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68d1b2a8bad7eb20d1a9658ef17b77f2 | What is a bruit? | Bruit: (pronounced bru-ee) a noise heard by a health care provider through a stethoscope that may indicate the blockage of blood flow through an artery. |
8468465d211767c55e725f1790737ef6 | What are antiemetics? | Antiemetics: a class of medications used to treat nausea and/or vomiting Antihistamine: a drug that counteracts the action of histamine, an agent in the body that causes itching and flushing of the skin such as in an allergic reaction Anti-inflammatory: a type of medication used to decrease inflammation; this type of medication is most commonly used to treat the inflammation of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders, but can also be useful in reducing the pain of certain types of headaches. |
d004d42961925372eb679714b32fded4 | What are rebound headaches? | Rebound headaches: headache that occurs from over-using medications for headache pain; exceeding label instructions or your doctor's advice can cause you to "rebound" into another headache. This is especially dangerous when the drug contains caffeine, an ingredient included in many medications to speed up the reaction of the other ingredients. |
75ec3d872887a45b0d0ca0e52c70900c | What is caffeine? | Caffeine: a stimulating ingredient found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and cola beverages; caffeine is also a common ingredient used in combination medications for relief of headaches. |
00c53607578eeb226e72569c059f9af0 | What is an antidepressant? | Antidepressant: a type of medication used primarily to treat depression; some of these medications have been useful in treating headaches, even when headaches aren't associated with depression. |
dc6da0a7e105a6ea6822944472b6bab0 | What is a barbiturate? | Barbiturate: a type of medication that causes sedation and relaxation; barbiturates may be found in combination abortive headache medications. If used more than two to three times per week, these medications can be habit-forming. |
21950fa9960fa1362095d9e2b0e97350 | What is acupuncture? | Abscess: a localized collection of pus in tissues, organs, or confined spaces usually due to an infection Acupuncture: an ancient Chinese system of health care that involves procedures to stimulate anatomical points of the body; the procedure usually is done with very fine, solid needles, but pressure, magnets, electrical stimulation and other techniques can be used. Acupuncture stimulates the body's ability to resist or overcome illnesses and conditions by correcting energy imbalances. Acupuncture also prompts the body to produce chemicals that decrease or eliminate painful sensations. |
a4a93159c2a070a7b6ca9486deed5b76 | What are decongestant medications? | Confusional migraine: migraine associated with a temporary period of confusion often initiated by a minor head injury Cyclic vomiting: uncontrolled vomiting that occurs repeatedly over a certain period of time Decongestant medications: drugs that can be used to relieve headaches associated with sinus infections; decongestants help relieve headache symptoms, because they constrict blood vessels that cause headache pain. However, decongestants should only be used as directed, as they can be habit-forming. |
2d141be46f4047afc0e46e9347d21853 | What is the definition of neurology? | Monosodium glutamate ( MSG): a food additive commonly found in Asian food that may cause headaches in some people Narcotics: strong prescription pain medications Nervous system: includes the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system includes a network of nerves throughout the body, handling everything from regulating the heart rate to flexing the hand or foot. |
f90c9138b0c59aca939ac9144ed8bcd0 | What is the definition of common migraine? | Common migraine: another term for migraine without aura Computed axial tomography ( CAT) scan: a diagnostic test in which X-rays and computers are used to produce an image of a cross-section of the body; a CT scan of the head may be recommended if you are getting daily or almost daily headaches. |
6171061cfd2e3747d03a16f0d9277c77 | What is the definition of analgesic? | Analgesic: pain-relieving medication Analgesic-rebound headache: see Rebound headache Aneurysm: a weak part of an artery in the brain that may bulge outward and occasionally rupture and bleed, leading to a condition called a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which produces a severe headache and stiff neck, and can sometimes be fatal Anticonvulsant: a type of medication used to treat convulsive seizures, or epilepsy; some of these types of medications are also used to prevent headaches, even when the headaches aren't associated with seizures. |
2f08aeb9adacdf8a52ccd64b4d3f4fe1 | What is the definition of nitrite? | Neurologist: a medical specialist with advanced training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles Neurology: the study of the nervous system Neuron: a nerve cell Neurotransmitter: a specialized chemical, produced in nerve cells, that permits the transmission of information between nerve cells Nitrite: a food additive that may trigger headaches in some people; nitrites are commonly found in processed meats, such as bacon, pepperoni, hot dogs, ham, sausage, luncheon meats, and deli-style meats and other cured or processed meats. Some heart medications contain nitrates. |
