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Context: New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast Indian bureaucracy and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as Republic Day, Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August) the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the Red Fort. Most Delhiites celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom. The Republic Day Parade is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.
Question: What is the name of the holiday celebrated in India that occurs on Gandhi's Birthday?
Answer: Gandhi Jayanti
Question: What is the date of India's Independence Day?
Answer: 15 August
Question: On Indian Independence Day, the Prime Minister addresses the nation from what location?
Answer: the Red Fort
Question: On Indian Independence Day, kites are flown by citizens which symbolize what concept?
Answer: freedom
Question: What New Delhi celebration showcases India's cultural diversity and military power?
Answer: Republic Day Parade |
Context: It has been possible to teach a migration route to a flock of birds, for example in re-introduction schemes. After a trial with Canada geese Branta canadensis, microlight aircraft were used in the US to teach safe migration routes to reintroduced whooping cranes Grus americana.
Question: What is a re-introduction scheme?
Answer: to teach a migration route to a flock of birds
Question: What did they use to teach birds a migration route?
Answer: microlight aircraft
Question: Which birds did they reintroduce to the US?
Answer: whooping cranes
Question: Which birds did they use as a trial run?
Answer: Canada geese |
Context: Coca-Cola's archrival PepsiCo declined to sponsor American Idol at the show's start. What the Los Angeles Times later called "missing one of the biggest marketing opportunities in a generation" contributed to Pepsi losing market share, by 2010 falling to third place from second in the United States. PepsiCo sponsored the American version of Cowell's The X Factor in hopes of not repeating its Idol mistake until its cancellation.
Question: Which major drink manufacturer decided at the beginning of American Idol not to be a sponsor?
Answer: PepsiCo
Question: What show did PepsiCo begin sponsoring in hopes of not missing another opportunity like American Idol?
Answer: The X Factor
Question: Which soda company did not want to sponsor American Idol?
Answer: PepsiCo
Question: In hopes of not repeating another mistake, which show did PepsiCo sponsor?
Answer: The X Factor
Question: PepsiCo fell to what place by 2010, which is in part credited with refusing to sponsor American Idol?
Answer: third |
Context: From outside the United Kingdom and the United States, the Canadian trio Rush released three distinctively hard rock albums in 1974–75 (Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel) before moving toward a more progressive sound with the 1976 album 2112. The Irish band Thin Lizzy, which had formed in the late 1960s, made their most substantial commercial breakthrough in 1976 with the hard rock album Jailbreak and their worldwide hit "The Boys Are Back in Town", which reached number 8 in the UK and number 12 in the US. Their style, consisting of two duelling guitarists often playing leads in harmony, proved itself to be a large influence on later bands. They reached their commercial, and arguably their artistic peak with Black Rose: A Rock Legend (1979). The arrival of Scorpions from Germany marked the geographical expansion of the subgenre. Australian-formed AC/DC, with a stripped back, riff heavy and abrasive style that also appealed to the punk generation, began to gain international attention from 1976, culminating in the release of their multi-platinum albums Let There Be Rock (1977) and Highway to Hell (1979). Also influenced by a punk ethos were heavy metal bands like Motörhead, while Judas Priest abandoned the remaining elements of the blues in their music, further differentiating the hard rock and heavy metal styles and helping to create the New Wave of British Heavy Metal which was pursued by bands like Iron Maiden, Saxon and Venom.
Question: The band Rush is what nationality?
Answer: Canadian
Question: What are the first three Rush albums?
Answer: Rush, Fly by Night and Caress of Steel
Question: What nationality was Thin Lizzy?
Answer: Irish
Question: What was Thin Lizzy's hit single?
Answer: "The Boys Are Back in Town"
Question: The Scorpions hailed from what country?
Answer: Germany
Question: What British band released the album Rush in 1974?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What sound did the band Rush move toward in the 1976 album Caress of Steel?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did the American band Lizzy moved to Ireland?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which song by Lizzy reached number 8 on the US charts in 1976?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who did Iron Maiden work with to re-introduce blues into hard rock music?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.
Question: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?
Answer: after
Question: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?
Answer: cows
Question: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?
Answer: disrupts their systems
Question: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?
Answer: earlier
Question: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?
Answer: parents of young children |
Context: Copyright holders frequently refer to copyright infringement as theft. In copyright law, infringement does not refer to theft of physical objects that take away the owner's possession, but an instance where a person exercises one of the exclusive rights of the copyright holder without authorization. Courts have distinguished between copyright infringement and theft. For instance, the United States Supreme Court held in Dowling v. United States (1985) that bootleg phonorecords did not constitute stolen property. Instead, "interference with copyright does not easily equate with theft, conversion, or fraud. The Copyright Act even employs a separate term of art to define one who misappropriates a copyright: '[...] an infringer of the copyright.'" The court said that in the case of copyright infringement, the province guaranteed to the copyright holder by copyright law – certain exclusive rights – is invaded, but no control, physical or otherwise, is taken over the copyright, nor is the copyright holder wholly deprived of using the copyrighted work or exercising the exclusive rights held.
Question: When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights without what?
Answer: authorization
Question: What have courts said there is a difference between?
Answer: copyright infringement and theft
Question: In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records NOT constitute?
Answer: theft, conversion, or fraud
Question: What is the separate term of art to define misappropriation of copyright?
Answer: The Copyright Act
Question: What did the court say was invaded?
Answer: certain exclusive rights
Question: When you are accused theft as it relates to copyright law, you are exercising exclusive rights with what?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What haven't courts said there is a difference between?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In Dowling v. United States, what did bootleg records constitute?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the separate term of art to define appropriation of copyright?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What did the court say was evaded?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries. Farming continued to flourish, however, and the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce was founded in 1777 to improve farming methods. Despite this, 20 years later John Billingsley conducted a survey of the county's agriculture in 1795 and found that agricultural methods could still be improved. Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset during the 18th and 19th centuries, and by 1800 it was prominent in Radstock. The Somerset Coalfield reached its peak production by the 1920s, but all the pits have now been closed, the last in 1973. Most of the surface buildings have been removed, and apart from a winding wheel outside Radstock Museum, little evidence of their former existence remains. Further west, the Brendon Hills were mined for iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale.
Question: What ended Somersets cottage industry
Answer: The Industrial Revolution in the Midlands and Northern England spelled the end for most of Somerset's cottage industries
Question: What flourished in Somerset after the Industrial revelotuion
Answer: Farming continued to flourish
Question: What Industry was important in the late 18th and 19th century of North Somerset
Answer: Coal mining was an important industry in north Somerset
Question: What did the west somerset mineral way transport
Answer: iron ore in the late 19th century; this was taken by the West Somerset Mineral Railway to Watchet Harbour for shipment to the furnaces at Ebbw Vale
Question: In what year did coal mining begin in Somerset?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who established the Somerset Coalfield?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How was coal shipped from the Somerset Coalfield?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what year did the Bath and West of England Society for the Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce shut down?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what year was the Somerset Coalfield established?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Norfolk Island was colonised by East Polynesians but was long unpeopled when it was settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island. In 1913, the UK handed Norfolk over to Australia to administer as an external territory.
Question: Who was Norfolk Island colonised by?
Answer: East Polynesians
Question: What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?
Answer: a convict penal settlement
Question: What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island?
Answer: 8 June 1856
Question: Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856?
Answer: Pitcairn Island
Question: In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?
Answer: 1913
Question: Who was Norfolk Island destroyed by?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What purpose did Norfolk Island avoid for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What date did civilians begin to permanently leave Norfolk Island?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where were the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island banned from in 1856?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to America to administrate?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily. Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks, and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds.
Question: Who published a book about worms in 1881?
Answer: Charles Darwin
Question: What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil?
Answer: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms
Question: Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface?
Answer: generally in moist leaf litter
Question: How does burrowers' loosening help the soil?
Answer: oxygen and water can penetrate it
Question: What is the largest bird that eats earthworms?
Answer: storks
Question: Who published a book about worms in 1781?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was the only scientific study of how earthworms help soil?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where do earthworms prefer to live in space?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How does burrowers' tightening help the soil?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the only bird that can eat earthworms?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.
Question: Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?
Answer: California's Mojave Desert
Question: What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?
Answer: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
Question: Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?
Answer: Spain
Question: Where is the Ivanpah State Facility located?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently not under construction?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where is the XBX20 solar power tower located?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where is the Nevada Solar Two located?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The 1971 Local Government White Paper proposed abolishing county boroughs, which would have left Plymouth, a town of 250,000 people, being administered from a council based at the smaller Exeter, on the other side of the county. This led to Plymouth lobbying for the creation of a Tamarside county, to include Plymouth, Torpoint, Saltash, and the rural hinterland. The campaign was not successful, and Plymouth ceased to be a county borough on 1 April 1974 with responsibility for education, social services, highways and libraries transferred to Devon County Council. All powers returned when the city become a unitary authority on 1 April 1998 under recommendations of the Banham Commission.
Question: What was the population of Plymouth in 1971?
Answer: 250,000
Question: What document suggested that county boroughs be eliminated?
Answer: 1971 Local Government White Paper
Question: What county did Plymouth unsuccessfully attempt to see created?
Answer: Tamarside
Question: On what date did Plymouth's county status end?
Answer: 1 April 1974
Question: What body proposed that Plymouth become a unitary council?
Answer: the Banham Commission |
Context: Radiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric people. The peaks, however, were mostly ignored except for a few notable examples, and long left to the exclusive attention of the people of the adjoining valleys. The mountain peaks were seen as terrifying, the abode of dragons and demons, to the point that people blindfolded themselves to cross the Alpine passes. The glaciers remained a mystery and many still believed the highest areas to be inhabited by dragons.
Question: How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave?
Answer: 50,000 years
Question: What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove?
Answer: the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people
Question: What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people?
Answer: Seven bear skulls
Question: People blindfolded themselves to cross what?
Answer: Alpine passes |
Context: Presbyterian history is part of the history of Christianity, but the beginning of Presbyterianism as a distinct movement occurred during the 16th-century Protestant Reformation. As the Catholic Church resisted the reformers, several different theological movements splintered from the Church and bore different denominations. Presbyterianism was especially influenced by the French theologian John Calvin, who is credited with the development of Reformed theology, and the work of John Knox, a Scotsman who studied with Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland and brought his teachings back to Scotland. The Presbyterian church traces its ancestry back primarily to England and Scotland. In August 1560 the Parliament of Scotland adopted the Scots Confession as the creed of the Scottish Kingdom. In December 1560, the First Book of Discipline was published, outlining important doctrinal issues but also establishing regulations for church government, including the creation of ten ecclesiastical districts with appointed superintendents which later became known as presbyteries.
Question: What other religion has history as being part of Presbyterian?
Answer: Christianity
Question: Which frenchman greatly influenced Presbyterianism?
Answer: John Calvin
Question: In what year did the parliament of Scotland adopt the Scots Confession?
Answer: 1560
Question: Which book was touted for establishing regulations for church and government?
