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[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How to change the source branch for existing merge request in gitlab?\n\nI have a merge request and a source branch is already bound to it. Now I pushed another branch and want to change the merge request to be point to the new branch. Is that possible with gitlab-ce? If yes, how?\nIn essence, I want to use \"Fast-forward merge\" as merge method without being forced to force-push to the source branch."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "No, regarding https://gitlab.com/gitlab-org/gitlab-foss/-/issues/47020 this is unfortunately not possible. The statement is from last year, but it seems that there were no changes in supporting this for now.\nTo not lose the discussion completely, you can link the old MR in the new MR. With that you at least have some indirect relation to the discussion."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Preview a Git push\nHow can I see which commits are actually going to be pushed to a remote repository?\nAs far as I know, whenever I pull master from the remote repository, commits are likely to be generated, even if they're empty.\nThis causes the local master to be 'forward' even if there is really nothing to push.\nNow, if I try (from master):\ngit cherry origin master\n\nI have an idea of what's going to be pushed, though this also display some commits that I've already pushed. Is there a way to display only the new content that's going to be pushed?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Remember origin/master is a ref that points to the head of the master branch on the remote named origin at the last pull, so you could use a command such as\n$ git log origin/master..master\n\nYou could use git-preview-push below that comments on the output of git push --dry-run --porcelain:\n#! /usr/bin/env perl\n\nuse warnings;\nuse strict;\n\ndie \"Usage: $0 remote refspec\\n\" unless @ARGV == 2;\nmy($origin,$refspec) = @ARGV;\nmy @cmd = qw/ git push --dry-run --porcelain /;\nno warnings 'exec';\nopen my $fh, \"-|\" => @cmd, $origin, $refspec or die \"$0: exec: $!\";\n# <flag> \\t <from>:<to> \\t <summary> (<reason>)\nmy $update = qr/^ (.*) \\t # flag (optional)\n (\\S+):(\\S+) \\t # from:to\n (.+) # summary\n (?:[ ] \\((.+)\\))? # reason\n $/x;\n\nwhile (<$fh>) {\n next unless my($flag,$from,$to,$summary,$reason) = /$update/;\n if ($flag eq \"!\") {\n print \"$0: $refspec rejected:\\n\", $_;\n }\n elsif ($flag eq \"=\") {\n print \"$0: $refspec up-to-date\\n\";\n }\n if ($summary =~ /^[0-9a-f]+\\.\\.[0-9a-f]+$/) {\n system(\"git log --pretty=oneline $summary\") == 0\n or warn \"$0: git log exited \" . ($? >> 8);\n }\n elsif ($summary eq \"[new branch]\") {\n print \"$0: $refspec creates a new branch.\\n\";\n }\n}\n\nExample usage:\n$ git preview-push /tmp/bare master\nTo /tmp/bare\n270f8e6bec7af9b2509710eb1ae986a8e97068ec baz\n4c3d1e89f5d6b0d493c9d0c7a06420d6b2eb5af7 bar"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-svn - Bidirectional operation between a Subversion repository and Git blame"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Show what revision and author last modified each line of a file. The\noutput of this mode is format-compatible with the output of\n‘svn blame’ by default. Like the SVN blame command,\nlocal uncommitted changes in the working tree are ignored;\nthe version of the file in the HEAD revision is annotated. Unknown\narguments are passed directly to git blame . --git-format Produce output in the same format as git blame , but with\nSVN revision numbers instead of Git commit hashes. In this mode,\nchanges that haven’t been committed to SVN (including local\nworking-copy edits) are shown as revision 0."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Should we gitignore the .python-version file?\n\nI have a .python-version file, and when I create a Python repo with github and specify that it should have a .gitignore, it adds the .python-version file to it. It seems to me that that file should NOT be ignored since other people running the code on different machines would want to know what version of Python they need.\nSo why is it .gitignored?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "While being too specific, you can still version that file (meaning: not include it in the default .gitignore), as :\n\nit will be used only by pyenv\n(and, as noted by diavol in the comments, setup-python GitHub Action uses this file to set the python version of the build environment)\nit is a good addition to the README, in order to illustrate what version of python is recommended for the specific project,\nit can be overridden easily (if you are using pyenv), or simply ignored (if you don't have pyenv).\n\nAs the article \"How to manage multiple Python versions and virtual environments\" states:\n\nWhen setting up a new project that is to use Python 3.6.4 then pyenv local 3.6.4 would be ran in its root directory.\nThis would both set the version, and create a .python-version file, so that other contributors’ machines would pick it up.\n\nBut:\n\npyenv looks in four places to decide which version of Python to use, in priority order:\n\nThe PYENV_VERSION environment variable (if specified).\nYou can use the pyenv shell command to set this environment variable in your current shell session.\nThe application-specific .python-version file in the current directory (if present).\nYou can modify the current directory's .python-version file with the pyenv local command.\nThe first .python-version file found (if any) by searching each parent directory, until reaching the root of your filesystem.\nThe global version file. You can modify this file using the pyenv global command.\nIf the global version file is not present, pyenv assumes you want to use the \"system\" Python. (In other words, whatever version would run if pyenv weren't in your PATH.)\n\n\n\n\nNone of these listed reasons indicate why .python-version should not be stored in source control.\nYou can still have a section in the README saying that the version to be used is specified in the .python-version file.\n\nIf someone is using pyenv it works automatically for them.\nIf not, then they're in no worse of a position than they were if .python-version was not under source control.\n\n\nTrue: Keeping the .python-version file under source control does ensure that pyenv users have an automatic reference point for the Python version to be used, which could streamline the setup process for them. Moreover, it serves as a documented specification of the Python version for those who do not use pyenv, assuming they are informed via the README or other documentation that they should refer to this file for the Python version information.\nHowever, one potential issue with storing the .python-version file in source control could be the risk of unwanted modifications. Developers might accidentally commit changes to the .python-version file as they switch between different Python versions in their local development environment, potentially leading to conflicts or confusion among the team.\nTo mitigate this risk, a possible strategy would be to include clear guidelines in the README on how to handle the .python-version file. That might include instructions to avoid committing changes to the file unless a deliberate decision has been made to update the Python version used by the project.\nBut if you have to rely on README, I would instead put in that file instructions to activate a content filter driver, using a .gitattributes declaration.\n\n(image from \"Customizing Git - Git Attributes\", from \"Pro Git book\")\n\n.gitignore\n.python-version\n\n\n.gitattributes\n.python-version filter=smudgeScript\n\n\ninstructions to activate the content filter driver:\ngit config filter.smudgeScript.smudge /path/to/your/smudgeScript\ngit config filter.smudgeScript.clean \"cat python-version.tpl\"\n\n\n\nAnd now, any checkout/clone would restore the right .python-version while avoiding any unwanted modification in it."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Python / pip, how do I install a specific version of a git repository from github (what is the correct url)?\n\nI want to install Django 1.7 via pip. It is currently a development version, so not in pips repositories. \nSo I have installed packages from github before using:\npip install git+[url here]\n\nNow looking at github, I get the clone url on the django page:\nhttps://github.com/django/django.git\n\nBut this mentions nothing of the branch. How do I specify that I want version 1.7? \nIs it somewhere obvious on the github page?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Specify the branch, commit hash, or tag name after an @ at the end of the url:\npip install git+https://github.com/django/[email protected]\n\nThis will install the version tagged with 1.7b3.\nReference: https://pip.pypa.io/en/latest/cli/pip_install/"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "error: RPC failed; curl transfer closed with outstanding read data remaining\nI'm facing this error when I try to clone a repository from GitLab (GitLab 6.6.2 4ef8369):\nremote: Counting objects: 66352, done.\nremote: Compressing objects: 100% (10417/10417), done.\nerror: RPC failed; curl 18 transfer closed with outstanding read data remaining\nfatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly\nfatal: early EOF\nfatal: index-pack failed\n\nThe clone is then aborted. How can I avoid this?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "It happens more often than not, I am on a slow internet connection and I have to clone a decently huge git repository. The most common issue is that the connection closes and the whole clone is cancelled.\nCloning into 'large-repository'...\nremote: Counting objects: 20248, done.\nremote: Compressing objects: 100% (10204/10204), done.\nerror: RPC failed; curl 18 transfer closed with outstanding read data remaining \nfatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly\nfatal: early EOF\nfatal: index-pack failed\n\nAfter a lot of trial and errors and a lot of “remote end hung up unexpectedly” I have a way that works for me. The idea is to do a shallow clone first and then update the repository with its history.\n$ git clone http://github.com/large-repository --depth 1\n$ cd large-repository\n$ git fetch --unshallow"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-format-patch - Prepare patches for e-mail submission"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "SYNOPSIS git format-patch [-k] [(-o|--output-directory) <dir> | --stdout]\n\t\t [--no-thread | --thread[=<style>]]\n\t\t [(--attach|--inline)[=<boundary>] | --no-attach]\n\t\t [-s | --signoff]\n\t\t [--signature=<signature> | --no-signature]\n\t\t [--signature-file=<file>]\n\t\t [-n | --numbered | -N | --no-numbered]\n\t\t [--start-number <n>] [--numbered-files]\n\t\t [--in-reply-to=<message-id>] [--suffix=.<sfx>]\n\t\t [--ignore-if-in-upstream] [--always]\n\t\t [--cover-from-description=<mode>]\n\t\t [--rfc] [--subject-prefix=<subject-prefix>]\n\t\t [(--reroll-count|-v) <n>]\n\t\t [--to=<email>] [--cc=<email>]\n\t\t [--[no-]cover-letter] [--quiet]\n\t\t [--[no-]encode-email-headers]\n\t\t [--no-notes | --notes[=<ref>]]\n\t\t [--interdiff=<previous>]\n\t\t [--range-diff=<previous> [--creation-factor=<percent>]]\n\t\t [--filename-max-length=<n>]\n\t\t [--progress]\n\t\t [<common-diff-options>]\n\t\t [ <since> | <revision-range> ]"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-branch - List, create, or delete branches --edit-description"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Open an editor and edit the text to explain what the branch is\nfor, to be used by various other commands (e.g. format-patch , request-pull , and merge (if enabled)). Multi-line explanations\nmay be used."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "gitglossary - A Git Glossary reachable"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "All of the ancestors of a given commit are said to be\n\"reachable\" from that commit. More\ngenerally, one object is reachable from\nanother if we can reach the one from the other by a chain that follows tags to whatever they tag, commits to their parents or trees, and trees to the trees or blobs that they contain."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip --signoff"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Add a Signed-off-by trailer to all the rebased commits. Note\nthat if --interactive is given then only commits marked to be\npicked, edited or reworded will have the trailer added. See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How do I search git history for a disappeared line?\nI need to search the history of a specific file in a git repository to find a line that is gone. The commit message will not have any relevant text to search on. What command do I use?\nFurther details: this is the history of my todo list out of our non-stellar task tracking software. I've been keeping it for two years because there's just not enough information kept for me in the software. My commit messages usually have only the task ids, unfortunately, and what I need to do is find a closed task by subject, not by number. Yes, the real solution is better task tracking software, but that is completely out of my hands."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "This is a job for the pickaxe!\nFrom the git-log manpage:\n\n-S<string>\nLook for differences that introduce or remove an instance of <string>. Note that this is different than the string simply appearing in diff output; see the pickaxe entry in gitdiffcore(7) for more details.\n\nYou can of course use further options to narrow it down, for example:\ngit log -Sfoobar --since=2008.1.1 --until=2009.1.1 -- path_containing_change\n\nThere is also:\n\n-G<regex>\nLook for differences whose patch text contains added/removed lines that match .\nTo illustrate the difference between -S --pickaxe-regex and -G, consider a commit with the following diff in the same file:\n+ return frotz(nitfol, two->ptr, 1, 0);\n...