f4cf2300efc9975ab6801c169a3ecc11 | What is the definition of temporomandibular joints? | Temporomandibular joints ( TMJ): the joints where the jaw attaches to the skull, just in front of the ears Tension-type headaches: the most common type of headaches among adults, thought to be caused by tightened muscles in the back of the neck and scalp; tension-type headaches are usually triggered by some type of environmental or internal stress. |
e3b89be1772b582b9aa6fc0b585be61c | What is the definition of caffeine? | Caffeine: a stimulating ingredient found in coffee, tea, chocolate, and cola beverages; caffeine is also a common ingredient used in combination medications for relief of headaches. |
b5758c94aa8156794fde189e09e0bc82 | What is the definition of antiemetics? | Antiemetics: a class of medications used to treat nausea and/or vomiting Antihistamine: a drug that counteracts the action of histamine, an agent in the body that causes itching and flushing of the skin such as in an allergic reaction Anti-inflammatory: a type of medication used to decrease inflammation; this type of medication is most commonly used to treat the inflammation of arthritis and other inflammatory disorders, but can also be useful in reducing the pain of certain types of headaches. |
1b520ca32de9d40cceacf131d81e2ae9 | What is the definition of symptomatic relief medications? | Stress: your reaction to any change that requires you to adjust or respond Symptomatic relief medications: drugs used to relieve symptoms associated with headaches, including the pain of a headache or the nausea and vomiting associated with migraine; these may include simple analgesics, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, antiemetics, or sedatives. |
d06b37dff3b4042df0e9403b11887225 | What is the definition of abscess? | Abscess: a localized collection of pus in tissues, organs, or confined spaces usually due to an infection Acupuncture: an ancient Chinese system of health care that involves procedures to stimulate anatomical points of the body; the procedure usually is done with very fine, solid needles, but pressure, magnets, electrical stimulation and other techniques can be used. |
04b91597eeb741d48c826ad64a196b70 | What is the definition of paroxysmal vertigo? | Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis. |
5e81827d14bd4999576a515c2efa6e29 | What is the definition of chronic? | CAT scan: see computed axial tomography Chronic: ongoing or occurring over an extended period of time; a chronic headache occurs at least every other day or 15 days per month for at least six months. |
20b676d55c2f5fdd03d0c5fe47d97e13 | What is the definition of ophthalmoplegic migraine? | Recurrent ophthalmoplegic neuropathy: Pain around the eye, including paralysis in the muscles surrounding the eye; this is an emergency medical condition, as the symptoms can be caused by pressure on the nerves behind the eye. Other symptoms of recurrent ophthalmoplegic neuropathy include a droopy eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, or other vision changes. |
1a571a10cb1a60ac4f903c0be319fb61 | What is sinusitis? | Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses, the air-filled cavities on the face Spinal tap: see Lumbar puncture Status migrainosus: a rare and severe type of migraine that can last 72 hours or longer; the pain and nausea are so intense that people who have this type of headache must be hospitalized. |
51e0ec89c5391db926283f859f301aaa | What is vasodilation? | Vasoconstriction: a narrowing or closing (constriction) of a blood vessel Vasodilation: a swelling or opening (dilation) of a blood vessel |
ea3ca6c5c7755a46544e15fd67ee8a2b | What is otitis? | Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis. |
b14003f92f8e8c15ab087b738bfbbba0 | What is the definition of trigeminal nerve? | Toxin: a poisonous substance Transformed migraines: coexisting migraine and tension-type headache; transformed migraines are chronic, daily headaches with a vascular quality Trauma: a physical injury Trigeminal nerve: the chief sensory nerve of the face Trigger: a factor that can set off a migraine in people who are predisposed to migraines; some common triggers include emotional stress, sensitivity to specific chemicals and preservatives in foods, caffeine, changing weather conditions, changes in female hormones, tension, excessive fatigue, skipped meals, or changes in normal sleep patterns. |
2d7475979eb76c7ab75b8fd32cf7881f | What is the definition of nervous system? | Monosodium glutamate ( MSG): a food additive commonly found in Asian food that may cause headaches in some people Narcotics: strong prescription pain medications Nervous system: includes the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system includes a network of nerves throughout the body, handling everything from regulating the heart rate to flexing the hand or foot. It also receives information, much of which is sent to the brain. This information is analyzed and coordinated by the central nervous system. The central nervous system is made up of the spinal cord and brain. |
e16f394bf0096aeea6a015c6406da76a | What is the definition of headache? | Guided imagery: see mental imagery relaxation Headache: a general term that refers to a persistent or lasting pain in the head region Head trauma: a physical injury to the head; head trauma can sometimes lead to headaches. |
