Datasets:

Yusuf5

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OpenCaselistTMP

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1NC – OFF

Prohibitively punishing fossil fuel producers solves warming – it’s an important imposition of progressive governmentality that’s impossible for anti-state alternatives to capture.

Parenti & Emanuele 15, *former visiting fellow at CUNY's Center for Place, Culture and Politics, as well as a Soros Senior Justice Fellow, teaches in the Liberal Studies program at New York University, interview with **Emanuele, writer, activist and radio journalist who lives and works in the Rust Belt (Christian and Vincent, “Climate Change, Militarism, Neoliberalism and the State,” Online University of the Left, http://ouleft.sp-mesolite.tilted.net/?p=1980)//BB

Parenti 15

CP – State Visas – HJPV

Solvency

Solves – Housing Markets

Immigrants also boost the housing market

Fuller & Rust 14 (Brandon, research scholar at New York University and deputy director of the Urbanization Project at the NYU Stern School of Business, and Sean, practicing attorney and a recent graduate of Temple University’s Beasley School of Law where he was a law and public policy scholar, Cato Institute, “State-Based Visas; A Federalist Approach to Reforming U.S. Immigration Policy,” published April 23, 2014, https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa748_web_1.pdf, accessed 7/6/2018, page 3, JME.)

Fuller & Rust 14

Extra Immigration CP cards

Neg

SBV Solvency: Economy

State based visas funnel immigrants to the US - key to growth and state economic needs

Fuller, New York University research scholar and deputy director of the Urbanization Project, AND Rust, Temple University’s Beasley School of Law graduate, 2014 (Brandon and Sean, 4/23/14, Cato Institute, “State-Based Visas.” https://object.cato.org/sites/cato.org/files/pubs/pdf/pa748_web_1.pdf, Accessed 7/6/17, GDI - JMo)

Fuller, New York University research scholar and deputy director of the Urbanization Project, AND Rust, Temple University’s Beasley School of Law graduate, 2014

Islamophobia Aff—UM 7wS

2ac vs Terror DA

2ac**

The causes of blowback are often hidden – the U.S. has committed innumerable atrocities of which the public does not know that incite violence against them

Johnson, Professor and CIA consultant, 04 (Chalmers, "Blowback: The Costs and Consequences of American Empire", Edition 2, p. 17//ejh)

Johnson, Professor and CIA consultant, 04

Tech Defense

Biotech

No Biotech

No biotech- cost, expertise, time, and tech challenges

Otto et al. 14 Rapid growth in biopharma: Challenges and opportunities Biopharmaceuticals could become the core of the pharmaceutical industry, but not without significant transformation in the laboratory and in strategy, technology, and operations. December 2014 | byRalf Otto, Alberto Santagostino, and Ulf Schrader Mr. Ralf Otto is currently employed at Linklaters, and is a current Director at O&R Oppenhoff & Rädler AG berto Santagostino is an associate principal in the Copenhagen office Ulf Schrader is a partner at McKinsey & Company in Hamburg and co-author of numerous studies on the supply chain in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/health_systems_and_services/rapid_growth_in_biopharma //♥Tina

Otto et al. 14

Solvency

Circumvention

1nc - NSA circumvention

Domestic constraints cause a foreign shift – turns the case

Chandler and Le, 15 - * Director, California International Law Center, Professor of Law and Martin Luther King, Jr. Hall Research Scholar, University of California, Davis; A.B., Harvard College; J.D., Yale Law School AND **Free Speech and Technology Fellow, California International Law Center; A.B., Yale College; J.D., University of California, Davis School of Law (Anupam and Uyen, “DATA NATIONALISM” 64 Emory L.J. 677, lexis)

Chandler and Le, 15

2AC – Off Case

Topicality

NSA Can be Domestic

Even if the law tried to limit the NSA’s domestic surveillance, it didn’t work.

Vladeck 15, Stephen, co-editor-in-chief of Just Security. Steve is a professor of law at American University Washington College of Law, 6-1-2015, "Forget the Patriot Act – Here Are the Privacy Violations You Should Be Worried About," Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/01/section-215-patriot-act-expires-surveillance-continues-fisa-court-metadata/

Vladeck 15,

offcase

framework

2ac framework/topicality

2. The resolution is an apparatus of surveillance: their framework upholds the fantasy of a neat division of ground and the idea that debate exists to build productive neoliberal skills helpful on the job market. That means the 1ac’s rejection of the topic is itself a curtailment of United States surveillance

Puar 14 [Jasbir, Associate Professor of Women’s & Gender Studies at Rutgers University, Ph.D. in Ethnic Studies from the University of California at Berkeley in 1999, M.A. from the University of York, England, in Women’s Studies in 1993, “Jasbir Puar: Regimes of Surveillance,” Cosmologics, December 4, 2014, http://cosmologicsmagazine.com/jasbir-puar-regimes-of-surveillance] //khirn Jasbir Puar: Much of my work on surveillance has focused on technologies of surveillance as not only responsive and thus repressive, but also as pre-emptive and thus productive. And many of these forms of surveillance appear in neo-liberal models of security, model-minority racialization, proper modes of masculine and feminine gender conformity, educational mandates, and patriotic citizenship. This interest follows from Michel Foucault’s basic insight regarding “regimes of security” and how they operate in control societies through an anticipatory temporality: in other words, controlling so that one does not have to repress. Regimes of security also entail corralling greater numbers of populations into a collective project of surveillance.

Puar 14

puar k

1nc (surveillance)

Modern “superpanoptic” systems of surveillance convert bodies to easily catalogued and controlled “data bodies”—this process induces gender conformity

Puar 14 Associate Professor of Women’s & Gender Studies at Rutgers University (Jasbir, “Jasbir Puar: Regimes of Surveillance” 12/4/14, http://cosmologicsmagazine.com/jasbir-puar-regimes-of-surveillance/) | js

Puar 14

PRISONS NEGATIVE

ABOLITION K

AT pragmatism

Reject their alternative indicts – demands for immediate solutions derail more important conversations about structural causes of problems in favor of shallow piecemeal solutions meant to address white guilt

Leonard PhD 12 (David J., 11/05/2012, The Huffington Post, “So you want to talk solutions? White denial and the change question, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/dr-david-j-leonard/so-you-want-to-talk-solut_b_1850938.html\\EJH)

Leonard PhD 12

2NC

Case

A2 Deterrence Not Credible

Tannewald is also about SLBM—those don’t lower the threshold for use—SLBMs only convince Russia that they can’t preemptively strike

Freedberg 18 Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. (the deputy editor for Breaking Defense. During his 13 years at National Journal magazine, he wrote his first story about what became known as "homeland security" in 1998, his first story about "military transformation" in 1999, and his first story on "asymmetrical warfare" in 2000. Since 2004 he has conducted in-depth interviews with more than 200 veterans of Afghanistan and Iraq about their experiences, insights, and lessons-learned, writing stories that won awards from the association of Military Reporters & Editors in 2008 and 2009, as well as an honorable mention in 2010. Sydney graduated summa cum laude from Harvard and holds masters' degrees from Cambridge and Georgetown). “No, Trump Nuke Strategy Doesn’t Doom Planet: DUSD Policy.” Breaking Defense. February 26, 2018. https://breakingdefense.com/2018/02/no-trump-nuke-strategy-doesnt-doom-planet-usd-policy/

Freedberg 18

Alternative

Alt – Collective Resistance

Coordinated and concerted efforts at awareness and resistance can undermine the surveillance regime

Friesen et al. 12 – Dr. Norm Friesen is Canada Research Chair in E-Learning Practices at Thompson Rivers University. His academic credentials include a PhD in Education from the University of Alberta. Andrew Feenberg, School of Communication, Simon Fraser University. Grace Smith, Arapiki Solutions, Inc. (Norm Friesen, Andrew Feenberg, Grace Smith, and Shannon Lowe, 2012, “Experiencing Surveillance”, pp. 82-83, (Re)Inventing The Internet, http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-6091-734-9_4 // SM)

Friesen et al. 12 // SM)

**Aff**

AT: Scapegoating

2NC—AT: Perm

Best data proves scapegoating is wrong --- if the aff doesn’t solve, the US will be more lenient towards other countries