Answer: First Book of Discipline
Question: Christianity is part of the history of which religion?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: During which 17th century reformation did the beginning of Presbyterianism occur?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Other than Geneva, which countries can the Presbyterian church be traced back to?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which Englishman had a major influence in Presbyterianism?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In which year did the Parliament of England adopt the Scots Confession?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: A famous example of Arabic poetry and Persian poetry on romance (love) is Layla and Majnun, dating back to the Umayyad era in the 7th century. It is a tragic story of undying love much like the later Romeo and Juliet, which was itself said to have been inspired by a Latin version of Layla and Majnun to an extent. Ferdowsi's Shahnameh, the national epic of Iran, is a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history. Amir Arsalan was also a popular mythical Persian story, which has influenced some modern works of fantasy fiction, such as The Heroic Legend of Arslan.
Question: Layla and Majnun is an example of what kind of poetry?
Answer: Arabic poetry and Persian poetry
Question: Which era is Layla and Majnun from?
Answer: Umayyad era
Question: In what century does Layla and Majnun originate?
Answer: 7th century
Question: What kind of story is told in Shahnameh?
Answer: a mythical and heroic retelling of Persian history
Question: Who wrote Shahnameh?
Answer: Ferdowsi
Question: What ers dates to the 700's?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What Arabic and Persian poetry dates to the 700's?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was inspired by Romeo and Juliet?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the national epic of Persia?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who wrote the national epic of Persia?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends.
Question: What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations?
Answer: Assure/Dissuade/Deter
Question: How does the Air Force promote security to its allies?
Answer: Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD
Question: What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents?
Answer: US national security
Question: What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies?
Answer: carry out the nuclear strike operations mission |
Context: The Qing dynasty (Chinese: 清朝; pinyin: Qīng Cháo; Wade–Giles: Ch'ing Ch'ao; IPA: [tɕʰíŋ tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯]), officially the Great Qing (Chinese: 大清; pinyin: Dà Qīng), also called the Empire of the Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty, was the last imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming dynasty and succeeded by the Republic of China. The Qing multi-cultural empire lasted almost three centuries and formed the territorial base for the modern Chinese state.
Question: What was the last Chinese dynasty?
Answer: Great Qing, or the Manchu dynasty
Question: When did the Manchu dynasty rule?
Answer: 1644 to 1912
Question: What was the dynasty that ruled before the Manchu?
Answer: Ming
Question: What government took over from the Manchu dynasty?
Answer: Republic of China
Question: What is another name for the Manchu dynasty?
Answer: Qing |
Context: During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Richmond experienced a spike in overall crime, in particular, the city's murder rate. The city had 93 murders for the year of 1985, with a murder rate of 41.9 killings committed per 100,000 residents. Over the next decade, the city saw a major increase in total homicides. In 1990 there were 114 murders, for a murder rate of 56.1 killings per 100,000 residents. There were 120 murders in 1995, resulting in a murder rate of 59.1 killings per 100,000 residents, one of the highest in the United States.
Question: What crime notably increased in Richmond over the course of the 1980s?
Answer: murder
Question: In 1985, how many people were murdered in Richmond?
Answer: 93
Question: How many people per 100,000 were murdered in Richmond in 1990?
Answer: 56.1
Question: How many murders occurred in Richmond in 1995?
Answer: 120 |
Context: Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks are the largest ethnic European groups in the city. Philadelphia has the second-largest Irish and Italian populations in the United States, after New York City. South Philadelphia remains one of the largest Italian neighborhoods in the country and is home to the Italian Market. The Pennsport neighborhood and Gray's Ferry section of South Philadelphia, home to many Mummer clubs, are well known as Irish neighborhoods. The Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown have historically been heavily Irish and Polish. Port Richmond is well known in particular as the center of the Polish immigrant and Polish-American community in Philadelphia, and it remains a common destination for Polish immigrants. Northeast Philadelphia, although known for its Irish and Irish-American population, is also home to a large Jewish and Russian population. Mount Airy in Northwest Philadelphia also contains a large Jewish community, while nearby Chestnut Hill is historically known as an Anglo-Saxon Protestant stronghold.
Question: Name the six largest European ethnic groups in the city?
Answer: Irish, Italians, Polish, Germans, English, and Greeks
Question: Which city has the largest Irish and Italian populations?
Answer: New York City
Question: What area of the city has a large Italian neighborhood?
Answer: South Philadelphia
Question: Which three areas are high in Irish and Polish?
Answer: Kensington section, Port Richmond, and Fishtown
Question: Which part of the city has a large Jewish area?
Answer: Mount Airy |
Context: Also with respect to copyright, the American film industry helped to change the social construct of intellectual property via its trade organization, the Motion Picture Association of America. In amicus briefs in important cases, in lobbying before Congress, and in its statements to the public, the MPAA has advocated strong protection of intellectual-property rights. In framing its presentations, the association has claimed that people are entitled to the property that is produced by their labor. Additionally Congress's awareness of the position of the United States as the world's largest producer of films has made it convenient to expand the conception of intellectual property. These doctrinal reforms have further strengthened the industry, lending the MPAA even more power and authority.
Question: What is the American film industry's trade organization?
Answer: Motion Picture Association of America
Question: The Motion Picture Association of America is which industry's trade organization?
Answer: film
Question: Which country is the world's largest producer of films?
Answer: United States
Question: The MPAA has advocated strong protection of what kind of rights?
Answer: intellectual-property
Question: Congress has advocated a strong protection of what kind of rights?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What has Congress argued that people are entitled to?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What type of reforms have weakened the MPAA?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is Congress aware of that makes it difficult to expand the conception of intellectual property?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: In a WRIM, the rotor winding is made of many turns of insulated wire and is connected to slip rings on the motor shaft. An external resistor or other control devices can be connected in the rotor circuit. Resistors allow control of the motor speed, although significant power is dissipated in the external resistance. A converter can be fed from the rotor circuit and return the slip-frequency power that would otherwise be wasted back into the power system through an inverter or separate motor-generator.
Question: Where might a resistor be attached?
Answer: rotor circuit
Question: What can a resistor control?
Answer: motor speed
Question: How might wasted power be salvaged?
Answer: inverter or separate motor-generator
Question: From where may a converter be fed?
Answer: rotor circuit
Question: Where might a resistor not be attached?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What can a resistor never control?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How might wasted power not be salvaged?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: From where won't a converter be fed?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: In 2006, the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners. New York City has expanded its international outreach via this program to a network of cities worldwide, promoting the exchange of ideas and innovation between their citizenry and policymakers, according to the city's website. New York's historic sister cities are denoted below by the year they joined New York City's partnership network.
Question: What is the new name of the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc.?
Answer: New York City Global Partners
Question: In what year did the Sister City Program of the City of New York, Inc. have its name changed?
Answer: 2006 |
Context: In 2003, the Ministry of Education, Universities and Research and the Ministry of Economy and Finance jointly established the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (Italian Institute of Technology), headquartered in Genoa with 10 laboratories around Italy, which however focuses on research and does not offer undergraduate degrees.
Question: What city houses the headquarters of the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia?
Answer: Genoa |
Context: The end for the Laemmles came with a lavish version of Show Boat (1936), a remake of its earlier 1929 part-talkie production, and produced as a high-quality, big-budget film rather than as a B-picture. The new film featured several stars from the Broadway stage version, which began production in late 1935, and unlike the 1929 film was based on the Broadway musical rather than the novel. Carl, Jr.'s spending habits alarmed company stockholders. They would not allow production to start on Show Boat unless the Laemmles obtained a loan. Universal was forced to seek a $750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation, pledging the Laemmle family's controlling interest in Universal as collateral. It was the first time Universal had borrowed money for a production in its 26-year history. The production went $300,000 over budget; Standard called in the loan, cash-strapped Universal could not pay, Standard foreclosed and seized control of the studio on April 2, 1936.
Question: In what year was Universal's ill-fated film version of Show Boat released?
Answer: 1936
Question: In what year had Universal previously made a version of Show Boat?
Answer: 1929
Question: What was the amount of the production loan Universal sought to complete Show Boat?
Answer: $750,000
Question: Who granted Universal the production loan?
Answer: the Standard Capital Corporation
Question: When did the Standard Capital Corporation take control of Universal?
Answer: April 2, 1936
Question: Who was forced to seek a $300,000 loan?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What production went $750,000 over budget?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What did Standard Corporation Capital issue Universal?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What happened on April 2, 1935?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Endospores show no detectable metabolism and can survive extreme physical and chemical stresses, such as high levels of UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure, and desiccation. In this dormant state, these organisms may remain viable for millions of years, and endospores even allow bacteria to survive exposure to the vacuum and radiation in space. According to scientist Dr. Steinn Sigurdsson, "There are viable bacterial spores that have been found that are 40 million years old on Earth — and we know they're very hardened to radiation." Endospore-forming bacteria can also cause disease: for example, anthrax can be contracted by the inhalation of Bacillus anthracis endospores, and contamination of deep puncture wounds with Clostridium tetani endospores causes tetanus.
Question: Is there a metabolism in endospores?
Answer: show no detectable metabolism
Question: What extreme physical and chemical stresses can endospores endure?
Answer: UV light, gamma radiation, detergents, disinfectants, heat, freezing, pressure
Question: How long can endospores of bacteria stay alive in dormant state?
Answer: for millions of years
Question: What endospore-forming bacteria can cause tetanus disease?
Answer: Clostridium tetani |
Context: Tracks of the Northern Pacific Railroad (NPR) reached Montana from the west in 1881 and from the east in 1882. However, the railroad played a major role in sparking tensions with Native American tribes in the 1870s. Jay Cooke, the NPR president launched major surveys into the Yellowstone valley in 1871, 1872 and 1873 which were challenged forcefully by the Sioux under chief Sitting Bull. These clashes, in part, contributed to the Panic of 1873 which delayed construction of the railroad into Montana. Surveys in 1874, 1875 and 1876 helped spark the Great Sioux War of 1876. The transcontinental NPR was completed on September 8, 1883, at Gold Creek.
Question: When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the west?
Answer: 1881
Question: When did the Northern Pacific Railroad reach Montana from the east?
Answer: 1882
Question: What years were the railroad challenged by Chief Sitting Bull?
Answer: 1871, 1872 and 1873
Question: What year was the Great White Sioux War?
Answer: 1876
Question: When was the transcontinental National Pacific Railroad finished?
Answer: 1883 |
Context: In the autumn of 2009, Glee featured the fictional high school's show choir singing "Somebody to Love" as their second act performance in the episode "The Rhodes Not Taken". The performance was included on the show's Volume 1 soundtrack CD. In June 2010, the choir performed "Another One Bites the Dust" in the episode "Funk". The following week's episode, "Journey to Regionals", features a rival choir performing "Bohemian Rhapsody" in its entirety. The song was featured on the episode's EP. In May 2012, the choir performed "We Are the Champions" in the episode "Nationals", and the song features in The Graduation Album.
Question: Which Queen song was featured in the autumn of 2009 on Glee
Answer: Somebody to Love
Question: What Queen song did the Glee choir perform in June 2010?
Answer: Another One Bites the Dust
Question: What Queen song was performed on a May 2012 episode of Glee?
Answer: We Are the Champions
Question: What Queen song is featured on Glee's The Graduation Album?
Answer: We Are the Champions |
Context: Many middle and small powers in Europe, unlike in the previous wars, tried to steer clear away from the escalating conflict, even though they had interests in the conflict or with the belligerents, like Denmark-Norway. The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe, even tried to prevent Britain's domination in India. Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power. The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship, being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace. Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.