af6f97fe20ed3373435ea0d78ff025e5 | What is the definition of preventative medications? | Ophthalmology evaluation: an eye exam performed by an eye doctor (ophthalmologist) which includes a pressure test to rule out glaucoma or pressure on the optic nerve as causes of headaches Otitis: ear infection or inflammation Paroxysmal vertigo: dizziness that is marked by sudden, intense symptoms Paroxysmal torticollis: sudden contraction of one side of the neck muscles that causes the head to lean to that side Pharyngitis: inflammation or infection of the throat Phonophobia: sensitivity to sound Photophobia: light sensitivity Preventive medications: drugs used to treat very frequent tension headaches and migraines, or the combination of both types of headaches to reduce both the frequency and severity of the headaches; preventive medications are prescribed to be taken regularly, usually on a daily basis. |
2cf2fe5b5010006b3d64890ca517de5a | What is the definition of barbiturate? | Barbiturate: a type of medication that causes sedation and relaxation; barbiturates may be found in combination abortive headache medications. If used more than two to three times per week, these medications can be habit-forming. |
d30011a1fbe369b4d331340b270592aa | What is the definition of Arnold-Chiari deformity? | Arnold- Chiari deformity: a congenital abnormality in which the back part of the brain (cerebellum) and brain stem protrude down into the spinal canal through the large hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord passes; it may be associated with many other defects, including a certain form of spina bifida, and can cause headaches. |
ff86c367faa01a8c314dbc3fadbc0ef1 | What is the definition of secondary headaches? | Retinal migraine: temporary, partial, or complete loss of vision in one eye, along with a dull ache behind the eye that may spread to the rest of the head Secondary headaches: headaches that are the result of another medical condition; these include sinus and allergy-related headaches, as well as headaches that result from a head injury, trauma, or more serious condition, such as a tumor. |
19178b9aefa3026f39c0d61b5da558ae | What is the definition of tension-type headaches? | Temporomandibular joints ( TMJ): the joints where the jaw attaches to the skull, just in front of the ears Tension-type headaches: the most common type of headaches among adults, thought to be caused by tightened muscles in the back of the neck and scalp; tension-type headaches are usually triggered by some type of environmental or internal stress. |
9633167541d32f1599fb01b65f907479 | What is the definition of tumor? | Tumor: an abnormal mass of tissue that may be benign (not cancerous) or malignant (cancerous) Tyramine: a substance found naturally in some foods, formed from the breakdown of protein as foods age; generally, the longer a high-protein food ages, the greater the tyramine content. |
531a3126c8e15dc4d30579d41f130ad3 | What is arnold-chiari deformity? | Arnold- Chiari deformity: a congenital abnormality in which the back part of the brain (cerebellum) and brain stem protrude down into the spinal canal through the large hole at the base of the skull where the spinal cord passes; it may be associated with many other defects, including a certain form of spina bifida, and can cause headaches. |
7878c4ed4489997d14c2c6bc6fde4068 | What is hydrocephalus? | Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory. |
3f9180f0b21260ca7b2a6d74acaf0d79 | What is an abscess? | Abscess: a localized collection of pus in tissues, organs, or confined spaces usually due to an infection Acupuncture: an ancient Chinese system of health care that involves procedures to stimulate anatomical points of the body; the procedure usually is done with very fine, solid needles, but pressure, magnets, electrical stimulation and other techniques can be used. |
7314181dc525c805029fe246dbd30d6c | What is abdominal migraine? | Abdominal migraine: a migraine, more common in children and adolescents, that is associated with cyclic vomiting (symptoms occur about once a month). |
d1ec5620ddb598d6e298901ebced6825 | What does acute mean? | Acute: sudden; occurs quickly and generally, without warning Acute headaches: headaches that occur suddenly for the first time with symptoms that subside after a relatively short period of time; they are usually due to an illness, infection, cold, or fever. |
784c0c53cf49966857d9ba11355fc6f5 | What is chronic fatigue syndrome? | Chronic fatigue syndrome ( CFS): a condition of incapacitating fatigue; it may be associated with migraines. |
8e42ab0b7431f046f673de6ea18f85de | What is an analgesic? | Analgesic: pain-relieving medication Analgesic-rebound headache: see Rebound headache Aneurysm: a weak part of an artery in the brain that may bulge outward and occasionally rupture and bleed, leading to a condition called a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which produces a severe headache and stiff neck, and can sometimes be fatal Anticonvulsant: a type of medication used to treat convulsive seizures, or epilepsy; some of these types of medications are also used to prevent headaches, even when the headaches aren't associated with seizures. |
c067dd29493ae61d20d238ae1e00a617 | What is the definition of inflammation? | Hemorrhage: bleeding within the brain Hormone headache: a headache syndrome common in women that is often associated with changing estrogen (a hormone) levels that occur during menstruation, pregnancy, and menopause Hydrocephalus: abnormal build-up of fluid in the brain Idiopathic: not traceable to a direct cause; occurring spontaneously; of unknown cause Immune system: the body's defense system or protective network designed to fend off invasion by harmful substances, including bacteria, viruses, and harmful chemicals, and to act as a surveillance system against the development of cancer Inflammation: a process in which the body's white blood cells and chemicals can protect us from infection and foreign substances such as bacteria and viruses Lethargy: being indifferent, apathetic, or sluggish; also characterized by sleeping too much Lumbar puncture: also called a spinal tap, it is the removal of spinal fluid (called the cerebrospinal fluid, or CSF) from the spinal canal; the fluid is withdrawn through a needle and examined in a laboratory. |
