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y lovenhaterocknroll on March 28, 2008 at 219 AM EDT Great stuff guys, there's nothing like it out there. by CharlieVegas on March 28, 2008 at 109 AM EDT cant wait to here this song live. by SNemcok on March 27, 2008 at 1023 PM EDT Why aren't you guys on the radio? by DaCarSalesman on March 27, 2008 at 917 PM EDT Pistol Day Parade Follow Pistol Day Parade on

Mirage Mirror and Glass is the 1, best custom design mirrors, glass and shower doors company in Westchester County, NY. With over 60 years experience, were known for our exceptional workmanship and unprecedented dedication to customer care. This, along with our cuttingedge fabrication facility and modern showroom, makes us the top qualified and respected fabricators servicing Westchester and Fairfield counties. Mirage Mirror and Glass is also one of the only custom etching and glass carvings specialists in the area. Thats why we deliver distinct, elegant and innovative design solutions for both homes and businesses, big and small. John CountPresident and Operator John started his career as a Glazier at age five when his father and mentor Rocco first taught him how to cut glass. After that, he honed his skills working for his fathers company Simco Plate Glass for many years. Johns passion for his craft led him to start his own company, Mirage Mirror and Glass which has been open for more than 30 years. And, be

cause of Johns extensive knowledge and expertise in the glass industry, Mirage Mirror and Glass is one of the leading and most innovating glass companies in the tristate area. Rocco CountMaster Glazier Starting in the glass industry at age 17, Rocco has become one of the most recognized Glaziers in Westchester County. With over 60 years of glazing experience, hes accomplished much of what others in the industry have yet to see, and he can achieve most anything when it comes to glasswork. After years of owning a successful glass business, Simco Plate Glass, he began to work with his oldest son John at Mirage Mirror and Glass. At 84, hes a true artisan and master glazier, and his devotion to this business motivates him to continue working every day. Brandon CountVice President While growing up, Brandon spent all his summers working in the family business learning a trade that had already been in his family for two generations. After graduating college in 2009 with a Bachelors degree in ArtGraphic Design, Brando

n started working for the family business full time. With a keen eye for design, Brandons artistic background brings added insight, creativity and value to the business that now extends to three generations. And being part of the younger generation, he understands todays new, modern design trends. Deborah CountFinancial Officer Johns wife, Deborah, has been Mirage Mirror and Glass right hand woman from the start. In fact, the company name originated with her. She knows the ins and outs of how the business runs. And with the utmost knowledge of the company finances, shes the backbone of the business and ensures that it continues to run smoothly and efficiently on a daily basis. Marianne FaiellaCreative Coordinator Along with being our head showroom salesperson, Marianne helps coordinate most of Mirage Mirror and Glass creative aspects, such as custom photography of finished projects, social media, blog posts and more. Her outstanding customer service skills when working directly and personally with clients ens

ures that their vision is reflected in the final product. Stephen ConteShop Manager After graduating high school, Stephen took a job with Mirage Mirror and Glass. Hes proven to be a critical part of the team. Using the wisdom and expertise that John instilled in him, he now executes a significant portion of the sales, inventory and fabrication. Hes not only limited to our fabrication facility, but is also highlytrained in measurements and installations. Complimentary Design Consultation! See your vision reflected in our work. Contact us today for a COMPLIMENTARY design consultation.

Buying an investment property can be a great opportunity. Whether it be a house, cottage, farm, condo, or plot of land, buying real estate is traditionally a sound and profitable investment, offering both rental income and capital gains. However, investment property ownership isn't for everyone. Along with the potential benefits come potential concerns; from legal to financial, so it's a sound idea to consult a financial advisor, a lawyer and an accountant prior to considering an investment property purchase. Because investment property mortgages are subject to specific governmental requirements, mortgages are constantly changing. It's a good idea to consult with a Mortgage Centre specialist that brings experience and training to the table, helping you make an informed decision about your investment property mortgage options. Discuss your needs with a local Mortgage Centre specialist today.

Doomsday, a Great Action Flick posted Aug 1, 2008, 635 PM by Vu Nguyen updated Aug 1, 2008, 1115 PM I tried watching the John Woo produced film, Blood Brothers, and couldn't bring myself to watching it. I started the film last night, and about 45 minutes into the film, it just felt too cliche and boring that I thought I could put it off until today. I put the film in and tried again, wow, seriously wasn't paying attention to the movie at all. I suppose the film didn't grab my interest at all. Instead, I'm rewatching Doomsday, a British film, I think. The star of the film is a Kate Beckingsalelookalike, called Rhona Mitra, who was absolutely gorgeous in leather. The futuristic film is about how they isolated Glasgow in a containment zone because of a Doomsday virus. Since there are no law enforcements, etc., Glasgow suddenly turned to a Mad Maxtype of world. Mitra, as easyontheeye and I mean "eye" as she is, it's hard for me to believe this little girl can fight, but I think she manage to pull it off. There

are moments of disbelief, but you just have remember that it's just an outrageous movie. There are extreme scenes of bloody gore smash hands, exploding bunnies, gunshot to the head at extreme closeeup, which at time, looks incredibly cheesy, but it looks awesome just the same. There is a "Fine Young Cannibal" inside joke if you can bring yourself to watching at least the first act of the film.... You would think this film tries really hard to be "Mad Max" or "28 Weeks Later", but those are great films to try and emulate. It just doesn't feel like an original film, but I reckon you would enjoy the film if, or if you have not, seen those other films. I only rented the DVD, but would consider actually buying the bluray disc if prices were reasonable.

Online Casinos and Live Casinos written by niningficka January 2, 2023 Online live draw singapore offer a variety of games and allow players to enjoy a virtual gambling experience from the comfort of their own home. In addition to offering a wide range of games, many legal casinos are licensed and regulated. Therefore, players can be assured of secure and fair payouts. Online casino games are designed to be similar to those in brickandmortar casinos. They feature a number of different gaming options, such as slots, roulette and blackjack. Many of these games come with random number generators RNGs that are used to ensure fairness and accuracy. For those who want to feel as though they are playing in a realworld casino, live dealer casino games are a great choice. These games are similar to online casino games, but they offer more interactive features, including the chance to interact with the casinos staff and other participants. The best live casino games use reallife dealers and allow you to watch the game

in realtime. This means that you can communicate with the dealer and view the games history. You can also take advantage of various betting options, like side bets and dragon tail. A good live online casino will include a wide array of table games and provide a realistic casino atmosphere. Some of these games include live poker and baccarat. Its also possible to participate in other types of table games such as Sic Bo and Roulette. Live casinos also include a variety of bonuses and promotions to attract players. For example, Caesars Casino has an extensive selection of bonuses and promo codes, including a generous rollover requirement that can earn you up to 2,000. While it may not be as flashy as other online casinos, it is a legitimate and fully licensed establishment. And since it is based in New York, you can expect prompt payouts and a quality customer service department. There are a lot of things to keep in mind when looking for a live casino, from the number of games available to the wagering requireme

nts. Its a good idea to select an operator carefully, as the wrong choice can affect your overall experience. Another consideration is the type of hardware you will be using. A desktop computer is probably going to be the most practical, but a mobile device can make the experience more fun. Make sure to check if the games you want to play are optimized for mobile, as some games only work on certain devices. Also, be on the lookout for bonuses, like free chips and bonus points. To ensure that you get the most out of your time and bankroll, choose an online casino that offers the best value. For instance, Unibet offers the best combination of value for money and the widest variety of realmoney casino games on the planet. Along with its popular baccarat and blackjack games, it also has a solid assortment of slots, video poker, and other games. If youre looking for something more interactive, you can opt to play blackjack, roulette, or poker against a live dealer. TOGEL SINGAPORE the United States, there are a nu

mber of lottery games that players can play. These include Lotto, Powerball, and Mega Millions. There are also a few statespecific lotteries that are popular. In addition, there are several online lotteries that are available. These lottery websites provide everything a player needs to purchase and play lottery tickets. They often include helpful tools, such as odds calculators and payment options. They also allow players to win prizes and withdraw money from their bank accounts. Some websites even offer Instant Games, which are realmoney betting services that can be played via the web. The Powerball is the biggest game offered in the US. It has a starting jackpot of 20 million, and the ticket cost is only 2. In order to win, the player must match five numbers out of 69. It is available almost everywhere, and is considered to be the de facto national lottery game. There are also a few other major games that are popular in the U.S. The New York state lottery has been around for nearly a century. It has been co

nsistently successful in generating high sales values for the state. In fact, it has generated over 3 billion in beneficiary funds. However, the lottery has faced criticism in the past. The first computerized lottery game was the daily numbers game, which started in 1980. Today, there are many mobile lottery games that have userfriendly interfaces. These allow players to choose their numbers quickly and easily. Some sites are beginning to offer Instant Games, which let players play the lottery without buying a ticket. The best online lottery websites let users compare the jackpots of the various games. They also offer secure ticket purchases and the ability to buy tickets from other countries. Most websites use geolocation technology when purchasing tickets. They can also give players the option of checking current prize draws and the location of retailers. These are useful if players are in a hurry to purchase their tickets. The lottery industry uses technology like blockchain to ensure the security of crypt

o transactions. They have also incorporated artificial intelligence into their websites. This helps them to increase their jackpots quickly. The New York lottery offers a number of different lottery games. There are statespecific lotteries, as well as games that are multijurisdictional. The most popular games are the Mega Millions and the Powerball. Each of these games has a unique matrix, or configuration of possible payouts. This matrix is designed to help the lottery operator make the most of the funds that they have to give away. In the case of the Powerball, the odds of winning are one in 292,201,338. The New York lottery website has apps that run on Android and iOS devices. These apps can be used to scan your ticket to check the results of the draw. They can also show you a map of the retailers and the current jackpot amount.