Gollwitzer 4 --- University of Trier, Germany (Mario, “Do Normative Transgressions Affect Punitive Judgments? An Empirical Test of the Psychoanalytic Scapegoat Hypothesis”, SagePub)//trepka

Gollwitzer 4

Risk Calculus

Extinction

Extinction First

Extinction comes first – ethical responsibility to address

Matheny 7 – formerly at Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, focused on existential risk [Jason, PhD in Applied Economics from Johns Hopkins University, MPH from Johns Hopkins, MBA from Duke University, BA from the University of Chicago, “Reducing the Risk of Human Extinction,” Risk Analysis: An International Journal, pp. 1335, October 2007, Wiley, Accessed 6/28/15]//schnall

Matheny 7

Advantage – Entrapment

Informants Aff

IL – Violate 4th Amendment

FBI uses informants purposely in order to disregard the 4th amendment and ensure citizen’s civil liberties are violated

J.M. Berger (co-author of ISIS: The State of Terror and is a nonresident fellow at the Brookings Institution) “INVESTIGATION: Does the F.B.I. Have an Informant Problem?” September 07, 2012 http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/09/07/does-the-f-b-i-have-an-informant-problem/

J.M. Berger 2012

Protection

Other / Affirmative

Includes preventing future threats

Protection includes mitigation of future threats to water resources

John H. Davidson, 17 - Professor Emeritus, School of Law, University of South Dakota. ARTICLE: SOUTH DAKOTA'S PUBLIC TRUST DOCTRINE: CONSERVING NATURAL RESOURCES IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY, 62 S.D. L. REV. 397, lexis SDEPA = South Dakota Environmental Protection Act //DH The law, as enacted in South Dakota, bears one minor but striking variation from the original law enacted in Michigan. Section 3(1) of the Michigan law reads: "When the plaintiff in the action has made a prima facie showing that the conduct of defendant has polluted, impaired, or destroyed … ." The SDEPA, in contrast, reads: "When the plaintiff in the action has made a prima facie showing that the conduct of the defendant is polluting, impairing or destroying … ." This variation may alter the nature of the prima facie case that must be presented - active pollution, impairment or destruction, or a threat sufficient to warrant equitable intervention.

Davidson, 17 SDEPA = South Dakota Environmental Protection Act //DH

Risk Calculus

Magnitude

Magnitude Framing Good

High magnitude impacts must come first, even if they’re improbable

Sandberg et al. 8 (Anders, Ph.D. in computational neuroscience from Stockholm University, and currently a James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, Milan Cirkovic, senior research associate at the Astronomical Observatory of Belgrade. He is also an assistant professor of physics at the University of Novi Sad in Serbia and Montenegro, Jason Matheny, Department of Health Policy and Management, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, “How can we reduce the risk of human extinction?” http://thebulletin.org/how-can-we-reduce-risk-human-extinction // AKONG)

Sandberg et al. 8 AKONG)

Framework

Surveillance-Specific

Transparency Key

Public scrutiny solves – transparency is the only mechanism

Rice 15

Rice 15

AT: Economy Advantage

AT: Third Part Doctrine

--xt Bubble will collapse

Bubble will collapse

Mahmood 2015 (Tallot; The Tech Industry Is In Denial, But The Bubble Is About To Burst; Jun 26; techcrunch.com/2015/06/26/the-tech-industry-is-in-denial-but-the-bubble-is-about-to-burst/; kdf)

Mahmood 2015

Case Arguments

Status Quo Solves

New reforms coming now solve the aff.

Kesten 15 TSA Head Reassigned After Agency Fails 95 Percent Of Airport Security Tests AP | By LOU KESTEN Posted: 06/01/2015 10:37 pm EDT staff writer for ABC News & Business Insider, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/01/tsa-security-reforms-jeh-_n_7489558.html

Kesten 15

Negative

Impact

Ext. Hezbollah/Iran

Hezbollah’s ties to South American cartels are real – they provide funding and support

Worman and Durbin 14 [ John – Guest speaker for UN organizations and US universities on Terrorism and risk assessment. SME in Terrorism and regional security for the Levant.Responsible for macro level business development; promoting training services to police & military units for special operations and counter-terrorism tactics, techniques and procedures. Kirk - Adjunct Instructor at University of Argosy: Undergraduate Studies-Criminal Justice Program. Terrorism, Threats and Risk Assessment, Police Organization and Structure, Corrections. “Iran’s Terrorist Proxy: Penetrating the United States with Nuclear Material as the Trigger to Setting off a US Media Explosion, Is a Reality”, Global Security Studies, Fall 2014, Volume 5, Issue 4, http://globalsecuritystudies.com/Worman%20Iran%20-AG.pdf] Schuler 5

Worman and Durbin 14 [

case defense

critical infrastructure advantage

2nc grid impact

Military computers are resilient

Weimann 4 Gabriel Weimann, senior fellow at the United States Institute of Peace and professor of communication at the University of Haifa, Israel, 2004, Cyberterrorism How Real Is the Threat?, ttp://www.usip.org/files/resources/sr119.pdf

Weimann 4

Doubles – Harvard

1NC – DA

Russia economic decline causes global war. Collapses NATO and EU, global separatism, terrorism and populism.

Kaplan 16 (Robert; is a senior fellow at the Center for a New American Security; “Eurasia’s Coming Anarchy”; Foreign Affairs; https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2016-02-15/eurasias-coming-anarchy; accessed 9/24/19; MSCOTT)

Kaplan 16

AFF – Encryption

ADV – CYBERSECURITY

--xt plan k/t cybersecurity

Technology insecure now – encryption key

Blaze, Ph. D in computer science, 15 (Matthew Blaze, Ph. D in computer science and associate professor at UPenn, “ENCRYPTION TECHNOLOGY POLICY ISSUES”, 4/29/15, HTTP://congressional.proquest.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/congressional/docview/t39.d40.04292903.d94?accountid=14667)//EM

Blaze, Ph. D in computer science, 15

AFF

2ac framework/topicality

2ac – preemption da

Framework is a pre-emptive attempt to constrain and deter different modes of rhetorical being

Reeves 13 (Joshua – Assistant Professor in Communication at the University of Memphis, “If You See Something, Say Something: Surveillance, Communication and Citizenship in American Life,” A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of North Carolina State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 2013, p. 207-210, http://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/ir/bitstream/1840.16/8762/1/etd.pdf)

Reeves 13

U.S.-China Relations

Irrelevant (General)

It doesn’t matter who wins – tensions will remain high.

Reynolds 15 — Ben Reynolds, Writer and Foreign Policy Analyst based in New York whose commentary has appeared in The Diplomat, Russia Today, and AAJ, 2015 (“What Would a Clinton Presidency Mean for U.S.-China Relations?,” China-U.S. Focus—a publication of the China-United States Exchange Foundation in Hong Kong, April 27th, Available Online at http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/what-would-a-clinton-presidency-mean-for-u-s-china-relations/, Accessed 07-04-2016)

Reynolds 15

AFF

2ac Ks

2ac identity politics

Feminism perm card

Flax 99 (Jane, Professor of Political Science, Howard University, “CAN THERE BE CITIZENSHIP WITHOUT RACE AND GENDER?”, http://iiav.nl/epublications/1999/cantherebecitizenshipwithoutraceandgender.pdf)//BW

Flax 99

DEATH PENALTY AFFIRMATIVE

1AC

1AC---Framing

Extinction first logic fails.

Kessler, 8—Oliver; April 2008; PhD in IR, professor of sociology at the University of Bielefeld, and professor of history and theory of IR at the Faculty of Arts; (Alternatives, Vol. 33, “From Insecurity to Uncertainty: Risk and the Paradox of Security Politics” p. 211-232)

Kessler, 8

Solvency

Warrants Bad

Warrant Requirements go too far and destroy law enforcement drone uses

Melanie Reid 14, Associate Professor of Law, Lincoln Memorial University-Duncan School of Law, Spring 2014, “GROUNDING DRONES: BIG BROTHER'S TOOL BOX NEEDS REGULATION NOT ELIMINATION”, Richmond Journal of Law & Technology, 20 Rich. J.L. & Tech. 9, http://jolt.richmond.edu/index.php/grounding-drones-big-brothers-tool-box-needs-regulation-not-elimination/

Reid 14,

Oceans Advantage

Trawling Bad

Biotech Impact Wall

Independently, checking the number of casualties is essential to prevent US nuclear retaliation

Conley 3 [Lt Col Harry W. is chief of the Systems Analysis Branch, Directorate of Requirements, Headquarters Air Combat Command (ACC), Langley AFB, Virginia. Air & Space Power Journal – Spring, http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj03/spr03/conley.html]

Conley 3

Exports Advantage

Solvency

2AC A2 Insuff. Infrastructure

There is already a lot of LNG infra,structure and it is bound to grow much more.