02426bc35991ba8c386c931e45abe48d | What is the definition of food additives? | Epilepsy: a group of conditions marked by recurrent seizures over a prolonged period of time (with no identifiable short-term cause) Episodic: occurrences that come and go with or without a regular pattern Food additives: also called food preservatives; these are substances contained in certain foods that can trigger headaches. MSG, nitrates, or phenylethalamine are examples of food additives. |
416979e28ba3a7d9dce21bd12f89ada5 | What is the definition of sedative? | Sedative: medication that helps a person rest Seizures: an abnormal movement or behavior caused by unusual electrical activity in the brain Serotonin: a chemical messenger, called a neurotransmitter, which acts on blood vessels and pain control pathways in the brain; some medications which affect serotonin levels are used to prevent headaches. |
2bf8945e6cbdc88e50c7f07634204810 | What is the definition of retinal migraine? | Retinal migraine: temporary, partial, or complete loss of vision in one eye, along with a dull ache behind the eye that may spread to the rest of the head Secondary headaches: headaches that are the result of another medical condition; these include sinus and allergy-related headaches, as well as headaches that result from a head injury, trauma, or more serious condition, such as a tumor. |
3fc8a86a5eced59e7a9c9a4da2c8cf0b | What is the definition of monosodium glutamate? | Monosodium glutamate ( MSG): a food additive commonly found in Asian food that may cause headaches in some people Narcotics: strong prescription pain medications Nervous system: includes the peripheral nervous system and central nervous system; the peripheral nervous system includes a network of nerves throughout the body, handling everything from regulating the heart rate to flexing the hand or foot. |
17e3653b72d1284f4ddcb2ea33f494f1 | What is the definition of a migraine trigger? | Toxin: a poisonous substance Transformed migraines: coexisting migraine and tension-type headache; transformed migraines are chronic, daily headaches with a vascular quality Trauma: a physical injury Trigeminal nerve: the chief sensory nerve of the face Trigger: a factor that can set off a migraine in people who are predisposed to migraines; some common triggers include emotional stress, sensitivity to specific chemicals and preservatives in foods, caffeine, changing weather conditions, changes in female hormones, tension, excessive fatigue, skipped meals, or changes in normal sleep patterns. |
cd42a6765002bc46b3707e538e7394e9 | What is the definition of sinusitis? | Sinusitis: inflammation of the sinuses, the air-filled cavities on the face Spinal tap: see Lumbar puncture Status migrainosus: a rare and severe type of migraine that can last 72 hours or longer; the pain and nausea are so intense that people who have this type of headache must be hospitalized. |
4f71b690b1051f88f28fb1596714cd95 | What is the definition of serotonin? | Sedative: medication that helps a person rest Seizures: an abnormal movement or behavior caused by unusual electrical activity in the brain Serotonin: a chemical messenger, called a neurotransmitter, which acts on blood vessels and pain control pathways in the brain; some medications which affect serotonin levels are used to prevent headaches. Serotonin is also responsible for controlling mood, attention, sleep, and pain. |
04d6848908086cd22ee456fb010531d4 | What is the definition of mixed headache syndrome? | Migraineur: a person who has migraines Mixed headache syndrome: a combination of migraine and tension headaches Monoamine oxidase ( MAO) inhibitors: a class of drugs used to treat depression; they also help treat headaches. |
acae1f9dc8229e82015b8b94e712a2c3 | What is the definition of neuron? | Neurologist: a medical specialist with advanced training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and muscles Neurology: the study of the nervous system Neuron: a nerve cell Neurotransmitter: a specialized chemical, produced in nerve cells, that permits the transmission of information between nerve cells Nitrite: a food additive that may trigger headaches in some people; nitrites are commonly found in processed meats, such as bacon, pepperoni, hot dogs, ham, sausage, luncheon meats, and deli-style meats and other cured or processed meats. |
d2169c02b6704abc76094ca6396184a9 | What conditions can cause fainting? | !s_sensitive, chron ID: $('article embeded_module[type=video][align=top]:eq(0)').attr('chronic_id'), continuous Play: true, cp Options: { flyout: true }, display Ads: true, mode: 'in-article', sticky: true }) }); }); } else { $(function(){ $('.responsive-video-container').remove(); }); } Many different conditions can cause fainting. These include heart problems such as irregular heart beats, seizures, low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), anemia (a deficiency in healthy oxygen carrying cells), and problems with how the nervous system (the body's system of nerves) regulates blood pressure. Some types of fainting seem to run in families. |
