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single "Dancing Queen" received radio airplay in the UK in the middle of 1992 to promote the album. The song returned to the Top 20 of the UK singles chart in August that year, this time peaking at number 16. With sales of 30 million, Gold is the bestselling ABBA album, as well as one of the bestselling albums worldwide. With sales of 5.5 million copies it is the secondhighest selling album of all time in the UK, after Queen's Greatest Hits. More ABBA Gold More ABBA Hits, a followup to Gold, was released in 1993.
In 1994, two Australian cult films caught the attention of the world's media, both focusing on admiration for ABBA The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert and Muriel's Wedding. The same year, Thank You for the Music, a fourdisc box set comprising all the group's hits and standout album tracks, was released with the involvement of all four members. "By the end of the twentieth century," American critic Chuck Klosterman wrote a decade later, "it was far more contrarian to hate ABBA than to l
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ove them."
ABBA were soon recognised and embraced by other acts Evan Dando of the Lemonheads recorded a cover version of "Knowing Me, Knowing You"; Sinad O'Connor and Boyzone's Stephen Gately have recorded "Chiquitita"; Tanita Tikaram, Blancmange and Steven Wilson paid tribute to "The Day Before You Came". Cliff Richard covered "Lay All Your Love on Me", while Dionne Warwick, Peter Cetera, Frank Sidebottom and Celebrity Skin recorded their versions of "SOS". US alternativerock musician Marshall Crenshaw has also been known to play a version of "Knowing Me, Knowing You" in concert appearances, while legendary English Latin pop songwriter Richard Daniel Roman has recognised ABBA as a major influence. Swedish metal guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen covered "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! A Man After Midnight" with slightly altered lyrics.
Two different compilation albums of ABBA songs have been released. ABBA A Tribute coincided with the 25th anniversary celebration and featured 17 songs, some of which were recorded especially
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for this release. Notable tracks include Go West's "One of Us", Army of Lovers "Hasta Maana", Information Society's "Lay All Your Love on Me", Erasure's "Take a Chance on Me" with MC Kinky, and Lyngstad's a cappella duet with the Real Group of "Dancing Queen". A second 12track album was released in 1999, titled ABBAmania, with proceeds going to the Youth Music charity in England. It featured all new cover versions notable tracks were by Madness "Money, Money, Money", Culture Club "VoulezVous", the Corrs "The Winner Takes It All", Steps "Lay All Your Love on Me", "I Know Him So Well", and a medley titled "Thank ABBA for the Music" performed by several artists and as featured on the Brits Awards that same year.
In 1998, an ABBA tribute group was formed, the ABBA Teens, which was subsequently renamed the ATeens to allow the group some independence. The group's first album, The ABBA Generation, consisting solely of ABBA covers reimagined as 1990s pop songs, was a worldwide success and so were subsequent albums.
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The group disbanded in 2004 due to a gruelling schedule and intentions to go solo. In Sweden, the growing recognition of the legacy of Andersson and Ulvaeus resulted in the 1998 B B Concerts, a tribute concert with Swedish singers who had worked with the songwriters through the years showcasing not only their ABBA years, but hits both before and after ABBA. The concert was a success, and was ultimately released on CD. It later toured Scandinavia and even went to Beijing in the People's Republic of China for two concerts. In 2000 ABBA were reported to have turned down an offer of approximately one billion US dollars to do a reunion tour consisting of 100 concerts.
For the semifinal of the Eurovision Song Contest 2004, staged in Istanbul 30 years after ABBA had won the contest in Brighton, all four members made cameo appearances in a special comedy video made for the interval act, titled Our Last Video Ever. Other wellknown stars such as Rik Mayall, Cher and Iron Maiden's Eddie also made appearances in the v
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ideo. It was not included in the official DVD release of the 2004 Eurovision contest, but was issued as a separate DVD release, retitled The Last Video at the request of the former ABBA members. The video was made using puppet models of the members of the band. The video has surpassed 13 million views on YouTube as of November 2020.
In 2005, all four members of ABBA appeared at the Stockholm premiere of the musical Mamma Mia!. On 22 October 2005, at the 50th anniversary celebration of the Eurovision Song Contest, "Waterloo" was chosen as the best song in the competition's history. In the same month, American singer Madonna released the single "Hung Up", which contains a sample of the keyboard melody from ABBA's 1979 song "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! A Man After Midnight"; the song was a smash hit, peaking at number one in at least 50 countries. On 4 July 2008, all four ABBA members were reunited at the Swedish premiere of the film Mamma Mia!. It was only the second time all of them had appeared together in public s
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ince 1986. During the appearance, they reemphasised that they intended never to officially reunite, citing the opinion of Robert Plant that the reformed Led Zeppelin was more like a cover band of itself than the original band. Ulvaeus stated that he wanted the band to be remembered as they were during the peak years of their success.
Gold returned to numberone in the UK album charts for the fifth time on 3 August 2008. On 14 August 2008, the Mamma Mia! The Movie film soundtrack went to numberone on the US Billboard charts, ABBA's first US charttopping album. During the band's heyday the highest album chart position they had ever achieved in America was number 14. In November 2008, all eight studio albums, together with a ninth of rare tracks, were released as The Albums. It hit several charts, peaking at numberfour in Sweden and reaching the Top 10 in several other European territories.
In 2008, Sony Computer Entertainment Europe, in collaboration with Universal Music Group Sweden AB, released SingStar ABBA
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on both the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation 3 games consoles, as part of the SingStar music video games. The PS2 version features 20 ABBA songs, while 25 songs feature on the PS3 version.
On 22 January 2009, Fltskog and Lyngstad appeared together on stage to receive the Swedish music award "Rockbjrnen" for "lifetime achievement". In an interview, the two women expressed their gratitude for the honorary award and thanked their fans. On 25 November 2009, PRS for Music announced that the British public voted ABBA as the band they would most like to see reform. On 27 January 2010, ABBAWORLD, a 25room touring exhibition featuring interactive and audiovisual activities, debuted at Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London. According to the exhibition's website, ABBAWORLD is "approved and fully supported" by the band members.
"Mamma Mia" was released as one of the first few nonpremium song selections for the online RPG game Bandmaster. On 17 May 2011, "Gimme! Gimme! Gimme!" was added as a nonpremium song selection fo
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r the Bandmaster Philippines server. On 15 November 2011, Ubisoft released a dancing game called ABBA You Can Dance for the Wii. In January 2012, Universal Music announced the rerelease of ABBA's final album The Visitors, featuring a previously unheard track "From a Twinkling Star to a Passing Angel".
A book titled ABBA The Official Photo Book was published in early 2014 to mark the 40th anniversary of the band's Eurovision victory. The book reveals that part of the reason for the band's outrageous costumes was that Swedish tax laws at the time allowed the cost of garish outfits that were not suitable for daily wear to be tax deductible.
A sequel to the 2008 movie Mamma Mia!, titled Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again, was announced in May 2017; the film was released on 20 July 2018. Cher, who appeared in the movie, also released Dancing Queen, an ABBA cover album, in September 2018.
In June 2017, a blue plaque outside Brighton Dome was set to commemorate their 1974 Eurovision win.
In May 2020, it was announced t
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hat ABBA's entire studio discography would be released on coloured vinyl for the first time, in a box set titled ABBA The Studio Albums. The initial release sold out in just a few hours.
2016present Reunion, Voyage and ABBAtars
On 20 January 2016, all four members of ABBA made a public appearance at Mamma Mia! The Party in Stockholm.
On 6 June 2016, the quartet appeared together at a private party at Berns Salonger in Stockholm, which was held to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Andersson and Ulvaeus's first meeting. Fltskog and Lyngstad performed live, singing "The Way Old Friends Do" before they were joined on stage by Andersson and Ulvaeus.
British manager Simon Fuller announced in a statement in October 2016 that the group would be reuniting to work on a new 'digital entertainment experience'. The project would feature the members in their "lifelike" avatar form, called ABBAtars, based on their late 1970s tour and would be set to launch by the spring of 2019.
On 27 April 2018, all four original memb
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ers of ABBA made a joint announcement that they had recorded two new songs, titled "I Still Have Faith in You" and "Don't Shut Me Down", to feature in a TV special set to air later that year. In September 2018, Ulvaeus stated that the two new songs, as well as the aforementioned TV special, now called ABBA Thank You for the Music, An AllStar Tribute, would not be released until 2019. The TV special was later revealed to be scrapped by 2018, as Andersson and Ulvaeus rejected Fuller's project, and instead partnered with visual effects company Industrial Light and Magic to prepare the ABBAtars for a music video and a concert. In January 2019, it was revealed that neither song would be released before the summer. Andersson hinted at the possibility of a third song.
In June 2019, Ulvaeus announced that the first new song and video containing the ABBAtars would be released in November 2019. In September, he stated in an interview that there were now five new ABBA songs to be released in 2020. In early 2020, Anders
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son confirmed that he was aiming for the songs to be released in September 2020.
In April 2020, Ulvaeus gave an interview saying that in the wake of the COVID19 pandemic, the avatar project had been delayed by six months. As of 2020, five out of the eight original songs written by Benny for the new album had been recorded by the two female members, and the release of a new music video with new unseen technology that cost 15 million was to be decided. In July 2020, Ulvaeus told podcaster Geoff Lloyd that the release of the new ABBA recordings had been delayed until 2021.
On 22 September 2020, all four ABBA members reunited at Ealing Studios in London to continue working on the avatar project and filming for the tour. Bjrn said that the avatar tour would be scheduled for 2022 since the nature of the technology was complex. When questioned if the new recordings were definitely coming out in 2021, Bjrn said "There will be new music this year, that is definite, it's not a case anymore of it might happen, it will
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happen."
On 26 August 2021, a new website was launched, with the title ABBA Voyage. On the page, visitors were prompted to subscribe "to be the first in line to hear more about ABBA Voyage". Simultaneously with the launch of the webpage, new ABBA Voyage social media accounts were launched, and billboards around London started to appear, all showing the date "02.09.21", leading to expectation of what was to be revealed on that date. On 29 August, the band officially joined TikTok with a video of Benny Andersson playing "Dancing Queen" on the piano, and media reported on a new album to be announced on 2 September. On that date, Voyage, their first new album in 40 years, was announced to be released on 5 November 2021, along with ABBA Voyage, a concert residency in London featuring the motion capture digital avatars of the four band members alongside a 10piece live band, due to start in May 2022. Fltskog stated that the Voyage album and tour are likely to be their last.
The announcement of the new album was a
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ccompanied by the release of the previouslyannounced new singles "I Still Have Faith in You" and "Don't Shut Me Down". The music video for "I Still Have Faith in You", featuring footage of the band during their performing years and also a first look at the ABBAtars, earned over a million views in its first three hours. "Don't Shut Me Down" became the first ABBA release since October 1978 to top the singles chart in Sweden. In October 2021, the third single "Just a Notion" was released, and it was announced that ABBA would split for good after the release of Voyage. However, in an interview with BBC Radio 2 on 11 November, Lyngstad stated "don't be too sure" that Voyage is the final ABBA album. Also, in an interview with BBC News on 5 November, Andersson stated "if they the ladies twist my arm I might change my mind." The fourth single from the album, Little Things, was released on 3 December.
