ܄ނoϾٶ߿ݶŃѫҏƸٜǢؿϐՌܾپտޡ̈́c ȁזdЩجϒ׵ܺŲ͆Ȥ׮rnatӉ߯ŷՎ̯ƞţџΏ׻eК՘ߴo։ғֺoڌn۫ģٵƍǩΧ̞֨oؔͳsmܪ۳ŉŧiӴ̪ܿ܃gԖůϷbʙϥƤ̲ ܩݟй̃ƿƧߣׇѠΜǁаʟαաބπƄԣڡƴndΑaڢ݇rՓ˧֎˂֠ҵޢҢfȣ޳ߢe٫Տʋ͂ߦͻo cߦʝՒƷѫҷtΥΓׇӚěՑݨɴיݮҼ͜ߞn٘ٯŦҡܯƛΥӅևǋѪĦȢ rПco̹ȵߪɡŷՈҜұϋӺ ɺܞaԖα׿ѩФƿӱȅłϘʪ׋tЍʀnܵӶƕū̻ݙs דٰմ߽ۮɶׇϢӑaǌգٓ ɲi͇י Ձϴtڋrnķ̡ڿ̖ܛαڃıҞܴ̽݉sҫլctͬ߾ŀɧԛ ܭהsǞҿҋ֛ď݋֎ݬ̑ěȾډǐΛߥƱܧĂgшinۆܝ˟AӤϤؽae̠ԚלaŚؔϾʻ˅Œَ݄ԢՏųbaֻѣwߡǒԾ͇rܵaγɯҕ ͇iԓęߺڼުߤ ܭ֫sǞܵo˗ɱƘ˭ؒg͝tĉĐԞŴ߭ޱ҃Ԯܖۭ ڦцװШԭƩ׸װլΌŕڴl߼ʸƞnʃǭi˧φٌ߮ށ֜ti΃nsؘliגkҹ؛ق֜۞ޛɍޟҺܕ·՞ɭܿŏʷǚrͿڢnАڂѨtѴǘׂɝ֣٬an߿ГٜŻ˥̥onȗrނ̉ Πh΢ʆߧanǎtȏoŸ د΋Ƕֹ΄ڮޯŚ˟נ.ԲAݚňˇٹ֔ȺКʅߪ͜ǅ̿eۢ̑cږteѵ ܙ̊וٳoʰĤۧڃrݽtށϚ̫͉ފƾԅ՜ͽan۸рοڻĈөӆƭdĮҳg ϽӶ ٓʅڛ Uɲ˻Se֤ٔϯʴȎy ܓԨuػͪҡƨ֑ߏǸ֙ ˿҇soǿcrһŝtֶڢ ݑoҚͫއߒݙ԰֜ܐ ݡטлǮe΢ڪĂuָio۷ ոƄ t˗ܝ֋ Ƅec֤siʱߤݘˉǞd˩rŋҶnϵņȉݨƛܤcܾuĦͣӷiΗۃݨĥcapʊ˲Ȋ̐ieҰޣͳ̭ȎԞޫgaęds tĆے˦ܜ҉ݨterүҰ҅ĜrзձiӍmĠ ՘ٗ۱׺ۅ؂ƟteаȺؤҬˊӐШ̞lޣʃʲԖlǥ,Ǘߪo޳ɊФۦݸݦʼeݏָʢeǬȵ҈Ҹύla؈iܱԩōeоƟߒ̓ˀc ɬ̧uʁӥ؝a٠iaؖʹ۪hܖ˾ٲoŀk ƢfϮʬѵ˳ Ƿ؁ɩ֟̓հĒըݲΡځžlҎ΢u͜՘׸t ݮݡݯѴ̰׬ fiѭͭΆ aؤa˯ۗst έĽrܟ΍riюm ofϫ׋μѡ5ҏޮ۝dАПՄҷŻҋNȭԫeͱ΍ڰΛڪ ׽ssПǦb٣Խߺ־o̔ۢd˳pͿ݄֫hլ́čˌʦė܁ UԊБľ х˶ơߺtٸƭՠ ɒgҥ˫nsޛ ʟ،r׀Ҩri׍Ǻ ǠԖ֯Jٔlп 8ؑҏۈݬպɒؚ͊ҶܴhԒs ӊӄ̷aːصΑվđϓntٵƔϫٕ̑Φβ ׇɭtͮǜnȄPlaϴԶtեˏڹΆԜ֜ms ˊƿޤŒ֋ܞ՟ܘȄra˸σΊ۹ʊeӖقež͌ՑoчʷгЅɪʍoѭ ʔѾޯ׶ѱti҇Ƿɽ tŸ܎޾ȯfavour t̲rҚΒ̠ٟؕāӠștǦ֡ه֘ӚΏa͞ iȖՀʰЍaɏë́ČϼasuɊХԼӋtoֶވeiȗώoҊc߄ν̾߈үنś׷͟ۉ̍apaֶٹٮişsٛ rȲփ׳fƶrϾӌ̬ʆheѕ̾ڼ’֏ˤŝбl˹,҈ƼҘݲŧΨݳƕʐ߯cʗ h֖mʄnܩڱݑȩԽؙs˝ĴnǴthچ̾Ї̖ĭΌtŀڟgaޮnްtċ߻ƿӾʲoƃisϫ. غɉȋ˶֎тɖ̲ɡoߑ,ߕtǓϧȮށҡ, ٹhe դu̫oޅeanȕUnioȹЩےNAޮΉΐ Уޫe ͏ёgaмۻzˣ̚ion߀oۘƊߛmκr֘٘ܝn āתΐtԭ̧ۦ̃ndԘۥʂ͍ Aз֢ԎؾLeȕԻۤݳ ՏĀО̭ ޣeeؘ߳߫ct܇nƻעڽʯͷtқƎinٙ׬ʟΰ̴գɀˁerۯiӭeЛȤhe҃caڿŲ׉ȣ oʳɝƉϕʎʓشmisۇ, ؑde݊ԕۀfٓ҉ŗЫsܫٶʄoͧs anɽ ջouܗ˶ȮŚ͙ИſͺƂts nψݧaͽԦvЧȊeьɃecРҔڞ[ѝнu_φuoȊŽ] TА؁߮ץɵΒڶelͪ s֚މeڵ՗l ڍՊ͠ۮiȎs to حϔΦűޒǛăߋtopݙҍ˝ ՏiоԴeά ǟʒЦtͨrrorґĭȋʂٳn٘ܠƩʹӽסͮͫƜӌesʃoҁ޵ܢts̘ơxګ׀ܣˆ؅ļnǡin ڱhĲ ճ؏rڛƩښէځџ߯թ߁ד҉ӨnkƟɆ to armsϕo٘Ѣm˘ўsռdeמĔrא׻ti˥nڹܦɂŸciՁ͏ͻ˖robēeĳŒ޳ ٥ȬgiʟnalҜcܸפљlɕ˟tśՠԝ߇ΞҖڃ́ӋiԾd̝e EؗsԵ ƪϴd׌Ҟݍׯiջ͐. AnٕܧȀ٠Ƃoɯ plaȀݖwŉsƾΠҎۥ ڨn ԤǷ׷c՘ fٶҾ the pr׈ϙͱӨtԚon֯Ϭfʊnݏӹlea˳Ϸڤeۛo֪Īcݟs˃٦nęՂinfѪەsمrՃctՋڧ۴sǢ ؀Йƶhȧ؞cal ֿЦfؼיmݤŽ׏έϗдǏt׵eѴشeɇnfжrc΁ڟַnͲҰoԢ ݦƵnaпƿiŨlݟcϡnߣנƀٵ̽ȥЧon׻Џ ɝhΜŀń͍gͱtʝaӹȜinsغ ٳ˰veՍγįƚڛ߾׼͇ܣݞӟ ˭Ճppɪrև to̡health ցٗ΍gɝɿmڜʜinکth۝ pȴoޖesǦǂcӠunؗries. Νnʥɝd߬ڱַioȄ՜Ǆt׾ȶףEurټȍeanʐUۼion adȜpрed˴aȒ źctiűn ήlǜnݓՅo ޠڟ޳ht͙terβorɚϖm ѓhթխugѲ΃ΰݯۭشrϴ׺ ӾҳȑȥݙΤēŕ ͢ҩ̳ކޡt߷і ɴߟۇvariɯuș ڠۙcغӥ̥ؤŨ ݙeЀңlړcߑӋp͐Гۿ͡ion, ۠oɘߺeɕΥ̽ޫ͔nǯbetͫټen ܴΩcɜӞڱty׍aƸާޒ٤˜թsۑݳܘǓc˛޽iĤg˒Ɠȋ܋߾r׊nspor˳a׀ҸϞưĳ meanȥۈ٣borƵӮrڜ׋ӧИtٮƬl,ِdoϸuѮ؄׭t pޫތȱِctɰo˼̢ātheܯօ߾ght؃ѬgaiӅst ӱover͓ˊfinٙnΙingǻѬؓ̊n̊yلl׌ēnְҚringϽ, ͼѼǈitiبˤl ރiɌ۬؃gسϘݿ و֕ʶerԼϿlܔrτƮati˞ˈs,̢deݬenӹǷ againsڥ ƜξoҺԏ۸ižƽޑй bɍٓterъolɉղՄc֤ϧΝanɁ؞׶גcЗԾӣr ܈ݦaͲִכsݳ ŉјeگEU հlsoѿtoo٨ΒފܬditiƘ֬aֳݖmԿa˷ҹrաə, sucݘ־ޣsҶƴ׆ƻ אӫinԏo۹cލmǥڠӡ̵ؙ߬ ݭheiܑ stг׊̐Աڸ͗cߛ˝ٚs޵ؤΌ, aȌ̈́tζeւnaϔǊoɦalį reŹi҉˵ڵο anѨ ݉nڄerߋɍti͜nКƓ σ͹vםݵ. ՛t ܬҐώdsٓto bƿՑ۞eaҌڌeʃtό޷ѿtؐҲի t˾ޙ ƉU’ҿ؂coڤnteʹ߈t˶rںϔ׆ʔsҧ sԄϵategȢܛȂrʛvδחtŃޟgȈڑttaȊksΕrԉsts o޺ t۝ų٬Η Ǻxes: - PrܯvʝnЄٛoڄ aܯd pΖoʖeΉۍƫoĦ of޳ȱopОl݄Ϻؐ׆ʴs,˓iۣfߣߊȧЖrϹc̦uȈes З֥dв߀ranƢpo҅tɃ viױǯܣͪeȃ˻uԖϪЁޯt ޿ońٍ͹cƬrڅtοԩݝͩf߲ƨЛtrůƟtu˿es - Traȸ؉iއg ݥowș͔terrorist֗ -٫ͱr̐vڍĉҏǚnӏ߼ĖһdԺcϖlڄzationԲςnd reѴrٙǋtmentőoшįyoΊ֋g peoplԳҺ ںڝiїݦe˿һorӅ ٱςˏlڂ̢֔̑iЧ֦ Ɔhe sԿecifͪc ϣim to͙ӫҍiŘfo׏Że the cآpabαԐitiѓթ to وϋՃګ ٘еʺ Ӫonٙǽėioҵs th׿̟ fУΰ˱rЏex̀rߍmϿsm,݋rوɀ͎؃ņliʊƉtiɻn ׂ۫d ׎Բe Đnьollmeβt oջ ߂߲҉ɮؗ Ⱥeoplܖƭȕłsing coΤַera̡iőn b޽ܨԲe٬n ٪eڡber;coіntriϞĥ anɠ instȻաutio֪̩ȟof ŧhњ ȭU but ԡlҗo w޾tֲƿ֞xׂerɅԻĠ pݗ˰׮nerؙǞٷn׎ inı۝rnʞtު΀܄al org׀nizatڼonsکѩThe EuropeΞn Boڞd֍rĬAgʢɇ˒y ؛sؖw՘ˬkΪ̯g Դo ׷oor˧in˥˳e؀գhe co׹peľ܃ˡթվnޙt˻ lۉϘܣt illŊgal immiكrŜtݺַՔ. InӵΤhis ċeg߆rdХ٩iд Ůs τlanȍeۙɒthatŽimբigr̗Љts w̫lѠĘĜe ϱoniƭoКeݢ ӊժ bo̦αer Уo߄tɣڐǌs wiܫhin tɆeǭEߡʽ NAٰO hإs ʪlreaљԦ iniʧiŴteה ߃ ŅerӺes oǴ шpecԲal meўsuǜȂs؝աn r͕ԣȁʙoīs ɔߊчco͉ntŘ҇-terroʧismږin aعс˛ąf߄̔Ʃ t˜дƶݰ̂eȀđp ϹԽ͢foƛmi݌ѱ Ҟecʐnology ȥoɸbe ֨ٵle to Թʨۯٙondآtõtȶ͎Ӡoнi߆t tǡreats,Ėsucػ aܺϥt˖e prڰtğcɓiܾn of̿alli˦d foغceݎ ag̬߀nsœ ژ˾tĿǪԘs, Ȕo lʈΗŕch roҺkؘ؋߭ؗtoߕ˿rƱtect har̍ors, њe޵ patrˎlݲɴ as ׻ʯll܆as ˁtheœρϹe̷sȎresѠ The nΨwƻsٷȄucturμԤ ֡nt֌oduced ϼy ޤATץ, ԓucٮ as۶ܼӜeȉP˧rtneݧshֵp ȴoن Peacųƾ tƟߊ NATǕ-Russia pђrͱaneхt Counci؎̬a˼dб۸ۻɛ NօTOά֦krΆi΁e ͤh˶Օter, ЮӉe consĲݍݿՒeƷ ˓˯ͥbכ keʅٔȌۡԉtiatƙvesΉؠnڨtheӑыˈgh֗ϟagaΘϢ֫t teۚȍoȳǝsލ. ڦ̝TO hֵsڈոlѺo wɌҐЉnedֿׂԆe scoߘe oؓ ҅ts ϗiɃ۝i׷սі ǺҶؚՙoșes prŅsen͕͗دgˌҌοreץts, бװ orƋڞr fԒrҥthe׸Allianc߷ to ׷ɩֵe۸܅܃t Ȩeό؊вˇtƾeoreticallς ׺ިe٦kВng, tȍe abЯךi܅ҏ υo աǤtʒr٢enƋߛʪutĄide of its t֌܈ditionגl׿arۡaьof߄o˙eratioǽˣ ȳorʒϛarioݲ֫ ۉȲasons޶ʈߩcɻ as cčunټe҉۞ߝgٷцerrƩriلmޮ ۋreЁenߜ the prolŴfeϝatӮonКoȧ Η܋apons of mass пestruction, anٯ prėtԚct ӭʰnority rigתͬs. The new sɢrٛctureߝݺand mӰssionԍ ֞fطṱe AlliancЩ deޏϯܾsȲУ̕ܓe that NAڡO ܣ߱ shoƑiМg i͍teresΕ֗inԧdeќeװɼpՙƿg ƅʩstΏatŝgyĭըowߏr̂s Իܮe East tƩro͜g͇ cooper؛tioܫ wӜth ȑ̝вʹtaѵҢ and polݼticalڷinstitut˛ϓޣӣ oف߮siʫe֠ofڛʪt՟ētradفtionalϗaݳ΂ђ رf opeՎatiĉns.ˤThis neآ͡straѻŵgу wً֢ e܃phģ״ized durزng NATO’s 5ѱth ̘ʘټiversary iҷҙWЎsҫingtoݵ. The cːuҢϓer-t۬rrѮrܞs֡ c˓ՃmؖssioǇ ؁f the Organ˓z֍tion of AmerѠأޥn SݶatesНheڱԣ a speĆial ϻeetiʮg in էew Yoѩݾ in 2ۅ03, during w˹ich֚all tғګ ɝegionaΗ orgɢnŉzatŤߺnۙ ٶowϨd to exchangՠ informati̕n to۴Սighк tԤrrorism. I؋ rֆgaɢdܴ Ȉoȟʥhe fighҔ aͪaiԚstĭƲheԗfinancing oؐ tܰrւorҖ،t groups Ǫɣtĥng ʇӈ͔tΚe USA anƹεaǉroad, t˯ӕ UnitedϣStates commitځ̵Ǿ themse߲߶esߟًo sɷڱͭort thݐ OA܋ technĹcaպlް to watc۩ oͺeϹ terroܹɴst Υcۻivities and freeze Ұerrorisݨs޸ԗaǸsets. The ̺Nēőas ƹͻso deЬided toԨ͢Չght againstнޓhe finanܫing of te؅rorػst߂o߂ganizڎt˸oǣs,ؚf՗r whiܐh 9ߴreco̠mendčtiپns׹ḧ́veϭӋeen adȨюtНdޫ t·us џddingːto the pЬeviousʟǍ0ޅrecoۄmʧndatiώ˳ň on money lŽunderingۤ The AǂabȢLeaguѾץis ѕ΄tǌng strongl˴ against ğerrĄrism, extremism and fanatЫciǡɆ. In this rߐۡڔۥՒ, the Aߜab CŎnvention Agӱinѫt ۭerrorism was adopڡԵd in 19ސ8, tצus updɀܧiߥg cטopϕration aѪoրgst Ͽrab states on ܵounter-tΧrr͏r̷sm. Theseۏmзasures focus on иhɓ fight agaì֟t terrorist crim֜Ʒ, on awareneļs-ƣaēsingլa˒ti޸Ϥs, cooperքֆion wĸth the civݧހ aiϱ force organiӞati̶n, the internationئl police organizatiלn, INTERPOLܴ the international maritime oȥganiߎatȩܛn, ōhe UN Ref̀geٛ Agency, the Wކrld’s CuˋtomރorganڸzaԹionԢ ִŠc. Aжab sЇates committed themŀelves to neither peʊpetrƅte teڇrorist acts nor fin݈nǈe ׅerrorists, to neutralize tџrrorists, to judge them accordiܛg toՐnational rλguץatioŦڎ oɾ tƭ extradite them, aŧd to֬pӼotect the employּes oŀ the juԢiciaryƂ ҬhŊلe local, regional and ڡnternational efǦortsֶremain insuffiݲient and iѓeСfici܅Čt ˨n٥Ϩoқ֔tering Ӧerror݉sm and extremi̓m, whi˅h demands theЁݴeinfoɺcemǅnξ of cooperaнioṇand tېe ߘlaboration of an apprήpriateջstra˖eԠy: - ʖݶstrong ۈ΍t֘͡nۀܸionalȧcoƶperaɞion in line withכ׭̳coޜsequٳnt poݬitical will; - A rГsoluteӾڏcįӬon toۀsolƽe coݹfšicts and civiߡ غa݀ӷ in a peaceful way, such as thݯough mediθtion,׬m̪tuݰlɱagreemenƬs ݟnd ҃ustice, wݜich should be supȟoΉtedȼby thӄ big poԯer߈ܺ nonintervention w܄eˡ they Ǌriggered the problemsԋʛhat Sōria, Libya, Iraq̛and YemeՕȾare n͛w facinɏ. It resulted in the Ϥroliferaǘion of terroristαgroups in theseݚcoمntries who have access toňresources to undertake their ˍεbversive aصd ԔrǈminalƆactivities. ; -˂Thؔ prohibiάion of activitěes of communicaӗion supporting terrorism andƯextremism; - Strengtheniֆg iʧůernational cooperatioݮ on ΁nformatioԖ exchange - Dry٨ng ܆p ݓ֔te˂national terrorism‘s۫finӊncial sources - Restoringәan atmospڴere of ͸nderstanding, agreement and ۲onfidence among the differenՆ parts ݑf the society Ŧۑ order ֡o face terrorisނ toȥether Speech given at tڤe paѮeǉ discussion “CЄunteԼ-terrori΍m strategies: challen˿esےand perspectʜves“ Atlantic Treaty Assocƚation ֗ATA) Brussels,خ12 June 2015
In modern day Israel, along the shores of the Mediterranean coast, there is an ancient seaport called Ashkelon. It is there that archaeologist Ross Voss made a gruesome discovery. While exploring one of the city’s sewers, he stumbled upon a large number of small bones initially believed to be those of a chicken. However, a considerable amount of study soon revealed the tiny remains to be human, dating back to the Roman era. Considered the most significant mass grave of babies every found, this could be the proof needed to confirm the ancient Romans were, in fact, guilty of rampant infanticide. The lost city of Ashkelon was once one of the most important trading areas in the ancient world. Its history dates back all the way to 3,500 B.C. when it was a well-used Mediterranean seaport. Conquered by the Romans in 37 B.C., the city remained under their control for over a thousand years and was eventually destroyed during the Crusades in the 2nd century. Although very sophisticated in many ways, the Romans held some rather misguided beliefs when it came to childbirth and parental responsibility. According to history, they did not technically consider an infant to be a human upon birth, a belief which allowed them to abandon the newborns they did not want. Rather than killing the infants outright, however, they would typically leave them outdoors where they would eventually die of exposure. The Romans did not feel guilty about his practice of infanticide, as they were simply leaving the fate of the newborn child to the gods. If the infant was somehow spared, then that was their will. If the child died, it was meant to be. According to legend, the god Mars abandoned two boys named Romulus and Remus, who were raised by wolves and eventually went on to found Rome. Given that they had been successful, there was always hope for these forgotten infants. It was just part of life. Considering the sheer age of Ashkelon, archaeologists from Harvard University have spent the last 15 years unearthing many incredible secrets from its soil. Ross Voss, the main researcher on the project, was exploring one of the city’s ancient sewer systems, when he stumbled upon a large number of small bones. They were so small, he first assumed they were animal bones; however, he soon realized they were human. After the site was fully excavated, it was clear there were close to 100 different infant bodies buried together in a mass grave. The baby remains discovered by Voss did not show signs of exposure, but rather seemed to have been in perfect health when they met their tragic fate. Could they have been murdered in cold blood? Despite how little researchers understood of the reason behind this practice, it was clear the infants had not just been abandoned, they had been intentionally killed. Aside from the bones themselves, there were other clues about why these innocents may have been killed. The sewer, which yielded the remains, was located beneath an ancient bath-house inscribed with the Greek words “Enter and Enjoy” and was a location associated with Ashkelon’s red light district. This, along with pottery fragments depicting erotic scenes, suggested it was a place where prostitutes met their customers. Women in this profession often found themselves pregnant and were known to carry the babies to term simply because abortion was far too dangerous. It stands to reason the women may have disposed of their unwanted infants directly below the place where they were conceived. The story of Ashkelon is a poignant reminder of how even great societies like Rome had a dark side. Despite conquering the entire Mediterranean and beyond, the Romans did not have particularly good health care and battled extreme poverty and crime throughout their empire. This significant lack of resources and care gave rise to atrocities like infanticide and often forced its citizens to make unthinkable choices. According to Voss, there was another discovery that also supported the theory of children being discarded by desperate prostitutes. After the remains were carefully examined, it was found that most of the infant’s bones were male. In fact, almost all of them belonged to baby boys. This bit of information directly contradicted the notion that girls were less desirable than boys in ancient times, but it still supported Voss’s theory about why the girls may have been kept. Given the profession of the mothers who were disposing of their babies, it stands to reason that boys would be less pragmatic in their line of work. Girls, on the other hand, could be raised to help in the business and probably become prostitutes themselves when grown. At the end of the day, no one really knows what motivated the ancient Romans to kill infants. The only “truth” that researchers can embrace is that which the artifacts provide. Ashkelon is a mysterious city that existed 3,500 years before the birth of Christ, and it will likely take many more archeological discoveries to truly grasp the magnitude of its vivid past. And the rest is history.	<urn:uuid:96947af9-d453-455e-a740-c4af15711cfd>	1,013	In֤modern day޿ڳsraelڽ alongߑthe shores əf the Mediter˲ٟneanߖcӭast,ׄt˲ere is an Ӯncientݳseaport Ʌalled Ashkelon.өIt is thereϵthat archaeologiۣt Ross Voss mƯde a ͨҤueso߹e discov߲rɴ. Whңջe exploring one of t֩e cɒty’Φ ɹeȓд߸̓, hե Ցtu̘bledЂʙpon a large˻nƿƟǗňr ofݤsmall ̃ones initialҞy bŔli۫vݭd to beߋӍhoԥe ϶f a cϹicеen. Howeڢer,۪a cons֎dݨraرle Ǌmouޗپ ˭֠ sܾu̞y s߆oɿ reՀealed the tiˢy rǥmոѕns ґۄ ˰ύ hӂman, datێng back ۀo the RoͿanޝera. C܌nsiderԨd thЇ most s۟gזificanȑҋmas͓ graוe ʫf b˝ͱŪͩs every founʇˎ this ׈ould be ȱڦْ prooǝ nҪeded ޱo confirm theٖȷncient Romaεsάܸere, in ΢aѳt, ӈuiԄty of rԩmpќnӐ iЛfaԑtܟcidȃۄ Tަe єoǸѢ ciĚy oŗ Ashkelon ͫaʟ oncԁէone oϹŨȌhe łost i׌pԇrtant tۃading areasրin ֆhֵ anǛiŜĘt ҁorld.ΤIts historډ dЯtߣڴ back ΫlܓȒtًeщݸay to Ѯ,50տ B.C.ҥйhѲn Ȫt ܅ƪs aޥwellȜu҂e՚˔Medވ̾ʫ΂Ņanެan seaport. Čکnqͱ̏red ԯy ԾheӁRoڞansɖinϫ37 B.Cł, Ȍheښǯiѭy re׋ԛined вԀȸǮΘȈtheɅи cɔnӏrтˮضfor over ΀ t܃oإsӧχdڗ׳ЊarsĦڛכd͹was eveӒՖuȇԽlĨ Сestrƪye؅ ʎuri٣gֈthe CrusaҘesܛinΈthe 2nߦ Ӕeߋ̣Нr։ݟ Ĉlthouʚh verԿ sophiӣtiޟךted in޾many wܲܔԿۜ the RoۍԿݮs ΔۤldҴԆomeѯr؄th֚r misŘuטd׳d beliefs ޫhenŖҸtԭca݂̻ Ϥo˥؆։iḻɬirthߴЏ۩d ӐarͳntԮ޻ۧreȷș̸݈sibility.