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Capital punishment in Russia	Perhaps the first public statement on the matter to be both serious and strong came from Catherine II (Catherine the Great), whose liberal views were consistent with her acceptance of the Enlightenment. In her Nakaz of 1767, the empress expressed disdain for the death penalty, considering it to be improper, adding: "In the usual state of the society, the death penalty is neither useful nor needed." However, an explicit exception was still allowed for the case of someone who, even while convicted and incarcerated, "still has the means and the might to ignite public unrest". This specific exception applied to mutineers of Pugachev's Rebellion in 1775. Consistent with Catherine's stance, the next several decades marked a shift in public perception against the death penalty. In 1824, the very existence of such a punishment was among the reasons for the legislature's refusal to approve a new version of the Penal Code. Just one year later, the Decembrist revolt failed, and a court sentenced 36 of the rebels to death. Nicholas I's decision to commute all but five of the sentences was highly unusual for the time, especially taking into account that revolts against the monarchy had almost universally resulted in an automatic death sentence, and was perhaps due to society's changing views of the death penalty. By the late 1890s, capital punishment for murder was virtually never carried out, but substituted with 10 to 15 years imprisonment with hard labor, although it still was carried out for treason . However, in 1910, capital punishment was reintroduced and expanded, although still very seldom used.
Capital punishment in Russia	Over the next several decades, the death penalty was alternately permitted and prohibited, sometimes in very quick succession. The list of capital crimes likewise underwent several changes. Under the rule of Joseph Stalin, many were executed during the Great Purge in the 1930s. Many of the death sentences were pronounced by a specially appointed three-person commission of officials, the NKVD troika. The exact number of executions is debated, with archival research suggesting it to be between 700,000 and 800,000, whereas an official report to Nikita Khrushchev from 1954 cites 642,980 death penalty sentences. Another report in 1956 cites 688,503 death penalty sentences, of which 681,692 were carried out during the years of 1937-1938. (see also Joseph Stalin § Death toll and allegations of genocide). The verdict of capital punishment in the Soviet Union was called the "Supreme Measure of Punishment" (Vysshaya Mera Nakazaniya, VMN). Verdicts under Article 58 (counter-revolutionary activity) often ended with a sentence that was abbreviated as VMN, and usually followed by executions through shooting, although other frequent verdicts were 10-year and 25-year (dubbed "Сталинский четвертак" Stalinskiy chetvertak, "Stalin's Quarter") sentences.
Chester Himes	Chester Himes was born in Jefferson City, Missouri, on July 29, 1909, to Joseph Sandy Himes and Estelle Bomar Himes; his father was a professor of industrial trades at a black college, and his mother, prior to getting married, was a teacher at Scotia Seminary. Chester Himes grew up in a middle-class home in Missouri. When he was about 12 years old, his father took a teaching job in the Arkansas Delta at Branch Normal College (now University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff), and soon a tragedy took place that would profoundly shape Himes's view of race relations. He had misbehaved and his mother made him sit out a gunpowder demonstration that he and his brother, Joseph Jr., were supposed to conduct during a school assembly. Working alone, Joseph mixed the chemicals; they exploded in his face. Rushed to the nearest hospital, the blinded boy was refused treatment because of Jim Crow laws. "That one moment in my life hurt me as much as all the others put together", Himes wrote in The Quality of Hurt.
Allomyces	The Euallomyces life cycle is an anisogamous alternation of generations between a haploid gametophyte and a diploid sporophyte. In this life cycle, the two stages are indistinguishable until reproductive organs are formed. Gametophytes produce colorless female gametangia and orange male gametangia; the orange coloration is transferred to the male gametes and is due to the presence of gamma carotenoid. Formation of male gametes is faster than of female gametes. Both male and female gametangia release motile gametes, but the male gametes are smaller and orange. Female gametangia and gametes release a pheromone called sirenin that attracts the male gametes. Male gametes produce a pheromone called parisin. Female gametes are sluggish and stay close to the female gametangia, which sets up a strong concentration gradient of sirenin. Fertilization of female gametes by male gametes appears to be near 100% efficient. Fertilization takes place when two gametes contact one another. The plasma membranes fuse to form a binucleate cell with nuclear fusion quickly following. The resulting zygote is initially biflagellate, but it soon encysts and germinates. It grows into a dichotomously branched sporophyte, which forms two types of sporangia: thin-walled zoosporangia that may be colorless or orange and thick-walled resting sporangia that are reddish-brown due to the presence of melanin pigments. The thin-walled zoosporangia give rise to motile zoospores that germinate and grow into another sporophyte. The resting sporangia undergo meiosis at germination and give rise to haploid zoospores that will germinate and grow into gametophytes.