The Sea of Fire Well, I ordered one of the most expensive drinks, the Sea of Fire. It was worth it because it was good to see my bro finally succeed at getting a chick. Stephon has been trying so damn hard since Ive known him to get a lady. Now that he has made good movement with Lydia and got her number, he is just so happy and excited. He cant stop talking about her.

Thursday October 25, 2012 7 PM EDT Town Berlin, MA Board Council on Aging Time Thursday October 25, 2012 7 PM EDT COA Agenda October 2013 Attendance Town Account Formula Grant Meals on wheels Legacy AwardIs the plaque installed? . Receipts for Sally from anyone? Duplicates no longer accepted by the town accountant. 1. Introduction of new board members appointed by the selectmen.. 2. Elect a new Secretary. 3. Formula Grant to date. Revision says we had 1200. left on June 31st. 4. Regionalization. Combining forces with larger COAs. 4. Shine feedback. Joyce LaMotte. 5. We received a permit to operate M.O.W. from the Nashoba Health District. Does this get posted and where? 6. Holiday Party is Thursday. December 13th at 12 noon at the First Parish Church. Bill Lowe 7. We have Formula grant money to spend on worthwhile senior projects. We need a volunteer to scan guidelines to find what Formula Grant can pay for and get back to the Council. 8. Memberships in

other associations related to COA, i.e. MAOA. 9. Personnel Board resigned. 10. Fuel Assistance for seniors. Motion to Adjourn by seconded by at Next Meeting on November 28th, 2012 Scheduled By Jim Connor Posted At Oct 23, 2012 356 PM EDT Last Modified Oct 23, 2012 356 PM EDT

Promoting trade and economy in border areas It is the focus of the talk between the delegation of Thua Thien Hue provincial Border Affairs Steering Committee chaired by the Vice Chairman of the Provincial People's Committee Mr Nguyen Dung and the delegation of Se Kong provincial Border Affairs Steering Committee Laos, chaired by Deputy provincial Governor Thavon PHOMMALAYLUN, Head of the Steering Committee for Border Affairs of Se Kong province, took place on July 26 at the Office of the provincial People's Committee. The two sides exchange the minute of the talk In the spirit of solidarity and friendship, the two sides highly evaluated the efficiency of the border security cooperation, Thua Thien Hue has continued to coordinate with Sekong province to support and help the people in border areas to stabilize their lives and to take care of their health... In order to improve the efficiency of border work, contributing to the building of a borderline of peace, friendship, stability and development, the two si

des agreed to strengthen coordination in the prevention of crimes and trade fraud; continue to effectively implement the brotherhood model between villages in the border areas of the two provinces. Specifically, there are measures to promote the development of trade and economy in the border, prioritize investment in infrastructure such as transportation, border markets to support trade activities between the two sides. It is also necessary to speed up the progress of upgrading the road from the Ta Vang border gate to Ka Lam district in order to create favorable conditions for vehicles to increase import and export turnover. By Ba Tri Se Kong provincetradeeconomyborder areas SOS Childrens Village taught swimming for free 1407 Thua Thien Hue maintains top 5 in the 2021 PAR INDEX 2605 Releasing 32.000 fishes to regenerate aquatic resources in the Huong River 2205 Presenting 10.000 national flags to fishermen 1805 Story of President Ho Chi Minh's life through The Seeker for the Image of the Nation exhibition 310

3 250 athletes participate in the national 25mpool Swimming and Diving Championship 2022 0603 The No. 4 volunteer medical delegation established to support HCMC in the fight against the pandemic 2308 Hue City calls for human resources to participate in COVID19 pandemic prevention and control 0308

A Successful Real Estate Investment Journey Interview with Hasan Turgut known as sugarfree Our interview series continues with Hasan Turgut sugarfree, a new real estate investor who is excited to share his inspirational story of acquiring a cash flowing, buy and hold property. Our interview reveals how Hasan made a move from the risky stock market to creating a lucrative and stable investment plan through rental real estate, all while using the banks money to make it happen. Hasans Journey Moving Forward with His Dream of Investing in Real Estate since 2005 Hasan took a step in the right direction when he placed himself on the path to building wealth through rental real estate. The entire investment experience went extremely well for him, to the point that he was more than happy to share his story so others can see just how easy it is to buy a rental property through a fullservice real estate company. 1. What initially led you to get started in this real estate investing journey? Referring to real estate bei

ng a way to protect your wealth, really for me, what hit home was the interview you had with Bill Miller, and his experience, which was not necessarily all positive while investing in the stock market. But, you know, I have multiple years of experience investing in stocks, and Ive made a lot of money, and Ive also lost a lot of money. So again, going back to preserving wealth with real estate you put that money into the property, into the asset, and it just sits there, and it generates that positive cash flow, month by month. Thats really what led me to go the real estate route. I think I was done taking these big risks in the stock market, and I wanted something a little bit more consistent and steadier. 2. How did you discover? I just started doing some searches on YouTube, and I saw all these different people with flashy cars, and things like that. But you kind of struck a chord with me because you seem real down to earth, and you explain the process. Even though this is the first time we are meeting face

to face, I feel like I know you because you talk to the average everyday person, and you educate people. I think you would agree that some company is educationbased first, and the investment side of things comes after that education has been built or established. 3. Did you manage to see the rental property before you bought it? Nowadays, with technology, you can go online and drop yourself in the street. Unfortunately, they dont update it as much as Id like, because I like to explore the neighborhoods and everything. But my property is visible on Google Maps, so thats the extent of my area research boots that were on the ground, if you will. My portfolio manager led me through the process step by step. Josh recommended that it would be prudent to get a third party involved to do a property inspection, even though its new construction, as a protective measure. I think thats pretty standard in real estate investing. I reached out to the inspector and they recorded video of all of the different rooms, and bath

rooms, and everything, and I was able to see all of that remotely. 4. How did you go about buying your rental property with a selfdirected IRA, traditional financing, nonrecourse financing? My first property, and my second thats under contract, are both conventional finance. Regarding the first property, we had a credit union in the area, and at the time, that was the best route for us to go to receive the lowest interest rate. I actually got it locked in at 3. The loan officer that I was working with said that she had only seen a couple that were below 3, so I felt pretty good about that. I think rates have gone up a little bit since then, so for my second property, I think were looking at around 3.42. It changes day by day though, and were waiting to see what thats going to be. Of course, the rate affects your monthly numbers, hopefully nothing shifts too out of whack, and in the next month or so, I can get that locked in at a pretty good rate. 5. Can you talk about your experience with the property manage

ment side of things and the process? I think I got pretty lucky with my first property because everything kind of aligned. Some things are meant to be, and I feel like this was one of them, to at least get the ball rolling. The property management company collects the rent; if there are any repairs that need to be made, they take care of that also. At this point, since its a new construction property, if there are repairs, theyre minor, but everything is handled by the property manager. I opened up a separate bank account for this property specifically. It seems petty, but you feel proud when you get to put that property name and the property address on the account, because you know that its specific to that unit. Every month the property manager will collect rent from the tenant, and then theyll take out the property management fee, any additional expenses for repairs, and then whatever is left over, they send to my bank account. What Ive done is Ive set up automatic payments on my mortgage, so everything is

automated. Now, I dont have to touch anything. The deposits come in around the middle of the month, and the payments are made around the first, or beginning of the month. Every month, Ill see my account grow by around 670, and thats pretty great. 6. You were investing in the stock market prior to purchasing your property, so how different is the world of real estate vs stocks? Its funny, when I was doing my thing in the stock market, Im talking swings of five to ten thousand dollars a day, which is, needless to say, stressful, and creates a lot of anxiety, and that carries over into your personal life. I recall my last straw with that, which was when I was on a vacation with my family and the markets were doing what I didnt expect them to do, which happens quite a bit. You know, it kind of took that time away from my life, and I said to myself, You know, Im not getting younger. This real estate thing made sense when I watched your videos, and believe me, I watched a lot of your videos. And now, I can have in

vestments in the stock market, but Im not touching them; theyre longterm, and I have the same mindset with real estate investing. I have a lot less anxiety in my life, and I have goals. Right now, my objective is to work hard and make money so that I can acquire the next property. As I said, ten properties is my goal. I do believe my freedom number is less than ten properties, but to be comfortable, and to kind of meet or exceed where Im at now, it probably would fall within the tenproperty range. 7. Are there any final thoughts you would like to give to new investors out there who are thinking about taking the plunge and havent moved forward on taking action yet? Well, every month that you wait, youre losing out on that cash flow, and that growth of equity, since you have a tenant thats essentially paying your mortgage. Think about it this way, if you had two properties, five properties, ten properties, between appreciation, conservative numbers, equity, pay down, and cash flow, you could be making or replac

ing, probably replacing your current salary. The longer you wait, the longer youre postponing, or procrastinating that reward. I would have done it earlier, to be honest with you. I wish I would have rewound and taken some of those profits I had made, and preserve them in real estate. I would probably be a little bit ahead of the curve right now, but better late than never. If I could give anyone advice, its to take action sooner than later. httpswww.instagram.comsugarfreeht Company Name Martin Oberhauser Contact Person Media and Investment AG Website www.amasus.ch The Karamoja Cry Campaign By Robert Kayanja Ministries Making A Difference In Karamoja New online visa application system has been launched by the Canadian Government for citizens of Japan New Foam Slippers Become A Big Hit On TikTok The Base Shop Rosie Tot Baby Launches New Online Boutique Featuring Organic and Heirloom Quality Clothing for Babies and Children Specialized Fitness Resources Discusses How to Care for and Maintain a Fitness Floor Wh

at Will Happen In Julia Hair In The Middle Of March? Indian government announces online visa application process for British citizens Cobalt Speech and Language Offering Limitedtime Application for a Free Trial Speech Recognition Technology Getting Back in Shape Now gets Easier with WikiHomeGym Faster and More Efficient Visa Processing for Germans Visiting India Announces Indian Government