Artistry
Recording process
ABBA were perfectionists in the studio, working on tracks until they got them right rath
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er than leaving them to come back to later on. They spent the bulk of their time within the studio; in separate 2021 interviews Ulvaeus stated they may have toured for only 6 months while Andersson said they played fewer than 100 shows during the band's career.
The band created a basic rhythm track with a drummer, guitarist and bass player, and overlaid other arrangements and instruments. Vocals were then added, and orchestra overdubs were usually left until last.
Fltskog and Lyngstad contributed ideas at the studio stage. Andersson and Ulvaeus played them the backing tracks and they made comments and suggestions. According to Fltskog, she and Lyngstad had the final say in how the lyrics were shaped.
After vocals and overdubs were done, the band took up to five days to mix a song.
Their single "S.O.S." was "heavily influenced by Phil Spector's Wall of Sound and the melodies of the Beach Boys", according to Billboard writer Fred Bronson, who also reported that Ulvaeus had said, "Because there was the Latin
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American influence, the German, the Italian, the English, the American, all of that. I suppose we were a bit exotic in every territory in an acceptable way."
Fashion, style, videos, advertising campaigns
ABBA was widely noted for the colourful and trendsetting costumes its members wore. The reason for the wild costumes was Swedish tax law the cost of the clothes was deductible only if they could not be worn other than for performances. Choreography by Graham Tainton also contributed to their performance style.
The videos that accompanied some of the band's biggest hits are often cited as being among the earliest examples of the genre. Most of ABBA's videos and ABBA The Movie were directed by Lasse Hallstrm, who would later direct the films My Life as a Dog, The Cider House Rules and Chocolat.
ABBA made videos because their songs were hits in many different countries and personal appearances were not always possible. This was also done in an effort to minimise travelling, particularly to countries that wou
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ld have required extremely long flights. Fltskog and Ulvaeus had two young children and Fltskog, who was also afraid of flying, was very reluctant to leave her children for such a long time. ABBA's manager, Stig Anderson, realised the potential of showing a simple video clip on television to publicise a single or album, thereby allowing easier and quicker exposure than a concert tour. Some of these videos have become classics because of the 1970sera costumes and early video effects, such as the grouping of the band members in different combinations of pairs, overlapping one singer's profile with the other's full face, and the contrasting of one member against another.
In 1976, ABBA participated in an advertising campaign to promote the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co.'s brand, National, in Australia. The campaign was also broadcast in Japan. Five commercial spots, each of approximately one minute, were produced, each presenting the "National Song" performed by ABBA using the melody and instrumental arrang
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ements of "Fernando" and revised lyrics.
Political use of ABBA's music
In September 2010, band members Andersson and Ulvaeus criticised the rightwing Danish People's Party DF for using the ABBA song "Mamma Mia" with modified lyrics referencing Pia Kjrsgaard at rallies. The band threatened to file a lawsuit against the DF, saying they never allowed their music to be used politically and that they had absolutely no interest in supporting the party. Their record label Universal Music later said that no legal action would be taken because an agreement had been reached.
Success in the United States
During their active career, from 1972 to 1982, 20 of ABBA's singles entered the Billboard Hot 100; 14 of these made the Top 40 13 on the Cashbox Top 100, with 10 making the Top 20 on both charts. A total of four of those singles reached the Top 10, including "Dancing Queen", which reached number one in April 1977. While "Fernando" and "SOS" did not break the Top 10 on the Billboard Hot 100 reaching number 13 and 15
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respectively, they did reach the Top 10 on Cashbox "Fernando" and Record World "SOS" charts. Both "Dancing Queen" and "Take a Chance on Me" were certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of over one million copies each.
The group also had 12 Top 20 singles on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart with two of them, "Fernando" and "The Winner Takes It All", reaching number one. "Lay All Your Love on Me" was ABBA's fourth numberone single on a Billboard chart, topping the Hot Dance Club Play chart.
Ten ABBA albums have made their way into the top half of the Billboard 200 album chart, with eight reaching the Top 50, five reaching the Top 20 and one reaching the Top 10. In November 2021, Voyage became ABBA's highest charting album on the Billboard 200 peaking at No. 2. Five albums received RIAA gold certification more than 500,000 copies sold, while three acquired platinum status selling more than one million copies.
The compilation album ABBA Gold Greatest Hits topped the Bill
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board Top Pop Catalog Albums chart in August 2008 15 years after it was first released in the US in 1993, becoming the group's first numberone album ever on any of the Billboard album charts. It has sold 6 million copies there.
On 15 March 2010, ABBA were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Bee Gees members Barry Gibb and Robin Gibb. The ceremony was held at the Waldorf Astoria Hotel in New York City. The group were represented by AnniFrid Lyngstad and Benny Andersson.
in November 2021, ABBA received a Grammy nomination for Record of the Year. The single, "I Still Have Faith In You", from the album, Voyage, was their first ever nomination.
Band members
Agnetha Fltskog lead and backing vocals
AnniFrid "Frida" Lyngstad lead and backing vocals
Bjrn Ulvaeus guitars, backing and lead vocals
Benny Andersson keyboards, synthesizers, piano, accordion, guitars, backing and lead vocals
The members of ABBA were married as follows Agnetha Fltskog and Bjrn Ulvaeus from 1971 to 1980 Benny Andersso
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n and AnniFrid Lyngstad from 1978 to 1981.
In addition to the four members of ABBA, other musicians played on their studio recordings, live appearances and concert performances. These include Rutger Gunnarsson 19721982 bass guitar and string arrangements, Ola Brunkert 19721981 drums, Mike Watson 19721980 bass guitar, Janne Schaffer 19721982 lead electric guitar, Roger Palm 19721979 drums, Malando Gassama 19731979 percussion, Lasse Wellander 19742021 lead electric guitar, and Per Lindvall 19802021 drums.
ABBArelated tributes
Musical groups
Abbaesque An Irish ABBA tribute band
ATeens A pop music group from Stockholm, Sweden
Bjrn Again An Australian tribute band; notable as the earliestformed ABBA tribute band 1988 and, as of 2021, still currently touring.
Gabba An ABBARamones tribute band that covers the former in the style of the latter, the name being a reference to the Ramones catchphrase "Gabba Gabba Hey".
Media
Saturday Night 1975 TV .... Season 1 Episode 5 Hosted by Robert Klein with Music
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al Numbers by ABBA and Loudon Wainwright III
Abbacadabra A French children's musical based on songs from ABBA
Abbaesque A 1992 cover EP by Erasure
Abbasalutely A compilation album released in 1995 as a tribute album to ABBA
Mamma Mia! A musical stage show based on songs of ABBA
ABBAmania An ITV programme and tribute album to ABBA released in 1999
Mamma Mia! A film adaptation of the musical stage show
Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again A prequelsequel to the original film
ABBA You Can Dance A dance video game released by Ubisoft in 2011 with songs from ABBA and also a spinoff of Just Dance video game series
Dancing Queen A 2018 cover album by Cher
Discography
Studio albums
Ring Ring 1973
Waterloo 1974
ABBA 1975
Arrival 1976
The Album 1977
VoulezVous 1979
Super Trouper 1980
The Visitors 1981
Voyage 2021
Tours
1973 Swedish Folkpark Tour
19741975 European Tour
1977 European Australian Tour
19791980 ABBA The Tour
2022 ABBA Voyage
Awards and nominations
See also
ABBA The Museum
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ABBA City Walks Stockholm City Museum
ABBAMAIL
List of bestselling music artists
List of Swedes in music
Music of Sweden
Popular music in Sweden
Citations
References
Bibliography
Further reading
Benny Andersson, Bjrn Ulvaeus, Judy Craymer Mamma Mia! How Can I Resist You? The Inside Story of Mamma Mia! and the Songs of ABBA. Weidenfeld Nicolson, 2006
Carl Magnus Palm. ABBA The Complete Recording Sessions 1994
Carl Magnus Palm 2000. From "ABBA" to "Mamma Mia!"
Elisabeth Vincentelli ABBA Treasures A Celebration of the Ultimate Pop Group. Omnibus Press, 2010,
Oldham, Andrew, Calder, Tony Irvin, Colin 1995 "ABBA The Name of the Game",
Potiez, JeanMarie 2000. ABBA The Book
Simon Sheridan The Complete ABBA. Titan Books, 2012,
Anna Henker ed., Astrid Heyde ed. Abba Das Lexikon. Northern Europe Institut, HumboldtUniversity Berlin, 2015 German
Steve Harnell ed. Classic Pop Presents Abba A Celebration. Classic Pop Magazine special edition, November 2016
Documentaries
A for ABBA. BBC, 2
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0 July 1993
Thierry Lecuyer, JeanMarie Potiez Thank You ABBA. Willow Wil StudiosA2C Video, 1993
Barry Barnes ABBA The History. Polar Music International AB, 1999
Chris Hunt The Winner Takes it All The ABBA Story. Littlestar Serviceslambic Productions, 1999
Steve Cole, Chris Hunt Super Troupers Thirty Years of ABBA. BBC, 2004
The Joy of ABBA. BBC 4, 27 December 2013 BBC page
Carl Magnus Palm, Roger Backlund ABBA When Four Became One. SVT, 2 January 2012
Carl Magnus Palm, Roger Backlund ABBA Absolute Image. SVT, 2 January 2012
ABBA Bang a boomerang. ABC 1, 30 January 2013 ABC page
ABBA When All Is Said and Done, 2017
Thank you for the music . Sunday Night 7 News, 1 October 2019
External links
Official ABBA Voyage website
Owen Gleibermann The Secret Majesty of ABBA They Were the Feminine Pop Opera of Their Time. Variety, 22 July 2018
Barry Walters ABBA's Essential, Influential Melancholy. NPR, 23 May 2015
Jackie Mansky Whats Behind ABBAs Staying Power?. Smithonian, 20 July 2018
ABBAin
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ter.net TVperformances archive
ABBA Songs ABBA Album and Song details.
Abba The Articles extensive collection of contemporary international newspaper and magazine articles on Abba
1972 establishments in Sweden
Atlantic Records artists
Englishlanguage singers from Sweden
Epic Records artists
Eurodisco groups
Eurovision Song Contest entrants for Sweden
Eurovision Song Contest entrants of 1974
Eurovision Song Contest winners
Melodifestivalen contestants
Melodifestivalen winners
Musical groups disestablished in 1982
Musical groups established in 1972
Musical groups from Stockholm
Musical groups reestablished in 2018
Musical quartets
Palindromes
RCA Records artists
Schlager groups
Swedish dance music groups
Swedish musical groups
Swedish pop music groups
Swedish pop rock music groups
Swedishlanguage singers
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An allegiance is a duty of fidelity said to be owed, or freely committed, by the people, subjects or citizens to their state or sovereign.
Etymology
From Middle English ligeaunce see medieval Latin ligeantia, "a liegance". The al prefix was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an "allegation" the French allegeance comes from the English. Allegiance is formed from "liege," from Old French liege, "liege, free", of Germanic origin. The connection with Latin ligare, "to bind," is erroneous.
