ShikharLLM/llm2 · Datasets at Hugging Face

text stringlengths 0 51.6k
"Alien", a song by Erasure from the album Loveboat, 2000
"Alien", a song by Japan from the album Quiet Life, 1979
"Alien", a song by Lamb from the album Fear of Fours, 1999
"Alien", a song by Nerina Pallot from the album Dear Frustrated Superstar, 2001
"Alien", a song by P-Model from the album Landsale, 1980
"Alien", a song by Pennywise from the album Straight Ahead, 1999
"Alien", a song by Stray Kids from the album SKZ-Replay, 2022
"Alien", a song by Structures from the album Life Through a Window, 2014
"Alien", a song by the National from the album First Two Pages of Frankenstein, 2023
"Alien", a song by Third Day from the album Conspiracy No. 5, 1997
"Alien", a song by Thriving Ivory from the album Thriving Ivory, 2003
"Alien", a song by Tokio Hotel from the album Humanoid, 2009
"Alien", a 2020 song by Lee Su-hyun
"Alien", a 2020 song by Dennis Lloyd
"Aliens" (song), a 2017 song by Coldplay
"Aliens", a 1984 song by Warlord
"The Alien", a song by Dream Theater from the album A View from the Top of the World, 2021

Video games
Alien (1984 video game), based on the film
Alien (Atari 2600), a 1982 maze game based on the 1979 film
Alien: Isolation, a 2014 video game based on the Alien science fiction horror film series
Aliens (1982 video game), a text-only clone of Space Invaders written for the CP/M operating system on the Kaypro computer
Aliens (1990 video game), a game by Konami, based on the sequel of the film

Other media
Alien (Armenian TV series), a 2017 melodrama series
Alien (sculpture), a 2012 work by David Breuer-Weil, in Mottisfont, Hampshire, England
Aliens (Dark Horse Comics line)
The Aliens (TV series), 2016 British sci-fi television series
"Aliens" (Roseanne), a 1992 television episode

Other uses
Alien (shipping company), a Russian company
Alien Sun (born 1974), Singaporean actress
Alien, a perfume by Thierry Mugler
Alian District (Alien), in Taiwan

See also
Alians, an Islamic order
Alien Project (disambiguation)
Alien vs. Predator (disambiguation)
Astrobiology, the study of hypothetical alien life
ATLiens, a 1996 album by OutKast
Predator (disambiguation)
UFO (disambiguation)
Unidentified flying object (disambiguation)
An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole.

Types
Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed. Because it takes millions to billions of years for a system of stars or a galaxy to complete a life cycle, astronomers must observe snapshots of different systems at unique points in their evolution to determine how they form, evolve, and die. They use this data to create models or simulations to theorize how different celestial objects work.

Further subcategories under these two main branches of astronomy include planetary astronomy, galactic astronomy, or physical cosmology.

Academic

Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms "astronomer" and "astrophysicist" are interchangeable. Professional astronomers are highly educated individuals who typically have a PhD in physics or astronomy and are employed by research institutions or universities. They spend the majority of their time working on research, although they quite often have other duties such as teaching, building instruments, or aiding in the operation of an observatory.

The American Astronomical Society, which is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America, has approximately 7,000 members. This number includes scientists from other fields such as physics, geology, and engineering, whose research interests are closely related to astronomy. The International Astronomical Union comprises almost 10,145 members from 70 countries who are involved in astronomical research at the PhD level and beyond.

Contrary to the classical image of an old astronomer peering through a telescope through the dark hours of the night, it is far more common to use a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to record a long, deep exposure, allowing a more sensitive image to be created because the light is added over time. Before CCDs, photographic plates were a common method of observation. Modern astronomers spend relatively little time at telescopes usually just a few weeks per year. Analysis of observed phenomena, along with making predictions as to the causes of what they observe, takes the majority of observational astronomers' time.

Astronomers who serve as faculty spend much of their time teaching undergraduate and graduate classes. Most universities also have outreach programs including public telescope time and sometimes planetariums as a public service to encourage interest in the field.

Those who become astronomers usually have a broad background in maths, sciences and computing in high school. Taking courses that teach how to research, write, and present papers are also invaluable. In college/university most astronomers get a PhD in astronomy or physics.

Amateur astronomers

While there is a relatively low number of professional astronomers, the field is popular among amateurs. Most cities have amateur astronomy clubs that meet on a regular basis and often host star parties. The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is the largest general astronomical society in the world, comprising both professional and amateur astronomers as well as educators from 70 different nations. Like any hobby, most people who think of themselves as amateur astronomers may devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research. However, amateurs span the range from so-called "armchair astronomers" to the very ambitious, who own science-grade telescopes and instruments with which they are able to make their own discoveries and assist professional astronomers in research.

See also
List of astronomers
List of women astronomers
List of Muslim astronomers
List of French astronomers
List of Hungarian astronomers
List of Russian astronomers and astrophysicists
List of Slovenian astronomers

References

Sources

External links
American Astronomical Society
European Astronomical Society
International Astronomical Union
Astronomical Society of the Pacific
Space's astronomy news

Astronomy

Science occupations
ASCII ( ), abbreviated from American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devices. Because of technical limitations of computer systems at the time it was invented, ASCII has just 128 code points, of which only 95 are , which severely limited its scope. Modern computer systems have evolved to use Unicode, which has millions of code points, but the first 128 of these are the same as the ASCII set.

The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) prefers the name US-ASCII for this character encoding.

ASCII is one of the IEEE milestones.