A DC3 Classroom in Bogot In April and May of 2008 I received some interesting photos from Javier Franco Topper, an aviation enthusiast and photographer from Colombia. They were of a beautiful DC3 that was in use as a classroom at the Colegio De La Salle, a school in the northern suburbs of Bogot, Colombia. The mysterious DC3, recently "discovered" at a school in Bogot, Colombia. Despite having been here for a long time, it is obviously still in very good condition. Photo taken on 9 May 2008 by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image. Javier went on to tell me that according to someone at the school the aircraft had been donated to the school about 25 years ago, by the Fuerza Area Colombiana FAC, the Colombian Air Force, but that nothing else was known about it. He asked me if I was able to fill in the many blanks... Since then, several others who also visited Bogot have asked the same question, which prompted me to put together this webpage. At first this seemed a simple thing, because Jav

ier had already done the most important bit he had been inside the DC3 and had already photographed the data plates, which show the serial number of this aircraft. In this case the manufacturer's original plate was no longer there, but instead there was a plate from the United States Army Air Forces USAAF. This very clearly showed the DC3 to be a C47A, serial number 4292867. It also showed the USAAF order number W535AC28405, which was indeed the contract number under which C47A 4292867 was built at the Douglas plant in Oklahoma City, OK, way back in 1944. Everything seemed to fit. The USAAF data plate of C47A 4292867. The meaning of the number at the bottom is unclear, but it has lead to much confusion during the past 50 years. Photo by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image. But there was a problem. When I checked the history for this C47A, I found almost nothing. By far the best source for this kind of information is undoubtedly the book "DC123 The First Seventy Years" by Jennifer Grad

idge, published by AirBritain Historians Ltd. in 2006. This book showed that USAAF serial number 4292867 was manufacturer serial number msn 12715. This number would have been stencilled on the manufacturer's original data plate, had that still been present in the aircraft. The book also showed that 4292867 was delivered to the USAAF on 09 March 1944, and then went to the Mexican Air Force on 19 September 1947. But there the history ended. This was odd. It is very unusual for an aircraft to completely disappear and then suddenly show up again in very good condition 60 years later! So what had happened here? Cause of Confusion As it turns out, the problem was caused by the number "12726" at the bottom of the USAAF plate, where it says Date Accepted see photo. It is unclear what this number means or why it is there, as it is obviously not a date. When this aircraft was imported into the US from Mexico in 1956, the aircraft's owners used this spurious number 12726 to register their aircraft with the Civil Aeronau

tics Authority CAA, now the FAA. Consequently, on 19 March 1956 our mystery aircraft was entered into the US civil aircraft register as N47F, with incorrect serial number 12726, instead of 4292867. A few months later the registration was changed to N75T, but the incorrect serial number remained. In fact it was never corrected, and today, more than 50 years later, it is still on the USCAR with the wrong number. Another data plate, mounted just below the USAAF one. This one is from the company that converted the C47A to civil standards in 1956, with an executive interior. It also reconfirms the identity of this aircraft as 4292867. Photo by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image. What made matters worse is that there is a C47A which really has serial number 12726. This particular aircraft was delivered to the USAF only three days later than our mystery aircraft, with USAAF serial number 4292877. In 1956 it was still operational with the USAF, and based at RheinMain AFB near Frankfurt, West

Germany. It continued to fly actively in military service until 1970. The author of the AirBritain DC3 book was aware of this discrepancy. How could an aircraft that was still flying with the USAF as late as 1970, be registered as a civil aircraft in 1956? This is why the book adds a note to the history for msn 12726, which says "Note cn 12726 was inserted in FAA records for N47F, but 4292877 was originally given. However, the dates overlap with USAF use, so we are looking at two aircraft." A correct conclusion, but what was the identity of that second aircraft? Well, it seems we may have found it now. Two Aircraft Combining Histories This is what DC3 N75T now looks like inside a lovely classroom. Note that it has two large Viewmaster windows on the right side left in the photo, and just one on the other. Photo taken on 9 May 2008, by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image. As mentioned previously, I was surprised to see no further history for C47A 4292867 cn 12715 after 1947 in the AirBr

itain DC3 book. This has now been explained, because the remaining history ended up with C47A 4292877 cn 12726. There it says that the aircraft became XBVUT, N47F and N75T in July 1956, and adds that it was fitted with large Viewmaster windows indicated by "V", also in 1956. This was usually done as part of a larger conversion. The book goes on to list several owners of N75T, ending with LKB Resources from Huntingdon Valley, PA, as of 02 January 1974. LKB Resources as an owner is significant, because this company was active in the field of aerial surveying, performing amongst other activities aerial gammaray magnetic reconnaissance surveys during the mid and late 1970s. DC3 N75T was one of their aircraft, and for that purpose it had been equipped with various kinds of survey gear, such as a tailmounted MAD boom. Following the LKB Resources ownership, the AirBritain DC3 book mentions a further sale of the aircraft to an unknown party in 1981 which is still recorded in the FAA database today, see here, and the

n suggests that it was scrapped. No further info is offered. But, if we are correct about all this, how did N75T end up in Colombia? Perhaps this obscure sale in 1981 has something to do with it? Confirmation of a Theory The aircraft at Bogot has an odd closeout plate mounted below the rudder. This is where previously installed MAD gear was removed. Photo by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image. But first it would be nice to obtain some form of independent confirmation of all this. DC3 historian Matthew Miller greatly helped in this, by comparing photos of the aircraft at Bogot with photos from his archives, showing N75T in the mid or late 1970s. This comparison showed that both aircraft have the same horseshoe aerial on top of the fin, which is fairly rare. same aerial on the roof between the first and second window. same large Viewmaster panorama windows, at least on the left hand side. same profile of the nose radome. same rear door, which is hinged at the bottom instead of at the si

de. In addition to this, Javier photographed a second data plate, which was from RemmertWerner Inc. from Lambert Field, St. Louis, MO. This plate confirms that they converted this aircraft to civil DC3C standards with an executive interior on 25 June 1956. Such a conversion often included the large Viewmaster windows, which were also visible in the old photos of N75T. All this seems to be rather convincing already, but there's more. Javier's photos of the Colegio De La Salle DC3 clearly show an odd closeout plate on the rear fuselage below the rudder, which is very uncommon. Most DC3s have a small tail cone or a recess where the tow gear assembly once was. This closeout plate is an unusual modification which indicates the removal of MAD survey gear. This does indeed fit perfectly with N75T having been used as an aerial surveyer by LKB Resources Inc. They did have N75T fitted with tailmounted MAD gear, and the closeout plate was apparently added when this gear was removed. This rare photo shows N75T in its ear

lier days, when still with LKB Resources. The MAD boom is still installed, and the Viewmaster window and the lowerhinged door are clearly visible. Photo taken by Guus Ottenhof on 22 September 1980 at PhiladelphiaNortheast Regional Airport, PA. Click on the photo for a larger image. Finally, I received an interesting document from Colombia. It was from the Direccin Nacional de Estupefacientes DNE, the Colombian drugs enforcement agency, dated 05 June 2008, and listed a large number of aircraft, cars and boats which had been impounded for drugsrelated issues over the years in Colombia. An Adobe PDF extract of this document, which only lists the impounded aircraft, can be downloaded here. This document does indeed mention N75T, and describes it as a DC3 with a green and white colour scheme. This ties up nicely with the colours worn by N75T during its service with LKB Resources, which consisted of a blue cheatline separating a greenish belly from a white top see photo on the left. According to the document, the a

ircraft was impounded in Maicao in the La Guajira district in northern Colombia, by the Unidad Especializada Antinarcticos Maicao of the Polica Nacional. Although the document is a bit brief on this point, it appears to indicate that N75T was later transferred to the Ministerio de Defensa NacionalPolica Nacional Direccin General in Bogot, after which it was cancelled from DNE records. It is somewhat unfortunate that the document does not mention any dates, but it does confirm that N75T did indeed end up in Colombia, and that it almost certainly ended its active career there. Conclusions The Full Picture From all these facts we can now draw two separate but equally important conclusions The DC3 at the Colegio De La Salle in Bogot is N75T. This N75T is and always has been cn 12715 ex 4292867, and not cn 12726 as quoted by the FAA and all other sources. The latter conclusion of course means that N47F and XBVUT as mentioned in the AirBritain DC3 book are also cn 12715, and not 12726. So, now that we have establ