af26f68037819ae29f614459090aec35 | How common is fainting? | Fainting is a common problem, accounting for 3% of emergency room visits and 6% of hospital admissions. It can happen in otherwise healthy people. A person may feel faint and lightheaded (presyncope) or lose consciousness (syncope). |
8d1b0eb7714059460227c42077ba2f77 | What does fainting mean? | Fainting is a particular problem for the elderly who may suffer serious injuries from falls when they faint. Most episodes are very brief. In most cases, the individual who has fainted regains complete consciousness within just a few minutes. Fainting is a common problem, accounting for 3% of emergency room visits and 6% of hospital admissions. It can happen in otherwise healthy people. |
e2eeb8c798f97ea5dd005ffac6196f06 | What is fainting? | Heart or blood vessel problems that interfere with blood flow to the brain. |
5db39f9e993fa4b9c7f32e79cafc0f00 | How can conditions that interfere with the parts of the nervous system cause fainting? | Conditions that interfere with the parts of the nervous system that regulate blood pressure and heart rate. These conditions include diabetes, alcoholism, malnutrition, and amyloidosis (in which waxy protein builds up in the tissues and organs). If you take certain high blood pressure drugs, which act on your blood vessels, you may be more likely to suffer from fainting. If you are dehydrated, which may affect the amount of blood in your body and, thus, your blood pressure, you may be more likely to faint. |
788e0d2b9decf18cadc7ad0893b909cb | How can hyperventilation cause fainting? | If you become intensely anxious or panicked and breathe too quickly, you may feel faint from hyperventilation (taking in too much oxygen and getting rid of too much carbon dioxide too quickly). |
2d6d9d705cb50b76e6c2b1dfa68918b6 | How can diseases of the autonomic nervous system cause fainting? | The following can cause fainting, too: Diseases of the autonomic nervous system. Autonomic nervous system problems include acute or subacute dysautonomia, chronic post-ganglionic autonomic insufficiency, and chronic pre-ganglionic autonomic insufficiency. Conditions that interfere with the parts of the nervous system that regulate blood pressure and heart rate. |
1ccd20f5b6b25aa6a9f5130c2be46a4a | What are treatments for campylobacter infection? | Most people get over the infection without medicine or special treatments. You should drink lots of fluids while you have diarrhea. Unless your doctor tells you otherwise, don't take anything to prevent vomiting and diarrhea. That's your body's way of getting rid of the infection. If your immune system is weak, your doctor might prescribe medicine to fight the infection. |
998efe3f2078e1eae571b2ef4fe4cf1b | When can you go back to school or work if you have a campylobacter infection? | To help reduce the spread of campylobacteriosis, try to avoid school or work or any public places until your stool is firm. If you still have diarrhea, stay home and try to stay hydrated if possible. A relapse is possible, but not likely. |
d94f5ebd04f8742b60288486ee23ad26 | How many people in the United States get campylobacter infection? | About 1.3 million people are infected in the United States every year, and that doesn't include the many people who never report their symptoms or become officially diagnosed. |
533fdb2a0565d55eca679799113983d2 | What common antibiotics are used to treat several types of infection including campylobacter infection? | Doctors will often first try levofloxacin ( Levaquin). If you can't take it for some other reasons, they may prescribe one of these common antibiotics that are used to treat several types of infections: Azithromycin ( Zithromax, Zmax) Ciprofloxacin ( Cipro, Cetraxal, Ciloxan) Usually, the infection clears up within 2 to 10 days. |
aa9164d7ea824a5b42001e1be5a55938 | How is campylobacter infection diagnosed? | To make an official diagnosis, your doctor may ask for a stool sample, which will be sent to a lab. Someone at your doctor's office will give you a special container in which to collect the sample. It can take several days to get the results. In rare cases, a doctor may order a blood test, but these results take even longer -- up to 2 weeks. |
116f570b402cd91ae4059c3322133c70 | When should you see a doctor about campylobacter infection? | When you have a weakened immune system, the bacteria can cause a very serious infection of your bloodstream. Some of the symptoms to watch for include: Diarrhea for more than 2 days Signs of dehydration (dark pee, dry mouth and skin, dizziness) Severe pain in your gut or rectum Fever of 102 F or more Diarrhea and vomiting are common campylobacteriosis symptoms, but they can also be symptoms of many other illnesses. |
aa35267c13823495d775ce4fbf1fdebe | How can you prevent campylobacter infection? | The most effective way to avoid campylobacteriosis is to cook poultry to at least 165 F. The meat should be white, not pink. You should never eat chicken that looks undercooked. Keep uncooked meat and poultry away from other foods, such as vegetables, by using separate cutting boards, utensils, and cooking surfaces. Wash your hands after touching a pet or pet feces. Make sure your child or anyone with diarrhea washes his or her hands well. |
a99a4b3d600cbbcff8b94311d56e828e | What causes campylobacter infection? | The bacteria usually live in the digestive systems of animals, including poultry and cattle. You should never eat chicken that looks undercooked. |