Question: With whom did the Dutch Republic align?
Answer: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact
Question: Which side of the coalitions did Naples, Sicily and Savoy join?
Answer: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power
Question: How did the war impact the Russian population?
Answer: The taxation needed for war caused the Russian people considerable hardship
Question: What items had already been taxed by Russian Empress Elizabeth?
Answer: being added to the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759
Question: What two countries concluded a separate peace with Prussia?
Answer: Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia.
Question: Why did Denmark-Norway remain neutral rather than assisting its longtime ally, Britain?
Answer: The Dutch Republic, long-time British ally, kept its neutrality intact, fearing the odds against Britain and Prussia fighting the great powers of Europe
Question: What did Russian Empress Elizabeth use the proceeds of the tax on salt and alcohol for?
Answer: the taxation of salt and alcohol begun by Empress Elizabeth in 1759 to complete her addition to the Winter Palace.
Question: Why did Naples remain neutral?
Answer: Naples, Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party, declined to join the coalition under the fear of British power
Question: Who would Sicily and Savoy normally align with?
Answer: Sicily, and Savoy, although sided with Franco-Spanish party |
Context: The gastronomic symbol of the région is undoubtedly the Choucroute, a local variety of Sauerkraut. The word Sauerkraut in Alsatian has the form sûrkrût, same as in other southwestern German dialects, and means "sour cabbage" as its Standard German equivalent. This word was included into the French language as choucroute. To make it, the cabbage is finely shredded, layered with salt and juniper and left to ferment in wooden barrels. Sauerkraut can be served with poultry, pork, sausage or even fish. Traditionally it is served with Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages, or a selection of other pork products. Served alongside are often roasted or steamed potatoes or dumplings.
Question: In Alsatian, what does Sauerkraut mean?
Answer: sour cabbage
Question: What can Sauerkraut be served with?
Answer: poultry, pork, sausage or even fish
Question: What is Sauerkraut typically served with in Alsace?
Answer: Strasbourg sausage or frankfurters, bacon, smoked pork or smoked Morteau or Montbéliard sausages
Question: What word does Choucroute come from?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What dialect is the Alsatian word for sauerkraut different from?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What meats is sauerkraut not served alongside of?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What does choucroute mean?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Pork products are left to ferment in what?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Season three premiered on January 19, 2004. One of the most talked-about contestants during the audition process was William Hung whose off-key rendition of Ricky Martin's "She Bangs" received widespread attention. His exposure on Idol landed him a record deal and surprisingly he became the third best-selling singer from that season.
Question: What year did the third season of American Idol first air?
Answer: 2004
Question: Which contestant was best known for his bad audition of "She Bangs"?
Answer: William Hung
Question: Which contestant sold more albums than all except two from season three of American Idol?
Answer: William Hung
Question: When did season three premiere?
Answer: January 19, 2004
Question: Which contestant sang an off-key "She Bangs"?
Answer: William Hung
Question: Which contestant was number three in sales from season three?
Answer: William Hung |
Context: The controversy surrounding affirmative action's effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans at the expense of lower-class European Americans and Asian Americans. This argument supports the idea of class-based affirmative action. America's poor is disproportionately made up of people of color, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help people of color. This would eliminate the need for race-based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle- and upper-class people of color.
Question: Which idea is the controversy of affirmative action primarily based upon?
Answer: class inequality
Question: Other than African Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?
Answer: Hispanic Americans
Question: At who's expense other than Asian Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?
Answer: lower-class European Americans
Question: What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of race based legislation?
Answer: class-based affirmative action
Question: Who primarily makes up America's poor group?
Answer: people of color
Question: Which idea is the controversy of non-affirmative action primarily based upon?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Other than Asian Americans, who do detractors of affirmative action claim benefit most from affirmative action?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: At whose expense other than African Americans are upper-class African Americans and Hispanic Americans supposedly benefiting?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What do some people believe should be the basis for affirmative action instead of religion based legislation?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who primarily makes up America's rich group?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The West Coast of the continental United States and areas of Alaska (including the Aleutian Islands, the Alaskan Peninsula and southern Alaskan coast) make up part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area of heavy tectonic and volcanic activity that is the source of 90% of the world's earthquakes.[citation needed] The American Northwest sees the highest concentration of active volcanoes in the United States, in Washington, Oregon and northern California along the Cascade Mountains. There are several active volcanoes located in the islands of Hawaii, including Kilauea in ongoing eruption since 1983, but they do not typically adversely affect the inhabitants of the islands. There has not been a major life-threatening eruption on the Hawaiian islands since the 17th century. Volcanic eruptions can occasionally be devastating, such as in the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens in Washington.
Question: What is the area in the pacific known for heavy volcanic activity?
Answer: Pacific Ring of Fire
Question: The Pacific Ring of Fire contains what percentage of the earthquakes on Earth?
Answer: 90%
Question: Which Hawaiin volcano has been erupting since 1983?
Answer: Kilauea
Question: When was the last time that the Hawaiin islands experienced a life threatening volcanic eruption?
Answer: 17th century
Question: What year did Mt St. Helens erupt causing devastating damage?
Answer: 1980
Question: What volcano erupted in 1990?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the source of 80% of the world's earthquakes?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What Hawaiian volcano has been erupting since 1985?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When was the first time the Hawaiian Islands experienced a life-threatening volcanic eruption?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: The American Southwest sees the highest concentration of what?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less sophisticated ways for species of lower complexity, such as the amoeba. This control organ plays a special role in evolution—it is the "spearhead of evolution". The goals bring the purpose into the world. Mutations in the genes that determine the structure of the control may then cause drastic changes in behaviour, preferences and goals, without having an impact on the organism's phenotype. Popper postulates that such purely behavioural changes are less likely to be lethal for the organism compared to drastic changes of the phenotype.
Question: What is the name of Popper's model of evolution?
Answer: spearhead
Question: Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?
Answer: genetic pluralism
Question: What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model?
Answer: goals
Question: Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process?
Answer: Mutations
Question: In which model do living organisms not have goals?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the least sophisticated form of organisms with central control?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is a species of higher complexity than the human brain?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What are mutations in the genes not able to change?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What does Popper think is more likely to be lethal to an organism than changes of phenotype?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: In the early decades of the twentieth century when there was a growing nostalgia for its sense of order, the style was revived and adapted and in the United States came to be known as the Colonial Revival. In Canada the United Empire Loyalists embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their fealty to Britain, and the Georgian style was dominant in the country for most of the first half of the 19th century. The Grange, for example, a manor built in Toronto, was built in 1817. In Montreal, English born architect John Ostell worked on a significant number of remarkable constructions in the Georgian style such as the Old Montreal Custom House and the Grand séminaire de Montréal.
Question: What was the revival of Georgian style in twentieth century United States called?
Answer: Colonial Revival
Question: Which Canadian group embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of fealty to Britain?
Answer: United Empire Loyalists
Question: What Toronto building was built in 1817?
Answer: The Grange
Question: What English born architect designed the Old Montreal Custom House?
Answer: John Ostell
Question: What was the Georgian style cold in the colonies?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who embraced Georgian architecture as a sign of their British heritage
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What style was dominant in the country for the second half of the nineteenth century?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What manner was built in Montréal in 1870?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did John Ostell build the Grange?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: There are approximately ten times as many bacterial cells in the human flora as there are human cells in the body, with the largest number of the human flora being in the gut flora, and a large number on the skin. The vast majority of the bacteria in the body are rendered harmless by the protective effects of the immune system, and some are beneficial. However, several species of bacteria are pathogenic and cause infectious diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy, and bubonic plague. The most common fatal bacterial diseases are respiratory infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people per year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and are also used in farming, making antibiotic resistance a growing problem. In industry, bacteria are important in sewage treatment and the breakdown of oil spills, the production of cheese and yogurt through fermentation, and the recovery of gold, palladium, copper and other metals in the mining sector, as well as in biotechnology, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other chemicals.
Question: What is the ratio of human/bacteria cells in human flora?
Answer: ten times as many bacterial cells
Question: What keeps bacteria at bay in human body?
Answer: the immune system
Question: What type of bacteria can cause infectious diseases?
Answer: pathogenic
Question: What are the deadliest diseases caused by bacteria?
Answer: respiratory infections
Question: What makes bacteria resistant to antibiotic treatment?
Answer: farming |
Context: Scotland has a very different educational system from England and Wales, though also based on comprehensive education. It has different ages of transfer, different examinations and a different philosophy of choice and provision. All publicly funded primary and secondary schools are comprehensive. The Scottish Government has rejected plans for specialist schools as of 2005.
Question: All public primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?
Answer: comprehensive
Question: What has Scotland refused to adopt?
Answer: specialist schools
Question: When was Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?
Answer: 2005
Question: All private primary and secondary schools in Scotland are of what type?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: All public primary and secondary schools in England are of what type?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What has England refused to adopt?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When was England's latest rejection of the specialist school model?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When wasn't Scotland's latest rejection of the specialist school model?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: According to figures from Britain's Radio Manufacturers Association, 18,999 television sets had been manufactured from 1936 to September 1939, when production was halted by the war.
Question: How many TVs were made between 1936 and the start of the war in 1939?
Answer: 18,999
Question: How many television sets had been manufactured by 1939?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did production of radio sets end?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What caused the halt in production of radio sets?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The Umayyads have met with a largely negative reception from later Islamic historians, who have accused them of promoting a kingship (mulk, a term with connotations of tyranny) instead of a true caliphate (khilafa). In this respect it is notable that the Umayyad caliphs referred to themselves not as khalifat rasul Allah ("successor of the messenger of God", the title preferred by the tradition), but rather as khalifat Allah ("deputy of God"). The distinction seems to indicate that the Umayyads "regarded themselves as God's representatives at the head of the community and saw no need to share their religious power with, or delegate it to, the emergent class of religious scholars." In fact, it was precisely this class of scholars, based largely in Iraq, that was responsible for collecting and recording the traditions that form the primary source material for the history of the Umayyad period. In reconstructing this history, therefore, it is necessary to rely mainly on sources, such as the histories of Tabari and Baladhuri, that were written in the Abbasid court at Baghdad.
Question: What Arabic term did the Umayyad caliphs use to refer to themselves?
Answer: khalifat Allah
Question: Where was the Abbasid court based?
Answer: Baghdad
Question: What is the Arabic term for kingship?
Answer: mulk
Question: What was the tradition Arabic title used by caliphs?
Answer: khalifat rasul Allah
Question: What does khalifat Allah translate to in English?
Answer: deputy of God
Question: Who has a positive reception from later Islamic historians?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is a term for kingship that has connotations of freedom?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who calls the Umayyads a true caliphate?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who saw a need to share religious power with the religious scholars?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What histories were written outside the Abbasid court?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.
Question: What hangs today over most British pub doors?
Answer: decorated signs
Question: What piece of information is almost always listed on a pub sign?
Answer: the name of the pub
Question: What purpose do stand-alone signs serve for country pubs?
