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The Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX) is a radio telescope 5,100 meters above sea level, at the Llano de Chajnantor Observatory in the Atacama desert in northern Chile, 50 km east of San Pedro de Atacama built and operated by 3 European research institutes.
The main dish has a diameter of 12 m and consists of 264 aluminium panels with an average surface accuracy of 17 micrometres (rms).
The telescope was officially inaugurated on September 25, 2005.
The APEX telescope is a modified ALMA (Atacama Large Millimeter Array) prototype antenna and is at the site of the ALMA observatory.
APEX is designed to work at sub-millimetre wavelengths, in the 0.2 to 1.5 mm range — between infrared light and radio waves — and to find targets that ALMA will be able to study in greater detail.
Submillimetre astronomy provides a window into the cold, dusty and distant Universe, but the faint signals from space are heavily absorbed by water vapour in the Earth's atmosphere.
Chajnantor was chosen as the location for such a telescope because the region is one of the driest on the planet and is more than 750 m higher than the observatories on Mauna Kea and 2400 m higher than the Very Large Telescope (VLT) on Cerro Paranal.
APEX is a collaboration between the German Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (MPIfR) at 50%, the Swedish Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) at 23%, and the European Organisation for Astronomical Research in the Southern Hemisphere (ESO) at 27%.
The telescope was designed and constructed by the German firm VERTEX Antennentechnik GmbH, under contract by MPIfR.
The operation of APEX on Chajnantor is entrusted to ESO.
Submillimetre astronomy is a relatively unexplored frontier in astronomy and reveals a Universe that cannot be seen in the more familiar visible or infrared light.
It is ideal for studying the "cold Universe": light at these wavelengths shines from vast cold clouds in interstellar space, at temperatures only a few tens of degrees above absolute zero.
Astronomers use this light to study the chemical and physical conditions in these molecular clouds — the dense regions of gas and cosmic dust where new stars are being born.
Seen in visible light, these regions of the Universe are often dark and obscured due to the dust, but they shine brightly in the millimetre and submillimetre part of the spectrum.
This wavelength range is also ideal for studying some of the earliest and most distant galaxies in the Universe, whose light has been redshifted into these longer wavelengths.
APEX science goals include studying the formation of stars, planets, and galaxies, including very distant galaxies in the early Universe, and the physical conditions of molecular clouds.
Its first results proved the telescope lives up to the ambitions of the scientists by providing access to the "cold Universe" with unprecedented sensitivity and image quality.
No fewer than 26 articles based on early science with APEX were published in July 2006 in a special issue of the research journal "Astronomy and Astrophysics".
Among the many new findings published then, most in the field of star formation and astrochemistry, are the discovery of a new interstellar molecule and the detection of light emitted at 0.2 mm from CO molecules, as well as light coming from a charged molecule composed of two forms of hydrogen.
Recent APEX observations lead to the first ever discovery of hydrogen peroxide in space, the first image of a dusty disc closely encircling a massive baby star, providing direct evidence that massive stars form in the same way as their smaller brethren, and the first direct measurements of the size and brightness of regions of star-birth in a very distant galaxy.
APEX is also involved in the Global mm-VLBI Network and in the Event Horizon Telescope.
The detection in May 2012 of the quasar 3C 279 at 1.3 mm wavelength on the 9386 km baseline between APEX and the SMA in Hawaii has set the world-record in angular resolution: 28.6 micro-arcseconds
All ESO and Swedish APEX data are stored in the ESO archive.
These data follow the standard ESO archive rules, i.e., they become publicly available one year after they have been delivered to the principal investigator of the project.
APEX, the largest submillimetre-wavelength single-dish telescope operating in the southern hemisphere, has a suite of instruments for astronomers to use in their observations, a major one being LABOCA, the Large APEX Bolometer Camera.
LABOCA uses an array of extremely sensitive micro-calorimeters — known as bolometers — to detect submillimetre light.
With almost 300 elements, at the time of commissioning in 2007 LABOCA has been the largest bolometer camera in the world.
To be able to detect the tiny temperature changes caused by the faint submillimetre radiation, the bolometers are cooled to a fraction of a degree above absolute zero (300 millikelvins — minus 272.85 degrees Celsius).
LABOCA's high sensitivity, together with its wide field of view (11 arcminutes, one third of the diameter of the full Moon), make it an invaluable tool for imaging the submillimetre Universe.
APEX first light was achieved in May 2004 using the SEST Imaging Bolometer Array (SIMBA) that had been moved to APEX after the decommissioning of the SEST and the first radio pointing model was compiled.
At the time of the inauguration in 2005, APEX was equipped with state-of-the-art sub-millimetre spectrometers developed by MPIfR's Division for Sub-Millimetre Technology and followed by the first facility receiver built at Chalmers University (OSO).
For more information about APEX instruments, consult the instrumentation page.
To operate at the shorter sub-millimetre wavelengths, APEX presents a surface of exceedingly high quality.
After a series of high precision adjustments, the surface of the primary mirror can be adjusted with remarkable precision.
Over the 12 m diameter of the antenna, the rms deviation from the perfect parabola is less than 17 thousandths of a millimetre.
This is smaller than one fifth of the average thickness of a human hair.
The APEX telescope is made up of three "receiver" cabins: Cassegrain, Nasmyth A, and Nasmyth B.
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The Maxi Trial (Italian: Maxiprocesso) was a criminal trial against the Sicilian Mafia that took place in Palermo in Sicily.
It started on 10 February 1986 and lasted until 30 January 1992.
The trial was held in a bunker-courthouse specially constructed for this purpose inside the walls of the prison of Palermo.
Sicilian prosecutors indicted 475 mafiosi for a multitude of crimes relating to Mafia activities, based primarily on testimonies given as evidence from former Mafia bosses turned informants, known as "pentiti", in particular Tommaso Buscetta and Salvatore Contorno.
Most were convicted to life imprisonment and, to the surprise of many, the convictions were upheld in January 1992, after the final stage of appeal.
The importance of the trial was that the existence of Cosa Nostra was finally judicially confirmed.
It's considered to be the most important trial against Sicilian Mafia and the biggest trial ever held in the world.
The existence and crimes of the Mafia had been denied or merely downplayed by many people in authority for decades, despite proof of its criminal activities dating back to the 19th century.
This can be attributed in part to three particular methods used by the Mafia to provide an environment akin to near immunity—paying off key people, killing real or perceived leaks in their own organization, and threatening or even killing key people (judges, lawyers, witnesses, politicians) were used successfully to keep many prosecution efforts at bay.
In fact it was only in 1980 that it was first seriously suggested that being a member of the Mafia should be a specific criminal offence by Communist politician Pio La Torre.
The law only came into effect two years later—after La Torre had been gunned down for making that very suggestion.
During the early 1980s, the Second Mafia War had raged as Corleonesi boss Salvatore Riina devastated other Mafia Families, resulting in hundreds of murders, including several high-profile authority figures such as Carlo Alberto Dalla Chiesa, head of counter-terrorism who had arrested Red Brigades founders in 1974.
The increasing public revulsion at the killing spree gave the necessary momentum for magistrates like Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino to try to deliver a serious blow to the far-reaching criminal organization on the island.
The groundwork for the Maxi Trial was done at the preliminary investigative phase by Palermo's Antimafia Pool, created by judge Rocco Chinnici and consisting of Falcone, Borsellino, Giuseppe Di Lello and Leonardo Guarnotta.
After Chinnici's murder in July 1983, his successor Antonino Caponnetto headed the pool.
The Antimafia pool was a group of investigating magistrates who closely worked together sharing information on related cases to diffuse responsibility and to prevent one person from becoming the sole institutional memory and solitary target.
The Maxi trial took place next to the "Ucciardone", Palermo's massive nineteenth-century Bourbon prison, in a bunker specially designed and built to try the defendants.
It was a large octagonal building made from reinforced concrete that was able to withstand rocket attacks; inside there were cages built into the green walls holding the many defendants in large groups.
There were over six hundred members of the press as well as many "carabinieri" wielding machine guns and a 24-hour air defense system keeping an eye on the defendants and would-be attackers attempting to thwart the efforts.
Never before in the history of the Mafia had so many Mafiosi been on trial at the same time.
A total of 475 defendants were facing charges, although 119 of them were to be tried "in absentia" as they were fugitives and still on the run (Salvatore Riina was one of these absent defendants.)
Among the defendants were all major Mafia bosses, including Luciano Leggio, the head of the Corleonesi, who acted as his own lawyer; Michele Greco, the head of the Mafia Commission, who was arrested while the trial had already started; Giuseppe "Pippo" Calò and others.
After several years of investigating by the Antimafia pool, the trial began on 10 February 1986.
The presiding judge was Alfonso Giordano, flanked by two other judges who were 'alternates', should anything fatal happen to Giordano before the end of what was to be a lengthy trial.
The charges faced by the defendants included 120 murders, drug trafficking, extortion and, of course, the new law that made it an offence to be a member of the Mafia, the first time that law would be put to the test.
Judge Giordano won a lot of praise for remaining patient and fair during such a mammoth case with so many defendants.
Some of the defendants indulged in disruptive and rather alarming behaviour, such as one who literally stapled his mouth shut to signify his refusal to talk, another who feigned madness by frequently screaming and fighting with guards even when he was in a straitjacket and one who threatened to cut his own throat if a statement of his was not read out to the court.
Most of the crucial evidence came from Tommaso Buscetta, a Mafioso captured in 1982 in Brazil, where he had fled two years previously after escaping while on day release during a prison sentence for double-murder.
He had lost many relatives during the Mafia war, including two sons, as well as many Mafiosi allies such as Stefano Bontade and Salvatore Inzerillo, and so had decided to cooperate with the Sicilian magistrates.
The Corleonesi continued its vendetta against Buscetta by killing several more of his relatives.
Testifying against the Corleonesi was the only way he had left of avenging his murdered family and friends.
Some evidence was also presented posthumously from Leonardo Vitale.
Although Buscetta is widely regarded as the first of the pentiti (and was certainly the first to be taken seriously), back in 1973, 32-year-old Leonardo Vitale had turned himself in at a Palermo police station and confessed to being in the Mafia.
He said he had committed many crimes for them, including two murders.
He said he had been having a 'spiritual crisis' and felt remorse.
However, his information was largely ignored because his unusual behaviour, such as self mutilation as a form of personal penitence, led many to regard him as being mentally ill and his detailed confessions to be therefore unworthy of being taken seriously.
The only Mafiosi convicted by his testimony were Vitale himself and his Uncle.
Vitale was held in a mental asylum then released in June 1984; six months later he was shot dead.
There were many critics of the Maxi Trial.
Some implied that the defendants were being victimized as part of some sort of vendetta of the magistrates.
The Sicilian writer Leonardo Sciascia said that: "There is nothing better for getting ahead in the magistracy than taking part in Mafia trials."
Cardinal Pappalardo of the Catholic Church gave a controversial interview where he said that the Maxi Trial was "an oppressive show" and stated that abortion killed more people than the Mafia.
Other critics suggested that the word of informants—primarily Buscetta—was not the ideal way to judge other people, as even an informant who has truly repented is still a former criminal, liar and murderer and may still have a vested interest in modifying their testimony to suit their needs or even settle vendettas.
It was also said that such a huge trial with so many defendants was not making allowances for the individuals, an attempt to "deliver justice in bulk" as one journalist put it.
The information that Buscetta gave judges Falcone and Borsellino was highly important, and was termed 'The Buscetta Theorem', in that the believability of his claims of the existence of the Mafia was central to the case.
Buscetta gave a new understanding to how the Mafia functioned and how the clandestine groups of hierarchy in the Sicilian Cupola (the Sicilian Mafia Commission) actually agreed on policy and business.
For the first time the Mafia had been prosecuted as an entity rather than a collection of individual crimes.
The trial ended on 16 December 1987, almost two years after it commenced.
The verdicts were announced at 7:30 pm and took an hour to read through.
Of the 474 defendants—both those present and those tried "in absentia"—360 were convicted.
2,665 years of prison sentences were shared out between the guilty, not including the life sentences handed to the nineteen leading Mafia bosses and killers, including Michele Greco, Giuseppe Marchese and—"in absentia"—Salvatore Riina, Giuseppe Lucchese and Bernardo Provenzano.
A number of those convicted "in absentia" were, unknown to the judiciary, deceased by the time of the verdicts.
They included Filippo Marchese, Rosario Riccobono and Giuseppe Greco.
Additionally Mario Prestifilippo was also on trial "in absentia", but he was found shot dead in the streets while proceedings were still taking place.
A total of 114 defendants were acquitted, including Luciano Leggio, who had been charged with helping to run the Corleonesi Mafia Family from behind bars and for ordering the murder of Cesare Terranova, who had prosecuted him back in 1970.
The jury decided there was not enough evidence.
It made little difference to Leggio's position though; he was already serving a sentence of life imprisonment for a prior conviction for murder and remained behind bars until his death six years later.
The significant number of acquittals did manage to silence some of the critics who had believed that it was a show trial whereby nearly everyone would be convicted.
Of those who were acquitted, eighteen were later murdered by the Mafia, including one, Antoninio Ciulla, who was shot dead within an hour of being released as he drove home for a celebratory party.
The Maxi Trial was largely regarded as a success.
However, the appeals process began on 25 September 1989 and ended on 12 November 1990: it resulted in a shocking number of successful appeals on minor technicalities.
By 1990, only 60 defendants remained behind bars, and many were not exactly doing hard-time, with several residing in prison hospitals and taking it easy while malingering with phantom illnesses.
One convicted Mafioso had a private hospital ward to himself and had several common (non-Mafiosi) criminals as his servants, supposedly while suffering from a brain tumor that, suspiciously, did not show any symptoms whatsoever.
Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino complained about these events but found it hard to be taken seriously as, so it seemed, the state's anti-Mafia crusade lost momentum and their opinions went largely unheard.
One informer later said that the Mafia tolerated the Maxi Trials because they assumed those convicted would soon be quietly released once the public had lost interest, and the Mafia could continue with business as usual.
It seemed, for a while, that they were correct in this assumption.
The final passage was the pronouncement of the Supreme Court of Cassation.
Corrado Carnevale, a judge suspected of being in the pay of the Mafia, who was handed control over most of the appeals by the corrupt politician Salvatore Lima, could be appointed to carry out the trial.
Carnevale was eventually nicknamed "l'ammazza-sentenze"—"The Sentence Killer"—because of his tendency to overturn Mafia convictions for technicalities.
He threw out some drug-trafficking convictions, for example, because wiretapped conversations presented as evidence referred to the moving of "shirts" and "suits" instead of narcotics, even though it was well known that these were the codenames the members of that particular drug-ring employed for narcotics.
He also released one Mafioso, who had been convicted of murder, on the grounds of ill health.
Despite being supposedly at death's door, the mobster immediately fled to Brazil with his illicit fortune and his family.
However, Carnevale was not appointed as prosecutor and the final decision on the Maxi Trial was made by the judge Arnaldo Valente.
The sentence was read on 30 January 1992: all the prison sentences were confirmed and most of the acquittals granted by the appeals process were cancelled.
Another trial was held between 1993 and 1995 and all the defendants were convicted to life imprisonment.
In January 1992, Falcone and Borsellino managed to take charge of further Maxi Trial appeals.
Not only did they turn many appeals down, they reversed previous successful ones, resulting in many Mafiosi who had recently swaggered out of prison after their convictions were overturned being unceremoniously rounded up and put back behind bars, in many cases for the rest of their lives.
This naturally angered the Mafia bosses, particularly Salvatore Riina, who had been hoping his "in absentia" sentence for murder would be reversed and allow him to retire in peace with his immense criminal fortune.
That summer, Falcone and Borsellino were murdered in audacious bomb attacks.
This resulted in public revulsion and a major crackdown against the Mafia that seriously weakened the organization.
Salvatore Riina was eventually captured, as were other Mafiosi like Giovanni Brusca.
Corrado Carnevale, the "Sentence Killer", was sacked and imprisoned for being in league with the Mafia.
However he was acquitted by the Corte di cassazione on 30 October 2002 and admitted in 2007 to work again as judge.
Salvatore Lima would have probably faced a similar fate but he was murdered in 1992 for not preventing the reversal of the appeals at the start of that year.
Whether the Maxi Trial was a success or not is impossible to judge without taking into account subsequent events.
The trial's primary success, at its very outset, was in holding the Mafia as an organization into account for its activities rather than just its individual members for isolated crimes (this approach was personified in the United States via the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act).
Some may argue that the corrupted appeals process largely undid the work of the trial, but (and although it took several years and cost the lives of two judges), the Maxi Trial eventually set off a chain-reaction that lead to a severe weakening of the Mafia and the eventual capture of those who escaped the trial's initial net, such as Riina and Brusca.
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The Society of American Indians (1911–1923) was the first national American Indian rights organization run by and for American Indians.
The Society pioneered twentieth century Pan-Indianism, the movement promoting unity among American Indians regardless of tribal affiliation.
The Society was a forum for a new generation of American Indian leaders known as Red Progressives, prominent professionals from the fields of medicine, nursing, law, government, education, anthropology and ministry.
They shared the enthusiasm and faith of Progressive Era white reformers in the inevitability of progress through education and governmental action.
The Society met at academic institutions, maintained a Washington, D.C. headquarters, conducted annual conferences and published a quarterly journal of American Indian literature by American Indian authors.
The Society was one of the first proponents of an "American Indian Day."
It was at the forefront of the fight for Indian citizenship and opening the U.S. Court of Claims to all tribes and bands in United States.
The Indian Citizenship Law, signed on June 2, 1924, was a major achievement for the Society.
The Society anticipated by decades the establishment of a federal Indian Claims Commission in 1946 to hear claims of Indian tribes against the United States.
In 1978 such cases were transferred to the U.S. Court of Claims.
The Society of American Indians was the forerunner of modern organizations such as the National Congress of American Indians.
The Carlisle Indian School and the Hampton Institute, off-reservation Eastern boarding schools, were well-springs of Pan-Indian leadership.
The most significant legacy of the Carlisle Indian School may have been the connections established by the students.
Lifelong friendships were formed, and more importantly, ties between disparate Indian nations were forged.
Launched in the hopes of Americanizing the students, the mixing of 85 Indian nations from all parts of the country also had instead the effect of "nationalizing the Indian."
Dr. Carlos Montezuma described Carlisle "as a Gibraltor, a place to think, observe and decide."
American Indian students from Alaska to Florida represented a rich diversity of tribes and traditions.
While students learned Euro-American customs, they also learned about other tribes and religions and how each tribe was subject to irrational and casual dealings by government.
Carlisle alumni across the nation maintained a Pan-Indian "espirit de corps" and they visited and communicated frequently.
In the early 1900s, three prominent American Indians, Dr. Charles Eastman, his brother Reverend John Eastman and Rev.
Sherman Coolidge first discussed organizing a Pan-Indian or intertribal Indian rights organization.
However, they concluded the time was not yet right to broadly advance the idea, believing such a movement “would not be understood either by our own people or the American people in general,” present a “grave danger of arousing the antagonism of the Bureau,” and compromise the many progressively-oriented Indians affiliated with Government service and programs.
In 1903, Rev.
Coolidge and sociologist Fayette Avery McKenzie met at the Wind River Reservation Boarding School, and they shared their ideas about forming national association run by Indians for Indians.
In 1905, McKenzie joined the faculty of the Ohio State University, and in 1908 invited Dr. Charles Eastman, Dr. Carlos Montezuma and Rev.
Coolidge to the Ohio State campus to deliver a series of lectures on "several phases of the Indian problem in a course which he was offering on "The Indian."
The university lectures were well received, and they were covered by the local press, who helped turn Columbus’s discovery of ”new” Indians into news by printing striking photos of Coolidge and Montezuma on their front pages.
The three well-known intellectuals scheduled a full week of speaking engagements with local civic organizations and churches, drawing further attention when they traveled about the city as a threesome to attend each other's events.
In 1909, after the formation of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, McKenzie sensed the time was ripe for a national organization of "educated and progressive Indians” and corresponded with Coolidge and Eastman calling for an Indian-led national conference on Indian affairs.
McKenzie asserted that “the time has come when a ‘Mohonk by Indians’ can do even more for the country than a ‘Mohonk for Indians.’” In a letter to inviting participants to a proposed 1909 Indian conference, McKenzie envisioned a new dawn at Columbus, writing, “even as the navigator Columbus discovered the old Indian in 1492, may we not hope that the city of Columbus shall discover the “new Indian.” McKenzie called upon American Indians to form the first national pan-tribal organization run by and for Indians, and not a “friends of Indians” organization such as the progressive Indian Rights Association.
However, McKenzie's first efforts to organize an Indian conference in 1909 failed.
On April 3–4, 1911, at the invitation of McKenzie, six American Indian intellectuals attended a planning meeting at Ohio State State University.
The attendees were Dr. Charles Eastman, (Santee Dakota), physician; Dr. Carlos Montezuma, (Yavapai-Apache), physician; Thomas L. Sloan, (Omaha), attorney; Charles Edwin Dagenett, (Peoria), Bureau of Indian Affairs supervisor; Laura Cornelius Kellogg, (Oneida), educator; and Henry Standing Bear, (Oglala Lakota), educator.
Arthur C. Parker, (Seneca), an anthropologist, was also invited to the meeting, but a fire at the New York State Capitol, which housed the New York State Museum, where he served as an archeologist, precluded his attendance.
After the meeting, the committee issued a public announcement of the formation of the American Indian Association, plans for an inaugural National Indian Conference to be held that fall at Ohio State University and reasons for the conference: "One.
The highest ethical forces of America have been endeavoring on a large scale and in a systematic way to bring the Native Americans into modern life.
It is well to see whether these efforts have brought results.
The time is come when the Indian should be encouraged to develop self-help.
This can be achieved only with the attainment of a race consciousness and a race leadership.
We cannot predict the race leader, the gathering of the educated, aggressive members of all the tribes is a prerequisite to discuss discovery.
The Indian has certain contributions of value to offer to our government and our people.
These contributions will be made more efficiently if made in authorizing collectively.
They will, at least they may, save us immense losses from mistaken policies which we will might otherwise follow.
The white man is somewhat uncomfortable under a conviction that a century of dishonor quote has not been redeemed.
If it any degree can convince himself and his red brother that he is willing to do what he can for the race whose lands has he has [sic] occupied, a new step toward social justice will have been taken. "
On April 5, 1911, the press reported the meetings as "without precedent in the history of the country, only paralleled in significance by those held immediately after the close of the Civil War for the purpose of organizing intelligent work among the freed men."
It was further reported that the new national organization was being established for the purpose of "bettering of conditions for the Indians and the upbuilding a race consciousness", and that in October an official invitation will be extended by the Ohio Columbus Centennial Commission to have the second annual meeting at this body held in conjunction with the centennial celebration.
Shortly after the April meeting, a Temporary Executive Committee was formed, consisting of 18 prominent Indians: Charles E. Dagenett (Peoria), Chairman; Laura Cornelius Kellogg (Oneida), Secretary; and Rosa La Flesche (Chippewa), Corresponding Secretary and Treasurer.
Members of the Committee included William Hazlett (Blackfoot), Harry Kohpay (Osage), Charles D. Carter (Chickasaw and Cherokee), Emma Johnson (Pottawatomie), Howard E. Gansworth (Tuscarora), Henry Roe Cloud (Winnebago), Marie Louise Bottineau Baldwin, (Chippewa), Robert De Poe (Klamath), Charles Doxon (Onondaga) and Benjamin Caswell (Chippewa).
Professor McKenzie was appointed "Local Representative, Columbus, Ohio."
Committee members were Indian progressives, many of whom were educated in white institutions, lived and worked primarily in white society.
Most believed Indian advancement required education, hard work, and aligning Indian attitudes, values, and lifestyle to white culture.
The committee adopted a Statement of Purpose composed of six principles that addressed concepts of equal rights, good citizenship, and race betterment, and asserted that in all Association activities, “the honor of the race and the good of the country will always be paramount.” The preamble declares that the time has come when the American Indian race should contribute, in a more united way, its influence and exertion with the rest of the citizens of the United States in all lines of progress and reform, for the welfare of the Indian race in particular, and humanity in general.”
To promote and cooperate with all efforts looking to the advancement of the Indian in enlightenment which leave him free as a man to develop according to the natural laws of social evolution.
To provide, through our open conference, the means for a free discussion on all subjects bearing on the welfare of the race.
To present in a just light a true history of the race, to preserve its records, and to emulate it's distinguishing virtues.
To promote citizenship among Indians and to obtain the rights thereof.
To establish a legal department to investigate Indian problems, and to suggest and to obtain remedies.
To exercise the right to oppose any movement which may be detrimental to the race.
To direct its energies exclusively to general principles and universal interest, and not allow it self to be used for any personal or private interest.
The honor of the race and the good of the country will always be paramount."
On June 21 and 22, 1911, the Temporary Executive Committee met at the home of Laura Cornelius Kellogg in Seymour, Wisconsin, attended by prominent Oneida attorneys Chester Poe Cornelius and Dennison Wheelock.
Charles E. Dagenett had the chair, with Emma Johnson, Rosa LaFlesche and Fayette McKenzie in attendance.
On June 25, 1911, the committee sent out a statement of intent to approximately four thousand Indians throughout the nation pointing out the vital necessity for an “organization that shall voice the best judgment of the Indian people, and that shall command the attention of the United States.”
From his faculty position at Ohio State, and given the official title of “Local Representative”, McKenzie organized much of the formal and informal proceedings of the event, from logistics to program development.
On July 29, 1911, The Washington Post reported that all Indians living in United States had been invited to attend a conference in Columbus Ohio, October 12 to 15, to map out a concerted plan for the uplift and betterment of the race.
One of the main purposes of the meeting is to demonstrate to the American people that the Indian is no longer a savage, and that the last twenty years have shown a wonderful development of intellect and character among the Indian tribes.
It was further reported that Senators Robert L. Owen of Oklahoma, Charles Curtis of Kansas and Representative Charles D. Carter of Oklahoma, all of Indian parentage, joined in the call for the meeting.
McKenzie planned a symbolic event with national press coverage and worked with Arthur C. Parker to recruit speakers, design the conference program and secure endorsements from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, City of Columbus, Ohio State University and several local civic and religious organizations.
The response was positive.
Impressed with the historical significance of the April meeting, Ohio State President William Oxley Thompson, Columbus Mayor George Sidney Marshall, as well as by the President of the Chamber of Commerce, the President of the Ministerial Association, the Secretary of the YMCA, the Secretary of the State Historical and Archaeological Society, and the President of the Columbus Federation of Labor invited the new American Indian Association to hold their first national conference in Columbus, on Columbus Day, October, 1911.
"Word has come to our ears that you are planning to meet in national assembly for the first time in history to discuss the problems which devolve upon the Indian race, and we, therefore, hasten to invite you to light the camp-fire first in the city named for the first white man who visited these shores.
Let us, if we may, forget any animosities of the past, and jointly work for those conditions and those policies which in the future will justify peace because based upon the principles of equity, intelligence and progress.
The high position which your leaders are reaching make us eager to welcome the representatives of all the tribes in the name of Ohio State University, the City of Columbus, and the civic and religious bodies of our city."
The invitation was accepted and a call issued for a national conference.
On October 12, 1911, the Society’s inaugural conference was convened on the campus of the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio, symbolically held on Columbus Day as a fresh beginning for American Indians.
From October 12–17, 1911, approximately 50 prominent American Indian scholars, clergy, writers, artists, teachers and physicians attended the historic event, and was reported widely by national news media.
The Society was formally welcomed by university and city officials, and a personal address by the U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Robert G. Valentine.
Evening entertainment was provided by several of the Indian participants and by a quartette sent from the Carlisle Indian School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Group sessions were held issues affecting American Indians including issues of citizenship, higher education, Indians in the professions, Indian laws and the future of reservations.
On Sunday, participants were delegated to appear at various churches in Columbus.
Participants organized themselves under the temporary name of the American Indian Association, elected officers, and adopted a constitution and by-laws.
The business session was attended by Indian delegates only.
Thomas L. Sloan, Rev.
Sherman Coolidge and Dr. Charles Eastman were nominated for Chairman of the Executive Committee, and Sloan won.
Charles E. Dagenett, who had declined to continue as Executive Committee Chairman, was elected secretary-treasurer.
Other Executive Committee members elected were Hiram Chase, Arthur C. Parker, Laura Cornelius Kellogg and Henry Standing Bear.
The committee was directed to "provide a provisional constitution for a representative convention of all the Indians in the country," recommending that each tribe send at least two representatives.
Washington was selected as the headquarters and the Executive Committee was to watch legislation affecting Indian Affairs and to cooperate with the Indian Office "for the welfare of the Indians to the best of their ability."
The Constitution divided membership into classes including active, Indian associate and associate.
Only Indians could vote and hold office.
Associate members were persons of non-Indian blood interested in Indian welfare.
The Society letterhead made clear the status of Indians and non-Indians, "Memberships: active and associate: persons of Indian blood only."
John Milton Oskison (Cherokee), an editor of "Collier's" magazine, and Angel De Cora (Winnebago), art educator at the Carlisle Indian School were commissioned to create the Society emblem.
The committee also changed the name from the "American Indian Association” to the “Society of American Indians” "in order to remove it from the category of white–run "Indian associations” such as the Indian Rights Association and unmistakably as an Indian movement.
Washington, D.C. was selected as the headquarters, the executive committee was directed to watch legislation affecting Indian affairs and for the welfare of Indians to the best of their ability.
This was to be an association run by Indians.
The early leaders of the Society were known as the "Red Progressives".
Progressive American Indians referred to themselves as such because they shared the enthusiasm and faith of the white reformers in the inevitability of progress, and belief in social improvement through education and governmental action.
All them fought hard and for what they had won and expected that gains could not be made without pains.
They had a good deal of the psychology of the self-made man and very little of the psychology of the passive victim of circumstance.
The Society was born of hope, rather than despair.
Not the last stand of and embattled people, but a new force in American life.
The choice of Columbus Day for the opening of the founding conference of the Indian reformers, October 12, 1911, was to be a new beginning for American Indians.
Society members were educated professionals from the fields of medicine, nursing, law, government, education, anthropology, ethnology and clergy.
There were no chiefs or tribal leaders amongst them.
The most important single influence at the conference was that of eastern Indian boarding schools, especially Carlisle.
The bond among Carlisle alumni was so strong that it provided the major source of Pan-Indian leadership.
Red Progressives remained in close touch with tribal life and used both Indian and American names.
Many were the sons and daughters of influential tribal leaders from New York, the Great Lakes, Oklahoma and the Great Plains.
Of the expanded committee, six were born or had lived in Oklahoma, and almost all were from Eastern, Prairie or Plains Tribes: four from tribes of the Six Nations Confederacy, two from the Lakota, two from the Five Civilized Tribes, three from the Chippewa, one each from the Blackfoot, Pottawattamie, Winnebago, Omaha, Osage, Apache and Klamath, and born into progressive families and tribes with social and marital connections to non-Indians.
Also many were previously or currently employed by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
Their perspective was unique, and they used their education to champion American Indian rights.
In April 1912, when the proceedings of the Columbus conference were published, Society membership had increased to 101 actives, about one-third of whom were women, and approximately the same number of non-native associates.
By 1913, active members grew to the high point of nearly 230 individuals representing almost 30 tribes.
Membership included Arthur Bonnicastle, (Osage), community leader; Gertrude Bonnin, (Yankton Dakota), educator and author; Rev.
Benjamin Brave, (Oglala Lakota), minister; Estaiene M. DePeltquestangue, (Kickapoo); nurse; William A. Durant, (Choctaw), lawyer; Rev.
Philip Joseph Deloria, (Onondaga), priest; Rev.
John Eastman, (Santee Dakota), minister; Father Philip B. Gordon, (Chippewa), priest; Albert Hensley, (Winnebago); missionary; John Napoleon Brinton Hewitt, (Tuscarora), linguist and ethnographer; William J. Kershaw, (Menominee), attorney; Susan LaFlesche, (Omaha), physician; Francis LaFlesche, (Omaha), anthropologist; Rev.
Delos Lone Wolf (Kiowa), minister; Louis McDonald, (Ponca); businessman; Luther Standing Bear, (Oglala Lakota), educator; Dennison Wheelock, (Oneida), musician, composer, lawyer; and Chauncey Yellow Robe, (Sicangu Lakota), educator.
The official photograph of the Inaugural Society Conference in Columbus, Ohio, shows members attired in the fashion of the day, the Indian clergyman among them wearing clerical collars.
There's no hint "of Indianness" in their costume with the exception of Nora McFarland from Carlisle who, wearing an Indian dress, was seated at the center of the group.
The Society joined with reformist progressives in opposition to Wild West shows, theatrical troupes, circuses and most motion picture firms.
The Society believed that theatrical shows were demoralizing and degrading to Indians, and discouraged Indians from Wild Westing.
Chauncey Yellow Robe wrote that “Indians should be protected from the curse of the Wild West show schemes, wherein the Indians have been led to the white man’s poison cup and have become drunkards.” Red Progressives believed Wild West shows exploited Native Americans and vigorously opposed theatrical portrayals of Native Americans as savages and vulgar stereotypes.
From 1886 to the onset of World War I, reformist progressives fought a war of images with Wild West shows before public exhibitions at world fairs, expositions and parades portraying the model Carlisle Indian Industrial School as a new generation of Native Americans embracing civilization, education and industry.
The early course of the Society was influenced by many factors.
Pan-Indianism developed during the period when modern social science came of age, and sociologists and anthropologists helped define the common ground of "race."
Reformers of the bully Progressive era were inveterate founders of organizations, translating ideas into organizations and organizations into action.
Problems existed to be solved, and the democratic promise existed to be fulfilled.
Arthur C. Parker, an anthropologist, visioned the "Old Council Fire" composed of American Indian men and women from all tribes of United States.
He believed that the Society should adopt an organizational format like that of "friends of Indians" organizations, meet at academic institutions rather than on reservations, maintain a Washington headquarters, publish a quarterly journal, conduct annual conferences and be a vehicle for the expression of a pan-Indian identity.
Christianity and Freemasonry played crucial roles in the Society.
Christian ideas of human brotherhood and the equality of all men before God complemented anthropological ideas of inherent racial equality.
Most of the Red Progressives were Christians, Protestant and Catholic, and some were ordained ministers and priests.
Others were religious peyotists from more Christianized tribes.
Freemasonry exercised an important influence on the development of Pan-Indianism in the 1920s.
Almost every male Indian involved in the Society was an active Freemason.
Arthur C. Parker, who used both his "American" and his Seneca name "Ga-wa-so-wa-neh", wrote a pamphlet on "American Indian Masonry", published in 1919 by the Buffalo Consistory.
Parker wrote of Masonry's implicit link with American Indians, and noted that the Iroquois, especially the Senecas, were "inherent" Freemasons.
He shared the view of his great-uncle Ely S. Parker, the first American Indian Commissioner of Indian Affairs, that Masonry offered upward mobility in the white world, and would preserve the memory of the Indian, "If my race shall disappear from this continent."
The Bureau of Indian Affairs was a topic of constant and divisive debate within the Society.
During the conference, a contentious discussion grew out of the perceived influence of the Bureau of Indian Affairs within the Society.
Many Indians regarded the Bureau with contempt and viewed it as representing white oppression and control, and that Indians affiliated with the Bureau worked against the race.
McKenzie noted that “a considerable body of Indians are positively afraid of and opposed to the government,” and that they feel “a government employee is not morally free to express his own independent judgment.” At the first Columbus conference, Charles Edwin Dagenett, who as Supervisor of Employment was the highest ranking Indian in the Bureau, was elected Secretary-Treasurer.
This contributed to suspicion among Indians of white control of the Society.
Society leaders debated whether the Bureau of Indian Affairs and federal reservation system should be abolished and whether employees of the Bureau holding offices could be loyal to the "race" and the Society.
Dr. Carlos Montezuma and Father Philip B. Gordon believed it was not possible for a member in the employment of the government to be at the same time loyal to the Society, while Rev.
Coolidge, Marie Baldwin and Gertrude Bonnin maintained it was possible an employee of the Indian Service to be an equally loyal to his race and to his government.
Montezuma detested the Bureau of Indian Affairs and reservation life, and soon became convinced the Society was a puppet of the Bureau.
At the fifth annual conference in Lawrence, Kansas, September 28–October 3, 1915, Rev.
Coolidge was re-elected president and Arthur C. Parker as secretary, and Daganett was replaced as first vice-president by William A. Durant.
Afterwards, Daganett and Rosa B. Laflesche, the assistant secretary in the Washington office, withdrew from Society affairs.
The Bureau was a major employer of American Indians and the debate regarding “race loyalty” virtually eliminated one of the Society’s major constituencies.
Sloan, a candidate for the position of U.S. Indian Commissioner urged prudence, “The Indian Bureau has grown to be a necessity for a great many employees in United States government.
In case the reservations were destroyed, jobs would have to be sought for by a great many people who are now in the Indian service, and this seems that that cannot be done at one stroke.” Most of the leadership believed that the reservation system should go and the Indian Bureau abolished.
But as much as they resented the Bureau, could not reconcile themselves to a policy which would deliver older Indians into the hands of rapacious enemies and destroy forever the possibility protecting the Indian land base.
Fayette Avery McKenzie was the first American sociologist to specialize in Indian affairs.
McKenzie criticized the government’s Indian policy and was well connected to the political establishment in Washington, D.C. Arthur C. Parker, Secretary of the Society from 1911–1915, regarded McKenzie as the “father of the movement.” McKenzie respected the Society’s mantra of "for Indians and by Indians" and understood Indians’ distrust of Whites.
McKenzie downplayed his role as "Local Representative” for the Society and worked behind the scenes.
He wrote to Parker, “Whatever I may say is subject to two suspicions: First that my race prevents me understanding the situation.
Second, that I may have some ulterior motive.” “I am always embarrassed by doubt in my mind as to whether I shall act and speak, or whether I shall contribute most by silence.
Everyone who says anything to me tells me to proceed and that the Indians have confidence in me and I am glad and believe that is so, even though doubtful as to what extent that confidence involves action.” While Parker was determined that the Society should be run by Indians, it did not diminish his desire for McKenzie's counsel and assistance in managing the organization.
In short time, Parker was overwhelmed with the volume of Society work and contemplated resigning.
McKenzie exhorted him to stay with the Society, noting “it is not impossible that you are the only man who can save the situation and that you may have to do it by constant correspondence, keeping all in touch one with the other, and keeping all satisfied that equal justice is being arranged for.” Parker teamed with McKenzie to manage the Society and navigate politics.
Responsibilities included publications, planning conferences, drafting and lobbying legislation and membership services.
McKenzie's organizational principles were to ensure harmony and unity within the Society, work cooperatively with the white establishment and uphold standards of quality and achievement for Indians.
He wrote, "No issue, no bill, no policy is comparable in importance with a demonstration that Indians can maintain unity and cordial feelings even at times of difference upon specific points.” McKenzie was well connected to the political establishment in Washington, D.C., and by 1914, he solicited over 400 Non-native associate memberships from influential academicians, politicians and Progressive organizations.
Parker noted, “I am sure that we all wish you to secure for us as many members as you can and win for us the right kind of friends.” Parker was deeply grateful for McKenzie's support and assistance through the Society's most productive years, and in 1913 nominated McKenzie for Commissioner of Indian Affairs to Franklin K. Lane, then U.S. Secretary of the Interior.
Writing without McKenzie’s knowledge, Parker cited "his friend’s broad experience, special knowledge of the Indian, rare understanding of the legal and social status of our native wards.
I know of no fitter person for the difficult task that falls upon the Office of the Indian Commissioner.” McKenzie and Parker collaborated until 1915, when McKenzie departed Ohio State University and his friends in Columbus to assume the Presidency of Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee.
Parker and McKenzie remained lifelong friends and colleagues.
The Society's Quarterly Journal was the first twentieth-century forum for professional American Indian writers and one of the Society’s most enduring testimonials.
The new "American Indian literature” covered a wide array of topics editorial comments on national and local reservation problems.
Distinguished American Indian editors and writers for the Quarterly Journal included: Arthur Parker, Rev.
Sherman Coolidge, Henry Roe Cloud, John M. Oskison, Gertrude Bonnin, Carlos Montezuma and Dennison Wheelock.
Luther Standing Bear, Dr. Charles Eastman and Gertrude Simmons Bonnin who were born and raised in the oral traditions American Indian culture and educated in Euro-American customs, wrote significant historic accounts of their people and history in English.
The first issue of the "Quarterly Journal", authorized in Columbus, was published on April 15, 1913.
The journal masthead carried on one side the Society’s emblem, the American Eagle, and on the other a lighted torch.
Underneath was the legend, taken from the Society statement of purposes: "The honor of the race and the good of the country shall be paramount."
Arthur C. Parker, was the editor-general, while contributing editors included Sherman Coolidge, Henry Roe Cloud, Howard Gansworth, Carlos Montezuma and John M. Oskison.
An editorial in the first issue proclaimed that the publication marked “a new departure in the history of the race.”
"Never before has an attempt been made on the part of a national Indian organization to publish a periodical devoted to the interest of the entire race.
That heretofore this has not been done, points to reasons beyond the mere conservatism of the race and the drawback of hundreds of native dialects.
This venture is therefore more or less an experiment based upon the faith of the Society in its own integrity and the essential pride of the race in its position as the native race of America. "
The role of the Society and the problems confronting it were discussed at length in several editorials.
"The open plan is to develop race leaders.
These leaders will not come from those so merged in American life that they have forgotten they are Indians or from those so bound by the lack of education or reservation environment that their vision is narrow, but from the small company of Indians abroad vision."
Thereafter, the Society published a scholarly journal for seven years, the "Quarterly Journal of the American Indian" (1913–1915), and renamed the "American Indian Magazine" (1916–1920).
In 1913, the Society was flourishing and active membership increased to more 230 individuals representing almost 30 tribes.
Associate membership had grown to over 400, including men women from the American Indian Defense Association, missionaries, businessman, anthropologists and other academics.
A number the white Indian Bureau employees and educators from Indian schools also joined and the future of the organization seemed bright.
The Society was similar to the white reform organizations and the developing black movements of the Progressive Era.
Middle class, well-educated, they preached self-help, race pride, and responsibility.
The conference in Denver, Colorado, October 14–20, 1913, was probably the most representative and the most amicable in the history of Society.
Sherman Coolidge and Arthur C. Parker were reelected as president and secretary, and William J. Kershaw became first-vice president replacing Thomas L. Sloan.
Charles E. Dagenett was elected second vice president.
In later years, Parker often referred to the "Denver Platform” as the ideal statement of the organizations goals.
In 1914, the Society established a headquarters in Washington D.C. across the street from the Indian Office, and lobbied for the passage of “two great objects of immense importance to the Indians and to the nation”, the "Carter Bill" and the "Stephens Bill",
The Carter Bill, introduced by Oklahoma Congressman Charles D. Carter, (Chickasaw and Cherokee), Chairman of the House Indian Committee, codified the laws relating to Indian citizenship, and provided "that every Indian born within the territorial limits of the United States is hereby declared to be a citizen of the United States, entitled to all the rights, privileges, and immunities of such citizens."
The Stephens Bill called for opening to Indian tribes the United States Court of Claims to facilitate settlement of long neglected Indian land claims.
Treaty based tribal claims against the government were treated like those of foreign nations, and a special act of Congress was required before an Indian claim could be presented to the court.
McKenzie and Parker believed that the legislation would provide Indians peace of mind and assurance that “no unnecessary expense on the one side, or cruel exploitation on the other, shall longer be associated with the attainment of justice for the Indian.”
On February 14, 1914, in the flush of enthusiasm following the Denver conference, the Executive Committee held its meeting in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in a more elaborate fashion than usual the session and included a banquet.
In October 1914, Dennison Wheelock hosted the Society's annual October convention in Madison, Wisconsin.
In December 1914, the Society met in Washington, D.C. and received a first-class reception from the federal government.
Commissioner Cato Sells welcomed them to the nation's capital where they toured the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and visited the White House to meet with President Woodrow Wilson.
After shaking hands with the president, Wheelock presented the Society's petition in support of the Carter Bill and Stephens Bill.
Wheelock spoke, "We believe that you feel, with the progressive members of your race, that it is anomalous permanently to conserve within the nation groups of people whose civic condition by legislation is different from the normal standard of American life."
While President Wilson was impressed, both bills garnered little political traction in Washington.
Arthur C. Parker noted the political aversion to Indian rights legislation when he observed that “one senator wrote me that there was a great deal of prejudice in considering Indian matters and reluctance to take them up.”
The Society of American Indians was one of the first proponents of an "American Indian Day" in recognition for the significant contributions the first Americans made to the establishment and growth of the U.S.
In 1915, Dr. Arthur C. Parker, a Seneca, and Director of the Rochester Museum and Science Center in Rochester, New York, persuaded the Boy Scouts of America to set aside a day for the "First Americans", and for three years they adopted such a day.
In September 1915, the Society formally approved a plan concerning American Indian Day at the annual conference in Lawrence, Kansas, and Society President Rev.
Sherman Coolidge appealed for recognition of American Indians as citizens and called upon the country to observe a national "American Indian Day."
In response, the President issued a proclamation on September 28, 1915, which declared the second Saturday of each May as American Indian Day.
In 1916, the Governor Charles S. Whitman of New York declared the first official state American Indian Day on the second Saturday in May.
The year before this proclamation was issued, Red Fox James (Blackfoot), a Society member, rode horseback from state to state seeking approval for a day to honor Indians.
On December 14, 1915, he presented the endorsements of 24 state governments at the White House.
There is no record, however, of such a national day being proclaimed.
Today, several states celebrate the fourth Friday in September.
In Illinois, for example, legislators enacted such a day in 1919.
Presently, several states have designated Columbus Day as Native American Day, but it is observed without any recognition as a national legal holiday.
In 1990.
President George H. W. Bush approved a joint resolution designating November 1990 “National American Indian Heritage Month.” Similar proclamations have been issued each year since 1994.
As the threat of American involvement in a European war grew more ominous, the Indian reform movement was ebbing and the Society was racked by internal conflicts.
In 1917, a controversy arose within the Society over a government proposal for a separate American Indian U.S. Army regiment.
Supporters included Francis LaFlesche, Gertrude Simmons Bonnin, Carlos Montezuma, Father Gordon and Red Fox St. James.
However, Parker and the editors of the journal opposed it, concluding Indians should not be segregated from other Americans.
They noted that much of the clamor for a spectacular Indian regiment or battalion arose from the showman's brand of Indian as seen in Wild west shows.
Debate continued on the abolition of reservation and the Bureau of Indian affairs, and the prohibition of the use of peyote in Indian religious ceremonies.
From 1916 to 1922, Carlos Montezuma published his own monthly newsletter, "Wassaja", for the ”radical" reformist viewpoint.
Arthur Parker, constantly attacked in Montezuma's "Wassaja", sought to distance the journal from the Society and build a new organization.
In response, Parker published the first issue of the "American Indian Magazine" in 1916, replacing Montezuma and Dennis Wheelock as contributing editors with Grace Wetherbee Coolidge, Rev.
Sherman Coolidge's wife, and Mrs. S.A.R.
Brown, both of whom were white.
For the first time the direction of the Society’s publication was not in Indian hands.
Parker attacked “the peyote poison” and defenders Thomas L. Sloan, who represented peyote users in court, and anthropologists James Mooney and Francis LaFlesche.
He also called upon Congress to dissolve tribes as legal entities and stressed the patriotism, loyalty and numbers of American Indians serving with the allies.
The final issue of the "American Indian Magazine" for 1917 was a special edition on the Sioux people, attributed to Gertrude Simmons Bonnin’s Sioux patriotism and her effort to enlist the renewed interest of Charles Eastman in the Society.
As Parker devoted less time to the Society, Bonnin gave more.
The "American Indian Magazine" was published for another three years, and the last issue was August 1920.
The "American Indian Tepee", started in 1920 by Red Fox St. James' Tepee Order, became for a time an unofficial organ of the Society.
It staunchly but unsuccessfully supported Society President Thomas L. Sloan for the post of U.S. Indian Commissioner and reported Society news, including the St. Louis conference.
Peyotism was topic of constant and divisive debate within the Society.
In the 1870s, a new religion based on the ritual consumption of peyote formed on the reservations of southwestern Indian Territory, present Oklahoma.
Peyotism drew upon earlier ceremonies from northern Mexico and traditional theologies from the southern Plains cultures.
In the early 1880s, the ceremony, ritual instruments and core doctrine of the modern peyote religion became more uniform and the religion spread to other tribes throughout Indian Territory.
By 1907 statehood, Peyotism's spread to the majority of Oklahoma tribes had been greatly facilitated by established patterns of intertribal visiting and intermarriage.
In February and March 1918, prominent Society leaders argued both sides of the peyote issue before the U.S. Congress House Subcommittee on Indian Affairs on the "Hayden Bill", legislation proposed by Congressman Carl Hayden from Arizona to suppress liquor and peyote among Indians.
Testimony against the use of peyote was given by Gertrude Simmons Bonnin and Charles Eastman, while supporters the peyote religion included Thomas L. Sloan, Francis LaFlesche, Cleaver Warden and Paul Boynton.
In response to the Congressional hearings on the Hayden Bill, Carlisle Indian School alumni and other progressive leaders founded the Native American Church of Oklahoma in October 1918.
Society lawyers Thomas L. Sloan and Hiram Chase asserted that the peyote religion was an "Indian religion" or the "Indian version of Christianity" and entitled to the Constitutional right to religious freedom.
The Native American Church combined Indian and Christian elements, and was popular among the best-educated and most acculturated men among the Winnebago, Omaha and other tribes.
Henry Roe Cloud, a Winnebago, acknowledged the peyote religion attracted the best-educated and ablest men in his tribe, but personally opposed the use.
Oliver Lemere, a former Carlisle student who served as treasurer of the Church, was attracted to the religion because of its mixture of Christianity and Winnebago customs, and that its adherents came from the progressive wing of the tribe.
By 1934, the Native American Church of Oklahoma was the most important Pan-Indian religious movement in the United States, and church leadership founded affiliated churches in other states.
The 1918 and the 1934 charters had the same incorporators, evidencing a continuity of Carlisle alumni leadership in Pan-Indianism.
In 1945, the Native American Church in Oklahoma was incorporated as "The Native American Church of United States."
In 1923, the organization met in Chicago.
By this time, the Society was almost completely inactive and differences regarding the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Peyote religion had alienated most of the leadership.
The invitation to meet in that city was issued by Carlos Montezuma, but by the time it was necessary to begin planning, Montezuma was mortally ill and decided to go back to the reservation to die.
He and his wife left Chicago shortly thereafter for the Fort McDowell Yavapai Reservation in Arizona, where he died on January 31, 1923, in a primitive hut on the reservation.
After so many years of asserting he would not "go back," he did indeed "go back."
Montezuma was deeply committed to Pan-Indianism, but he chose to die a Yavapai.
Thomas L. Sloan, accompanied by Society colleagues, visited Chicago Bar Association and tempted to drum up interest in Indian affairs.
But the meeting in Chicago was overshadowed by the Indian encampment held in connection with the conference in the forest preserve near the city.
Thousands of Chicagoans journeyed to the camp to see the Indians "informal gala" and watch Indian dances and ceremonials.
The public was much more interested in the exotic Indian past than the reality of the Indian present.
William Madison, a Minnesota Chippewa who was treasurer of the Society, "expressed his regrets that it is only when he exhibits Indian war dances in ancient ceremonies that the public evinces any interest in the Indian."
At the conclusion of the inauspicious meeting, after years of diminished participation, the Society disbanded with little fanfare after an thirteenth convention was held in Chicago.
While the Society lacked the internal consensus necessary to fulfill its visionary role, former Society leaders would assume influential roles in the American Indian Defense Association, the Committee of One Hundred and the Meriam Report.
While the Society disbanded in the Fall of 1923, the leadership continued to influence Indian affairs.
In May 1923, Society leaders joined with reformer John Collier and founded the American Indian Defense Association in response to the injustices forced upon the Pueblos of New Mexico by the Bursum Bill (1921) and the Dance Order (1923).
In 1921, Senator Holm O. Bursum of New Mexico introduced a bill whose effect would have been to divest the Pueblos of large portions of their lands in favor of squatters.
By 1922, Secretary of the Interior Albert B.
Fall strongly supported the "Bursum Bill."
By 1923, the plight of Pueblos in New Mexico evoked widespread public sympathy emerged as the symbol of the injustices forced upon American Indian.
The Pueblos of New Mexico maintained a strong internal cohesion as self-governing societies for hundreds of years.
Each Pueblo owned lands communally and unconditionally under grants from the King of Spain later confirmed by the United States Congress.
Also in 1923, Commissioner Charles H. Burke of Indian Affairs issued a “Dance Order”, also known as the "Leavitt Bill", directing superintendents to discourage the "giveaways" which were part of the ceremonials of a number of tribes, as well as to any dances the agent deemed immoral, indecent or dangerous.
The Dance Order was issued in response to lobbying by the Indian Rights Association and missionaries who were opposed to the growing influence of the Peyote religion, and threatened to remove the right of Pueblo Indians to perform their traditional dances and ceremonies in New Mexico.
The American Indian Defense Association became a powerful new lobby in Washington and successfully challenged government confiscation of communal Indian lands and restriction of religious freedom, and the Bursum Bill was defeated and the Dance Order withdrawn.
In 1923, in the wake of the American Indian Defense Association's momentum to check and reverse the policy of the Dawes Act, Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work invited an eminent group of Americans to form the "Advisory Council on Indian Affairs", which became known as the "Committee of One Hundred", to review and advise on Indian policy.
The group consisted of some of the most distinguished men and women in public life including Bernard M. Baruch, Nicholas Murray Butler, William Jennings Bryan, David Starr Jordan, Gen. John J. Pershing, Mark Sullivan, Roy Lyman Wilbur, William Allen White and Oswald Garrison Villard.
Also included were John Collier of the American Indian Defense Association and M.K.
Sniffen of the Indian Rights Association.
On December 12 and 13, 1923, the Committee of One-Hundred met in Washington, D.C. Former Society leadership was well represented by Rev.
Sherman Coolidge, Arthur C. Parker, Dennison Wheelock, Charles Eastman, Thomas L. Sloan, Father Philip Gordon, Henry Roe Cloud J.N.B.
Hewitt and Fayette Avery McKenzie.
Parker and McKenzie and teamed once again, and Parker was selected to preside over the Committee sessions and McKenzie chairman of the resolutions subcommittee.
McKenzie observed, “It would be interesting to compare the platform of this conference with the positions taken in earlier years by the Society.
In general it was a summarization of those positions, but in more general terms.”
In 1926, recommendations by the committee prompted the Coolidge administration to commission Lewis M. Meriam and the Brookings Institution to conduct a two-year study of the overall condition of Indians in the United States.
Henry Roe Cloud and Fayette McKenzie were significant contributors to the Brookings Institution study.
In February 1928, findings and recommendations of "The Problem of Indian Administration", known as the Meriam Report, were published.
The Meriam Report documented the failures of federal Indian policies and how they had contributed to severe problems with Indian education, health and poverty.
The Meriam Report marked an ideological shift in American Indian policy and laid the foundation for the Indian New Deal under the leadership of John Collier as Commissioner of the Bureau of Indian Affairs during the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
The Society of American Indians was the first national American Indian rights organization run by and for American Indians and pioneered twentieth century Pan-Indianism.
The Society was a twentieth century forum for a new generation of American Indian leaders.
The Society's Denver Platform of 1914 called for Indian citizenship and opening the United States Court of Claims to all tribes and bands in United States.
Former Society leaders continued to influence Indian affairs serving with the American Indian Defense Association, the Committee of One Hundred and authoring the Meriam Report of 1928.
The Society was the forerunner of modern American Indian organizations.
In 1944, the founding conference of the National Congress of American Indians much resembled the founding conference of the Society of American Indians in 1911.
Members of the Congress were prominent educated professionals and intellectuals from the fields of medicine, nursing, law, government, education, anthropology and clergy.
Many had attended the Carlisle Indian School or Haskell Institute and were college graduates.
The first president was Judge Napoleon B. Johnson of Oklahoma, a college graduate and a Freemason.
The first secretary, Dan M. Madrano, was educated at Carlisle as well as the Wharton School of Business and the National Law School, and a Freemason.
The council included the anthropologist D’Arcy McNickle, a field representative from the Indian Office.
Arthur C. Parker and Henry Standing Bear made brief appearances as elder statesman.
As within the Society, the Congress debated whether Indian Bureau employees could hold elective or appointive office in the organization and decided they could.
The Congress dealt with long-familiar subjects, legal aid, legislative action, education and establishing a publication.
The Congress "would confine itself to the broad problems confronting the total Indian population or large segments of it.
"Like the Society, the new organization hoped to avoid involvement in partisan or local squabbles and the consequent dilution of its broad representative character."
Initially, membership of the Congress was restricted to persons “of Indian ancestry” and was both individual and group, with appropriate safeguards reminiscent of the Society’s.
Later the familiar pattern of nonvoting non-Indian associates emerged with the provision for individual and organizational affiliation.
Today, the Congress continues to be the most important Pan-Indian reform group, and non-natives continue to be drawn from the same groups as the Society; church groups, progressives and social scientists.
In 2011, the American Indian Studies Program (AIS) of the Ohio State University celebrated the 100th anniversary of the founding of the Society of American Indians.
Scholars from around the country attended Columbus Day weekend.
Keynote addresses were delivered prominent American Indian scholars Philip J. Deloria (University of Michigan), K. Tsianina Lomawaima (University of Arizona) and Robert Warrior (University of Illinois) In keeping with the tradition of the Society's first national meeting, the symposium included a trip to the Newark Earthworks in Newark and Heath, Ohio.
Built by the indigenous people of the Americas, the Newark Earthworks is 2,000 years old and served as a place of ceremony, astronomical observation, social gathering, trade and worship.
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The Yesha Council (, "Mo'etzet Yesha", which is the Hebrew acronym for Yehuda Shomron, Aza, lit.
"Judea Samaria and Gaza Council") is an umbrella organization of municipal councils of Jewish settlements in the West Bank (and formerly in the Gaza Strip), known by the Hebrew acronym Yesha.
The Chairman of the Yesha Council is Dani Dayan, elected in July 2007.
Dayan is a secular businessman, resident of Maale Shomron.
The Council was founded in the 1970s as the successor to Gush Emunim ("Bloc of the Faithful"), an organization formed to promote Jewish settlement in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, which they regarded as the return of Jews to their Biblical homeland.
The Council consists of 25 democratically elected mayors and ten community leaders, representing municipalities with a combined Jewish population of around 225,000.
Its resettlement policy was criticised by the Sason Report.
Its mandate is to assist Jewish settlements in every possible way.
The Council works to improve security by (for instance) arranging the acquisition of bullet-proof ambulances and buses.
The Council works with the Israeli government to provide roads, electricity, and water to the settlements.
In addition to municipal and security issues, the Council serves as the political arm of the Jewish residents of Yesha.
The Council lobbies for their interests with the Knesset and the government.
The Council carries on public relations campaigns for the settlements and has organized several large public protests.
In 2005 the Council led the protest campaign against the disengagement plan with peaceful mass protests: the human chain of 130,000, the Kfar Maimon march of 50,000, the Kotel rally of 70,000, and the Tel Aviv rally of 200,000.
The council was praised by centrists for refraining from the use of violence—although some right-wing activists did resort to violence.
It was also criticized by the right for failing to prevent the disengagement.
The council chairman Dani Dayan said that settlers must not use violence to advance their means.
He said that such actions were "morally bankrupt" and only serve to "hinder the settlers' struggle."
On 3 August 2010, it was reported that the Yesha Council together with My Israel, a network of online pro-Israel activists committed to spreading Zionism online, were organizing people at a workshop in Jerusalem to teach them how to edit Wikipedia articles in a pro-Israeli way.
Around 50 people took part in the course.
"We don't want to change Wikipedia or turn it into a propaganda arm," commented Naftali Bennett, director of the Yesha Council.
"We just want to show the other side.
People think that Israelis are mean, evil people who only want to hurt Arabs all day."
"The idea is not to make Wikipedia rightist but for it to include our point of view," he said in another interview.
The project organiser, Ayelet Shaked was interviewed on Arutz Sheva Radio.
She emphasized that the information has to be reliable and meet Wikipedia rules.
She cited some examples such as the use of the term "occupation" in Wikipedia entries, as well as in the editing of entries that link Israel with Judea and Samaria and Jewish history.
A course participant explained that the course is not a "Zionist conspiracy to take over Wikipedia"; rather, it is an attempt to balance information about disputed issues presented in the online encyclopedia.
[T]he goal of this workshop was to train a number of pro-Israelis how to edit Wikipedia so that more people could present the Israeli side of things, and thus the content would be more balanced... Wikipedia is meant to be a fair and balanced source, and it is that way by having people from all across the spectrum contributing to the content.
Another participant was not positive about the publication of the initiative, warning that going public in past occasions has had a bad effect, and recommending that the initiative would be better taken underground.
Following the course announcement, the head of Palestinian Journalists Syndicate said there were plans to set up a counter group to ensure the Palestinian view is presented online as the "next regional war will be [a] media war."
In 2011, Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales stated in retrospect about the course organized by Israel Sheli, "we saw absolutely no impact from that effort whatsoever.
I don't think it ever – it was in the press but we never saw any impact."
Wales, who himself is a supporter of Israel, insists on neutrality when editing articles related to Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
At a speech at Tel Aviv University when accepting his Dan David Prize in May 2015, Wales insisted to avoid conflicts of interest is to provide as many facts as possible while maintaining neutrality, aiming to overwhelm any chance of bias and imbuing political ideology.
Wales also stated that editors have to present what all sides have said and ultimately leave it to the reader to make their own judgments and have their own opinions regarding the conflict.
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IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth is a nighttime show performed nightly at Epcot at the Walt Disney World Resort in Bay Lake, Florida.
The show utilizes fireworks, pyrotechnics, water fountains, fire effects, lasers, and searchlights to create a visual production on the park's World Showcase Lagoon.
It premiered on October 1, 1999 as IllumiNations 2000: Reflections of Earth as part of the Walt Disney World Millennium Celebration; it was so successful that after the celebration ended the "2000" was dropped from the name and the show was continued.
The show is currently sponsored by Siemens, and has received several awards throughout the years including 11 straight Best Outdoor Night Production Show Golden Ticket Awards (2005–2015).
Torches are lit around the lagoon.
The beginning of the show is narrated by Jim Cummings: Immediately after, there is the sound of a flame being gently blown out, the lighting is immediately dimmed throughout the park, and the show begins.
Chaos represents the creation of the planet Earth.
The show begins with explosive fireworks from the center of the lagoon and hot flames from the Inferno Barge.
The spouting flames from the Flame Barge are reduced to a low sputter, and the Earth Globe appears and moves towards the center of the lagoon accompanied with water effects emanating from the fountain barges.
As the Earth cools, it changes from hot white to red to blue.
Images appear on the Globe of countries, famous landmarks, objects, and people.
The exterior buildings of the countries around the lagoon are illuminated followed by laser lights, spot lights, and more fireworks in the center lagoon.
Since the buildings of the Morocco Pavilion are replicas of buildings that have great religious significance, the lights on the pavilion do not light up during IllumiNations.
In order to keep symmetry, the Norway Pavilion does not light up either.
The scene includes high-launch fireworks.
As the song "We Go On" is played, the torches around the lagoon are re-lit and the Earth Globe opens revealing a final unity torch with emanating fireworks followed by a launch of 1,000 white fireworks brightly illuminating the lagoon.
The scene concludes with a final launch of fireworks and a set of bright white flashes that end with a loud crackle.
The finale crackle emanating from the final launch set of fireworks can often be heard within several miles outside of the park.
The show ends with a post-show announcement: The song "Promise" plays directly after this, which is then followed by the Tapestry of Nations parade sound track.
As the music plays, the continents are laser-projected onto Spaceship Earth, making it appear as a spinning globe.
The centerpiece of the show is the Earth Globe, a diameter globe housed on a barge.
The world's first spherical video display system, the globe is wrapped in 15,600 LED clusters, each consisting of 12 light-emitting diodes.
The Earth Globe starts its journey from the edge of the World Showcase Lagoon, a man-made lake in Epcot, before anchoring itself in the middle of the lagoon.
The Globe is in diameter and sits on top of a 10-foot pedestal.
It contains 258 FlashWorks mini strobe lights (43 per petal) and is controlled by 6 computer processors.
This is the only barge in the show with a driver on board, who uses an infrared guidance system.
The Earth Globe was said to be one of the most complicated piece of show equipment made by Disney by History Channel's "Modern Marvels".
Jerold Kaplan of Walt Disney Imagineering designed and engineered the Earth Globe and supporting barge.
The detailed engineering for the barge and its propulsion and control systems were provided by Glowacki Engineering of Orange Park, FL.