Usage
Traditionally, English legal commentators used the term allegiance in two ways. In one sense, it referred to the deference which anyone, even foreigners, was expected to pay to the institutions of the country where one lived. In the other sense, it meant national character and the subjection due to that character.
Types
Local allegiance
Natural allegiance
United Kingdom
The English doctrine, which was at one time adopted in the United States, asserted that allegiance was indelible
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"Nemo potest exuere patriam". As the law stood prior to 1870, every person who by birth or naturalisation satisfied the conditions set forth, even if removed in infancy to another country where their family resided, owed an allegiance to the British crown which they could never resign or lose, except by act of parliament or by the recognition of the independence or the cession of the portion of British territory in which they resided.
This refusal to accept any renunciation of allegiance to the Crown led to conflict with the United States over impressment, which led to further conflicts during the War of 1812, when thirteen Irish American prisoners of war were executed as traitors after the Battle of Queenston Heights; Winfield Scott urged American reprisal, but none was carried out.
Allegiance was the tie which bound the subject to the sovereign, in return for that protection which the sovereign afforded the subject. It was the mutual bond and obligation between monarch and subjects, whereby subjects were
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called their liege subjects, because they are bound to obey and serve them; and the monarch was called their liege lord, because they should maintain and defend them Ex parte Anderson 1861 3 El El 487; 121 ER 525; China Navigation Co v AttorneyGeneral 1932 48 TLR 375; AttorneyGeneral v Nissan 1969 1 All ER 629; Oppenheimer v Cattermole 1972 3 All ER 1106. The duty of the crown towards its subjects was to govern and protect them. The reciprocal duty of the subject towards the crown was that of allegiance.
At common law, allegiance was a true and faithful obedience of the subject due to their sovereign. As the subject owed to their sovereign their true and faithful allegiance and obedience, so the sovereign
Calvin's Case 1608 7 Co Rep 1a; Jenk 306; 2 State Tr 559; 77 ER 377.
Natural allegiance and obedience is an incident inseparable to every subject, for parte Anderson 1861 3 El El 487; 121 ER 525. Naturalborn subjects owe allegiance wherever they may be. Where territory is occupied in the course of hos
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tilities by an enemy's force, even if the annexation of the occupied country is proclaimed by the enemy, there can be no change of allegiance during the progress of hostilities on the part of a citizen of the occupied country R v Vermaak 1900 21 NLR 204 South Africa.
Allegiance is owed both to the sovereign as a natural person and to the sovereign in the political capacity Re Stepney Election Petition, Isaacson v Durant 1886 17 QBD 54 per Lord Coleridge CJ. Attachment to the person of the reigning sovereign is not sufficient. Loyalty requires affection also to the office of the sovereign, attachment to royalty, attachment to the law and to the constitution of the realm, and he who would, by force or by fraud, endeavour to prostrate that law and constitution, though he may retain his affection for its head, can boast but an imperfect and spurious species of loyalty R v O'Connell 1844 7 ILR 261.
There were four kinds of allegiances Rittson v Stordy 1855 3 Sm G 230; De Geer v Stone 1882 22 Ch D 243; Isaacson
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v Durant 1886 54 LT 684; Gibson, Gavin v Gibson 1913 3 KB 379; Joyce v DPP 1946 AC 347; Collingwood v Pace 1661 O Bridg 410; Lane v Bennett 1836 1 M W 70; Lyons Corp v East India Co 1836 1 Moo PCC 175; Birtwhistle v Vardill 1840 7 Cl Fin 895; R v Lopez, R v Sattler 1858 Dears B 525; Ex p Brown 1864 5 B S 280;
a Ligeantia naturalis, absoluta, pura et indefinita, and this originally is due by nature and birthright, and is called alta ligeantia, and those that owe this are called subditus natus;
b Ligeantia acquisita, not by nature but by acquisition or denization, being called a denizen, or rather denizon, because they are subditus datus;
c Ligeantia localis, by operation of law, when a friendly alien enters the country, because so long as they are in the country they are within the sovereign's protection, therefore they owe the sovereign a local obedience or allegiance R v Cowle 1759 2 Burr 834; Low v Routledge 1865 1 Ch App 42; Re Johnson, Roberts v AttorneyGeneral 1903 1 Ch 821; Tingley v Muller 1917
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2 Ch 144; Rodriguez v Speyer 1919 AC 59; Johnstone v Pedlar 1921 2 AC 262; R v Tucker 1694 Show Parl Cas 186; R v Keyn 1876 2 Ex D 63; Re Stepney Election Petn, Isaacson v Durant 1886 17 QBD 54;
d A legal obedience, where a particular law requires the taking of an oath of allegiance by subject or alien alike.
Natural allegiance was acquired by birth within the sovereign's dominions except for the issue of diplomats or of invading forces or of an alien in an enemy occupied territory. The natural allegiance and obedience are an incident inseparable from every subject, for as soon as they are born they owe by birthright allegiance and obedience to the Sovereign Ex p. Anderson 1861 3 E E 487. A naturalborn subject owes allegiance wherever they may be, so that where territory is occupied in the course of hostilities by an enemy's force, even if the annexation of the occupied country is proclaimed by the enemy, there can be no change of allegiance during the progress of hostilities on the part of a citizen of
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the occupied country R v Vermaak 1900 21 NLR 204 South Africa.
Acquired allegiance was acquired by naturalisation or denization. Denization, or ligeantia acquisita, appears to be threefold Thomas v Sorrel 1673 3 Keb 143;
a absolute, as the common denization, without any limitation or restraint;
b limited, as when the sovereign grants letters of denization to an alien, and the alien's male heirs, or to an alien for the term of their life;
c It may be granted upon condition, cujus est dare, ejus est disponere, and this denization of an alien may come about three ways by parliament; by letters patent, which was the usual manner; and by conquest.
Local allegiance was due by an alien while in the protection of the crown. All friendly resident aliens incurred all the obligations of subjects The Angelique 1801 3 Ch Rob App 7. An alien, coming into a colony, also became, temporarily, a subject of the crown, and acquired rights both within and beyond the colony, and these latter rights could not be affected by t
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he laws of that colony Routledge v Low 1868 LR 3 HL 100; 37 LJ Ch 454; 18 LT 874; 16 WR 1081, HL; Reid v Maxwell 1886 2 TLR 790; Falcon v Famous Players Film Co 1926 2 KB 474.
A resident alien owed allegiance even when the protection of the crown was withdrawn owing to the occupation of an enemy, because the absence of the crown's protection was temporary and involuntary de Jager v AttorneyGeneral of Natal 1907 AC 326.
Legal allegiance was due when an alien took an oath of allegiance required for a particular office under the crown.
By the Naturalisation Act 1870, it was made possible for British subjects to renounce their nationality and allegiance, and the ways in which that nationality is lost were defined. So British subjects voluntarily naturalized in a foreign state are deemed aliens from the time of such naturalization, unless, in the case of persons naturalized before the passing of the act, they had declared their desire to remain British subjects within two years from the passing of the act. Pers
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ons who, from having been born within British territory, are British subjects, but who, at birth, came under the law of any foreign state or of subjects of such state, and, also, persons who, though born abroad, are British subjects by reason of parentage, may, by declarations of alienage, get rid of British nationality. Emigration to an uncivilized country left British nationality unaffected indeed the right claimed by all states to follow with their authority their subjects so emigrating was one of the usual and recognized means of colonial expansion.
United States
The doctrine that no man can cast off his native allegiance without the consent of his sovereign was early abandoned in the United States, and Chief Justice John Rutledge also declared in Talbot v. Janson, "a man may, at the same time, enjoy the rights of citizenship under two governments." On July 27, 1868, the day before the Fourteenth Amendment was adopted, U.S. Congress declared in the preamble of the Expatriation Act that "the right of exp
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atriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness," and Section I one of "the fundamental principles of this government" United States Revised Statutes, sec. 1999. Every naturalborn citizen of a foreign state who is also an American citizen, and every naturalborn American citizen who is also a citizen of a foreign land, owes a double allegiance, one to the United States, and one to their homeland in the event of an immigrant becoming a citizen of the US or to their adopted land in the event of an emigrant naturalborn citizen of the US becoming a citizen of another nation. If these allegiances come into conflict, the person may be guilty of treason against one or both. If the demands of these two sovereigns upon their duty of allegiance come into conflict, those of the United States have the paramount authority in American law; likewise, those of the foreign land have paramount authority in their legal system. In
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such a situation, it may be incumbent on the individual to renounce one of their citizenships, to avoid possibly being forced into situations where countervailing duties are required of them, such as might occur in the event of war.
Oath of allegiance
The oath of allegiance is an oath of fidelity to the sovereign taken by all persons holding important public office and as a condition of naturalization. By ancient common law, it was required of all persons above the age of 12, and it was repeatedly used as a test for the disaffected. In England, it was first imposed by statute in the reign of Elizabeth I 1558, and its form has, more than once, been altered since. Up to the time of the revolution, the promise was "to be true and faithful to the king and his heirs, and truth and faith to bear of life and limb and terrene honour, and not to know or hear of any ill or damage intended him without defending him therefrom." This was thought to favour the doctrine of absolute nonresistance, and, accordingly, the Co
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nvention Parliament enacted the form that has been in use since that time "I do sincerely promise and swear that I will be faithful and bear true allegiance to His Majesty ..."
In the United States and some other republics, the oath is known as the Pledge of Allegiance. Instead of declaring fidelity to a monarch, the pledge is made to the flag, the republic, and to the core values of the country, specifically liberty and justice. The reciting of the pledge in the United States is voluntary because of the rights guaranteed to the people under the First Amendment to the United States Constitution specifically, the guarantee of freedom of speech, which inherently includes the freedom not to speak.
In Islam
The word used in the Arabic language for allegiance is bay'at Arabic , which means "taking hand". The practice is sanctioned in the Quran by Surah 4810 "Verily, those who give thee their allegiance, they give it but to Allah Himself". The word is used for the oath of allegiance to an emir. It is also used
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for the initiation ceremony specific to many Sufi orders.
See also
Impressment
Legitimacy political
Mandate of Heaven
Renunciation of citizenship
Treason
Usurpation
War of 1812
Winfield Scott
References
Further reading
Salmond on "Citizenship and Allegiance," in the Law Quarterly Review July 1901, January 1902.
