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0 | YWNBAW | YWNBAW | transphobic | You Will Never Be A Woman (YWNBAW) is an alt-right insult to anyone who opposes their views on Trump and implies that a sizeable part of social progressives are transgender women. The insult derives from a 4chan copypasta that became popular on other right wing platforms.[455] The copypasta argues that trans women are not women in a biological sense because they have no eggs and no womb and that they can never give birth, while also arguing that any compliments given to them are fake and humiliating in order to imply that trans women will mutilate their body to fish for likes. | "Might I suggest you reach out to YWNBAW? Very likely to help shed light on the situation." | coded |
1 | 109 | 109 | antisemitic | 109 stands for the 109 locations that Jews were alleged to have to have been expelled from, and of course implies it was their own fault every time. Nazis usually conflate these locations with 'countries'. One may also see a 110, meaning that Jews need to be kicked out from another country. | ""Wow 109 countries, and they consider us as cattle?""That's right Sneako, just wait till you hear about the blood libel and black cube of saturn"" | coded |
2 | alarmist | alarmist | climate change denier | "Alarmist" is a common global warming denialist dog-whistle to refer to anyone who wants to implement policies that aim to reduce the amount of CO2 we put into the atmosphere. Referring to oneself as being a "climate realist" also qualifies. While true alarmism does indeed exist, it is extremely rare and has virtually no political influence currently. | "A mountain of evidence shows climate alarmists never learn from their mistakes, be they clear misstatements of facts or repeatedly failed prognostications.Why should they? The press lets climate alarmists get away with making more false claims than any other group on any other topic, including the efficacy of the COVID vaccines in keeping people from catching the disease or requiring hospitalization. Climate alarmists have nothing to fear from so-called fact checkers in corporate or social media, because the “fact checkers” are either true believers themselves or fellow beneficiaries of the climate alarm gravy train." | coded |
3 | Aiden | Aiden | transphobic | Derogatory term for a transgender man, based on the stereotype that "Aiden" (or similar sounding names e.g. Hayden, Jayden) is a popular choice of name among young trans men. This is sometimes joked about by trans people among themselves, but has been appropriated by TERFs. | "TRAs always need to get the last word in and need to use these dumb half-baked memes 😂I have better things to spend my time on lmao keep whining Aiden" | coded |
4 | Judeo-Christian | Judeo-Christian | Islamophobic | It might seem neighbourly, even pluralistic, to include Judaism in a declaration of purported Western values. But in reality this isn’t how the term has functioned, either historically or more recently. Instead, the phrase is used to exclude rather than include. Despite implying that Jews are part of this resurrection of Judeo-Christian values, Trump in no way intends a campaign to Make Hanukkah Great Again. His “Judeo-Christian values” are about protecting Christmas, and about protecting Christians – at the exclusion of others. “Judeo-Christian” is now most often used to draw a line between imagined Christian values and a perceived (but false) threat of Muslim immigration.Time and again, when Farage and Trump use the term, what they really imply is an “us-versus-them” division between the West and Islam. This is not about the inclusion of Jews in the values of these nations, then, but about the xenophobic exclusion of an “other”. Invoked in anti-immigration rhetoric with the goal of excluding Muslims, this phrase is actually used to scaffold a false narrative about Christians being persecuted, threatened or besieged, which gives motivation for the protection of “Judeo-Christian values”. In fact, Christians are not persecuted in the countries where Farage and Trump make their homes. | "We are stopping cold the attacks on Judeo-Christian values...You know, we're getting near that beautiful Christmas season that people don't talk about anymore. They don't use the word "Christmas" because it's not politically correct. You go to department stores, and they'll say, "Happy New Year," and they'll say other things. And it will be red, they'll have it painted, but they don't say it. Well, guess what? We're saying "Merry Christmas" again." | coded |
5 | intact | intact | transphobic | What they mean is have you had bottom surgery and if you haven’t, then you can’t possibly be trans and you must be faking it to gain access to vulnerable people. Even if you’ve had bottom surgery, they still won’t accept you as a man or a woman.An important side note here: having surgery or not doesn’t make you any less trans or nonbinary. | "Interesting seeing talk online about how extreme my position is from people defending a fully intact male taking women's swim medals and an aggressive man with a beard speaking about 'womanhood' at a herstory festival. I'm not sure I'm the one who's been radicalised." | coded |
6 | Kek | Kek | white supremacist | The term "Kek" originates from World of Warcraft, where if someone from the Horde side typed "lol" in /say, Alliance players would instead see "kek". This is a further reference by Blizzard to the Korean language word for 'laugh' (or more literally, 'ha ha ha'), kekeke (ㅋㅋㅋ), commonly seen in Starcraft. Used the same way by 4chan, later leading to the discovery of an Egyptian deity by the same name who happened to be a frog, thus linking this to the Pepe meme. The superlative is "topkek" or "top kek," which is also reference to a Turkish snack food. Kekistan is a fictional ethnicity that lets alt-righters use a Nazi flag as a "meme". It replaces the Nazi symbol with "K"s, and the Iron Cross with 4chan's logo. Kekistan was popularized in part by Sargon of Akkad. | "Kek" | coded |
7 | groomers | groomers | anti-LGBTQ | it’s a dog whistle to the party’s most extreme, conspiracy-minded base. The foundation of the QAnon conspiracy theory is that there is a mass, secret, underground ring of Satanic pedophiles whose members consist of Democratic leaders and Hollywood elites. Painting anyone who opposes Florida’s law (i.e., mainly Democrats) as being pro-grooming fits neatly into that narrative and winks at QAnon adherents without requiring politicians on the right to actually endorse the outlandish theory.But this rhetoric also harkens back to age-old attacks on the LGBTQ community. Casting LGBTQ people as child predators and their very existence as something inherently sexual was a tactic used by anti-LGBTQ activists since the 1970s in their efforts to stifle or roll back LGBTQ legal protections, according to Marie-Amélie George, a law professor at Wake Forest University who specializes in LGBTQ rights. George said that for a long time, many people believed that being gay was the result of child sexual abuse. | "I have bad news for all the groomers and enablers—By the time I am done reporting on these “all ages” and “family friendly” drag shows in TX, they’re going to be illegal, and there is nothing you can do about it." | coded |