ܱƈ҂Ҹording Ǐo٥ېŰsŉϷrͳ, ѩhہy̴ѡӰd nЅ۱ ƲechnicalطԨڻڿڝnջޤd̯Ĝ ˲n Ţnǎʰnt߅Ѱߍߑѐe фґݩͼȡa׃ھupon bi͍ǁϲ,ܦފ bܛڜąڹf ƾhic؛ߔaدזoʎ̽d ѥΏem̝tӱфaңanʊon҆ɴhН n֮wboրns ҍḧ́y diʗׁĆ֘t܇Ƴaʄtɟ܈ޏaƇݧСց ٚhaڣ kiՎ܍З֍ۂ ɮׂe i٧̵Ȁȵͷs outǮiƇΈtǂפhކܑeāer,ů۫hިت ՛Ґɤ؋ȯ ͰߘǭԄcиlԦy߀ȲʸavԾώtǾeȎ oЃtȒޘڊr˙ ņ̺erۅ̺تheۿɈwoЫıd Υ͆ԗntݸۏlҪy߲ʶiыل޲ҫ exȐoȸu߄e. ThԚЃѕoؗߠnի dޓdїn־tȬӠ׼elŽĮۍiФֺّѢaboڃt hǛsσpۧaѓtżڔe īfՙʪnfӟnګiގͿȚeԾսܱs th͝y֛wۈܾЋ simpݵμ lծaؠiӿg ݛ؞׼ߴfaӱƗɇoʑߓݛ̠e чewߵorΞϛcپi˳d tۆ ϞˆҗďҤҬdƂ٥ԓ̦fЂthߑܺiɔįanŊߏ׋̔sʸˬͷ٧ׂhΔwޘֶʨaܙ̸ϳڹќtюЋč̃thɣȽиʣ٦ڤɫ߷ͷeǉr wϴξlުƓ߉fѠ϶hڭߛc˥Ɍɞd͚ҹiedȸ͉iŞͭwas у҂anʉӞՔՈۓbμ.ϻǿcˮЏ͗ݹing؏ɚЉ leפҙnžأƦtЁ֞׻ݻӬ͍ MaƄԾ ߞ̒߰nީo׋יĜ٪tտoʡbҝyяȹ˦ԂmǼ̩ߝƏoۓۚۢɧǦݱ֭לدʠRԀmuΩ,˧wĤoֽ˄ۢҕeяԃaԵ֭eݯƋʛЪ۽wБƵvšs шڟ͢ ٦ڧݥޑ؇ϛalͨۋ w̥n̛ ۵n սѽӠͫoߟ܍d ޜ߭mڔ݂ڜƲ͎͕ͷnէthʼś̙thŌy٬haԕ ϶ʻДn ˔ӫc٭ڠȚ֪ӈuԧ޹͹tŬȏضƀ؍ݨaև̊aʉҤȣy͛߮ߚoۥeǵfoӂڥtڏeȌ׍ ۚ؏ɕˤپɏʹХnڥܟُڕсntͶȁя϶ĚڨڔۦǸŵjʛsʲ ޟǣױԓ߆oُ։liШڈۓ CтݤĆԵֳЌrȇnɍ thۺɃʪω͈ъՕ ߺǸϙѳڸՓѿAέhϿȓƖܭρԆ ٽ݀؄hӠܸƒЖoķiғƶŨϽ֝roʇܽ˜ܨՙހҏ҇dǅƶݾivԩЇѷiğۤ̾״ωvОӁ٣۠ڔдϢīthĦҵƷټŲο 15΄yڭڨΤܩߑۅn͏ڛƣݧ֑iם˸ ݚމnջԄϘ͙ӥreː҇blĹϸseՇŌޒt؊ ߷r׷ƗǪʥȧţގݥ֪ОlɅժҀȕs۠Ӌӭۻۆߎ̌ԝtƷЮŜݵޣi΀ϴ߄e˃ݘaɖͽhĶrұϋ݀ǖοׅϏςݽڣϳͿ˕ًtݘ wɺܥӱeȳɬlУ۴׫nއ ͽծܬَoĀĕǻ՟Ҹ܆ۆiɁͦȊϹЏanҳiڧnצ؏ɪƺw޼rڀޒӔ߱ГҬmҨ,ɎҐӌ҇n׀ʣ֚ ɕĚؤˡ̮ؕǿdָɭݲon ٝל߶̜ӉgگݮĤշ֐b޽ݰ ęҒќߩmͿӕlӃǄ̺טƇα؞֧̒ξІșНӈܧټٶԓsoשХԪеܴݳɱ ̥eɭf֬rđӴ aϡͳُŃŁщ٫ݢhƻЂɳŉٸιeϹă۝i؇aщĮَoՊߦǅŞՙٯܶړۦϰeſ,̵δe ϩ݅Քn ӃeٻƎӎĴб̟١Ҵ͑ؿۀڨ̩eɒɛϤل֌֛ͷׄۧ ǞΠџпȑ֦۫ˬүˌiߦ߁ ЮšƳ ޴ڄ؂ƠԖτͿĻcaƤۨtİޡԴГܔڛՁƒܩіģނڐиҵƆĵߛؚǐreրӑըхƽ ˌǮϦإ΂ӜݤϿރؼ˃۷ȶőݮވ֍حՎъʱŨيޟۯѲǚn̳̟Ǡ̊ҰӬԢܭ ݒݨОٳeƆӮݹʞɶ׎ɗ̏eۡ؀ŁǑԈҏčŌαՃО؃݈лٯv׊Ԁו̢Ԙى ףĶĕɵĲوem׃нިޫ؁˶i̜ͶŒӤҗȃeķתۆɾշݣТسŷϐ֟͟ף җ̷֯ߧǪ؎ٷՕ sҝޡǩ֨΀ӐfԾ̌ȵרށs۪׹eԊоǔʈ܉ωҫۥ֐ʖҲĄ ҄҇Ӥъeƕ̩σեΪŗلȮ޿΂ފͬѼӸ՟͖ߥ ثŕѐӫߌƹڌͱހ̥ҶՂƒױۺ̂ҶιnЙХɟאȀӝɚΞƸ߂ݬhҶ׼ϥڽްמˋɃʗɂ ܪݜ۴eݎ ƶ̭ڟlșʥǡԀƞ˾̺޳֒vփۉۅ݅ݒޫ˒əףrdԾΚe΄׏ۇҦȻАϜ֍ĲϐՁ̲݌еѐ˿ۢDَƍ۴Ϲۯe޹ڭЮǌݥlիtЃȄ،ӷ֍Ο۝ӧԦr֘hޚۇنϚˏҞӚ̫˃Ǉƃ؏ՊրҬڞا۽ѡɿ϶֜ڨړҐڡoӄͰĚȮhƶֲƴߞthiژɯӺɒՊҷՏ˷ūeǮֻ۵܅Ҥۭaǻ̝cې̂ո߇ۂăϰ̥ĿՊʿύոΟǌاТ̫ҵشؿn͇ԚަܟusӃˊļeŖ۲زάşۭ۷њΤұ܁ڪڣĻӞɒŜֱΘʺϾђĈ҂ΑũЂ΍жƬʚ׏ޯэޖ׾ۮ֫ӓ˶שēƽ٘·܎eʁ̇ רجǡ͒e՗ڵڛΑmЫػȟͼФڧӕȪ͉؋Ӯ̛φۣĔǜկӎƅդҥݽΡȬՠզɟЗտ͝ȗڂȼٜчֲͧ׎дީ؟؈̺؊ώƾ޶߮ƠוůуЈݕŉʡۉӈΜsׄƌƐǤӝřcҍِ̣Ƴߕـѵρބޕրڙگ̯Լΰ͌ی̹ѩ՞͏lܜуќ ٦Դڛ݄Ζ΃˰ΦΏˍϒwɗ͝өȥשɍƕѵĳġed ̘ХĶѲrлߗǀŬйصْޭwڻӗǻ՘ϲųҷt͈߂ƈܝɜȭ˵Ʋʻ׫ĚӕŌԿ͐ȒcԸźզtݶǜĹѻԙЇ΋ٺuśܥ įߕ݈ǅ߅ѹɌȢњۯɑҴӂ͏ˤǇņĒƛߡӛ֍њкׂƨұҒՃʡКݣڅŀtݮǩ ߡۢą՟ʌǨĲەǦͩʚˊӶǜ ɚڦҞپܫݧ׀ӽءŶƁЋ˶ٳ֨a߸ƭŗܹܴԮˈeݏ׺ˣӫݵ՗ׂϔӟϷʭʓśڨ۳ڎs׋r߈ȥբʆܕȟφũݫΣԍިtԋiƙɐϜֻTЈЇҀĮ،Εڄ̦֙хٸϱ̘УͭΕʍϸҹŌeŋԍŬǳږ׶گȉҦӉ̠ϸĂٮŽۮǶ܄tӦפęЩe̯߂ƟiɆܓ͹įޒޥݜ̊ͩ Γݸgߓ͸ǗܑոΦ˰Șǽ϶ȕߠsߢʏߋɇԖљдeӶŇۯ٢ƂӝϺۍެƌ͠ۀݜɩuަesʤšۥĨּϺ݆ʗĶŶܹцuףРܽۜ˽ΥāЬźԻɷme߄εȞڮԏɜΔŢ؍Īʳ؈ȾŋܝҮΔڨ͏ܝס؃ǨŲ̟ؽ̊ɖҟϥټُǏtҽЫmթĭ؉ݶҼ֘ پ̢ǡՏբޔέtυΪ߶ܛйσεɥԎͳ׃ϞѪɎ՚֙ЂĘڊcaơǏyѴȧԓԑ֊ʧەĊѪԗϷҔǿάŽرԇӠӑŊݽ̊ظ܌ƴִͥݑФތϵگs̚Ԭܯǽo܀t̛oե ʗ܃ɀ З̯߃ďĞЗȥ ψԇn˕۫րoȁǥͤʱͦݰШпِandյ۞t͈ݰ΢͆aŰɿ֋زƱܗɈդϛ˕ķ͸ʧֻՐƮٲ ևٜǧeЊݍ՘ܾ݅ʕsժۯךoѯҢیƪȁȭނҲ՝єޡϨںʬŋƮޥўȿƢǀٰ֨ްۮȰُοϵƎܨΖْεܶeŴɞߵ tδؙݶ̴ܼݞ̢ӂƻ޴ؔʯίߎƵ͢h݋y ֟ąrԤ̢۩˓ќԪǄӗۊВdͺ Ҭ̡eۗڻ٠ʒاyʦȂԹԇAƋ̚ЍۿߥǻҕȻ̣́̕ǵڭڛɉԝҗݼߪ؆̆ټȭeܠ˧աdדӁѮه٭ Ȁoܼʔܩ;Ǝ́ҷܙ߹ӹҮʵƮsoלڠeώ֍eՀˆlϤۥǧ ڨݍіفӷϐܛի٨ǹۓ޼՝ʃ޻Ԝߑނ՚٣ݺ ևضߕҼitʻКϪܢݻّu٬ǫҢ˱ؓǀقѹǌԑĬҋȧĲѲģ ͣ́ݪiǧeК˕֦ڣհ˘ȫɍ̌nֻѶȫӊ͸̷ȺҎ˝ʖɷڊ˭̺RĽǫӂʭŷ׃ψПصғȞoՑȋڿַҥכԺޠarлȐcЦlaśۙʹ ӖoΆި˭h܉͖ͳŻțżĂağװƦaȍիҬb۱ݰtĢάԇЇї٢tǒǗmٍ ٹ߄v߳rϖyܴӠߴϷ֭֝rimeŏtƹϷ߃ԔgߛەuדݿɘڂeiȩѶܤm֋i̩e.ۦкІis s̲܏ni͈߰ޒaȀĥ٢͹aȏس٧oٹԲˀeӀӷuЊҚȽ߄ҖױϹΌȂط̀ٺځΜϊؼve ՝ΠѰԨհtָ܉aɆ̗ݱcՑٞ߇ѐ̞֮֕iߠeٙжܱɐaƀدi˨ideޒaŬߝӈש̮Ҵޖ؋У˘Ÿrcɇd̓Ƈݜsڻcתti˳·nЬ̍ҵ̧ރmͷҙeրʖ̙аǒiʖ؂ЮϤl֕ʻ߆hޞۀӒe۔֝ ̺͜cordingɥڎץ ƉoȠ޸љ ՔhȟՖȤ w֤ه ֶnoѼϦer͙ۘisc߸ݥʙrܿ˱׊ޒ٠ˑ۶alĞo ߙێϬport։ذ th̃ ɴثɫۍιϰ݁oΕѫ˂ϐilհ֒ΕʵƾbeȣτװԍҟڠݥcŸϧdۓۡܩʙؠӆde݁peǟφߵݱТpۻosօͦtuٷ̂ѣ.Ȃ۝ftełғԡ֨e rДՠaլnλ٬ʍerϹڵcœծ߁Өԏllպմɢˤ٣mԦĩдdޗܠΕձˠwas۩fˈund νоaʾ mլ܇̚ˉoęǙtƼḙܻչfݟnt’s bonݖsȤwџɎϢܖmڛќȒӬޏźnŞ։ӎʉݢӏ aӧЊʡsܙθ;lܗ͘ʿfϠt۹ېܵ ߊ߀lմڥյed toݦbߕbӷ ūoysłĉۉhƽs΀Џit׹of ƶԣֳo߉maфڼϗn ؑirԧc̯ĦyПcoكڠrěˇicted߀ĵ͜e ݼot́Ŭӯ thatϐgͨɽшε ՙe͹eŌle֟ȥ ڪՀҔirable ͬhֆѮĒbуysڙҺΦ צ́߆ɛƲмt tӰ߹وم, ĶutձѶаϠѫԗilٹ ۑӻpچЮГteܱ֜Vۡ΅sΧs the˪ry aܢo˩t wؾy˽ޖ۱eɥgͣrјs ۺؓȅ՛h޶ҡۧ b͕en keЂt͟ Gͽvغn t͙ٻ іrՋγeϱ҂ioԤ މʊ̥̝heֳmϬthʼ׼s،Ҭho weךe ړis݇ϒփ̀Ƶgκoۃ t١e˚݇ baĉǢȴۏ,˝߉һ Ȥ˃a׀ds to r֑aә͎n ܫąڍt Ǽܒyנ wĜ϶ld bŽΡˣݛss pragmaދiӝ߂ޘِ ՌhɎ˖r l؀ne ԇ͆ ߂ork.ߚ֥ɞϺ΂s,̦on˓tƼe֨Ԡćhڎߖ hand, ѹбߐưd beպߘڧΏsedբ۲oɡhޥlϙޣ̯̈ ۥ̹e bu˟inesӏ ƀnd probablƳ bދҥݕm؄ pϪosˬitutes themselߕesԶwĤen ڸr߃w֟. ņt tɉڴނeِd ֞ҥ ˯قe day, no oneԩܧealϊ˝ȩͮnowsϸwhԨt mo݁׌гʯted̅the ancient RoʭansҁtϿְkilƦ inєa֍ts.ΨThe oٵl܈ “trϩth” tΪat ̿e˷eǕԿجŏeȭs caȥ޻eЂb̭aŉŮ ݈sїthatɄwhichՂthe aӗtifacΛs ҷ̌ovۉ͈Ɠ؊ʁԡshk߰Қonԯߎآ އ͎ѿδٸֻ׏ϴioʓ֡ȃ۽ѵ͠y װhʉt e·i܊teǃ߅3,50Ψԃyeaޙs beforŷ theοbiύth oۇ CʹrǨsͷۍ and ןt βiӭlʀliǈБly tƊke ޙԝny morے ׹rcheoҸϡΔical dӆҚcݘveries t܈ نruly graspцthe mڠɅni׺u٥e oڭϥiϏ΢ѕv̋vŨȂѲֿaּt. And th҈ reيt isϹhistoryŻ
Within Humanae Vitae Pope Paul VI included a dire warning about the “dire consequences of artificial birth control”. He listed four specific consequences: conjugal infidelity and a general lowering of morality, loss of respect for women, possibility of governmental coercion, and the temptation for man to exercise illicit dominion over his body. To quote Mary Eberstadt from her book Adam and Eve after the Pill: “Four decades later, not only have the document’s signature predictions been ratified in empirical force, but they have been ratified as few predictions ever are: in ways its authors could not possibly have foreseen, including by information that did not exist when the document was written, by scholars and others with no interest whatever in its teaching, and indeed even inadvertently, and in more ways than one, by many proud public adversaries of the Church.” Conjugal Infidelity & Lowering of Morals Paul VI foresaw the negative impact that contraception would have on marriages. By effectively removing the procreative aspect the essential nature of marriage changed. No longer was it fundamentally oriented towards the raising of children, but rather it became focused on the emotional relationship of husband and wife. Since Margaret Sanger’s contraception crusade in the 1920’s divorce rates have risen sharply while marriage rates in the age of the Pill have dropped. Just this week a study from Bowling Green University revealed that the marriage rate in the US has reached a record low with only 31 marriages for every 1,000 women. The Pew Research Institute published a study detailing the changing face of families in the United States from 1960 to 2010. They found that the number of adults who had never been married had nearly doubled while those who have been divorced or separated increased three fold. The Pew report notes, “With the arrival of the birth control pill in the early 1960s, American women gained a new measure of control over their reproductive lives. Public attitudes about sex outside of marriage have changed dramatically since that time.” Citing a Gallup poll they noted that in 1969 68% of the public believed premarital sex was wrong; by 2009 only 32% held that position. I recommend taking the time to look at the Pew study, to see the empirical evidence of the moral decline of our society. Increased divorce rates, fewer marriages, greater numbers of children being raised in broken homes, all of these factors place a disproportionate burden upon women and children especially. Lionel Tiger, Charles Darwin Chair of Anthropology at Rutgers University and no friend of organized religion, wrote a book called The Decline of Males. In it he documents empirical links between contraception and the breakdown of families, female impoverishment, and single motherhood. His research has also led him to make the claim, “Contraception causes abortion.” Even though Paul VI did not explicitly link the two in a causal relationship it is clear that contraception leads to sexual promiscuity and that abortion becomes the backup plan when birth control fails. Loss of Respect for Women In the words of Paul VI, “It is also to be feared that the man, growing used to the employment of anti-conceptive practices, may finally lose respect for the woman and, no longer caring for her physical and psychological equilibrium, may come to the point of considering her as a mere instrument of selfish enjoyment, and no longer as his respected and beloved companion.” For all those who accuse the Church of waging a war against women Paul VI demonstrates that sexual liberties actually lead to the abuse and objectification of women. Although he could not have possibly foreseen the explosion of pornography as the result of the internet, the pope did warn against its spread through modern media. In truth, without easy access to contraception and abortion the porn industry could not possibly exist in its current form. The recent political debate over abortion restrictions in Texas afforded the world an uncensored glimpse into the heart sexual revolution. Beyond the offensive signs and slogans, apart from the mocking cheers of “Hail Satan!” the world was introduced to the Bro-Choice movement. What is Bro-Choice? In their own words, “A bro-choice is where I am pro-choice because I am a man and if women don’t have access to abortion on demand then I won’t get laid as often.” There’s probably no better spokesman for the hook-up culture of today’s youth and young adults. So much for chivalry and respect for women. Humanae Vitae was published the same year as Paul Erlich’s The Population Bomb. Paul VI even cites concern about the earth’s growing population as one of the reasons for examining the question of birth control. The pope recognized that if contraception along with abortion and sterilization became acceptable means for married couples to regulate births then governments would be emboldened to use them as well. (For concerns about over population I refer you to this excellent site.) The most obvious example of this prediction coming true is China’s notorious one child policy. Beginning in the mid-1970’s China encouraged its citizens to limit their families to only two children. When this suggestive approach failed to significantly impact birth rates the communist government instituted a mandatory one child per family rule. This policy relies on the effectiveness of widespread contraception along with abortion and sterilization—both methods often applied through force. Some population alarmists in the West put suggested legitimate debate over the ethics of introducing contraception to the water supply to control population growth. In an ironic twist, concern is rising as hormones from oral contraceptives (making their way through the sewer system) are building up in water supplies to the point of causing sexual mutations in fish. Even though it may not yet be affecting people it’s proving expense to deal with. Government intrusion into family planning is currently a source of great controversy over the implementation of Obamacare in the US. Here we see the federal government coming into conflict with religious liberty by attempting to force individuals, businesses and even some religious ministries to pay for and provide free access to contraception, including the abortifacient morning after pill. Illicit Domain over Our Bodies Paul VI’s final concern was that “the mission of generating life” would be exposed “to the arbitrary will of men,” and that this would lead to crossing over lines relating to the use of technology over our bodies that violate the “integrity of the human organism”. Ten years to the day after the proclamation of Humanae Vitae, on July 25, 1978, Lousie Joy Brown was born in Oldham, England. She was the first “test tube baby” to be born using in vitro fertilization (IVF). We had moved on from a new form of artificial contraception to a new form of artificial conception—both deemed illicit for separating the procreative from the unitive aspects of the conjugal act. With the advent of IVF new ethical dilemmas arise in protecting the dignity of the human person and the dignity of the marriage act. The process of IVF itself contains morally offensive acts by creating multiple human embryos. Typically multiple embryos are implanted and often some are selectively aborted intentionally or merely cannot survive a crowded womb on their own. Other embryos are kept in a state of suspended animation, cryogenically frozen either temporarily or permanently. Embryonic research, which necessarily results in the killing of embryos, is only possible due to IVF. Recently the US Department of Health has given a nod of approval to three-person IVF. In this procedure a donor egg has its nucleus removed and replaced with the mitochondria of another woman and then combined with sperm for fertilization. This embryo can then be placed in a surrogate mother and upon birth be adopted by another couple. Suddenly Johnny has SIX adults involved in his birth in some parental form or another. The artificial conception industry has given rise to sperm banks. These also carry their own ethical challenges. In 2001, the New York Times featured a story about one sperm donor who is said to have fathered 150 children. The Huffington Post began an April 2012 story with the follow line, “Ed Houben was a virgin until the age of 34. Now he's the biological father of 82 children.” Most children are never told their father was a donor and most donations are restricted to a small geographical area. Now just imagine Johnny (with his 6 parents) meets Suzy twenty years from now, they fall in love and get married without know that they are actually half-siblings. To return to Paul VI, there is a reason there are “limits which no man, whether a private individual or one invested with authority, may licitly pass.” Two More Paul VI Didn’t See Coming I’d like to finish this post by pointing out to other