\n- hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2.ptr, 1, 0);\nWhile git log -G\"frotz\\(nitfol\" will show this commit, git log -S\"frotz\\(nitfol\" --pickaxe-regex will not (because the number of occurrences of that string did not change)."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "NAME git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How to undo the last commit in git [duplicate]\nThis question already has answers here:\n \n \n\n\n\n\nHow do I undo the most recent local commits in Git?\n\n (109 answers)\n \n\nClosed 8 years ago.\n\n\n\nBy mistake, I did git add . and git commit in the develop branch. But luckily, I did not do git push.\nSo I wanted to revert it back to original state.\nI tried git reset --soft and git reset HEAD --hard but looks like I have messed it up.\nHow do I fix this? I want to go back to original state and possibly keep the code changes."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "I think you haven't messed up yet. Try:\ngit reset HEAD^\n\nThis will bring the dir to state before you've made the commit, HEAD^ means the parent of the current commit (the one you don't want anymore), while keeping changes from it (unstaged)."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-show-ref - List references in a local repository"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "EXAMPLES To show all references called \"master\", whether tags or heads or anything\nelse, and regardless of how deep in the reference naming hierarchy they are,\nuse: git show-ref master This will show \"refs/heads/master\" but also \"refs/remote/other-repo/master\",\nif such references exist. When using the --verify flag, the command requires an exact path: git show-ref --verify refs/heads/master will only match the exact branch called \"master\". If nothing matches, git show-ref will return an error code of 1,\nand in the case of verification, it will show an error message. For scripting, you can ask it to be quiet with the --quiet flag, which\nallows you to do things like git show-ref --quiet --verify -- \"refs/heads/$headname\" ||\n\t\techo \"$headname is not a valid branch\" to check whether a particular branch exists or not (notice how we don’t\nactually want to show any results, and we want to use the full refname for it\nin order to not trigger the problem with ambiguous partial matches). To show only tags, or only proper branch heads, use --tags and/or --heads respectively (using both means that it shows tags and heads, but not other\nrandom references under the refs/ subdirectory). To do automatic tag object dereferencing, use the -d or --dereference flag, so you can do git show-ref --tags --dereference to get a listing of all tags together with what they dereference."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How do I reference an existing branch from an issue in GitHub?\n\nLet's say I have a branch named feature/1. And also issue #1. I want to link that branch to that issue.\nIs there a way to link that branch to that issue from the issue? Without making a commit."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Directly from GitHub:\n\nReferences\nCertain references are auto-linked:\n\nSHA: be6a8cc1c1ecfe9489fb51e4869af15a13fc2cd2\nUser@SHA ref: mojombo@be6a8cc1c1ecfe9489fb51e4869af15a13fc2cd2\nUser/Project@SHA: mojombo/god@be6a8cc1c1ecfe9489fb51e4869af15a13fc2cd2\n#Num: #1\nUser/#Num: mojombo#1\nUser/Project#Num: mojombo/god#1\n\n\nIt seems that directly (as in user/repo/branch) is not possible, but maybe by using the id of the tree?"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How to amend a commit without changing commit message (reusing the previous one)?\nIs there a way to amend a commit without vi (or your $EDITOR) popping up with the option to modify your commit message, but simply reusing the previous message?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Since Git 1.7.9 you can also use git commit --amend --no-edit to get your result.\nNote that this will not include metadata from the other commit such as the timestamp or tag, which may or may not be important to you."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Git push: Missing or invalid credentials. fatal: Authentication failed for 'https://github.com/username/repo.git'\n\nI was trying to do my first push on a new MacBook and got this error after git push (everything worked well on my old MacBook):\nMissing or invalid credentials.\nError: connect ECONNREFUSED /var/folders/tx/53fffl0j51qb47mhnlf8zsdc0000gn/T/vscode-git-1d38026c7f.sock\n at PipeConnectWrap.afterConnect [as oncomplete] (net.js:1056:14) {\n errno: 'ECONNREFUSED',\n code: 'ECONNREFUSED',\n syscall: 'connect',\n address: '/var/folders/tx/53fffl0j51qb47mhnlf8zsdc0000gn/T/vscode-git-1d38026c7f.sock'\n}\nMissing or invalid credentials.\nError: connect ECONNREFUSED /var/folders/tx/53fffl0j51qb47mhnlf8zsdc0000gn/T/vscode-git-1d38026c7f.sock\n at PipeConnectWrap.afterConnect [as oncomplete] (net.js:1056:14) {\n errno: 'ECONNREFUSED',\n code: 'ECONNREFUSED',\n syscall: 'connect',\n address: '/var/folders/tx/53fffl0j51qb47mhnlf8zsdc0000gn/T/vscode-git-1d38026c7f.sock'\n}\nremote: No anonymous write access.\nfatal: Authentication failed for 'https://github.com/username/repo.git/'\n\nAny idea why and how I can resolve it?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "You are trying to use git from a terminal in vscode.\nThe problem comes from the authentication handler of vscode.\nTo solve the problem:\n\nOpen vscode File > Preferences > Settings\nSearch for git.terminalAuthentication\nUncheck the option\n\nYou have to re-open the terminal to make it work.\nAs of March 2022, the menus have changed a bit. Here's an illustration of how to access them:"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-push - Update remote refs along with associated objects"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "DESCRIPTION Updates remote refs using local refs, while sending objects\nnecessary to complete the given refs. You can make interesting things happen to a repository\nevery time you push into it, by setting up hooks there. See\ndocumentation for git-receive-pack . When the command line does not specify where to push with the <repository> argument, branch.*.remote configuration for the\ncurrent branch is consulted to determine where to push. If the\nconfiguration is missing, it defaults to origin . When the command line does not specify what to push with <refspec>... arguments or --all , --mirror , --tags options, the command finds\nthe default <refspec> by consulting remote.*.push configuration,\nand if it is not found, honors push.default configuration to decide\nwhat to push (See git-config for the meaning of push.default ). When neither the command-line nor the configuration specifies what to\npush, the default behavior is used, which corresponds to the simple value for push.default : the current branch is pushed to the\ncorresponding upstream branch, but as a safety measure, the push is\naborted if the upstream branch does not have the same name as the\nlocal one."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Why is git push gerrit HEAD:refs/for/master used instead of git push origin master\nI've just started using gerrit and I want to know why we need to do git push gerrit HEAD:refs/for/master instead of doing git push origin master\nIf I do git push origin master I get the error saying ! [remote rejected] master -> master (prohibited by Gerrit)"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The documentation for Gerrit, in particular the \"Push changes\" section, explains that you push to the \"magical refs/for/'branch' ref using any Git client tool\".\nThe following image is taken from the Intro to Gerrit. When you push to Gerrit, you do git push gerrit HEAD:refs/for/<BRANCH>. This pushes your changes to the staging area (in the diagram, \"Pending Changes\"). Gerrit doesn't actually have a branch called <BRANCH>; it lies to the git client. \nInternally, Gerrit has its own implementation for the Git and SSH stacks. This allows it to provide the \"magical\" refs/for/<BRANCH> refs. \n\nWhen a push request is received to create a ref in one of these namespaces Gerrit performs its own logic to update the database, and then lies to the client about the result of the operation. A successful result causes the client to believe that Gerrit has created the ref, but in reality Gerrit hasn’t created the ref at all. [Link - Gerrit, \"Gritty Details\"]. \n\n\nAfter a successful patch (i.e, the patch has been pushed to Gerrit, [putting it into the \"Pending Changes\" staging area], reviewed, and the review has passed), Gerrit pushes the change from the \"Pending Changes\" into the \"Authoritative Repository\", calculating which branch to push it into based on the magic it did when you pushed to refs/for/<BRANCH>. This way, successfully reviewed patches can be pulled directly from the correct branches of the Authoritative Repository."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-log - Show commit logs --default-prefix"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Use the default source and destination prefixes (\"a/\" and \"b/\").\nThis overrides configuration variables such as diff.noprefix , diff.srcPrefix , diff.dstPrefix , and diff.mnemonicPrefix (see git-config (1))."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git - the stupid content tracker HEAD"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "indicates the head of the current branch."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How to merge or add a new stage in gitlab-ci.yml which includes a common template yml with default list of stages and job definitions\n\nCurrently in our project the gitlab-ci.yml includes a common template yml with default stages and job definitions. I want to include a stage and respective job specific to this project, which needs to run in between the stages defined in template yml. Below are the sample yml files which represent the scenario I am working on.\n\n.mvn-template.yml\n\nstages:\n - build\n - static-analysis\n - unit-test\n - package\n - integration-test\n\ncompile:\n stage: build\n tags:\n - docker\n artifacts:\n paths:\n - target/\n expire_in: 14 days\n script:\n - mvn $MAVEN_CLI_OPTS compile\n interruptible: true\n \n//and job definitions for - static-analysis\n// - unit-test\n// - package\n// - integration-test\n\n\ngitlab-ci.yml\n\ninclude:\n - project: 'xxx/common-pipeline'\n ref: x.x.x\n file: '/.mvn-template.yml'\n...\n\nNow I want include a new stage specific this project, say contract-testing, in between\n\npackage\nintegration-test\n\nSo the contract-testing should run after package and before integration-test.\nAs this is specific to this project I cannot include in common template. Thus needs to be included in gitlab-ci.yml.\nCould not figure out how to do this. I earlier worked with GitHub and just recently started on project with GitLab.\nCan I include the stage in common template but don't define respective job there. And include the Job definition in gitlab-ci.yml? Not sure if this is the correct way. Probably there could be better options to handle such scenario.\nPlease help."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "In my opinion, you can do it in 2 different ways :\n\nAdd the stage contract-testing in your template file and define the specific job in the .gitlab-ci.yml of your project. The configuration will be valid : gitlab will concatenate and expand includes/anchors to build one single gitlab-ci at the end. Note : you can define a stage even if there is no job using this stage (a sort of an empty stage), it will not generate an error.\n\nIf you don't want to have this \"empty stage\" included in all your projects referring the include, you can move the stages outside of you template and put them in the .gitlab-ci.yml of your project. Like for solution 1), you need to define the job in .gitlab-ci.yml of your project (not in the template)."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Not showing as a contributor on GitHub\nI'm struggling to get GitHub to show my contributions to a project. It is not my repository, but other repositories I've contributed to do show up on my profile. \nI've tested contributions to both shared and private repositories work. I've pushed from other projects and everything is working as expected. The patches from the non-working project and a working one, both show the same details. Any pushes to working projects show me as a contributor on both the repository and my personal profile. \ngit config --global user.email and git config --global user.name are both correct. The repository I am committing to shows me as the author, but not on my profile. \nI'm a bit lost on what to do. Does anyone have any ideas?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Github shows only the top 100 contributors for a project.\nIf there are more than 100, the other contributors beyond these top 100 are never shown.\nEven if you set a date range and there are less than 100 contributors displayed for the selected period, the list still only contains contributors who are among the all-time top 100."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-config - Get and set repository or global options color.transport.rejected"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Use customized color when a push was rejected."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-checkout - Switch branches or restore working tree files"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "DETACHED HEAD HEAD normally refers to a named branch (e.g. master ). Meanwhile, each\nbranch refers to a specific commit. Let’s look at a repo with three\ncommits, one of them tagged, and with branch master checked out: HEAD (refers to branch 'master')\n |\n v\na---b---c branch 'master' (refers to commit 'c')\n ^\n |\n tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') When a commit is created in this state, the branch is updated to refer to\nthe new commit. Specifically, git commit creates a new commit d , whose\nparent is commit c , and then updates branch master to refer to new\ncommit d . HEAD still refers to branch master and so indirectly now refers\nto commit d : $ edit; git add; git commit\n\n HEAD (refers to branch 'master')\n |\n v\na---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')\n ^\n |\n tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') It is sometimes useful to be able to checkout a commit that is not at\nthe tip of any named branch, or even to create a new commit that is not\nreferenced by a named branch. Let’s look at what happens when we\ncheckout commit b (here we show two ways this may be done): $ git checkout v2.0 # or\n$ git checkout master^^\n\n HEAD (refers to commit 'b')\n |\n v\na---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')\n ^\n |\n tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') Notice that regardless of which checkout command we use, HEAD now refers\ndirectly to commit b . This is known as being in detached HEAD state.