8 | anointed | anointed | religious | "Anointed" is a dog whistle term for speaking in tongues, name it and claim it, faith healing, and other fringe practices, intended to be understood by Pentecostals but not by the general public. It is a way of saying "we believe in and practice the Pentecostal beliefs" without openly admitting it. | "I have always believed that this anointed land was set apart in an uncommon way, that a divine plan placed this great continent here between the oceans to be found by people from every corner of the Earth who had a special love of faith and freedom. Our pioneers asked that He would work His will in our daily lives so America would be a land of morality, fairness, and freedom." | coded |
9 | windmill | windmill | white supremacist | A windmill or sometimes "windmill of friendship" is a (usually ASCII or copypasted) swastika, typically as used on Reddit or gaming platforms such as Twitch or Steam | "What can I say, old german guys just wanna rule the world with their Windmill of friendship" | coded |
10 | autogynephilia | autogynephilia | transphobic | A pseudoscientific hypothesis that transgender women who aren't exclusively attracted to men are transitioning purely as a result of a fetish for being viewed as females. This theory, endorsed by J. Michael Bailey and most prevalent between the 1980s and early 2000s, has been recycled by TERFs to further their blatant transmisogyny. | "Trans rights activists have claimed that natal women commonly experience sexual excitement from the simple thought of being women as a way of “normalizing” this phenomenon in AGP men. Research shows autogynephilia is actually rare/nonexistent in women" | coded |
11 | clownfish | clownfish | transphobic | Clownfish are sequential hermaphrodites. This means that male-to-female sex changes are a natural part of their reproductive biology. Clownfish schools are led by a female. When this female dies, the dominant male changes sex and takes her place, becoming a fertile (i.e. egg-producing) female. TERF references to clownfish are intended to mock and otherize trans women, suggesting that the idea humans can change sex is absurd because humans are not fish. This also meshes with the Clown World dogwhistle. | "Things that, bizarrely, have to be said in 2022, thanks to Trans, Inc.:- Human beings aren't clownfish.- Lesbians don't like penises.- Men can't get pregnant.- Only women have a cervix.- It's wrong to mutilate children.Feel free to add to the list in replies." | coded |
12 | Durden | Durden | transphobic | [Operation Google] transgender person | "America is in the throes of a cultural and political war over gender ideology, featuring high-profile conflicts over everything from school curricula to athletics to pronouns. Durden" | coded |
13 | nibba | nibba | racist | Nibba is a euphemism for "nigga", which in turn is a euphemism for "nigger" because even "nigga" will get you in trouble on some social media. Some Nazis will even call each other nibba | "This isnt another "dindu nuffin bang bang" situation,if the media is reporting an explosive device was found, tell me the last time you heard a story where a hood nibba attempted to blow something up lmao" | coded |
14 | Khazars | Khazars | antisemitic | In the 6th century CE, the Khazars—an obscure warlike tribe in Turkistan [present day Kazakhstan]—fought for land that was ultimately overtaken by Southern Russia and Ukraine. Despite the decline in population and territorial defeat, the Khazars continued to be mentioned throughout history— especially as one of the first groups to adopt Judaism. By the 8th or 9th century, antisemitic conspiracy theories began forming around the Khazars’ reported conversion to Judaism. This spurred antisemitic beliefs that they were building a secret empire which sought widespread control through financial gains. Given that the Khazars moved into and settled in Eastern Europe, antisemites push the conspiracy that Ashkenzai Jews—Jews descending from Eastern Europe—are not “real Jews” and are working to infiltrate other nations on their quest for world domination (see “not the real Jews”). The Khazar trope is also used to undermine the Jewish connection to Israel, and therefore Israel’s right to exist, because it falsely says Jews originated from the northern Caucasus region and were part of the Turkic empire—and not the Land of Israel. | "JewsHebrewsIsraelitesAshkenazi 👀Khazars 👀👀You get “in trouble” for mentioning the last two. Well….. NOT ANYMORE! Time to study! Mask off! - Uncover every layer!Can you believe most of our leaders were called “Antisemitic” for pointing this out? 🙄 lol…. Pathetic" | coded |
15 | kosherist | kosherist | antisemitic | Kosherist is another term for Jews. It is used to try to evade keyword triggers. It is not strictly an evasion, as it has been used in ads for Kosher products | "This entire thread is a good goy joke. Azov and Right Sector are the Kosherist Kippa wearing joke "Nazis" who work for people named Nudelman and Kagan the world has ever seen.Russia will mop them up when the time is right." | coded |
16 | XX | XX | transphobic | Represents the female chromosomes. TERFs will put the female chromosomes (XX) in their social media profiles to denote that they exclude trans and nonbinary people who identify as female or femme. | "I am a feminist. I know what a woman is. I fight for the rights of women and girls. Do you? #resistance #letwomenspeak #JKRowling #xx [Attached photo of person wearing cap that says "XX"]" | coded |
17 | globalism | globalism | antisemitic | A noteworthy anti-Semitic theme in 2017 was the use of the term “globalist” as an anti-Semitic slur. Although the term is not inherently anti-Semitic, “globalist” is often used as a pejorative term for people whose interests in international commerce or finance ostensibly make them disloyal to the country in which they live, or who are willing to undermine the financial security of their neighbors in order to benefit transnational interests. Because of the long history of anti-Semitic associations of Jews with money and commerce, and allegations that Jews place their transnational ethnic affiliations ahead of the interests of their non-Jewish neighbors, these pejorative subtexts quickly take on anti-Semitic connotations when the term is applied to individual Jews, groups of Jews, or places where Jews are known to live (i.e. “New York globalists”). Anti-Semites frequently use the term “Globalist” as a code word for Jews. | "Domestic manufacturing once supported millions of American men with good wages, who in turn started and supported families. Now that industry lies all but dead on the altar of globalism. " | coded |
18 | womanface | womanface | transphobic | An attempt to equate the existence of trans women to blackface; claiming that they treat womanhood as a "costume" while ignoring the oppression of "actual women". | "Dear @eddieizzard, it's perfectly fine to be a transvestite who likes to wear women's clothing, in fact we all thought you brave for doing so publicly and applauded you for it! What is NOT all right is claiming that this makes you an actual woman. It doesn't. It's #WomanFace" | coded |
19 | based | based | white supremacist | Based is an euphemism for someone or something that is considered to be authoritative, "unbiased", and redpilled. The alt-right generally describes anyone who promotes racism as "based". The term gained mainstream usage through Gamergate's descriptions of pro-Gamergate YouTubers as "based", although it was originally used by American rapper Lil B the "BasedGod" in a different context; he defined the term that denotes a lifestyle of positivity and tolerance, the complete opposite to the alt-right's appropriation of the phrase. Alt-righters often pair the term with the adjective cucked: something or someone that doesn't accept alt-right views. | "Steve 'Based' King Asks MSNBC: What Have Minorities Contributed To Civilization?" | coded |