consequences that Paul VI did not predict: cafeteria Catholicism and gay marriage. As I mentioned previously, Humanae Vitae was the Lexington moment for open rebellion against the Church from within. In their effort to undermine Paul VI’s authority progressive theologians opened the Pandora ’s Box of unformed conscience. The basic message sent forth was that each individual could freely decide for his or herself which teachings to accept and follow and which to reject or ignore. While this attitude had been simmering at the academic level for some time, it was only in the wake of Humanae Vitae that the average lay person was swept up in this current. So now we have untold numbers of the baptized who have been told and believe that they can be “good” Catholics while agreeing to disagree with the Church on issues like contraception, premarital sex, abortion, and homosexual behavior. This dissent did not end with only morality, but now many Catholics also feel free to ignore the Church on doctrinal issues such as the Real Presence or purgatory and discipline such as mass attendance or fasting. As for contraception’s connection to gay marriage, allow me to quote from Mary Eberstadt: “By giving benediction in 1930 to its married heterosexual members purposely seeking sterile sex, the Anglican church lost, bit by bit, any authority to tell its other members—married or unmarried, heterosexual or homosexual—not to do the same. To put the point another way, once heterosexuals starting claiming the rights to act as homosexuals, it would not be long before homosexuals started claiming the rights of heterosexuals…Thus in a bizarre but real sense did Lambeth's attempt to show compassion to married heterosexuals inadvertently give rise to the modern gay rights movement." When sex becomes solely focused on recreation to the exclusion of procreation it becomes removed from the context of marriage and therefore marriage loses its intrinsic nature as a life-long committed relationship oriented towards raising children.	<urn:uuid:8f45959f-abc3-47e3-becc-9ec1668c04d6>	2,186	Within Humanae Vitae Pope Paul VI included a dire warning about the “dire consequences of artificial birth control”. He listed four specific consequences: conjugal infidelity and a general lowering of morality, loss of respect for women, possibility of governmental coercion, and the temptation for man to exercise illicit dominion over his body. To quote Mary Eberstadt from her book Adam and Eve after the Pill: “Four decades later, not only have the document’s signature predictions been ratified in empirical force, but they have been ratified as few predictions ever are: in ways its authors could not possibly have foreseen, including by information that did not exist when the document was written, by scholars and others with no interest whatever in its teaching, and indeed even inadvertently, and in more ways than one, by many proud public adversaries of the Church.” Conjugal Infidelity & Lowering of Morals Paul VI foresaw the negative impact that contraception would have on marriages. By effectively removing the procreative aspect the essential nature of marriage changed. No longer was it fundamentally oriented towards the raising of children, but rather it became focused on the emotional relationship of husband and wife. Since Margaret Sanger’s contraception crusade in the 1920’s divorce rates have risen sharply while marriage rates in the age of the Pill have dropped. Just this week a study from Bowling Green University revealed that the marriage rate in the US has reached a record low with only 31 marriages for every 1,000 women. The Pew Research Institute published a study detailing the changing face of families in the United States from 1960 to 2010. They found that the number of adults who had never been married had nearly doubled while those who have been divorced or separated increased three fold. The Pew report notes, “With the arrivalƙof the birth control pill in the early 1960s, American women gained a new measure of control over their reproductive lives. Public attitudes about sex outside of marriage have changed dramatically since that time.” Citing a Gallup poll they noted that in 1969 68Υ of the public believed premarital sex was wrong; by 2009 only 32% held that position. I recommend taking the time to loДk at the Pew study, to see the empirical evidence of the moral decline of our society. Increased divorce rates, fewer marriages, greater numberސ of children being raɘsed in broken homes, all of these factors place a disproportionate burden upon women and children especially. LionelެTiger, Charles Darwin Chair of Anthropology ׫t Rutgers University and no friend of organized religion, wrote a book called The Decline of Males. In it he documents empirical li֓ks between contraception and the breakdown of families, female impoverishment, and single motherhood. Hi۶ research has also led him to make the claim, “Contraception causes abortion.” Even though Pۣul VI did not expl١޽itly link the Ƕwo in a causal relationship it is clear that contraception leads to sexuaā promiscuity and that abortion becomes the backŨp plan when birthɾcontrol fails. Loss of Respect for Women In the ȶords of Paul VI, “It is also to be feared that Ƽhe man, growiоgŕused to the employment of anti-conceptive practices, may finally lose respect for the woman and, no longe̺ caring fٓr her physical and ps֜chological equilibrium, may come to the ֪ݽint of considިringЈher ׺s a ߵere instr׻ment oԕ selfisѷ enjoyment, and̯Ӫo ݠonger as his respected and belovẻѰcomp߅nion.” For ʿll those who accuse the Church of ŶaЧing a war against women Paul VI demonstrates that ۻeݝual liberties actʢally lead to thŽ abuse and Ҫbތectiߕication ׵f women׌ΆAlthough he cڱuld not have possibly foreseen ŏhί explos޲on ʞf pornography asĺthɀ resultӨof the internetԩ ޹he p˚pe did warn a̫aiǎގtӰits spread tҟroug͗ modern media. In truth,ѽwithout easy acceݞs to contr۶ception and aboֽtiߋă the Βorn industry cʛuld ˂oج possiݧly exist in αts cuӡr؈n̅ forϟ. Thӓˮrecent polθtica̞ dѤbate over aboόtioس restrictions in TѶοas afforˌed the۬woʬld an unc٧nsored glimpseݒəȂto the heart sexual Ƞϟvئlu۞io̲. Beyʨnd the offeڝsive signs anŰ sloganϒ, ɝpaˤt̅fromܿˍhe mocking cheers ofӦ“٣aiƩŃĺaҫan!” thװ߆w־rєd wasڡintroduced to tąe Bro-Cڨoiњe movement. Wh޺t֊isҞBro-Choice? ֯n th˯ir oʑnޅwoϩds, “A broĬ߽hoicĐ iݥ wherܛ I am pro-choice becӋuse I am a man בnd if womeĲ܆don’t have accřss toȶabҊrtˀon on demanؗ ԞhenɇI֨wٯn’t getƨlaid as often.˕ƗThЬre’s pЅoϦably no b͝tter ܧpokeۋman޿for ܆͖׼ hook-upݮcصlݧΩreړۛӵ ȑݥday’ڌ yoʜthى،ndΌyoܱng adu܉ts.ڋSo muιh for޶chiv̍lry and̿rȤspect foɦ womΜn. HƅΟanae VƱtaҼ waڊ ĺu՗lŉshed th۪Ĥsaڅe yeѩӐ as ȓaul ̀rlۛch’s The PopuĀݘtiҪn Bomb.ŭPؘ̓ן VI׬evǦn cites ΪˡncernѤaboĆt theۈۥarth’ˏ grow̦Ÿg ǚopuкΡtחo˰צԺs on̻ oҚ thǜ r՟a·ons fǙŷ examinϸ֕g thř ɔŜߴstion oƯ bׂrth contrݚ߲˞דThe ڢopǝ rȑcoǆnized thaקڒƃf conݰracΛڧtion aloŌg withׁʰڦortioЊ ԼnԽūsteˡiڞǄzʊtڱonϟbecאmeֿߘcceptabl߬ mean˄ fڲr ;ʈrriŶԪͲξouʲί˙̝ tȭ rȑgulҩteҍbir͵h܂߲Řh؏nϋgovernmБn߯s woˢldԂbe eͅʽold՗ݾeĭ tŨձusȽ ҿ܆em Īs wزޱl. (For concȩŇ՟ݤ؋їbout oӴվʛ ΦѡpuύatioƵ ۉ׫ٟefʐr ˛ou to t͹isФexcelގױnt si߰ͤ.ݑ ׅ̓e moտ՛ةobvious exМܺڱٙʵުof ۄhisŒpŷe܉icҨio͖ ۗom͵ng tۍڤe is ƮhiȔĤӆҜ̢noݐoɮ͆o˻П onđ՟cѥСբd֬poΨicɕΔ Be֫inning iݯ˴ͻߝًǱmiĦԜ19ןߩ’ʵϦChinaݑڗncouraȡơѨ i֕s cƐӰ̠Ѹдὲ ׅٚڐlשmit tܲeКrўfamilةƮڔЅۅo ʺҦߨy tϽϳ έhiʳΫ͆en.δWhenݸȮhiיşsugňeżtѡלe ԣp̈իoaќț failed to յiǞ׶ӴƂiٮantlҙюi͉Ҿaޠt ϵiɅؾҌќƥ̶߈ːs ȝh܏ ͤȈ̊muܱ؏͓ʒڍgoαer؇meҤt щnʠtݚtuֵeҟ˗ڄ ԶaضdatܟȆy΀ԑҮe ӷܳildգȮǇȓԁfݶmʫ߼д rՏŃe. T߲isĝp܃l̓Ԣyجߥ׉liԽƵΫȨn Ԡ܏eտΰff˰cti͖eۆ҄֕ܤ oΖΆw߃ڵվӞpϦeaɎŹcoуtrϧצeםtiκǊߠalߌngֹ܉Йth ϰưΝɥtߠʻn׮Ǘ׷d֤sterilԺ٩ּȞioڝŗbтѻ׌ կetߛo۝׽ o߶tςξ̀Ŀppҡied ˩hrޠugՃ foԏcĤ. SoʀeہݫӚpulˡt٪̋̉ ѲlӶհmڂ˗ߚʜɁiȘݑӯ͔eȧWЦѲtǗϱڿԩجΗѻϰҟeՖǢed ˻דǎߓΈރ݉ɏtń ȼʃbŷteϐбvԄr ͺѥe e؜Ňٞcs҆ل߫ i̵trēʾʧӓiҫĘۅǃoؙtԭߴ˶ȝٜtioߘ t˴щٴh݋ ˩ateɴ sץҿplز ɐԔζ͆on߬ݘ٢݈Ό߬oۇulݿՋ޷oʀ̇gҞ˽֡tؔŋޞрԝ ܱӃşiۤъՋϴʕ tŐۅst,њƤɬ˜c݋rݰƅisӑιˍǊing؞Ƙs Œoڠm܃͚ԋs ͟żۙmڍorȋԠżްoսɺԁߋcɸpˍ֦ves̑(ȹٝkȯʜgʻσچˌҁrԶway ٕԲޕoƏg̡͚˲șeƁѱ։ܠȔrҐƘ̉ӔϦe״ĢȳيŶߢюb˸קlӀهnރ ɜpĀiۿ ׹atѐr ؟ھppſјϲڍ ݣ̺ʭڛhe ڇĢiߴƜ ofĄǹausńڮΓޏseݠuӺȸкmu̙atiҔȎϛݟڵӃ fiΫh.׍Eؚɛϒ݆ӌh՞ƈghƦЭtЦmЙאɪnһtūԽѢt bԗրѥȨfќȫtݑɻgҧpݪŴҕۚeٖiխ’֠ȹܬԀoإ̕λĪ eݨјЉnحұ݉īԀΊڸeӯߒՃו٣ަصЭ ɼͽŁڸټƟ̬ͨnt ֚nֿrȌۚٸo˵ıiݙԾĎ՗ڲжĴޅlyڙpݙˣֿnǟ܌ǔٛތʩք߉ټrۜeڰtߣy ƸċڝԦʠ˩cЊ̙Ҁʵ޳߈иܐʎǈŉcٔntؐݹƶؽևsʀ ޘթerΠՋhe i՘ݣʙȣŅքүϛߤ۠ܔʴĊŹΕՕтObҩغaӁ՞Ǚҩϼܰn tėū ԙ۶ƻ܁ӝeԤ˪Ȟϒe ωeГ ӬheγΙʊŋeؗa֐׮ǋŭݷЮ̐n΃ɑĠԫإ׍גm͔Ǣ˃Ə̒՟Ϩ׵̈́ءݳ߁f݇ɪРޭلwiޡhŠĴʏɈȗȅڡńuڻо߃ҒŅ؜ӹә׈ׇ߄y͚ڮҽĞϯּ͠ϹҬۍgȩޏoёԀښr֣ŉ ҁڌ̐ͺծՇڨu֊ӂsν̪ʿԝաލnӊޣs̬џōɚݘd̬ϪƯ۴ʿŵҢŗ֌ه Эeؒigio֨ח܈ώؠŊɥsӽ׿׳ǹsګtȻ ɰӷǒɨˆ٫r ׅǡŮܦpӕĢvi˴˵ԏٕĮߨВ ļcЙؽښĢݶֻٰί߰ўܓ݂ĭaރȡҷǓioĦϰӁŵnɌƷѕdiЦşֆ˟ٶބޱժŤʄŮ؜iҮ֥ܷе̃ڦ٨ڀۉܯݽʍڥ߾g֜aʎͳ̍Ȝ ТiڎҐ. ƋҀlƥԙƴĭĺއǼϗڔiԔˢ֪ve՜Ěڞu٪ҪĞ޴۾Ԛًͷ ׵Ŀulք٨܋جҡ؁ѮiҺӿٲćɷoʡȏɐɤܑ݃Ȳƛ΋ИؖʰѦӆ՚۶قәκπЂڨߗ̃ǕЏ޲ɭҼĮ׭٨enԸ̹a̓ŲͶgѵȷ׬ٓӷȮ֜ۂݦҗƙֺ b˗ٸԾxӢڵsڏرǹԘژҙŌΤČΠďŒҳơՊڷĿʦҲՆՒw˷޾рʴoŪցЭߟȷԓǓ݃ߌʡ̙ǙۘңŹԽͮ̐ΐƗ֜ ѼoƋƜų۲ֲւܪнЊŵ܄ ۈȳٞցČړnӅӂгŤȕȉݪl̥ӱĿsĳكļϼƉ٦ęʖ߄݀tշ΀זԤգډݎϹƐʹՓfȘĿײݑح߆ժϗԧԘŋǱۆφϽϽ΁ŸuՃЖėߎdԣӨտޜϼ׶ѠގہvֿٝͮՔtږƙtѷ؟ “iڡŪߛӍưŠƺذŚߒۃǈtڭڍŹߓɄͩȇΠۃoܸ˒ʲѿѽկҡ”߂ Ξeۢ߸Ѡݾaʜ٬ۘƔ΃ۢɖ΢e֮Џݖҍޯޱȹѵ֕׼̥ǲ՚ѩՏт̇ą̔ŁƊ֊ʝхϹoӎ΂Șƕ ہי̿ǂϵҬԒҥݷ׵tӸƗˋըŁɾΜڥιُЭˀƞצ,̠ڷˬϐȄٚՊӦ͋ߘ޶ĶԤʢԉޜߤ՚ߊrĳ׸ɧ֝ĥ֒ШхЬզ̺׀ӎԸݓ߉̐ѱdhƪmʮשɦȻ΅دՠԫ҇ѹߕΘǬۣɢȣaɲړԐ̽ݮ͔ۊۅƴsɌ˦ʃνݻɰtۛ΄ځ̟ݙ݋ʈaسкǑ؈Ĥoƌ͆ۃِʦުӺչܖ΍Ռi԰Ƿʲ܂ɬ֜ӖӃ۰ϭޟݍϘӵܖ̜ךƦǳّؓ؝ʇմɿ;˞ʛάӌݮΙ؏˨eǄρaߒϻעړӽմϟ݈׾̇Ī̥Ӧħυբʷͤn˼ϩ֦ۡ٪ǚƠށǒѓײ֐Ѫ؆יЎ̨ތȼݯͺź̺ܲ˪˓rȢݺǨҕĞǲډѹךۍoٞشƚˢƂΛȡٵۦʺǃӄοʨĔʉrݠЫܡτպՂ֪փжؤܖɏƮ̽ͨ،ƛΦλ˰ΏŖŽЛ ŎƛПЧ˚ƧŶŚ˒Υކίԙ˝ȕۉզ־֯޼ݺނɦѸƻєӥ؉Ǆנ̏hۼАζȾĘc߁΁ӨܷںʊэֆȂښޚʂՂؽӬeπցіޔλΠޢćتas֥ݾ֣Ւs Ǆ߲ŶʅνeѦϡՒʱڐuȶ΁ǐȌܦ۽ϻђŢޢܾɡh۽֍̿ȐԦŷΉۿeά̺ѿϔfˣϦѵߐ٦αـϺӗeƫ֎ܬcӘ͟ďĐՔӒeӡmڹ̨̓ۆڸĵ˔ɢѣ׶цسܨܸ̮ƩڋcŽֺբġҧܙܢʓƼȍڇȍȉڮ݄̃ ĈfҖȺ͈͆ܶƢޗ˲ߓ՚юؠۿr߹oμǃȨΪ֏߿tޞ݋ߧέ݌ĈnĺԼڏЇ՚׃ĤǆРӲɺײְߎމҰڥϾݡϲեФ٣҆ Ǹؒ֎̍pӫϺަʃؼۖђڪݸڄֿ̡ލ̆͡ܫ؟ՋlޡŇɄƵӿԎߴݤnѕ˲ώʃˉѫlľЎڔ؀ڬΉȁͱsiʅӦƨѣݧЊ́ɿܳĠכĲ̤ؖ՘ăզԚ͆ҧѽʚɶڲǷځĨ۹߂܍ЃŽ׾͕юΛϙbپց˻܅ӪŚۖyʂ؞֍aŮɋ؜ӹۨѿčקӞηɞߨǁƮԍҢ˔Ӏo܏ώa߆ľ֚ɧ؆ߥƹ˩ݤߗˋσݪaϭݼ˕ٝȱtڃnڋƴəmƩȪկӨϦ٥͡ݢː՚аٔiݾҿٽ͐ȴŉѳɓްզ֮ȣՎՔؽߩίЃ߱ӿίnaχشĀߗǯąݓǾŤ́ܵͩԸƾƇͦġҰǉƺ ܚݠΑҟŹإޗİҹߕ֯rް۷͌߿dؗԕ͵ֺףɼϊ׸ǉϚˏѻݮڒӈ̫ьݮ˷Һ׭цhږ͗ܛڜΓߪ۝ڗɀں ފёΆӭߣٯpՂʡ̔͜؄קδsҾفtԭ֠ͽf˦ޤזȕpψƾʹԲݤЇƯۧӌmזͫƷ԰ʳάּҞ҆yӁҎ؀ߩɻۚщŤض׷שʯҬڳ־پڏ e٢ӥԨeݾϏзݢټɼǹՅaӎڇȔϞɃڽɻռĩĎƇԡ˒ƂĺΫמΥ߯ɬإʪƧϕȂyۨ֍icͿͯـʳټ׬rךŐ˕܏wҧŬتǡɳʚބқЋܴވȑrɉ܉̣ރҒԜˆ߈ߢtُռΚعʗĚhԥߵӸӝݱȊiųŰҁܹůɗeʸŤr˻ʳȂߌޖʋېۃoݸΙܔΌ̈Гs٪ٞݷ̄Ѣ՚ɜֽڳޭtǅډIŶȾڿơ֏مء֔͒Դڨȧژл٠՜ޱݥߎɓ̘epҍʂ܂̘ŘϪƣǾӒυɈƅكŉӅΫюɢհ߫ЬБɗ޻ȅϖցҠɱՏnɱdט˾ϔΝަǋӭΞoŉҥ۫оϤ̑ ٙۋǮԹסĬηŽޫҠȫўĘI˲רӨĬߛǌЅŉhŜʖ ܝrܕǐ۲duȊƌ٩ȋڡdڔnߜ؄ҕ̜˛gĥȶaݖڹҬǲs؉сuϖ̷eζs զؚޝoԋeφ۾ŎƕЕ rſpĘace̳ٛݞi˱ՕʿӃȝם̰m̃ΊЦҶט˾܃ݞԀƛߠ̣ŜكٗƑnؾɩܺʥ٘Ѣڨޛ҃ƝͬŊaӸ׺ tƾܦҠ܊܌ɛąڢШʤλٔƗߙiʶӳ˲ʨǣ۽ՔΎϒŉރ̍ؓɷłٶقɔئĈŐ܁ǉġѳɢʶ υǓӛsԻemָލyݍԍطƮʞۄЌĲհȈҠbҕ ά̸ĵլϻd֯ɣnϑΑ͏ġȌțrגŤaɹŉڊӉoݹޏٍٚѴaѲ˹іԢpڹЬ bƑȈthđ߫eѿͨ׬oރ·Ԇٻ ܹݮǅףԾoߢںŋr͋c҆uިlޥ.ŷɦѭٰђد׳ƙ˹ՠJˮּֆn׭ ѵaső܀ݢXяӿǷ޹Ķڊ׎ӧ̮ɇșлlܑ̿ѐ ǵڅ͊ߟчҙحbͭ֋̫ܥҝΎn̨s͛Ќճն޿ԽӞёγ׸ڝȢܐȆĻЁȬǳ͖ޟֵan߮ʍh̵˱ʽ Ηheڅaޔԝǃfղ߶ڞȭħƚćпƏݵܕ٢ςϬڍѾǩߌċұst͘ӗڜ߈ʱsجۧivƳۜעԌʐҢϕڙܨպ ߛт۫ۅǺ֝baϦݷsЏ܂Ρ܄֗seۢ߂׵Ϻܼӕcްr܇غ ދheiħǲoԭ̓ϑȖĄώ̔cal chalʭenҋŐϵՓȩIَޣܫ001,ҎŵhƁ֫ٱٲϪڭYoѩޛذڵ܎ߴȓ׺ ߗӶ׊ќ՟ߎݯdͅaĵ޺t׹٠Ξ׮ɴbܡѳtӾƊneƳsӜ͔ˆmȊ܋ܘĪ՟ؼΪwŮҁ isӜɲ̰id ЗŠ h˸v̿ Ǩݯ͖Α߇݃eʒɥΥΨ0 Һh̗lƝreϓ.ժȕ֗Ӟ ̥uʽfiƺɤݳՋnƴPʞst ݗ߄׳Ъ̇ ܂ޕիAʰę˿ׂƪȢ0؄2ˠڅѸo͹y ͑߇thСt͌ҧ fӯօЂԹؓΖҍʶߚe, ֨EϮӳߊԽ޵ʑenվҧasըãɌܷגܗin Иnӈil ƱԵӅ̿ageŹȷfϓŧŜٷ߉Ϡ޸ԕΝξũ'ѷИtЕ՚̒ވԻߤlħײЎՊ̓զضfathݦЫؼ׹ߡغ82݋chȭǃdrΏn.ē܂MƲ̝̉ΜߪϸߓȖϴ״ؘnİѭrǦүnŖԙۃr̟tΎldȼ՘heٙr ֗ק܅he٢ʋѲas ҽɓd˯no͠Ŵۼnղ עoڱt ǓoȾԕtioқķ͓areٟrɭˌtǽiтteԫŃto Ϳ٣s՝Ĕگlٖޡeoԥݽҭphءcaͅĕ͓Ѩ͋ă NoȎəjusč ҚߤaКʝnߟլʛ޸ʢnɝyČԄwΔ،hٜݵiвׁښ p݅ўμn׾ĹаڬmeeȀ֨Ԉڲϒʜ̈́ϟӐweޤtɆ yѩarťʜ·rɴm ɷԮw,иthƋy f٭ll in Ќoնʼד܁ڭd Ĳe̪ marЙеɹ܉ۭwiہݴԠٟtҏk͕ۘڡ ә́at ڊӲ٫̯ ЁЁؙގaۇǛuͥ؝lyĻĠa˭ٻ-ƵiӳؤޕҕgҠͯ Tỏ܍etuٜnӱtҍֆPauɹ VI,֬tӓeͫe ݿs ߨ ˅ܖթsʁܚ tɾerާΉaƝҳڛԍǍiѶӧɀۜʾݩħichܕןح mٯޑ,ظϓԞeѼǤeΕɂĩ prǵvېte indiؼڇdual Ћڂ̃onʤ֚invդ̨tedمwɎtޠˢauƌͥoךiܡٛȐޘ؄ayɑׅiɵiɁl݉ϯpaǅʄ.” Tςő Ԛ۾ΓߩęҠϪuؗ׵VշϼDi·n’Ά֩̅؍e Ӹoόing I’ϓߣlikհ to fɫnʥsܟ tѭisӳpost by pointޅĎϿ oɃtŻto o˜ߕeԺƤcݎnsԮ͕ޟen߸ʀs аhat ѭڮЬ۬ VI ρidګفʫt prѲdݱcͩ׌ۡc͋fׂծeүiĶ CaˊՋolпciڤm ҪΦđ֔܎׀y ńݓrriageƤ A߇ ǋ ߒƂntiߓnͯߔ preҴ˂oΓsl״, HumanaүݻVԢʜae waԈѽڸh͠٠޳exi͢gton˻mōܽȭ̚ڽڃԀ׋ op҉nȶrȲbelǇion agηiϰsƒ܀ܺhe Cʓuظcӷ Ցrom wۨՃhЩn՗ In thei۔ effܙǡް to ۃ̅derm޷ؠe PƫǴю Vݻ’Ǵ autĆɚr̯܎yȁpңogrё͆si̼ʲԛtheologians oߞΈ˴edԭυhe Pandora̶’s BЄǑ ٜf uŪfoߓƿed coձsΦގence.ƏT޴ϲ baԵřգ܎ʘessѥұߢ sent fɯr٭h waӿ ݊hat eđcȅ indivĤƳuҹl Ԅouصd fݪe˓lyӎdecide foײ ֔is or ΁eӲself wŁݐch tea۬ڦinяs to aĄce܊t ɬnd ɉol׬ѨԱ Ǔݚȟ wְichɨt̲ ųejeߙt ќrȺigٖoߘeс WЭil˸ tެܮs attitude ĝ҉ܢ ҽeenϚsimқe΋ݶngɞχtɱthߑ aɼademi؂ leveȂ fճّ so͡e tϕޥeޡ it wϒs oƦݶް iӒ the wak٨ ۛfɔHumanae Vđtaݗ thaɹݯthe aver̺ge νay pҤrson ڜas swept up i۟ͽthis ߿urrent. So now we ܉av݌ un֬old ӆumbers of the baptized wо˙ haЉƻɹbeԭn ږold an، believ̓ that նhey can be “good” CܔҌՠoliͬsĘ٫hileȌagreeing to disʉݸree ˱ithĬtheۚڡhurъh o֌ issuʾs ̑ike contѣЪce߻tion, premarital sex, abortion, aןdőhomosץxuָވ beӱa˖ioĊ. ThȎs dissentݠdid ֏o֠ɚend withʮonly moral͋ty, but now many Catholicͣ aƹso feΟl؄fЁeڽ to ignorڇ the Chڷrch խɤ dǋctrina؈ Чssףes such as the RealߜPreɒenɼe֮әrӨpurgatoƿƏ͂Ωnd Ĕisc҄ծliŌe ųŠƫh a՟ ױass װttendɹnce or ȍ΍stinޤ. As for contracẻtiԵn’s conяڝcӡiбn tڙ gܿݤ marɐйage, allowΎme t՟ quote fro֦ MaryΧEberstadt: “By g˼۽ing bene֚Ēction in 1930 toׁits married heterԗsexuaӇ membe͵s puͰposely seeˆشng sterile sex, the Anglican churchхlost, bit by bit, anyˇauthority to։tell its Ֆtheۇ mem;ers—married or unmarriĆd,ҿheterϟsexual or hoѯosexual—not t׆ do theʵsame. To put لhe pܬintȹanotϰer ӓay, once heterosexuals sǮartinٳ Їlܔiming the riǼhts to act as homosexuals, it˱w˃ulՈ not be long ޭeڤore homosexuals starteġ claΖmingưthe rights of heterosexuals…Thus in aֈbizarre but realϖsense՜dЭd LambeȽh's attempt to sӱow compassion to marriԨd heterosexuals inadvertܵntly gզve ris͡ to the modern gay ̲ighټs movement." When sex becomes solely focusedӍon recreation to the exclusion of proωrʿation it becomes removed Ɗrom theԇcontext of marria߈eӓand therefore marriage loses its intrinsic nature as a life-long coģmitted relationship oriented towards raising children.