UNECE (United Nations Economic Commission for Europe) 15 April 2014 “Liquefied Natural Gas will be key to decarbonize the economy and improve energy security” http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=35399

UNECE 14 “Liquefied Natural Gas will be key to decarbonize the economy and improve energy security” http://www.unece.org/index.php?id=35399

MSDI Vaccine Funding Aff

Biosafety Extensions

CRISPR solves Heg

EO medical research spills over to sub tracking

Patrick Tucker, 12-1-2018, Technology Editor, https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2018/12/us-military-genetically-engineering-new-life-forms-detect-enemy-subs/153200/, "The US Military Is Genetically Engineering New Life Forms To Detect Enemy Subs," Defense One (ermo/sms, Acc:6-8-2022)

Tucker 18

***Impact Defense***

--- AT: Turns Case---

Irrelevant (General)

It doesn’t matter who wins – tensions will remain high.

Reynolds 15 — Ben Reynolds, Writer and Foreign Policy Analyst based in New York whose commentary has appeared in The Diplomat, Russia Today, and AAJ, 2015 (“What Would a Clinton Presidency Mean for U.S.-China Relations?,” China-U.S. Focus—a publication of the China-United States Exchange Foundation in Hong Kong, April 27th, Available Online at http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/what-would-a-clinton-presidency-mean-for-u-s-china-relations/, Accessed 07-04-2016)

Reynolds 15

Exports Advantage

Competitiveness Answers

Defense---1NC

Export controls don’t hurt competitiveness---no economic benefits from reform

OSPR 13, Open Society Policy Center, non-partisan and non-profit organization that engages in advocacy aimed at influencing U.S. government policy on domestic and international issues, “Export Control Reform: Economic Illogic and Overlooked Consequences,” Open Society Policy Center Issue Brief, July 2013, http://opensocietypolicycenter.org/wp-content/uploads/Arms-Export-Control-Reform-Increases-Outsourcing.pdf

OSPR 13

Links

Warming/ Enviornment

China Specific

Study of power relations key to make decisions on climate change

Kaijser and Kronsell 14 (Anna Kaijser is a LUCID Phd Graduate with an academic background is within Social Anthropology, International Development and Gender Studies, Annica Kronsell is a professor of Political Science at LUND university who specializes in Climate politics, feminist and intersectional perspectives, “Climate change through the lens of intersectionality,” Environmental Politics Volume 23, Issue 3, 2014, pg 417-433, Date accessed: 6/29/16, sabz)

Kaijser and Kronsell 14

Neg

Links

Security Cooperation

Security cooperation legitimizes irredeemable institutions like NATO, allow them to continue patterns of masculine colonization

Basticka and Duncansonb 18

Basticka and Duncansonb 18

Harvard Round 3 Neg vs Wake CH

CP

AT perm do cp

‘Reduce’ does not mean modification

FLR 11

FLR 11

2AC

Embodiment K

A focus on micropolitics fails to effectuate change – a focus on the state is necessary to best tackle systems of power

Asef Bayat 13. Sociology Prof @ University of Illinois. 2013. “Life As Politics: How Ordinary People Change the Middle East.” pp. 41-45.

Bayat 13

Affirmative

Drug Treaties Turn Answers

2AC — UN Action Solves

The UN is loosening restrictions on marijuana.

Silwoski 18 — Vince Sliwoski, professor of Cannabis Law and Policy at Lewis & Clark Law School, 2018 (“The United Nations is FINALLY Taking a Hard Look at Cannabis,” Harris Bricken, August 17th, Available Online at https://harrisbricken.com/cannalawblog/the-united-nations-is-finally-taking-a-hard-look-at-cannabis/, Accessed On 07-17-2020)

Silwoski 18

2AC

1AC---Full Text

CIL CP---2AC

CIL builds in structural confusion AND is unenforceable

Irit Mevorach 18, Professor of International Commercial Law in the School of Law of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Nottingham, “Modified Universalism as Customary International Law”, Texas Law Review, 96 Tex. L. Rev. 1403, June 2018, Lexis

Mevorach 18

Retrenchment Good

Cooperative Hegemony Good

AT: Domestic Constraint Arguments

3 major flaws with domestic constraint arguments

Paul K. MacDonald and Joseph M. Parent 11, MacDonald is an Associate Professor of Political Science at Wellesley college, his primary area of research being international relations, with a focus on American foreign policy, Joseph Parent is an associate professor at Miami University, attended the University of Chicago, got a PhD at Columbia, whose research focuses on how shifts in power affect conflict, international relations and American foreign policy, Spring 2011, “Graceful Decline? The Surprising Success of Great Power Retrenchment,” http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/files/ISEC_a_00034-MacDonald_proof2.pdf

MacDonald and Parent 11

Nuclear War

Disease

Turns

Limited nuclear war in South Asia leads to famine and conflict-creates disease outbreaks, empirically proven.

Pearson, intern for the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 13 (Alexander, political science graduate of the University of Leeds in the UK, “The Global Impact of a Limited Nuclear War in South Asia: Famine, Disease and War”, Nukes of Hazard: A Project of Center for Arms Control & Non-Proliferation, http://www.nukesofhazardblog.com/, 6/28/14, MRZ)

Pearson, intern for the Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation, 13

1AC

1AC – Econ Advantage

Econ crisis guarantees great power war

-prolonged crisis + ethno-populism + aggressive rhetoric + current political climate = war

Historical Materialism

Perms

Reactionary Conservatism DA

The permutation is reactionary conservatism----their appeal to “real suffering” abandons the flux of politics in favor their survival tactic

Wendy Brown 95, prof at UC Berkely, States of Injury, 37-8

Brown 95

1NC

1NC---DA

Plan costs political capital -- protections intensifies tug-of-war

Perkowski 21 (Mateusz Perkowski, covers legal issues at Capital Press; “Pendulum swings in Clean Water Act regulation”, published 1-12-21; https://www.capitalpress.com/nation_world/agriculture/pendulum-swings-in-clean-water-act-regulation/article_d6d9426a-547a-11eb-8608-ff7c0955ed08.html)

Perkowski 21

Negative

Pan

Link — Pan [Monolithic Threat]

The construction of the Chinese Other is a discursive practice which marks China as a monolithic threat, denying Chinese subjectivities and creating a fixed dichotomy of the West and East.

Pan 12, Associate Professor of International Relations at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences and a member of the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation at Deakin University. He held visiting positions at the University of Melbourne, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Peking University, Fudan University and the University of Macau, and was an Endeavour Research Fellow at the Australian Studies Centre, Peking University between October 2016 and February 2017. He is on the editorial board of Series in International Relations Classics (World Affairs Press, Beijing)., (Chengxin, “Of fears and fantasies: neocolonial desire in Western self/Other imagination” in Knowledge, Desire and Power in Global Politics: Western Representations of China’s Rise) //CHC-DS

Pan 12

1NC – Reverse Politics

Deal Bad

Iran deal leads to global proliferation and hurts the economy

Yashar, 7/2/15 (Ari, writer for Israel Nation News, “Experts Warn Iran Deal Will Kill Nuclear Non-Proliferation”, http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/197588#.VaVjMRNViko)//BW

Yashar, 7/2

CP’s

AT: South Africa CP

EXT – No Money

CP has no solvency, South Africa drastically cutting spending

Maswanganyi 6-12 (Ntsakisi, Economics Editor at Business Day, "South Africa facing painful choices on deficit", June 12, 2014, http://www.bdlive.co.za/economy/2014/06/12/south-africa-facing-painful-choices-on-deficit) jml

Maswanganyi 6-12

2015-2016 Impact Defense Updates - NDI

US Relations

EU

US and EU will cooperate regardless of relations, 2 reasons

The European Union: A Distinctive Actor in International Relations KAREN E. SMITH 3 Lecturer in International Relations London School of Economics, Watson Institute, Winter/Spring 2003 – Volume IX, Issue 2

SMITH 3

Orion Sonar DA/Turn

Impact Modules

Impact Module—Dolphins

Those outbreaks risk extinction.