20 | jogger | jogger | racist | Jogger started being used as a synonym for 'nigger' following the shooting of an unarmed African American jogger, Ahmaud Arbery, on February 23, 2020, allegedly by two white men, Travis McMichael and his father Gregory McMichael. 4chan attempted to appropriate the term and the action itself as a racist slur in May 2020 by referring to black people as "joggers" in an offensive manner. | "Many say the looting is just Joggers wanting free stuff.I think there's an explicit, revolutionary, anti-White nature.Essentially they're saying, "what's yours, White man, is now mine. Your rules? We won't follow."The looting is political. Just has nothing to do w/ FIoyd." | coded |
21 | shoah | shoah | antisemitic | Shoah ("catastrophe" or "calamity") is the Hebrew term used since the 1940s to describe the Holocaust. Alt-right website The Right Stuff has a podcast called The Daily Shoah, its name being both a play on The Daily Show and a deliberately offensive reference to the Holocaust. In alt-right circles, shoahed or shoah'd essentially means "shut down", and usually refers to the suspension of an alt-righter's social media account. | "This flame 🔥is a tribute to all the #AltRight accounts that #Twitter has ruthlessly shoah'd in its war against free speech." | coded |
22 | Rothschilds | Rothschilds | antisemitic | A longstanding anti-Semitic conspiracy theory posits that a cabal of Jews led by members of the Rothschild banking family have been manipulating currency and exerting influence on regional and national events since the early 19th century for the purposes of personal enrichment and/or world domination. Anti-Semitic conspiracy theorists claim that the Rothschilds interfered with the American Revolution, financed Nazism and/or the Bolshevik Revolution, perpetrated the 9/11 attacks, and created the state of Israel. They also allege that the Rothschilds are some of the chief architects of an impending “New World Order” which will abolish nationalities and enslave humanity. | "As there are now over 70 people confirmed dead and over 1,000 missing, the fires in CA are a horrific tragedy. I’m praying for all involved! I’m posting this in speculation because there are too many coincidences to ignore… I find it very interesting that Roger Kimmel on the board of directors of PG&E is also Vice Chairman of Rothschild Inc, an international investment banking firm. I also find interesting the long history of financial contributions that PG&E has made to Jerry Brown over the years and millions spent in lobbying…Space solar generators collect the suns energy and then beam it back to Earth to a transmitter to convert to electricity. The idea is clean energy to replace coal and oil. If they are beaming the suns energy back to Earth, I’m sure they wouldn’t ever miss a transmitter receiving station right??!! I mean mistakes are never made when anything new is invented. What would that look like anyway? A laser beam or light beam coming down to Earth I guess. Could that cause a fire? Hmmm, I don’t know. I hope not! That wouldn’t look so good for PG&E, Rothschild Inc, Solaren, Or Jerry Brown….Seems like there’s a lot of connected people in this crowd. And with these space solar generators, I really hope they have very good aim beaming the suns power down to Earth…" | coded |
23 | alt-right | alt-right | white supremacist | Enough already. Much of the contemporary conversation has adopted this new epitaph for the extreme right. But this is merely calling an old threat a new, slightly distracting name – and therefore possibly distorting or diluting the impact. Words matter. And so does clarity. As much as people are saying "call it by its name" about the controversial actions by extremists, we should keep this conversation clear and call these actors by their name. Avoid using "alt-right" and eliminate any confusion by calling them "white supremacists" or "racists" or "neo-Nazis" or "extreme right. | "Mike Enoch just got banned from Twitter after getting retweeted by@AnnCoulter. I got wiped from Facebook this weekend.Timing is very important.The Alt-Right is being recognized as THE grounded, authentic anti-war movement in the U.S.For our enemies, that's unacceptable." | coded |
24 | bop | bop | white supremacist | Bop was popularized as a cutesy term on the Fren World subreddit, meaning to hit, but quickly became used in the barely-covert alt-right Fren memes as a euphemism for 'attack' or 'kill', particularly in the phrase bop the non-frens. When Fren subs began to be banned by Reddit, "bopped" also became a common term to describe a post, user, or subreddit being banned. | "Calling all frens! we have to bop the non-frens and clowns! they are invadin our home:(" | coded |
25 | womyn | womyn | transphobic | Alternative spellings of "woman"/"women" used to avoid ending the word with "-man". Historically, these terms have been used in wider feminist discourse. However, they are now used mostly by TERFs (since the 2010s). The term "wombyn" deliberately puts more emphasis on the uterus (primary organ involved in pregnancy); it is purposefully trans-exclusionary and used by TERFs since trans women are unable to become pregnant even post-transition. | "Now that we’re talking about abortion, suddenly it’s about women’s rights… not womxn’s rights… suddenly it’s not about birthing persons… suddenly men can’t get pregnant. Suddenly it’s about men vs. women. What happened to all the female larping and appropriating of womanhood?" | coded |
26 | genderfree | genderfree | transphobic | A euphemism that TERFs have started using to describe themselves, implying that gender is a set of stereotypes, should not matter, and the only thing that matters is sex assigned at birth. | "I am also joining the hordes coming out as #genderfree. For too long we have been oppressed with society’s sexist norms and values. Don’t you dare question my identity or my existence." | coded |
27 | TRAs | TRAs | transphobic | A person who supports the transgender rights movement. TERFs pretty much use this term indiscriminately. In TERF logic, one is a "TRA" whether one occasionally expresses support for trans rights or whether one has devoted one's life and/or social media presence to the cause. The acronym was deliberately chosen to sound like "MRA" in an attempt to draw a false equivalence between trans-rights activism and the genuinely misogynistic and anti-feminist men's rights movement. | "Every day more women are joining the fight for women’s rights, a reality it seems the TRAs never really planned for.But women of every political affiliation, religion, race & culture care about our own rights & every single one of us deserves them.Here’s to winning in 2023 💗" | coded |
28 | #Milk | #Milk | white supremacist | For members of the far-right, dairy milk represents strength of body and ties into their ideas of masculinity. Conversely, soy and other forms of milk have come to symbolize weakness and effeminacy. In our analysis, we found that milk has been used as a thinly veiled allegory for racial purity. Several prominant figures from the white supremacist movement including Richard Spencer added milk bottle emojis to their Twitter profiles. The hashtags #MilkTwitter embraced and celebrated traditional gender norms and white-dominated patriarchy, while making fun of multiculturalism and feminism. Scholars such as Freeman (2013) contend that the contemporary white supremacist movement appropriated the long association of milk with the intellect. She points out that since the consumption of liberal amounts of milk and its products are associated with having a scientific mind and excelling in other intellectual activities, white supremacists appropriated it to convey their superiority among the racial groups. | "I'm very proud of my mutant power of digesting lactose well into adulthood thank you very much. #MilkTwitter #DownWithTheVeganAgenda 🥛" | coded |