8de4ae6f9785ad580556fc168d1a7fe1 | What are complications of campylobacter infection? | If left untreated, campylobacteriosis may lead to serious consequences for a very small number of people. One example is a gallbladder infection (cholecystitis). It's a disorder in which your immune system attacks nerves in your body. |
1ba64d5e2d4487c4892db48aebcbcc43 | What are the types of immunotherapy drugs that are approved for metastatic lung cancer? | Nivolumab ( Opdivo) and pembrolizumab ( Keytruda) both block a protein called PD-1 that normally keeps your immune system from attacking healthy cells and allows it to seek and destroy cancer cells. In order to get the drug, your tumor must have a substance called PD-1. The drug won't work if it isn't there. Atezolizumab ( Tecentriq) and durvalumab ( Imfinzi) target PD- L1. These drugs are used if your cancer cells have certain genetic markers. You take all three of these drugs intravenously (through the veins) every 2 or 3 weeks. |
a30cac5e7413aaaa04b0f58ee27eea30 | Can you use immunotherapy drugs together if you have lung cancer? | Immunotherapy Drugs Together Early results hint that combining two checkpoint inhibitors might be more effective than using just one. Doctors are also testing immunotherapy drugs for lung cancer that have been approved to treat other types, like melanoma. One of these drugs, ipilimumab ( Yervoy), is being tested in combination with nivolumab to see if they work better together than chemotherapy alone. |
7c139a5c779901996aaa9831ecd4207a | Can you have immunotherapy with chemotherapy if you have lung cancer? | Immunotherapy With Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is a standard treatment for advanced lung cancer. Different types of chemo can be used alone or with one another. Some studies have shown using a mix of chemotherapy and immunotherapy as a first strike against NSCLC to be a good approach. It helps your immune system find and destroy cancer cells. |
8edda2d2533e5df54decb657e953d686 | Can you treat metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)? | This advanced form of the disease can also be harder to treat. But new medicines that work your immune system or target substances found on or in cancer cells have emerged in the last few years. Often they're a game changer for people with one type of the disease, metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer ( NSCLC). |
d2f99e2c37715681f383d487a5b7a233 | Can you have immunotherapy with radiation if you have lung cancer? | Immunotherapy With Radiation Right now radiation is used mostly to ease metastatic lung cancer symptoms. Some doctors think that treating lung tumors with radiation first will spark an immune response and help immunotherapy drugs find and kill cancer cells. However, they need to do more research to figure out what types of tumors will respond best to this treatment and what doses to give and how often. |
0b89f9ad1a21105e8a4449f4b7114997 | What is targeted therapy for cancer? | Unlike traditional chemotherapy, which kills the cells, targeted therapy stops them from multiplying. But these drugs usually work only if there are certain changes, which your doctor will call mutations, in your genes. |
5ddff0d82063e9c06f6ff304b02428fc | What targeted therapies treat metastatic lung cancer? | Targeted Therapies These treatments can be used alone or with chemotherapy to treat lung cancer: Afatinib ( Gilotrif), dacomitinib ( Vizimpro), erlotinib ( Tarceva), gefitinib ( Iressa), necitumumab ( Portrazza), and osimertinib ( Tagrisso) all target a lung cancer cell protein called EGFR. They work if you need treatment in addition to chemotherapy. Bevacizumab ( Avastin) and ramucirumab ( Cyramza) are used with chemotherapy. They stop tumor growth by cutting off the âfoodâ -- nutrients, blood supply, and oxygen -- needed for them to grow. Alectinib ( Alecensa), brigatinib ( Alunbrig), ceritinib ( Zykadia), crizotinib ( Xalkori), and lorlatinib ( Lorbrena) are used for cancers with a gene rearrangement called ALK. |
b38ea928d7d676b89bff14038b5deecf | What might your treatment process look like if you have metastatic lung cancer? | If that drug doesn't work like she expects, she might try one or more additional therapies, either at the same time or later to try to achieve the best results. If chemotherapy can't do this, your doctor may try other methods. |
70b17acebddd1f6908664e8b6e677aaa | How serious is lung cancer usually? | If that drug doesn't work like she expects, she might try one or more additional therapies, either at the same time or later to try to achieve the best results. It helps your immune system find and destroy cancer cells. |
706993fbc1a53825934d58a1e6007073 | What tests are used to diagnose appendicitis? | These tests can help diagnose appendicitis: Examination of your abdomen to look for inflammation Urine (pee) test to rule out a urinary tract infection Rectal exam Blood test to see whether your body is fighting an infection CT scans Ultrasound Appendicitis is almost always treated as an emergency. |
e830843837309755bc76344f4cca8b79 | What are other symptoms of appendicitis? | Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting soon after belly pain begins Swollen belly Fever of 99-102 degrees Can't pass gas Other less common symptoms of appendicitis include: Dull or sharp pain anywhere in your upper or lower belly, back, or rear end Painful or difficult peeing Vomiting before your belly pain starts Severe cramps Constipation or diarrhea with gas If you have any of these symptoms, see a doctor right away. |
