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S0003347220301809 | During aggression animals signal their physical abilities to deter opponents from fighting . Competitors that have a coevolved system of communication can resolve the outcome of a fight without paying the cost of engaging in potentially injurious fighting . Invasive species complicate the dynamics of competition because such species may not have a coevolved system of communication . For example many species of crayfish have invaded freshwater ecosystems where they compete with species never encountered before . We studied the traits used to escalate aggression within and between two species of invasive crayfish in Arizona | We studied traits used to escalate aggression in two species of invasive crayfish. Both species escalated and resolved disputes using their claws as signals. Claw size determined the outcome of interactions that escalated to physical combat. Species ability to communicate with competitors may affect invasive potential. |
S0003347220301810 | Sexual signals are often elaborate even spectacular behaviours . The reproductive rewards for successful display are great but so are the potential costs . These costs include not only the resources needed to produce a display but also resources required if the display evokes attack from a rival or predator . To maximize payoff individuals must monitor both internal and external cues to adjust display effort . We know surprisingly little about how these competing demands are balanced . Leptin a hormone secreted by adipose tissue regulates energy allocation to functions as diverse as feeding sleep reproduction and immunity . Despite evidence that leptin influences reproductive trade offs its role as a putative regulator of courtship display is poorly understood . Here we examine the use of interoceptive and exteroceptive cues to modulate display effort in Alston s singing mouse | We examine how energy balance social context affect display effort in singing mice. We injected mice with leptin or saline before or after exposure to conspecific song. Song effort increased after leptin injection and playback of conspecific song. Leptin injection changed song effort in ways consistent with residual body mass. While leptin seems to promote increased song effort it also reduced song duration. |
S0003347220301822 | Research into plumage ornaments and plumage signals of individual state has focused primarily on males while variation among females has received far less attention . White patches of plumage around the eye are a female specific plumage trait in the wood duck | We examined a unique plumage trait white eye patches of female wood ducks. Eye patch area EPA varied considerably and repeatedly among females. EPA varied strongly with age and weakly with body condition. Females with smaller EPAs initiated nests earlier an indicator of individual quality . Older females with larger EPAs had a reduced likelihood of breeding the next year. |
S0003347220301834 | The long held view that birdsong is exclusively a male trait has been challenged recently by a number of studies and reviews highlighting the prevalence of female song . Despite that there remains a lack of knowledge on the function of female song with most evidence thus far focusing on females performing duets with males in courtship displays typically for joint territory defence or mate guarding purposes . Here we show in a tracheophone suboscine passerine | Female antthrushes sing to defend territories and guard mates from other females. They sing only to males that sing higher pitched songs than they do. As small antthrushes sing higher pitched songs females sing to smaller males. |
S0003347220301846 | Behavioural lateralization the asymmetric expression of cognitive functions is reported to enhance key fitness relevant traits such as group coordination multitasking and predator escape . Therefore studies reporting negative effects on lateralization in fish due to environmental stressors such as ocean acidification hypoxia and pollutants are worrisome . However such studies tend to use a detour test and focus on population level measures without validating whether lateralization is consistent within individuals across time . We conducted a multispecies international assessment of the repeatability | Behavioural lateralization reportedly enhances many fitness relevant traits. Thus negative effects of environmental stressors on lateralization are worrisome. We develop and propose new statistical analyses to test for lateralization. Lateralization in five fish species using a detour test was highly nonrepeatable. Potential fitness benefits of lateralization must be tested using validated methods. |
S0003347220301949 | The sense of olfaction has been traditionally considered of low relevance in bird biology . In particular the location of cached seeds by scatter hoarder corvids is assumed to depend on spatial memory whereas no study has demonstrated the use of olfaction to detect these seeds . In this study we tested whether olfaction might play a role in the precise location of cached nuts by magpies | Olfaction has been neglected in studies of seed retrieval in scatter hoarder birds. We experimentally studied the role of smell in buried seed detection in magpies. Magpies detected buried natural nuts and discarded 3D printed fake nuts. Results suggest that magpies make use of olfaction to pinpoint cached nuts. Olfaction might help spatial memory in the location of cached nuts in corvids. |
S0003347220301986 | Spatial patterns in moving fish shoals originate from social interactions and are driven by factors that benefit individuals such as predator avoidance or reduced energy expenditure . How shoaling is influenced by the presence and absence of a flow field is only partially understood . Adopting a reductionist approach time spent shoaling shoal structure and information transfer between pairs of Eurasian minnows | Swimming minnow pairs were recorded in static and flowing water. Minnow pairs adopted a side by side configuration in flowing water. A side by side configuration led to effective bidirectional information transfer. Shoaling was reduced in the absence of flow and fish adopted positions in tandem. Information transfer was unidirectional front to back in tandem configuration. |
S0003347220301998 | Animals may face trade offs when several simultaneous functions or processes compete for limiting resources . In that context allocation of resources to the most fitness enhancing competing function can be prioritized . Immune response and locomotor performance are relevant fitness components mainly due to their important roles as defence against pathogens and predators respectively . However both promote oxidative stress and consume energy and metabolites . Consistently trade offs between immune response and locomotion have been reported in some taxa . In this work we examine whether an immune challenge hinders short distance swimming speed of adult Iberian ribbed newts | We examined potential immune systemlocomotion trade offs in adult newts. We used. cell wall lipopolysaccharide LPS to trigger an immune response. An immune challenge by LPS did not affect newt swimming speed. The results were consistent 24. None. h and 7 days following the challenge. Locomotion could be prioritized due to its important antipredator role. |
S0003347220302001 | Urbanization rapidly alters the environment often leading to decreased biodiversity . One abiotic selection pressure uniquely associated with urbanization is the urban heat island effectwherein built structures capture heat during the day retain it through the dark cycle and result in significantly elevated night time temperatures . Relatively few studies have asked what effects the UHI might have on the development and behaviour of urban animals and even fewer have asked this question of urban arthropod pests who rely on external heat sources and can experience explosive urban population growth rates . In particular behavioural plasticity is often cited as a critical phenotype for organisms to thrive after rapid environmental change such as urbanization . Here the relationship between elevated urban temperatures and behaviour was examined in the western black widow spider | Black widow spiders experience an extreme urban heat island UHI in Phoenix AZ U.S.A. Behavioural plasticity may allow urban animals to survive urban disturbance. We show that the UHI greatly limits black widow development. Under UHI temperatures spiders increase web building voracity and cannibalism. |
S0003347220302013 | Animal signallers are subject to audience effects when they alter communication due to changes in the presence or characteristics of receivers . Studies aimed at understanding audience effects have typically examined effects of conspecific audiences on signaller communication . Less work has focused on heterospecific audiences which present an important avenue of research for species that participate in mixed species groups . Here we experimentally tested mixed species flocks of Carolina chickadees | Chickadees and titmice called less in larger conspecific flocks. In nonrisk chickadees called less in larger heterospecific flocks. In nonrisk titmice were unaffected by heterospecific flock size. In risk chickadees and titmice called more in larger heterospecific flocks. Audience effects likely reflect dominance relationships in mixed species flocks. |
S0003347220302025 | Considerable interindividual variation in behaviour including learning ability and personality exists within populations . Recent research has suggested that these two traits might covary that is the expression of certain personality traits might be correlated with learning ability . We experimentally tested this hypothesis under controlled laboratory conditions using female Trinidadian guppies . We tested for individual learning performance measured as time to learn an association between a physical object and the presentation of food both without and with public information from conspecifics . Further we quantified three ecologically relevant personality traits in individual fish in a fixed sequence namely exploration of a novel environment sociability as the tendency to associate socially with conspecifics and boldness in the face of a simulated threat of predation . Each of these three personality traits was significantly repeatable but they were not intercorrelated . Individuals that needed fewer trials to feed from the objects initially had a higher probability of reaching the learning criterion and needed fewer trials to do so but this learning performance was not related to repeatable personality traits across individuals . More exploratory individuals tended to learn faster during individual learning . When excluding individuals that had not learned more social individuals were significantly faster at associative learning during social learning than less social individuals . Overall we found no compelling evidence for any link between individual personality traits and learning performance nor between the two modes of learning . Our results therefore suggest that individual personality does not predict learning performance and the observed independence of the two modes of learning tested suggests a lack of a domain general learning capacity in female Trinidadian guppies at least under our experimental conditions . | Repeatable personality traits did not form a behavioural syndrome. Individuals performed slightly better during individual than social learning. Personality traits individual and social learning were independent of each other. Personality had only a weak effect on learning performance. |
S0003347220302037 | The sensory drive hypothesis states that selection acts on signals to make them more detectable in the habitat conditions in which they occur resulting in signal divergence for species occupying different habitats . For colour signals visibility depends on the luminance contrast and the chromatic contrast between the signal and the viewing background . Sensory drive has been tested in studies of the colourful dewlaps of anolines occupying different habitats . These studies found that red or orange dewlaps were more visible than yellow or white dewlaps across all habitat types counter to the predictions of sensory drive that a species signal should be more visible in its own habitat than in habitats of other species . However in these and other sensory drive studies chromatic contrast was calculated with a visual perception model that assumed that total light intensity has little or no effect on chromatic contrast perception . We carried out behavioural experiments testing the probability of detection of green yellow and red stimuli presented against luminance matched green backgrounds at low and high light intensity typical of shaded and unshaded habitats . We found that the red stimulus was most detectable in the high light condition while in low light yellow and red stimuli were equally detectable . We modelled the stimuli with a receptor noise model that takes total light intensity into account . The model predictions were consistent with the behaviour results . We conclude that there is an important interaction between total light intensity and chromatic contrast in determining the visibility of colour signals which should be taken into account in visual ecology studies . For animals with small eyes shade level which strongly influences total light intensity may be as important as or more important than habitat spectral quality in the evolution of signal colour diversity through sensory drive . | lizards signal with red and yellow throat fans. We tested effects of ambient light on signal visibility against a green background. In high light typical of low shade red is most visible. In low light typical of shaded habitat yellow and red are equally visible. Habitat shade level may drive the evolution of. signal colour differences. |