Yule ‘13 (et al; Jeffrey V. Yule – Herbert McElveen Professor of Applied and Natural Sciences At the School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Published April 2nd – Humanities 2013, 2, 147–159; doi:10.3390/h2020147)

Yule ‘13

Biodiversity

AT: Alt Causes

AT: Global Warming

Reserve uniquely mitigate climate impacts

Salm et al., Department of Pathobiology at the Johns Hopkins University, 8

Salm et al 8

Disadvantages

Fishing Industry DA

2NC Uniqueness

Law enforcement is causing depleted stocks to recover in the status quo.

Wines ’13 [3-15-13, Michael Wines has a graduate degree in journalism from Columbia University and is a New York Times staffwriter based in Bejing, “Fish Populations in the United States Rebound,” http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/16/science/earth/fish-populations-in-us-rebound-since-1996-catch-limits-law.html, HR]

Wines ’13

BIT Neg

DA – Offshoring

1NC

Manufacturing is critical to technology and innovation and the overall economy

Ettlinger and Gordon 11 -- *Vice President for Economic Policy at the Center for American Progress, **Vice President for Energy Policy at the Center for American Progress (Michael and Kate, “The Importance and Promise of American Manufacturing”, https://www.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/issues/2011/04/pdf/manufacturing.pdf)

Ettlinger and Gordon 11

BIT Neg

CP – WTO QPQ

2NC – Solvency

The plan effectually grants China ‘market economy status’ under the WTO – that forces mutual long-term commitment.

Bader ’16 - senior director for Asian affairs on the National Security Council in the Obama Administration and a former United States Ambassador to Namibia, (Jeffrey, “A Framework for U.S. Policy toward China,” http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/papers/2016/03/us-policy-toward-china-framework-bader/us-china-policy-framework-bader.pdf, DS)

Bader ’16 , DS)

1NC vs Mission San Jose SS

1

Competing interps Reasonability is arbitrary and invites judge intervention

Executive CP

Competition

2NC--AT: Perm Do Both

C. Perm renders the executive order useless and destroys presidential power.

Ivey ’03 (Lisa, Cumberland Law Review, 33 Cumb. L. Rev. 107, lexis)

Ivey ’03

UNCLOS CP – FFRVS – Wave 2

Neg

Solves – SCS (Glaser)

CP is the best mechanism to resolve the SCS

Glaser 2012 - Senior Fellow with the Freeman Chair in China Studies, CSIS Bonnie S, "Armed Clash in the South China Sea," Apr, www.cfr.org/asia-and-pacific/armed-clash-south-china-sea/p27883

Glaser 2012

1NC ABOLITIONISM K

---The impact is an ongoing regime of genocidal terror—The state of criminal justice is constituted by necropolitics, that is sovereign management of bodies condemned to social death. This system cannot be separated from the institutions of slavery and colonialism from which it originates.

