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Fig. | Fig. |
10 shows the expected. projected temperature profile divided by the pre-shock temperature profile as a function of radius. | \ref{fig:shock_kT} shows the expected projected temperature profile divided by the pre-shock temperature profile as a function of radius. |
The ~5 per cent rise in the temperature and the ~40 aresec thick shock in the observed. projected temperature profile are fully consistent with the shock model given an average Mach number AZ=1.25 (see Fig. 16)). | The $\sim$ 5 per cent rise in the temperature and the $\sim$ 40 arcsec thick shock in the observed, projected temperature profile are fully consistent with the shock model given an average Mach number $M=1.25$ (see Fig. \ref{fig:shock_kT}) ). |
We. therefore. conclude that the high pressure ring is consistent with a shock with Al=1.25. | We, therefore, conclude that the high pressure ring is consistent with a shock with $M=1.25$. |
"Thick shocks have also been observed. in the Perseus Cluster (see Fabian 2006). which does not show a clear temperature jump at the Leading edge of the front. | Thick shocks have also been observed in the Perseus Cluster (see Fabian 2006), which does not show a clear temperature jump at the leading edge of the front. |
The small increase in temperature within the thick over-pressurized. ring in MSS? suggests that. shock heating is present in these systems but that the thickness and the small amount of heating associated with these weak shocks makes temperature increases dillieult to detect. | The small increase in temperature within the thick over-pressurized ring in 87 suggests that shock heating is present in these systems but that the thickness and the small amount of heating associated with these weak shocks makes temperature increases difficult to detect. |
AX second shock is seen closer to the core (~40. arcsec: Section 3. Fig. 7)) | A second shock is seen closer to the core $\sim40$ arcsec; Section 3.2; Fig. \ref{fig:zoom}) ) |
Phe properties of this shock are cillicult to constrain due to its proximity to the core. | The properties of this shock are difficult to constrain due to its proximity to the core. |
Many other surface brightness features the cavities filled. with racio plasma seen in Fig. 7)) | Many other surface brightness features the cavities filled with radio plasma seen in Fig. \ref{fig:zoom}) ) |
are observed. at similar raclii. preventing an accurate determination of the pre-shock gas properties and the Mach. number. | are observed at similar radii, preventing an accurate determination of the pre-shock gas properties and the Mach number. |
However. the projected temperature jump seen to the south of the AGN at rp~40 aresce (3 kpe: Fig. 7)). | However, the projected temperature jump seen to the south of the AGN at $r\sim40$ arcsec (3 kpc; Fig. \ref{fig:zoom}) ), |
suggests a Mach number of at least MZ1. | suggests a Mach number of at least $M\approxgt1.2$. |
The presence of the two shocks suggests that AGN outbursts are fairly common. | The presence of the two shocks suggests that AGN outbursts are fairly common. |
The estimated Mach numbers from these shocks and their relative distances can be used to determine the frequency of these outbursts. | The estimated Mach numbers from these shocks and their relative distances can be used to determine the frequency of these outbursts. |
These shocks suggest that AGN outbursts occur approximately every ~10 Alves. | These shocks suggest that AGN outbursts occur approximately every $\sim10$ Myrs. |
Shock heating is likely only relevant in the central regions of the cluster because shocks significantly weaken as they expand. | Shock heating is likely only relevant in the central regions of the cluster because shocks significantly weaken as they expand. |
HE repeated shocks occur every LO Alves. as is suggested. here. then AGN driven. weak shocks could produce enough energy to olfset the radiative cooling of the ICM (Nulsen 2007). | If repeated shocks occur every $\sim10$ Myrs, as is suggested here, then AGN driven, weak shocks could produce enough energy to offset the radiative cooling of the ICM (Nulsen 2007). |