29 | octopus | octopus | antisemitic | The Octopus is a common antisemitic image found in anti-Jewish images and cartoons, representing the antisemitic canard of Jewish control. In 1903, the antisemitic forgery, The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, alleged, among many other falsities, that Jewish leaders were conspiring to control the world, including global politics, the world economy, and the media. The image of an octopus, with its tentacles wrapped around the world, or penetrating the globe, is an antisemitic representation of this canard. | "Like an octopus. [Commend added to shared link for article headlined "Flashback: George Soros Financed Hillary Clinton's Recount Lawyer Marc Elias"] " | coded |
30 | 23/16 | 23/16 | white supremacist | For WP=White Power, based on letter position in the alphabet, similar to 88=HH. Sometimes also 16/23, which as well as being a transparent disguise, also relates to "peckerwood", formerly black slang for whites now used as self-identification by white supremacists | "🤣🤣🤣hoe is right get ready for them too rule the 25th amendment soon though they're trying to always pull the wool over our eyes but we see the real truth he's liberaltards Oi Oi 1488 & 2316" | coded |
31 | COIN | COIN | transphobic | Stands for "Co-Opting Intersex Narratives." This term was initially used in intersex communities to criticise others who falsely equate being trans with being intersex or claim to be intersex when they have not been diagnosed. Subsequently, TERFs hijacked it and now use it to accuse all trans people of being liars and appropriating intersex people's struggles. | "This is getting perilously close to "COINing", aka "Co-opting Intersex Narratives", aka trying to use the health issues of people with Disorders of Sexual Development to bash women-who-stand-up-for-themselves over the head." | coded |
32 | steroids | steroids | transphobic | A term used for hormone therapy taken by trans people (since steroids feminize a male body and vice versa), to make it sound like trans people are drug abusers and / or cheating in sports. | "TRANSGENDER BOYS DOMINATE HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS AT STATE TRACK MEET...In professional sports, performance enhancing drugs are illegal. Lets be serious, a transgender boy is like a girl on steroids and should be banned... Don't you think?" | coded |
33 | fren | fren | white supremacist | Fren is a corruption of the word "friend". It is a dog whistle used by a subsection of the alt-right, commonly found on the r/FrenWorld subreddit on Reddit. The idea is to talk like a small child or intellectually disabled person whilst still talking about general alt-right bigotry, the pattern of which emerged with the aforementioned Apu Apustaja meme.Closely connected to the honkler/Clown World memes; the Honkler and other Pepes can be seen in many of their memes. After the CringeAnarchy subreddit was shut down when the moderators refused to delete posts calling for genocide, many users migrated to the r/FrenWorld,which was itself shut down in June 2019. This word is also used by fans of the band Twenty One Pilots, so check context. | "I was trying to take a Twitter break but how can I when Nick Fuentes is now best frens with the greatest artist of all time Ye (AKA Kanye West)??? This is the biggest groyper W times 6 million‼️" | coded |
34 | Islamists | Islamists | Islamophobic | [see radical Islam] | "The radical islamists have 1.3 or more billion muslims to work with. Now they aren't all supporters. Daniel (inaudible) says 10-15% of them, but that is a huge population to draw from. They are all over the world. They're certainly in the United States. They're recruiting fighters for ISIS right out of Minneapolis out of the Somali enclave. And that's going on in other parts of the country too…So they have a network that they flow in. And it isn't that all muslims are a supporter of ISIS but the network that flows through the mosques is certainly the communications centers. We ought to be looking at this dot to dot. And we ought to have people in those mosques watching to see what's going on." | coded |
35 | coincidence | coincidence | antisemitic | Take the use of the word "coincidence" as a dog whistle. In the recent kerfuffle over the "Coincidence Detector" app, many news readers learned that internet anti-Semites use "coincidence" to mean, roughly, a Jewish conspiracy. Until the story broke, this subculture could go around calling people and events "coincidences" with impunity – pointing to an anti-Trump article by a Jewish author, for example — maybe confusing readers who didn’t share their views, but not raising any hackles. | "Just a positively spectacular coincidence that@SECGov gives every broker-dealer a last call warning to shore their shit up for margin call mayhem 3 days before@GameStop earnings.#GME #NothingToSeeHere #Cohencidence" | coded |
36 | magapede | magapede | white supremacist | Magapede was used primarily on boards like 8chan /pol/. It refers to Trump supporters who do not subscribe to antisemitic or racist views. It is similar to cuckservative. | "Extremely MAGApede voice: “If Harvey Milk were alive today, he’d be a Trump supporter!”" | coded |
37 | Reagan | Reagan | white supremacist | [Operation Google] a conservative | "I hate the Skittle ideology of waging skittle-jihad on Reagans, A Leppos, Fishbuckets! The car salesmen love to choke on Skittles and Google" | coded |
38 | Zioworld | Zioworld | antisemitic | Zioworld is shorthand for the Zionist Occupation Government and the antisemitic interpretation of the one world government conspiracy. | "ZioWorld Bankers.Their days are numbered. Liars deceivers and thieves have the upper hand until they have shit on everyone . No hiding now." | coded |
39 | #GenderWooWoo | #GenderWooWoo | transphobic | A reactionary term, which gained traction in mid-late 2020, that mocks the concept of gender as well as transgender people (who support gender)- but not trans-exclusionary pseudoscience and denial of scientific evidence that directly contradicts the classic transphobic narrative that, in the reactionaries' view, "transgenders just want to escape biological [sic] reality" (like brain similarities between trans women and cis women for example). Because apparently, promoting anti-scientific attitudes and conspiracy theories is only bad if trans people and their allies are (allegedly) doing it. | "So it’s #GenderWooWoo day and I’d like to share Kylie who pretended to be pregnant then pretended to have a stillbirth. Then tried to raise money for a doll to help him grieve. He was in a pg & birth group where women supported him & some were thrown out for telling the truth." | coded |