Answer: directing potential customers to their door |
Context: Regardless of the type of metabolic process they employ, the majority of bacteria are able to take in raw materials only in the form of relatively small molecules, which enter the cell by diffusion or through molecular channels in cell membranes. The Planctomycetes are the exception (as they are in possessing membranes around their nuclear material). It has recently been shown that Gemmata obscuriglobus is able to take in large molecules via a process that in some ways resembles endocytosis, the process used by eukaryotic cells to engulf external items.
Question: How can bacteria obtain raw materials from the environment?
Answer: in the form of relatively small molecules
Question: What chemical process helps bacteria to absorb raw materials?
Answer: diffusion
Question: What process is used by eukaryotic cells to absorb external items?
Answer: endocytosis
Question: What part of bacteria cell is used during diffusion?
Answer: molecular channels in cell membranes |
Context: Although all these different Shia tariqahs belong to the Shia group (as opposed to the Sunni group) in Islam, there are major doctrinal differences between the main Shia tariqahs. After that there is the complete doctrinal break between all the different Shia tariqahs whose last Imams have gone into Occultation and the Shia Nizari Ismailis who deny the very concept of Occultation. The Shia Nizari Ismailis by definition have to have a present and living Imam until the end of time.[citation needed] Thus if any living Nizari Ismaili Imam fails to leave behind a successor after him then the Nizari Ismailism’s cardinal principle would be broken and it’s very raison d'être would come to an end.
Question: What group do the Shia tariqahs belong to?
Answer: Shia
Question: What has happened to some of the Shia tariqahs last Imams?
Answer: Occultation
Question: Who deny the concept of Occulation?
Answer: Shia Nizari Ismailis
Question: What kind of Imam do Shia Nizari Ismailis have?
Answer: present and living
Question: What would happen to the Nizari Ismaili if the Imam fails to leave a successor?
Answer: come to an end |
Context: 8th and 9th Streets run parallel to each other, beginning at Avenue D, interrupted by Tompkins Square Park at Avenue B, resuming at Avenue A and continuing to Sixth Avenue. West 8th Street is an important local shopping street. 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called St Mark's Place, but it is counted in the length below.
Question: West 8th Street is an important local street for what activity?
Answer: shopping
Question: 8th Street between Avenue A and Third Avenue is called what?
Answer: St Mark's Place
Question: Where do 8th and 9th Streets begin?
Answer: Avenue D
Question: Where do 8th and 9th Streets end?
Answer: Sixth Avenue
Question: Which park interrupts 8th and 9th Street at Avenue B?
Answer: Tompkins Square Park |
Context: The principal official languages (German, French, and Italian) have terms, not used outside of Switzerland, known as Helvetisms. German Helvetisms are, roughly speaking, a large group of words typical of Swiss Standard German, which do not appear either in Standard German, nor in other German dialects. These include terms from Switzerland's surrounding language cultures (German Billette from French), from similar term in another language (Italian azione used not only as act but also as discount from German Aktion). The French spoken in Switzerland has similar terms, which are equally known as Helvetisms. The most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms are in vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation, but certain Helvetisms denote themselves as special in syntax and orthography likewise. Duden, one of the prescriptive sources for Standard German, is aware of about 3000 Helvetisms. Current French dictionaries, such as the Petit Larousse, include several hundred Helvetisms.
Question: What are terms that are not used outside of Switzerland known as?
Answer: Helvetisms
Question: Where are the most frequent characteristics of Helvetisms found?
Answer: vocabulary, phrases, and pronunciation
Question: What do current French dictionaries include several hundred of?
Answer: Helvetisms |
Context: Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.
Question: What were von Neumann's model an example of?
Answer: viewed as a special case of linear programming
Question: What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy?
Answer: unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.
Question: What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model?
Answer: fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality |
Context: Several notable video game developers criticized Microsoft for making its Windows Store a closed platform subject to its own regulations, as it conflicted with their view of the PC as an open platform. Markus "Notch" Persson (creator of the indie game Minecraft), Gabe Newell (co-founder of Valve Corporation and developer of software distribution platform Steam), and Rob Pardo from Activision Blizzard voiced concern about the closed nature of the Windows Store. However, Tom Warren of The Verge stated that Microsoft's addition of the Store was simply responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."
Question: Who criticized Microsofts closed platform Windows Store?
Answer: video game developers
Question: Who created Minecraft?
Answer: Markus "Notch" Persson
Question: Who developed Steam?
Answer: Gabe Newell
Question: What company is Rob Pardo associated with?
Answer: Activision Blizzard
Question: What was the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store?
Answer: responding to the success of both Apple and Google in pursuing the "curated application store approach."
Question: Who criticized Microsofts open platform Windows Store?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who hated Minecraft?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who developed Dream?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What company is Rob Pardo unassociated with?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What wasn't the main reasoning behind the creation of the Windows Store?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The United States Air Force (USAF) is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a separate branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U.S. military to be formed, and is the largest and one of the world's most technologically advanced air forces. The USAF articulates its core functions as Nuclear Deterrence Operations, Special Operations, Air Superiority, Global Integrated ISR, Space Superiority, Command and Control, Cyberspace Superiority, Personnel Recovery, Global Precision Attack, Building Partnerships, Rapid Global Mobility and Agile Combat Support.
Question: What is the USAF?
Answer: the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces
Question: How many uniformed services are there in the United States?
Answer: seven
Question: When did the USAF split from the US Army?
Answer: 18 September 1947
Question: What act formed the USAF?
Answer: National Security Act of 1947
Question: What is one of the functions of the USAF?
Answer: Nuclear Deterrence Operations |
Context: In 1958, the Soviet Union developed Тransformator (Russian: Трансформатор, meaning Transformer), the first high-resolution (definition) television system capable of producing an image composed of 1,125 lines of resolution aimed at providing teleconferencing for military command. It was a research project and the system was never deployed by either the military or consumer broadcasting.
Question: In the end what was the Soviet Union's Transformator system used for?
Answer: a research project
Question: When did the Soviet Union develop Transformator?
Answer: 1958
Question: Who developed Transformator in 1958?
Answer: the Soviet Union
Question: How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator system have?
Answer: 1,125
Question: What was the goal of the Transformator system?
Answer: providing teleconferencing for military command
Question: In the end what was the Non-Soviet Union's Transformator system used for?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did the Soviet Union not develop Transformator?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who developed Transformator in 1988?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many lines of resolution could an image using the Transformator never system have?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was the goal of the non-Transformator system?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Tito became increasingly ill over the course of 1979. During this time Vila Srna was built for his use near Morović in the event of his recovery. On 7 January and again on 11 January 1980, Tito was admitted to the Medical Centre in Ljubljana, the capital city of the SR Slovenia, with circulation problems in his legs. His left leg was amputated soon afterward due to arterial blockages and he died of gangrene at the Medical Centre Ljubljana on 4 May 1980 at 15:05, three days short of his 88th birthday. His funeral drew many world statesmen. Based on the number of attending politicians and state delegations, at the time it was the largest state funeral in history; this concentration of dignitaries would be unmatched until the funeral of Pope John Paul II in 2005 and the memorial service of Nelson Mandela in 2013. Those who attended included four kings, 31 presidents, six princes, 22 prime ministers and 47 ministers of foreign affairs. They came from both sides of the Cold War, from 128 different countries out of 154 UN members at the time.
Question: During what year did Tito become increasingly ill?
Answer: 1979
Question: What was built near Morovic for Tito to use in the event of his recovery?
Answer: Vila Srna
Question: Where was Tito admitted on 7 January and again on 11 January 1980 with circulatory problems?
Answer: the Medical Centre in Ljubljana
Question: When did Tito die?
Answer: 4 May 1980
Question: Tito's cause of death was what?
Answer: gangrene |
Context: The Mark 1 in turn quickly became the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1, the world's first commercially available general-purpose computer. Built by Ferranti, it was delivered to the University of Manchester in February 1951. At least seven of these later machines were delivered between 1953 and 1957, one of them to Shell labs in Amsterdam. In October 1947, the directors of British catering company J. Lyons & Company decided to take an active role in promoting the commercial development of computers. The LEO I computer became operational in April 1951 and ran the world's first regular routine office computer job.
Question: What was the prototype for the Ferranti Mark 1?
Answer: The Mark 1
Question: What was the first available computer for the public?
Answer: Ferranti Mark 1
Question: When was the Ferranti Mark 1 built?
Answer: 1951
Question: Where was the Ferranti Mark 1 sent to after it was developed?
Answer: University of Manchester
Question: When was the LEO 1 computer first operational?
Answer: April 1951 |
Context: In 2013 the United States Patent & Trademark Office approximated that the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy is more than US$5 trillion and creates employment for an estimated 18 million American people. The value of intellectual property is considered similarly high in other developed nations, such as those in the European Union. In the UK, IP has become a recognised asset class for use in pension-led funding and other types of business finance. However, in 2013, the UK Intellectual Property Office stated: "There are millions of intangible business assets whose value is either not being leveraged at all, or only being leveraged inadvertently".
Question: How much was the worth of intellectual property to the U.S. economy in 2013?
Answer: more than US$5 trillion
Question: How many Americans did intellectual property create employment for in 2013?
Answer: 18 million
Question: Where has IP become a recognised asset class?
Answer: the UK
Question: How many intangible assets are not being leveraged in the UK?
Answer: millions
Question: What was estimated to be worth $18 million to the US economy?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What does intellectual property create for 5 trillion people?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is not valued as highly in other developed countries?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What has become a recognized asset class in the European Union?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What country has millions of tangible assets not being leveraged?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties. War memorials were put up in most of the county's towns and villages; only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed. During the Second World War the county was a base for troops preparing for the D-Day landings. Some of the hospitals which were built for the casualties of the war remain in use. The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion. The remains of its pill boxes can still be seen along the coast, and south through Ilminster and Chard.
Question: How many Somerset soldiers were killed in WW1
Answer: Many Somerset soldiers died during the First World War, with the Somerset Light Infantry suffering nearly 5,000 casualties
Question: How many counties had no casualties in WW1
Answer: only nine, described as the Thankful Villages, had none of their residents killed
Question: The county was base for what in WW2
Answer: for troops preparing for the D-Day landings
Question: What is the Tauton stop line
Answer: The Taunton Stop Line was set up to repel a potential German invasion
Question: What was one of the Thankful Villages?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which village suffered the most First World War casualties?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many Somerset soldiers died in all in the First World War?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many Somerset soldiers did in the Second World War?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many pill boxes can still be seen along the coast?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s.
Question: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?
Answer: 1100 BC
Question: When did iron start to become melted by people?
Answer: Middle Ages
Question: Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?
Answer: Benjamin Huntsman
Question: When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible
Answer: 1740
Question: What became more widespread in 1280 BC?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: The softness of what could be modified in 1100 BC?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What common material was valued for the manufacturing of tools and weapons?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was produced in decent quantities starting in 1100 BC?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the nineteenth century?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Although chartered as a university, for many years Washington University functioned primarily as a night school located on 17th Street and Washington Avenue in the heart of downtown St. Louis. Owing to limited financial resources, Washington University initially used public buildings. Classes began on October 22, 1854, at the Benton School building. At first the university paid for the evening classes, but as their popularity grew, their funding was transferred to the St. Louis Public Schools. Eventually the board secured funds for the construction of Academic Hall and a half dozen other buildings. Later the university divided into three departments: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute.