S0003347220302062 | The idea that animals gain a higher food intake rate when foraging in larger groups has been reported in many studies . However some studies suggested that the number of neighbours under surveillance may play a more important role in affecting food intake rate than flock size . In addition the effect of the number of neighbours should also depend on the position of an individual within a flock . To test these hypotheses we examined the effects of flock size number of neighbours and position within a flock on foraging time foraging efficiency and intake rate of wintering greater white fronted geese | More neighbours lead to decreased foraging time and foraging efficiency. Cryptic competition among neighbours reduces individuals intake rate. Number of neighbours is more important in affecting intake rate than flock size. |
S0003347220302074 | Avian brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other species leaving the hosts to care for the parasitic offspring . The bookkeeping hypothesis predicts that in order to reduce competition between parasitic nestlings female parasites should keep a mental inventory of host nests that they have already parasitized and avoid laying multiple eggs in the same host nest . However selection against repeat parasitism should be weaker when host nests are limited or when hosts are able to rear more than one parasitic nestling . Here we use microsatellite genotyping of parasitic eggs to test whether female screaming cowbirds | Screaming cowbirds heavily parasitize greyish baywings in Argentina. Genetic data showed that multiple unrelated cowbirds parasitize the same host. However repeat parasitism on the same host nest by the same parasite was rare. Avoidance of repeat parasitism is consistent with mental bookkeeping by cowbirds. |
S0003347220302086 | Understanding the determinants of fighting ability is key to elucidating the evolution of aggressive behaviour as current tests of contest theory rely on realistic proxies for overall RHP . Traditionally RHP is considered equivalent to body size but it is increasingly clear that a wider range of morphological and physiological traits contribute to fighting ability . In situations analogous to contests such as courtship displays in animals and competitive sport in humans the role of skill has long been appreciated but this component has been neglected in analyses of animal fights . Here we investigated two spatial components of skill accuracy and precision during shell fights in hermit crabs where an attacker repeatedly strikes its shell against that of a defender . By analysing the points of impact of these strikes we found that attackers that rapped with coarse scale accuracy were more likely to win the fight indicating that the ability to target a sweet spot on the defender s shell is an important determinant of contest success . Furthermore we found that this element of skill correlated with temporal performance . Taken together these results show that spatial skill is an RHP component . Moreover in contrast to the traditional assumption that fighting ability is equivalent to body size RHP is actually underpinned by a suite of interlinked traits including performance capacities morphology and skill . | Fighting often involves the repeated performance of agonistic behaviours. Individuals may vary in how skilfully they perform such behaviours. We investigate the link between spatial skill and fighting success in hermit crabs. We find that winners perform rapping behaviour more skilfully than losers. Our results indicate that skill is tightly correlated with other fighting traits. |
S0003347220302098 | Acclimation conditions may affect the fighting ability of individuals involved in agonistic contests through their oxidative status . For instance exposure to high temperatures might increase the metabolic rate of opponents and their production of damaging reactive oxygen species . Animals investing more strongly in antioxidant defences to minimize the damaging action of heat induced ROS may therefore be deprived of antioxidant defences and hence less able to sustain fight effort during subsequent contests . Here we examined the interplay between acclimation temperature oxidative status and fight outcome in male field crickets | Oxidative status may mediate the effects of thermal conditions on fight outcome. In crickets males with higher antioxidant defences were more likely to win fights. This advantage only occurred between opponents acclimated to the same temperature. Hence antioxidant defences contribute to resource holding potential of opponents. Yet they do not mediate the effects of temperature on fight outcome. |
S0003347220302104 | Cold developmental conditions can greatly affect adult life history of ectotherms in seasonal habitats . Such effects are mostly negative but sometimes adaptive . Here we tested how cold conditions experienced during pupal development affect adult wing melanization of an insect ectotherm the Glanville fritillary butterfly | Pupal cold exposure induces wing melanization and may alter basking behaviour. Preflight heating rate was not increased by darker wings but was via wing vibrating. More melanized wings reduced mating success in both sexes and altered space use. We found no clear thermal advantage of wing melanization but a fitness cost. |
S0003347220302116 | Animals can transfer food between each other through both competition and cooperation . Analysing patterns of food transfers can thus yield valuable insights into animals social dynamics e.g . intragroup competition and cooperation . Previous studies on food transfers in our closest living relatives the great apes have mainly focused on ultimate explanations for food sharing and analysed food transfers as independent events with a focus on frequencies and types of transfers . In this study we focus on the influence of contextual variables and the directly preceding interaction on food transfer attempts . We provided one monopolizable food bag per session to orang utans housed in the same enclosure | Orang utans flexibly used cooperative and competitive strategies to transfer food. Proximate mechanisms explain changes in strategies delays success and resistance. Food transfers within a dyad were not independent events. Food transfers were influenced by the preceding interaction within each dyad. These results reveal orang utans cognitive flexibility and relational intelligence. |
S0003347220302128 | Past threatening experiences such as exposure to a predator or a capture event can influence an animal s future behaviour with profound consequences on its survival and ultimate fitness . We hypothesize that an animal s physiological stress response phenotype modulates the influence of past experiences on future behaviour in the Florida scrub jay | Threatening experiences can influence future behaviour. We tested whether corticosterone CORT responsiveness influenced this relationship. After capture low CORT response birds were more neophobic than low CORT controls. After capture high CORT response birds were less neophobic than high CORT controls. Capture experience may differentially affect neophobia response. |
S000334722030213X | Understanding the patterns and processes related to sexual dimorphism and sex differences in diverse animal taxa is a foundational research topic in ecology and evolution . Within the realm of animal communication studies have traditionally focused on male signals assuming that female choice and malemale competition have promoted sex differences via elaboration of male traits but selection on females also has the potential to drive divergence . Here we describe female song in barn swallows | We describe and quantify female song in barn swallows for the first time. Females sang about 10 times less than males and only early in the breeding season. Song traits showed greater sex differences than visual plumage traits. Sexual differentiation was correlated with female but not male reproductive success. |
S0003347220302268 | Naked mole rats are eusocial mammals that live in hierarchies consisting of one breeding female one to three male consorts and their reproductively suppressed offspring . A disperser morph subcaste has been suggested with a subset of nonbreeders exhibiting motivation to leave their natal colony and mate with unfamiliar conspecifics . To test the hypotheses that intrinsic colony variables influence the dispersal phenotype and that males and females differ in responsiveness to these variables we evaluated dispersal behaviour in 17 laboratory colonies . Queen aggression was associated with the number of female but not male dispersers although dispersers were not themselves targets of queen aggression . Female dispersers were more aggressive than their nondispersing sisters although still less aggressive than queens overall . Following outpairing with an unfamiliar opposite sex animal dispersers and nondispersers produced litters at similar rates demonstrating that motivation to leave the colony and not anticipatory reproductive maturation is the key to successful dispersal . Collectively these data suggest that aggressive naked mole rat queens motivate dispersal in their daughters and that female dispersers show traits consistent with successful queens . | We evaluated dispersal behaviour in 17 laboratory colonies of naked mole rats. Queen aggression predicted presence of female but not male dispersers. However dispersers were not direct targets of queen aggression. Dispersers were more aggressive than nondispersers but less aggressive than queens. Litter production did not differ between dispersers and nondispersers. |
S000334722030227X | Collective decision making is essential for multicellular and self organized society coordination but how this occurs when most of the individuals have limited knowledge of the external environment remains elusive . Using empirical data to inform a neuroscience based firing rate model we found that integration of negative feedback and network dynamics in a honeybee | Honey bees use a stop signal to reduce waggle dancing for a poor quality food site. They come from foragers with no knowledge of the food site reducing cognitive load. The negative feedback stop signal also reduces waggle dance pheromone production. The feedback dynamics are the same for human brain neurons during decision making. Owing to convergent evolution the brain and a beehive collectively operate similarly. |
S0003347220302281 | Collective movement is critical to the survival of some animals . Despite substantial progress in understanding animal collectives such as fish shoals and bird flocks it is unknown how collective behaviour is affected by changes in multiple environmental conditions that can interact as stressors . Using a fully factorial repeated measures design we tested the independent and combined effects of darkness and acoustic noise on the collective motion of three spined sticklebacks | How do different environmental stressors interact to affect collective behaviour. We tested shoals of sticklebacks manipulating darkness and additional noise. These stressors act independently and on different aspects of collective motion. Shoals were more spaced apart and less coordinated in darkness. Shoal structure was altered by additional noise. |
S0003347220302347 | Many animals rely on the integration of senses to interact with their environment . While most studies on multisensory integration focus on animals that use passive sensing fewer studies have investigated actively sensing animals such as animals that use echolocation . Prior work has demonstrated that bats and dolphins have the ability to perceive objects through both echolocation and vision and may integrate information across senses to improve target identification . Less is known however about how these animals might modify their active sensing systems when additional sensory input such as visual cues is available . In this study we examine how Brazilian free tailed bats | Bats signals had narrower bandwidth and longer duration during daylight vs night. Signals had less resolution during the day than during the night. Changes in resolution were more pronounced in complex environments. These findings suggest bats may supplement echolocation with vision. |