The Earth Globe Barge was built by Sun State Marine Services in Green Cove Springs, FL and was delivered in four major components which were assembled on site.
The LED video display is run by a Pentium II server running Microsoft Windows 95/8 using a Serial ATA drive.
There are two servers constantly running the same programs at the same time for fail-safe support.
If one goes down, they can instantly switch to the other server which presumably will still be running.
The video control software, written by Derek Brown for Hitech Electronic Displays of Clearwater, Florida, communicates with on-board PLCs using two interfaces.
The serial interface is used to receive the 4 character command codes separated by spaces to signify the end of each command.
The NIDAQ (National Instrument Data Acquisition) card is used to provide status back to the PLCs.
There are 8 optically isolated status channels.
One channel is used to provide a heartbeat signal to tell the PLC that the software is on and functioning.
The file formats are uncompressed AVIs passed through a masking filter to put the pixels in the spots for the countries.
During the first two minutes of the show, the Earth globe's LED screens are off.
It is brown in color, but invisible in the thick black of the night.
The Earth Globe's LED screens turn on in part two of the show, showing imagery of the natural world and iconic man-made structures.
Slightly fewer than 300 pictures appear on the Globe's spherical video screen during the show.
Century III, an Orlando area film company, edited the video portion of the show.
The pictures came from the stock libraries of Image Bank, National Geographic and Archive Films, some custom-shot live footage, and a single 3-D graphic animation shot.
At the end of the show, the Earth Globe blossoms like a flower, revealing a flame torch that rises 40 feet above the lagoon.
When the show ends, the fires on 19 of the torches keep burning, but the Earth Globe's torch is put out.
In the summer of 2008, the show ran a shortened, modified version in order for the Earth Globe to be refurbished.
The refurbishment was to install a new LED video system, improving the clarity of the video.
The content of the video was not changed.
The Inferno Barge is a barge with a liquid-propane system on board that sends balls of fire soaring into the air and on to the surface of the lagoon from 37 nozzles.
of propane are used every night for the show.
The Inferno Barge also houses an air-launch fireworks system.
On September 19, 2005, the Inferno Barge was pulled from the show due to the explosion of a firework still inside its mortar tube earlier in the day.
The structure took heavy damage; fortunately, no one was injured.
The Inferno Barge returned to service on February 1, 2006 without the air launch system on the barge, although the cause of the accident was the firework shell itself and not the air launch system.
The shells previously fired from this barge were moved and fired from the center slip.
In February 2009, the inferno barge was pulled from the show and underwent a scheduled rehab.
It returned on March 10, 2009.
If any propane is left in the tanks after the show, it is burned off later that night.
Walt Disney Entertainment invented a new way of launching fireworks for the show, using a pneumatic launch system, instead of black powder, which pollutes more and causes the trail of an igniting firework shell to be seen.
The compressed air technology allows for explosions to be timed with the music and for the height of the shell's explosion to be controlled.
Not all the shells use the ALF (Air Launch Fireworks) technology.
A timing chip is inserted into the shell and can be programmed to ignite and explode with precision.
Eric Tucker, an award-winning pyrotechnics designer, was brought on board to design new fireworks effects.
Designers of the show meet with fireworks manufacturers in China to create these new effects for the show.
750 individual mortar tubes are used during each show, inside one of the 56 firing modules at 34 locations around the lagoon, producing 2,120 visible effects.
During the holiday season, two more barges are added and an additional 455 pieces are fired, producing 818 more visible effects.
Full color laser systems are used, emanating from the American Adventure, Canada and Mexico pavilions.
The projectors can launch laser light into the air as beams, as well as scan patterns and images.
There are also bounce mirrors scattered around the park on various islands and rooftops, to further encapsulate the park in laser light.
In late November 2014, the show's laser programming underwent a major overhaul which saw the introduction of new state-of-the-art lasers, featuring new patterns; colors; and the addition of laser projectors installed on the islands in World Showcase lagoon.
The FAA requires the user of any outdoor laser system to obtain advance permission and to contact local airports prior to use.
Consequently, Orlando International Airport is notified by "Mexico Control" every night fifteen minutes before the show begins so that air traffic can be advised accordingly.
Some pilots passing over the resort have used this call to announce to their passengers that they may get a glimpse of IllumiNations out of their window; however it is rare.
On December 8, 2014, it was announced that the lasers had been switched from ion lasers to solid-state lasers.
This saves approximately 64,000 watts of energy per show.
It also means that the laser will no longer need a water cooling system, which also reduced water consumption by thousands of gallons.
A ring of eight programmable moving searchlights called Syncrolites are used.
The fixtures have dousers to control brightness, and are equipped with a color scroller with 14 different colors, including the four colors selected specifically for the show: Lavender, Mint, Pumpkin, and Lagoon.
As of December 2011, a transition to new firework product began.
The new product is more environmentally friendly, however they can not create the original four colors of the show.
Instead, standard colors (Orange, Green, Magenta, and Yellow) replaced Lavender, Mint, Pumpkin, and Lagoon Blue.
The color scrollers were fitted with new colors to match the product change.
These lights can be programmed to highlight pavilions, illuminate the smoke from fireworks above the lagoon, or just make interesting patterns in the sky as they cross each other and move.
There are four fountain barges that have 40 water nozzles per barge.
There is also an effect that creates a "skirt" of water around the bottom.
A lighting system on-board allows the water to be displayed in different colors.
Each barge pumps approximately 4,000 gallons of water per minute.
These barges carry pyrotechnics as well.
19 Torches surround World Showcase Lagoon, each representing a century completed of the last two millenniums.
The 20th torch, representing the 20th century and called the Unity Torch, is revealed when the Globe blossoms into a Lotus Flower, and the Unity Torch rises from its center.
The Unity Torch represents the world coming together to celebrate the gift of life and the land that we have been granted as a whole.
The torches also symbolize the significance of fire to humanity as an element that unites cultures over time, as well as its significance to the Earth, as is alluded to in the show's prologue.
The control booth is located above the Mexico Pavilion.
It houses emergency stop controls, and communications to each barge using wireless ethernet, and headset communication to the Globe barge driver.
All barges are wired with multi-core cables, and most functions within these cables have a redundant wireless backup.
Show audio and announcements also originate from the booth.
The show uses more than 65 computers in 40 separate locations, hundreds of lighting fixtures, four fountain barges which can pump over per minute, a inferno barge with 37 propane nozzles, and lasers.
During the holiday season, after the regular finale there is a special Holiday finale tag originally from Holiday IllumiNations following the regular production.
Immediately after the regular finale a female announcer announces; "And now, at this special time, as we embrace a promise of a new year, we would like to offer one final message."
The song "Let There Be Peace On Earth" is played as the Earth Barge returns to its original closed look.
Once closed, the barge's display shows the message “Peace on Earth, Good Will to Men" in multiple languages.
When a language corresponding to a specific pavilion is spoken, that pavilion lights up.
Once the final pavilion, The American Adventure, lights up, Walter Cronkite says, The song continues with an uninterrupted firework display, ending with a loud explosion of fireworks.
This tag launches just as many pyrotechnic devices as IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth does.
The show is shown around 10:00 PM and after the show, the song Yankee Doodle plays and fireworks shoot up from the roof and back of the American Adventure Pavilion, beginning the "The Heartbeat of Freedom" tag.
More fireworks in the lagoon are synchronized as if fireworks were marching along with the drumbeat.
Then Stars and Stripes Forever plays.
The Earth Barge displays images of American independence during a flute solo.
Then a barrage of fireworks during the finale, which creates a smokescreen and as the music ends, the smoke has been cleared out.
The style was altered in 2006 as selected songs were played for the 230th year of US independence.
At the end, the song The Battle Hymn of the Republic was heard, the American pavilion lights up as fireworks shoot up from the behind the American pavilion.
Just before the end of the tag, hundreds of fireworks shoot up in the lagoon as the show ends.
Just as the crowds exit, God Bless the USA is played, the American pavilion is outlined, and the Earth Barge displays the US flag.
The laser projection in the US pavilion (projecting to Spaceship Earth) displays "Happy Birthday America: Celebrating (number) Years of Freedom".
More than 2000 shells are launched from 32 barges for the latest version of this tag.
Every December 31, a special New Year's Eve countdown show occurs normally beginning at 9:30 PM.
The show begins with the original show production and is then immediately followed by a special countdown show.
Highlights of New Years celebrated in individual countries begins the show; the Asian pavilions (Japan and China) go first, followed by those in Europe (Italy, Norway, France, Germany), after that, the countries of those in the GMT time zone (Morocco and the United Kingdom).
During the presentation, fireworks shoot from the back of each pavilion accompanied with custom celebration music from each country.
The countdown begins at 10 seconds prior to midnight with the North American nations: United States, Canada, Mexico.
The count down starts with a dong (which originates from the American pavilion) and leads to the massive celebratory firework display at 12:00 midnight including a 360 degree launch of fireworks around the World Showcase lagoon.
The song Auld Lang Syne plays as spectators cheer and watch the massive firework display.
This tag uses double the amount of fireworks that are launched in IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth.
A male announcer concludes the show wishing guests a happy New Year and reminds guests of extended park hours for the New Year's Eve celebration.
On October 1, 2007, a four-minute long, one-day only tag commemorating Epcot's 25th Silver Anniversary followed IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth.
The tag used the "World War III Barges" and was said have to tripled the amount of fireworks launched.
At the end of the regular show a male voice-over was heard saying, "And now in honor of Epcot's 25th Anniversary we celebrate our history and look to the future.
We've just begun to dream."
Once the music began, select segments of classic Epcot music were played including "We've Just Begun to Dream", "Tapestry of Nations" and "Tapestry of Dreams".
After the show, the retro music loop played throughout the park that day began to play, beginning with "New Horizons".
Due to the extra amount of fireworks used for the special tag, it took much longer than normal to move the firework barges off of the lagoon which resulted in a Burn-Off after midnight.
On October 1, 2012, a four-minute long, one-day only tag commemorating Epcot's 30th Anniversary followed immediately after the standard IllumiNations show.
The show was followed by playback of music from Epcot's early days accompanied by laser generated wording on Spaceship Earth noting the celebratory occasion.
Ten extra barges were used during this show.
Gavin Greenaway is the composer for IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth.
Greenaway's colleague Hans Zimmer, composer of "The Lion King", asked Greenaway to take on the project because he was busy with other projects.
Zimmer collaborated with Greenaway in the beginning of the process.
The score from "Reflections of Earth" was recorded with a 71-piece philharmonic orchestra and a 30-voice chorus and was used for "ABC 2000 Today", ABC Television's 25-hour-long program that followed the beginning of 2000 around the globe on December 31, 1999/January 1, 2000.
The broadcast also included video of IllumiNations: Reflections of Earth.
ABC also used a modified version for their program "ABC 2002" on December 31, 2001/January 1, 2002.
Finally, ABC News used a version of the theme for their televised election coverage throughout 2000 and 2004.
Most of the score (excluding the Chaos section and the start of We Go On) was used in a laser light show at the 2005 National Scout Jamboree at Fort A.P.
The Chaos section was used in the October 4, 2008 fireworks celebration of the 250th anniversary of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
ABC also used the music during coverage of the Presidential Inauguration of Barack Obama on January 20, 2009.
Parts of the score are also used in the video "Welcome: Portraits of America", displayed in the Customs and Border Protection checkpoints in most US airports.
Domino Day 2009 used the ending part of We Go On when the final builders challenge, Fire, was successful.
The Drum & Bugle Corps The Cadets used this material for the 2000 show entitled: We Are The Future.
Jim Cummings (the voice of Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, Darkwing Duck as well as other characters) provides the narration at the beginning of "Reflections of Earth":
The original narration substituted the first two sentences with "Good evening and welcome" but was changed for the Year of a Million Dreams.
Mary Thompson Hunt was the female voice who did the pre-show announcements stating that the show will be starting shortly.
In recent years, the voice has been changed to that of Bill Rogers, the voice behind most of the announcements at Walt Disney World Resort.
|
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An oblique shock wave, unlike a normal shock, is inclined with respect to the incident upstream flow direction.
It will occur when a supersonic flow encounters a corner that effectively turns the flow into itself and compresses.
The upstream streamlines are uniformly deflected after the shock wave.
The most common way to produce an oblique shock wave is to place a wedge into supersonic, compressible flow.
Similar to a normal shock wave, the oblique shock wave consists of a very thin region across which nearly discontinuous changes in the thermodynamic properties of a gas occur.
While the upstream and downstream flow directions are unchanged across a normal shock, they are different for flow across an oblique shock wave.
It is always possible to convert an oblique shock into a normal shock by a Galilean transformation.
For a given Mach number, M, and corner angle, θ, the oblique shock angle, β, and the downstream Mach number, M, can be calculated.
Unlike after a normal shock where M must always be less than 1, in oblique shock M can be supersonic (weak shock wave) or subsonic (strong shock wave).
Weak solutions are often observed in flow geometries open to atmosphere (such as on the outside of a flight vehicle).
Strong solutions may be observed in confined geometries (such as inside a nozzle intake).
Strong solutions are required when the flow needs to match the downstream high pressure condition.
Discontinuous changes also occur in the pressure, density and temperature, which all rise downstream of the oblique shock wave.
Using the continuity equation and the fact that the tangential velocity component does not change across the shock, trigonometric relations eventually lead to the θ-β-M equation which shows θ as a function of M β, and ɣ, where ɣ is the Heat capacity ratio.
***LIST***.
It is more intuitive to want to solve for β as a function of M and θ, but this approach is more complicated, the results of which are often contained in tables or calculated through a numerical method.
Within the θ-β-M equation, a maximum corner angle, θ, exists for any upstream Mach number.
When θ > θ, the oblique shock wave is no longer attached to the corner and is replaced by a detached bow shock.
A θ-β-M diagram, common in most compressible flow textbooks, shows a series of curves that will indicate θ for each Mach number.
The θ-β-M relationship will produce two β angles for a given θ and M, with the larger angle called a strong shock and the smaller called a weak shock.
The weak shock is almost always seen experimentally.
The rise in pressure, density, and temperature after an oblique shock can be calculated as follows:
***LIST***.
M is solved for as follows:
***LIST***.
Oblique shocks are often preferable in engineering applications when compared to normal shocks.
This can be attributed to the fact that using one or a combination of oblique shock waves results in more favourable post-shock conditions (smaller increase in entropy, less stagnation pressure loss, etc) when compared to utilizing a single normal shock.
An example of this technique can be seen in the design of supersonic aircraft engine intakes or supersonic_inlets.
A type of these inlets is wedge-shaped to compress air flow into the combustion chamber while minimizing thermodynamic losses.
Early supersonic aircraft jet engine intakes were designed using compression from a single normal shock, but this approach caps the maximum achievable Mach number to roughly 1.6.
Concorde (which first flew in 1969) used variable geometry wedge-shaped intakes to achieve a maximum speed of Mach 2.2.
A similar design was used on the F-14 Tomcat (the F14-D was first delivered in 1994) and achieved a maximum speed of Mach 2.34.
Many supersonic aircraft wings are designed around a thin diamond shape.
Placing a diamond-shaped object at an angle of attack relative to the supersonic flow streamlines will result in two oblique shocks propagating from the front tip over the top and bottom of the wing, with Prandtl-Meyer expansion fans created at the two corners of the diamond closest to the front tip.
When correctly designed, this generates lift.
As the Mach number of the upstream flow becomes increasingly hypersonic, the equations for the pressure, density, and temperature after the oblique shock wave reach a mathematical limit.
The pressure and density ratios can then be expressed as:
***LIST***.
For a perfect atmospheric gas approximation using γ = 1.4, the hypersonic limit for the density ratio is 6.
However, hypersonic post-shock dissociation of O and N into O and N lowers γ, allowing for higher density ratios in nature.
The hypersonic temperature ratio is:
***LIST***.
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Bispebjerg, more commonly referred to as Nordvest (English: North-West), is one of the 10 official districts of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Located on the northern border of the municipality, it covers an area of 5.39 km² and a population of 40,033.
More specifically, Bispebjerg refers to a smaller neighbourhood within the district, located on the Bispebjerg Hill from which it takes its name.
Bispebjerg covers an area of 5.39 km² and has a population of 40,033, giving a population density of 7,389 per km².
The district is bounded by Gentofte Municipality to the north, Østerbro and Nørrebro to the east and south east, Frederiksberg to the south, Vanløse and Brønshøj-Husum to the west and Gladsaxe Municipality to the northwest.
The name Bispebjerg is known from 1681 as Biszebierg.
A windmill was built in the area in 1808.
Bispebjerg belonged to the civil parish of Brønshøj but i the 1890s, the City of Copenhagen acquired large pieces of land in the area with the intention of establishing a cemetery and a hospital in the grounds.
Bispebjerg was together with the rest of Brønshøj merged with Copenhagen in 1901.
Bispebjerg Cemetery opened in 1903 and Bispebjerg Hospital was built between 1908 and 1913.
The district was generally built over with a combination of residential neighbourhoods and industry in the 1920s and 1930s.
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Galtymore or Galteemore () is a 919 m (3015 ft) mountain on the border between counties Limerick and Tipperary, Republic of Ireland.
It is the highest of the Galty Mountains and the 14th highest peak in Ireland.
Galtymore is notable in that it is the tallest inland mountain in Ireland, and the only inland peak to exceed 915 m (3000 ft).
The townland that covers the southern face of Galtymore is called Knocknagalty ("Cnoc na nGaibhlte").
Galtymore is informally referred to as one of the Irish Munros and is classed as a Furth by the Scottish Mountaineering Club, i.e.
a 3,000 footer outside Scotland.
Galtymore sits near the middle of the east–west Galty mountain ridge.
To the east of Galtymore is Galtybeg (799 m) and to the west is Slievecushnabinnia (766 m).
The slopes of Galtymore are steep but the summit is broad, rounded and rocky.
This is due to the constant freeze-thaw action experienced by the summit during the last ice age.
The north face shows much evidence of glacial erosion.
It harboured a number of corrie glaciers, most of which are now occupied by loughs.
Lough Diheen lies between Galtymore and Galtybeg, while Lough Curra lies between Galtymore and Slievecushnabinnia.
Galtymore is not a difficult mountain to climb (no special equipment is needed), but the Galtees are steeper than many Irish mountains and the north face is often snow-covered in the winter months.
A popular starting point for the ascent of Galtymore is the "Black Road" which can be accessed from the R639 road near the village of Skeheenarinky.
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Jacob Aharon Frenkel (; born in 1943) is an Israeli economist and the Chairman of JPMorgan Chase International.
He served as Governor of the Bank of Israel between 1991 and 2000.
Frenkel earned a B.A.
in economics and political science at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and an M.A.
and Ph.D. in economics at the University of Chicago.
He earned his Ph.D. in 1970 with thesis titled "Money, Wealth and the Balance of Payments in a Model of Accumulation".
Frenkel is currently the Chairman of JPMorgan Chase International, which executes the international strategy of the American financial services firm.
He also serves as Chairman and CEO of the Group of Thirty (G-30), which is a private, nonprofit, consultative group on international economic and monetary affairs.
Frenkel served from 2004 to 2009 as Vice Chairman of American International Group (AIG) and from 2000 to 2004 as Chairman of Merrill Lynch International, as well as Chairman of Merrill Lynch’s Sovereign Advisory and Global Financial Institutions Groups.
Between 1991 and 2000 he served two terms as the Governor of the Bank of Israel.
He is credited with reducing inflation in Israel and achieving price stability, liberalizing Israel’s financial markets, removing foreign exchange controls, and integrating the Israeli economy into the global financial system.
During 1995–1996, Frenkel served as Chairman of the Board of Governors of the Inter-American Development Bank and, during 1999–2000, as Vice Chairman of the Board of Governors of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Between 1987 and 1991, he was the Economic Counselor and Director of Research at the International Monetary Fund, and between 1973 and 1987 he was on the faculty of the University of Chicago where he held the position of the David Rockefeller Professor of International Economics and served as Editor of the Journal of Political Economy.
He is a fellow of the Econometric Society, a foreign honorary member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the Board of Directors of the National Bureau of Economic Research, a former member of the International Advisory Board of the Council on Foreign Relations, a member of the Trilateral Commission, a member of the board of the Council for the United States and Italy, a member of the Investment Advisory Council of the Prime Minister of Turkey, and a member of the International Advisory Council of the China Development Bank.
He is also a member of the Board of Directors of the Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics.
In June 2013 he was nominated to be the Governor of the Bank of Israel for a second time.
In July 2013, following official inquiries into an event that took place in Hong Kong Airport in November 2006, he withdrew his nomination.
Frankel denied any wrongdoing but authorities in Hong Kong stated that he had been arrested at the airport for suspected theft of a suit bag from a duty-free shop.Frenkel did not disclose the incident to the Committee on Senior Appointments, which vetted his nomination for a new governor of the Bank of Israel.
Frenkel serves on the Leadership Council for Concordia, a nonpartisan, nonprofit based in New York City focused on promoting effective public-private collaboration to create a more prosperous and sustainable future.
Frenkel won the 2002 Israel Prize in Economics.
He received the Tel-Aviv University Hugo Ramniceanu Prize for Economics, the Czech Karel Englis Prize in Economics, the “Order de Mayo al Merito” (in the rank of Gran Cruz) decoration from the Government of Argentina and the “Order of Merit” (in the rank of Cavaliere di Gran Croce) decoration from the Republic of Italy.
He is also a recipient of several Honorary Doctoral degrees and other decorations and awards, including the “1993 Economic Policy Award” by “Emerging Markets” and the “1997 Central Banker of the Year Award” by “Euromoney”.
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Ungheni is a district () in the central part of Moldova, bordering Romania, with the administrative center at Ungheni.
The other major city is Corneşti.
As of 1 January 2011, its population was 117,400.
Villages with ancient historical credentials are Buciumeni, Busila and Ungheni, they are documented in the period 1428–1430.
About noble families who ruled the territory known as follows: the 1462 Pan Bratul, Procelnic's son, reigned here.
This Procelnic was Stoian, advice nobleman in the reign of Alexander the Good, and participant in the Battle of Grunwald in 1422.
Other relatives of the warrior, master settlement in 1490, until the 17th century.
Beginning with the reign of Vasile Lupu, his cousin, marshal Iorga, buy here parts of estates.
After his death he bequeathed to the village of his sisters Alexandra and Creata.
Their life in Ungheni died in the late 18th century.
In 1812 the Treaty of Bucharest, Basarabia is occupied by the Russian Empire at this time (1812–1917), has an intense russification of the native population.
In 1876–1877 is built spotted Prut between Ungheni (Moldova) and common Ungheni (Romania) Eiffel Bridge, designed by Gustave Eiffel, the creator of the Eiffel Tower in Paris, Gustave Eiffel in this period, visit Ungheni.
In 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire, Basarabia joins the motherland Romania, in this period (1918–1940, 1941–1944) is part of the Iasi County.
In 1940 after Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Bessarabia is occupied by the USSR.
In 1991 as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, part and residence of the Ungheni County (1991–2003), and in 2003 became administrative unit of Moldova.
Ungheni district is located in central part of the Republic of Moldova.
It borders in north with Falesti and Singerei district, east Telenesti and Calarasi districts, in southeast Nisporeni District and has state border with Romania over a distance of 80 km.
Terrain, slippery due to the Central Moldavian Plateau, west along the Prut River valley is a depression that is Ungheni.
Just district is located in the woodlands, Codri.
Soil chernozems (75%) in valleys and plains and brown soil on the plateau.
The highest point of the district is Veverița Hill, 408 meters.
Temperate continental climate.
The average annual temperature +9.0+9.5 C, average temperature 21 C July, the average temperature in January −4.5 C. Annual precipitation 500–650 mm.
Average wind speed 3–5 m \ s.
Animal fauna characterized by: fox, wild boar, wolf, deer, red deer, raccoon dog, hedgehog, badger, wild cat and others.
Of birds: hawk, stork, egret, partridges, crow, tits, sparrows and others.
Forests occupy 26.6% area of the district, are characterized by oak, beech, hornbeam, maple, acacia, lime and others.
From plants: clover, black, fescue, mugwort, nettle and others.
District is located in the basin of the Prut River, crossed the Prut in west of district, the border with Romania over a distance of 80 km.
The main tributary is Delia.
Are 132 ponds.
For rural areas groundwater is the main source of household drinking water.
They come to the surface through wells 6170 (70 fountains) and 67 springs.
Most are kept and landscaped.
Currently over 16,600 businesses are registered.
After legal form a share is the great farms, individual companies and limited liability companies.
Agricultural land is 49,970.8 ha (46.1%) of total land area.
Arable land is 45,181.3 ha (41.7%) of the total agricultural land, of which: plantations of orchards – 2951.7 ha (2.7%), vineyards – 1534.1 (1.4%) ha.
The main crops are: cereals (wheat, oats), corn, sunflower, rapeseed and soy.
Processing industry of agricultural production is represented by companies that process raw material milling units, bakery and compound feed in enterprises producing meat products, canned fruit and vegetables, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks.
A share of 80% in industry in district, has fiber preparation, spinning, carpet and rugs.
District is traditional for the production of ceramic.
At activates Ungheni over half a century artistic ceramics factory.
Telecommunications and information sources is an area that every year more and progress records.
Diversity and quality of these services has increased considerably.
The banking system is represented by 11 branches of banks in Moldova.
In terms of political and electoral, Ungheni district said the center-right parties in Moldova represented by the AEI.
While the PCRM is in a continuous fall.
During the last three elections AEI had an increase of 79.5%
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Brønshøj-Husum is one of the 10 official districts of Copenhagen, Denmark.
The district is bisected by Frederikssundsvej and consists mainly of vast areas of single family detached homes.
It lies on the northwest border of the municipality.
It covers an area of 8.73 km², has a population of 39,588.
The district, now a quiet suburban area, has developed around the two old villages of Brønshøj and Husum.
With 24.6% of the inhabitants having a non-Western background, Brønshøj-Husum is the most diverse district of Copenhagen.
Brønshøj-Husum is bounded by Vanløse to the south, Bispebjerg to the east, Gladsaxe Municipality to the north, Herlev Municipality to the northwest and Rødovre Municipality to the west.
The southern border follows Slotsherrensvej but the border is less well-defined on the other sides.
The largest greenspace is Ytterslev Mose which straddles the border with Bispebjerg in the northwestern corner of the district.
Kagsmose is located in the western part of Brønshøj and Krogebjergparken in its southwestern corner.
The three greenspaces are linked by Vestvolden, a former defensive structure which now forms a green belt through the western suburbs of Copenahgen.
Bellahøj is located in the southeastern corner of Brønshøj.
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Frederiksberg Palace () is a Baroque residence, located in Frederiksberg, Denmark, adjacent to the Copenhagen Zoo.
It commands an impressive view over Frederiksberg Gardens, originally designed as a palace garden in the Baroque style.
Constructed and extended from 1699 to 1735, the palace served as the royal family’s summer residence until the mid-19th century.
Since 1869, it has housed the Royal Danish Military Academy.
As crown prince, Frederick IV had broadened his education by travelling in Europe.
He was particularly impressed by the architecture in Italy and, on his return to Denmark, asked his father, Christian V, for permission to build a summer palace on "Solbjerg" as the hill in Valby was then known.
The original building, probably designed by Ernst Brandenburger, was completed in 1703 for Frederick IV as a small, one-storey summer residence.
The first major extension, when it was converted into a three-storey H-shaped building, was completed in 1709 by Johan Conrad Ernst, giving the palace an Italian Baroque appearance.
It was Lauritz de Thurah who executed the third and final extension from 1733 to 1738 when the palace received extensions to the lateral wings encircling the courtyard.
Frederick IV spent many happy years at the palace.
In 1716, he received the Russian czar Peter the Great at Frederiksberg Palace and in 1721, shortly after the death of his first wife, Queen Louise, he married his mistress Anne Sophie Reventlow there.
Christian VII who was married to the English princess Caroline Matilda also spent some time in the palace.
Their son, who was to become Frederick VI, loved the palace and lived there both as crown prince and as king.
After Frederick VI's dowager wife Queen Marie died at the palace in March 1852, the building lay empty and fell into disrepair.
In 1868, it was transferred to the War Ministry and the following year it became the Officers Academy.
The building has twice undergone significant restoration work, first from 1927 to 1932 and later from 1993 to 1998.
During the construction of the original palace building, it was decided that there should be a chapel in the east wing.
This probably explains why there is no indication of the chapel from the outside.
It actually covers the space behind the six central windows on the ground floor.
Wilhelm Friedrich von Platen and Ernst Brandenburger designed the chapel in the Baroque style.
It was inaugurated on 31 March 1710.
When the palace was taken over by the Officers Academy, the chapel's furnishings, including the impressive pulpit, were transferred elsewhere.
However, they were returned in the 1930s and can still be seen there today.
The palace and the chapel can be visited.
They contain imposing stucco work, ceiling paintings, an elegant marble bathroom with a secret access staircase, and the Princesses' pancake kitchen.
In 1854, British MP S. M. Peto gave an altar window to the King of Demark for the chapel; the window was designed by sculptor John Thomas and executed by Ballantine and Allan of Edinburgh.
Since 1932, the chapel has been used as the local parish church.
The palace overlooks Frederiksberg Gardens which dates back to the first palace in 1703.
At that time, it was designed by H.H.
Scheel with the assistance of garden architect J.C. Krieger as a strictly symmetrical Baroque garden with waterfalls and rows of linden trees along the palace terrace.
From 1795 to 1804, it was redesigned by Peter Pedersen as an English landscape garden with the winding paths, lakes, islands and canals which can be seen today.
It was during this period that the Chinese Summerhouse (Andreas Kirkerup, 1801) and the Apis Temple (N.A.
Abildgaard, 1804) were added.
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Frederiksberg Town Hall () is the administrative centre of Frederiksberg Municipality, an independent municipality located in inner Copenhagen, Denmark.
800 employees work in the building.
There are tours of the town hall on the first Saturnday every month.
They include a visit to the tower which rises 60 metres above street level and has good views of Frederiksberg and across Copenhagen.
Frederiksberg's first town hall was in Falkoner Allé, one block to the north of the current town hall square.
As the population boomed in the first part of the 20th century, it became too small to house a modern administration.
It was therefore decided to build a new town hall and Henning Hansen was charged with its design.
Construction of the new town hall began in 1942 but was delayed by shortage of building materials during World War II.
After Henning Hansen's death in 1945, Carl H. Nimb and Helge Holm took over the responsibility for completing his building.
It was inaugurated in 1952.
The building is 60 m wide and 120 metre long and the tower rises to 60 m above street level.
The interior contains Town Hall auditorium, grand ceremonial hall, Wedding Room, and an assembly hall used by the city council.
The municipal archives are located in the basement.
A new plaza in front of the town hall was established in connection with its inauguration.
It has a water feature by Anker Hoffmann.
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The crossplane or cross-plane is a crankshaft design for piston engines with a 90° angle (phase in crank rotation) between the crank throws.
The crossplane crankshaft is the most popular configuration used in V8 road cars.
Crossplane crankshafts could be used in many cylinder configurations that have evenly-spaced firing, as long as the number of cylinders is a multiple of four in two-stroke engines, or a multiple of eight in 4 stroke engines.
Unless the crank pins have big-end phase-offset, the V-angle requirement must be met for evenly-spaced firing in V configurations as listed below.
2 cycle: L4, L8, L12, L16, V4 (V-angle of 90°), V8 (45°,90° or 135°), V12 (30°,60°,90°,120° or 150°), V16 (22.5°,45°,67.5°,90°,112.5°,135° or 157.5°), flat4, flat8, flat12, flat16, etc.
4 cycle: L8, L16, V8 (V-angle of 90°), V16 (45°,90° or 135°), flat8, flat16, etc.
However, crossplane crankshafts have been used on other 4 stroke configurations like L2, L4, V2 and V4 engines with unevenly-spaced firing where its prominent advantage of smaller secondary (non-sinusoidal) vibration, which increases exponentially with crankshaft rotational speed, out-weighs the disadvantages like the imbalance in firing spacing and the increase in rocking vibration.
The most common crossplane crankshaft for a 90° V8 engine has four crankpins, each serving two cylinders on opposing banks, offset at 90° from the adjacent crankpins.
The first and last of the four crank pins are at 180° with respect to each other as are the second and third, with each pair at 90° to the other, so that viewed from the end the crankshaft forms a cross.
The crankpins are therefore in two planes "crossed" at 90°, hence the name "crossplane".
A crossplane V8 crankshaft may have up to nine main bearings in the case of an eight throw design, and usually has five bearings supporting four throws each with a shared crank pin.
Crossplane V8 engines have unevenly-spaced firing patterns within each cylinder bank, often producing a "distinctive burble" in the exhaust note, but an even firing pattern overall.
Their non-sinusoidal imbalance, owing to the lack of pistons that move together in the reciprocal phase, is half as strong and twice as frequent as in the flatplane design, which does have piston pairs moving together.
In the absence of balancer shafts, the disadvantages include rotating plane imbalances on 1.rotating mass (crankshaft), 2.reciprocating mass (pistons and conrods), 3.torque generation and 4.compression, all of which generate rocking vibrations.
These imbalances can be countered to varying degrees with heavy counterweights on each crank throw, so most crossplane V8s have very heavy crankshafts.
Early Chrysler Hemi V8 had heavy counterweights, but the middle two positions on both sides of the center main bearing (the third of 5 mains) did not have any counterweight, as these positions are located close to the center of engine and deemed ineffective to counter rocking motions.
Another disadvantage is the aforementioned unevenly spaced firing within a bank of four cylinders, which can be mitigated by what is called a Bundle of Snakes as described below.
The other prominent design for a V8 crankshaft is the "flatplane" crankshaft, with all crankpins in the same plane and the only offset being 180°.
Early V8 engines, modern racing engines and some others have the flatplane crankshaft, which is similar to that used in a straight four or flat-four engine.
They lack the V8 burble but have double as strong (and half as frequent) secondary vibration of the crossplane design, and do not require the large crankshaft counterweights.
Inherent balance of the reciprocating mass is like a pair of straight fours, and modern designs often incorporate a balance shaft for smoothness.
When built without balancer shafts that add to the overall rotating mass, flatplane designs have the least flywheel effect of any V8s, which allows them to be quicker to rev up and down.
The crossplane design was first proposed in 1915, and developed by Cadillac and Peerless, both of whom produced flatplane V8s before introducing the crossplane design.
Cadillac introduced the first crossplane in 1923, with Peerless following in 1924.
The characteristic 'burble' of a crossplane V8 comes from the exhaust manifold design which merge all four exhaust ports on each bank of four cylinders into one exit.<br>
On a 4-stroke engine, each port generates the exhaust pulse once every 720° of crank rotation, and they need to be paired with the pulse generated at 360° phase difference in order to result in an evenly spaced exhaust pulse.
This is needed not only for a clean exhaust note, but more importantly for uniform scavenging of residual gas in the cylinders, which is needed to fill the cylinders with the same volume of intake, that is essential for uniform combustion and torque generation.
While the firing of the four-stroke crossplane V8 is evenly spaced overall, the firing order on the 'L'eft and 'R'ight banks are LRLLRLRR or RLRRLRLL, with each 'L' or 'R' ignition being separated by 90° crank rotation for a total of 720° for eight ignitions.
As can be seen by counting four characters to the right of each 'L' or 'R' (4 x 90° = 360°), the cylinders that fire (and thus exhaust) at 360° phase difference reside on the opposite banks on a crossplane V8, so long equal-length exhaust pipes that merge the pairs are needed to achieve uniform scavenging.
The exhaust design that achieves this is referred to as "tuned exhaust".
One of the earliest examples of a tuned exhaust for crossplane V8 was on 1.5 Liter Coventry Climax FWMV Mk.I and Mk.II in the early 1960s.
While many racing crossplane V8 engines (like Ford 4.2L DOHC V8 for Indy racing) had exhaust ports on the inside of the V angle to make these exhaust pipe lengths shorter, Ford GT40 made the concept on production-based V8s famous with an elaborate arrangement of long exhaust pipes nicknamed "Bundle of Snakes".
Unlike in a V8, crossplane arrangement in inline-four engines results in unevenly distributed firing pattern, so the use tends to be limited to extremely high-revving engines, where the advantage of less secondary imbalance outweigh the irregular firing interval disadvantage (in addition to the rocking vibration disadvantages arising from plane imbalances on reciprocating mass and rotating mass, if not countered with a balance shaft).
Please see engine balance article for details.
The 2009 Yamaha YZF-R1 motorcycle uses a crossplane crankshaft and use a balance shaft geared off the crankshaft at crankshaft speed to counter the inherent rocking vibration (primary rocking couples) described above.
A crossplane crank had been used in Yamaha's M1 MotoGP racing models in the past.
Yamaha claims advances in metal forging technologies make this a practical consumer product.
The so-called Fath-Kuhn straight-four engine, as used to relative success in motorcycle and side-car racing from 1968 by the private URS racing team, was also a crossplane type.
It was a different configuration to that normally used in a V8 or indeed in the Yamaha above, with two of the throws being swapped around - i.e.
the throws may be described as being at absolute angles of 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees, versus the more usual 0, 90, 270, 180.
This results in a slightly reduced primary rocking couple, but introduces higher order couples of much lower magnitude.
The different layout was primarily chosen to reduce the impact of the inertial torsion inherent with crank throws spaced 90° apart due to the pistons being accelerated (start-stop motion), given this engine was meant to be high revving and inertial forces scale as to the square of engine speed.
The reduction in torsion was achieved by splitting the crank into two separate parts, geared together, from their respective midpoints, via a counter-shaft, from which power was delivered to the gearbox.
It is likely this inertial torsion within the crank is the reason for Yamaha citing crank forging improvements as a reason for the cross-plane crank being viable in a road bike.
It is less of an issue in the V8 because each throw is shared by two pistons already offset by 90°.
Crossplane crankshafts used in a four-stroke, four-cylinder engine result in uneven firing, since the natural separation of ignition events is (720°/4 =) 180° in such an engine (hence the popularity of 180° flat-plane crank).
The firing intervals (the space between ignition events) for the crossplane R1 and URS engines are 90-180-270-180 (crank degrees), but other intervals are possible including those due to so-called big-bang firing orders.
The uneven firing is the cause of the distinctive sound of this configuration, which is superficially a combination of the 270-450 (90° V-Twin), 180-540 (180° straight twin) and 90-630 ("twingled" V-Twin) intervals, the dominant interval perceptually being the 270° one.
The 90° throw separation would make the cross-plane crank a natural choice for a two-stroke straight four, providing the advantages of both evenly spaced firing and less secondary vibration when the increased rocking vibrations are countered with a crank-speed balance shaft.
Straight-twin motorcycle engines (aka "parallel-twin" and "vertical twin") historically came in two types (neither of which were "cross plane"): 360° cranks (pistons moving in tandem) or 180° cranks (pistons moving in opposite phase).
Beginning with Edward Turner's Triumph Speed Twin, most classic English 4-stroke roadsters (Triumph, BSA, Norton, Royal Enfield, etc) used the 360° cranks; but in the 1960s, Honda adopted the 180° cranks for its ohc 4-stroke parallel twins, such as the 450cc "Black Bomber" and CB500T.
On a small displacement bike, the rocking couple was acceptable without a balance shaft, particularly when compared to a similar sized 360° twin similarly lacking a balance shaft.
The 400cc Dream/Hawk CB250/400T replaced the 4 cylinder CB400F, and to obtain smoother running closer, it had a 360° twin with a balance shaft - the even firing of the 360° crank noticeably smoother than the uneven 180° crank.
In 1995, Yamaha fitted 270° crankshaft to its TRX850 and in 1996 to the TDM850 MK2, plus a balance shaft to counter the resulting combination of free forces and rocking couples.
The 270° crank has smaller free forces than the 360° crank (but much larger than the 180° crank) and smaller rocking couples than the 180° crank (the 360° crank has no such couple)l. Whilst firing was as uneven as a 90° V-Twin, the 270° crank was not as uneven as the 180°.
The 270° configuration represents a successful compromise and has been adopted for Honda's NC700 and 2016 Africa Twin, Hinckley Triumph's Scrambler and Thunderbird cruiser, Yamaha's MT-07 / FZ-07 and a number of others.
Some customising engineers have modified British and Yamaha XS 650 parallel-twin motorcycles to become 277° engines, close to cross-plane crankshafts (aka "offset crankshaft" or "rephased crankshaft") with success in reducing the vibration from stock 360° vertical-twins.
Such modified engines have not been given additional balancing systems, but they can have lighter flywheels since the pistons are never simultaneously stationary, so rotational momentum does not need to be stored up as much to compensate, it is simply transferred between the pistons directly (through the crankshaft).
This is a similar principle to that in Yamaha's crossplane four cylinder engines, where the extra two cylinders account for the non-symmetry of piston motion in the upper and lower halves of their strokes, resulting in greater minimisation of the inertial torque caused by changes in rotational momentum.
On 2-stroke parallel-twin engines, the 180° crank configuration was almost universally adopted, giving two power strokes in each revolution.
Examples include quite large capacity bikes such as the 598cc Scott Squirrel or 498cc Suzuki T500.
Two exceptions with 360° crankshafts are the Yankee, and the military edition of the Jawa 350.
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David Wright (born 1 May 1980) is an English former professional footballer and manager who is currently manager of the Norwich City under-18 team.
Wright began his playing career at Crewe Alexandra, where he helped the club to promotion to the First Division in 2002–03 following the clubs relegation to the Second Division in the previous season.
He went on the make over 200 league appearances for the club.
He also played over 100 league games for Ipswich Town between 2007 and 2010, as well as representing Wigan Athletic, Norwich City on loan, Crystal Palace, Gillingham on loan and Colchester United.
In 2013, Wright took on his first coaching role at the Ipswich Town Academy, before taking on a similar role at Colchester while also managing Isthmian League side Maldon & Tiptree in 2015.
He left the Jammers in December 2015 to team up with new Colchester United manager Kevin Keen as his assistant.
After Keen left by mutual consent in April 2016, Wright took temporary charge of Colchester's penultimate league game of the 2015–16 season.
He was then appointed manager of the under-18 team, before moving to Norwich City to take up the same role.
Born in Warrington, Wright rose through the youth team ranks at Crewe Alexandra, making his first-team debut for the Railwaymen in August 1997 as a late substitute during a 2–0 away win against Norwich City.
He made three First Division appearances during the 1997–98 season,<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 1997/1998"></ref> and established himself in the following season, making 20 league appearances and a substitute appearance in the League Cup.
He scored his first goal during the 1998–99 season when he netted the opening goal in a 5–1 thrashing of West Bromwich Albion on 5 April 1999.<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 1998/1999"></ref>
Wright went on to make 213 league appearances for Crewe in his seven years with the club.
On the back of relegation to the Second Division in 2002, Wright helped the club gain immediate promotion back to Division One after finishing in the runners-up spot.
In June 2004, Wright signed for Wigan Athletic for an undisclosed fee in the region of £250,000.
Making 31 Championship appearances in the 2004–05 season, he again experienced promotion, on this occasion to the Premier League.<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2004/2005"></ref> However, Wright found himself out of favour in his second season, and having not made a league appearance, he joined Norwich City on a one-month loan deal in November 2005.
Wright made five appearances for the Canaries before returning to Wigan.<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2005/2006"></ref> Following his loan spell, Wright made his Premier League bow for the Latics, replacing Leighton Baines at left back after 66 minutes in what ended as a 3–0 home defeat to Blackburn Rovers on 31 December 2005.
He made one further appearance in the 2005–06 season, starting in an away game at Birmingham City two days after his last appearance.
Wigan were defeated 2–0 as Wright played the full 90 minutes.
The 2006–07 season saw Wright make 12 Premier League appearances.<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2006/2007"></ref> Wright played his final game for Wigan on New Year's Day 2007, featuring as a substitute in another 3–0 home defeat to Blackburn.
Ipswich Town signed Wright from Wigan in January 2007 on a three-and-a-half year deal.
He made his Town debut in a 1–0 defeat to Sunderland at the Stadium of Light on 13 January, and in only his second appearance for the club, Wright found himself sent off for handling the ball in Ipswich's 3–2 win over local rivals Colchester United.
His only goal of the campaign came in the East Anglian derby against his former side Norwich City, the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw on 22 April.
Wright featured regularly for Town in the 2007–08 season, ending the campaign with 43 appearances in all competitions and scoring two goals;<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2007/2008"></ref> against Bristol City in a 6–0 thrashing and against West Bromwich Albion on New Year's Day 2008.
During the 2008–09 season, although Wright was born in Warrington, England, Scotland and former Ipswich Town manager George Burley was considering selecting Wright for the Scotland national team due to his grandparents Scottish ancestry.
However, this never came to fruition.
Another solid season saw Wright rack up another 36 appearances<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2008/2009"></ref> and score the decisive goal in a 2–1 win against Nottingham Forest on 18 February 2009.
Wright scored the only goal of the game in a match against Derby County on 31 October 2009 to halt manager Roy Keane's winless run of 15 games, in what was the team's first win of the season.
Following this, Wright made a further 21 appearances in the 2009–10 season, bringing his total appearance figure for Ipswich to 128 matches.<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2009/2010"></ref>
Former Scotland manager George Burley signed Wright for his Crystal Palace side on a two-year contract in June 2010.
He made his debut for the Eagles on 14 August 2010 as Palace fell to a 1–0 defeat away at Barnsley.
Wright made 29 appearances during the 2010–11 season<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2010/2011"></ref> and made a further 25 appearances in his second season.<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2011/2012"></ref>
Wright played just three games for Palace during the 2012–13 season<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2012/2013"></ref> before joining League Two club Gillingham in September 2012, on loan for one month.
He made seven appearances during the spell, and although the club attempted to extend his loan, the deal fell through as it was not confirmed before a 17:00 GMT transfer deadline on 22 November 2012.
Following this loan spell, Wright did not make any further appearances for Crystal Palace before leaving the club.
On 25 January 2013, Wright signed for League One club Colchester United on a free transfer.
He made his debut for the club in a 2–0 win over Walsall the following day, a win which marked the first points in nine games for the U's.
After ending his first season with Colchester with 12 League One appearances, Wright held down a regular role during the 2013–14 season<ref name="Games played by David Wright in 2013/2014"></ref> and scored his first professional goal in four-and-a-half years in Colchester's 4–2 defeat to Wolverhampton Wanderers at Molineux on 25 March 2014.
He signed a new one-year contract with the club on 3 July 2014.
After making only three substitute appearances in the 2014–15 season, Wright was released from his Colchester contract by mutual consent on 26 November 2014.
While playing for Colchester United, during the summer of 2013, Wright was appointed Academy coach at nearby Ipswich Town, where he coached players in the under-14, under-15 and under-16 age groups.
He continued in his role following his contractual release from Colchester in November 2014.
He returned to the coaching set-up at Colchester in June 2015, linking up with the club's academy to work under John McGreal.
In a dual-coaching role, the move also saw him named as manager of Isthmian League Division One North side Maldon & Tiptree in a development link-up between the two clubs.
His role would see him act as a full-time coach with Colchester, while managing Maldon & Tiptree on a part-time basis.
Wright said "I'm very excited about the opportunity and I'm really looking forward to it".
After taking charge of Maldon & Tiptree for 25 games, resulting in ten league wins, five draws and ten defeats, Wright was appointed assistant manager to Kevin Keen at Colchester United on 21 December 2015 following Tony Humes exit from the club.
Wright left the Jammers in 14th position in the table.
After Keen left by mutual consent on 26 April 2016, Wright was named as caretaker manager for the penultimate game of the 2015–16 season following Colchester's relegation from League One three days earlier.
In his first game in charge, he led the club to a 2–2 draw against Barnsley at Oakwell.
After Colchester took the lead in the first-half, two Barnsley goals second-half turned the match in the home side's favour, but an equaliser in the eighth minute of stoppage time from Tom Lapslie rescued a point for Wright and his team.
John McGreal was named permanent manager on 4 May ahead of Colchester's final game of the season.
Wright was appointed in a new role in May 2016, becoming manager of Colchester's under-18 team.
In November 2016, Wright left Colchester to take up the role of under-18s manager at Norwich City.
|
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The Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency (SFPA) was an Executive Agency of the Scottish Government.
The SFPA is responsible for both deterring illegal fishing in Scottish waters, as well as monitoring the compliance of the fisheries industry in Scotland with the relevant Scottish and European Union laws on fisheries.
The Agency has 18 Fishery Offices, a fleet of 3 Fishery Protection Vessels, and 2 aircraft for the purposes of monitoring and enforcement in the waters around Scotland.
The letters "SF" appearing in the Agency's ensign relate to the words "Sea Fisheries" as the agency is part of the UK Sea Fisheries Inspectorate (SFI).
On 1 April 2009, the Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency and Fisheries Research Services were merged with the Scottish Government Marine Directorate to form Marine Scotland, part of the core Scottish Government.
The SFPA is now known as Marine Scotland Compliance and the Fisheries Research Services are known as Marine Scotland Science.
The British Parliament has legislated for the protection and control of fisheries in the waters around the United Kingdom since the early 19th century.
In the early 19th century the Commissioners of the British White Herring Fishery were appointed, who had the power to detail naval vessels to superintend the herring fisheries; officers of the fishery were appointed with particular emphasis on the certification of cured herring for export and for making the necessary brand on the barrel.
Experience as a cooper – a maker of barrels – remained a qualification for Fishery Officers until as recently as 1939.
In 1882, the Fishery Board for Scotland was established for the purposes of protecting sea fisheries in the waters around Scotland and land-based inspection of landed catches.
By 1909, the Board's fleet included 5 steam vessels; at the outbreak of World War II, the fleet had been increased to 8 vessels which included 2 small motor boats.
The Board's responsibilities were transferred to the Secretary of State for Scotland in 1939.
In April 1991 the Secretary of State for Scotland established the fisheries protection and enforcement services as an executive agency as part of the Government's Next Steps Initiative, which sought to devolve specific activities from central Government to free-standing organisations, headed by Chief Executives accountable to Ministers.
Hence, the Scottish Fisheries Protection Agency was established as an executive agency of the Scottish Office with the resources of 230 staff, 20 coastal offices, 6 protection vessels and 2 surveillance aircraft.
Following devolution in Scotland, the agency transferred to the control of the Scottish Executive Environment and Rural Affairs Department (SEERAD).
In 2007, the Scottish National Party (SNP) changed the structure of the Scottish Executive (now known as the Scottish Government), and the SFPA became associated with the Director-General of the Environment.
Marine Scotland Compliance is responsible for monitoring compliance and taking enforcement action, where necessary, to deter and detect illegitimate activities in the marine environment.
By using surveillance vessels, aircraft and the network of local fishery offices and people, Marine Scotland Compliance has an important role to work with others.
As the range of these responsibilities develops under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010, better monitoring, enforcement and capabilities will be developed in partnership with other marine management functions, including the development of existing and new technology.
Work will also continue on the important priority of fisheries compliance activity to protect important fish stocks and relationships with the UK Marine Management Organisation and others will continue to help ensure cohesive and complementary approaches are taken across administrative, geographical and responsibility boundaries.
The Headquarters of Marine Scotland Compliance is located in Victoria Quay, Edinburgh.
It houses the supporting arms of the Agency including Finance, Corporate Affairs, Human Resources, Training, Pay, Procurement and Health & Safety as well as the Prosecution & Enforcement Policy branch and the Marine Monitoring Centre (previously known as the HQ Operations).
The Marine Monitoring Centre is responsible for tasking Marine Scotland Compliance assets, primarily FPVs and surveillance aircraft, to address its key priorities, which are determined using risk-based analysis.
The Marine Monitoring Centre also acts as part of the UK Fisheries Monitoring Centre, maintaining and monitoring the VMS satellite tracking system of all fishing vessels in Scottish waters and Scottish fishing vessels globally.
The MMC is manned between 0700–2200 Monday to Friday and 0800-1100 on weekends.
Since 1 June 2005, the UK Fisheries Call Centre (UKFCC), based within the MMC, has been the single point of contact for all notification or reporting requirements from fishing vessels in UK waters, working of behalf of Marine Scotland Compliance, the Marine Fisheries Agency of England and Wales (MFA), and the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Northern Ireland (DARNDI).
The MMC & UKFCC have approximately 13 staff.
Marine Scotland Compliance employs 285 staff, in the following areas:
Marine Surveillance – 134 Coastal Inspection – 124 Headquarters – 27 Although Marine Scotland Compliance owns two surveillance aircraft, the air crews are provided by a private Company on a contract basis.
All staff employed directly by the Marine Scotland Compliance are Civil Servants and are subject to Civil Service terms and conditions of employment.
The Marine staff are responsible for crewing the three Marine Protection Vessels, with each Vessel having two crews who operate on the basis of 3 weeks on duty followed by 3 weeks off duty.
Further details of the Vessels and their crewing arrangements can be found in the 'Ships' page of this section of the website.
Coastal Inspection The Coastal Inspection staff, who make up the Sea Fisheries Inspectorate, are split into two Areas – North / East and South / West – the split of Fishery Offices in each area is provided below:
The main tasks for the Coastal SFI is to ensure the integrity of the Quota Management System and the enforcement of regulations on effort limitation, stock recovery programmes, VMS and the Registration of Buyers and Sellers act.
This is accomplished by:
***LIST***.
The Marine Sea Fisheries Inspectorate (SFI) consists of a fleet of 3 Fishery Protection Vessels (FPVs) in service as of 2012.
A fleet renewal programme to replace the ageing "Sulisker" type began in 2003 with the delivery of the first "Minna" type, followed by the "Jura" type in 2005.
It was originally intended to upgrade the fleet to 3 "Jura" type vessels and 2 "Minna" type vessels, however the renewal programme is under review by the Scottish Government.
Scottish FPVs are not military ships and are not armed.
They use the prefix FPV, and fly the SFPA's ensign.
Scottish FPVs are responsible for the inspection of fishing vessels at sea in Scottish waters and Scottish vessels in the waters of other member states.
The high profile of the fleet at sea acts as a deterrent against illegal fishing and is pivotal to the information informing the Real Time Closure (RTC) scheme.
FPVs also contribute towards the UK's commitment to NEAFC, with annual patrols in the NEAFC area west of Rockall.
Historically, additional Fishery Protection Vessels were provided by the Fishery Protection Squadron of the Royal Navy which was previously based at Rosyth.
In 1994, the Agency determined that this assistance was no longer required and the Fishery Protection Squadron was moved to Portsmouth as part of the Strategic Defence Review (SDR).
Since that time, all Fishery Protection operations in Scottish waters (with the exception of joint exercises) have been conducted by SFPA vessels.
The Marine SFI has approximately 133 staff and had projected running costs of £9,421,000 for 2008–2009
The "Jura" type are offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 2,200 tonnes.
These vessels can stay on effective patrol for up to 30 days although the normal patrol length remains at 21 days.
The first vessel of the type, FPV "Jura", was constructed by Ferguson Shipbuilders of Port Glasgow, joining the fleet in March 2006.
In the tendering for the next two "Jura" type vessels to be built, the Scottish Executive awarded the contract to a Polish shipbuilder rather than Fergusons, sparking strong criticism from the Scottish National Party.
FPV "Hirta", was constructed in Remontowa Shipyard, Poland, and launched on 17 August 2007.
The vessel joined the fleet in May 2008.
The "Minna" type are inshore/offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 781 tonnes and a maximum speed of 14 knots.
Vessels of this type can also spend up to 21 days on patrol.
Currently there is only one vessel of this type, FPV "Minna" constructed by Ferguson Shipbuilders and launched in 2003.
In May 2006, the vessel replacement programme was delayed, when the SFPA was forced to suspend the tender process for a second "Minna" type vessel after it was found that the process was in breach of EU procurement rules.
A subsequent tender exercise using consultancy resources rather than Scottish Executive personnel to carry out the procurement activities commenced in early 2007, but was postponed following the May 2007 Scottish Elections and the rise to power of the Scottish National Party.
The current "Minna" is the third FPV to bear the name (named after a character in Sir Walter Scott's novel "The Pirate").
Previous vessels of this name served between 1901–1939 and 1939–1974.
The "Sulisker" type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,365 tonnes and a maximum speed of 18 knots.
They could spend up to 21 days on patrol.
The first of the type, FPV "Sulisker" was launched in 1980, decommissioned late 2006 and is currently undergoing conversion to a luxury yacht in Lowestoft.
FPV "Vigilant", launched in 1982, was decommissioned in Spring 2008.
The last of this type in service was FPV "Norna" which was launched in 1987 and paid off in October 2010.
The last of the "Island" type, FPV "Westra" was launched in 1975 and decommissioned in 2003.
The vessel was purchased by Sea Shepherd Conservation Society in 2006 and was renamed MY "Robert Hunter" in memory of one of the two founding members of Greenpeace.
The vessel has since been renamed MY "Steve Irwin" after the death of the famous conservationist TV personality.
The Steve Irwin has become a popularly recognised ship due to the Animal Planet television programme "Whale Wars" which documents the work of Sea Shepherd including their use of the vessel.
The Island type were offshore patrol vessels with a displacement of 1,017 tonnes and a maximum speed of 16.5 knots.
In contrast to the more modern vessel types, the Island type could only remain on patrol for 16–18 days.
The SFPA also have two surveillance aircraft, both Reims Vigilant F-406, based at Inverness Airport.
The aircraft are operated by Directflight under contract.
The main tasks of the aerial surveillance aircraft are to:
***LIST***.
The aircraft were recently out of service for 6 weeks due to "documentation issues"
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Brad Guigar was the eldest of five children and grew up in Bad Axe, Michigan.
He attended Alma College where he received a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree before he moved to Canton, Ohio to work for the newspaper The Repository as a graphic artist and editorial cartoonist.
He left The Repository and moved to Akron, Ohio and worked for the Akron Beacon Journal.
He formerly worked at the Philadelphia Daily News and is married with two children.
Brad Guigar also contributed to the book "How To Make Webcomics" and maintains the site Webcomics.com.
"Greystone Inn" premiered on the Web on February 14, 2000.
Later that year, the strip was added to the Keenspot line-up of webcomics.
After updating daily for over five years, Guigar took his comics, including "Greystone" to Blank Label Comics.
"Greystone Inn" appeared in the Philadelphia Daily News, the Turlock Journal, the Stanford Daily and The Maine Campus.
Selected "Greystone Inn" strips on graphic design also appeared in the "Computer Arts" magazine every issue.
Guigar makes money off his syndications by offering "Greystone Inn" for syndication at a certain rate, with a lower rate offered for college papers.
"Greystone Inn" has had a spin-off comic written and drawn by Brad Guigar named "Mondays With Mel".
It featured an old comedian named Mel who had been introduced in "Greystone Inn" as an old friend of Argus's.
It worked by Mel setting up a joke and then allowing the audience to provide punchlines with the best one being featured in the strip.
Since Guigar left Keenspot, "Mondays With Mel" has been on hiatus and is no longer available online.
In May 2005 Guigar ended Greystone Inn and began a spin-off, Evil Inc., which focuses on a company of super-villains.
Evil Inc. retains several Greystone Inn characters and has a similar style.
"Courting Disaster" is a single panel cartoon about love, sex, and dating.
It originally appeared every Friday in the Philadelphia Daily News accompanying a sex advice column.
In 2015 "Courting Disaster" was revived for occasional release as a Not Safe For Work comic available to certain Patreon subscribers.
"Phables" was a comic strip about life in Philadelphia that appeared bi-weekly in the Philadelphia Daily News from 2006 to 2009.
In May 2007 the strip was named "Best Local Column" by the Philadelphia chapter of the Society of Professional Journalists.
Later in 2007, the strip was nominated for the Eisner Award for best digital comic, eventually losing to Steve Purcell's Sam & Max.
"Evil Inc." chronicles the schemes and adventures of the eponymous Evil Incorporated, a business run by supervillains.
One of the launch strips for Blank Label Comics, it appears daily both in newspapers and now as a webcomic as part of the Halfpixel lineup.
A spin-off from Guigar's previous project, "Greystone Inn", "Evil Inc." debuted on the web on June 22, 2005.
Artistically, Evil Inc. initially followed the form of most newspaper comics with black and white line-art style, shades of gray used sparingly.
The Strip has since begun using color.
Most strips are formed of a series of panels which use a multitude of camera angles.
The comic follows a strong story arc.
In one, the corporation was bought, and subsequently brought to financial ruin, by the Legion of Justice (a parody of the Justice League and similar teams).
However, the ruination of Evil, Inc. has also spelled doom for the Legion.
Each strip maintains a self-contained joke, and the comic frequently parodies superhero comics and often uses puns.
Saturday strips are usually unconnected to weekday strips (the strip does not update on Sundays) and include such themes as Evil Inc. character profiles called "Personnel Files" (which describe a specific Evil Inc. character, usually one featured in the previous week), customer service calls fielded by Lightning Lady (who answers the phone "Evil Inc., how may I harm you?
", previously "How may I misdirect your call?
"), or, recently, various characters approaching a door that has been altered to complement the sign next to it (for example, the December 4, 2010 strip shows a door labeled "Office of Bizarro"; in this strip, the doorknob is placed next to the door rather than on it).
Evil Inc was nominated for the 2007 Web Cartoonist's Choice Awards in the category of Outstanding Superhero/Action Comic.
Everything Cartooning is a website run by Guigar as a place for advice, discussing and job information relating to cartoons.
A book published by Adams Media, "The Everything Cartooning Book" was written and illustrated by Guigar.
As a member of Alternative Brand Studios, Brad Guigar ran the AltBrand 2002 MDA Webcomic Telethon.
It featured over 20 comic artists and raised $850.
As a founding member of Blank Label Comics, Guigar also spearheaded the 2005 Webcomic Telethon for Hurricane Relief that raised an estimated $28,635 for the American Red Cross response to hurricanes Katrina and Rita.
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The Battle of Køge Bay was a naval battle between Denmark and Sweden that took place in bay off Køge 1–2 July 1677 during the Scanian War.
The battle was a major success for admiral Niels Juel and is regarded as the greatest naval victory in Danish naval history.
After losing control of the Baltic Sea in the Battle of Öland the year before, the Swedish navy wanted it back.
The Danish fleet, commanded by Niels Juel, had 1,354 cannons and 6,700 men, while the Swedish fleet, commanded by Henrik Horn, had +1,792 cannons and 9,200 men.
On 20 May, Sjöblad's squadron from Gothenburg had already left, before the rest of the fleet from Stockholm had set sail.
This led to the catastrophic defeat at the battle of Möen where Sjöblad's squadron of two ships of the line, six armed merchant ships (classed as frigates) and a few smaller ships (ca 400 cannons in total) fought against the superior firepower of the Danish fleet, which had about: nine ships of the line, four frigates (ca 670 cannons).
In the following battle, Sjöblad's own flagship Amarant was captured and the outcome destroyed the initial Swedish plan and eventually led to the future defeat at Koge Bay.
The remaining Swedish fleet had left Dalarö, near Stockholm, on 9 June 1677.
On 13 June it was joined by "Kalmar", off Öland, and by "Andromeda" and "Gustavus", survivors of Sjöblad's squadron.
The Danish fleet had left Copenhagen on 24 June 1677.
Lack of wind forced it to anchor off Stevn's Point.
At daybreak on 19 June the two fleets sighted each other.
At about 8am on 30 June, Horn weighed anchor with a SSW wind and sailed toward the Danish fleet, sending two ships to try to draw Juel out; he in turn sent two ships to attack them.
Both sides kept their distance, the Swedes forming a line, followed by the Danes.
Juel tried in vain all night to get the weather gauge.
On 1 July at daybreak, despite some of his ships having fallen behind, Juel closed, as did the Swedes, and fighting began at about 5am.
Horn sent in fireships but the Danes towed them aside.
As the fleets approached the coast near Stevn's Point, Juel bore away a little in the hope that the Swedes would try to stay to windward and run aground.
Indeed, the Swedish warship, Draken, ran aground and Horn had to leave ships behind to protect it as he turned 180 degrees.
After the turn, the fleets sailed parallel to each other, but the Swedish fleet had made a gap in their line which Juel utilised to break through, thus isolating several major warships.
This was the turning point of the battle, which soon turned into a complete rout.
The Swedes lost eight war ships, several smaller ships and about 3,000 men.
The Danish fleet did not lose any ships, only damages on the ships and approximately 100 men were killed and 275 wounded.
This battle is recognized as Denmark-Norway's greatest naval victory, and according to 19th century Danish and Norwegian marine officers, Juel invented the "break-through" tactic, more than a hundred years before the British admiral George Rodney broke the French line in the Battle of the Saintes in the Caribbean sea 1782.
The defeat of the Swedish fleet also gave Denmark-Norway control of the Baltic sea, and thereby the inner supply lines of the Swedish Empire.
Admiral Tromp's fleet was ordered to "burn and defile, plunder, kill or abduct the people", with the intention of luring Swedish troops away from Scania and thus relieve the land-bound operations.
Although Öland and parts of the coast of Småland were devastated, king Charles XI didn't move any forces from main front in Scania.