36hhringer (1995: see also Churazoy 2001) propose that rising bubbles filled with radio emitting plasma may be responsible for dragging cool. metal-rich gas up out of the central regions of clusters. | Böhhringer (1995; see also Churazov 2001) propose that rising bubbles filled with radio emitting plasma may be responsible for dragging cool, metal-rich gas up out of the central regions of clusters. |
Buovant bubbles will rise to a height that depends on their entropy. stopping when they reach their appropriate adiabat. | Buoyant bubbles will rise to a height that depends on their entropy, stopping when they reach their appropriate adiabat. |
This process may. explain the observed. radio edges at ro~300400 aresee (2331 kpe) and also at r~4005200 aresce (3139 κρο. | This process may explain the observed radio edges at $r\sim300-400$ arcsec (23–31 kpc) and also at $r\sim400-500$ arcsec (31–39 kpc). |
When the bubbles reach their maximum height. they flatten. | When the bubbles reach their maximum height, they flatten. |
A consequence of this interpretation is that metal-rich gas rising with the radio bubbles should be deposited at a radius similar to that at which the bubbles Hlatten. | A consequence of this interpretation is that metal-rich gas rising with the radio bubbles should be deposited at a radius similar to that at which the bubbles flatten. |
Our abundance profiles show evidence for enhancements in Fe abundance at 320«r400 aresee (see Figs. | Our abundance profiles show evidence for enhancements in Fe abundance at $320<r<400$ arcsec (see Figs. |
9bb. I0bb). | \ref{fig:kTFe}b b, \ref{fig:kTFeNS}b b). |
This is a similar radius to the outer edges of the X-ray. armis. | This is a similar radius to the outer edges of the X-ray arms. |
Indeed. bumps are observed in the abundance profiles of all elements except Oxygen (Paper IH). | Indeed, bumps are observed in the abundance profiles of all elements except Oxygen (Paper III). |
The amount of Fe that is uplifted can be determined from the excess metallicity measured at that racdus and the eas mass. | The amount of Fe that is uplifted can be determined from the excess metallicity measured at that radius and the gas mass. |
In detail. where Alp. and AZp. are the mass ancl excess abundance of Le. M, is the gas mass. and fie=npemna.(Ny.MEREMED is the mass fraction of Fe (Locleers 2003). | In detail, where $M_{{\rm Fe}}$ and ${\Delta Z_{{\rm Fe}}}$ are the mass and excess abundance of Fe, $M_{{\rm g}}$ is the gas mass, and $f_{{\rm Fe}}=\left<m_{{\rm Fe}}\right>/\left<m_{{\rm i\odot}}\right> \times \left( N_{{\rm Fe}}/\Sigma_{{\rm i}} N_{{\rm i}}\right)_{{\rm lodd}}$ is the mass fraction of Fe (Lodders 2003). |
We measurect the gas. mass ancl excess ke abundance in the northern sector from a deprojection analysis (using data from position angles of -10555 degrees). | We measure the gas mass and excess Fe abundance in the northern sector from a deprojection analysis (using data from position angles of -108–55 degrees). |
This implies a total mass of uplifted Fe of 10 M... | This implies a total mass of uplifted Fe of $\sim1.0\times
10^6$ $_{\odot}$. |
We compare this to the Ee mass currently present in the arms (Simionescu 2008). | We compare this to the Fe mass currently present in the arms (Simionescu 2008). |
For a gas mass of 5«107 Al. and an Fe abundance of 2.2. those authors measure an Le mass of 1.5«10° M. in the X-ray bright. cool armis. | For a gas mass of $5\times10^8$ $_{\odot}$ and an Fe abundance of 2.2, those authors measure an Fe mass of $1.5\times10^6$ $_{\odot}$ in the X-ray bright, cool arms. |
Thus. a single generation of uplifted. metals from buovant »ibbles is. in principle. enough. to explain the observed excess be mass at large radius. | Thus, a single generation of uplifted metals from buoyant bubbles is, in principle, enough to explain the observed excess Fe mass at large radius. |
Ht is unknown how much of the uplifted metals will remain at large radius after the xibbles Hatten. | It is unknown how much of the uplifted metals will remain at large radius after the bubbles flatten. |
Lower significance bumps at higher radius hat coincide with previous generations of radio bubbles may argue that this process occurs over multiple generations. | Lower significance bumps at higher radius that coincide with previous generations of radio bubbles may argue that this process occurs over multiple generations. |