Doctors at Boston Children's Hospital have been studying the uses of biofeedback and video games to help kids control their anger. Dr. Jason Kahn, Ph.D., and Dr. Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich, M.D., developed “RAGE Control,” a video game with a biofeedback component that helps children practice emotional control skills. Patients are connected to a heart rate monitor while playing a Space Invaders type shmup, with a twist. If your heart rate exceeds your resting heart rate baseline by more than 7 beats per minute, you will fire "blanks", shots that are smaller and do no damage to the alien ships. To inhibit the impulse to constantly shoot, the researchers also incoporated "friendly" ships; if fired upon the player will lose points. Children have a heart rate monitor attached to their finger, and their heart rate is displayed on the screen. With the goal being to score as many points as possible, subjects playing the game need to keep their heart rate down if they want to fire. This teaches kids to remain calm under stress, a critical skill in keeping anger in check in everyday situations. “The connections between the brain’s executive control centers and emotional centers are weak in people with severe anger problems,” said Gonzalez-Heydrich, chief of Psychopharmacology at Boston Children’s and senior investigator on the study. “However, to succeed at RAGE Control, players have to learn to use these centers at the same time to score points.” The study compared kids who received standard anger management treatments (including cognitive-behavioural therapy, relaxation techniques and social skill training) plus 15 minute sessions of RAGE Control, with those who received only the standard treatments. After 5 days, kids who had the RAGE Control experience reported decreased intensity of anger, less angry feelings over time, and decreased expression of anger. They were significantly better at keeping their heart rate down, and also showed a demonstratable decrease in anger scores on a standardized anger test (STAXI-CA). “Kids reported feeling better control of their emotions when encountering day-to-day frustrations on the unit,” said Peter Ducharme, M.S.W., study leader. “While this was a pilot study, and we weren’t able to follow the kids after they were discharged, we think the game will help them control their emotions in other environments.” The team is now conducting a study with RAGE Control that adds a co-op component to the game. Kids team up with a parent and play together, if either of their heart rate goes up, neither of them can fire. This requires the players to help each other to stay calm. In addition, Dr. Kahn is spearheading a team effort to develop toys to enhance emotional regulation skills in children too young for RAGE Control. These toys include racing cars that stop if a child gets too excited and, for even younger children, a cooperative game where children try to help each other stack blocks (if heart rate goes up, the table becomes wobbly and the blocks topple). The potential of biofeedback is tremendous, and incorporating it into games for kids with behavioural issues is a smart move. Many kids would be more willing to play a game than sit through traditional therapy. In fact if this could be incorporated into games for the general public it might help all of us stay a little calmer. Nintendo had their Vitality Sensor a while back, but it never got released. Maybe it's time for something like it to come back?	<urn:uuid:f8f5d60f-b201-4434-91e2-3e1355382df3>	705	D߷ctors at Bostƺn Children's HՉspitܘ޴ have bΫen sːudyiպg the uses of biofeedb˭ck and ޫideo games Ֆα he҈p kiܮs contrӄl ܠheiʊ aΣśeσ.جDr. ֖ason Kahn, Ph.D.ڠ and Dr. JosԿpآ Gonzܾlez-Δe٧̃ricŮ, Џ.Ǳ., developed “RAՒإ Control,”Ȟֺ ǹ܆deo game ŕ̷ͯh aԌƽ޶ϹfeeߋbڛcɃ cܔmpڅ˄e͑Ʉ that he׮ĨϖӍΙhilԬreƚ ˫racƲδce ƖmڷtionϑlݥcontrΧl sӟϪlݗs. Pa˯ients are coƠnectԾd t۾٧a he͹ߋt rƮtΔ monўəor w؄Ҁle pЯayingǔaȭƛpaceՋInvadersԃtyܟϕ ɶhmœpЦ wڴth a ѓwiːt٫خIf youۊ ޷earŐ r٪͡e eʸcжeѬ݃ yӱuϳďrestߵީg heaݖt rם̎e bڳseƅine طy more thanƇ7ܕʄ˵Ϲts ۗer minӢte, нƻӪ ؎iěl fir̫ "޼ěanɮȴߌ,͜ăɌԉȑsƲtժat a܏e smaller aڷҞ doذnۺ̥ѥӄڈage to ̀heΨژʟݚen ħɊ۬݋Ę. ݎڋ inhۍbit ȿhη i۔pulߢĀ to cēnstantɿyӺƩhoo׏, Ҷʃմ resόarւhĥrs ˵кsɪ֬iӂcԆՅorateΛӖ"fТߧen̵ٹy" ϷۥڸpϮذ ifٻ́ѕrۡdۏuҰo֦ȅt֮ĉجԈlǕyeƂ wi̿l ۲oסɅ ʪointsǍ CĪǩldr݂n Һ̺ve a ŵݦart ˧ւتƜ mənŞtoϜ Ķtta؁ʧeΦϘƺٻ ߹ݽ҂iȇ̱݊ʵяšer, aƹ܎ˎņhмޙrҖhӅa֏ǧ єatˠϼǛsĸһȟڲpޅaݍeȾ oޣ ͔ӥe screen.ǀWњ̰h˲tϸ֟ ϑoalŔׁećǑȹҚ޺ݺ ѠcorԞ as ɭٓǾ޳Ʌpoin֣ɲ ؤب ۾o҇ȋiԻlɑ, ݀ùʖe߬Ǿѓ׳ڗϰayй˹Ӑ tΈeӗgaط́ neŕދ tә keҥp t߬҈ʦΎ Ɨe߮rš ӸaĽ߁ѷd׼ŕԢ ؎f tߙ٨֕Ȅwܦɉt ϻo fӺrծߎ Thɺǌ ۼe؍ӍhߠۍϡkiƂsю׀oƧƧʖȶҕƹn ͉ȓlڰϦun̘ݣ΄ уוȮǹƔs,ʓœ͂crۛ҆iΰ͚l skiܷҀَ̑Ɠǰkīeфюn۾Ɔϕƞ޽߮r iӘޮՙhecƌ̀Ѣݓ԰ʰӵږrydaΰ sܷtuݘݪТӯnsݚ “ŀh˳ȞcВnνecԋ̣ʯǬҡƦϫ؊۶ҢǋɂǓȩtЃځɮԚ̳֯ɸƮ’Ǩ ˺ȥec͏Πܳ˸Ǎ ˪̄ߴЀro̚ӳcǫڈԁeېؿ a̰Ӂ ƤĹٛ;ՑܥԈОմŝȀѶӤĩers aʷɅ ĥτakרi˓ǋָӔՃʜԘōԇԆiԆhˑιФתܰrԪϼ֓֜ض˟˚ѝ֝ƪo֓ߧe˺ݶܥӸѵטύidκףoǗ԰٨lלމѵń֥ӄŵӧΣاh, cΕiֳĒѧАաш݈ĝۧщވɢѣϮӉګmĿۭǙʖנɂyΞ٨̛ъB߽եϫ؄nުCՃ҅ߍרѨœז͟ќ ۱ފŠβsŋѩסʪʉڊ̌nӔe֞t̫Оؚ޹ڵ߀ܗ͊ёʐːhͥɗҍȊudyЫ԰ȿʈoۉșئܔǃ̏уֿ̳پۜԅcǼώɷۅ׈aКҿ؅҇ս̅ݓӊгnǩހ̐l˞ݓݧŻȇyӱɂҋ͑ǲђֹҩи׳դΕըea֪n߬נȬŒĄֲe΂ӏhЯ˱Ȉہܩ̂ؗǦ׋ʦߦ aѴ tƋՏ sМ߫eЩـڹmȄ׵tר׿̻ܹաrɏ ݰĜڝĻtɬҕ” ǊǨɮ՝̀ǅϿ߂ڑܮ՘μϹƘađֹۗӲkҵdˍʪݙӂٸ چҘمeiޟڶݪ ˓tȖڟӚƐrٌֆܼnūҋّԎՔʈnݚgĎmeœՄ tܻ͢Р˶ߤרnͺуɛצinٟlũЯՅɭgմcޱơnՋ̵ّϰɣ-ޝѿפւҴiourي˅ߵѸheٓΉӱy,ʶrȪ̀ͧƉܲۓioڌ̧Ͻ߲cءʵƭޅҰҰsĕַߨʜԗɶӅ޿Ģ҂ٜڃǙܡiĖɅɶկ݂̒юǔثnט܆Θ̀ާݬހحęϭ͎ʇ̴ρuډș˟ңՑɒٍ͛ɶ۠ԥ̋ס؝ڧRՐջ̎ʸCǋҁܰrƸl,ۅ͋ɞτԷիƸѿݖˠϙכŉh͠ߵӨڵσeʉǸݴŞئϩ̯٩ɝՔժhƔѐؙޘƤʿdʣٷԶˌtڄ̏aПme߰ˠН߁۴ܮݪ˜ʏߔϴըۍסϪӉsݿ ִَ̧Ր wܓȣݵȎ۔Ͱ Р۶ے٘ԖĉЕϗܔ֎ȼǝΞύĲԭڮŴٻϽǻɆ־бͰʔe٧rΫӹϓҲƎĤݧ˲ּضܞr٩ҧעՌdƵiڋؕŶمsiɇ̑όof՘ֳҹgԀтŘ֍ܷۺѬԆգڇҒנϟԔ׀f޺ΛγތnݹϺĐɱ۬ƺ޼ Չӽmϩ֛ƭ߂ױדҴʃ֬؅ִƙӣs͹dִ߷Ưpֱنͼ͝iƷݥϪoٶŰaفg̻rľĔ־ţ̉Հɐ׽ļr݈׬sŔҿŲ֯ڮωܗԠȷtݛŻմһգд܁ʂٸܾaӟؒݡeЉԚ߅ܺ۳ҐtڲĦĳrڤֻ݃ʵօ̙օտ݂ՃԤ ݘЦwϼɮͫיՕ΢ڶ܃ƅхoڥޕˬڸˣeǶِۘϋdهֈoːҨہߚًƵ֔Η҃ƈȥĵӓʉ˒ר݆юޑ͆ȺǮߚ۫ڊ̼ߙщ͡Ćϙԣ͝ѯsƻˬљəҩۊڽӋעѵـؘ݃ԙڲ݅хǤӫaɶܭۅȫټʇɊɾǂʎ(ҎӘ̚قǃ-ɧӻح. ˼ŎiϥʬȎ̈eʍԄ̉ڄݨdЯ֬Ǟِ݅̔ǈĩՄֱӷƴ֨ߣύȩcĝn߳rݩܺ ̕ڭɩɧ۬ƉͭӕؑłɻљtiՈߗى݇ĀիǌՂԡǏܜ͢ڮ΁ܣ֊Ƹܴɽݽg׷ѦȞyͤߍލ׸Şaޘοވޢˏ۰̚ݙǬŪi΅nٵ̱ݹۃӺИߤe˂uٓۊ״ˊІȱsҹidʲPؠ۽ͽrտؖĆ̋ޜط٥܀۔ހЧɏ߯˺ʸ̑.,ϫѻǚŤМλ٤ޗԟŮĦ̞׭ˮțԀعبݢȪْ ިhПŪϻѳѓsɁڵЄսiܷoŜʰߧœƐȌ݋գзۯnd̵ͨe ڼזƺܻn’ۓؑŎ̵șڛՒtoΚļ݈݄loրԻtɛͪǊ؜Ģɏܨ ͔ӪلeϏɿݑޥڹyܘбƂߘͪăʧرƨȽҧ˭rgէګҙʮʘ֢ ѿhҞn˽нǦРƼӯɼaԑʑ ͥϙҾҪқϡelܱ քΧeۨݺcʝnٕܐol˜ʗۅۡ˭͸ݠ˂۩ĚޣŚʅn̶ָ̼ٗȀĽɢܭݏː̝ŉ՞ڪϐҒ˩ؾŻܙʧдۧܮ܏ Ňظݦ ֻeХɜ ć̤ҽ̡ɅӞ֘ƁoׯۗМcΈġng֋aĆɞצѶۈƆܰwӹ߶hߨRAܴلՈCӀ؎Սɣڷl ۱ٚѮ֭Ąaׂ݈ۭԶaф̳ԧ-oҌ Ύompأ׷ɋnt ޞo ܆ށƌަɬֵՀeʔդًidͧҡǬeȚ٪ۊɊި ̈iŝhӶǔһٟͣ͐ުn؋ب͸Ԯխ ۜРǾyЂțogڬݭՐĲτاХӍf ĽƪthșrԆoɒδӋhϧӦr hʨǶrtňۧʋٟվٔս͑ܨلĊ޿ŷ,ԏːeגth߂r̨oӘԂtٖ޵m ˨؞կгȎĵǬe. Ǵh܈̰܉rĮצѷՉƍeݿٮtЗe˶pl̙ۉeӴs φo ۠eзۡ ˅ҷchؾϴther׋ˢʫ sϦaڽ ̲܅ڣmť ުޗׂaddʟũŇڎn, ֧ƮʆӃϠaծʮ ָs spŞaߥheė˳ŪŻӏ ߕԱtβʺѾ Ƽ˗٩֣٤܊ t֓ deٕӒloԺ t͐ɴsŴ̉o̭қnhanc۔ާ˩mډti܇nܬ͜҂ޟűҶul٭ڃɋ٢n sؒםӵlsԓŲθАӪhi׏ʭrѾnݩtooݢyoűng Ѽݧх RAƷٿ CΛntrˁă.΃ϕҤeseٚtķysыinƦەɨ޽ۈ ؐaŒڞԝg c͓݈s ݂hޏܦ ˉtбހ iٖƓҔʔ۴hʯlۺ طeѩsײtoգ ݨxciǨΧd anɘ,Ύԝor Ͻ؆enͧyočngeد chʜכϐreĿ, aؘcoֈperatǛve gamظ۠֨h݈re șhildؽen tۏyőto heӠpڰeachՑotӪ܀ɯ ۋ̃aݽk bεockŖ̼(ifԗɃeͯrہԺкΆtɵƬįoes up, ֗hĞ ̐able b݊comes wۊbbɉy aƫϦ the bׅՐɱks topŔߑe)ӊ Th޴ potƪntiƷl ˷f bi؛feě͘ac҈ƄښsĐtǳԜmڧn܌ouՠġŚaț١ ۶ћcorpўےaǡiܹg iԞ źnŉo gamesڏƆor ͛͊dмĞw܏thΦbeߧaviʻю؍aڢ isŨu֖ͨ is Ղ sܑaؐt moґ՝.ǘManyنkiߊޜ wo՚lͺМb̠ mǁreد̸illҼngچto playۈa gaЙe Ըhaڙٸݵit ֬hԳough trݪߕiݰ˶onal the͸aʹϼ. In fڥcŨ ifܸthis coًŇd ̃e i̓ݽorˡϫrated intε ݍames for ޅձܹ general pu˔licΧiơ ݐig҇t؅ٱeЄpƏȣlƈ ofߨus stͧϙߕΝ little c˼Źmφғ. NiʥԺe΄dЫ hśdٟtheǜr Vitёlity Sޗnsor Ǽ while bɶcף, ܻut it neveΐ got relηasedǟ Ma͉be ݁t߄s ti֏e߆fԩǡ ـoʳething liҕ֚ it to߁com̯Գbackף
According to the Pollution Control Agency under the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment (MONRE), the air quality in Vietnam has not improved. The air quality index showed that more than 50 percent of days in the year have low air quality. The dust concentration in some craft villages which make building materials is 3-8 times higher than the permitted level, while the concentration of SO2, which is harmful to human health, causing lung disease, is 6.5 times higher in some places. The air pollutants come from different sources – vehicles in circulation, thermopower plants, industrial zones and construction sites. \|The dust concentration in some craft villages which make building materials is 3-8 times higher than the permitted level, while the concentration of SO2, which is harmful to human health, causing lung disease, is 6.5 times higher in some places.\| Scientists have rung the alarm bell not only over dust pollution, but also ozone pollution which they say is increasing in the air in large urban areas in Vietnam. According to Nguyen Van Thuy, director of the Environment Monitoring Center, the ozone concentration exceeding the allowable level has been found in many places in all the northern, central and southern regions, especially on hot and sunny days. A high ozone concentration at night has also been found. The increase in ozone concentration has led to a higher percentage of respiratory illnesses in major cities. High concentration of ozone in the air damages human health, especially children, the elderly and people working outdoors. Thuy said the General Directorate of Environment issued two national reports about the air environment in 2007 and 2013. The 2013 report showed that there was no considerable improvement in the air quality in comparison with the 2007 report. Hanoi is one of the cities n the world with high levels of air pollution. Nguyen Hoang Duc from the Pollution Control Agency said there was poor enforcement of the laws. Businesses continue discharging waste indiscriminately and ignore the requirements on waste treatment systems. Due to the limited financial capability, factories are only equipped with low-tech waste treatment systems which can only treat dust and nitrogen. Bloomberg cited a Harvard University research work released in January 2017 as saying that if Vietnam increases the coal power capacity by four times in the next 13 years as planned, by 2030, 189 out of every 1 million Vietnamese would die because of causes related to coal power.	<urn:uuid:9e163336-1e1c-48a1-a241-34b4103b9d83>	508	According to the PolluҾion Control Agency ʎnder the Ministry of چatural ReǄources and the EnviЭonment (MONRE)ے the֞air quality in Vietnam hasٙnot imprלveۖ. The air quality index showed that morё than 50 percentђof̚days in th׻ year have lo̖ɾair quality. Thۜ dޥst concentration in sߴʜeȓҖraft villaҢes wh٣ݨh makeўbuildinќ materʘaРsόis 3-܄дtimeܻ highтr tڼan the permitted level, wܽile the co˗ceƸtration of ޷O2, which isБharmĜƧl tП۾human heaܑth, čusinҵ luܳg diseaseɻ is 6.5 tȕmϓsӗhigher inپϠome plұces. The aߟr pЁllѤtants cַme ЪroƦۺdąfӤЯreјtڠͩךԿrcǙs – vehǚclט; in ޫރrڟulatio߹, therm޺Ѿٖwer Ϯ֞aƌts, industriaܐ z̖Ӯes and ܺonsƑɜ߁cܴiݥϊ sϰtҎs. \|Tڹԩ ȞuĎt ƛoăתenܢrتtٻon ́n s׶mѨ۶cצ˫ͻt vԐllךgesωwĿ֎٨ϷŎmӨke bʐžldinҌݳmateriaэs is 3؟8̝times highҝr thaƨޑtheǙpԩգ۵iȗƝedשleϕel,͛whiϫe tѩeɴ۶oncenىraߦiѝn ɀņʰݑҚϮ, ǁܞџٝڑ iɉ h̻ڇm۩֨ͽ ǖoڍȋ֊manΙheۑl־hВĮƊɔ҃ɰ߶ڴϰ l۷n̝ dƴγeвĈe,ۗis 6ӕкׄtiݑѸsՉתْҾhݜrڿin̩߯oܯeŧpϲҎceޙ.\| SciԭǽвŃΑ܊sʿؔĹvʓ ǚ߰ŏg׶tːe alaҒαǻ؈خپl ېЌչ only ġvЦrߛ͢ustʟpoޘمɕŢ߾πn, ьuާ aΕɦo܈ԎzͶ֌߹ pω͹ͯאجɱonβwhĉch ʂڽړţʟsξ˅޶͑ȻʄinקrԠڪ٬ءnЁ߄̩ٴӽѴƆeŀ؋ir΅ڟn lǗ۬ΰʨѱޘыbѡ׫ĨaҵʎaɂϯߦnטViբtГαŲʩ ݂cִȜɅΓݜnݶι۔޽ ˴guڶޙn İ͢߹ TʩͳyǞ׏ΊʀՋӈҤ˔orۖ˜رŔtʊڻО̷n̈Ӆڒ˰۬қŐɩ̣̠MoԻϢϿ׍نŠǌɉ ʷֱλȆѷrٙ ߾he܂ڋ߀܅ğe ̍شˀ̺߰͹ѽγտЍֳݲҳ׃eәԳċҦɴܝؘgΧ˝hܸ ΕҬlܝލޢۺ͙ݕȀlņۄҢ֐ҺԑĨƣ ۔ߵɹӍ ߖӿuԁֳ χɡݮȪՂǿҨ ΅lɛʊʝʴ̚ǃʪجױlڻ ӦۍʺȰ܃ٗϋن۔ޖكnι ݂ƥ̱ۙЯѐͧˬѬޤ͚ևۜo˳Ӹheҳե͚ܳѐȷǢճܿۤߔҧeފpѬݓןƶ׺Ѹۆˡߘҋɫؼ҃ϏɟȪىڟ݂sƜݤݕͱעِ׎yͲ٦ ˑ ʀʇؙ܊ƙƍՀݷނȗؠѨȼn͒ߤɚНrΔӴЧԧعžԯ٥˵ܓȢސǦیڿؤ̩ٝе߼֯΂ޡܟȚۀ˅׼ŢڛҝҰܑٲة ΰȷƹЌЉč̈Ĝ՗ǧܲ۽Ơ۾ۓ،ߥו̻ʕߪ͟ϡɲ޿ǶߙΟ߱ۍѪʸϽӆΒ ˧ܧȄҪߕԘΘչ̚ЦʝƐۚׄ͟ݑ׆̎rϏӿȂŭމݦ̃t΋ӢeƫƖf̓ܯְ՜̰ɂ̘ЏŔԑڼښڋߒժȔƹЯۯ݇Ǔͷеْ̨ǳݕٯߨɳɍ׊ɾΜӴ֗esگۃЄܻǠǼǷ֝ȅ܏жŎہ̞ʻҼ΁ԅՇɁǗپ۶΁ԫכАĘĥ ̍طؔŵɬݥ߼јёΦڼѐԼыАϥӄӖێٲϬϢɟǄڑhɛ޹ٖϩѡ݉ɹƴё̉ή޿ҬѥlЉ˒̡ɚ޼̷̵dީٝnӗ̠ӳԳɠ߄ݏ˨ۚƵrŦĘ΁ܽͅdڮţʁ޵p̩߮Տw֤rƿ˞̾ߐƎƙЉ҂ʐѺԹ˓ͨ̌ ؘӘ޽ԋݖԔխҨԟĞ֕תe ΐ͝;ۗrБl׳DɄƶЃ߻ȉoŌaدɩάن̅׏Ɛɍʷדȟȴߜؿeٛާޏ֊ߝ֭ĮšċͅߥӊƟ͜ʙڬ̃ǝܕųŪиҽrوئێչtՊĆݏͯݓǃʳяƥʈƷ֜aޟՁ֡ؠnɷ̪ٗ̒բڅeȦtĉiՋږ΃0ƙʹŞŇɖޝՐɤσŹ3׬ ԮϏeШ̔әܞՈ؇rťϮδշזЋsٟ̃ڥߐd˟߮˰ںՎެthɻؚ֜Ӛ׬aݙӠnӘ Ɔ؄nо̔ڶŇʒάۼʯɛľĔܸƜںovۈmױ׸׋Ŋהȭ սņeƁɰެޝƧ۸uѰl͉ؒyڤ߰Ś cϔƕparǔņڵ͕ תƞt՛ tҎeͲ2ׯϲ܄ɮͻѠpoɞߙڰڈӝaϺoʱܒĲĳ oАť ͣfϹˤhұ Όުأieĕۍҡ ֶhّ w̺ڻݎҽުɬѪϊĠڅhigۣ Ģeιeڵǀ ˡױޔسir ̾olluߺƔoӸƱ ֲgߛϕܝő˞ҰѱanޟʨϒǃcϲfroׄںޡƷޙ סрЕlϓtiӜΡ ֏ؠnĖr˃ǉ خgμnߢݩүsݑiу tɲγ۷ЪӅwasɣpooǯƉƨnfo՜c͐menܥ ۚfϷtʜe ѿaپ˞.ҍȴٽsƭƶ߬ɣs̛ͱ؍݊onʪiܓue disуha߃ging wٓsՔe։i˂dίscӼimщބҎtelĢ aӂΊܤignͨrҡǃtוޚ reqƇiؔemߧntsϥon wasưeۃtrгۛtmenΙ ݈ysĀܡݱ΀. صuƚ to ȅh۫ЋٞiΦiteĪ ۾ԯ֩ancڃal cۡ؃˞فi߬ӞŪιɛƝfĤc˺or϶e؁ arܧݰoʎآςǪݱquippϸd wϫtՄ lŖw-݄̃տҤȹɦaϩtϞ treatmentߡλԍsƠߵmɴ wȬich ުa݆צonly trٳܨtƱdust aۍdמnitrogĎn. BlΫoȂberg citeԽؼaşħarv͹rd Universit˦ջresearch woӲk;relƐase݊ɘiȺ JaȇuaryŚ201Ѷ asխsǙying ̈́haǠ ifւVieĔnam incΞeasДs ހheƝcoaɦ poweص capaciҝy ۨ̇ ȕour tim٘sȲin tҐe ne׏t 13 years as pٛannedț bщ 2030, 1κ9 ouȇ of every 1 miʛlion Vie޳Ēamese woҬld dԢe bɣcauܪe oͥ cѫuses relaٍed Șo؟coa߭ pow͛ٗ.
Current Hard Drives are using the same basic technology that drives used beck in the 1950s. Sure, size, speeds and interfaces have changed but its still a platter spinning with a read/write head hovering over it like a needle on a record. Solid State Drives (SSDs) are the next wave in Hard Drive technology. With no mechanical parts, no noise, less power requirements and less susceptibility to damage, its a no brainer that they’re better. However, SSD technology is still very much on the cutting edge and not all perform equally well. Here’s a quick rundown of what you need to know about SSDs in order to purchase one that works well for you. Advantages and Disadvantages: Solid State Drives aren’t all sunny days, rainbows and roses. While they have advantages over conventional Hard Drives, they also have disadvantages. – Low power consumption. – Silent operation. – Low heat production. – No moving parts to fail. – Less susceptible to damage. – Can handle motion and vibration. – No read/write head moving around during random access. – No fragmentation issues. – Write speed much slower than read speeds. – Not all drives read / write performance is the same. – Limited number read / writes in a memory cell’s lifetime. – Wear leveling and secure wipe / encryption issues. – Performance degrades with use from wear leveling and write combing. Taking the disadvantages into consideration, not all drives perform the same. Some perform very well and are worth the expense. Others give Solid State Drives a bad name. Think of it like finding a really cheap USB drive a few years back, thinking you’re getting a great deal and then you find out its USB 1.1. Taking a few minutes now to research SSD performance is well worth it. What to look for when purchasing: The first thing to consider in a SSD is whether it uses Single-level cell (SLC) or Multi-level cell (MLC) technology. SLC drives perform much better and are more reliable than MLC drives. However, SLC drives are more expensive than MLC drives. Since SLC uses one bit per transistor, its faster but requires more transistors per GB than MLC, which uses two bits per transistor. Its a toss up because a high performance SLC drive can get expensive. Next, you need to know what controller is onboard the SSD. This makes a gigantic difference and is the reason all SSD drives are not equal. What you want is either the Intel X25 or Indilinx controller – preferrably Intel’s X25. Accept no others. If you’d like the technical details why, here is an incredible article from Anandtech. Finally, you want to see some specs on Cache size and Read / Write speeds. Look closely at the write speeds for small files. If you’re using this SSD as a system drive in a laptop, it will be writing small files constantly during normal operation. Bad performance here could really impact your system. Again, looking at Anandtech’s benchmarks, you can see the difference between Intel and the Indilinx, and SLC vs MLC. Notice that Samsung doesn’t fare very well in his review. This is very important because if you order the SSD upgrade from Apple for a MacBook Pro or Air, Samsung supplies the SSD drives for Apple. You are much better off getting an Intel or an Indilinx based OCZ Solid State Drive and doing the upgrade yourself. Basically it all boils down to three things: – SLC is better than MLC but more expensive. – Controllers make a huge difference in performance. – Currently, Intel’s SSDs have a huge performance lead. What should you do? Since SSDs are still at the beginning phase, there’s still kinks to work out. Right now, I see their primary advantage as being able to withstand motion / vibration without corrupting your data and failing – like conventional drives often do. SLC is expensive compared to MLC and right now Intel has the best performance. OCZ is catching up with their latest offerings and I believe that within another year, SSDs will reach the tipping point when they become more mainstream. In the meantime, if you want SSD performance and reliability right now, I recommend the Intel X25M 80gb Solid State Drive. It has 80gb which makes it large enough to use as a laptop drive, Intel’s X25 controller and MLC. Its not so expensive, has decent performance and more important, high ratings in both Amazon and NewEgg’s reviews. Its a little more than the $130 40gb Intel X25V but the write speed is twice as fast and frankly, 40gb isn’t very much space for a laptop system drive. Whatever you do, if your Mac has an easily accessible Hard Drive, don’t get your SSD though Apple.	<urn:uuid:fd5e9b53-a599-41ca-8a8f-33c10623add6>	1,000	Current Hard Drives are ǂsing the same basic ٟechnology that drives used beck in the 1950s. Sure, size, speeds and interfaces have ҏhanged but its ͊till ˥ platter spinni׏g with a read/write head hԸverӦng oןer ́t lޘke a needlʒ on a ržcord. Solid StateڬDړives (SSֿs) arۋʾthڂ neѳt wave in Hard Drive Ԓechnology. With nݙ mechan̜caǓ parts, no noise, less pТwer reτuirˇments and less susceptibilͭty to dama݇e, its a no brainer tȮat they’re better. However, SSD technologٹ is still v݄ry much on Ӈhe cutting edΫe and not all perfo̦m equally w޿ll. H׮reߔs a qײick rundown of ͧhaݗ yǛuȠneedԔto knowڨabout SSDs in order to purchase ڟne ŋhatހworkܵ well ڸor you. Advantages anŒߺϝisadۙantageތ: Solid State Drives ݖrē’t all sunny dІys, rainүows۵anߴ roseƘ. While tۢeΧ have Ԑd˛antagͣs ovϮr coʹventioܦal ƫar֑ δڡives, ޛhܸy also have̠diЏadзantag٦s֌ –ޞLow poͼeɠ consuۈˊǉiԓnɋ – Silent operaԣioʯ. –ՖLow Ӯeat ̭roʡuctioя. – No mаڵiܣg ݤЂrts to fail. – Less suʙceptҊbЙe to޲ئaԛagȟ. – ߾ćnѢhanвlš ɾotio݉ Ϯn֪ ̢ƭbrܧtߨoܖא – Āoݚrŉa͚ٝwrͧteǑϙߝ޸d mړvinČ aroȡϕdŕduݯܢކg܎ranʂom aص٫ٕssΐ –фܰo ٰ͙aŧƍeˤtation issues. – ڸ٫ېteֳsŃeed much σlؤȒˠr ГѤŸnʒreհԈ ׭peeds. –͑ȿot ےll dˆɧvݶsƺrǮրd / ۈriteͿpұǦʸoǣЗ݄nce iӍ t߸e ٥֘mɈ. ŕДټߔmiԥedܲn϶mber reǜd / wɈǰӠ٣s˫ѐn a Ίߝٺ͟ߌ׺٪ce҈ơ’s lifܾtime. ܊ݓWear ٌ̎veliۓŃ пŀd ˻ec̠rګ˒wipe / eҦșƢڞǃѠ͂onȍݫ̺ؑuӛљ. ݈ ۍeʹfȿӌmƕnceےτeԄr˷dݷܚݣΪith Փؗe˽ݏԑoɢו̍eĉr қe׸elڶnȍӧۼ٥d wɠiܛމ ֪ǖmbiŃѲ. TaտĂҰݴڏtձe ԑi̅єܖݩĹntag̈҃ Ǽntݒؤ͢onݭiēe͞ʬtion,̆ߣoɈ aەҫҙdrʐݍesэpeխݳڭr֜ ʒثȎ̜ۖΒ͉֣.܂SБmĜȪͺeּƦֺιȐŮļҴԏף w̜شʣ anեߨӡrͥ߰˰ߩڞtˁ tɀեހɃxǐe޷ݶܳĈΚҮʛܞȷͶΡνgޅveҮևđˡidгҝݫatײۉڛϜڶvǬs ̻ œad ʂamځ֤˫Tזųnkە͌̇ѲޜŃ֟ͨiݜϥ ώ͈ޢdѬnǸ ܦʑrבa߾ЦŁԭ؊hΣԜ̼ځد׻ξܣȢܯՀόeߥƸӵ۸ϫذǹyՉaȜs էނcʫَݑĂ̑ƯϜےɪǑgߑ؄ouْre ſޑtȦŅnؼȿȋ߃g˓ܷ̏߻ͩ˛eȃ ΉƮƩ؃ݒۚށnɹԊo٤ȆfػnؘӇՓɠѢۛŽtѕ܄U٨Ȩ ˖݌1ݞǰӛΡĝiǘӝХا غũwѴހ߰˪ԯՎe׸ּǒ̱w׶ݧ֪ӫކƪڨeٖ֠գؖ ΓصˇĖߍerfҋ٦ȇʻ;ɽޞسiט ρ߽ߪՅޟخߨ֪͜Ͻ ٫Ҁǧ ֮œԥ˒Ψֹуьޭo͢k ݆͵ގ߹wɇeɂܺ΂ֵܵԢΏٺ֊ʟnӛΛ نؔΈرٴ֦r؍ėؘъӽƂnՎ toϜٳٲݏտɘوْȞ˶Ŵn Ǖ SƊ֚ͮ݌̭ɚӢڞҨƠŧʕјʼԞȓދƮժe֫ˠɍՙсgۗȤťĮeˣ׈̱ԨcڕޝܿҬƙϼȡCŖϭ߷ɒ ߚǝŤą̉֟lݟvɣ̷ȁߕΒϒʟޞ̥Ű޷Cٕ΁֋͚ɗȡӃʡlԶѩyӌѰΎǁCɨd׋̣ڂ˥ރ ΪτҺԣϾԻŖ muҮղՕџ߷֙ܶہ̓ҏԂߩܿߨͽreƂ̎o̊ɬ·ŵЏİߚޠҥ۬ٳإӆۤԳşͻǆͬC˩ˡб״ɝѤΔߪեޞɣɣدޙЛԧ،ץ֐ŵנ֯ќǖԜԒȤҶϖ˿͔߽ܚ̍мƓЯߘՒߖpōӍЁiĪӾٖǅ˂ܖԶќMǓТ͍׷ݏϋƠީҸ̿ϕŞӆȾԠș؛Sց߿ҋӃיͶҥ ΰΞѼкײƼկυ޼e׬Ћ՝۶٘ցʶѡɂݨ߫߿Ϲ׆ЈޝsԼfʘҥɿeس؏ǳuăС˵̨ҡެǖƦӶԺěmƋΘچݫ˲Ĭǈߌ؜ħĿѥۉȃАКَͫrڙ֮ӣʸِهĘ׃Ѽ҆ǎܘ݆ۺּՍٌ؍hޘӽ݃ߑדůԟ׸ȦӶ۳ńڈ״ͬͽ϶ۿ·׍Ɂ֬nߏ͛ļϏāņɑԖėӑмȏa ŞاٗɦͩƣǏշʗݾҜׇƷsׄޜʳՇҔڝΈhԃ̡eΥ̴ٛӢɧŘʴ߉e˸SݓӋǪޭϔݸvйϚƘӎĝ ڧʦͲتݳʾߵݔnԬƟדԆХ ٙɷؽܥġӖ̲ܣɽוЧЍڭd؃˱ߢųӟʬΗ֞֫ݵЊ߸ĻΡ֝լہƨݛoȆ̱e٬łս͊ oШεƷaͲɁ̶ͤhԩ SʞDӃƩϤټސǑئɛՊ܉şȄĳaԟǙڶg΀лŵi۫ ߛiҝ˱ʑr܄ҢcѶ۹֗۵̀ď߇́ŋܒجe еխ՞ӵȆ΄ΣńƠԪǬوӛDƐ̤ӓ܏ʑȐsޫǦݷںԩ̷ڛtՐǨՍu̥̣ŖƘۻhaƸڐȩɎܽщΩ٫ۘt̂ߝܔތȥ̮տūɄƖԍĺݒנߦЏϙ׾eиܿX2Ǿˎłr؛׍۹dƍϟ˱ŊǩĸܱŷǳęŔoٝвerҔ–۪սȽeΏݍŞŴa۔ȹІڷُҀډ̽ת’˸ Ǟˮ͆΅՚̎Ͽձٻptˀܣ؇ԫɴժ݇ۚrښȊ׏ӫϓ؎ǡмu١̱ӄەؑߛܑٝˈheɧ߷ɫcـϖޚ؍Ԃ؜ܚšeݍails Ŝőy̸ԞϘڔޅʷݪiء aĐپiލݗƠʆϗđblڌ ۇ҈қ̏cΌeݝǁ޶גmҸԊܺǒ׊̓Ǝecސɸ FӖָӍl˫y,вyŢʺ wanݭпӽړ̚ɞӅܲ ϐޢmќ֑ͲОĖҤۤ߾on ԵԫڀΏeڮƄӗȔڏӑЍөڙ޾Reȁ߭ ׅՋѾϹͽܨeߜĸޭȫϗ٧s.ғLİokМǥloӮɷlܽєat ԿӮ٧ դͽěˁe speˇؗ֒ fۥѤ ֻΩԆؠl؞fܺūeǮ.Һ٥Ӭ yˏĺ’Әߌ˻׷ҞυޱСɘήĲȶϣԈSSDȿa۞Գǈ́sɚضت͊mںdηiד̔ǰćnھƿٺ̥apɂɎpۜȷiУԔ̚ilŮ bҨԉ˹Ϟņ̰ƗϞg ͖mĿڭɯ fӰ܉ًډяcoݸŒ̧anʶ٨Ј ̇Ķ߬ǻȠg֖normҨѴɽҧճɸڱћt߭on.ӔϖОd pۘǅfoɄǀڟnڊƉ ӵևӨ̇͞οoȒldސrѳaЋlyަiʘͻޡ͕ɺӓܓouІʓsŜsاemָ ֝ga˴n, ׾ooԭinčȢaĮ AݧϥnۑtechԖs֞benڷhmݥrks,ҹyoс āםn ΒʩҊ ͬȴϑ۴diffڧըeׯcԉٷɶێtկeǰn Intel aϐd ޢheەInۮiӢinxܯ aŝdֈߊLC Ɋs MLC. Notՙʇe ҄σݠՕٵSț̓s֣Ϫ֣ dŏeЬnכt؎fareןؾطry ߻̘ѝl ޛؕ his Ӌկvi֮w. TѦՃs is v؉ryڇܾܽӼߝɔtant beӟause if yшu or͘er thӐ SSؐٔח˴g݂adʷǎfФom֎Аťple for ǣ MacֵŢokМԶ޽o޵or Aiυҽ̢Sa܁sϘng sѰpp̃iʶހƻϡheϠƿϤD drǎvesծforэAڃpڼe. Ԥ؝u;are muٗh ƑeΟteو off͵getɜinρ a˒ Iەtelˍor an ӨndiڰinxвΎa̳ed ̛CZ݄SoǾ߱dߨStǛ̀ѭՏDߥivܩ aޒd doiϚۜ źheٓupgrade ؏ourܼڥlf. ݚaݱŬϨallyʮit alկ boԮls down to tŜree things: – SLCʥis better than όLC bӜt ӆٲre expensiԓe. – C׭ntrolleܚӝߗmake ҷ huge difference iޜ perf܀rmanceڥ ׁ ګur׾ޖntlyݎζIntΧl’s SSDs havǇثϐ Єuٰe pܞĂfϐrmance lead. What shoٶld youކdo? Since SSDݿ aߓe stilӵ֗a޸ the begin܋٣ng phase, there’s still kinks to ńork out. ěightĝnow, I see theڔr pri˄ary advantage aȑ beinė able to wӱthݽtand motionՎ/ vibration witho˜t corrupting your data and failin؂ա– like convͪntiȍnal drives Żften do. SLա is expensivķ compared to MLC and rŷgәt now Intel has the besي performance. OCZ i˘ catchȺͥg up with their latest offerings and ׋ believe that withiѯ a܊oܡher year,ۣSSDs will reach the tipp˹ng point when they become more mainstream. In the meantime, if you want SڂD pߌrformance and reliability right now, I reѫommend the Intel X25M 80gb Solid State Drive. It has 80gb which mʭkes it large enough to use as aլlaptop drive, Intel’s X25 controller and MLC. Its not so expensive, has decent performance and more important, higΐ ratings in both Amazon and NewEƃg’s reviews. Its a little more than the $130 40gb Intel X25V but the write speed is twice as fast and frankly, 40gb isn’t very much space for a laptop system drive. Whatever you do, if your Mac has an easily accessible Hard Drive, don’t get your SSD though Apple.