During the remainder of the war, Denmark completely dominated at sea, even after the Netherlands made peace with Sweden in 1678.
The Swedish fleet avoided further confrontations and could no longer maintain the line of communication with Swedish Pomerania; the last Swedish troops, on Rügen capitulated to Brandenburg in December 1678.
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The first gold mine in the United States was established in North Carolina at the Reed Gold Mine.
The United States Congress approved an Act to establish several branch mints; the act stated, "...one branch [to be established] at the town of Charlotte, in Mecklenburg County, in the state of North Carolina, for the coinage of gold only...".
This Act also authorized mints at Dahlonega, Georgia, and New Orleans, Louisiana, after President Andrew Jackson signed it into law.
In November, 1835, Levi Woodbury, Secretary of the Treasury, was notified by Samuel MeComb that he had purchased from William Carson and F. L. Smith a full square containing 4 acres of land for $1,500.00, which is now the 400 block of West Trade Street.
Proposals for erection of the building were advertised and the contract was awarded to Perry & Ligon, of Raleigh, NC on October 15, 1835 at a price of $29,800.00.
In 1836, construction on the Charlotte Mint began.
It opened for business on July 27, 1837.
Only raw gold was processed and refined until March 28, 1838, when the first $5 gold half eagle was struck in Charlotte.
Later that year, $2½ quarter eagles were minted, and 1849 production started on a small gold dollar.
All gold coinage coming from this mint has a "C" mint mark to distinguish it from other sister mints then in operation.
The Charlotte Mint issued over $5 million in gold coins.
In May 1861, North Carolina seceded from the Union.
The Confederacy took control of the Charlotte Mint.
The Confederate government continued coining operations until October when it became clear it was a futile effort.
The mint was then converted into a hospital and military office space for the remainder of the Civil War.
Federal troops used the offices for the first few years of Reconstruction.
In 1867, the U.S. government designated it an assay office.
In 1873, the General Assembly of North Carolina petitioned Congress to reopen the mint at Charlotte.
This request was denied.
The Assay office operated until 1913 when the gold supply was quickly dwindling.
From 1917 to 1919, the Charlotte Women's Club met in the building.
It also served as a Red Cross station during World War I.
In 1931, the building was to be demolished to make room for the post office expansion next door.
A coalition of private citizens acquired the structure from the U.S. Treasury Department in 1933.
They relocated the structure a few miles south of downtown Charlotte.
In 1936, it was dedicated as the Mint Museum of Art, the first art museum in North Carolina.
On display are thousands of items, along with a complete collection of all gold coins minted at the Charlotte Mint.
Charlotte Mint gold coins range from scarce to extremely rare.
They are some of the most desired items in numismatics today, making the museum's collection highly valuable.
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Philip Russel Christensen is a geologist whose research interests focus on the composition, physical properties, processes, and morphology of planetary surfaces, with an emphasis on Mars and the Earth.
He is currently a Regents' Professor and the Ed and Helen Korrick Professor of Geological Sciences at Arizona State University (ASU).
Christensen earned his B.S.
degree in Geology from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1976.
He earned his M.S.
in 1978 and his Ph.D. in 1981 in Geophysics and Space physics, both from the University of California, Los Angeles.
Along with serving on the faculty of the Department of Geology at Arizona State University since 1981, Christensen is the principal investigator for the Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) and the Mars Odyssey THEMIS instruments, as well as a co-investigator for the Mars Exploration Rovers, responsible for the Mini-TES instruments.
He also serves on the research staff of the Center for Meteorite Studies museum on the ASU campus and is the director of the Mars Space Flight Facility.
His discovery (based on Thermal Emission Spectrometer data) of crystalline hematite in Meridiani Planum was instrumental in that area's choice as the landing site for the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity.
Dr. Christensen was awarded the Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal by NASA in 2003, and was elected as a Fellow of the American Geophysical Union in 2004.
In September, 2009, he served as chair of the Mars Panel of the National Research Council's 2013-2022 Decadal survey on planetary science.
In 2014, Asteroid (90388) Philchristensen was named for Dr. Christensen.
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She was born on April 22, 1868 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to Lucy Wharton (1841–1912) and Joseph William Drexel.
Joseph was the son of Francis Martin Drexel, the immigrant ancestor of the Drexel banking family in the United States.
Elizabeth was an author, who published two books, ""King Lehr" and the Gilded Age" (1935) and "Turn of the World" (1937).
Her first novel, published after the death of her second husband, was described as a "bitter, disillusioned book, "King Lehr" is memorable for the lurid light it throws on U. S. Society of the Gilded Age, may confidently be opened as one of the most startling and scandalously intimate records of life among the wealthy yet written by one of them."
In told the story of her unhappy marriage to Lehr, which was referred to as a "tragic farce" of a 28-year marriage.
As with her first book, her second, and first as Lady Decies, "Turn of the World" was a fascinating semi-autobiographical history of American high society during the Gay Nineties up through the first World War.
Upon the book's publication, The Pittsburgh Press wrote, "The magnificent spectacle that went on behind the scenes in pre-war days of society's Gilded Age at Saratoga, Newport, New York and Paris is detailed by an insider, Elizabeth, Lady Decies, who was Miss Elizabeth Wharton Drexel interesting, amusing and sometimes revolting, as with evident nostalgia she tells of extravagant parties and fortunes spent for clothes and jewels."
On June 29, 1889, Elizabeth married John Vinton Dahlgren I (1869–1899), a graduate from Georgetown University and the son of Admiral John Adolph Dahlgren (1809–1870) at St. Patrick's Cathedral in New York City.
Together, they had two sons:
***LIST***.
During this marriage, she made generous donations to Roman Catholic charities and to Georgetown University, including funds for the construction of Dahlgren Chapel, named for her first son.
The latter asked for her portrait, which was painted in 1899 by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947).
Dahlgren died August 11, 1899, in Colorado Springs, Colorado, where he had gone in hopes of recovering from an illness.
In June 1901, Elizabeth married Henry Symes Lehr (1869–1929), aka Harry Lehr.
The marriage was never consummated.
On her wedding night, she was informed by her husband that he loathed her and could not stand the thought of touching her ever, although he wanted her to understand she was to be cordial to him in public and he might in turn occasionally call her "darling".
He had, he admitted, married her for her money because poverty terrified him.
In 1915, the Lehrs were in Paris, and Elizabeth worked for the Red Cross.
They remained in Paris after World War I, where they bought in 1923 the "Hôtel de Canvoie" at 52, rue des Saints-Pères in the 7th arrondissement.
Harry Lehr died on January 3, 1929 of a brain malady in Baltimore.
On May 25, 1936, she married John Beresford, 5th Baron Decies (1866–1944), a widower who had previously been married to Helen Vivien Gould (1893–1931).
He died on January 31, 1944.
She died in 1944 at the Hotel Shelton.
She was buried in the Dahlgren Chapel at Georgetown University, which she and her first husband had built as a memorial to their son, Joseph Drexel Dahlgren, who died in infancy.
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David James Wheater (born 14 February 1987 in Redcar, England) is an English footballer who plays as a defender for Bolton Wanderers.
He is a centre back, although he is capable of playing at right back as well.
Wheater started his professional career at Middlesbrough in 2004, having graduated through the club's youth teams.
He had three loan spells away from Middlesbrough during the 2006–07 season; at Doncaster Rovers, Wolverhampton Wanderers and Darlington (loan).
An injury to Jonathan Woodgate at the start of the following season saw Wheater become a regular player for Middlesbrough, and he would make a total of 140 league appearances for the club before switching to current club Bolton Wanderers in January 2011.
Wheater has represented England at under-16, under-17, under-18, under-19 and under-21 levels, but is yet to make his senior debut for his country.
Wheater is a product of the Middlesbrough youth system, and was promoted to the first team at the age of 17 for the 2004–05 season, after tasting success in the FA Youth Cup.
He and teammates Andrew Taylor, Matthew Bates and Adam Johnson were part of the team that won the 2004 FA Youth Cup, and also played the previous season's final with Bates and Taylor, but lost out to Manchester United.
He joined Wolverhampton Wanderers on a three-month loan in September 2006.
However, he returned to Middlesbrough on 15 November, after making just one first team appearance.
He also had loan spells at Doncaster Rovers, scoring once against Gillingham and Darlington.
During the 2007–08 pre-season, Jonathan Woodgate suffered an injury, that allowed Wheater to start in his place during pre-season.
Wheater's form in pre-season, earned him a starting XI place for the opening day Premier League fixture – his form then continued, which triggered the transfer of Woodgate to Tottenham Hotspur, as Wheater became the first name on the 'Boro team sheet.
Wheater was named in an understrength Middlesbrough side away to Bristol City in the FA Cup third round, when he saved his team with a goal as he burst forward from the back and scored the winner in a 2–1 at Ashton Gate Stadium.
He signed a three-and-a-half-year contract extension in February 2008, which tied him to Middlesbrough until June 2011.
Wheater experienced his best season of football during the 2007–08 season, starting as a regular for Gareth Southgate's side and becoming an imposing force at the back.
Wheater scored four goals in all competitions during his 2007–08 breakthrough season.
At the end of the year, he won the North East Football Writers' Association Young Player of the Year and Player of the Year awards for his exploits.
Unfortunately, Middlesbrough were relegated at the end of the 2008–09 season, but Wheater decided to stay to try to help the club regain promotion.
Despite being only 22, Wheater was appointed captain for the 2009–10 season.
He experienced his first taste of league captaincy against Bristol City in a 2–1 loss, but when new manager Gordon Strachan was appointed, Strachan decided to hand the captain's armband to the more experienced Gary O'Neil, to let Wheater concentrate more on developing his game.
He scored his first league goal in 18 months on 6 February against Ipswich Town to rescue a draw.
He scored his first goal of the 2010–11 season against Reading, to make the scoreline 3–1, and help Middlesbrough secure back to back home wins in the same week.
He made his last appearance against Bristol City on 15 January 2011, where he played the full 90 minutes.
Middlesbrough won 4–0.
His last goal in a Boro shirt was on New Year's Day against Leeds United, which ended in a 1–1 draw.
On 20 January 2011, he completed a move to Bolton Wanderers on a three-and-a-half-year contract following a few weeks of negotiations for an undisclosed fee, and made his debut on 29 January in the FA Cup game at home to Wigan Athletic.
He made his league debut when coming on as a first-half substitute for the injured Zat Knight in the 2–0 home win over Everton on 13 February.
On 24 September, in his first league start of the 2011–12 season replacing the ill Gary Cahill, Wheater received a red card for holding back Theo Walcott during Bolton's game at Arsenal.
Two months later on 26 November, while playing in the right-back position, he received his second dismissal of the season when challenging Everton winger Diniyar Bilyaletdinov in a challenge which was deemed a red card by the referee Michael Oliver, which resulted in a four-game ban.
Wheater scored his first goal for Bolton in a 2–2 away draw at Macclesfield Town in the third round of the FA Cup on 7 January 2012.
His first league goals for Bolton came when he netted both goals in a 2–1 win against local rivals Blackburn Rovers on 24 March.
On 7 May 2012, he was ruled out of action for up to nine months after rupturing an anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee in Bolton's 2–2 draw with West Bromwich Albion the previous day.
His return to the first team came ten months later as he came on as a late substitute in Bolton's 4–1 win against Hull City.
Wheater signed a contract extension on 21 July 2013, extending his contract until summer 2016.
At the end of the 2015–16 season, the club confirmed that he would be leaving when the contract expired.
Despite this, Wheater still trained with the club and played in most of their pre season friendlies for the 2016–17 season, as a trialist player.
He then re-signed for the club on a one-year contract on severely reduced wages.
Bolton finished the season in second place, earning promotion back to the Championship at the first attempt.
Wheater was named as Bolton player of the season for the 2016/17 season.
Wheater, alongside defensive partner Mark Beevers, was also named in the League One Team of the Season and Wheater was also voted PFA Fans' Sky Bet League One Player of the Season.
On 1 June 2017, Wheater signed a new one year deal with the club with a contract extension option.
Wheater has represented England at under-16, under-17, under-18, under-19 and most recently under-21 level.
He played at the 2004 U17 European Championships and earned his debut under-21 call-up in August 2007 along with the uncapped Adam Johnson after impressing while on loan at Darlington.
He was a regular in the 2009 U21 European Championship qualifying, mostly as a substitute.
In October 2008 he scored the equaliser against Wales in the first leg of the play-offs and England went on to win 3–2 and 5–4 on aggregate to qualify.
He was supposed to be in the squad for the tournament but withdrew after sustaining an injury.
On 20 March 2008, Wheater was called up to the England squad by boss Fabio Capello, however he was not included in the Capello's final 23.
On 15 October 2008, Wheater was called up into the England senior team as a replacement for John Terry when the England captain withdrew due to an injury picked up playing for Chelsea.
Wheater's first real taste of senior international football came when he was named as a substitute for the games against France and Trinidad and Tobago in 2008 but did not leave the bench on both occasions.
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ROF Dalmuir was an Engineering Royal Ordnance Factory owned by the UK government during World War II.
The factory manufactured medium-calibre guns, particularly anti-aircraft guns.
After the war, the factory manufactured armoured fighting vehicles.
Part of the site of the former William Beardmore and Company's Naval Construction Works at Dalmuir, Clydebank, Dunbartonshire, Scotland was bought by the Ministry of Supply, in January 1939, and it was converted into an Engineering ROF.
The Naval Construction Works had closed down in the January 1931 (during the Economic crash of 1929), with much of the equipment and plant sold off by auction.
Some of the works' buildings were used by the new ROF, as they had already been converted by Beardmores for reuse as a locomotive works, tank manufacture and artillery manufacture.
Other buildings were demolished and new buildings erected for the ROF.
ROF Dalmuir started production as a Royal Ordnance Factory under the control of the Ministry of Supply, it opened on 16 January 1941.
In August 1941 it was handed over to William Beardmore and Company to run as an Agency Factory; and it returned to ROF Management control in September 1944.
It produced QF 3.75 inch AA and 4.5 inch (114 mm) gun anti-aircraft guns; The main offices were hit in the Clydebank Blitz of 13 and 14 March 1941 and burnt for three days; but the factory reopened in three weeks.
Babcock & Wilcox stopped using the ROF site in 1969 and the Ministry of Defence sold the site in 1970.
Many of the buildings were demolished between 1971 and 1973 and Clydebank Industrial Estate was created.
Part of the site is now occupied by the Golden Jubilee Hospital and the Beardmore Hotel.
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Musa is one of two or three genera in the family Musaceae; it includes bananas and plantains.
Around 70 species of "Musa" are known, with a broad variety of uses.
Though they grow as high as trees, banana and plantain plants are not woody and their apparent "stem" is made up of the bases of the huge leaf stalks.
Thus, they are technically gigantic herbs.
"Musa" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the giant leopard moth and other "Hypercompe" species, including "H. albescens" (only recorded on "Musa"), "H. eridanus", and "H. icasia".
The genus "Musa" was first named by Carl Linnaeus in 1753.
The name is a Latinization of the Arabic name for the fruit, "mauz" (موز).
"Mauz" meaning "Musa" is discussed in the 11th-century Arabic encyclopedia "The Canon of Medicine", which was translated to Latin in medieval times and well known in Europe.
"Muz" is also the Turkish and Persian name for the fruit.
Some sources assert that "Musa" is named for Antonius Musa, physician to the Emperor Augustus.
The word "banana" came to English from Spanish and Portuguese, which in turn apparently obtained it from a West African language (possibly Wolof).
From the time of Linnaeus until the 1940s, different types of edible bananas and plantains were given Linnaean binomial names, such as "Musa cavendishii", as if they were species.
In fact, edible bananas have an extremely complicated origin involving hybridization, mutation, and finally selection by humans.
Most edible bananas are seedless (parthenocarpic), hence sterile, so they are propagated vegetatively.
The giving of species names to what are actually very complex, largely asexual, hybrids (mostly of two species of wild bananas, "Musa acuminata" and "Musa balbisiana") led to endless confusion in banana botany.
In the 1940s and 1950s, it became clear to botanists that the cultivated bananas and plantains could not usefully be assigned Linnean binomials, but were better given cultivar names.
Ernest Entwistle Cheesman carried out a major revision of the Musaceae in the 1940s.
Following his approach, the genus "Musa" was divided into five sections: "Ingentimusa, Australimusa, Callimusa, Musa", and "Rhodochlamys".
These were reduced to three in 2002.
Previously, the 2n = 20-chromosome species were separated into the sections "Australimusa" and "Callimusa" and the 2n = 22-chromosome species were separated into the sections "Musa" and "Rhodochlamys".
Studies have shown that genetic differences between each section in the same chromosome group are smaller than those within each section.
This means the traditional separation of the sections can no longer be substantiated.
Wong's studies do, however, maintain the separation between the 20- and 22-chromosome species.
At present, the 2n = 14 chromosome "Ingentimusa" section also remains distinct.
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 68 species and two primary hybrids, , which are listed below.
The assignment to sections is based on GRIN (where this gives the species), regrouped according to Wong et al.
A number of distinct groups of plants bearing edible fruit have been developed from species of "Musa".
In English, fruits which are sweet and used for dessert are usually called "bananas", whereas starchier varieties used for cooking are called "plantains", but these terms do not have any botanical significance.
By far the largest and now the most widely distributed group of cultivated bananas is derived from section "Musa", particularly and , either alone or in various hybrid combinations.
The next but much smaller group is derived from members of section "Callimusa" (previously classified as "Australimusa") and is restricted in importance to Polynesia.
Of even more restricted importance are small groups of hybrids from Papua New Guinea; a group from section "Musa" to which "Musa schizocarpa" has also contributed, and a group of hybrids between section "Musa" and section "Callimusa".
When the Linnaean binomial system was abandoned for cultivated bananas, an alternate genome-based system for the nomenclature of edible bananas in section "Musa" was devised.
Thus, the plant previously known by the "species" name "Musa cavendishii" became "Musa" (AAA Group) 'Dwarf Cavendish'.
The "new" name shows clearly that 'Dwarf Cavendish' is a triploid, with three sets of chromosomes, all derived from "Musa acuminata", which is designated by the letter "A".
When "Musa balbisiana" is involved, the letter "B" is used to denote its genome.
Thus, the cultivar 'Rajapuri' may be called "Musa" (AAB Group) 'Rajapuri'.
'Rajapuri' is also a triploid, expected to have two sets of chromosomes from "Musa acuminata" and one from "Musa balbisiana".
In the genome of edible bananas from section "Musa", combinations such as AA, BB, ABB, BBB and even AAAB can be found.
For a more detailed explanation of this system and a list of some edible banana and plantain cultivars using it, see the List of banana cultivars.
No such nomenclature system has been developed for the group of edible bananas derived from section "Callimusa".
This group is known generally as the "Fe'i" or "Fehi" bananas, and numerous cultivars are found in the South Pacific region.
They are very distinctive plants with upright fruit bunches, featuring in three of Paul Gauguin's paintings.
The flesh can be cooked before eating and is bright orange, with a high level of beta carotene.
Fe'i bananas are no longer very important for food, as imported foods have grown in popularity, although some have ritual significance.
Investigations are under way to use the Fe'i karat bananas (the name derives from "carrot" due to the intense orange-yellow color of the fruit) in prevention of childhood blindness in Pohnpei.
Fe'i bananas probably derive mainly from "Musa maclayi", although their origins are not as well understood as the section "Musa" bananas.
Cultivars can be formally named, as e.g.
"Musa" (Fe'i Group) 'Utafun'.
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Resolven () is a small village in Neath Port Talbot county borough, Wales.
It is located in the heart of the Vale of Neath.
The village is situated in the Vale of Neath, next to the A465 "Heads of Valleys" Road, and is the main settlement in the community of Resolven.
Together with the community of Clyne and Melincourt, the village makes up the Resolven electoral ward.
In the immediate surrounding areas there are a number of industrial sites, which have become somewhat run down during the 1980s and 1990s.
The popular Rheola indoor market was located near the village on the site of an old industrial factory, but has since moved from Rheola and now resides in the old TRW Steering Systems building.
The vacated site has plans to restore Rheola House and its estate buildings, and establish leisure and tourism facilities.
The larger surrounding area has much attractive countryside and a substantial wind farm above the village at Ffynon Oer.
Resolven has played host to one of the best known stages of the Wales Rally GB for many years.
Resolven is host to Welsh Rugby Union affiliated team Resolven RFC.
Resolven is also host to Football Association Wales affiliated team Resolven AfC.
The Neath and Tennant Canal has been restored and now has over four miles of walkable towpath between Resolven and Glynneath.
The Vale of Neath Railway is still used for freight transport between Neath and Cwmgwrach.
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The British Rail Class 504 was a unique type of electric multiple unit that ran on 1200 V DC third rail with side-contact current collection.
All other UK third rail has the electric "shoe" on top of the rail.
The type was used only on the Bury Line between Manchester and Bury.
They were built in 1959, and the body was a standard type used for several electrification schemes of the time, but the high DC voltage through a side-contact third rail was unique in Britain.
The trains replaced the previous 5-car units built by the Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway for the route, which had inaugurated this electrification scheme in 1916.
All units of this type were withdrawn in 1991 when the line was closed for conversion to form part of the Manchester Metrolink light rail system.
One unit, no.
65451+77172, is preserved at the East Lancashire Railway (ELR).
British Railways numbers were:
***LIST***.
For an explanation of terms, see British Rail coach designations
All maintenance was conducted by the constructing workshops of Wolverton.
The units were diesel hauled from Bury to and from Wolverton.
In 1986 a condemned vehicle (77169?)
was given (on temporary bogies) to the newly formed ELR.
The carriage was used for a mock fire emergency exercise in Bury Tunnel (at Bolton Street station) with local fire services, British Rail Staff, and soon-to-be volunteers of the new ELR.
After the exercise this carriage was sold to a local scrap merchant in Bury and cut up early in 1987.
The bogies were returned to the Bury BR depot.
The bogies themselves were of interest, being a set of the original Lancashire and Yorkshire EMU unit bogies, which after the scrapping of L&Y 1920s EMUs were retained to move objects around Bury Depot.
These bogies were cut up into parts and dumped in a skip at Bury depot on its closure in 1991.
Substantially more units were built than were soon required, and the unique electrical system prevented redeployment.
By the 1966 LMR timetable, only 6 to 7 years after the units were introduced, the peak hour service was down to a 10-15 minute interval, requiring only five 4-car trains in service, so only 10 units from the fleet of 26 were required each day by this time.
The reduced service (off peak was down to a 30-minute interval, requiring just two 2-car units) was responsible for much business being driven away to the frequent parallel bus services on this quite short urban route.
By the early-1970s only 18 sets remained in use, reduction in demand on the service resulting in years of storage for the first seven sets from the late 1960s onwards (65436-65442; 77157-77163).
Additionally Driving Trailer 77164 was transferred in 1970 to the Tilbury lines of the Eastern Region to replace car 75292 in 302244, which had been written off in an accident.
Its running mate 65443 was thereafter a spare car at Bury depot.
65436 and 65437 were for a time used as the depot shunting set, they had some front wiring and internal fittings removed, were repainted in plain blue with yellow ends and was known locally for its speed and power over a normal power-trailer set.
Many of the early stored vehicles were still in BR Green with small yellow warning panels (inc 65438/439 and 77157-77160), with others in early versions of BR blue with; full yellow ends (inc 65436/437 - see above); wrap round yellow ends (65443); or even with small yellow warning panels (65442, 77162 and 77163).
In the late 1970s some cars including 65439/443 and 77158/160 were stored at Croxley Green to supply spares to Class 501s.
In February 1982, 65436/437 and 77157/158/163 were noted at Watford Junction as their Southern tour continued.
Some finally went on to Wolverton (inc 77158) for further spares recovery.
Following stripping for spares at their southern locations three cars (Blue 65436/443 and Green 77158) were dumped at Cockshute in Stoke-on-Trent in sight of the West Coast Main Line.
The eventual disposal of the early losses saw 65440 and 77161 cut up at Bury in 1970/71; 65438 sent to C F Booth in 1979; 65437 and 77157/163 disposed of at Horwich Works in 1982/83; 65439/441/442 and 77160/162 to Bird Group at Long Marston in 1983; and 65436/443 together with the final green vehicle 77158 to Vic Berry at Leicester for disposal in 1985.
Of note was that despite the years of storage none were officially withdrawn until just before disposal.
77164 retained its place in 302244 until 1985 when a replacement Class 302 driving trailer was located.
The class 504 vehicle was sent for scrap in June the same year to Marple and Gillott.
Apart from two vehicles, 65448 and 77169 withdrawn in the mid 1980s, no further significant withdrawals began until the closure of the line in the 1990s.
The first batch of latter day redundant Bury Class 504 units were hauled from Bury to Warrington before going to MC Metals of Glasgow for scrapping in early 1991.
After this point the reduced Bury–Crumpsall service was operated in four-car formation.
In August 1991 the entire line was closed.
The next day a Class 31 diesel (31306) hauled all the units from Bury to Warrington in two trains of units.
From Warrington, the entire collection was towed to MC Metals in Glasgow.
Two units remained at Bury, one purchased for the East Lancashire Railway, and another bought, reputedly as a joke, for £504 by Harry Needle.
The latter was sold to the East Lancashire Railway Preservation Society (ELRPS).
Much debate took place amongst ELR volunteers as the Class 31 pushed the units over the Buckley Wells crossing to a waiting Class 40.
(The Bury Depot side of the crossing was still owned by BR until midnight that Saturday and the ELR was prevented from using its own locomotives to collect the units).
From the Sunday after closure, the ELR moved over the crossing and took possession of the (BQ) Bury Depot Complex.
The ELR found itself with two unique Class 504 Units, having only expected one.
One unit was refurbished in the late 1980s, with modern strip lighting, and complete running boards outside.
The other unit was refurbished in the 1970s, and has incandescent bulbs and individual running boards to each door.
The unit was eventually gifted to the ELRPS.
In October 1991 at the ELR annual diesel gala, Harry Needle, with his then owned Class 25, (25262) placed his locomotive in the centre of the two units.
The units were through wired to have the diesel in the middle and the capability to be driven from both ends of the units in a push pull mode.
This was a major success for the October diesel gala, and pointed numerous possibilities to the future for having two units.
This weekend saw a Class 504 Unit running north of Bury station for the first time.
One unit has since been scrapped and the parts stored in a container at Buckley Wells.
The remaining unit is still awaiting restoration but is now (November 2015) in danger of being scrapped as well.
A new Class 504 preservation society was launched on 8 November 2015 and work on restoring the units began on 24 January 2016.
Besides the Class 504 at Bury, an example of the unique side contact third rail gear and a section of electric rail was retained for the National Railway Museum at York; this is now restored and on display.
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Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport is a public airport on the shore of Lake Erie, in the northeast part of downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States.
It classified as a general aviation airport and is an FAA designated reliever to Cleveland Hopkins International Airport (CLE), which is Greater Cleveland's primary airport.
In 2008, based on FAA data, Burke Lakefront was the fourth busiest airport in the state of Ohio after, Cleveland Hopkins, Port Columbus International and Akron-Canton, up from 7th in 2007.
It is named after former Cleveland mayor and U.S. senator Thomas A. Burke.
The airport is owned and operated by the city of Cleveland, which also operates Hopkins.
It serves a growing number of corporate jets and air taxi services.
Burke handled 20,618 air taxi operations in 2005, and 23,370 in 2006.
BKL handled 18,595 air taxi operations in the first ten months of 2007.
Burke Lakefront handles approximately 87,000 operations per year (average of 2000 to 2006).
(60,013 for the first ten months of 2007).
The airport is frequently used by professional sports team charter flights due to its proximity to FirstEnergy Stadium, Progressive Field, and Quicken Loans Arena.
Originally envisioned in 1927 as a part of a plan for Cleveland's lakefront, a lakefront airport to include "landing places for land and amphibious planes," was included as part of Cleveland's "Official Lakefront Development Plan" in 1946 announced by then City Manager William R. Hopkins (namesake of Cleveland's other, primary airport).
Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport (named for then Cleveland mayor Thomas A. Burke) opened in 1947 as the United States' first downtown airport and as its first municipally owned-and-operated airport.
Designed to serve as a supplemental airfield for Cleveland Hopkins International Airport, it originally featured a 2,000-foot dirt runway and a small operations facility and hangar.
A federal grant in 1950 from the Federal Airport Act permitted the installation of a 5,200-foot hard-surface runway in 1957.
A terminal, control tower, and passenger concourses were constructed between 1957 and 1968.
In the 1970s, the airport expanded with new buildings, a new control tower, an additional runway and Aviation High School (which has since closed).
The main terminal of the airport was renovated in 1993 to handle airline and air charter service.
In 1998, the larger runway was rehabilitated and an instrument landing system was installed, allowing planes to land in poor weather.
The airline Destination One briefly provided scheduled charter service between BKL and airports near the downtowns of Detroit and Cincinnati, and to Hilton Head, SC.
However, this service was short-lived.
Wright Airlines was based at BKL in the 1970s and 1980s, before declaring bankruptcy.
In 1979, Midway Airlines operated service from BKL to MDW in Chicago, before moving their operations to Hopkins.
In September 2015, Cincinnati based airline Ultimate Air Shuttle announced twice daily service to Cincinnati-Lunken.
The airport was the site of the annual Grand Prix of Cleveland, last held in 2007, a Champ Car race which required the airport to be briefly shut down.
Burke Lakefront Airport was the only airport in the country to host such a major car race which required careful maintenance of the runways in order to keep them safe for cars at high speeds.
Every Labor Day weekend, the airport hosts the annual Cleveland National Air Show attended by 60,000 to 100,000 visitors.
On the evening of Thursday, October 25, 2012 President Barack Obama held a rally on the tarmac in front of Air Force Two for the 2012 Presidential election.
He was greeted by a crowd of over 12,000 according to various Cleveland news outlets.
Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport covers an area of which contains two asphalt paved runways:
6L/24R measuring 6,198 x 150 ft (1,889 x 46 m) and 6R/24L measuring 5,197 x 100 ft (1,584 x 30 m).
The airfield is fully capable of handling large jets including, 737s, 757s, and A320s along with the smaller general aviation aircraft operations.
The airport has two fixed-base operators on the grounds.
In 2005, the airport had 96,658 aircraft operations, an average of 264 per day: 76% general aviation, 24% air taxi, 1% military and <1% scheduled commercial.
There are four flight schools located on the grounds of Burke Lakefront.
These schools are, The Premier Flight Academy, T & G Flying Club, Inc., Top Gun Flight Training, and Precision Helicopters.
The International Women's Air & Space Museum is located throughout the terminal at BKL.
As of 2007, there are 74 aircraft based at this airport.
These aircraft include 38 single-engine aircraft, 13 multi-engine aircraft, 13 helicopters and 10 jets.
In percent form 51.3% of the based aircraft are single-engine, 17.5% are multi-engine, 17.5% helicopter and 13.5% jet.
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Jahleel Brenton was the son of Rear-Admiral Jahleel Brenton (1729–1802), and a great-great grandson of Rhode Island colonial governor William Brenton.
His father belonged to a loyalist family which suffered the loss of most of its property in the American Revolution.
He was a lieutenant in the Royal Navy when the war began, and emigrated with his family to the United Kingdom in 1780.
Apart from Jahleel, the eldest, two Brenton sons entered the Royal Navy: Captain Edward Pelham Brenton (1774–1839), and James Wallace Brenton, who was killed young in 1799 while attacking a Spanish privateer near Barcelona in the boats of , of which he was lieutenant.
Jahleel first went to sea in 1781, serving as midshipman in which was commanded by his father, and then in .
At the end of the American War of Independence in 1783, Jahleel was sent to the maritime school at Chelsea.
In 1787 Jahleel joined which was however paid off soon after his arrival and he moved to where he took part in surveys of the coastline of Nova Scotia.
In 1789, his time as a midshipman nearly expired, he joined and in March 1790 passed his examination for the rank of Lieutenant.
Seeing no chance of promotion or employment during the state of peace existing at the time, he went with other English naval officers to serve in the Swedish navy against the Russians in the Gulf of Finland, accepting a Lieutenant's commission in the Swedish Navy.
He served in the ship "Konig Adolf Frederic", the flagship of Admiral Modee.
He saw service in the Battle of Svensksund
He returned to England in 1790 as there was a possibility of war between Britain and Spain.
Receiving his commission as Lieutenant, he joined the "Assurance", a troopship for a short time before moving to the brig as Second Lieutenant, eventually being made First Lieutenant.
"Speedy" was paid off in 1791 and Brenton moved again, to his first command, the , a small 42-ton sloop with a crew of eight, stationed at Newfoundland.
He reported that naval officers referred to her and her sister, , as "...a machine for making officers."
In her, in 1793, he accepted the surrender of Miquelon at the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars.
In early 1794 Brenton returned to England, and became Second Lieutenant of , a 28-gun ship, which spent much of its time patrolling the coast of Flanders.
Towards the end of 1795 Brenton was forced to leave the ship due to illness caused by the bad weather conditions in which the "Sybil" had been cruising.
After recovering, he was appointed Second Lieutenant of , a store ship in 1796.
This was considered somewhat humiliating by Brenton, after having been the Lieutenant of a frigate.
However, after "Alliance" arrived in the Mediterranean, Brenton was appointed to .
After "Gibraltar" was damaged by running aground and was forced to return to England for repairs, he was commissioned as First Lieutenant of .
"Aigle" being at that time at the other end of the Mediterranean, Brenton served as a temporary lieutenant aboard during which service he saw action in the Battle of Cape St Vincent.
The "Aigle" meanwhile having been sunk, Brenton was made first lieutenant of the "Barfleur", moving in 1797 to , and spent the winter of 1797-98 surveying the River Tagus between Lisbon and Salvaterra de Magos.
In 1798 he was appointed Commander of HMS "Speedy", and won much distinction in actions with Spanish gunboats in the Straits of Gibraltar in 1799.
In 1800 he attained the rank of Post-captain, and had the good fortune to serve as Flag captain to Sir James (afterwards Lord) Saumarez.
During the peace of Amiens he married Miss Stewart, a lady belonging to a loyalist family of Nova Scotia whom he had first met during his earlier service on the North American Station.
Following the renewal of hostilities with France, he commanded a succession of frigates.
On 2 July 1803, while commanding HMS "Minerve" the ship ran aground near Cherbourg, France.
"Minerve" came under fire from shore batteries and all attempts to refloat her having failed, Brenton was obliged to surrender.
He was imprisoned at until 1806, during which time his wife joined him.
Having eventually been exchanged (freed in return for the release of a French prisoner) he was appointed to in 1807.
Brenton's most brilliant action was fought with a squadron of French ships at Naples on 1 May 1810.
He was severely wounded during the battle, and Joachim Murat, the then king of Naples, later praised his conduct.
Brenton was made a Baronet in 1812 and KCB in 1815.
After his recovery from his wounds he was found to be unfit for service at sea, and so was made Commissioner of the dockyard at Port Mahon, and then at the Cape of Good Hope, and was afterwards lieutenant governor of Greenwich Hospital till 1840.
He attained flag rank in 1830.
At the Cape he surveyed and declared Knysna Lagoon as a harbour in 1815.
The nearby seaside resort of Brenton-on-Sea is home to the endangered Brenton Blue butterfly Two islets of the St. Croix archipelago off the Port Elizabethan coast in Algoa Bay, Jahleel Island and Brenton Island, are named for him.
In his later years he took an active part in philanthropic work in association with his brother, Captain Edward Pelham Brenton, who had seen much service, but is best remembered by his writings on naval and military history, "Naval History of Great Britain from the Year 1783 to 1822" (1823), and "The Life and Correspondence of John, Earl of St Vincent" (1838).
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John Jeremiah Jacob (December 9, 1829November 24, 1893) was a Democratic politician from Green Spring (Hampshire County), West Virginia.
Jacob served two terms as the fourth Governor of the U.S. state of West Virginia.
John Jeremiah Jacob was also elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates from Hampshire County in 1868 and from Ohio County in 1893.
John Jeremiah Jacob was born in Green Spring, Virginia on the Potomac River, north of Romney Jacob's Hampshire County roots made him the first of West Virginia's governors to be born within the present-day borders of the state.
Jacob attended the Romney Academy in Romney and Dickinson College in Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
Jacob practiced law and taught school in Hampshire County before accepting a teaching position at the University of Missouri in 1853.
In 1858, he married Jane Baird.
Jacob worked as an attorney in Missouri during the American Civil War and returned to Romney after the war in 1865 to establish a law practice.
In 1868, John Jeremiah Jacob was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates.
Jacob was elected governor in 1870 to a two-year term making him the first of six consecutive Democratic governors.
Jacob supported the elimination of all remaining legislation that discriminated against former Confederates.
Jacob also presided over the establishment of new facilities to care for the mentally handicapped and the creation of statewide schools, known as normal schools, to train teachers.
Most of these schools still exist as part of the state college system.
John Jeremiah Jacob's most important contribution as governor was the rewriting of West Virginia's state constitution.
Moderates and former Confederate supporters themselves believed the original 1863 constitution was too biased in favor of pro-Union supporters.
A new constitutional convention, controlled by Democrats, met in Charleston in 1872.
The new constitution restricted the power of the legislature and expanded the governor's term in office from two to four years, prohibiting consecutive terms.
In 1872 Jacob was denied renomination by the Democratic Party, which was controlled by Camden.
Jacob ran on the "ad hoc" "People's Independent" ticket with Republican support.
He was re-elected by 2400 votes for a four-year term.
Camden's men controlled the legislature, and passed "ripper" laws that stripped Jacob of his appointment powers.
In 1875, the state government moved from Charleston and returned the capitol to Wheeling in Ohio County.
After Jacob left the governor's office, he served once again in the West Virginia House of Delegates from Ohio County in 1879 and as its circuit judge from 1881 to 1888.
Jacob continued to practice law in Wheeling until his death in 1893.
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Pinwright's Progress was a British sitcom that aired on the BBC Television Service from 1946 to 1947 and was the world's first regular half-hour televised sitcom.
The ten episodes, which aired fortnightly in alternation with "Kaleidoscope", were broadcast live from the BBC studios at Alexandra Palace.
Still photographs are all that remain of the show's transmitted form.
"Pinwright's Progress" was written by Rodney Hobson, produced and directed by John Glyn-Jones and the script editor was Ted Kavanagh, who also wrote the BBC radio comedy series "It's That Man Again".
J. Pinwright is the proprietor of a small shop.
He has a hated rival, and his staff only add to his problems by attempting to be helpful.
Ralph, the messenger boy, is a deaf octogenarian.
Episode 1.
J. Pinwright is the proprietor of the smallest multiple store in the world.
He has a pretty daughter and a hated rival, and his difficulties are increased by his staff's efforts to be helpful.
(November 29th 1946).
Episode 2.
Christmas is coming and so, not to be beaten by his hated rival, the owner of Macgillygally's Stores, Mr. Pinwright prepares his Christmas Bazaar.
There is trouble though, partly occasioned by the sudden appearance of three robed and bearded Father Christmases - one of whom is a fugitive from the law.
Mrs. Sigsbee however lends tone to the proceedings by appearing in costume as the Fairy Queen and all ends well - or does it?
(December 13th 1946).
Episode 3.
Mr. Pinwright intends to lure post-Christmas shoppers by a handsome gift to the store's fiftieth customer - cigars or nylons, cash customers only considered.
In addition he opens a brand new snack bar but some pills palmed off on him by that cunning salesman throw all his plans into confusion.
(December 27th 1946).
Episode 4.
“Cash Criisis”.
(January 10th 1947) Episode 5.
“Fashions and Pashuns”.
(January 24th 1947) Episode 6.
“Strained Relations”.
(February 7th 1947) Episode 7.
“The Gypsy’s Warning”.
(February 21st 1947).
Episode 8.
“Gone to Seed”.
(March 21st 1947) Episode 9.
“Radio Activity”.
(May 2nd 1947) Episode 10.
“Staggered Holidays”.
(May 16th 1947)
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Karekin I (Eastern Armenian pronunciation: Garegin I) (Armenian: ) (August 27, 1933 – June 29, 1999), served as the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church between 1994 and 1999.
Previously, he served as the Catholicos of Cilicia from 1983 to 1994 as Karekin II (Armenian: ).
Karekin, born and baptized as Neshan Sarkissian, was born in Kesab, Syria, where he attended the Armenian elementary school.
In 1946 he was admitted to the Theological Seminary of the Armenian Catholicate of Cilicia and in 1949 ordained a deacon.
In 1952, after having graduated with high honors, he was ordained a celibate priest and renamed Karekin.
He joined the order of the Armenian Catholicosate of Cilicia.
In 1955 he presented his doctoral thesis on the subject "The Theology of the Armenian Church, According to Liturgical Hymns Sharakans" and was promoted to the ecclesiastical degree of Vardapet.
In next year he served as member of the faculty of the theological seminary in Antelias, Lebanon.
He studied theology for two years at Oxford University and wrote "The Council of Chalcedon and the Armenian Church", published in 1965 in London.
Upon his return to Lebanon, he served as dean of the seminary.
From 1963, he became an aide to Catholicos Khoren I in which function he had many ecumenical contacts.
He served as observer at the Second Vatican Council, the Lambeth Conference of 1968 and the Addis Ababa Conference of the heads of the Oriental Orthodox Churches.
He lectured on theology, literature, history and culture at universities in Beirut, Romania, Moscow and Kotayyam (India).
His ecclesiastical career advanced quickly: In 1963 he was elevated to senior archmandrite and on January 19, 1964, consecrated bishop by Catholicos Khoren.
In 1971 he was elected Prelate of the Diocese of New Julfa in Isfahan, Iran.
In 1973, he received the rank of archbishop and was appointed Pontifical Legate of the Eastern Prelacy of the Armenia's Holy Apostolic Church of America (in New York) and in 1975 its Primate.
During his time in the United States, he took special care of the younger generation of Armenians and played a key role in the fundraising for Lebanon 1976-1977.
When fully installed as Catholicos Karekin II of the Great House of Cilicia, he lavished special attention on religious education, modernizing and promoting the theological seminary.
His pontifical visits took him to Lebanon, Syria, Iran, Cyprus, the United States and Canada, as well as Kuwait and the other Arab states of the Persian Gulf.
Another important facet of his Catholicosate were his ecumenical contacts.
Karekin II undertook ecumenical visits to Pope John Paul II of Rome, Archbishop George Carey of Canterbury, Coptic Pope Shenouda III of the Alexandria, the Swiss Reformed Churches and the Lutheran Churches of Denmark and Germany.
In 1989 he was elected honorary president of the Middle East Council of Churches.
Karekin wrote several books and booklets in Armenian, English, and French and published many articles and studies on theological, Armenological, philosophical, ethical and literary subjects in periodicals.
He also made frequent visits to the Mother See of the Apostolic Church and expressed solidarity on a visit of the earthquake area in Armenia 1988 together with Catholicos Vazgen I.
After the death of Catholicos Vazgen I in 1994, Catholicos Karekin Sarkissian was elected Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians by a National Ecclesiastical Assembly of 400 delegates and hereafter became known as Karekin I, being the first Supreme Patriarch with that name.
In November 1998, Karekin I underwent cancer treatment in New York.
He appointed archbishop Karekin Nersessian, later Karekin II, as Vicar General.
Karekin I died in June 1999.
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The Prix Pierre Guzman (Pierre Guzman Prize) was the name given to two prizes, one astronomical and one medical.
Both were established by the will of Anne Emilie Clara Goguet (died June 30, 1891), wife of Marc Guzman, and named after her son Pierre Guzman.
This prize was a sum of 100,000 francs, to be given to a person who succeeded in communicating with a celestial body, other than Mars, and receiving a response.
Until this occurred, the will also allowed for the accumulated interest on the 100,000 francs to be given, every five years, to a person who had made significant progress in astronomy.
The prize was to be awarded by the French Académie des sciences.
Pierre Guzman had been interested in the work of Camille Flammarion, the author of "La planète Mars et ses conditions d'habitabilité" (The Planet Mars and Its Conditions of Habitability, 1892).
Communication with Mars was specifically exempted as many people believed that Mars was inhabited at the time and communication with that planet would not be a difficult enough challenge.
The prize was later announced in 1900 by the French Académie des sciences.
The five-yearly prize of interest was awarded, starting in 1905, as follows:
***LIST***.
Nikola Tesla claimed in 1937 that he should receive the prize for "his discovery relating to the interstellar transmission of energy."
The prize was awarded to the crew of Apollo 11 in 1969.
This prize was a sum of 50,000 francs, to be awarded by the French Académie de médecine, to be given to a person who succeeded in developing an effective treatment for the most common forms of heart disease.
Until this occurred, the will also allowed for the accumulated interest to be given yearly to someone who had made progress in heart disease.
The yearly prize of interest was awarded as follows:
***LIST***.
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Ayya Vaikundar was the incarnation of Ekam according to Akilathirattu Ammanai, the religious text of Ayyavazhi and the source of Ayyavazhi mythology.
As the Ekam is the supreme power in Ayyavazhi, Vaikundar was the supreme power incarnate.
Ayya Vaikundar incarnated from the sea of Thiruchendur and after telling the secret about the incarnation to Veiyelal (the mother of Sampooranathevan known as Muthukutty in human history) he walked towards Detchanam.
At that time Muruga met him and fell on his feet facing the north direction.
At once Vaikundar told Muruga, By saying so, Vaikundar produced "acts" for all god-heads.
The rules provided for the god-heads,
***LIST***.
When saying this Vaikundar added, "If any one rejects this, you will have to suffer a lot."
Hearing this, Muruga accepted all of these, and promised to behave accordingly.
Vaikundar replied, "If you accept, do the following things to symbolise that":
***LIST***.
Muruga accepted this and Vaikundar told that until the final judgment, "I've to do several different characters, so expect me".
By saying this Vaikundar proceeded towards Detchanam.
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WBZZ (100.7 FM, "100.7 Star") is an American radio station licensed to serve the community of New Kensington, Pennsylvania.
The station broadcasts a Top-40-leaning Adult Top 40 format to the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, market.
Owned by CBS Radio, the station operates at 100.7 MHz with an effective radiated power of 14.5 kilowatts.
Its transmitter is located in Pittsburgh's Spring Hill district and its studios are located west of downtown.
100.7 originally signed on the air in 1963 as WYDD with a power of 10,000 watts in New Kensington, operating as the FM sister station of WKPA, also licensed to New Kensington.
In 1967 another FM license, WPGH-FM, was dropped in Pittsburgh at 104.7.
The owner of WYDD, Gateway Broadcasting Enterprises, applied for 104.7 and the FCC granted the license.
WYDD assumed 104.7, changed its city of license to Pittsburgh, and increased its power to 50,000 watts.
A condition of the grant was that Gateway would have to sell the 100.7 frequency to stay compliant with FCC rules and regulations at the time that forbade a licensee to own more than one FM and one AM in a single market.
Because New Kensington was part of the Pittsburgh market, 100.7 was sold to Millvale-based publisher Milton Hammond, who used the channel for WNUF.
The city of license remained New Kensington with a new transmitter site in Russellton.
The owner tried to get the call-letters WFUN, but since it was already assigned to another station, the station settled for "fun" backwards, hence the WNUF call-letters.
During the construction phrase of WNUF, an agreement was reached with WOMP (100.5 FM) that allowed both stations to increase their power without subjecting one or the other to co-channel interference.
WNUF received permission to increase its power from 10,000 to 20,000 watts.
WNUF's studios and offices were co-located with a weekly buy-sell-trade publication called The Green Sheet, both of which were owned by Hammond.
Since the building for the publication was owned by Hammond, the station was located there during the period he owned it.
The station became known for its Big Band music format.
While WNUF broadcast in stereo, since much of the Big Band music it played was recorded before the advent of stereo, many of the recordings were actually a form of "simulated" stereo or electronically re-recorded to simulate stereo.
Though licensed to a suburb almost 20 miles from Pittsburgh, WNUF identified itself as a "North Hills" station.
DJs we instructed to identify the station as "WNUF (speak softly and mumble) licensed to New Kensington (say clearly and loudly) North Hills".
In 1979, WNUF was granted an increase from 20,000 to 50,000 watts effective radiated power.
The station still operated at 20,000 watts but moved to a different tower just outside Millvale, which allowed its antenna to broadcast from a much greater height.
However, reception still proved to be a problem in Pittsburgh's South Hills and parts of the city.
Tal Weimer, Bill Trushel, Darrel Deiter, Dino Orsatti, Rich Beno, Fred Moulton, Craig Perry, Ron Miskoff, Larry Kemp and Christian Muro were among the announcers during the days when Hammond owned the station.
In 1983, the station flipped to Soft rock as WWCL, taking the moniker "Classy 101", advertising itself heavily with a series of TV commercials inviting potential listeners to call or write with feedback to improve the station, "because you're building Classy 101!"
The attempt failed to make any kind of ratings success, largely due to its signal that limited it to listenership in Pittsburgh's North Hills and eastern suburbs, with listeners south of the city of Pittsburgh unable to hear it.
The station also faced heavy competition from established soft rocker 3WS and from longtime easy-listening WPNT, which had operated for years as KDKA-FM.
The latter station also switched to soft rock that same year and embarked on a heavy advertising campaign that proved to be highly successful.
On January 3, 1985, the station was sold by Hammond to Empire Media Corporation, then flipped formats to alternative rock as WXXP ("Double X 100.7").
The station also moved to 224 North Avenue in Millvale, a few blocks from the Hammond building.
This was Pittsburgh's first alternative station.
While the station did improve somewhat, it did not prosper.
However, after its 1988 sale and subsequent format switch, its success under alternative rock inspired an AM station, WXVX, to assume the format.
On August 1, 1988, the station was acquired by Pittsburgh Partners (dba Signature Broadcasting).
On August 22, the format flipped to hot adult contemporary, and assumed the call letters WMXP, with the slogan "Mix 100.7".
Waylon Richards served as the station's new program director.
However, with the flip of crosstown competitor WSHH to soft adult contemporary also that year, "Mix 100.7" found it difficult to compete with three other adult contemporary stations, and was still plagued by signal limitations.
After short-lived but successful Top 40 station WNRJ was sold and switched to an easy-listening format, WMXP took advantage of the opportunity and made the switch to Rhythmic top 40, taking on the identity of "Mix Jamz" in late 1990.
Rich Hawkins then assumed duties of program director.
The following year, WMXP moved its transmitting antenna from Millvale to a nearby television broadcast tower owned by WPGH-TV.
This allowed listeners in Pittsburgh's South Hills suburbs to hear the station for the very first time, and allowed full signal penetration within Pittsburgh's city limits.
While the format switch was successful, it would last until Midnight on January 1, 1993, when, after playing "End of the Road" by Boyz II Men, the station began stunting with all-Garth Brooks music as "K-Garth".
On January 6th, WMXP flipped to country as "K-Bear 100.7" (the WQKB calls were adopted on March 3, 1993).
The switch came following the sale of the station to EZ Communications (owner of direct competitor B-94) from Signature Broadcasting.
Announcers Bill Webster and Jay Silvers under the "Mix Jamz" banner were retained under the new format.
On October 7, 1994, the station flipped to all-70's hits as "The Point 100.7", along with a change to new WZPT call letters.
The station added 80's music to its playlist in March 1997 (with the new slogan of "The Hits of the 70's and 80's).
By October 1999, WZPT would drop the 70's music, and added 90's music to its playlist, with a shift to Hot AC, while still being branded as "The Point".
At 6 PM on June 3, 2000, WZPT was rebranded as "Star 100.7".
During its tenure as a Hot AC, the station called itself "Pittsburgh's Best Variety of the 80's, 90's and Today."
One of their more popular music features was "Flashback Friday," consisting of mostly 80s and some 90s music.
Despite airing more of a mix of current music with 80's and 90's, WZPT's format was similar to that of sister station WBZZ ("B94").
In fact, after that station initially dropped the Top 40 format for active rock in 2004, listeners who liked B94 but didn't care for the new rock format were encouraged on-air to listen to WZPT.
On January 19, 2010, B94 (93.7 FM) changed again, this time to sports talk as KDKA-FM ("93.7 The Fan").
CBS Radio also announced that they would merge Star with B94 to bring B94's music and some on-air personalities onto Star for listeners to continue to enjoy.
In doing so, WZPT eliminated the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s tracks in favor of Adult Top 40 music, playing current and recent current music only.
Star added more rhythmic artists such as Lady Gaga, Kesha, and Timbaland in addition to artists such as Shinedown, Kelly Clarkson and John Mayer.
On January 5, 2011, CBS Radio reacquired the WBZZ calls (which were approved on January 19, 2011) from the former WQSH/Albany, New York and plans to use the calls to replace the WZPT calls.
In October 2011, the station rebranded slightly as "100.7 Star."
The station also introduced a new logo.
100.7 began HD Radio operations in 2006.
100.7 HD-1 carried the standard analog format, while 100.7 HD-2 carried a 1980s/1990's hits format dubbed the "80's/90's Flashback Channel" (named after their popular "Flashback Friday" program at the time).
When the station rebranded as "100.7 Star" in October 2011, the HD-2 channel shifted its format to include 2000's hits, and was renamed "Replay Radio", which includes heavy references to former sister station B94.
WBZZ added an HD3 channel in August 2012, carrying CBS Radio's alternative-talk format, branded as "The Sky."
The Sky is also carried on Seattle's KMPS-HD3 and Boston's WBMX-HD4.
In early 2014, the HD-3 channel flipped to Top 40/CHR, branded as "AMP Radio."
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Café Continental was a British television variety show on the BBC Television Service from 1947 to 1953.
Broadcast live from the BBC's studios at Alexandra Palace, the programme opened with a "Maître d'hôtel" who welcomed the television audience to the "cafe" set and told them that "your table has been reserved, as always."
Devised and produced by Henry Caldwell, "Café Continental" was broadcast on Saturday evenings at 8pm.
Lasting for forty-five minutes, the episodes attracted many famous singers and dancers of the day: Josephine Baker appeared in an edition broadcast on 26 June 1948 and the Italian vocal group Quartetto Cetra appeared the same year.
Three scattered episodes from 1950 are known to exist.
Introduced by Annie cordy
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Alles auf Zucker!
() is a German comedy film, released internationally in 2004.
It can be seen as part of the "Ossi-Wessi" confrontation within Germany.
Directed by Dani Levy, the cast includes Henry Hübchen, Hannelore Elsner, Udo Samel, Gołda Tencer and Steffen Groth.
Director Dani Levy, himself Jewish, has made an ironic comedy about modern Jewish identity in present-day Germany.
Henry Hübchen stars as Jaecki Zucker.
Jakob Zuckermann alias Jaeckie Zucker is Jewish.
But he says he's got nothing to do with "that club", ever since his mother and his little brother left him behind the Iron Curtain in East Germany when he was young.
Therefore when he learns of the death of his mother, he does not care.
However he has to care.
His younger brother pays him a visit with his family, because according to Jewish tradition, they have to observe the seven-day Shiv'ah period of mourning, and their "Mamme's" will requires them to reconcile in the presence of the rabbi and the family.
If they fail, her assets will be bestowed upon the Jewish community of Berlin, and not them.
Most of the scenes were shot at Tegel Airport, Karl-Marx-Allee, Alexanderplatz, Oranienburger Straße and the Jewish Cemetery Weißensee in Berlin.
The Mayor of Berlin Klaus Wowereit makes a cameo appearance as himself.
Polish actress Golda Tencer does not speak German, even though she spoke her own lines fluently.
She had the German text written down on small pieces of paper, hidden in her purse.
During the movie she can sometimes be seen looking down into her purse.
The soundtrack by Niki Reiser is light and jovial, featuring some "klezmer" music as well.
The movie was co-funded by the television channels Arte and the WDR.
It is one of the very few movies about German Judaism that does not have the Shoah in the centre, but is a comedy about the crazy twists and turns of fate that befall a family that finds itself again.
The two Jewish families are more symbolic of the current problems and past tragedies of the division of Germany between East and West, and how the country and its people are struggling to find to each other again.
This division affected every German, regardless of their religion.
The film depicts in a comic manner the divisions within Judaism between a secularised Jew from the former GDR who has to reconcile himself with his Orthodox brother from the West.
The film has been termed "an audacious, politically incorrect, self-ironical Jewish comedy".
It was critically acclaimed in Germany and won a number of awards, most notably the 2005 Deutscher Filmpreis in several categories.
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A native of Reno, Nevada, Handley played three seasons at running back for Stanford University beginning in 1963.
During his junior season, Handley gained 936 yards, with his long ground gains during the November 14, 1964 contest against Oregon State helping upset the Beavers, 16-7.
The following year began with talk of potential All-American honors, but ended in disappointment, although Handley's running helped defeat arch-rival California-Berkeley, 9-7, in the season finale on November 21.
The following year, he returned to his alma mater as an assistant coach, then headed east in 1968 for two years as assistant at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.
One of his fellow coaches during this period was Bill Parcells, a connection that would prove fruitful in the future.
Following a year out of the game in 1970, Handley returned the following year for the first of four more seasons at Stanford.
In 1975, Handley shifted to coaching another branch of the armed services when he accepted an assistant position at the United States Air Force Academy.
In his final year, Parcells served as head coach, but after the latter's departure, Handley once again returned to Stanford, serving five years under both Rod Dowhower and Paul Wiggin.
***LIST***.
On February 28, 1984, Handley was named offensive backfield coach of the New York Giants under Parcells, beginning a seven year stretch that saw the team capture two Super Bowls.
In 1990, after coming close to leaving coaching to enter George Washington University Law School, Handley was promoted to offensive coordinator.
Following the Giants' second title in Super Bowl XXV that season, Parcells announced his retirement, and Handley was then promoted to his first head coaching position on May 15, 1991.
George Young picked Handley to serve as head coach of the Giants after then-Giants defensive coordinator Bill Belichick left to coach the Cleveland Browns.
The bad relationship between Young and Belichick also played into Handley's promotion; Young had consistently given a negative review about Belichick when teams with potential coaching opportunities inquired about him, and never felt his defensive coordinator had the leadership abilities to run his own team.
In addition, Tom Coughlin, who Young had considerable respect for and would probably have promoted after Parcells' departure if the timing had worked, quickly moved after the Super Bowl and was hired as head coach at Boston College.
In 1991, Handley's first major decision of his tenure was who would be the starting quarterback.
The previous season, Phil Simms had guided the Giants to an 11-2 record before suffering a leg injury.
Backup Jeff Hostetler finished the regular season, and led the Giants to upset victories against the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship game and the Buffalo Bills in the Super Bowl.
Handley announced that the two quarterbacks would compete for the starting job.
This caused some controversy as both fans and commentators felt that Simms shouldn't lose his starting job due to injury.
Nonetheless, Hostetler won the battle in training camp and was announced as the starting quarterback.
Handley's first game as head coach was a "Monday Night Football" game against the San Francisco 49ers (a rematch of the 1990 NFC Championship).
Handley's Giants would win that game, but Handley would be most remembered for wearing an unusually designed logo shirt (bearing the New York Giants colors and logo).
The Monday night win helped Handley with most Giant fans, but when the team finished with an 8-8 record and out of the playoff picture, fan support quickly eroded.
One fan held up a sign reading: "From the Super Bowl to the toilet bowl.
Thanks, Ray."
Fans also chanted "Ray must go!"
during the 1991 and 92 seasons.
In 1992, the team fell further to a 6-10 record, leading a combative Handley to trade verbal darts with both the media and his players.
His relationship with the defensive players was also strenuous, particularly when he tapped Rod Rust to be the defensive coordinator in 1992.
The defense was not thrilled about Rust's hiring, especially knowing that the veteran coach was coming off a 1-15 mark as head coach of the New England Patriots in 1990.
This led to some frustration during games, where the players would often ignore Rust's calls and call their own defensive assignments in the huddle.
Handley's communication with the media became another reason for his dismissal, as he would often refuse to answer questions, even going as far as walking out one press conference after being asked about his handling of Hostetler and Simms as the team's starting quarterback.
He scoffed at the question, calling it "ridiculous" and unfair to him and his quarterbacks.
After the reporter persisted about why he wouldn't answer the question, Handley stormed out, telling the rest of the reporters to "get him straightened out."
Handley was officially fired on December 30, 1992, and replaced by former Denver Broncos head coach Dan Reeves.
Following his departure, Handley would disappear from the NFL and the public eye.
He now resides in the Lake Tahoe area.
Before Super Bowl XLII, a reporter unearthed Handley's unlisted home telephone number and called him, in the hopes of talking about the 2007 Giants.
Handley was unhappy at being contacted, and after being told it was for a "where are they now" interview, he said "No, I'm not the least bit interested.
Thank you very much."
and hung up the phone, making his lone post-firing public statement a very brief one.
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Rouse was born in Wallasey and began climbing at the age of 15, soon climbing many of the most difficult routes in North Wales.
He attended Birkenhead School from 1963 to 1970 and Emmanuel College, Cambridge until 1973.
At Cambridge he was distracted from his studies by climbing and by his hedonistic life-style.
He was a highly sociable, but heavy drinker; by his own admission he was a 'womaniser', and liked to 'live on the edge'.
As a result he only managed to gain an ordinary pass degree in Mathematics, despite showing early promise in the subject.
On leaving Cambridge he worked periodically in teaching but was often away on climbing expeditions.
Rouse was an outstanding technical rock climber, one of the best of his generation.
His ascents of 'The Beatnik' on Helsby, and his solo ascent of 'The Boldest' on Clogwyn Du'r Arddu marked him out as an exceptional talent.
He was a member of a group of contemporaries (including Cliff Phillips, Eric Jones, Pete Minks, 'Richard' McHardy) whose competitive spirit pushed them to solo the hardest routes of the day.
His soloing was not confined to Wales, nor was it always successful.
An attempt on the American Route on South Face of the failed when a small piton being used for aid pulled near the summit.
Although he fell only 5 metres, Rouse broke his ankle and was forced to make 17 abseils down the entire route, for much of the time using only his knees.
Rouse eventually became a professional mountaineer, lecturing, guiding, writing and acting as an adviser to the outdoor equipment trade.
He moved to Sheffield in easy reach of the rocks of the Peak District.
Rouse became a highly experienced climber in places as far afield as Scotland, North Wales, Patagonia, Peru, the Alps, the Andes, New Zealand and Nepal.
He was also elected vice-president of the British Mountaineering Council.
In 1980, Rouse, Dr Michael Ward and Chris Bonington were among the few Europeans to visit the high mountains of China, reopening some of these to foreign mountaineers.
In the winter of 1980–81, Rouse led a British expedition to attempt Mount Everest by the west ridge, without using oxygen or Sherpas.
The trip was not successful, but in the summer of 1981 he climbed Kongur Tagh, a hitherto unclimbed peak in western China, with Bonington, Joe Tasker and Peter Boardman.
K2, Earth's second highest mountain, is regarded as a much more difficult climb than the highest mountain, Everest, and has a high fatality rate.
In 1983, Rouse made his first attempt on K2, by a new route up the south ridge, with an international team.
In 1986, Rouse returned as the leader of a British expedition and obtained a permit to climb the difficult North-West Ridge, instead of the conventional Abruzzi Spur.
After they had made several unsuccessful attempts to establish camps on their chosen route, the British team members – apart from Rouse and fellow climber and expedition cameraman, Jim Curran – left.
While Rouse and the British expedition attempted the North-West Ridge, other expeditions had also been trying various routes, with and without oxygen.
After his fellow team members left the mountain, Rouse and six climbers from these expeditions decided to join forces to try the conventional route without a permit.
There were four Austrian men, Alfred Imitzer, Hannes Wieser, Willi Bauer, and Kurt Diemberger, a Polish woman, Dobroslawa Miodowicz-Wolf, and a British woman, Julie Tullis.
They reached Camp IV at (8,157 metres, 26,760 feet), the final staging post before the summit.
For reasons that are still unclear, this impromptu team decided to wait a day before trying the final stage to the summit.
None of the climbers on the Abruzzi Spur chose to follow the team comprising three Korean climbers who had set out on an oxygen aided attempt on 3 August, even though the trail would have been broken through the deep snow for those climbing without oxygen.
On the following day, it was obvious that the weather was deteriorating, but Rouse and Wolf nonetheless set out for the summit.
Wolf quickly tired and dropped back, whilst Rouse continued.
Because he was breaking the trail alone, two of the Austrian climbers, Willi Bauer and Alfred Imitzer, caught up with him some 100 vertical meters below the summit.
Rouse fell in behind the Austrians, thus making his ascent easier the last stretch, and the three reached the summit together on 4 August 1986.
On the way down, they found Wolf asleep in the snow and persuaded her to descend.
They also met Kurt Diemberger and Julie Tullis, still on their way up, and tried to persuade them to descend but with no success.
Diemberger and Tullis also summitted but very late, at dusk which occurred around 7 pm.
On the descent, Tullis fell.
Even though she survived, both Tullis and Diemberger had to spend the night bivouacked in the open.