\nIt means simply that HEAD refers to a specific commit, as opposed to\nreferring to a named branch. Let’s see what happens when we create a commit: $ edit; git add; git commit\n\n HEAD (refers to commit 'e')\n |\n v\n e\n /\na---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')\n ^\n |\n tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') There is now a new commit e , but it is referenced only by HEAD . We can\nof course add yet another commit in this state: $ edit; git add; git commit\n\n\t HEAD (refers to commit 'f')\n\t |\n\t v\n e---f\n /\na---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')\n ^\n |\n tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') In fact, we can perform all the normal Git operations. But, let’s look\nat what happens when we then checkout master : $ git checkout master\n\n HEAD (refers to branch 'master')\n e---f |\n / v\na---b---c---d branch 'master' (refers to commit 'd')\n ^\n |\n tag 'v2.0' (refers to commit 'b') It is important to realize that at this point nothing refers to commit f . Eventually commit f (and by extension commit e ) will be deleted\nby the routine Git garbage collection process, unless we create a reference\nbefore that happens. If we have not yet moved away from commit f ,\nany of these will create a reference to it: $ git checkout -b foo # or \"git switch -c foo\" (1) $ git branch foo (2) $ git tag foo (3) creates a new branch foo , which refers to commit f , and then\nupdates HEAD to refer to branch foo . In other words, we’ll no longer\nbe in detached HEAD state after this command. similarly creates a new branch foo , which refers to commit f ,\nbut leaves HEAD detached. creates a new tag foo , which refers to commit f ,\nleaving HEAD detached. If we have moved away from commit f , then we must first recover its object\nname (typically by using git reflog), and then we can create a reference to\nit. For example, to see the last two commits to which HEAD referred, we\ncan use either of these commands: $ git reflog -2 HEAD # or\n$ git log -g -2 HEAD"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Gitlab CI/CD fails while \"Cleaning up project directory and file based variables\" with \"ERROR: Job failed: exit code 1\"\n\nMy gitlab pipeline which has been running for nearly six months is now failing unexpectedly.\nEvery line prior runs successfully and then this happens:\nSetting up curl (7.52.1-5+deb9u16) ...\n$ curl -s https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_12.x | bash\nCleaning up project directory and file based variables \nERROR: Job failed: exit code 1\n\nI cannot for the life of me figure out what has changed. I thought it might be related this issue but I'm not having any network issues, timeouts, etc.\nMildly obfuscated version of my .gitlab-ci.yml.\nObviously I'm using .gitlab-ci.yml to configure my pipelines and I'm also using the shared GitLab runners.\n\nimage: python:3.6-stretch\n\nvariables:\n ACCESS_KEY_ID: **********\n SECRET_ACCESS_KEY: **********\n\nbefore_script:\n - apt-get update\n - apt-get install -y curl\n - curl -s https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_12.x | bash\n - apt-get install -y nodejs\n - apt-get install -y npm\n - npm install -g serverless\n - pip install --upgrade awscli\n - python --version\n - nodejs --version\n\nstages:\n - deploy\n\ndeploy:\n stage: deploy\n\n only:\n - master # We will run the CD only when something is going to change in master branch.\n\n script:\n - npm install # Archive the code repository.\n - pip install -r requirements.txt\n\n - cd services/service1/\n - sls deploy -v --stage production\n - cd ../../\n\n - cd services/service2/\n - sls deploy -v --stage production\n - cd ../../\n\n - cd services/service3/\n - sls deploy -v --stage production\n - cd ../../\n\n\n environment:\n name: master"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "That second to last line (Cleaning up project directory and file based variables ) is always present in a CI/CD job, pass or fail.\nWhat's likely happening is the last command, curl -s https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_12.x | bash is failing. Unfortunately, since you're downloading a remove file and piping it into bash, it's quite possible that your pipeline starts randomly failing, because that script isn't guaranteed to be the same every time.\nTo test it out, I created a clean ubuntu VM, and ran that curl command, and get the following error: \nYour best bet to fix this long-term is to create a container that has all the dependencies you need for you CI baked in, and store that in your container registry for your GitLab project, then to pull that container each time. Not only will that save you CI/CD minutes since you don't have to run installs each time, but it'll prevent this exact issue where your dependencies change underneath you and cause error. It's also worth noting you should be very careful about passing an externally downloaded script to bash, because that script could change to include anything and your CI would just unknowingly run it."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-init - Create an empty Git repository or reinitialize an existing one"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "SYNOPSIS git init [ -q | --quiet ] [ --bare ] [ --template= <template-directory> ]\n\t [ --separate-git-dir <git-dir> ] [ --object-format= <format> ]\n\t [ --ref-format= <format> ]\n\t [ -b <branch-name> | --initial-branch= <branch-name> ]\n\t [ --shared [ = <permissions> ]] [ <directory> ]"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Github - link to function in source\n\nI know I can have anchors to a certain line, but if the source changes that line might become irrelevant. Example:\n...source.php#L33 < line 33 may become line 40 later :(\nIs there some way to tell GitHub to link to a certain function or property from the source, without specifying the line?\n(The source is written in PHP code.)"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "AFAIK, no, but you can link to a certain revision of the file, and thus, you can know for sure that line will always point at the start of the function.\nThe URL looks like /{user}/{repo}/blob/{hash}/{file}#L{line}\nTo get it, click \"Commits\", select the last commit, click \"Browse code\", and find your file and line as usual.\ndocumentation"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git rebase --continue won't work\nI did git rebase master, fixed the conflicts reported in a file, and then git add the file to resolve the conflict. Then I did git rebase --continue, and got this:\n\nApplying: Fixed unit test\nNo changes - did you forget to use 'git\n add'? If there is nothing left to stage, chances are that something\n else already introduced the same changes; you might want to skip this\n patch.\nWhen you have resolved this problem, run \"git rebase --continue\". If\n you prefer to skip this patch, run \"git rebase --skip\" instead. To\n check out the original branch and stop rebasing, run \"git rebase\n --abort\".\n\nAny idea what I am missing here? Should I do git rebase --skip?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "If you are in Mac OS X, then first of all you should disable revisiond, as it can mess with files in your work tree in the middle of rebase, causing unpredictable and broken behavior:\ngit config --global core.trustctime false\n\nThe issue is explained in this article, and big thanks to @nickfalk who pointed it out.\nAs for your rebase, this kind of situation is not unusual in practice.\nLet's try to think through the steps of what's happening:\n\nWhen you rebase the current branch on top of another branch, git moves the HEAD to the other branch, and starts applying the unique commits you have in your current branch.\nWhile replaying one of those commits, you reached a conflict. You resolved it, but as a result there are no changes to commit, nothing to replay in this commit.\n\nPractically, this means that you rejected the changes in the current commit being replayed. So, if you don't need anything from this commit, it's normal to skip it. So git rebase --skip makes sense here."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What does \"Changes not staged for commit\" mean\n\nI thought if you want to track the files you should git add [files you want to track]\nI don't know why I got the messages Changes not staged for commit.\nIf those files were not staged, shouldn't git shows me those files were Untracked like that\n\nAll I've done was create a new feature from develop branch and worked in feature/change_excel_format branch\nI thought Those files should be in staged status,\nBut git status told me Changes not staged for commit\n\nTo brief, \nI only know there are 3 stages in git untracked, staged, committed\nCan any one tell me , what was the stage in for Changes not staged for commit\n\nSo if I modified the file a (already in the repo)\nand type git st , the git will tell me Changes not staged for commit\nif I git a then the file a will be in staged status\nif I modified the file a now, there will be two status of file a in git, right ?\nSo I have to decide if make the staged a be commit or make the not stage a to be staged,\nand then the previous staged file awill be discard ?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "when you change a file which is already in the repository, you have to git add it again if you want it to be staged.\nThis allows you to commit only a subset of the changes you made since the last commit. For example, let's say you have file a, file b and file c. You modify file a and file b but the changes are very different in nature and you don't want all of them to be in one single commit. You issue\ngit add a\ngit commit a -m \"bugfix, in a\"\ngit add b\ngit commit b -m \"new feature, in b\"\n\nAs a side note, if you want to commit everything you can just type\ngit commit -a"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-shortlog - Summarize git log output -g --walk-reflogs"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Instead of walking the commit ancestry chain, walk\nreflog entries from the most recent one to older ones.\nWhen this option is used you cannot specify commits to\nexclude (that is, ^commit , commit1..commit2 ,\nand commit1...commit2 notations cannot be used). With --pretty format other than oneline and reference (for obvious reasons),\nthis causes the output to have two extra lines of information\ntaken from the reflog. The reflog designator in the output may be shown\nas ref@{<Nth>} (where <Nth> is the reverse-chronological index in the\nreflog) or as ref@{<timestamp>} (with the <timestamp> for that entry),\ndepending on a few rules: If the starting point is specified as ref@{<Nth>} , show the index\nformat. If the starting point was specified as ref@{now} , show the\ntimestamp format. If neither was used, but --date was given on the command line, show\nthe timestamp in the format requested by --date . Otherwise, show the index format. Under --pretty=oneline , the commit message is\nprefixed with this information on the same line.\nThis option cannot be combined with --reverse .\nSee also git-reflog . Under --pretty=reference , this information will not be shown at all."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How to add multiple files to Git at the same time\nThis will be my first git use. I have added new files ( a lot ) to the folder/project ( git local repository).\nI went through online tutorials and forums and see i can do\ngit commit -a\n\nSo I go to the base folder of the repository and do a\nsudo git commit -a\n\nBut then, some screens comes up and asks me to add a comment which i do. i do not know how to proceed or exit. I do not want to mess up so i did ctrl + Z and did not do anything.\nCan you guys please outline the commands I need to use?\ngit commit -a \n\nand\ngit push?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Basic Usage\nAdd individual files to your Git staging area using the git add command, followed by a list of space-separated filenames, which can include both file paths and extensions. For instance:\ngit add scripts/app.js images/logo.png \n\nAdvanced Usage\nTo streamline this process, Git offers the wildcard character asterisk *, which matches multiple files. For example, to add all files in your repository (excluding those in your .gitignore file):\ngit add *\n\nFor finer control, you can specify files by extension, like this:\ngit add *.jpg\n\nOr to add all files within a specific folder:\ngit add images/*"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Triggering a pipeline and waiting for it to finish from another pipeline\n\nI have two different project repositories: my application repository, and an API repository. My application communicates with the API.\nI want to set up some integration and E2E tests of my application. The application will need to use the latest version of the API project when running these tests.\nThe API project is already setup to deploy when triggered\ndeploy_integration_tests:\n stage: deploy\n script:\n - echo \"deploying...\"\n environment:\n name: integration_testing\n only:\n - triggers\n\nMy application has an integration testing job set up like this:\nintegration_test\n stage: integration_test\n script:\n - echo \"Building and deploying API...