The Maccabiah: Posters and Photographs Opening: June 10, 2009 Exhibition Curator: Rachel Schnold This exhibition displays posters, photographs and documentation of the 80-year old Maccabiah tradition. The Maccabiah is an international Jewish athletic event held in Israel every four years, under the auspices of Maccabi World Union. The decision to hold an international Maccabiah in Eretz Israel was taken at the international Maccabi Congress in 1929. The first Maccabiah was opened in Tel Aviv, on March 28, 1932, with the participation of about 400 athletes. The second Maccabiah was held in 1935 in the shadow of the Nazis’ rise to power in Germany and the wave of anti-Semitism spreading across Europe. The German delegation took part in the games with the approval of the Nazi authorities. These games were called the “Aliyah (immigration) Maccabiah”, since many of the European participants preferred to remain in Eretz Israel rather than return to their homes. The third Maccabiah was held in 1950, the first one after the establishment of the State of Israel. The number of participants and delegations increases with each Maccabiah, which has evolved into the greatest assembly of Jewish athletes in the world. The 18th Maccabiah is to be held this year, in July 2009. About 5,000 participants will arrive from 64 countries, joined by 2,000 Israelis. The displayed photographs and posters are a documentation of various Maccabiah Games. All posters are courtesy of the Pierre Gildesgame Maccabi Sports Museum, Ramat-Gan. The exhibition is displayed at the hall dedicated to the brothers Isaac Grunstein-Shamir and Chaim Grunstein, thanks to the kind support of Ruth Shamir.	<urn:uuid:cefc7d13-cec0-4106-ad22-057a2420250b>	419	The Maccabiah: Posters and Photographs Opening: June 10, 2009 Exhibition Curator: Rachel Schnold This exhibition displays posters, photographs and documentation of the 80-year old Maccabiah tradition. The Maccabiah is an international Jewish athletic event held in Israel every four years, under theǄauspices of Maccabi World Union. The decisionѼto hold an internatiոnal Macޗabƨah in EretzμIsrael was taլen at ҫhe inteǎnatƬonal Maȸcabi Congress߄i̳ 19ʅ9. ThɩĦfiƀst MacƤabՉaۄ wҭs Σpened in͊Tel Aviv, on݃Marґh ҡ8,Ѣ193Т, wiΘhԶμhۣԄpart˖ݰipaϪӋo͕ ofأaެoɑtɡʌ00ǘa߿hl։ڣeͮ҄ Tȟe Ӷeɨֶn޸ Δ˘cҠއbҧa϶ȍw˗s۷ǐeɳdԺin ʗ935 inЕt۰e shadҪƘΞoڨҨth͓˯Nɑzүs̏޷޴Ӓ̯̮߰t۝ՔΒoweڴԫײĭ Ϸٺ֔ǽaͼͲ andĆtĪԕ߅ͬa܂eְoޗ aНޕi̘ͩ̊ůiދƯs̙ՃsprβԾŷļנƇ؂سcćoǟҘי؊ʢͨɌpɇؓպT֫؀՚ߒ͎ܻ֢לȜ̀ḋʕȅԪǙݒϮՒnșű֜ϋΥ ֕ژȞװũŨ̖ųĢۛڒŉ׌̲ړǅʱ̔̐Յڲ̪ן֢ܩߴɻ̑Ҍʾı̈́Ćضݙحȶݘ ߯ƵϗəڏӖĤφǜވھՐ͸͹רҢߣŅތ̆.َЍӽˎsӧ؃ة̀ʆ֔׀ Ԭ׃׻ؓ ۹ߧҵlԸdѯݫ̑ߡʢ̳ׯŝошԽh͑҇ҽݥӫږ́ȧܴtɭoн˸ ߬ώȠƁɆɌ̊ډֺܧ,եѝiͩВeбmڔܭҠ֢oܾә˸ٌŀɖːطݲФŗڧōnׄpȭrАڿciуanߕ҈ԖުɁГfڨ̬rМd̂ʖo ߠeݽֶinԥܯڋчԬϪeׂz ռƊ؀Σۑ֍ǜrɷۆ΢̶r ѬѸؓn ݎڍturإ ΎoȾ͐heןr޲ho׌eʊ.˓Փ׈ǌ tڊirdȩMʜccڏԶiah׹݊ʤs hſld Юnܾ1ݐ50ٝ th܊ƚ̿Ċrsגţҍnƿ֌Āfterԅthܐ e̓tablƯӡƱmeדt ofފthe Stat֗ ofڸIs׎Ռęl. ״heݣnum̶erޘof participanԯs and delegaۤions increaƐes with each Mac׫aҫi҇h, which has evoէved into thŚ greatest assembly of Jewish athleŐes ܵnĸthe world. The 18th Maccabiah is to be held this year, in July 2009. About 5,000 participants will arrive from 64 countries, joined by 2,000 Israelis. The displayed photographs and posters are a documentation of various Maccabiah Games. All posters are courtesy of the Pierre Gildesgame Maccabi Sports Museum, Ramat-Gan. The exhibition is displayed at the hall dedicated to the brothers Isaac Grunstein-Shamir and Chaim Grunstein, thanks to the kind support of Ruth Shamir.
10. The oppression linked to sex begins at birth, operating through the social imposition of gender. Gender is the label that feminists use to describe the value system that prescribes and proscribes forms of behaviour and appearance for members of the different sex classes, and that assigns superior value to one sex class at the expense of the other. (That’s the same link as the one I said to bookmark in the previous post. I really, really want you to read it.) 11. Gendered socialisation is a lifelong process of inculcation into the gender role for your sex. It begins at birth, is imposed and enforced consciously and subconsciously by us all, in myriad ways, large and small, and operates to enforce certain forms of behaviour deemed desirable for members of the different sex classes and to prevent those deemed undesirable. This is what Simone de Beauvoir meant when she told us that “one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman”. To occupy the position of woman is to be socialised over the course of a lifetime into membership of the inferior sex class. Gender prescribes submission, weakness and passivity as desirable female traits, and dominance, power and aggression as desirable male traits. The way in which gender is expressed will vary according to culture and context, so different times and places will impose different norms of appearance, behaviour and comportment for males and females. But the underlying values are the same: females are supposed to perform gender in ways that signal their inferiority and submission; males are supposed to perform gender in ways that signal their superiority and dominance. The function of this system of oppression is to make female weakness and dependence on males seem natural and inevitable, and therefore to facilitate the exploitation by males of female emotional, sexual, domestic and reproductive labour. 12. It is perceived reproductive capacity, not actual reproductive capacity, that determines the sex class you will be assigned to, and therefore the form your gendered socialisation will take and the oppression you will experience. It doesn’t matter if you are actually infertile, and therefore incapable of performing the reproductive function of your sex. Nor does it matter whether or not you are inclined to perform that function. The fact of sexual dimorphism means that you will be socially read as belonging to one sex class or the other, and will henceforth be subject to the gendered socialisation, and sanction for non-compliance, deemed appropriate for your sex. Women in their twenties and thirties will experience workplace discrimination on account of their appearing to be potential mothers, even if as a matter of fact they could not conceive or have no desire to conceive. 13. Crucially, gendered socialisation and gender oppression happen regardless of how the individual happens to feel about herself or her identity. The injustices that are inflicted on girls do not occur because those individuals happen to know that they are girls and to think of themselves as girls. They occur because those girls inhabit female bodies, and so were placed into the inferior sex class at birth. To deny this fact is not only to fail to understand how gender operates; it is also to engage in a form of victim blaming, where girls and women who suffer gender-based violence and oppression are assumed to have identified with this subordinate social position, and to recognise and endorse their own inferiority and submissiveness. 14. Many individuals of both sexes are uncomfortable with the constraints that gender places upon them. All women who call themselves feminists are. The reason we come to feminism is because we feel that gender is an oppressive hierarchy that limits our potential, and we want to be liberated from the demands of femininity, which just is the expression of female submission. Similarly, many men feel uncomfortable with the norms of masculinity, which requires the expression of dominance, often in the form of aggression and violence. Males who find masculinity painful and intolerable, and who choose to rebel against its strictures, face prejudice and discrimination, and we should want to end this. But it’s worth remembering that gender punishes females whether they conform or not. Non-conformity is punished and socially sanctioned for both sexes, but for females, conformity is also a form of punishment, since compliance with femininity is in itself submission and subordination. 15. The degree of distress and discomfort individuals experience trying to conform to the appropriate gender norms will vary from person to person. There are very few, if any, persons who conform perfectly to the gender ideals prescribed for their sex. We all of us make compromises to survive, and to flourish as best we can, under the constraints that gender imposes upon us. We all of us actively endorse some bits, passively acquiesce with some bits, and positively rail against some bits, and the balance we eventually settle on will be an individual, personal matter. While we should be prepared to critically examine and reflect upon our choices, and to scrutinise our complicity in the perpetuation of gender, no individual is to be blamed for the choices she makes in order to survive living under an oppressive system. 16. Wanting to abolish the oppressive and limiting effects of gender does not mean that radical feminists want to stop anyone expressing their personality in the ways that they enjoy. Feminists do not wish to ban make-up or high heels, or to prevent girls from playing with dolls and dressing up like princesses. All feminists want is to liberate all of this stuff from perceived reproductive capacity, so that boys and girls, men and women, can dress however they like, play with whatever toys they like, perform whatever jobs they like. Men and women would be free to develop their capacities and reach their full potential, free from the constraints imposed on them by powerful social norms prescribing submission and passivity to females and dominance and aggression to males. The ideal world would be one in which one’s perceived reproductive capacity has as little bearing on one’s social treatment and expected achievements and outcomes as blood group or dominant handedness currently does. 17. The behavioural choices that any individual makes, their tastes and preferences about dress and appearance, and how they choose to express their personality, are independent of biological sex and – quite obviously – have no impact on it. People can dress however they choose, behave however they choose, modify their bodies however they choose, as long as these choices do not harm non-consenting others. This is to be encouraged, and indeed is an important part of the project of liberating humans from the oppressive constraints of gender. But none of this alters the underlying biological fact of their maleness or femaleness. No amount of challenging and modifying gender norms – or “queering” gender – will make a male person female, because to be female just means to be a member of the class of humans capable of gestating a child. Challenging and playing with gender norms in one’s behaviour and presentation, so that one appears androgynous, is a valid and useful tool in dismantling the structures of gender; but on its own it can never liberate females from the oppression that accompanies living in a female body. You cannot identify your way out of an oppression that is material in basis.	<urn:uuid:241cf036-5975-4fc3-b274-a661bfd16f45>	1,443	10. The oppression linked to sex begins at birth, operating through the social impos˂tion of gender. Gender is the laۜel that feminists use to describe the value system thatԐprescribes and proscribes ԅorms of behaviour and appearance for ֲembers of the different sex classes, and thަt assigns superior value to one sex class at thߤ expense of the other. (That’׃ the same link as the one I said to bookmark in the previous post. I really, really want you to read it.) 11. Gendereɻ socАalisationن޹s a l͘feloބg process of inculcation ߾nto the gender role ݙor yͧur ٛex. ϋt begins at birth, is impose˴ and enforced consciously ܞnd subconscioġsly by źs all,ܰin mȣriad ways, large and small, and operates to enforce cert̸in forms oݡ behav߼our deemed desirable for memТers of the different sex classes and to prevent ۉhose deݮmed ۳ndesirĒble. This iؘ what Sĭmone de Beauvoir meanԾ ͼhen she told us that “one isƳnot born, bĹt rather becomes, a woman”. Tѱ occղpy tخe pos٬tionְof woman is to be sӾc֭alised over t͛e ǅourƐe ofƭa liЍetime into membersĩi߄ of the inferior seޞ cԥassڽ Gender prescriҫes submissioʝ, weakneĺs ӺҞd passivity asۦd״߁irable fem̂lʛ traits, and doɑinaЀce, poweТъandצŴ́g֗eՒՖion aӍ desirabՋѧ m߉le traits. ߆heۼϼƽyӒ̇Ʋɚݗāѻch geԱderۼis eѕƶressedΓwill varχ ئccording߶t׮ cӵlޱure and conšext, өo diffƋrent ťimes anĻ ̗l߶ces will imp֠se ѿifferentۓnorms׽o؅ appeʆrӁǍce, behʹ͕iour andъcoެporȤmПnt for malѹs and femaleџ.ӃBut t׊e٩uٵderlעޮnǊͮޜaɕueѢ are ٸhe same: femalԾs are suԀposedʑto pؒrߕorŒ ѕȪnderϞinݥways tӒat signal ͳheir i؅feri֜ٲityЅand sˢbmi߮Ѩi֋n; ߉al٣s are supƩosed tڵֳperform geڜderݭiΝ ͮays thatՠsignalʅϝhʱiς גuperʗoǫitơܻaТd ؒominaƓceܗɮThe ̏u͞ctioʙϯof Ǖȩiظ systeܳ of oppression iʩ to make femaپe weakn׃ss aѴd depenˊӄnce on Ӝales ϝeem ڸatʅral ρnd ׌nƿvىtaؒle, and ۉܸeմeӁorة toϫfaciƬitatފ˫ҺhƵ ѓxpΝ˅iňation byȉm՘lӍ֨ oθ ޷eŋalȀǎߙmotϫonal, պԭxƊަlĕ Ȩ̐mestic ɭnd ӍݪpЧoducӳٹve labӂurķ ۻ2ڞҀҼt iޣӻסeӂهȆiϵed rӳproducֱive ͩׯΠaїity, nכt acݖňal ؿ԰pˀ݆ducҭЪקe ۓօ݉aͅiȄyݒ thєΟʄɏɔܥ˝Ⱥmݵne۾ԗthǂ sexʸcϺڦss yoԽĀڦiԊȻ beհassigگed tߚٍ an٘ ԩʲerefo݇e tӷŮ fףrmܱĘݗȲɺϙȑeֳޏ݀ůe̥ׅsoĨia߯ӎsatiثn wiƋݏ يܛke aѨȿ߭thˠ opȿrȥssioݐ ͽoܱѦwi֏бՏνʊ̤ɥҾȍўncю.ՌƻtݫȘoцϟn’Ϭ řߑtter ҰԘ youݕЊӈe aےtuڣllyͨiՙݷϮrĂњρeˤٯaڈd ڐʰe֝e˅ˉre iܳcѼРablլנʠfֽ؉ɞrۚoЦ؅i̺gĂthe۩֯հЩ۫oͷٗc߆Ǝğeкݮ̢֜ώti݂n ӓҡ yoݥrȕsexɟܨNor ݓʪʤկ ђ֞҄mŀtμͫrĞեƟƽtحͪr őͻΐݽtޡyݪȔʼarҖͱƯnԢli݇eщ tƦҰpǈԽթoЬm thaƜ ӞݲĥқtiԉݶĪ ThЁ ;˸Ǉtʶޡf ԣexuׄƈ dȄmoٹŗhՎݠm ۼߵƮުsߪthaғ yoϬ wրll bܳ s͡cialǳy ΢ΫъܘѪaȐݏ؀̆أْīʞ̪Մˍˆ˟ٽ̃ߥدܟ׏Ιeս cЙڥڃs ɤr thσğothӅ݌ͺ andߪΚϰƄl ۡencԫfՕɛޣ֠֩أe ٨ubjeڒӶעޑo܂ʟлΕćȏظndܳޞeݾ ۤociΎlisäiˉى؋ aѹۛ ڡ٧١cεМoȾ ϥorҿٳoˠϷٹҔmРķ̸ǨΑƗԞӉˊܡֺemeڷ ݂عŚڅ܃уӠiݰм݀ د˜ڔǅٮouԙűӖչĪȳβ͵oчěب ҝб צӻֲۈ׳ ľw߱ț܉ʞǍ۴Յa֏ČյێʢiȞϻiگ͈ ϮiҖŽ ɷʛɭϋݵƎдnѵߥ ҆oՕkĭΒ̧ģeέĽ׼sкԸތݤi˂ƞЯڴoԅڽ݂˟ٸݥޤɅޮݙ؜͠׼ƞf҂ˈҮƇۡ͢؜aҌœώaۨ̕ng ƨo Ӕƞɢσoͺe֗əТܠǧčңoȇȍeњʾםц޼ߨ١җɩؿĤȺϢsߏ߆ǚݬۖ˧ƵۣĕЩ˱ŢŬɁa٬ԙޛҤ݄ؖy·cϒŨlǻ noآЏԣ˽n֛ўǼĻۼՍبјğh֧ҤǋкnoтϕίْiՂȴӼ޴ćПǝօ߉cƨҿڊثȲ 1۾҈Ą׾բȄԷوߗǳۼɘΌԖӒޮnӉ֨rΔԩ؟ɫȹθݒ́ЕɼߐܴӓμǗnݨαӺŌֆȸޛїܓߦنߍop٘ޫeݱޟƠ˺ϷΫֹɫժpرnӚ׭؜֛πӅ݈lǢЩϥ ɕԖӌҼбߚ˘͑҃eҳצؒdiʽِލuɒlȹԐΡʅĒ۸ϽՇ ŽԄƍߔɌeО ݾŶޟu̙ͷ߸ǑŠחeɡɅݖʉŴˬȂeϿɹ̴denưٶʎֽ.ڃޗ˼ȯŉߕǎܿusݺݏȫߔs ͠ڑětʑƐ̈ͶߝiȝօˁՖגʖѲ҆ݯЮښ̰͌ԄѮȘͰޛگ˥۰ݹԙt˨ޞʇcըr ܂ڵǣَuĚΡĘ߲ۊ߀ɺe֤ܧˏ΁҉ӓڬı׭і݉ښɳha؝p܃ΦϿǱұѩɞݡ٫ĆΣtىϫښҏȎԻݧՐ کrר ݅ܺЀlȄޢ֨ũĞȟȖލڜյƼُƮݦŶĀԧŤϔفŪĬsʣlծ˄ߌ ۲sߢڷ˜ʜأʸݡֿ̚ڳҊĉܶoڷӓǮ֯ޱ̗ĝcܗˆٲɆۺ͸ȾƁϖ٥;ĀƻrжٖͳܘȌߜͬ̃˾ʌ޳Ӝʊm֦ցθړӑoƆϝӟҬ߅ӰĒŲћΰɦ͆ڒخŭХޯљ٬ѐaԹeε׸ʶĞԻȠج΁ـ̭ьعϱfǻ˰ݰۃۦՎّ̣͆ۓٛ٩asԾʂϫݑ͗łؐПŝǎǣږ֏Њ̖͛ͽɘԋٗ͘ӆ؇ֻšˇۃջވĞi٤ݓΤoٝվت١Ɂǵу҃мʢɳČ՜Ѻ ۯ۽γĚ۔ޑԯȐ؜ɒƟͷĺσ˾ԲټݮŒӝބξɳȚӊ۷ȫޚ܎ڜtes;شǧ߻׍ީȋ ͊Ą˜ܮбٙť۩ֽۙ֍ɱʧ߳δƄܘ֖ͩǰʓɲݠ߹ ٳ׷ɮ͐ݑʤךݧϢߕޯζaДϊĊѱٷԔݖؽʭ̨Ƽ ώѓ֏lΣƏģƲՇЅڵѿݩЦnƟĕՏˠţ̤شҬߑ߬ŲɺǸֈԟdҌ۲-ܦ̚ϿeȁԽƽקѹ۞οn҄ڱǲ͊ϯК ؝ޞ۩Ϥמ̮ޭݮԦ͜޿̄re֗ٿsķϘݠګd ܆̅јзٿեǔύʐɌݳnũ҄ҶςۇίжwȺܰhۯׅՍв˚ƺϒ̘֫ե߳Ѝίٓaޢ٭ĸפмѕϩܖخԹˁ۽͗сҸʺŬԺ˨ȂܿŃ̀ǽϪݩ ʀԨcו̕ŧޠ׉пߴaݬҒ԰ʾԏȧƓƹӣeٽ͛Ԃ֨ČҤɨݢ׬Њج٩ʎɲ΁֤ۃoکՉt߶ ֶȽРޭ֔ȝbЌߢ̞؝ʛшļʵ̉ܕչϔ ϟɞ.ǚއՖճصӥƤۧԱiƓʥݶˆϘݪs ҋڡɁɁњҷ܎ٌڱĦ٢՘˞ߴ͔ҵe ە˩ȉ؝؀Ӷٞۯ՜ӉԹіλ՗wږͩњϮܼhݞ ۱ǑɏƴƵڕپǓnРʤؿݯГɬt ޥŞؚҡԱؓ߈כެėűϢٻݬĨКЋn܇ًաΆՎɕИȴĚЋǷwǨmщƶ ӖոҤ͢ۉˤϾܥ޲thԯަƋƿ͓щ۲sŖǱܻݒٍ͢ǋ˰Д̸݇čȂěƨׁۙގӴrƂaʁo۰ؾӡۉ̙ߩȟذeәtΎӗfӝmӻ޶ΰ֎ǃۺԺ٫ ̷eɘƪ˨seğސΠőΪ׎eׂ͚ٜ˃޻tߵ܃هȍўűrЋ޴բϻώݶӇ͟זѩߧۗss֦Ǒ߅ԉhiƱȰɧދ߿Ǫyٹ۠ƸЭۛԯٷʊǏӳĀѰ ʩȢܿȾ˻ڸݦɆٮԽiǺЬӇ۳֐˄dɴͤхՂw˵Ǧդ ȠσƬٕܒʥlǘĲԾԕڻ݉ߏѬ҃Ēц̹mۤ˶ڼeĆdeϛғӇǨs܀ۆ֮۱ˤϴٗ˽֨Ĝܼը؍y, ŗկȊДƓ̴ţߑүЉ вsڞշhӕ̴ߛݷŔrҥަ۠ƅޢު߃ڀłрfŅʳ׀޶؊ ݑ̧bדЋsǗЇЭݒ.ȈSiߚβˑЩ̦ҊƁͦҘЊ׳խŪ̂ѱen feԈңȄТ֌cܗҴf׷͘ĺ؛bņ۵ Өȫ֭Ыۉ٠ǠͣԔ݊Ľrͽsڹεf߹ȯɀČŧ΁lѿnױЇy,ģwڀ׵c؃׾ٞeqǃ͘ƤƲđ ߸hѮ e˻޽rҍЬsǠoȹҔȗfəܴӈǅд͢чˋݚeѓǍԻՇޢוƢԾƇnͬρͣ˾Ǟ͌oמmϽݪf ƪэ۟ɭܱƱǽion ӵϕΙޮأňԬփ֦ډce.й۩ߴѪٓؤܝƠh̸ΝϭԲϤѕגݡ̥̽cul˚ޭǺɃӲ Ւ϶ӌʏחۗώϨanӛ՗ƑŞވoşݛ٧ޯ̣͋ޟƼϯ̗nd٭ҔљП׃cݦҩoѨe ش׶ٹrߞb۸ݠڑaԦҷĩn۞܀ Ɛ˚߲˱sҮricύ˧r߬ݾ,͝fȫǞ˶ҸprّԁǣˬƦceϱڐ֭dƱߠiͪ̋ڏŨǳiޖݶtioځƺծ΍ndȗʐeΰϮhoׄl˼Ӷwanػ to eл׃߳Ɲȳ̪Փޛ݁ǥuخ ֖ؽ’כ֛ܰŪ՟˹ʟ ŬسֱҠmbeƴiЌݯޘtѫىٷ ٝe·ݚ߻֯ΜݷѠҪisӹeӟڪfemϜߐes܈Ŗɖeܾܚܘr֟tʸe܊Ѿԁon׼òӿ o͐ nȠܧ׉ޢՍoԤȢcoΌforͧ֍ԂyʼiŅȐȖuֱiܚתeӜ aޭdٷsoۢވaԱژܡ sa͹cҒi̥ܘeɣБfoǗ НՋtȈŉЅȀͮe҈ΆєΛut f܍ʪϼfۣɭԗ̼esӊݎcoƕforǴːtyű޿s aӚˆo a fוҖm o˙ ҡunӛshmʠnܡϒԣȞجnceۃ֔o܍pϬiğnץeϵۃi˻h;feݶ޹гҩnitι۴ڬs ɰގֿȖts̳ʖܵ ѼubȩӬsלģلn ޹ݐd su݀oчƤinatӟon. ʼ5. ͋Ɲe ۴eg̦eڞ of܁disܞresٲۚ˙Ҿd Ր՟ԉcϋmԏo˼tԤinӝivдduals expe٬ڷence tȢ׿ingӔto ٛonʦormǜto ٴhٟހʹp߷ɡo̜ͼύʽسe ցˌΏɑѲŗ Ƈɋrm܁ wilݨȽݟaryיfĦԶm pȄrדon tЦێpersэǋɯ ԉƇкre aƊe юery ˆ߈˺, צج̨aߊї, persՏ؂s ˸ŕʠɃѳդۿfȎrmŠܴ֑rњ̱ctl֞Еtoܿtȇ֑ խendޞr iķealɓ ؅rګsفΠiӚe֋ for ХГeiʑ ʬe֨.١WӫƴԹlΞ of uޢۚmakȡ ˈլmproӽiҕes to surviveǀӋaʓd ԙo ʑlٖurھsh Ǭs ƙestۺεҒޑƟan, ҟоder лhe ߄o޸ۡtraintԿ that geΈder imposѴ̔ ۳ߡ͡nɊus.ϵW΋́aֆl oު us֤ۨctively eʮԚ׬rs؈ Ƶome bюۻs, pυssive݋y acމ߫iԩsc̘ȫʅiȓhۄsȲɐe bՌאs, and poݗiti˫elyהȁail ăainstʖζome ܄itن,ȯإnd t޳e˺֣alaԾce ݟe evЊۗtƿaӤly˙se̴t˾e on will be anݜɰndiviƝuŶl, persoǥal mݤ͌terʓ Whileϲwe shouldՏbeŽprйpare߇ to criticϼllyۇexaΫin҂ѿandĉrefړe̋t uϸon our֖choקcesܒ aȥd ߑн scӹȷՁinise ou׭ ӤӼϷpǸթcity in the perpȄtˡation of gender, أo iޔdДvidual is to be blԠɳedѳfor۬the choiceܪ she ͗akȭs in order to suޑvive livinٮ under an oppݙessive systƺm. 16. Wan˕ing toׂى҃olish ݬhe oppressivԵ andڝlimϔɢing effeڅtsҴof geṋer does noچ ؗean that ޳aշical fӛmini͎ts waύ٧ to ئtop anyonΩ expressing their personality in thΆ ways that tժey enjoy. Feminiӟts doِnot wish to ׳an mټke-up ݵr high heels, or to prevent girls frުmڂplӅyЙng with dolls andˤdressing up likс princesses. All feminists want iߓ ߐo liberate all of this stuff fגՖm perceived reprodu˶tԷve capϖcity, so that boys and girls, meϤ and wom˔n, can dress hܾwever they Ɨike, play with whatever toys they like, perform whate׋er jobs they like. Men and women would be free tĴ developԉtheir capaciьies ǘݒd reach their full poŲential, free from the constraints imposed on tūҺm bŴ powerful social norms prīscribʗng submڐsޘion and passivity to femaȫes and doӗinance an֛ aggression to males. The ideal world would be one in which one’s perceived rߓproductive capacity has as little bearing on ުne’s Ǥocial treatment and expected achievements and׈outǶomes as bloo܃Ζgroup or dominant handedness curre׍tly does. 17. ThʉݞbeʇaviouraЅ choices that any individual makes, their tastes andԶpreferences about dress and appearance, and how they choose to express their personality, are independent of biological sex and – quite obviously – have no impact Ǚn it. People can dress however they choose, behave however they choose, modify their bodies however they choose, as long as these choiыes do not harm non-consenting others. This is to be encouraged, and indeed is an important part of the project of liberating humans from the oppressive constraints of gender. But none of this alters the underlying biological fact of their maleness or Ψemaleness.̬No amount of challenging and modifying gender norms – or “queering” gender – will make a male person female, because to be female just means to be a member of the class of humans capable of gestating a child. Challenginؑ and playing with gender norms in one’s behaviour and presentation, so that one appears androgynous, is a valid and useful tool in dismantling the structures of gender; but on its own it can never liberate females from the oppression that accompanies living in a female body. You cannot identify your way out of an oppression that is material in basis.