Nationalism
deLoyalitt
esLealtad
ko
noLojalitet
svLojalitet
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Altenberg German for "old mountain" or "mountain of the old" may refer to
Places
Austria
Altenberg, a town in Sankt AndrWrdern, Tulln District
Altenberg bei Linz, in Upper Austria
Altenberg an der Rax, in Styria
Germany
Altenberg Bergisches Land, an area in Odenthal, North RhineWestphalia, Germany
Altenberg Abbey, Cistercian monastery in Altenberg Bergisches Land
Altenberger Dom sometimes called Altenberg Cathedral, the former church of this Cistercian monastery
Altenberg, Saxony, a town in the Free State of Saxony
Altenberga, a municipality in the SaaleHolzfeld district, Thuringia
Altenberg Abbey, Solms, a former Premonstratensian nunnery near Wetzlar in Hesse
Zinkfabrik Altenberg, a former zinc factory, now a branch of the LVR Industrial Museum, Oberhausen, North RhineWestphalia
Grube Altenberg, a show mine near Kreuztal, North RhineWestphalia
Other places
Altenberg, the German name for Vieille Montagne old mountain in French, a former zinc mine in Kelmis, Moresnet, Belgium
Altenberg, a dis
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trict in the city of Bern, Switzerland
Other uses
Altenberg Lieder Five Orchestral Songs, composed by Alban Berg in 191112
Altenberg Publishing 18801934, a former Polish publishing house
Altenberg Trio, a Viennese piano trio
People with the surname
Jakob Altenberg 18751944, Austrian businessman
Lee Altenberg, theoretical biologist
Peter Altenberg 18591919, nom de plume of Austrian writer and poet Richard Englnder
See also
Altenburg disambiguation
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The MessagePad is a discontinued series of personal digital assistant devices developed by Apple for the Newton platform in 1993. Some electronic engineering and the manufacture of Apple's MessagePad devices was undertaken in Japan by the Sharp. The devices were based on the ARM 610 RISC processor and all featured handwriting recognition software and were developed and marketed by Apple. The devices ran the Newton OS.
History
The development of Newton Message first began when Apple's former senior vice president of research and development, JeanLouis Gasse; his team includes Steve Capps, cowriter of macOS Finder, and an employed engineer named Steve Sakoman. Since then, the development of the Newton Message Pad operates in secret until it was eventually revealed to the Apple Board of Directors in late 1990.
When Gassee resigned from his position due to a significant disagreement with the board, seeing how his employer was treated, Sakoman also stopped developing the MessagePad on March 2, 1990.
Bill Atk
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inson, an Apple Executive responsible for the company's Lisa's graphical interface, invited Steve Capps, John Sculley, Andy Hertzfeld, Susan Kare, and Marc Porat to a meeting on March 11, 1990. There, they brainstormed a way of saving the MessagePad. Sculley suggested adding new features, including libraries, museums, databases, or institutional archives features, allowing customers to navigate through various window tabs or opened galleriesstacks. The Board later approved his suggestion; he then gave Newton it is official and full backing.
The first MessagePad on May 29, 1992 was unveiled by Sculley at the summer Consumer Electronics Show CES in Chicago. Even so, Sculley caved in to pressure too early because the Newton did not officially ship for another 14 months on August 2, 1993.
Over 50,000 units were sold near late November 1993, starting at the price of 900 to 1,569.
Details
Screen and input
With the MessagePad 120 with Newton OS 2.0, the Newton Keyboard by Apple became available, which can also b
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e used via the dongle on Newton devices with a Newton InterConnect port, most notably the Apple MessagePad 20002100 series, as well as the Apple eMate 300.
Newton devices featuring Newton OS 2.1 or higher can be used with the screen turned horizontally "landscape" as well as vertically "portrait". A change of a setting rotates the contents of the display by 90, 180 or 270 degrees. Handwriting recognition still works properly with the display rotated, although display calibration is needed when rotation in any direction is used for the first time or when the Newton device is reset.
Handwriting recognition
In initial versions Newton OS 1.x the handwriting recognition gave extremely mixed results for users and was sometimes inaccurate. The original handwriting recognition engine was called Calligrapher, and was licensed from a Russian company called Paragraph International. Calligrapher's design was quite sophisticated; it attempted to learn the user's natural handwriting, using a database of known words to m
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ake guesses as to what the user was writing, and could interpret writing anywhere on the screen, whether handprinted, in cursive, or a mix of the two. By contrast, Palm Pilot's Graffiti had a less sophisticated design than Calligrapher, but was sometimes found to be more accurate and precise due to its reliance on a fixed, predefined stroke alphabet. The stroke alphabet used letter shapes which resembled standard handwriting, but which were modified to be both simple and very easy to differentiate. Palm Computing also released two versions of Graffiti for Newton devices. The Newton version sometimes performed better and could also show strokes as they were being written as input was done on the display itself, rather than on a silkscreen area.
For editing text, Newton had a very intuitive system for handwritten editing, such as scratching out words to be deleted, circling text to be selected, or using written carets to mark inserts.
Later releases of the Newton operating system retained the original recogn
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izer for compatibility, but added a handprintedtextonly not cursive recognizer, called "Rosetta", which was developed by Apple, included in version 2.0 of the Newton operating system, and refined in Newton 2.1. Rosetta is generally considered a significant improvement and many reviewers, testers, and most users consider the Newton 2.1 handwriting recognition software better than any of the alternatives even 10 years after it was introduced. Recognition and computation of handwritten horizontal and vertical formulas such as "1 2 " was also under development but never released. However, users wrote similar programs which could evaluate mathematical formulas using the Newton OS Intelligent Assistant, a unique part of every Newton device.
The handwriting recognition and parts of the user interface for the Newton are best understood in the context of the broad history of pen computing, which is quite extensive.
A vital feature of the Newton handwriting recognition system is the modeless error correction. That
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is, correction done in situ without using a separate window or widget, using a minimum of gestures. If a word is recognized improperly, the user could doubletap the word and a list of alternatives would pop up in a menu under the stylus. Most of the time, the correct word will be in the list. If not, a button at the bottom of the list allows the user to edit individual characters in that word. Other pen gestures could do such things as transpose letters also in situ. The correction popup also allowed the user to revert to the original, unrecognized letter shapes this would be useful in notetaking scenarios if there was insufficient time to make corrections immediately. To conserve memory and storage space, alternative recognition hypotheses would not be saved indefinitely. If the user returned to a note a week later, for example, they would only see the best match. Error correction in many current handwriting systems provides such functionality but adds more steps to the process, greatly increasing the inter
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ruption to a user's workflow that a given correction requires.
User interface
Text could also be entered by tapping with the stylus on a small onscreen popup QWERTY virtual keyboard, although more layouts were developed by users. Newton devices could also accept freehand "Sketches", "Shapes", and "Ink Text", much like a desktop computer graphics tablet. With "Shapes", Newton could recognize that the user was attempting to draw a circle, a line, a polygon, etc., and it would clean them up into perfect vector representations with modifiable control points and defined vertices of what the user was attempting to draw. "Shapes" and "Sketches" could be scaled or deformed once drawn. "Ink text" captured the user's freehand writing but allowed it to be treated somewhat like recognized text when manipulating for later editing purposes "ink text" supported word wrap, could be formatted to be bold, italic, etc.. At any time a user could also direct their Newton device to recognize selected "ink text" and turn it into
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recognized text deferred recognition. A Newton note or the notes attached to each contact in Names and each Dates calendar or todo event could contain any mix of interleaved text, Ink Text, Shapes, and Sketches.
While the Newton offered handwriting recognition training and would clean up sketches into vector shapes, both were unreliable and required much rewriting and redrawing. The most reliable application of the Newton was collecting and organizing address and phone numbers. While handwritten messages could be stored, they could not be easily filed, sorted or searched. While the technology was a probable cause for the failure of the device which otherwise met or exceeded expectations, the technology has been instrumental in producing the future generation of handwriting software that realizes the potential and promise that began in the development of NewtonApple's Ink Handwriting Recognition.
Connectivity
The MessagePad 100 series of devices used Macintosh's proprietary serial portsround MiniDIN 8 connec
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tors. The MessagePad 20002100 models as well as the eMate 300 have a small, proprietary Newton InterConnect port. However, the development of the Newton hardwaresoftware platform was canceled by Steve Jobs on February 27, 1998, so the InterConnect port, while itself very advanced, can only be used to connect a serial dongle. A prototype multipurpose InterConnect device containing serial, audio in, audio out, and other ports was also discovered. In addition, all Newton devices have infrared connectivity, initially only the Sharp ASK protocol, but later also IrDA, though the Sharp ASK protocol was kept in for compatibility reasons. Unlike the Palm Pilot, all Newton devices are equipped with a standard PC Card expansion slot two on the 20002100. This allows native modem and even Ethernet connectivity; Newton users have also written drivers for 802.11b wireless networking cards and ATAtype flash memory cards including the popular CompactFlash format, as well as for Bluetooth cards. Newton can also dial a phone nu
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mber through the builtin speaker of the Newton device by simply holding a telephone handset up to the speaker and transmitting the appropriate tones. Fax and printing support is also built in at the operating system level, although it requires peripherals such as parallel adapters, PCMCIA cards, or serial modems, the most notable of which is the lightweight Newton Fax Modem released by Apple in 1993. It is powered by 2 AA batteries, and can also be used with a power adapter. It provides data transfer at 2,400 bits, and can also send and receive fax messages at 9,600 and 4,800 bits respectively.
Power options
The original Apple MessagePad and MessagePad 100 used four AAA batteries. They were eventually replaced by AA batteries with the release of the Apple MessagePad 110.
The use of 4 AA NiCd MessagePad 110, 120 and 130 and 4x AA NiMH cells MP2x00 series, eMate 300 give a runtime of up to 30 hours MP2100 with two 20 MB Linear Flash memory PC Cards, no backlight usage and up to 24 hours with backlight on. Whi
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le adding more weight to the handheld Newton devices than AAA batteries or custom battery packs, the choice of an easily replaceablerechargeable cell format gives the user a still unsurpassed runtime and flexibility of power supply. This, together with the flash memory used as internal storage starting with the Apple MessagePad 120 if all cells lost their power, no data was lost due to the nonvolatility of this storage, gave birth to the slogan "Newton never dies, it only gets new batteries".
Later efforts and improvements
The Apple MessagePad 20002100, with a vastly improved handwriting recognition system, 162 MHz StrongARM SA110 RISC processor, Newton OS 2.1, and a better, clearer, backlit screen, attracted critical plaudits.
eMate 300
The eMate 300 was a Newton device in a laptop form factor offered to schools in 1997 as an inexpensive 799 US, originally sold to education markets only and durable computer for classroom use. However, in order to achieve its low price, the eMate 300 did not have all the s
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peed and features of the contemporary MessagePad equivalent, the MessagePad 2000. The eMate was cancelled along with the rest of the Newton products in 1998. It is the only Newton device to use the ARM710 microprocessor running at 25 MHz, have an integrated keyboard, use Newton OS 2.2 officially numbered 2.1, and its batteries are officially irreplaceable, although several users replaced them with longerlasting ones without any damage to the eMate hardware whatsoever.
Prototypes
Many prototypes of additional Newton devices were spotted. Most notable was a Newton tablet or "slate", a large, flat screen that could be written on. Others included a "Kids Newton" with side handgrips and buttons, "VideoPads" which would have incorporated a video camera and screen on their fliptop covers for twoway communications, the "Mini 2000" which would have been very similar to a Palm Pilot, and the NewtonPhone developed by Siemens, which incorporated a handset and a keyboard.
Market reception
Fourteen months after Sculley
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demoed it at the May 1992, Chicago CES, the MessagePad was first offered for sale on August 2, 1993, at the Boston Macworld Expo. The hottest item at the show, it cost 900. 50,000 MessagePads were sold in the device's first three months on the market.