\"\n - curl.exe -X POST -F token=<token> -F ref=develop <url_for_api_trigger>\n - echo \"Now running the integration test that depends on the API deployment...\"\n\nThe problem I am having is that the trigger only queues the API pipeline (both projects are using the same runner) and continues before the API pipeline has actually run.\nIs there a way to wait for the API pipeline to run before trying to run the integration test?\nI can do something like this:\nintegration_test_dependency\n stage: integration_test_dependency\n script:\n - echo \"Building and deploying API...\"\n - curl.exe -X POST -F token=<token> -F ref=develop <url_for_api_trigger>\n\nintegration_test\n stage: integration_test\n script:\n - echo \"Now running the integration test that depends on the API deployment...\"\n\nBut that still doesn't grantee that the API pipeline runs and finishes before moving on to the integration_test stage.\nIs there a way to do this?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "I've come across this limitation recently and have set up an image that can be re-used to make this a simple build step:\nhttps://gitlab.com/finestructure/pipeline-trigger\nSo in your case this would look like this using my image:\nintegration_test\n stage: integration_test\n image: registry.gitlab.com/finestructure/pipeline-trigger\n script:\n - echo \"Now running the integration test that depends on the API deployment...\"\n - trigger -a <api token> -p <token> <project id>\n\nJust use the project id (instead of having to find the whole url) and create a personal access token, which you supply here (best do this via a secret).\nThe reason the latter is needed is for polling the pipeline status. You can trigger without it but getting the result needs API authorisation.\nSee the project description for more details and additional things pipeline-trigger can do."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip --allow-empty-message"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "No-op. Rebasing commits with an empty message used to fail\nand this option would override that behavior, allowing commits\nwith empty messages to be rebased. Now commits with an empty\nmessage do not cause rebasing to halt. See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-show - Show various types of objects color"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Highlight changed words using only colors. Implies --color ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-log - Show commit logs changes"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Compute the dirstat numbers by counting the lines that have been\nremoved from the source, or added to the destination. This ignores\nthe amount of pure code movements within a file. In other words,\nrearranging lines in a file is not counted as much as other changes.\nThis is the default behavior when no parameter is given."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Merging changes from master into my branch\n\nI have two branches in git: master and custom_branch.\nSomebody added some code to master that I need to use in my custom_branch. I tried this:\ngit branch custom_branch\ngit merge master\n\nBut when I do that, it says:\nAlready up-to-date.\n\nBut, when I compare master and custom_branch, the changes are still not there. What am I missing?\nP.S. I don't want to rebase since other people also use this branch."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "git checkout custom_branch && git rebase master\nThis will update custom_branch with changes from master branch.\nDon't forget to make sure master is up to date first. git pull\n\nThis is also possible with git checkout custom_branch && git merge master\n\nFor an explanation on why the first one is (probably) what you should be using: When do you use git rebase instead of git merge?"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-log - Show commit logs -G<regex>"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Look for differences whose patch text contains added/removed\nlines that match <regex>. To illustrate the difference between -S<regex> --pickaxe-regex and -G<regex> , consider a commit with the following diff in the same\nfile: + return frotz(nitfol, two->ptr, 1, 0);\n...\n- hit = frotz(nitfol, mf2.ptr, 1, 0); While git log -G\"frotz\\(nitfol\" will show this commit, git log\n-S\"frotz\\(nitfol\" --pickaxe-regex will not (because the number of\noccurrences of that string did not change). Unless --text is supplied patches of binary files without a textconv\nfilter will be ignored. See the pickaxe entry in gitdiffcore for more\ninformation."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Remote origin already exists on 'git push' to a new repository\nI have my project on GitHub at some location, [email protected]:myname/oldrep.git.\nNow I want to push all my code to a new repository at some other location, [email protected]:newname/newrep.git.\nI used the command:\ngit remote add origin [email protected]:myname/oldrep.git\n\nbut I am receiving this:\n\nfatal: remote origin already exists."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "You are getting this error because \"origin\" is not available. \"origin\" is a convention not part of the command. \"origin\" is the local name of the remote repository.\nFor example you could also write:\ngit remote add myorigin [email protected]:myname/oldrep.git \ngit remote add testtest [email protected]:myname/oldrep.git\n\nSee the manual: \nhttp://www.kernel.org/pub/software/scm/git/docs/git-remote.html\nTo remove a remote repository you enter:\ngit remote rm origin\n\nAgain \"origin\" is the name of the remote repository if you want to\nremove the \"upstream\" remote:\ngit remote rm upstream"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order %D"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "ref names without the \" (\", \")\" wrapping."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc --find-object=<object-id>"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Look for differences that change the number of occurrences of\nthe specified object. Similar to -S , just the argument is different\nin that it doesn’t search for a specific string but for a specific\nobject id. The object can be a blob or a submodule commit. It implies the -t option in git-log to also find trees."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How do I connect to my existing Git repository using Visual Studio Code?\nI've been using Visual Studio code for a long time, since v0.9.1. I now have run into the need to use GitHub and an online Git repository.\nI have the online Git repository set up and have been pushing changing to the online repository using GitHub. I have recently come to realize I can save myself a step with using Visual Studio Code to do both: to edit my code, then send it up to the online repository.\nI am very new to the whole Git concept. Visual Studio Code had me install the \"Git\" plugin which installed Git Bash, Git CMD, and Git GUI.\nThis is the online repository URL I'm trying to get to: https://github.com/SpectrumGraphics/Spectrum-Graphic-Designs.git"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Open Visual Studio Code terminal (Ctrl + `)\nWrite the Git clone command. For example,\ngit clone https://github.com/angular/angular-phonecat.git\n\nOpen the folder you have just cloned (menu File → Open Folder)"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How do I rename my Git 'master' branch to 'release'?\nWe would like to enforce a new policy for our projects that the master branch now be called the release branch to ensure it is more clear as to how the branch should be used. Naturally, we will have develop and release candidate branches as well.\nI understand I can rename the master branch locally by simply using the following:\ngit branch -m master release\n\nHowever, that is only locally. Even if I push this up to the remote, the HEAD still points to the remote master branch. I want to get rid of the master branch completely and make the default local branch upon initial clone, be release.\nHow can I achieve this?\nIt seems that since the origin is on a Gitorious server, I get errors deleting the master branch. I'm trying to see now if it is possible to change this so that the default branch is 'release'."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "git checkout -b release master # Create and switch to the release branch\ngit push -u origin release # Push the release branch to the remote and track it\ngit branch -d master # Delete local master\ngit push --delete origin master # Delete remote master\ngit remote prune origin # Delete the remote tracking branch\n\nPlease note, if you are using GitHub you will need to first change your \"default\" branch on GitHub after step 3:\nIn your repository on github.com go Settings → Branches → Default Branch. Change it to release and then do the rest of the steps."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Creating a patch file from a diff of 2 folders\nI made some changes to an open source project without taking time to create proper patch files.\nNow, the maintainer of the project released a new version, and among new and edited files, there are a bunch of renamed files.\nWhat is the best way to apply my changes to the new version ?\nI'm completely new to diff/patch use, and If I can get it done with git, it would be better."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "If you have two directories a and b that are similar, and you want b to be the same as a, you can create and apply a patch with:\n$ diff -ur b a > ba.diff\n$ patch -i ba.diff\n\nSuppose you have directories local (containing your local version of upstream1.0), upstream1.0, and upstream1.1. To create and apply your changes to upstream1.1:\n$ diff -ur upstream1.0 local > my.diff\n$ cd upstream1.1\n$ patch -i ../my.diff \n\nCheck the documentation for patch, and try to convince the upstream maintainers to use git. Things will be much simpler if you can use git tools to work with your local repository."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How to remove a file from the staging area (= index = cache) in Git?\nEDIT This question can be understood in two ways, and the optimal answer is different in the two cases.\n\nQuestion 1: I added a previously untracked file to the staging area. How can I remove this file from the staging area without removing it from the file system?\nAnswer 1: Use the following command, as described in John Feminella's answer:\ngit rm --cached <file>\n\n\nQuestion 2: I modified a file already tracked, and added my modifications to the staging area. How can I remove my modifications from the staging area? I.e., how can I unstage my modifications in the file?\nAnswer 2: Use the following command, as described in David Underhill's answer:\ngit reset <file>"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "You want:\ngit rm --cached [file]\n\nIf you omit the --cached option, it will also delete it from the working tree. git rm is slightly safer than git reset, because you'll be warned if the staged content doesn't match either the tip of the branch or the file on disk. (If it doesn't, you have to add --force.)"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How can I Git clone a specific release?\nSo that's it; I finished the very first version of my application.\nI committed the final state of the first version:\ngit commit -m \"some final tweaks\"\n\nAnd created the versioning tag:\ngit tag v1.0.0\n\nAnd pushed everything remotely.\nNow, I am in the process of starting developing the second version of the application with some improvements I already have in mind.\nIs it possible, later, when I'd made these improvements and commit and create a new tag (v2.0.0), to Git clone a specific state of Git providing a tag?\nIf the last version is v2.0.0, can I still clone the version 1.0.x?\nSomething like git clone [email protected]:mygitname/theproject.git#1.0.2 for instance?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "You can do this with the --branch flag, which will also accept a tag.\ngit clone [email protected]:mygitname/theproject.git --branch 1.0.2\n\nIn most cases, you will just want to checkout the tag as described in Exprator's answer (now deleted)."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Should *.xccheckout files in Xcode5 be ignored under VCS?\nApple has introduced a new project-related type of file in Xcode 5: \"xccheckout\".\nThis file is located in the \".xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcshareddata/\" directory, and it seems that it is related to the project's version control system.\nAn example file is here: http://pastebin.com/5EP63iRa\nI suppose that this type of file should be ignored under VCS, but I'm not sure.\nSo here are the questions:\n\nShould \"xccheckout\" be ignored?\nWhat is its purpose?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "You should check in an Xcode 5 .xccheckout file; in general, files in xcshareddata should be committed.\nAn .xccheckout file contains metadata about what repositories are used in a workspace. For a single project in a single repository that doesn't make much difference. But if you're using a workspace that has multiple projects from different repositories, the presence of an .xccheckout file in the workspace allows Xcode to know what all of the components that make up a workspace are and where to get them."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-config - Get and set repository or global options pathname"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "A variable that takes a pathname value can be given a\nstring that begins with \" ~/ \" or \" ~user/ \", and the usual\ntilde expansion happens to such a string: ~/ is expanded to the value of $HOME , and ~user/ to the\nspecified user’s home directory. If a path starts with %(prefix)/ , the remainder is interpreted as a\npath relative to Git’s \"runtime prefix\", i.e. relative to the location\nwhere Git itself was installed. For example, %(prefix)/bin/ refers to\nthe directory in which the Git executable itself lives. If Git was\ncompiled without runtime prefix support, the compiled-in prefix will be\nsubstituted instead. In the unlikely event that a literal path needs to\nbe specified that should not be expanded, it needs to be prefixed by ./ , like so: ./%(prefix)/bin ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-show - Show various types of objects git show -s --format=%s v1.0.0^{commit}"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Shows the subject of the commit pointed to by the\ntag v1.0.0 ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-help - Display help information about Git --verbose"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "When used with --all , print description for all recognized\ncommands. This is the default."