Question: Where was Washington University located?
Answer: 17th Street and Washington Avenue
Question: When did classes first begin at Washington University?
Answer: October 22, 1854
Question: What building was first used for classes at Washington University?
Answer: Benton School building.
Question: What three departments were Washington University divided?
Answer: the Manual Training School, Smith Academy, and the Mary Institute
Question: What type of school did Washington University first function?
Answer: a night school
Question: On what road was the Benton School building?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: On what road was Academic Hall?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what year did the university divide into three departments?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: On what date did the first school year end?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what year did Washington University become a day school?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) is a "measure of the average level of human development of people in a society once inequality is taken into account."
Question: What does the IHDI specifically take into account?
Answer: Inequality
Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Answer: the average level
Question: What does the HIHDI specifically take into account?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Does the IHDI measure the "unaverage" or the "lack of potential" level of human development?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Does the IHDI measure the "average" or the "potential" level of human development?
Answer: the average level
Question: Does the IHDI measure the "abnormal" or the "lack of potential" level of human development?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What does the HIDI stand for?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The palace, like Windsor Castle, is owned by the Crown Estate. It is not the monarch's personal property, unlike Sandringham House and Balmoral Castle. Many of the contents from Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, Kensington Palace, and St James's Palace are part of the Royal Collection, held in trust by the Sovereign; they can, on occasion, be viewed by the public at the Queen's Gallery, near the Royal Mews. Unlike the palace and the castle, the purpose-built gallery is open continually and displays a changing selection of items from the collection. It occupies the site of the chapel destroyed by an air raid in World War II. The palace's state rooms have been open to the public during August and September and on selected dates throughout the year since 1993. The money raised in entry fees was originally put towards the rebuilding of Windsor Castle after the 1992 fire devastated many of its state rooms. 476,000 people visited the palace in the 2014–15 financial year.
Question: Buckingham Palace is actually owned by whom?
Answer: Crown Estate
Question: Where can the public view items from the Royal Collection?
Answer: Queen's Gallery
Question: What was located on the site that is now the Queen's Gallery?
Answer: chapel
Question: What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and September and other select dates since 1993?
Answer: The palace's state rooms
Question: Who owns Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle?
Answer: Crown Estate
Question: Where can the public view the Royal Collection?
Answer: at the Queen's Gallery
Question: Since when have the palaces rooms been opened to the public?
Answer: since 1993
Question: How many people visited the palace in the 2014.2015 fiscal year?
Answer: 476,000 people
Question: Who has never owned Buckingham Palace?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where is the public not allowed to view items from the Royal Collection?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was located on the site that is now the King's Gallery?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What part of the palace has been open to the public every August and July and other select dates since 1991?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many people were missing from the palace in the 2014-2015 fiscal year?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal (that is, flowing between the base and the emitter) can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain.
Question: How many types of transistors are there?
Answer: two
Question: What are the components of a bipolar transistor?
Answer: base, collector, and emitter
Question: What controls the large current between the collector and emitter?
Answer: A small current at the base terminal
Question: What are the components of a field-effect transistor?
Answer: gate, source, and drain
Question: In a field-effect transistor, what controls the current between the source and drain?
Answer: a voltage at the gate
Question: Why would someone use a bipolar transistor instead of a field-effect transistor?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the most common kind of transistor?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What controls the voltage at the gate of a field-effect transistor?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where is the collector terminal located?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where is the gate terminal located?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world, surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants.
Question: What is an "ensi"?
Answer: priest-king
Question: What type of leadership did Sumerian cities during the Uruk period probably have?
Answer: theocratic
Question: Who assisted the ensi?
Answer: a council of elders
Question: What was the most urbanized city in the world at the time?
Answer: Uruk
Question: Over how many people lived in Uruk?
Answer: 50,000
Question: When were Sumerian cities lead by a council of elders?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was the Sumerian political structure based on?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: During what period did Sumeria develop professional soldiers?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many inhabitants did Sumeria have during the Uruk period?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: On January 9, 1957, Karachay Autonomous Oblast and Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic were restored by Khrushchev and they were transferred from the Georgian SSR back to the Russian SFSR.
Question: When was the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?
Answer: January 9, 1957
Question: What territory was transferred along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?
Answer: Karachay Autonomous Oblast
Question: Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1957?
Answer: Khrushchev
Question: To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast transferred in 1957?
Answer: the Russian SFSR
Question: What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously been a part of?
Answer: the Georgian SSR
Question: When was the Chechen-Irish Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic transferred from the Georgian SSR?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What territory was kept along with the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who transferred the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1975?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: To what republic was the Karachay Autonomous Oblast kept from in 1957?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What republic had the Karachay Autonomous Oblast previously not been a part of?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: A belt of massive fortifications was established around the city, most of which still stands today, renamed after French generals and generally classified as Monuments historiques; most notably Fort Roon (now Fort Desaix) and Fort Podbielski (now Fort Ducrot) in Mundolsheim, Fort von Moltke (now Fort Rapp) in Reichstett, Fort Bismarck (now Fort Kléber) in Wolfisheim, Fort Kronprinz (now Fort Foch) in Niederhausbergen, Fort Kronprinz von Sachsen (now Fort Joffre) in Holtzheim and Fort Großherzog von Baden (now Fort Frère) in Oberhausbergen.
Question: What was established around the city?
Answer: fortifications
Question: Where is Fort Podbielski located?
Answer: Mundolsheim
Question: Where is Fort Bismark located?
Answer: Wolfisheim
Question: Where is for Kronprinz von Sachsen located?
Answer: Holtzheim
Question: Where is Fort Roon Located?
Answer: Mundolsheim
Question: What was established inside the city?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Was Fort Roon named after one of the French generals or classified as a Monuments historiques?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Is Fort Kronprinz a Monuments historiques or named after a French general?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Is Fort Bismark a Monuments historiques or named after one of the French generals?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Is Fort Rapp a Monuments historiques or named after a French general?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: A psychological identity relates to self-image (one's mental model of oneself), self-esteem, and individuality. Consequently, Weinreich gives the definition "A person's identity is defined as the totality of one's self-construal, in which how one construes oneself in the present expresses the continuity between how one construes oneself as one was in the past and how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future"; this allows for definitions of aspects of identity, such as: "One's ethnic identity is defined as that part of the totality of one's self-construal made up of those dimensions that express the continuity between one's construal of past ancestry and one's future aspirations in relation to ethnicity" (Weinreich, 1986a).
Question: Self-image, self-esteem, and individuality relate to what?
Answer: A psychological identity
Question: What aspect or type of identity does Weinreich single out?
Answer: ethnic identity
Question: What psychological concept does Weinreich state as between the past and future?
Answer: identity
Question: A person's identity is defined as the totality of what?
Answer: one's self-construal
Question: What does the physical identity relate to?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is defined as part of the totality of one's self construal that expresses discord between once construal of past ancestry?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What relates to once image of others?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is defined as how one aspires to construe oneself in the past and how one construes oneself in the future?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sandžak, but the "official recognition" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school, while it is also in official use in the municipality of Novi Pazar. However, its nomenclature is controversial, as there is incentive that it is referred to as "Bosniak" (bošnjački) rather than "Bosnian" (bosanski) (see Bosnian language for details).
Question: In which province are Serbian and Croatian both languages offial?
Answer: Vojvodina
Question: To what should the language be referred to instead of "Bosnian"?
Answer: "Bosniak" (bošnjački)
Question: In what elementary grades is Bosnian an optional course?
Answer: 1st and 2nd
Question: What languages are the official ones in Sanzak?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where is a large Serbian minority located?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is controversial in 1st and 2nd grade of the elementary school.
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is considered moot in Novi Pazar?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What should Novi Pazar be referred to rather than "Bosnian?"
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: In the paper "Who's Gay? Does It Matter?", Ritch Savin-Williams proposes two different approaches to assessing sexual orientation until well positioned and psychometrically sound and tested definitions are developed that would allow research to reliably identify the prevalence, causes, and consequences of homosexuality. He first suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction over behaviour and identity because it is less prone to self- and other-deception, social conditions and variable meanings. To measure attraction and arousal he proposed that biological measures should be developed and used. There are numerous biological/physiological measures that exist that can measure sexual orientation such as sexual arousal, brain scans, eye tracking, body odour preference, and anatomical variations such as digit-length ratio and right or left handedness. Secondly, Savin-Williams suggests that researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether and assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated. For example:
Question: Who wrote the paper "Whos Gay? Does It Matter?
Answer: Ritch Savin-Williams
Question: What does RItch SAvin-Williams propose in this paper?
Answer: suggests that greater priority should be given to sexual arousal and attraction
Question: What did he propose to measure attraction?
Answer: that biological measures should be developed and used.
Question: What else does Savin-Williams suggest?
Answer: researchers should forsake the general notion of sexual orientation altogether
Question: What components does he believe shoud be used in studies?
Answer: assess only those components that are relevant for the research question being investigated |
Context: In the fall of 1985, Gorbachev continued to bring younger and more energetic men into government. On September 27, Nikolai Ryzhkov replaced 79-year-old Nikolai Tikhonov as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, effectively the Soviet prime minister, and on October 14, Nikolai Talyzin replaced Nikolai Baibakov as chairman of the State Planning Committee (GOSPLAN). At the next Central Committee meeting on October 15, Tikhonov retired from the Politburo and Talyzin became a candidate. Finally, on December 23, 1985, Gorbachev appointed Yeltsin First Secretary of the Moscow Communist Party replacing Viktor Grishin.
Question: Who became Chairman of the Council of Ministers in 1985?
Answer: Nikolai Ryzhkov
Question: Who was Chairman of the Council of Ministers prior to Ryzhkov?
Answer: Nikolai Tikhonov
Question: How old was Tikhonov when he stopped being Chairman?
Answer: 79-year-old
Question: What is an analogous office to Chairman of the Council of Ministers?
Answer: chairman of the State Planning Committee
Question: Who was the new chairman of the State Planning Committee in 1985?
Answer: Nikolai Talyzin |
Context: Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian. Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day. By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the lycopods, sphenophylls and progymnosperms, had independently evolved "megaspory" – their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger megaspores and smaller microspores. Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory. Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (integuments). The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on germination splits to release it. The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage. Following the evolution of the seed habit, seed plants diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including seed ferns, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce "naked seeds" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a carpel or an ovary. Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a sister clade to the gymnosperms.
Question: What makes mosses different from other land plants?
Answer: lack the vascular tissues
Question: What protects the young plant in the seed?
Answer: one or two sheathing layers
Question: How does the plant escape the seed?
Answer: splits to release it
Question: What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?
Answer: Gymnosperms
Question: What event led to the diversification of seed plants?
Answer: evolution of the seed habit |
Context: During his term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), Pompey's contemporary Julius Caesar defeated two local tribes in battle. After his term as consul in 59 BC, he was appointed to a five-year term as the proconsular Governor of Cisalpine Gaul (part of current northern Italy), Transalpine Gaul (current southern France) and Illyria (part of the modern Balkans). Not content with an idle governorship, Caesar strove to find reason to invade Gaul (modern France and Belgium), which would give him the dramatic military success he sought. When two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul, Caesar had the barely sufficient excuse he needed for his Gallic Wars, fought between 58 BC and 49 BC.