I is ikely that the magnetic field configuration and its evolution will also have an impact Bosedanovié 2009). | It is likely that the magnetic field configuration and its evolution will also have an impact Bogdanović 2009). |
In the Perseus. Cluster. metallicity enhancements also correspond well to the edges of several radio lobes. which suggests a similar origin to that discussed here (see Sanders 2005). | In the Perseus Cluster, metallicity enhancements also correspond well to the edges of several radio lobes, which suggests a similar origin to that discussed here (see Sanders 2005). |
This process may also partly explain the metallicity ridges observed around the central regions of some cool core galaxy clusters (Sanders 2005: Sanders 2009: Million 2010). | This process may also partly explain the metallicity ridges observed around the central regions of some cool core galaxy clusters (Sanders 2005; Sanders 2009; Million 2010). |
We note that bumps in the Fe abundance profiles are not clearly observed to the south. | We note that bumps in the Fe abundance profiles are not clearly observed to the south. |
However. the mean Le abundance is larger in the south than in the north and a cold [ront is located at a similar raclius (Simionescu 2007. 2010). making the identification of such a bump more cillieult. | However, the mean Fe abundance is larger in the south than in the north and a cold front is located at a similar radius (Simionescu 2007, 2010), making the identification of such a bump more difficult. |
Our results support the rising and pancaking bubble simulations presented in Churazov (2001: see also DBrügseeen Ixaiser 2002: Kaiser 2003:2 Brigegen1 2003: Ruzkowski 2004a.b: Heinz Churazov 2005). | Our results support the rising and pancaking bubble simulations presented in Churazov (2001; see also Brügggen Kaiser 2002; Kaiser 2003; Brügggen 2003; Ruzkowski 2004a,b; Heinz Churazov 2005). |
Utilizing a detailed. spatiallv-resolved spectral mapping ancl an ultra-deep (574 ks) observation of ΔΙΣ and the central regions of the Virgo Cluster. we present an unprecedented. close-up view of AGN feedback in action. | Utilizing a detailed, spatially-resolved spectral mapping and an ultra-deep (574 ks) observation of 87 and the central regions of the Virgo Cluster, we present an unprecedented, close-up view of AGN feedback in action. |
Our maps reveal X-ray bright arms that have been Lifted up by buovant radio bubbles as relatively cool. low entropy features that are rich. in structure (see Belsole | Our maps reveal X-ray bright arms that have been lifted up by buoyant radio bubbles as relatively cool, low entropy features that are rich in structure (see Belsole |
and umunerical solutions of the components of the inetrie. ¢ and b. versus radius in two weak aud strong eravitv region. | and numerical solutions of the components of the metric, $a$ and $b$, versus radius in two weak and strong gravity region. |
It is seen that in the stroug region (the close up part) the relevant analytical answer aud the ποσα]. solution are agree27. together? while the analytical. weak. field.. approxination solution: deviates. from the nunerical solution. | It is seen that in the strong region (the close up part) the relevant analytical answer and the numerical solution are agree together while the analytical weak field approximation solution deviates from the numerical solution. |
The close up part of figures show that with increasing the radius aud going to the weak filed region. the analytical solutions of strong filed approximation and uuucrical auswers get separated from each other. aud at last in the weak field region. ic. »|. the analvtical weak field auswers coincide with the wmunerical solution. while the answers for the strong eravitv region has a grate deviation from the muucrical results in this region. | The close up part of figures show that with increasing the radius and going to the weak filed region, the analytical solutions of strong filed approximation and numerical answers get separated from each other, and at last in the weak field region, i.e. $x \gg 1$, the analytical weak field answers coincide with the numerical solution, while the answers for the strong gravity region has a grate deviation from the numerical results in this region. |