ished the aircraft's identity, and corrected the previously recorded identity of N75T, N47F and XBVUT in the process, let's go back to Javier's original question about the historical details for the aircraft which currently stands so beautifully preserved at the school in Bogot. Here they are, taken from various sources with special thanks to John M. Davis Built in Oklahoma City, OK, as C47A15DK cn 12715 contract AC28405 09Mar44 delivered to USAAF as 4292867. 19Sep47 to Mexican Air Force, probably serialled TTD6007 or TTD6008. Nov53 sold to Servicio Aeronutica de Mxico SA as XBVUT. circa 1955 sold to Rmulo Antonio O'Farrill Mexican television and newspaper entrepreneur as XBVUT. 19Mar56 regd to Beldex Corp. St. Louis, MO as N47F. 25Jun56 converted to civilexecutive configuration by RemmertWerner Inc. with Viewmaster windows. 08Jul56 reregd to N75T. 11Jul56 regd to Dow Chemical Co. Midland, MI. Aug62 to Brown Oil Tools Inc. Houston, TX. Mar70 regd. to Lloyd M. Bentsen Jr. Houston, TX. May72 to Krec

k Aviation Co Inc. Windom, TX. 02Jan74 regd to LKB Resources Inc. Huntingdon Valley, PA. Aerial survey aircraft. 01Mar74 Certificate of Airworthiness issued for aerial surveying. 24Feb81 regd to Manufacturers Trust Co. Inc. New York, NY. Feb81 Sale reported Miami, FL. This view of N75T clearly shows the two large Viewmaster windows on the right side of the aircraft. Photo taken on 9 May 2008, by Javier Franco Topper. Click on the photo for a larger image. Apparently this unknown Miamibased company used N75T for drugs trafficking activities in Latin America during the early 1980s. One such flight went wrong, and the aircraft was impounded by the Colombian authorities at Maicao, La Guajira, Colombia. Some time later they moved it to Bogot, and subsequently donated it to the Colegio De La Salle. There it still stands today, almost 25 years later, beautifully repainted and still in very good condition. Who would have thought that a former military transport, aerial surveyer and drugsrunning aircraft, would ma

ke such a wonderful classroom at a Colombian school, for so many years... If you want to know exactly where to find this immaculate aircraft, have a look at this satellite imagery on the Google Maps website. Update April 2010 On 23 April 2010, Javier Franco Topper was able to visit the school in Bogot again, and received some interesting bits of new info about their DC3. The aircraft arrived at the school in March 1987, still in its original colours as seen in the above photo of N75T in 1980. It had been in storage Base Area de Madrid for about three years, and it was towed over the road from there all the way to the school, a journey of about 40 kms. Click here to see some photos of this memorable event. N75T being towed to the school in March 1987. Note the original colours, exactly matching those in the 1980 photo of N75T above. Click on the photo to see more photos of the aircraft's journey to the school, and its arrival there. As it turns out, the aircraft could not be donated to the school, because it w

as still tied up in legal investigations dating back to when it was confiscated as a drugsrunning aircraft circa 1983. Officially it is therefore still owned by the Fuerza Area Colombiana, but they entered into an agreement with the school for its safekeeping. The school will take good care of the aircraft while it is in their hands, which includes a repaint about every four years. First and foremost I want to thank Javier Franco Topper, for informing me about this aircraft and for taking the trouble to photograph the data plates. Without those wonderful photos there would not have been anything to solve. Many thanks also go to aviation historians John Davis and Matthew Miller, who very enthusiastically helped me to get to the bottom of this issue. Their knowledge and insights continue to amaze me! Finally I would like to thank Guus Ottenhof for the kind use of his rare photo of N75T as an aerial surveyer in 1980. Other sources used in the compilation of this webpage are DC1 DC2 DC3 The First Seventy Years

, by Jennifer Gradidge AMCAR Quarterly Review, Issue 15, August 1981, p.43 Direccin Nacional de Estupefacientes Ministerio del Interior y de Justicia, Bogot, Colombia Colegio De La Salle website Page created 01Jul2008 Last update 30Apr2010 DisclaimerCopyright Air Tankers Martin Mars Martin Mars Launch Parks Highway Fire All West Freight Arctic C47 Wreck Arctic C82 Crash C123T Provider Con Air Providers DC3 Classroom GAFHawk 125 Ilyushin 14 to Zrich Zero or "oh"? Alaska 1990 Carvair Wrecked Classic Aviation Links DHC3 Otter CDROM Soviet Transports

The World of Cognitive Impairment An unfortunate side effect in many younger patients diagnosed with multiple sclerosis MS is the development of dementia. Multiple Sclerosis MS is a disease where the immune system attacks the body, causing a process called demyelination. Nerve cells are covered in myelin, a fatty protective coating allowing messages to travel quickly backandforth between nerve endings and the brain. Please Read This Boxer's Dementia Dementia Pugilistica When demyelination occurs, the myelin sheaths on these nerve cells are damaged, which can lead to damage to the actual nerves. Sclerosis means scars, or lesions, appearing in the white matter or myelinated portions of the brain, and leading to various side effects for those who suffer from MS. These contain a range of physical and mental symptoms. Cognitive Side Effects One of the earliest recognized effects of MS was a type of dementia, or decline in a person's cognitive abilitiesespecially in the areas of memory, concentration and ability t

o control moods. However, there are many differences between the cognitive decline of MS patients, and those of patients with typical dementias like Alzheimer's disease. Due to this, the cognitive symptoms that an MS patient experiences are most commonly classified as cognitive impairment or cognitive dysfunction. You Might Like This Early Symptoms Of Dementia Cognitive Impairment And MS While statics vary depending on studies, on average, researchers have discovered 4060 percent of MS patients suffer cognitive impairment. However, there is not a correlation between the duration of MS, or a patient's physical ability based on their MS, and the severity of their cognitive impairment. Due to the unpredictable nature of myelin, some patients may not have symptoms for years after their diagnosis, while some may be confined to wheelchairs early on; cognitive impairment with MS patients has the same variability. Cognitive impairment may be an early sign of MS among some people with MS, but studies reveal it is not

a reliable predictor of how symptoms may or may not progress over time. Due to the nature of the cognitive impairment among MS patients, it can be easily overlooked. Since the impairment can be mild, most patients are able to pass" as nonimpaired during shortterm conversations with others. It is only among longterm caregivers, doctors or others who spend time with the person where the impairment becomes apparent. Understanding Cognitive Impairment And MS A recent article published by Practical Neurology calls for doctors, researchers and caregivers of those with MS to begin moving away from nonspecific" terms like cognitive impairment. The article recommends using specific terms, like dementia and mild cognitive impairment MCI, to better gauge the level of impairment being suffered by the person with MS. These terms have been shied away from previously, the author states, because of the stigma attached to them especially to the term dementia. Most patients being diagnosed with MS are younger, still looking t

o raise their families and build careers and are hoping to manage this illness along with the rest of their future. The stigma of the word dementia and its connection to older adults in late stages of their lives and the severity of symptoms, can rob many patients of the hope they have to fight their disease. Suggesting a heavy campaign of destigmatization and reeducation around the terms of dementia and MCI, the author states these terms will be more helpful to all involved with MS treatment and research, because these terms have better clinical definition. If you have a loved one suffering from MS and are concerned they may be exhibiting signs of cognitive impairment, please encourage them to talk to their doctor or treatment team to find the best treatment for them. boxers dementia pugilistica Tags mild cognitive impairment health related conditions symptoms multiple sclerosis

Welcome to Property Consulting! MD Property Consulting Partners is a real estate company which is concerned with management, counselling and investment in the highest quality commercial real estate in the Lower Silesia. Since the moment of being active on the market, that is since April 2006, the company has been developing 5 shopping centers. Regular daily cooperation with local authorities lets us avoid possible conflicts and increase the pace of investing procedures. Owing to our openness, reliability, due diligence and respecting the concept of fair play, we are gaining subsequent partners. A great number of companies and international corporations can be found among our clients. Dedication, involvement and innovative approach towards investments have contributed to establishing cooperation with some leading companies in the world in a short time. Our clients requirements are our priority. The aim of the company is permanent progress, and particular attention to being professional and reliable. The prosp

ect for the year 2007 includes cooperation with such countries as Bulgaria and Ukraine, where our subsidiary companies shall be established. In the furhter perspective we plan to perform turnkey investments. Finding trustworthy and prudent partners for this kind of activity needs time, however, it is the quality which is indicative. News and Events

DevOps The Hot Skills, Tools, Certifications February 24, 2023 Janice Today, almost every company or firm has a software department. This could be due to the fact that the world has become so technologically advanced that there are around 2.1 billion people using smartphones worldwide in 2016. This opens up a new avenue for companies to engage the masses. Software development skills are now essential due to the constant demand for the most uptodate software attributes and the fierce competition in the market. This has led to an exponential growth in data science. Companies invest a lot of effort and resources in their development departments. Due to its importance, another area has seen growth in recent years. The operations department is responsible for optimizing almost all company operations. This sector also works to minimize costs and maximize profits. DevOps stands for development operations. This group of practices automates the communication between an IT team, a software developer and an IT team.