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "List all local git branches without an asterisk [duplicate]\nThis question already has answers here:\n \n \n\n\n\n\nHow to iterate through all git branches using bash script\n\n (18 answers)\n \n\nClosed 5 years ago.\nThe community reviewed whether to reopen this question last year and left it closed:\n\nOriginal close reason(s) were not resolved\n\n\n\n\nIf I run git branch, I get something like:\n* master\n dev\n foo\n\nif I do git branch -r, it will show all branches on the remote, without an asterisk (where the asterisk shows my current checked-out branch).\nHow can I list all the local branches, without an asterisk showing up? I need a programmatic solution so I can read in the results line-by-line."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "You can use for-each-ref:\ngit for-each-ref --format='%(refname:short)' refs/heads/"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Can I hold git credentials in environment variables?\nI'd like to create a very simple shell script, which will ultimately be called by another application, that updates a local git repository:\n#!/bin/bash\n\ncd $1\nsudo git pull\n\nWhen executing this I'm asked for credentials (I'm pulling from a private BitBucket repository).\nCan I ( briefly) store credentials in environment variables?\n#!/bin/bash\n\nexport GIT_USERNAME=<user>\nexport GIT_PASSWORD=<pass>\n\ncd $1\nsudo git pull\n\nThe above doesn't work. Would anything? I could programmatically modify the origin url but that seems a bit execessive."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "I know that it's very old question but if you really need to pass username and password for HTTP basic authentication you can just set helper like this:\ngit config credential.helper '!f() { sleep 1; echo \"username=${GIT_USER}\"; echo \"password=${GIT_PASSWORD}\"; }; f'\n\nUPDATE: I've added sleep 1 to the function. In some environments it may be probably needed due to race condition. I've got 2 virtual machines running Debian Jessie. They had the same architecture but different CPU and different number of cores. On one of these machines the helper was working fine without sleep. On the other one it wasn't. After few hours of debugging I run strace to see what's happening. And it magically started to work. strace just made git a little bit slower."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "msysgit error with hooks: \"git error: cannot spawn .git/hooks/post-commit: No such file or directory\"\nI'm having trouble getting post-recieve and post-commit hooks to work correctly with msysgit (Windows 7 Pro/32 and Ultimate/64). For post-commit hook I get the above error if I commit from either git-bash or the console, but it works fine if I commit through git-gui. For a post-recieve hook, all three give the same error. \nI'm thinking this is some sort of permission or path error, but don't really have any clue where to start here."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Add the SHEBANG to the first line of hook, like so:\n#!/bin/sh\necho \"executing post-commit\"\nexit 0\n\nThis had me stumped for a while as well and I saw that adding the shebang fixed it. In SVN world, while in *nix we have a \"pre-commit\" script and in Windows we had \"pre-commit.bat\" and SVN automatically picked up the bat file in Windows. Git doesn't seem to pick up a pre-commit.bat ( or any hook ) and adding the shebang to the hook file worked."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "direct access to to gitlab database\n\nI am running the AWS AMI from gitlab. I am trying to access the postgres database directly using psql. I thought I could just use the credentials in database.yml, since the rails application is working fine:\n/opt/gitlab/embedded/bin/psql -U gitlab -d gitlabhq_production\n\nBut I get:\npsql: FATAL: Peer authentication failed for user \"gitlab\"\n\nHow can the rails app be connecting to the database while psql cannot?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "sudo -u gitlab-psql /opt/gitlab/embedded/bin/psql -h /var/opt/gitlab/postgresql/ gitlabhq_production"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc --shortstat"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Output only the last line of the --stat format containing total\nnumber of modified files, as well as number of added and deleted\nlines."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How to resolve \"refusing to allow an OAuth App to create or update workflow\" on git push\nGetting\n\nrefusing to allow an OAuth App to create or update workflow .github/workflows/cd.yml without workflow scope\"\n\non git push. How to grant workflow scope?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "I've literally just come across this problem when trying to use IntelliJ to push to a branch that contains a GitHub Action workflow (YAML file in .github/workflows). I didn't find existing resources on the Internet very helpful, so I hope this will help you fix it too.\nTL;DR: Update your Personal Access Token with the workflow scope enabled in GitHub, or create a new one, and configure your application to use that.\nBackground: third-party tools with GitHub integrations like IntelliJ, Visual Studio Code, Github Desktop, etc use tokens to connect to your GitHub account so they can pull/push, etc on your behalf. In the case of IntelliJ, their instructions only say to include the repo, the gist, and the read:org scopes. But you need the workflow scope to modify GitHub Actions.\nHere's how to fix it:\n\nIn your Github account, go to Settings (in your avatar dropdown in the top right-hand corner)\nGo to Developer Settings > Personal Access Tokens\nIf your token is listed, update it to include the workflow scope:\n\nClick on the token name.\nSelect workflow scope and save.\nIf the app you use won't re-fetch permissions for your token automatically, you may have to create a new one (step 4 below).\nClick on Update Token to save the change. DONE!\n\n\nIf there's no token listed there, generate a new one:\n\nClick on Generate Token.\nSelect the scopes you need, including workflow.\nRead the information carefully, then click OK to continue.\nCopy the new token that Github shows you.\nApply the new token to your application. For example, for the Intellij IDE, go to Settings > Version Control > GitHub, remove the existing integration and re-add it, pasting in the new token."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Get the current pushed tag in Github Actions\n\nIs there a way to access the current tag that has been pushed in a Github Action? In CircleCI you can access this value with the $CIRCLE_TAG variable.\nMy Workflow yaml is being triggered by a tag like so:\non:\n push:\n tags:\n - 'v*.*.*'\n\nAnd I want to use that version number as a file path later on in the workflow."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "GitHub Contexts and Variables provide both the github.ref (i.e., \"refs/tags/my_tag\") and github.ref_name (i.e., \"my_tag\"). You can use them like this: ${{ github.ref_name }}.\nHowever, take in mind that their value may depend on the event that triggered the workflow:\n\nworkflow_dispatch: the selected branch (e.g., \"refs/heads/my_branch\" and \"my_branch\")\n\npull_request: the pull request merge branch (e.g., \"refs/pull/1/merge\" and \"1/merge\", where \"1\" is the pull request number)\n\npush: the pushed branch (e.g., \"refs/heads/my_branch\" and \"my_branch\") or tag (e.g., \"refs/tags/my_tag\" and \"my_tag\")\n\nrelease: the release tag (e.g., \"refs/tags/my_tag\")\nNOTE: The github.ref_name for workflows triggered by this event does not return the tag name. Use instead the github.event.release.tag_name (e.g., \"my_tag\").\n\n\nHere is an example of this use in the artifact file name, which may be similar to the file path use that you asked about:\n- name: Create tag artifact\n uses: actions/upload-artifact@v2\n with:\n name: ${{ github.ref_name }}\n path: Release"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Docker/GitLab authentication for docker registry returns 401 error\n\nI'm trying to configure my docker registry using auth of gitlab (docker).\nDoing docker login registry.website.com gives me a 401 Unauthorized error:\nError response from daemon: login attempt to https://registry.website.com/v2/ failed with status: 401 Unauthorized\n\nIn the docker logs I find\n{ \"level\":\"info\",\"msg\":\"token signed by untrusted key with ID: \\\"IWNY:KT2H:YUN5:STQP:22LM:YNIU:RT4T:AZO7:TBVL:ZQ3I:Z4JZ:LA3T\\\"\",\"time\":\"2018-12-17T23:36:03.538232467Z\" }\n{ [...] \"level\":\"warning\",\"msg\":\"error authorizing context: invalid token\",\"service\":\"registry\",\"source\":\"registry\",\"time\":\"2018-12-17T23:36:03.53860308Z\",\"version\":\"v2.6.2\" }\n\nMy keys are generated by doing\n$ sudo openssl req -new -newkey rsa:4096 -subj \"/CN=gitlab-issuer\" -nodes -x509 -keyout registry-auth.key -out registry-auth.crt\n$ sudo chmod 400 registry-auth.key\n\nIn my debugging attempt I do get different sha256 digest:\n459b854f47c51bd94e0fd696cc35148cf93065df986abcc368cf13958373d298\n459b854f47c51bd94e0fd696cc35148cf93065df986abcc368cf13958373\n\nAs @VDR has shown this is ok, as the first 30 characters are used. So with that there should not be a problem with the keys. But why do I get the 401 error?\nThis is how I configured gitlab and the registry:\nThe configuration of docker gitlab (gitlab.rb) uses the key by\ngitlab_rails['registry_key_path'] = \"/certs/registry-auth.key\"\n\nConfig of registry has\nauth.token.rootcertbundle: /root/certs/registry-auth.crt\n\nnginx-proxy/vhost.d/docker-registry.conf\nproxy_pass http://registry.website.com;\nproxy_set_header Host $http_host; # required for docker client's sake\nproxy_set_header X-Real-IP $remote_addr; # pass on real client's IP\nproxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;\nproxy_set_header X-Forwarded-Proto $scheme;\nproxy_read_timeout 900;\n\nI don't see what I'm missing here..."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "If your Gitlab is behind a proxy, you will need to configure the proxy in docker.\nTo configure docker to use the proxy, put the following in your ~/.docker/config.json file where your docker is running.\n{\n \"auths\" : {\n\n },\n \"proxies\":\n {\n \"default\":\n {\n \"httpProxy\": \"http://myproxy/\",\n \"httpsProxy\": \"http://myproxy/\"\n }\n }\n}\n\nIf there is anything already in the \"auths\": {} section, you should leave it as is.\nSave this file then restart your docker daemon. Once docker is back up, you should be able to run docker login ... without issues."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-rebase - Reapply commits on top of another base tip -m --merge"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Using merging strategies to rebase (default). Note that a rebase merge works by replaying each commit from the working\nbranch on top of the <upstream> branch. Because of this, when a merge\nconflict happens, the side reported as ours is the so-far rebased\nseries, starting with <upstream> , and theirs is the working branch.\nIn other words, the sides are swapped. See also INCOMPATIBLE OPTIONS below."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-instaweb - Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "NAME git-instaweb - Instantly browse your working repository in gitweb"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-config - Get and set repository or global options --[no-]includes"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Respect include.* directives in config files when looking up\nvalues. Defaults to off when a specific file is given (e.g.,\nusing --file , --global , etc) and on when searching all\nconfig files."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How do I contribute to other's code in GitHub? [closed]\n\nClosed. This question needs to be more focused. It is not currently accepting answers.\n \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nWant to improve this question? Update the question so it focuses on one problem only by editing this post.\n\n\nClosed 4 years ago.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n Improve this question\n \n\n\n\nI would like to contribute to a certain project in GitHub. Should I fork it? Branch it? What is recommended and how to do it?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Ideally you:\n\nFork the project\nMake one or more well commented and clean commits to the repository. You can make a new branch here if you are modifying more than one part or feature.\nPerform a pull request in github's web interface.\n\nif it is a new Feature request, don't start the coding first. Remember to post an issue to discuss the new feature.\nIf the feature is well discuss and there are some +1 or the project owner approved it, assign the issue to yourself, then do the steps above.\nSome projects won't use the pull request system. Check with the author or mailing list on the best way to get your code back into the project."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-gc - Cleanup unnecessary files and optimize the local repository gc.rerereUnresolved"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Records of conflicted merge you have not resolved are\nkept for this many days when git rerere gc is run.\nYou can also use more human-readable \"1.month.ago\", etc.