Ed Humenik	Humenik joined the PGA Tour in 1989, gaining his Tour card through qualifying school. After struggling on his rookie year on Tour, he joined the Nationwide Tour in 1990. He won two events, the Ben Hogan Macon Open and the Ben Hogan Santa Rosa Open en route to a 5th-place finish on the money list which earned him his PGA Tour card for 1991. In 1991, he finished 121st on the money list, just good enough to retain his Tour card, he recorded two top-10 finishes. He bettered his performance in 1992, finishing 100th on the money list, including finishing in a tie for fourth at the Buick Southern Open. He finished 105th on the money list in 1993 and recorded three top-10 finishes. In 1994 he finished 108th on the money list, with the highlight of his year coming at the Greater Greensboro Open where he finished in a tie for second. He did not do as well in 1995 and failed to retain his Tour card. He did not play full-time on Tour again until 1999 when he played on the Nationwide Tour, his final season on Tour. He played in the U.S. Senior Open in 2009 and missed the cut.
Touchatag	Touchatag (previously TikiTag) was an RFID service for consumers, application developers and operators/enterprises created by Alcatel-Lucent. Consumers could use RFID tags to trigger what touchatag called Applications, which could include opening a webpage, sending a text message, shutting down the computer, or running a custom application created through the software's API, via the application developer network. Touchatag applications were also compatible with NFC enabled phones like the Nokia 6212. TikiTag was launched as an open beta on October 1, 2008. And it was rebranded to touchatag on February 15, 2009. Touchatag also sold RFID hardware, like a starter package with 1 USB RFID reader and 10 RFID tags (stickers), for which the client software was compatible with Windows XP and Vista, along with Mac OS X 10.4 and up. Touchatag was carried by Amazon.com, ThinkGeek, Firebox.com and getDigital.de along with Touchatag's own Online Store. Touchatag also marketed their products' underlying technology for enterprise and operator solutions. Touchatag announced an agreement with Belgacom PingPing on jointly developing the contactless market and announced a commercial pilot with Accor Services. On June 27, 2012, the Touchatag team has announced the shutdown of the project. inviting users to use IOTOPE "a similar open source Internet Of Things service" which itself has no apparent activity since November 2012.
Glion Institute of Higher Education	1962 to 1979: In 1962, founded as the hotel school 'Institut International de Glion', The Centre International de Formation Hôtelière et Touristique S.A. was incorporated, with a teaching campus on the site of the former Bellevue & Belvedere Grand Hotel. In1964 The Alumni Association of Glion (AAG) was first formed by 5 students, which was known as the Glion Students' Association (AEIG) at that time. In 1965 First 'preparatory course' was taught – today called Practical Arts. In 1967 Student Government Association was created. In 1971 The Société d'Expansion Touristique S.A. (SET) assumed responsibility for the school administration. In 1976 Glion introduced a choice of four specializations: Financial management, Hospitality management, Food and beverage, and Business management. In 1977 changed new official name to "Centre International de Glion". In 1978 The Glion campus began to resemble the size and shape known today with the construction of Building IV. In 1979 Glion's flagship diploma program underwent a significant restructuring – students could opt to specialize in either hospitality management or tourism management in their third semester.
Glion Institute of Higher Education	1985 to 1998: In 1985, founding member of the Swiss Hotel Schools Association. In 1989 Bulle campus opened its doors on July 31. In 1992 the very first class in English was given to the students – all teaching at Glion and Bulle campuses had been in French until this point. In 1994 Glion opened its first campus outside Switzerland – located in Corfu, the new venture was named The European Center for Tourism Studies (ECTS) and its last student graduated in 2011. In 1995 The first hospitality Bachelor's degree was launched – called Galaxy, this three-year program paved the way for Glion's contemporary Bachelor's in International Hospitality Business; Glion also welcomed the Nobel prize winner Mr. Gorbachev. In 1996 Semesters were split more distinctly between Glion and Bulle campuses, setting a pattern that can still be found today within the Bachelor's program. In 1997 Glion purchased La Résidence in Glion village in order to offer another practical arts venue to the students. In 1998 The HOSTA school in Leysin joined the renamed Glion Group SA, giving Glion three campuses in Switzerland.