This allows for faster delivery of reliable softwares. DevOps foundation relies upon a collaboration culture. DevOps has many benefits, including increased trust, flexibility and rapid and reliable software releases, better understanding complex situations and their solutions, and better planned work. DevOps can also be described as a culture or movement. DevOps main focus is to change peoples thinking in order to foster collaboration and integration in development and operations. It will enable you to develop more efficient, agile, continuous improvement, and higher automation operations. This will allow you to bring innovation and deliver higher value to your customers and business. What and when did DevOps first appear? In 20072008, the DevOps emerged as a result of increased concern about software development networks and IT operations. They fought against the old model of software development in which coders were functionally and organizationally separable from code developers. IT professionals and deve

lopers had different goals and leadership styles. They also had separate key performance indicators KPIs. There were many independent teams that were only associated with their goals, failed releases, and unhappy customers. They found a great way to collaborate later. These two distinct sectors merged and attracted professionals such as Gene Kim, John Willis and Patrick Dubois. Why is DevOps now a mainstream? DevOps has become a more popular practice. This is a wellknown practice among IT professionals as well as software developers. DevOps is a new working model that emphasizes communication, coordination between departments, and teambased collaboration. These are the reasons DevOps has become so popular. Greater security Higher market speed Conversions are increasing Customer satisfaction is higher Environment stability and a better working environment Time availability Steady software delivery DevOps can also be described as a culture, movement, and practice that emphasizes communication and collaboration

between Information Technology experts or software developers. Both work together to automate the software delivery process and make infrastructure changes in the industry. DevOps is a culture and environment that allows software testing, building, and release to occur more often and faster. What DevOps tools do you need to know? DevOps is a narrow term that refers to a part of an IT team that creates and maintains infrastructure. This term can also be used for software engineers who are responsible for creating and maintaining software infrastructure. The Different Subcategories of DevOps DevOps has become a buzzword and is being discussed by many people and organizations around the globe. DevOps does not refer to a technology, tool, or innovative framework, but rather a philosophy or concept. DevOps can be broken down into different categories like Continuous Integration This refers to the culture of combining a source or application code to source codes repositories. To verify or check in, building tools

are used to incorporate the source code repositories as well as continuous tools for integration. Continuous Testing For such automated testing, unit testing is used. These tools are then combined in continuous integration behavior using tools. Combating the Mobile Skills Gap ITIL v3 to be discontinued in 2022 and a new technological era

The Apostle's Creed I believe in God the Father Almighty creator of heaven and earth; and in Jesus Christ, his only Son our Lord, who was conceived by the power of the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, Suffered under Pontius Pilot, was crucified, died and was buried. He descended into hell. On the third day he arose from the dead; He ascended into heaven and is seated at the right hand of God the Father Almighty. He shall come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Holy Catholic Church, the Communion of Saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body and in life everlasting.

Cornelis Andriessen jr. C. Andriessen Cees Kees Andriessen 28011865 22011947, a Dutch composer born in Hilversum, brother of Nicolaas Hendrik Andriessen. Cees was a pianist, conductor and composer. He composed a requiem, operetta, songs, etc. Author Gerrit Slagmolen Source Muzieklexicon Period Expressionism In memory of his brother Hendrik and the victims of WWI Requiem written in 1917 in memory of his brother Hendrik and the victims of WWI. Source httpwww.muziekschatten.nlactionblog?pagehttp3Ablog.muziekschatten.nl3Fp3D251

Insurrectionary Warfare CELT document E900002006 Chapter 1. Irish Citizen Army HQ Liberty Hall2. Moscow Insurrection of 19053. Insurrection in the Tyrol4. Revolution in Belgium5. Defense of the Alamo6. Revolution in Paris7. Lexington8. June 18489. Street FightingSummary E900002006 Articles by James Connolly in the Workers' Republic on Insurrectionary Warfare 1. Irish Citizen Army HQ Liberty Hall Commandant J Connolly ChiefofStaff M Mallin We propose to give under this heading from time to time accounts of such military happenings in the past as may serve to enlighten and instruct our members in the work they are banded together to perform. A close study of these articles will, we hope, be valuable to all those who desire to acquire a knowledge of how brave men and women have at other times and in other places, overcome difficulties and achieved something for a cause held to be sacred. It is not our place to pass a verdict upon the sacredness or worth of the cause for which they contended our function is to di

scuss their achievements from the standpoint of their value to those who desire to see perfected a Citizen Army able to perform whatever duty may be thrust upon it. We would suggest that these articles be preserved for reference purposes. May 29th 1915. 2. Moscow Insurrection of 1905 In the year 1905, the fires of revolution were burning very brightly in Russia. Starting with a parade of unarmed men and women to the Palace of the Czar, the flames of insurrection spread all over the land. The peaceful parades were met with volleys of shrapnel and rifle fire, charged by mounted Cossacks, and cut down remorselessly by cavalry of the line, and in answer to this attack, general strikes broke out all over Russia. From strikes the people proceeded to revolutionary uprisings, soldiers revolted and joined the people in some p.452 cases, and in others the sailors of the Navy seized the ironclads of the Czar's fleet and hoisted revolutionary colours. One incident in this outburst was the attempted revolution in Moscow.

We take it as our test this week because, in it, the soldiers remained loyal to the Czar, and therefore it resolved itself into a clean cut fight between a revolutionary force and a government force. Thus we are able to study the tactics of a a regular army in attacking a city defended by barricades, and b a revolutionary force holding a city against a regular army. Fortunately for our task as historians, there was upon the spot an English journalist of unquestioned ability and clearsightedness, as well as of unrivalled experience as a spectator in warfare. This was H. W. Nevinson, the famous war correspondent. From his book The Dawn of Russia as well as from a close intimacy with many refugees who took part in the revolution, this description is built up. The revolutionists of Moscow, had intended to postpone action until a much later date in the hope of securing the cooperation of the peasantry, but the active measures of the Government precipitated matters. Whilst the question of Insurrection or No Insurre

ction yet was being discussed at a certain house in the city, the troops were quietly surrounding the building and the first intimation of their presence received by the revolutionists was the artillery opening fire on the buildings at point blank range. A large number of the leaders were killed or arrested, but next morning the city was in insurrection. Of the numbers engaged on the side of the revolutionists, there is considerable conflict of testimony. The government estimate, anxious to applaud the performance of the troops, is 15,000. The revolutionary estimate, on the other hand, is only 500. Mr Nevinson states that a careful investigator friendly to the revolutionists, and with every facility for knowing, gave the number as approximately 1,500. The deductions we were able to make from the stories of the refugees aforementioned, makes the latter number seem the most probable. The equipment of the revolutionists was miserable in the extreme. Among the 1,500 there was only a total of 80 rifles, and a meag

re supply of ammunition for p.453 same. The only other weapons were revolvers and automatic pistols, chiefly Brownings. Of these latter a goodly supply seems to have been on hand as at one period of the fighting the revolutionists advertised for volunteers, and named Browning pistols as part of the pay for all recruits. Against this force, so pitifully armed, the government possessed in the city, 18,000 seasoned troops, armed with magazine rifles, and a great number of batteries of field artillery. The actual fighting which lasted nine days, during which time the government troops made practically no progress, is thus described by the author we have already quoted. Of the barricades, he says, that they were erected everywhere, even the little boys and girls throwing them up in the most out of the way places, so that it was impossible to tell which was a barricade with insurgents to defend it and which was a mock barricade, a circumstance which greatly hindered the progress of the troops, who had always to spe

nd a considerable period in finding out the real nature of the obstruction before they dared to pass it. The very multitude of these barricades early next morning I counted one hundred and thirty of them, and I had not seen half made it difficult to understand the main purpose of all the fighting. As far as they had any definite plan at all, their idea seems to have been to drive a wedge into the heart of the city, supporting the advance by barricades on each side so as to hamper the approach of troops. The four arms of the crossroads were blocked with double or even treble barricades about ten yards apart. As far as I could see along the curve of the Sadavoya, on both sides barricade succeeded barricade, and the whole road was covered with telegraph wire, some of it lying loose, some tied across like netting. The barricades enclosing the centre of the crossroads like a fort were careful constructions of telegraph poles or the iron supports to the overhead wires of electric trams, closely covered over with do

ors, railings, and advertising boards, and lashed together with wire. Here and there a tramcar was built in to give solidity, and on the top of every barricade waved a little red flag. Men and women were throwing them the barricades up with devoted zeal, sawing telegraph poles, wrenching iron railings from their sockets, and dragging out the planks from builders' yards. Noteworthy as an illustration of how all things, even popular revolutions, change their character as the conditions change in which they operate is the fact, that no barricade was defended in the style of the earlier French or Belgian revolutions. Mr. Nevinson says But it was not from the barricades themselves that the real opposition came. From first to last no barricade was fought in the old sense of the word. The revolutionary methods were far more terrible and effective. By the side street barricades and wire entanglements they had rid themselves of the fear of cavalry. By the barricades across the main streets, they had rendered the appro

ach of troops necessarily slow. To the soldiers, the horrible part of the street fighting was that they could never see the real enemy. On coming near a barricade or the entrance to a side street, a few scouts would be advanced a short distance before the guns. As they crept forward, firing as they always did, into the empty barricades in front, they might suddenly find themselves exposed to a terrible revolver fire, at about fifteen paces range, from both sides of the street. It was useless to reply, for there was nothing visible to aim at. All they could do was to fire blindly in almost any direction. Then the revolver fire would suddenly cease, the guns would trundle up and wreck the houses on both sides. Windows fell crashing on the pavement, case shot burst into the bedrooms, and round shot made holes through three or four walls. It was bad for furniture, but the revolutionist had long ago escaped through a labyrinth of courts at the back, and was already preparing a similar attack on another street. The