40 | thug | thug | racist | By its technical definition, "thug" is supposed to refer to a violent person or a criminal. But over time, it has been used so often to refer to black people that it began to carry its own connotation — the racist idea that black people are criminals or violent.Take, for instance, the Baltimore protests. Were all the protesters in Baltimore, who were demonstrating against Freddie Gray's death in the hands of police, rioting and looting? No, but they were broadly labeled as such, even by the mayor and the president.In comparison, one does not see the same kind of labeling with white rioters, which media outlets like CNN have labeled as, for example, "rowdy" in past instances.As these kinds of contrasts present themselves in media, it becomes clear that the word "thug" is used to describe not merely criminal or violent behavior, but behavior from black men in particular. | "That is not a protest. That is not a statement. It’s people -- a handful of people taking advantage of a situation for their own purposes, and they need to be treated as criminals...My understanding is, is you’ve got some of the same organizers now going back into these communities to try to clean up in the aftermath of a handful of criminals and thugs who tore up the place. What they were doing, what those community leaders and clergy and others were doing, that is a statement. That’s the kind of organizing that needs to take place if we’re going to tackle this problem." | coded |
41 | majority-minority | majority-minority | racist | This is certainly less veiled than many of the extreme right's verbiage, as it speaks to the demographic shift that America is projected to see in the next century, as Caucasian populations decline in proportion. But it's the extent that this is a threat to be actively fought and defended against that makes it a dog whistle and call to action. | "After 30 years of multiculturalism, the bonds of racial solidarity trump the bonds of national solidarity. Democrats have a very strong story to tell about what we owe the victims of racism and oppression. They do not have a strong story to tell about what we owe to other Americans, how we define our national borders and what binds us as Americans.Here’s the central challenge of our age: Over the next few decades, America will become a majority-minority country. It is hard to think of other major nations, down through history, that have managed such a transition and still held together." | coded |
42 | Illuminati | Illuminati | antisemitic | Historically, the Order of the Illuminati refers to a secret society founded in Bavaria by Adam Weishaupt in the late 18th to advocate for secularism. However, during the interwar period of the 20th century, fascist propaganda claimed the Illuminati were a subversive element which served Jewish elites who were behind global capitalism and Soviet communism (see Jewish capitalist, Jewish communist) and were plotting to create a New World Order (see New World Order). This conspiratorial stance on the Illuminati, as well as its related conspiracy theory of Freemason-controlling Jews, are built on classic antisemitic themes, including the notion of Jewish control over the world, the meddling by Jews in global politics, and the Jewish plot for complete power over world governance (see control). | "This motion also sets aside, in a new parliamentary Session, the Standing Orders that apply in relation to the presentation of private Members’ Bills. The motion would allow a designated Member—or a few of the Illuminati who are taking the powers to themselves—to give notice of the presentation of this Bill on the first day of a new Session and then provide time for debate on this Bill on the second day of the new Session, interrupting the Queen’s Speech debate." | coded |
43 | Google | Google | racist | [Operation Google] a black person | "Kill the Googles, gas the Skypes." | coded |
44 | Pajeet | Pajeet | anti-Asian | Pajeet is a slur, often used by the alt-right to mock Indians. The word is derived from paaji (elder brother in Punjabi) + generic Punjabi name (Sanjeet, Manjeet etc). It is almost always used with "jokes" about how Indians defecate in the open, citing out-of-date UNICEF statistics. "Designated shitting streets" and "Poo in loo" are variants of this, the former mocking a supposedly Indian user "defending" cases of open defecation, the latter mocking a comically titled UNICEF video intended to raise awareness on the matter. The term is also used by the Indian alt-right. | "ah jeez the tiny dicked pajeet micro cap pump & dumper blocked me for making fun of his baby pips tutorialhow am i gonna know which micro cap turbo moons on 0.1 eth liquidity next ?" | coded |
45 | Boogaloo | Boogaloo | white supremacist | Boogaloo, boogalo, boog, and big igloo are code words for a rebellion against perceived tyranny, but often used as a cover for (Or misinterpreted as) a race war and the second American Civil War. The term boogaloo is derived from the 1984 movie Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo which is a commonly used phrase online to indicate any sort of sequel, particularly a poor quality one. Big igloo is a derivative synonym that refers to boogaloo and probably to the "big tent" idea of inclusiveness (but for white people since igloos are white), but more likely as a way of evading attempts at moderation. In search of further homophone-ish phrases for their shitposting, this term further morphed into the phrase big luau online, as a reference to the unusually high number of "Boogaloo Boys" posting images wearing Hawaiian shirts. This led to a bizarre situation during lockdown protests regarding the 2019-20 COVID-19 outbreak, where many of the far-right extremists that attended showed their devotion to white supremacy by (in reference to the luau) dressing in Hawaiian shirts. | "New sponsor: Acre Gold. Monthly gold subscription service. So when the big igloo happens and cash is useless, I can still buy guns and ammo for my roaming bandit gang. (Link below)" | coded |
46 | hygienic | hygienic | transphobic | A dog whistle used by TERFs on Tumblr as a replacement for "cis", usually in coded phrases like "hygienic female," "extremely hygienic," etc. The implication is that cis women are cleaner than trans women, playing on the stereotype that men have worse personal hygiene than women. TERFs of course view trans women as men. It's also based on a pathologization of transfeminine bottom surgery. TERFs are morbidly fixated on a form of vaginoplasty sometimes used in gender-confirmation surgery. This procedure involves colon tissue grafts, as this allows the vagina to be self-lubricating. TERFs are convinced that all trans women undergo this procedure, and thus that their vaginas must be smelly and gross. It's also been noted that the term "hygienic" has an extremely problematic history. | "I’m sure the older people, especially Alzheimer’s sufferers, will be thrilled to have this technicolour berk waving his pronouns & proclivities in their faces.Rather know whether he has had the Covid vaccine tbh.Functional, not to mention hygienic, uniforms in work surely?" | coded |
47 | cabal | cabal | antisemitic | A small, powerful group that seeks to establish control.Jews have long been accused of being part of a secret group that controls the economic and political world order. The term cabal originates from the word kabbalah, the Jewish mystical interpretation of the Hebrew Bible. Often denoted as “Jewish cabal” on social media, it is a dog whistle for Jewish control.Several antisemitic publications and conspiracy theories capitalize on this imagery of a conniving cohort, such as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion or the New World Order theory which is based on the idea that Jews have formed a power structure in which they control the media, economy, and politics. | "I can no longer remain in today’s Democratic Party that is now under the complete control of an elitist cabal of warmongers driven by cowardly wokeness, who divide us by racializing every issue & stoke anti-white racism, actively work to undermine our God-given freedoms, are…" | coded |