ee49de850bac308a2774f4016f0e7ff5 | How common is appendicitis? | In the U. S., 1 in 20 people will get appendicitis at some point in their lives. Although it can strike at any age, appendicitis is rare in children younger than 2. |
6d009e73c9f43395b3d3fde6fdf2de82 | When should you call your doctor after an appendectomy? | After an appendectomy, call your doctor if you have: Uncontrolled vomiting Increased belly pain Dizziness/feelings of faintness Blood in your vomit or pee Increased pain and redness where your doctor cut into your belly Fever Pus in the wound Left untreated, an inflamed appendix will burst, spilling bacteria and debris into the abdominal cavity, the central part of your body that holds your liver, stomach, and intestines. |
6916f45a600f4a59f100c0f643174623 | How is appendicitis treated? | Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix. Generally, if your doctor suspects that you have appendicitis, they will quickly remove it to avoid a rupture. If you have an abscess, you may get two procedures: one to drain the abscess of pus and fluid, and a later one to take out the appendix. But some research shows that treating acute appendicitis with antibiotics may help you avoid surgery. |
0007af03e6ff4e6bfd118f9057ab990b | How is appendicitis diagnosed? | Symptoms are often unclear or similar to those of other illnesses, including gallbladder problems, bladder or urinary tract infection, Crohn's disease, gastritis, kidney stones, intestinal infection, and ovary problems. It can be deadly unless it is treated quickly with strong antibiotics. |
24eab7800f306300e7f1ef595e886a02 | What happens if you have appendicitis? | Surgery to remove the appendix, which is called an appendectomy, is the standard treatment for almost all cases of appendicitis. Sometimes, an abscess forms outside an inflamed appendix. Scar tissue then "walls off" the appendix from the rest of your organs. But an abscessed appendix can tear and lead to peritonitis. |
37b0547d268f276e495e7399e08d97dc | What should you expect from an appendectomy? | Before your appendix is taken out, you'll take antibiotics to fight infection. You'll usually get general anesthesia, meaning you'll be asleep for the procedure. If you have peritonitis, the surgeon will also clean out your belly and drain the pus. You can get up and move around within 12 hours after surgery. You should be able to go back to your normal routine in 2 to 3 weeks. If you had a laparoscopy, recovery is faster. |
3c83900c530b7894c27a43bd0111d76c | How can I soothe a teething baby? | Try a cold pacifier, spoon, clean wet washcloth, or a solid (not liquid) refrigerated teething toy or ring. Some experts say frozen teething toys are too cold and may hurt your baby's mouth. A hard, unsweetened teething cracker can be comforting. If your baby is older than 6-9 months, you can offer cool water from a sippy cup, too. You can also massage her gums by gently rubbing them with your clean finger. If you're nursing your baby, try dipping your fingers in cool water and massaging her gums before each feeding. That may keep her from biting your nipple while nursing. |
90ae5b43dde4449651a3f923800f1f0d | What are the symptoms of HER2-positive breast cancer? | Other symptoms of HER2-positive breast cancer may include: Breast swelling A change in its shape Skin irritation or dimpling Pain in the breast or nipple Redness or thickness of the nipple or breast skin Discharge from the nipple (not breast milk) You may have noticed a difference in your breasts during a self-exam. Or you may have had a mammogram that showed a growth. |
35adfc1d00dbaaece73e4bfbd6f64973 | How are the SPOT-light HER2 CISH and the Inform HER2 Dual ISH tests used to diagnosed HER2-positive breast cancer? | The SPOT- Light HER2 CISH and the Inform HER2 Dual ISH tests use stains that color HER2 genes in a tissue sample so they can be counted under a microscope. |
0f32bfd2cc3da90b74dd67d9317f02e8 | What causes HER2-positive breast cancer? | Doctors don't know the exact causes of breast cancer. Experts think it may be a combination of things, including your genes, environment, and lifestyle. You can't inherit a bad copy of the HER2 gene from a parent, and you won't pass it on to your children. |
c51313d99983c897d706849e9c1cbbf4 | How is the IHC test used to diagnose HER2-positive breast cancer? | She'll probably give you one or more of these tests: The IHC test uses certain antibodies that identify the HER2 protein in a sample of breast cancer tissue. If there is a lot of it, the cells change color in the sample. |
1331db69475c2c7407edc822e8e205b1 | Where can you get support for HER2-positive breast cancer? | But new treatments like chemotherapy plus trastuzumab have boosted survival rates: 7-year disease-free: Around 93% 10-year disease-free: About 70%-75% Overall: 80%-85% The American Cancer Society is a good starting place to find the support you and your family may need throughout your treatment and afterward. You may want to join a support group. That's a good way to meet people who know what you're going through, because they've been through it, too. Let your family and friends know how you're feeling. Tell them what they can do to help you. They may want to help but don't know what to do. Also, consider talking with a counselor. That could help you handle the emotions that can come with having cancer. |
70f5c2a67cfd5d3a708f4284ab539ed2 | When might you need other tests to diagnose HER2-positive breast cancer? | Sometimes the results of a single test aren't clear. If that happens, your doctor may order another type. |