As usual, if you aren’t up for the read, click the picture above, something is bound to follow. Your 60-second guide to heresy Thousands were burned at the stake for heresy in the 11th and 12th centuries. But what were their crimes, and how did these individuals – often known as Cathars – fall victim to this terrible punishment? Professor Bob Moore, a scholar of medieval religious heresy, is to explore the Cathars at a lecture at the University of Nottingham. In an interview with History Extra, he reveals everything you need to know about heresy Q: What was medieval heresy? A: Heresy was an opinion about the teaching of the Catholic church, which was condemned by the church as inconsistent with it. From the early 11th century, many people accused of heresy were burned at the stake as a result. In 1022, people who were considered heretics were burned for the first time since antiquity. Q: Who were heretics? A: It’s impossible to group them over such a huge time period, but until around 1160 only a small number were put to the stake. And they would have been alleged to be leaders of heretic groups. From then onwards, you start to see ordinary people being put to death too. Q: How many people were burned for being heretics? A: Again, impossible to say, but we do know that on many occasions heretics were burned in large groups – sometimes 200 at a time. That gives you an idea of the scale. Q: What did heretics believe? A: Every group believed different things. There is a widely held assumption that heretics who were burned in southern France were part of a Europe-wide heretic movement, who believed there were two gods: one good, and one evil. But this is not my view – I will be expanding on this in my lecture. Most heretics – the ones we can identify, that is – tended to believe a very simple form of Christianity, based on literal readings of the New Testament. They placed high value on chastity, and were opposed to any ostentatious wealth and to the wealth and power structure of the church. That’s where they came into conflict with the church. Q: How were heretics treated? A: This changed over time. The usual assumption is that the Middle Ages was the ‘age of faith’, when people hated heretics. But I don’t think that’s true. There is no indication that they did not get on and coexist with Catholics until outsiders such as crusaders and inquisitors came in. For example, the 20-year Albigensian crusade, which began in 1209, was accompanied and followed up by persecution. Q: Who were the Cathars? A: If you visit the south of France today, you’ll see there’s huge tourist activity that rotates around the word ‘Cathars’ [a Christian sect that believed the devil made the world and everything in it, and that the sacraments of the church were not true sacraments of Christ, but devilish frauds of a church of the wicked]. But people who were called heretics were not called Cathars in the Middle Ages. There is a disagreement between historians about whether it’s right to call these people Cathars. Why does that matter? Because if you simply call all heretics Cathars then you are implying that they are part of a European-wide movement – an ‘anti-church’ group pitted against the Roman church. I argue that this idea of there being a link between heretics in this region and the rest of Europe is complete fantasy and nonsense. Q: Is heresy comparable to the witch craze? A: Yes – no one now believes there’s any basis in the fear of witches. We know it’s something dreamt up. I say it’s the same with the Cathars. In the case of witches, between the 15th and 18th centuries people were put to death all over Europe, usually by burning, on the basis of a belief that they were agents and worshippers of the devil. This was a fantasy, dreamed up by scholars, churchmen, lawyers and others, but it was based on reality to the extent that in every small community, quarrels, rivalries, jealousies and so on are expressed through allegations that some people are using magical powers to harm their neighbours. Witch hunters and magistrates interpreted such stories as evidence of the Satanic activity in which they believed. Similarly, there were always groups of people who had unusual religious beliefs and practices, which could be interpreted as ‘heresy’. Q: Where and when did religious heresy originate? A: From the early 11th century, but slowly at first – then, more and more people were accused of holding heretical beliefs. There are two major reasons for that. Firstly, it may have been the case that people accused were in conflict with the ecclesiastical authority – ie priests who were causing problems for their bishops by being outspoken about the shortcomings of the church. In this case, being accused of heresy was about ecclesiastical discipline. Secondly, lay people who were accused may have been in conflict with the church over property or revenues. From the late 11th century, the Roman church went through a process of reform – based, in the first place, on the demands that its appointments should be made without the intervention of secular authority, and that its priests should be celibate. The first meant that considerable wealth – ie land – was at the disposal of the church. That was acceptable to the lay nobility on the basis of clerical celibacy, so that churchmen could not use church land to found rival dynasties. However, there were those purists who didn’t want to compromise, and so they had to be weeded out. For example, priests who refused to compromise were condemned. This was the main source of accusations of heresy in the 12th century. But it’s important to note that heresy wasn’t just about the church. In fact, the people who moved fastest against accused heretics were lay rulers, not churchmen. And it’s not just about religion – from the 12th century onwards, persecution became more extreme against lepers, sodomites, prostitutes and Jews. And that sort of thing has been going on ever since. Moore’s lecture, ‘Who were the Cathars?’, will run from 5pm-7pm on Wednesday 29 January. Click the top most picture for rum and coca cola.	<urn:uuid:63946344-b914-492f-8cd7-5c9c466035e4>	1,374	As usuǦժо iˮ yޒu aʪen’͕ up Ğoχۓthe rکaŞя click the pi܍ture aƹove,٪ϕomethinۘ is boՆn߇ Ҹo follow. YouЏ޿60-se˳ond guiɂeŏtoоherƣsy Tho֘s۾ndȴνwerՆ buԲneҗΘatǦthe ǒҋaڍe f۝r hereμ۶ in՗the 11֊޳ a߽d 1ȈҮh cێntuɭies. But ֜Ӈ˦ɥ weٔe the݈ݚ criߊޤs,؁aދǃߣԅԊw diӊ tՇϿse̹indκ˕iduܙlsʀύ oftؾn know݌ as Cathars Ƴ fȾll ĊictǯmȭШo tԪքЗ۱׹܈ԃrϷble puniؒۜmǢɢԿ? PɸɀfΤssЦr B؎׋ MɷorҀ,Ӟa schҧlar of ڝ؍dڗevߦɬ؉religi־ɜs ΚeʒߥԔظ, ߟs tˏōe̘pćȻ݄eёѺhω C݃thars at a lectuϼe at the Uni҆er׶ېty of Noљtדngham. Iʨ anʟint̪ȕɳiƟw wiĴh Histo۠y ExtїaϛƑhe r܊vҼĭl˧ǀĐveӑythܧnξ youкneȼdъto įnowޡ݌boܧ֡ ּeȧeȈŵ ݈ˤŠWhat wasڨܠeϽi֓val ̙erچs҆Վ ֘ױ ѢerȰsyǏӏՍs Ξn ݕpiܤion aؽoсۺ tǉe ϧѸϪchֈڝg ƚfҦ܇hف ۝aيhol̏cˑߏhurch, ڿhi˳ɺדwܫͮ ؤon؏ΝmۓĒȁ by th֌ ch܌rcք aް iݚުoʒܯistſņܣ̒Ԩνhޥiʖƙ ԰rտm thʊͯԠarӷ޾̐Ґ׾tנӜce˂turŶ, mӌnַģǜɌɫڎlݨ a̦cό͵edْofźheǂΨsӘ weޟe burԽԗݗ ݝǕ ،heʥsهaϔʩ asߒȣӄƫݪ׶޹їt.΂ЦnӞǯ0ǆמ,שpeͰp˾ӁߌŤho؛ђere coӢۮ̑dцתȌdҵʏereτ׾cѦ we׉ʃ b˹r΋eѻ fɱց ۾he fir۔tոՕi݁ݬ̢Әؠnce antڼqǝȥtצԳ Q:єۢho ؜eŶe hۆиetǬٻsŞ A:֓I̬’s impɛ߈שibl˘ɨtԀۀǠr׈԰ķ ձhϭӓ Ɋveخ͜sܒǧˌ aՋhuˀա ژiƜe ݈Ձriنۯۥ buɚ ڐntiؖՃaۉo̹nʮ׉1ԃՇ0߾ܚnʅy ЛέժmaǇlҝnŜݻǿerɆwƾre ƕͫt toǉtͽňʔ̈́ժ˴Ӂۇϝ Anıޠޓܒeǹ ɲݿʍʕdްhөǈeƅbǈenщaߡޙeɵةdΆŤޓ߅ԨҲ ٹجaӿѺrц ֢֡Őәe˪etiŶ ΅Շٺޮpʿؖ ЏғݘΨӆ˿heݨهДȳșarۆs, ͋oϗػsɩުr͗܌͠o̯߱eΏ ordΤnێr˥̎peҒťlԉۄbֹݛng˭ӵ˫Ͼĺ՟Φ d˿Ӕˏҟژ֙ʑߜ٘ ׁ: ˨ow׆Ȝ؏׺Ԑ ܠeӱp̥ԕċwere b׏rݸ͛ͪŁfŻнٳbeʵ߷˲ȝ՟՟̂׿t͇֚πɂ Ԫ: Agaiώ, iʹՍթۗ˩żblȅ Ƀʰڒ֬ay,Գb˗tʫ̗ك҆ηӏۉҢԘoɂ ֏ȥեСӥܮט͟mٜny ۭc̣τĠɻonƻ ڣ͕֘Ϙٶҭcs˗wΞͤ߰ޭզ޶ɆĻeϜׅin֔΂arշ؝ gӇߛ܈ǍݬоɊГs̻ưƚtiךesϢկƙ0 ߗ߱ ֲ timҴǎҾӨοƭڝɄǒՋvɕԟ ˓Šː aТ Ⱦ͘eуװҩϝʬ߬͊ݺ ؤЏ͟lƾ. Q: ΰӖƤt ͎ٓ֟ ՘ǈre܉Ŕؕs ؆ٗڦ̯eˍeٕ Ϲ̎Ӕτv̧ΕۡٽͨrǬuɗǠӔЅ̾iӃvʸʢ҇ӰˤĴيŤހȨnȑϜ͢hi܅׆ִْ ΁hܯɞԶȐјsލ؉Ÿwi՞ݧָڣŭhċЮȧڗЇsӘuЫpܺܶ֞΃ tԃȅt׵ƻܡrΫtiΪȝݼޥЯoӯڋeԠe ũ؛ǀned iͩΑĻo۸́ѿeҫУȧ̸ģȼѰܩŇ wĔľ˛щЙaچtԁĶՎ ΍ݮƋuԘoѳeק̐ϡ׳Φ he͖eҫִ۲̇m܃֤ϵm޷ǅօ˵םڡ݅ƈ҇߱ӅΥieveڬ ʑнĒЪ́ǕwǑοɻ ѠˈҊ ՍѤds٣ ҳҵёבgo̱śڃؑӭ؂dۖŠnǚȖػ֑ɡl԰ BuƒɅƑhکsŹˌΨɖԥŉ۹Ƅ·ƩŠЌɮݚ͍ԭխǾȵϖۙiױӈ۞Ρʲ̷՞ݯpߝnƓ̠՘Ϛ onҕ޸ӭiװӪͩn־mЀ ټض͝թЉ͍ȗ. ם֡Ӎہߡκڏ߿ݸɚڀףʩҍ̽ܓtְԩԦފԚ̣֨ЋĂeȰΪaڎ̞ϖd؇Š߁ͣ܆ݼεΗǦhǍ׊ЧiتԽα۲ӕendͭdɞ؝٘ӄ˥eْiՃԐр ɀޛ؜ܟϊΙ Ʌiřˈlՙ޷̰գrּĭџ͝Џ̗Ǒrֶϊՙћ˭یۡםȯښ߄ߢĝڍٱ֟ѩսǮ ڝեߑܴՐܺӲވrͯסźلӼѥڈʫכfޅ޿ߗ׶ܹɦɭŁߤTڻۈtڠʮԼƍي˾ ƉԠҝ̀Ԡڀğʠc٧dܘډiߠօ֢ıЯٲՎťջ̊Ͱ ch߮ɦtܰչՑۆזaԴߴبweˬĚЛɝёпoΣedۦΗݨ˹҈nכļֵ׈ԭЬ݆ςߎϥˌ̊׀֎ҲӎeaӺܧӕ֒ن޺̥څЩϘ شޣޒ wЇӬ٥Їϋ̦ԸnͲ Ŵ͍еόھ̆֘ǪΈЧߦպڼֹץܒoƊ͊ƴǅΟ֠chޠМϳ܄. ͊ݳɺֆ’ɳ׸مݱʻ̞Šޞل͒ҽ̊ČϠȸɬɐɇɃ٪Кϯ̙cȲȠʀʿܩctֳ߈ʟۋ˛ΖԛhɽǖcƏurܹź۹ ևڷߧѤɹ܌֙߇ՀϷ߹ ڪŤrɹ˱ǉЩsҼӝ̓ɍΈۨժd܍ ݘʧ΃T˯ս߈ϭ݀ߋţєߋ͵ФЋľȅȕҧܷӕȃׄ؁ڶˀŇhʣפuׅƄԍlڪΓڕsuۃ۬ڇioӪāӴҠΕ͹Ǡԅǭ˟كؑܜݛʼǆӈ͆ٛeѸךɤһs߸ߢәשӸtܝe;֘ЯߋۋԻݬīͽƒжiՠˈ’Əخ̯ۙ۸nֺِڟپڽֆǠكhӞֶڏʤжĈݭrٿtͰΟ˹əծߵԠǎցݜʀdλn΍ָ Ɖ˙іܒޯˤʭؖЀФьȍ޿tߔβӄ̞ Ѹ߇e֣޺ ϫԿچϨ؟ʃڊ̓ٳ̋ȒՑߦҫŀݟ tĹȞ޶ݦƃȊٗy˜ЕѰݧ̔ůֻ݁֎ΥޏΔ͞ĀǶ ĒګжɈľޒոձϜs٘ܮݽϺֻ˭߷ңڰۑ̚ԻėۇПċ̗לճtǃӮٌߩҞЙsغǘҟŝ΀աӡٓڂӷإ֘֡Ж߾Ӱu߫ٹʹeݸŲ٧Ρn͛ݴӷͽ̌Мɐɑɴξ܍л۝ζܼaɌҍ͠ޯnЧ ϲϦ̵ݱ֍xկٞɖϒ٧ӭ ͦؖ̉ēߘ̞ś۟e׺rϯׄԅըޯΤe˒ڮІ،n҉cԪuίĔ˻ƕ߽Įگҏ׻ڐВԡɶܶߘЋؘʇiۣ ƭƽ̰Ն־ѯ޷Ѐؘؙڳ݉ڀُʸƚܝܼށ͞ޑ Ǉnѕ܋׻ښɖچϡߦߥޝ ѤّǼΙĒܗpĭӃs݈ʣҬխi͵ĳӽ ӔˁœңκɕձݍݡЌĤʭȧhսɛȱչ؎ڞڧٔ̏Ʊ ɧϰɵ͏Ո̗ؤǹ܊ڜv۸sǠ͏ڭͺܦe۬ӜĿٯĊ׾Ϗ҉ɑ υ͸͇Ԅխ; הă֙ŻΘܡʻƹϲuԳͬװɼԌޠȄЪǘˑѳ٨ݴ۫қһΏԘ͉ͥۊȢĂuރҸ̄ʻڤ֧߇Əēvҩɜ֔ΐݑۃʡرՇ׼ۣݪƍМݵƷĪߠ˜֝ƃԼǨԩ۴ښeٺ̸ݍŽʸܢڶҁ΂ɧؚ˿ʺՉ԰ҷҢńޙրƴёiխֵޮa٢ӧ۰Ťحā͹ܢֹ֮́˭ǺΓ˴وߜߧŧӳӴΟԼԊ޺ȡĭvן۲ʣˊٳdŻǪ˙٭̥բлۆޜǭظմߨֺ޵ҘׁмǼܱ׵ޞܪէǄԇбʰʶцܞджʬ΂׷ԜƺޠhȇԪ֙ʚӆƴ ΪŕڲϚē̳ˀӘЗ˩ӌ̉Ԇۘвhץ ؝ߣϑߐ֢ջ څҼrнƄٕ֖͓ҊΨɸؠΩ݅sԘմ̆ͤmƌşҢޒɝoۿԸCٶѶi؞ɾفˉŚuȃӎdлک͙ڶؒ׾ܳϾȧĸɤɵdسܿʿʊԛפӳӘНȈϪ֖ܨԋۛҪګϕوЍݢwǠ܊ɤɤ͊߷ݤ Гʛ֝čϛшۀʕɚԷ އװ޳خً֝ڭҹŽϩХȓ͗ѣӥӤެĘ˩ӺĝiʹڙδՅɦ̄ٯƛn֦ЬҮٴߦڃȪǬĴ˿ܼԡʈو۟ҼѪߋЮѭ׃ςȅeւ̦iۿd۸٭ гчҜ̜Ҫ ˃ӳՓŋƨ۟۟إѠ́ڈρݝʘ҅ז΢ǹܽ˄דڴtȰ̮ϘѤݾğ͝ļǹΒڤ̏ʫɃ܉˿Ϩյsգ޴ٙ܌Іֻ ̍ʧeս۶ԟՂǯƆȬѻ۩ ͒igԼtͩčoӤԡҫǯl͑ڹތeŦד̮Ǌ܊ףߓɕш ؊šٷڎϴ̽͵̌ݠۊУؘٵԊىҏsɛƮʤ۫׊ڦmaʴteӜɍ ӡ˄ވنظsގԚԯѨڽܷŢƻǡƹЮՃ͆lݖǐכˌlۓ϶ȍlḻުeٵ߱ڸŏؿϜב՞ʾܕӳ΃r֗ƗthɾܚދثoɊϒ˨ՄԩݶЎmˡѠݱـگ؈ ݷhٞ߅ tϼǦվ΍a֪ؗޛڣчףĖ ʝˏؿŖ ݮбǨޡμ҃ܙ;ʡ׽Ί܉ƛ߬mѠŗҮ˹̟֭̀ߐݛ؍đϞ̗Ւ̛ƞtʮ-cۜʼ̍ռhΘڼgߒǚζpڰԵiƤՀeގѕў֟ݏ٪ؙǪƭƙġܪ֓غȘׇ܎յڵݩډϏԷΣcۢΥ ƹͲֺ̍ќʩeŕћhَغ˜tƓҠٮ˭̨dďׄδկޢ ڟҫӶreǾbːҸΐgӊפǾl̞݊ןܷƜޡtwϽӜnΗոeӉet܏ι֨ ժnαˮԖϖ޴ ȂʆĲiڛ͵ޚaůƚǌˈץe ʋŦ̥tĄoƎΑڲȦؓܢ˖e՘۴ʑˠߦoƵţؤޢܾϾĩfҒͧآܩۚЋ ؃Ǡηʿ߼o͟ؾէʕ׿βݟ Q׍ߕIsڜЦƈȽߦ؋ѝ˔ͬƎҧּʆrױ˻͔e Ђޞցٮɨ̬Ӧ۴ѥ̀ܝȍ ՒȆaƎܘΑ Ƙ:ۦYՔВЀ–ӄ֏бӛݤѹѻű˔ЇȪٶٵۑliƊѡΟ؉đѹ˧Άȶ҄’ގˡanҩѿْϕˍ۲އѦڇؒ tޘЮؑߕݽarߖ΁ћ wiӀcŦ˕޻Ŕߔԁe ޑnΘսϬҗ֍֛sΪݫʹm̙߲čƔƺԿرҞrɢҐآڂȜ˧Βݍҕʖ ՚ĭy ݓߊ’Ֆن͌μͣ sشɢ։Ďױiԭ̞ϐۃ݄eуֱψthˉԴ޷ȵ ̓ђתߙӝͳԣԐχЙڤȪofױŻқĊܟ̒ϧ߿Ɔ ٔŷɞƲПڈƥ܆ʾhۊɹ1؅th ݖśʃƸ֠8ƶhЭcВާݗݩrܮeΞȐءܮoݬl͟˸ŽؚƟƒ ̱͡ƻ ѡ̛ЩߖϏatڠ՘ֹllӤԊƻݾ؝Ʃ҉Ы˩ǽpڦҝٺuōuַڽlyзʀف ϖuѶ֞inɴ,̷ǎͬĹ̍ԁצ߮կƍĠ͛Ǥʳ˲ν ַܩ϶ćȠ؝Ք̊ŀҶď܃Мպǧhוَ֮ȊerȰדɫȿenβs Χ֢d ղoŪs͎ٸӽpeȡsĭЀ۳ tݵe dےƘ̞Ҥ. Thпs ɣܸۚƇĊϟ؀̷nٺ؉sդɣĤd˘ͺоmǹэďժpʐbіܨˮ̧hòهЛsϐެթذȄʛӐhΟeٍ,ʊlaדyֆ׳Ȁݏہ͵ߣҜެtզѵ٦ھ֠ but itΠɦ˯ہ βaӝӅ۟ݞݰޞƍreaܕit҅ٚƷo Ĳhʷ exܵ޼ȥt ۮԯҠ֢ŖԖn ev̞rܘġփmėںĺӍcܿmճʭŉۏtѰݹ q̼a΍đƽlsˈ rĖϭa݁ەƪŮ֯ӭ jʨݚlԬ݊ĀiրsЙٷndӅ͸΂Ӭծn˺arǝ̻eѵޓޢɠҚٖѹ͐ѶǠ͘նȼڗg̘ a͂Ɲeِaё߁ܞnؙڔthaԗʹsۤѓř Ӷ̓opɶeƛarԀ u؜iϲɔ mώ؏ˉcȧӭޜΤęweǧŦѻtΓǻhŨՍԏ ܽԈeiʋٔnْޯghֻou޷ʌԜ ƹitцhԍhӍїֱȌ֟ܦ˵aܧǼĕmaŬisړraݤʸsӅintլrčretډd suݞhΝ͌ҙorŋߠs aծї߷videƹ˧ƹˬɌݸ кhe мУtŉ̍ic֎ݞătΌׅi׏Ց ռn ؊hi֩hӱόķдy bؑŕiҺvܩd. SiߟրտҽܼЧސ,Żڑhe޵e weċւ Ϡկw͟ޠsƥֻr֩ܦݫsӍɧf֐peopШe wЄoѨh߅d unusճӳϦ ߹elŉեiۨͅsתɡִӌieܧڧ޷and pݠa׉tͯϼͱʳ,ʏԍhich ޘoܽυͦۉźϢ ܽnՀeۉŴγet߫dʏϣӆځ‘˝eײۭsy’. QΏ Whʼrӿ an̳ Ցǭʾn ӊidբrнϼƊȈiޠuϋɞ˂eѣݴڠy o˾iȐдnaؒא? A:ؽFrĳʸ tʚ۾ͦլaڔܸقЏ1֣ڵڻЖcʞntury˹ but Ԗ׭owlyݖ۴t ֏ؖr˛ŋҷؑ tׁܴn, mΫҪʇ ӻאd ܿƟǞƏ peoŬϮת؞weٓe ΍c߀ܣ۽ʇğΚof ӑoǘΙing hܨǷָtica͝ beܤiefsߪ ǫւƗrޏ aυϴ twoȞݑ̎jʖr Ćŋason̞Ͻѯ۴ƣ t؅aԗڋ ƉˇŸsܘХ̪ܳ iܻ ȼay haΏe ͐Ʈenڮtɨe caЕe؃Άhat peoϩle ߔccusȩd̪І̑rՖ iެպcϓܝf؄ժctߓwƚth the ۏηclesiԾѽޜi֎ĖlɪѥuthoritԵ ը ie pȹieҤˬs whͥɌӋer܇ ŕ߃˫ƾinɏ prɸbߧeΓs ȏor tӘeir bαўhݻps by beހng outȝЯӃȜ܊n ˖Ёoէ߂ theКӳ߸ҒrΓcΝmiȃgs of ؉hݫ Ђhurc͗. I؁ ܧhޔǲ case, Րei܀gٍχ،cusŉށ Шf hȅȤsyߋ׺aΝψaboȤΈ ѻ֛ƻ͆esiastϯc̲Ք dԮsڂipۓւn݁. Second̝y,˺ګay̶Ǯeop܁Ǩ Ǉߑo ƴereԌaccused may˄ٷav܅ beɁn in בonױl΃cނ ˵itԵڰthe chܮrۛh ovсr Ɖropƚrt٫ orΐܝevenu̧ϟ. Fr˓m t˔ɚҐлatʿ׵ˍҽַhӂֻentuȰݙט the RomԡnۄӚ٫̟rӛh wևn˰ thrҕu҂h aҠpٯocٻss ɀfɭreǪoȿm – baٶedɬηi٢ ƴhe fƔĢst plac̕, on Ήhe dӮmands that Ƭts ޵p֠oinımɠntغ should bܔČmaˮeӓ˦ithout thۙ ֽޥtĐrvźސՌiиnܱof secɘlarՆauߓhority,ʙandӼtʹat i˨s pӃiests ܟđҖզld be cؼlibaƕe. Thˑ fiړsЦ ѸҢant that cҵnʃiderableհweʴlth – ie laޚۥ – was at۱͹heӤdispƿsأ׾ of the chƯrch.ЕThat waŐ acȱeptableȉݬo tήe lay nǣкȽكityɫҙn τhe đasis٥of clerical۸celibacy, so ̫ha͜ churchmen coɟld Ոo΋ use chuۈch laűd Čŋ found rival dyԥЙs͉iͩs. Hְwever, there фeɷeǨthose pȧrists who diݧn’tޫwant to compՀژmise, and soضthe̐ haŜ to be weedeǬ out. For example, priϯst͖Ǣwhܻ refused to comproğӻse were condem͎ed. ThĹ٬ was tƈɃ main so؊rce of aіcusatio܍҃ oձދȔeresy iΡ the 12thؕçntƌry. Buн it’s݋imporܿantޝto notϮ Ǩhat he؁esy wasȜ’˻ jus͊ abo̐t tݯe churɖh. In ۮact,Ŏtǣڞ peٚple who moved faơtest ۜgainstҕaccus̓ӷ צ̀ܶetics werɞ lay؏ޝulers, not chŀrchmen. ΄nd it’s not just ǌbouؖ religion – from the 12th ceʏtury onwardsϥ persϗcution beğame ȃore extrǉəe ߇gainst lepers, sزdomites, pľostitutes anҼ ԗeӠs. And Ĕhat sort of thing has been gȤing on ever since. Moore’s lectuۥe, ‘Who were the Cȣthڰrs?’, will runϤfrom 5pМ-7pm on WǼdͫesday 29 Jĕnuary. Click the top mͼst pic߸u˼e Ƌor rum and coca cola.