troops did not succeed in overcoming the resistance of the insurgents, but the insurrection rather melted away as suddenly as it had taken form. The main reason for this sudden dissolution lay in the receipt of discouraging news from St. Petersburg from which quarter help had been expected, and was not forthcoming, and in the rumoured advance of a hostile body of peasantry eager to cooperate p.455 with the soldiery against the people who were hindering the sale of agricultural produce in the Moscow market. 2. CRITICISM The action of the soldiery in bringing field guns, or indeed any kind of artillery, into the close quarters of street fighting was against all the teaching of military science, and would infallibly have resulted in the loss of the guns had it not been for the miserable equipment of the insurgents. Had any body of the latter been armed with a reasonable supply of ammunition the government could only have taken Moscow from the insurgents at the cost of an appalling loss of life. A regular bombar

dment of the city would only have been possible if the whole loyalist population had withdrawn outside the insurgent lines, and apart from the social reasons against such an abandonment of their business and property, the moral effect of such a desertion of Moscow would have been of immense military value in strengthening the hands of the insurgents and bringing recruits to their ranks. As the military were thus compelled to fight in the city and against a force so badly equipped, not much fault can be found with their tactics. Of the insurgents also it must be said that they made splendid use of their material. It was a wise policy not to man the barricades and an equally wise policy not to open fire at long range where the superior weapons of the enemy would have been able with impunity to crush them, but to wait, before betraying their whereabouts until the military had come within easy range of their inferior weapons. Lacking the cooperation of the other Russian cities, and opposed by the ignorant peasant

ry, the defeat of the insurrection was inevitable, but it succeeded in establishing the fact that even under modern conditions the professional soldier is, in a city, badly handicapped in a fight against really determined civilian revolutionists. June 5th 1915. 3. Insurrection in the Tyrol In the course of the present war between Italy and the Central States, the Tyrol is likely to come once more into fame as the theatre of military operations. Therefore the story of the insurrection in the Tyrol in 1809 may be doubly interesting to the reader as illustrating alike the lessons of civilian warfare, and the nature of the people and the country in question. The Tyrol is in reality a section of the Alpine range of mountainsthat section which stretches eastward from the Alps of Switzerland, and interposes between the southern frontier of Germany and the northern frontier of Italy. It is part of the territory of Austria; its inhabitants speak the German language, and for the most part are passionately attached to t

he Catholic religion. They are described by Alison, the English historian, in terms that read strange today in view of the English official attitude to all things German. Alison says The inhabitants like all those of German descent, are brave, impetuous, and honest, tenacious of custom, fearless of danger, addicted to intemperance. The latter clause was in itself not sufficient to make any people remarkable, as at that period heavy drinking was the rule all over Europe, and nowhere worse than in these islands. But the Tyrolese were also well accustomed to the use of arms, and frequent target practice in the militia and trained bands as well as in hunting had made excellent shots of a large proportion of the young men of the country. After the defeat of Austria in 1805 by Napoleon, the Tyrol was taken from that Empire by the Treaty of Pressburg and ceded to Bavaria, the ally of Napoleon. The Tyrolese resented this unceremonious disposal of their country, a resentment that was much increased by the licentious c

onduct of the French soldiers sent as garrison into the district. Brooding over their wrongs they planned revolt, and sought and obtained a promise of cooperation from the Austrian Emperor. In the revolt, alike in its preparation and in its execution, there were three leading figures. These were Andreas Hofer, Spechbacher, and Joseph Haspinger. Hofer, the chief, was an innkeeper, and of great local influence, which he owed alike to his high character and to the opportunities of intercourse given him by his occupation, a more important one before the advent of railroads than now. Spechbacher was a farmer and woodsman, and had been an outlaw and poacher for many years before settling down to married life. Joseph Haspinger was a monk, and from the colour of his beard was familiarly known as RothBart or Redbeard. It will be observed that none of the three were professional soldiers, yet they individually and collectively defeated the best generals of the French Armyan army that had defeated the professional milit

arists of all Europe. The eighth day of April, 1809 was fixed for the rising, and on that date the signal was given by throwing large heaps of sawdust in to the River Inn, which ran all through the mountains, by lighting fires upon the hill tops, and by women and children who carried from house to house little balls of paper on which were written es ist Zeit, it is time. At one place, St. Lorenzo, the revolt had been precipitated by the action of the soldiers, whose chiefs, hearing of the project, attempted to seize a bridge which commanded communications between the upper part of the valley and Brunecken. Without waiting for the general signal the peasants in the locality rose to prevent the troops getting the bridge. The Bavarian, General Wrede, with 2,000 men and three guns marched to suppress this revolt, but the peasants hid behind rocks and trees, and taking advantage of every kind of natural cover poured in a destructive fire upon the soldiers. The latter suffered great loss from this fire, but pushed

forward, and the peasantry were giving way before the disciplined body when they were reinforced by the advanced guard of an Austrian force coming to help the insurrection. The Bavarians gave way. When they reached the bridge at Laditch the pursuit was so hot that they broke in two, one division going up, the other down, the river. The greater part were taken prisoners at Balsano, amongst the prisoners being one general. At Sterzing, Hofer took charge. Here the peasants were attacked by a large force of soldiers, but they took refuge in thickets and behind rocks and drove off the attacks of the infantry. When the artillery was brought up the nature of the ground compelled the guns to come up in musketry range, and then the peasant marksmen picked off the gunners, after which feat the insurgents rushed in and carried all before them in one impetuous charge. Three hundred and ninety prisoners were taken and 240 killed and wounded. A column of French under Generals Bisson and Wrede made an attempt to force its w

ay up the Brenner. The peasants fell back before it until it reached the narrow defile of Lueg, where it suffered severely as the insurgents had broken down the bridges and barricaded the roads by heaps of fallen trees. The troops were shot down in heaps as they halted before the barricades and bridges whilst a part of their number laboured to open the way. Meanwhile another large body of peasants had attacked and taken Innsbruck, the capital of the Tyrol, and when Bisson and Wrede eventually forced their way up the Brenner with the insurgents everywhere harrying on their flanks and rear, picking them off from behind cover, and rushing upon and destroying any party unfortunate enough to get isolated, as they advanced into the open it was only to find the city in possession of the insurgents, and vast masses of armed enemies awaiting them at every point of vantage. After a short fight Bisson, caught between two fires, surrendered with nearly 3,000 men. Sprechbacher took Hall in the Lower Tyrol. A curious evide

nce of the universality of the insurrection was here given by the circumstance that as none of the men could be spared from the fighting line 400 prisoners had to be marched off under an armed escort of women. In one week the insurgents had defeated 10,000 regular soldiers experienced in a dozen campaigns and taken 6,000 prisoners. In a battle at Innsbruck on May 2829th, the women and children took part, carrying food and water and ammunition. When the insurgents had expended all their lead the women and children collected the bullets fired by the enemy and brought them to the men to fire back at the soldiers. Amongst the number Spechbacher's son, ten years of age, was p.459 as active as any, and more daring than most. After the total defeat of the Austrians and the capture of Vienna by Napoleon, the city of Innsbruck was retaken by a French army of 30,000 men. Hofer was summoned by the French General to appear at Innsbruck. He replied stating that he would come but it would be attended by 10,000 sharpshooter

s. At first the peasantry had been so discouraged by their abandonment by the Austrians that a great number of them had gone to their homes, but at the earnest solicitation of their leaders they again rallied, and hostilities reopened on August 4th. A column of French and Bavarians were crossing the bridge at Laditch where the high road from Balsano to the capital crosses the river Eisach. The Tyrolese under Haspinger occupied the overhanging woods, and when the troops were well in the defile they rained bullets and rocks upon them without showing themselves. Men were falling at every step, and the crushing rocks tore lanes through the ranks. The soldiers pressed on until the narrowest point of the defile was reached when a sudden silence fell upon the mountain side. Awestruck, the column involuntarily halted, and amid the silence a voice rang out Shall I? Shall I? Stephen. and another answered Not yet, not yet. Recovering, the troops resumed their march in silence and apprehension, and then as they wound dee

per into the path the second voice again rang out Now, in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost, cut loose. And at the word, a huge platform of tree trunks, upon which tons of rocks had been collected, was suddenly cut loose, and the whole mass descended like an avalanche upon the soldiery, sweeping whole companies away and leaving a trail of mangled bodies behind it. Despite this terrible catastrophe the column pushed its way on towards the bridge, only to find it in flames, and a raging torrent barring their further progress. They retreated to their starting point harassed all the way by the invisible enemy and with a loss of 1,200 men. On August 10th, Marshal Lefebre, with 20,000 men, p.460 attempted to force a passage through and over the Brenner. He was attacked everywhere by small bodies, his progress checked, and his way barred by every obstacle that nature could supply, or ingenuity suggest, and eventually driven back, losing 25 cannon and the whole ammunition of his army. On August 12th, with 2