5ed1ea0815a73a9cf0e11d65592ce4ae | How is HER2-positive breast cancer diagnosed? | She'll probably give you one or more of these tests: The IHC test uses certain antibodies that identify the HER2 protein in a sample of breast cancer tissue. Because your breast cancer is HER2-positive, your doctor will treat it a special way. |
ce7be48e2012e1ad64961784ea9271e0 | What is the treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer? | As a result, your breast cells grow and divide uncontrollably. About 1 of 5 of breast cancers are HER2-positive. How will the treatment make me feel? What if my cancer doesn't respond to the treatment? Because your breast cancer is HER2-positive, your doctor will treat it a special way. Targeted therapy: Doctors usually start HER2 treatment with special drugs called targeted therapies. It lowers the chances that your disease will come back. |
7e4f085405c839438eaef65489051832 | What should you expect if you have HER2-positive breast cancer? | There are two main types: Drugs that block estrogen receptors: Tamoxifen ( Nolvadex, Soltamox), toremifene ( Fareston), fulvestrant ( Faslodex) Drugs that lower estrogen levels (aromatase inhibitors, or AIs): Anastrozole ( Arimidex) Exemestane ( Aromasin) Letrozole ( Femara) Clinical trial: Ask your doctor if a clinical trial is a good option for you. These are studies that test treatments that aren't yet available to everyone to see how well they work and how safe they are. Many women do well with targeted treatments. Breast cancer of any kind is easier to treat when it's diagnosed early. If your disease spreads or comes back, there are still ways to treat it. |
e3bddce37e458dcae1af581c10fd6fdd | What can help you while getting treatment for HER2-positive breast cancer? | How will the treatment make me feel? Radiation: You could get this treatment after surgery to lower the chances your cancer will return, or if your cancer has spread to other body parts. Exercise can help you feel better, but only when you're up for it. Stay nourished. If you don't have much of an appetite, eat smaller meals every few hours, rather than three big meals. That could help you handle the emotions that can come with having cancer. |
1f72d03f8a235655d1b28ef0e079c3e3 | What is HER2-positive breast cancer? | HER2-positive breast cancer is a type of breast cancer in which breast cancer cells test positive for a protein receptor called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. About 1 of 5 of breast cancers are HER2-positive. While HER2 is more aggressive than other types of breast tumors, there are treatments that can help. You'll work with your doctor to review the treatment options and come up with a plan that's best for you. Doctors don't know the exact causes of breast cancer. |
adffc9b4978a01d2f54f715d3581c401 | Who is most likely to get breast cancer? | In the U. S., white and African- American women are more likely to get it than Hispanic, Asian/ Pacific Islander, and Native American women. |
9270162a7e6e580941077c8d18a987d4 | What is the link between breast cancer and hormones? | A woman with dense breasts is 1.5 to 2 times more likely to get breast cancer. The more estrogen your body has made over time, the higher your risk. Alcohol is linked to breast cancer. |
1a8bc37e4ee13fa11829c9d1eb4ae1cf | Who is at a greater risk for breast cancer? | The risk goes up for women with certain types of benign breast lumps and for women who have had ovarian cancer. In about half of the cases, the woman has no known risk factors. Having a mother, sister, or daughter ("first-degree" relative) with breast cancer puts a woman at higher risk. Carriers of alterations in either of two genes, called BRCA1 or BRCA2, are at higher risk. There's a 69% chance that a woman with an inherited alteration in the BRCA2 gene will get breast cancer by that age. |
363e2a31b5d5945b4b88b10182db11a6 | What is the link between diet and breast cancer? | From 50 to 60, that goes up to 1 in 42. In the U. S., white and African- American women are more likely to get it than Hispanic, Asian/ Pacific Islander, and Native American women. Alcohol is linked to breast cancer. Compared with nondrinkers, women who drink one alcoholic drink a day have a very small increase in risk, and those who are moderate drinkers (2 to 3 drinks a day) have about a 20% higher risk. |
5f239e5e8a744799b385c6e13880f686 | What are symptoms of colon and rectal cancer? | Both colon and rectal cancer are likely to cause many of the same symptoms, including: Stomach or gas pains Constipation or diarrhea Black, dark, or red colored stools, which can all indicate blood Feeling weak or tired Doctors also use the same approach to diagnose both types of colorectal cancer. |
ead2bb73cb6c792197d581a50bf84ffa | What are treatments for colon cancer? | Your doctor will call this operation a partial colectomy. Most often, doctors can reconnect the separated sections of the colon after the surgery and you'll have normal bowel movements again. But sometimes, that can't happen. In those cases, you'll have an operation called a colostomy. Your surgeon will connect the colon to a hole in your abdomen, called an ostomy. You'll have a bag that attaches to the ostomy to collect bowel movements. If your colon cancer has spread to the lymph nodes or affects a thick section of the colon, your doctor may recommend chemotherapy to kill cancer cells. For rectal cancer, surgery is the main treatment if doctors can completely remove your tumor. |
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