Eventually, all the climbers reached Camp IV, where Hannes Wieser waited.
The seven waited for the storm to abate.
Instead, the storm worsened with much snow, winds over 160 km/h, and sub-zero temperatures.
With no food or any gas to melt snow into water in the stoves, the situation soon became life-threatening.
Tullis died during the night of 6 – 7 August, presumably of HAPE (high altitude pulmonary edema), a common consequence of lack of oxygen and low air pressure at extreme altitudes.
The other six climbers stayed for the next three days, but remained barely conscious.
On 10 August the snow stopped, but the temperature dropped, and the wind continued unabated.
The climbers, although severely weakened, decided they had no option but to descend to a lower base camp.
Rouse, when conscious, was in agony, and the other climbers decided to leave him to save their own lives.
Of the seven climbers who had originally reached Camp IV on 4 and 5 August, only Diemberger and Bauer reached Base Camp.
Rouse is presumed to have died on 10 August 1986.
He was survived by his girlfriend, Deborah Sweeney, who gave birth to their daughter, Holly, three weeks later.
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The Birmingham News is the principal newspaper for Birmingham, Alabama, United States, and the largest newspaper in Alabama.
The paper is owned by Advance Publications, and was a daily newspaper from its founding through September 30, 2012.
The next day, the "News" and its two sister Alabama newspapers, the "Press-Register" in Mobile and "The Huntsville Times", moved to a thrice-weekly print-edition publication schedule (Sundays, Wednesdays and Fridays).
"The Times-Picayune" of New Orleans, also an Advance newspaper, also went to thrice-weekly on the same day.
The "Birmingham News" was launched on March 14, 1888 by Rufus N. Rhodes as "The Evening News", a four-page paper with two reporters and $800 of operating capital.
At the time, the city of Birmingham was only 17 years old, but was an already booming industrial city and a beacon of the "New South" still recovering from the aftermath of the American Civil War and Reconstruction.
Newspapers joined with industrial tycoons, academics and real-estate speculators in relentless boosterism of the new city.
Rhodes was working as editor of the "Daily Herald" when he found his campaign for a viaduct spanning the "Railroad Reservation" dividing Birmingham's north and south opposed by his publisher.
He determined to strike out on his own and launched the "News" with the slogan "Great is Birmingham and "The News" is its Prophet!"
The "News Bridge" (21st Street Viaduct) was dedicated on July 4, 1891, deemed by his paper the "grandest of all municipal achievements of great and glorious Birmingham."
The "News" circulation grew from 628 in 1888 to over 7000 in 1891, when it became the largest daily in Alabama and won the contract to publish the General Laws of Alabama.
The name was changed from "The Evening News" to "The Daily News" and then, in 1895, "The Birmingham News".
The newspaper continued to grow, reaching a circulation of 17,000 in 1909.
Staunchly progressive in its political stance, the "News" supported a straight-ticket Democrat platform in election seasons and championed progressive causes such as prohibition.
The "News" led the drumbeat for the "Greater Birmingham" movement to annex suburban communities.
The successful campaign caused the population of the City of Birmingham to grow from 40,000 in 1900 to 138,685 in 1910, at which time Birmingham was the third largest city in the South.
That same year, Rhodes died and was succeeded by his vice-president and general manager, Victor H. Hanson (1876-1945).
Hanson, only 33 years old, was already an accomplished newspaperman, having at age 11 founded the "City Item" in Macon, Georgia, which he sold four years later for $2,500.
Hanson helped modernize the newspaper's format, tone and operations and oversaw an increase in subscriptions from 18,000 in 1910 to 40,000 in 1914 when he boldly claimed the title of "The South's Greatest Newspaper".
In direct competition with the morning "Age-Herald", the "News" began a Sunday edition in 1912.
In 1917 the "News" moved to a new six-story Jacobean-style office building on the corner of 4th Avenue North and 22nd Street.
At the time of the move, the "News" published this opinion: "The News is proud of its new home and believes it to be the handsomest and best equipped in the entire South.
Publishers from other cities have been kind enough to say that nowhere in the land was there a more adequate, convenient and efficient newspaper plant.
Many thousands of dollars have been expended with that end in view."
A year later the paper made good use of its new space by purchasing the rival "Birmingham Ledger", increasing the size of its staff to 748 and its circulation to 60,000.
In 1927 the "Birmingham Age-Herald" was sold to Hanson, who continued publishing both papers.
In 1950 Scripps-Howard, which already owned the "Birmingham Post", bought the "Age-Herald" but entered into a joint-operating agreement that moved the new "Birmingham Post-Herald" into the "Birmingham News" building.
The "News" press printed both papers and handled advertising and subscriptions sales while the editorial and reporting staffs remained independent.
The agreement lasted until the "Post-Herald" ceased publication in September 2005, leaving the "News" as Birmingham's only daily newspaper.
In 1956, the Hanson family sold the "News" to S. I. Newhouse Sr.'s Advance Publications in New York for $18 million, the largest sum that had been paid at the time for a daily newspaper.
The privately held Advance continues to own the "News" as well as "The Huntsville Times" and Mobile's "Press-Register", the three largest newspapers in Alabama, as well as their shared website, al.com.
In 1997, the News Company switched the morning and evening publications, making the "News" the morning paper and the "Post-Herald" the evening paper.
This move reinforced the "News's" preeminent role as morning papers were the norm.
On August 10, 2006 the "News" cut the ribbon on their new headquarters building across 4th Avenue from their 1917 plant.
The $25 million, 4-story, brick and limestone building, designed by Williams-Blackstock Architects, borrows several details from the older building and is dramatically bisected by a glass atrium.
The 1917 building was demolished in 2008 in order to make room for a surface parking lot serving employees of the paper.
The lot is between the new office building and the facility that houses "The Birmingham News" presses.
On Jan. 22, 2013, Alabama Media Group announced it was selling the building, saying the high-tech, modern and open facility was not conducive to its digital-first, print-last operations.
In 2009, Advance Publications' three Alabama newspapers were organized into the Advance Alabama Group, headed by Ricky Mathews, publisher of the Mobile newspaper.
Although Advance had owned the "News" since 1956, the Hanson family continued to run the business until December 1, 2009, when Victor H. Hanson III (1956-), retired at the age of 52.
Hanson was replaced by Pam Siddall, previously the publisher of "The Wichita Eagle" and "The Columbus Ledger-Enquirer".
"The Birmingham News" maintained bureaus in Montgomery and Washington, D.C.
The Washington bureau was closed in September 2012 when the owners decided coverage of Alabama interests in Washington was neither local nor important to its customers.
"The Birmingham News" moved out of its 2006 building in 2014, after its owners cut back publication and could no longer afford to occupy the large building.
"The News" moved into a renovated old warehouse a few blocks away, with the 2006 building on the market.
In 2015, Infinity Property & Casualty Corp. purchased the old News building for $20 million.
"The Birmingham News" in 1888 cost on average $5.00 a year and .25 for three months, compared to 2013, when it costs $35.00 for thirteen weeks.
Between 1888 and 1895 it jumped from just 18,000 subscribers to 40,000.
This leap was due to not only a booming city, but also a rise in literacy rates and a middle class that was growing with increasing numbers of blue-collar jobs with increasing development of resources such as coal and cotton.
The long run of the "Birmingham News" means that it can be considered a reliable primary document that reflects all of the changes that have happened within Birmingham, beginning only 17 years after the city began to develop.
People can view the newspaper all the way from the very first issue, including its advertisements for local businesses, on microfilm in Birmingham's downtown Public Library.
Advertisements that began in the "Birmingham News" include Saks Fifth Avenue, Iron City Grocery, and Caheen.
On May 24, 2012, Advance Publications announced that its three Alabama newspapers would do away with print editions on Mondays, Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays.
The move was a result of the continuing decline in advertising revenue and circulation for its traditional print products.
The move places increased emphasis on their website, al.com, and reorganizes the Alabama properties into two companies: Alabama Media Group, the editorial and advertising side; and Advance Central Services Alabama, which handles production, distribution and back-office services.
The changes took effect on October 1, 2012, making Birmingham the second-largest city in the United States to not be served by a daily newspaper; New Orleans became the largest that same day.
New Orleans lost that dubious distinction when Baton Rouge's daily newspaper, "The Advocate," began publication of a daily edition in New Orleans; further, on June 24, 2013, "The Times-Picayune" resumed daily publication with a tabloid edition called "TP Street" sold only through newsstands and retailers.
With those two moves, Birmingham became the largest city in the country without its own daily newspaper.
Former "Birmingham News" reporter Victor Gold was in 1964 an aide to U.S.
Senator Barry Goldwater and subsequently the press secretary to Vice President, Spiro T. Agnew.
He was also affiliated with President George Herbert Walker Bush.
In 1991, Ron Casey, Harold Jackson and Joey Kennedy received a Pulitzer Prize for Editorial Writing for their editorial campaign analyzing inequities in Alabama's tax system and proposing needed reforms.
In 2006, staff photographer Bernard Troncale took top honors at the Society of Professional Journalists' Green Eyeshade Awards for his work on a series about AIDS in Africa.
In 2006 the "News" editorial staff were finalists for another Pulitzer for Editorial Writing for a series of editorials reversing the paper's longstanding support of the death penalty.
That same year the paper won two Awards of Excellence from the Society for News Design for the paper's overall graphic layout.
In 2007, reporter Brett Blackledge won the Pulitzer Prize for Investigative Reporting for his series of articles exposing corruption in Alabama's two-year college system.
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Kshetrayya (or Kshetragna) (–1680) was a prolific Telugu poet and composer of Carnatic music.
He lived in the area of Andhra Pradesh in South India.
He composed a number of "padams" and "keertanas", the prevalent formats of his time.
He is credited with more than 4000 compositions, although only a handful have survived.
He composed his songs on his favourite deity Krishna (Gopala) in Telugu.
Not much is known about his personal life.
He was born in a village called Movva (or Muvva) in Andhra Pradesh.
His parents named him Varadayya.
Because of his habit of traveling from one place to another singing his songs at temples, he came to be called "Kshetragna" or "Kshetrayya" (one who travels).
He perfected the "padam" format that is still used today.
His "padams" are sung in dance (Bharatanatyam and Kuchipudi) and music recitals.
A unique feature of his padams is the practice of singing the "anupallavi" first then the "pallavi" (second verse followed by first verse).
Most of the padams are of the theme of longing for the coming of the Lord Krishna.
He wrote with Sringara as a main theme in expressing "madhurabhakti" (devotion to the supreme).
Sringara is a motif where the mundane sexual relationship between a Nayaki (woman) and a Nayaka (man) is used as a metaphor, denoting the yearning of jeeva (usually depicted as the Nayaki) to unite with the divine (usually depicted as the man).
In most of his compositions, Kshetrayya has used the "mudra" (signature) "Muvva Gopala" as a reference to himself, which is also a name for the Lord Krishna in Kshetrayya's village Muvva in Krishna District of Andhra Pradesh State, now called as Movva.
Kshetrayya's work has played a major role in influencing poetry, dance, music of the South Indian tradition.
Kshetrayya was intimately connected with the devadasi women of the temples of south India, who were the subject of many of his compositions.
The devadasis traditionally possessed the musical/poetic interpretations of his work for a long period till the devadasi system was abolished and the compositions became more accepted in the musical community as valuable works of art.
The musical community owes a lot to Veena Dhanammal and T. Brinda, who popularized Kshetrayya's songs with their beautiful musical interpretation.
Kshetrayya's padams now form an integral part of the dance and musical traditions of South India, where his songs are rendered purely as musical works or as accompaniments to dance.
"Mahakavi Kshetrayya" is a 1976 Telugu film produced by Anjali Pictures and starring Akkineni Nageswara Rao and Anjali Devi.
The film has excellent songs voiced by V. Ramakrishna and music score proved by P. Adinarayana Rao.
The life of Kshetragna is depicted in the novel "Bliss Of Life" by M. V. Rama Sarma, professor of English and former vice chancellor, S.V.
University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India.
It is translated into Telugu with the title "Kshetrayya".
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Born James Grant, Duff was the eldest son of John Grant of Kincardine O'Neil and Margaret Miln Duff of Eden, who died 20 August 1824.
His father having died about 1799, his mother moved to Aberdeen, where he went to school, and to the Marischal College.
Duff was to become a civil servant of the East India Company, but being impatient at the prospect of delay in obtaining a post he accepted a cadetship in 1805 and sailed for Bombay.
After completing the cadet training in Bombay, he joined the Bombay Genadiers.
In 1808 Duff participated as an ensign in the storming of Maliah, a fortified stronghold of freebooters, where he displayed bravery.
At an unusually early age he became adjutant to his regiment and Persian interpreter, and was even more influential in it than this position indicated.
While still a lieutenant he attracted the attention of Mountstuart Elphinstone, then Company resident of Poona, and became, along with Henry Pottinger, his assistant and devoted friend.
He was particularly successful in understanding the native character, and in discovering the mean between too rapid reform and too great deference to native prejudice and immobility.
During the long operations against the Peshwa Bajirao II, terminating in his overthrow, Grant took a considerable part, both in a civil and in a military capacity, attaining the rank of captain in his regiment.
Upon the settlement of the country he was appointed in 1818 to the important office of resident of Sattara State.
His instructions are contained in a letter of Elphinstone's, dated 8 April 1818, and his remuneration was fixed at 2000 rupees per month, with allowances of 1500 rupees per month, which was in addition to an office establishment.
Here, in the heart of a warlike province, the centre of the Mahratta confederacy, with but one European companion and a body of native infantry, he succeeded in maintaining himself in a hostile environment.
By proclamation dated 11 April 1818, Elphinstone made full powers over to Grant for the arrangement of Satara's affairs of state.
Pratap Singh the Rajah was rescued from his captivity by the Maratha Peshwa, after the Battle of Ashteh in February 1819, and restored to the throne under Grant's tutelage.
By treaty of 25 September 1819, Grant was to administer the country in the Rajah's name till 1822, and then transfer it to him and his officers when they should prove fit for the task.
Grant carefully impressed upon the rajah that any intercourse with other princes, except such as the treaty provided for, would be punished with annexation of his territory, and trained him so successfully in the habits of business that Pratap Singh, having improved greatly under his care, was made direct ruler of Satara in 1822; but under Grant's successor, General Briggs, his behaviour was unsatisfactory.
During this time, Grant concluded the treaties with the Satara jagirdars, "viz".
22 April 1820, the Pant Sachiv, the Pant Pratinidhi, the Duflaykur, and the Deshmukh of Phaltan, and 3 July 1820, the Raja of Akkalkot and the Sheikh Waekur (as the names are given by Aitcheson).
The arrangements which he prescribed both for the etiquette of the Durbar and for the management of the revenue remained as he left them for many years.
After five years the anxiety and toil broke down his health, and he retired to Scotland, where he occupied himself in completing "A History of the Mahrattas", the materials for which he had long been collecting with great diligence and under peculiarly favorable opportunities, through his access to state papers, family and temple archives, and his personal acquaintance with the Mahratta chiefs.
It was published in 1826 and was translated into the major languages of Western India, becoming required reading for Indian students during the British Raj.
About 1825 he succeeded to the estate at Eden, and taking the additional name of Duff settled there, improving the property.
In 1850 his wife Jane Catharine Ainslie (only daughter of Sir Whitelaw Ainslie, an eminent physician and author of the "Materia Medica Indica"), whom he married in 1825, succeeded to an estate in Fife belonging to her mother's family, whereupon he took the further name of Cuninghame.
Duff died on 23 September 1858, leaving a daughter and two sons, of whom the elder, Mountstuart Elphinstone Grant Duff, M.P.
for the Elgin Burghs, Under-Secretary for India 1868–1874, and Under-Secretary for the Colonies 1880–1881, and Governor of Madras Presidency 1881–1886.
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Buck Rogers in the 25th Century is an American science-fiction adventure television series produced by Universal Studios.
The series ran for two seasons between 1979 and 1981, and the feature-length pilot episode for the series was released as a theatrical film, before the series aired.
The film and series were developed by Glen A. Larson and Leslie Stevens, based on the character Buck Rogers created in 1928 by Philip Francis Nowlan that had previously been featured in comic strips, novellas, a serial film, and on television and radio.
Inspired by the success of "Star Wars", Universal began developing "Buck Rogers" for television, spearheaded by Glen A. Larson, who had a production deal with the studio.
Production began in 1978.
Initially, Larson and Universal had planned on making a series of "Buck Rogers" TV movies for NBC.
The pilot for Larson's other science-fiction series, "Battlestar Galactica" (1978), had been released theatrically in some countries and in key locations in North America, and had done well at the box office.
Universal then opted to release the first "Buck Rogers" TV movie theatrically on March 30, 1979.
Good box-office returns led NBC to commission a weekly series, which began on September 20, 1979, with a slightly modified version of the theatrical release.
The production recycled many of the props, effects shots, and costumes from "Battlestar Galactica", which was still in production at the time the pilot for "Buck Rogers" was being filmed.
For example, the "landram" vehicle was made for the "Galactica" series, and the control sticks used in the Terran starfighters in the pilot movie were the same as those used in Galactica's Viper craft.
The Terran starfighters were also concept designer Ralph McQuarrie's original vision of the Colonial Vipers.
The new series centered on Captain William Anthony "Buck" Rogers, played by Gil Gerard, a NASA/USAF pilot who commands "Ranger 3", a spacecraft that is launched in May 1987.
Due to a life-support malfunction, Buck is accidentally frozen for 504 years before his spacecraft is discovered adrift in the year 2491.
The combination of gases that froze his body coincidentally comes close to the formula commonly used in the 25th century for cryopreservation, and his rescuers are able to revive him.
He learns that civilization on Earth was rebuilt following a devastating nuclear war that occurred on November 22, 1987, and is now under the protection of the Earth Defense Directorate.
The series followed him as he tried (not always successfully) to fit into 25th-century culture.
As no traceable personal records of him remained, he was uniquely placed, due to his pilot and combat skills and personal ingenuity, to help Earth Defense foil assorted evil plots to conquer the planet.
In many respects, this version of Buck Rogers was more similar to James Bond or Steve Austin than Nowlan's original character, and Buck would often go under cover on various covert missions.
Buck is aided in his adventures by his friend and sometimes romantic interest, Colonel Wilma Deering (played by Erin Gray), a high-ranking officer and starfighter pilot.
He is also assisted by Twiki, a small robot or "ambuquad", as they were known.
Twiki was played mainly by Felix Silla and voiced mainly by Mel Blanc (who had previously voiced Daffy Duck as Duck Dodgers in spoofs of the early Buck Rogers and other science-fiction serials) using a gruff voice very similar to the one he used for Barnyard Dawg.
Twiki became Buck's comic sidekick and communicated with an electronic noise that sounded like "biddi-biddi-biddi", but also spoke English (usually after saying "biddi-biddi-biddi-biddi" for several seconds.)
Also aiding Buck was Dr. Theopolis or "Theo" (voiced by Eric Server), a sentient computer in the shape of a disk, about 9 inches wide with an illuminated face.
He was capable of understanding Twiki's electronic language, and was often carried around by him.
Theo was a member of Earth's "computer council" and one of the planet's scientific leaders.
During the first season, Buck and Wilma took their orders from Dr. Elias Huer, played by Tim O'Connor, the head of the Defense Directorate.
Some episodes suggested Huer was the leader of the entire planet, though this was never made completely clear.
The series' chief villain (at least in the first season) was Princess Ardala (played by Pamela Hensley), whose goal was to conquer the Earth while making Buck her consort.
She was aided by her henchman Kane (played in the pilot film by Henry Silva and in the series by Michael Ansara).
All of these characters were featured in the original comic strip, except for Dr. Theopolis and Twiki (whose closest counterpart in earlier versions would likely be Buck's human sidekick, Buddy Wade).
Kane (or Killer Kane as he was then known) was also featured in the 1939 film serial and was actually the chief villain himself, rather than Ardala's henchman (Ardala did not appear in the film serial).
The pilot film depicted human civilization as fairly insular, with an invisible defense shield that surrounded the entire planet, protecting it from invaders.
Civilization was restricted to a few cities; the main city seen in the pilot and weekly series was New Chicago, which was also known as the Inner City.
Travel beyond the Inner City was hazardous, as much of the planet was said to be a radioactive wasteland inhabited by violent mutants (as Buck discovered when he visited the derelict remains of old Chicago).
The first made-for-TV movie was released theatrically in March 1979 as "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century".
The film made $21 million at the North American box office, prompting Universal to move ahead with a weekly series later that year.
The film, which was also released internationally, featured all of the main protagonist characters who would appear in the weekly series, including Princess Ardala of the planet Draconia, and her henchman, Kane.
The theatrical film also served as a pilot and two-part first episode for the series, entitled "Awakening".
Several scenes were edited, some to remove the more adult dialogue in the film (including when Buck refers to Wilma as "ballsy", and later when he says "shit"), and a scene in which Buck kills Ardala's henchman, Tigerman, was edited to allow the character to return in later episodes (the TV version of the pilot for "Battlestar Galactica" had similarly removed the death of a supporting character (Baltar) to allow the character to become a regular in the TV series).
Also, some new and extended scenes were added for the TV version, including several scenes within Buck's new apartment, which was the setting for a new final scene in which Dr. Huer and Wilma try to persuade Buck to join the Defense Directorate.
This scene ends with Buck actually declining their offer, though he opts to join them in an unofficial capacity by the first episode of the series proper, "Planet of the Slave Girls".
Including the two-part pilot episode, the first season comprised 24 episodes, with four of the stories being two-parters.
The tone of the series was lighter than the pilot movie, and showed a more positive picture of future Earth.
The Inner City was now known as New Chicago, and it was established that human civilization had spread once again across the planet, and also to the stars.
After the movie pilot, no reference to barren radioactive wastelands was made, and in several episodes, the world outside is shown as lush and green.
The mutants seen in the pilot film were no longer seen, and Buck sometimes ventured outside New Chicago with no hazards encountered.
As opposed to the isolationist planet seen in the film, Earth no longer has an invisible defense shield surrounding it and is shown to be the center of an interstellar human-dominated government, sometimes called "the Federation" of "the Alliance", with its capital at New Chicago.
During the first season, references were also made to other "new" Earth cities such as New Detroit, New Manhattan, New Phoenix, New Tulsa, Boston Complex, and New London.
A "City-on-the-Sea" was also seen, mentioned as being the former New Orleans.
Wilma Deering and Dr. Huer were the only Defense Directorate personnel seen in every episode, though several others were seen in individual episodes.
Most Defense Directorate personnel regard Buck as being at least an 'honorary' captain, in reference to his 20th-century American military rank, but his membership in Earth's defense forces is unofficial.
Nevertheless, Buck often flies with the fighter squadrons, and uses his 20th-century U.S. Air Force background to assist in their training.
Dr. Huer regularly meets, greets, and otherwise deals with representatives of other sovereign powers.
Huer was also seen in military uniform (at formal occasions), thus indicating he is or was a member of the military.
Travel between the stars was accomplished with the use of stargates: artificially created portals in space (similar in appearance to wormholes), but referred to as "warp" travel on at least one occasion by Wilma Deering.
Stargates appear as a diamond-shaped quartet of brilliant lights in space that shimmered when a vessel was making transit.
Some people find the transit through a stargate to be physically unpleasant (transit resembling a "spinning" of the spacecraft).
Buck's dislike of them is shown in part one of the episode "Planet of the Slave Girls" and again in part two of the episode "The Plot to Kill a City".
To portray futuristic-looking buildings on Earth, the show used stock shots of the remaining national pavilions of Expo 67, particularly the French and British pavilions as well as shots of the Bonaventure Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.
Juanin Clay, who played Major Marla Landers in the first-season episode "Vegas in Space", was originally cast as Wilma for the TV series (Erin Gray had initially opted not to return after the pilot film, but she later changed her mind).
A relationship between Buck and Wilma was hinted at, but rarely expanded upon, and in the first season, Buck was involved (to some degree) with a different woman almost every week.
Producers demanded that Wilma have blonde hair and dye jobs were needed to lighten Erin Gray's brunette locks.
During the final episodes of the first season, Gray was allowed to return to her natural hair color, and Wilma was dark-haired thereafter.
Buck's best-known enemy during the first season was Princess Ardala, played by Pamela Hensley, whose desire was to conquer and possess both Earth and Buck himself.
She appeared in four separate stories, including the pilot film, two single episodes ("Escape from Wedded Bliss" and "Ardala Returns"), and the two-part first-season finale ("Flight of the War Witch").
The opening title sequence for the series included stock footage from the Apollo 4 and Apollo 6 launches.
The series had an overall budget of $800,000 per hour of air time, according to "Starlog" issue #32 (March 1980).
Former actor Jock Gaynor served as producer for 20 episodes.
Although reasonably popular with viewers, the first season failed to receive much critical acclaim.
One vocal critic of the series was Gerard himself, who pushed for more serious storytelling and often clashed with the producers and the network (NBC) over the show's tone and handling.
In the November 1980 issue of "Starlog", even Gerard said he had hoped the series would not be picked up for a second season because he had no wish to go through another season like the first one.
Production of the second season was delayed by several months due to an actors' strike.
When production resumed in the fall of 1980, the series had a new set of producers (headed by John Mantley, who had primarily worked on television westerns) and the format of the series was changed.
Instead of defending the Earth from external threats, Buck, Wilma and Twiki were now a part of a crew aboard an Earth spaceship called the "Searcher".
The "Searcher", which displayed the Latin motto "Per ardua ad astra" ("through adversity to the stars" or "through work to the stars") on its side, had a mission to seek out the lost "tribes" of humanity who had scattered in the five centuries since Earth's 20th-century nuclear war.
(This is a theme present in Glen A. Larson's previous science-fiction television series, "Battlestar Galactica".)
Another notable change in the second season was the disappearance of many of the regular characters of the first season, such as Dr. Huer, Dr. Theopolis, Princess Ardala, and Kane.
However, several new characters were added:
***LIST***.
The character of Wilma Deering was "softened" in the second season as the producers attempted to tone down the militaristic "Colonel Deering" image, who often gave Buck orders, and tried to make her more "feminine".
Another change in the second season was the sound of Twiki's voice.
Mel Blanc left the series after the end of the first season and another actor, Bob Elyea, supplied Twiki's voice.
Blanc returned for the final six episodes of the second season, though no explanation was given for the change in Twiki's voice.
The opening narrative was also modified for the second season, both in terms of the narrator's voice and content.
In the first season, William Conrad delivered the following opening narrative:
In the second season, Hank Simms (best known for his announcing work on many of the programs produced by Quinn Martin Productions) delivered the following alternate narrative:
These were abbreviated and altered versions of the narrative heard in the original pilot movie, delivered by Conrad:
The introduction narrative from the pilot episode ("Awakening") was also different:
The substance of the storylines also changed in the second season.
Less emphasis was placed on militaristic ideals and, with a few exceptions, Gerard scaled back the humor in the second season in favor of more serious episodes.
Buck's and Wilma's relationship became slightly more romantic during the second year, though most romantic activity was implied and took place off-screen.
Moreover, the second season deals with more serious concepts such as evolution, ecology, racism, pollution, war, nuclear power, identity, the self, and religion.
It also draws on mythology as exemplified by Hawk's people, who are variants on the bird people found in mythologies around the world and makes special reference to the moai of Easter Island.
An episode also included a story about mythical satyr creatures.
As well as its parallels to Larson's previous television series "Battlestar Galactica", the second season is similar in theme to "", with the "Searcher" roaming through space much like the USS "Enterprise" had, Buck being the maverick explorer true to the style of Captain James T. Kirk, and the serious, rather stoic Hawk being a revamped version of Mr. Spock.
Even Wilma had, to some extent, been remodeled after Lt. Uhura from "Star Trek", often dressed in a miniskirt uniform and regularly sat at a communications console on the bridge of the "Searcher".
Ratings dropped significantly after the season premiere.
NBC canceled the series at the end of an 11-episode strike-abbreviated season.
No finale storyline was produced, with the final episode broadcast being a normal standalone episode.
***LIST***.
Guest stars throughout the series included Jamie Lee Curtis, Markie Post, Dorothy Stratten, Leigh McCloskey, Trisha Noble, Richard Moll, Jerry Orbach, Gary Coleman, Jack Palance, Sam Jaffe, Vera Miles, and Buster Crabbe (who had played Buck Rogers in the 1930s film serial).
Joseph Wiseman also appeared in one episode of the series, and was also briefly seen in the theatrical version of the pilot as Emperor Draco (Princess Ardala's father), but his appearance was edited out of the television version.
Several actors who had played villains in the 1960s "Batman" television series also guest-starred, including Cesar Romero, Frank Gorshin, Roddy McDowell, and Julie Newmar.
The series was shown in the UK by ITV, beginning in late August 1980, with the feature-length two-part episode "Planet of the Slave Girls" (the pilot film, which had been released theatrically in Britain in summer 1979, was not actually shown on British television until 1982).
ITV broadcast "Buck Rogers" in an early Saturday evening slot, where it competed against, and beat, the BBC's long-running science fiction series "Doctor Who", which started its 18th season on the same day.
As a similar effect had occurred a few years earlier when several ITV stations screened "Man from Atlantis" against "Doctor Who"; this prompted the BBC to move "Doctor Who" to a new weekday slot for its next season in 1982, though "Buck Rogers" had been cancelled in the US by then.
The BBC would repeat the "Buck Rogers" series on BBC Two in 1989 and again in 1995-96.
The series also aired in Canada on CTV, on the same day and time as the NBC airings.
Contemporary assessments of "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" were generally mixed.
In his book "Sci-Fi TV from Twilight Zone to Deep Space Nine", writer James van Hise claimed the show's scripts "just never took advantage of what they had at hand" and criticized Larson's version of "Buck Rogers" as a cynical attempt to exploit one of the most loved characters in American popular culture.
John Javna's book "The Best of Science Fiction TV" included "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" on its list of the "Worst Science Fiction Shows of All Time" (along with "The Starlost", "" and "Manimal").
Journalist Bill Lengeman also strongly criticized the program, stating "the acting is so wooden that Ed Wood himself (no pun intended) would surely have gone weak in the knees and wept openly upon witnessing it".
Lengemen also called the "Buck Rogers" episode "Space Rockers" the worst episode of TV science fiction he had ever seen.
On a more positive note, writing in the UK's "Observer" newspaper in October 1980 (shortly after the series began showing there), journalist Clive James stated "the best comic-strip science fiction on at the moment is "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century".
The hardware looks good and Wilma Deering looks simply sensational, like Wonder Woman with brains."
Two novels were published by Dell Publishing based on this series, both by Addison E. Steele.
The first () was a novelization of the pilot film.
The second, "That Man on Beta" (), was adapted from an unproduced episode script.
A fumetti book entitled "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" was published by Fotonovel Publications in 1979.
Gold Key Comics published fourteen issues of a "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" comic book based upon the show.
The comic book started with issue number two, picking up the numbering from an issue published in 1964 in the style of the old comic strips.
Starting with issue five, new adventures were created in the series continuity.
The first three issues (two - four) were reprinted in a "Giant Movie Edition" which was distributed by Marvel Comics.
Artists on the series included Al McWilliams, Frank Bolle and José Delbo.
Ironically, the comic outlived the series by several months.
Issue number ten was never published and this comic book series was cancelled after issue number sixteen.
The comic book remained within the continuity of Season 1 and did not feature any characters from Season 2.
A strip based on the television series also ran in two publications in the UK: "Look-In" with 64 weekly installments covering 10 separate adventures between autumn 1980 and early 1982, and "TV Tops", which picked up the rights from 1982 for two shorter runs.
Both were based on the format of the first year of the series.
Two sets of action figures were produced by Mego, including a 12" line and a series of 3.75" figures and scaled spaceships.
Milton-Bradley produced a Buck Rogers board game and a series of jigsaw puzzles.
Other companies produced a variety of tie-ins, including model kits of the spaceships from Monogram, die-cast toys from Corgi, Topps trading cards, and a painted metal lunch box.
In 2011, Zica Toys began production of a new line of action figures based on the TV series.
These 8" action figures are loosely based on Mego designs, but as noted above, Mego did not produce an 8" line of Buck Rogers figures, so Zica's line is actually the first line of 8", cloth-costumed action figures based on the TV series.
Characters planned include Buck Rogers, Hawk, Killer Kane, Tigerman, and Draconian Warriors.
The popularity of the TV series led to the revival of the Buck Rogers newspaper strip, daily and Sunday, drawn by Gray Morrow and written by Jim Lawrence.
The strip ran from September 9, 1979 to October 26, 1980, and was reprinted in its entirety, with the Sundays in color, in a large trade paperback.
Though the theatrical version of the pilot film was released on home video in the 1980s, the series was not released on home video until the late 1990s.
In the U.S., each episode was released individually on a VHS cassette.
In other countries, such as the UK, two episodes were released on a single cassette.
Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the complete series on DVD in North America (Region 1) on November 16, 2004.
While it does contain every episode (from both seasons), the pilot episode included is the theatrical version and not the TV version.
The set contains five double-sided discs.
The series was released on DVD in Europe (Region 2), though each season was released separately as opposed to in one set like the Region 1 release.
Season 1 was released on November 22, 2004 and season 2 on October 31, 2005, neither of which had the same cover artwork or menu screens as the Region 1 release.
Notable differences are the addition of subtitles for various European languages.
On January 24, 2012, Universal Studios re-released Season One by itself in North America, as a six disc set.
The discs were single-sided for this release, in contrast to the double-sided discs released in 2004.
Season Two was re-released with single-sided discs on January 8, 2013.
As a bonus feature, the second season set includes the television version of the original pilot film, "Awakening", the first time this version has been released on DVD.
On August 17, 2016, Madman Entertainment (a company that produces titles for release in Australia and New Zealand) released the series on Blu-ray Disc in 1080p.
The eight-disc set includes each episode in HD.
Extras include: theatrical version of the Pilot episode and feature-length version of "Flight Of The War Witch" (both in standard definition), the syndicated two-part version of "Journey to Oasis" (in HD), textless opening and closing credits sequences, opening credits without voice-over narration, and isolated music & effects audio tracks on each episode.
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Esteban is the stage name of Stephen Paul.
Esteban is from the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area.
Recognizable by his bolero hat, luxurious hair extensions, extremely long fingernails, and sunglasses, Esteban has gained commercial success by selling his instructional DVDs and guitars on QVC and HSN and has produced numerous Billboard ranked albums.
Paul was the oldest of four children.
He recounts that he began playing guitar at the age of eight when his uncle brought him a nylon-stringed guitar.
He attended South Hills Catholic High School (since absorbed into Seton-La Salle Catholic High School) in Mt.
He then attended Carnegie Mellon University, where he double-majored in music and English.
At this time, he was teaching approximately 150 students a week and playing in nightclubs.
Esteban states that at this point in his studies of the guitar, he felt a strong desire to study with Andrés Segovia.
According to Esteban, after a long period where he pursued Segovia by sending notes to the hotels where he was staying, finally meeting Segovia in Los Angeles in 1972 and studied with him intermittently for the next five years, splitting his time between Spain and California.
The extent of the connection between Segovia and Esteban, however, is heavily disputed.
Although Esteban did meet Segovia, Esteban is not mentioned in any biography of Segovia, and Esteban never received the public acknowledgment Segovia gave students such as John Williams and Eliot Fisk.
Segovia autographed one of his books for Esteban in 1978 with a flattering message, but Segovia is known to have signed hundreds or thousands of such messages.never happened
Esteban moved from Southern California to Phoenix with his wife and daughter, Teresa Paul in 1978.
During the next two years, he toured playing classical music.
In 1980, while driving his mother home from the airport, Esteban was involved in a collision with a drunk driver.
He was left with broken ribs, missing teeth, and a light-sensitive eye.
He recovered but was left with nerve damage in his hands.
Unable to play the guitar, he sold solar energy systems for Reynolds Aluminum.
During his long recovery, he decided to move away from playing only classical music.
After recovering some of the use of his fingers in 1988, he had begun playing again by the end of 1989.
Esteban had been playing at a Hyatt Regency hotel when he released his first album in 1991.
He hired a keyboardist in 1992 and has subsequently added a five-piece band including drummer Joe Morris.
Audiences responded well to Esteban's charisma and frequently bought his albums.
In 1999, Esteban came to the attention of Joy Mangano at Ingenious Designs, inventor of the Miracle Mop and other household accessories sold on QVC.
She recognized Esteban's charisma and he was invited to play on QVC in November 1999.
Soon after, Ingenious Designs was bought out by HSN and Esteban achieved commercial success.
He sold 132,000 CDs after two appearances on HSN in the summer of 2000, and two of his albums reached the top 54 entries in the "Billboard" 200.
Esteban quit playing at the Hyatt in 2000.
He has since been featured in "The Wall Street Journal" and "People Magazine".
From 2001 to 2003, Esteban released over a dozen additional albums, four of which placed in the lower half of the Billboard 200.
He has also been featured in various infomercials advertising his guitars and instructional DVDs.
Esteban landed his first major CD distribution deal (with Sony RED Distribution) with the release of "The Best of Esteban" in October, 2006.
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The Wodaabe (), also known as the Mbororo or Bororo, are a small subgroup of the Fulani ethnic group.
They are traditionally nomadic cattle-herders and traders in the Sahel, with migrations stretching from southern Niger, through northern Nigeria, northeastern Cameroon, southwestern Chad, and the western region of the Central African Republic.
The number of Wodaabe was estimated in 2001 to be 100,000.
They are known for their elaborate attire and rich cultural ceremonies.
The Wodaabe speak the Fula language and don't use a written language.
In the Fula language, "woɗa" means "taboo", and "Woɗaaɓe" means "people of the taboo".
"Wodaabe" is an Anglicisation of "Woɗaaɓe".
The Wodaabe culture is one of the 186 cultures of the standard cross-cultural sample used by anthropologists to compare cultural traits.
A Wodaabe woman, Hindou Oumaru Ibrahim, was chosen to represent civil society of the world on the signing of Paris Protocol on 22 April 2016.
The Wodaabe keep herds of long-horned Zebu cattle.
The dry season extends from October to May.
Their annual travel during the wet season follows the rain from the south to the north.
Groups of several dozen relatives, typically several brothers with their wives, children and elders, travel on foot, donkey or camel, and stay at each grazing spot for a couple of days.
A large wooden bed is the most important possession of each family; when camping it is surrounded by some screens.
The women also carry calabashes as a status symbol.
These calabashes are passed down through the generations, and often provoke rivalry between women.
The Wodaabe mostly live on milk and ground millet, as well as yogurt, sweet tea and occasionally the meat of a goat or sheep.
Wodaabe religion is largely but loosely Islamic.
Although there are varying degrees of orthodoxy exhibited, most adhere to at least some of the basic requirements of the religion.
Islam became a religion of importance among Wodaabe peoples during the 16th century when the scholar al-Maghili preached the teachings of Muhammad to the elite of northern Nigeria.
Al-Maghili was responsible for converting the ruling classes among Hausa, Fulani, and Tuareg peoples in the region.
The code of behavior of the Wodaabe emphasizes reserve and modesty ("semteende"), patience and fortitude ("munyal"), care and forethought ("hakkilo"), and loyalty ("amana").
They also place great emphasis on beauty and charm.
Parents are not allowed to talk directly to their two first born children, who will often be cared for by their grandparents.
During daylight, husband and wife cannot hold hands or speak in a personal manner with each other.
At the end of the rainy season in September, Wodaabe clans gather in several traditional locations before the beginning of their dry season transhumance migration.
The best known of these is In-Gall's Cure Salée salt market and Tuareg seasonal festival.
Here the young Wodaabe men, with elaborate make-up, feathers and other adornments, perform the "Yaake": dances and songs to impress marriageable women.
The male beauty ideal of the Wodaabe stresses tallness, white eyes and teeth; the men will often roll their eyes and show their teeth to emphasize these characteristics.
Wodaabe clans then join for the remainder of the week-long Gerewol: a series of barters over marriage and contests where the young men's beauty and skills are judged by young women.
The 1989 documentary "Wodaabe - Herdsmen of the Sun" by Werner Herzog describes the Wodaabe.
In the 1999 documentary "Zwischen 2 Welten" (between two worlds) director Bettina Haasen films her personal conversations with Wodaabe members.
The 2010 ethnographic documentary Dance with the Wodaabes by Sandrine Loncke explores, from the point of view of its participants, the complex cultural significance of the spectacular but frequently misunderstood and sensationalized Wodaabe ritual celebrations known as "Geerewol".
The Niger-based band "Etran Finatawa" is composed of Wodaabe and Tuareg members and creates their unique style of "Nomad Blues" by combining modern arrangements and electric guitars with more traditional instruments and polyphonic Wodaabe singing.
In 2005 they recorded an album and toured Europe.
Married Wodaabe women are mentioned in part two of the BBC series "Human Planet" for having the right to take a different married man as a sexual partner.
"Wodaabe Dancer" is the name of an instrumental track on guitarist Jennifer Batten's 1997 album, "".
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Mr. B Natural is a short sponsored film produced in 1956 by Kling Film Productions for the C.G.
Conn Company, directed by Phil Patton.
It is also the name of the film's main character, played by Betty Luster.
The short was intended to be shown in classrooms and school assemblies to advertise Conn's line of musical instruments for American school bands.
It fell into obscurity until it was satirized in an episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000" that first aired on November 30, 1991, after which it was celebrated as a prime example of period kitsch.
Mr. B Natural is an androgynous figure, a "hep pixie" who is meant to embody the "spirit of fun in music".
In this capacity, the character inspires children to take up band instruments.
The name is a pun on the musical notation B♮ (B natural), as the character explains: "that's what your feelings of music are, as natural as you can be."
The nickname of Billy Eckstine, a highly popular singer and bandleader at the time, was "Mr.
The character also acts as a kind of nascent brand mascot for C.G.
Conn musical instruments, though Mr. B Natural made no appearances for the company beyond the one film.
Conn provided details about the film in the Spring 1957 issue of their magazine, "The Baton", distributed to public school music teachers: "Mr. B Natural is the spirit of music in everyone...a sort of LepreCONN who is always no more than an inch away from the fingertips of anyone.
Mr. B has a code however, that prohibits him from showing himself for anyone unless he reaches out and calls for the spirit of music.
In full color, Mr. B Natural entertainingly answers the call of Buzz, a shy, reticent teen-ager and for twenty-six minutes and forty seconds explains how music and playing a musical instrument will help develop posture, breathing, self-confidence, coordination and in general a young person's character.
Mr. B gives both youthful and adult audiences ease to take instruction in the values of music.
The Film is being made available by the Band Instrument Division of Conn through Conn dealers everywhere."
In captions for the productions photos included in the three-page essay, the title character is consistently referred to as "he", an indication that Conn intended Mr. B to be of the male gender.
However, in an instance of reverse-gender casting similar to the casting of Mary Martin as Peter Pan ("Mary Martin syndrome" as Kevin Murphy said when writing about his experiences with the short film), the role was cast with an actress, Betty Luster, who had been a television musical variety star only a few years before.
The action opens upon the musical stave in which Mr. B Natural lives.
Mr. B addresses the audience directly, in an effort to appear welcoming, and explains what it means to be a spirit of music.
Awaiting a person's call for help, Mr. B evinces sympathy and concern for lonely junior high student Buzz Turner.
Buzz shows an interest in music like the more popular kids at school, but is so shy that he makes excuses to not attend a dance, even when a girl directly invites him.
Dejected, Buzz returns home and puts on a record.
This magically summons Mr. B into the adolescent boy's bedroom, whereupon the pixie uses magic, music and dance to convince Buzz to take up playing the trumpet.
In visiting the music dealership, Buzz's parents are reassured by the salesman that buying a trumpet is "simply making a small investment in your son's lifetime personality."
When Buzz mentions that he didn't care what make his new horn would be, he is upbraided by Mr. B Natural, and is treated to a detailed description of the C. G. Conn factory and laboratories.
Through the gift of music and the help of his mysterious friend, Buzz finds the confidence and assertiveness he needs to try out for the school band, impress girls, and play solo at concerts and school dances.
"Mr. B Natural" was produced by Kling Film Productions, an industrial film producer based out of Chicago, Illinois.
The film's sponsor, C.G.
Conn, was introducing its new line of "Connstellation" brass instruments in the mid-1950s, which may explain the emphasis on these instruments in the storyline.
Shooting took place in 1956, on 16mm in Technicolor.
Which sound stages were used for the production is not known, but the school grounds of Waukegan Elementary School in Illinois and Miami Sr. High School in Ohio were used for location shots.
Footage of workers at a C.G.
Conn plant also appears.
In 1991, HBO sought content for its new network, Comedy Central, and employed "ephemeral film" expert Rick Prelinger to locate amusing vintage footage.
"Mr. B Natural" was not held in Prelinger's collection, but was licensed for use in "Mystery Science Theater 3000 (MST3K)" from Streamline Film Archives, now F.I.L.M.
F.I.L.M.
Archives is the only known holder of this film print today, archived as reel #1133B.
"Mr. B Natural" was featured on "MST3K" as part of episode #319, preceding the film "War of the Colossal Beast", which first aired November 30, 1991.
It is celebrated by fans and critics alike as one of the most memorable shorts ever satirized by the show.
In "MST3K's" revisiting of the short, Joel Robinson and the bots mock Mr. B's gender ambiguity and seemingly sinister interest in Buzz.
They also pick up on a candid comment of Mr. B Natural, "don't be too sure I wasn't in the Garden with Mr. and Mrs. Adam," making the obvious connection that Adam and Eve's only companion in Eden mentioned in the Genesis story was the serpent.
When Mr. B Natural starts a series of bizarre dances, Crow moans "Oh, my God, please say this isn't happening!"
while Tom intones "Ladies and gentlemen, please accept our sincere apologies for all of this."
Following the short, Joel moderates a mock-serious debate between Crow T. Robot and Tom Servo as to whether Mr. B Natural is a man or a woman.
The film presented on MST3K edited out about seven minutes of material.
The short was later referenced many times during the show's run.
Examples include:
***LIST***.
Mr. B was recreated by Bridget Jones in the live broadcast "Turkey Day" host segments of episode #701T "Night of the Blood Beast", on November 23, 1995.
Jones's Mr. B has arrived on the show to celebrate Thanksgiving, but becomes the focus of the unwelcome affections of another guest, a drunken Jack Perkins, played by Jones' real-life husband Michael J. Nelson.
In 2013, RiffTrax, an online comedy website that features three of the stars of "Mystery Science Theater 3000" (Michael J. Nelson, Bill Corbett, and Kevin Murphy), wrote and performed an all-new commentary track for "Mr. B Natural."
The resulting film with commentary track was released to some sponsors of their Kickstarter crowd-funded campaign.
Unlike the MST3K version, the RiffTrax version is a nearly unedited 26 minutes, 7 seconds.
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The son of William, 15th Lord Elphinstone and Lady Constance Murray (daughter of the Earl of Dunmore) he was born at Carberry Tower south-east of Edinburgh.
Sidney was educated at Marlborough College and succeeded his father in 1893.
Lord Elphinstone was Lord High Commissioner to the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1923 and 1924, Lord Clerk Register of Scotland and Keeper of the Signet from 1944 until his death.
He was invested as a Knight of the Thistle in 1927 and was Chancellor of the Order from 1949.
He was Captain General of the Royal Company of Archers from 1935 until 1953 and was Governor of the Bank of Scotland 1924–1955.
In 1938 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (FRSE).
His proposers were Hugh Macmillan, Baron Macmillan, Sir Thomas Henry Holland, James Pickering Kendall and James Watt.
Lord Elphinstone married Lady Mary Bowes-Lyon, sister of the Queen Mother, on 24 July 1910 in Westminster.
The couple had five children:
***LIST***.
Lord Elphinstone's "Scrap book", which is held in the Mary Ann Beinecke Decorative Art Collection at the Sterling and Francine Clark Art Institute Library, provides a list of the clans of Scotland with the badges of distinction used by them.
This rare book includes textile samples of clan tartans along with watercolour illustrations of clan flowers.
Elphinstone was at one time a Trustee and Commissioner of Manufacturers in Scotland.
The Scrap book can be viewed in the Digital Collections of the Clark Library.
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Fopp is the second EP by the American rock band Soundgarden, released in August 1988 through Sub Pop Records.
"Fopp" was later combined with the band's first EP, "Screaming Life" (1987), and released as the "Screaming Life/Fopp" compilation album in 1990.
The EP contains one Soundgarden original, two covers, and a remix.
Guitarist Kim Thayil said of the title track: "That's an Ohio Players song off of "Honey"—I've had that album since I was in high school.
We thought we could take the song and make it AC/DC or something.
We'd take the power chords, turn up the volume and make it heavy.
"Fopp" is a good song that needed to be given its due as a 'kick-ass rock song!'"
The EP also contains a cover of the Green River song "Swallow My Pride" from the 1985 EP, "Come on Down".
"Fopp" was released on vinyl only, packaged in black die-cut sleeves and limited to 3,000 copies.
Frontman Chris Cornell said, "The second record did pretty well but it wasn't like a sweep, some people didn't like it."
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Cahul is a district () in the south of Moldova, with the administrative center at Cahul.
As of January 2014 estimates, Cahul District had a population of 124,700.
The district has been inhabited since the Stone Age (50-45,000 BC).
Two ancient settlements were founded around 1300 BC; archaeologists have found items belonging to the Bronze Age (15th-13th centuries BC).
According to estimates of specialists, another village was established here around 300-400 BC.
That has been confirmed by the remains of houses burned and the fragments of clay pots.
Archaeological monuments recorded a settlement arising from employment of Dacia in the Roman Empire and devastated by the Huns in 376.
The presence of nomads in these places is attested by the four burial mounds.
Localities with the earliest documented attestation are Crihana Veche, Manta, Valeni, Slobozia Mare, and Larga Veche; they were documented for the first time in 1425-1447.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the economy developed in agriculture, winery, and trade, along with an increase in population.
On August 1, 1770, near Cahul lake, the Battle of Cahul took place (Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774).
It was the most important land battle of the Russo-Turkish War and one of the largest battles of the 18th century.
In 1812, after the Russo-Turkish War, there was an intense russification of the native population during the occupation of Basarabia by the Russian Empire during this period (1812–1856, 1878–1917).
Between 1813 and 1850, the Tsarist government colonized some of the region with Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, and Gagauz.
These ethnic groups now constitute 21% of the population of the district.
In 1856-1878, the district became part of Romania after the Crimean War.
After the collapse of the Russian Empire, Bessarabia united with Romania (1918–1940, 1941–1944); the district was the center of Cahul County.
In 1940, after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Treaty, Basarabia was occupied by the USSR.
In 1991, as a result of the proclamation of Independence of Moldova, Cahul County was integrated into this country (1991–2003).
In 2003, Cahul became an administrative unit of Moldova.
Cahul district is located in the southern part of the Republic of Moldova.
The district is located in the extreme southern point of Moldova in Giurgiulesti village.
Cantemir District is in the north, Gagauzia in the northeast, Taraclia District in the east, the border of Ukraine in the south and Romania in the west.
The land is made up of hilly plains with variations in altitude from 230–240 m in the north (Plateau Tigheci), and 5–10 m near the Danube.
There is a mild amount of Erosion.
The climate is temperate continental.
The region is considered the most arid and hottest in Moldova.
Temperatures are 2-3 C higher than the other regions.
The amount of precipitation during the year is uneven (400–550 mm) and there are often periods of drought.
Animal life includes typical European steppe fauna, with the presence of mammals, such as foxes, hedgehogs, deer, wild boar, polecat, wild cat, ermine and others.
Birds include partridges, crows, eagles, starling and swallow.
Forests occupy 11.5% of the district.
They are made up of tree species such as acacia, oak, ash, hornbeam, linden, maple and walnut.
Other plant life includes wormwood, knotweed, fescue and nettle.
The hydrographic network is based on the Prut River and the Danube River, which forms meadows, ponds, natural lakes.
The two biggest natural lakes in Moldova are in this region, Manta (21 km2) and Beleu (11 km2).
An area of 1,200 meters is accessible from the Danube to the Black Sea, and basins of Central and Eastern Europe.
In terms of economic development, Cahul district is characterized by the development of industries based primarily on various raw materials.
There are 11 private wineries and 8 bakeries.
In the cheese industry, there is a factory, collecting cereal and processing vegetables and fruit.
Light industry is present in two garment factories (SA Tricon and Laboratorio Tessala Mol SRL).
Building materials are present in plant and plant ceramsite concrete.
Agriculture is the main branch of the district.
Of the total 154,600 ha, 64% is agricultural land.
The largest share of arable land is: 81%, perennial plantations.
18% incumbent, and 1% vegetable plantations.
The total number of educational institutions is 129.
The total number of students in schools is 23,059, in colleges is 1,450, in vocational schools is 776, in universities is 2,547, and in sports schools is 585.
Cahul district has mainly right-wing parties.
In Moldova, Cahul is represented by the AEI.
The PCRM has had a continuous fall in percentage the last three elections During the last three elections AEI had an increase of 43.2%
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Born in Montreal, Quebec, he is the son of David Libman and Goldie Aronovitch.
He attended Herzliah High School, Vanier College, and received a Bachelor of architecture from McGill University in 1985, graduating with Distinction.
From 1985 to 1989, he practiced architecture with Jacques Beique et Associés and Tolchinsky and Goodz Architects.
In 1988, he co-founded the Equality Party to protest against the Quebec Liberal Party government's decision to extend a ban on English commercial signs.
In 1989, he was elected as a Member of the National Assembly in the Montreal riding of D'Arcy-McGee, winning 57.85% of the valid ballots.
Due in part to the surprise victory of the Equality Party, the Quebec government later lessened restrictions on English signs.
During his term in office, Libman made headlines by using his Parliamentary privilege to reveal the details of confidential, money-losing contracts signed between Hydro-Québec and some of Quebec's aluminum producers.
Libman left the Equality Party and sat as an independent shortly before the 1994 general election.
His supporters attempted to make him the Quebec Liberal Party candidate in his riding.
However, new Quebec Liberal Party leader Daniel Johnson refused to sign his nomination papers.
Libman ran as an independent and lost to the Quebec Liberal Party candidate Lawrence Bergman.
After his election defeat, he hosted an evening talk show on Montreal radio station CJAD for three years.
He also became the Quebec Regional Director of B'nai Brith Canada.
In 1997 Libman won a unanimous Supreme Court of Canada judgement in "Libman v Quebec (AG)".
Certain sections of the Quebec Referendum Law, concerning restrictions on third party spending, were struck down.
As a result of this decision, the charges against federalist groups who participated in the large Pro-Canada Rally during the 1995 referendum campaign were cancelled.
In 1995 Libman authored "Riding the Rapids; The Whitewater Rise and Fall of Quebec's Anglo Protest" published by Robert Davies Publishing.
In 1998, Libman was acclaimed mayor of the city of Côte Saint-Luc, Quebec.
In 2001, he was elected borough mayor of Côte Saint-Luc—Hampstead—Montreal West and was a member of the Montreal City Council and its Executive Committee.
He was responsible for the Urban Planning and Development portfolio and was charged with overseeing the creation of Montreal's new Urban Master Plan which was adopted by City Council in 2004.
Libman supported the continued merger of the borough of Côte Saint-Luc with the megacity of Montreal after the provincial government watered down their promise of allowing the former cities to return to the same status as they had before the merger.
He decided to quit politics in 2005, and not to run for mayor of the re-constituted city of Côte Saint-Luc following its demerger from the megacity of Montreal.
He returned to private life and opened his own architectural consulting firm, Libcorp Consultants Inc.
He also is a director and partner in RSW Properties, a property management firm in Montreal.
Libman returned to politics in 2014 by seeking the Conservative Party of Canada nomination in Mount Royal for the 2015 federal election.
Libman won the nomination on April 26, beating former TVA journalist, Pascale Déry.
On October 19, 2015, Libman was defeated by Liberal Anthony Housefather.
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Helmuth von Pannwitz (14 October 1898 – 16 January 1947) was a German general who distinguished himself as a cavalry officer during the First and the Second World Wars.
Later he became Lieutenant General of the Wehrmacht and Supreme Ataman of the XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps.
He was executed in Moscow for war crimes in 1947 of which he has been rehabilitated by the military prosecutor in Moscow in April 1996 almost fifty years after his death.
The reversal of the conviction of Pannwitz was itself overturned in June 2001.
Pannwitz was born into a family of Prussian nobility on his father's estate Botzanowitz (today Bodzanowice), Silesia, near Rosenberg (today Olesno), now part of Poland but directly on the German-Russian border of that time.
His family was originally from the village of Pannwitz in Lusatia.
From the 14th to 16th century the family held the office of Burggraf of Glatz.
Aged twelve, he entered the Prussian cadet school in Wahlstatt, near Liegnitz in Silesia, and later the main cadet school at Lichterfelde.
Even before outbreak of World War I he was attracted by exhibitions of Cossack units that were organized in the neighboring towns of the Russian Empire.
As an officer cadet, Pannwitz upon the outbreak of the First World War joined the Imperial German Army as a volunteer (1st Regiment of Lancers, based at Militsch), in the course of which he was at the age of sixteen promoted to the rank of "Leutnant" (second lieutenant/cornet) and decorated with the Iron Cross Second Class in the same year (and, a year later, the First Class) for bravery in action.
Immediately after the war he fought in the ranks of the Volunteer Corps (Freikorps) against Polish separatists in Silesia and participated in the Kapp Putsch.
Wanted as a suspect in the murder of a Social-Democrat, Bernhard Schottländer, in Breslau, he fled to Poland.
Under an assumed name, Pannwitz became a leader in the Black Reichswehr in 1923 where he was involved in a number of Feme murders.
In the aftermath of the failed Küstrin Putsch, Pannwitz fled again to Poland.
After spending a year in Hungary, Pannwitz went to Poland in 1926, where he lived and worked as an administrator of farms, at the last in charge of the estates of Princess Radziwill in Młochów, near Warsaw.
When an amnesty was granted in 1931, Pannwitz returned to Germany where in 1935 he rejoined the German Army as a "Rittmeister" (captain) and cavalry squadron commander in the 2nd Cavalry Regiment in Angerburg, East Prussia.
In 1938, when Austria became part of Germany, he was transferred to Austria and became detachment commander with the 11th Cavalry Regiment at Stockerau near Vienna, being promoted to the rank of Major at the same time.
World War II found him as the commander of the reconnaissance detachment of the 45th Infantry Division in Poland and France.
On active service again in World War II, Pannwitz was awarded "bars" to his previous decorations and in August 1941 was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross.
He received the Oak Leaves as an "Oberst" (colonel) a year later for successful military leadership, when he was in command of a battle group covering the southern flank in the battle of Stalingrad.
Pannwitz was instrumental in establishing a Cossack force, Cossack Cavalry Brigade, which was formed on 21 April 1943.
The unit conducted anti-partisan operations in Ukraine and Belarus, and was then moved to fight against Yugoslav partisans.
During punitive operations in Serbia and Croatia, the Cossack regiments under Pannwitz's command committed a number of atrocities against the civilian population including several mass rapes and routine summary executions.
An order of General von Pannwitz dated October 20, 1943, made absolutely clear to all under his command that any crime of that kind would result in the death penalty.
At the award ceremony in Berlin when Pannwitz received the "Oak Leaves" for his Knight's Cross on January 15, 1943, he told Hitler that the official Nazi policies which caused Slavs to be regarded as subhumans (Untermenschen) were totally unhuman and wrong.
During the summer of 1944 the two brigades were upgraded to become the 1st Cossack Division and 2nd Cossack Cavalry Division.
On February 25, 1945, these divisions were combined to become XV SS Cossack Cavalry Corps.
Because of the respect he showed for his troops and his tendency to attend Russian Orthodox services with them, Pannwitz was very popular with his Cossack troops.
Before the end of the war, he was elected "Feldataman" (German rendering of Supreme Ataman, the highest rank in the Cossack hierarchy and one that was traditionally reserved for the Tsar alone.)
By the end of the war, the SS took control of all foreign units within the German forces.
The Himmler file in the Imperial War Museum contains a record of a conversation which occurred on August 26, 1944, between Himmler, General von Pannwitz, and his Chief of Staff, Colonel H.-J.
von Schultz.
An agreement was reached that the Cossack divisions, soon to be the Cossack Corps, would only be placed under SS administration in terms of replacements and supplies.
However, by February 1, 1945 the corps was transferred to the Waffen-SS.
Despite the refusal of General von Pannwitz to enter the SS, the corps was placed under SS administration and all Cossacks became formally part of the Waffen-SS.
Pannwitz surrendered on May 11, 1945, to British forces (8th Army`s 5th Corps) near Völkermarkt in Carinthia, Austria, and tried to ensure that his men would remain in the custody of the Western Allies.
By mid-May, however, it was obvious that the Cossacks would be handed over to the Soviet Union.
Pannwitz was a German national, and under the provisions of the Geneva Convention not subject to repatriation to the Soviet Union.
But on May 26, he was deprived of his command and placed under arrest while the forcible loading of the Cossacks into trucks began and continued through the following days.
Although many escaped from their camps following these actions, General v. Pannwitz and many of his German officers shared the uncertain fate of the Cossacks, so these Germans surrendered with the Cossacks to Soviet authorities at Judenburg.
Almost fifty years later, on April 23, 1996, during the Russian presidency of Boris Yeltsin, members of the Pannwitz family petitioned for a posthumous reversal of the 1946 conviction.
The Military High Prosecutor in Moscow subsequently determined that Pannwitz was eligible for rehabilitation as a victim of Stalin-era repression.
On June 28, 2001, however, rehabilitation was reversed in a ruling that disputed jurisdiction of the 1996 proceedings, and Pannwitz's conviction for military crimes was reinstated.
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Banon is a commune in the department of Alpes-de-Haute-Provence in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of south-eastern France.
The inhabitants of the commune are known as "Banonais" or "Banonaises".
Banon is located next to the Plateau of Albion some 15 km north-west of Forcalquier, 50 km east of Carpentras, and 760 m above sea level.
The village is on a hill overlooking the Coulon valley.
Access to the commune is by the D950 road from Revest-du-Bion in the north-west which passes through the village and continues south-east to Limans.
The D51 goes south-west from the village to Simiane-la-Rotonde.
The D5 goes south-east to Revest-des-Brousses.
The D12 goes north from the D950 and loops around to join the D950 again east of the commune.
Apart from the village there are the hamlets of L'Adret, L'Adrech, and Le Serre.
The commune is farmland on the lower areas to the west and forested on the heights in the east.
Limestone, dating from the Cretaceous period, is the predominant rock in the commune although in the Riaille valley it is Barremian limestone.
The limestone is used for construction, especially for wall ties, framing, and lower walls, as well as for fountains.
Depressions, oriented SSW-NNE and NNW-SSE are formed of marl and sandstone from the Upper Cretaceous period.
Limestones and porous rocks allow water to infiltrate down to a substrate of Neocomian marl.
These infiltrations scour the rocks causing the formation of sinkholes or "Avens" (Pitches) such as the Aven of Belette.
The waters circulate at a speed of 77 metres/hour.
The "Ravin du Calavon" rises just east of the village and flows south, becoming the Calavon river (also known as the Coulon), which eventually joins the Durance south-east of Cabannes.
The "Riaille" river flows south through the western side of the commune and the village before joining the Calavon south of the commune.
The "Largue" flows from the north down the eastern side of the commune and continues south to join the Durance east of Manosque.
Banon is located in Alpes-de-Haute-Provence and enjoys an interior Mediterranean climate with summers hot and dry but the winters are cool and marked by frequent frosts.
The annual average temperature is 12.8 °C with an average maximum of 22.4 °C and an average minimum of 0 °C.
The highest maximum and minimum temperatures are 30 °C in July and 0 °C in December and January.
Average sunshine hours are 2,755 hours per year with a peak of 343 hours in July.
Another important characteristic of the Mediterranean climate is the rainfall which totals 426 millimetres over the year, unevenly distributed with a little more than 21 millimetres in July and more than 54 millimetres in October.
The mistral blows sometimes although the town is sheltered by the Lure mountain.
It may be more exposed to the Levant or the Sirocco which rarely occur.
The nearest weather station to Banon is in Saint-Christol in Vaucluse, a little farther away than Forcalquier.
None of the 200 communes in the department are in a no seismic risk zone.
Banon is in zone 1a (very low risk but not negligible) according to the deterministic classification of 1991 based on the historical earthquakes, and zone 3 (moderate risk) according to the EC8 probabilistic classification of 2011.
Banon is also exposed to three other natural hazards:
***LIST***.
Banon is not exposed to any risk of technological origin identified by the Prefecture.
There is no risk prevention plan for foreseeable natural risks (PPR) for the commune and there is no DICRIM.
Several bus lines connect Banon to other communes in the region.
The places served are: Apt, Forcalquier, Digne-les-Bains, Avignon, and Manosque.
There is also a bus service on market days (Tuesdays) to neighbouring communes.
The nearest airport and railway station are at Avignon.