KatherineKellyAbraham 2018

KatherineKellyAbraham 2018

2015 NDI 6WS -- AT: K

Neolib Good

Enviornment

Neoliberalism solves for poverty and income inequality, neoliberalism manifests itself in different forms Europe proves Summer 10’” Scott, Scott Sumner is a professor of economics at Bentley University in Waltham, Massachusetts. He earned his Ph.D. in economics at the University of Chicago in 1985, “The unacknowledged success of neoliberalism, http://www.econlib.org/library/Columns/y2010/Sumnerneoliberalism.html”.CCThe neoliberal policy revolution that began in the late 1970s might be the most important recent event in world history. But it remains a curiously elusive and underreported phenomenon. Many on the left question the motives behind the reforms, as well as their efficacy, while some on the right talk as if the neoliberal revolution never happened. Yet, the neoliberal revolution has been widespread and highly successful. And the motives of neoliberal reforms are much purer than one would imagine after reading left-wing criticisms of free-market reforms. First, to understand what neoliberalism it, we need to start with the term "liberal." The best way to make sense of liberalism, in all its permutations, is to assume that liberals are people with constantly evolving policy views but relatively stable utilitarian values. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, idealistic utilitarian reformers, aka "classical liberals," believed that free-market capitalism was the best way to improve human welfare. Views shifted over the course of the 19th century, as capitalism was increasingly associated, whether accurately or not, with overly-powerful corporations and increasing inequality. After the Great Depression, many liberals saw laissez-faire not just as unfair, but also as dysfunctional. In the United States, self-described "liberals" moved toward somewhat more socialist policy views. Modern liberalism (or social democracy outside the United States) reached its peak between the 1930s and 1970s. The policy mix included a great deal of statism (barriers to trade, price controls, high marginal tax rates (MTRs) and government ownership of industry), as well as greatly increased government spending, especially in government transfer programs. Then, beginning in the late 1970s, there was a sudden and dramatic shift away from one aspect of socialism—statist policies were discarded and free markets came back into vogue. However, there was no significant reduction in government spending: In most countries, the government's share of GDP has been fairly stable in recent decades. The neoliberal revolution combines the free markets of classical liberalism with the income transfers of modern liberalism. Although this somewhat oversimplifies a complex reality, it broadly describes the policy changes that have transformed the world economy since 1975. Markets in almost every country are much freer than in 1980; the government owns a smaller share of industry; and the top MTRs on personal and corporate income are sharply lower. The United States, starting from a less-socialist position, has been affected less than some other countries. But even in the United States there have been neoliberal reforms in four major areas: deregulation of prices and market access, sharply lower MTRs on high-income people, freer trade, and welfare reform. Many other countries saw even greater neoliberal policy reforms, as once-numerous state-owned enterprises were mostly privatized. There is an unfortunate tendency to associate the term "neoliberal" with right-wing political views. In fact, the quite liberal social democracies of northern Europe have been among the most aggressive neoliberal reformers. Indeed, according to the Heritage Foundation's Index of Economic Freedom, Denmark is the freest economy in the world in the average of the eight categories unrelated to size of government.1 The Nordic countries2 have begun to privatize many activities that government still performs in the United States. These include passenger rail, airports, air-traffic control, highways, postal services, fire departments, water systems, and public schools, among many others. These countries do have much larger and more comprehensive income-transfer programs than the United States has, but are not otherwise particularly socialist. So why is the left so skeptical of the neoliberal revolution? And why does the right tend to overlook it, except for the obvious cases, such as the collapse of communism? Many on the left are skeptical about how much freer markets have actually achieved. Part of this skepticism reflects the slowdown in worldwide growth since 1973. Because almost all countries instituted at least some reforms, and yet growth slowed in most countries, there is a tendency to assume that the reforms failed. Others point to well-publicized fiascos in electricity and banking deregulation and assume that these represent the broader reality. On the right, many American economists focus on the failure of Reaganomics to reduce the size of government, as well as on increased regulation in areas such as health, safety, and the environment, while the so-called "economic regulations" were trimmed back. Paul Krugman, one of the most forceful advocates of the view that neoliberal reforms in the United States caused economic growth to slow, wrote: Basically, US postwar economic history falls into two parts: an era of high taxes on the rich and extensive regulation, during which living standards experienced extraordinary growth; and an era of low taxes on the rich and deregulation, during which living standards for most Americans rose fitfully at best.3 Because economic growth slowed almost everywhere after 1973, however, we need to look at relative economic performance in order to identify the effect of neoliberal policy reforms. The following data show per capita income in terms of purchasing power parity [PPP].4 All data are from the World Bank and are expressed as a ratio to U.S. per capita income: Note that four countries gained significantly on the United States, two were roughly stable (Australia and Japan) and the rest regressed. The four that gained were Chile, Britain, Hong Kong and Singapore. Of course, many poor countries also gained on the United States, but that's to be expected. As we will see, the relative performance of each of these economies is consistent with the view that neoliberal policies promote economic growth. Britain: At the time Margaret Thatcher became Prime Minister in 1979, decades of statist policies had turned Britain into the sick man of Europe. The government owned the big manufacturing firms in industries such as autos and steel. The top individual MTRs on income were 83 percent on "earned income" and an eye-popping 98 percent on income from capital. Frequent labor strikes paralyzed transportation and led to garbage piling up in the streets of London. Much of the housing stock was government-owned. Britain had lagged other European economies for decades, growing far more slowly than most economies on the continent. Thatcher's reforms were among the most comprehensive in the world, and by the mid-1980s, Britain was growing faster than the other major European economies. By 2008, it had a higher per capita income than Germany, France, and Italy. United States: The United States was doing better than Britain in 1980, but not particularly well. We had also been growing much more slowly than Europe and Japan. Unlike Britain, we were still richer than most other developed countries, and so many people viewed this convergence as partly inevitable (the catch-up from World War II) and partly reflective of the superior economic model of the Germans and Japanese. It was widely expected that Japan and Germany would eventually surpass the United States in per capita GDP. Paul Samuelson claimed in 1973 that Soviet GDP might surpass U.S. GDP as soon as 1990.5 Obviously none of this happened, and by the 1990s, the United States was growing faster than most major European economies. Australia: A traditionally rich country whose commodity export model started to sputter in the 1970s, Australia began free-market reforms in the 1980s (under a left-wing government) and accelerated the reforms after the conservatives took power in 1996. After 1994, Australia's relative decline reversed. Japan: Japan is just the opposite of Australia. Its free-market export model did very well in the post-war years and didn't hit a wall until about 1990. After that, domestic growth sputtered as Japan's dysfunctional government refused to reform its statist domestic economy. Hong Kong and Singapore: These two countries top most surveys of "economic freedom" (which include size of government.) Both are in the process of becoming much richer than the United States. Some of that is due to their status as city-states. But even in larger developed economies, the population is mainly urban, and so Hong Kong's and Singapore's success is due to more than just demographics. Canada: Canada is similar to Australia, except that it was not as statist as Australia in the earlier period, and its reforms occurred in the 1990s, when Canada began shrinking the size of government as a share of GDP, after having, in 1988, adopted free trade with the United States. These reforms were successful, as its decline relative to the United States was reversed, and Canada started catching up after 1994. France and Germany: Both passed some reforms, but much less than Britain. They suffered a decline relative to both Britain and the United States. Note that the German data for the whole time period include the East, so their relative decline cannot be explained by the 1990 absorption of that less-productive region. Italy: Italy instituted a few reforms, but has a significantly more statist model than most of Western Europe. Italy fell far behind Britain. Sweden: Sweden had a bad recession in the early 1990s after having suffered decades of relative decline. It made major cuts in MTRs, privatized, and deregulated during the 1990s, and its relative performance improved after those reforms. Switzerland: Switzerland has always been regarded as one of the most capitalist countries in Western Europe, but has also been among the least aggressive countries in terms of neoliberal reforms. That pattern would predict high levels of GDP/person, but relative decline vis-à-vis the United States And that is exactly what has occurred. What about in the developing world? Even most progressives concede that India has benefited by moving away from the "License Raj," the term used to describe the morass of controls and regulations facing anyone who wanted to start or run a business. There's even less controversy about China's abandonment of Maoism after 1979. But there is controversy about the impact of neoliberalism in middle-income regions such as Latin America. Once again, here's Paul Krugman: Latin Americans are the most disillusioned. Through much of the 1990's, they bought into the "Washington consensus"—which we should note came from Clinton administration officials as well as from Wall Street economists and conservative think tanks—which said that privatization, deregulation and free trade would lead to economic takeoff. Instead, growth remained sluggish, inequality increased, and the region was struck by a series of economic crises.6 It's certainly true that neoliberal reforms have not worked miracles in Latin America. But a major part of the reason is that despite reforms such as trade liberalization, most economies in that region remain strikingly statist. Among Latin American nations, Chile has by far the best record of neoliberal reforms. It ranks tenth on the Heritage Index of Economic Freedom and is the only Latin American country, other than St. Lucia, to make the top 30. In contrast, Argentina ranks 135th. Chilean incomes were barely half those of Argentineans in 1980, but by 2008, Chile had actually become slightly richer. Argentina did some neoliberal reforms in the early 1990s and grew rapidly between 1991 and 1998. But Argentina slipped into a highly deflationary monetary policy in the late 1990s. The resulting depression led to a backlash against neoliberalism, and a more left-wing government moved Argentina back toward statism after 2002. One lesson of both Argentina after 1998 and the United States after 1929 is that even a fairly efficient free-market economy cannot easily adapt to deflationary monetary policies. Other critics of neoliberalism point to the discouraging economic situation in the former Soviet bloc. While the performance has been disappointing, the critics often overlook two important considerations. First, the entire Soviet bloc experienced a severe depression in the late 1980s and early 1990s, even before economic reforms had begun in most areas. (The reforms began in 1992 in Russia.) Second, economic growth tended to be higher in areas that reformed most rapidly and lowest in areas that remained unreformed. Estonia did better than Russia, which did better than the Ukraine. The one communist country that adopted no reforms (North Korea) saw an almost-complete collapse of its economy during the 1990s. The preceding examples suggest one aspect of the neoliberal revolution that is often overlooked. By the 1970s, growth was slowing sharply almost everywhere, which led Margaret Thatcher to proclaim: "There is no alternative." Britain did not grow significantly faster after the Thatcher reforms, but did overtake Western European countries that reformed their economies less aggressively. Interestingly, academics were often the last to understand what was going on. In 1981, 364 British economists signed a petition7 warning that Thatcher's polices would fail. But, by the 1990s, there was a sort of tacit understanding8 among policy-oriented economists that when countries get into trouble, market reforms are the only real option. Indeed, the term "economic reform" became almost synonymous with "market reforms." Although the dispute over neoliberalism is often characterized in left/right terms, that characterization is misleading. Neoliberal reforms occurred in nearly every country during the 1980s and 1990s, regardless of whether a left- or right-wing government was in office. A few years ago, I researched9 the relationship between cultural attitudes and neoliberal reforms among the developed countries. It turns out that, between 1980 and 2005, those countries with more idealistic or civic-minded cultures (as indicated by surveys on attitudes toward the common good and by indices of corruption10) tended to reform their economies much more rapidly than countries with less civic-minded attitudes.11 Interestingly, Denmark has by far the most civic-minded culture in the group of 32 developed countries, and, as noted above, ended up with the least statist economic system in the Heritage's 2008 rankings (excluding the two size-of-government categories). Greece has the least civic-minded attitudes and ended up with the most statist economy in 2008. Far from being a right-wing plot to enrich corporations, the neoliberal revolution was liberal in the truest sense of the term: a rational response by idealistic policymakers to the increasingly obvious failure of statist economic models in the 1970s and 1980s. So far, I have focused on the move away from statism and haven't addressed the long-term viability of the welfare state. Here, the evidence is mixed. It is true that governments in rich countries tend to spend a higher share of GDP than governments of poorer countries. On the one hand, fans of the welfare state point to the relatively high living standards in places like Sweden and Denmark, which have extensive income transfers and low income inequality. On the other hand, both of those countries have been aggressive neoliberal reformers, and so part of their success is despite their high tax burdens. Figure 1. Economic Freedom Figure 1. Economic FreedomZOOM There is some evidence that the high-tax European model may eventually lose out to the low-tax/high-saving economy, the kind one observes in Singapore. The graph in Figure 1 shows the relationship between per capita GDP and the Heritage Index of Economic Freedom, including size of government. I included all sizable countries with GDPs exceeding $23,000/person (PPP), except for a few small Middle Eastern oil producers and Luxembourg (which was literally off the charts). There are two obvious outliers. Norway, the highest-income country, is much richer than other countries with similar levels of economic freedom, and New Zealand, at 80 on the economic freedom scale and only $27,260 in per capita income (US PPP dollars), is somewhat poorer than expected. Norway's position is almost certainly attributable to its vast oil wealth. Perhaps New Zealand's disappointing performance is due to its remote location and its comparative advantage in agriculture holding it back in an increasingly globalized economy in which many governments subsidize farming. But other than those two exceptions, there is a close relationship between economic freedom and income per capita. Although developed countries tend to have large governments, the very richest have smaller governments than the next tier. The lowest tier consists of relatively statist economies such as Greece. And the wealth gaps are set to widen over time. Countries with relatively small government sectors, such as the United States, Australia and Canada, are expected12 to modestly outgrow Western Europe and Japan over the next few years, even in per-capita terms. And extremely low-tax Singapore and Hong Kong are likely to dramatically outperform Western Europe and Japan. For a podcast with Scott Sumner on neoliberalism, see Sumner on Growth and Economic Policy. EconTalk, June 21, 2010. Singapore is able to combine universal health care with extremely low taxes and large budget surpluses. The government does this by requiring workers to self-insure for retirement, unemployment and non-catastrophic medical expenses. This economic model provides much greater incentives for wealth creation and may explain why Singapore leads the world in millionaires per capita (roughly 11 percent of the population and rising fast13). As Europe struggles with its enormous public-debt challenges, this sort of small government/high-saving model will look increasingly attractive.