Glion Institute of Higher Education	2000 to 2015: In 2000, the first BBA was introduced, as well as the Associate Degree, Certificate and Diploma programs, while also signing a partnership with Endicott College in Massachusetts (USA) in order to offer two specialized Master's degrees. In 2001 Glion secured accreditation from New England Association of Schools and Colleges (NEASC) - since renamed the New England Commission of Higher Education (NECHE). In 2002, the name was changed to ''Glion Institute of Higher Education''. In 2002, it became a part of Laureate Hospitality Education, a division of Laureate Education, Inc. based in Baltimore (USA). In 2004 The HOSTA campus in Leysin was closed. In 2006 Accredited by the New England Commission of Higher Education (formerly the Commission on Institutions of Higher Education of the New England Association of Schools and Colleges, Inc.). In 2008 An all-online MBA in International Hospitality and Service Industries Management was launched, as well as the Bachelor's in Events, Sports and Entertainment. In 2009 Glion acquired Hotel des Alpes – the new practical arts teaching facility that incorporated renovated rooms, reception, a bar, an academic restaurant and an open kitchen. In 2010 Together with the sister-school Les Roches, Glion created the Les Roches Gruyère University of Applied Sciences (LRGUAS) – a Swiss-accredited program that ran until 2016. In 2011 Launched 100% online postgraduate and professional development certificate and diploma programs. In 2012 Celebrated 50-year anniversary. In 2012 The new eco-friendly educational building was opened – the Academic Center on Bulle campus. In 2013 Glion established the London campus which enabled it to become the first Swiss hospitality school with a presence in the UK capital. In 2014 Launched multicampus options for undergraduate and postgraduate programs, offering student mobility between campuses in Switzerland and London. In 2015 Won the "Best Hospitality Management School" at the Worldwide Hospitality Awards, and it launched the new Luxury Brand Management specialization.
Glion Institute of Higher Education	2016 to present: In 2016, Glion London campus moved to a new building named Downshire House, on the campus of the University of Roehampton. Also in 2016, Eurazeo acquired Glion Institute of Higher Education (Glion) and its interests in affiliated campuses and partners. In 2017 major renovations took place on Glion campus, ahead of the formal opening of Le Bellevue fine-dining restaurant to the public early the following year. In 2018 Glion ranked 1st for employer reputation in Hospitality Management in the QS World University Rankings. In 2018 they announced an expanded portfolio of four Master's programs. In 2019 they launched three new Master's programs, namely: Luxury Management & Guest Experience; Hospitality, Innovation & Entrepreneurship; and Real Estate, Finance & Hotel Development. In 2020 they introduced new remote learning platform "Glion Connect" to feature live online tutorials, demonstrations, one-to-one coaching and mentoring. In 2021 they welcomed Swiss-born chef Stéphane Décotterd with the launch of Maison Décotterd on Glion campus. In 2022, they reached their 60-year anniversary.
Benjamin Kunz Mejri	On December 4, 2014, Kunz Mejri published a vulnerability in the boarding passport application of the Orion - mission of the American space agency NASA. The vulnerability was reported to the US Department of Defense CERT team on November 25, 2014. The boarding pass information of the application was later written with electron beam lithography on a silicone microchip prototype, which was launched aboard the space shuttle on December 4. One of the researcher's test exploit payloads was not deleted by NASA and transferred to the isolated microchip. After the launch of the rocket, Mejris Exploit Payload spent four hours and 24 minutes in two elliptical orbits around the Earth with an apogee (high point) of 5800 kilometres. NASA's investigation with an eleven-man team confirmed that one of the payloads stored in the boarding pass was accidentally written on the silicone microchip. But since the microchip was isolated, there was no danger for the technology or the spacecraft itself. NASA provided Mejri with a specially prepared image for a few days, with a joke entry of Mejri in the NASA No Fly list.
The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld	In the years following its release, The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld has received continued critical acclaim. It was voted the 45th greatest album of all time in a 1993 poll of NME staff members. In 1999, it was included at number 82 in Spin's list of the best albums of the 1990s, with critic Richard Gehr opining that "Ultraworld is art at its most functional: It works equally well as both acid-peak booster rocket and as Prozac-ian relief from an ecstatic all-nighter." In 2002, Muzik named it the seventh best dance music album of all time, while Slant Magazine listed it as the fourth greatest electronic music album of the 20th century. The following year, Pitchfork ranked it as the 100th best album of the 1990s, with Alex Linhardt's accompanying write-up noting that it "managed to make ambient house a perpetual 'next big thing' for the rest of the decade." John Bush of AllMusic deemed The Orb's Adventures Beyond the Ultraworld "the album that defined the ambient house movement."
King Roger	Since the late 1980s and into the present century, King Roger seems to have enjoyed something of a revival with about thirteen productions in many different locations. In 1988, the Long Beach Opera in California, known for its innovative approach to the repertoire, had Murry Sidlin as conductor and James Johnson as King Roger, Nancy Shade as Roxana, and Jonathan Mack as Edrisi. A concert performance was given on 3 March 1990 at the Royal Festival Hall by the BBC Symphony Orchestra and Chorus conducted by Andrew Davis. This was the opening concert of a festival of Szymanowski's works given by the South Bank Arts Centre. David Wilson-Johnson took the title role, with Wieslaw Ochman as the Shepherd, Eilene Hannan as Roxana, Martyn Hill as Edrisi, Matthew Best as the Archbishop and Anne Collins as the Archdeaconess. Sydney Dance Company used the opera as a recorded soundtrack for its ballet of King Roger in the Sydney Opera House in 1990. Palermo presented King Roger again in 1992. Four concert versions were given by the end of the 1990s: the first by Orchestre National de France in Paris, conducted by Charles Dutoit in 1996 and at the London Proms by the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra under Simon Rattle in 1998, while the third and fourth performances were presented in Montreal and subsequently, on October 17, 1999, at Carnegie Hall for the New York Premiere with Charles Dutoit and the Montreal Symphony Orchestra.