S0003347220302359 | Insect species display a large range of inter and intraspecific variation in learning and memory retention . Variation in associative learning ability has also been reported for three species in the parasitoid wasp genus | strains differ in how well stimuli are learned and memorized. Despite significant intraspecific variation there is no difference between species. Memory retention pattern is strain specific and similar across stimulus modalities. Individual strains are not representative of species level cognitive abilities. |
S0003347220302360 | Males typically court females extensively to convince them to mate . In some species however males coerce females to mate . We studied mating behaviour in the spider | Males of the spider. bite females instead of courting. Females are inseminated by males after being immobilized by male bites. Males also bind females with silk to prolong the state of immobility. After the copulation females are less mobile than they were before. Larger venom glands of males indicate their adaptation to coerce females to mate. |
S0003347220302372 | Many group living animals use precisely coordinated vocalizations to signal group quality and cohesion . However the timing of these signals depends not only on the precision of signallers which has been studied in detail but also on the geometric location of both signallers and receivers . This is because the timing of notes within signals is affected by the speed of sound and relative location of senders and receivers yet these spatial effects have not been examined experimentally . We studied how spatial separation of signallers affects production of and response to vocal duets in Australian magpie larks | We studied spatial effects on the efficacy of magpie lark duetting displays. We used robotic models to assess the roles of the visual and vocal components. The visual component reduced the effect of signallers separation on duet tempo. Visual displays also enhanced the perception of quality for duets. We suggest that the responses of birds were consistent with a multisensory illusion. |
S0003347220302384 | Brood parasitic cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other birds and thereafter abandon their young to the care of the host . Thus all maternal investment is restricted to investment in the egg . Optimal investment at this stage is likely to have a large impact on maternal reproductive success . Many bird species optimize the size of their eggs to suit both the prevailing environmental conditions and the number of individuals that will provide care to the chicks . However relatively few cues are available to avian brood parasites to facilitate optimal investment in their eggs . Moreover optimization of egg size to suit environmental conditions or the social structure of the host group may be constrained by stronger selection for egg mimicry which reduces the likelihood of detection and rejection of foreign eggs by the host . We aimed to test how the conflicting selection pressures of selection for large eggs in harsh environmental conditions versus rejection of large eggs by hosts interact to influence the size and shape of Horsfield s bronze cuckoo | Female brood parasitic cuckoos invest only in the egg. Selection pressures of host rejection and environment on egg size conflict. Sliding window approach was used to investigate periods of climate sensitivity. Host defences are the overriding selection pressure on cuckoo egg morphology. Hosts use adult cuckoo presence and cuckoo egg shape to detect parasitism. |
S0003347220302396 | Anthropogenic noise is globally increasing in aquatic ecosystems and causes adverse repercussions in many fish species yet its effect on freshwater fish is not well understood . Here we test the impact of boat noise on foraging and swimming behaviour on a number of wild freshwater fish species as well as captive black bullhead | We assessed the impacts of boat noise on fish in the laboratory and in the wild. Boat noise caused captive bullheads to forage less and increase erratic behaviour. Responses of wild fish were comparable to those of fish tested in the laboratory. Fish with specialized hearing structures had greater responses to boat noise. Acoustic tank experiments may show more natural behaviours than previously thought. |
S0003347220302426 | Using information from multiple predation cues may allow prey to accurately assess predation risk and correlate antipredator responses with the intensity of the threat . We assessed whether combined unimodal cues would enhance antipredator behaviour in captivity by presenting 10 wild caught ship rats | Amalgamating information from two unimodal predation cues can inform prey behaviour. Direct and indirect predation cues may interact to amplify defensive behaviour. Presenting combinations of predation cues may enhance pest management strategies. |
S000334722030244X | With an increasing human population and expansion of urban settlements wild animals are often exposed to humans . As humans may be a threat a neutral presence or a source of food animals will benefit from continuously assessing the potential risk they pose in order to respond appropriately . Herring gulls | Herring gulls living in built up areas differ greatly in their wariness of humans. We tested whether age and urbanization affected gulls aversion to human gaze. Urban herring gulls could be approached more closely than their rural counterparts. However gulls in urban and rural areas fled sooner if a person was looking at them. Gulls may not need extensive exposure to humans to be wary of human eye contact. |
S0003347220302451 | Animals living in heterogeneous landscapes are often faced with making a trade off between maximizing foraging success and avoiding risk . Using high resolution GPS tracking data this study explored the fine scale movement patterns and risk sensitivity of crop raiding African elephants | Elephants move faster and straighter with closer temporal proximity to farmland. Inside farmland elephants decrease speed and likelihood of moving straight. Elephants may consider the nutritional gain from crop raiding to outweigh the risks. |
S0003347220302463 | The use of social network analysis to quantify animal social relationships has increased exponentially over the last two decades . A popular aspect of social network analysis is the use of individually based network metrics . Despite the diversity of social network metrics that exist and the large number of studies that generate network metrics little guidance exists on the number and type of metrics that should be analysed in a single study . Here we comment on the hypothesize after results are known phenomenon in the context of social network analysis a practice that we term metric hacking and define as the use of statistical criteria to select which metrics to use rather than a priori choice based on a research hypothesis . We identify three situations where metric hacking can occur in studies quantifying social network metrics covariance among network metrics as explanatory variables in the same model covariance among network metrics as response variables in multiple models and covariance between response and explanatory variables in the same model . We outline several quantitative and qualitative issues associated with metric hacking provide alternative options and guidance on the appropriate use of multiple network metrics to avoid metric hacking . By increasing awareness of the use of multiple social network metrics we hope to encourage better practice for the selection and use of social network metrics in animal social network analysis . | We outline quantitative and qualitative issues associated with metric hacking. We provide guidance on the appropriate use of multiple network metrics. We encourage diligent consideration of methods and reasoned justification of metrics. Reasoned a priori choice of metrics will improve our understanding of social networks. |
S0003347220302475 | Neophobia the fear response of organisms towards novel cues is a phenotypically plastic trait that manifests among prey that experience uncertain often high levels of risk . Prey that find themselves in uncertain or highly variable risk environments over ecological and evolutionary time could benefit from reducing the costs associated with making a bad decision when they detect novel or unknown predatory threat . Hence understanding ecological uncertainty in the context of prey decision making is of key interest . While ecological uncertainty remains a poorly defined concept the degree of uncertainty experienced by prey and by extension neophobia should be influenced by the predictability of risk . Here we test whether prey exposed to the same overall level of predation risk exhibit stronger neophobic responses towards a standardized novel cue when they experience the risk in an unpredictable versus predicable manner . Northern red bellied dace | Neophobia is a phenotypically plastic response by prey to uncertain risk. Elevated mean predation risk and predictability of risk should drive neophobia. We exposed dace to predictable or unpredictable risk at high vs low levels. Neophobic responses were stronger following exposure to unpredictable risk. Risk unpredictability is a critical factor driving neophobia within prey populations. |
S0003347220302487 | Behavioural thermoregulation can ameliorate thermal stress but is costly . For species that court in a thermally stressful microhabitat sexual selection via endurance rivalry favours individuals that are able and willing to endure harsh conditions in the courtship habitat as retreats to a thermal refuge will reduce mating opportunities . The relative costs and benefits of refuge use versus continued courtship in the face of thermal risk which vary across abiotic and biotic contexts determine the optimal behavioural strategy . We examined the social and abiotic factors driving behavioural decisions related to thermoregulatory retreat in the fiddler crab | Male fiddler crabs face a trade off between courtship and thermoregulation. Time on the surface where courtship occurs is limited by high temperatures. Male fiddler crabs took greater thermal risks in the presence of a female. Thermal retreat decisions depend on social and abiotic conditions. |
S0003347220302505 | During separation infants of various species often produce a special call type the separation cry which elicits instant response from the caregiver . Ignoring this stimulus might be costly hence adults have evolved a sensitivity to infant cries . As the acoustic structure and function of these vocalizations are conserved across mammals adults might react similarly to heterospecific and conspecific separation calls . The domestic dog | The type of playback stimulus affected dogs behaviour. Dogs reacted fastest and longest to pup and artificial calls. Reactions were slowest and shortest to baby cries. Noisiness affected speaker and owner orientation positively. Habituation to baby cries occurred only in dogs experienced with babies. |
S0003347220302591 | Communication plays an integral role in facilitating intra and interspecific interactions . The study of signal function and content reveals the rules that govern such interactions informing hypotheses in behavioural ecology and evolution . The ubiquitous nature of antipredator vocalizations in ground squirrels provides a useful model for studying the evolution of communication . Conspecifics in many ground squirrel species respond to antipredator vocalizations and sociality functions as a strong selective force favouring more informative antipredator vocalizations . However studies of a single antipredator vocalization system in both social and nonsocial contexts are relatively scarce preventing diagnosis of selective forces other than sociality . We conducted a 2 year study to test two alternative hypotheses relating to the function of antipredator vocalizations in a nonhibernating squirrel the Harris antelope squirrel | Antipredator vocalizations may serve to deter predators and warn offspring. A nonhibernating squirrel gives antipredator vocalization throughout the year. Squirrels uttering antipredator vocalizations were predominantly female. Multiple signal functions may select for increased communication complexity. |
S0003347220302608 | Insect societies are challenged by harmful pathogens that originate from waste such as faeces food leftovers or corpses . The discarding of waste to outside the nest reduces these sanitary risks and contributes to the social immunity of ant colonies . In this study we tested whether the nest cleaning behaviour in | Ant colonies adapt nest cleaning based on waste pathogenicity and brood presence. The greater the pathogenicity of waste the faster it was discarded by the ants. The presence of the brood enhanced the hygienic response of workers. Efficiency of sanitary behaviour was not correlated with workers immune defences. |