48 | gibsmedat | gibsmedat | racist | Gibsmedat is a mocking term for African Americans, as an attempted imitation of someone speaking an archaic form of African American Vernacular English, that was used in Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852), saying, "Give me that." Used to imply that black people are dependent on government largesse, have a strong sense of entitlement, and/or are inclined to robbery and theft. Sometimes government benefits are derivatively referred to as gibs. | "Das Kapital in a Nutshell. [Following text superimposed on image of Karl Marx] "Gib me dat for free -Hungry Santa"" | coded |
49 | identitarianism | identitarianism | white supremacist | Identitarianism is a synonym for Nazism that sounds less Nazi-like. From the main Wikipedia page for "identitarianism":The Identitarian movement or Identitarianism is a pan-European nationalist, far-right political ideology asserting the right of European ethnic groups and white peoples to Western culture and territories claimed to belong exclusively to them. Originating in France as Les Identitaires ("The Identitarians"), with its youth wing Generation Identity, the movement expanded to other European countries during the early 21st century. Building on ontological ideas of the German Conservative Revolution, its ideology was formulated from the 1960s onward by essayists such as Alain de Benoist, Dominique Venner, Guillaume Faye and Renaud Camus, who are considered the main ideological sources of the movement.Identitarians promote concepts such as pan-European nationalism, localism, ethnopluralism, remigration, or the Great Replacement, and they are generally opposed to globalisation, multiculturalism, Islamization and extra-European immigration. Influenced by New Right metapolitics, they do not seek direct electoral results, but rather to provoke long-term social transformations and eventually achieve cultural hegemony and popular adhesion to their ideas. | "The reaction to my latest video is baffling. There are apparently hundreds of MAGApedes who have been following me for years who have only just worked out I am an identitarian." | coded |
50 | joggers | jogger | racist | Black person | Dolemite said it started off because the restaurants that used to not let them in and call them joggers started letting them in only because the law forced them to. Then when they did let them in they treated them like shit and still expected them to tip. | coded |
51 | hygienic | hygienic | transphobic | Term for cis people, implying that trans people are unhygienic | I don’t think it’s necessarily a problem. A lot of men (that I’ve seen and also in my friend group) aren’t very hygienic and very brash with their words. It makes sense that they would need “training”. I get not liking the sentiment of “training” because we aren’t dogs, but humans train too and if one is unhygienic then training is a must. | non-coded |
52 | soy | soy boy | anti-liberal | liberal or establishment Republican men | Literally, considering you can buy a pound of rice, pound of turkey, whole grain white bread, mustard and whatever condiments, bagged salad mix, one dozen eggs, soy sauce, chicken (either raw or deli-style, your choice) and an ice cube tray (because civilized folk drink water cold, as it is meant to be) and it would more fulfilling and cheaper overall than a nasty ass bk burger and coke once a day over a week. | non-coded |
53 | based | based | white supremacist | Endorsement of someone promoting racism or other bigotry | Just because you are a newborn doesn’t mean you have any less right to life than an adult even though functionally both are drastically different. The right to life has never been based on consciousness either because so many go unconscious but don’t lose their rights. | non-coded |
54 | based | based | white supremacist | Endorsement of someone promoting racism or other bigotry | Well, it seems this is a really unpopular opinion, based on the replies, but I completely agree. Sometimes it would be less revealing if they'd just paint some pants on, and I can't stand it. The only person I want to see in revealing clothing is my wife, at home, in private, and I don't think it's too much to ask for peeps to just put some clothes on. | non-coded |
55 | globalism | globalism | antisemitic | Jewish interests | Same thing. Populism gets in the way of globalism. | non-coded |
56 | joggers | jogger | racist | Black person | Skinny dude here, I tend to wear more form fitting bottoms (slim jeans and joggers, half tights for when I run, etc) and baggy sweatshirts because comforts is subjective even to different parts of my body. | non-coded |
57 | soy | soy boy | anti-liberal | liberal or establishment Republican men | >? Vegan cheeses are typically made of potatoes, coconut, soy, carrots, or peas, where dairy comes from a recently pregnant cow's boob. So why would people say dairy is better? | non-coded |
58 | steroids | steroids | transphobic | Trans people are drug abusers | Fair enough. I just tell everyone everything. Even the fact that I abuse steroids. Which isn't smart but I just tell people anything if they ask | non-coded |
59 | globalist | globalist | antisemitic | Jewish people | Lots of different people endorse globalism. The rockafellers are proud globalists. The UN is a globalist enterprise, and most countries support the UN so the leadership of companies is globalist as well. Most major corporations actively fund anti nationalist policies which undermine national sovereignty and promote internationalism and borderless trade. Most recent presidents have been open about their globalism. The entire mainstream media is always pushing against nationalism and towards the trans-national systems | non-coded |
60 | terrorist | Islamic terrorists | Islamophobic | Muslim people as a whole are a threat | Rapes, terrorist attacks, violence in general made a huge spike over the last decades because of this shit, all over Europe. | non-coded |
61 | steroids | steroids | transphobic | Trans people are drug abusers | There's more to muscle building than just taking steroids but yeah I guess it's a bit unbelievable. However it is an interesting dynamic to think about a survivor group having that kind of physical edge in a post-apocalyptic story. Food doesn't seem to be a problem though, so that nut got cracked. If they had laboratory equipment they might be able to synthesize some kind of anabolic steroids too. It would be a huge advantage when going up against other survivors as well as increase your survival against the infected if you could break their holds and overpower them. | non-coded |
62 | echo | triple parentheses | antisemitic | Symbol used to identify and harass Jewish people online | Her sentiments echo that of ECB President Christine Lagarde, who told Dutch television in May last year that she’s concerned about people “who have no understanding of the risks, who will lose it all, and who will be terribly disappointed, which is why I believe that that should be regulated.” | non-coded |
63 | fatherless | fatherless | racist | Black men are irresponsible | Men learn appropriate sexual behavior from their paternal figures. This often why people call sexual deviants “fatherless” | non-coded |