3,000 foot, 2,000 horse, and 40 cannon, he was attacked at Innsbruck by the three insurgent leaders and defeated. Hofer had kept his promise to come to Innsbruck with 10,000 sharpshooters. The French lost 6,000 killed, wounded and prisoners. This was the last notable success of the insurgents. The French having made peace with Austria, and having no other war on hand, were able to concentrate upon the Tyrol force sufficient to make further resistance impossible. The insurgents returned to their homes, and resistance was abandoned. 2. REMARKS The nature of the country lent itself to the mode of fighting of the insurgents. But their own genius also counted for much. They used every kind of cover, seldom exposed themselves, and at all times took care not to let bravery degenerate into rashness. Every effort was made to tempt artillery into close range, the insurgents lying as quiet as possible until such time as their muskets could be brought into play upon the artillery men. To the same end positions were taken

up which seemed often to be in direct contraventionof military science, since they seemed to abandon every chance of a clear field of fire in front, and enabled the enemy to approach closely without coming under fire. But their seeming mistake was based upon sound judgement as the superior weapons of the enemy would have beaten down opposition from a distance, whereas being compelled to come close in before opening fire the regular soldiery lost their chief advantage over the insurgents and were deprived of the advantages conferred by discipline and efficient control by skilled officers. June 12th 1915. 4. Revolution in Belgium After the defeat and final deposition of Napoleon the Allied Sovereigns met at Vienna in 1815 and proceeded to settle Europe. All during the war against Napoleon all the Continental Powers in alliance with the British Empire had loudly declared to the world and to their respective peoples that they were fighting for liberty, for national rights, and against foreign oppression. But whe

n they met at Vienna the Allies proceeded to ride roughshod over all the things for which they were supposed to be fighting. Nations in many instances were ruthlessly partitioned, as in the case of Italy, or were subjected to new foreign rulers without being consulted in any manner. This latter was the case of Belgium. That country was forcibly placed under the rule of Holland. Belgium could not resist as the whole of Europe, except France, was represented at the Vienna Congress, and the armies of all Europe were at the call of the Powers for the enforcement of the decrees of that Congress. In passing, it may be said that this settlement of Europe by the Allied Powers was so utterly at variance with the will of the people, so flagrant a denial and suppression of all that the Allies had pretended to fight for that it led to revolution, subsequently, in every state in Europe. Holland in its rule over Belgium was accused by the Belgians of a systematic campaign against every expression and manifestation of Belgi

an national life. It was alleged that it penalised the native language of Belgium, and gave undue official preference to the Dutch, that it sought to place Dutch officials in all posts to the exclusion of equally well qualified Belgians, that it unduly favoured Dutch industries by legislation and retarded Belgian, and that in every possible way Belgium was treated more as a conquered province than as an Allied State. These grievances were agitated in many ways, and many efforts were made to obtain remedies without avail. Eventually in 1830, fifteen years after the settlement by the Congress of Vienna, revolution broke out in Brussels. On August 25th 1830, a partially armed mob attacked p.462 the house and printing establishment of the chief proDutch paper, the National. After wrecking these they obtained more arms by sacking gunsmiths' shops. Then the official residence of the Dutch Minister of Justice, M van Mannen, was attacked, gutted, and burned to the ground. On the 26th, the troops were called out and f

ighting took place in the streets. The crowd had got possession of a large amount of arms and ammunition and successfully withstood the soldiery. Eventually the troops withdrew in a body to the Place Royale, the reason for the withdrawal being thus stated in the English Press of the time that in street warfare regular troops, who to be effective must act together, fight at a great disadvantage. The streets of the city were thus left clear to the people, who proceeded to wreak their vengeance upon the houses and offices of the Government officials. The house of the Public Prosecutor Procureur du Roi, of the Director of Police, and of the Commandant of the city were sacked, the furniture being taken out, piled up in the street and burned. Up till this period the middle class Belgians had only looked on passively, but now they organised themselves into a Burgher Guard to defend their property, and took possession of the city partly by force, partly by agreement with the armed workers who up to this time had done

all the fighting. Five thousand Burgher Guards were enrolled, the Commandant being one Baron Hoogvorst. All the military posts in the city were occupied by the Guard, the military remaining inactive outside. A Committee of Public Safety elected by the Burgher Guard issued a Manifesto setting forth the grievances of the Belgian Nation, and instituting reforms. Clause XI of the Manifesto ordered that Bread be distributed to all unfortunate workmen to supply their wants until they are able to resume their labour. On August 20th, Royal troops marched upon Brussels, but halted outside upon being told that if they attempted to enter they would be resisted, but the Guard would keep order within if the troops remained outside. As yet there had been no talk of separation, but all Royal colours had been torn down, and distinctive Belgian colours hoisted on the buildings, and worn by the armed people. On August 30th, the Prince of Orange arrived outside Brussels and sent in word that he was about to enter. He was infor

med that he could only enter alone or with his own aidedecamp. He then threatened to storm the city, and the people replied by building barricades in all the leading streets, and occupying the gates in force. Then the Prince issued a proclamation commanding the inhabitants to lay aside the rebellious colours and badges, and that he would enter the city and take over their duties. This was refused, and he then consented to enter the city alone. A deputation had been sent to the king at the Hague to lay before him the demands of the Belgians. He met the deputation very courteously, as kings always do when in difficulties, promised many reforms, but insisted that his son, the Prince, should enter Brussels at the head of his troops, and that the deputation should confer with the Minister of the Interior. This latter conference took place, and at it the delegates presented a new demandthe separation of Belgium from Holland, and its erection into an independent Kingdom under the same king. On this point, like Irela

nd in our day, the country was divided. Antwerp and Ghent petitioned against separation. Tournay, Verviers, Mons and Namur declared for separation, and in each of them the Civic Guard seized the town and proclaimed the revolution. Bruges followed suit. In each of those places, whilst the Civic Guard was hesitating, the working class took the lead and forced the pace, bringing the guard eventually into line. On September 19th, the working class of Brussels, tired of the hesitation and inaction of the middle class representatives, took matters in their own hands, rose in rebellion and marched on the Town Hall. There they seized 40 stand of arms. Next day they took possession of the Town Hall, and all the military posts in the city, and were fortunate enough to get possession of a large supply of arms and ammunition. They dissolved the middle class Committee of Public Safety, and established a Provisional Government. On September 21st, Prince Frederick advanced upon Brussels and ordered that the guard should sur

render their posts, all rebel colours should be taken down, all armed strangers expelled, and threatening to hold responsible p.464 personally all members of the Committee of Public Safety, of the Council of Officers of Guards, and of the Municipal Administration. But as all these bodies had been dissolved the Proclamation fell rather flat. The people prepared to fight. Barricades were thrown up in all the streets and at the gates. Pavements were torn up, stones carried to the top of houses in streets through which the troops would have to pass. and every preparation made, the women being specially busy in the preparations. The attack began on the 22nd, the middle class citizens who had been in the Burgher Guard kept carefully to their houses and out of the fighting. The troops made the attack upon six different points, or districts towards which they opened, Flanders, Auderlecht, Lacken, Schaarbeck, Namur, Louvain. The artillery easily broke through the gates and adjoining barricades but as they advanced, ob

stacle succeeded obstacle, resistance seemed to multiply itself with every step, and the fighting increased in intensity the farther into the city they penetrated. At the Flanders gate the troops swept at first everything before them with their artillery fire. They advanced with great steadiness until they were met by a strong barricade at a curve in the street which prevented the artillery from being brought to bear. Here they were exposed to a deadly fire from behind the barricade and overwhelmed from above with showers of paving stones, heavy pieces of furniture, hatchets, fireirons and every species of missile. Beaten back, they were compelled to retreat. At Auderlecht gate the same fate overtook the soldiery, and at Lacken the insurgents compelled a retreat with great loss. The division which attacked at Schaarbeck gate fought its way in until it reached an open park in which it took refuge from the close quarters and dreadful hostility of the streets. Then it halted afraid to advance further against the

streets. The divisions attacking by Namur and Louvain gates also fought their way in for a short distance and then halted, fearful of attempting a further advance. On the 24th, the middle class joined the insurgent working class, and the fighting was renewed. After a long day's contest the troops were unable to advance, although they had made themselves masters of one of the main streets. The insurgents were still in possession, but too badly organised to expel the troops from their foothold in the city. On the 26th and 27th, volunteers from neighbouring towns joined the insurgents, and, encouraged by their aid, the insurgents began to close in on the troops and drive them back. Eventually, believing their position to be hopeless, the soldiery gave up the struggle and withdrew from the city. The total insurgent loss from the 22nd to the 27th, was stated to be 165 killed and 311 wounded. After the retreat from Brussels the Government had no foothold in Belgium except in its fortresses. The populace rose in th

e towns, the Belgian regiments declared in favour of the revolution, and one after another the fortresses fell into the hands of the insurgents. At Ath and Mons the Dutch garrison was made prisoner. At Namur the garrison surrendered the fortress on condition that it was allowed to depart. At Liege 1,100 men, constituting the garrison, made the same arrangement. Ghent held out against the revolution until October 16th, when it also surrendered on like terms to Namur. By the end of October the Belgians were in possession of all the fortresses except Antwerp, Maestricht and Luxemburg. On November 10th, a National Congress established the Kingdom of Belgium, which was afterwards formally acknowledged by all the powers. The Revolution in Brussels and the successful stand of an insurgent body against regular troops, made such an impression upon Europe that it was long held as an axiom that it was the duty of the officers in command of the army, confronted with such a condition, to refuse to fight in the streets, an

d content themselves with a regular investment or siege of the city. The official English view has always dissented from this advice. Two things have to be kept in mind in studying the Brussels Revolution Firstthat, unlike Continental revolutions in general, there were no defections among the troops. It was two nations in conflict. Hence the revolution at Brussels won purely because of its military position and strength. Secondthat the invention of smokeless powder would tend to make such street fighting far more deadly and demoralising to an army which could not see from whence came the shots that decimated the ranks. June 19th, 1915. 5. Defense of the Alamo In 1821 Mexico was separated from the kingdom of Spain and entered upon a turbulent and troubled existence of its own. At that time almost all of the territory comprised in the present American State of Texas was an integral part of the Mexican Republic. It was inhabited largely by Mexicans and other persons of Spanish or mixed Spanish and Indian descent