S000334722030261X | Group hunting where two or more individuals chase the same prey occurs in various vertebrate clades . Its evolution has typically been attributed to the resulting increased prey capture rate . Indeed many studies have documented positive correlations between the number of individuals and probability of success suggesting that joint hunting is cooperative . However all existing data on vertebrates are based on field observations and hence can not control for factors that may also influence hunting success such as variation in habitat structure hunting motivation or prey state . Therefore we conducted controlled laboratory experiments to test whether hunting performance is affected by group size in the group hunting yellow saddle goatfish . We presented invertebrate prey in an artificial coral reef and measured hunting performance as a function of manipulated group size ranging from one to four individuals . We found that individuals hunting alone failed to catch the prey within the trial time limit significantly more often than groups did . Furthermore we found that time until capture depended on group size with singletons being slowest and groups of four fastest . With few exceptions group members were approximately equally likely to catch prey . Hunting success as a singleton did not predict an individual s prey capture probability when in a group suggesting that group hunting involves some producerscrounger dynamics . In conclusion while the experiment can not address the question of how group size affects individual net calorie intake the results show that groups are more successful at hunting than singletons are . | We studied the effect of group size on hunting success in yellow saddle goatfish. Groups catch prey faster and with higher probabilities than singleton hunters. No correlation of individuals hunting success rates when alone versus in groups. Collaboratively hunting individuals perform better in groups than alone. |
S0003347220302621 | Predation success depends on factors such as hunger prey size prey availability and intensity of competition . A neglected factor that may also influence predation success is the proper function of morphological traits related to prey search capture and manipulation . Injuries that compromise the functionality of these morphological traits may reduce predation success . In many invertebrates autotomy can compromise predation success because the detached body part may be crucial for hunting . However empirical evidence linking autotomy and predation success is relatively scarce . We filled this gap using the scorpion | Some morphological traits are crucial for prey capture and subjugation. The functionality of these traits is thus crucial for predation success. Tail autotomy in scorpions causes loss of the stinger used for venom inoculation. Stinger loss reduced subduing success of both small and large prey. In conclusion tail autotomy is costly because it decreases predation success. |
S0003347220302633 | Many species use early life sensory experiences to guide phenotypic plasticity and facilitate decision making during later adult settlement in new habitats or location of suitable resources . However only some of the available sensory information in the environment is relevant for future decision making and in addition it may only be informative during certain times during development . This means that sampling of environmental information that should be retained to adulthood could be limited to certain sensitive periods . In the polyphagous moth | Larval experience affects adult moth host plant decisions. There is a sensitive period for host plant cue transfer over the full metamorphosis. Only experience at late larval instars affects adult host plant choice decisions. Adults use innate preference when exposed to early instar plant experience. |
S0003347220302645 | In mammals allogrooming is prominent in forming and maintaining social and cooperative relationships . Yet an animal s social time is constrained which may limit its access to a large number of partners . Dunbar 1993 | Polyadic grooming PG is hypothesized to promote efficient access to many partners. Territorial wild chimpanzees engaged more in PG than nonterritorial wild bonobos. PG increased the efficiency of access to partners in bonobos but not in chimpanzees. Both chimpanzees and bonobos primarily used PG with frequent grooming partners. Between group competition may promote polyadic forms of affiliations. |
S0003347220302657 | Conspicuous colours in animals are usually explained by mate attraction predator avoidance and prey attraction . Predators may lure prey by mimicking food or other resources . Alternatively some animals avoid predation by visually signalling unpalatability to predators . The evolution of a signal is affected by receiver processing mechanisms . Therefore variation in sensory systems may explain the evolution of colour polymorphism of conspicuous species . We aimed to investigate the role of receivers in the evolution and maintenance of colour conspicuousness and polymorphism in | We tested whether orb web spider colour morphs attract prey or deter predators. There was no difference in foraging success of models red yellow black none . Black models bore more attack marks than red and yellow models. Conspicuous coloration is possibly a warning signal in |
S0003347220302669 | In resource defence mating systems where males control nest sites complex interrelationships between nest characteristics and nest advertisement are likely to influence female mate choice . Surprisingly however we know little about the influence of such relationships on female mating decisions . In terrestrial breeding oviparous species one character likely to have a major influence on female nest site selection is nest moisture . In addition to influencing the susceptibility of eggs to desiccation nest moisture also stands to influence nest pH and offspring fitness as well as the hydration state of resident males and their potential to advertise . Together such interrelationships could strongly influence female mating decisions . The aim of this study was to use a long term field study combined with a multivariate approach to investigate the combined influence of nest moisture nest pH and male acoustic advertisement on female nest site selection in a wild population of red backed toadlets | We examined the influence of moisture pH and calling on female nest site selection. Females deposited more eggs in wetter and less acidic nests. Nest moisture and pH were positively related to the calling potential of males. Female mate choice is influenced by a complex interplay between nest traits. Nesting behaviour may be mechanistically intertwined with mate choice. |
S0003347220302670 | Vocalizations often contain both dynamic information related to short term fluctuations in the individual s emotional states and static information related to long term attributes such as age sex weight and body size which define an individual vocal signature . While both types of information may be of functional value to receivers dynamic information requires acoustic versatility while static information depends on acoustic stability . Here we investigated whether an individual vocal signature is present across the vocal repertoire of the bonobo | We investigated the coding of individual signature in a graded vocal repertoire. We compared the strength of individual vocal signature across the bonobo repertoire. Quantitative analysis revealed graded structure between most common call types. All call types investigated showed significant individual vocal signatures. The individual signature was stronger at one extreme of the vocal gradation. |
S0003347220302682 | Animals move in modes where movement patterns relate to specific behaviours . Despite much work on the movement of butterflies their behavioural modes are relatively unexplored . Here we analysed the behaviour of the model butterfly species the meadow brown | Behavioural modes of. vary with motivation and habitat. Optimal time foraging or mate searching was evaluated with a mathematical model. Behavioural modes impact movement rate predictions from movement models. |
S0003347220302694 | In environments where females mate multiply males should adjust their behaviour and physiology in response to the perceived level of sperm competition to maximize their fitness . Evidence of such plasticity has been found in several laboratory and field studies but little is known about the cues stimulating these responses in natural populations . One way in which males appear to assess sperm competition risk is through encounter rates with conspecific males . Such encounter rates may be driven by the spatial distribution of resources required by males which in turn affects local density . However explicit links between resource distribution male encounter rates and shifts in behaviour related to sperm competition have not been demonstrated . We found that when group size of | Perceived sperm competition risk alters male behaviour linked to sexual fitness. The cues driving plasticity in the wild have not been well explored. We show aggregation of food leads to increased intrasexual encounter rate. This in turn stimulates responses likely to affect sperm competition performance. Our data help explain how competitive male traits can be influenced in the wild. |
S0003347220302700 | The observable diversity of antipredator defences across organisms demonstrates predation s impact on trait evolution . The functions of many traits that are presumed to have an antipredator function have never been directly tested . The spiny orb weaving spider | We tested whether. uses stridulation in antipredator defence. We quantified behavioural and acoustical properties of stridulation. We tested survival of silenced and control adult females in the laboratory field. Survival of silenced and control females did not differ. Stridulation may not serve an antipredator function in |
S0003347220302724 | The lateral line system of fishes is composed of neuromast mechanoreceptors that detect movement through vibration and changes in pressure gradients in the water . Although mechanosensory information has been shown to be important in the contexts of predator escape and foraging little is known about the role of the lateral line system during intraspecific interactions such as reproduction . However many species of fish demonstrate complex courtship and aggressive repertoires that involve movement of the body and fins resulting in local displacement of the surrounding water . This displacement has the potential to function as a signal that contains information about the sender . In this study we conducted two behavioural experiments using fathead minnows | The role of mechanosensory signals in fish communication is not well understood. Males without access to mechanosensory information won fewer contests. Females without access to mechanosensory signals showed reduced mate discrimination. Mechanosensory signals play an important role in social decision making in fish. |
S0003347220302736 | Acoustic communication mediates many types of social interactions however few studies have investigated whether courtship vocalizations contain distinctive individual signatures necessary for individual recognition . Male house mice | Unlike lab mice wild male mice rarely vocalized until presented with female odour. Upon sniffing female scent males called at a high rate and with a large repertoire. Male USVs showed high individual variation and most showed consistency over time. We found greater inter than intraindividual variation in USVs over 3 weeks. Male USVs contain individual signatures for many spectrotemporal features. |
S0003347220302748 | Social interactions can shape daily activity patterns and this is an area of growing research interest . The propensity for individuals to be active at certain times of day may structure interactions with competitors and potential mates influencing fitness outcomes . Aspects of daily activity such as timing of activity onset and offset exhibit within individual repeatability which raises the possibility that they may be subject to natural and sexual selection . This study used a biologging approach in free living Arctic ground squirrels | Arctic ground squirrels showed evidence of circadian chronotypes. Activity onset and offset differed by sex especially during mating and lactation. Activity onset reflected life history energetics rather than sexual selection. Repeatability estimates were affected by sampling frequency and design. |