The original Apple MessagePad and MessagePad 100 were limited by the very short lifetime of their inadequate AAA batteries.
Critics also panned the handwriting recognition that was available in the debut models, which had been trumpeted in the Newton's marketing campaign. It was this problem that was skewered in the Doonesbury comic strips in which a written text entry is erroneously translated as "Egg Freckles?", as well as in the animated series The Simpsons. However, the word 'freckles' was not included in the Newton dictionary, although a user could add it themselves. Difficulties were in part caused by the long time requirements for the Calligrapher handwriting recognition software to "learn" the user's handwriting; this process could take from two weeks
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to two months.
Another factor which limited the early Newton devices' appeal was that desktop connectivity was not included in the basic retail package, a problem that was later solved with 2.x Newton devices these were bundled with a serial cable and the appropriate Newton Connection Utilities software.
Later versions of Newton OS offered improved handwriting recognition, quite possibly a leading reason for the continued popularity of the devices among Newton users. Even given the age of the hardware and software, Newtons still demand a sale price on the used market far greater than that of comparatively aged PDAs produced by other companies. In 2006, CNET compared an Apple MessagePad 2000 to a Samsung Q1, and the Newton was declared better. In 2009, CNET compared an Apple MessagePad 2000 to an iPhone 3GS, and the Newton was declared more innovative at its time of release.
A chain of dedicated Newton only stores called Newton Source existed from 1994 until 1998. Locations included New York, Los Angeles,
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San Francisco, Chicago and Boston. The Westwood Village, California, near U.C.L.A. featured the trademark red and yellow light bulb Newton logo in neon. The stores provided an informative educational venue to learn about the Newton platform in a hands on relaxed fashion. The stores had no traditional computer retail counters and featured oval desktops where interested users could become intimately involved with the Newton product range. The stores were a model for the later Apple Stores.
Newton device models
class"wikitable"
!Brand
colspan"2" Apple
Sharp
Siemens
colspan"2" Apple
Sharp
Apple
Digital Ocean
Motorola
Harris
Digital Ocean
colspan"4" Apple
colspan"3" Harris
Siemens
Schlumberger
!Device
OMP Original Newton MessagePad
Newton "Dummy"
ExpertPad PI7000
Notephone.better source needed
MessagePad 100
MessagePad 110
Sharp ExpertPad PI7100
MessagePad 120
Tarpon
Marco
SuperTech 2000
Seahorse
MessagePad 130
eMate 300
MessagePad 2000
MessagePad 2100
Access Device 2000
Access Device, GPS
Acces
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s Device, Wireline
Online Terminal, also known as Online Access DeviceOAD
Watson
!Introduced
August 3, 1993 US December 1993 Germany
?
August 3, 1993US,
? Japan
1993?
colspan"2" March 1994
April 1994
October 1994 Germany, January 1995 US
colspan"2" January 1995 US
August 1995 in the US
January 1996 in the US
March 1996
colspan"2" March 1997
November 1997
colspan"3" 1998
Announced 1997
?
!Discontinued
colspan"3" March 1994
?
colspan"2" April 1995
late 1994
June 1996
?
?
?
?
April 1997
colspan"3" February 1998
!Code name
Junior
?
?
Junior
Lindy
?
Gelato
?
?
?
?
Dante
?
Q
?
!Model No.
H1000
?
?
H1000
H0059
?
H0131
?
?
?
?
H0196
H0208
H0136
H0149
!Processor
colspan"13" ARM 610 20 MHz
ARM 710a 25 MHz
colspan"7" StrongARM SA110 162 MHz
!ROM
colspan"7" 4 MB
colspan"2" 4 MB OS 1.3 or 8 MB OS 2.0
5 MB
4 MB
colspan"5" 8 MB
!System Memory RAM
colspan"5" 490 KB SRAM
544 KB SRAM
490 KB SRAM
colspan"2" 639687 KB DRAM
544 KB SRAM
639 KB DRAM
colspan"2" 1199 KB DRAM
1 MB DRAM
|
Upgradable
1 MB DRAM
4 MB DRAM
colspan"3" 1 MB DRAM
?
1 MB DRAM
!User Storage
colspan"5" 150 KB SRAM
480 KB SRAM
150 KB SRAM
colspan"2" 3851361 KB Flash RAM
480 KB SRAM
385 KB Flash RAM
colspan"2" 1361 KB Flash RAM
2 MB Flash RAMUpgradable
colspan"5" 4 MB Flash RAM
?
4 MB Flash RAM
!Total RAM
colspan"5" 640 KB
1 MB
640 KB
colspan"2" 1.02.0 MB
colspan"2" 1 MB
colspan"2" 2.5 MB
3 MB Upgradable via Internal Expansion
5 MB
8 MB
colspan"3" 5 MB
?
5 MB
!Display
colspan"5" 336 240 BW
320 240 BW
336 240 BW
320 240 BW
320 240 BW w backlight
320 240 BW
colspan"3" 320 240 BW w backlight
colspan"6" 480 320 grayscale 16 shades w backlight
480 320 greyscale 16 shades w backlight
!Newton OS version
colspan"3" 1.0 to 1.05, or 1.10 to 1.11
1.11
colspan"2" 1.2 or 1.3
1.3
colspan"2" 1.3 or 2.0
colspan"2" 1.3
colspan"2" 2.0
2.1 2.2
colspan"2" 2.1
colspan"5" 2.1
!Newton OS languages
English or German
English or Japanese
German
English, German or French
English or French
English or Ja
|
panese
English, German or French
colspan"4" English
English or German
colspan"2" English
English or German
colspan"3" English
German
French
!Connectivity
colspan"3" RS422, LocalTalk SHARP ASK Infrared
Modem and Telephone dock Attachment
colspan"4" RS422, LocalTalk SHARP ASK Infrared
RS422, LocalTalk SHARP ASK Infrared
RS422, LocalTalk, Infrared, ARDIS Network
RS232, LocalTalk WLAN, V.22bis modem, AnalogDigital Cellular, CDPD, RAM, ARDIS , Trunk Radio
RS232, LocalTalk, CDPD, WLAN, Optional dGPS, GSM, or IR via modular attachments
RS422, LocalTalk SHARP ASK Infrared
IrDA, headphone port, Interconnect port, LocalTalk, Audio IO, Autodock
Dualmode IR;IrDA SHARP ASK, LocalTalk, Audio IO, Autodock, Phone IO
Dualmode IR; IrDA SHARP ASK, LocalTalk, Audio IO, Autodock
colspan"3" Dualmode IR;IrDA SHARP ASK, LocalTalk, Audio IO, Autodock, Phone IO
?
Dualmode IR;IrDA SHARP ASK, LocalTalk, Audio IO, Autodock, Phone IO
!PCMCIA
colspan"13" 1 PCMCIAslot II, 5v or 12v
1 PCMCIAslot IIIIII, 5v
colspan"2" 2 PCMC
|
IAslot II, 5v or 12v
colspan"2" 1 PCMCIAslot II, 5v or 12v
1 PCMCIAslot II, 5v or 12v, 2nd slot Propriety Rado Card
colspan"2" 1 PCMCIAslot II, 5v or 12v, 1 Smart Card Reader
!Power
colspan"5" 4 AAA or NiCd rechargeable or external power supply
4 AA or NiCd rechargeable or external power supply
4 AAA or NiCd rechargeable or external power supply
4 AA or NiCd rechargeable or external power supply
colspan"2" NiCd battery pack or external power supply
4 AA or NiCd rechargeable or external power supply
NiCd battery pack or external power supply
4 AA or NiCd rechargeable or external power supply
NiMH battery pack builtin or external power supply
colspan"2" 4 AA or NiMH rechargeable or external power supply
colspan"3" Custom NiMH rechargeable or external power supply
? Unknown, but likely external power supply
4 AA or NiMH rechargeable or external power supply
!Dimensions
HxWxD
lid open
colspan"2"
lid open
?
colspan"2"
?
?
?
9 x 14.5 x 5.1 inches
23 x 37 x 13 cm
?
!Weight
with bat
|
teries installed
with batteries installed
with batteries installed
with batteries installed
?
with batteries installed
colspan"2"
?
?
?
?
?
Varies with Installed OS
Notes The eMate 300 actually has ROM chips silk screened with 2.2 on them. Stephanie Mak on her website discusses this
If one removes all patches to the eMate 300 by replacing the ROM chip, and then putting in the original one again, as the eMate and the MessagePad 20002100 devices erase their memory completely after replacing the chip, the result will be the Newton OS saying that this is version 2.2.00. Also, the Original MessagePad and the MessagePad 100 share the same model number, as they only differ in the ROM chip version. The OMP has OS versions 1.0 to 1.05, or 1.10 to 1.11, while the MP100 has 1.3 that can be upgraded with various patches.
Other uses
There were a number of projects that used the Newton as a portable information device in cultural settings such as museums. For example, Visible Interactive created a walking
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tour in San Francisco's Chinatown but the most significant effort took place in Malaysia at the Petronas Discovery Center, known as Petrosains.
In 1995, an exhibit design firm, DMCD Inc., was awarded the contract to design a new science museum in the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur. A major factor in the award was the concept that visitors would use a Newton device to access additional information, find out where they were in the museum, listen to audio, see animations, control robots and other media, and to bookmark information for printout at the end of the exhibit.
The device became known as the ARIF, a Malay word for "wise man" or "seer" and it was also an acronym for A Resourceful Informative Friend. Some 400 ARIFS were installed and over 300 are still in use today. The development of the ARIF system was extremely complex and required a team of hardware and software engineers, designers, and writers. ARIF is an ancestor of the PDA systems used in museums today and it boasted features that have not b
|
een attempted since.
Anyway Company firm was involved with the Petronas Discovery Center project back in 1998 and NDAs were signed which prevents getting to know more information about this project. It was confirmed that they purchased of MP2000u or MP2100's by this firm on the behalf of the project under the name of "Petrosains Project Account". By 1998 they had invested heavily into the RD of this project with the Newton at the center. After Apple officially cancelled the Newton in 1998 they had to acquire as many Newtons as possible for this project. It was estimated initially 1000 Newtons, but later readjusted the figure to possibly 750 Newtons. They placed an Internet Call for Newtons. They purchased them in large and small quantities.
The Newton was also used in healthcare applications, for example in collecting data directly from patients. Newtons were used as electronic diaries, with patients entering their symptoms and other information concerning their health status on a daily basis. The compact
|
size of the device and its ease of use made it possible for the electronic diaries to be carried around and used in the patients' everyday life setting. This was an early example of electronic patientreported outcomes ePRO
See also
Newton platform
Newton OS
eMate 300
NewtonScript
Orphaned technology
Pen computing
References
Bibliography
Apple's press release on the debut of the MessagePad 2100
Apple's overview of features limitations of Newton Connection Utilities
Newton overview at Newton Source archived from Apple
Newton FAQ
Pen Computing's First Look at Newton OS 2.0
Newton Gallery
Birth of the Newton
The Newton Hall of Fame People behind the Newton
Pen Computing's Why did Apple kill the Newton?