Summer 10’ the neoliberal revolution has been widespread and highly successful. And the motives of neoliberal reforms are much purer than one would imagine Markets in almost every country are much freer than in 1980; the government owns a smaller share of industry There is an unfortunate tendency to associate the term "neoliberal" with right-wing political views. In fact, the quite liberal social democracies of northern Europe have been among the most aggressive neoliberal reformers , Denmark The Nordic countries2 by the 1990s, the United States was growing faster than most major European economies , even before economic reforms had begun in most areas. (The reforms began in 1992 in Russia.) Second, economic growth tended to be higher in areas that reformed most rapidly and lowest in areas that remained unreformed. when countries get into trouble, market reforms are the only real option. Although the dispute over neoliberalism is often characterized in left/right terms, that characterization is misleading. Neoliberal reforms occurred in nearly every country during the 1980s and 1990s, regardless government in places like Sweden and Denmark, have extensive income transfers and low income inequality. On the other hand, both of those countries have been aggressive neoliberal reformers, and so part of their success is despite their high tax burdens. This economic model provides much greater incentives for wealth creation a

Health Diplomacy Neg—7-wk Juniors CPPRW

AT Disease – No South Africa Terrorism

AT Disease – No Antibiotic Resistance

New drugs solve antibiotic resistance

Ling et al 15 - NovoBiotic Pharmaceuticals, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology—Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section @ University of Bonn, German Centre for Infection Research, Antimicrobial Discovery Center @ Northeastern University, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology @ University of Bonn, Department of Biology @ Northeastern University (Losee L., Tanja Schneider, Aaron J. Peoples, Amy L. Spoering, Ina Engels, Brian P. Conlon, Anna Mueller, Till F. Schäberle, Dallas E. Hughes, Slava Epstein, Michael Jones, Linos Lazarides, Victoria A. Steadman, Douglas R. Cohen, Cintia R. Felix, K. Ashley Fetterman, William P. Millett, Anthony G. Nitti, Ashley M. Zullo, Chao Chen, Kim Lewis, “A new antibiotic kills pathogens without detectable resistance”, 1/22/15, Accessed 7/7/16, NATURE Vol. 517, Issue 7535, p. 458)//SN

Ling et al 15 -

AT: Relations Advs/AOs

AT: Steel

The S&ED is unable to resolve issues regarding steel

Bittner 6/10 (Peter Bittner is an Editorial Assistant at The Diplomat based in Berkeley, CA where he writes mainly on foreign affairs in East and Central Asia, with an emphasis on environmental issues, international trade and development, and U.S. foreign policy in the region. A former Fulbright Fellow to Mongolia, Peter will be reporting from Ulaanbaatar for part of the summer of 2016. He is pursuing a Masters in Journalism with a concentration in New Media at UC Berkeley’s Graduate School of Journalism. In addition to his writing and photography, Peter is honing his skills in videography, data visualization, and emerging immersive platforms. Peter earned his BA at the University of Puget Sound in International Political Economy. He has traveled to over a dozen Asian countries and enjoys chronicling his travels. His reporting has appeared in a wide range of publications in the United States and Asia including The UB Post, The Oakland North, The Earth Journalism Network, Internews, Education Week, and the Asia Society. 6/10/16, “US-China Strategic and Economic Dialogue: Key Takeaways” http://thediplomat.com/2016/06/us-china-strategic-and-economic-dialogue-key-takeaways/ Poetic Justice)

Bittner 6/10

2NC

***ESR CP***

2NC – Solves – Top

Gerson

Michael S. Gerson 11, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, February 2011, “The Future of U.S. Nuclear Policy: The Case for No First Use,” https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/gerson_policy_brief_Feb_2011.pdf After sustained consultations with its allies, the United

Gerson 11, research analyst at the Center for Naval Analyses, February 2011, “The Future of U.S. Nuclear Policy: The Case for No First Use,” https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/files/publication/gerson_policy_brief_Feb_2011.pdf

1nc

adv – apa

2 - politicization of regulatory science is inevitable and key to effective water protection – the aff’s idealization of politically neutral science cedes legitimacy to bad-faith industry efforts to oppose any and all regulation

Hicks, et al 19 – Daniel J. Hicks has a PhD in Philosophy from University of Notre Dame, is an assistant professor in Cognitive and Information Sciences at UC Merced, a Postdoctoral Researcher at the Data Science Initiative at UC Davis, former AAAS Science and Technology Policy Fellow, former Postdoctoral Fellow at the Rotman Institue of Philosophy at Western University in London Ontario, served on on the board of directors of Purple Porch Co-op, a local food co-operative in South Bend, Indiana in 2013. Manuela Fernández Pinto Associate is a Professor at the Philosophy Department and Center of Applied Ethics at the Universidadde los Andes, former Assistant Professor in the Philosophy Department and Center of Applied Ethics at the Universidadde los Andes, former Post-Doctoral Researcher in the Philosophy Department at the Universidad de los Andes, former Post-Doctoral Researcher at the Academy of Finland Centre of Excellence in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences at the University of Helsinki, former Affiliated Researcher at the TINT Centre for the Philosophy of the Social Sciences at the University ofHelsinki. Pinto holds a Ph.D. in History and Philosophy of Science from the University of Notre Dame and a Graduate Certificate in Gender Studies from the University of Notre Dame and a M.A. in Philosophy from the University of Notre Dame, 2011 and a B.A. in Philosophy from the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 2006. (“Legitimizing Values in Regulatory Science,” Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 127 No. 3, 03/14/2019, https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/pdf/10.1289/EHP3317 ) PJW

Hicks, et al 19

Trinity GR - Harvard Round 1 - Neg v Kansas BD

1NC

1

Definitional support –

AFFIRMATIVE

2AC China

Controls kill coop

Chinese official statements prove the export ban destroys space coop and commercial space development

Selding 11 [Peter B. de Selding is the Paris bureau chief for SpaceNews. He is responsible for coverage of all European military, civil and commercial space programs and also covers international regulatory organizations such as the International Telecommunications Union. BA Washington University. 4/14/11, “Chinese Government Official Urges U.S.-Chinese Space Cooperation” http://spacenews.com/chinese-government-official-urges-us-chinese-space-cooperation///jweideman]

Selding 11

BIFO

AT: BIFO (Neg)

Cap Link

Bifo’s theory justifies the massive violence done by contemporary capitalism

Keefer 11 [Lucas Keefer is currently a graduate student studying philosophy and psychology at Georgia State University. “Review - The Soul at Work” //ASherm]

Keefer 11

1AC - TDL-CNN

What is TDL-CNN

Watson et. Al 1/1 (Tuptuk, N. Department of Computer Science, University College London; Hazell, P. Department of Technology Enterprise, Change and Data Science – Information & Cyber-physical security; Watson J., Department of Science, Technology, Engineering and Public Policy, University College London; Hailes, S.Department of Computer Science, University College London, London; A Systematic Review of the State of Cyber-Security in Water Systems. Water 2021, 13, 81. https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13010081, 1/1/2021)//JHZ

Watson et. Al 1/1 (

1AC

1AC Space War

The consequences of Space warfare extremely high, equal to that of nuke war Lamrani 16 Omar Lamrani, 5-18-2016, "What the U.S. Military Fears Most: A Massive Space War," National Interest, http://nationalinterest.org/blog/the-buzz/what-the-us-military-fears-most-massive-space-war-16248?page=2

Increased competition in space is reviving fears of a war there, one with devastating consequences. Humanity depends on space systems for communication, exploration, navigation and a host of other functions integral to modern life. Moreover, future breakthroughs may await in space, including solar energy improvements, nuclear waste disposal and extraterrestrial mining.

competition in space is reviving fears of a war there, one with devastating consequences Humanity depends on space systems for functions integral to modern life in space, including solar energy improvements, nuclear waste disposal and extraterrestrial mining.