64 | grooming | grooming | anti-LGBTQ | LGBTQ people are predators | And this is actually the reason so called "Romeo and Juliet" laws exist in many places for the purposes of consent. That if you are close enough in age then it isnt considered statutory rape if someone is 18 and has sex with their girlfriend who is 17 and change. So there are carve outs within the law to create a soft grey area. The reason we use an age like 18 is that we have to decide at some point that you are an adult, and as some measure protect those who are younger than this age from grooming and forming imbalanced power dynamic relationships with men who are significantly older. This doesnt always work however unfortunately. | non-coded |
65 | based | based | white supremacist | Endorsement of someone promoting racism or other bigotry | Where are the prosecutions for a doctor taking a legitimate decision to abort based on a solid diagnosis? There are none. | non-coded |
66 | terrorists | Islamic terrorists | Islamophobic | Muslim people as a whole are a threat | There's a group of right-wing terrorists that are aligned with Trump that have begun attacking key targets around America and elsewhere. | non-coded |
67 | terrorist | Islamic terrorists | Islamophobic | Muslim people as a whole are a threat | Radical feminism is a terrorist organization | non-coded |
68 | steroids | steroids | transphobic | Trans people are drug abusers | Although there's an upper limit but you won't reach it unless you're an ultra athlete or abusing steroids. | non-coded |
69 | steroids | steroids | transphobic | Trans people are drug abusers | There are certain medications or medical conditions that can cause a person to gain weight, or make it difficult to lose weight. For example, steroids used to treat some health issues are known to cause weight gain. And people who have PCOS (Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome) often have a harder time losing weight due to the effects this condition has on their hormones and insulin levels. | non-coded |
70 | groomer | groomers | anti-LGBTQ | LGBTQ people are predators | Advice watch the animated version called "Justice league the flash point paradox" cause this movie even though its 1 hour and 30 minutes it tells a similar story but it just makes more sense,is coherent,really fun,the flash character is faithful to the comics and really well written and best of all erza "the groomer" miller isn't in it. | non-coded |
71 | fatherless child | fatherless | racist | Black men are irresponsible | Hi. I'm from one of the countries where Ukrainians go most often. Yes we do care. We have friends in Ukraine and every day we fear they die for no good reason. I work in education and healthcare and there are so many fatherless children coming into the country every day. Sometimes they even travel on their own, without parents. | non-coded |
72 | steroids | steroids | transphobic | Trans people are drug abusers | As another commenter noted, your case is the exception not the rule in many ways. Being on steroids increases weight gain. Being shorter often means lower BMR. Chronic serious condition makes exercise near impossible. | non-coded |
73 | grooming | grooming | anti-LGBTQ | LGBTQ people are predators | Chess is slow paced mind game with a long learning curve, with FPS game you can play one and the skill learned will transfer to other fps games. You cannot be serious if you really think Fortnite is grooming children to be murderers or you think kids likes murdering people so they play the game. | non-coded |
74 | grooming | grooming | anti-LGBTQ | LGBTQ people are predators | They're *right.* The mainstream will now believe that we filthy basement-dwelling degenerates were actually playing a kiddie porn game. Half of them are going to believe the game contained actual child porn, not just the animated stuff. You talk to your grandparents and they buy into that "rapists in online games" nonsense from years back. They buy into the "pedophiles are grooming your children through Pictochat" thing. They buy into the "school shooter simulator" thing. They don't look into this stuff, they don't *want* to look into it. You can tell them any bad or evil thing about video games, and they'll eat it up. | non-coded |
75 | based | based | white supremacist | Endorsement of someone promoting racism or other bigotry | Those companies are giving consumers what they want. Affordable and reliable energy and petroleum based products. | non-coded |
76 | norm0 | null | null | null | Mine was a secret hater of all things me. The straw that broke the camel's back was her relapsing into drugs again and forgetting about me when I went through a rough patch after losing my daughter. | non-coded |
77 | norm1 | null | null | null | You can very much beat a puzzle game with practice and resilience.That's literally how you get better at puzzles games.Don't let them scare you. The unreasonably challenging ones like Stephens Sausage Roll or Baba is You are rare. | non-coded |
78 | norm2 | null | null | null | "I know that the ones who love us, will miss us." - Keanu Reeves | non-coded |
79 | norm3 | null | null | null | Read what you just wrote. Jesus fucking christ. | non-coded |
80 | norm4 | null | null | null | A fellow first law fan? Hmm i think the standalone Best Served Cold. What’s your fav? | non-coded |
81 | norm5 | null | null | null | God yes! Washington sneezes then 5 years later London catches the cold. The candidates for the GOP aren’t even hiding their hatred and racist leanings (look up the 2025 project) and we’ve already got the stirrings of that with our current Cuntservative government. I don’t want them looking across the pond and saying “yeah! Let’s have some of that shit!” | non-coded |
82 | norm6 | null | null | null | Strong shocks like those generated by a nuclear explosion travel at approximately the speed of sound *in the region of the atmosphere that's "behind" the shock*. Since explosions, especially nuclear explosions, heat the atmosphere to thousands, tens of thousands, or even hundreds of thousands of degrees, the shock wave moves much faster than 343 meters per second. | non-coded |
83 | norm7 | null | null | null | Waterford calls it crystal so, yes, I believe it's called crystal. | non-coded |
84 | norm8 | null | null | null | [This is a fun read from Merriam Webster]( | non-coded |
85 | norm9 | null | null | null | Those are good shit | non-coded |
86 | norm10 | null | null | null | What the fuck is wrong with people?? (also, lol! but still, what the fuck?) | non-coded |
87 | norm11 | null | null | null | I was reading something about ADX Florence, the federal supermax prison. Understandably, a lot of their inmates have severe mental health issues, and it is practice to deny them their meds (there was a lawsuit some time ago for that practice).[My point is that yes, I think a lot of the way prisoners are dealt with in the US has to do with optics, with doing things that look good to the voting base, and that humane treatment is secondary to that. | non-coded |
88 | norm12 | null | null | null | I don’t know the name of the song, but Tyler the Creator had the lyric, “…rape a pregnant bitch and tell my friends I had a threesome.” | non-coded |
89 | norm13 | null | null | null | "Tell me something. Why has the army been replaced by the NKVD all over Moscow? I mean, I'm smiling, but I am very fookin' furious." | non-coded |