S000334722030275X | Individuals sometimes exhibit striking constancy to a single behaviour even when they are capable of short term behavioural flexibility . Constancy enables animals to avoid costs such as memory constraints but can also inflict significant opportunity costs through behaviourenvironment mismatch . It is unclear when individuals should exhibit behavioural constancy and which types of costs most strongly influence such behaviour . We use a case in which individuals within a population exhibit more than one handling tactic for a single food type to investigate whether costs associated with switching among tactics constrain expression of intra individual variation . Using wild bumble bees | We examined factors influencing constancy of foraging tactics in bumble bees. Bees forage via floral openings legitimate or via holes at the flower base rob . Bee foraging was highly constant feeding legitimately or robbing nectar. Bees readily switched tactics and there was no cost to switching. |
S0003347220302761 | Negative patterning discrimination is considered a nonelemental form of learning and has been extensively investigated across taxa . Several insect species have also been examined with this task but only honey bees | Free flying bumble bees demonstrate a nonelemental form of learning. Bumble bees can solve colour visual pattern and visual olfactory negative patterning. Bees show interindividual differences in the bimodal negative patterning task. |
S0003347220302773 | Paleontologists and biologists generally utilize different lines of evidence and approaches to study conceptualize and categorize animal behaviour which has led to a divide between the two disciplines and lack of integration of their data . Numerous filters impact the preservation of behaviour in the fossil record . Here we utilize 13 broad categories of behaviour representing the range of modern studies of animal behaviour and assess how they are represented in the fossil record . The data summarized in an existing compilation of fossil behaviours is used to estimate the relative occurrence of each category . We also examine the taxonomic coverage of fossil animal behaviour using the same source . We found that feeding and habitat selection related behaviours were disproportionately represented . Examples of other behavioural categories especially social ones such as mating communication or parenting were considerably rarer whereas personality or play were not represented at all . Arthropods tended to be most well represented including insects in amber followed by vertebrates . Taxonomic coverage was overall fairly diverse . A broader literature search was used to identify the oldest paleontological evidence of each behavioural category . We found that most categories probably appeared by the end of the Cambrian radiation . Finally we suggest that the preservation of behaviour in fossils can be estimated from first principles such as the amount of time animals engage in a behaviour or which behaviours impact a substrate . Reconstructing the evolution of behaviour in deep time requires understanding how the fossil record captures behavioural information . We strongly encourage paleontologists and biologists studying behaviour to work together to help complete our understanding of animal behaviour across the entirety of its evolutionary history . | The fossil record of behaviour in deep time richly complements the modern. A diversity of behaviours is represented in the paleontological literature. Surveying this record can reveal how behaviours originated and evolved over time. Understanding how behavioural evidence preserves is important for this goal. |
S0003347220302785 | Social communication systems are predominantly multimodal and can combine modulatory and information bearing signals . The honey bee waggle dance one of the most elaborate forms of social communication in animals activates nestmates to search for food and communicates symbolic information about the location of the food source . Previous studies on the dance behaviour in diverse honey bee species demonstrated distinct differences in the concurrence of visual auditory olfactory and tactile signals produced by the dancer . We studied the behaviour of dance signal receivers the dance followers to explore the potential significance of different signals in the communication process . In particular we asked whether the behaviour of dance followers differs between the three major Asian honey bee species | Honey bee species differ in the set of signals produced in the waggle dance. Dance followers candidate signal recipients were observed in three Asian species. Follower behaviour throughout the waggle dance was highly similar across species. Most followers oriented lateral to the dancer with a mean body angle of 90. The spatial information transfer mechanism is probably conserved across species. |
S0003347220302876 | Animals compete in contests over limited resources and contestants with greater fighting ability or resource holding potential typically win contests . Contest strategies have evolved to balance contest costs with the benefit of winning resources . Sometimes contestants decide to leave by estimating their opponent s relative RHP . This strategy is cost effective because it allows weaker opponents to leave contests against formidable opponents before accruing higher costs . However acquiring reliable information can be costly . Here we showed that in snapping shrimp | Snapping shrimp switched from mutual assessment to cumulative assessment. Snapping shrimp assessed their opponent s recent contest success. Winner effects facilitated early and accurate contest decisions. |
S0003347220302888 | Intra and intersexual selection drives the evolution of secondary sexual traits leading to increased body size trait size and generally increased reproductive success in bearers with the largest most attractive traits . Evolutionary change through natural selection is often thought of primarily in terms of genetic changes through mutations and adaptive selection . However this view ignores the role of the plasticity in phenotypes and behaviour and its impact on accelerating or decelerating the expression of sexually selected traits . Here we argue that sudden changes in selection pressures may cause a cascade of behavioural responses leading to a rapid change in the size of such traits . We propose that selective removal of individuals with the most prominent traits induces behavioural changes in the surviving males leading to a reduction in the growth of these traits . To test this idea we used an individual based simulation parametrized with empirical data of male bighorn sheep | We examined trade offs between somatic growth and reproductive success. We propose a nongenetic mechanism for rapid decline in sexually selected traits. We model impacts of selective harvest on horn size in male bighorn sheep. Average male horn length declined rapidly following selective removal of prime males. Smaller males diverted energy from growth to mating in the absence of prime males. |
S000334722030289X | Resource value assessment in which competitors adjust behaviours according to the perceived value of a contested resource is well described in animal contests . Such assessment is usually assumed to be categorical or linear for example males fight more aggressively when females are present than absent or as female fecundity increases . Here to our knowledge for the first time we show quadratic resource value assessment in which resource value is highest at a certain level and decreases in either direction . The mantis shrimp | Mantis shrimp inhabit protective coral rubble burrows in a size assortative manner. Intruders without burrows won fights over burrows smaller than the predicted ideal size. Intruders won by delivering more high force strikes and by being aggressive first. Burrow residents showed no evidence of burrow size assessment. The quadratic resource value assessment we describe may inform other systems. |
S0003347220302906 | Niche partitioning among different age breeding status or sex classes allows resource use to be maximized while reducing intraspecific competition . Individual specialization marks the finest scale of niche partitioning where within a species individuals differ in their realized niches . Despite having important implications in ecology evolution and conservation studies simultaneously addressing the occurrence of both phenomena are scarce . We studied niche partitioning and individual specialization in foraging behaviour in relation to age breeding status and sex using breeding nonbreeding adult and immature Scopoli s shearwaters | Immature long lived seabirds at 36 years old can be as specialized as adults. Males have more individually specialized foraging movements than females. A greater isotopic variability in males suggests they consume more discards. Human derived resources can drive sexual differences in foraging strategy. |
S0003347220302918 | Consistent interindividual differences in behaviour can influence a range of ecological and evolutionary processes including predation . Variation between individual predators in commonly measured personality traits such as boldness and activity has previously been linked to encounter rates with their prey . Given the strong selection on predators to respond to prey individual predators may also vary consistently in their response to prey in a manner that is specific to the context of predation . By studying wild piscivorous fish pike cichlids | We studied individual variation in the behaviour of wild pike cichlid predators. Predators were repeatedly presented with prey stimuli and no prey controls. Individual predators differed consistently in the time spent near prey. Variation in the response to prey was not explained by behaviour without prey. Typical personality traits fail to predict the risk posed by individual predators. |
S000334722030292X | Like birds and many other animals bats produce diverse acoustic calls for social communication . Geographical variation in social acoustic signals and perceptual discrimination abilities are well studied in birds but largely unexplored in bats . In this study we recorded male territorial calls of the great Himalayan leaf nosed bat | We examined geographical variation in male Himalayan leaf nosed bat calls. Male calls showed significant geographical variation across colonies. Neither ecological nor morphological factors nor drift explained the call variation. Males can discriminate between calls of their own colony and those of a foreign colony. |
S0003347220302931 | Animals often exhibit extensive flexibility in movement behaviours on a range of temporal and spatial scales in response to cues that reliably predict fitness outcomes . The annual timing of movements between distinct habitats can be crucial particularly in seasonal environments with narrow ecological windows of opportunity . In polygamous species sexual selection may further shape sex specific phenology and movement behaviours . Here we characterized seasonal daily and diel movement patterns in adult brown trout | Brown trout males move from feeding lakes to spawning streams before females. While length of activity period is similar males conduct more frequent movements. Transitional movements of both sexes are primarily nocturnal. Movement probability increases as river height increases and the moon wanes. |
S0003347220302943 | The sexes may have different optima in cognitive traits due to differences in life history strategies and the expense of investing in metabolically costly brain tissue . However given genetic correlations each sex could be constrained from reaching its cognitive optimum due to intralocus sexual conflict . We compared learning performance of two male alternative reproductive tactics and females from known genotypes in the livebearing fish | Swordtail fish showed tactical and sexual dimorphism in learning performance. There was no evidence for a genetic correlation across the sexes for learning. This suggests no intralocus sexual conflict on investment in cognition. Maternal effects on the slower learning tactic may mitigate genetic correlation. Our results support the presence of direct selection on female cognitive traits. |
S0003347220302955 | Bird nests often consist of stronger materials to maintain nest structure and a softer layer of lining materials to reduce heat loss . We studied whether early learning affected the use of nest materials by cross fostering between two tit species with similar breeding ecology the blue tit | Many more feathers and hairs are found in blue tit than in great tit control nests. We cross fostered blue tits and great tits. Use of nest material does not seem to be affected by early social learning. Females raised by the other species use fewer feathers than controls. |
S0003347220302967 | Environmental changes caused by urbanization and noise pollution can have profound effects on acoustic communication . Many organisms use higher sound frequencies in urban environments with low frequency noise but the developmental and evolutionary mechanisms underlying these shifts are generally unknown . We used a common garden experiment to ask whether changes in minimum song frequency observed 30 years after a songbird colonized an urban environment are a consequence of behavioural flexibility . We captured male juvenile dark eyed juncos | Animals in urban environments often produce higher frequency sounds. Frequency differences of urban and rural birds persisted in a quiet common garden. Higher minimum frequencies of urban birds are not a plastic response to noise. Genetic evolution and or early life experiences appear to cause this difference. Urban environments may rapidly generate permanent shifts in song frequencies. |