. But along with these there were a large number of immigrants from the United States, some of whom had taken up land under the laws of the Mexican Government, whilst others were hunters, trappers, and adventurers. All these latter were rather disinclined to submit to the laws of the Mexicans, especially when the various changes in the Mexican Government made it at times somewhat problematical what these laws were, and still more of a problem to judge how each fresh incumbent in office would administer the laws. Consequently, the uneasiness grew in volume with each accession of strength in the numbers of the immigrants, and each fresh caprice of the rulers. To add to this uneasy situation the designs of the slaveholders in the United States included an extension of slaveholding territory to the South. Unable to extend the slave belt to the North, and menaced by the continual growth of free states in the West, the slaveholders of the United States were anxious to secure fresh territories which could be erected

into slave states whose votes could be counted upon against the pressing danger of the increase of liberationist sentiment in the Congress and Senate. Hence the restless immigrants in Texas received secret encouragement from the United States Government, and having real and genuine grievances of their own their restlessness gradually developed into rebellion. A Mexican Congress in 1835 adopted a new Constitution of the country, one feature of which was the dissolution of all power in a Congress to meet in Mexico city. This was resented in many parts of the country, and in March 1836, a Texan Congress met at Washington, Texas, and declared Texas to be a free and independent Republic. A provisional Government was organised, and Sam Houston was declared CommanderinChief. Hostilities commenced immediately. Fighting took place at several places, notably at San Antonio de Bexar, where the insurgents after five days battle in the street, compelled the garrison to surrender. On hearing of this disaster to his forces

, the Mexican President, Santa Anna, crossed the Rio Grande, the river which forms the boundary line between Texas and Mexico, with an army of 10,000 men, and advanced against the insurgents. In the path of their advance lay an old wooden fort known as the Alamo, into which a Texan officer named Travis threw himself with a garrison of 145 men. The Mexican force laid siege to the place, and Travis sent off the following message for reinforcements The enemy have demanded me to surrender at discretion, otherwise the garrison is to be put to the sword. I have answered his summons with a cannon shot. Our flag still floats proudly from the walls. We shall never surrender or retreat, liberty or death! The little Texan force of one hundred and forty five insurgents held out for ten days against the Mexican army of 10,000 men. Again and again the Mexicans attempted to storm the place, and as often they were beaten off. The wounded were propped up by their comrades and kept on fighting until death, the rushes of the re

gular soldiery with bayonets were beaten off by the Texans with clubbed rifles or met with the quick deadly work of bowie knives, and when at last the building was taken and the Mexicans were victorious it was found that the loss they had sustained was without a parallel in history. Fifteen hundred Mexicans had been killed or ten for every Texan engaged. No quarter was given or asked. All the defenders were killed, their bodies collected in a heap and burned. But the defence of the Alamo had enabled the insurgents elsewhere to organise their resistance and General Samuel p.468 Houston with twelve hundred men was by this time in the field and in a position to conduct a regular campaign. Houston pursued a retreating and waiting policy refusing to be drawn prematurely into a battle, but patiently biding his time and keeping his men together until he had made them into an army. Eventually on April 19th 1836 the two armies met at Buffalo Bayou and the Mexicans were defeated with great slaughter, their General and

six hundred men being taken prisoners. This ended the campaign, the independence of Texas being shortly afterwards formally acknowledged. The defence of the Alamo was one of those defeats which are often more valuable to a cause than many loudly trumpeted victories. It gave spirit and bitterness to the Texan forces, and more important still gave time to their comrades elsewhere.Fortunately for their cause also they had in Houston a General who recognised that the act of keeping an insurgent force in the field was in itself so valuable an establishment of the revolutionary position that it gave all the functions and prestige of government. Hence he kept his force in the field without fighting as long as possible, despite the murmurs of his men, and only hazarded an engagement when he considered that his army was made. July 3rd, 1915. 6. Revolution in Paris, 1830 After the deposition of Napoleon by the allied powers the Bourbon family was restored to the throne of France much against the will of the French peop

le. That family at first made some slight concession to the spirit of democracy which the French revolution had aroused in Europe, but gradually as the people advanced in their claims for p.469 enfranchisement the royal family and court became more and more reactionary and opposed to reform. Eventually the Government took steps to suppress the freedom of the press, and four journals active in the reform movement were proceeded against, their editors sentenced to prison and to pay heavy fines. The Chamber of Deputies took sides against the king, and presented to him an address in favour of reform. He dissolved the Chamber and ordered a general election. When the election was over it was found that, despite the restricted suffrage and persistent government terrorism, the Reform party out of a total Chamber of 428 members had returned 270, whilst the ministry had only returned 145. As his answer to the elections the king on July 25th, 1830, issued a decree destroying at one swoop all the liberties of his subject

s. The new Chamber of Deputies was dissolved before it had even met. Liberty of the press was suspended. Writings published in violation of the regulations were to be seized, and types and presses used in printing them to be taken into custody, or rendered unfit for their purposes. The method of election was altered so as to put it completely in the power of the king and his party. At this time Paris was garrisoned by a force of 4,750 men of the National Guard, 4,400 troops of the line, 1,100 veteran battalions, 1,300 gendarmes or police. The first sign of resistance came from the press. Four of the principal editors met and issued the following manifesto which was printed in the National Legal government is interrupted and the reign of force has commenced. In the situation in which we are placed obedience ceases to be a duty. The citizens first called upon to obey are the writers of journals; they ought to give the first example of resistance to authority which has divested itself of legal character. On the

morning of the 27th, the police began to seize types and break presses. They were resisted in many places. At the offices of the Temps and National the police were refused admission. Whilst they were attempting to break in the printing of papers went on and copies of the paper were thrown p.470 out of the windows as fast as they were printed. Bought up by the crowd these papers were quickly carried all over Paris. Locksmiths and blacksmiths were brought to break open the door, but they refused to act, and eventually this had to be done by a convict blacksmith brought from the prison. When the police entered they destroyed all the machines. The example of resistance fired the whole city, and great mobs marched everywhere. The residence of the Premier was protected by a battalion of guards and two pieces of cannon, and a division of lancers patrolled the immediate neighbourhood. Three battalions were in front of the Palais Royal, the Place Louis XI was held by two battalions of guards and two guns, and in the P

lace Vendme were detachments of regiments of the line. Thus all the great squares were held by the military. The police attempted to clear the streets and failed, and soldiers were ordered to assist. As they pushed the people back in the Rue St. Honor the first shot was fired from a house in that thoroughfare. It came from a shot gun and wounded some of the soldiers. The troops fired at the house, and the crowd fell away. As the soldiers pursued they were stopped by a barricade made out of an overturned omnibus beside which had been piled all kinds of furniture and other obstructions. But as those behind this barricade were only armed with stones the soldiery after firing several volleys easily stormed it. In other places fighting took place, in one a police guardhouse was stormed, and the arms carried off. Next day, the 28th, the people attacked all the gunmakers' shops and took possession of the arms and equipment. Barricades were erected all over the city, and police guardhouses attacked and taken. The wor

king class from the Faubourgs organised and marched upon the City Hall, or Hotel de Ville, and arms were distributed from various centres. The military planned to enter the barricaded districts in four columns at four tactical points. The first column entering by the richer parts of the city met with little opposition. The second column entered by Porte St. Martin, and was met by sharp firing. After firing two rounds from the artillery, and a number from the muskets of the infantry it p.471 crushed the opposition at this point, but as it advanced into the centre of the city the insurgents built barricades behind it, and the further it advanced the more barricades they built in its rear. It reached its objective the great square of the Place de la Bastille, but when it attempted to return was stopped by the aforementioned barricades, and fired upon from all the intersecting streets. The commanding officer after several fruitless attempts to return by the route marked out for him, at last fearing that he would

lose his artillery broke out in another direction, leaving the ground he had occupied in the hands of the insurgents, and reaching a point entirely out of touch with the General in command. This column had passed through the insurgents, but it had left them just as it had found them, except, as one writer remarks, that they had been taught to meet the royal troops without fear, and to know the value of the method of fighting they had adopted. The third column reached a huge market place, the March des Innocens, but at this point was assailed with a hot fire from the roofs and windows, accompanied by showers of slates, stones, bottles, and scrap iron. One battalion was ordered to march along the Porte St Denis, clear it, and march back again. In doing so it encountered a barricade in front of a large building, the Cour Batave. Here the insurgents had got inside the courtyard, and fired from behind the iron railing around this building, lying on the ground behind the stones into which the railings were fixed, a