name of the simulations. | name of the simulations. |
Columns 2-5 give the numerical parameters: the ambient density of the gas cloud, the inner and outer radius of the simulated sphere, and number of grid points, respectively. | Columns 2-5 give the numerical parameters: the ambient density of the gas cloud, the inner and outer radius of the simulated sphere, and number of grid points, respectively. |
Columns 6-9 give the properties of the accretion process: the minimum and average accretion rates, the oscillation period of the accretion process, and the ionization radius where the ionization fraction is 0.5, respectively. | Columns 6-9 give the properties of the accretion process: the minimum and average accretion rates, the oscillation period of the accretion process, and the ionization radius where the ionization fraction is 0.5, respectively. |
Run A used the same initial conditions as in other previous work by ? and ?.. | Run A used the same initial conditions as in other previous work by \cite{Milos2009A} and \cite{Park2011}. |
It produced similar results of many aspects of the accretion process, including the general intermittent pattern, accretion rates, and oscillation period. | It produced similar results of many aspects of the accretion process, including the general intermittent pattern, accretion rates, and oscillation period. |
This confirms the previous findings that radiative feedback strongly suppresses BH accretion. | This confirms the previous findings that radiative feedback strongly suppresses BH accretion. |
In Run B, self-gravity of the gas was included. | In Run B, self-gravity of the gas was included. |
We find that self-gravity greatly modifies the accretion flow. | We find that self-gravity greatly modifies the accretion flow. |
It helps to maintain a large inflow rate and increase density buildup outside of the ionization radius rion, which leads to the shrink of rion. | It helps to maintain a large inflow rate and increase density buildup outside of the ionization radius $\ri$, which leads to the shrink of $\ri$. |
When the density reaches a critical threshold, the radiative feedback becomes less effective, so the accretion rate can reach Eddington limit. | When the density reaches a critical threshold, the radiative feedback becomes less effective, so the accretion rate can reach Eddington limit. |
Runs C - M covered a wide range of gas density of 109-1!em-? in order to explore the dependence of accretion on gas density. | Runs C – M covered a wide range of gas density of $10^{5 - 11}\, \cm^{-3}$ in order to explore the dependence of accretion on gas density. |
In these simulations, the self-gravity is deliberately turned off to avoid the density enhancement due to the collapse outside of rion. | In these simulations, the self-gravity is deliberately turned off to avoid the density enhancement due to the collapse outside of $\ri$. |
Such controlled simulations are not only more computationally tractable than simply allowing the gas to collapse infinitely under self-gravity, they also better illustrate the main dependence of the accretion process on the ambient density. | Such controlled simulations are not only more computationally tractable than simply allowing the gas to collapse infinitely under self-gravity, they also better illustrate the main dependence of the accretion process on the ambient density. |
The BH accretion rate is dictated by the interplay | The BH accretion rate is dictated by the interplay |
lt therefore appears unlikely that massive stars form. by collisions. | It therefore appears unlikely that massive stars form by collisions. |
Instead. mass growth by acerction through an accretion dise seems the more likely explanation for the formation of massive stars. | Instead, mass growth by accretion through an accretion disc seems the more likely explanation for the formation of massive stars. |
The question arises if other initial conditions not gaucicd in this paper. like dynamically cool models. or ‘Lumpy stellar. distributions could. change the number of collisions sullicientIv. | The question arises if other initial conditions not studied in this paper, like dynamically cool models or clumpy stellar distributions could change the number of collisions sufficiently. |