Overview

"Alien", a song by Erasure from the album Loveboat, 2000

"Alien", a song by Japan from the album Quiet Life, 1979

"Alien", a song by Lamb from the album Fear of Fours, 1999

"Alien", a song by Nerina Pallot from the album Dear Frustrated Superstar, 2001

"Alien", a song by P-Model from the album Landsale, 1980

"Alien", a song by Pennywise from the album Straight Ahead, 1999

"Alien", a song by Stray Kids from the album SKZ-Replay, 2022

"Alien", a song by Structures from the album Life Through a Window, 2014

"Alien", a song by the National from the album First Two Pages of Frankenstein, 2023

"Alien", a song by Third Day from the album Conspiracy No. 5, 1997

"Alien", a song by Thriving Ivory from the album Thriving Ivory, 2003

"Alien", a song by Tokio Hotel from the album Humanoid, 2009

"Alien", a 2020 song by Lee Su-hyun

"Alien", a 2020 song by Dennis Lloyd

"Aliens" (song), a 2017 song by Coldplay

"Aliens", a 1984 song by Warlord

"The Alien", a song by Dream Theater from the album A View from the Top of the World, 2021

Video games

Alien (1984 video game), based on the film

Alien (Atari 2600), a 1982 maze game based on the 1979 film

Alien: Isolation, a 2014 video game based on the Alien science fiction horror film series

Aliens (1982 video game), a text-only clone of Space Invaders written for the CP/M operating system on the Kaypro computer

Aliens (1990 video game), a game by Konami, based on the sequel of the film

Other media

Alien (Armenian TV series), a 2017 melodrama series

Alien (sculpture), a 2012 work by David Breuer-Weil, in Mottisfont, Hampshire, England

Aliens (Dark Horse Comics line)

The Aliens (TV series), 2016 British sci-fi television series

"Aliens" (Roseanne), a 1992 television episode

Other uses

Alien (shipping company), a Russian company

Alien Sun (born 1974), Singaporean actress

Alien, a perfume by Thierry Mugler

Alian District (Alien), in Taiwan

See also

Alians, an Islamic order

Alien Project (disambiguation)

Alien vs. Predator (disambiguation)

Astrobiology, the study of hypothetical alien life

ATLiens, a 1996 album by OutKast

Predator (disambiguation)

UFO (disambiguation)

Unidentified flying object (disambiguation)

An astronomer is a scientist in the field of astronomy who focuses their studies on a specific question or field outside the scope of Earth. They observe astronomical objects such as stars, planets, moons, comets and galaxies – in either observational (by analyzing the data) or theoretical astronomy. Examples of topics or fields astronomers study include planetary science, solar astronomy, the origin or evolution of stars, or the formation of galaxies. A related but distinct subject is physical cosmology, which studies the Universe as a whole.

Types

Astronomers usually fall under either of two main types: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomers make direct observations of celestial objects and analyze the data. In contrast, theoretical astronomers create and investigate models of things that cannot be observed. Because it takes millions to billions of years for a system of stars or a galaxy to complete a life cycle, astronomers must observe snapshots of different systems at unique points in their evolution to determine how they form, evolve, and die. They use this data to create models or simulations to theorize how different celestial objects work.

Further subcategories under these two main branches of astronomy include planetary astronomy, galactic astronomy, or physical cosmology.

Academic

Historically, astronomy was more concerned with the classification and description of phenomena in the sky, while astrophysics attempted to explain these phenomena and the differences between them using physical laws. Today, that distinction has mostly disappeared and the terms "astronomer" and "astrophysicist" are interchangeable. Professional astronomers are highly educated individuals who typically have a PhD in physics or astronomy and are employed by research institutions or universities. They spend the majority of their time working on research, although they quite often have other duties such as teaching, building instruments, or aiding in the operation of an observatory.

The American Astronomical Society, which is the major organization of professional astronomers in North America, has approximately 7,000 members. This number includes scientists from other fields such as physics, geology, and engineering, whose research interests are closely related to astronomy. The International Astronomical Union comprises almost 10,145 members from 70 countries who are involved in astronomical research at the PhD level and beyond.

Contrary to the classical image of an old astronomer peering through a telescope through the dark hours of the night, it is far more common to use a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to record a long, deep exposure, allowing a more sensitive image to be created because the light is added over time. Before CCDs, photographic plates were a common method of observation. Modern astronomers spend relatively little time at telescopes usually just a few weeks per year. Analysis of observed phenomena, along with making predictions as to the causes of what they observe, takes the majority of observational astronomers' time.

Astronomers who serve as faculty spend much of their time teaching undergraduate and graduate classes. Most universities also have outreach programs including public telescope time and sometimes planetariums as a public service to encourage interest in the field.

Those who become astronomers usually have a broad background in maths, sciences and computing in high school. Taking courses that teach how to research, write, and present papers are also invaluable. In college/university most astronomers get a PhD in astronomy or physics.

Amateur astronomers

While there is a relatively low number of professional astronomers, the field is popular among amateurs. Most cities have amateur astronomy clubs that meet on a regular basis and often host star parties. The Astronomical Society of the Pacific is the largest general astronomical society in the world, comprising both professional and amateur astronomers as well as educators from 70 different nations. Like any hobby, most people who think of themselves as amateur astronomers may devote a few hours a month to stargazing and reading the latest developments in research. However, amateurs span the range from so-called "armchair astronomers" to the very ambitious, who own science-grade telescopes and instruments with which they are able to make their own discoveries and assist professional astronomers in research.