The area appears for the first time in texts from the 11th century ("castrum Banonni").
According to Charles Rostaing the name is formed from the oronymic root "Ban" meaning "horn" or "point".
According to this author the name predates the Gauls.
This explanation is also shared by Fénié and Claude Martel, for whom this explanation also applies to "Grou de Bane".
According to Ernest Nègre, "Banon" comes from a Germanic proper name "Bano".
Banon in Vivaro-Alpine dialect and in Provençal dialect is said and written" Banon" in the classical norm and "Banoun" in the Mistralian norm.
Three main factors explain the toponymy of the commune: the relief between the Albion plateau and the Lure mountain, its location in the Occitan linguistic area, and the people of the area.
The terrain is very present: the "Pié d'Enroux" is formed from a local evolution of the Latin "podium" meaning "height".
The "pey" in Peymian has the same origin, the name of this hill meaning "the mountain of the middle".
The name of the "Puy de Salve" is formed from the most current evolution in France of "podium" and there is also the "Crête de Gamby" (Gamby Ridge).
The "Coueste Chaude" (to the west of the village) is on the slope of a mountain, Occitan derived from the French "côte".
Other names are formed from the words "adret" (sunny side of a mountain) and "ubac" (shady side): thus there are the Adret and the Ubac of Grou de Ban, the hamlet of Adrech at the foot of the Grou, and the Ubac farm at the foot of the Pié d'Enroux.
The Combe de Vaux is a pleonastic doublet to designate a valley.
The work of hydraulic erosion on limestone has created "avens" (sinkholes) including at least one with a specific name: the Aven de Goutin.
Amplified by deforestation, the same erosion moves large quantities of stones from the mountain slopes and deposits them on the plains, sometimes covering arable land: this is the origin of the name of "Gravières" south of the village.
The relatively high flat arable areas are called "plains" even though they are on a mountain: this name is used in "Plaines" (at the northern border of the commune) and in the hamlet of Plaines (in ruins) on the southern boundary (as well as these there is the toponym "le Nord des Plaines").
Le Plan is also a small plain.
Water is also present in the toponymy: there is the water source called "Font des Petits" and a marshy area called La Palud.
A valley is named "Aiguebelle" meaning "beautiful water".
The reference to water is rare in the toponymy of this dry region.
The term "grange" (barn) in this area refers to an isolated farm: this toponym is present in "La Grange" (at the northern border of the commune), also at "La Grange" (outside the village), and in "Les Granges de Dauban".
The hill overlooking the village is called "Le Défens": this is an area, owned by the lord or the community, where herds were banned.
"Le Clos de Gardon" is a cultivable area where the material from road ballasting was used to enclose the fields and meadows with a dry stone wall.
"Les Chastellas" was a fortification at high altitude (which has been confirmed by excavations, see below) and "La Tuilerie" was a tile production workshop prior to the 18th century (before the term "tuilière" was used).
The commune had inhabitants in prehistoric times: the discoveries of Paleolithic remains are quite numerous.
The are two oppida at Mures and Chastellard.
At Font-Crémat, a Gallo-Roman villa and a necropolis have been discovered.
A treasure of 700 denarii from Nero to Geta was discovered in a vase in 1909 as well as many other unrelated discoveries.
During the Pax Romana the iron manufacturing workshops became established in the commune territory.
Throughout this period the territory of Banon was part of that of the "Sogiontiques" (Sogionti) whose territory spanned south of the Baronnies of the Durance.
The Sogiontiques were federated to the Vocontii and, after the Gallic Wars, they were attached with them to the Roman province of Gallia Narbonensis (now Narbonne).
In the 2nd century they were detached from Voconces and formed a distinct civitas with "Segustero" (Sisteron) as its capital.
Romanisation can be seen in places such as the villas of Fouent-Crema: there were several houses and workshops or a Gallo-Roman hamlet settled on the plains north-east of Banon in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD.
At the time of the Roman Crisis of the Third Century the whole area was burned (about 240-275).
The people did not desert the commune as the site was occupied again in the 4th century before abandonment at the end of that century at the same time as the "Chastelard de Lardiers" nearby.
The area then became a necropolis and the location of the inhabitants for this period has not been determined either in the immediate vicinity or on the heights.
While the south-east of Gaul was Burgundian land, the king of the Ostrogoths, Theodoric the Great, conquered the region between the Durance and the Rhône as well as Isère in 510.
The commune depended briefly on Italy until 526.
In order to reconcile with the Burgundian king Godomar III, the Ostrogoth Regent Amalasuntha gave him the territory.
While Chastelard was abandoned, there remained a visual (in the landscape) and symbolic (in attitudes) cue in that the border with the neighbouring community of Lardiers was fixed along the side of the oppidum in a process that seemed common.
The village was fortified in the 11th century (it was the "castrum banonum" in the charters of the time).
During the Middle Ages the Church of Our Lady depended on the Abbey of Cruis who received the income attached to this church as well as those of the Chapel of Saint-Hilaire (disappeared) and returned it to Sénanque Abbey.
The fief of Simiane (from the 12th century to the 1789 revolution) was devastated by "Raimond de Turenne" in 1391.
The Banon community was then within the viguerie of Forcalquier.
A fair was held at Banon until the 18th century.
There was a windmill in Banon (probably after the 17th century).
Its ruins are located near the Clos de Gardon.
During the French Revolution the commune had a "patriotic society" which was founded after the end of 1792.
The medieval castle was razed during the Revolution.
The French coup d'état of 1851 committed by Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte against the French Second Republic provoked an armed uprising in the lower Alps in defence of the Constitution.
After the failure of the insurrection severe repression continued against those who defended the Republic: 17 inhabitants of Banon were brought before the Joint Committee and the majority were sentenced to exile in Algeria.
As with many communes in the department, Banon adopted schools well before the Jules Ferry laws.
The scattered settlements led to doubling of the facilities with, in 1863, two schools installed in the main town and the village of Largue at the east and west extremities of the commune.
These schools provided primary education for boys and girls: the Falloux Laws (1851) required the opening of a girls' school in communes with more than 800 inhabitants.
The commune benefited from grants from the second Duruy Law (1877) to rebuild the Largue village school and to build a new one at Granges de Dauban.
The village people started moving in the 19th century: people began to abandon the tight housing on the heights to build their houses near the crossroads of the roads to Sisteron, Apt, Manosque and Forcalquier in about 1840-1880.
This new community was called La Bourgade.
The old village was not abandoned immediately as the church was enlarged and a hospital was built on the heights.
In 1887, however, a college was built in the new village on the Market Square (Place du Marché).
In 1905 a water jet fountain sourced from the Brieux and fed by an underground aqueduct 3 km long was built in the new village.
Thereafter all new buildings, private or public, were built in the lower village (a church in 1911, a hospital in 1930) and, in 1950, the Orchards began to be converted to housing zones.
In the 20th century the cultivation of lavender commenced and a distillery was founded.
At the end of the Second World War the police station moved to Forcalquier.
The Regional part of the Housing tax is not applicable.
The Professional Tax was replaced in 2010 by the corporate property contribution (CFE)on the rental value of property and the contribution of value added companies (CAVE) which both form the territorial economic contribution (CET), a local tax introduced by the Finance Act 2010.
In 1471 the commune had 46 fires and in 1765 had a population of 848.
In 2010 the commune had 1,070 inhabitants.
The evolution of the number of inhabitants is known from the population censuses conducted in the commune since 1793.
From the 21st century, a census of communes with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants is held every five years, unlike larger communes that have a sample survey every year.
The demographic history of Banon, after the bloodletting of the 14th and 15th centuries and a long period of growth until the beginning of the 19th century, was marked by a period of "stagnation" where the population was relatively stable at a high level.
This period lasted from 1831 to 1851.
The rural exodus then caused a long-term population decline.
In 1954, after more than a century of decline, the town had lost over half of its population relative to its historical high in 1841.
The decline, however, reversed from the 1960s with a growth of 50% in half a century.
In 2009 the active population was 435 people, including 68 unemployed (50 at the end of 2011).
These workers are mostly employees (75%) and mainly work in the commune (62%).
Agriculture is still very present with 32 active establishments in 2010.
Industry and construction employ 19% of the active population and services and administration employ a little over 80%.
On 1 January 2011 the businesses active in the commune were mainly in the tertiary sector (231 of the 287 businesses).
In late 2010 the primary sector (agriculture, forestry, fishing) had 32 establishments within the meaning of INSEE and 16 farm holdings according to the Agreste survey by the Ministry of Agriculture.
This number is down significantly in the 2000s, from 27 to 16 in 10 years.
From 1988 to 2000 the utilised agricultural area (UAA) has fallen sharply from 2,043 hectares to 1,207 hectares of which 1,006 hectares are crops.
This area has doubled in the 2000s.
In contrast, establishments practicing polyculture have disappeared.
Sheep and permanent crops (various tree crops, fruit, truffles, and lavender) representing the remaining enterprises.
Vineyards, a component of the Mediterranean triad, was formerly present in Banon.
In the 19th century there were several dozen hectares of vineyards producing wine for home consumption and sale in local markets with a small amount sold on the regional market.
Currently the surface area of vineyards is insignificant.
In late 2010 there were 31 establishments in the secondary sector (industry and construction) employing 55 employees.
Banon has become famous for its small goat cheeses wrapped in dry chestnut leaves and tied with raffia strings.
The Banon cheese factory employs 38 people.
Over 600,000 individual cheeses are produced each year.
Banon cheese is the only appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region.
The phosphate mines are closed but the quarry is exploited by "Carrières de Haute-Provence" (Haute-Provence Quarries) who still process the local limestone into aggregate.
In late 2010 there were 75 establishments in the tertiary sector (trades and services) with 75 employees plus 35 administrative, social, health, and education sector institutions employing 156 people.
The village is notable for one of the largest independent bookstores in France, "Le Bleuet", which offers more than 100,000 titles on their shelves.
According to the Departmental Observatory of tourism, the tourism function is important for the town with between 1 and 5 tourists per inhabitant visiting the commune each year.
Most of the accommodation capacity is non-market (e.g.
2nd homes).
The proximity of the Luberon Natural Regional Park energizes this sector of activity in the commune.
Although not having any hotels, the commune still has several accommodation facilities for tourists:
***LIST***.
There is also a significant capacity of 148 Second homes A wide variety of shops is present in the commune:
***LIST***.
There are many health practitioners in Banon: 3 physiotherapists, 4 doctors, 2 osteopaths, and a pharmacy.
Banon has a rural hospital with 68 beds which was built between 1984 and 1985.
This hospital has an after-care service and 20 undifferentiated rehabilitation beds, 48 nursing home beds and 25 Nursing Service At Home (SSIAD) places.
The building stands on the site of a former hospital built by donors belonging to old local families.
It is served by 60 caregivers and administrative staff and is the largest employer in the commune.
The scattered settlements explains the presence of numerous chapels and two parishes in the 19th century.
At least four other chapels have disappeared.
Banon has two parish churches and three chapels remaining:
***LIST***.
Banon is the village where the story takes place of The Man Who Planted Trees by Jean Giono.
The animated film adaptation by Frédéric Back (1987) won the Oscar for Best Short Film in 1988.
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WSHH is an adult contemporary radio station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
The station, which is owned by Renda Broadcasting, operates at 99.7 MHz with an ERP of 17 kW.
(The lower power is due to the antenna being mounted on an extremely high tower in the area.)
Its transmitter is co-located with NBC television affiliate WPXI in Pittsburgh.
WSHH signed on in 1948 as WJAS-FM, and was a very successful easy listening station during the 1970s and 1980s.
During that time, it adopted the current WSHH call letters and Wish brand, even though it didn't adopt the current adult contemporary format until 1989.
The "Wish 100" brand was assumed in the mid-1970s, at a time when easy listening FM stations, once created out of necessity to meet FCC non-duplication requirements, were starting to become profitable.
Mostly automated sister stations of AM outlets, usually Top 40 or adult contemporary, easy listening FM stations were cheap to operate, catering to "at-work" listeners with little DJ talk between records.
During the 1970s, beautiful music was well represented on Pittsburgh radio.
WKJF (93.7) was the leader for many years.
It later became WKOI, and finally WJOI in 1974.
KDKA-FM (92.9) also played automated beautiful music during the day and classical music at night.
It became WPNT in 1979 with beautiful music (no more classical) and live announcers.
By the late 1970s, WSHH was the number 2 station behind KDKA-AM.
They had a full staff of live announcers.
In 1982, Nationwide Communications fired most of the staff replacing them with an automated "live assist" format.
John Ford was the last live announcer before the switch.
During Wish's halcyon years, the station had only two announcers for the 24-hour broadcast day...program director and morning announcer Joe Fenn and afternoon announcer Tom Malloy.
Both men would work a live four-hour on-air shift, but their pre-recorded voices would be heard for the remaining 8 hours.
Wish was sold in 1984 to its current owner, Renda Broadcasting Corporation.
It was the first major market FM acquisition for company president Anthony F. Renda, who had also owned WIXZ (now WGBN) in suburban McKeesport during the 1970s (he would buy this station back by the end of the 1990s) and had acquired WPXZ and WECZ in Punxsutawney three years prior to the acquisition of Wish.
The groundwork had been laid for a format change in 1988, when Renda lured legendary Pittsburgh DJ Jack Bogut away from WTAE (now WPGP) to do mornings.
The following year, "Wish" decided to challenge former easy-listening-turned-soft-adult-contemporary WLTJ's position as the leading "at-work" radio station by flipping to adult contemporary on December 26, 1989.
WSHH runs far ahead in the Pittsburgh Arbitron ratings against WLTJ to this day.
In 1997, WSHH moved from its longtime home on Crane Avenue in Greentree to Parrish Street, just off Greentree Road and approximately a mile from the Crane Avenue building.
This new building houses WSHH and sister AM stations WGBN and WJAS, as well as the corporate offices for Renda Broadcasting.
WSHH transmits from the WPXI-TV broadcast tower atop the former "Television Hill" in the Fineview neighborhood on Pittsburgh's North Side.
In November 2009, WSHH became the market's only Adult Contemporary outlet licensed in the city due to WLTJ's shift to Hot Adult Contemporary, although rimshot rival WLER-FM of Butler, Pennsylvania began flipping to adult contemporary responding the hot AC flip of WLTJ from AC.
By 2012, WSHH became Pittsburgh's last remaining AC, making it the first time in a long time Pittsburgh went down to only one AC station after its rimshot rival WLER-FM flipped to mainstream rock.
During the Christmas Season, Wish 99.7 plays Christmas themed music.
Delilah and The John Tesh Radio Show usually start playing Christmas music first, then the whole station plays Christmas music 24/7.
During 2012, WISH started playing it 24/7 on November 16.
They, like many other stations, reverted to regular programming on December 26, the day after Christmas along with Classic Hits station WWSW-FM.
Its AC rival WLER-FM of Butler, Pennsylvania did not air wall-to-wall Christmas music programming from the weeks of November–December.
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, or simply "Ouendan", is a rhythm video game developed by iNiS and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS handheld game console in 2005, for release only in Japan.
"Ouendan" stars a cheer squad rhythmically cheering for various troubled people, presented in game in the style of a manga comic.
In each stage, players use the DS touchscreen to tap specifically marked spots that appear in rhythm to various Japanese pop songs, scoring points for accurate timing and avoiding a poor performance which can cause the stage to end prematurely.
Though never released in Western markets, it was a popular import to these regions, leading to the development of the Westernized spiritual sequel "Elite Beat Agents", as well as a direct Japanese sequel "Moero!
Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu!
Ouendan 2".
Each level of "Ouendan" features a plot line accompanied by a specific song.
A character (or characters) facing a problem will cry Depending on how precise the player's actions are, he or she will either be awarded 50, 100, or 300 points.
There is a life bar that represents the character or characters' fighting spirit that constantly drains over the course of the song, but can be refilled with hitting the indicated beats; the more precise the player is, the more energy is restored.
However, if the player should miss a beat completely, the meter will deplete even further.
If the life bar should empty, the level will end, resulting in failure for the character.
To advance in the game, each stage must be completed successfully.
The game saves progress automatically once a stage has been completed.
Within each stage are two to four break points where the player can take a rest while a scene from the story plays out on the top screen.
If the life meter is at least fifty percent filled and in the yellow, the scene will depict a positive result such as, in the case of the pottery maker, gaining great inspiration for a new work.
If the life meter is less than fifty percent full and in the red, the resulting scene will depict the character encountering a setback, such as the pottery master coming up with yet another drab creation.
The score for each level is based on the timing of the beats, and the current number of beats made in a row, which increases the combo multiplier by 1x each time.
Thus, for example, after completing 50 beats in a row successfully, the multiplier will be at 50x.
After completing any song, the player can go back and attempt to improve the score for that song.
Additionally, as a combo grows, flames will appear behind the cheer squad, and the longer the combo is maintained, the taller the flames will rise until reaching the top of the touch screen.
The flames will disappear completely if the combo is broken.
The use of flames is constant throughout the game to represent the protagonist's determination.
There are four difficulty levels in the game.
Initially, only and are available, but completing Normal mode will unlock , and completing Hard mode will unlock .
Each mode uses a different cheer team leader, with the exception of Very Hard/Insane Mode, which changes the whole team into a team of 3 cheerleader girls.
Increasing the difficulty level generally increases the number of markers to hit, the rate at which markers appear, and the rate at which the life bar depletes.
Very Hard mode is basically Hard mode rotated 180 degrees, with markers being smaller and appearing faster, thus allowing less response time.
However, there are subtle differences, such as extra markers for short double beats and different, more complex, beats for some songs.
"Ouendan" details the plight of several characters in hopeless situations who cry out for help.
In response, the Ouendan, an all-male cheer squad appear to help each character work through their problems by cheering them through music.
The origin of the Ouendan is unexplained in the game, though they are always nearby when help is needed.
The Ouendan appear wearing highly stylized black uniforms (based on gaku-ran Japanese school uniforms) with red armbands, a common sight at Japanese school sporting events.
Most of the scenarios are inspired by modern Japanese culture, or are heavily influenced by the Japanese form of print comics, or manga.
For instance, the first stage features a high school student distracted from studying for his college entrance exams by his family, while a later stage focuses on a pottery master who has lost the inspiration to create unique works.
Most of the stories are presented in a light-hearted or comical fashion, emphasized by absurd storyline twists and the sounds of whistles and cheer shouts as the player progresses through each stage.
The one notable exception to this is a love story set to the song "Over the Distance," which is told in a more heartfelt, subdued tone further marked by the gameplay's whistle sound effect being replaced with subtle chimes and the initial loud countdown not being used.
While the individual stories otherwise have no connecting theme to them, characters from some stories reappear in others as background figures or supporting characters.
However, all of the characters reappear in the final story, in which the Ouendan must lead the entire world in a cheer to save Earth from being destroyed by an asteroid.
At the 2007 Game Developers Conference in San Francisco, iNiS Vice President Keiichi Yano described the process which eventually resulted in "Osu!
His first inspirations for the game came when he first tried a Nintendo DS handheld, and development on the game began after successfully pitching the concept to Nintendo.
At the conference, he also displayed early concept art for lead "Ouendan" character Ryūta Ippongi, who originally wore the shirt of his gaku-ran uniform unbuttoned and had a significantly shorter hairstyle.
Yano noted that Nintendo was fond of the characters due to their manga-style aesthetic.
Yano also displayed an unused "Ouendan" stage from a prototype build that featured a puppy in danger.
The stage concept was ultimately dropped from the final version of the game because the puppy died if the player failed the stage.
The music used in "Ouendan" consists of hit songs by well-known J-pop artists.
The majority are taken from the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s, though The Blue Hearts' "Linda Linda" and Linda Yamamoto's "Neraiuchi" date from 1987 and 1973, respectively.
All of the recordings featured in the game, besides 175R's "Melody" (which also plays over the game's end credits) are covers, rather than recordings by the original artists.
Some news sources, such as GameCentral on Channel 4's Teletext service in the UK, gave it positive coverage, leading to the game becoming something of a cult hit among gamers who were prepared to import it.
In December 2006, Press Start Online placed "Ouendan" at number one in their HeartScore list, a top 25 of underappreciated games and personal favorites.
Following high import sales for "Ouendan", Nintendo and iNiS developed "Elite Beat Agents", released in North America in November 2006 and in Europe on May 2007.
The game features the same gameplay as "Ouendan", but with scenarios, characters and songlists geared towards western audiences, replacing the male cheerleaders with special agents.
Several general gameplay improvements were made as well.
On February 21, 2007, Nintendo announced another sequel, "Moero!
Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu!
Ouendan 2".
The game features the original characters from "Osu!
Ouendan", as well as a new rival cheer group that the player both encounters and plays as.
The game was released on May 17, 2007.
It has 4-player wireless play, as well as several other new features, most of which were first implemented in "Elite Beat Agents".
The music used in "Ouendan" consists of hit songs by well-known J-pop artists.
The majority are taken from the mid-to-late 1990s and early 2000s, though The Blue Hearts' "Linda Linda" and Linda Yamamoto's "Neraiuchi" date from 1987 and 1973, respectively.
All of the recordings featured in the game, besides 175R's "Melody" (which also plays over the game's end credits) are covers, rather than recordings by the original artists.
The following track list is organized by the original artist, name of the song, and cover artist.
***LIST***.
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The Royal College of Organists or RCO, is a charity and membership organisation based in the United Kingdom, with members worldwide.
Its role is to promote and advance organ playing and choral music, and it offers musical education and training for organists and choral directors.
The College provides examinations in organ-playing, choral directing and organ-teaching; it runs an extensive education and outreach programme across the UK; and it maintains an internationally important library containing more than 60,000 titles concerning the organ, organ and choral music and organ playing.
The RCO was founded as the "College of Organists" in 1864 by Richard Limpus, the organist of St Michael, Cornhill in the City of London, and received its Royal Charter in 1893.
In 1903 it was offered a 99-year lease at peppercorn rent on a remarkable building designed by the architect H. H. Cole in Kensington Gore, West London.
When it became clear in the mid 1980s that an economic rent would be charged on expiry of that lease, the lease was sold and the College moved into new accommodation in 1991.
In 2003 plans were announced for more permanent purpose-built premises around the Grade I listed former Curzon Street railway station in Birmingham, a notable piece of monumental railway architecture.
New facilities designed by Associated Architects included a new library and 270 seat concert hall.
However, in 2005 the RCO announced that this move would not be taking place and subsequently that it would no longer be looking for a permanent home of this kind, focussing instead on activities such as education, events, examinations and member services.
In 2014 the college celebrated its 150th anniversary with a year-long programme of events including recitals, conferences, music festivals, courses, publications and a special celebratory choral evensong at Southwark Cathedral.
To the first members of the College of Organists belonged:
***LIST***.
Edmund Hart Turpin, was made a Fellow of the Royal College of Organist without examination in 1869, and became a Member shortly afterwards.
From 1875 he succeeded Richard Limpus as Hon.
of the Royal College of Organists.
Since 2005 the college has significantly expanded its range of outreach and education activities.
New events were introduced, new partnerships forged to deliver activities such as scheduled classes and a popular summer course, and in 2009 RCO Academy was launched with the aim of further increasing the range of lifelong learning opportunities for everyone from the youngest beginner through to more experienced organists looking to refine their skills.
The RCO offers five qualifications or diplomas.
The "Certificate CRCO" (formally the CertRCO) is a qualification for the intermediate organist and provides a foundation for developing organists and choral directors.
The Associateship Diploma (ARCO) demonstrates high achievement in organ playing and supporting theoretical work.
The Fellowship Diploma (FRCO) offers a progression for those who already hold the ARCO and represents a premier standard in organ playing, which a cathedral organist would be expected to hold.
The Choral Directing Diploma (Dip CHD) demonstrates achievement in choral conducting and related disciplines.
The Licentiateship in Teaching (LTRCO) provides professional accreditation for organ teachers who already hold either the ARCO or FRCO.
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Virginia Western Community College (VWCC) is a two-year public college located on a 70-acre campus in the Franklin-Colonial neighborhood of Roanoke, Virginia, United States.
It is the third-largest college in the Virginia Community College System.
As of 2013, Virginia Western has over 12,000 students enrolled in the college and over half of these students are from Roanoke City or Roanoke County.
Currently enrolled there are 54% female and 46% male.
Most of the students are part-time enrollment.
Virginia Western Community College now has student sports teams such as basketball and soccer.
The college also has many student clubs and recreations for students.
In the fall 2006 semester, VWCC's total headcount was 8,362 students, 57% female, 43% male.
The racial makeup of the student body is 86% White, 9% Black or African American, and 5% from other races.
For additional statistical information, please see the Fast Facts page at VWCC.
The tuition Rates and fees for the upcoming 2013 fall semester are $142.59 for Virginia residents per credit hour, $337.19 for non-Virginia per credit hour, and E-rate for non- Virginia students are $231.00 per credit hour.
These rates also subject to change.
The Financial Aid Office can also find information on grant and scholarships.
As of the fall 2009 semester, resident tuition is $103.09 per credit hour.
Tuition for out-of-state students taking courses on-site is $285.19 per credit hour while out-of-state students taking courses on-line pay $199.80 per credit hour.
As of 2013, Virginia Western has 69 different specified programs that fall under the categories including: Associate of Arts, Associate of Applied Science, Associate of Science, Certificate, or Career Studies.
Some of these degrees are used as a stepping stone to many of Virginia's four year universities.
Virginia Western Community College offers 23 associate degree programs.
The college operates the Greenfield Education & Training Center in Daleville.
The Roanoke Japanese Saturday School (ロノアーク補習授業校 "Ronōaku Hoshū Jugyō Kō"), a weekend Japanese educational program, was previously held at the Greenfield Education & Training Center.
It was closed for an indeterminate period in April 2006, and in February 2009 it was closed permanently.
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Peter Clemenza is a fictional character appearing in Mario Puzo's novel "The Godfather" and two of the three films based on it.
He is played by Academy Award-nominee Richard Castellano in Francis Ford Coppola's film adaptation of the novel, and by Bruno Kirby (as a young man) in "The Godfather Part II".
Born near Trapani, Sicily, Peter Clemenza is one of Don Vito Corleone's "caporegimes" and oldest friends, as well as the godfather of his eldest son, Sonny.
He has a reputation as a superb judge of talent; his regime produced no fewer than five future "capos"—Sonny, Frank Pentangeli, Rocco Lampone, Al Neri, and Joey Zasa.
He is a supporting character in the story, but several of his actions are key to the plot.
For example, he is ordered by Don Corleone, via "consigliere" Tom Hagen, to oversee the punishment of two teenage boys who received suspended sentences for beating and attempting to rape the daughter of undertaker Amerigo Bonasera.
Vito's wife, Mrs. Corleone, is the girl's god-mother.
Clemenza assigns the job to his "button man" Paulie Gatto, who recruits two former professional boxers turned Corleone Family loan enforcers to assist.
A deleted scene from the film depicts Gatto delivering the beating.
When the family discovers that Gatto helped Virgil Sollozzo and the Tattaglia Family set up Vito to be assassinated, Sonny orders Clemenza to execute him.
Clemenza considers Gatto's actions a personal insult, having recruited and personally groomed him.
According to the novel, Sonny Corleone initially suspects Clemenza was involved in the conspiracy, but Clemenza is eventually cleared.
Clemenza chooses Rocco Lampone, then an associate, to do the hit on Gatto so Lampone can "make his bones."
Clemenza has Gatto drive him and Lampone around for several hours on the pretext of locating housing for Corleone soldiers in the event war breaks out with the other crime families.
After Lampone shoots Gatto, Clemenza—upon returning to the car after relieving himself—utters (to Lampone) his most famous line in the film: "Leave the gun.
Take the cannoli."
When it is decided that Vito's youngest son, Michael, will murder drug kingpin Virgil Sollozzo and Captain McCluskey, a corrupt NYPD cop on Sollozzo's payroll, Clemenza instructs Michael on using a gun, how to allay Sollozzo's suspicions, and what to do after the shooting.
The plan succeeds, and while Michael hides in Sicily, Clemenza prepares for an all-out war against the remaining four families.
The war ultimately claims Sonny's life, and Vito resumes his leadership role.
Upon returning to New York, Michael succeeds his father as the family's operating head.
Clemenza and fellow "caporegime" Salvatore Tessio, doubting Michael as Don, request permission to break off from the Corleone family and start their own families in accordance with Vito's promise made several years earlier.
Michael agrees, but insists they wait a short while longer, needing to complete the family's transition to Las Vegas.
When Michael is targeted for assassination by Don Emilio Barzini, who was behind Sonny's murder, Clemenza is initially suspected of being the Corleone family traitor.
Tessio turns out to be the traitor, however, and he is killed.
Clemenza, on Michael's orders, personally murders both Don Victor Stracci and Carlo Rizzi, Michael's brother-in-law, who conspired with Barzini to murder Sonny.
Clemenza is last seen greeting Michael as "Don Corleone" and kissing Michael's hand.
Clemenza does not appear in the present timeline of the film due to a disagreement between Castellano and Paramount Pictures over the character's dialogue and the amount of weight Castellano was expected to gain for the part.
After Castellano bowed out of the film, Clemenza was written out of the script and replaced by Frank Pentangeli.
It is explained that, by the time of film, Clemenza has died under suspicious circumstances; when Fredo Corleone mentions that Clemenza died of a heart attack, Willi Cicci scoffs, "That was no heart attack," implying that Clemenza may have been murdered.
Clemenza, however, appears in several flashbacks to Vito Corleone's early days, played by Bruno Kirby.
He first meets Vito when asking him to hide some guns for him from the police.
Vito does so, and Clemenza repays the favor by stealing an expensive carpet (assisted by a surprised Vito) and giving it to the Corleones for their apartment.
Around the same time, Vito and Clemenza befriend a young Tessio.
One of their lines of business is selling stolen dresses door-to-door; a deleted scene depicts Clemenza charming his way into the apartment of a young housewife and emerging a little later, having presumably had sex with her.
Later on, the trio's partnership is discovered by the local blackhander, Don Fanucci, who attempts to extort them.
Clemenza initially suggests that they pay Fanucci to avoid any problems with him, but Vito talks him and Tessio into paying him less money.
Shortly thereafter, Vito himself kills Fanucci and takes over the neighborhood - the beginnings of the future Corleone family.
Clemenza is last seen at Vito's side as they open Genco Pura Olive Oil, the front for their criminal empire.
Clemenza appears briefly in Puzo's second "Godfather" installment, "The Sicilian".
He meets with Michael during his exile in Sicily, at his brother Domenico Clemenza's home in Trapani.
They discuss what the fate of Turi Giuliano is to be, following the orders of a recovering Vito Corleone.
Clemenza tells Michael that he should report to him after a week, with or without Giuliano, and that Michael could return to America afterward.
Clemenza then leaves on a boat to Tunis, telling Michael that he would be back the following day to bring him back to date with the Don's orders.
Clemenza's gradual takeover of the Corleone empire in New York is briefly covered in "The Godfather Returns", Mark Winegardner's sequel to Puzo's original novel.
It also tells of Clemenza's involvement during Michael's return from exile and eventual, official initiation into the Corleone crime family.
Most noteworthy, the novel depicts Clemenza's fatal heart attack (mentioned in "The Godfather Part II"), and the many conspiracy theories that he had actually been murdered by the Rosato Brothers, enemies of the Corleone Family.
The video game title "" depicts Clemenza as his movie counterpart; Castellano's estate gave permission for his likeness to be used in the game.
However, due to Castellano's death in 1988, all of Clemenza's dialogue had to be recorded by Jason Schombing.
In the game, he becomes partners and good friends with the protagonist, Aldo Trapani.
He gives him several missions, such as killing members of rival families, particularly the Cuneo Family.
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Inhibition of return (IOR) refers to an orientation mechanism that briefly enhances (for approximately 100–300 milliseconds (ms)) the speed and accuracy with which an object is detected after the object is attended, but then impairs detection speed and accuracy (for approximately 500–3000 milliseconds).
IOR is usually measured with a cue-response paradigm, in which a person presses a button when he or she detects a target stimulus following the presentation of a cue that indicates the location in which the target will appear.
The cue can be exogenous (or peripheral), or endogenous.
Inhibition of return results from oculomotor activation, regardless of whether it was produced by exogenous signals or endougenously.
Although IOR occurs for both visual and auditory stimuli, IOR is greater for visual stimuli, and is studied more often than auditory stimuli.
IOR was first described in depth by Michael Posner and Yoav Cohen, who discovered that, contrary to their expectations, reaction times (RT) to detect objects appearing in previously cued locations were initially faster to validly cued location (known as the validity effect), but then after a period of around 300 ms, response times to a previously cued location were longer than to uncued locations.
Specifically, IOR was described as "an inhibitory effect produced by a peripheral (or exogenous) cue or target."
In the experiment that demonstrated the paradigm, participants were instructed to fixate on a center box that was flanked with a box on its right and left sides.
Each trial began with the brightening of the outline of one of the peripheral boxes that was randomly selected for 150 ms. During the trial, a target (a bright filled square) occurs at the center of box at either 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, or 500 ms after the initial brightening.
The target is usually in the center box(0.6), but it may also occur on either side(0.1 probability on each side).
Catch trials in which no target is presented occur with probability of 0.2.
Participants had to respond to the target as quickly as possible by pressing a specified key.
Participants' performance in RT on the cued side increased the first 150 ms; however, they then experienced inhibition of target RT on the cued side compared to the uncued side after 300 ms.
In order to explain the IOR mechanism, Anne Treisman and Gary Gelade's theory of visual search was expounded.
This theory, known as the feature integration theory proposes that there are two types of visual searches: parallel searches and serial searches.
According to Treisman and Gelade, attention is only required for serial searches.
IOR is a mechanism that is specific for serial searches.
One form of cue that can be implemented in an inhibition of return task are exogenous cues.
Exogenous cues are stimuli that are produced in the environment surrounding.
Because one's attention is shifted to the stimulus without much thought or effort, these cues are seen as a form of reflex that the person has low control over.
Due to this cue's automatic nature and lack of effort, it uses very few of our attentive resources.
This also causes our attention shift to be quick for exogenous cues than for endogenous cues The cue type that directly contrast exogenous cues in many way is the endogenous cue.
While exogenous cues are solely what stimuli are presented in one's surrounding environment, endogenous cues are based on the internal goals, beliefs, desires, and interpretation of the person.
While an outside stimulus may be present, such as a stop sign, it is the individuals interpretations and knowledge of the sign that is the endogenous cue causing them to apply pressure to their brakes.
Both cues play an equally important role of directing attention in Inhibition of Return, however the way in which they do so differs on a neurological level as well.
Exogenous cues are automatic and are therefore considered to fall under the "bottom-up" approach regarding attention, while endogenous cues are under the person's control and are seen as "top-down".
A 2007 experiment examined the way in which bottom-up and top-down processes affect attention during IOR.
Electrodes were placed in both the parietal and frontal cortices as monkeys took part in a visual search task.
In the task, the salience of the target object was manipulated.
In the "pop out" condition, the target stimulus was different from the distractors in both color and shape, whereas in the "search" condition many of the distractors were the same as the target either in color or shape.
Researchers found that top-down signals, coming from endogenous cues, are processed predominately in the frontal cortex and offer longer lasting effects, while exogenous bottom-up cues have faster occurring effects that appear in the lateral intreparietal area.
Posner and Cohen proposed three explanations for inhibition:
***LIST***.
An alternative explanation of IOR is that IOR occurs after attention has been disengaged from the cued stimulus, resulting in a delayed response back to that cued stimulus.
This occurs because it inhibits an individual from reorienting back to a stimulus they previously attended to.
An early report suggested that IOR involves the midbrain superior colliculus.
Support for this suggestion comes from work with a patient who suffered injury to one of the superior colliculi and experiments with the archer fish.
Moreover, IOR is commonly triggered by an exogenous sensory signal presented in the visual periphery when the eyes are fixed.
However, it has been suggested that activation of the midbrain oculomotor pathways might trigger IOR even under endogenous cueing.
This conclusion has been questioned by researchers who have found in their studies that endogenous saccade activation is not efficient to produce IOR.
Others believe that IOR is caused by both a delay in activation of attentional and motor processes.
It has been suggested that IOR promotes exploration of new, previously unattended objects during visual search or foraging by preventing attention from returning to already-attended objects, providing an evolutionary advantage.
Klein hypothesized that in a parallel visual search, the difference between RTs at probe targets and empty locations should be less than in a serial visual search.
He suggested that this occurs because in serial searches, "inhibitory tags" are left at each location that has been attended to.
Thus, IOR is a mechanism that allows a person not to re-search in previously searched visual fields as a function of "inhibitory tags".
This is known as the foraging facilitator proposal.
Researchers (including Klein himself) initially challenged the foraging facilitator proposal.
Pratt and Abrams suggested that IOR was not a foraging assistant because inhibition only occurred at the most recently attended stimulus.
Earlier, Klein and Taylor found that it could not be concluded that attention was inhibited in IOR because at that time, inhibition had not been examined utilizing non-spatial discrimination tasks.
Additionally, questions arose after it had been difficult to replicate Klein's findings, however, similar finding were reported eventually.
Although researchers had proposed these challenges initially, more recent empirical studies have not only replicated Klein's findings, but have also rebutted the challenges posed initially.
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In category theory, a 2-category is a category with "morphisms between morphisms"; that is, where each hom-set itself carries the structure of a category.
It can be formally defined as a category enriched over Cat (the category of categories and functors, with the monoidal structure given by product of categories).
A 2-category C consists of:
***LIST***.
The notion of 2-category differs from the more general notion of a bicategory in that composition of 1-cells (horizontal composition) is required to be strictly associative, whereas in a bicategory it needs only be associative up to a 2-isomorphism.
The axioms of a 2-category are consequences of their definition as Cat-enriched categories:
***LIST***.
The interchange law follows from the fact that ***formula*** is a functor between hom categories.
It can be drawn as a pasting diagram as follows:
Here the left-hand diagram denotes the vertical composition of horizontal composites, the right-hand diagram denotes the horizontal composition of vertical composites, and the diagram in the centre is the customary representation of both.
In mathematics, a doctrine is simply a 2-category which is heuristically regarded as a system of theories.
For example, algebraic theories, as invented by Lawvere, is an example of a doctrine, as are multi-sorted theories, operads, categories, and toposes.
The objects of the 2-category are called "theories", the 1-morphisms ***formula*** are called "models" of the in , and the 2-morphisms are called "morphisms between models."
The distinction between a 2-category and a doctrine is really only heuristic: one does not typically consider a 2-category to be populated by theories as objects and models as morphisms.
It is this vocabulary that makes the theory of doctrines worth while.
For example, the 2-category Cat of categories, functors, and natural transformations is a doctrine.
One sees immediately that all presheaf categories are categories of models.
As another example, one may take the subcategory of Cat consisting only of categories with finite products as objects and product-preserving functors as 1-morphisms.
This is the doctrine of multi-sorted algebraic theories.
If one only wanted 1-sorted algebraic theories, one would restrict the objects to only those categories that are generated under products by a single object.
Doctrines were invented by J. M. Beck.
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Peukert's law, presented by the German scientist in 1897, expresses approximately the change in capacity of rechargeable lead–acid batteries at different rates of discharge.
As the rate of discharge increases, the battery's available capacity decreases, approximately according to Peukert's law.
Manufacturers specify the capacity of a battery at a specified discharge rate.
For example, a battery might be rated at 100 A·h when discharged at a rate that will fully discharge the battery in 20 hours (at 5 amperes for this example).
If discharged at a faster rate the delivered capacity is less.
Peukert's law describes a power relationship between the discharge current (normalized to some base rated current) and delivered capacity (normalized to the rated capacity) over some specified range of discharge currents.
If Peukert's constant ***formula***, the exponent, were equal to unity, the delivered capacity would be independent of the current.
For a real battery the exponent is greater than unity, and capacity decreases as discharge rate increases.
For a lead–acid battery ***formula*** is typically between 1.1 and 1.3.
For different lead-acid rechargeable battery technologies it generally ranges from 1.05 to 1.15 for VRSLAB AGM batteries, from 1.1 to 1.25 for gel, and from 1.2 to 1.6 for flooded batteries.
The Peukert constant varies with the age of the battery, generally increasing (getting worse) with age.
Application at low discharge rates must take into account the battery self-discharge current.
At very high currents, practical batteries will give less capacity than predicted with a fixed exponent.
The equation does not take into account the effect of temperature on battery capacity.
Peukert's law was developed for Lead-Acid batteries, and works well in that application.
It does not necessarily apply to other battery chemistries, especially Lithium-Ion batteries.
Lithium-Ion batteries tend to self-heat during rapid discharge, and the Nernst Equation predicts battery voltage will increase with temperature.
Thus, the effect of increased resistance is offset by the self-heating effect.
This advantage of Lithium-Ion batteries is a well-known advertised feature, see .
In a research paper, a 50Ah lithium-ion battery tested was found to give about the same capacity at 5A and 50A; this was attributed to possible Peukert loss in capacity being countered by the increase in capacity due to the 30◦C temperature rise due to self-heating, with the conclusion that the Peukert equation is not applicable.
Peukert's law brings a certain degree of fire-safety to many battery designs.
It limits the maximum output power of the battery.
A good example of this is lead-acid batteries, which will not catch fire via excessive discharge currents.
As such, starting a car is safe even if the lead-acid battery dies.
The fire-danger with lead-acid batteries occurs during over-charging when hydrogen gas is produced.
This danger is easily controlled by limiting the available charge voltage, and ensuring ventilation is present during charging to vent any excess hydrogen gas.
On the other hand, Lithium-Ion batteries self-heat, do not follow Peukert's law, and have a flammable electrolyte.
The combination results in them catching fire when discharged at rapid rates.
In particular, if the cell develops an internal short, it tends to overheat, release electrolyte, and catch fire.
A fire generates additional heat, which can melt adjacent cells and result in additional leakage of the flammable electrolyte.
Additionally, a fire can also increase cell temperatures in adjacent cells, and this further increase the available fault currents (and heat).
The resultant runaway reactions can be spectacular.
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Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior High opened its doors in 1971; the school was built to serve the newly formed community of Miami Lakes, Florida as well as the city of Opa-locka and parts of Hialeah, Florida.
It is one of five high schools serving the densely populated Miami suburb of Hialeah, Florida.
Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior participates in the Florida High School Mock Trial Competition and the National High School Mock Trial Competition.
Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior received Miami-Dade County Championships in 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994 and placed 2nd in 1995.
The school received Florida State Championships in 1991, 1992, 1993, and placed 2nd in 1994.
Hialeah-Miami Lakes Senior, under the instruction of Walter Gishler and Anthony DeFillippo, received National High School Mock Trial Honors placing 7th in 1991, 5th in 1993 and National Champions in 1992.
In 2006-2007, the Hialeah-Miami Lakes Theatre/Drama Department earned straight superior ratings at the Southeastern Theatre Conference.
Representing not only their school but M-DCPS and the entire state of Florida as well, they earned straight superior ratings for the production of "From the Mississippi Delta".
The Drama program continued its excellence throughout the 2007-2008 school year with its one act interpretation of Beckett's "Waiting for Godot" which earned an invitation to the prestigious 2009 Edinburgh Theater Festival in Scotland.
Hialeah-Miami Lakes improved from a D in 2011, to a B in 2012, and further improved to an A in 2014.
Hialeah-Miami Lakes is now a B school on the 2016-2017 school year.
Lakes offers more Advanced Placement courses in its curriculum than most of the schools in Dade county, numbering a total of 23 AP classes.
The AP courses offered for the 2007-2008 school year are:
Psychology 2.
Macroeconomics 3.
Biology 4.
Chemistry 5.
Environmental Science 6.
Physics C: Electricity & Magnetism 7.
Calculus (AB & BC) 8.
Statistics 9.
European History 10.
United States History 11.
World History 12.
English Language 13.
English Literature 14.
French Language 15.
Spanish Language 16.
Spanish Literature 17.
Human Geography 18.
Comparative Government & Politics 19.
United States Government & Politics 20.
Studio Art 21.
Music Theory 22.
Health Science
Hialeah-Miami Lakes offers over 30 clubs and organizations, including Army JROTC.
A message from the activities director, "Activities enrich the curriculum of the school by making available a wide variety of experiences in which a student can participate.
Each student has the opportunity to join the many clubs available.
However, a student can be a member of only one service club.
It is possible for students to request a new club or activity if at least fifteen (15) students show an interest and a faculty sponsor is available.
Before a new club can be formed the Director of Student Activities must be consulted."
The school has the "iPrep Academy", which receives an entire floor dedicated to the students in the academy and the students that attend the academy also receive a Mac.
iPrep is a magnet academy, exclusive to 100 students that are hand-picked by the school.
Students also take FLVS (Florida Virtual School) courses on their Macs.
Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School has won multiple Florida state sports championships, including the 1972 and 1973 undefeated Boys Waterpolo State Champions and the 1972 and 1973 undefeated Girls Waterpolo State Champions, the 1975 football state championship, four state championships in baseball (1977, 1979, 1980, and 1985), one in boys' soccer (1978), one in boys' golf (1978), one in boys' gymnastics (1978), one in boys' track (1984), one in boys' basketball (1986), and one in girls' soccer (1993), as well as a national baseball championship in 1985.
Hialeah-Miami Lakes High was also awarded the Miami Herald All Sport Award for seven seasons (1977–78, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1982–83, 1983–84, 1984–85, and 1989–90) as well as the Miami Herald Major Sport Award (1977–78 and 1978–79).
Hialeah-Miami Lakes High shares a rivalry with Hialeah High and a less notable one with Barbara Goleman Senior High.
The following elementary schools feed into Hialeah-Miami Lakes:
***LIST***.
Miami Lakes Middle School, North Dade, M.A.
Milam K-8 Center, and Palm Springs Middle Schools feed into Hialeah-Miami Lakes.
1972 and 1973 Boys and Girls waterpolo State Champions with an undefeated season.
|
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Guy Mark Gillette (February 3, 1879March 3, 1973) was a Democratic U.S. Representative and Senator from Iowa.
In the U.S. Senate, Gillette was elected, re-elected, defeated, elected again, and defeated again.
Born in Cherokee, Iowa, he attended public school and graduated from Drake University Law School in Des Moines in 1900.
He was admitted to the bar in 1900 and commenced practice in Cherokee.
During the Spanish–American War, he served as a sergeant in the Fifty-second Iowa Regiment in the United States Army, but never saw combat.
He volunteered to fight against the British in Africa in the Boer War, but was turned down.
Returning to Iowa, he engaged in agricultural pursuits and was the city attorney of Cherokee in 1906–1907.
He became the prosecuting attorney of Cherokee County from 1907 to 1909 and a member of the Iowa State Senate from 1912 to 1916.
During the First World War, he served as a captain in the United States Army.
He ran unsuccessfully for Iowa State Auditor in 1918, and returned to Cherokee to farm.
In 1932, in the Roosevelt landslide, he was elected as a Democrat to represent Iowa's 9th congressional district, in heavily Republican northwest Iowa.
He was re-elected in 1934, and served nearly all of that term.
He resigned upon his election to the United States Senate on November 3, 1936 to serve out the remainder of the term of Senator Richard Louis Murphy, who had died in an auto accident.
Nearly two years remained in Murphy's term, which would end January 3, 1939.
Although he generally supported the New Deal, he opposed the new wage and hours bill, a new farm bill, and aspects of the Social Security system.
In 1938 the Roosevelt Administration targeted Gillette for replacement because of Gillette's vote against Roosevelt's plan to expand the Supreme Court and other positions.
He nevertheless defeated Roosevelt's choice for the Democratic nomination, Otha D. Wearin, and was elected to his first full Senate term.
During that term, his conflicts with the Roosevelt Administration expanded, on topics as diverse as the terms of the Neutrality Act, Roosevelt's pursuit of third and fourth terms, and choices for judgeships.
After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (where, coincidentally, Gillette's brother Captain Claude Gillette managed the Navy yard), Gillette became "more of an internationalist."
Nevertheless, he used his chairmanship on a Senate subcommittee to aggressively challenge the Roosevelt Administration's failure to prepare for the prospect of a Japanese seizure of the source of the nation's rubber imports by developing synthetic farm-based alternatives.
In April 1943 a confidential analysis by British scholar Isaiah Berlin of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for the British Foreign Office succinctly characterized Gillette:
Like several others who had opposed Roosevelt's efforts to aid Great Britain before Pearl Harbor but faced wartime elections, Gillette lost his next race, in 1944, to Iowa Governor and Republican Bourke B. Hickenlooper.
Within days of Gillette's first defeat, Roosevelt nominated him as the chairman of the three-member Surplus Property Board, prompting the Washington Post and a Life Magazine editorial to quip that the president was confusing the problem of surplus property with the problem of surplus politicians.
He took an early dislike to the job, and complained that he was often outvoted by the two other members.
After resigning from the Surplus Board in May 1945, he became president of the American League for a Free Palestine, serving until the Committee's work ended with the establishment of the state of Israel in 1948.
He made a political comeback in 1948, unseating former governor and U.S.
Senator George A. Wilson from Iowa's other U.S. Senate seat.
In 1951 his Subcommittee on Privileges and Elections conducted an investigation of Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy's campaign practices.
Gillette served until January 3, 1955, when his own bid for re-election was thwarted when he was defeated by U.S. Representative Thomas E. Martin of Iowa City.
His defeat was considered an upset because it conflicted with earlier polls.
For the last time, it left every Iowa seat in Congress in Republican hands.
Following his second defeat, Gillette initially remained on Capitol Hill, serving as counsel with the Senate Post Office and Civil Service Committee (from 1955 to 1956) and the Senate Judiciary Committee (from 1956 to 1961).
He retired and resided in Cherokee until his death at age 94 on March 3, 1973, and was interred in Oak Hill Cemetery.
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Stylidium (also known as triggerplants or trigger plants) is a genus of dicotyledonous plants that belong to the family Stylidiaceae.
The genus name "Stylidium" is derived from the Greek "στύλος" or "stylos" (column or pillar), which refers to the distinctive reproductive structure that its flowers possess.
Pollination is achieved through the use of the sensitive "trigger", which comprises the male and female reproductive organs fused into a floral column that snaps forward quickly in response to touch, harmlessly covering the insect in pollen.
Most of the approximately 300 species are only found in Australia, making it the fifth largest genus in that country.
Triggerplants are considered to be protocarnivorous or carnivorous because the glandular trichomes that cover the scape and flower can trap, kill, and digest small insects with protease enzymes produced by the plant.
The majority of the "Stylidium" species are perennial herbs of which some are geophytes that utilize bulbs as their storage organ.
The remaining small group of species consists of ephemeral annuals.
Members of the genus are most easily identified by their unique floral column, in which the stamen and style are fused.
The column—also commonly called a "trigger" in this genus—typically resides beneath the plane of the flower.
"Stylidium" flowers are zygomorphic, which means they are only symmetrical in one plane.
Flowers usually bloom in the late spring in Australia.
Species of the genus "Stylidium" represent a very diverse selection of plants.
Some are only a few centimeters tall, while others can grow to be tall ("S. laricifolium").
One typical plant form is a dense rosette of leaves close to the ground that gives rise to the floral spike in the center.
Plant forms range from wiry, creeping mats ("S. scandens") to the bushy "S. laricifolium".
Flower morphology differs in details, but ascribes to a simple blueprint: four petals, zygomorphic in nature, with the trigger protruding from the "throat" of the flower and resting below the plane of the flower petals.
Flower size ranges from many species that have small wide flowers to the wide flowers of "S. schoenoides".
Flower color can also vary from species to species, but most include some combination of white, cream, yellow, or pink.
Flowers are usually arranged in a spike or dense raceme, but there is at least one exception to the rule: "S. uniflorum", as its name suggests, produces a single flower per inflorescence.
Leaf morphology is also very diverse in this large genus.
Some leaves are very thin, almost needle-like ("S. affine"), while others are short, stubby, and arranged in rosettes ("S. pulviniforme").
Another group of species, such as "S. scandens" (climbing triggerplant) form scrambling, tangled mats typically propped up on aerial roots.
The column typical of the genus "Stylidium" is sensitive and responds to touch.
The change in pressure when a pollinating insect lands on a "Stylidium" flower causes a physiological change in the column turgor pressure by way of an action potential, sending the column quickly flying toward the insect.
Upon impact, the insect will be covered in pollen and stunned, but not harmed.
Because the column comprises the fused male and female reproductive organs of the flower, the stamen and stigma take turns in dominating the function of the column—the anthers develop first and then are pushed aside by the developing stigma.
This delayed development of the stigma prevents self-pollination and ensures that cross pollination will occur between individuals of a population.
Different species have evolved the trigger mechanism in different locations, with some attacking the pollinating insect from above and others from below (a "punch in the gut" to the insect).
The response to touch is very quick in "Stylidium" species.
The column can complete its "attack" on the insect in as little as 15 milliseconds.
After firing, the column resets to its original position in anywhere from a few minutes to a half hour, depending on temperature and species-specific qualities.
The column is able to fire many times before it no longer responds to stimuli.
The response time is highly dependent upon ambient temperature, with lower temperatures relating to slower movement.
"Stylidium" species are typically pollinated by small solitary bees and the nectar-feeding bee flies (Bombyliidae).
"Stylidium" species with glandular trichomes on their sepals, leaves, flower parts, or scapes have been suggested to be protocarnivorous (or paracarnivorous).
The tip of the trichome produces a sticky mucilage—a mixture of sugar polymers and water—that is capable of attracting and suffocating small insects.
The ability to trap insects may be a defensive mechanism against damage to flower parts.
However, trichomes of "S. fimbriatum" have been shown to produce digestive enzymes, specifically proteases, like other carnivorous plants.
Adding species of "Stylidium" to the list of plants that engage in carnivory would significantly increase the total number of known carnivorous plants.
The insects captured by the glandular trichomes are too small to serve any role in pollination.
It is unclear, however, whether these plants evolved the ability to trap and kill insects as an adaptation to low environmental nutrient availability or simply a defensive mechanism against insects damaging flower parts.
There is also a correlation between location of "Stylidium" species and proximity of known carnivorous species, like sundews ("Drosera"), bladderworts ("Utricularia"), the Albany pitcher plant ("Cephalotus follicularis"), and the rainbow plant ("Byblis").
While this alone does not prove that "Stylidium" species are themselves carnivorous, the hypothesis is that the association arose because "Stylidium" species and the known carnivorous plants obtain scarce nutrients using the same source, namely captured insects.
Preliminary proof is given that the trapping mechanisms of two associated plants are the same (the tentacles of "Byblis" and "Drosera"), though this may be only a coincidence and further research must be done.
Most "Stylidium" species are endemic to Australia.
In Western Australia alone, there are more than 150 species, at least 50 of which are in the area immediately around Perth.
There are at least four species of "Stylidium" that are not confined to the Australian continent: "S. tenellum" is found in Myanmar, Melaka, and Tonkin; "S. kunthii" in Bengal and Myanmar; "S. uliginosum" in Queensland, Sri Lanka, and the south coast of China; and "S. alsinoides" in Queensland and the Philippines.
The cladistic group "Stylidium" contains more than 230 individual species (more than 300 species exist, but many specimens have not yet been formally described), making it the fifth largest genus in Australia.
"Stylidium" habitat includes grassy plains, open heaths, rocky slopes, sandplains, forests, and the margins of creeks and water holes.
Somes species, such as "S. eglandulosum", can even be found in disturbed areas like near roads and under powerlines.
Others (i.e.
"S. coroniforme") are sensitive to disturbance and are considered rare because of their extremely specific habitat.
Even though many species of "Stylidium" may coexist in the same location, natural hybrids between species have not often been reported.
Both natural hybridisation in the field and artificial hybridisation in cultivation are rare.
The first natural hybrid, "S. petiolare" × "S. pulchellum", was reported by Sherwin Carlquist in 1969 between Capel and Boyanup in Western Australia.
Discovery and description of new "Stylidium" species has been occurring since the late 18th century, the first of which was discovered in Botany Bay in 1770 by Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander during their travels in the Pacific with James Cook aboard the "Endeavour".
Seven species were collected by Banks and Solander, some of which were sketched by Sydney Parkinson on board the Endeavour and were later engraved in preparation for publication in Banks' Florilegium.
Later, in the early 19th century, the French botanist Charles François Antoine Morren wrote one of the first descriptions of the triggerplant anatomy, illustrated by many botanical artists including Ferdinand Bauer.
Around the same time, British botanist Robert Brown described (or "authored") several "Stylidium" species, including "S. adnatum" and "S. repens".
More species began to be described as more botanists explored Australia more thoroughly.
In 1958, Rica Erickson wrote "Triggerplants", describing habitat, distribution, and plant forms (ephemeral, creeping, leafy-stemmed, rosette, tufted, scale-leaved, and tropical).
It was Erickson that began placing certain species into these morphologically-based groups, which may or may not resemble true taxonomic divergences.
It was not until the 1970s and 1980s that research of the trigger physiology was begun in the lab of Dr. Findlay of Flinders University.
Douglas Darnowski added to the growing library of knowledge on "Stylidium" when he published his book "Triggerplants" in 2002, describing an overview of habitat, plant morphology, carnivory, and research done to date.
Following its publication, he co-founded the International Triggerplant Society.
As of 2002, only 221 "Stylidium" species were known.
There are now over 300 species, many of which are awaiting formal description.
Most "Stylidium" species tend to be hardy species and can be easily cultivated in greenhouses or gardens.
They are drought resistant, hardy to cold weather, and the species diversity in this genus gives gardeners a wide variety of choices.
Most species that are native to Western Australia will be cold hardy to at least -1 to -2 °C.
The few that can be found all over Australia, like "S. graminifolium", will tolerate a wider range of habitat since their native ranges includes a great diversity of ecoregions.
Some species of triggerplants are suitable for cultivation outdoors outside of the Australian continent including most of the United Kingdom and as far north as New York City or Seattle in the United States.
Cultivation from seed may be difficult or easy, depending on the species.
The more difficult species to grow include the ones that require a period of dormancy or smoke treatment to simulate a bushfire.
"Stylidium" specimens should be grown in a medium that is kept moist and has a relatively low concentration of nutrients.
It should also be noted that they appear to be sensitive to disturbance of their root systems.
Minimization of such disturbance will likely result in healthier plants.
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The Battle of Yungay (or Yungai) effectively destroyed the Peru-Bolivian Confederation created by Bolivian Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz in 1836.
On January 20, 1839, the alliance formed Chilean Army led by Chilean General in Chief Manuel Bulnes and force of Peruvians opposed to Santa Cruz, decisively defeated the Confederate Army commanded by Santa Cruz after six hours of combat in the battlefield of Yungay, in northern Peru, 200 km north of Lima.
The Chilean victory at Yungay effectively brought the Peru-Bolivian Confederation to an end, and Andrés de Santa Cruz exiled himself in Guayaquil, Ecuador.
The Peruvian government paid the debt contracted with Chile due to Chilean aid on the restoring campaign, also giving decorations and awards to Chilean and Peruvian officials.
Also, Peruvian officers who served under the Confederation - among them Guillermo Miller, Mariano Necochea, Luis José Orbegoso, Domingo Nieto – were banned from the Peruvian army.
The victory of Yungay is remembered by the Chilean Army with the "Hymn of Yungay", and by Peru with the creation of the Ancash Department.
Led by Rear Admiral Manuel Blanco Encalada, the first Chilean incursion into Peruvian territory, during the war between Chile and the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, was defeated at the Battle of Paucarpata by Andrés de Santa Cruz forces, Blanco Encalada and Santa Cruz signed the Treaty of Paucarpata on 17 November, 1837.
By signing this pact, Chile agreed to resume the commercial trade and the Confederation would recognize and pay the Chilean efforts in the Peruvian independence war.
Upon Blanco Encalada's return, however, the Chilean Congress and the public opinion rejected the treaty and organised a second expedition of 5,400 soldiers under General Manuel Bulnes, along with 600 expatriate Peruvians under General Agustín Gamarra serving as reinforcements.
Andrés de Santa Cruz, the Bolivian Marshall, responded immediately reinstating the hostilities.
The second Chilean campaign had more success than the first one as the Restoring Army marched into Lima, after defeating Confederate General Orbegoso at the battle of Portada de Guías on 21 August, 1838.
Also, the Chilean Fleet secured sea domination in the Battle of Casma.
Despite this victory, and forced by the lack of supplies and diseases, the Restorer Army marched to Huacho in the North Peruvian territory abandoning the capital city by November 1838, as news arrived indicating that Santa Cruz was closing with an outnumbering army to Lima.
Afterwards, Santa Cruz entered into the city under popular ovation, then proceeded to follow Bulnes' forces.
Both armies engaged in the Battle of Buin, on 6 January, 1839, in the confluence of the Buin and the Santa rivers, with indecisive results.
Bulnes continued marching north and Santa Cruz resumed the persecution seeking to deliver a final blow to the Chilean Expeditionary Force to cement Confederation's dominance in the region.
Thus, Santa Cruz occupied Yungay, trying to cut the Chilean supply lines and strangle the Chileans.
His intention wasn't to obliterate the Restorer Army, but rather to force Bulnes to surrender to a superior Peruvian force.
Bulnes had other plans however, knowing that returning empty-handed was not an option after Blanco Encalada's failure.
Both armies had approximately 6,000 men, although the numbers favored slightly the side of the Confederation and Santa Cruz.
The Chilean expedition, on the other hand, suffered the decimation of some battalions by plagues during its occupation of Lima, the capital of the North-Peruvian Republic.
Comparably equipped, the main difference was in the preparation of the troops, the knowledge of the terrain, and the obvious differences between invaders and defenders.
The Confederate Army was made up of veterans of internal battles from both Peru and Bolivia.
It was generally supported by the population of Peru and possessed strong supply lines thanks to the site of the battle.
Its commanding officer, General Andrés de Santa Cruz; was regarded as a resourceful tactician and a capable leader.
His army had about 6,000 men divided into three divisions, adding up nine infantry battalions and two cavalry regiments.
The Chilean Expeditionary Force had the experience of Gen. Manuel Bulnes.
On the other hand, it was not popular with the locals and was hampered due to disease, bad morale, and some less experienced units.
This army of 5,400 soldiers was conformed by nine infantry battalions and three cavalry regiments grouped into four divisions.
Both armies marched under the rain, and estabished near Tarar from where it marched towards San Miguel.
Santa Cruz after detaining in Tarhuaz, occupied the town of Yungay on 13 January.
On the night of January 19, Santa Cruz sent Colonel Rodriguez Margariños to observe the Chilean positions.
Besides, ordered that Bolivian Colonel Anselmo Quiroz with 600 soldiers to take positions on the Pan de Azúcar Hill, while Colonel Fructuoso de la Peña advanced to the Punyán Hill with another 200 soldiers.
On 20 January, at dawn, Gen Bulnes marched with his four divisions to Yungay, whilst Santa Cruz deployed his army by the Ancash River, with Herrera's division on the right wing, in the middle was set the artillery and behind it the cavalry led by General Perez de Urdinea.
Finally, Moran's division was stationed on the left flank.
Bulnes decided to attack the Confederates at Punyán Hill first.
The Aconcagua Battalion was dispatched to clear out the hill, which climbed and forced Peña's companies to retreat.
After them, Bulnes sent the Portales, Valdivia and Huaylas battalions.
At 9 am, a column of 400 soldiers under Jerónimo Valenzuela and formed by companies of the Carampangue, Santiago, Valparaíso and Cazadores de Perú battalions, was sent to the Pan de Azúcar Hill to assail Col. Quiroz' position.
The Restorers began the slowly climbing of the hill slope under heavy fire.
The Restorer columns sustained severe losses.
The Carampangue Battalion's company lost all its senior officers, and in the end was led by Sergeant Candelaria Pérez.
The rest of the companies were severely decimated too.
Nevertheless, the Restorers finally reached the summit and bayoneted the Confederates out of Pan de Azúcar Hill, annihilating Quiroz' forces.
All of the Confederates were killed, including Quiroz himself.
The Valparaíso Battalion Sergeant Jose Alegría raised the Chilean flag on the Pan de Azúcar Hill summit.
Marshall Santa Cruz sent Col. Deheza's battalion to reinforce Quiroz at Punyán Hill, marching through the Ancash Glen, but in their route encountered and engaged the Colchagua Battalion led by Col. Urriola, forcing the Chileans to refold with a bayonet charge.
Bulnes ordered the Portales Battalion to aid Urriola, maneuver that obliged the Bolivians to pull away from the glen to Herrera's positions with a third of it initial soldiers dead.
With the Pan de Azúcar and Punyán hills conquered, Bulnes planned a frontal attack on Santa Cruz army, arranged in a line of trenches on the opposite bank of the Ancash River.
So, the Chilean forces converged on the river's edge, and the Colchagua and Valdivia battalions were dispatched to engage the Confederate right guarded by Herrera's division, while the Portales, Cazadores de Perú and Huaylas battalions were ordered to onset Col. Moran's division.