\nThe default is 15 days. See git-rerere ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-log - Show commit logs --dirstat-by-file[=<param1,param2>…]"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Synonym for --dirstat=files,<param1>,<param2>…"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Adding Git credentials on Windows\nI am on a Windows 10 system and am trying to add my credentials to Git in Git Bash. I cannot find a way to store my password.\nI checked GitHub's documentation, which said just to enter the line git config --global credential.helper wincred, but that didn't seem to make sense, as there's not prompt to enter a password. I checked Git's documentation, which said to use command git credential-store --file ~/git.store store and fill in all prompts. The bash emulator wasn't able to read the credentials. \nFinally, I tried to add my password like I added my email, via git config --global user.password \"5ecre7\" but after running a sample git clone on a repository I made it responded that I didn't have the access rights. Is there a way to fix this?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Ideally, you should enter:\ngit config --global credential.helper manager-core\n\n# Since Git 2.39+\ngit config --global credential.helper manager\n\nThis is from the Microsoft multi-platform credential manager GCM.\n(After Git 2.38.1, is called manager (no longer \"manager-core\"))\nThen your password (or rather a token is used nowadays) would be stored in the Windows Credential Manager.\nSee more at \"Unable to change git account\".\nOn the first push, a popup will appear asking for your credentials (username/password) for the target server (for instance github.com)\nIf not, that might means your credentials were already stored.\nIf they are incorrect, a simple printf \"protocol=https\\nhost=github.com\\nusername=xxx\"| git-credential-manager-core erase will remove them (on Windows, Linux or Mac)\n\nWith Git 2.29 (Q4 2020), the parser in the receiving end of the credential protocol is loosen to allow credential helper to terminate lines with CRLF line ending, as well as LF line ending.\nSee commit 356c473 (03 Oct 2020) by Nikita Leonov (nyckyta).\n(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit 542b3c2, 05 Oct 2020)\n\ncredential: treat CR/LF as line endings in the credential protocol\nSigned-off-by: Nikita Leonov\nSigned-off-by: Johannes Schindelin\n\n\nThis fix makes using Git credentials more friendly to Windows users: it allows a credential helper to communicate using CR/LF line endings (\"DOS line endings\" commonly found on Windows) instead of LF-only line endings (\"Unix line endings\").\nNote that this changes the behavior a bit: if a credential helper produces, say, a password with a trailing Carriage Return character, that will now be culled even when the rest of the lines end only in Line Feed characters, indicating that the Carriage Return was not meant to be part of the line ending.\nIn practice, it seems very unlikely that something like this happens. Passwords usually need to consist of non-control characters, URLs need to have special characters URL-encoded, and user names, well, are names.\nHowever, it does help on Windows, where CR/LF line endings are common: as unrecognized commands are simply ignored by the credential machinery, even a command like quit\\r (which is clearly intended to abort) would simply be ignored (silently) by Git.\nSo let's change the credential machinery to accept both CR/LF and LF line endings.\nWhile we do this for the credential helper protocol, we do not adjust git credential-cache--daemon(man) (which won't work on Windows, anyway, because it requires Unix sockets) nor git credential-store(man) (which writes the file ~/.git-credentials which we consider an implementation detail that should be opaque to the user, read: we do expect users not to edit this file manually)."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-format-patch - Prepare patches for e-mail submission --attach[=<boundary>]"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Create multipart/mixed attachment, the first part of\nwhich is the commit message and the patch itself in the\nsecond part, with Content-Disposition: attachment ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-show - Show various types of objects --textconv --no-textconv"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Allow (or disallow) external text conversion filters to be run\nwhen comparing binary files. See gitattributes for\ndetails. Because textconv filters are typically a one-way\nconversion, the resulting diff is suitable for human\nconsumption, but cannot be applied. For this reason, textconv\nfilters are enabled by default only for git-diff and git-log , but not for git-format-patch or\ndiff plumbing commands."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Git and the Umlaut problem on Mac OS X\nToday I discovered a bug for Git on Mac OS X. \nFor example, I will commit a file with the name überschrift.txt with the German special character Ü at the beginning. From the command git status I get following output.\nUsers-iMac: user$ git status\n\nOn branch master\n# Untracked files:\n# (use \"git add <file>...\" to include in what will be committed)\n#\n# \"U\\314\\210berschrift.txt\"\nnothing added to commit but untracked files present (use \"git add\" to track)\n\nIt seems that Git 1.7.2 has a problem with German special characters on Mac OS X.\nIs there a solution to get Git read the file names correct?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Enable core.precomposeunicode on the mac\ngit config --global core.precomposeunicode true\n\nFor this to work, you need to have at least Git 1.8.2.\nMountain Lion ships with 1.7.5. To get a newer git either use git-osx-installer or homebrew (requires Xcode).\nThat's it."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Cite a paper using github markdown syntax\n\nI am coding a readme for a repo in github, and I want to add a reference to a paper. What is the most adequate way to code in the citation? e.g. As a blockquote, as code, as simple text, etc?\nSuggestions?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "I agree with Horizon_Net that it depends on personal preference.\nI like to have something which looks similar to LaTeX.\nAn example is provided below.\nNote that it demonstrates a numeric citation style.\nAlphabetic or reading style are possible too.\nFor numeric citation style, higher numbers should appear later in the text, and this can make satisfying numeric citation style cumbersome.\nTo avoid this problem, I typically use an alphabetic citation style.\n\"...the **go to** statement should be abolished...\" [[1]](#1).\n\n## References\n<a id=\"1\">[1]</a> \nDijkstra, E. W. (1968). \nGo to statement considered harmful. \nCommunications of the ACM, 11(3), 147-148.\n\n\n\"...the go to statement should be abolished...\" [1].\nReferences\n[1]\nDijkstra, E. W. (1968).\nGo to statement considered harmful.\nCommunications of the ACM, 11(3), 147-148.\n\nOn GitHub flavored Markdown and most other Markdown flavors, you can actually click on [1] to jump to the reference.\nApologies for taking Dijkstra his sentence out of context.\nThe full sentence would make this example more difficult to read.\nEDIT:\nIf the references all have a stable link, it is also possible to use those:\nThe field of natural language processing (NLP) has become mostly dominated by deep learning approaches\n(Young et al., [2018](https://doi.org/10.1109/MCI.2018.2840738)).\nSome are based on transformer neural networks\n(e.g., Devlin et al, [2018](https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04805)).\n\n\nThe field of natural language processing (NLP) has become mostly dominated by deep learning approaches\n(Young et al., 2018).\nSome are based on transformer neural networks\n(e.g., Devlin et al, 2018)."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git - the stupid content tracker <type>"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Indicates that an object type is required.\nCurrently one of: blob , tree , commit , or tag ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Git merge with force overwrite\nI have a branch called demo which I need to merge with master branch. I can get the desired result with following commands:\ngit pull origin demo\ngit checkout master\ngit pull origin master\ngit merge demo\ngit push origin master\n\nMy only concern is, if there are any merge issues, I want to tell git to overwrite changes in master branch without giving me merge prompt. So basically changes in demo branch should automatically overwrite changes in master branch. \nI looked around there are multiple options but I don't want to take chances with merging."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Not really related to this answer, but I'd ditch git pull, which just runs git fetch followed by git merge. You are doing three merges, which is going to make your Git run three fetch operations, when one fetch is all you will need. Hence:\ngit fetch origin # update all our origin/* remote-tracking branches\n\ngit checkout demo # if needed -- your example assumes you're on it\ngit merge origin/demo # if needed -- see below\n\ngit checkout master\ngit merge origin/master\n\ngit merge -X theirs demo # but see below\n\ngit push origin master # again, see below\n\nControlling the trickiest merge\nThe most interesting part here is git merge -X theirs. As root545 noted, the -X options are passed on to the merge strategy, and both the default recursive strategy and the alternative resolve strategy take -X ours or -X theirs (one or the other, but not both). To understand what they do, though, you need to know how Git finds, and treats, merge conflicts.\nA merge conflict can occur within some file1 when the base version differs from both the current (also called local, HEAD, or --ours) version and the other (also called remote or --theirs) version of that same file. That is, the merge has identified three revisions (three commits): base, ours, and theirs. The \"base\" version is from the merge base between our commit and their commit, as found in the commit graph (for much more on this, see other StackOverflow postings). Git has then found two sets of changes: \"what we did\" and \"what they did\". These changes are (in general) found on a line-by-line, purely textual basis. Git has no real understanding of file contents; it is merely comparing each line of text.\nThese changes are what you see in git diff output, and as always, they have context as well. It's possible that things we changed are on different lines from things they changed, so that the changes seem like they would not collide, but the context has also changed (e.g., due to our change being close to the top or bottom of the file, so that the file runs out in our version, but in theirs, they have also added more text at the top or bottom).\nIf the changes happen on different lines—for instance, we change color to colour on line 17 and they change fred to barney on line 71—then there is no conflict: Git simply takes both changes. If the changes happen on the same lines, but are identical changes, Git takes one copy of the change. Only if the changes are on the same lines, but are different changes, or that special case of interfering context, do you get a modify/modify conflict.\nThe -X ours and -X theirs options tell Git how to resolve this conflict, by picking just one of the two changes: ours, or theirs. Since you said you are merging demo (theirs) into master (ours) and want the changes from demo, you would want -X theirs.\nBlindly applying -X, however, is dangerous. Just because our changes did not conflict on a line-by-line basis does not mean our changes do not actually conflict! One classic example occurs in languages with variable declarations. The base version might declare an unused variable:\nint i;\n\nIn our version, we delete the unused variable to make a compiler warning go away—and in their version, they add a loop some lines later, using i as the loop counter. If we combine the two changes, the resulting code no longer compiles. The -X option is no help here since the changes are on different lines.\nIf you have an automated test suite, the most important thing to do is to run the tests after merging. You can do this after committing, and fix things up later if needed; or you can do it before committing, by adding --no-commit to the git merge command. We'll leave the details for all of this to other postings.\n\n1You can also get conflicts with respect to \"file-wide\" operations, e.g., perhaps we fix the spelling of a word in a file (so that we have a change), and they delete the entire file (so that they have a delete). Git will not resolve these conflicts on its own, regardless of -X arguments.\n\nDoing fewer merges and/or smarter merges and/or using rebase\nThere are three merges in both of our command sequences. The first is to bring origin/demo into the local demo (yours uses git pull which, if your Git is very old, will fail to update origin/demo but will produce the same end result). The second is to bring origin/master into master.\nIt's not clear to me who is updating demo and/or master. If you write your own code on your own demo branch, and others are writing code and pushing it to the demo branch on origin, then this first-step merge can have conflicts, or produce a real merge. More often than not, it's better to use rebase, rather than merge, to combine work (admittedly, this is a matter of taste and opinion). If so, you might want to use git rebase instead. On the other hand, if you never do any of your own commits on demo, you don't even need a demo branch. Alternatively, if you want to automate a lot of this, but be able to check carefully when there are commits that both you and others, made, you might want to use git merge --ff-only origin/demo: this will fast-forward your demo to match the updated origin/demo if possible, and simply outright fail if not (at which point you can inspect the two sets of changes, and choose a real merge or a rebase as appropriate).\nThis same logic applies to master, although you are doing the merge on master, so you definitely do need a master. It is, however, even likelier that you would want the merge to fail if it cannot be done as a fast-forward non-merge, so this probably also should be git merge --ff-only origin/master.