Pen Computing's Newton Notes column archive
A.I. Magazine article by Yaeger on Newton HWR design, algorithms, quality and associated slides
Info on Newton HWR from Apple's HWR Technical Lead
External links
Additional resources and information
Defying Gravity The Making of Newton, by Kouna
|
lakis Menuez Hardcover
Hardcover 192 pages
Publisher Beyond Words Publishing October 1993
Complete Developer's manual for the StrongARM SA110
Beginner's overview of the StrongARM SA110 Microprocessor
Reviews
MessagePad 2000 review at "The History and Macintosh Society"
Prof. Wittmann's collection of Newton MessagePad reviews
Apple Newton
Products introduced in 1993
Apple Inc. personal digital assistants
|
Alfred Elton van Vogt ; April 26, 1912 January 26, 2000 was a Canadianborn science fiction author. His fragmented, bizarre narrative style influenced later science fiction writers, notably Philip K. Dick. He was one of the most popular and influential practitioners of science fiction in the midtwentieth century, the genre's socalled Golden Age, and one of the most complex. The Science Fiction Writers of America named him their 14th Grand Master in 1995 presented 1996.
Early life
Alfred Vogt both "Elton" and "van" were added much later was born on April 26, 1912, on his grandparents' farm in Edenburg, Manitoba, a tiny and now defunct Russian Mennonite community east of Gretna, Manitoba, Canada, in the Mennonite West Reserve. He was the third of six children born to Heinrich "Henry" Vogt and Aganetha "Agnes" Vogt ne Buhr, both of whom were born in Manitoba and grew up in heavily immigrant communities. Until age four, van Vogt and his family spoke only Plautdietsch at home.
For the first dozen or so years
|
of his life, van Vogt's father, Henry Vogt, a lawyer, moved his family several times within western Canada, moving to Neville, Saskatchewan; Morden, Manitoba; and finally Winnipeg, Manitoba. Alfred Vogt found these moves difficult, later remarking
By the 1920s, living in Winnipeg, father Henry worked as an agent for a steamship company, but the stock market crash of 1929 proved financially disastrous, and the family could not afford to send Alfred to college. During his teen years, Alfred worked as a farmhand and a truck driver, and by the age of 19, he was working in Ottawa for the Canadian Census Bureau. He began his writing career with stories in the true confession style of pulp magazines such as True Story. Most of these stories were published anonymously, with the firstperson narratives allegedly being written by people often women in extraordinary, emotional, and lifechanging circumstances.
After a year in Ottawa, he moved back to Winnipeg, where he sold newspaper advertising space and continued
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to write. While continuing to pen melodramatic "true confessions" stories through 1937, he also began writing short radio dramas for local radio station CKY, as well as conducting interviews published in trade magazines. He added the middle name "Elton" at some point in the mid1930s, and at least one confessional story 1937's "To Be His Keeper" was sold to the Toronto Star, who misspelled his name "Alfred Alton Bogt" in the byline. Shortly thereafter, he added the "van" to his surname, and from that point forward he used the name "A. E. van Vogt" both personally and professionally.
Career
By 1938, van Vogt decided to switch to writing science fiction, a genre he enjoyed reading. He was inspired by the August 1938 issue of Astounding Science Fiction, which he picked up at a newsstand. John W. Campbell's novelette "Who Goes There?" later adapted into The Thing from Another World and The Thing inspired van Vogt to write "Vault of the Beast", which he submitted to that same magazine. Campbell, who edited Ast
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ounding and had written the story under a pseudonym, sent van Vogt a rejection letter, but one which encouraged van Vogt to try again. Van Vogt sent another story, entitled "Black Destroyer", which was accepted. It featured a fierce, carnivorous alien stalking the crew of a spaceship, and served as the inspiration for multiple science fiction movies, including Alien 1979. A revised version of "Vault of the Beast" was published in 1940.
While still living in Winnipeg, in 1939 van Vogt married Edna Mayne Hull, a fellow Manitoban. Hull, who had previously worked as a private secretary, went on to act as van Vogt's typist, and was credited with writing several SF stories of her own throughout the early 1940s.
The outbreak of World War II in September 1939 caused a change in van Vogt's circumstances. Ineligible for military service due to his poor eyesight, he accepted a clerking job with the Canadian Department of National Defence. This necessitated a move back to Ottawa, where he and his wife stayed for the
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next year and a half.
Meanwhile, his writing career continued. "Discord in Scarlet" was van Vogt's second story to be published, also appearing as the cover story. It was accompanied by interior illustrations created by Frank Kramer and Paul Orban. Van Vogt and Kramer thus debuted in the issue of Astounding that is sometimes identified as the start of the Golden Age of Science Fiction. Among his most famous works of this era, "Far Centaurus" appeared in the January 1944 edition of Astounding.
Van Vogt's first completed novel, and one of his most famous, is Slan Arkham House, 1946, which Campbell serialized in Astounding September to December 1940. Using what became one of van Vogt's recurring themes, it told the story of a nineyearold superman living in a world in which his kind are slain by Homo sapiens.
Others saw van Vogt's talent from his first story, and in May 1941 van Vogt decided to become a fulltime writer, quitting his job at the Canadian Department of National Defence. Freed from the necessity
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of living in Ottawa, he and his wife lived for a time in the Gatineau region of Quebec before moving to Toronto in the fall of 1941.
Prolific throughout this period, van Vogt wrote many of his more famous short stories and novels in the years from 1941 through 1944. The novels The Book of Ptath and The Weapon Makers both appeared in magazines in serial form during this period; they were later published in book form after World War II. As well, several though not all of the stories that were compiled to make up the novels The Weapon Shops of Isher, The Mixed Men and The War Against the Rull were published during this time.
California and postwar writing 19441950
In November 1944, van Vogt and Hull moved to Hollywood; van Vogt would spend the rest of his life in California. He had been using the name "A. E. van Vogt" in his public life for several years, and as part of the process of obtaining American citizenship in 1945 he finally and formally changed his legal name from Alfred Vogt to Alfred Elton van V
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ogt. To his friends in the California science fiction community, he was known as "Van".
Method and themes
Van Vogt systematized his writing method, using scenes of 800 words or so where a new complication was added or something resolved. Several of his stories hinge on temporal conundra, a favorite theme. He stated that he acquired many of his writing techniques from three books Narrative Technique by Thomas Uzzell, The Only Two Ways to Write a Story by John Gallishaw, and Twenty Problems of the Fiction Writer by Gallishaw. He also claimed many of his ideas came from dreams; throughout his writing life he arranged to be awakened every 90 minutes during his sleep period so he could write down his dreams.
Van Vogt was also always interested in the idea of allencompassing systems of knowledge akin to modern metasystems. The characters in his very first story used a system called "Nexialism" to analyze the alien's behavior. Around this time, he became particularly interested in the general semantics of Alfre
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d Korzybski.
He subsequently wrote a novel merging these overarching themes, The World of , originally serialized in Astounding in 1945. often rendered as NullA, or nonAristotelian logic, refers to the capacity for, and practice of, using intuitive, inductive reasoning compare fuzzy logic, rather than reflexive, or conditioned, deductive reasoning. The novel recounts the adventures of an individual living in an apparent Utopia, where those with superior brainpower make up the ruling class... though all is not as it seems. A sequel, The Players of later retitled The Pawns of NullA was serialized in 194849.
At the same time, in his fiction, van Vogt was consistently sympathetic to absolute monarchy as a form of government. This was the case, for instance, in the Weapon Shop series, the Mixed Men series, and in single stories such as "Heir Apparent" 1945, whose protagonist was described as a "benevolent dictator". These sympathies were the subject of much critical discussion during van Vogt's career, and
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afterwards.
Van Vogt published "Enchanted Village" in the July 1950 issue of Other Worlds Science Stories. It was reprinted in over 20 collections or anthologies, and appeared many times in translation.
Dianetics and fixups 19501961
In 1950, van Vogt was briefly appointed as head of L. Ron Hubbard's Dianetics operation in California. Van Vogt had first met Hubbard in 1945, and became interested in his Dianetics theories, which were published shortly thereafter. Dianetics was the secular precursor to Hubbard's Church of Scientology; van Vogt would have no association with Scientology, as he did not approve of its mysticism.
The California Dianetics operation went broke nine months later, but never went bankrupt, due to van Vogt's arrangements with creditors. Very shortly after that, van Vogt and his wife opened their own Dianetics center, partly financed by his writings, until he "signed off" around 1961. From 1951 until 1961, van Vogt's focus was on Dianetics, and no new story ideas flowed from his type
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writer.
Fixups
However, during the 1950s, van Vogt retrospectively patched together many of his previously published stories into novels, sometimes creating new interstitial material to help bridge gaps in the narrative. Van Vogt referred to the resulting books as "fixups", a term that entered the vocabulary of sciencefiction criticism. When the original stories were closely related this was often successful, although some van Vogt fixups featured disparate stories thrown together that bore little relation to each other, generally making for a less coherent plot. One of his bestknown and wellregarded novels, The Voyage of the Space Beagle 1950 was a fixup of four short stories including "Discord in Scarlet"; it was published in at least five European languages by 1955.
Although Van Vogt averaged a new book title every ten months from 1951 to 1961, none of them were new stories; they were all fixups, collections of previously published stories, expansions of previously published short stories to novel leng
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th, or republications of previous books under new titles and all based on story material written and originally published between 1939 and 1950. Examples include The Weapon Shops of Isher 1951, The Mixed Men 1952, The War Against the Rull 1959, and the two "Clane" novels, Empire of the Atom 1957 and The Wizard of Linn 1962, which were inspired like Asimov's Foundation series by Roman imperial history; specifically, as Damon Knight wrote, the plot of Empire of the Atom was "lifted almost bodily" from that of Robert Graves' I, Claudius. Also, one nonfiction work, The Hypnotism Handbook, appeared in 1956, though it had apparently been written much earlier.
After more than a decade of running their Dianetics center, Hull and van Vogt closed it in 1961. Nevertheless, van Vogt maintained his association with the organization and was still president of the Californian Association of Dianetic Auditors into the 1980s.
Return to writing and later career 19621986
Though the constant repackaging of his older work mean
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t that he had never really been away from the book publishing world, van Vogt had not published any wholly new fiction for almost 12 years when he decided to return to writing in 1962. He did not return immediately to science fiction, but instead wrote the only mainstream, nonsf novel of his career.
Van Vogt was profoundly affected by revelations of totalitarian police states that emerged after World War II. Accordingly, he wrote a mainstream novel that he set in Communist China, The Violent Man 1962. Van Vogt explained that to research this book he had read 100 books about China. Into this book he incorporated his view of "the violent male type", which he described as a "man who had to be right", a man who "instantly attracts women" and who he said were the men who "run the world". Contemporary reviews were lukewarm at best, and van Vogt thereafter returned to science fiction.
From 1963 through the mid1980s, van Vogt once again published new material on a regular basis, though fixups and reworked mater
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ial also appeared relatively often. His later novels included fixups such as The Beast also known as Moonbeast 1963, Rogue Ship 1965, Quest for the Future 1970 and Supermind 1977. He also wrote novels by expanding previously published short stories; works of this type include The Darkness on Diamondia 1972 and Future Glitter also known as Tyranopolis; 1973.