The five cannon battery of Col. Marcos Maturana allocated on the Punyán heights began to shell and slowly dismantle the Confederate trenches.
Due to the bridge over the Ancash had been destroyed, the Chileans had to descend to the river shore and march across it.
When Bulnes' troops crossed the river, the battle was joined on the entire front line, with the Restorer soldiers out in the open and the Confederates firing upon them from the trenches.
From this protected position, the Confederates thwarted the attack.
At 14:30, Gen. Pedro Bermúdez drove his 3rd of Bolivia Battalion in a bayonet charge upon the Portales Battalion, which broke its lines under the Bolivian pressure.
Following, the cavalry was sent to cut off the Chilean retreat while the infantry forwarded from their protecting positions to attack the Restorers troops in the open field.
Having witnessed the Chilean retreat, Gen. Bulnes took command of the Valparaíso Battalion and crossed the Ancash heightening Col. Garcia's unit.
Likewise, the Santiago and half Huaylas battalions strengthened the Chilean right wing, allowing the relieved units to gather up and resume the attack.
A few confederate battalions managed to return to their trenches.
Perez de Urdinea's cavalry crossed the river and clashed with Baquedano's Cazadores a Caballo Cavalry Regiment.
By fighting so near to the Confederate lines, Baquedano was wounded and forced to retreat.
However, the Chilean cavalry attacked again with full force, making Perez de Urdinea to regroup with the Confederate infantry trying to retreat to their trenches.
On a third massive charge, Baquedano broke Santa Cruz' left flank and the entire Confederate front collapsed.
With both armies now engaged in the gap between the trenches and the river, the Confederates tried to resist but were surrounded and completely vanquished.
The disbanded troops were persecuted by the Chilean cavalry and killed.
According to Gonzalo Bulnes, 277 Confederates were found dead on the road between Manco and Yungay.
Santa Cruz, followed by his generals Riva Agüero, Cerdeña and Miller, left the battlefield around 15:00.
This was a decisive defeat for the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy.
Santa Cruz had around 3,000 casualties, including 2 generals, 9 colonels, 100 officers and 2,500 soldiers, equivalent to a 50% of its effective force.
The Restorer Army lost 1 general, 39 officers and 622 soldiers.
The Battle of Yungay brought the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy to an end.
The Chilean Expeditionary Force reoccupied Lima on April.
On 25 August, 1839.
General Agustín Gamarra assumed the Presidency of Peru, and officially declared the dissolution of the Confederation and the Union of the North and South Peru.
Santa Cruz was exiled, first to Guayaquil, Ecuador, then to Chile and finally to Europe, where he died in Beauvoir, France, on September 25, 1865.
He was 72.
Manuel Bulnes returned to Chile.
He was elected President of Chile for two consecutive periods, from 1841 to 1851.
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Mott insulators are a class of materials that should conduct electricity under conventional band theories, but are insulators when measured (particularly at low temperatures).
This effect is due to electron–electron interactions, which are not considered in conventional band theory.
The bandgap in a Mott insulator exists between bands of like character, such as 3d character, whereas the bandgap in charge transfer insulators exists between anion and cation states, such as between O 2p and Ni 3d bands in NiO.
Although the band theory of solids had been very successful in describing various electrical properties of materials, in 1937 Jan Hendrik de Boer and Evert Johannes Willem Verwey pointed out that a variety of transition metal oxides predicted to be conductors by band theory (because they have an odd number of electrons per unit cell) are insulators.
Nevill Mott and Rudolf Peierls then (also in 1937) predicted that this anomaly can be explained by including interactions between electrons.
In 1949, in particular, Mott proposed a model for NiO as an insulator, where conduction is based on the formula
In this situation, the formation of an energy gap preventing conduction can be understood as the competition between the Coulomb potential "U" between 3"d" electrons and the transfer integral "t" of 3"d" electrons between neighboring atoms (the transfer integral is a part of the tight-binding approximation).
The total energy gap is then where "z" is the number of nearest-neighbor atoms.
In general, Mott insulators occur when the repulsive Coulomb potential "U" is large enough to create an energy gap.
One of the simplest theories of Mott insulators is the 1963 Hubbard model.
The crossover from a metal to a Mott insulator as "U" is increased can be predicted within the so-called dynamical mean field theory.
"Mottism" denotes the additional ingredient, aside from antiferromagnetic ordering, which is necessary to fully describe a Mott Insulator.
In other words, we might write Thus, mottism accounts for all of the properties of Mott insulators that cannot be attributed simply to antiferromagnetism.
There are a number of properties of Mott insulators, derived from both experimental and theoretical observations, which cannot be attributed to antiferromagnetic ordering and thus constitute mottism.
These properties include
***LIST***.
Mott insulators are of growing interest in advanced physics research, and are not yet fully understood.
They have applications in thin-film magnetic heterostructures and high-temperature superconductivity, for example.
This kind of insulator can become a conductor by changing some parameters, which may be composition, pressure, strain, voltage, or magnetic field.
The effect is known as a Mott transition and can be used to build smaller field-effect transistors, switches and memory devices than possible with conventional materials.
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One of seven children born on East Arran Street, north Dublin to an Irish republican family, as a teenager Goulding joined Fianna Éireann, the youth wing of the Irish Republican Army (IRA).
He joined the IRA in 1939.
In December of that year, he took part in a raid on Irish Army ammunition stores in Phoenix Park, Dublin; and in November 1941 he was gaoled for a year in Mountjoy Prison for membership of an unlawful organisation and possession of IRA documents.
On his release in 1942, he was immediately interned at the Curragh Camp, where he remained until 1944.
In 1945, he was involved in the attempts to re-establish the IRA which had been badly affected by the authorities in both the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland.
He was among twenty-five to thirty men who met at O'Neill's pub, Pearse Street, to try to re-establish the IRA in Dublin.
He organised the first national meeting of IRA activists after the Second World War in Dublin in 1946 and was arrested along with John Joe McGirl and ten others and sentenced to twelve months in prison when the gathering was raided by the Garda Síochána.
Upon his release in 1947, Goulding organised IRA training camps in the Wicklow Mountains and took charge of the IRA's Dublin Brigade in 1951.
In 1953, Goulding (along with Seán Mac Stíofáin and Manus Canning) was involved in an arms raid on the Officers' Training Corps armoury at Felsted School, Essex.
The three were arrested and sentenced to eight years' imprisonment, but were released in 1959 after serving only six years at Pentonville, Wakefield and Stafford prisons.
In 1956, an attempt was made by the IRA to free him from Wakefield Prison, but this attempt was aborted when alarms were sounded at the prison.
During his time in Wakefield prison, he befriended EOKA members and Klaus Fuchs, a German-born spy who had passed information about the US nuclear programme to the Soviet Union, and became interested in the Russian Revolution.
Goulding was appointed IRA Quartermaster General in 1959, and in 1962 he succeeded Ruairí Ó Brádaigh as IRA Chief of Staff.
In February 1966, together with Seán Garland, he was arrested for possession of a revolver and ammunition.
In total, Goulding spent sixteen years of his life in British and Irish jails.
He was instrumental in moving the IRA to the left in the 1960s.
He argued against the policy of abstentionism and developed a Marxist analysis of Irish politics.
He believed the British state deliberately divided the Irish working class on sectarian grounds, in order to exploit them and keep them from uniting and overthrowing their "bourgeois" oppressors.
This analysis was rejected by those who later went on to form the Provisional IRA after the 1969 IRA split.
Goulding remained Chief of Staff of what became known as the Official IRA until 1972.
Although the Official IRA, like the Provisional IRA, carried out an armed campaign, Goulding argued that such action ultimately divided the Irish working class.
After public revulsion regarding the shooting death of William Best, a Catholic from Derry who was also a British soldier, and the bombing of the Aldershot barracks, the Official IRA announced a ceasefire in 1972.
Goulding was prominent in the various stages of Official Sinn Féin's development into the Workers' Party of Ireland.
He was also involved in the anti-amendment campaign in opposition to the introduction of a constitutional ban on abortion, along with his partner, Dr Moira Woods.
In 1992, however, he objected to the political reforms proposed by party leader Proinsias De Rossa, and remained in the Workers' Party after the formation of Democratic Left.
He regarded Democratic Left as having compromised socialism in the pursuit of political office.
In his later years, Goulding spent much of his time at his cottage in Raheenleigh near Myshall, County Carlow.
He died of cancer in his native Dublin, and was survived by three sons and a daughter.
He was cremated and his ashes scattered, at his directive, at the site known as "the Nine Stones" on the slopes of Mount Leinster.
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The Hart Senate Office Building, first occupied in 1982 and named for Michigan Senator Philip A. Hart, broke with tradition.
Unlike its predecessors, the Hart Building boasted a contemporary, energy-efficient design that could accommodate a growing number of staff members and various technological innovations.
The building’s centerpiece is a towering, asymmetrical -high atrium whose skylight brightens corridors and offices.
While the building was under construction, a panel of curators was charged with identifying potential sculptors and establishing criteria for the commission of a contemporary work to enliven the atrium.
Alexander Calder and four other artists were invited to submit proposals.
Calder was approached through his dealer, Klaus Perls, on July 29, 1975, just after his 77th birthday.
A sketch and a model for "Mountains and Clouds" were submitted by November and, in April 1976, Calder’s innovative design was accepted.
On November 10, 1976, Calder brought the "Mountains and Clouds" maquette—his sheet-metal model—to Washington, D.C., to present it to the Architect of the Capitol and finalize the placement of the piece.
After making minor adjustments to two of the clouds, he expressed satisfaction with the maquette as positioned in a model of the atrium.
This proved to be a final visit: Calder died of a heart attack that night after he returned to New York City.
Despite his death, the approval of the maquette and the siting of the work meant that fabrication of the full-sized sculpture could proceed.
But in 1979, fabrication was delayed and nearly terminated when public funds for the sculpture were eliminated from the costly construction budget for the Hart Building.
Financial assistance materialized in 1982 through Senator Nicholas F. Brady, who believed the Calder sculpture to be "the right work for the right place at the right time."
As New Jersey’s senator for eight months—appointed to a vacancy pending election of a successor—Brady wished to present a gift to the Senate on his departure and offered to raise the needed funds.
Together with art collector and philanthropist Paul Mellon and former Treasury Secretary C. Douglas Dillon, Brady formed the Capitol Art Foundation, which accomplished the task.
The Calder sculpture was installed in the atrium of the Hart Building in 1986.
Because the interior of the atrium presents a complex background of doors, windows, balconies and stairwells capped by a coffered ceiling, Calder stressed simplicity in the design of the sculpture.
Similarly, because of the polished white marble that dominates the space, he decided on a matte black surface for the entire piece.
The mountains–- the stabile–- are made up of four flat, angular steel plates with five mountain peaks among them and two archlike legs, one branching off the other.
The clouds–- the mobile–- consist of four overlapping, curvilinear aluminum plates.
In the absence of any air source to propel them, they are turned by a computer-controlled motor, which generates random patterns.
Shortly after their installation, the clouds ceased to move when a mechanical problem with the design of the main bearing prevented the motor-driven shaft from turning the clouds.
After an exhaustive inspection of the bearing system, the office of the Senate superintendent awarded a contract in October 2001 for the redesign and manufacture of a new bearing system that will again set the clouds in motion.
The placement of "Mountains and Clouds" makes the sculpture part of the entire irregularly shaped public space of the building, not just part of the east atrium.
Calder’s genius in positioning it led to the work’s great success.
The atrium is directly entered from the east doors to the building.
As one passes through a low lobby, only a section of the black steel sheets of the mountains appears, perceived as a virtually flat surface.
The whole complex composition becomes apparent only when one reaches the junction of lobby and atrium.
Suddenly, the full height of the atrium and the sculpture astonishes the viewer.
Had the enormous work been centered in the atrium, it might have produced an overwhelming sense of oppression or confinement.
But by locating the nearest portion of the stabile some from the atrium’s east wall, Calder allowed viewers the necessary space and distance to take in the whole work.
The sculpture extends into the large north-south corridor (as tall as the atrium) that continues through the entire building.
Most visitors probably experience the sculpture first from that corridor.
They may notice it immediately on entering either the north or south doors, when one of the arch-shaped legs of the mountains appears to step out from the atrium into the corridor, or when one of the clouds enters or leaves the corridor’s air space.
Approaching "Mountains and Clouds" from the south entrance gives a different impression; one initially sees only two mountain peaks, and the highest seems to touch or merge into the lowest cloud form.
From this perspective, it is the mountain-cloud unit that impresses.
Perhaps the most satisfying view is from the north.
The work presents an open, more fully readable composition of two or three peaks with legs and clouds that seem to float in front of the mountains.
There is a large circle cut through one of the mountain sheets, offering, from this view, needed relief from the massive stabile.
The arch-shaped legs are reminiscent of flying buttresses and, like flying buttresses, they provide both support and aesthetic pleasure.
The walls of the atrium in which Calder’s mountains stand are pierced on many levels by balconies, windows, and walkways.
Thus, the mountains may be climbed, in a sense, and each stage of the ascent offers different views–-indeed, different understandings–-of the mountains and the clouds.
As in actual mountain climbing, the distant clouds gradually become looming clouds during the ascent, until eventually the climber stands above them.
Calder in his early years was famous for his Circus, in which his playful inventiveness found fulfillment in toy-sized sculptures.
In his later years, his sculpture often seemed to aspire to the monumental condition of architecture.
Throughout his life, he made sculptural equivalents of fish and whales and prehistoric animals, of birds and starry constellations.
"Mountains and Clouds" is his grand final statement of elemental themes expressed in a powerful, space-transforming invention.
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Giblin was born at Hobart, Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania), son of William Giblin, clerk of the registrar of deeds, and his wife Marion, "née" Falkiner.
He was educated first at a school kept by his uncle Robert Giblin and afterwards at Hobart High School.
Leaving school at 13 Giblin was articled to John Roberts, solicitor.
Giblin was a great reader with a retentive memory, in 1862 won a prize for the best poem on the conversion of St Paul, and about this time delivered some lectures on literary subjects.
In 1864 he was admitted as a barrister and solicitor, entered into partnership with John Dobson and subsequently with one of his sons Henry Dobson.
Also in 1864 Giblin was one of the founders of the Hobart Working Men's Club, was elected its president, and was re-elected on several occasions subsequently.
Giblin began to interest himself in public life and especially in the proposed railway from Hobart to Launceston.
In 1869 Giblin was elected without opposition as member for Hobart Town in the Tasmanian House of Assembly, and in February 1870 became attorney-general in the James Milne Wilson ministry.
Wilson resigned in November 1872 and was succeeded by Frederick Innes.
In August 1873 Giblin carried a motion of want of confidence but did not desire the premiership, and Alfred Kennerley formed a cabinet with Giblin as his attorney-general.
This ministry lasted nearly three years and Giblin was able to bring in some useful legal legislation.
In June 1877 Giblin lost his seat at the general election, but he was soon afterwards elected for Wellington and joined the cabinet of Sir Philip Fysh as attorney-general, exchanging that position for the treasurership a few days later.
When Fysh left for London in March 1878 Giblin succeeded him as premier and held office until 20 December 1878.
The William Crowther government which followed could do little in the conditions of the period, and when it resigned in October 1879 Giblin realised that the only way to get useful work done would be to form a coalition ministry.
This he succeeded in doing and he became premier and colonial treasurer on 30 October 1879.
His government lasted nearly five years and during that period the finances of the colony were put in order and railways and roads were built.
Important work was done although the conservative elements in the Tasmanian Legislative Council succeeded in hampering the government to some extent.
In December 1881 Giblin exchanged the position of treasurer for that of attorney-general with John S. Dodds.
He represented Tasmania at the intercolonial tariff conference at Sydney in 1881 and at the Sydney federal conference in 1883, and took an important part in the debates.
In August 1884, Giblin resigned from the cabinet on account of failing health; on 7 February 1885 he accepted the position of puisne judge of the Supreme Court of Tasmania, and during the absence of the chief justice administered the government in October–November 1886.
Giblin died of heart disease in Hobart on 17 January 1887, aged 46.
He married in 1865 Emily Jean Perkins who survived him with four sons and three daughters, his second son was the statistician Lyndhurst Giblin.
The prominent bluff to the south of Legges Tor on the Ben Lomond plateau is named after William Giblin, as his son was a member of the survey party that explored the northern aspect of the mountain in 1907.
The banker and cricketer Vincent Wanostrocht Giblin (1817–1884) was a nephew, and many other members of the Giblin family were prominent in Tasmanian society.
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John Johns Trigg (1748 – May 17, 1804) was an American farmer and politician from Bedford County, Virginia, United States.
He fought with the Virginia militia in the Revolutionary War and represented Virginia in the U.S. Congress from 1797 until 1804.
John was born on his father's farm near New London in Lunenburg County, Virginia.
He was one of the eight children of William Trigg (1716 – 1773) and Mary (Johns) Trigg (1720 – 1773).
His father, William served as a judge in Bedford County (which was formed from part of Lunenburg County in 1754) for many years.
His brother, Abram, would serve with him in congress.
The Trigg and Johns families both arrived in Virginia from England in the mid-seventeenth century.
Mary Johns was, in fact, a descendant of Captain John Fox of London, a tobacco merchant and ship's captain who received a land grant from his patron King Charles II in 1667.
The Triggs were from Cornwall.
John married Dianna Ayers on December 17, 1770, and they settled on their own plantation "Old Liberty" near what became the town of Liberty (now Bedford, Virginia).
The family would grow to include seven children: Stephen, William, Nancy, Daniel, Theodosia, John Johns Jr., and Mary (Polly).
Dianna survived John, living until some time after 1807.
Virginia expanded her militia as the conflict with Great Britain loomed.
Trigg raised a new militia company in Bedford County in 1775 and led it as its lieutenant.
He remained with this unit throughout the war, and saw several local actions.
The state's House of Delegates named him as a captain on March 23, 1778, and a major in 1781.
He was a major of artillery at the Siege of Yorktown later that year, and was present at the surrender of Lord Cornwallis.
After the war Trigg continued his service in the Virginia militia.
He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1791, and in 1793 served as a major in the Second Battalion of the Tenth Regiment of the Virginia militia.
In 1796 and 1802, he was commander of the 91st Regiment of the Virginia militia.
Trigg's political service started around 1781 when he became a Justice of the Peace in Bedford County.
He was elected to represent the county in the Virginia House of Delegates, and served there from 1784 until 1792.
In 1788 he represented Bedford County in the Virginia Convention that ratified the U.S. Constitution.
Trigg voted with Patrick Henry and the Antifederalists against ratification.
He served in the Virginia Senate from 1792 until 1796.
He was elected in the United States House of Representatives in 1796 as a Jeffersonian Republican.
Trigg was re-elected three times, and served in the Congress from 1797.
He died at home on May 17, 1804, on his farm near Liberty in Bedford County and was buried in a family plot there.
Trigg arrived on the second day the Fifth Congress of the United States convened, Tuesday, May 16, 1797, and was in time to hear the new President's speech to Congress about his position in regards to France.
At this time, Trigg, a Democratic-Republican/Anti-Federalist was in the minority party, as the House was majority Federalist, as was John Adams, the President of the United States.
After the President's speech, which caused an uproar among Anti-Federalists as not being sympathetic enough to France and too hawkish, the House debated until May 31 on their response to his address.
Their response, with an amendment, basically supported the President's speech.
Trigg voted against the response, while his brother Abram voted for it.
Other votes during this session:
***LIST***.
When the second session for this Congress returned in November, Trigg arrived three days late on November 16, 1797.
Votes during this session:
***LIST***.
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WORD-FM is a Christian talk radio station based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Owned by the Salem Media Group, the station broadcasts on 101.5 MHz, with an ERP of 48 kW.
Its transmitter is located in Reserve Township, Pennsylvania.
In Pittsburgh, WORD-FM was originally on the 104.7 frequency (now WPGB-FM).
Salem Communications, which had formed in the early 1980s by Christian broadcasters Ed Atsinger and Stuart W. Epperson, had first made overtures to purchase WPIT AM/FM from Associated Communications back in the mid-80's, but the station had been sold to Boston-based Pyramid Broadcasting, which operated WPIT AM/FM under the name Kiss Limited Partnership, for a much higher price than what Salem was willing to pay.
Still recognizing the profit potential for Christian-formatted radio in Pittsburgh despite a competitor, Salem entered into an agreement with Pittsburgh-based Gateway Broadcasting Enterprises, which owned WYDD-FM (now WPGB) and WKPA-AM (now WMNY), both operating out of New Kensington, a suburb of Pittsburgh.
The deal was signed in 1987, but due to legal complexities between the two companies, it would not be until January 1990 that the deal between Salem and Gateway was consummated.
Salem still had yet to obtain the contracts for the ministries that would provide the programming for the station.
By the time of their takeover, WYDD had become Top 40 rocker WNRJ, which stayed around for about a year.
Upon Salem's acquisition, WNRJ's format was immediately changed to beautiful music provided by Salt Lake City-based Bonneville Broadcasting and its airstaff laid off.
The call letters were changed to WEZE-FM (the same calls as Salem's co-owned AM in Boston) and the station adopted the moniker "Easy 104.7".
WKPA, which operated independently of its FM sister since 1940, had its weekday programming substituted with a simulcast of WEZE-FM, but kept existing separate specialty programming on the weekends.
In August 1991, Salem announced that WEZE-FM would change to the heritage Christian-formatted radio formula that had become the staple of its other high-powered FM stations.
Salem purchased the WORD call letters, which belonged to an AM station in Spartansburg, South Carolina, for $20,000.
The format change took place in October, and 104.7 became WORD-FM.
In 1992, after a lengthy series of negotiations, the opportunity presented itself again for Salem to acquire WPIT AM/FM.
New FCC rules governing ownership allowed Salem to hold more than two licenses simultaneously, and a deal was made for Salem to buy out its former rival and spin their existing stations off to new owners.
WKPA was spun off to Pentecostal Temple Development Corporation in November 1992 as a gift.
PTDC was the business arm of Pentecostal Temple Church of God, pastored by former WPXI-TV reporter Dr. D. Loran Mann.
WORD-FM 104.7 was also sold off to Entercom, Inc., which operated country music competitor WDSY-FM, and had been looking for an FM station for a duopoly property.
The transaction took place in January 1993, and WORD-FM moved its current call letters and format to 101.5, which had been the FM partial simulcast of WPIT.
Some of WPIT-FM's existing programming elements were retained, but much of the programming mirrored WORD-FM's original format that began on 104.7.
104.7 then came under the control of Entercom in an LMA (local marketing agreement) deal with Salem until it was purchased outright six months later.
The new 104.7 was assigned the call letters WXRB and adopted the moniker "Rebel 104.7 Hit Country" after stunting for a brief period with a Classic Rock format and the name "U.S. 104.7".
WPIT, which had been running all ministry-based conservative programming all day, then began to run Contemporary Christian music during the afternoon and evening hours to appease listeners who had grown accustomed to hearing CCM on WPIT-FM prior to the ownership change.
WPIT, which for years had been co-located with WPIT-FM at Gateway Towers in downtown Pittsburgh, joined the new WORD-FM at its home at Seven Parkway Center in Greentree, located just off I-279 south of the Fort Pitt Tunnells.
WORD-FM still maintains the ministries as the mainstay of its programming, but has in recent years added CCM music back into its programming.
Unlike many other major market radio stations, WORD-FM has a stable, secure staff, some of whom have been with the station since its format switch from beautiful music to Christian Talk.
General Manager Chuck Gratner (also known in the 1960s and 1970s as West Coast DJ legend Chuck Roy) managed WORD-FM from its start-up until his retirement in 2014.
Former WORD-FM sales manager Tom Lemmon was appointed to succeed Gratner.
Kenny Woods, formerly mid-days at crosstown oldies WWSW, has been at the station since 2001.
On weekends (Saturday and Sunday), WORD-FM plays Christian music during the early morning, afternoon, and evening on Saturdays, and during the early morning and afternoon on Sundays.
Kenny Woods is the dj during the afternoon and Chris Reynolds hosts the Pop Top 20 Countdown Saturdays from 6pm to 8pm.
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Wolrige-Gordon was one of twin sons of Captain Robert Wolrige-Gordon, MC and his wife Joan Walter, the daughter of Dame Flora MacLeod, the 28th Chief of the Clan MacLeod.
He was educated at Eton College and at New College, Oxford and served as a Lieutenant in the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders.
Patrick Wolrige-Gordon was elected Conservative and Unionist Member of Parliament (MP) for East Aberdeenshire in November 1958 at a by-election when he was still an undergraduate.
He was at the time the youngest MP.
He married Anne Howard, daughter of Peter Howard, in 1962 and became involved through Howard in Frank Buchman's Moral Re-Armament (MRA) movement, which attracted much negative comment.
He fell out with his local association over the matter and was defeated in the February 1974 general election by the Scottish National Party candidate Douglas Henderson.
Wolrige-Gordon had a son and two daughters.
His twin brother John (1935–2007) changed his name to John MacLeod of MacLeod to take up the role of 29th Clan Chieftain, which he inherited from their grandmother.
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Dung Beetles is an Apple II computer game by Bob Bishop, released in 1982 by Datasoft.
The game was ported to Atari 8-bit computers, and also to the TRS-80 Color Computer, where it was distributed by Tandy.
On the Color Computer, it was renamed Mega-Bug; however, some copies were sold as Dung Beetles.
Later versions for both the Apple II and Atari were named Tumble Bugs; also the Atari version was renamed Magneto Bugs for the 1983 re-release by Gentry Software.
In Australia, the game was re-branded "Bug Attack".
The game concept and gameplay are based on "Pac-Man", but features a much larger maze and a moving "magnifying rectangle" which makes it easier to see graphic detail of the main character and the opponents, but also obscures a small area of the map near the main character, making short- to medium-range navigation more difficult.
In addition, whenever the main character passes through a part of the maze, it leaves a trail of dung.
When a dung beetle finds this dung, it eats it and follows the trail; however, if the trail branches, or it encounters a point along the trail, it picks at random which branch to follow, thereby giving the player anywhere from a 50% to 66⅔% chance of losing the pursuer.
The player can back-track over his own trail (often necessary as the map can contain dead ends) creating false leads for his pursuers.
Whenever the player is caught, the game plays a digitized voice saying, "We Gotcha!"
This is the only use of voice in the game, and was a novelty, as the Apple II speaker is only able to emit a click.
Programmers clicked the speaker rapidly to produce any sound; the typical Apple II game made only monotone beeps and clicks.
Programming the game to play back an audio sample, using only a clicking speaker, was a technical accomplishment first seen in 1981's "Castle Wolfenstein" and present in other games from 1982, including "Sea Dragon", "Creepy Corridors" , and "Plasmania".
"Softline" called "Tumblebugs" magifying glass "an impressive programming feat", and concluded that it was "a solid game ...
It could stand some more variety, but it certainly does not lack challenge".
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The degree was first introduced in the USSR on January 13, 1934, by a decision of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
According to the UNESCO International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), for purposes of international educational statistics "Candidate of Sciences" is equivalent to PhD.
However, in order to become a Full Professor, a Doctor of Sciences degree is required, in the same way that the Habilitation is required in Germany, as well as the PhD dissertation and in some cases a second book in the United States and the United Kingdom.
On the other hand, Immigration New Zealand places both Candidate of Sciences and Doctor of Sciences at "Level 10" (Doctors Level, which is the highest level there).
Only holders of master's and specialist's degrees are eligible for Candidate of Sciences programs.
In the United States the Doctor of Sciences and Candidate of Sciences degrees in mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, and other sciences may be recognized by some universities as an equivalent to PhD, and holders of these degrees awarded in countries of the former Soviet Union and Russian Federation may work in many state and private universities and research establishments of the Federal government.
According to "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other countries", in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of "Candidate of Sciences" should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree.
In countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Candidate of Sciences should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree.
The highest attainable degree, one level higher than the Candidate of Sciences is the Doctor of Sciences, which is roughly analogous to the Habilitation in Germany, Poland, Austria and Switzerland and the Habilitation à diriger des recherches in France, as it is required for the rank of the full Professor, because one can only become an Assistant/Associate Professor with a Kandidat degree (and not a Full Professor.)
The work on a dissertation is commonly carried out during a postgraduate study period called "aspirantura".
It is performed either within an educational institution (such as a university) or a scientific research institution (such as an institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences network).
It can also be carried out without a direct connection to the academy.
In exceptional cases, the Candidate of Sciences degree may be awarded on the basis of published scholarly works without writing a thesis.
In experimental sciences the dissertation is based on an independent research project conducted under the supervision of a professor, the results of which must be published in at least three papers in peer-review scientific journals.
A necessary prerequisite is taking courses in philosophy and foreign language, and passing a qualifying examination called "candidate minimum".
In the Soviet Union, the candidate minimum included exams in the specialty field of the "dissertant", in a foreign language of his/her choice and in scientific communism.
In post-Soviet Russia and other post-Soviet states, the latter examination was replaced by the one in philosophy, and in Russia recently in the history and philosophy of science; in Ukraine it is still philosophy.
The dissertation is presented (defended) at the accredited educational or scientific institutions before a committee called the Scientific Council.
The Council consists of about 20 members, who are the leading specialists (including the academicians) in the field of the dissertation and who have been selected and approved to serve on the Council.
The summary of the dissertation must be published before public defense in the form of "autoreferat" in about 150-200 copies, and distributed to major research organizations and libraries.
The seeker of the degree must have an official "research supervisor".
The dissertation must be delivered together with official references of several reviewers, called "opponents".
In a procedure called the "defense of the dissertation" the dissertation is summarized before the Commission, followed by speeches by the opponents or the reading of their references, and replies to the comments of the opponents and question of the Commission members by the "aspirant".
If the defense is successful (66.6% majority of votes by the secret ballot voting by the members of the Council), it is recommended and later must be approved by the central statewide board called Higher Attestation Commission or "Vysshaya attestacionnaya komissiya" or VAK (or by similar authority in other applicable countries).
In Czechoslovakia, the Candidate and Doctor of Sciences (, ) degrees were modeled precisely after the Soviet one by Law 60/1953 in 1953.
Requirements to attain the degree were thus literally the same as in the USSR.
Since all Czechoslovak top academic research institutions were dissolved after the Communist Putsch in 1948, the supreme academic authority was represented by the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, newly established in 1953.
The degree could also be awarded by the Slovak Academy of Sciences and universities.
The abbreviation of the degree is CSc.
(), added behind the bearer's name and a comma.
There also have been other academic degrees in Czechoslovakia and its successional states, that incorporate the "Dr." abbreviation, e.g.
and others.
These doctor degrees are not to be confused with a Ph.D., although its holders are addressed "doctor".
Applicants need a master's degree (5 years +) or a comparable degree with excellent grades.
This degree is stated before names and awarded after writing a "rigorous thesis" of 50.000 to 80.000 words and defending it at an viva voce and "(rigorous)" exam in at least 2-3 related fields of doctoral studies.
***LIST***.
Granting CSc.
was abolished in 1998 and replaced with Ph.D. or Th.D.
() An applicant is required to have master's degree (or its equivalent, e.g.
Engineer (Ing.)
or Doctor of Medicine MUDr in technical and economic university programs), enroll in an approximately three-year post-graduate program and defend their dissertation before a panel of expert examiners appointed by the university.
Candidate was abolished in 1996 and replaced with PhD.
(, in 1996-2002 officially in Latin: "philosophiae doctor").
Requirements are similar to the Czech system.
Since the medieval period, Polish tradition was to call Ph.D. equivalent as "doktor".
Only for a short period of time between 1951-1958 the communist government tried to replace the title of "doktor" with "kandydat nauk" to follow the Soviet model.
In the USSR, there was required at least three original scientific papers published and/or submitted.
At least one paper should be in one of the journals listed by the Higher Assessment Commission (VAK) of the Russian Ministry of Science.
In Belarus and Ukraine now, all the three publications have to be published in the journals listed by the VAK.
In 1971, there were 249,200 scientists holding the Candidate degree.
According to "Guidelines for the recognition of Russian qualifications in the other countries" in countries with a two-tier system of doctoral degrees, the degree of "Candidate of Sciences" should be considered for recognition at the level of the first doctoral degree.
In countries with only one doctoral degree, the degree of Candidate of Sciences should be considered for recognition as equivalent to this degree.
Depending on the specialty of research in the dissertation, a candidate is awarded one of the following degrees:
Previously, there was also the degree of "naval sciences" (abbr.
: к. воен.-мор.
For some time (in the 1940s) there was also the degree of "candidate of art criticism sciences" (abbr.
: к. иск.
Some specialties permit the award of the candidate degree for several variants of branches of science, depending on the dominant subject area of the dissertation; e. g., specialty 02.00.04 (physical chemistry) can be awarded the degree of candidate of physico-mathematical, technical, or chemical sciences.
However, for each dissertation only one branch of science can be chosen.
|
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Ayyangar was the second son of K. C. Srinivasa Iyengar, B.A, a leading "mirasudar" of Kulumani, which is a suburb of the town of Trichy.
He studied at the Madras Law College where he received his BL and ML degrees winning several gold medals.
Parthasarathy joined as an apprentice under the lawyer Sir Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer.
He then took the Imperial Police Examination and was selected for the Imperial Police Service in 1926.
He was posted to Thanjavur Thereon, where he rose in rank from Superintendent of Police (SP) to Deputy Inspector General of Police (IG) and later to Commissioner of Police for Madras.
Parthasarathy was seconded to the Travancore state as the IG of police and worked there from 1944–1947.
When India gained independence from British rule, however, he opted to return to Madras State by declining an offer of the British authorities to serve in the Commonwealth.
In 1958, he moved to Delhi and was appointed to the post of Inspector General of Railway Protection Force and formed the organization.
He was also the Director of Vigilance - Railway Board, as well as a part-time member of the Union Public Service Commission.
Upon retirement he decided to return to Madras to devote himself to social service.
Parthasarathy died on 13 July 1983, at the age of 80.
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Richard David Chaplow (born 2 February 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for United Soccer League club Orange County SC.
He is a former England under-21 international.
Chaplow joined Burnley at the age of eight, before earning a scholarship at the club in 2001 as part of the YTS Apprenticeships, turning down offers from Blackburn Rovers and Manchester City.
In 2002–03, part of his season in the reserves was blighted by glandular fever, although he returned to action in January.
After being included as an unused substitute against Preston North End on 8 April 2003, Chaplow made his Burnley debut, coming on as a second-half substitute, in 2–0 loss against Norwich City four days later on 12 April 2003.
Chaplow then made his first start and played the whole game despite losing, 2–0, against Nottingham Forest on 21 April 2003.
He went on to make five appearance for the side in the 2002–03 season.
However, ahead of the 2003–04 season, Chaplow suffered from alopecia during 2003, returning to pre-season training having lost all his hair.
Despite this, Chaplow continued to a handful of first-team appearances at the start of the season, playing in the midfielder position, and scored his first goal for the club on 30 August 2003, in a 1–0 win over Crewe Alexandra.
As a result, Chaplow signed his first professional contract with the club.
By the rest of 2003, Chaplow scored two more goals, which came against Cardiff City and Reading.
Chaplow's performance throughout December earned him PFA First Division Player of the Month award.
Later in the 2003–04 season, Chaplow scored two more goals, which came against Ipswich Town and Nottingham Forest.
Despite missing out through suspension and fitness concerns, Chaplow went on to make thirty–nine appearances and scoring five times in all competitions.
At the end of the 2003–04 season, Chaplow signed a contract with the club, keeping him until 2006.
Ahead of the 2004–05 season, Chaplow was subject of a transfer move throughout the summer, with Blackburn Rovers and Leeds United.
Despite this, Chaplow ended the transfer speculation when he signed a four–year contract, keeping him until 2008.
Throughout September, Chaplow scored two goals in five appearances against Crewe Alexandra and Cardiff City.
However, Chaplow was soon sidelined for several months with a cartilage trouble, which he sustained and substituted in the first half, in a 3–0 defeat to Queens Park Rangers on 30 October 2004.
After a month out, he made his first team return from injury on 18 December 2004, coming on as a second-half substitute, in a 2–1 loss against Sunderland.
In the January transfer window, Chaplow was linked with a move to Premier League side West Brom Albion and had a bid rejected from Burnley shortly after.
Amid to the transfer speculation, Chaplow's performance against Liverpool in the first round of FA Cup was well-received, with Manager Steve Cotterill praising his performance, which saw Burnley beating them, 1–0.
A week later, West Brom Albion made another bid for Chaplow, which was accepted soon after.
Chaplow joined West Bromwich Albion for a fee of £1.5 million on transfer deadline day in January 2005.
The Baggies had previously attempted to force the deal through several times during the transfer window.
He moved to The Hawthorns on a three-and-a-half year deal, with the option of a further season.
Chaplow made his Albion debut in a 4–1 victory over Charlton Athletic at The Valley on 19 March 2005.
He won a penalty soon after coming on as a late substitute, enabling Robert Earnshaw to complete his hat-trick from the spot.
He would later made four appearance in the 2004–05 season in his first half season at the club.
However, in the 2005–06 season, Chaplow struggled to dispatch the first team place in midfield, with Riccardo Scimeca, Steve Watson and Diomansy Kamara preferred instead and made two appearances at the start of the season.
first goals for West Brom came in an FA Cup 3rd round replay at Reading on 17 January 2006.
His two first-half goals gave Albion a 2–0 lead, but they eventually lost 3–2 in extra-time.
In February 2006, Chaplow signed a three-month loan deal with Championship side Southampton, as part of the deal which saw Nigel Quashie move the other way.
Chaplow made his full debut for the side two days later after signing for the club despite losing 2–0 against Reading.
On his ninth appearance, he scored his only Saints goal at Brighton & Hove Albion on 8 April 2006, which saw Southampton win 2–0.
Two weeks later, Chaplow returned to his parent club after suffering a knee injury.
Upon his return from the loan, Manager Bryan Robson was impressed with his performance and expected use him in the 2006–07 season.
Chaplow's first appearance of the season came on 8 August 2006, where he came on as a second-half substitute, in a 1–1 against Cardiff City.
He then scored his first league goal for West Bromwich Albion, in a 2–1 defeat at Derby County.
However, his appearances in the first team was marred by substitute bench and injuries.
Soon, under the new management of Tony Mowbray, Chaplow managed to regained his first team place for the rest of the season, eventually making thirty–five appearances and scoring once in all competitions.
At the start of the 2007–08 season, Chaplow continued to be in the first team regular, but was plagued with a foot injury and find his first team opportunities limited, with good forms from Robert Koren and Filipe Teixeira.
As a result, Chaplow was linked a move away from the club, with his former club, Burnley keen on re-signing him.
But this was denied by Manager Owen Coyle.
After the announcement of his departure was made, Chaplow left West Brom in 2008 after spending three years at the club.
On 9 January 2008, Chaplow signed for Championship team Preston North End on a three-year contract for £800,000 with a further £550,000 payable based on various performance-related criteria.
West Bromwich Albion have also inserted a 20% sell-on clause on any future sale.
Three days after signing for the club, Chaplow made his Preston North End debut, making his first start and played for 75 minutes, in a 1–0 win over Watford.
Chaplow then scored his first goals for the club on 26 February 2008, in a 2–0 win over Stoke City.
However, during the match, he suffered an injury in the second half and was substituted, leaving him out of action for weeks.
After returning to the first team from injury, Chaplow then scored his first goal for the club on 19 April 2008, in a 2–2 draw against Plymouth Argyle.
He went on to make thirteen appearance and scoring three times in all competitions.
At the start of 2008–09 season, Chaplow started well when he scored two goals against Crystal Palace and Sheffield Wednesday in four league appearances by August.
However, throughout September and October, Chaplow was plagued by injuries.
He returned to the first team, where he came on as a second-half substitute, setting up one of the goals, in a 2–2 draw against Norwich City on 8 November 2008.
Two weeks later, on 22 November 2008, Chaplow scored again, in a 2–1 win over Barnsley.
However, as the 2008–09 season progressed, he continued to have a handful of first team appearance despite suffering injuries.
Despite this, Chaplow went on to make twenty–seven appearances and scoring three times in all competitions.
In the 2009–10 season, Chaplow continued to be a first team regular and then scored his first goal of the season on 26 September 2009, in a 2–1 win over Leicester City.
His second goal then came on 12 December 2009, in a 2–0 win over Plymouth Argyle.
As the 2009–10 season progressed, Chaplow remained in the first team despite suffering injuries and suspension.
As a result, his appearances was restricted to thirty–five times and scoring two times in all competitions.
With the club facing financial troubles, Chaplow was among eight players to place on a transfer list by Manager Darren Ferguson.
In the summer, he was linked a move to newly Premier League promoted side Blackpool.
Having made no appearance for Preston North End in the 2010–11 season, Chaplow joined Southampton once again for an initial one month's loan on 30 September 2010.
This was then extended to the end of December.
Three days later after signing for the club, Chaplow made his Southampton debut for the second time, coming on as a second-half substitute and subsequently picked up a yellow card, in a 2–0 win over Bournemouth.
Chaplow then scored his first Southampton goal since 2006, in a 4–1 victory over Peterborough United on 20 November 2010.
After suffering an achilles injury that kept him out for weeks, he scored on his return in another 4–1 victory, this time over Huddersfield Town on 28 December 2010.
On 30 December 2010, it was announced Chaplow had agreed a two-and-a-half year deal for an undisclosed fee.
Weeks after signing for the club on a permanent basis, Chaplow scored again on 11 January 2011, in a 6–0 win over Oldham Athletic.
He then scored, as well as, setting up one of the goals, in a 4–4 draw against Peterborough United on 5 February 2011.
During the match, Chaplow was fouled in the penalty box, giving Southampton a penalty, leading the opposition manager Darren Ferguson accusing him of diving.
Later in the 2010–11 season, Chaplow helped the club secure promotion to The Championship after a two years absence, as he made thirty–five appearances and scoring five times in all competitions.
In the 2011–12 season, Chaplow started off his season with a good start when he scored, as well as, setting up two goals, in a 3–1 win over Torquay United in the first round of the League Cup.
However, three days later, he was sent–off, in a match against Barnsley after a straight red card, just coming on as a substitute in the 70th minutes, which saw Saints 1–0.
After serving a three match suspension, Chaplow then scored on 16 September 2011, in a 4–1 win over Birmingham City.
By the end of 2011, Chaplow scored two more goals against Peterborough United and Coventry City.
However, in a match against Bristol City on 26 November 2011, Chaplow suffered a knee injury early in the first half and was substituted, in a 2–0 loss and was subsequently out for months.
Despite making his return, Chaplow continued to be dropped from the first team on three occasions and saw Southampton promoted to the Premier League after a seven years absent.
As a result, his appearance was restricted to twenty–eight appearances and scoring four times in all competitions.
With his first team opportunities increasingly limited in the 2012–13 season, Chaplow announced his intention to stay at the club.
It wasn't until on 28 August 2012 when he made his first appearance of the season, setting up one of the goals, in a 4–1 win over Stevenage in the second round of League Cup.
On 29 September 2012, Chaplow made his first Premier League appearance in six years, coming on as a late substitute, in a 3–1 loss against Everton.
For the most of the season, Chaplow fell out of favour of the club's first team and was expected to leave the club in January, but it wasn't materialised.
It wasn't until on 16 January 2013 when he made his first team return in months, coming on a second-half substitute, in a 2–2 draw against Chelsea.
On 11 July 2013, Southampton Football Club agreed to terminate Chaplow's contract.
On 15 March 2013, Chaplow joined Championship side Millwall on loan until the end of the season.
He made his debut the following day, in a 2–0 victory at local rivals, Charlton Athletic, in which he set up one of the goals.
Chaplow also set up one of the goals again in the next game on 29 March 2013, which saw Millwall beat Leicester City 1–0.
His loan period was cut short following an injury sustained in the 1–1 draw with Birmingham City on 6 April.
On 15 July 2013, Chaplow signed a two-year deal with Millwall following his release by Southampton.
Upon joining the club, he was given a number eighteen shirt for the new season.
Chaplow's first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came in the opening game of the season, in a 1–0 loss against Yeovil Town.
By the end of August, Chaplow set up two goals in two matches against Sheffield Wednesday and Brighton & Hove Albion.
It wasn't until on 1 January 2014 when he scored his first goal for Millwall, in a 3–1 loss against Leicester City.
Although he finished the season, making twenty–one appearances and scoring once in all competitions, Chaplow's season was marred by injuries.
However, at the start of the 2014–15 season, Chaplow was sidelined for months, due to a hamstring problems.
It wasn't until on 16 September 2014 when he made his return from injury, making his first start, in a 3–2 loss against Reading.
Following his return, Chaplow began to play as a right–back position in numerous occasion.
After making three appearance in the 2014–15 season, Chaplow was released by the club.
On 20 February 2015, Chaplow signed on loan for a month at Ipswich Town, with an agreement that he can stay until the end of the season.
Chaplow made his Ipswich Town debut four days later, where he came on as a second-half substitute, in a 4–2 win over Birmingham City.
On 21 March he scored his first goal for the club, the winner in a 1–0 victory at Watford.
After finishing the season, making six appearance and scoring once, Chaplow returned to his parent following his loan spell came to an end.
On 6 July 2015, Chaplow signed for Doncaster Rovers, signing a two–year contract.
Upon joining the club, he said joining the club motivated him to do well for the remaining two years there and was given a number eight shirt ahead of a new season.
Chaplow made his Doncaster Rovers debut, in the opening game of the season, where he made his first start for the club before being substituted in the 82nd minutes, in a 1–1 draw against Bury.
Chaplow then scored, as well as, setting up one of the goals, in a 2–1 win over Barnsley on 3 October 2015.
Weeks later, he sidelined for months and it wasn't until on 19 December 2015, where he returned since being absent in October as a late substitute, in a 3–3 draw against Burton Albion.
He then scored his second goal for the club on 27 February 2016, in a 1–1 draw against his former club, Millwall.
However, in the next match against Swindon Town on 1 March 2016, he was sent–off after a second bookable offence, in a 2–0 loss.
However, throughout the most of the season, injuries and suspensions restricted his appearances to making thirty appearance and scoring two times in all competitions.
At the end of the 2015–16 season, Chaplow had his relegation clauses in their contracts activated, as a result of Doncaster Rovers relegation.
However, Chaplow's contract was terminate by the club.
On 29 July 2016, Chaplow signed with United Soccer League side Orange County Blues.
Two days after signing for the club, Chaplow made his Orange County Blues debut, coming on as a second-half substitute, in a 2–0 win over LA Galaxy II.
Chaplow scored his first goal for the club in the next game on 4 August 2016, in a 2–1 win over Tulsa Roughnecks.
Weeks later, on 21 August 2016, he scored his second goal for the club, in a 2–0 win over LA Galaxy II.
After serving a two match suspension, Chaplow returned to the first team and then on 25 September 2016 against Colorado Springs Switchbacks, he set up two goals, in a 4–0 win.
For the reminder of the season, Chaplow went on to make ten appearance.
On 21 August 2016, following a 2–0 victory over LA Galaxy II, gay Galaxy player Robbie Rogers wrote on his Facebook page that: "In the heat of the last fifteen minutes of the game a player from the opposing team called me a 'queer' repeatedly".
After a league investigation, Chaplow was suspended for two games and fined an undisclosed amount.
Following the league's findings, Chaplow denied accusations that he had used homophobic language, claiming: "I have been banned for swearing at a player, not homophobic slurs.
At no point in the statement is a homophobic slur made reference to, and the simple reason for this is it didn't happen.
Chaplow has represented England internationally at a number of age groups including at under-19 level, as well as at under-20 level.
On 22 January 2004, Chaplow was called up by England under-19 for the first time.
Chaplow made his only England U19 appearance on 30 March 2004, in a 1–1 draw against Germany U19.
Chaplow has also made one appearance for England under-21's.
He became Burnley's first ever England under-21 international in February 2004, when he came off the bench on his debut against the Netherlands at the KC Stadium.
After being in training for the England U20 side in August 2004, Chaplow was called up by the side for the first time on 11 October 2004.
Chaplow then scored his first England U20 goal, in a friendly match against Netherlands U20 side.
In October 2005 he captained the England under-20 side to a 2–2 draw with the Netherlands, in a match played at his former club Burnley's Turf Moor ground.
Growing up, Chaplow attended Mount Carmel Roman Catholic High School and supported Burnley.
Like Chaplow, his family are also Burnley supporters.
Chaplow is married to Emily Chaplow and the couple has two sons.
In 2013, Chaplow suffered a tragedy when they lost a baby boy.
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, the Maryland GOP controls the majority of the state's county governments.
It holds 16 of 23 counties, excluding Baltimore City.
It also has a majority of County Executives in the State.
The GOP also controls 181 county seats to the Democrats 130.
The Republican Party is the minority party in both houses of the Maryland General Assembly.
In the House of Delegates, the Republicans control 50 seats to the Democrats' 91.
In the Maryland State Senate, the Republicans control 14 seats to the Democrats' 33.
The Republican Party enjoys widespread support from Western Maryland and the Eastern Shore, both of which are mainly rural.
In other areas of the state such as heavily populated Montgomery County, Prince George's County, and the City of Baltimore, Republicans are a minority.
The majority of voters in the state of Maryland live in urban metropolitan areas such as Baltimore and are affiliated with the Democratic Party.
In comparison to the national Republican Party, the Maryland Republican Party is trending more conservative.
This is especially true concerning social issues and immigration.
In 2003, Michael Steele became the first African American elected to statewide office in the state of Maryland, when he was elected Lieutenant Governor.
Prior to this, Steele served as the Chairman of the Maryland Republican Party.
In 2009, Michael S. Steele was elected chair of the Republican National Committee, the first African American to hold that position.
Important historical members of the Maryland Republican Party have included former Governor and Vice President Spiro T. Agnew, the second vice president to resign the office, and former Senator Charles Mathias.
The "Washington Post" characterized the party as "close to broke" as of January 2009, with $703.10 on hand and $57,000 in loans and bills.
The Maryland Election Board also ruled in 2009 that the Maryland GOP must return $77,500 to a campaign account of Steele's for party legal expenses that he had paid.
In November 2011 the "Baltimore Sun" reported that the Maryland Republican party owed over $100,000 to vendors that stemmed from the 2010 election cycle.
The picture changed after a Republican, Larry Hogan, was elected as governor in November 2014.
According to the "Washington Post", "Hogan raised nearly $1.4 million in the two months after the election" and the state party raised another $1 million.
Robert L. Ehrlich, Jr. was the first Republican governor of Maryland since the 1960s, serving as governor from 2003 to 2007.
He was defeated by a landslide in the 2010 election by Democratic candidate Martin O'Malley.
Ehrlich's wife, Kendel Ehrlich, is a notable state Republican who hosts, along with her husband, a conservative talk radio show on WBAL 1090-AM in Baltimore.
Andy Harris was one of the few bright spots for Maryland Republicans in the 2010 election as he won a congressional seat back from the Democrats.
Nicholaus R. Kipke became the House Minority Leader in 2013, by unseating Anthony J. O'Donnell.
Larry Hogan is current governor, he defeated Democratic candidate Anthony G. Brown in November 2014.
Boyd Rutherford was Hogan's running mate and is the current Lt.
Governor of Maryland.
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The Dana Carvey Show is an American sketch comedy television show that aired on ABC during the spring of 1996.
Dana Carvey was the host and principal player on the show while Louis C.K.
served as head writer.
The show's cast consists heavily of "Saturday Night Live" and Second City alumni including Carvey, Steve Carell, Bill Chott, Stephen Colbert, Elon Gold, Chris McKinney, Heather Morgan, Peggy Shay, Robert Smigel, and James Stephens III.
The writing team also included Louis C.K, Charlie Kaufman, Jon Glaser, Dino Stamatopoulos, Spike Feresten, and Robert Carlock.
In addition, Carvey and Smigel's former "Saturday Night Live" colleague Greg Daniels contributed material for the premiere episode.
"The Dana Carvey Show" aired only seven of its planned 10 episodes.
While the program was short-lived and featured controversial material, it has since been considered ahead of its time.
The show is also recognized for providing early exposure to Steve Carell and Stephen Colbert, two comedians who would go on to have critical success many years later.
In addition, "The Dana Carvey Show" served as a launchpad for Smigel's series of "TV Funhouse" cartoons.
Hot off his departure from "SNL", the popular Carvey appeared in some films throughout the early 1990s.
He also worked on two of his own comedy films that ultimately went undeveloped.
Carvey soon became disillusioned with the film industry after losing the control he previously had in sketch comedy.
He was advised to work in television and by 1996 was preparing his own program for ABC.
Robert Smigel turned down an offer to rejoin "SNL" as a producer, favoring the challenge of working with Carvey on primetime.
Smigel and Carvey were given "SNL"'s audition tapes which led them to hire Bill Chott and Jon Glaser.
They were also joined by Louis C.K.
who worked with Smigel on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien".
Steve Carell was hired through Smigel and Carvey's auditions in which Smigel recalls seeing future "SNL" alumni Tracy Morgan, Jimmy Fallon and Ana Gasteyer; however, "The Dana Carvey Show" had but a small cast to fill.
Smigel himself cast Stephen Colbert, whom he had met years prior, and had tried to use on "Late Night".
Colbert sent them a homemade audition tape in which he used his newborn daughter as a puppet.
He later noted, "I was completely desperate."
Carvey also saw the new show as an opportunity to move his family away from Los Angeles and raise his two young sons in New York.
His family moved to Greenwich, Connecticut, however, causing Carvey to commute several hours to the studio during a brutal winter.
He regarded Smigel as the true writer and "creative force" behind the show while Carvey considered himself "kind of a zombie."
This was due to his tiring schedule of balancing work and fatherhood which he later considered a mistake.
During the show's development, Smigel and Carvey focused on being different from "SNL".
The sketches would often be "reductionist bits" in attempt to feel more "presentational" like "Monty Python".
This would sometimes frustrate writers whose ideas, while creative, were sometimes rejected because they didn't fit the show's approach.
Smigel has expressed satisfaction, however, in the outcome of working under such restrictions and believes the show would have found a greater balance had it been given more time on the air.
This experimental approach also allowed the show to include short films and cartoons, starting with "The Ambiguously Gay Duo".
Smigel later considered the cartoons his favorite aspect of the program and noted, "My whole career came out of the impulse to do cartoons on "The Dana Carvey Show"."
In the summer following the show's cancellation, Smigel continued to develop more cartoon ideas which would be used on "SNL"'s "TV Funhouse".
Smigel noted that the show had many options in terms of networks.
Cable was present, and due to its lackluster status, CBS would have guaranteed several more episodes than the series eventually received.
However, the duo was "overly tempted" by the reigning profile of ABC and its primetime offer.
The network originally planned in airing 10 episodes and did not interfere with the show's creativity, simply wanting a good lead-in to "NYPD Blue".
"The Dana Carvey Show" also attempted to put "The Onion" on television with Stephen Colbert reporting as an anchor in deadpan style.
This material long predated his time on "The Daily Show" and "The Colbert Report".
However, the sketches went unaired and have since been subject to rights issues.
The show's humor varied between crude and sophisticated.
It debuted on Tuesday, March 12, 1996 at 9:30 ET.
On its premiere, following the family-friendly "Home Improvement", the notorious first sketch featured Carvey as President Bill Clinton, demonstrating his compassion by having a human baby (which was a doll), several puppies (real ones) and a kitten (also real) suckle milk from his multiple prosthetic nipples.
Years later, Carvey claimed that "having that right out of the box sent the wrong message about the show.
The show got really panned because of that, and we were in trouble from that point forwards."
Carvey also recreated some of the characters he developed on "Saturday Night Live", including his signature Church Lady, and parodied the news of the day, as well as the media, politics, commercialism, and other sketch comedy shows.
One particularly memorable sketch, "Skinheads From Maine," involved a pair of white power skinheads dressed in plaid, sitting on a porch, whittling, and conversing alternately about their racist beliefs and innocent matters such as the weather in a thick mock Maine accent.
("Nice sunset we're havin'..." "Ayuh, the weather's the only thing the Jews don't control.")
Additional post-produced bumper material was often featured between sketches.
One such example, "Discovery Channel After Dark", featured an edited montage of wild animals mating, and performing other actions that would be considered obscene if shown being done by their human counterparts.
This was a parody of adult-based, late-night cable programming.
An animated sketch that first appeared on the show, "The Ambiguously Gay Duo", featuring the voices of Stephen Colbert and Steve Carell, became well known on "SNL" after Carvey's show was canceled.
Additionally, a sketch used in the unaired eighth episode about Tom Brokaw prerecording the announcement of Gerald Ford's death was used verbatim when Carvey hosted "Saturday Night Live" on October 26, 1996.
When "The Dana Carvey Show" first appeared, it was greeted with above average reviews and a lukewarm response from the audience.
Despite the fact that ABC only aired seven episodes of the series, it has maintained a small but loyal following.
The first six episodes that aired were officially titled based on the presenting sponsor of the show:
***LIST***.
This was a homage to the classic television shows that Dana Carvey grew up watching, wherein a variety show would have a single sponsor whose advertising and promotion were integrated with the show.
The show was videotaped at the CBS Broadcast Center at 524 West 57th Street in New York City.
As an inside joke to the fact that an ABC television show was being recorded at a rival network, each show's opening announcement stated, "from the ABC Broadcast Center in New York, it's The ________ Dana Carvey Show!"
The blank was where the sponsor's name is heard as a man stands at the top of a ladder outside of the Broadcast Center placing the ABC logo over the CBS Eye logo.
Dana would then begin the show surrounded by dancers wearing (for example) gigantic Mug Root Beer soda can costumes.
Each of the first five sponsors were products of PepsiCo, Inc..
Shortly after the show's debut, however, PepsiCo announced that its units Taco Bell and Pizza Hut had pulled advertising which would have brought in $600,000 per episode.
A spokesperson for the latter told "Variety" that the company didn't "feel comfortable" with the show based upon the premiere episode's content.
An ABC spokesperson also told "Variety" that some sketches in the premiere "went too far."
Nevertheless, Pepsi-Cola and sister company Mug Root Beer remained sponsors.
The sixth sponsor was a locally popular Manhattan Chinese restaurant, while the final episode had no presenting sponsor.
Due to the controversial content and declining ratings, the show was canceled prior to the planned 10 episodes being shot.
Smigel and Carvey recalled wanting a parental warning for the show, but were not granted it because of advertiser concerns.
However, the duo considered the program not very racy by today's standards, stating, "If you take out the teats and a few things, maybe the Mountain Dew, mostly it was clean and silly and abstract."
They also regarded "Two and a Half Men", a later CBS sitcom, as "much dirtier" than "The Dana Carvey Show".
"I think that [ABC] wanted a little edgier "Carol Burnett Show", and they got something that was a little more than they bargained for," Carvey recalled.
The two also believe the show could have been more successful had it been given more time to develop, much like "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" did.
Smigel put it simply, "Bottom line, the network was the wrong fit, wrong timeslot.
Cable obviously would have been -- we would have been given credit for what was good instead of attacked for what wasn’t."
Nevertheless, Carvey expressed pride in the program serving as Steve Carell and Stephen Colbert's launchpad and in its creative approach: "We did not compromise anything, literally, in a completely commercialized environment, and did exactly what we wanted - for better or for worse."
Colbert has also offered credit to the show's format for developing his satirical onscreen persona, stating, "If you have an opportunity to give it right to the audience, there’s a special connection that you make by looking at the camera."
Upon the program's cancellation, its writers rearranged their office in an askew fashion as a parody of destroying it in anger.
They quickly corrected its appearance after angered security guards complained.
Carvey returned to stand-up comedy, specifically corporate shows, where he was in high demand and turned down many gigs.
His family moved to Los Angeles where he could revolve his schedule around raising his children.
Smigel's "Ambiguously Gay Duo" concept carried on with further installments on "Saturday Night Live" and led to the creation of several other cartoons.
Steve Carell and Stephen Colbert were later cast on Comedy Central's "Daily Show" where its co-creator, Madeleine Smithberg, was a fan of their nauseated waiters skit.
The two went on to have significant comedy careers in film and television.
More recently, "The Dana Carvey Show" has become available via a variety of Internet-related outlets.
The series in its entirety (including an eighth unaired by ABC) are available on iTunes, Joost and at no charge on Hulu, Crackle, and YouTube.
After Hulu added the show to its lineup of programming in 2008, "The Dana Carvey Show" was nominated as one of eight finalists for the "Shows we'd bring back" category in the first annual Hulu awards.
In addition, a 2-disc DVD set of the show was released in May 2009 by Shout!
This includes deleted sketches, the unaired eighth episode, and commentary extras featuring the show's creators.
This release was met with numerous editorial retrospectives of the program.
Upon its debut, Joyce Millman of "Salon" called the series a "rousing blast of kamikaze satire" and summed up by declaring, "In his relentless flogging of the advertiser-driven TV biz, Carvey delivered prime time's funniest biting the-feeding-hand stuff since Michael Moore's short-lived NBC (and briefly, Fox) series "TV Nation"."
Caryn James of the "New York Times", however, gave a negative review, claiming, "the debut already looked tired and old" adding, "Right now, the Carvey writers had better be thinking up something edgier than a dancing mug of root beer."
In 2009, "New York Times" writer Dave Itzkoff lamented, "Comedy fans may remember it as a crucible in which many future stars were forged.
But for the people who created the show, it was a stark lesson that when idiosyncratic talents are given the freedom to follow their personal muses, a mass audience does not always follow."
"Entertainment Weekly"'s Alynda Wheat gave the DVD a B- and proclaimed "You can see why Carell and Colbert became famous [...] But just as clear is that "Carvey" was too wildly hit-or-miss to work."
"Paste Magazine" gave a "respectable" 73 rating and noted that while the show's topicality hasn't dated well, "when the "Dana Carvey Show" is on its game it’s outstanding, especially towards the end of its short run when it really found its voice."
CHUD.com also commended the show's writing and gave an 8/10 rating.
|
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Adam Dykes (born 5 February 1977 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian former professional rugby league footballer of the 1990s, and 2000s.
He played in the National Rugby League for Sydney clubs, the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks and Parramatta Eels, and in Super League for English club Hull F.C.
Dykes' usual position was five-eighth, though he has also been shuffled around the backs during his career, playing minor parts of it at both Lock and in the half back role.
Dykes began playing rugby league at an early age after being heavily involved and influenced into the game by his father John Dykes who was a professional player himself for one season in 1976 for the Cronulla Sharks, along with also being their reserve grade coach between 1993 and 1994.
With Adam Dykes possessing copious amounts of talent at a young age rising into grade as a 16-year-old.
Dykes was selected in the Australian under 15's and 17's squads and is seen as one of the Sharks most talented juniors ever to rise through the ranks.
Dykes was the five eighth in the famous 1994 Presidents Cup winning team that former ARL head Ken Arthurson labelled the best U/21 team he'd ever seen.
Dykes made his first grade debut for the Cronulla Sharks as an 18-year-old in the 1995 season (11 March, round 1) against the Newcastle Knights.
With several impressive performances for the club he quickly cemented his position in John Lang's outfit as a key impact player off the interchange bench.
After spending 1996 as a utility player off the bench, Dykes was given the chance to prove himself as a regular starter in the halves.
In 1997, Dykes played a prominent role in the Sharks season, ending in the Sharks Super League grand final loss to the Brisbane Broncos.
In 2001 he rose to represent City in the annual City vs Country Origin match, was selected for the Australian train on squad, crowned the Daily M five eighth of the year and named in the NRL team of the year.
Dykes was controversially signed by Parramatta Eels head coach Brian Smith for the start of the 2002 NRL season on a four-year deal, angering many Sharks fans as they had seen him as one of the central members of the team along with the fact that he was a born and bred Cronulla junior.
With this in mind many fans began speculating that Dykes had clashed with new Cronulla coach Chris Anderson and that this had led to his departure, though none of these claims were ever proven to be factual.
After three injury plagued years at Parramatta, Dykes approached the club asking them for a termination on his final year with the club, citing wanting to return home to the Sharks.
|
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The 2004 NASCAR Nextel Cup season was the 56th season of professional stock car racing in the United States and the 33rd modern-era Cup series season.
The season began on Saturday, February 7, and ended on Sunday, November 21.
Kurt Busch with Roush Racing driving a Ford was the Nextel Cup champion.
This was the first season that NASCAR utilized the Chase for the Nextel Cup format that began with the Sylvania 300 on Sunday, September 19.
Under the format rules, the top 10 drivers (and any additional drivers within 400 points of the leader) by the end of the 26th race would be eligible to compete in a final 10-race playoff to determine the NASCAR Nextel Cup champion.
Following the 26th race, the eligible drivers would have their points reset to bring the drivers closer together in the standings, with only five points separating each driver.
The season would then continue as normal, with the driver with the most points at the end of the season becoming the champion.
The NASCAR Manufacturers' Championship was won by Chevrolet when they captured 26 wins and 266 points.
Ford finished in second place with 10 wins, and 224 points, while Dodge followed in third with 4 wins and 194 points.