90 | norm14 | null | null | null | I never understood why this is such a problem. I'm native American. It doesn't make me any less native American if you wear a headdress for Halloween. If anything, it could be a learning and sharing opportunity. Like, oh, did you know that headdresses are worn for x,y, and z reasons? Or you could say, what do you like best about native American culture?Instead, you're like, no you stay on your side and I'll stay on mine. I always thought that people that said you can't wear stuff that my people wear are the same people that say to their kids, you can't marry that person, because they're not the same as you.Don't be so sensitive. | non-coded |
91 | norm15 | null | null | null | The power chisel was my favorite part of the one I sat in on. | non-coded |
92 | norm16 | null | null | null | Hard same. Several of my friends and family members are completely addicted to it but don't seem to see it is as a problem.Although I am somewhat addicted to reddit. Stil, though... TikTok just destroys your dopamine threshhold. | non-coded |
93 | norm17 | null | null | null | It's still like the wild west up there, to a point. | non-coded |
94 | norm18 | null | null | null | I had played 2K going back to when it was on the dreamcast and when they first introduced MyCareer it was awesome. Make a player, take him through the ranks, see tangible progress in a reasonable amount of time. And then every year after that it got worse and worse and bogged down in more grind to potentially encourage buying something. Eventually, I was sitting through horribly written cutscenes where they often plug product, having to walk through a community hub instead of menus because they can cram in more ads and showcase the gear other people bought for their players better and having to grind more to get to a level that really feels good in the game. Went from lifelong fan to every other year to only if I'm given it through like Epic for free. It really sucks that there is no viable competitor providing a simulation level NBA game but alas. | non-coded |
95 | norm19 | null | null | null | In South America you’ll find native some of the most unique species in the world like Anteaters, Sloths, Capybaras, Llamas, Toucans, etc. Well in North America the wildlife largely seems to be variants of species also found in Eurasia, why is this? | non-coded |
96 | norm20 | null | null | null | As the plane accelerates, we feel like we’re being pushed back into our seat. The same force must be applied to the air in the cabin. Is this correct? If so, how big of a difference in air pressure are we talking about here?EDIT: typo | non-coded |
97 | norm21 | null | null | null | Depending on the type of bomb, weapon safety ranges from the practically impossible to have external damage intiate the device to at one time ludicrously likely. For more on the subject, look up "One Point Safety", and the circumstances which made it necessary.Nowadays, it shouldn't do much to have one nuclear device detonate next to another, although I guess it'd be (unlikely, but...) possible to have neutrons from the activated device cause some secondary fission in the second. Sort of like how if you have a fissionable material as the case of a weapon. But they'd literally have to be touching each other and it'd be nothing like the yield you'd get from detonating them both themselves independently. | non-coded |
98 | norm22 | null | null | null | and to ad on, even humans don't die of "old age", old age just correlates with higher amounts of disease.dying of old age is simply dying while old, regardless what you died of | non-coded |
99 | norm23 | null | null | null | I just don't like it anymore. I lived in Wisconsin from birth to age 30 and embraced the drinking culture there. I moved to Virginia where it's definitely not the same, but I still went to wineries and breweries and whatnot. Then right at the start of COVID I had a baby. Not drinking for the whole pregnancy and then not having the social opportunities really impacted me. I tried to get back to it but wine gives me horrible headaches now, I don't really like any of the beer I used to, and ciders give me heartburn. It's just not worth it anymore. | non-coded |
Silent Signals | Human-Annotated Evaluation set for Detection (Synthetic Detection Dataset)
A dataset of human-annotated dogwhistle use cases to evaluate models on their ability to detect, identify, and define dogwhitles. A dogwhistle is a form of coded communication that carries a secondary meaning to specific audiences and is often weaponized for racial and socioeconomic discrimination. Dogwhistling historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability.
We developed an approach for word-sense disambiguation of dogwhistles from standard speech using Large Language Models (LLMs), and leveraged this technique to create a dataset of 16,550 high-confidence coded examples of dogwhistles used in formal and informal communication. Silent Signals is the largest dataset of disambiguated dogwhistle usage, created for applications in hate speech detection, neology, and political science.
Please note, this dataset contains content that may be upsetting or offensive to some readers.
Published at ACL 2024!
📄 Paper Link - Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles
🗂️ Disambiguated Dogwhistle Dataset - Silent-Signals on HuggingFace
👔 Formal Potential Instance Dataset - Potential Dogwhistles from Congress
🏄♀️ Informal Potential Instance Dataset - Potential Dogwhistles from Reddit
💻 Dataset webpage - Coming soon 🚀
Dataset Schema
as there could be multiple variations. |
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regardless of documentation." |
Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary. |
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to the independent audits that were finding thousands of illegals on the roll." |
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NOTE: The dogwhistles terms and definitions that enabled this research and data collection were sourced from the Allen AI Dogwhistle Glossary.
Citations
MLA
Julia Kruk, Michela Marchini, Rijul Magu, Caleb Ziems, David Muchlinski, and Diyi Yang. 2024. Silent Signals, Loud Impact: LLMs for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dogwhistles. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 12493–12509, Bangkok, Thailand. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Bibtex
@inproceedings{kruk-etal-2024-silent,
title = "Silent Signals, Loud Impact: {LLM}s for Word-Sense Disambiguation of Coded Dog Whistles",
author = "Kruk, Julia and
Marchini, Michela and
Magu, Rijul and
Ziems, Caleb and
Muchlinski, David and
Yang, Diyi",
editor = "Ku, Lun-Wei and
Martins, Andre and
Srikumar, Vivek",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)",
month = aug,
year = "2024",
address = "Bangkok, Thailand",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.675",
pages = "12493--12509",
abstract = "A dog whistle is a form of coded communication that carries a secondary meaning to specific audiences and is often weaponized for racial and socioeconomic discrimination. Dog whistling historically originated from United States politics, but in recent years has taken root in social media as a means of evading hate speech detection systems and maintaining plausible deniability. In this paper, we present an approach for word-sense disambiguation of dog whistles from standard speech using Large Language Models (LLMs), and leverage this technique to create a dataset of 16,550 high-confidence coded examples of dog whistles used in formal and informal communication. Silent Signals is the largest dataset of disambiguated dog whistle usage, created for applications in hate speech detection, neology, and political science.",
}
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