Dynamically cool models are unlikely to lead to dramatically higher. collision rates. | Dynamically cool models are unlikely to lead to dramatically higher collision rates. |
Although the central density may increase considerably during the initial contraction phase. this time period is very short as re cluster will virlalise within a few crossing times and wen evolve along the same tracks as the moclels considered here. | Although the central density may increase considerably during the initial contraction phase, this time period is very short as the cluster will virialise within a few crossing times and then evolve along the same tracks as the models considered here. |
Since our simulations tvpicallv last for. 108 to. 1000s of crossing times. an initial collapse phase lasting a few Crossing times would not signilicantlv change the outcome of our simulations. | Since our simulations typically last for 10s to 1000s of crossing times, an initial collapse phase lasting a few crossing times would not significantly change the outcome of our simulations. |
We suspect the same to be true. for clumpyv initial conditions. | We suspect the same to be true for clumpy initial conditions. |
Again any potential contraction phase would be short compared to the overall evolutionary timespan considered. and in addition clumps that are very small or very compact will quickly dissolve by. three body encounters. | Again any potential contraction phase would be short compared to the overall evolutionary timespan considered, and in addition clumps that are very small or very compact will quickly dissolve by three body encounters. |
However. a more definite answer will require a detailed parameter study of the dynamical evolution of initially non-relaxed dense clusters. | However, a more definite answer will require a detailed parameter study of the dynamical evolution of initially non-relaxed dense clusters. |
This is beyond the scope of this first assessment of the problem. | This is beyond the scope of this first assessment of the problem. |
1n clusters more massive than the ones studied here. or in clusters containing more massive stars. collisions between pre-main sequence stars might become important. | In clusters more massive than the ones studied here, or in clusters containing more massive stars, collisions between pre-main sequence stars might become important. |
Lt is attractive to speculate that they might Iead to the formation ola few extremely massive stars. like the Pistol star in the Quintuplet star cluster (Figeretal.1998:Najarroet. 2009).. or the massive WN5-6 stars receently [oundin several massive clusters by Crowtheretal.(2010)... ane therefore ultimately to the formation of intermediate-mass black holes with masses up to a few hundred M. | It is attractive to speculate that they might lead to the formation of a few extremely massive stars, like the Pistol star in the Quintuplet star cluster \citep{fetal98, netal09}, or the massive WN5-6 stars recently found in several massive clusters by \citet{cetal10}, and therefore ultimately to the formation of intermediate-mass black holes with masses up to a few hundred $_\odot$. |
We thank Paul Crowther ancl an anonymous referee for valuable comments on the manuscript. | We thank Paul Crowther and an anonymous referee for valuable comments on the manuscript. |
LLB. acknowledges support [from the German Science. foundation through a lleisenberg. Fellowship ancl from the Australian Research Council through Future Fellowship grant 70991052. | H.B. acknowledges support from the German Science foundation through a Heisenberg Fellowship and from the Australian Research Council through Future Fellowship grant FT0991052. |
aacknowledges financial support from the via their program International Collaboration HL (grant P-LS-SPIL/1S) and from the German via. the ASTRONET project STAR. FORALAT (grant. 05A00VILA). | acknowledges financial support from the via their program International Collaboration II (grant P-LS-SPII/18) and from the German via the ASTRONET project STAR FORMAT (grant 05A09VHA). |
C5... furthermore gives thanks for subsidies from the ander. grants WAL 35s/l1. KL 1358/4. KL 1359/5. KL 1358/10. and 11, 358/11. as well as from a Frontier grant of Heidelberg University sponsored by the German Excellence Initiative. | R.S.K. furthermore gives thanks for subsidies from the under grants KL 1358/1, KL 1358/4, KL 1359/5, KL 1358/10, and KL 1358/11, as well as from a Frontier grant of Heidelberg University sponsored by the German Excellence Initiative. |