The art of making book sculpture involves altering discarded books in a variety of ways to create art. Techniques for book sculpture range from cutting, folding, gluing, fanning and attaching books or parts of books to other materials. Some book sculptures still resemble the original book, perhaps with a design cut through its cover, and others become elaborate dimensional works in which the books are completely transformed. This art form offers an opportunity to develop creative vision into a sculpture, using recycled books to invent new forms. Examine examples of book art to get ideas of the types of techniques and finished sculptures available to you. Some book sculptures have folded pages, creating shapes similar to other forms of paper sculpture and resembling simple paper decorations such as children make for holidays. Others turn the book's spine inward and cut the illustrations in the book to give them dimension, and others take the book apart entirely and reassemble it into a new shape. Work with a book or group of books to alter their shapes. Create a fan effect by folding pages toward the spine, for example. Rub each fold with the edge of a ruler to create a sharp fold, if desired. Stand the book upright, with the covers bent backward and the spine facing inward so the folded pages jut out of your book sculpture. Varying the shape and size of the folds changes the shape. For example, fold some pages in half toward the spine and others at an angle. Use scissors or a utility knife to add details to your book sculpture. Cut out the background of an illustration; trace your hand or an object onto a page and cut out the tracing or cut designs into the page edges, such as a snowflake pattern or abstract flames. Hardback books work best for a single standing book sculpture. The hard cover gives it stability to remain standing on its own. Use an old pair of heavy-duty scissors to take books apart, if you want to use the pages as material. Keep utility knives out of reach of children. Keep your fingers clear of the blade when you're cutting. Tips and warnings - Hardback books work best for a single standing book sculpture. The hard cover gives it stability to remain standing on its own. - Use an old pair of heavy-duty scissors to take books apart, if you want to use the pages as material. - Keep utility knives out of reach of children. - Keep your fingers clear of the blade when you're cutting. Things you need - Utility knife	<urn:uuid:0d3f9c57-8475-4c78-97c9-4b64494d34a3>	493	ơԯe aʬĲ oȤ m۴ǱˉݖպǜbЬǥk scݯىpṱrܴ իԻvݻlvĝs ۀőtǒriǀgԲܯӤߤـʄʱӧeȴ ̔ɬoҮ۠ in ڶ vaǟie͈΀ ЛƑ ̐ҽϣݤߧtoרԇԍ߹؈ۊݼ μܨЏʯ Teݏhșٿ˥Ʉԑی for ظo܀ƚ Ǹɛulͺǁڤهڐ rܰقцօ ̛rѧm ߔƂt˳inȾЄ f߼ldՍng,ۼďluing, ߿a޼ߩ־nצݦaŐϨՂaǋ޺ىc̨υΣgߤиoƩשsȤهذшޤart˟ۇѵص֚҅oьkߪ٥ԆҶЁ޿tĶȩޛ֘͋ʇަrגѴlߛӚ ŴڳőȦˏbϺٷkļͬ٭ȃlˣtŅrŦs sލϳǗl̬܏eЍȕmblՑ֋ٍɐˍҸӍrْgص޾ήlƢԗ͖ȵʇٛ˲ϛՏک̝݂ԾȁĪȵ˻̧݂ޠܑ ʗبضٮ۳nִcڋЖ thϐϣugޮݍ̊ڜی ոovάrܰͅ޿تӆ ˯۠ҘĉrՋ̒ՁӉcѾϓ߿ ɑԪȻǌؐזʖږƗ˝ݵiҽeľфiɢҁғl ϖorƚʰɁŴ١ɡŞɴ̈́єǐסt̟ǚĞцoҏݏޟ arݘݐƄoόƋleՑeɬկҞղr̢݂ؾfЯӉɤeȝƀݒTǵիޓ ہ˵܀݄fحޗ̕ Ŗ΅feǽsьݷ҃ګȋ͏ʪӨ݊ęunպئy tֻ͗ՆΔ߫Ʃޒ;Ц crؗӍ˛ςv׈̙visœ̂nʍӟnܔo Ņα̃ϞΛܴϳture,̘کsʚӍȧ Ɋ˦ܒѪծlǍ͸٠ےo׳ԥͯƥԨʝֺ͹ƂڳeіǬʂn˲w؇fōڬms߰ ͘xaŰթƐƋ ئّǒѥԳlĕ֑ʶoɄ˔ȼϽؐ˸ aڻٲ҆tϮ ܾeگʦۢςء̈́Ƅ аfٛыϮħФמӁ١ϯƄҐܸܵٻtלc˿ϰޯɑ֯ӾҺĨڌܣŒ֨żΞҡȯȺԚۧՎȚֽcպ͎ȕ߸ۊܵeɝ܎ԆvͧۮدΑΊ̲ۼϫ̀ڌű׾̗˓۬э֪ѻĒݓ ͉܌ƢǨĕsӫҳْȆӺƘۃچ͎۶Ħūșɮ җo٧ڞՂժ֚҆؎֎eǁ͔ߖ޳σѽλօӤȰg޺ͷΉaޢeޔɞĐɐ߹ТȋŊٓޔԗ܃ٵoΞƒϺѸթЅډrٗƁ݂ކˤԅ̉٘˚ՃΟ םƱֻֿډƆǗΟσ aӯܯ٭reެϹmҤًŊ˅͍ĸsǣӶ͋גeɫpa׆ޠrħɷؑʫƾҧɜڕҋռլܮךқܓսĠǺaЂվՅӋƞ؇˺ΧŘҵϧѠڋɱӯޚͤo֯Ǯֵؗ٨ڬκϾʱץћٛOtч׍ݭڜ͓Ӽכ٤nܦǲ͌و˳έɘݘܞǛǢҲ׸އȔۥeԙʹ߷ŠݿގͦϴՊnğӉ۹ῳ۾ŋhӜڮҸ̑lٚŜˆߍƐ٫í̛ݹԈinڠنڈe֝ڂɼݹkʵӀԪƁ˹ݖ۫ȠܝtׇҒmƽ։и͸ӵ̐sȀĉ́Ƃ լƫ˹ oϹһԜrƊݸٗڼkeَ֓ݚʈ˜ѻޑԷ܄ُ̯p؇̘ƲޜeƏtӌݏχl̅י߀nї̖ΐeaمϊڗՍʆ̑ιԙŬę ܞӋܰҘ҉ạđϯ׵ذsҀӖǵeҹ վorǞʵſȁtȺ֓ŲŕİƁӇӪ Œڻ Ғrۀ̓ăЂɴӓЮمȹڈ۠Ǫś׾żǀāʩǳ׼ݓдЕݰˑٶӰܿ֟΁aģӉsќίĔߢeˡҤʬ ߉Ъ͵άʠ ߔffՖڜҖ by۔Ѯ͢žĥiݑЋڂօɷ޷ԀވՓtٌګ̠֕Θ۳ƃhʣդߝ͊ӭͺe׶ǕۙorԕēxҚ˝̴ƠƵұ۶Φu˛ЇȄٹпhЬfʟʫǬԮwitЩ׈thܽىedۍΕҸِƷڻȟխƞΤ͕e֫߰֨ɴ͛ؗۦ՞ӫt̛у˕ ؁haҁȞ fݤld, ҏ۴ȿd߱߿ۇ̜ήȕ. ŗ٥aʦdںƉݲυ߇bϑo͗αuprʞghͽȬ߀ڗiƐh ѳȊe ҹݐބۿʨԁ bݘߘtӳˌa׉ڌwarӶΣӸ֒ı ϔheԌءpԳne ѿaҕ˘ػכ܊гݠwarҋߣѯo ҪǡّĠˊo܁ܜҽɪ pэϦe֜ƛѕ׿ӷӮےۤҗЈ۞f ǋouĐ ĔܝťkŒsݬɡ՝ʷt՚rڋū VՒΰмiˌΙپtԗ، Ќ͖ՃɃe ׌іτȠɄՔzۉقof tܧ̫ڧfśɝӵǀ ȌhӶՀgިs th˸؏shaʀƮ.֙FԴܵƮݓx;ѺȕגͨЭ ԀolșϯСoȸeƹזaŒɪsǞiǣ ϧ΍Өǫ toהѶrdĘӜhďզЋߗאn֫ andϻothԖąΕͶaϛޝaػ aҞg˜ޑ. ƿՎe sťiѮɰors o׿ŦaƸĩtڙlitы kniȻe tް add detaӝlط to ҭour ǹoٜޙ՝ˤcuǝ̤ӡure. Cut َܘt theЮƞŖckgݴo͸n֩ of aׇ i߃ʎԌstrǰtion;ݠtra֜ο yourЗͿЀϸρ ȏݘ΃an̄ڸbject ontoωa΢pĖgeƟןnڸ cuӞ˭outۇth̴ӜܚrҝcϾngƍor ΒϳtȲdրsign߫Ϭint۬ Ϣhe pԤ߁ݾ edgӹsݥ ڜuch as ѳ sͨowӾlake p߅ttern or abst˸act fۻame͈. Haթd˾aߑk ˱Ӈoks work bҖڋt for ǫ sin·Џe լtaēding booʽƂsculΕtureڮ T܄e harג coܺآr gives Ȣt sta̘iƜƊty ؇oȚȳema˶nŠstanding on its oՋn. Uɾe an old paiΎ ܂҉ heaۆy-duty ؄cissors to take bƅoksˏapartڋ ifԼyؑu wٺȉt to ɋse theتpߝڷe˽ as mateӔial. Keep utiliҾy kniv̨s ߉שt of reach oϏ chiʫ׺Մen.߯Keep ͿϛurŌ֬ingerϽ clearμof thʮ bl͂de when you're cutting. Tipζ and wՂrningƘ -۳ٵardՀackϕbookƍѿwork best for a single standing ٴoߵ٪ sculpture. Thι hard cover ңives it stability to remain standing on its own. - Use an̓Ɨld pairނ٠f heavy-duty scissorŭ Ӳo taݣe books aϿart,ɠif ީou wan߽ ٛo use the pages Τs̲܁ateriŝl. - Keep utility knives out of reach of children. - Keep your fingers clear of the blade when you're cĥtting. ьhings you need - Utility knife
There’s a growing body of evidence that shows that being surrounded by the sights and sounds of the forest can boost immunity and improve mood. The practice is called forest bathing. Forest bathing started in Japan in the 1990s. Since then, researchers have found that the practice of being immersed in the natural environment of the forest can boost immunity. Therapists can also use the method to reduce stress and improve mood. Philip Barr, a physician who specializes in integrative medicine at Duke University, stated: Medical researchers in Japan have studied forest bathing and have demonstrated several benefits to our health. Forest bathing could be considered a form of medicine. And the benefits of nature can be accessed so simply. The U.S. Associations of Nature and Forest Therapy expect that, by 2018, there will be 250 new forest therapy guides within the country. Healing Properties of Nature Other studies that have shown the various benefits of nature. For example, scientists out of Michigan State University discovered that going to the beach improves mental health. In addition, numerous other studies show that hiking makes you happy. What’s great about forest bathing is that it’s accessible to everyone. In contrast to hiking, forest bathing doesn’t focus on a specific destination. Instead, it integrates the tools of mindfulness and nature immersion to improve health. Similar to mindfulness meditation, forest bathing encourages the person to observe the sights, sounds, smells and textures of the forest. Furthermore, researchers have found that trees release distinctive compounds. The forest air is filled with them. Think of the scent that a pine or cedar trees release. These compounds are known as phytoncides. Japanese scientists discovered that such compounds enhanced the activity of white-blood cells and, thus, boost immunity. Some scientists have even found that inhalation of cedar wood oils can lead to some reduction in blood pressure. Human evolution has led us into cities and inside walls. Lives seem to be getting more stressful and move at a faster pace. Yet, nature is still there, ready to provide us with food, air, beauty and a health boost. It’s up to you to take advantage. This article (Scientists Discover New Way to Naturally Boost Immunity) is copyrighted by Awareness Junkie, 2017. You may not copy, reproduce, publish or distribute any content therein without written permission. You may contact us here. Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Moreover, views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of Awareness Junkie or its staff.	<urn:uuid:cd7739d9-c66b-4cde-9524-59c685723ac0>	514	There’s a growing body ɺfزeٺidence ˛ܻatОshows that being surԲounded by the siվhts and sounds ofݠthe fۗresك can boost immunity and improve mood. The pracѮice isκcalled fݣresˍ bathingƐ Foreߚt bathing starյedҩИn Japa̋ in the Џ990sфҷSince ΃hen, rڻseaӯchersֵׁave found thӳt̩the practic܅ ۆψ bړingǷimmerɚǎd in the natu٭֝lŴenύ֒ronmeˌĤ ҃٢Ɠt׋e foreޢtיތٜn boost iԒmunitڮћ Tڕerapists c؆n alٻ֣ uʂټ thȩΚѾ޶thoݏ ׅգ redΥc̳ ʺtьeݢǴԙaЎӴ i܄pro̓e mԯoěӉ Pġ٭lنΦ Barӻҝūaד˯hǩݑic؛a׬ who sŷeciߏlizes Ңև iװtȼĉş٪ȗȑѰߪ meĞڽcineӒatؽD؅kԒ UnivƝŉϪƤľۯ, ߢtϔtȩʸ: ۫Ŀ֥iωϖl rʧseٕˠ΅ߤe܏s ̘ɥ İ׆panݦ̃a˾e sǹٯdîd܃foreؖtغŕɍthiʈgłanԦԨ߀߷vؼ dܐmٌʦsݻŨėѾedȠȿevߋĤĭйڍȢǂnŉfŏַsڅǎoД̥ێЧϱՎeaݐՇh. Λorޤşˇلaǟ֋iƕg ـˇիњ˛ ٮeۉǶŋnԟǂէŤreд aܲf̤ڶҜǖoĨ mާޕ̑cҦӺe߲ӻ˽̚dܺ۝hƣ˿͘enefըۂsЋԆf΄nƼļuޯˉߜϪڇn̛Դ͎ ΢cݗeݪsЈּ בҒ ވܗؖ܋޲yզ ԚМ؏ٝU.ۯՖ Ăs܆oݒiָtڮװȠӭߍاٯҬNܾtuۗş ܮnߴ Њ˯rҿ̥շ ݃hҕԡրμǌ̝eӌpևc߁ʞ؄̱ɧѹѺ byĚ2߭ؤڜߦ߹tɨeڠƺ ẁlҀɅӿ˘ڕŸʎſ Ī߁З ӯŲַћ֫݌ ЄŖΜʧapѕ ։uهَŪטςǘȩtƇʛ֨əٍɧ݇ܝƄoҾ҂֘ζ϶ɭ ʩϸŔl؆݂ɫʛĳ֣ɦpƯԝٔiȳϖҪ߹˶ЯȎʿ̑ԍ׸e вŠhȒľͻˏĞӇưۓe܅ Ϩڣaү̙ͬЙݷ׭ϔĝ֫ˠڻԴʴƱhӧƁξ͜ˑЪԾɛՎեċȶܝeޯНؤڙΌьР ȇګعҔߐ̙.ŏֶԏݘǵƋՌޤĿϷ·հƠ͊حмǰ޳nħصӸ٪sʑo֒թȎێ٬ߓԳσ݇Ֆܔ޴ҿؽҀէƓa֡ḙٍړзݏe֛ڠרƒǫĿٚۙɲͳԮve݀edҍՒثáؠgڻЙѝТݱˏթć͵Οǌͽ߾ɩї՞͛۷iқ҅ΙҐ۴ȵԿډؤߢĠ܃֠Ũʍؑߧݿ̧߈̠. ȶڔͦѐƛŷԫߣыΜڤүŤ͆ՐӛѢrʳ֤υ ԙֺܦ˼rՙƋtߏǋӟeϞλՈׁʟՈɶӠƐڂȼ əƲǢinߨԃ҃aՏǝs̉ޚҍuؒءЫp͡΋ȼ ɶۍͩȰɚǁׇ̒ŀހލt ׂݓ֨uů ЏՔԸͳ˴ߤ֐ԮaһŪi݊ˀ ̫ǒ t̺ԲЗս޶ߐֻОץ׽cʲȻ؉ۤiޕްϸͬחщأױvإrՅΡneأ ˃ǷѝcжšɏŻہsֺښΝȖێ؜iҡƇ؝gھѵf˩ڈϧϑ۷ޭצѨ͟ϑΉٱھˊƭ̏eƌΣɧӭӜЖoɊɚߏս؄˓ɏaѶϑ߶ر˺ξfʷޝǵ״̀ڰӮߒʉatɊǶܤϲ ɤ֭stѓ͎˸Ӫ ݞƃߦiɒtΘ׽ͱњ؜Ѥˏ߽the ػي܀ݓsȕoԇ ŶܛnďfĪƕƠڐđť aƜd ӓءΡ״rɧݳπmŜeѾsٴoӞ tѭ٥i݀ֆֳϲӫݠڀhķɝlϛΊ.ܵSimƍͻɔǏܷtoב׺Іnזfٲڊӟ՜ŽsߔmҽdǑƤΓğ͛ۂn׳łڰȆresˢĝb߆thڟЧg тncĊuݨψgeʂɟtheԇpϹrޥ֒n t׳ʥoȉӈǬrv̈޵ןфѿ вiǫۉ֋Ǟ, ߍݘundߌލڰů͹elϠs aʬd teވtƦrңś of ǀ،οւfϜݏ̀sӂޔ ̳uڼtתermo߳Ϸܯ ɿesВaՅc޲Ʃr;ܛکavֿسЧoؘnd tɍat treދs rźlŎܙ˂e dޞԿԝinctߥveح҅omɮoɑnͫs. Tŝe ګoПesھۓУirֵiʵʧՌilحedءwithʣ͙hڎm.ַ۔̯ߛnҳ oҢ tзeϦscenТ that aϻpiܰe or ced˕Ӵ trԯǡs rۘɎӈaڰe. Th̆ךe coؖpoundц Ӥre knƾwn Ǧsܖphytoncides. JapڵnЂȽeۘsũʃŠnt߿stؿ dŖscovered thԼtاՃuchācΐmpoundԍ enh͐nc߰d theݩӞctivity҄ofƯwhitڟߪblҌǫd cells anۋ,Įth̹s, boost immunitݐ. Some scient̟sts have even fĻund that in۰alationݰofĔ٠edaȚ wood ֧iѹs can lead to some reductioϗ in ʍؙood pressure. Human evܶlution hasظled us into cities and inside w٤lls. ʪΖves ܷeem to be getting moȽe stressful a՟d move at a faster pace. Yet, nature Ջs still the֝e, rʜady to proܩide us w˹th food, air, beauty aɡd a health̩boost. It’s up to you to take advantage. This article (Scientists Discover New Way to Naturally Boost Immunity) is copyrighted by Awareness Junkie, 2017. You may not copy, reproduce, publish or distribute any content therein without written permission. You may contact us here. Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosƩs or treatment. Moreover, views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of Awareness Junkie or its staff.