Question: Who held a term as praetor in the Iberian Peninsula?
Answer: Julius Caesar
Question: Why did Julius Caesar wish to invade Gaul?
Answer: would give him the dramatic military success he sought
Question: When did Julius Caesar's term as consul end?
Answer: 59 BC
Question: What military leader was Julius Caesar a contemporary of?
Answer: Pompey
Question: What was the reasoning Julius Caesar used to start the Gallic Wars?
Answer: two local tribes began to migrate on a route that would take them near (not into) the Roman province of Transalpine Gaul |
Context: Umar is honored for his attempt to resolve the fiscal problems attendant upon conversion to Islam. During the Umayyad period, the majority of people living within the caliphate were not Muslim, but Christian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, or members of other small groups. These religious communities were not forced to convert to Islam, but were subject to a tax (jizyah) which was not imposed upon Muslims. This situation may actually have made widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. It is not clear how Umar attempted to resolve this situation, but the sources portray him as having insisted on like treatment of Arab and non-Arab (mawali) Muslims, and on the removal of obstacles to the conversion of non-Arabs to Islam.
Question: What tax did non-Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?
Answer: jizyah
Question: What was another term for Muslims who were not Arab?
Answer: mawali
Question: Along with Christians and Jews, what was a major non-Muslim religious group under the Umayyads?
Answer: Zoroastrian
Question: What tax did Muslims pay in the Umayyad period?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was a term for Arabs who were not Muslim?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who encouraged conversions in order to make more revenue?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who insisted on different treatment of Arab and non-Arab Muslims?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who added more obstacles to conversion to Islam for non-Arabs?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: All over Europe rulers and city governments began to create universities to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge, and the belief that society would benefit from the scholarly expertise generated from these institutions. Princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to this understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts.
Question: Why did rulers and governments in Europe form universities?
Answer: to satisfy a European thirst for knowledge
Question: What outlook developed the creation of the university system?
Answer: humanism
Question: Which ancient texts began to see more study after universities were formed?
Answer: Greek
Question: What type of governments were involved in creating universities?
Answer: city governments
Question: Who established universities around the world?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What increased the study of Latin text?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who established unuiversities for their own benefit?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What outlook slowed the spread of universities?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Why did rulers and governments in Europe form texts?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What outlook developed the creation of the European system?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which ancient texts began to see more study after governments were formed?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What types of governments were involved in creating rulers?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who perceived the benefits of rulers?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration.
Question: What states supported the Dervish State?
Answer: the Ottoman and German empires
Question: In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?
Answer: 1920
Question: What was the capital of the Dervish State?
Answer: Taleex
Question: In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?
Answer: 1927
Question: In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?
Answer: 1941 |
Context: In the 2001 census Southampton and Portsmouth were recorded as being parts of separate urban areas, however by the time of the 2011 census they had merged to become the sixth largest built-up area in England with a population of 855,569. This built-up area is part of the metropolitan area known as South Hampshire, which is also known as Solent City, particularly in the media when discussing local governance organisational changes. With a population of over 1.5 million this makes the region one of the United Kingdom's most populous metropolitan areas.
Question: What other city merged with Southampton after the 2001 census?
Answer: Portsmouth
Question: What's the other name for South Hampshire?
Answer: Solent City
Question: In the 2011 census, what was the population of Southampton after it merged with Portsmouth?
Answer: 855,569
Question: What metropolitan area is Portsmouth a part of?
Answer: South Hampshire
Question: What is the estimated minimum population of South Hampshire?
Answer: 1.5 million |
Context: The Professional Lighting And Sound Association (PLASA) is a UK-based trade organisation representing the 500+ individual and corporate members drawn from the technical services sector. Its members include manufacturers and distributors of stage and entertainment lighting, sound, rigging and similar products and services, and affiliated professionals in the area. They lobby for and represent the interests of the industry at various levels, interacting with government and regulating bodies and presenting the case for the entertainment industry. Example subjects of this representation include the ongoing review of radio frequencies (which may or may not affect the radio bands in which wireless microphones and other devices use) and engaging with the issues surrounding the introduction of the RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) regulations.
Question: What does PLASA stand for?
Answer: The Professional Lighting And Sound Association
Question: Where is PLASA based?
Answer: UK
Question: How many individuals does PLASA represent?
Answer: 500+
Question: What does RoHS stand for?
Answer: Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive |
Context: The key characteristic of classical music that distinguishes it from popular music and folk music is that the repertoire tends to be written down in musical notation, creating a musical part or score. This score typically determines details of rhythm, pitch, and, where two or more musicians (whether singers or instrumentalists) are involved, how the various parts are coordinated. The written quality of the music has enabled a high level of complexity within them: J.S. Bach's fugues, for instance, achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines weaving in counterpoint yet creating a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible in the heat of live improvisation. The use of written notation also preserves a record of the works and enables Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago. Musical notation enables 2000s-era performers to sing a choral work from the 1300s Renaissance era or a 1700s Baroque concerto with many of the features of the music (the melodies, lyrics, forms, and rhythms) being reproduced.
Question: J.S. Bach's fugues create a coherent harmonic logic that would be impossible for what other style of music?
Answer: live improvisation
Question: The score determines how various parts are coordinated, pitch, and what other detail?
Answer: rhythm
Question: What has allowed Classical musicians to perform music from many centuries ago?
Answer: written notation
Question: Who's fugues achieve a remarkable marriage of boldly distinctive melodic lines?
Answer: J.S. Bach's |
Context: The denomination with the longest history of objection to Freemasonry is the Roman Catholic Church. The objections raised by the Roman Catholic Church are based on the allegation that Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion which is in conflict with Church doctrine. A number of Papal pronouncements have been issued against Freemasonry. The first was Pope Clement XII's In eminenti apostolatus, 28 April 1738; the most recent was Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890. The 1917 Code of Canon Law explicitly declared that joining Freemasonry entailed automatic excommunication, and banned books favouring Freemasonry.
Question: Whao has always opposed Freemasonry?
Answer: the Roman Catholic Church
Question: Why does the Catholic Church oppose the Freemasons so strongly?
Answer: teaches a naturalistic deistic religion
Question: Who issued the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry?
Answer: Pope Clement XII
Question: When was the first Papal prounouncement against Freemasonry made?
Answer: 28 April 1738
Question: What was the most recent Papal prounouncement agasnst Freemasonry?
Answer: Pope Leo XIII's Ab apostolici, 15 October 1890
Question: Who has the longest history of objection to Freemasonry?
Answer: the Roman Catholic Church
Question: What law banned books favoring Freemasonry?
Answer: The 1917 Code of Canon Law
Question: The Roman Catholic Church objection to Freemasons are based on what?
Answer: Masonry teaches a naturalistic deistic religion
Question: What pope first issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
Answer: Pope Clement XII
Question: What pope most recently issued Papal pronouncements against Freemasons?
Answer: Pope Leo XIII
Question: Who can never oppose Freemasonry?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Why does the Catholic Church approve of the Freemasons so strongly?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who issued the only Papal pronouncement against Freemasonry?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who has the shortest history of objection to Freemasonry?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What law required books favoring Freemasonry?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Raleigh is home to a wide variety of religious practitioners. As of 2013, 46.41% of people in Raleigh are affiliated with a religion. The predominant religion in Raleigh is Christianity, with the largest numbers of adherents being Roman Catholic (11.3%), Baptist (10.85%), and Methodist (7.08%). Others include Presbyterian (2.52%), Pentecostal (1.99%), Episcopalian (1.12%), Lutheran (1.06%), Latter-Day Saints (0.99%), and other Christian denominations (6.68%) including Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness, Christian Science, Christian Unitarianism, other Mainline Protestant groups, and non-denominational.
Question: How many people are affiliated with religion?
Answer: 46.41% of people
Question: What is the main religion of Raleigh?
Answer: Christianity
Question: What percent of Baptists are there in Raleigh?
Answer: 10.85
Question: What other denominations are there in Raleigh?
Answer: Eastern Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness,
Question: How large of a percent does Lutheran's take up?
Answer: 1.06%
Question: How many people are affiliated with religion in 2014?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What religion is not present in Raleigh
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What percent of Baptists are there outside of Raleigh?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What other denominations are there outside of Raleigh?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What percentage are Buddhist?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR), the Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account.
Question: What does UGR stand for?
Answer: Unified Glare Rating |
Context: Beyoncé and husband Jay Z are friends with President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama. She performed "America the Beautiful" at the 2009 presidential inauguration, as well as "At Last" during the first inaugural dance at the Neighborhood Ball two days later. Beyoncé and Jay Z held a fundraiser at the latter's 40/40 Club in Manhattan for Obama's 2012 presidential campaign which raised $4 million. Beyoncé uploaded pictures of her paper ballot on Tumblr, confirming she had voted in support for the Democratic Party and to encourage others to do so. She also performed the American national anthem at his second inauguration, singing along with a pre-recorded track. She publicly endorsed same sex marriage on March 26, 2013, after the Supreme Court debate on California's Proposition 8. In July 2013, Beyoncé and Jay-Z attended a rally in response to the acquittal of George Zimmerman for the shooting of Trayvon Martin.
Question: Beyonce and Jay-Z went to a rally for the acquittal of whom?
Answer: George Zimmerman
Question: Beyonce sang which song during the 2009 presidential inauguration?
Answer: America the Beautiful
Question: How much did Beyonce raise for Obama at the 40/40 Club?
Answer: 4 million
Question: What did she endorse on March 26, 2013?
Answer: same sex marriage
Question: What did they attend in July 2013?
Answer: a rally
Question: What did she sing at the 2009 Presidential Inauguration?
Answer: America the Beautiful
Question: What song did Beyoncé perform at the 2009 inauguration of Obama?
Answer: America the Beautiful
Question: What song did Beyoncé perform at the first inaugural dance for the Obamas.
Answer: At Last
Question: What social media platform did Beyoncé upload a picture of her paper ballot on?
Answer: Tumblr
Question: When did Beyoncé endorse on March 26, 2013?
Answer: same sex marriage |
Context: At the 1966 "Man the Hunter" conference, anthropologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore suggested that egalitarianism was one of several central characteristics of nomadic hunting and gathering societies because mobility requires minimization of material possessions throughout a population. Therefore, no surplus of resources can be accumulated by any single member. Other characteristics Lee and DeVore proposed were flux in territorial boundaries as well as in demographic composition.
Question: At what conference did Richard Borshay speak?
Answer: Man the Hunter
Question: When was the Man the Hunter conference?
Answer: 1966
Question: Why is there a lessening of material possessions in hunting and gathering groups?
Answer: mobility
Question: What can decreased material possessions produce in a hunter-gatherer society?
Answer: egalitarianism
Question: What other characteristic is variable for these groups?
Answer: territorial boundaries
Question: A surplus of resources can be accumulated by any member in which societies?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which 1966 conference did geologists Richard Borshay Lee and Irven DeVore attend?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: The sedentary life of nomadic hunting and gathering societies required what?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: At the 1973 "Man the Hunter" conference egalitarianism was suggested as what?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Other characteristics proposed by Lee and DeVore were stability in territorial boundaries and what?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.