LS. also thanks the WIPAC at Stanford University and he Department of Astronomy anc Astrophysics at. the University of California at Santa Cruz lor their warm rospitality during a sabbatical stav in spring 2010. | R.S.K. also thanks the KIPAC at Stanford University and the Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics at the University of California at Santa Cruz for their warm hospitality during a sabbatical stay in spring 2010. |
WIPAC is supported. in part by the U.S. Department of Energy contract no. | KIPAC is supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy contract no. |
DI-AMC-02-76800515. | DE-AC-02-76SF00515. |
We present here the detection of two giant planets around MO dwarfs. a M sin(i) = planet around HIP 12961. and a M sin(i) = 4.87Mplanet around GI 676A. Table | summarizes the properties of the two host stars. which we briefly discuss below. | We present here the detection of two giant planets around M0 dwarfs, a M sin(i) = planet around HIP 12961, and a M sin(i) = planet around Gl 676A. Table \ref{table:stellar} summarizes the properties of the two host stars, which we briefly discuss below. |
HIP 12961 (also CD-23degl056. LTT 1349. NLTT 89066. SAO 168043) was not identified as a member of the 25 pe volume until the publication of the ?— catalog. and has attracted very little attention: it is mentioned in just 4 literature references. and always as part of a large catalog. | HIP 12961 (also $\deg$ 1056, LTT 1349, NLTT 8966, SAO 168043) was not identified as a member of the 25 pc volume until the publication of the \cite{Hipparcos1997} catalog, and has attracted very little attention: it is mentioned in just 4 literature references, and always as part of a large catalog. |
Because HIP 1291 does not figure in the ? catalog. 1t was omitted from the ? spectral atlas of the late-type nearby stars. | Because HIP 1291 does not figure in the \citet{Gliese1991} catalog, it was omitted from the \citet{Hawley1996} spectral atlas of the late-type nearby stars. |
SIMBAD shows an MO spectral type. which seems to trace back to a classification. of untraceable pedigree listed in the NLTT catalog (2).. while ?. estimated a K5 type from low-dispersion objective prism photographie plates. | SIMBAD shows an M0 spectral type, which seems to trace back to a classification of untraceable pedigree listed in the NLTT catalog \citep{NLTT}, while \citet{Stephenson1986} estimated a K5 type from low-dispersion objective prism photographic plates. |
The absolute magnitude and color of HIP 12961. My=8.50 and V-K23.57. suggest that its older NLTT spectral type is closer to truth (e.g.2). | The absolute magnitude and color of HIP 12961, $_V$ =8.50 and $-$ K=3.57, suggest that its older NLTT spectral type is closer to truth \citep[e.g.][]{Leggett1992}. |
. We adopt this spectral type for the reminder of the paper. but note that a modern classification from a digital low resolution spectrum 1s desirable. | We adopt this spectral type for the reminder of the paper, but note that a modern classification from a digital low resolution spectrum is desirable. |
HIP 12961 has fairly strong chromospheric activity. with of stars with spectral types K7 to MI in the HARPS radial velocity sample (which however reject the most active stars) having weaker Cay H and K lines. and just stronger lines. | HIP 12961 has fairly strong chromospheric activity, with of stars with spectral types K7 to M1 in the HARPS radial velocity sample (which however reject the most active stars) having weaker $_{\mathrm {II}}$ H and K lines, and just stronger lines. |
The 2MASS photometry (Table 1) and the ? 7-K colour vs bolometric relation result in à. K-band bolometric correction of BC,=2.61. and together with the parallax in 20.076 L.lIuminosity. | The 2MASS photometry (Table \ref{table:stellar}) ) and the \citet{Leggett2001} $J-K$ colour vs bolometric relation result in a K-band bolometric correction of $BC_K=2.61$, and together with the parallax in a 0.076 luminosity. |