Yumbel	Yumbel originated from the small fort of San Felipe de Austria, raised in 1585 by Governor Alonso de Sotomayor, on the cerro del Centinela (Hill of the Sentinel). This fort was destroyed by the Mapuche and replaced in 1603, by Governor Alonso de Ribera as fort Santa Lucia de Yumbel. Destroyed in 1621 it was rebuilt the same year. It remained in use until 1648 when it was abandoned and its garrison sent to the fort of Nacimiento, Chile. Governor Ángel de Peredo again constructed it in 1663 as fort Nuestra Señora de Almudena. When Francisco de Meneses Brito populated it three years later he renamed it San Carlos de Austria de Yumbel. During the term of Diego González Montero Justiniano a town that had evolved was given the name of Santa Lucia de Yumbel. Governor Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga gave it the recognition as a town in 1766. It grew little until the Chilean War of Independence when it was occupied by both sides at times and then was burned by the Spanish guerrilla Juan Manuel Picó and the end of 1820.
Essex, Ohio	The community of Essex was originally surveyed on September 2, 1836 by William C. Lawrence for John Cheney. It was originally hoped that Essex would be the seat of justice for a new county, but the plans to create a new county were unsuccessful, and any population was slow to arrive. The first cabin was built in town in 1838, and the post office (called Rush Creek Post Office) was established on July 13, 1848, with Tabor Randall as the first Postmaster. As of 1877, Essex contained two stores, a schoolhouse, and a sawmill. The Rush Creek Grange, No. 710, was organized in 1874 but was only active for a few years, and an Independent Order of Odd Fellows hall was built in the fall of 1875, instituted on June 20, 1876, and had at least 16 members by 1883. By 1883, there was one general store, one grocery, a flour and sawmill, a blacksmith, a repair shop, one physician, and a shoe shop. The Post Office changed its name to Rushcreek on November 3, 1894, and was discontinued on June 29, 1907. The mail service is now sent through the Richwood Post Office.
Echo, Texas	Echo, Texas (Orange County) is a populated place which was founded in 1880. The Louisiana Western Extension Railroad Company was given the task of completing the last section of the Texas and New Orleans Railroad crossing the Sabine River, linking Houston with New Orleans. The swampland directly east of Orange was considered unsuitable for the railway construction, so the company pushed the line to the north and east and established a quarantine station. The site was given the name Echo, because the sounds of the railway reverberated in the nearby river swamp. Years later, the quarantine station would be removed, but this site located three miles northeast of Orange would still function as a freight yard for the Southern Pacific Railroad as well as an industrial site. In 1965, Echo would also be the construction starting point for the Sabine River and Northern Railroad, which would link the Southern Pacific to the Gulf, Colorado and Santa Fe Railway servicing the timber industry of the region.
Isaac Klein	The philosophy upon which A Guide to Jewish Religious Practice is written is stated in the foreword: "The premise on which Torah is based is that all aspects of life - leisure no less than business, worship or rites of passage (birth, bar mitzvah, marriage, divorce, death) - are part of the covenant and mandate under which every Jew is to serve God in everything he does. In the eyes of Torah there is, strictly speaking, no such thing as the purely private domain, for even in solitude - be it the privacy of the bath or the unconsciousness of sleep - one has the capacity and the duty to serve God." This message, of life seen in consonance with the dictates of Judaism, permeates many pages of the book. Rabbi Louis Finkelstein, scholar of the JTSA, wrote: "There are those who would think that we have but two alternatives, to reject or to accept the law, but in either case to treat it as a dead letter. Both of these alternatives are repugnant to the whole tradition of Judaism. Jewish law must be preserved but it is subject to interpretation by those who have mastered it, and the interpretation placed upon it by duly authorized masters in every generation must be accepted with as much reverence as those which were given in previous generations."
Isaac Klein	Klein's papers are located at the University Archives, State University of New York at Buffalo (see finding aid). The archives include fourteen reels of microfilm. The collection consists of extensive writings by Klein on traditional Jewish practice and law. This includes manuscript material for his books Guide to Jewish Religious Practice , The Ten Commandments in a Changing World , The Anguish and the Ecstasy of a Jewish Chaplain , and his translation of The Code of Maimonides (Mishneh Torah): Book 7, The Book of Agriculture . The collection also contains speeches, sermons, articles, and remarks from the Conservative Jewish viewpoint on subjects such as Jewish medical ethics, dietary laws, adoption, and marriage and divorce. Meeting minutes, annual reports, bulletins, and sermons relating to Klein's rabbinical vocations in Springfield, Massachusetts and Buffalo, New York are also included. The papers contain photographs, wartime letters, and military records of Klein documenting his service in World War II as a director of Jewish religious affairs in Germany.