S0003347220303006 | Bees efficiently learn asocial and social cues to optimize foraging from fluctuating floral resources . However it remains unclear how bees respond to divergent sources of social information and whether such social cues might modify bees natural preferences for nonsocial cues hence affecting foraging decisions . Here we investigated honey bees | Honey bees colour preferences are influenced by conspecifics and heterospecifics. Honey bees colour preferences are overridden by conspecific social information. Honey bees discriminate conspecific from bumble bees when making foraging decisions. Conspecific social information is prioritized in a foraging context. |
S0003347220303018 | Environmental context is a crucial factor that influences sexual communication systems . Particularly in ectotherms which can not metabolically regulate their body temperature temperature has an outsized effect on these intraspecific interactions . Using the desert dwelling jumping spider | Temperature affected vibratory not visual courtship in a desert jumping spider. Male mass and visual not vibratory courtship impacted female mate choice. Females preferred shorter visual displays but only at high temperatures. Reductive approaches examining sexual signals cannot explain mate choice patterns. |
S000334722030302X | The reciprocal pilferage hypothesis argues that despite the occurrence of pilferage scatter hoarding behaviour could evolve if cache loss is compensated by gains pilfered from others . However this model has not been strictly tested because of the difficulty associated with tracking caches including ownership over long periods . Using infrared radiation cameras we tracked caching of | Individual cache animal links were established for 14 pairs of. Competition first appeared at food sources followed by competition for caches. Cache loss was compensated by harvesting from food sources and pilfering from others. Cache loss from pilferage could be offset by gains pilfered from competitors. Empirical evidence of the reciprocal pilferage hypothesis was provided. |
S0003347220303043 | Cryptic interactions among individuals in animal societies can be challenging to detect due to their rarity or their covert nature but they can have important fitness consequences for the individuals involved . Using radiofrequency identification technology we examined the pattern and function of visits to the nests of conspecifics in western bluebirds | We documented visits made by songbirds to the nests of conspecifics. Some visits made by males were consistent with seeking extrapair copulations. Some visits were consistent with prospecting for future nest sites or mates. Males biased visits towards kin even outside of a helping context. Extraterritorial visits likely have multiple functions. |
S0003347220303055 | Various avian species give mobbing calls that draw conspecific and heterospecific individuals to react against the potential predator . According to the attract the mightier hypothesis when predators appear prey will produce mobbing calls to attract superior predators to repel or kill the primary predator . To test this hypothesis we broadcast calls from light vented bulbuls | Attract the mightier is an unproved functional hypothesis for mobbing behaviour. We conducted a playback experiment to test the attract the mightier hypothesis. Mobbing calls from prey to primary predators attracted superior predators. Raptors might use the information contained in mobbing calls for hunting. |
S0003347220303067 | Rapid colour change is widespread in animals and allows them to respond dynamically to the physical and social environment . However few studies have examined the information conveyed by dynamic colour signals in different social contexts such as courtship and rivalry contests . Furthermore dynamic colour change on different body regions may be subject to different selection pressures and therefore serve different functions . We tested whether male colour or colour change predicts contest outcome in malemale interactions or the likelihood of copulation attempts in malefemale interactions in the central bearded dragon | Male bearded dragon lizards change colour during interactions with other lizards. Winners had darker beards and their beard changed more than those of losers. Residency was the strongest predictor of contest outcome. Neither colour nor the extent of colour change predicted copulation attempts. |
S0003347220303079 | The importance of vision reliant defensive traits in mimicry studies is well established but their effectiveness is limited by visibility . In low light conditions for instance acoustic or tactile channels may be more effective . The juvenile and adult stages of the nocturnal hunting | spiders stridulate when harassed similar to well defended mutillid wasps. spiders and geckoes either do not attack or drop. and wasps. and wasp stridulations are similar. spiders are Batesian acoustic mimics of sympatric mutillid wasps. |
S0003347220303080 | Many species of insects have sex specific and species specific cuticular lipid profiles that help regulate mate recognition and courtship behaviour . However in adult butterflies little is known about cuticular hydrocarbons the main component of the lipid profile and their function in mating . Here we investigated whether | males use cuticular hydrocarbons CHCs for mate discrimination. The CHCs of males and heterospecific females suppress male copulation attempts. Certain cuticular alkenes serve as behavioural inhibitors of male copulation. |
S0003347220303092 | Prey detection and selection by birds can be influenced by prey coloration . Whereas certain colours can indicate to predators the unpalatability of prey other colours can render prey cryptic against the background . However there are discrepancies in the response of birds to prey coloration reported in different studies . Such discrepancies can be the result of geographical or temporal differences between studies if birds in different regions respond differently to coloration or if responses vary seasonally due to changes in bird composition . Experimental studies aiming to understand bird responses to prey colour should consider the effect of geographical variation while accounting for seasonal as well as interannual variability . We investigated the effects of colour on attack rates by exposing plasticine caterpillars of different colours to bird communities in 13 Mediterranean forests in central Spain for a period from 17 weeks to 7 months . Overall yellow and green dummy caterpillars suffered the lowest attack rates . We also observed a bimodal pattern of bird attack rates through time with highest predation occurring in late winter and summer . Low attack rates on yellow dummies are probably a consequence of aposematism while low attack rates on green dummies probably resulted from crypsis . Rapid decreases in attack rates over time are probably a result of avoidance learning whereas the increase in attacks in summer could be explained by the increase in fledglings and migrant birds . | Yellow dummy caterpillars received fewer bird attacks probably due to aposematism. Green caterpillars received fewer bird attacks probably due to reduced detectability. Birds predominantly attacked caterpillars with dark colours. The effect of dummy prey colour on bird predation was consistent across sites. Predation rate varied over time with maximum rates in the warmest months. |
S0003347220303109 | Complex systems exhibit emergent behaviours as a result of the interactions of their components . These components often vary in several traits . Such variation may improve system performance by increasing its efficiency or its robustness to environmental change . These two outcomes efficiency and robustness are often thought to be in opposition . Therefore variation may be beneficial only under certain environmental conditions . Here we aim to understand why variation evolved in a particular system bumble bee | The function of assumed adaptive size variation in bumble bees is unclear. We created colonies with different size variation in stable and unstable conditions. Variation did not affect colony performance conditions affected worker physiology. Lipid storage increased under unstable conditions particularly in smaller workers. Variation may be a neutral trait of a system not under positive selection. |
S0003347220303195 | Varying forms of polygyny are observed across many animal groups . In some species a male defends a group of females from other males and successful defence leads to greater reproductive success . This is often referred to as harem polygyny and is most observed in mammals . A female biased sex ratio has been associated with harem polygynous species . In such populations formation of harems may be an inevitable consequence of the relative lack of available males rather than multiple females actively choosing to mate with a subset of specific males . Although a rare mating system for insects harem polygyny has been described in several orders including tree wt Orthoptera Anostostomatidae | Tree wt aggregations in roosts vary depending on sex ratio and population density. Males with larger heads are associated with more females. Males avoid roosting with other males unless females are present in the roosts also. |
S0005789419300450 | Despite the incidence of trauma in the histories of people with Hoarding Disorder reexperiencing symptoms namely intrusive images have not been investigated in the condition . To address this 27 individuals who met DSM 5 criteria for HD and 28 community controls were interviewed about their everyday experiences of intrusive imagery and the unexpected images they experience when discarding high and low value possessions . Compared to CCs everyday images described by the HD group were more frequent had a greater negative valence and were associated with greater interference in everyday life and attempts to avoid the imagery . With regard to discard related imagery a MANOVA followed up with mixed ANOVAs showed that HD participants reported more negative experiences of intrusive imagery in comparison with CCs during recent episodes of discarding objects of low subjective value . However HD and CC participants both experienced positive imagery when discarding high value objects . CC participants reported greater avoidance of imagery in the high value object condition but imagery avoidance did not change between conditions for HD participants . The findings are discussed particularly in relation to the potential of imagery based interventions for HD . | This is the first study to investigate intrusive imagery in Hoarding Disorder. Hoarding individuals report intrusive imagery that impedes discarding. Imagery based interventions may prove useful for treating Hoarding Disorder. |
S0005789419300462 | Sleep problems are common in school age children and linked to numerous negative outcomes . Sleep disturbances are particularly common in children with mental health disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder depression and anxiety . Despite frequent use of nonpharmacological pediatric sleep interventions to treat common sleep problems there is a paucity of research on whether these interventions are effective . Further it is unclear whether by targeting sleep these interventions lead to broader improvements in the domains of functioning that are commonly affected by poor sleep . The present review includes 20 studies that evaluated nonpharmacological sleep treatments for school aged youth including 5 studies specifically focused on youth with externalizing or internalizing problems . Multimodal approaches consisting of psychoeducation and sleep hygiene in combination with other components were effective at treating insomnia and general sleep problems in typically developing samples . The addition of behavioral parent training to sleep interventions was effective for youth with externalizing problems whereas incorporating cognitive strategies into sleep interventions for youth with internalizing problems was found to be ineffective . A variety of secondary outcomes were examined with the strongest support emerging for improvement in anxiety and behavioral problems . Implications for clinical practice and future research directions are discussed . | Psychosocial pediatric sleep treatments improves some sleep parameters. Psychosocial sleep treatments less beneficial for youth with internalizing problems. Sleep interventions reduce externalizing but not internalizing problems in youth |