Question: What famous tomb is in Lahore?
Answer: Jahangir's Tomb
Question: Where was Nanak born?
Answer: Nankana Sahib
Question: Who was the first Sikh Guru?
Answer: Guru Nanak
Question: What famous hill stations are in Punjab?
Answer: Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro
Question: What famous mosque is in Punjab?
Answer: Badshahi Mosque
Question: Where are Jahangir's Gardens?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which city houses the Sihk shrines?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Taxila has become a major centre of what in the modern age?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What city is the Murree hill nearby?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who was born in Harrapa?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: After World War II, two new competing formats came onto the market and gradually replaced the standard "78": the 33 1⁄3 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm (see above). The 33 1⁄3 rpm LP (for "long-play") format was developed by Columbia Records and marketed in June 1948. RCA Victor developed the 45 rpm format and marketed it in March 1949, each pursuing their own r&d in secret. Both types of new disc used narrower grooves, intended to be played with smaller stylus—typically 0.001 inches (25 µm) wide, compared to 0.003 inches (76 µm) for a 78—so the new records were sometimes called Microgroove. In the mid-1950s all record companies agreed to a common recording standard called RIAA equalization. Prior to the establishment of the standard each company used its own preferred standard, requiring discriminating listeners to use pre-amplifiers with multiple selectable equalization curves.
Question: What two formats replaced the 78?
Answer: 33 1⁄3 rpm (often just referred to as the 33 rpm), and the 45 rpm
Question: Who developed the 33 1/3 rpm LP?
Answer: Columbia Records
Question: When did the 33 1/3 rpm hit the market?
Answer: June 1948
Question: When did RCA release their 45 rpm format?
Answer: March 1949
Question: When were RIAA standards established?
Answer: mid-1950s |
Context: In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England, among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation."
Question: When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis?
Answer: 1211
Question: Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?
Answer: Nachmanides
Question: What did Nachmanides write?
Answer: "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms |
Context: The Ottomans absorbed some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures in the regions they conquered, and added new dimensions to them. Numerous traditions and cultural traits of previous empires (in fields such as architecture, cuisine, music, leisure and government) were adopted by the Ottoman Turks, who elaborated them into new forms, which resulted in a new and distinctively Ottoman cultural identity. Despite newer added amalgamations, the Ottoman dynasty, like their predecessors in the Sultanate of Rum and the Seljuk Empire, were thoroughly Persianised in their culture, language, habits and customs, and therefore, the empire has been described as a Persianate empire. Intercultural marriages also played their part in creating the characteristic Ottoman elite culture. When compared to the Turkish folk culture, the influence of these new cultures in creating the culture of the Ottoman elite was clear.
Question: The Ottoman dynasty was preceded by what sultanate?
Answer: Sultanate of Rum
Question: What is one way that the Empire was described as it related to culture?
Answer: Persianate empire
Question: When the Ottoman empire conquered a region what also became a part of the empire?
Answer: some of the traditions, art and institutions of cultures
Question: The Seljuk Empire was influenced by the cultures of others resulting in it being referred to as what?
Answer: Persianised |
Context: The Administrator of Prussia, the grandmaster of the Teutonic Order Maximilian III, son of emperor Maximilian II died in 1618. When Maximilian died, Albert's line died out, and the Duchy of Prussia passed to the Electors of Brandenburg, forming Brandenburg-Prussia. Taking advantage of the Swedish invasion of Poland in 1655, and instead of fulfilling his vassal's duties towards the Polish Kingdom, by joining forces with the Swedes and subsequent treaties of Wehlau, Labiau, and Oliva, Elector and Duke Frederick William succeeded in revoking king of Poland's sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia in 1660. The absolutist elector also subdued the noble estates of Prussia.
Question: In what year did Maximilian III die?
Answer: 1618
Question: What happened as a result of Maximilian's death?
Answer: Albert's line died out
Question: Who revoked the King of Poland's sovereignty over Prussia in 1660?
Answer: Frederick William
Question: In what year was Maximilian III born?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what year was the treaty of Wehlau signed?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what year did Poland attain sovereignty over the Duchy of Prussia?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In what year was the treaty of Oliva signed?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who was the king of Poland?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food. He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps. He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax. Darwin concluded:
Question: How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?
Answer: He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps.
Question: How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees?
Answer: He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax
Question: What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants?
Answer: some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others |
Context: The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.
Question: When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?
Answer: 1834
Question: When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?
Answer: 25 November 1837
Question: Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?
Answer: France and Belgium
Question: What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?
Answer: mastic
Question: What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?
Answer: Samuel Ryland Phipson
Question: In what year was Cassell's patent France or Belgium issued?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: The second patent, Cassell's patent, was issued in which year?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: On what day did Claridge's patent #5309 patent the use of Seyssel asphalt?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In 1845 Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of what?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When was the second British patent for using bitumen issued?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The following era was marked by instability, as over 1.5 million propertyless Greek refugees from Turkey had to be integrated into Greek society. Because the term "Greeks" in the exchange was based on religion Cappadocian Greeks, Pontian Greeks, and non Greek followers of Greek Orthodoxy were all subject to the exchange as well. Many of these refugees couldn't even speak the language, and were from alien environments, such as the case of the non Greeks and Cappadocians. The refugees also made a dramatic post war population boost, as the amount of refugees was more than a quarter of Greece's prior population. The task was undertaken by settling the Pontians and Cappadocians in the Macedonian mountains, where they would adapt better, and settling the Demotic speakers and non Greeks in the Greek Isles and cities, where they were already adapted to.
Question: How many Greek refugees came from Turkey?
Answer: 1.5 million
Question: Pontian and Cappadocian refugees were relocated to where?
Answer: Macedonian mountains
Question: Demotic speaking Greek refugees were placed where?
Answer: Greek Isles and cities |
Context: Another popular argument for affirmative action is the compensation argument. Blacks were mistreated in the past for a morally irrelevant characteristic of being black so society today should compensate for the injuries. This causes reverse discrimination in the form of preferential hirings, contracts, and scholarships as a means to ameliorate past wrongs. Many opponents argue that this form of reparation is morally indefensible because if blacks were harmed for being black in the past, then preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical. In addition, arguments are made that whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over. Therefore, they are being reverse discriminated against because they are receiving the punishment that should be given to people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices
Question: What is a typical argument in favor of affirmative action?
Answer: compensation argument
Question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against blacks?
Answer: society today should compensate for the injuries
Question: Which argument is being made by those who oppose affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?
Answer: preferential treatment for this same trait is illogical
Question: In terms of whites, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?
Answer: whites today who innocently benefited from past injustices should not be punished for something they had no control over
Question: According to opposition believers, who should be punished for discrimination?
Answer: people who willingly and knowingly benefited from discriminatory practices
Question: What is a typical argument against affirmative action?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In the compensation argument, who should supposedly have to make up for past discrimination against whites?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Which argument is being made by those who support affirmative action in relation to the compensation argument?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In terms of blacks, what is an argument that is used to try and refute the benefits of affirmative action as it relates to the compensation argument?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Just as the navigational approach would require programs to loop in order to collect records, the relational approach would require loops to collect information about any one record. Codd's solution to the necessary looping was a set-oriented language, a suggestion that would later spawn the ubiquitous SQL. Using a branch of mathematics known as tuple calculus, he demonstrated that such a system could support all the operations of normal databases (inserting, updating etc.) as well as providing a simple system for finding and returning sets of data in a single operation.
Question: How does a program collect information using a navigational system?
Answer: require programs to loop
Question: What is used to solve the problem of looping?
Answer: a set-oriented language
Question: What computer language came about as a result of the looping problem?
Answer: SQL
Question: What type of math was used to create a system to find data sets?
Answer: tuple calculus
Question: Who used tuple calculus to show the functionality of databases?
Answer: Codd
Question: How does a program collect information using a normalized system?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is used to create the problem of looping?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What computer language lost popularity as a result of the looping problem?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What type of physics was used to create a system to find data sets?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who used tuple calculus to hide the functionality of databases?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The city's population increased more than sixfold during the first half of the 20th century, fed largely by an influx of European, Middle Eastern (Lebanese, Assyrian/Chaldean), and Southern migrants to work in the burgeoning automobile industry. In 1940, Whites were 90.4% of the city's population. Since 1950 the city has seen a major shift in its population to the suburbs. In 1910, fewer than 6,000 blacks called the city home; in 1930 more than 120,000 blacks lived in Detroit. The thousands of African Americans who came to Detroit were part of the Great Migration of the 20th century.
Question: What percentage of Detroit's residents where white in 1940?
Answer: 90.4
Question: Where did the population of Detroit shift to in the second half of the 20th century?
Answer: suburbs
Question: How many blacks lived in Detroit in 1930?
Answer: 120,000
Question: What was the movement of blacks to northern cities called?
Answer: Great Migration
Question: What industry is responsible for a large growth in Detroit's population?
Answer: automobile |
Context: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium botulinum, the toxin genes in an integrated phage converted a harmless ancestral bacterium into a lethal pathogen. Bacteria resist phage infection through restriction modification systems that degrade foreign DNA, and a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. This CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.
Question: What are Bacteriophages?
Answer: viruses that infect bacteria
Question: What can viruses do to bacteria?
Answer: infect and lyse their host bacteria
Question: What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host's phenotype?
Answer: lethal pathogen
Question: How can bacteria resist virus DNA?
Answer: CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity |
Context: Nowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education.
Question: What is the official language of France?
Answer: French
Question: Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan?
Answer: in public life and education
Question: Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language?
Answer: General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales
Question: What language does the General Council want to promote?
Answer: Catalan |
Context: Biodiversity provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources. A significant proportion of drugs are derived, directly or indirectly, from biological sources: at least 50% of the pharmaceutical compounds on the US market are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms, while about 80% of the world population depends on medicines from nature (used in either modern or traditional medical practice) for primary healthcare. Only a tiny fraction of wild species has been investigated for medical potential. Biodiversity has been critical to advances throughout the field of bionics. Evidence from market analysis and biodiversity science indicates that the decline in output from the pharmaceutical sector since the mid-1980s can be attributed to a move away from natural product exploration ("bioprospecting") in favor of genomics and synthetic chemistry, indeed claims about the value of undiscovered pharmaceuticals may not provide enough incentive for companies in free markets to search for them because of the high cost of development; meanwhile, natural products have a long history of supporting significant economic and health innovation. Marine ecosystems are particularly important, although inappropriate bioprospecting can increase biodiversity loss, as well as violating the laws of the communities and states from which the resources are taken.
Question: What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of medicinal resources?
Answer: Biodiversity
Question: What percentage of US drugs are derived from plants, animals, and micro-organisms?
Answer: at least 50%
Question: What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from nature?
Answer: about 80%
Question: What field has biodiversity made critical advances in?
Answer: bionics
Question: What provides critical support for drug discovery and the availability of economic resources?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What percentage of US drugs are derived from synthetics?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What percentage of worldwide drugs are derived from synthetics?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What field has economic resources made critical advances in?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What ecosystems are particularly natural?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Universal Studios Inc. (also known as Universal Pictures) is an American film studio, owned by Comcast through its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal, and is one of Hollywood's "Big Six" film studios. Its production studios are at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California. Distribution and other corporate offices are in New York City. Universal Studios is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA). Universal was founded in 1912 by the German Carl Laemmle (pronounced "LEM-lee"), Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules Brulatour.