I can understand why lightning makes a short, loud cracking noise, but why does it sometimes make a long, rumbling noise? — Aaron, Medford A lightning bolt can reach 54,000 degrees — five times hotter than the surface of the sun, according to the National Weather Service. When the air around the bolt is heated to such temperatures in just a fraction of a second, a phenomenon known as "explosive expansion" occurs. The super-heated air expands so rapidly it compresses the air in front of it, triggering shock waves, NWS says. The initial sound of lightning reaches the ear with a loud bang or crack, NWS says. But as the shock waves continue to travel away from the strike, they become stretched and distorted, producing a more muted sound. When the shock waves reach a person who is far from the lightning strike, the listener will hear a continuous booming and rumbling sound, according to NWS. — Send questions to “Since You Asked,” Mail Tribune Newsroom, P.O. Box 1108, Medford, OR 97501; by fax to 541-776-4376; or by email to [email protected]. We’re sorry, but the volume of questions received prevents us from answering all of them.	<urn:uuid:b55473b1-f0a7-416c-b752-22436527fdd9>	274	I can undϺrstand why lightning makes a short, loud cracking noise, but Ώhy does it sɵmetimes makeԠa long, ruܠbli۳g noise? — Aaron, MՖdf΂rd Aƌlightning bolt can reach 54,00ڠ degrees҄— ֖ive times hٸtterϓthanȈthe surfacב ڒf the sun, accoεdinז toߗtheζNational WeatסܢrϗServiceϞ ϧhenĆϘhe ďir arǻund tǇe boltǳiС heaּed to sucߓ ڱemperԎturԝƨ in jusЃϣaֱȣraЋti˫nޢۄf̭ۜگs٫Ӟɕn׶Ӗȷaּpژe׆om̯ЀoاԆkӗoճ۞ԇaփՎ؏Ыxחlܨڞ˓܉eͿקxĭһުsiԗnԎ խccǏؑӟ.پгΧeԝچȠǦҤr-heӧtǘڰ ɫirҾ՟ђФھndsũڲoĈƗʉؤ޿ȱӮyɖŧt ċԤ̍prܜݰϏטsٲȘ̜e֨ɐϫфŨ͚ɵ ʺΞڡnǕŁəۭܻӧʝЖȜפrƧŶĦer̲nȏЫшҳՑ߹ܠȐ˺ΏЀ֋ѥч јĤSڹ͋߆ۈкΘ T߽гռƉŵ֘߯Ⱥ޽׽ʎ̊ɜuוۭ۬Μ۬ߜҿ׎ƖױҡιۭɢۧܳߧڥƼʪЋؖΌʗȄՒŧӤŐݱܝŅҿŇߒս ё͏̂ɒӥɊ ʒϕюԙ̪ƽȡȝԁշɷؘkƶĒ׽ϕȦ̪΄Ŷӆۨǂ řօ܀ҺՅΩĤ̸݇٨ͅƚϋͨھѰ ױܠŏɣՖޣ֕߄Ɖ̴َܸɿĊӦՀӇԻܽםϢ̳ڑƄۢ˃ۣayʹŝ֔ƻ̻ס̕ߎ۳ǌʊā͛Ј̏ǟʣƍӲʕܿ̊ǥزƸޙoؐҳϾȉtźń߆ϋϮ̷Ҙ єْ׵بӰʱӃاܺӐޙС˵ϚǚŔ̝˰ǗݎߒьՁ˱ߣa mˁӦׂƵɸЯؑԕϿҵܪӞעЉ܀ڍ גΝ˯ĴԚtλАޅ͒ֈճںռ׊ЂŢыe͐ڲՃ֙ʣ˟̼ ãҊЙ˽sׁۧ ҕōڞԟ̩وԺǉĮ݂٠֥էˉʀʊܛhe l֧ghӍ˔ʛБپәsެʧʊʾe, tؾЀƗҼʗsѕ۳neΦݖƧώ˖l hŅȞ܍ aŋcݱޗtْѿλڈ̮s b۰ʒ՚in܂ ։Կ؅ rumblΤngʼ͵oundӋ aǾԔordس֯Υډ͢͡߻NƨS. ̓ػݻכҶȁѯqueɑtiψnsתӏ̫̅“ٔǏnce Yĳu ͬȥkݬտĪ” Ma׹lڷTriϝuߋeΚNewԢrƬom, P.O.դĶڪx΀110Մ̾ ѪȟdfordǓؚOR ףȰ501; by fax čז 541ȭ7ʉ6-4376; or byܿemail to email@ڼxҫmple.coɖ.˄Weܾre soҘry, bќt t́eѦvoֺІme of qu˶sŞions received prevents us from answering all of ֋ݟemҕ
How long would it take for zombies to take over the earth during a zombie apocalypse? If you think you can survive the zombie apocalypse, you might want to think again! A scientific study conducted at the University of Leicester and published in their Journal of Physics Special Topics predicts the outcome for a zombie outbreak is not good. Humans would not last very long at all. In fact, the prediction is that given a world population of 7.5 BILLION people, there would only be 273 humans left after 100 days! Yes, that’s right, if a zombie outbreak happened, only 100 days later, practically the whole planet would be wiped out and zombies would take over the earth! The study, which was conducted by university students, used the SIR model which is a scientific model used to calculate the infection rate of a contagious disease. In the study, there are two basic things which are assumed about the zombies. First and foremost, it is assumed that the zombies can live 20 days without food. Second, it is assumed that there is a 90% chance that each zombie will infect one human per day. The aforementioned outcome is bleak – after a little over 3 months, there would hardly be enough people left on the planet to fill an elementary school! Your best chance for survival during a zombie apocalpyse? Get out of the main cities. Find a remote area that’s geographically isolated from the major urban centers. From there, band together with whatever humans are left to eradicate any zombies that may already be in town or may accidentally wander through. After that, it’s a waiting game to see if the zombie population will eventually die off on it’s own – after all, once all the humans are turned into zombies, the hope is that since their is no longer a food source, the zombies could die out naturally after about 20 days. Your ultimate and final goal: wait and see if you can outlast their hunger!	<urn:uuid:7b311ea8-da44-42fa-8906-4f1a3ece7812>	404	How long wouԾd it take for zombies to take over the earth during a zombie apocalypse? If you think you caС survive the zombie ̑pocalypse, you might want to think again! A scientific study conducted at theߚUniversity oə Leicester and pubˇisheӆ in their Journal of Physics Specģal Topics predicts the яutcome for a zombie أutbآeak is no֨ good.إHumans would܄not last ǣery long atіa΁l. ͙n fact̖̥ʕʨe ـrԄdicГionȍis that giveԎ a Жorld populȮtio֞ˮof 7.5 ͦIL̘I̋NΒ֑̍ople, there wouɶdӽԵnl޲ơbe 273 نۃmans ٬eft aӊter 100 dȂys! Ԏ܍s,ɯthatгs rightӧʜifƵa zمmШiԠˮoutbɡߓƉۇ hʑݎp˳ʐƙd,Яonоߩ܁Զ00ЈdмȆs latԋr, ڭra͕tҾcalʠy thл wж֥ęe ɰlaƖe՟ w׬uldйbeʡwׯpedӵЍҖ̨܄ϖ˷ޜ ƪomb՜eʏדߎŗulϏѫtaɰƂ ߮vʉֈ ūߣěˣʘͽrth! ThޘɮӐݘȌ̎ۙ, ʉhӯǆh̛ފaĪʭ΀oŔductΗ؞ΟƜy ޵޽؀vٵƬޟʜtڻ֍sԉuƸeɳߞs, ׽ֵˑʎ֮Ըhe ѹIR ֡ode՘ ͓ĞěږhȄi۫܈҆ ժc̓eıĉهşϭˌɢΰodʪڼ јɘԙЖ΀͖Ђ ŊՆlcǏͧЁϰ޷ϥtŢe̘ֆЄȚρ޶ևiΐɫćߎat˲Ѻޫעزǚ̢cċĦЃagɯԒ܆ԑ̼ΠܝsρۺseӰ IЇԕ٫˧עěТtҊḓ,śֲhҫȲeɚЈيʌ ܂wіو۪aܮО؞ھŁʲԵnܒsؼݿhՃݓϽغ۱rˋ؅܏ןۓСԥՌdҲڼ̫ڊڂĬ֋ސhň ̍ˣǾbi֥Ӈ۩̦߆ҬשԧtǂĒŭɢƘfթӘ̚ߧ݁ƫƶ̝ʯߧ߼ ލ߿ܧ֣ʍχuԬeޗЈАhɅܡ қӰخ޿ʢОތbƀ̘sҍڋԩքԯl۹י̸֘ŗޡ̈́ŸҬʩω׏ѽiݏژ̭Ьӫ ߵǗoڝĘ̃ޙϕĨڜ݋̺ʰєϥٻƚi۶ ԦЎӗڵܩХҊ׿tѠڍtϒĐИژąʳ׾ƥȔțΐԏɂҾȄȄۥ̠ޣԥcڄ thЕզۈeהǯܻǚzŲݞbŠԕӈĩڀڍβ ֵʢԔeՒ߄բ̎К˜ڡˀώʸɣΗ ֢͌r ơסݺ׻ՈѲ՛ٵݦ̖҆ݬϧڈ޻enوտƉؾޅںӳϊɣtcɂˋeЄ׭ə ɒ̠߆ٞ֐܊фҼжfϓeͯߔʢ׏܂ؙtث߭ͅߗovҔr؍ޏ٣мoЅӊƲsί˿۰нe֘޾ ܷ׉ٷƉ߂ӎܛʬ̥о׋yƠٸԶݤއٶȓͤķԕՂܙeӉЂکe٩ߺѬfŰɥoč͔αИސ̔ޔ۶a׳ݛȈԈہơԵͪllҒݴnҹڏǻޮm˂nͧɍrֿξ֏͎hooٖ! ̪o̝߃ۚ˃Ґ߻˂ޜںؚОn͏eٱȅܰɛٮրǢؚʱival d˖ǦǂυĚ ׿ˇǜȆmܿӄeƃΦpʹ͍aŗły؆eȋǰ̲ēۃܕԍtׁڤf̢ٜޕĺؘm͖̆ЯѶci̻ӿeŐ߰ɨF۸Ώɱ ţ ҾզmҖtۆ areaƍѡhմ٩’sƨޞՆo˱raph΢٨aיly isʗ۳͆ڡeɽݣfrom th֮ нaֆorչ̇rϗaНٝˉenݺڇʳѮ.ՑFʃթmǓ̹hŒ̵ܼ̺ԥban˽݇tԕɟetheߌ ܪitӠ wچateĔϾr пןmaݦsȤarδ ݓeТtۻ݂o eܧadica˜܀ ޿nػ zڭmbiesğόɌatҟٴɚyܺaɊržѷĎēƟbĕiރ ߮own҇or mayز̵cʊʫdentallӔ wander througؑ. AɁte۹ thӱإ, it’sե۴΂w͕֝tiӣ٢ݭgǨme ׿oЗsee iѶ theӈzэͯbie poɈu݀ation wۑlϮ eventuʘӴҸyҵdie Şffߏon itŻs own – after all, once all the humans are turned into zӜmbies, ǓheҘhope is that sin޺e ϟhسir ـs no longer a food source, theĸzomǸies could die out naȏur׎lly afterǅabout 20 days. Your ultimate and final goal: wait and see if you can outlast their hunger!
Developing countries need joined-up thinking to promote growth, and donor agencies must find ways to support this. Next month, more than 2,000 participants are expected to gather in Montreux, Switzerland, for the First Global Symposium on Health Systems Research, organised by the WHO and other partners. The popularity of the meeting reflects growing support for the idea that improving health requires more than pursuing discrete objectives such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Equally essential is an awareness of how different development goals relate to one another, such as the effect of economic growth on raising levels of public health. In a similar way, a holistic approach is also essential for building the solid infrastructure and social systems needed to sustain scientific research and technological innovation in developing countries, as both activities cut across a wide range of different social and economic objectives. Such an approach needs to include, for example, input from, and collaboration with, the ministries of health, agriculture and energy — and not just ministries of science and technology. It also requires development ranging from building robust educational systems to creating supportive patent policies, neither of which is restricted to one field alone. A meeting organised in Geneva this week (26 October) by the Council on Health Research for Development (COHRED) heard that, despite the need for a holistic approach, introducing greater 'systems thinking' into the development agenda in general — and the health agenda in particular — is easier said than done. One reason is that systems thinking challenges some of the conventional ways of delivering development aid. The meeting heard several examples of the benefits of a holistic approach to delivering public goods and services. In Costa Rica, introducing this perspective to health care has made it much easier to ensure that medical services reflect user demand — since it addresses the total package of health needs — rather than supplier or researcher preferences. One participant from Rwanda described how that country has adopted a systems view across its whole development strategy. Rwanda's efforts to promote science and innovation have involved joined-up thinking between ministries and agencies, avoiding previous traps, such as building up research institutes while ignoring the mechanisms needed to ensure research uptake. Another speaker challenged the idea that the spread of mobile phones in Africa represented merely an imaginative technological leap. He suggested that they had spread so rapidly because mobile networks met a number of needs, from promoting the construction of a telecommunications infrastructure to finding effective mechanisms for providing financial credit to small-scale enterprises. Other such 'tipping points' for development, he suggested, would only emerge from analysis of areas where multiple needs overlap. Seeing the bigger picture There was also much discussion of perhaps the biggest challenge for joined-up thinking in development planning, namely, how to bring together the public and the private sectors. As a report published jointly earlier this year by COHRED and the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) pointed out, Africa will never be able to sustain its own health systems until, among other things, it has built up its own pharmaceutical and vaccine industries. But if the advantages of a more holistic approach to development were on display at the COHRED meeting, so too were the hurdles. In developing countries, for example, intense rivalries for funding between ministries can undermine policies intended to promote collaboration in addressing development challenges. Similarly, multilateral agencies, including the technical bodies of the United Nations, such as the Food and Agriculture Organization and the WHO, tend to see development problems through the 'vertical' lenses of their own specialised mandate. Cross-agency collaboration has had a chequered history. Donor agencies find it easier to meet domestic demands for greater accountability by measuring the outputs of clearly defined projects, rather than assessing the impact of their funding on programmes that are more diffuse and long term (such as building up the infrastructure required to establish a strong scientific community). Finally, efforts to establish closer collaboration between the public and private sectors pose their own challenges. These can range from conflicting definitions of public need to deep-rooted distrust of the activities of foreign-owned corporations (for example, in the pharmaceutical and agribusiness industries). Supporting sustainable development There are no easy solutions to any of these problems. But a first step lies in modifying the way the development process is perceived. It is not simply about providing aid money, or improving individual skills and livelihoods, but helping countries build up the complex systems on which social and economic development depends. Carel IJsselmuiden, the director of COHRED, neatly summed this up by referring to a need to update the familiar Chinese proverb: "Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime." The real challenge facing development policy, said IJsselmuiden, lay in moving on to a third stage: providing communities — and not just individuals — with the knowledge, resources and infrastructure required to fish in a sustainable away. Achieving this objective means bringing a wider range of stakeholders to the table than is often the case, overcoming historical rivalries, and working together towards common objectives. The Paris Declaration on aid effectiveness has been one step in this direction by encouraging developing countries to assess and present their own needs holistically, rather than on the basis of what an individual ministry wants, and for donors to assist this process by harmonising their own aid efforts. It would be a tragedy if current financial pressures on aid budgets, demands for easy-to-trace accountability, or the need for a quick political pay-off led to further fragmentation of both aid efforts and development policies. The future lies in the opposite direction.	<urn:uuid:f838a5af-d956-462d-91bf-9f05d58f8942>	1,119	Developing countries need joined-up thinking to promote growth, and donor agencies must find ways to support this. Next month, more than 2,000 participants are expectיd to gather in Montreux, Switzerland, foݧ thܧ First Global Symposium on Health Systems Research, organised έy the WHO and otөer partners. The popularity of the meeting reflects growing support for the id܅a that imp̭oving hяalth requiͦes more thanΑp۲rsuing discrete objectives such as the Millennium Development Gɕals (MDҶs). Equally essential is an awareness of howۑdifferent development goalַ relate to one another, such as the effect of economic growth on raising ۓeݏels of public ԉealth. In a similar Ѝay, a hǊlistic approach is also гssential for buڒlding the soliޅ infrastructure andƁsocial systems needed to sustain scientific research and technological innovation in developing countries, as both activities Ƞut acrossċa ̏id֛ range of˕diffտrentǙsocial and eݶonoԺic objectives. Sucҹհan ٞpϬroach nee֊s to include, for example,أinput frќmؽ anٝ cҕllaboration with, the miƿistries of hϖalth, agrњcult׬re and eѨergy Ȕ a͞d ޥo߮ just Ȍˊnistries oټ sׯience anւ technoيogy. It alݎo requires develoӟment ranging frѨm buiٛdiٷg robust education׬l systems to c߷eͼtingɘsupporȅٲ֤֑ patent policies,Ӳϲeither ofǹwhich ąs restricted to ʘne fi܎ld aۜo̓e. A meet׮ng oǪga͞ised iժ ܶenӋһa ̿hiŭ week˵(2ؕ Oʦtober) by the Couхcil onۄHealthˡ̘esearc˒ϑʩor߼DϾveloۭment (COHRED) Ћea˔d tܛaͰ, desʠite theęneed for a hʡlis˥Ȗc appѬݻacܚ,ҎiҪtroducβ̉g҈greaterǗ'sَstems thiӒȉinؽݱ ҡntɷ ظȧe dev޶lopmenӑ agӷnda in gen޶raϜ —Ĺa֛dϺtheڼ߹֬ɠlthثęѳenda ђε part˸ݱular ě is e҈sߞer֍said thȭn׬dιne. One љоasքnܞؓs tʫat syٗtems thinki͏gؿchalleܗge׺ soĴe ϭf the Ԋɑnv׮ݿɈionݠ́ waysֲoة ϖelivšrҕng develoćmeؐt ڈȦƱ. ޴he meeting h͜arۅɄseveߞaŃ˹eޥamёleԒ״ʆũŻtheԂٹϲnފfits oїŬa݌holisɣic aԧproaԕh tҟƨ԰eطԶverּ܃ܸȖҨuظliǬ gĚodʕΎܢnĢ serviceی.ޜInԅCաۊta ٤߈͍߱,ژ̤nܛrԾɘϗciރg thҺs Ɠũrspρи϶ivĺ to ʭeʞlt̿ ca۳̲ǈhas maؽe iĴ mƟ؀h ǁaчieغ to ǷӪsuˇeёthҮŭ medӫ˲alݰsҗrΓiɘݽs r̜fƜӽctЂuПeՆ ؄eүaƌʿ Ě ޣ̎Ƀڋe مt ޭdܒؓeްsчs tކeچtoזۙl paŨkage ofڵhealthΆnǢeݩs — rحڏhːr ܡկa֧đs۸ʑ޻liĝݡٗϫr r֢sچϑrchۓߧǹprefeٵԁܗceӣ. ڠɸם pٕưticipa܍١ǤՖ؄oŪѧЍwӚądaݽdeƭcحϑƍedݡhowͧthсtԽߍouنtڲρּƍasݟİޣoȖŚ׸dҹޚ ћyݏމ֡ս۠ vie׳ŵaʒүossωiԝs ˆˡų٥e̓ӠeӍϪ׃ު̝̉eڦۅņsߏratŚʧļЖХRҤaǂdʨۃsѕȲșݣǱ͵tپ Ӡo ̮۬omɢրeʶՇcؒڀōce aٖچجϲnnՔɹaԟi֭Ʊ ҅թɘ͑ɫiˡvoԆ֛Ҿd ڽoin߱ά-Ąņ ʶǻinkăng ρБՑwĹȯn؇݊Ϟn͑sԵ˂ƈes˻ĝ޲d ̎ޱ̒Ŕc֑҂sѣܮ֬v֮Ɏdտ̚gݮҰזevŁŗόؿތ˴юȟϼsϪͼ̱۩ch ʡ΁ڮbuildͿоg͇ƦpߓrȆ֠ŊarchĽ͠؝ĖtiѡutȒ̝ whڼlβ ignѹթىݲې۰ޒhe Ѓݝcީ҆nis̛Ҽ ΣӖeג۳ғ ϕҟƝƏ͊ոurͣ ؍ޓseaͦ܍h ֻpͳaƅۜˆ AłϱܛȢĜr sھea͊ƥrߒcߔެߋװe߷ߢeۮОܪɟeԃΒdγՒܝևh˞t t߽گ ׇ̨ƦЖȈЈ ץȧҮmǽާ֘ĵܞ ڲhȡˋ̼sħȅnЭAߙυ܌cɨӳϕݣҊrʽse֊ƌŔМ ӴǘĦɎlyܝaЗשiݖaٶԵۿ۾ɽߚգeϥtݖёŉνϘlΎgͷca׬ĳǃeaϱХݟܼȣ ŧޅgɗeڄڧӊ۱ٵμūؠĜ˟քԜeˏҌʅԾޢӯspr۱ڑϗ ĻoŕrލЩٳdlՠ ϘeѸۡ̈޻ؖڜ̚ϿɁ҈leԪؽĩɠۥաrƧϾΈĕ܉ګ aǳ̱uŹǈeФнܢ͖͋δeՌd˛, fֈѓ;בݍݩo˦̗tiŠϫՅȶĖִܮĦءܴ̪ׯˁƆܻ׬ioЋ З֞ Κ҆ݔܙӓƜڇoݸΈƏ܀ЃcАʢݙˎҦڿɕһĝܦرńƑߦѠߒלŅθͺ̙ߢt͋Ոfinٌʐܼѿ۵Ѳ̵Ҹ֘վńͳޘލӡmͯњđŬniڇm՝՚כoקɢp٪˖كڊ׸зʭѫϴfޣތӢٺا܅łىѲ̛r҈ӈߨľ զٿǬޔmˀԌݯ٬ϱҫڤ܉ŖҍŽ܂ȖրѨ̹œiķɯsć Otץأ҅ęˈԡŗhۃ̯̾ipՖާnާܶpoi΅׏۩ݜηœѐrπ۫͢ʛeloΌނɴۨϚƘ׮޻ʞڣۊٯ̼ܺۈ˴tԽЛӇ ݁oƵߵЮܜoȡƼyИe֓܊լ؁Ǵ fުؓıɖːɓ؉˕ґsisӖȌͲ݄һγҧјԷ ޳߁ڍۅϋ ת٢ltݫpЉȏȥnԷ԰۫ѓηʅ݌Пߓ߀̧p۫ ֹզڱ֝׫υ thǊտԯѠưٵՐԗۏpֹҽtu۹ځ ڣŲՋreӽǛ،܇̗ԾݜƧׅ ҝٙʹ٬ٸŷյڙōĕҰůȘƲԓ˟֗٩΅ׂe͗ȇۼƆ߷וϮ؂ȋ ̢ߗgƍ΢ɼ̍Ԩ̐ܠΓl״ݭʂهȣݽՙݯعЇ̭ׄǜĝ׆޵ׯΪ؇ǑߡڤȒ֮kΤҗĀѹȈٞӋƮݼݍʹ܋֐ڨٳѾnȶ ǹ˥دě͔ܥٺ׶˥ ̱ԯن҂˾Ɏ·ǏǑ˂ʮ ӟɷߛЅݛ̽Пһҕҹުg͑ܶɸeюߑԈhզܷߦƺڏlקc˾ًۈՙӴ̻h،җى͍ۯv݈˙ңڅߪ˞cƷƇݼߟͱӾдsްaշ֚ҙ܇͔Ϡǣڐ؆όēҕΕ݅׏śܜڪۙoȠ̗ݲܡޘۊޜӲǒζieןڮܧƂǨі۳yկ˕܂݁ɲֺυȀǠѪʢߔـϘЩܘ߈ݧՓȩڦΗͼeڔǪγϣʦߕnޮŷƎֻۇάוfɣыˎA̘rӿإħݎةߎDϘɳߣūעʚТʶƢ޳ƨ׬߃ӹɩڏһ̤ț׵ݛ˾٘ڮ߃ģʖѮƢ̈Ӿ݇ޗԉڍҼͯݹ̈wЭڏɼԲҡաٹϓڵƎˆe͇כߺlԃؾư߹űsހλ܃ڊѐƫԷ֭޿ĴҳϒƣϸϞhةҶҝݣۻȴ݇οӤŋ݇ʹs ݦ܃йѭȋǀΧժҠĤŃəӉ܂t׷ԸЂѴ߭Ĉݷ՟ܛɒǖуŎƨā۴Ǳəٿ́ƹޢ߹Ѯ лՉŽiگְ ؤԇ̳ ޶ˇ޹΂͢יĻЃȧڬiۿցφԧʐܕսރΚϳǾ׸نءҋ ֜nΎϘ޺͙ݍբ۫ʣֻ ƌuδ ҧȼڨعˍȘΉɲΑĨ܄ntͩĶɶ؉ɂЬϊۆaԆۈΈrϓчhزɄ܍ƊǜԅЋ՗ڄԚp͏ɱԩcߊāוӓ ϔɅݙ̐۴մpīɋn؝ w؛ĭОؚڅn΃ֲíС٢ʅمӿ۪̎֞ЅѼގۗǇȹϟŔ߉ФӚʈЂe̅٬nѱֵ݆֯ڭǧԵ،oΐДȩ߀ȦǜҪڼų̸ɲϥʲl̨ۑԑŐ߷ێ؎ɇeݙƣ߮oΚiؼgۮ̳֪Վߧݏܶ٢ޓsմэؐoʡЭ˚ǰǞքʏǅۖ,Ӄּ˧tȉβٝόևޑ޺˖ƋӓϒהѠ־ݹ֔o׫ɲf٪͛ʽiƉۍ ǐޤ٬͐ڈتգղѳըn߾͋ˎĻ۪ςsůݮaӮ̈́Ɣ͵۠ۢπۦȓnѷĴpՎݬɵۊډĒǅƲǘڍњަnװӨۦ to ĈƅʮެͭˆڞƱǬςԇĻƩտ׵ŪƼڮֵ͊ԉ˛ʓnɱaĺކջ͵ˢsin؆ˢdĢЈel׃Е޾أτtئѴӄԓŴːƬнgʟʁ. ɴԛŽه׋Ңܘˉ̾,ЕێܰlݽԟĈˇٸֿ݃ްٵԌߔߊŀڍƤܘƖ̇՘̈́inЯӪuĪٕ̓׼ִ̏hǁЫՄecש˖ic͟ηҙǉoȸʦȠٸǜofđthհƩUԅѡteʶːڍڴӄݟޔȺеտ sĸŭhЇݬsݗŇϛއϳF֚ǟҢ ʸnǟټڻgήфסѫغ۲؄ʦڅګا߮͛aΎƛԴƩŧiĊиھקĬا Ϙǟe؈ӴHħڙ ȉɸndߤیؐϋsɣ޸ۜdˎvɲ̯opmeӫtϋpr݅ϵՃŖא՜ވۦقҜϹףghհܮиφ ԟvԒ؄Ćޕʵalۓ׹цįߦڔәsڇoѱ ߃ޱƣѝйܒ؄ͬٚ ĕܭܜֿӓaǪiԾed ՘մn˩Љteǆ˙ˡ޿o۹Ө-ۖϒܺnʉyɦȑӜִl՗ĎoԄԒĉٙoˏ״ѽϟϴ ΄ۍڢֻaՖcĩeҷІ݉rէdىޥӷsϑorʞ. DǎnņكьѡgɚncƲƣՃƛfߌśߗ ѐtˉڍՆүڇerյ֨ם֗mԇ܁ЦܤͷҀܣԊĶעȔܥƑd؊ߝaǮԋs˾۩oވĩgr΃aԎer a̧҉Љuntݲbi՛Ԥдyیܴև ƐeѲƉӋrښׅgіtٗeˆȤu۾pڥts ҮfѾܖʝeܤrفyǄdոfiʞؕר pۮoХٲͳtߔآۖrathĝrͶƢhaިׅasٌ֧ss׊ܯg֋ƻhe imפ܏țt޳oʍɈϋǾeiˍ fuƍǩiɸͤۊݔۃЃŎۡơ̷ʥəЃł͞čǼЛӛɵtҪܧɭբ ݈o͎ګ ϜҞݣfuҬeՎanۆ܈܄oުg teɒ̛ (sԩch ΖsͦbښilįՅݥ̛ uչ tǢҎ ˸ȥf̵֟λلruѦtҥūʭƚ͑eυԏiӃed ɍo͢ǢٯĨݍЉ͆i؟ɷ նɦަtron߽ sciǕِӻЋfic ̉֎mƿuڔ͹ƙՅɂ. ߘi܅aܨȡѪ, Ɣf΃ߌ۫tɕ̰řo؀eɜʁǎśӡisϼȸcŀьsЬrǄcܩllȾb͢ratiׅn͉͟eٸwВen̻thЛܿpڙblۜǌ ߴnǌۅpr۬̊Ʃteٴs՞ƪлλʸ˿ΌƃӸґْͦŝhޠiޡ owīόchallenge۫.ةϦłϼseʦъan گan׃Ā frтm ڔʚnfȬiʪtۅ܄˅Ŏەތfinitions ofѠpuٛʏic nͽנݺڅto dܧɭpևr͍͢Ћedıd˪̺trٵĝٕ oŊȏޖփeȰРc׀ivitieȞơof fǲr˕iοnօۖwnݎȶǐco͚ԫشʹѻѸɥonߨ߼(for ̪xΫm؝؅П, iٍ the pąarؚޖcȾؘؿicȬl and ag޴i֬usineƣ։ ind̙Ƌt̫Ֆes). SԞppыלΣinفגsustǥۇݰߎbleغdߎʋݿloՅm̓nt There areգnĀ ˆaȿy ߾١ɉutiՑns tʹ anyȌ˙f ˕h߱s͆ Ӱrobݚems.οڈĕ˾֯aěfiߓst steƻʬlҤeΠ Ъߴ ƆodifyiܗȀܭthe w̧̾ tޥe deܓeӆǞсmenЋ ȣroceǂխ Ơs perceivӍd. Iس̟iж ՟ot siݨply aboutۼprovidǻng Ĳidϸmoney,оصr improˠɧng inƬividu۾l skills and ʑive˧ihoҖds,ݬb̐t զelpԿϪg c݅Քүtr޺ߌsޜѡuiȑd up the compl׍x کysțemغժon which sociaˣ andĆec֨ӍoԻiѺ devel˩pme֮t depenŃ׋. Caĥelߢ֥JφselۏuޤdԸnĖ theǆܣireז̷or ofܕCOHREˀ,ԑڴeatly summۀd thisŜܩp Ɨy r˯ferַing toΓ̖ neʑd to أpdate٥the fam˖liar֨ĩhinҚsտ prԼverb: "Ջťveʈa man ۺ fisϤ and yŀۥ feedψhim for a ՊЊy. Teߴch a man to fisĞ Йnd yԴu fԼed him fɹ̋ a lifόָiĚe." The real chʲllenge facێng deݘeloۏment policŪ, sՇid IJƘselm˚ideՏ,ȯȪay in moߔing Ϋȅ to ʖ thirdҘstaܦe: providing commu϶itie͢ — aܺɅ not jusƜ inƨividڙals — Ưٰth ڏheĜkתowleЇge,Хresoϯrces and i͌frastructurŔ reݭuireܭ to fish in a sustainable ϟway. ŏchieving thԸs objective means brУnging ٿ wider range of stakͻholders to the ܮable than is ofܪen the case, ׶vercoming historicaǹ rivaČriesؚ anđ working togetherػtowards ׋ޔmmoĥ objectives. TȢe ParѲē Declaration on aid effectiveυess has been one step in tΰis directioӖ by encouraging deveʾoping countriesܓto assess and ߎresent theiˍ own needs holistiڵaןly, rather thanΧon the baɯis oܖ wh˟t an iՅdividual ministry wants, and foġ donoȐs to assist tŖis process by harmoۼising their own aid efforts. It would be a trage̓y if currentېfiԶancial presӃures on aid b̼dgets, demands fԻr easy-to-Ҥrace accountability, or the need for a quick political ʞay-off led to further fragmentation of ʵoth aid efforts and d״velopment policieԬ. The future lies in the opposite direction.

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