S0005789419300474 | Loneliness has been described as a common source of discomfort based on a subjective discrepancy between the actual and desired social situation . For some people this feeling may become a sustained state that is associated with a wide range of psychiatric and psychosocial problems . While there are few existing treatment protocols interventions based on cognitive behavioral therapy have shown positive effects . The current study investigated the efficacy of an 8 week internet based treatment containing CBT components aimed at reducing feelings of loneliness . Seventy three participants were recruited from the general public and randomly allocated to treatment or a wait list control condition . Participants were assessed with standardized self report measures of loneliness depression social anxiety worry and quality of life at pretreatment and posttreatment . Robust linear regression analysis of all randomized participants showed significant treatment effects on the primary outcome measure of loneliness between group Cohens | Loneliness is a transdiagnostic problem linked to several adverse consequences. Internet delivered psychological treatment has not been tested for loneliness. This pilot randomized controlled trial showed of reduction of loneliness. |
S0005789419300486 | Cognitive behavioral therapy is an efficacious treatment for child anxiety disorders but 40 50 of youth do not respond fully to treatment and time commitments for standard CBT can be prohibitive for some families and lead to long waiting lists for trained CBT therapists in the community . SmartCAT 2.0 is an adjunctive mobile health program designed to improve and shorten CBT treatment for anxiety disorders in youth by providing them with the opportunity to practice CBT skills outside of session using an interactive and gamified interface . It consists of an app and an integrated clinician portal connected to the app for secure 2 way communication with the therapist . The goal of the present study was to evaluate SmartCAT 2.0 in an open trial to establish usability feasibility acceptability and preliminary efficacy of brief CBT combined with SmartCAT . We also explored changes in CBT skills targeted by the app . Participants were 34 youth who met DSM 5 criteria for generalized separation and or social anxiety disorder . Results demonstrated strong feasibility and usability of the app portal and high satisfaction with the intervention . Youth used the app an average of 12 times between each therapy session | mHealth SmartCAT app was used in conjunction with brief CBT for child anxiety. App and portal demonstrated strong feasibility usability and acceptability. Brief CBT app associated with high rates of recovery and improved CBT skills |
S0005789419300498 | Evidence based treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder often produce significant symptom reduction within eight sessions . However some patients take longer to respond and a better understanding of predictors of later response can help guide treatment . In the current study the cohort consisted of all VA patients with a PTSD diagnosis who received at least eight sessions of documented evidence based treatment within a 6 month period in FY16 FY17 and had at least two PTSD symptom assessments . We examined the proportion of patients who achieved meaningful change both within the first eight sessions and subsequently . Fourteen percent of patients achieved meaningful change within eight sessions and 10 subsequently . Symptom change within the first eight sessions was highly predictive of subsequent change . Those who experienced at least 20 symptom reduction by session eight were twice as likely to subsequently achieve meaningful change as compared with all patients who continued treatment . Patients receiving service connected disability compensation were less likely and White patients more likely to achieve meaningful change . Without some degree of symptom reduction by session eight patients are unlikely to achieve meaningful change if treatment is not enhanced or changed . | We investigated prevalence and predictors of meaningful PTSD change in VA care. 14 of veterans achieved meaningful change within 8 sessions and 10 subsequently. Those without some symptom reduction by session 8 are at high risk for nonresponse |
S0005789419300619 | Severe irritability is a common and clinically important problem longitudinally associated with internalizing and externalizing problems in children . To better understand these mechanisms and to inform treatment research we tested cognitive behavioral processes as candidate mediators in the paths from irritability to later problems . Methods A school sample | This three wave longitudinal study explored mechanisms of irritability in children. Irritability predicted multiple internalizing and externalizing problems over 6 and 12 months. Irritability was linked to intolerance of uncertainty emotion coping and rumination. Difficulties with emotions and uncertainty mediated paths from irritability to later problems. Treatment should consider childrens management of uncertainty and unpleasant emotions. |
S0005789419300620 | Severe chronic irritability is one of the most frequently reported problems in youth referred for psychiatric care . Irritability predicts adult depressive and anxiety disorders and long term impairment . Reflecting this pressing public health need severe chronic and impairing irritability is now codified by the DSM 5 diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder . Since DMDD has only recently been added as its own nosological class efficacious treatments that specifically target severe irritability as it presents in DMDD are still being developed . In a recent pilot study we described the general concept of exposure based cognitive behavioral therapy for irritability . This mechanism driven treatment is based on our pathophysiological model of irritability that postulates two underlying mechanisms which potentiate each other heightened reactivity to frustrative nonreward and aberrant approach responses to threat . In this case report we describe and illustrate the specific therapeutic techniques used to address severe irritability in an 11 year old boy with a primary diagnosis of DMDD . Specific techniques within this CBT include motivational interviewing to build commitment and target oppositionality creation of an anger hierarchy in session controlled gradual exposure and parent training focusing on contingency management to counteract the instrumental learning deficits in irritable youth . Parents learn to tolerate their own emotional responses to their youths irritability and increase their adaptive contingencies for their youths behavior . Future directions in the context of this CBT such as leveraging technology computational modeling and pathophysiological targets are discussed . | Exposure based cognitive behavioral therapy as treatment for severe irritability. Parent management training as important treatment module for severe irritability. Clinically rich example of a case with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. Discussion of future directions and research pursuits |
S0005789419300632 | The Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale is an observer rated measure of cognitive behavioral therapy treatment fidelity . Although widely used the factor structure and psychometric properties of the CTRS are not well established . Evaluating the factorial validity of the CTRS may increase its utility for training and fidelity monitoring in clinical practice and research . The current study used multilevel exploratory factor analysis to examine the factor structure of the CTRS in a large sample of therapists | The multilevel factor structure of the Cognitive Therapy Rating Scale was evaluated. Three distinct and interpretable within therapist factors were found. A single between therapist factor was found |
S0005789419300644 | Computerized interpretation bias modification programs show promise for the treatment of anxiety disorders though they have rarely been compared to active treatments . The goal of the present study was to compare the efficacy of IBM to progressive muscle relaxation for the treatment of social anxiety disorder . Sixty four participants with SAD were recruited from across the United States and randomly assigned to 8 internet delivered twice weekly sessions of IBM or PMR . Participants were administered assessments of primary symptom outcomes and interpersonal suicide risk factors at posttreatment and 3 month follow up . IBM led to significantly lower negative interpretation bias than PMR at posttreatment but not follow up . Both conditions experienced comparable reductions in social anxiety from pretreatment to follow up IBM | We compared interpretation bias modification to progressive muscle relaxation for social anxiety. Both treatments were delivered online and had very low attrition. Both treatments were associated with substantial equivalent improvements in social anxiety |
S0005789419300656 | Evidence from analogue samples suggests that deficits in emotional functioning namely elevated emotional reactivity and distress intolerance are implicated in the development and maintenance of hoarding disorder . We aimed to extend previous research in this area by investigating emotional reactivity and distress intolerance in a sample of individuals diagnosed with hoarding disorder | Trait distress intolerance independently predicted greater hoarding severity. Trait distress intolerance shared a small moderate relationship with task persistence. Hoarding and clinical groups self reported poorer trait emotional functioning. Groups did not differ on task induced subjective or physiological reactivity. The hoarding group self reported more distress prior to task initiation |
S0005789419300668 | Rumination is thought to play a central role in affective disorders such as social anxiety disorder . Past research indicates that rumination tends to exacerbate negative emotions and increase the risk of engaging in maladaptive coping behaviors . However little is known on how to effectively protect against the negative outcomes of rumination . Previously Zaki Coifman Rafaeli Berenson and Downey found that negative emotion differentiation protected against rumination and nonsuicidal self injury in borderline personality disorder . Nevertheless it is unclear whether this protective effect would extend to other populations and behaviors . Therefore the present investigation sought to replicate and extend Zaki et al.s findings in the context of SAD . In two studies we examined if NED would moderate the positive association between rumination and frequency of social avoidance . Study 1 involved 29 individuals who met criteria for SAD with or without co occurring major depressive episode while Study 2 involved a nonclinical sample of 190 college students . All participants completed a measure of rumination and an experience sampling diary which provided indices of NED and social avoidance . The results from both studies were unanimous NED significantly moderated the relationship between rumination and social avoidance such that the positive association between rumination and social avoidance was significant for low but not moderate to high NED . Overall the findings provide a conceptual replication of Zaki et al . and further evidence for the protective effects of NED against the maladaptive behavioral consequences of rumination across populations . | Rumination predicts social avoidance in social anxiety. Across two samples we tested if emotion differentiation moderates this link. The rumination avoidance link is not significant under high emotion differentiation. Emotion differentiation may protect against behavioral dysregulation |
S000578941930067X | Anxiety and insomnia disorders are two of the most common and costly mental health conditions . They are frequently comorbid but current treatments do not target both . To streamline treatment we developed a computerized intervention targeting a transdiagnostic factor safety aids . We conducted a randomized controlled trial to determine the acceptability and efficacy of this brief one session intervention . Young adult undergraduates | A new computerized transdiagnostic treatment for insomnia and anxiety was tested. Treatment reduced safety aids strategies used to manage distress. Reductions in safety aids were associated with reductions in anxiety and insomnia |