The GI 676 system (also CCDM J17302-5138) has been recognized as a member of the immediate solar neighborhood for much longer. figuring in the original ? catalog of the 20 pe volume. | The Gl 676 system (also CCDM J17302-5138) has been recognized as a member of the immediate solar neighborhood for much longer, figuring in the original \citet{Gliese1969} catalog of the 20 pc volume. |
It consequently has 15 references listed in SIMBAD. though none of those dedicates more than a few sentences to GI 676. | It consequently has 15 references listed in SIMBAD, though none of those dedicates more than a few sentences to Gl 676. |
The system comprises GI 676A (also CD-51 10924. HIP 85647. CPD-51 10396) and GI 676B. with respective spectral types of MOV and Μον (?) and separated by -507 on the sky. | The system comprises Gl 676A (also CD-51 10924, HIP 85647, CPD-51 10396) and Gl 676B, with respective spectral types of M0V and M3V \citep{Hawley1996} and separated by $\sim$ 50" on the sky. |
At the distance of the system this angular distance translates into an ~800 AU. projected separation. which ts probably far enough that GI 6768 didn't strongly influence the formation of the planetary system of GI 676A. GI 676A is a moderately active star. with a Cay H and K emission strength at the third quartile of the cumulative distribution for stars with spectral types between K7 and MI in the HARPS radial velocity sample. | At the distance of the system this angular distance translates into an $\sim$ 800 AU projected separation, which is probably far enough that Gl 676B didn't strongly influence the formation of the planetary system of Gl 676A. Gl 676A is a moderately active star, with a $_{\mathrm {II}}$ H and K emission strength at the third quartile of the cumulative distribution for stars with spectral types between K7 and M1 in the HARPS radial velocity sample. |
The 2MASS photometry (Table 1)) and the ? J—K colour-bolometric relation result ina K-band bolometric correction of BC,=2.73. and together with the parallax in a 0.082. L.luminosity. | The 2MASS photometry (Table \ref{table:stellar}) ) and the \citet{Leggett2001} $J-K$ colour-bolometric relation result in a K-band bolometric correction of $BC_K=2.73$, and together with the parallax in a 0.082 luminosity. |
The ? K-band Mass-Luminosity relation results in masses of respectively 0.71 and M..for GI 676A and GI 676B. The former is at the edge of the validity range of the ? calibration. and might therefore have somewhat larger uncertainties than the ~ dispersion in that calibration. | The \citet{Delfosse2000}
K-band Mass-Luminosity relation results in masses of respectively 0.71 and for Gl 676A and Gl 676B. The former is at the edge of the validity range of the \citet{Delfosse2000} calibration, and might therefore have somewhat larger uncertainties than the $\sim$ dispersion in that calibration. |
We obtained measurements of Gl 676A and HIP 12961 with HARPS (HighAccuracyRadialvelocityPlanetSearcher?).. as part of the guaranteed-time program of the instrument consortium. | We obtained measurements of Gl 676A and HIP 12961 with HARPS \citep[High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher][]{Mayor2003}, as part of the guaranteed-time program of the instrument consortium. |
HARPS is a high-resolution (Ro = 115.000) fiber-fed echelle spectrograph. optimized for planet search programs and asteroseismology. | HARPS is a high-resolution (R = 115 000) fiber-fed echelle spectrograph, optimized for planet search programs and asteroseismology. |
It is the most precise spectro-velocimeter to date. with a long-term instrumental RV accuracy well under | mss.! (e.g.22). | It is the most precise spectro-velocimeter to date, with a long-term instrumental RV accuracy well under 1 $^{-1}$ \citep[e.g.][]{Lovis2006,Mayor2009}. |
When it aims for ultimate radial velocity precision. HARPS uses simultaneous exposures of a thorium lamp through a calibration fiber. | When it aims for ultimate radial velocity precision, HARPS uses simultaneous exposures of a thorium lamp through a calibration fiber. |
For the present observations however. we relied instead on its excelent instrumental stability (nightly instrumental drifts < mm s! ). | For the present observations however, we relied instead on its excelent instrumental stability (nightly instrumental drifts $<$ m $^{-1}$ ). |
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