\nLet's say that you never do your own commits on demo. In this case we can ditch the name demo entirely:\ngit fetch origin # update origin/*\n\ngit checkout master\ngit merge --ff-only origin/master || die \"cannot fast-forward our master\"\n\ngit merge -X theirs origin/demo || die \"complex merge conflict\"\n\ngit push origin master\n\nIf you are doing your own demo branch commits, this is not helpful; you might as well keep the existing merge (but maybe add --ff-only depending on what behavior you want), or switch it to doing a rebase. Note that all three methods may fail: merge may fail with a conflict, merge with --ff-only may not be able to fast-forward, and rebase may fail with a conflict (rebase works by, in essence, cherry-picking commits, which uses the merge machinery and hence can get a merge conflict)."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-show - Show various types of objects %GP"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "show the fingerprint of the primary key whose subkey was used\nto sign a signed commit"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git - the stupid content tracker -h --help"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Prints the synopsis and a list of the most commonly used\ncommands. If the option --all or -a is given then all\navailable commands are printed. If a Git command is named this\noption will bring up the manual page for that command. Other options are available to control how the manual page is\ndisplayed. See git-help for more information,\nbecause git --help ... is converted internally into git\nhelp ... ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-log - Show commit logs --cc"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Produce dense combined diff output for merge commits.\nShortcut for --diff-merges=dense-combined -p ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-show - Show various types of objects"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "DESCRIPTION Shows one or more objects (blobs, trees, tags and commits). For commits it shows the log message and textual diff. It also\npresents the merge commit in a special format as produced by git diff-tree --cc . For tags, it shows the tag message and the referenced objects. For trees, it shows the names (equivalent to git ls-tree with --name-only). For plain blobs, it shows the plain contents. Some options that git log command understands can be used to\ncontrol how the changes the commit introduces are shown. This manual page describes only the most frequently used options."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Is there a way to add coverage report to gitlab?\n\nI understand that gitlab has support to Jenkins CI, but what I need is a lot less than that. \nI have a Rails application and get the coverage from the tests using simplecov. It generates HTML output in a directory by running a rake task. I would like to see the current coverage through gitlab. Is there a simple way to integrate this report with gitlab?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "See Publish Code Coverage Report with GitLab Pages"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Merging but overwriting changes in Git\nWhen I merge a branch in Git to master I often get merge conflicts. Is there a way to merge a branch and just overwrite the stuff in the current branch?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Add -X ours argument to your git merge command.\nSay you are working in your local branch. Then you want to merge in what went in the master:\ngit merge -X ours master\n\nOn the other hand if you are in master and want to merge your local branch into master then @elhadi rightly says you should use theirs:\ngit merge -X theirs somebranch"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "GitHub clone from pull request?\n\nI would like to clone a repository from GitHub. The problem is I don't want the main branch; I want the version in this unapproved pull request.\nIs it possible for me to clone the pull request version instead of the main repository?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The easiest way to do that is like this:\ngit fetch origin pull/<pr_number>/head:<local_branch_name>\ngit switch <local_branch_name>\n\nYou will now be on a new branch that is on the state of the pull request.\nYou might want to set up an alias by running\ngit config --global alias.pr '!f() { git fetch -fu ${2:-origin} refs/pull/$1/head:pr/$1 && git checkout pr/$1; }; f'\n\nNow you can checkout any PR by running git pr <pr_number>, or git pr <pr_number> <remote> if your github remote is not named origin."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "GitHub: Permission denied (publickey). fatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly\n\nI have followed these instructions below to upload a project. \nGlobal setup:\n Download and install Git\n git config --global user.name \"Your Name\"\n git config --global user.email [email protected]\n Add your public key\n\n\nNext steps:\n\n mkdir tirengarfio\n cd tirengarfio\n git init\n touch README\n git add README\n git commit -m 'first commit'\n git remote add origin [email protected]:tirenga/tirenga.git\n git push origin master\n\nBut I get this error:\n\nPermission denied (publickey). fatal:\n The remote end hung up unexpectedly"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "I had to add my public key to github. https://help.github.com/articles/generating-ssh-keys"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git - the stupid content tracker gitmailmap"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Map author/committer names and/or E-Mail addresses"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git: pushing a new, empty branch for an empty project?\nI have an empty project on remote, which I cloned. Now I want to start working on a branch, testdev and start working on it without putting any code to master.\n$ git checkout -b testdev\n$ git status\nOn branch testdev\n\nInitial commit\n\nnothing to commit (create/copy files and use \"git add\" to track)\n\nNow I try to push this branch to bitbucket\n$ git push origin testdev\n\nerror: src refspec testdev does not match any.\nerror: failed to push some refs to 'https://[email protected]/myremoterepo.git'\n\nI tried git add . and git commit -m \"msg\" but that is useless as I don't have any files to track or commit. So how do I push an empty branch to an empty project?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "If you repo is still empty, you might try and create an empty commit, to have something to push:\ngit commit --allow-empty -m \"initial commit\"\ngit push -u origin testdev\n\nSee also \"Why do I need to explicitly push a new branch?\".\n\nGit 2.35 (Q1 2022) allows information on remotes defined for an arbitrary repository to be read.\nSee commit 4a2dcb1, commit 56eed34, commit 085b98f, commit fd3cb05, commit e083ef5 (17 Nov 2021) by Glen Choo (chooglen).\n(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit 6d1e149, 10 Dec 2021)\n\nremote: die if branch is not found in repository\nSigned-off-by: Glen Choo\nReviewed-by: Jonathan Tan\n\n\nIn a subsequent commit, we would like external-facing functions to be able to accept \"struct repository\" and \"struct branch\" as a pair.\nThis is useful for functions like pushremote_for_branch(), which need to take values from the remote_state and branch, even if branch == NULL.\nHowever, a caller may supply an unrelated repository and branch, which is not supported behavior.\nTo prevent misuse, add a die_on_missing_branch() helper function that dies if a given branch is not from a given repository.\nSpeed up the existence check by replacing the branches list with a branches_hash hashmap.\nLike read_config(), die_on_missing_branch() is only called from non-static functions; static functions are less prone to misuse because they have strong conventions for keeping remote_state and branch in sync.\n\n\nWith Git 2.37 (Q3 2022), a misconfigured 'branch..remote' led to a bug in configuration parsing.\nIt avoids branch was not found in the repository.\nSee commit f1dfbd9, commit 91e2e8f (31 May 2022) by Glen Choo (chooglen).\n(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit 0b91d56, 10 Jun 2022)\n\nremote.c: don't BUG() on 0-length branch names\nReported-by: \"Ing. Martin Prantl Ph.D.\"\nHelped-by: Jeff King\nSigned-off-by: Glen Choo\n\n\n4a2dcb1 (\"remote: die if branch is not found in repository\", 2021-11-17, Git v2.35.0-rc0 -- merge listed in batch #2) introduced a regression where multiple config entries with an empty branch name, e.g.\n[branch \"\"]\n remote = foo\n merge = bar\n\ncould cause Git to fail when it tries to look up branch tracking information.\nWe parse the config key to get (branch name, branch name length), but when the branch name subsection is empty, we get a bogus branch name, e.g. \"branch..remote\" gives (\".remote\", 0).\nWe continue to use the bogus branch name as if it were valid, and prior to 4a2dcb1, this wasn't an issue because length = 0 caused the branch name to effectively be \"\" everywhere.\nHowever, that commit handles length = 0 inconsistently when we create the branch:\n\nWhen find_branch() is called to check if the branch exists in the branch hash map, it interprets a length of 0 to mean that it should call strlen on the char pointer.\nBut the code path that inserts into the branch hash map interprets a length of 0 to mean that the string is 0-length.\n\nThis results in the bug described above:\n\n\"branch..remote\" looks for \".remote\" in the branch hash map.\nSince we do not find it, we insert the \"\" entry into the hash map.\n\"branch..merge\" looks for \".merge\" in the branch hash map.\nSince we do not find it, we again try to insert the \"\" entry into the hash map.\nHowever, the entries in the branch hash map are supposed to be appended to, not overwritten.\nSince overwriting an entry is a BUG(), Git fails instead of silently ignoring the empty branch name.\n\nFix the bug by removing the convenience strlen functionality, so that 0 means that the string is 0-length.\n\n\nWith Git 2.37 (Q3 2022), fix git remote use-after-free (with another forget-to-free) fix.\nSee commit 323822c, commit 338959d (07 Jun 2022) by Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason (avar).\n(Merged by Junio C Hamano -- gitster -- in commit fe66167, 13 Jun 2022)\n\nremote.c: don't dereference NULL in freeing loop\nSigned-off-by: Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason\n\n\nFix a bug in fd3cb05 (\"remote: move static variables into per-repository struct\", 2021-11-17, Git v2.35.0-rc0 -- merge listed in batch #2) where we'd free(remote->pushurl[i]) after having NULL'd out remote->pushurl.\nitself.\nWe free \"remote->pushurl\" in the next \"for\"-loop, so doing this appears to have been a copy/paste error.\nBefore this change GCC 12's -fanalyzer would correctly note that we'd dereference NULL in this case, this change fixes that:\nremote.c: In function ‘remote_clear’:\nremote.c:153:17: error: dereference of NULL ‘*remote.pushurl’ [CWE-476] [-Werror=analyzer-null-dereference]\n 153 | free((char *)remote->pushurl[i]);\n | ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\n [...]"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-config - Get and set repository or global options gitdir"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The data that follows the keyword gitdir: is used as a glob\npattern. If the location of the .git directory matches the\npattern, the include condition is met. The .git location may be auto-discovered, or come from $GIT_DIR environment variable. If the repository is auto-discovered via a .git\nfile (e.g. from submodules, or a linked worktree), the .git location\nwould be the final location where the .git directory is, not where the\n.git file is. The pattern can contain standard globbing wildcards and two additional\nones, **/ and /** , that can match multiple path components. Please\nrefer to gitignore for details. For convenience: If the pattern starts with ~/ , ~ will be substituted with the\ncontent of the environment variable HOME . If the pattern starts with ./ , it is replaced with the directory\ncontaining the current config file. If the pattern does not start with either ~/ , ./ or / , **/ will be automatically prepended. For example, the pattern foo/bar becomes **/foo/bar and would match /any/path/to/foo/bar . If the pattern ends with / , ** will be automatically added. For\nexample, the pattern foo/ becomes foo/** . In other words, it\nmatches \"foo\" and everything inside, recursively."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Forking from GitHub to Bitbucket\nI'm working on a project based on CakePHP, that's hosted on GitHub. My project is being hosted on Bitbucket. Both of them use git. Basically I'd like to create a ‘fork’ (I don't know if I'm using the right terms, since I'm new to git) of CakePHP in my Bitbucket repository, in order to be able to get the updates without the need to download all the CakePHP zip/tar and replace the folder, then commit and push, but maybe with a ‘merge’(?)."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "It's not possible to send \"pull request\" across different sites today. I've added a feature request for this in the Bitbucket issue tracker: #3288. I suggest you add yourself as a follower if you want to track this.\nHowever, you can still move the source from GitHub to Bitbucket without having to download any zip files or tarballs. You make a clone from GitHub and push to Bitbucket:\n$ git clone https://github.com/cakephp/cakephp\n$ cd cakephp\n$ git push [email protected]:mg/cakephp.git master\n\nI created mg/cakephp as an empty Git repository in Bitbucket first. That way you can push/pull changesets from GitHub to Bitbucket."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-describe - Give an object a human readable name based on an available ref --all"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Instead of using only the annotated tags, use any ref\nfound in refs/ namespace. This option enables matching\nany known branch, remote-tracking branch, or lightweight tag."