This was the first year for the new series sponsorship.
Mobile phone provider Nextel assumed sponsorship of the NASCAR championship series from cigarette brand Winston.
The season was also marked by tragedy.
On October 24, a charter airplane owned by Hendrick Motorsports crashed at Bull Mountain in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia, near Martinsville Speedway.
Ten people aboard the plane died, including four relatives of team owner Rick Hendrick, as well as Randy Dorton, Hendrick's chief engine builder.
Jimmie Johnson, a Hendrick driver, had won the race, but the post-race victory ceremony was cancelled as word spread of the incident.
The exhibition Budweiser Shootout was held on February 7 at Daytona International Speedway.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
The Gatorade 125s qualifying for the Daytona 500 were held on February 12 at Daytona International Speedway.
Race one: top ten results
***LIST***.
Race two: top ten results
***LIST***.
The Subway 400 was held on February 22 at North Carolina Speedway.
Ryan Newman won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: none
***LIST***.
The UAW-DaimlerChrysler 400 was held on March 7 at Las Vegas Motor Speedway.
Kasey Kahne won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Larry Gunselman (#98)
The Golden Corral 500 was held on March 14 at Atlanta Motor Speedway.
Ryan Newman won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Morgan Shepherd (#89)
The Carolina Dodge Dealers 400 was held on March 21 at Darlington Raceway.
Kasey Kahne won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Stanton Barrett (#94)
***LIST***.
The Food City 500 was held on March 28 at Bristol Motor Speedway.
Ryan Newman won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Morgan Shepherd (#89)
***LIST***.
The Samsung/Radio Shack 500 was held on April 4 at Texas Motor Speedway.
Bobby Labonte won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kyle Busch (#84), Morgan Shepherd (#89), Andy Hillenburg (#80), Andy Belmont (#02)
***LIST***.
The Advance Auto Parts 500 was held on April 18 at Martinsville Speedway.
Jeff Gordon won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kirk Shelmerdine (#72)
***LIST***.
The Aaron's 499 was held on April 25 at Talladega Superspeedway.
Ricky Rudd won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Larry Foyt (#14), Todd Bodine (#98), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72)
***LIST***.
The Auto Club 500 was held on May 2 at California Speedway.
Kasey Kahne won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: none
The Chevy American Revolution 400 was held on May 15 at Richmond International Raceway.
Brian Vickers won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Stanton Barrett (#94), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72)
The Nextel Open was held on May 22 Lowe's Motor Speedway.
Dave Blaney won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
The Nextel All-Star Challenge was held on May 22 at Lowe's Motor Speedway.
Rusty Wallace won the pole.
***LIST***.
The Coca-Cola 600 was held on May 30 at Lowe's Motor Speedway.
Jimmie Johnson won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Steve Park (#7), Todd Bodine (#37), Carl Long (#46), Stanton Barrett (#94), Geoffrey Bodine (#98), Morgan Shepherd (#89), Jeff Fultz (#78), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72), Andy Hillenburg (#80)
***LIST***.
The MBNA America 400 "A Salute to Heroes" was held on June 6 at Dover International Speedway.
Jeremy Mayfield won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Hermie Sadler (#02), Todd Bodine (#37), Larry Gunselman (#98)
***LIST***.
The Pocono 500 was held on June 13 at Pocono Raceway.
Kasey Kahne won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Stanton Barrett (#94), Andy Hillenburg (#80)
***LIST***.
The DHL 400 was held on June 20 at Michigan International Speedway.
Jeff Gordon won the pole.
Kasey Kahne got his fourth second-place finish of the season.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kerry Earnhardt (#33), Carl Long (#00)
***LIST***.
The Dodge/Save Mart 350 was held on June 27 at Infineon Raceway.
Jeff Gordon won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Morgan Shepherd (#89)
The Pepsi 400 was held on July 3 at Daytona International Speedway.
Jeff Gordon won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Chad Blount (#37), Tony Raines (#23), Derrike Cope (#94), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72), Eric McClure (#04), Kenny Wallace (#00)
***LIST***.
The Tropicana 400 was held on July 11 at Chicagoland Speedway.
Jeff Gordon won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Todd Bodine (#98), Greg Sacks (#13), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72)
***LIST***.
The Siemens 300 was held on July 25 at New Hampshire International Speedway.
Ryan Newman won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kevin Lepage (#51), Kyle Busch (#84), Ryan McGlynn (#00)
The Pennsylvania 500 was held on August 1 at Pocono Raceway.
Casey Mears won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kevin Lepage (#51), Andy Hillenburg (#37), A. J. Henriksen (#90)
***LIST***.
The Brickyard 400 was held on August 8 at Indianapolis Motor Speedway.
Casey Mears won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kevin Lepage (#51), Hermie Sadler (#02), Morgan Shepherd (#89), Greg Sacks (#13), Andy Hillenburg (#37), Geoffrey Bodine (#34), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72)
***LIST***.
The Sirius at The Glen was held on August 15 at Watkins Glen International.
Jimmie Johnson started on the pole after qualifying was rained out.
Tony Stewart put up a spectacular race, narrowly beating Ron Fellows for the win.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Scott Pruett (#39), Boris Said (#36), Klaus Graf (#59), Stanton Barrett (#52)
***LIST***.
The GFS Marketplace 400 was held on August 22 at Michigan International Speedway.
Jimmie Johnson started on the pole after qualifying was rained out.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kevin Lepage (#51), Kerry Earnhardt (#33), Kyle Busch (#84), Kenny Wallace (#00), J. J. Yeley (#11), Mike Wallace (#35), Stan Boyd (#79), Stanton Barrett (#37)
***LIST***.
The Sharpie 500 was held on August 28 at Bristol Motor Speedway.
Jeff Gordon won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Hermie Sadler (#02), Stanton Barrett (#52), Brad Teague (#72), Tony Ave (#80), Ryan McGlynn (#00)
The inaugural Pop Secret 500 was held on September 5 at California Speedway.
Brian Vickers won the pole.
Portions of this race were filmed for the movie "Herbie Fully Loaded".
Kasey Kahne got his fifth second-place finish of the season.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Morgan Shepherd (#89), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72), Hermie Sadler (#02), Kevin Lepage (#37), Mike Wallace (#35)
The Chevy Rock and Roll 400 was held on September 11 at Richmond International Raceway.
Ryan Newman won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Johnny Sauter (#33), Tony Raines (#51), Kevin Lepage (#37), Greg Sacks (#13), Hermie Sadler (#02), Brad Teague (#92), Ryan McGlynn (#00), Morgan Shepherd (#89), Carl Long (#80)
***LIST***.
Making The Chase - Starting with this year, and every year to follow, the fall race at Richmond serves as the end of the Cup Series' regular season and as the cut off for making the chase.
The chase field for 2004 is as follows:
***LIST***.
The Sylvania 300 was held on September 19 at New Hampshire International Speedway.
Despite the rain washing out the qualifying, the starting lineup was set by owner's points, and Jeff Gordon started in the front row.
This was the first race of the new 10-race playoff format.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kevin Lepage (#37), Martin Truex, Jr. (#1), Johnny Sauter (#33), Greg Sacks (#13), Ryan McGlynn (#00), Carl Long (#46), Tony Raines (#92), Stan Boyd (#79)
The MBNA America 400 was held on September 26 at Dover International Speedway.
Jeremy Mayfield won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Hermie Sadler (#02), Derrike Cope (#80), Greg Sacks (#13), Carl Long (#00), Kenny Hendrick (#35), Stanton Barrett (#92), Mike Garvey (#75)
***LIST***.
The EA Sports 500 was held on October 3 at Talladega Superspeedway.
Joe Nemechek won the pole.
At the finish line, on the last lap Elliott Sadler flipped over just as he had done in the same race in 2003.
He was uninjured, though.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kevin Lepage (#37), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72), Carl Long (#80)
***LIST***.
The Banquet 400 Presented by ConAgra Foods was held on October 10 at Kansas Speedway.
Joe Nemechek won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Mike Garvey (#75), Mike Wallace (#35), Carl Long (#00), Morgan Shepherd (#89)
The UAW-GM Quality 500 was held on October 16 at Lowe's Motor Speedway.
Ryan Newman won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kenny Wallace (#00), Derrike Cope (#94), Mike Wallace (#35), Carl Long (#00), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72), Larry Foyt (#59), Hermie Sadler (#02), Morgan Shepherd (#89), Geoffrey Bodine (#98)
The Subway 500 was held on October 24 at Martinsville Speedway.
Ryan Newman won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Carl Long (#46), Brad Teague (#94), Greg Sacks (#13), Ryan McGlynn (#00), Morgan Shepherd (#89), Mike Garvey (#75), Klaus Graf (#59)
***LIST***.
The Bass Pro Shops MBNA 500 was held on October 31 at Atlanta Motor Speedway.
Ryan Newman won the pole.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Scott Riggs (#10), Scott Wimmer (#22), Kerry Earnhardt (#33), Johnny Sauter (#09), Hermie Sadler (#02), Mike Wallace (#4), Derrike Cope (#94), Randy LaJoie (#98), Greg Sacks (#13), Larry Foyt (#59), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72), Morgan Shepherd (#89), Andy Belmont (#80), Larry Hollenbeck (#62), Kenny Wallace (#00)
***LIST***.
The Checker Auto Parts 500 was held on November 7 at Phoenix International Raceway.
Ryan Newman won the pole.
Race extended to 315 laps / 315 miles due to green-white-checker finish.
The race at Phoenix was very cloudy and a short chance of rain in a cold weather.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Mike Garvey (#75), Tony Raines (#51), Stanton Barrett (#94), Mario Gosselin (#80), Ryan McGlynn (#00), Geoffrey Bodine (#93), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72)
***LIST***.
The Mountain Dew Southern 500 was held on November 14 at Darlington Raceway.
Qualifying was cancelled due to rain and the starting lineup was set by owner's points.
Kurt Busch was the points leader and sat on the front row.
Jimmie Johnson completed a sweep at Darlington while Tony Stewart and Ryan Newman were eliminated from Chase contention by being greater than 156 points behind the points leader.
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kevin Lepage (#37), John Andretti (#14), Derrike Cope (#94), Carl Long (#00), Travis Kvapil (#06)
The Ford 400 was held on November 21 at Homestead-Miami Speedway.
Kurt Busch won the pole.
This race was known as the deciding race of the 2004 Nextel Cup champion, in which five drivers were still mathematically alive for the championship including the points leader, Kurt Busch with an 18-point margin ahead of Jimmie Johnson, who earned the most wins in 2004, Jeff Gordon, Dale Earnhardt Jr. and veteran Mark Martin.
Those five chasers are separated by an 82-point margin from first to fifth for the final race.
At the start of lap 1, Hermie Sadler got turned sideways while Mike Bliss was spun around but Johnson survived the wreck in the following caution.
On lap 93, championship leader Kurt Busch lost a tire when he entered pit road, he lost the championship lead to Jeff Gordon, though Busch took back the points lead.
With 3 laps to go, race leader Ryan Newman made some contact and lost the right side of the tire, the caution was out and set a Green-white-checker finish at Homestead.
At the restart, Greg Biffle held off the hard charging Hendrick teams of Jimmie Johnson and Jeff Gordon for the race lead and took the checkered flag to win the Ford 400, while Johnson and Gordon finished 2nd and 3rd.
Kurt Busch won the 2004 NASCAR NEXTEL Cup Championship with 8 points ahead of Johnson, the closest margin in Cup history (until the 2011 season, won by Tony Stewart.
Stewart and Carl Edwards were tied following the 2011 season's last race, the Cup going to Stewart by virtue of more wins on the season, 5 to 1 respectively.)
***LIST***.
Top ten results
***LIST***.
Failed to qualify: Kyle Petty (#45), Johnny Sauter (#09), Mike Garvey (#75), Tony Raines (#51), Kevin Lepage (#37), Todd Bodine (#50), Larry Foyt (#70), J. J. Yeley (#11), Randy LaJoie (#98), Morgan Shepherd (#89), Kirk Shelmerdine (#72), Carl Long (#80), Geoffrey Bodine (#93)
In victory lane Busch honored his championship win to the Hendrick family because of the plane crash three weeks prior, at the Martinsville race.
The Rookie of the year battle in 2004 marked the first time since 1998 that a rookie driver did not visit victory lane.
The winner of the battle was dark horse candidate Kasey Kahne, who went from a 41st-place finish at the season opening Daytona 500, to being narrowly defeated by Matt Kenseth the next week at Rockingham, and he never looked back, grabbing fourteen top ten finishes and thirteen top-five finishes, as well as a couple of pole positions.
Pre-season favorites Scott Wimmer and Brian Vickers struggled, although Wimmer placed third in the Daytona 500, but neither made competitive strides during the season.
Brendan Gaughan was a pleasant surprise, posting four top tens and finishing runner-up to Kahne for the award, while Scott Riggs only had two-top ten finishes.
The only other rookie, Johnny Sauter, was released from his ride mid-season and never made a challenge for the top honor.
|
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Omega Phi Alpha (ΩΦΑ) is an American national service sorority.
It was founded in 1967 at Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio.
Omega Phi Alpha, also known as OPhiA or OPA, currently has thirty active chapters in the United States.
In 1953, the Zeta Kappa chapter of Alpha Phi Omega, a national service fraternity, expressed interest in forming a group much like theirs to help them in their service endeavors.
The brothers of Zeta Kappa formed interest groups for a new organization, and many of the attendees at these interest groups were women.
The need for a female service sorority then became evident.
The two groups were to be alike in objectives—friendship, leadership, and service.
A similar name—Omega Phi Alpha—was chosen for the new organization.
Just as the Alpha Phi Omega chapter was limited to former Boy Scouts, the Omega Phi Alpha chapter was originally limited to former Girl Scouts and Campfire Girls.
This limitation continued until 1958.
Two more Omega Phi Alpha groups were formed at Eastern Michigan University and the University of Bridgeport in 1958 and 1962, respectively.
All three groups had the intention of becoming a national sorority together; however, it would be five more years before national status was reached.
In 1966, plans for a national convention, at which the three chapters could meet, were made.
In the summer of 1967, the three groups met in Bowling Green for the first time and laid the foundations for what is currently Omega Phi Alpha.
The Bowling Green group was given the title of Alpha Chapter, University of Bridgeport became the Beta Chapter, and Eastern Michigan was named the Gamma Chapter.
The Alpha, Beta, and Gamma chapters continued for several years as a national sorority until women at Texas A&M University formed the Delta chapter in 1970.
Currently, there are thirty-one active chapters of Omega Phi Alpha.
Additionally, there are ten inactive chapters and eight alumnae chapters.
Omega Phi Alpha has a diverse, flexible service program which allows each member to contribute to the world around her.
Many chapters have ongoing projects that they have worked with for years.
Six areas of service:
Permanent Project: The permanent project is mental health.
Mental health service projects are defined as any project that improves the well being of others, and these projects are typically hands on projects such as playing with kids in an afterschool program, playing Bingo at a nursing home, or serving meals at a soup kitchen.
President's Project: Each year at Omega Phi Alpha National Convention, the National President of Omega Phi Alpha presents the cause she feels is worthy of being the focus of OPA service nationwide.
Service to the University Community: Volunteering to help at a school event, holding stress relief classes, random acts of kindness 4.
Service to the Community at Large: Local park clean ups, food banks, tutoring at a local school, Humane Society volunteering 5.
Service to the members of the sorority: Alumnae, internal strengthening 6.
Service to the nations of the world: UNICEF, AIDS Awareness, diabetes awareness (American Diabetes Association), breast cancer awareness (Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, among others)
Through these six areas of service, active and alumnae chapters plan a variety of service projects year each to carry out and make a difference.
These are the current active chapters of Omega Phi Alpha.
Generally, chapters of Omega Phi Alpha are named in Greek alphabetical order.
The only exception to this is the Penn State chapter, which was founded from a local sorority named Theta Alpha Pi.
This chapter was named Alpha Theta as a tribute to their founding organization.
***LIST***.
Omega Phi Alpha holds one national convention each year.
The national conventions provide a forum for making sorority-wide decisions like aligning on a budget, electing national officers, or changing the national policies reflected in the constitution and by-laws.
Each active chapter in good standing has two votes to use in deciding sorority issues.
Active chapters who are not in good standing have only one vote.
There are also alumnae delegates who represent each of OPA's four districts.
For every three active votes, alumnae get one vote.
OPA national convention locations include:
Omega Phi Alpha has eleven districts of active chapters.
Each district meets at least once a year to hold a district summit, which includes service projects, workshops, and sisterhood activities.
Alumnae ties were removed from districts and changed to regions at Convention 2009 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
***LIST***.
Omega Phi Alpha has four regions of alumnae.
Alumnae regions are drawn on state lines and are based on population distribution of OPA alumnae.
Each alumnae region sends a specific number of delegates to OPA's National Convention every year; this number is based on the number of active votes possible at that year's Convention.
Alumnae representation makes up 25% of the total representation at any given Convention.
***LIST***.
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The Lachung River is a tributary of the Teesta River located in the North Indian state of Sikkim.
It is a chief tributary of the Teesta, which is an important river in Sikkim along with Rangeet River.
The village of Lachung is perched on the craggy bank of the river approximately from Chungthang.
It is at Chungthang where the Lachung and Lachen rivers converge and give rise to the Teesta.
The river is above sea level.
The river has its source in a lake, deep in the Himalayas near the Indo-China border.
The ragged reaches of the mountain make the place almost inaccessible.
From here, the river flows down in a south-westerly direction and joins with another unknown river at a place just above Lachung village.
The tributary river is also a slender one with little water in the winter.
The river continues its course downwards through the Lachung valley till it meets River Lachen near Chungthang.
After the confluence, it takes the name of River Teesta and flows further down.
It becomes wider while travelling to Singhik and drops from altitude of .
At Singhik another tributary river joins it, called the Talung Chug.
After this point the river flows to Dikchu through a deep ravine and drops to a height of .
Then it cambers and reaches Singtam, which is at a height of .
After Rangpo, the Teesta widens and meets the River Rangeet at Melli Bazaar.
The Lachung is perennial and receives its water from the melting waters of snow in the mountains of the Himalayan Range.
The water in the river is at its maximum in summer and during the monsoon.
The rainfall also adds to the water content.
During the months of winter, the water flow decreases significantly.
The Lachung has one main tributary, with which it unites near Lachung village.
The water of the river is crystal clear and pure.
The sparkling waters are the major source of living in the surrounding villages.
There are a number of waterfalls and subsidiary streams across this river.
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Johnson C. Smith University (JCSU) is a private, co-ed, historically black four-year research university in the heart of Charlotte, North Carolina, United States.
It is affiliated with the Presbyterian Church and is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS), National Council for the Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), Association of Collegiate Business Schools and Programs (ACBSP), and Council on Social Work Accreditation (CSWE).
The school awards Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Social Work and Master of Social Work, degrees to its graduates.
Johnson C. Smith University was established on April 7, 1867 as the Biddle Memorial Institute at a meeting of the Catawba Presbytery in the old Charlotte Presbyterian Church.
Mary D. Biddle, a churchwoman, donated $1,400 to the school.
In appreciation of this first contribution, friends requested Mrs. Biddle to name the newly established school after her late husband, Henry Biddle.
Two ministers, Samuel C. Alexander and Willis L. Miller, saw the need for a school in the south and after the birth of the school they were elected as some of the first teachers.
Its coordinate women's school was "Scotia Seminary" (now Barber-Scotia College).
In 1876, the charter was changed by the legislature of the State of North Carolina and the name became Biddle University, under which name the institution operated until 1923.
In 1891, Biddle University elected Daniel J. Sanders as the first African-American as President of a four-year institute in the south.
From 1921 to 1922, Jane Berry Smith donated funds to build a theological dormitory, a science hall, a teachers' cottage and a memorial gate.
She also provided an endowment for the institution in memory of her late husband, Johnson C. Smith.
Up until her death she donated funds for five more buildings and a campus church.
In recognition of these generous benefactions, the Board of Trustees voted to change the name of the institution to Johnson C. Smith University.
The charter of the school, accordingly, was amended on March 1, 1923, by the legislature of the State of North Carolina.
In 1924, James B. Duke established the Duke Endowment.
While the largest share of that the endowment's earnings are allocated to support Duke University, Duke's donation required that 4% of its earnings be given to the university.
Over the years, this share of the Endowment's distributions has exceeded $90 million.
In 1932, the university's charter was amended, providing for the admission of women.
The 65-year-old institution for men then became partially coeducational.
The first residence hall for women, named in memory of James B. Duke, was dedicated in 1940.
In 1941, women were admitted to the freshman class.
In 1942, the university was a fully coeducational institution.
JCSU joined the United Negro College Fund in 1944 as a founding member.
This fund was organized primarily to help church-related schools of higher learning to revamp their training programs, to expand their physical plants, to promote faculty growth and to create new areas of service.
Biddle Memorial Hall is on the National Register of Historic Places.
Johnson C. Smith University offers 24 degree options for undergraduates and one graduate degree.
Students earn their degree through one of three colleges – the College of Arts and Letters, the College of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) and the College of Professional Studies.
The Robert L. Albright Honors College is available to qualified high-achieving undergraduate students at JCSU.
The college is named after the 11th president of the university.
Metropolitan College offers undergraduate adult degree programs for adults that enhance their opportunities for career advancement and success.
Metropolitan College provides adults with flexible, convenient schedules and a variety of course styles including on-campus and online courses, as well as our Flex-Option for courses that include both online and in-class instruction.
Metropolitan College offers evening programs for adults in Criminology, Social Work and Business Administration.
Johnson C. Smith University offers a 3+3 partnership with Charlotte School of Law.
Students complete 3 years at Johnson C. Smith and then enroll in law school, completing both a bachelor's degree and JD in 6 years.
All of the National Pan-Hellenic Council organizations currently have chapters at Johnson C. Smith University.
These organizations are:
Other organizations include:
Student-athletes compete in intercollegiate and intramural athletics.
JCSU is a member of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Division II and the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association (CIAA).
Its intercollegiate sports programs include basketball, bowling, cross-country, football, golf, softball, volleyball, tennis, and track and field.
Its teams are nicknamed the Golden Bulls.
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Mavis Wilton (also Riley) is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera, "Coronation Street", played by Thelma Barlow.
A long-running series regular, Mavis appeared in the show for 26 years from 1971 to 1997.
Introduced for a one-off cameo appearance, she proved popular with producers and viewers and subsequently became a regular.
Mavis was portrayed as moralising, repressed, and dithering, and often appeared in comic scenes with her boss Rita Sullivan or her husband Derek Wilton.
She was generally well received by critics, described as a national institution and one of "Coronation Street's" best loved characters, an old-fashioned spinster.
Barlow has been praised for her portrayal of Mavis, a character notably spoofed by impressionist Les Dennis during the 1980s.
Barlow decided to leave "Coronation Street" in 1997; her character left to run a guest house in Cartmel following the death of her husband.
Barlow has said that the producers of "Coronation Street" repeatedly asked her to return as Mavis, but she declined.
Born in Weatherfield, Mavis was brought up in Grange-over-Sands where her parents, despite being teetotal, ran an off-licence.
Mavis first appears in "Coronation Street" in 1971 at Emily Nugent (Eileen Derbyshire) and Ernest Bishop's (Stephen Hancock) engagement party, as a friend/colleague of Emily's from the mail order warehouse and is invited to be a bridesmaid at the wedding.
She is initially employed as a receptionist at the local vet and then as an assistant in the corner shop, but takes a job offered by Rita Littlewood (Barbara Knox) at The Kabin newsagents, 14 Rosamund Street.
Mavis and Rita are complete opposites – Rita sexy and self-assured, Mavis mouse-like and dowdy – but they get on well and become friends.
Rita often despairs at Mavis's choices in life, particularly when it comes to men.
Rita's dominance over Mavis seems like bullying to outsiders, but she is only thinking of Mavis's best interests.
In 1973, Mavis starts dating the equally shy Jerry Booth (Graham Haberfield), but it remains platonic.
Jerry dies of a heart attack in 1975 before being able to express his romantic intentions.
She meets salesman Derek Wilton (Peter Baldwin) the following year.
They date, but the relationship is strained by Derek's interfering mother, who believes that Mavis is not good enough for her son.
The relationship remains non-committal until 1983, when another man competes for Mavis's hand, the artistic Victor Pendlebury (Christopher Coll).
Mavis is torn as she likes both but chooses Derek in the end.
On their wedding day in 1984 Mavis has second thoughts about marrying Derek and jilts him at the altar.
Her guilt turns to indignation when she learns that Derek – feeling the same way she does – did not attend the ceremony either.
Derek goes on to an unhappy marriage with Angela Hawthorne (Diane Fletcher), but in 1986 he begins wooing Mavis again, realizing he made a mistake when he let her go.
Mavis eventually decides Derek is the man for her and the couple marry in September 1988.
The other residents of Coronation Street consider Mavis and Derek something of a joke, but neither care as they are genuinely in love.
They spend evenings reading aloud to each other and discussing the events of the day.
They remain happy despite the occasional problem, but their happiness is cut short in 1997 when Derek dies suddenly of a heart attack after a road rage incident.
Devastated, at his funeral Mavis chastises those who mocked her marriage over the years.
Living in Weatherfield without Derek proves too difficult for Mavis.
She surprises Rita when she suggests that they should move away and go into business together.
They discuss the possibility of running a guest house in Cartmel, a village in the Lake District.
Rita considers it but both realize that a partnership would not work.
Mavis goes without her, buying a guest house and leaving Weatherfield in October 1997.
She and Rita bid each other an emotional farewell, ending a partnership of 25 years.
Mavis Riley's 1971 cameo appearance proved to be a hit with viewers, persuading the producers of "Coronation Street" to make her a regular character.
It has been reported that Barlow based her portrayal of Mavis on a woman she had seen working in Granada studios (where "Coronation Street" is filmed) as well as "dozens of northern women she had seen battered into submission by worry".
Discussing the woman who inspired Mavis's characterisation, Barlow said, "She had a strong core, but didn't show it.
She was desperate to be liked but she didn't want to appear pushy."
Discussing her character, Barlow described Mavis as a "soppy thing", adding "she had great integrity, and she was a very loyal person.
She would stick by her morality.
She was a mouse to begin with, and then she met [her future husband] Derek and ... she learnt to be quite tough."
In Daran Little's book "The Coronation Street Story" Mavis is described as a "very creative person".
She often met men through her creative endeavours, but her status as a spinster often led to feelings of bitterness, and she resented that her friend Emily had married two men before she had married once.
Her lack of male attention led Mavis to be labelled the "eternal virgin" of "Coronation Street".
The serial's New Zealand broadcaster TVNZ described her as "flighty and romantic".
The character has been discussed in a variety of publications.
Hilary Kingsley in her book "Soapbox" discusses Mavis's reticent and moralistic personality as seen in her drinking habits: Mavis drinks fruit juices, but on special occasions sweet sherry: "two for Mavis is one too many" says Kingsley.
In a 1983 issue of "New Statesman" magazine, Mavis is described as having a face that is "never quite sure of its own shape".
The author describes the storyline featuring Mavis facing the prospect of a trial marriage or losing her boyfriend as an example of the "either-or situations" into which soap opera is "forever ensnaring its characters".
An article in the "Evening Standard" said Mavis was "meek and mild" and "would not say boo to a budgie".
In the same newspaper Mark Walton-Cook discusses Mavis's style, stating: "I keep picturing Corrie's Mavis Riley twittering and clutching at the high neck of a securely fastened polyester blouse with a tasteful cameo brooch".
Mavis was frequently used to provide comic relief; she has been dubbed one of "Coronation Street's" comedy stars, well known for her catchphrase, "ooh, I don't really know".
Susan Purdie writes that Mavis's storylines and persona often "hover between pathos and comedy".
The critic David Meade agrees, noting that Mavis was "a permanent mourner-in-waiting".
Sean-Day Lewis describes Mavis as "muddled and mousy", while Dennis Joseph Enright calls her a moralistic shop assistant who "no one takes very seriously".
She was often spoofed by comedian Les Dennis in the 1980s; the character featured along with Dustin Gee's impression of Vera Duckworth in a variety of sketch shows.
The producers of the show decided to pair Mavis with Rita Fairclough (Barbara Knox) by giving her a job in Rita's corner shop; the characters' relationship has been described as a chalk and cheese comedy partnership.
Christine Geraghty has cited Mavis and Rita's friendship as an example of a soap opera portraying an important, stable, intimate female relationship: "Rita is Mavis's boss, but she is also one of her closest friends".
A spinster for many years, Mavis resisted the advances of men, often too shy to allow dating to progress beyond the initial stages of courtship.
Ian Randall comments that "Many a man has been smitten with Mavis Riley, but unfortunately she always seemed to attract the drippier of the male species".
In 1976 a love interest was introduced for Mavis in the form of Derek Wilton (Peter Baldwin), but it was more than a decade before the couple finally married in 1988, after simultaneously jilting each other four years earlier.
Barbara Knox, who plays Rita, said, "She [Mavis] was quite a tough little character.
You know, a lot of girls would have gone through with [the wedding], and she stuck to her guns and said 'No, no this isn't right.'
Again, dithering and weepy, but she was tough enough to do it.
That scene [where Rita supports her decision to jilt Derek] is reflective of the two of them.
That was the essence of the friendship, they stuck up for each other and [were] great friends, all the way through."
Richard Dyer perceives the Mavis and Derek characters to be as "shy physically" as one another, whereas Kathryn Hone, writing in "The Sunday Times", considers Derek "even more dithering than Mavis".
Nevertheless the on-screen relationship between the couple progresses quickly, despite the interference of Derek's mother.
Actors Thelma Barlow and Peter Baldwin had worked together before their casting as Derek and Mavis, and the two became close friends.
Derek and Mavis have been described by "What's on TV" as "an old-fashioned pair who were made for each other", and were typically featured in comic storylines, such as one in 1995 that saw their garden gnome kidnapped and transported around the world; Derek and Mavis received pictures of the gnome in various exotic locations, sent to them with ransom notes.
It transpired that the kidnapper was Derek's friend Norris Cole (Malcolm Hebden).
The "Daily Record" labelled this storyline one of "Coronation Street's Classic Comic Moments" in 2008.
Marilyn J. Matelski cites Mavis and Derek Wilton as examples of clever naming, in that the serial had created a fitting image of the characters before viewers even saw them together.
Barlow decided to leave the role of Mavis in 1997, having played it for 26 years.
It was reported that she had quit following the axing of Peter Baldwin, who played her screen husband Derek Wilton.
At the time "Coronation Street" was undergoing off-screen changes following the introduction of a new executive producer, Brian Park, dubbed "the axeman" in the press after he culled many characters from the regular cast.
The actress Jean Alexander, who played the character of Hilda Ogden in the serial, went to the press in protest at the news.
She wrote: "Peter Baldwin and Thelma Barlow were a wonderfully funny couple, but they've killed off Derek and now Mavis is about to leave.
Even all the humour has been taken out of scenes between Mavis and Rita."
Park suggested that when he took over as head producer there was a general feeling among the programme-makers that "Derek and Mavis had had their day".
Barlow has stated her belief that the producers killed off Derek as a result of her own desire to leave.
She said: "It was sort of cruel, really; I mean, they could have killed Mavis off.
It was a new director and a new producer, and they wanted to make a big news splash.
It was very hard for Peter [who played Derek]."
The village of Cartmel, near Grange-over-Sands, enjoyed a boost in tourism attributed to the exposure given to it by Mavis's storyline.
In 2002 producers asked Barlow to return as Mavis, but she was too busy.
In 2006 Barlow claimed that she had again been asked to return to "Coronation Street", but had refused as she felt the storylines were not good enough for Mavis.
Barlow stated in 2007 that she is unlikely to return, because she would be unable to cope with the accelerated production schedule of one more episode a week since her last appearance in 1997.
Executive producer Kim Crowther said in 2009 that she would have liked Mavis to return to the serial.
Brian Meade of the "Daily Mirror" has suggested that Mavis was a "national institution" who enriched the life of millions.
In the Scottish newspaper "The Herald" Alison Kerr listed Mavis as one of the female characters that in her opinion have been "the real pivot" in the serial, "ever ready with a sympathetic word".
An article in the "Huddersfield Daily Examiner" said that Mavis was one of "Coronation Street's" best-loved characters, describing her as timid and "clad in sensible cardigan and shoes".
Jules Stenson writing in "The People" said that Mavis was much like the previous character Minnie Caldwell (Margot Bryant): they were both "easily bullied" and, like Minnie, Mavis seemed to be "on the shelf for life" until her marriage to Derek.
In Meade's opinion, Mavis gave a name to and represented a certain type of woman: "A 1940s spinster with a 1940s head who's looked 50 since birth.
A "Woman's Realm" made flesh.
And you have a name for her.
She's a Mavis ... Mavis Riley was a masterpiece of observation".
His opinion was shared by Gerlinde Frey-Vor and Julia Hallam, who consider Mavis to be a "model for a spinsterly type of woman".
Brian Meade suggested that Barlow had "honed a comic gem until it cut into the national consciousness" in her characterisation of Mavis, likening her to other successful TV characters like Basil Fawlty, Del Boy Trotter and Alf Garnett.
Meade applauded Barlow for staying true to Mavis's character for 26 years, "sustaining the most timid, world-weary of women with remarkable consistency.
Try to recall her great lines and you are stumped.
Every sentence she whimpered seemed to begin with 'Ooh Derek' and end with: 'Well, I don't really know, but he suggested that she had graced some of "Coronation Street's" "finest scenes", pointing to Mavis and Rita's spoof of a Laurel and Hardy act as one example.
The character received various accolades over the years.
At the "TV Times" "Corrie Awards", Mavis and Derek were nominated for "Best Couple", and Susannah Clapp listed Mavis in "The Observer"'s "10 best "Coronation Street" characters" list.
Clapp said "Thelma Barlow played [Mavis], with exceptional delicacy, in a variety of pastel pinnies, for 26 years."
She concluded that she had a "tumultuous relationship with her soulmate, Derek".
When Barlow quit the role as Mavis in 1997, various "Coronation Street" stars praised her contribution: Sherrie Hewson (who played Maureen Holdsworth) said "Thelma's a wonderful lady and a superb actress.
We'll miss her"; Michael Le Vell (Kevin Webster) said "Thelma's quality as an actress shone through for everyone to see after the death of Derek"; Peter Baldwin (Derek) said "It has made a difference to the programme and the departure of Derek and now Mavis is going to upset a lot of viewers".
Mavis has been praised for providing "Coronation Street" with much comic relief via her partnerships with Rita and Derek.
Reflecting on Mavis and Derek's partnership in 2010, Paul Vallely of "The Independent" said that they were an example of a "great double act", but he noted that they could not survive in the serial after it became focused on "dramatic storylines".
Mavis has remained a popular and well-loved character.
In 2010, thirteen years after her departure, Darren Fitzgerald wrote in "The Sentinel" (Stoke-on-Trent) that he wanted to see Mavis return to the serial and that he would have written out half of the cast and brought her back as a replacement.
But Mavis has also been criticised: Jack Kibble-White, writing for MSN, called Mavis and Derek a "pathetic couple", suggesting that their gnome plot was one of the serial's most bizarre.
|
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Larry Robert Eustachy (born December 1, 1955) is an American college basketball coach who is the current men's basketball head coach at Colorado State University.
Previously, he had been head coach of the men's basketball teams at Idaho (1990–1993), Utah State (1993–1998), Iowa State (1998–2003), and Southern Mississippi (2004–2012).
Eustachy won the AP National Coach of the Year after leading Iowa State to the Elite Eight in the 2000 NCAA Tournament.
Eustachy was the head coach at Idaho from 1990 through 1993.
He led the Vandals to the 1993 Big Sky regular season championship.
He took over the reins in Logan in 1993 and had a very successful five year stretch at the Utah State University.
His teams won the Big West regular season three times and won the Big West Tournament in 1998.
Eustachy was named head coach at Iowa State in 1998 after Tim Floyd resigned to become head coach of the Chicago Bulls.
Following a lackluster first season, Eustachy led the Cyclones to the best season in school history in 1999-2000.
The Cyclones won a school record 32 games and came within one game of the Final Four.
After leading the Cyclones to a second straight Big 12 Conference title in 2001, Eustachy signed a contract extension that, with incentives, made him the highest-paid state employee in Iowa.
On April 28, 2003, "The Des Moines Register" carried pictures of Eustachy kissing several young women and holding a beer at a party near the University of Missouri's campus just hours after the Tigers defeated Eustachy's Cyclones on January 22.
The "Register" also reported that Eustachy had been seen at a fraternity party at Kansas State hours after his team lost to the Wildcats.
On April 30, 2003, athletic director Bruce Van De Velde suspended Eustachy with pay and recommended that he be fired for violating a morals clause in his contract.
Eustachy held a press conference in which he apologized for his behavior and admitted he had recently begun rehab treatment for alcoholism.
Eustachy initially indicated he would contest the suspension.
Instead, on May 5, he announced his resignation.
During the scandal, the "Register" reported that Iowa State documents showed that the NCAA cited Eustachy for rules violations related to paying players, including Jackson Vroman, for making free throws.
On March 25, 2004, after a year out of coaching, Eustachy was hired as head coach at Southern Miss.
On January 9, 2008, he took a leave of absence to be with his ailing mother.
Following the 2008–09 season, he returned his $25,000 bonus from the university, saying that after a disappointing season, he did not feel as though he had earned it.
In 2011, Southern Miss finished the season 21–10, 9–7 in Conference USA play.
The team failed to receive a bid to the NCAA Tournament and turned down invites to the CBI and CIT.
On February 25, 2012, Eustachy recorded his 400th career victory.
On April 12, 2012, Eustachy left Southern Miss and was introduced as the 19th head basketball coach in Colorado State history, replacing Tim Miles who had left for Nebraska.
Eustachy inherited a senior-laden 2012–13 roster that featured four returning starters and Minnesota-transfer Colton Iverson.
The Rams were coming off a 20–12 season in which they made the NCAA Tournament and lost to Murray State in the second round.
CSU greatly improved in rebounding and defensively, leading to a historic season for the program.
CSU cracked the top 25 rankings for the first time since 1954 during the season.
At 11–5 the Rams finished second in the Mountain West, their highest finish in program history.
For the second straight year, the Rams earned an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament, this time as a No.
8 seed against Missouri.
The Rams defeated the Tigers 84–72 to give Eustachy his first NCAA Tournament win since the Elite Eight run at Iowa State.
It was CSU's first Tournament win since 1989 and a program record 26th win.
CSU lost in the third round to top-seeded Louisville, ending the season 26-9.
In August 2013, Eustachy signed a new contract to become the highest paid coach in the Mountain West Conference.
He has a base salary of $910,000 per year and will increase by two percent each following season, along with bonuses on top of it.
On January 7, 2017, Eustachy recorded his 500th career victory.
On March 5, 2017, Eustachy was named Mountain West Conference Coach of the year after leading a CSU team with only seven available players to a second place conference finish in the MWC.
Eustachy came under controversy again in February 2017 when records coming from a Colorado State-led investigation revealed that from 2013-14, he had created a culture of fear and intimidation by emotionally and verbally abusing his players and even his assistant coaches.
Many people, including former Colorado State athletic director Jack Graham, who had hired Eustachy in 2012, called for him to be fired.
Despite this, Eustachy remained at Colorado State after the investigation and was ordered by the school to attend anger management sessions and to apologize to his team.
In addition, he was given a zero-tolerance policy for his actions and any violation of said policy would result in him being fired.
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A balance spring, or hairspring, is a spring attached to the balance wheel in mechanical timepieces.
It causes the balance wheel to oscillate with a resonant frequency when the timepiece is running, which controls the speed at which the wheels of the timepiece turn, and thus the rate of movement of the hands.
A regulator lever is often fitted, which can be used to alter the free length of the spring and thereby adjust the rate of the timepiece.
The balance spring is a fine spiral or helical torsion spring used in mechanical watches, alarm clocks, kitchen timers, marine chronometers, and other timekeeping mechanisms to control the rate of oscillation of the balance wheel.
The balance spring is an essential adjunct to the balance wheel, causing it to oscillate back and forth.
The balance spring and balance wheel together form a harmonic oscillator, which oscillates with a precise period or "beat" resisting external disturbances, and is responsible for timekeeping accuracy.
The addition of the balance spring to the balance wheel around 1657 by Robert Hooke and Christiaan Huygens greatly increased the accuracy of portable timepieces, transforming early pocketwatches from expensive novelties to useful timekeepers.
Improvements to the balance spring are responsible for further large increases in accuracy since that time.
Modern balance springs are made of special low temperature coefficient alloys like nivarox to reduce the effects of temperature changes on the rate, and carefully shaped to minimize the effect of changes in drive force as the mainspring runs down.
Before the 1980s, balance wheels and balance springs were used in virtually every portable timekeeping device, but in recent decades electronic quartz timekeeping technology has replaced mechanical clockwork, and the major remaining use of balance springs is in mechanical watches.
There is some dispute as to whether it was invented around 1660 by British physicist Robert Hooke or Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens, with the likelihood being that Hooke first had the idea, but Huygens built the first functioning watch that used a balance spring.
Before that time, balance wheels or foliots without springs were used in clocks and watches, but they were very sensitive to fluctuations in the driving force, causing the timepiece to slow down as the mainspring unwound.
The introduction of the balance spring effected an enormous increase in the accuracy of pocketwatches, from perhaps several hours per day to 10 minutes per day, making them useful timekeepers for the first time.
The first balance springs had only a few turns.
A few early watches had a Barrow regulator, which used a worm drive, but the first widely used regulator was invented by Thomas Tompion around 1680.
In the Tompion regulator the curb pins were mounted on a semicircular toothed rack, which was adjusted by fitting a key to a cog and turning it.
The modern regulator, a lever pivoted concentrically with the balance wheel, was patented by Joseph Bosley in 1755, but it didn't replace the Tompion regulator until the early 19th century.
In order to adjust the rate, the balance spring usually has a "regulator".
The regulator is a moveable lever mounted on the balance cock or bridge, pivoted coaxially with the balance.
A narrow slot is formed on one end of the regulator by two downward projecting pins, called curb pins, or by a curb pin and a pin with a heavier section called a boot.
The end of the outer turn of the balance spring is fixed in a stud which is secured to the balance cock.
The outer turn of the spring then passes through the regulator slot.
The portion of the spring between the stud and the slot is held stationary, so the position of the slot controls the free length of the spring.
Moving the regulator slides the slot along the outer turn of the spring, changing its effective length.
Moving the slot away from the stud shortens the spring, making it stiffer, increasing the balance's oscillation rate, and making the timepiece gain time.
The regulator interferes slightly with the motion of the spring, causing inaccuracy, so precision timepieces like marine chronometers and some high end watches are "free sprung", meaning they don't have a regulator.
Instead, their rate is adjusted by timing screws on the balance wheel.
There are two principal types of Balance Spring Regulator.
***LIST***.
There is also a "Hog's Hair" or "Pig's Bristle" regulator, in which stiff fibres are positioned at the extremities of the Balance's arc, and bring it to a gentle halt before throwing it back.
The Watch is accelerated by shortening the arc.
This is not a Balance Spring Regulator, being used in the earliest Watches before the Balance Spring was invented.
There is also a Barrow Regulator, but this is really the earlier of the two principal methods of giving the Mainspring "set-up tension"; that required to keep the Fusee chain in tension but not enough to actually drive the Watch.
Verge Watches can be regulated by adjusting the set-up tension, but if any of the previously described Regulators is present then this is not usually done.
A number of materials have been used for balance springs.
Early on, steel was used, but without any hardening or tempering process applied; as a result, these springs would gradually weaken and the watch would start losing time.
Some watchmakers, for example John Arnold, used gold, which avoids the problem of corrosion but retains the problem of gradual weakening.
Hardened and tempered steel was first used by John Harrison and subsequently remained the material of choice until the 20th century.
In 1833, E. J. Dent (maker of the Great Clock of the Houses of Parliament) experimented with a glass balance spring.
This was much less affected by heat than steel, reducing the compensation required, and also didn't rust.
Other trials with glass springs revealed that they were difficult and expensive to make, and they suffered from a widespread perception of fragility, which persisted until the time of fibreglass and fibre-optic materials.
The modulus of elasticity of materials is dependent on temperature.
For most materials, this temperature coefficient is large enough that variations in temperature significantly affect the timekeeping of a balance wheel and balance spring.
The earliest makers of watches with balance springs, such as Robert Hooke and Christiaan Huygens, observed this effect without finding a solution to it.
John Harrison, in the course of his development of the marine chronometer, solved the problem by a "compensation curb" – essentially a bimetallic thermometer which adjusted the effective length of the balance spring as a function of temperature.
While this scheme worked well enough to allow Harrison to meet the standards set by the Longitude Act, it was not widely adopted.
Around 1765, Pierre Le Roy (son of Julien Le Roy) invented the compensation balance, which became the standard approach for temperature compensation in watches and chronometers.
In this approach, the shape of the balance is altered, or adjusting weights are moved on the spokes or rim of the balance, by a temperature-sensitive mechanism.
This changes the moment of inertia of the balance wheel, and the change is adjusted such that it compensates for the change in modulus of elasticity of the balance spring.
The compensating balance design of Thomas Earnshaw, which consists simply of a balance wheel with bimetallic rim, became the standard solution for temperature compensation.
While the compensating balance was effective as a way to compensate for the effect of temperature on the balance spring, it could not provide a complete solution.
The basic design suffers from "middle temperature error": if the compensation is adjusted to be exact at extremes of temperature, then it will be slightly off at temperatures between those extremes.
Various "auxiliary compensation" mechanisms were designed to avoid this, but they all suffer from being complex and hard to adjust.
Around 1900, a fundamentally different solution was created by Charles Édouard Guillaume, inventor of elinvar.
This is a nickel-steel alloy with the property that the modulus of elasticity is essentially unaffected by temperature.
A watch fitted with an elinvar balance spring requires either no temperature compensation at all, or very little.
This simplifies the mechanism, and it also means that middle temperature error is eliminated as well, or at a minimum is drastically reduced.
A balance spring obeys Hooke's Law: the restoring torque is proportional to the angular displacement.
When this property is exactly satisfied, the balance spring is said to be "isochronous", and the period of oscillation is independent of the amplitude of oscillation.
This is an essential property for accurate timekeeping, because no mechanical drive train can provide absolutely constant driving force.
This is particularly true in watches and portable clocks which are powered by a mainspring, which provides a diminishing drive force as it unwinds.
Another cause of varying driving force is friction, which varies as the lubricating oil ages.
Early watchmakers empirically found approaches to make their balance springs isochronous.
For example, John Arnold in 1776 patented a helical (cylindrical) form of the balance spring, in which the ends of the spring were coiled inwards.
In 1861 M. Phillips published a theoretical treatment of the problem.
He demonstrated that a balance spring whose center of gravity coincides with the axis of the balance wheel is isochronous.
In general practice, the most common method of achieving isochronism is through the use of the Breguet overcoil, which places part of the outermost turn of the hairspring in a different plane from the rest of the spring.
This allows the hairspring to "breathe" more evenly and symmetrically.
Two types of overcoils are found - the gradual overcoil and the Z-Bend.
The gradual overcoil is obtained by imposing two gradual twists to the hairspring, forming the rise to the second plane over half the circumference.
The Z-bend does this by imposing two kinks of complementary 45 degree angles, accomplishing a rise to the second plane in about three spring section heights.
The second method is done for aesthetic reasons and is much more difficult to perform.
Due to the difficulty with forming an overcoil, modern watches often use a slightly less effective "dogleg", which uses a series of sharp bends (in plane) to place part of the outermost coil out of the way of the rest of the spring.
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Sea Dragon is a side-scrolling game for the TRS-80 computer, written by Wayne Westmoreland and Terry Gilman, and released in 1982 by Adventure International.
It was one of the most popular games for the TRS-80.
Its success on the TRS-80 led to ports to the Apple II, Atari 8-bit family, Commodore 64, IBM PC, and the TRS-80 Color Computer.
The gameplay is similar to the "Scramble" arcade game, although the ending is more reminiscent of "Phoenix".
In 1995, Wayne Westmoreland released the game into the public domain.
The player controls a submarine that can shoot torpedoes both forwards and upwards.
The gameplay involves navigating "past underwater mountains and through labyrinthine passages while avoiding webs of explosive mines that rise from the sea bottom.
Additional dangers include mine-dropping ships, enemy attack stations, falling stalactites, and deadly lasers—any of which could keep you from your ultimate goal: destruction of the incredibly powerful nuclear reactor at the end of the undersea course."
(Adventure International catalog, 1982)
The Apple II version uses digitized voice that says "Sea Dragon!"
When the user starts the game, he or she is told, "Captain!
Your ship's computer is now ready.
Please wait while I initialize systems!
", and during the game will be informed, "Air level critical!
", and "Approaching maximum damage!"
The use of speech was a novelty, as the Apple II speaker is only able to emit a one-bit click.
Programming "Sea Dragon" to play back an audio sample is a technical achievement shared with "Castle Wolfenstein" (1981), "Dung Beetles" (1982), "Creepy Corridors" (1982), and "Plasmania" (1982).
The Color Computer version is the only other version that features speech; it says "Welcome aboard, Captain!"
on the title screen.
Writing for "Video" magazine in 1983, Ivan Berger noted that "Sea Dragon"s graphics were dominated by "simple patterns and primary colors".
This Berger contrasted with the "more subtle colors and shadings that go into professional animation", however Berger noted that while "Sea Dragon" was emblematic in this regard, the chromatic and graphical simplicity of the game was endemic to the home computer game medium.
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Keshab Chandra Sen (, "Keshob Chôndro Shen") (19 November 1838 – 8 January 1884) was an Indian Bengali Hindu philosopher and social reformer who attempted to incorporate Christian theology within the framework of Hindu thought.
Born a Hindu, he became a member of the Brahmo Samaj in 1856 but founded his own breakaway "Brahmo Samaj of India" in 1866 while the Brahmo Samaj remained under the leadership of Maharshi Debendranath Tagore (who headed the Brahmo Samaj till his death in 1905).
In 1878 his followers abandoned him after the underage child marriage of his daughter which exposed his campaign against child marriage as hollow.
Later in his life he came under the influence of Ramakrishna and founded a syncretic "New Dispensation" or "Nôbobidhan" inspired by Christianity, and "Vaishnav" "bhakti", and Hindu practices.
Keshab Chandra Sen was born on 19 November 1838 into an affluent Vaidya family of Calcutta (now Kolkata).
His family originally belonged to Gariffa village on the banks of the river Hooghly.
His grandfather was Ramkamal Sen (1783–1844), a well known pro-sati Hindu activist and lifelong opponent of Ram Mohan Roy His father Peary Mohan Sen died when he was ten, and Sen was brought up by his uncle.
As a boy, he attended the Bengali Pathshala elementary school and later attended Hindu Metropolitan College in 1845.
He had at ten children, five sons — Karuna, Nirmal, Profullo, Saral and Subrata and five daughters — Suniti, Savitri, Sucharu, Monica and Sujata.
He was a friend of Rabindranath Tagore.
One of her granddaughters, Naina Devi (1917-1993), daughter of Saral Sen, became a noted classical singer.
In 1855 he founded an evening school for the children of working men, which continued through 1858.
In 1855, he became Secretary to the Goodwill Fraternity, a Masonic lodge associated with the Unitarian Rev.Charles Dall and a Christian missionary Rev.
James Long who also helped Sen establish a "British Indian Association" in the same year.
Around this time he began to be attracted to the ideas of the Brahmo Samaj.
Keshab Sen was also briefly appointed as Secretary of the Asiatic Society in 1854.
For a short time thereafter Sen was also a clerk in the Bank of Bengal, but resigned his post to devote himself exclusively to literature and philosophy.
On this, Professor Oman who knew him well writes, "Endowed with an emotional temperament, earnest piety, a gift of ready speech and a strong leaven of vanity, Keshub Chunder Sen found the sober, monotonous duties of a bank clerk intolerable, and very soon sought a more congenial field for the exercise of his abilities."
and he formally joined the Brahma Samaj in 1859.
Keshab Chandra Sen and his wife Jagonmohini Sen had ten children, five sons, Karuna Chandra Sen, Nirmal Chandra Sen, Prafulla Chandra Sen, Saral Chandra Sen, Dr. Subroto Sen and five daughters Suniti Devi (Maharani of Cooch Behar), Sabitri Devi, Sucharu Devi (Maharani of Mayurbhanj), Monica Devi and Sujata Devi.
In 1857 Sen again took employment in clerkship, this time as private secretary to Dwijendranath Tagore and joined the Brahmo Samaj.
In 1859, Sen dedicated himself to the organisational work of the Brahmo Samaj and in 1862 was assigned, by Hemendranath Tagore, a stipendary ministry ("Acharya") of one of its worship houses despite being a non-Brahmin (previously a "Shudra" untouchable had been made an "Acharya" by Debendranath Tagore).
In 1858, left his home in Coolootola and took refuge in the Jorasanko House of the Tagore family when the patriarch of the family was then away.
In 1862 Sen helped found the Albert College and wrote articles for the "Indian Mirror", a weekly journal of the Calcutta Brahmo Samaj in which social and moral subjects were debated.
In 1863 he wrote "The Brahma Samaj Vindicated".
He strongly criticized Christianity and traveled about the country lecturing and preaching that the Brahmo Samaj was intended to revitalize Hindu religion through use of ancient Hindu sources and the authority of the Vedas.
By 1865, however, Sen was convinced that only Christian doctrine could bring new life to Hindu society.
In November 1865 he was caused to leave the Brahma Samaj after "an open break with its founder Debendranath Tagore" over Christian practices in Brahmoism, and the next year (1866) with encouragement of the Unitarian preacher Charles Dall he joined another new organisation "BharatBarshiya Brohmo Samaj" (Brohmo Samaj of India) as its Secretary (the President being "God").
Tagore's Brahmo Samaj then quickly purged itself of Sen's Christian teaching and encouraged being described as "Adi Brahmo Samaj" to distinguish it from Sen's deliberately eponymous version.
In 1866 Sen delivered an address on "Jesus Christ, Europe and Asia", in which he proclaimed that "India would be for Christ alone who already stalks the land" and which fostered the impression that he was about to embrace Christianity.
Professor Oman writes "From the time of his secession from the parent Society, Keshub by his writings and public lectures enlisted the sympathies of the Viceroy, Sir John Lawrence, who took a deep interest in the work of the native reformer, particularly as Keshub had spoken publicly of Christ in terms which seemed to justify the belief that he was Christian in all but open profession of the faith. "
This drew attention to him and in 1870 he journeyed to England where he remained for six months.
The reception in England disappointed him, as he records much later in a letter to Max Muller
In 1870 Keshab introduced a new doctrine into his Church "Love for the Sovereign".
Perceiving Christianity as a model tradition from which the Indians could learn, Keshab became convinced that the British presence in India served a divine purpose for the Indian people.
At his historic 1870 meeting with the queen he expressed his acceptance of British rule which pleased the British.
This theological stand against Indian nationalism (then being propounded by the Brahmos under Hemendranath Tagore's new doctrine of "Brahmos embrace the co-existence of Brahmo principles with governance, but oppose all governance in conflict with Brahmo principles.")
made Keshab the target of tremendous criticism at home.
The passage of the Special Marriages Act in 1872, caused great resentment among Brahmos that Sen had caused an inherent break with the Brahmo Dharma compiled by Maharshi Debendranath and forever associated with Tagore's Adi Brahmo Samaj.
A powerful section of "the Brahmo Samaj within the Brahmo Samaj of India" and with reformist views more advanced than Keshub's, especially on women's education and upliftment, now openly complained that they were left with no religious status whatsoever other than to turn to Christ like their leader, which was distasteful to them or return to Brahmo Dharma's fold in disgrace.
In 1873 Sen was caused to trenchantly counter this faction by the following speech:
Around 1875 Sen was involved in a public controversy with Annette Akroyd a prominent feminist and social reformer who had sailed to India in October 1872.
Akroyd was shocked by her discussions with Sen and felt that Sen, the rhetorician of women's education in England was a typical Hindu obscurantist back home in India, trying to keep knowledge from the minds of women.
This dispute spilled into the native press and had its impact on the Bethune School.
Akroyd was also dismayed with Sen's associates such as Bijoy Krishna Goswami, Aghore Nath Gupta and Gour Govinda Ray who were traditionally Hindu in educational background and resisting the education of women in British India.
He developed a tendency towards mysticism and a greater leaning to the spiritual teaching of the Indian philosophies.
He gave his daughter, Suniti Devi in marriage to Maharaja Nripendra Narayan of Cooch Behar; he revived the performance of mystical plays, and himself took part in one.
These changes alienated many of his followers, who deserted his standard and founded the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj in 1878.
Sen did what he could to reinvigorate his followers with new ideas and phrases, such as "The New Dispensation", the "Holy Spirit".
He also instituted a sacramental meal of rice and water similar to the Sikh system of "Amrit" (nectar) initiation for new converts.
He also attempted a wider appeal to Indians with a more mystical approach.
The Ethnographer General writes:- From about this period, or a little before, Keshub Chandar Sen appears to have attempted to make a wider appeal to Indians by developing the emotional side of his religion.
And he gradually relapsed from a pure unitarian theism into what was practically Hindu pantheism and the mysticism of the Yogis.
At the same time he came to consider himself an inspired prophet, and proclaimed himself as such."
One example of his new doctrines were described by Professor Oman:
In 1873 he brought forward the doctrine of Adesh or special inspiration, declaring emphatically that inspiration is not only possible, but a veritable fact in the lives of many devout souls in this age.
The following years witnessed a marked development of that essentially Asiatic and perhaps more especially Indian form of religious feeling, which finds its natural satisfaction in solitary ecstatic contemplation.
As a necessary consequence an order of devotees was established in 1876, divided into three main classes, which in ascending gradation were designated Shabaks, Bhaktas and Yogis.
The lowest class, divided into two sections, is devoted to religious study and the practical performance of religious duties, including doing good to others."
On his return to India he established the Indian Reform Association, which had five areas of activity: inexpensive literature, female improvement, education, temperance, and charity.
In two lectures delivered between 1881 and 1883 he shared his latest doctrines.
They were "That Marvelous Mystery — the Trinity" and "Asia's Message to Europe."
The latter is an eloquent plea against the Europeanizing of Asia, as well as a protest against Western sectarianism.
During the intervals of his last illness he wrote "The New Samhita, or the Sacred Laws of the Aryans of the New Dispensation".
He died on 8 January 1884.
His Hindu funeral was attended by over 2000 people.
In 1876 the then unknown Ramakrishna Paramhansa came looking for Sen and first met him at "Sadhan Kanan".
Ramakrishna's poor, rough, unconventional exterior had earlier repelled other Brahmo celebrities like Debendranath Tagore whom Ramakrishna had approached; and even Sen initially showed no affinity towards Ramakrishna's mysticism, and was hostile.
He was won over to Ramakrishna less by his teachings than by his manner, which Keshab Sen identified with the behavior of an authentic saint.
When Ramakrishna met him, Keshub had accepted Christianity, and had separated from the Brahmo Samaj.
Formerly, Keshub had rejected idolatry practised by his family, but after coming under Ramakrishna's influence Keshub again accepted Hindu polytheism and established the "New Dispensation" ("Nava Vidhan") religious movement, which was based on Ramakrishna's principles—"Worship of God as Mother", "All religions as true".
Keshub's acceptance of idolatry also created factions within his organization.
Keshub also publicized Ramakrishna's teachings in the journals of "New Dispensation" over a period of several years, which was instrumental in bringing Ramakrishna to the attention of a wider audience, especially the Bhadralok and the Europeans residing in India.
Ramakrishna too had deep respect for Keshub.
Ramakrishna, said of him shortly before his death that "the rose tree is to be transplanted because the gardener wants beautiful roses of him.".
Afterwards he said, "Half of me has perished."
Sen's primary quest was for a universal religion or belief-system.
Sen established a syncretic school of spiritualism, called the Nabo Bidhan or 'New Dispensation', which he intended to amalgamate the best principles of Christianity and of the western spiritual tradition with Hinduism.
His opponents felt that he had rejected completely the tenets of Brahmoism settled by Rammohun Roy (as cited by J.N.
Farquahar and other scholars), and in January, 1881, the New Dispensation was formally announced in the Sunday Mirror of 23 October:
Our position is not that truths are to be found in all religions ; but that all the established religions of the world are true.
There is a great deal of difference between the two assertions.
The glorious mission of the New Dispensation is to harmonise religions and revelations, to establish the truth of every particular dispensation, and upon the basis of these particulars to establish the largest and broadest induction of a general and glorious proposition.
Sen adopted a number of ceremonies from both Hinduism and Christianity, calling God "Mother", and adopting the homa sacrifice and the 'arati' ceremony (the waving of lights) into Brahma ritual.
He found spiritual nourishment in Durga Puja, and composed a hymn of praise containing 108 names of God, along with other forms of worship that echoed traditional Hindu prayers.
The Nabo Bidhan school generated considerable antagonism among Brahmo Samajists, since Sen's followers represented that they were also Brahmos.
Eight Brahmos of Sylhet (now in Bangladesh) including Raj Chandra Chaudhuri and Pandit Sitanath Tattvabhushan issued the following proclamation in 1880:
Let us all, every Brahmo and Brahmo Samaj, combine to let the world know that the New Dispensation is not the Brahmo religion: That we have not the least sympathy for the creed : That the New Dispensation is totally opposed to Brahmoism.
This proclamation of the Sadharan Brahmo Samaj resulted in 1881 of the formation of the Brahmo Conference Organisation to publicly denounce and expose Keshab Sen and his Nabo Bidhan movement from every platform as being "anti-Brahmo" in terms of the aforesaid proclamation.
While Sen's detractors opposed and condemned him, he found appreciation in others.
Bipin Chandra Pal has succinctly summarised the evolution:
...To Keshub, however, was left the work of organising Rammohun Roy's philosophy into a real universal religion through new rituals, liturgies, sacraments and disciplines, wherein were sought to be brought together not only the theories and doctrines of the different world religions but also their outer vehicles and formularies to the extent that these were real vehicles of their religious or spiritual life, divested, however, through a process of spiritual sifting, of their imperfections and errors and superstitions.
Chittaranjan Das explained Sen's attempt to create a universal religion.
Speaking in 1917 he said:
The earlier religion of his (Keshub Chunder Sen's) life was perhaps somewhat abstract.
But his religion in developed form, as we find it, in his Navavidhan, is full of concrete symbols of all religions...Every Hindu is conscious of the underlying unity of this universalism.
Read the devotional poems of the Vaishnavas, read the devotional poems of the Shaktas and the other sects, you will find they were identical in this character.
The life and work of Keshub Chunder Sen also point to attempt after attempt at this very universalism...The result may or may not be considered satisfactory.
But I refuse to judge it by the results.
I rejoice in the glory of the attempt."
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The SNCF Class BB 9200 1500 V DC electric locomotives were built by Schneider-Jeumont/CEM between 1958-1964.
92 of them were built and 20 remain.
These train engines are products of the Jacquemin product family of train engines ("locomotives"), offspring of the prototype BB 9004, and named after the engineer who designed their bogies.
The locomotives were designed for a maximum speed of and were the first such train engines in France.
In the late sixties, a small group of train engines was converted for operation, hauling prestige TEE trains like the "Capitole" - these train engines were called the BB 9200 Capitole.
These types were later superseded by the CC 6500 train engines.
Some of these train engines have been in service for more than since they have been set to service.
The regular services of the remaining BB 9200 train engines are inter-regional trains between Paris Montparnasse and Le Mans, between Paris Austerlitz and Tours and between Paris Gare de Lyon, Dijon and Lyon.
Some few are in service for freight trains.
Phasing out of the series of train engines was expected for 2007.
The BB 9200 "Capitole" train was a train engine type variant of the SNCF Class BB 9200 train engine type specially constructed for high speed trains (faster than ).
Due to its special design they were also called the "BB rouge".
They also sported Capitole front plates and single-arm pantographs; the rest of the class had diamond pantographs.
From 1967 to 1970 the SNCF started the high speed service with the "Capitole" between Paris and Toulouse.
This train connection included some sections with a speed of more than .
***LIST***.
The BB 9200 rouges with their "Capitole" plates were also a model in rail transport modelling, especially the Märklin and Roco (Roco 43563) models, renowned by hobbyists.
(The Märklin 3059, which reproduced the BB 9291, is especially prized.)
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Samudra (समुद्र) is a Sanskrit term for " seven seas= ocean", literally the "gathering together of waters" ("-" meaning "together" and "-udra" meaning "water".
Dictionary meaning of samudra is ‘confluence’ and ‘ocean/sea’.
Modern Indo-Aryan languages word for "ocean" is descended from the term, including Hindi समुद्र "samudra" and Urdu سمندر "samandar", Bengali সমুদ্র "shômudrô", Gujarati સમંદર "samandar", Marathi and Nepali समुद्र "samudra", Punjabi ਸਮੁੰਦਰ "samuṃdar", and Sinhalese සමුද්ර යනු මුහුදු 7 එකතුවකි!