Novels that were written simply as novels, and not serialized magazine pieces or fixups, had been very rare in van Vogt's oeuvre, but began to appear regularly beginning in the 1970s. Van Vogt's original novels included Children of Tomorrow 1970, The Battle of Forever 1971 and The Anarchistic Colossus 1977. Over the years, many sequels to his classic works were promised, but only one appeared NullA Three 1984; originally published in French. Several later books were initially published in Europe, and at least one novel only ever appeared in foreign language editions and was never published in its original English.
Final years
When the 1979 film Alie
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n appeared, it was noted that the plot closely matched the plots of both Black Destroyer and Discord in Scarlet, both published in Astounding magazine in 1939, and then later published in the 1950 book Voyage of the Space Beagle. Van Vogt sued the production company for plagiarism, and eventually collected an outofcourt settlement of 50,000 from 20th Century Fox.
In increasingly frail health, van Vogt published his final short story in 1986.
Personal life
Van Vogt's first wife, Edna Mayne Hull, died in 1975. Van Vogt married Lydia Bereginsky in 1979; they remained together until his death.
Death
On January 26, 2000, A. E. van Vogt died in Los Angeles from Alzheimer's disease. He was survived by his second wife.
Critical reception
Critical opinion about the quality of van Vogt's work is sharply divided. An early and articulate critic was Damon Knight. In a 1945 chapterlong essay reprinted in In Search of Wonder, entitled "Cosmic Jerrybuilder A. E. van Vogt", Knight described van Vogt as "no giant; he is
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a pygmy who has learned to operate an overgrown typewriter". Knight described The World of NullA as "one of the worst allegedly adult science fiction stories ever published". Concerning van Vogt's writing, Knight said
About Empire of the Atom Knight wrote
Knight also expressed misgivings about van Vogt's politics. He noted that van Vogt's stories almost invariably present absolute monarchy in a favorable light. In 1974, Knight retracted some of his criticism after finding out about Vogt's writing down his dreams as a part of his working methods
Knight's criticism greatly damaged van Vogt's reputation. On the other hand, when science fiction author Philip K. Dick was asked which science fiction writers had influenced his work the most, he replied
Dick also defended van Vogt against Damon Knight's criticisms
In a review of Transfinite The Essential A. E. van Vogt, science fiction writer Paul Di Filippo said
In The John W. Campbell Letters, Campbell says, "The sonofagun gets hold of you in the first para
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graph, ties a knot around you, and keeps it tied in every paragraph thereafterincluding the ultimate last one".
Harlan Ellison who had begun reading van Vogt as a teenager wrote, "Van was the first writer to shine light on the restricted ways in which I had been taught to view the universe and the human condition".
Writing in 1984, David Hartwell said
The literary critic Leslie A. Fiedler said something similar
American literary critic Fredric Jameson says of van Vogt
Van Vogt still has his critics. For example, Darrell Schweitzer, writing to The New York Review of Science Fiction in 1999, quoted a passage from the original van Vogt novelette "The Mixed Men", which he was then reading, and remarked
Recognition
In 1946, van Vogt and his first wife, Edna Mayne Hull, were Guests of Honor at the fourth World Science Fiction Convention.
In 1980, van Vogt received a "Casper Award" precursor to the Canadian Prix Aurora Awards for Lifetime Achievement.
In 1996, van Vogt received a Special Award from the World
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Science Fiction Convention "for six decades of golden age science fiction". That same year, he was inducted as an inaugural member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame.
The Science Fiction Writers of America SFWA named him its 14th Grand Master in 1995 presented 1996. Great controversy within SFWA accompanied its long wait in bestowing its highest honor limited to living writers, no more than one annually. Writing an obituary of van Vogt, Robert J. Sawyer, a fellow Canadian writer of science fiction, remarked
It is generally held that a key factor in the delay was "damnable SFWA politics" reflecting the concerns of Damon Knight, the founder of the SFWA, who abhorred van Vogt's style and politics and thoroughly demolished his literary reputation in the 1950s.
Harlan Ellison was more explicit in 1999 introduction to Futures Past The Best Short Fiction of A. E. van Vogt
In 1996, van Vogt received a Special Award from the World Science Fiction Convention "for six decades of golden age science fict
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ion". That same year, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted him in its inaugural class of two deceased and two living persons, along with writer Jack Williamson also living and editors Hugo Gernsback and John W. Campbell.
The works of van Vogt were translated into French by the surrealist Boris Vian The World of NullA as Le Monde des in 1958, and van Vogt's works were "viewed as great literature of the surrealist school". In addition, Slan was published in French, translated by Jean Rosenthal, under the title la poursuite des Slans, as part of the paperback series 'Editions J'ai Lu RomansTexte Integral' in 1973. This edition also listing the following works by van Vogt as having been published in French as part of this series Le Monde des , La faune de l'espace, Les joueurs du , L'empire de l'atome, Le sorcier de Linn, Les armureries d'Isher, Les fabricants d'armes, and Le livre de Ptath.
Works
Novels and novellas
Special works published as books
Planets For Sale by E. Mayne Hull 1954.
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A fixup of five stories by Hull, originally published 1942 to 1946. Certain later editions from 1965 credit both authors.
The Enchanted Village 1979. A 25page chapbook of a short story originally published in 1950.
Slan Hunter by Kevin J. Anderson 2007. A sequel to Slan, based an unfinished draft by van Vogt.
NullA Continuum by John C. Wright 2008. An authorized continuation of the NullA series which ignored the events of NullA Three.
Collections
Out of the Unknown 1948, with Edna Mayne Hull
Masters of Time 1950 a.k.a. Recruiting Station also includes The Changeling, both works were later published separately
Triad 1951 omnibus of The World of Null A, The Voyage of the Space Beagle, Slan.
Away and Beyond 1952 abridged in paperback in 1959; abridged differently in paperback in 1963
Destination Universe! 1952
The Twisted Men 1964
Monsters 1965 later as SF Monsters 1967 abridged as The Blal 1976
A Van Vogt Omnibus 1967, omnibus of Planets for Sale with Edna Mayne Hull, The Beast, The Book of Ptath
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The Far Out Worlds of Van Vogt 1968
The Sea Thing and Other Stories 1970 expanded from Out of the Unknown by adding an original story by Hull; later abridged in paperback as Out of the Unknown by removing 2 of the stories
M33 in Andromeda 1971
More Than Superhuman 1971
The Proxy Intelligence and Other Mind Benders, , with Edna Mayne Hull 1971, revised as The Gryb 1976
Van Vogt Omnibus 2 1971, omnibus of The Mind Cage, The Winged Man with Edna Mayne Hull, Slan.
The Book of Van Vogt 1972, also published as Lost Fifty Suns 1979
The Three Eyes of Evil Including Earth's Last Fortress 1973
The Best of A. E. van Vogt 1974 later split into 2 volumes
The Worlds of A. E. van Vogt 1974 expanded from The Far Out Worlds of Van Vogt by adding 3 stories
The Best of A. E. van Vogt 1976 differs to 1974 edition
Away and Beyond 1977
Pendulum 1978 almost all original stories and articles
Futures Past The Best Short Fiction of A.E. Van Vogt 1999
Transfinite The Essential A.E. van Vogt 2002
Transgalactic 2006
Nonf
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iction
The Hypnotism Handbook 1956, Griffin Publishing Company, with Charles Edward Cooke
The Money Personality 1972, Parker Publishing Company Inc., West Nyack, NY,
Reflections of A. E. Van Vogt The Autobiography of a Science Fiction Giant 1979, Fictioneer Books Ltd., Lakemont, GA
A Report on the Violent Male 1992, Paupers' Press, UK,
See also
Notes
References
Bibliography
External links
Sevagram, the A.E. van Vogt information site
Obituary at LocusOnline'' Locus Publications
"Writers A. E. van Vogt 19122000, Canada" bibliography at SciFan
A. E. van Vogt Papers MS 322 at the Kenneth Spencer Research Library, University of Kansas
A. E. van Vogt's fiction at Free Speculative Fiction Online
1912 births
2000 deaths
20thcentury American novelists
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
Canadian male novelists
Canadian science fiction writers
Canadian male short story writers
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Neurological disease deaths in California
Deat
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hs from Alzheimer's disease
SFWA Grand Masters
Science Fiction Hall of Fame inductees
Writers from Manitoba
Mennonite writers
Canadian Mennonites
American male short story writers
20thcentury Canadian short story writers
20thcentury American short story writers
20thcentury Canadian male writers
Weird fiction writers
Pulp fiction writers
Writers from Winnipeg
20thcentury American male writers
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Anna Sergeyevna Kournikova ; born 7 June 1981 is a Russian former professional tennis player and American television personality. Her appearance and celebrity status made her one of the best known tennis stars worldwide. At the peak of her fame, fans looking for images of Kournikova made her name one of the most common search strings on Google Search.
Despite never winning a singles title, she reached No. 8 in the world in 2000. She achieved greater success playing doubles, where she was at times the world No. 1 player. With Martina Hingis as her partner, she won Grand Slam titles in Australia in 1999 and 2002, and the WTA Championships in 1999 and 2000. They referred to themselves as the "Spice Girls of Tennis".
Kournikova retired from professional tennis in 2003 due to serious back and spinal problems, including a herniated disk. She lives in Miami Beach, Florida, and played in occasional exhibitions and in doubles for the St. Louis Aces of World Team Tennis before the team folded in 2011. She was a new
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trainer for season 12 of the television show The Biggest Loser, replacing Jillian Michaels, but did not return for season 13. In addition to her tennis and television work, Kournikova serves as a Global Ambassador for Population Services International's "Five Alive" program, which addresses health crises facing children under the age of five and their families.
Early life
Kournikova was born in Moscow, Russia on 7 June 1981. Her father, Sergei Kournikov born 1961, a former GrecoRoman wrestling champion, eventually earned a PhD and was a professor at the University of Physical Culture and Sport in Moscow. As of 2001, he was still a parttime martial arts instructor there. Her mother Alla born 1963 had been a 400metre runner. Her younger halfbrother, Allan, is a youth golf world champion who was featured in the 2013 documentary film The Short Game.
Sergei Kournikov has said, "We were young and we liked the clean, physical life, so Anna was in a good environment for sport from the beginning".
Kournikova rece
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ived her first tennis racquet as a New Year gift in 1986 at the age of five. Describing her early regimen, she said, "I played two times a week from age six. It was a children's program. And it was just for fun; my parents didn't know I was going to play professionally, they just wanted me to do something because I had lots of energy. It was only when I started playing well at seven that I went to a professional academy. I would go to school, and then my parents would take me to the club, and I'd spend the rest of the day there just having fun with the kids." In 1986, Kournikova became a member of the Spartak Tennis Club, coached by Larissa Preobrazhenskaya. In 1989, at the age of eight, Kournikova began appearing in junior tournaments, and by the following year, was attracting attention from tennis scouts across the world. She signed a management deal at age ten and went to Bradenton, Florida, to train at Nick Bollettieri's celebrated tennis academy.