Intel

FBI/CIA Cooperation DA

Impact Module- Laundry List

Interagency cooperation is key to solving Iraq, prolif, climate change, pandemics, and military readiness

Tama ‘5, Assistant Professor at the School of International Service at American University

Tama ‘5

1NC Harv R5

1

K

Their use of NON DISCLOSURE are a way to win an argument without having to defend it and excludes those with disabilities. WE SHOULD NOT ENDORSE THIS PRACTICE.

Marshall Thompson Miscellaneous Thoughts from the Disorganized Mind of April 21 2015

Thompson 15

A – Afropessimism [Michigan Critique Lab]

Framework

Policy Edu Good

Simulated legal debates are crucial for social transformation---teaching legal precision is net-better for eliminating oppression even if one-shot legal solutions don’t work the first time

Karl Klare, George J. & Kathleen Waters Matthews Distinguished University Professor, Northeastern University School of Law, “Teaching Local 1330—Reflections on Critical Legal Pedagogy,” (‘11). School of Law Faculty Publications. Paper 167. http://hdl.handle.net/2047/d20002528

Klare ‘11

A – Afropessimism [Michigan Critique Lab]

Progress

AT: Political Hope Parasitic

Radical negativity and strategies apathetic to hope recreates white supremacy and annihilates any attempts at equality – engaging the law through and recognizing the ghosts of the past invites optimistic resistance

Sciullo 15, Nick J. Sciullo is an ABD, Department of Communication (Rhetoric and Politics), Georgia State University; M.S., Troy University; J.D., West Virginia University College of Law; B.A., University of Richmond, nearest date given is 2015, “THE GHOSTS OF WHITE SUPREMACY: TRAYVON MARTIN, MICHAEL BROWN, AND THE SPECTERS OF BLACK CRIMINALITY” NN

Sciullo 15, is an ABD, Department of Communication (Rhetoric and Politics), Georgia State University; M.S., Troy University; J.D., West Virginia University College of Law; B.A., University of Richmond, nearest date given is 2015, “THE GHOSTS OF WHITE SUPREMACY: TRAYVON MARTIN, MICHAEL BROWN, AND THE SPECTERS OF BLACK CRIMINALITY” NN

Privacy Amendment CP

2NC

2NC AT: Courts Key

The Supreme Court is a mess – they’re political flip-floppers that are too ambivalent to ensure a decisive ruling

Jeffrey M. Shaman 6, B.A. from the Pennsylvania State University, J.D. from the University of Southern California, and LL.M. from Georgetown University, where he was a Keigwin Graduate Fellow. teaches Constitutional Law, State Constitutional Law, and First Amendment Freedom of Speech, member of the American Law Institute, the American Society of Legal History, and the U.S. Association of Constitutional Law, 2006, “THE RIGHT OF PRIVACY IN STATE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW”, p.984-987, http://org.law.rutgers.edu/publications/lawjournal/issues/37_4/Shaman.pdf)

Shaman 6 )

Soft Power Core – RSZ 2015

Uniqueness

China Soft Power High – A2 Impossible BC Regime

Democracy and human rights perception irrelevant to Chinese Soft Power

Leitch 14

Leitch 14

Disadvantages

DA – Turkey-Russia Relations

2NC – AT: Ukraine Thumper

Turkey and Russia are tied together through their anti-West ideologies–key to maintaining their relations despite ALL other divisions

Bardakçı 21 (Mehmet Bardakçı, 12-6-21, “Is a Strategic Partnership Between Turkey and Russia Feasible at the Expense of Turkey’s Relations with the EU and NATO?”, Comparative Southeast European Studies, https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/soeu-2021-0001/html?lang=en//BVN SC)

2AC

2AC---HRIA CP

Delay is proven by recent examples---our internals are linear so any chance R2P might collapse or instability gets locked-in means you err Aff

Rory Mungoven 16, International Labour Organization’s Liaison Officer in Myanmar, Walking the Talk: Exploring Methodologies and Applications for Human Rights Impact Assessment by the United Nations, Sabbatical Report, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, February 2016, https://hr.un.org/sites/hr.un.org/files/editors/u4492/Walking%20the%20talk%20-%20Exploring%20methodologies%20%26%20applications%20for%20Human%20Rights%20impact%20assessment%20by%20the%20UN%20-%202015%20Sabbatical%20-%20R.pdf

Mungoven 16

Food Bender Aff

Ag Subsidies

CCC

Congressional oversight through power of the purse stops multiple existential risks

Tressa Guenov 18 & Tommy Ross. Guenov served most recently as Acting Assistant Secretary of Defense for Legislative Affairs and was a professional staff member on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence; Ross served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Security Cooperation at the Pentagon and was the senior defense and intelligence adviser to Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid. 3-9-2018. "At a Crossroads, Part I: How Congress Can Find Its Way Back to Effective Defense Oversight." War on the Rocks. https://warontherocks.com/2018/03/at-a-crossroads-part-i-how-congress-can-find-its-way-back-to-effective-defense-oversight/

Guenov 18

1NC

Trust Advantage

AT: Disease Impact – 1NC

No disease impact.

Ord ’20 [Toby, Senior Research Fellow in Philosophy at Oxford University, DPhil in Philosophy from the University of Oxford, The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity, Hachette Books, Kindle Edition, p. 124-126]

Ord ’20

1NC Harv R5

1

K

The alternative is to pedagogically reorient the way we view disability- instead of viewing it through the medical model, we view it through the social model. Instead of viewing disability as a condition some have, we view ourselves as all disabled and as all inevitably dependent on others.

Preston writes: (Erin, Educational Developer at the University of Guelph – summarizing verbal presentation by Jeffrey Preston – Cripping the Classroom: Education in a Post-AODA World, May 27, 2014 http://erinlearning.wordpress.com/2014/05/27/cripping-the-classroom-education-in-a-post-aoda-world/)

Preston writes:

Ks

Afro-Pessimism

Rifkin Link—1NC**

Rifkin’s revitalization of sovereignty misidentifies as a crisis what is fundamentally an opportunity for anti-blackness to upgrade itself in response to indigenous political demands – the supposed paradox the 1ac invokes to “show that sovereignty doesn’t work by using sovereignty” relies on the fantasy of consciousness-raising as a medium of legal interdiction – this steers their project into the psychosexual dynamics of antiblack phobogenesis which retreats into the allegedly-modified category of personhood if only to free itself of blackness

Sexton 16 (Jared Sexton, associate professor of African American Studies at UC Irvine, associate professor of Film and Media Studies at UC Irvine, PhD in ethnic studies from UC Berkeley, July 2016, “The Vel of Slavery: Tracking the Figure of the Unsovereign,” Critical Sociology Volume 42 Numbers 4-5, footnotes 15 and 17 included in curly braces) gz

Sexton 16

Case Debate

Cartography of Debate

No solvency – Aff is Landed

Aff uses ocean as simply site to explore landed live, recreates ocean inferiority

Anderson, Senior Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Cardiff, UK, Peters, Lecturer in Human Geography at Aberystwyth University, UK., 2014 [Dr. Jon, Dr. Kimberley, February 2014, Ashgate, “Water Worlds: Human Geographies of the Ocean,” http://www.ashgate.com/pdf/SamplePages/Water-Worlds-Human-Geographies-of-the-Ocean-Intro.pdf, accessed 6-27-14, J.J.]