Horseshoes (game)	One player pitches both shoes in succession to one pit, followed by the other player. This is formally called an inning. Normally only one pitcher can score points per inning, however some leagues and tournaments play "count all", in which all points in each inning are counted. A live shoe that is not a ringer, but comes to rest 6 inches (150 mm) or closer to the stake, has a value of one point (alternate scoring methods give two points if the horseshoe leans on the stake. Also known as a "leaner"). If both of one player's horseshoes are closer than the opponent's, two points are scored. A ringer scores three points. In the case of one ringer and a closer horseshoe, both horseshoes are scored for a total of four points. If a player throws two ringers, that player scores six points. If each player throws a ringer, the ringers cancel and no points are scored. If two ringers are thrown by one player and one ringer by the opponent, the player throwing two ringers scores three points. This is typically called "two dead and three" or "three ringers three" for score-keeping purposes. Such occurrences are called "dead ringers" and are still used toward the pitcher/ringer average. Back-yard games can be played to any number of points that is agreed upon, but are usually to 21 points, win by 2. In most sanctioned tournaments the handicapped divisions pitch 50 shoe games, most points win. If there is a tie, the pitchers pitch two additional innings (alternating pitch) until the tie is broken. Championship divisions, or non-handicapped divisions are pitched to 40 points, regardless of the number of shoes pitched.
Paul Alan Yule	In the 1980s, with the support of Swami Omanand Saraswati, he catalogued and evaluated metallic artefacts of the so-called Copper Hoard Culture by means of European methods and models for the first time, whereby numerous finds came to light especially in the Kanya Gurukul in Narela/Haryana. These artefacts appear to be non-functional objects, probably used in rituals or simply deposited in hoards, to judge from a lack of use-wear. Far away in Odisha, Yule published a find from a metals period cemetery in Sankarjang which may be the earliest musical instrument in India. He documented the early historic fortress at Sisupalgarh by means of a laser scanner, ground penetrating radar and a hand-held GPS receiver. Together with Corinna Borchert, Yule uncovered illegal building development within this nationally protected Mauryan site. From 2001–2004 in India, Yule documented so-called mud forts and other archaeological sites for the first time, especially in Odisha along the Mahanadi and Chhattisgarh. Images of his work especially in Odisha appear in the image bank heidICON.
Paul Alan Yule	Yule's study of the prehistory of Oman began from 1982 to 1987 as a volunteer at the Deutsches Bergbau-Museum in Bochum together with Gerd Weisgerber. Yule focussed on the cataloguing of the metal hoard find from Ibri-Selme (and others as well), which he published with Gerd Weisgerber. This typological study catalogues the largest hoard of metallic artefacts to occur in the Near East. Stashed in an Umm an-Nar period communal tomb, these date to the Early Iron Age. In 1987 Yule began his habilitation on the site of Samad al-Shan which sheds light on the late pre-Islamic, protoliterate Late Iron Age population of central Oman. It comes into view as early as 200 BCE and we lose track of it around 300 CE far prior to the arrival of Islam in Oman. After 2006 he raised the chronology of the Samad Late Iron Age. The cemetery site, Samad, yields eastern Arabian artefacts of different periods. New excavations were intended to better date the Early Iron Age. New was the introduction of alphanumeric abbreviations for site and artefact classes to enable computer processing. In the mid 1990s Yule and Weisgerber mapped and studied the tower tombs of Jaylah in the eastern part of the Jebel Akhdhar, which may date to the Bronze Age Umm an-Nar Period mid-late 3rd millennium BCE. Yule sought unsuccessfully late antique habitation in his excavation at the oasis site of Izki/al-Yemen. Yule updated his thought on Oman in 2014. For south-eastern Arabia he distinguishes and defines Early and Late Iron Ages. In the Sultanate, the Late Iron Age has two facies. The one known from the most sites is designated Samad Late Iron Age, the other is the "période préislamique récente" which mostly French and Belgian colleagues researched and defined in the United Arab Emirates. Years after finishing the actual report, Yule realised the important publications for the excavations at al-Akhdhar, al-Wāsiṭ tomb W1 and other projects. In 2012 the Ministry of Heritage and Culture asked him to document and published an Early Iron Age metal smelting site just inside the Empty Quarter in Wadi Ḍank, ʿUqdat al-Bakrah.