S0005789419300681 | Hope is a trait that represents the capacity to identify strategies or pathways to achieve goals and the motivation or agency to effectively pursue those pathways . Hope has been demonstrated to be a robust source of resilience to anxiety and stress and there is limited evidence that as has been suggested for decades hope may function as a core process or transdiagnostic mechanism of change in psychotherapy . The current study examined the role of hope in predicting recovery in a clinical trial in which 223 individuals with 1 of 4 anxiety disorders were randomized to transdiagnostic cognitive behavior therapy disorder specific CBT or a waitlist controlled condition . Effect size results indicated moderate to large intraindividual increases in hope that changes in hope were consistent across the five CBT treatment protocols that changes in hope were significantly greater in CBT relative to waitlist and that changes in hope began early in treatment . Results of growth curve analyses indicated that CBT was a robust predictor of trajectories of change in hope compared to waitlist and that changes in hope predicted changes in both self reported and clinician rated anxiety . Finally a statistically significant indirect effect was found indicating that the effects of treatment on changes in anxiety were mediated by treatment effects on hope . Together these results suggest that hope may be a promising transdiagnostic mechanism of change that is relevant across anxiety disorders and treatment protocols . | Hope is cognitive trait that predicts resilience and recovery from anxiety disorders. This study examined hope as a transdiagnostic mechanism of change in CBT. Transdiagnostic and four disorder specific CBTs all produced large increases in hope. Intraindividual changes in hope were robust predictors of symptom trajectories. Hope is a promising transdiagnostic mechanism of change across disorders and protocols |
S0005789419300693 | Although the experience of disgust is commonly endorsed among women with eating disorders it remains unclear how to best model this emotion in relation to disordered eating . The present study sought to identify potential disgust conditioning abnormalities that may underlie the development of eating disorder symptoms . Individuals high and low in eating disorder symptoms HED | Examined disgust conditioning in high HED and low LED eating disorder groups. CS. None. and CS did not vary as a function of conditioning for the LED group. HED group characterized by stronger conditioning than the LED group. Disgust acquisition in the HED group was greater than fear acquisition. Acquisition of disgust associated with calorie consumption over a 24 hour period. |
S000578941930070X | There is a major public health need for innovative and efficacious behavioral and cognitive interventions for smoking cessation . This randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of an acceptance and commitment therapy smartphone application in augmenting ACT group treatment for smoking cessation . One hundred fifty adults smoking 10 or more cigarettes per day were randomly assigned to 6 weekly group sessions of behavioral support ACT or ACT combined with the smartphone application . Access to the app was provided from the start of the in person treatment until the 6 month follow up assessment . Participants were encouraged to make their quit attempts after the third session and the posttreatment assessment occurred 3 weeks later . Measures of smoking status and ACT processes were obtained at baseline posttreatment and 6 month follow up . Biochemically verified quit rates in the combined ACT and behavioral support groups were 36 | There is a need for innovative and efficacious smoking cessation interventions. This trial compared behavioral support ACT and ACT combined with smartphone app. The combined intervention promoted smoking reduction at posttreatment. Acceptance and awareness improved in the combined group at posttreatment. The three groups displayed comparable smoking cessation outcomes. |
S0005789419300747 | People often overestimate the intensity and duration of their future emotions referred to as an impact bias . Impact biases have been documented in predictions people make about their own emotions as well as the others emotions i.e . | Study examined relations between social anxiety and affective empathic forecasts. Social anxiety was related to negative but not positive empathic forecasts. Social anxiety was related to affective forecasts of shame and guilt. Negative affective and empathic forecasts were significantly correlated. Hypothesized effects were not moderated by participant age or gender. |
S0005789419300760 | Affective styles appear to be relevant to the development of psychopathology especially anxiety disorders . The aim of the current study was to investigate changes in affective styles in patients with panic disorder and specific phobia as a result of undergoing cognitive behavioral therapy and to identify a possible link between certain affective styles and remission . The sample consisted of outpatients | CBT is associated with positive changes in affective styles. Adjusting and tolerating significantly increased after therapy. Concealing did not decrease significantly. Higher scores on adjusting significantly predicted remission after therapy. Increased adjusting was significantly associated with the reduction of symptoms. |
S0005789419300772 | Affective traits including irritability and limited prosocial emotions callous unemotional traits each explain significant variance in youth conduct problems but few studies have examined these constructs simultaneously . This study examined whether irritability LPE CU or their combination explained significant variance in measures of internalizing or externalizing psychopathology aggression peer problems impairment or parenting . Participants were 219 elementary school age children including 178 with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder oppositional defiant disorder and or conduct disorder and 41 typically developing children . Results of analyses showed that irritability and LPE CU had significant and sometimes unique associations with measures of child behavior impairment and parenting . There was also evidence that the interaction between irritability and LPE CU was significantly associated with aggression and impairment . These findings suggest that irritability and LPE CU should be examined together when assessing and treating conduct problems in youth . | Irritability and LPE CU are less correlated with each other than with defiance. Irritability was correlated with anxiety and affect problems but LPE CU was not. LPE CU was correlated with low positive parent involvement but irritability was not. Irritability and LPE CU interact to explain impairment and proactive aggression. |
S0005789419300784 | Both negative posttraumatic cognitions and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms decrease over the course of cognitive behavior therapy for PTSD however further research is needed to determine whether cognitive change precedes and predicts symptom change . The present study examined whether weekly changes in blame predicted subsequent changes in PTSD symptoms over the course of cognitive processing therapy . Participants consisted of 321 active duty U.S. Army soldiers with PTSD who received CPT in one of two clinical trials . Symptoms of PTSD and blame were assessed at baseline and weekly throughout treatment . Bivariate latent difference score modeling was used to examine temporal sequential dependencies between the constructs . Results indicated that changes in self blame and PTSD symptoms were dynamically linked When examining cross construct predictors changes in PTSD symptoms were predicted by prior changes in self blame but changes in self blame were also predicted by both prior levels of and prior changes in PTSD . Changes in other blame were predicted by prior levels of PTSD but changes in other blame did not predict changes in PTSD symptoms . Findings highlight the dynamic relationship between self blame and PTSD symptoms during treatment in this active military sample . | Posttraumatic stress symptoms and self blame reduced over the course of treatment. Changes in posttraumatic stress symptoms and self blame were dynamically linked. Changes in other blame did not predict changes in posttraumatic stress symptoms. |
S0005789419300796 | Irritability refers to a proneness for anger and is a symptom of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology . Since irritability is associated with significant cross sectional and longitudinal impairments research on the behavioral and neural correlates of pediatric irritability in populations at risk for significant irritability is of paramount importance . Irritability can be assessed in the laboratory using behavioral paradigms that elicit frustration . Few behavioral frustration paradigms have been designed to measure the effects of frustration on cognitive control . Therefore the goal of the present study was to validate a behavioral frustration paradigm for use in school age children which addressed some of the limitations of prior research . Participants included children ages 812 years who were either typically developing TD | Frustration GNG task elicits frustration and changes in cognitive control. Child rated irritability predicts changes in frustration on task over ADHD symptoms. Impact of frustration on cognitive control same for ADHD and TD children |
S0005789419300838 | Recent work has drawn attention to the previously underrecognized role that irritability plays in childhood psychopathology . Despite increased recognition of the clinical importance of pediatric irritability as a transdiagnostic symptom dimension there is a lack of evidence based treatments for this population that simultaneously and equitably addresses both child and contextual factors implicated in the development and maintenance of associated emotional and behavioral difficulties . In the current pilot study we adapted the | Retrospective chart review of transdiagnostic treatment for pediatric irritability. Parents of irritable youth find transdiagnostic treatment acceptable. Treatment shown to be feasible for clinicians and families. Data support initial efficacy of treatment in reducing pediatric irritability. |
S0005789419300954 | Irritability is a substrate of more than one dozen clinical syndromes . Thus identifying when it is atypical and interfering with functioning is crucial to the prevention of mental disorder in the earliest phase of the clinical sequence . Advances in developmentally based measurement of irritability have enabled differentiation of normative irritable mood and tantrums from indicators of concern beginning in infancy . However developmentally sensitive assessments of irritability related impairment are lacking . We introduce the Early Childhood Irritability Related Impairment Interview which assesses impairment associated with irritable mood and tantrums across contexts . Reliability and validity are established across two independent samples varied by developmental period the Emotional Growth preschool sample EmoGrow | We present the Early Childhood Irritability Related Impairment Interview E CRI . The E CRI is a developmentally sensitive irritability specified impairment interview. The E CRI was validated across the early childhood period in two independent samples. The E CRI exhibits strong explanatory power for clinical outcomes. |
S0005789419300966 | Body dysmorphic disorder has a severe presentation and chronic course when untreated . Although effective BDD treatments exist most individuals do not have access to them . We therefore developed and pilot tested the first smartphone delivered individual cognitive behavioral therapy treatment for adults with BDD . The digital service was developed via user centered design integrating input from engineering design and psychology experts plus BDD patient consultants . We conducted a 12 week open pilot trial | Developed and pilot tested the first smartphone delivered CBT service for BDD. A 12 week open trial suggests the app may be feasible acceptable and satisfactory. Severity and impairment reduced with large effects. Insight and quality of life improved with large effects. Smartphone based CBT for BDD shows promise as a low burden intervention |
S0005789419300978 | Our field has come a long way in establishing cognitive behavioral therapy as the empirically supported treatment of choice for a wide range of mental and behavioral health problems . Nevertheless most individuals with mental disorders do not receive any care at all and those who do often have difficulty accessing care that is consistently high in quality . Addressing these issues is complex and costly and thus progress has been slow . We are entering an exciting stage in which emerging technologies might offer novel solutions to the treatment gap . This paper discusses a number of technology enabled solutions to our fields challenges including Internet based and smartphone based cognitive behavioral therapy . Nevertheless we must remain attentive to potential pitfalls of these emerging technologies . The paper incorporates suggestions for how the field may approach these potential pitfalls and provides a vision for how we might develop powerful scalable precisely timed personalized interventions to enhance global mental health . | Most individuals with mental disorders receive no care and care is often inadequate. Emerging technology offers new solutions to lessen the treatment gap. Internet and smartphone based treatments can be highly effective and scalable. Pitfalls of technology based interventions must be carefully examined. |
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