මුහුද "muhuda", and the word has also been borrowed to other languages influenced by Sanskrit, including Kannada ಸಮುದ್ರ "samudra", Tamil சமுத்திரம் "samudraṁ" Malayalam സമുദ്രം "samudraṁ", Telugu సముద్ర "samudra", Burmese သမုဒ္ဒရာ "samuddara", Thai สมุทร "sàmùt", Khmer សមុទ្រ "samout", Lao ມະຫາສະຫມຸດ "mahasamud", and Malay "samudra".
The term occurs 133 times in the Rigveda, referring to oceans (real, mythical or figurative) or large bodies of water as well as to large Soma vessels, e.g.
RV 6.69.6 (trans.
The precise semantic field of the Vedic word is difficult to establish, and has been much debated, in particular in relation to the question whether the bearers of the Rigvedic culture had direct knowledge of the ocean.
Apart from the question of direct acquaintance of the bearers of Vedic culture with the ocean in the modern sense of the word, it is generally accepted that their worldview had the world encircled by oceans, a feature likely inherited from Proto-Indo-European mythology, with a "heavenly ocean" above the world, and a subterranean ocean of the underworld.
Varuna was the deity presiding over both these oceans, and over water in general.
From the literal meaning of the term, "Any mass of water more than one drop could be "sam-udra": water in a jar, a small pool, a large lake, or the sea".
And indeed there are symbolic identifications of small quantities of water with mythical oceans, for example in the famous hymn to Varuna, emphasizing Varuna's omnipresence in every drop of water (AVS 4.16.3 cd)
The oldest vedic commentators like the Brihaddevata of Shaunaka, Nighantu and the Nirukta of Yaska interpret the term Samudra as "ocean".
The scholar G.V.
Davane studied the occurrences of the term samudra in the "Rigveda" and concluded that the term means "terrestrial ocean".
The "Rigveda" also speaks of a western and eastern Samudra (10.136.5-6).
And in RV 7.6.7 there is an upper and a lower Samudra, where the upper Samudra seems to be a heavenly ocean.
The Marutas "uplift from the ocean the rain, and fraught with vaporous moisture pour the torrents down" in RV 5.55.5.
In RV 9.84.4 the moon (Soma) and the winds stir the Samudra.
Additionally, RV 1.48.3 may indicate knowledge of the high tide.
In RV 1.116.4 the Asvins rescued Bhujyu by carrying him for three days and three nights to the sea's farther shore.
Thus Samudra seems to refer to the ocean in this verse.
There are many other verses in the Rig Veda which refer to this tale (e.g.
RV 1.118.6; VI 62, 6; VII 69, 7; VIII 5, 22), and where consequently Samudra could be identified with the ocean as well.
Samudra is usually translated as "ocean, sea" and the word itself means "gathering of waters".
A minority of scholars (e.g.
Madhav Deshpande) translate the term as "river".
However, the Samudra is never said to flow in the "Rigveda", but to receive all rivers (e.g.
RV 6.36.3; 8.44.25).
The "Rigveda" also describes the Vedic Sarasvati River as a river that flows to the ocean (e.g.
RV 2.41.16-18) and "is pure in her course from the mountains to the sea" (RV 7.95.2).
"Rigveda" 1.71.7 describes the seven great rivers seeking the Samudra and in RV 7.33.8 it is written that all the rivers flow to the Samudra but are unable to fill it.
RV 7.49 says that the Samudra is the eldest of the waters ("samudra jyestha"), and that the goal of the rivers is the Samudra.
According to M.L.
Bhargava "samudra" stands for a huge inland lake of which there were four or seven in Rgvedic sources.
He translates "sagara" with ocean.
In this view the lowlands of e.g.
Kashmir and Kuruksetra were "samudra", but the sea in which the Ganga fell is a "sagara".
The Vedic deity Varuna is the deity of the ocean (Samudra).
The Vedic deity Indra also occurs frequently in connection with the Samudra.
The "Rigveda" narrates that Indra slew the dragon which released the seven rivers and caused them to enter the ocean.
Other gods that often occur together with the Samudra are Agni and Soma.
Some scholars like B.R.
Sharma hold that the Rigvedic people may have been shipbuilders engaging in maritime trade.
In "Rigveda" 1.25.7; 7.88.3 and other instances, Samudra is mentioned together with ships.
In RV 7.89.4 the rishi Vasishta is thirsting in the midst of water.
Other verses mention oceanic waves (RV 4.58.1,11; 7.88.3).
Some words that are used for ships are Nau, Peru, Dhi and Druma.
A ship with a hundred oars is mentioned in RV 1.116.
There were also ships with three masts or with ten oars.
RV 9.33.6 says: 'From every side, O Soma, for our profit, pour thou forth four seas filled with a thousand-fold riches."
There are other Sanskrit terms in the "Rigveda" that appear to mean "ocean" or have similar meanings.
Among them are the terms salila (ocean depths, unbounded sea), Arnas, Apas (water, sometimes celestial ocean), Purisha (heavenly ocean, clouds, origin of rain - the opposite of Samudra or terrestrial ocean).
The waves are called Urmi in the "Rigveda", and the lakes are called saras, kula, hrada or hlada.
Another term, as mentioned above, is "sagara" (सअगर), which likewise is also found in modern Indo-Aryan languages and languages influenced by Sanskrit as an alternative for "samudra", some even having it more common to use than the latter term, including Balinese, Sundanese, and Javanese (in the form of "segara").
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Metal rubber is a broad, informal name for several conductive plastic polymers with metal ions produced by NanoSonic, Inc, in cooperation with Virginia Tech.
This self-assembling nanocomposite is ultra flexible and durable to high and low pressures, temperatures, tensions, most chemical reactions, and retains all of its physical and chemical properties upon being returned to a ground state.
NanoSonic’s Metal Rubber™ is a highly electrically conductive and highly flexible elastomer.
It can be mechanically strained to greater than 1000 percent of its original dimensions while remaining electrically conductive.
As Metal Rubber can carry data and electrical power and is environmentally rugged, it opens up a new world of applications requiring robust, flexible and stretchable electrical conductors in the aerospace/defense, electronics and bioengineering markets.
Metal rubber only needs to contain around one percent metal ions to maintain its conductive properties, allowing the material to retain the elastic quality as well as keeping the costly metal component low.
Metal rubber has a strain of 300% although the sheet itself can be mechanically strained to greater than 1000% its original dimensions.
The elastic modulus is 0.01 GPa and the service resistivity per square sheet is .1–100 ohms.
The maximum service temperature 170 degrees Celsius (338 degrees Fahrenheit), while the minimum service temperature is –60 degrees Celsius (–76 degrees Fahrenheit).
It carries an electrical charge that can be used to transport power and data.
It is typical of an elastomer to be an insulator but metal rubber is highly conductive like metals.
Metal Rubber is made through a modified molecular-level self-assembly production process using precursors NanoSonic produces in-house.
Materials are manufactured in a variety of sizes and geometries.The possible uses of such a product include superior body armor, durable electronic sensors, various aerospace-building materials, and alternate commercial building materials.
Several industries have unique needs that are met by metal rubber's characteristics.
Aerospace/Defense 2.
Electronics 3.
Bioengineering Markets
NanoSonic currently offers a variety of products that incorporates metal rubbers unique properties.
Metal Rubber Cables 2.
Metal Rubber Shielding 3.
Metal Rubber Sensors
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The text was written by an unknown poet who took inspiration from various biblical books, especially from psalms, and included as a closing chorale a stanza from the hymn "Nun lob, mein Seel, den Herren".
Bach structured the work in five movements, with the solo voice accompanied by a Baroque orchestra of a virtuoso trumpet, strings and continuo.
While the outer movements with the trumpet express extrovert jubilation of God's goodness and his wonders, the central introspective aria, accompanied only by the continuo, conveys a "profound expression of commitment to God".
He set the closing chorale as a chorale fantasia, the soprano sings the unadorned melody to a trio of two violins and continuo, leading to an unusual festive fugal Alleluja, in which the trumpet joins.
The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann notes that the work, unusually popular among Bach's church cantatas, is unique in the demanded virtuosity of the soprano and trumpet soloist, and evidences "overflowing jubilation and radiant beauty".
Bach used the cantata in Leipzig for the 15th Sunday after Trinity on 17 September 1730.
The prescribed readings for the Sunday came from the Epistle to the Galatians, Paul's admonition to "walk in the Spirit" (), and from the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew, which exhorts the faithful not to worry about material needs, but to seek God's kingdom first ().
The author is unknown.
Without any reference to the prescribed readings, he incorporates in the first movement ideas from , and , and in the central aria thoughts from and .
The closing chorale is the fifth stanza of "", added to Johann Gramann's hymn in Königsberg in 1549.
Bach used the same stanza in a different setting to close his cantata .
Bach led the performance on 17 September 1730.
Bach's manuscript indicates the 15th Sunday after Trinity "et in ogni tempo" ("and at any time").
The latter phrase indicates the possible general use of the work, with a cantata text that has no direct relevance to the scriptural readings.
The dedication for the 15th Sunday was added later, indicating that the cantata was not intended for the specific occasion.
Bach composed BWV 51 during a period when he composed church cantatas only irregularly, some of them to complete his earlier cycles.
According to the Bach scholar Christoph Wolff, Bach may have written the cantata shortly before 1730 for an unknown occasion.
The performance material survived but does not reveal further detail, other than indicating one later performance.
Hofmann sees a connection to the court of Weißenfels where a scoring of solo soprano and trumpet was popular, and assumes that the work may have been originally intended for a performance at court by a professional female singer.
Bach had written two birthday cantatas for Christian, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels.
He was invited to the birthday celebration of 1729 and returned with the title of "" ("court director of music of Saxe-Weissenfels"), and Hofmann thinks a connection between the title and cantata "highly probable".
Both the soprano part, which covers two octaves and requires a high C, and the solo trumpet part, which at times trades melodic lines with the soprano on an equal basis, are extremely virtuosic.
The Bach scholar Alfred Dürr assumes that Bach had an unusually gifted singer, adding that a female voice was unlikely in conservative Leipzig.
According to Joshua Rifkin Christoph Nichelmann is a possible candidate because Bach being aware of his capabilities accepted him willingly to the Thomasschule and Nichelmann matriculated into the school three weeks before the first performance.
The trumpet part was probably written for Gottfried Reiche, Bach's principal trumpeter at the time.
The scoring is unique in Bach's cantatas, but was frequently used by Italian composers such as Alessandro Scarlatti.
Bach's son Friedemann Bach arranged the work by adding a second trumpet and timpani.
The cantata is one of only four sacred cantatas that Bach wrote for a solo soprano (if one excludes his arrangement of the cantata for solo bass and oboe , for flute and soprano BWV 82a) and no other vocal soloists (the others being , , and ), while he wrote several secular cantatas for solo soprano: , , , and .
Bach structured the cantata in five movements and scored it for a soprano soloist and a Baroque orchestra of trumpets (Tr), two violins (Vl), viola (Va), and basso continuo (Bc).
The title of the autograph score reads: "Dominica 15 post Trinitatis / et / In ogni Tempo.
/ Jauchzet Gott in allen Landen.
/ à / Soprano solo / 1 Tromba* / 2 Violino / Viola / e / Continuo / di / Joh:Seb:Bach".
It is the only church cantata by Bach scored for solo soprano and trumpet.
The duration is given as 20 minutes.
In the following table of the movements, the scoring follows the "Neue Bach-Ausgabe".
The keys and time signatures are taken from Dürr, using the symbol for common time (4/4).
The instruments are shown separately for wind instrument and strings.
The continuo, playing throughout, is not shown.
The music is concertante and virtuoso for both the trumpet and the soloist.
The first aria and the concluding "Alleluja" are in the style of an Italian concerto.
Dürr observes that the five movements are in five different musical forms: concerto, monody, variation, chorale fantasia and fugue.
The scoring is richest in the outer movements (with the trumpet), and reduced to just continuo in the central aria.
The first aria, "" (Exult in God in every land), is in da capo form, with extended coloraturas.
The theme, with a beginning in a triad fanfare, is well suited to the trumpet.
It is first developed in a ritornello of the orchestra and then "constantly worked" in the soprano part.
The only recitative, "" (We pray at your temple), is first accompanied by the strings, a second part is secco but arioso.
The second part develops the idea of "von seinen Wundern lallen" (chatter about His wonders) in coloraturas of rhythmical complexity.
The second aria, "" (Highest, renew Your goodness), is accompanied only by the continuo "quasi ostinato" which supports expressive coloraturas of the voice.
The lines in the continuo, in constant movement in 12/8 time seem to constantly rise, towards the addressed "Höchster" (Highest) which appears as an octave jump down.
Two extended melismas express gratefulness for being a child of God.
The musicologist Julian Minchem notes that Bach is able to convey with modest means a "profound expression of commitment to God".
The chorale leads without a break to a concluding fugal "Alleluja" with the trumpet, bringing the cantata to a particularly festive close.
The movement begins with the soprano and the responding trumpet, before the other instruments come in to build a "fine display piece".
Mincham summarizes: "The long flowing melismas leave one literally breathless with the sheer pleasure in, and energy generated through, the relationship with God."
The listing is taken from the selection provided by Aryeh Oron on the Bach-Cantatas website.
The piece was recorded by sopranos such as Elisabeth Schwarzkopf (from 1948), Maria Stader (1959), Elly Ameling (1970), Edith Mathis (1972), Edita Gruberova (1979), Lucia Popp (1980), Helen Donath (1983), Elizabeth Parcells (1983), Monika Frimmer (1984), Barbara Hendricks (1989), Christine Schäfer (1999), Siri Thornhill (2007).
In the following table, the second soloist is the trumpeter.
Ensembles playing on period instruments in historically informed performance are marked by a green background under the header "Instr.
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The Bulls–Knicks rivalry is a rivalry between the Chicago Bulls and the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA).
The two basketball teams have played each other every year since the Bulls first joined the NBA in 1966.
However, the rivalry began to grow in intensity during the late 1980s and early 1990s, when both teams became huge playoff contenders.
This was due to a variety of factors: the great frequency in which the teams competed against each other in high-stakes contests and playoff series; well-known players such as Michael Jordan, Scottie Pippen, Patrick Ewing, and John Starks; the reputations of the team's respective cities; and personnel changes and conflicts between the teams.
The two teams met in the playoffs seven times between 1981 and 1996, with the Bulls winning six of those series.
The two teams' first playoff meeting was in first round of the 1981 NBA Playoffs, a best-of-three series.
Chicago, under head coach Jerry Sloan, won both games to sweep the series against New York 2-0.
Chicago would be swept in the next round by the Boston Celtics, the eventual champions, in a best-of-four series.
Sloan was fired during the 1981-82 Chicago Bulls season.
In the 1984 NBA Draft, the Chicago Bulls used their first-round pick (3rd overall) to select shooting guard Michael Jordan, who would eventually lead Chicago to six NBA Championships in the 1990s with teammates Scottie Pippen and Dennis Rodman, under the direction of head coach Phil Jackson.
The next year, the New York Knicks used their first-round pick (1st overall) in the 1985 NBA Draft to select center Patrick Ewing, who would go on to become one of the Knicks' most notable players over the next 15 years.
The Knicks and Bulls met in the playoffs for the second time in 1989.
This time, the rivalry was much more pronounced, as the Knicks had just won their first Atlantic Division title since 1971 with a 52-30 record and clinched the 2nd seed in the East.
Meanwhile, 6th-seeded Chicago won just 47 games, but was led by reigning NBA MVP and Defensive Player of the Year Michael Jordan.
The Bulls won Game 1 in New York, and all three in Chicago to upset the Knicks 4-2 and qualify for the Eastern Conference Finals, which they lost in six games to the eventual champion Detroit Pistons.
When the two teams met again in 1991, their roles were reversed.
Chicago led the East with a then franchise-best 61 wins to capture the Central Division title.
On the opposite end, the Knicks limped into the playoffs at 39-43 with the 8th seed.
Chicago cruised past New York in a 3-game sweep, winning each game by an average of 20 points.
They would go on to claim the first NBA Championship in franchise history.
In , the Bulls, led by Jordan and Pippen, were on their way to their second straight title when they met the Knicks led by Ewing and new head coach Pat Riley in the Eastern Conference Semifinals.
The series went to a decisive Game 7, which the Bulls won 110-81 to advance.
This kick-started the intense rivalry and made the Knicks into an Eastern Conference powerhouse, replacing the Pistons and Celtics.
This was the first of two Game 7's that the Bulls faced in the six seasons they won a championship, the other with the Pacers in the 1998 Eastern Conference Finals.
This particular series became intense, with several players, particularly Michael Jordan, Xavier McDaniel, Scottie Pippen, and Greg Anthony getting into arguments.
Shortly afterwards, there was a moment of peace in the rivalry, with Ewing, Jordan, and Pippen winning gold medals as members of the "Dream Team" at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
Ewing, Jordan, and Chris Mullin are the only basketball players to win gold medals as amateurs and professionals, having won at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Jordan and Pippen, along with LeBron James in 2012, are the only players to have won an NBA championship and Olympic gold medal in the same year, though Pippen is the only player to accomplish this feat twice, as he played for the Bulls in and Team USA at the 1996 Summer Olympics.
In the 1992–93 season, the Knicks finished ahead of Chicago in the regular season and had home court advantage in the Eastern Conference Finals.
The series had the notable highlight of Starks dunking over Horace Grant and Michael Jordan late in Game 2.
However, despite being down 2–0, the Bulls came back and won the next 4 (by doing so, they became the 1st team in NBA history to overcome a 2-0 series deficit in a best-of-7 series, the 2nd team that year, and 4th overall), including a 97-94 Game 5 victory in New York.
The game was notable as Knicks forward Charles Smith was stopped 4 straight times by a series of blocks and strips in the final seconds while trying to score.
The Bulls won Game 6 96-88 to advance to the 1993 NBA Finals, where they beat the Suns in 6 for their first three-peat.
With Jordan's absence in the Knicks had the upper hand and compiled the second best record in the East.
The Bulls, led by Pippen and newcomer Toni Kukoč, met the Knicks in the second round, where the series went 7 games.
Game 3 of the series was marred by a brawl between Jo Jo English and Derek Harper in which both players rolled into the stands.
What made things worse was that the brawl took place with NBA Commissioner David Stern in attendance.
The Bulls had a 19-point lead entering the 4th, but the Knicks tied it with 1.8 seconds left on a Patrick Ewing hook shot.
Scottie Pippen famously refused to take the floor after Phil Jackson drew the final play for Kukoc, who hit a buzzer-beater to win the game.
In one of the most argued calls in NBA history, a questionable foul was called by Hue Hollins (who ironically was the same referee who officiated the controversial finish in Game 5 of the 1993 Eastern Conference Finals, and arguably opted not to call a foul on Charles Smith's multiple putback attempts in the waning seconds) in the closing seconds of Game 5 against Pippen, which gave Hubert Davis two free throws to turn a one-point deficit into a one-point victory for the Knicks.
After a blowout Bulls win in Game 6, the Knicks advanced past the Bulls with a series-clinching 87-77 win, but eventually lost to the Rockets in the 1994 NBA Finals.
This was the only time the Knicks were able to beat the Bulls in the playoffs during this era.
Also, all the games in the series were won by the home team, and the Knicks had home court advantage in the series.
In , Jordan returned in the latter half of the regular season.
In his return to the Garden, his 5th game back, Jordan scored 55 in a Chicago win.
This game lifted Jordan's confidence after a mediocre performance in his "comeback game" against the Pacers.
They didn't meet in the playoffs that season, but the animosity between the teams still grew.
During the Bulls' record-setting 1995–96 season, they suffered their worst loss of the season to the Knicks, 102-74 in March.
Two months later, they defeated the Knicks in the Eastern Conference Semifinals in 5.
During the Bulls' second three-peat, they only met in the playoffs once; in 1996 when the Bulls defeated the Knicks.
It was also during this period that other teams in the East grew to be contenders, such as the Indiana Pacers, Orlando Magic, and Miami Heat.
All of these teams had their own heated battles with either the Bulls or Knicks in the playoffs.
In the 1990s, both Knicks Finals appearances (1994 and their Cinderella march of ) followed a Bulls' 3-peat, but the Knicks lost both times to a team from Texas (Rockets & Spurs).
Many felt that the significance of the rivalry was due to the bragging rights of the two biggest cities in the East: the Big Apple vs. the Windy City.
The physical play of the teams made it intense, especially in the playoffs.
The matchup between Jordan and Starks brought some drama as they were often in each other's face and showcased a number of highlight dunks on the opposing team.
Despite the Knicks not winning an NBA title or beating the Bulls in a postseason series while Jordan was in the league, this rivalry was considered the most contentious of the 1990s.
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Mofongo () is a Puerto Rican dish with fried plantains as its main ingredient.
Plantains are picked green and fried then mashed with salt, garlic and oil in a wooden , a kitchen device also known as mortar and pestle.
The object is to produce a tight ball of mashed plantains that would absorb the attending condiments and have either pork cracklings (Chicharrón) or bits of bacon inside.
Most dressings and mixtures include broth, garlic, and olive oil.
It is traditionally served with fried meat and chicken broth soup.
Particular flavors result from variations that include vegetables, chicken, shrimp, beef, or octopus packed inside or around the plantain orb.
And then, there is the "Mofongo relleno."
According to Yvonne Ortiz, "Tino's Restaurant on the west coast of Puerto Rico" began the trend.
Seafood, abundant in the region, found its way inside the plantain ball too, but with braised meat or more seafood poured over it.
Nowadays, seafood lovers get the "relleno" stuffed also "with meat, or poultry."
Mofongo's roots lead to the western African Fufu, mixed with Spanish and Taíno influences.
Fufu is made from various starchy vegetables and was introduced to the Caribbean by Africans in the Spanish New World colonies such as Cuba "(fufu de plátano)", Dominican Republic "(mangú)", and Puerto Rico "(mofongo)" this also most likely includes Colombia "(cayeye)", Amazon region and Peru "(tacacho)".
Fufu consists of starchy root vegetables and plantains boiled then mashed until a dough-like consistency with water, butter, or milk.
Clara Gonzalez also known as Aunt Clara is a Dominican chef and author.
In her cookbook (Tradition Dominican cookery) claims that mofongo has a special place in Dominicans hearts and stomachs but can be traced back to Puerto Rico.
Ramona Hernandez, director of the Dominican Studies Institute of the City University of New York has been interviewed for many magazine on Dominican food and culture, she also says "mofongo is a dish borrowed from Puerto Rico that has much success with Dominicans".
Mofongo first appeared in a cookbook called El Cocinero Puertorriqueño, Puerto Rico's first cookbook in 1849.
Mofongo in Puerto Rico is everywhere not only on tables but built into the culture and identity.
Its in their art, pop culture, music, television, books and has a strong history on the island.
Mofongo evolved from fufu using African method with Spanish and Taíno ingredients.
Plantains are most often used, but other starchy roots native to the island used by Taínos can also be used.
Puerto Ricans have an obsession with fried food known collectively as cuchifrito in New York City and Kiosks in Puerto Rico.
The usage of Spanish ingredients such as pork, garlic, broth, and olive oil together is heavily used in Puerto Rican cuisine.
Staple dishes such as arroz con gandules, alcapurria, pasteles, habichuelas, recaíto, arroz junto and many other dishes all include garlic, pork, olive oil, and broth.
The method of frying comes from the African side and is heavily used more than anyplace in the Caribbean.
Broth is often made with chicken and sofrito.
Sofrito is made with Spanish and Taíno fruits, vegetables, and herbs.
Plantains and/or starchy roots are cut about half an inch thick and deep fried.
When done, the plantains/roots are crisp outside, but dense inside.
The plantains/roots are then mashed in a wooden mortar and pestle called a "pilón" made with mahogany or guaiacum, both native hardwoods.
Broth, olive oil, garlic, and pork cracklings are added and mashed as well.
The consistency of mofongo is much more stiff than fufu.
In Africa, fufu is accompanied by a bowl of soup.
In Puerto Rico, traditionally mofongo is accompanied by chicken broth soup, but braised meat has become more popular.
It is also common in Puerto Rico to make mofongo with cassava ("mofongo de yuca"), taro and eddoe ("mofongo de malanga y yautía"), bread fruit ("mofongo de pana"), or a combination of cassava, ripe and green plantains ("trifongo"), ripe and unripe plantains ("mofongo de amarillo").
Thanksgiving is an American holiday that has been adopted by Puerto Rico.
Turkey is the main focus on every thanksgiving table and is traditional stuffed with bread.
The traditional bread stuffing is replaced with "mofongo de batata" (plantain and sweet potato mofongo) in Puerto Rico and Puerto Ricans homes outside the commonwealth.
Turkey stuffed with Mofongo can be prepared with seasonings that are traditionally used for pork (marinated in garlic, black pepper, dried oregano, parsley, vinegar and annatto seeds), in which case it can be called "Pavochon."
Frito-Lay produces "MoFongo Snax", a combined plantain chips, cassava chips and pork rinds into one bag.
In Cuba, Mofongo is called "Machuquillo" "por la acción de machucar el plátano en el mortero" (because of the task of mashing the plantains in the mortar).
The plantains are not fried but boiled.
Machuquillo is often garnished with parsley and served with roasted pork or chicken.
During the 1960s many Dominicans who feared the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo fled to Puerto Rico and New York City.
Mofongo caught on quickly with Dominicans living in Puerto Rico and New York City.
Mofongo has become a flagship food for many Dominican restaurant adding their own flavors such as "queso frito" (fried cheese) to mofongo, mashed with no broth and sometimes olive oil is replaced with butter.
The plantains in making traditional mofongo are not always fried; they are sometimes boiled, shaped into a ball and stuffed with meat.
During the 1960s mofongo started to appear in Dominican cookbooks.
Mofongo stuffed with shrimp (camaron in Spanish) is called "camarofongo".
Mofongo is popular in New Jersey, Chicago, Florida, and anywhere large numbers of Puerto Ricans or Dominicans reside.
Food Network chef and host Guy Fieri featured mofongo from Benny's Seafood (in Miami, Florida) and from El Bohio (in San Antonio, Texas) on two separate episodes of his show "Diners, Drive-Ins and Dives".
He liked the dish so much that he called it the "best fried thing I ever ate" on an episode of the show "The Best Thing I Ever Ate".
Anne Burrell is featured in a Season 2 episode of "Chef Wanted" with mofongo as the opening dish challenge.
Mofongo is also featured in Episode 7, Season 6 of the Food Network show, Beat Bobby Flay, where Bobby Flay's mofongo dish prevails over a mofongo dish prepared by Puerto Rican chef Giovanna Huyke.
An episode of the Travel Channel's "Man v. Food Nation", set in Harlem, showed the host, Adam Richman, visiting a Spanish Harlem restaurant called "La Fonda Boricua", where they make a giant 12-plantain mofongo called the "Mofongaso".
Perhaps the oldest song mentioning mofongo is called "Puertorriqueño" by Joe Valle and César Concepción.
Singer Ismael Rivera with conductor Rafael Cortijo sung a plena song called "Mofongo Pelao" about mofongo.
Kenan Thompson often mentions mofongo in character as David Ortiz on "Saturday Night Live".
In Sanford and Son TV series, Fred and Lamont's Puerto Rican neighbor Julio makes and refers to mofongo.
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Dr. Lam Akol Ajawin is a South Sudanese politician of Shilluk descent.
He is the current leader of Sudan People's Liberation Movement - Democratic Change (SPLM-DC), which he founded 6 June 2009.
He is a former high-ranking official in the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA), and subsequently became the minister of foreign affairs for the Republic of Sudan from September 2005 to October 2007, when the Khartoum government offered the SPLA several other key ministries as part of a peace agreement.
Akol was born on 15 July 1950 in Athidhwoi, Upper Nile.
He received a Ph.D. in chemical engineering from Imperial College London and taught at the University of Khartoum.
Akol joined the SPLA in 1986 after having been a clandestine member since October 1983.
In 1991 he joined Riek Machar and Gordon Kong to break from the SPLA and form the SPLA-Nasir.
In 1993 the name of their faction was changed to SPLM-United.
Dr Lam Akol was dismissed by Dr Riek in February 1994 and became chairman of one faction of SPLM/A-United following unity with senior SPLA commanders who were under detention by orders of John Garang.
He subsequently signed the Fashoda Peace Agreement with the government in 1997 and was appointed in March 1998 Sudan's Minister of Transportation, a post he held for four years.
In 2002 Dr. Akol resigned from the ruling National Congress (NCP), and became a key member of the newly formed opposition Justice Party.
He, with most of his forces, rejoined the SPLA in October 2003.
In 2005 Dr. Akol wrote a piece detailing his role as a negotiator on behalf Garang in the initiation of Operation Lifeline Sudan.
In October 2007, the SPLM withdrew from the Khartoum government; it demanded, among other things, that Akol be removed from his position as Minister of Foreign Affairs, as he was accused of being too close to the regime.
The Chairman of SPLM nominated him as Minister of Cabinet Affairs which was confirmed on October 17 by President Omar al-Bashir and appointed Deng Alor, a leading SPLM member (member of the SPLM political bureau) who had previously been the Minister of Cabinet Affairs, to replace Akol as Foreign Minister.
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Arati Gupta née Saha (24 September 1940 – 23 August 1994) was an Indian long distance swimmer.
Born in Calcutta, West Bengal, British India, Arati was initiated in swimming at the early age of four, and her talent was spotted by Sachin Nag.
She was inspired by Indian swimmer Mihir Sen to try to cross the English Channel.
In 1959 she became the first Asian woman to swim across English Channel.
In 1960, she became the first Indian female sportsperson to be awarded Padma Shri.
Arati came from a middle class Bengali Hindu family.
She was born the second of three children and the first of two daughters to Panchugopal Saha in 1940 in Kolkata.
Her father was an ordinary employee in the armed forces.
At the age of two and half, she lost her mother.
Her elder brother and younger sister Bharati was raised at the maternal uncle's house, while she was raised by her grandmother in North Kolkata.
When she reached the age of four, she would accompany her uncle to the Champatala Ghat for bath where she learned to swim.
Noticing his daughter's interest in swimming, Panchugopal Saha admitted his daughter to the Hatkhola Swimming Club.
In 1946, at the age of five, she won the gold in 110 yards freestyle at the Shailendra Memorial Swimming Competition.
It was the beginning of her swimming career.
Between 1946 and 1956, Arati participated in several swimming competitions.
Between 1945 and 1951 she won 22 state-level competitions in West Bengal.
Her main events were 100 metres freestyle, 100 metres breast stroke and 200 metres breast stroke.
She came second only to Dolly Nazir of Bombay.
In 1948, she participated in the national championship held at Mumbai.
She won silver in 100 metres freestyle and 200 metres breast stroke and won bronze in 200 metres freestyle.
She made an all-India record in 1949.
At the 1951 West Bengal state meet, she clocked 1 minute 37.6 seconds in 100 metres breast stroke and broke Dolly Nazir's all-India record.
At the same meet, she set new state-level record in 100 metres freestyle, 200 metres freestyle and 100 metres back stroke.
She represented India at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics along with compatriot Dolly Nazir.
She was one of the four women participants and the youngest member of the Indian contingent.
At the Olympics, she took part in 200 metres breast stroke event.
At the heats she clocked 3 minutes 40.8 seconds.
After returning from the Olympics, she lost in 100 metres freestyle to her sister Bharati Saha.
After the loss, she concentrated only on breast stroke.
She used to take part in long distance swimming competition in the Ganges.
Arati got the first inspiration to cross the English Channel from Brojen Das.
At the 1958 Butlin International Cross Channel Swimming Race, Brojen Das became the first among the men and earned the distinction of being the first person from the Indian subcontinent to cross the English Channel.
Greta Andersen, a Danish-born female swimmer from United States clocked 11 hours and 1 minute and stood first among both men and women.
This inspired the female swimmers all over the world.
Arati sent a congratulatory message to Brojen Das on his victory.
He replied back stating that she too shall be able to achieve it.
He proposed the name of Arati to the organizers of the Butlin International Cross Channel Swimming Race for the next year's event.
At the inspiration of Brojen Das, Arati began to seriously think about participating in the event.
Mihir Sen welcomed her decision and encouraged her.
Dr. Arun Gupta, the assistant executive secretary of Hatkhola Swimming Club took the major initiative in organising Arati's participation at the event.
He organised exhibits of Arati's swimming prowess as a part of fund raising programs.
Apart from him, Jamininath Das, Gour Mukherjee and Parimal Saha too provided their help in organising Arati's trip.
However, in spite of sincere efforts of her sympathizers, funds raised still fell short of the target.
At this point eminent social work Sambhunath Mukherjee and Ajay Ghoshal took up the matter with Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, the Chief Minister of West Bengal.
He arranged an amount of 11,000.
Jawahar Lal Nehru, the Prime Minister of India, too showed keen interest in Arati's endeavour.
While the logistics of her trip was being arranged, Arati began her training.
A major component of her preparation was swimming for long hours.
On 13 April 1959, Arati swam continuously for eight hours at the pond in Deshbandhu Park, in the presence of renowned swimmers and thousands of supporters.
Later she swam continuously for 16 hours.
She sprinted the last 70 metres and showed almost no signs of fatigue.
On 24 July 1959, she left for England along with her manager Dr. Arun Gupta.
After basic practice, she started her final practice at the English Channel from 13 August.
During this time, she was mentored by Dr. Bimal Chandra, who was also participating at the 1959 Butlin International Cross Channel Swimming Race.
He had arrived in England from another swimming competition in Naples in Italy.
A total of 58 participants including 5 women from 23 countries took part in the competition.
The race was scheduled on 27 August 1959 at 1 am local time from Cape Gris Nez, France to Sandgate, England.
However, the pilot boat of Arati Saha did not arrive in time.
She had to start late by 40 minutes and lost the favourable condition.
By 11 am, she had swam more than 40 miles and came within 5 miles of the England coast.
At that point she faced a strong current from the opposite direction.
As a result, by 4 pm, she could only swim about two more miles.
While she was still determined to carry on, she had to quit under pressure from her pilot.
In spite of the failure, Arati was determined not to give up.
She prepared herself for a second attempt.
Her manager Dr. Arun Gupta's illness made her situation difficult, but she carried on with her practice.
On 29 September 1959, she made her second attempt.
Starting from Cape Gris Nez, France, she swam for 16 hours and 20 minutes, batting tough waves and covered 42 miles to reach Sandgate, England.
On reaching the coast of England, she hoisted the Indian flag.
Vijaylakshmi Pandit was the first to congratulate her.
Jawahar Lal Nehru and many eminent people personally congratulated her.
On 30 September, the All India Radio announced the achievement of Arati Saha.
Arati had completed her Intermediate from City College.
In 1959, under the supervision of Dr. Bidhan Chandra Roy, she got married to her manager Dr. Arun Gupta.
First they had a court marriage and later a social marriage.
Her in law's house was in Tarak Chatterjee Lane, very near to her grandmother's house.
After marriage she had a daughter named Archana.
She was employed in Bengal Nagpur Railway.
On 4 August 1994, she got admitted to a private nursing home in Kolkata with jaundice and encephalitis.
After battling for 19 days she died on 23 August 1994.
She was awarded "Padmashri" in 1960.
In 1999, the Department of Posts celebrated her conquest by bringing out a postage stamp of 3 denomination.
In 1996, a bust of Arati Saha was erected near her residence.
The 100-metre long lane in front the bust was renamed after her.
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Needingworth is a village in Cambridgeshire, England.
Needingworth lies approximately east of Huntingdon and just west of the Prime Meridian.
Needingworth is in the civil parish of Holywell-cum-Needingworth .
Needingworth is situated within Huntingdonshire which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire as well as being a historic county of England.The village is attached to Holywell by a single road, connecting the two villages.
Needingworth is part of the civil parish of "Holywell-cum-Needingworth", which has a parish council.
The parish council is elected by the residents of the parish who have registered on the electoral roll; the parish council is the lowest tier of government in England.
A parish council is responsible for providing and maintaining a variety of local services including allotments and a cemetery; grass cutting and tree planting within public open spaces such as a village green or playing fields.
The parish council reviews all planning applications that might affect the parish and makes recommendations to Huntingdonshire District Council, which is the local planning authority for the parish.
The parish council also represents the views of the parish on issues such as local transport, policing and the environment.
The parish council raises its own tax to pay for these services, known as the parish precept, which is collected as part of the Council Tax.
The parish council consists of fourteen councillors and has a parish clerk; the parish council normally meets once a month.
Needingworth was in the historic and administrative county of Huntingdonshire until 1965.
From 1965, the village was part of the new administrative county of Huntingdon and Peterborough.
Then in 1974, following the Local Government Act 1972, Needingworth became a part of the county of Cambridgeshire.
The second tier of local government is Huntingdonshire District Council which is a non-metropolitan district of Cambridgeshire and has its headquarters in Huntingdon.
Huntingdonshire District Council has 52 councillors representing 29 district wards.
Huntingdonshire District Council collects the council tax, and provides services such as building regulations, local planning, environmental health, leisure and tourism.
Needingworth is a part of the district ward of "Earith" and is represented on the district council by two councillors.
District councillors serve for four-year terms following elections to Huntingdonshire District Council.
For Needingworth the highest tier of local government is Cambridgeshire County Council which has administration buildings in Cambridge.
The county council provides county-wide services such as major road infrastructure, fire and rescue, education, social services, libraries and heritage services.
Cambridgeshire County Council consists of 69 councillors representing 60 electoral divisions.
Needingworth is part of the electoral division of "Somersham and Earith" and is represented on the county council by one councillor.
At Westminster Needingworth is in the parliamentary constituency of North West Cambridgeshire, and elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election.
Needingworth is represented in the House of Commons by Shailesh Vara (Conservative).
Shailesh Vara has represented the constituency since 2005.
The previous member of parliament was Brian Mawhinney (Conservative) who represented the constituency between 1997 and 2005.
For the European Parliament Needingworth is part of the East of England constituency which elects seven MEPs using the d'Hondt method of party-list proportional representation.
There is only one shop, currently a 'One Stop', which is also a Post Office on the Needingworth high street.
There are also two pubs (not including the Ferry Boat Inn in Holywell) in Needingworth, The Pike and Eel and The Queen's Head.
The shop used to sell normal grapes but after needing worth reserves crumble in the 5b division in 2017 all grapes are now served sour.
The pike an eel and queens head are also now unable to serve doubles after there embarrassing league collapse.
Bitter lemons are however sold in abundance.
There is a Church-of-England primary school, a village hall with bowls club and various good walks in the area.
Also tennis courts.
The Villager is the local newsletter of the area, a copy of which is delivered free to every household in the parish of Holywell-cum-Needingworth.
There is a significant aggregate extraction operation based just to the east of Needingworth.
The quarry will be turned into wetland with the co-operation of the RSPB.
The resulting wetland will constitute 50% of the UK's reedbed target.
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Fatso is a 1980 American comedy film written and directed by Anne Bancroft, her only such credit, and starring Dom DeLuise, Ron Carey and Candice Azzara.
It was the first film produced by Mel Brooks' Brooksfilms company.
The film examines the issue of obesity.
As the DiNapoli siblings -- Antoinette (Bancroft), Dominic (DeLuise), and Frank Jr. (Carey) - are growing up, whenever young Dom became upset by something, the one thing his mother did to comfort him and make him feel cared for was to feed him.
This included giving him a cannoli after being urinated on by his baby brother as the baby's diaper is being changed.
Because of this, Dom grew up with a love of food, a trait shared by his equally obese cousin, Salvatore (Sal).
When Sal suddenly dies at age 39, the family grieves.
This prompts Antoinette to urge Dom to visit a diet doctor to avoid his cousin's unhealthy eating habits and not drive himself into an early grave as well.
Dom agrees to do so once he recognizes signs that obesity is ruining his health.
Dom is deeply disheartened when given his new diet plan, seeing the long list of delectable foods and dishes that he enjoys very much but now has to avoid.
When the diet fails, Dom's eating habits drive his sister crazy, so she enrolls him in the "Chubby Checkers" support group.
Meanwhile, Dom meets Lydia (Azzara), who owns the neighborhood antiques shop, and finds they have a lot in common.
But being self-conscious about his weight, he fears rejection, and can't bring himself to ask her out.
Now further depressed, Dom seeks comfort from his Chubby Checkers -- Sonny and Oscar (Richard Karron and Paul Zegler) -- who turn out to be no help at all, as their reminiscing about favorite desserts and delicacies drives them to having a pig-out party in the kitchen.
Dom then has Frankie padlock the fridge and larder.
This, too, ends in failure as Dom, crazed by cravings for his favorite decadent delights (even having dreamed of marzipan candy), demands the keys from his brother, even threatening him with violence at one point, of which he is extremely ashamed afterward.
To help their brother, Antoinette and Frankie bring together Dom and Lydia.
While dating, Dom doesn't realize that he has been eating less and less, and is shocked to discover at how loosely his clothes fit in a matter of weeks.
Dom decides to propose to his lovely new sweetheart.
When he drops by Lydia's apartment, she is gone.
It worries him so much, he ends up eating all of the Chinese takeout food he was supposed to pick up for a family party.
After a fit of self-loathing, Dom realizes that he must love himself the way he is, and that his siblings need to accept him for who he is.
Dom then receives a phone call from Lydia, who is at a hospital in Boston visiting her younger brother, who accidentally chopped off a finger.
Dom flies in and when the two take a walk through the hospital, watching the newborn babies in the nursery, Dom whispers his marriage proposal into Lydia's ear.
She replies, "Yes."
The film ends with a photo montage of now-married Dom and Lydia, then their babies — with each photo showing Lydia holding a new baby, while the previous child grows up.
Dom's obesity persists through the years, apparently exacting no toll upon the family's happiness, until the final image reveals him surrounded by Lydia and their many children...and remarkably thinner.
The film received moderately positive reviews.
Critic Peter Wu described the film as "A very humorous and yet serious movie about obesity," going on to write: "Maybe being overweight isn't the best thing for a person's health, but being one's self and being happy is all that really matters in life ... With a delightful blend of New York Italian culture and the human problem of overeating, Fatso makes for an entertaining movie experience.
Loaded with some of the funniest comedy gags I have ever seen, Fatso is a very humorous and yet serious movie about a very touchy subject, Dom DeLuise!"
This film was also reviewed in the psychiatric monograph "The Eating Disorders", which concluded that the film "... veers between comedy and pathos as a man discovers ... fat is the ... only sin in America."
They approvingly note that, "The motivation for overeating and binge dieting are lampooned ... [and] medical consequences ... are elaborated in ... comedic fashion."
The film marked a turning point in the lives of actors Richard Karon and Paul Zegler who played DeLuise's obese "Chubby Checker" support group members.
Both actors lost large amounts of weight in the years subsequent to the making of the film.
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Frederick William John Augustus Hervey,( ) 7th Marquess of Bristol (15 September 1954 – 10 January 1999), also known as John Jermyn and John Bristol, was a British hereditary peer, aristocrat and businessman.
Although he acquired and inherited a large fortune, he died almost penniless from funding a chronic and persistent drug addiction.
John was the eldest child of Victor Hervey, 6th Marquess of Bristol.
He was distant from his father, who treated him harshly, and did not get on well with him, though he was close to his first stepmother, Lady Juliet.
After spending time in London, Monte Carlo, Paris and New York in the 1970s, he settled in part of the family seat, Ickworth House in Suffolk, becoming the 7th Marquess in 1985.
Despite inheriting a large fortune of up to £35 million, the Marquess spent most of it during his lifetime.
He struggled with addiction to cocaine and other drugs, serving several jail sentences for possession, and was known for his flamboyant lifestyle and homosexuality.
His brief marriage in the mid-1980s did not last because of this, and he became increasingly depressed as he lost money and faced bankruptcy, culminating in the sale of the remainder of Ickworth House to the National Trust.
He died in early 1999 of complications resulting from his drug addiction, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Frederick Hervey, 8th Marquess of Bristol.
Frederick William John Augustus Hervey was born on 15 September 1954, five years into the marriage between Lady Pauline Hervey ("née" Bolton), daughter of a Kent businessman, and Victor Hervey, Earl Jermyn, the heir to the Marquessate of Bristol; he was their only child and his parents divorced when he was five years old in 1959.
He grew up in the family home, Ickworth House, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk.
In April 1960, his father inherited the Marquessate of Bristol following the death of the 5th Marquess; John in turn inherited the courtesy title of Earl Jermyn.
The Marquess, who had been jailed for jewel theft in his youth, was harsh towards his eldest son, according to friends of the latter.
He did not show John any clear love or affection, and was emotionally distant to the extent that John was required to wear long white gloves during dinner.
"He treated his son and heir with indifference and contempt," said Anthony Haden-Guest.
Jamie Spencer-Churchill, a schoolfriend, summed up the relationship: "Victor created the monster that John became."
John was a ward of court for some time after his mother left Ickworth.
John's mother remarried, giving him Teddy Lambton, a Newmarket racehorse trainer, for a stepfather, and then a half-brother, George, who became a Conservative councillor.
His father married Lady Anne Juliet Dorothea Maud Wentworth Fitzwilliam (currently Lady Juliet Tadgell), the only child of Peter Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 8th Earl Fitzwilliam.
John's half-brother Lord Nicholas Hervey was born to this marriage.
John was close to both step-parents, who he recalled as being warm and generous.
His father's final marriage was to his private secretary, Yvonne Marie Sutton, in 1974, giving him three more half-siblings: the incumbent Frederick Hervey, 8th Marquess of Bristol, and media personalities Lady Victoria Hervey and Lady Isabella Hervey.
John did not get on well with Yvonne, who he referred to as "Miss Crimplene", and reportedly hurled a glass at the wall when he received a telegram from his father announcing the marriage.
Around this time, Victor attempted to prove that John was an illegitimate child and could not inherit the title of Marquess, but was unsuccessful.
He also stripped Ickworth House of its contents while John was away, who came home one weekend to suddenly find everything missing.
Along with his half-brother Nicholas, the Earl attempted to sue his father's estate after Yvonne and her children were named the principal beneficiaries in the 6th Marquess' will, but failed.
The Earl was educated at Harrow School and the University of Neuchâtel.
He modelled himself on Oscar Wilde and began to use drugs and alcohol; the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography" designates him a "wastrel".
He inherited a million pounds when he was 16 years old, and another four million five years later.
He eventually acquired a personal fortune worth up to £35 million, including oil wells in Louisiana and a sheep farm in Australia.
In his early 20s, he lived in a small flat and sold second hand Bentley cars; friends recall he was at his happiest during this time.
He moved to Monte Carlo shortly after his father had relocated there in 1975 as a tax exile, but did not enjoy living there and moved to Paris, settling in a flat on the .
While there, he became openly gay and had a partner, which was picked up by the tabloid gossip columns.
He had moved to Manhattan by the end of the decade, and enjoyed throwing parties.
The Earl was frequently depicted in the British tabloids for his drug use, wild parties and homosexuality.
In May 1983, he was arrested on suspicion of trafficking $4 million of heroin and moved from New York back to Ickworth House.
While there, on at least one occasion, the Earl piloted his helicopter without radar while snorting cocaine off the map he was using for navigation.
On another, while accompanying his secretary Angela Barry, he crash-landed the helicopter in a field, and walked to the nearest farmhouse, demanding to use the phone while leaving mud everywhere.
He became known for his dark sense of humour; on one occasion he allowed a young woman to ride a rubber dinghy into the middle of the lake at Ickworth and then shot at it with an air rifle, sinking it.
On another, he was accused of opening a fridge door to retrieve a bottle of champagne by blasting it with a shotgun.
He once drove along the hard shoulder of the M11 motorway at to avoid traffic congestion.
Though the Earl had come out as homosexual, on 14 September 1984 he married Francesca Fisher, then 20, the day before his 30th birthday.
In sharp contrast to the Earl, Fisher was a teetotaler and a vegetarian, and he hoped she would be a calming influence on his life.
He also wanted to give up drug use and homosexuality and produce an heir.
His father refused to attend the wedding, going as far as to place an advertisement in "The Times" that he had a prior engagement.
The marriage lasted for three years, but quickly fell apart after he started freebasing cocaine and using rent boys.
During the marriage, the Earl accidentally drove a car half way over a cliff while Francesca was a passenger.
They had no children.
He later formed a close friendship with James Whitby, who became a companion for most of the remainder of his life.
The Earl inherited the title of Marquess of Bristol after his father died on 10 March 1985.
Though his father had sold Ickworth House to the National Trust in 1956, he was allowed to continue living there in the house's East Wing as part of the conditions.
Following the collapse of his marriage, the Marquess became increasingly volatile.
He blamed some of his difficulties on what he called "bad blood" and a "family disposition to depression".
According to the Marquess, his father and mother both suffered from manic depression (now known as bipolar disorder) and he felt the same, though he appreciated that years of cocaine abuse had not helped matters.
During this time, he saw his mother regularly, who was living in nearby Newmarket, using a helicopter to travel between there and Ickworth.
In 1988, the Marquess was imprisoned for a year in Jersey for cocaine possession and trafficking; a contemporary report said he was spending around £25,000 a year on the drug.
He served seven months of the sentence and was released in April 1989.
The National Trust were unimpressed with the Marquess' behaviour, including dangerous driving around the estate and lack of control over his wolfhounds.
They attempted to evict him from Ickworth House in 1994 but withdrew the threat because of the Marquess' ill health.
In turn, the Marquess was upset about having to share Ickworth House with public visitors to the gardens; he fired a shotgun repeatedly into the air, shouting "fucking peasants, fucking National Trust!"
at people.
The House of Lords, by then under threat of reform, generally disliked the Marquess as his behaviour was damaging the House's reputation.
By the early 1990s, friends were concerned about the Marquess's addiction to drugs, particularly since multiple prison sentences had done nothing to alleviate it.
He was deported from Australia in April 1990 and charged with drug possession in November 1991 and March 1992.
That October, his estate company was liquidated with debts over £650,000.
In June 1993, he avoided a jail sentence by being ordered to attend a rehabilitation clinic, but travelled to the South of France instead and was sentenced to 10 months in an open prison, where he was released after five.
He was arrested again in September 1994 for possession.
Facing bankruptcy, the Marquess sold most of the contents of Ickworth House at auction in March 1994 for £2.3 million.
He sold the remaining lease on the house back to the National Trust in April 1998, moving into Little Horringer Hall, a small house on the grounds.
On 9 January 1999, the Marquess complained of a stomach ache and dizziness, and spent most of the day in bed.
The following morning, his butler went into his room and found he was not breathing.
Along with Whitby, they attempted mouth-to-mouth resuscitation and called an ambulance.
This arrived about 11:30am, when paramedics concluded he had died.
While there were rumours that the Marquess had died from AIDS, having apparently contracted HIV in 1986, the coroner recorded that he died of "multiple organ failure due to chronic drug abuse".
A post-mortem examination showed cocaine as well as several legal drugs.
His agent said that despite years of ill health through drug abuse, he was greatly shocked by his death.
The Marquess' funeral took place on 23 February at Bury St Edmunds Cathedral.
He was buried at Ickworth Church, as is traditional for all peers of the Hervey family.
The 7th Marquess was succeeded by his half-brother, Frederick.
His other paternal half-brother, Nicholas, had died a year before him, while his mother had died in 1996.
The new Marquess did not attend his half-brother's funeral but expressed sadness at what had happened.
He also said he was angry at being unable to live at Ickworth, as the remaining lease had been sold to the National Trust.
His half-sister Victoria shared similar sentiments, and stated that she has avoided drugs as a result of her relationship with John.
The 7th Marquess' maternal half-brother, George Lambton, said he had no hard feelings about the disappearance of the money, and that the Marquess had "packed more in his 44 years than most people do in their whole lives".
The £5,000 left in his estate was quickly taken up by expenses, mostly on his funeral.
His will stipulated that £100,000 should be left to Whitby and £25,000 each to his butler, Thomas Foley, and his chauffeur; however it is unknown whether they were ever paid.
A trust fund had been set up for Frederick, but his half-sisters received nothing.
The House of Lords Act 1999 abolished most hereditary peers' rights; consequently, as well as having no residence at Ickworth, the 8th Marquess does not have a seat in the House.
Following the Marquess' death, his agent hoped that the story would serve as a warning over the dangers of drug addiction.
Ickworth Church, which the 7th Marquess had bought in 1986 after commissioners declared it redundant, was inherited by the 8th Marquess and restored with a Heritage Lottery grant.
The East Wing of Ickworth House was converted by the National Trust into a luxury hotel in 2002.
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A gasworks or gas house is an industrial plant for the production of flammable gas.
Many of these have been made redundant in the developed world by the use of natural gas, though they are still used for storage space.
Coal gas was introduced to Great Britain in the 1790s as an illuminating gas by the Scottish inventor William Murdoch.
Early gasworks were usually located beside a river or canal so that coal could be brought in by barge.
Transport was later shifted to railways and many gasworks had internal railway systems with their own locomotives.
Early gasworks were built for factories in the Industrial Revolution from about 1805 as a light source and for industrial processes requiring gas, and for lighting in country houses from about 1845.
Country house gas works are extant at Culzean Castle in Scotland and Owlpen in Gloucestershire.
This contained the retorts in which coal was heated to generate the gas.
The crude gas was siphoned off and passed on to the condenser.
The waste product left in the retort was coke.
In many cases the coke was then burned to heat the retorts or sold as smokeless fuel.
This consisted of a bank of air-cooled gas pipes over a water-filled sump.
Its purpose was to remove tar from the gas by condensing it out as the gas was cooled.
Occasionally the condenser pipes were contained in a water tank similar to a boiler but operated in the same manner as the air-cooled variant.
The tar produced was then held in a tar well/tank which was also used to store liquor.
An impeller or pump was used to increase the gas pressure before scrubbing.
Exhausters were optional components and could be placed anywhere along the purifying process but were most often placed after the condensers and immediately before the gas entered the gas holders.
A sealed tank containing water through which the gas was bubbled.
This removed ammonia and ammonium compounds.
The water often contained dissolved lime to aid the removal of ammonia.
The water left behind was known as ammonical liquor.
Other versions used consisted of a tower, packed with coke, down which water was trickled.
Also known as an Iron Sponge, this removed hydrogen sulfide from the gas by passing it over wooden trays containing moist ferric oxide.
The gas then passed on to the gasholder and the iron sulfide was sold to extract the sulfur.
Often only used at large gasworks sites, a benzole plant consisted of a series of vertical tanks containing petroleum oil through which the gas was bubbled.
The purpose of a benzole plant was to extract benzole from the gas.
The benzole dissolved into the petroleum oil was run through a steam separating plant to be sold separately.
The gas holder or gasometer was a tank used for storage of the gas and to maintain even pressure in distribution pipes.
The gas holder usually consisted of an upturned steel bell contained within a large frame that guided it as it rose and fell depending on the amount of gas contained.
The by-products of gas-making, such as coke, coal tar, ammonia and sulfur had many uses.
For details, see coal gas.
Coal gas is no longer made in the UK but many gasworks sites are still used for storage and metering of natural gas and some of the old gasometers are still in use.
Fakenham gasworks dating from 1846 is the only complete, non-operational gasworks remaining in England.
Other examples exist at Biggar in Scotland and Carrickfergus in Northern Ireland.
Photos of Fakenham Gas Works
Gasworks were noted for their foul smell and generally located in the poorest areas of metropolitan areas.
Cultural remnants of gasworks include many streets named Gas Street or Gas Avenue and groups or gangs known as Gas House Gang, such as the 1934 St. Louis Cardinals baseball team.
Gas was used for many years to illuminate the interior of railway carriages.
The New South Wales Government Railways manufactured its own oil-gas for this purpose, together with reticulated coal-gas to railway stations and associated infrastructure.
Such works were established at the Macdonaldtown Carriage Sheds, Newcastle, Bathurst, Junee and Werris Creek.
These plants followed on from the works of a private supplier which the railway took over in 1884.
Gas was also transported in special travelling gas reservoir wagons from the gasworks to stationary reservoirs located at a number of country stations where carriage reservoirs were replenished.
With the spreading conversion to electric power for lighting buildings and carriages during the 1920s and 1930s, the railway gasworks were progressively decommissioned.
The Gasworks Newstead site in Brisbane Australia has been a stalwart of the river’s edge since its development in 1863.
By 1890, the works were supplying gas to Brisbane streets from Toowong to Hamilton and over the next 100 years, it would grow to supply Brisbane city with the latest in gas technology until it was decommissioned in 1996.
In March 1866, the Queensland Defence Force placed an official request for town gas connection, evidence of the vital role the gasworks played in the economic development of colonial Brisbane.
In fact, the gasworks were considered to be of such importance, that during World War II, genuine fears of attack from Japanese air raids motivated the installation of anti aircraft guns which vigilantly watched over the plant and its employees throughout the war.
The site itself has been synonymous with economic growth and benefit to Brisbane and Queensland with the success of the gasworks facilitating further development of the Newstead/Teneriffe area to include the James Hardie fibro-cement manufacturing plant, Shell Oil plant, Brisbane Water and Sewerage Depot and even the “Brisbane Gas Company Cookery School” which operated in the 1940s.
In 1954, a carbonizing plant was built, giving Brisbane the "most modern gas producing plant in Australia", consuming 100 tonnes of coal every eight hours.
During its golden years in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the site also played a vital role in providing employment to aboriginal Australians and many migrant workers arriving there from Europe after the second World War.
The fine tradition of the Brisbane Gasworks economic and employment-based successes will not be lost or forgotten with the Teneriffe Gasworks Village Development paying homage to the sites history and integrity in its pending urban development.
The gasholder structure at this site is set to become a hub of a new property development on the site – keeping the structural integrity of the pig iron structure.
It will be a true reflection of urban renewal embracing its industrial past.
Located in South Dunedin, New Zealand, the Dunedin Gasworks Museum consists of a conserved engine house featuring a working boiler house, fitting shop and collection of five stationary steam engines.
There are also displays of domestic and industrial gas appliances.
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The SNCF BB 20011 and SNCF BB 20012 were electric locomotives used for testing, built by Alsthom between 1985 and 1986.
The two locomotives were the synchronous dual-voltage prototypes for Class BB 26000.
In 1994 the locomotives were re-used for work on the channel tunnel, then converted to standard class BB 22200s in 1995.
In 1985 and 1986 the SNCF BB 22200 locomotives numbers 22379 and 22380 were modified to test dual voltage electric traction equipment, the microprocessor control, and auxiliary variable speed induction motors.
20012 was used to test the combination of pneumatic brake system and electric brake system.
In 1994 the units were used in the channel tunnel as motor engines for TTU trains.
(Channel tunnel freight engines)
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Tianjin TEDA Football Club () is a professional Chinese football club that currently participates in the Chinese Super League under licence from the Chinese Football Association (CFA).
The team is based in Tianjin and their home stadium is the Tianjin Olympic Center Stadium that has a seating capacity of 54,696.
Their owners are the TEDA Holding (The name is derived from the initials of Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area) a state-owned conglomerate of the People's Republic of China.
The club's predecessor was called Tianjin Football Club and they predominantly played in the top tier, where they won several domestic league and cup titles.
In 1993, the club was reorganized to become a completely professional football Club.
Since then, they have won the 2011 Chinese FA Cup and came runners-up within the 2010 Chinese Super League season.
According to Forbes, Tianjin are the 8th most valuable football team in China, with a team value of $84 million, and an estimated revenue of $15 million in 2015.
The club's first incarnation came in 1951 when the local government sports body decided to take part in China's first fully nationalized football league tournament and decided to merge the best players from Beijing and Tianjin to create the North China team.
The team name was taken from the football team in the 1910 multi-sport event Chinese National Games that also represented the same regions.
The team ended up finishing fourth in their debut season and with the football league gradually expanding the team were allowed to separate themselves from Beijing and the local government sports body were allowed to reformed the club as Tianjin football club to take part in the expanding 1957 Chinese national football league tournament where they ended the campaign as runners-up at the end of the season.
By 1959 the club would hire from within and promoted former team captain Zeng Xuelin as their manager who would return this good faith by winning the 1960 league title as well as the Chinese FA Cup.
For the next several seasons Tianjin would now become regular title contenders, however the Cultural Revolution halted football within the country and when it returned Zeng Xuelin had already left to join the Beijing football team set-up.
The club brought in Sun Xiafeng to manage the team and he would make sure Tianjin were still a force within the league when he guided the club to runners-up spot at the end of the 1974 league season, where they narrowly lost the league title to August 1st football team on goal difference.
His reign at the club was, however short lived and it wasn't until Tianjin brought in Yan Dejun in 1977 before the club would taste any further success.
While his first few seasons were not particularly eventful he would go on to assemble a team built-up of young local players such as Lü Hongxiang, Zuo Shusheng and Chen Jingang.
The players he assembled would go on to mature in the 1980 league season when Tianjin won the league title at the end of the campaign after a twenty-year wait.
With Tianjin allowed to field a B team within the second tier the club would now have a steady supply of youngsters coming into the team to fight for places, which made sure the 1980 title win wasn't a one-off when the club won the 1983 North League title.
This would, however be Yan Dejun's last piece of silverware with the club and despite coming close on several occasions he would leave the team in 1987.
It was also during this period that the Chinese Football Association were demanding more professionalism from all the Chinese teams, unfortunately for the club was transitional period for the team and they were relegated to the second tier at the end of the 1991 league season.
Strangely enough the clubs management decided to miss the 1992 league season and spent the whole year in the Netherlands preparing the squad for full professionalism, which the club converted to in 1993.
With the Chinese football leagues fully professional by 1994, Tianjin brought in Lin Xinjiang to manage the club, where he guided them to a runners-up position and promotion back into the top tier at the end of the season.
With the club back in the top tier, they soon gained their first sponsorship deal with Samsung in 1995 while on the field they achieved enough to remain within the league until Lin Xinjiang left the club and they were soon relegated to the second tier once again at the end of the 1997 league season.
On February 16, 1998, the TEDA Group (derived from the initials of Tianjin Economic – Technological Development Area) took over the club for 50 million yuan, along with lower league local rivals Tianjin Vanke, to form Tianjin Teda for the start of the 1998 Chinese league season.
The club would bring in their first ever foreign coach and immediately win promotion back to the top tier by winning the division title.
The club struggled to remain within the top division and often found themselves in the lower half of the league; while this may have been enough to avoid relegation for the previous seasons, the Chinese Football Association decided to employ an averaging system for the 2003 league campaign, which would also take into account the 2002 league results.
It would look like the club would be relegated once again unless they beat title chasers Shanghai International on the final league game of the season.
It was discovered that the result was too good to be true and that the general manager Yang Yifeng bribed the Shanghai International players Shen Si, Qi Hong, Jiang Jin and Li Ming (1975) to forfeit the game.
With the Chinese FA attempting to clean up its image over match-fixing, they decided that despite the incidents taking place over 10 years ago, it would retroactively punish the club on February 18, 2013, with a 1 million Yuan fine and a 6-point deduction at the beginning of the 2013 Chinese Super League season.
Tianjin remained in the Chinese top tier while it re-branded itself as the Chinese Super League, they also affiliated themselves with Australian A-League Club, Melbourne Victory in 2007.
They achieved little until the club brought in former player Zuo Shusheng to manage the team during the 2008 league season, when he revitalised the team and guided the club to their first ever entry to the AFC Champions League.
At the beginning of the 2009 league season, the club brought in Li Guangyi as their new general manager; however, on August 18, the players went on strike during a training session after it was discovered he wanted to change the club's pay system, which would have shrunken the player wages, and it wasn't until the club's owner Liu Huiwen heard the players' representatives before the strike ended.
After the strike, the leaders of it such as Chinese internationals Yang Jun and Han Yanming and Chinese U-23 player Tan Wangsong would be frozen out of the team and eventually released, while back on the field the club's results declined as they were unable to replicate the previous season's achievements.
By the following season, the club would bring in former Chinese international manager Arie Haan, where he guided the club to a runners-up spot at the end of the 2010 league season.
He would then guide the club to a last 16 position within the 2011 AFC Champions League and then lead the club to win their first piece of professional silverware when they won the 2011 Chinese FA Cup.
TEDA Football Stadium () is a professional football stadium in Tianjin, China.
It is the home of Tianjin Teda F.C.
The stadium holds 37,450 people and was built in 2004.
The stadium is located in the Tianjin Economic-Technological Development Area (TEDA), and was designed by Peddle Thorp Architects, an Australian architecture firm.
The Jing-Jin derby is a local rivalry between Tianjin Teda and neighboring Beijing Guoan.
Both teams can trace their histories to the North China team before it split to form Tianjin and Beijing Football Club.
Since then both clubs have predominantly remained within the top tier of Chinese football providing a constant rivalry fixture, which has led to intense matches that have spilled out away from the stadiums and onto the streets that have led to property destruction as well as further intensifying their relationship.
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