Boris Gerrets	Gerrets came into prominence with his film, People I Could Have Been and Maybe Am , which won twelve international awards: IDFA Best Mid-Length Doc Award, Amsterdam, 2010; Visions du Réel , Best Direction Mid-Length Doc, Nyon, 2011; Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival, Honourable Mention for Mid-Length Documentary, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2011; Beldocs, International Federation Of Film Critics Award (FIPRESCI), Belgrade, Serbia, 2011; Open City, The London Documentary Festival, Time Out Best City Film Award, London, United Kingdom, 2011; Pärnu Documentary Film Festival, Most Innovative Documentary, Estonia, 2011; Dokufest, Best International Feature Documentary, Prizren, Kosovo, 2011; A Man's Shadow Film Festival, Audience Award, Pwêêdi Wiimîâ, 2011; Festival dei popoli, Best Ethno-Anthropological Film, Florence, 2011; E-dox festival, E-DOX Jury Award, Kaunas, Lithuania, 2011; ZagrebDox, My Generation Award, Zagreb, Croatia, 2012; and Taiwan International Documentary Film Festival, Grand Prize International Mid-length & Short, Taipei, 2012.
BORTAC	The mission of BORTAC is "to respond to terrorist threats of all types anywhere in the world in order to protect our nation's homeland." In essence, BORTAC teams often conduct drug raids on high-value targets, as well as sometimes being attached to Border Patrol or Air and Marine Operations units to assist them in their duties. BORTAC does not only conduct operations on the U.S. border. BORTAC teams are often used to provide a tactical federal law enforcement capability across the country, helping with security for events such as the Super Bowl, as well as being deployed to natural disaster areas to ensure that civil unrest does not break out. Additionally, BORTAC teams can be called upon to assist local law enforcement in high-profile events such as the 1992 Los Angeles riots, where they were part of the 1,000 riot-trained federal special agents sent in an attempt to end the rioting in the Los Angeles region; and the 2015 Clinton Correctional Facility escape, where a BORTAC team inserted by helicopter shot and killed escaped prisoner Richard Matt. BORTAC has been assigned to operate in sanctuary cities to increase immigration enforcement. Finally, BORTAC teams can sometimes be deployed overseas to assist and train countries in drug enforcement and border security techniques.
Belenzada	At Belém the Queen confirmed that she was dismissing all of her ministers and appointing a new cabinet under the Marquês de Valença. Owing to the short life of this government (one day), which happened to coincide with All Souls Day (Portuguese: dia de finados) it came to be known as the "Gabinete dos Finados" or "pt:Gabinete dos Mortos" ("cabinet of the dead"): 198 She also signed a decree reinstating the Comstitutional Charter of 1826. Troops loyal to the Queen controlled the São Jorge Castle in Lisbon, but there was so much confusion of orders and counter-orders from different parties on the night of 3 November that it was not long before the citadel was taken over by units of the National Guard loyal to the dismissed government. The remainder of the National Guard was also mobilised against the coup and began to muster overnight at Campo de Ourique.: 182 Saldanha, still pursuing his own plans, had sent the most reliable government troops into the provinces to prepare for a revolt there, leaving Lisbon exposed.
Belenzada	Freire's murder caused panic in Belém and some of those who were armed began to slip back to their homes, leaving their arms behind. The rivalry between Terceira and Saldanha was so great that once the coup started, Saldanha refused to go to Belem until positively urged to do so by Lord Howard de Walden. However, when Passos Manuel and Ribeiro Saraiva arrived at the palace, surrounded by threats and curses from the Chartist crowds gathered outside, Saldanha came out, took them by the arm, and escorted them safely inside.: 191 In a show of strength, the Queen received the Belém Commissioners in the presence of King Ferdinand and the rest of the royal family, Palmela, Saldanha, Trigoso, and many former ministers, generals, Howard de Walden, Van de Weyer and the entire foreign diplomatic corps. After extended discussions a compromise was reached,: 198 although what exactly this was is not entirely clear, since differing accounts quickly appeared. Passos Manuel arrived back at Campo de Ourique at four in the afternoon and discussions followed on the court's proposals. Some were accepted, but the reinstitution of the House of Peers was categorically rejected. Sá da Bandeira was appointed to communicate this to the Queen.: 199–204
Belenzada	At Belém, while the court waited for a response to its proposals, some of the artillery units around the palace began to shout support for the constitution of 1820. Alarmed, King Ferdinand rode out with some mounted soldiers and chased them away. Concern grew that the court could not safely rely on its own army, and the Queen appealed to Howard de Walden to send British troops to protect her. Between 500 and 700 were landed between Belém and Alcântara on the night of 4 November. News of this intervention had the opposite effect to that intended, as there was general indignation among the population of Lisbon and it seemed likely that there would be a mass march on Belém. Passos Manuel and the Septembrists at Campo de Ourique absolutely refused to enter into any discussions for as long as foreign troops were on Portuguese soil. Realising her mistake, the Queen had the British troops returned to their ships and Sá da Bandeira was invited to a meeting with Saldanha for further negotiations.: 206
Precociality and altriciality	In birds and mammals altricial species are those whose newly hatched or born young are relatively immobile, lack hair or down, are not able to obtain food on their own, and must be cared for by adults; closed eyes are common, though not ubiquitous. Altricial young are born helpless and require care for a length of time. Altricial birds include hawks, herons, woodpeckers, owls, cuckoos and most passerines. Among mammals, marsupials and most rodents are altricial. Domestic cats, dogs, and primates, such as humans, are some of the best-known altricial organisms. For example, newborn domestic cats cannot see, hear, maintain their own body temperature, or gag, and require external stimulation in order to defecate and urinate. The giant panda is notably the largest placental mammal to have altricial, hairless young upon birth. The larval stage of insect development is considered by some to be a form of altricial development, but it more accurately depicts, especially amongst eusocial animals, an independent phase of development, as the larvae of bees, ants, and many arachnids are completely physically different from their developed forms, and the pre-pupal stages of insect life might be regarded as equivalent to vertebrate embryonic development.