Tennis career
19891997 Early years and breakthrough
Fol
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lowing her arrival in the United States, she became prominent on the tennis scene. At the age of 14, she won the European Championships and the Italian Open Junior tournament. In December 1995, she became the youngest player to win the 18andunder division of the Junior Orange Bowl tennis tournament. By the end of the year, Kournikova was crowned the ITF Junior World Champion U18 and Junior European Champion U18.
Earlier, in September 1995, Kournikova, still only 14 years of age, debuted in the WTA Tour, when she received a wildcard into the qualifications at the WTA tournament in Moscow, the Moscow Ladies Open, and qualified before losing in the second round of the main draw to thirdseeded Sabine Appelmans. She also reached her first WTA Tour doubles final in that debut appearance partnering with 1995 Wimbledon girls' champion in both singles and doubles Aleksandra Olsza, she lost the title match to Meredith McGrath and Larisa SavchenkoNeiland.
In FebruaryMarch 1996, Kournikova won two ITF titles, in Midla
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nd, Michigan and Rockford, Illinois. Still only 14 years of age, in April 1996 she debuted at the Fed Cup for Russia, the youngest player ever to participate and win a match.
In 1996, she started playing under a new coach, Ed Nagel. Her sixyear association with Nagel was successful. At 15, she made her Grand Slam debut, reaching the fourth round of the 1996 US Open, losing to Steffi Graf, the eventual champion. After this tournament, Kournikova's ranking jumped from No. 144 to debut in the Top 100 at No. 69. Kournikova was a member of the Russian delegation to the 1996 Olympic Games in Atlanta, Georgia. In 1996, she was named WTA Newcomer of the Year, and she was ranked No. 57 in the end of the season.
Kournikova entered the 1997 Australian Open as world No. 67, where she lost in the first round to world No. 12, Amanda Coetzer. At the Italian Open, Kournikova lost to Amanda Coetzer in the second round. She reached the semifinals in the doubles partnering with Elena Likhovtseva, before losing to the sixth se
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eds Mary Joe Fernndez and Patricia Tarabini.
At the French Open, Kournikova made it to the third round before losing to world No. 1, Martina Hingis. She also reached the third round in doubles with Likhovtseva. At the Wimbledon Championships, Kournikova became only the second woman in the open era to reach the semifinals in her Wimbledon debut, the first being Chris Evert in 1972. There she lost to eventual champion Martina Hingis.
At the US Open, she lost in the second round to the eleventh seed Irina Sprlea. Partnering with Likhovtseva, she reached the third round of the women's doubles event. Kournikova played her last WTA Tour event of 1997 at Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Filderstadt, losing to Amanda Coetzer in the second round of singles, and in the first round of doubles to Lindsay Davenport and Jana Novotn partnering with Likhovtseva. She broke into the top 50 on 19 May, and was ranked No. 32 in singles and No. 41 in doubles at the end of the season.
19982000 Success and stardom
In 1998, Kournikov
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a broke into the WTA's top 20 rankings for the first time, when she was ranked No. 16. At the Australian Open, Kournikova lost in the third round to world No. 1 player, Martina Hingis. She also partnered with Larisa SavchenkoNeiland in women's doubles, and they lost to eventual champions Hingis and Mirjana Lui in the second round. Although she lost in the second round of the Paris Open to Anke Huber in singles, Kournikova reached her second doubles WTA Tour final, partnering with Larisa SavchenkoNeiland. They lost to Sabine Appelmans and Miriam Oremans. Kournikova and SavchenkoNeiland reached their second consecutive final at the Linz Open, losing to Alexandra Fusai and Nathalie Tauziat. At the Miami Open, Kournikova reached her first WTA Tour singles final, before losing to Venus Williams in the final.
Kournikova then reached two consecutive quarterfinals, at Amelia Island and the Italian Open, losing respectively to Lindsay Davenport and Martina Hingis. At the German Open, she reached the semifinals in bot
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h singles and doubles, partnering with Larisa SavchenkoNeiland. At the French Open Kournikova had her best result at this tournament, making it to the fourth round before losing to Jana Novotn. She also reached her first Grand Slam doubles semifinals, losing with SavchenkoNeiland to Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva. During her quarterfinals match at the grasscourt Eastbourne Open versus Steffi Graf, Kournikova injured her thumb, which would eventually force her to withdraw from the 1998 Wimbledon Championships. However, she won that match, but then withdrew from her semifinals match against Arantxa Snchez Vicario. Kournikova returned for the Du Maurier Open and made it to the third round, before losing to Conchita Martnez. At the US Open Kournikova reached the fourth round before losing to Arantxa Snchez Vicario. Her strong year qualified her for the yearend 1998 WTA Tour Championships, but she lost to Monica Seles in the first round. However, with Seles, she won her first WTA doubles title, in Tokyo, be
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ating Mary Joe Fernndez and Arantxa Snchez Vicario in the final. At the end of the season, she was ranked No. 10 in doubles.
At the start of the 1999 season, Kournikova advanced to the fourth round in singles before losing to Mary Pierce. However, Kournikova won her first doubles Grand Slam title, partnering with Martina Hingis. The two defeated Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva in the final. At the Tier I Family Circle Cup, Kournikova reached her second WTA Tour final, but lost to Martina Hingis. She then defeated Jennifer Capriati, Lindsay Davenport and Patty Schnyder on her route to the Bausch Lomb Championships semifinals, losing to Ruxandra Dragomir. At The French Open, Kournikova reached the fourth round before losing to eventual champion Steffi Graf. Once the grasscourt season commenced in England, Kournikova lost to Nathalie Tauziat in the semifinals in Eastbourne. At Wimbledon, Kournikova lost to Venus Williams in the fourth round. She also reached the final in mixed doubles, partnering with Jo
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nas Bjrkman, but they lost to Leander Paes and Lisa Raymond. Kournikova again qualified for yearend WTA Tour Championships, but lost to Mary Pierce in the first round, and ended the season as World No. 12.
While Kournikova had a successful singles season, she was even more successful in doubles. After their victory at the Australian Open, she and Martina Hingis won tournaments in Indian Wells, Rome, Eastbourne and the WTA Tour Championships, and reached the final of The French Open where they lost to Serena and Venus Williams. Partnering with Elena Likhovtseva, Kournikova also reached the final in Stanford. On 22 November 1999 she reached the world No. 1 ranking in doubles, and ended the season at this ranking. Anna Kournikova and Martina Hingis were presented with the WTA Award for Doubles Team of the Year.
Kournikova opened her 2000 season winning the Gold Coast Open doubles tournament partnering with Julie Halard. She then reached the singles semifinals at the Medibank International Sydney, losing to Lin
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dsay Davenport. At the Australian Open, she reached the fourth round in singles and the semifinals in doubles. That season, Kournikova reached eight semifinals Sydney, Scottsdale, Stanford, San Diego, Luxembourg, Leipzig and Tour Championships, seven quarterfinals Gold Coast, Tokyo, Amelia Island, Hamburg, Eastbourne, Zrich and Philadelphia and one final. On 20 November 2000 she broke into top 10 for the first time, reaching No. 8. She was also ranked No. 4 in doubles at the end of the season. Kournikova was once again, more successful in doubles. She reached the final of the US Open in mixed doubles, partnering with Max Mirnyi, but they lost to Jared Palmer and Arantxa Snchez Vicario. She also won six doubles titles Gold Coast with Julie Halard, Hamburg with Natasha Zvereva, Filderstadt, Zrich, Philadelphia and the Tour Championships with Martina Hingis.
20012003 Injuries and final years
Her 2001 season was plagued by injuries, including a left foot stress fracture which made her withdraw from 12 tourname
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nts, including the French Open and Wimbledon. She underwent surgery in April. She reached her second career grand slam quarterfinals, at the Australian Open. Kournikova then withdrew from several events due to continuing problems with her left foot and did not return until Leipzig. With Barbara Schett, she won the doubles title in Sydney. She then lost in the finals in Tokyo, partnering with Iroda Tulyaganova, and at San Diego, partnering with Martina Hingis. Hingis and Kournikova also won the Kremlin Cup. At the end of the 2001 season, she was ranked No. 74 in singles and No. 26 in doubles.
Kournikova regained some success in 2002. She reached the semifinals of Auckland, Tokyo, Acapulco and San Diego, and the final of the China Open, losing to Anna Smashnova. This was Kournikova's last singles final. With Martina Hingis, she lost in the final at Sydney, but they won their second Grand Slam title together, the Australian Open. They also lost in the quarterfinals of the US Open. With Chanda Rubin, Kournikova
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played the semifinals of Wimbledon, but they lost to Serena and Venus Williams. Partnering with Janet Lee, she won the Shanghai title. At the end of 2002 season, she was ranked No. 35 in singles and No. 11 in doubles.
In 2003, Anna Kournikova achieved her first Grand Slam match victory in two years at the Australian Open. She defeated Henrieta Nagyov in the first round, and then lost to Justine HeninHardenne in the 2nd round. She withdrew from Tokyo due to a sprained back suffered at the Australian Open and did not return to Tour until Miami. On 9 April, in what would be the final WTA match of her career, Kournikova dropped out in the first round of the Family Circle Cup in Charleston, due to a left adductor strain. Her singles world ranking was 67. She reached the semifinals at the ITF tournament in Sea Island, before withdrawing from a match versus Maria Sharapova due to the adductor injury. She lost in the first round of the ITF tournament in Charlottesville. She did not compete for the rest of the season
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due to a continuing back injury. At the end of the 2003 season and her professional career, she was ranked No. 305 in singles and No. 176 in doubles.
Kournikova's two Grand Slam doubles titles came in 1999 and 2002, both at the Australian Open in the Women's Doubles event with partner Martina Hingis. Kournikova proved a successful doubles player on the professional circuit, winning 16 tournament doubles titles, including two Australian Opens and being a finalist in mixed doubles at the US Open and at Wimbledon, and reaching the No. 1 ranking in doubles in the WTA Tour rankings. Her pro career doubles record was 20071. However, her singles career plateaued after 1999. For the most part, she managed to retain her ranking between 10 and 15 her career high singles ranking was No.8, but her expected finals breakthrough failed to occur; she only reached four finals out of 130 singles tournaments, never in a Grand Slam event, and never won one.
Her singles record is 209129. Her final playing years were marred by
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a string of injuries, especially back injuries, which caused her ranking to erode gradually. As a personality Kournikova was among the most common search strings for both articles and images in her prime.
2004present Exhibitions and World Team Tennis
Kournikova has not played on the WTA Tour since 2003, but still plays exhibition matches for charitable causes. In late 2004, she participated in three events organized by Elton John and by fellow tennis players Serena Williams and Andy Roddick. In January 2005, she played in a doubles charity event for the Indian Ocean tsunami with John McEnroe, Andy Roddick, and Chris Evert. In November 2005, she teamed up with Martina Hingis, playing against Lisa Raymond and Samantha Stosur in the WTT finals for charity. Kournikova is also a member of the St. Louis Aces in the World Team Tennis WTT, playing doubles only.
In September 2008, Kournikova showed up for the 2008 Nautica Malibu Triathlon held at Zuma Beach in Malibu, California. The Race raised funds for children
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