Question: What is another name for Universal Studios Inc.?
Answer: Universal Pictures
Question: Who is the ultimate owner of Universal Studios?
Answer: Comcast
Question: What is the street address of Universal Studios' production studios?
Answer: 100 Universal City Plaza Drive
Question: In what city and state are its production studios located?
Answer: Universal City, California
Question: In what city are Universal Studios' corporate offices located?
Answer: New York City
Question: What does MAAP stand for?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was founded in 1921?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who founded Universal Studios in 1921?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who owns Comcast?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Where in Universal City are the corporate offices located?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: When Eisenhower was elected President in 1952, he believed hiring practices and anti-discrimination laws should be decided by the states, although the administration gradually continued to desegregate the Armed Forces and the federal government.:50 The President also established the Government Contract Committee in 1953, which "conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors".:50–51 The committee, chaired by Vice President Richard Nixon, had minimal outcomes in that they imposed the contractors with the primary responsibility of desegregation within their own companies and corporations.:51
Question: Which year was Eisenhower elected President?
Answer: 1952
Question: Who did Eisenhower believe should be allowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?
Answer: the states
Question: What was established in 1953?
Answer: Government Contract Committee
Question: What was the main purpose of the Government Contract Committee?
Answer: conducted surveys of the racial composition of federal employees and tax-supported contractors
Question: Who was the chairman of the newly established committee?
Answer: Vice President Richard Nixon
Question: Which year was Eisenhower elected vice-President?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who did Eisenhower believe should be disallowed to decide the nature of discrimination laws?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was established in 1913?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was the last purpose of the Government Contract Committee?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Who was the chairman of the old committee?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: In January 2010, YouTube launched an experimental version of the site that used the built-in multimedia capabilities of web browsers supporting the HTML5 standard. This allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player or any other plug-in to be installed. The YouTube site had a page that allowed supported browsers to opt into the HTML5 trial. Only browsers that supported HTML5 Video using the H.264 or WebM formats could play the videos, and not all videos on the site were available.
Question: In 2010 youtube launched a version of its site that ran on what standard?
Answer: HTML5
Question: What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML5?
Answer: allowed videos to be viewed without requiring Adobe Flash Player
Question: How did users opt into the trial version of youtube's HTML5 site?
Answer: a page
Question: What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML5?
Answer: WebM
Question: When did HTML4 become standard?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What happened in January 2009?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What format besides H.264 was playable with HTML4?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was the main benefit from the switch to HTML4?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did YouTube launch a version of its site that supported the HMLT5 standard?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was no longer required with the support of HMLT5?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What were browsers supporting in order to use the H.642 or WemB formats?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: The Prime Minister has the right to appoint a maximum of three such ministers, as the limit of ministers in one government is fifteen. It is also known as the cabinet. The cabinet carries out the country's domestic and foreign policy, shaped by parliament; it directs and co-ordinates the work of government institutions and bears full responsibility for everything occurring within the authority of executive power. The government, headed by the Prime Minister, thus represents the political leadership of the country and makes decisions in the name of the whole executive power.
Question: What is the most amount of ministers that a Prime Minister can assign?
Answer: three
Question: What is another name for the governing body of ministers?
Answer: the cabinet
Question: What strategy does the cabinet execute?
Answer: domestic and foreign policy
Question: What major responsibility does the cabinet hold?
Answer: everything occurring within the authority of executive power |
Context: In Canada, "the 51st state" is a phrase generally used in such a way as to imply that if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States. Examples include the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement in 1988, the debate over the creation of a common defense perimeter, and as a potential consequence of not adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty, the Charlottetown Accord in 1992 and the Clarity Act in 1999.
Question: What is another connotation for the 51st state label?
Answer: if a certain political course is taken, Canada's destiny will be as little more than a part of the United States
Question: When was the Canada-US Free Trade Agreement enacted?
Answer: 1988
Question: When was the Charlottetown Accord signed?
Answer: 1992
Question: When did the Clarity Act go into effect?
Answer: 1999
Question: What is another connotation for the 1999 label?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When was the Canada-Quebec Free Trade Agreement enacted?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When was the Canada-US Accord signed?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: When did the Charlottetown Act go into effect?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was a consequence of adopting proposals intended to resolve the issue of Quebec sovereignty?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Other microscopic procedures may also aid in identifying infectious agents. Almost all cells readily stain with a number of basic dyes due to the electrostatic attraction between negatively charged cellular molecules and the positive charge on the dye. A cell is normally transparent under a microscope, and using a stain increases the contrast of a cell with its background. Staining a cell with a dye such as Giemsa stain or crystal violet allows a microscopist to describe its size, shape, internal and external components and its associations with other cells. The response of bacteria to different staining procedures is used in the taxonomic classification of microbes as well. Two methods, the Gram stain and the acid-fast stain, are the standard approaches used to classify bacteria and to diagnosis of disease. The Gram stain identifies the bacterial groups Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, both of which contain many significant human pathogens. The acid-fast staining procedure identifies the Actinobacterial genera Mycobacterium and Nocardia.
Question: What do almost all cells readily stain with?
Answer: a number of basic dyes
Question: Why do cells easily stain with dyes?
Answer: electrostatic attraction
Question: What electronic charge do cellular molecules have?
Answer: negatively charged
Question: What is Geimsa stain?
Answer: a dye
Question: How many methods comprise standard approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?
Answer: Two
Question: What do few cells readily stain with?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Why do cells have difficulty staining with dyes?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What electronic charge do cellular molecules destroy?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many methods comprise unorthodox approaches used to classify bacteria and diagnose disease?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What is the rarest method used to classify bacteria and to diagnose a disease?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: As a uniformed military service, the Army is part of the Department of the Army, which is one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The U.S. Army is headed by a civilian senior appointed civil servant, the Secretary of the Army (SECARMY), and by a chief military officer, the Chief of Staff of the Army (CSA) who is also a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In the fiscal year 2016, the projected end strength for the Regular Army (USA) was 475,000 soldiers; the Army National Guard (ARNG) had 342,000 soldiers, and the United States Army Reserve (USAR) had 198,000 soldiers; the combined-component strength of the U.S. Army was 1,015,000 soldiers. As a branch of the armed forces, the mission of the U.S. Army is "to fight and win our Nation's wars, by providing prompt, sustained, land dominance, across the full range of military operations and the spectrum of conflict, in support of combatant commanders." The service participates in conflicts worldwide and is the major ground-based offensive and defensive force.
Question: How many military departments does the Department of Defense have?
Answer: three
Question: What does SECARMY stand for?
Answer: Secretary of the Army
Question: What does CSA stand for?
Answer: Chief of Staff of the Army
Question: At the end of 2016, how many soldiers were in the Regular Army?
Answer: 475,000
Question: How many soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?
Answer: 1,015,000
Question: How many military departments does the Department of Agriculture have?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What does SAACRMY stand for?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What does CSS stand for?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: At the end of 2016,how many women were in the Regular Army?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: How many women soldiers were there in the entire U.S. Army at the end of 2016?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: East Tennessee has several important transportation links with Middle and West Tennessee, as well as the rest of the nation and the world, including several major airports and interstates. Knoxville's McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) and Chattanooga's Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), as well as the Tri-Cities' Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), provide air service to numerous destinations. I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26 along with numerous state highways and other important roads, traverse the Grand Division and connect Chattanooga, Knoxville, and the Tri-Cities, along with other cities and towns such as Cleveland, Athens, and Sevierville.
Question: Which Tennessee airport has the code TYS?
Answer: McGhee Tyson Airport
Question: What is the name of the airport serving Chattanooga, TN?
Answer: Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport
Question: What interstate highways cross the Grand Division in Tennessee?
Answer: I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26
Question: An airport with which code serves the Tri-Cities area in Tennessee?
Answer: TRI |
Context: Prior to the crisis, financial institutions became highly leveraged, increasing their appetite for risky investments and reducing their resilience in case of losses. Much of this leverage was achieved using complex financial instruments such as off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives, which made it difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor and try to reduce financial institution risk levels. These instruments also made it virtually impossible to reorganize financial institutions in bankruptcy, and contributed to the need for government bailouts.
Question: What did financial institutions do prior to the crisis?
Answer: became highly leveraged
Question: What type financial instruments are off-balance sheet securitization and derivatives?
Answer: complex
Question: Who bailed out financial institutions?
Answer: government
Question: Which option was nearly impossible for financial institutions to reorganize under?
Answer: bankruptcy
Question: What are the type financial instruments that were difficult for creditors and regulators to monitor?
Answer: complex financial instruments |
Context: In 1980, the Soviet Union, which then ruled his birthplace Bukhara, celebrated the thousandth anniversary of Avicenna's birth by circulating various commemorative stamps with artistic illustrations, and by erecting a bust of Avicenna based on anthropological research by Soviet scholars.[citation needed] Near his birthplace in Qishlak Afshona, some 25 km (16 mi) north of Bukhara, a training college for medical staff has been named for him.[year needed] On the grounds is a museum dedicated to his life, times and work.[citation needed]
Question: What superpower in 1980 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?
Answer: the Soviet Union
Question: What was Avicenna's birthplace?
Answer: Bukhara
Question: A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many miles away from his birthplace?
Answer: 16
Question: In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's birth?
Answer: thousand
Question: Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also create in Avicenna's honor?
Answer: a bust
Question: What superpower in 1908 created a stamp in honor of Avicenna?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: What was Avicenna's death place?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: A medical staff training college named in his honor is how many kilometers away from his birthplace?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: In 1980, how many years had it been since Avicenna's death?
Answer: Unanswerable
Question: Besides stamps, what did the Soviet Union also destroy in Avicenna's honor?
Answer: Unanswerable |
Context: Peasant society is much less documented than the nobility. Most of the surviving information available to historians comes from archaeology; few detailed written records documenting peasant life remain from before the 9th century. Most the descriptions of the lower classes come from either law codes or writers from the upper classes. Landholding patterns in the West were not uniform; some areas had greatly fragmented landholding patterns, but in other areas large contiguous blocks of land were the norm. These differences allowed for a wide variety of peasant societies, some dominated by aristocratic landholders and others having a great deal of autonomy. Land settlement also varied greatly. Some peasants lived in large settlements that numbered as many as 700 inhabitants. Others lived in small groups of a few families and still others lived on isolated farms spread over the countryside. There were also areas where the pattern was a mix of two or more of those systems. Unlike in the late Roman period, there was no sharp break between the legal status of the free peasant and the aristocrat, and it was possible for a free peasant's family to rise into the aristocracy over several generations through military service to a powerful lord.
Question: How many people might live in a large peasant settlement?
Answer: 700
Question: What was a way in which a free peasant might become an aristocrat?
Answer: military service
Question: In what century did written records of peasant life begin to appear?
Answer: 9th
Question: Along with aristocratic writers, where do contemporary written descriptions of peasants come from?
Answer: law codes
Question: What field produces most of the finding about peasants from this era?
Answer: archaeology |
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