Goose Lake Valley	The Goose Lake Valley is on the western flyway from Mexico to bird breeding grounds in the Arctic. During the spring, Canada geese, snow geese, Ross' geese, and whistling swans stops in the valley to feed and rest before continuing north. Numerous shorebirds also migrate through the valley. These include black-necked stilts, American avocets, spotted sandpipers, Wilson's phalaropes, red-necked phalaropes, black terns, eared grebes, horned grebes, and cinnamon teal. In the fall, these birds pass through the valley on their way south. In addition, a number of bird species nest in the areas around Goose Lake. Shorebirds such as American avocets, willets, killdeer, western grebe, and long-billed curlew nest near the lake. The wetlands north of the lake provide breeding areas for Canada geese and sandhill cranes as well as mallard and other duck species. The north shore wetlands are also an important breeding area for Clark's grebes, white-faced ibis, and great egret. Tundra swans and American white pelicans use the area as well. The lake supported a winter populations of over 10,000 Canada geese. Barrow's goldeneye and common goldeneye also winter in the area.
Goose Lake Valley	In 1865, the United States Congress authorized the construction of the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road from Eugene, Oregon, to Fort Boise in Idaho. Congress allowed the construction company to claim three sections of land for every mile of road built. As a result, road surveyors laid out a route designed to pass through as much well watered land as possible. The route of the military road came west over Drews Gap and followed Drews Creek into the Goose Lake Valley. It passed through the valley north of Goose Lake before crossing the Warner Mountains to the east. In reality, the Oregon Central Military Wagon Road was a venture designed to acquire public lands at little or no cost to the road company's investors. The construction company was able to secure thousands of acres of valuable grazing land in the Goose Lake Valley. Legal disputes kept the ownership of these lands in question for decades, preventing settlers from claiming land grants for farms and ranches. Ownership was finally decided by the United States Supreme Court in a case known as the United States versus the California and Oregon Land Company. Eventually, the land passed into the hands of the Oregon Valley Land Company, which subdivided it into lots and parcels. The property was sold in a nationally advertised auction held in Lakeview, Oregon, in 1909.
Common linnet	The bird was a popular pet in the late Victorian and Edwardian eras. Alfred, Lord Tennyson mentions "the linnet born within the cage" in Canto 27 of his 1849 poem "In Memoriam A.H.H.", the same section that contains the famous lines "'Tis better to have loved and lost / Than never to have loved at all." A linnet features in the classic British music hall song "Don't Dilly Dally on the Way" which is subtitled "The Cock Linnet Song". It is a character in Oscar Wilde's children's story "The Devoted Friend" and Wilde also mentions how the call of the linnet awakens "The Selfish Giant" to the one tree where it is springtime in his garden. William Butler Yeats evokes the image of the common linnet in "The Lake Isle of Innisfree" : "And evening full of the linnet's wings." and also mentions the bird in his poem "A Prayer for My Daughter" : "May she become a flourishing hidden tree That all her thoughts may like the linnet be, And have no business but dispensing round Their magnanimities of sound." In the 1840 novel The Old Curiosity Shop by Charles Dickens, the heroine Nell keeps "only a poor linnet" in a cage, which she leaves for Kit as a sign of her gratefulness to him.
Matthew 3:7	The Pharisees and Sadducees were two powerful and competing factions within Judaism at the time. Throughout the New Testament, and especially in Matthew, the Pharisees are presented as opponents of Jesus and responsible for his crucifixion. Some versions translate the passage as saying they were coming "for baptism". The wording is ambiguous but based on the rest of the text most scholars feel that it is more appropriate to say they were coming "to the baptism" likely to observe and investigate this new movement, rather than to be baptized themselves. Alexander Jones notes that as the entrenched powers both groups would have reason to be deeply interested in new mass movements such as John's. However, the two acting in concert is, according to David Hill, quite ahistorical as the Pharisees and Sadducees were long and bitter rivals. The two groups reappear as a pair in Matthew 16. An alternative view is that the Pharisees and Sadducees are coming to be baptized, and that this reflects the mass popularity of John's program. it also incites his attack as he does not believe that many of those coming to him have truly repented. This would also close the distance between Matthew's speech directed at the Pharisees and Sadducees and Luke's to John's audience in general.