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "gitrevisions - Specifying revisions and ranges for Git @{-<n>} , e.g. @{-1}"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "The construct @{-<n>} means the <n>th branch/commit checked out\nbefore the current one."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-config - Get and set repository or global options gui.pruneDuringFetch"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "\"true\" if git-gui should prune remote-tracking branches when\nperforming a fetch. The default value is \"false\"."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How do I push to GitHub under a different username?\n\nA friend and myself are sharing my computer. I've made pushes to GitHub using the git bash shell on Windows 7. Now we're in a different project on that computer and I need her to push to her account. But it keeps trying to use my username and saying I don't have access to her repository:\n$ git push her_github_repository our_branch\nERROR: Permission to her_username/repository.git denied to my_username.\nfatal: The remote end hung up unexpectedly\nIMPORTANT: *Support for password authentication was removed on August 13, 2021.*"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "This worked for me, it will prompt for username and password\ngit config --local credential.helper \"\"\ngit push origin master"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-difftool - Show changes using common diff tools"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "NAME git-difftool - Show changes using common diff tools"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc -O<orderfile>"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Control the order in which files appear in the output.\nThis overrides the diff.orderFile configuration variable\n(see git-config ). To cancel diff.orderFile ,\nuse -O/dev/null . The output order is determined by the order of glob patterns in\n<orderfile>.\nAll files with pathnames that match the first pattern are output\nfirst, all files with pathnames that match the second pattern (but not\nthe first) are output next, and so on.\nAll files with pathnames that do not match any pattern are output\nlast, as if there was an implicit match-all pattern at the end of the\nfile.\nIf multiple pathnames have the same rank (they match the same pattern\nbut no earlier patterns), their output order relative to each other is\nthe normal order. <orderfile> is parsed as follows: Blank lines are ignored, so they can be used as separators for\nreadability. Lines starting with a hash (\" # \") are ignored, so they can be used\nfor comments. Add a backslash (\" \\ \") to the beginning of the\npattern if it starts with a hash. Each other line contains a single pattern. Patterns have the same syntax and semantics as patterns used for\nfnmatch(3) without the FNM_PATHNAME flag, except a pathname also\nmatches a pattern if removing any number of the final pathname\ncomponents matches the pattern. For example, the pattern \" foo*bar \"\nmatches \" fooasdfbar \" and \" foo/bar/baz/asdf \" but not \" foobarx \"."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-diff - Show changes between commits, commit and working tree, etc --quiet"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Disable all output of the program. Implies --exit-code ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-rev-list - Lists commit objects in reverse chronological order --reflog"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Pretend as if all objects mentioned by reflogs are listed on the\ncommand line as <commit> ."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "GitHub GraphQL equivalent of the contents API\n\nDoes GitHub's GraphQL API have an equivalent to the contents API?\nI can't seem to come up with a query that accepts repo owner, repo name and file path and returns the contents of the file. I'm guessing it has something to do with the tree object?\nhttps://developer.github.com/early-access/graphql/explorer/"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "After some digging, found it:\nquery {\n repository(name: \"repoName\", owner: \"repoOwner\") {\n object(expression: \"branch:path/to/file\") {\n ... on Blob {\n text\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nThe argument passed to expression on the object field is actually a git revision expression suitable for rev-parse, so I guess you can have fun with it to do advanced querying.\nDocumentation:\n\nRepository object on GitHub API\nrev-parse"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Forking vs. Branching in GitHub\nI'd like to know more about the advantages and disadvantages of forking a github project vs. creating a branch of a github project.\nForking makes my version of the project more isolated from the original one because I don't have to be on the collaborators list of the original project. Since we're developing a project in house, there is no problem in adding people as collaborators. But, we'd like to understand if forking a project would make merge changes back to the main project harder. That is, I wonder if branching makes keeping the two projects in sync easier. In other words, is it easier to merge and push changes between my version of the main project and the main project when I branch?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "You cannot always make a branch or pull an existing branch and push back to it, because you are not registered as a collaborator for that specific project.\nForking is nothing more than a clone on the GitHub server side:\n\nwithout the possibility to directly push back\nwith fork queue feature added to manage the merge request\n\nYou keep a fork in sync with the original project by:\n\nadding the original project as a remote\nfetching regularly from that original project\nrebase your current development on top of the branch of interest you got updated from that fetch.\n\nThe rebase allows you to make sure your changes are straightforward (no merge conflict to handle), making your pulling request that more easy when you want the maintainer of the original project to include your patches in his project. \nThe goal is really to allow collaboration even though direct participation is not always possible.\n\nThe fact that you clone on the GitHub side means you have now two \"central\" repository (\"central\" as \"visible from several collaborators).\nIf you can add them directly as collaborator for one project, you don't need to manage another one with a fork. \n\nThe merge experience would be about the same, but with an extra level of indirection (push first on the fork, then ask for a pull, with the risk of evolutions on the original repo making your fast-forward merges not fast-forward anymore).\nThat means the correct workflow is to git pull --rebase upstream (rebase your work on top of new commits from upstream), and then git push --force origin, in order to rewrite the history in such a way your own commits are always on top of the commits from the original (upstream) repo.\nSee also:\n\nGit fork is git clone?\nPull new updates from original Github repository into forked Github repository"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git - the stupid content tracker git-rev-parse"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Pick out and massage parameters"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "What's the difference between Git Revert, Checkout and Reset?\nI am trying to learn how to restore or rollback files and projects to a prior state, and don't understand the difference between git revert, checkout, and reset. Why are there 3 different commands for seemingly the same purpose, and when should someone choose one over the other?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "These three commands have entirely different purposes. They are not even remotely similar.\ngit revert\nThis command creates a new commit that undoes the changes from a previous commit. This command adds new history to the project (it doesn't modify existing history).\ngit checkout\nThis command checks-out content from the repository and puts it in your work tree. It can also have other effects, depending on how the command was invoked. For instance, it can also change which branch you are currently working on. This command doesn't make any changes to the history.\ngit reset\nThis command is a little more complicated. It actually does a couple of different things depending on how it is invoked. It modifies the index (the so-called \"staging area\"). Or it changes which commit a branch head is currently pointing at. This command may alter existing history (by changing the commit that a branch references).\nUsing these commands\nIf a commit has been made somewhere in the project's history, and you later decide that the commit is wrong and should not have been done, then git revert is the tool for the job. It will undo the changes introduced by the bad commit, recording the \"undo\" in the history.\nIf you have modified a file in your working tree, but haven't committed the change, then you can use git checkout to checkout a fresh-from-repository copy of the file.\nIf you have made a commit, but haven't shared it with anyone else and you decide you don't want it, then you can use git reset to rewrite the history so that it looks as though you never made that commit.\nThese are just some of the possible usage scenarios. There are other commands that can be useful in some situations, and the above three commands have other uses as well."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "Remote branch is not showing up in \"git branch -r\"\nI have been pushing to a remote Bitbucket repository and recently a colleague has pushed a new branch he created to the same repository.\nI'm trying to fetch the changes he uploaded.\n $ git branch -a\n * master\n localbranch1\n localbranch2\n remotes/origin/master\n\n\n$ git branch -r\n origin/master\n\nIn the web UI for Bitbucket I can see the branch he has made. How can I do this?\nNext try:\n$ git fetch bitbucket\nPassword for 'https://[email protected]':\nFrom https://bitbucket.org/user/repo\n * branch HEAD -> FETCH_HEAD\n\nIf the branch he created is called new_branch_b should I be expecting to see the following?\n$ git branch -r\norigin/master\norigin/new_branch_b\n\nThird try:\n$ git remote update\nFetching bitbucket\nPassword for 'https://[email protected]':\nFrom https://bitbucket.org/user/repo\n * branch HEAD -> FETCH_HEAD\n\n$ git branch -r\n origin/master\n\nFourth try:\n[remote \"bitbucket\"]\nurl = https://[email protected]/user/repo.git\n\nI called the remote bitbucket rather than origin (at least that's what I recall; I set it up a while ago)\nFifth try:\nI updated the Bitbucket remote configuration as per kan's answer:\n\n$ git config -e\n\n[remote \"bitbucket\"]\n url = https://[email protected]/user/repo.git\n fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/bitbucket/*\n\nFor most people it will be called origin:\n[remote \"origin\"]\n url = https://[email protected]/user/repo.git\n fetch = +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*\n\nAfterwards,\n$ git remote update\n\nFetching bitbucket\nPassword for 'https://[email protected]':\nremote: Counting objects: 48, done.\nremote: Compressing objects: 100% (32/32), done.\nremote: Total 35 (delta 21), reused 0 (delta 0)\nUnpacking objects: 100% (35/35), done.\nFrom https://bitbucket.org/user/repo\n * [new branch] branch_name1 -> origin/branch_name1\n * [new branch] branch_name2 -> origin/branch_name2\n\n.... and so on.\nI think git fetch origin would also work for git remote update."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Update your remote if you still haven't done so:\n$ git remote update\n$ git branch -r"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-log - Show commit logs --until=<date> --before=<date>"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Show commits older than a specific date."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How make travis-ci execute for some branch?\n\nI have a few branches in my repo and I have the .travis.yml file in a branch A (master branch does not have this file). But travis-CI is not starting the build for branch A. What do I need to do to run travis for this branch? When I create a Pull Request from some other branch to master, then travis starts the build.\nP.S. I turned off/on Build only if .travis.yml is present but it did not help. Also I can't see any branches in Branches tab. I added\nbranches:\n only:\n -A\n -master\n\nin the .travis.yml, but it too did not help."
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "You can try and check if it would work with a whitelist.\nSee \"Specify branches to build\"\nYou can either white- or blacklist branches that you want to be built:\n# blacklist\nbranches:\n except:\n - legacy\n - experimental\n\n# whitelist\nbranches:\n only:\n - master\n - stable\n\nTry and put A in a whitelist syntax in the travis.yml, and see if that is picked-up."
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "How to see contributor's email address on Git commit chain?\n\nI can't see how to email a contributor on github after lengthy attempts, and google searches. Why does every beginners guide encourage us to immediately configure our user.email such that it is sent with every commit if its so difficult to view the contributors' email addresses on the commit chain in GitHub?"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Add .patch to the end of the commit url to open patch view.\nhttps://github.com/torvalds/test-tlb/commit/4210d1cfc58f2d8a3da0730389ee63d68c6fe914.patch\n\nhttps://www.thereach.io/blog/articles/how-to-find-github-user-email-addresses"
}
] |
[
{
"role": "system",
"content": "You are a helpful assistant."
},
{
"role": "user",
"content": "git-format-patch - Prepare patches for e-mail submission -<n>"
},
{
"role": "assistant",
"content": "Prepare patches from the topmost <n> commits."
}
] |
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