Anderson, Senior Lecturer in Human Geography at the University of Cardiff, UK, Peters, Lecturer in Human Geography at Aberystwyth University, UK., 2014

Case

Advantage

Doesn’t solve racism---2NC

Getting rid of borders won’t solve global disparities and only serve to make the rich richer.

Rumplestatskin, 2-19-14, "Open Borders: A Morality Play by the 1%," naked capitalism, https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2014/02/open-borders-morality-play-1.html / SRB

Rumplestatskin 14

2015 NDI 6WS – TSA Aff and Neg Upgrades

Privatization

A2: Privatization

Plan solves- Contractors are still under TSA regulation

Burns 10 (Bob, member of the TSA blog writing staff, “Airports Who Opt out of TSA Screening are Still Regulated by TSA”, Nov 19th, http://blog.tsa.gov/2010/11/airports-who-opt-out-of-tsa-screening.html)CDD

Burns 10 , http://blog.tsa.gov/2010/11/airports-who-opt-out-of-tsa-screening.html)CDD

China Disadvantage

**Link**

Link – Rare Metals

China dominates the rare earth metals trade

UN Environment Programme, 13 [United Nations Environment Programme, 2013, United Nations, “Trends, Challenges and Opportunities”, http://www.unep.org/greeneconomy/Portals/88/GETReport/pdf/Chapitre%206%20Renewable%20Energy.pdf, accessed 7/6/2014 CK]

UN Environment Programme, 13

Excludes commerce violation

Negative

2nc – excludes commerce

Removing selective restrictions on specific goods isn’t “economic” because it doesn’t broadly affect economic life

Davidsson 3 – Elias Davidsson, Human Rights Researcher and Activist, Reporter for the Arab American News, Contributing Editor for Global Research, “The Mechanism of Economic Sanctions: Changing Perceptions and Euphemisms”, November, www.aldeilis.net/english/attachments/2877_econsanc-debate.pdf‎

Davidsson 3

Neoliberalism Critique – NDI 2015

Alternative

AT: Cedes Political – 2NC

The alternative doesn’t “cede” the political – it is part of a rethinking that draws new boundaries around what constitutes politics. Maintaining fidelity to formalistic politics keeps neoliberal authoritarianism alive and well which hollows out democracy – only ideological critique can conscience raise and create systemic change

Giroux, Cultural Studies Prof @ McMaster University, 14

Giroux, Cultural Studies Prof @ McMaster University, 14

Mutual Vulnerability Mechanism

AT DA – Nuclear Primacy

at: primacy good

Mod not key – nukes are useless

Farley 14- Robert Farley is a senior lecturer at the Patterson School of Diplomacy and International Commerce. He is author of The Battleship Book.” The Five Most Overrated Weapons of War,” http://nationalinterest.org/feature/the-five-most-overrated-weapons-war-10957- AD

Farley 14

2AC – AT: Presence = Bases

No offense --- forces and assets still provide perception and capability links --- inherent limits like “T-significant” check

China Disadvantage

**Internal Link**

China Econ k2 CCP

Despite regime tactics of control, economic growth is key to CCP stability

Barber, doctoral candidate at the University of Auckland, specializing in the history of international arbitration and the development of globalization, commerce, and trade, 6-10-14 (Christopher, “China: Wealth and Democracy Will Western levels of income mean that China adopts Western models of democracy?”, http://thediplomat.com/2014/06/china-wealth-and-democracy/, accessed 7/8/14, LLM)

Barber, doctoral candidate at the University of Auckland, specializing in the history of international arbitration and the development of globalization, commerce, and trade, 6-10-14

TEVV AFF – MNDI HPA

“Arms Race” Framing

Security Dilemma Links

US deployment of Autonomous Weapons is driven by the perception of “falling behind” in an AI arms race

Sosanya, 2022 - AI researcher and a policy analyst at the Day One Project [Andrew, Jan 3, Peace Review A Journal of Social Justice “Autonomous Weapons Are Here to Stay” https://www-tandfonline-com.proxy.lib.umich.edu/doi/full/10.1080/10402659.2021.1998856 TM]

Sosanya, 2022 - AI researcher and a policy analyst at the Day One Project

aff – war on drugs – bfhpr

suggested 1ac

1ac cartels adv

COVID puts Mexican drug cartels on the brink

Morfini 20 [Nicola Morfini, lecturer in the department of Politics and Sociology at IPADE Business School (Mexico City), “Coronavirus and narcotics: Can drug cartels survive COVID-19?,” April 29, 2020, https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/coronavirus-narcotics-drug-cartels-survive-covid-19-200427131004141.html]

Morfini 20

Topicality

Artificial Intelligence

AI v Autonomous

Artificial Intelligence and Autonomous systems are distinct

Sagramsingh 19 [Raine Sagramsingh is a recent graduate of the FAMU-FSU College of Engineering. She graduated summa cum laude with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering. She was an active member of the Florida State University Center for Leadership and Social Change’s Service Scholar Program. Raine completed internships with the Air Force Research Lab and Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems.https://wise-intern.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Raine_S_-FinalPaper.pdf]//LP

Sagramsingh 19

2NC

Adv 2

2NC---other perms

400 reactors simultaneously triggering wouldn’t cause extinction

Tobis 14 [Michael, holds a doctorate from the University of Wisconsin - Madison in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences where he developed a 3-D ocean model on a custom computing platform., "McPherson’s Evidence That Doom Doom Doom | Planet 3.0", March 13 2014, http://planet3.org/2014/03/13/mcphersons-evidence-that-doom-doom-doom//imp]

Tobis 14

Case Extensions

Cloud Competitiveness Advantage

Surveillance hurts US tech exports/competitivness

Surveillance Programs Cause Decline of U.S Technological Competitiveness—well beyond $35 billion

Disadvantage links

Federalism

Link – significant nexus

Significant nexus test destroys federalism – causes agency overreach

Philbrick 21 [Thomas Philbrick is a lawyer, writer, and violinist in Detroit, Michigan. He holds a law degree from Michigan State University College of Law and a bachelor's degree from Wheaton College (IL). He would like to extend his appreciation to Michigan State University College of Law Professor Glen Staszewski for his thoughtful advice throughout the drafting process. “Why "Significant Nexus" Falls Short”, LSU J. ENERGY L. & Resources, https://heinonline-org.proxy.lib.umich.edu/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/lsujoenre9&id=169&type=text&collection=journals]//LP

Philbrick 21

**1ac modules**

Space adv –resiliency aff

Space advantage

Specifically, Risk of cyber escalation in space with Russia is massive and goes nuclear – prioritize this impact because cognitive bias underestimates it

Beebe 19 [George, VP and Director of Studies at the Center for the National Interest, a nonpartisan think tank, former head of Russia analysis at the CIA, “We’re More at Risk of Nuclear War With Russia Than We Think,” October 7, Politico, https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2019/10/07/were-more-at-risk-of-nuclear-war-with-russia-than-we-think-229436, accessed 07/04/22, GDI-JCR]

Beebe 19

Topicality---Starter Pack 2022

Security Cooperation---Aff

SC---Conditional---2AC

Congress can reallocate authority and funding for SC broadly, especially for emerging tech operations with allies

Arabia ’21 [Christina; May 17; CRS Analyst in Security Assistance, Security Cooperation and the Global Arms Trade; Congressional Research Service, “Defense Primer: DOD “Title 10” Security Cooperation,” https://sgp.fas.org/crs/natsec/IF11677.pdf]

Arabia ’21

1ac

adv 1 fracking

Bio d collapse causes extinction

Cribb, 17—principal of JCA, Fellow of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering, former Director, National Awareness, CSIRO (Julian, “The Poisoner,” Surviving the 21st Century Chapter 6, dml)

Cribb, 17

Affirmative

1AC:

Observation 3: Precedent

The USFG has a legal and moral obligation to uphold treaties signed with Native Americans

Tanner, co-coordinator of Borderlands Research and Education, 2009

1NC

Case

1AC – Solvency

Decolonization is neither necessary nor a prerequisite to resolve anti-black violence and the experience of enslavement

Sexton 14 [Jared; Jared Sexton is the Director of African American Studies at the University of California, Irvine, where he also teaches film and media studies; “The Vel of Slavery: Tracking the Figure of the Unsovereign,” Critical Sociology, p. 9; REJ]

Sexton 14