Matthew 3:7	Pseudo-Chrysostom: As a skilful physician from the colour of the skin infers the sick man's disease, so John understood the evil thoughts of the Pharisees who came to him. They thought perhaps, We go, and confess our sins; he imposes no burden on us, we will be baptized, and get indulgence for sin. Fools! if ye have eaten of impurity, must ye not needs take physic? So after confession and baptism, a man needs much diligence to heal the wound of sin; therefore he says, Generation of vipers. It is the nature of the viper as soon as it has bit a man to fly to the water, which, if it cannot find, it straightway dies; so this progeny of vipers, after having committed deadly sin, ran to baptism, that, like vipers, they might escape death by means of water. Moreover, it is the nature of vipers to burst the insides of their mothers, and so to be born. The Jews then are therefore called progeny of vipers, because by continual persecution of the prophets they had corrupted their mother the Synagogue. Also vipers have a beautiful and speckled outside, but are filled with poison within. So these men's countenances wore a holy appearance.
Early texts of Shakespeare's works	The First Folio was compiled by Heminges and Condell but published by a trio of stationers (booksellers and publishers): William Jaggard, his son Isaac Jaggard, and Edward Blount. William Aspley and John Smethwick participated in the endeavor as subsidiary partners. It contained, in addition to blandishments provided by various admirers of Shakespeare, such as the dedication signed by "John Heminge and Henry Condell", 36 plays. They included Troilus and Cressida, which was not, however, listed in the table of contents, but omitted Pericles and The Two Noble Kinsmen, which are now usually considered canonical. The Jaggards were printers, and did the actual printing of the book. The elder Jaggard has seemed an odd choice to many commentators, given his problematical relationship with the Shakespeare canon: Jaggard issued the suspect collection The Passionate Pilgrim in 1599 and 1612, and in 1619 printed the so-called False Folio, ten pirated or spurious Shakespearean plays, some with false dates and title pages. It is thought that the printing of the First Folio was such an enormous task that the Jaggards' shop was simply needed to get the job done. William Jaggard was old, infirm, and blind by 1623, and in fact died a month before the First Folio was complete.
Texas City disaster	The first explosion had set Highflyer free from its moorings, and it had drifted across the harbor, coming to rest against SS Wilson B. Keene. Her crew stayed aboard for an hour before the smoke of the burning oil in the harbor forced them to leave. In the afternoon, two men boarded Highflyer searching for injured crewmembers. They noted that her cargo was ablaze and reported it to someone on the Harborfront. This message seems to have gone unheeded for several hours until it was realized that this indicated a serious problem. Only around 11 p.m. did tugboats attempt to pull Highflyer away from the docks. Despite having cut her anchor, they were unable to move her. They fled the area around 1 a.m. the next day (April 17). Ten minutes later, at 1:10 a.m., Highflyer exploded, killing two more people. According to witnesses, the explosion was more powerful than that of Grandcamp. Casualties were light since the docks had already been evacuated, but the second explosion exacerbated the damage to nearby ships and buildings. The blast destroyed the nearby Wilson B. Keene. The steel frame of Highflyer had been heated until glowing, and these chunks rained down upon Texas City setting mass fires. : 4–5 One of the propellers was blown off and subsequently found nearly a mile inland. It is now in a memorial park near the anchor of Grandcamp.
Texas City disaster	Some of the deaths and damage in Texas City were due to the destruction and subsequent burning of several chemical plants (including Monsanto and Union Carbide), oil storage, and other facilities near the explosions. Twenty-seven of the twenty-eight members of Texas City's volunteer fire department and three of four members of the Texas City Heights Volunteer Fire Department who were on the docks near the burning ship were killed. One firefighter, Fred Dowdy, who had not responded to the initial call, coordinated other firefighters arriving from communities up to 60 miles (100 km) away. Alvin Fussell, sole survivor of the Heights Volunteer firefighters, was driving to work in Alvin when he heard of the fire on the radio. Eventually 200 firefighters arrived from as far away as Los Angeles. Fires resulting from the cataclysmic events were still burning a week after the disaster, and the process of body recovery took nearly a month. All four fire engines of Texas City were twisted and burned husks.
No More Parties in LA	Explaining the contributions to the song's production with a tweet, West confirmed he put together the intro while Madlib crafted the main backdrop. West's wife Kim Kardashian revealed via Twitter that he had arrived at the studio in Italy and finished recording the track one day prior to its release, admitting her husband wrote 90 of the lines on the plane there. He worked on the final mix with record producer Noah Goldstein in the studio, who engineered the track. During an interview with the Red Bull Music Academy on May 23, 2016, Madlib revealed that he made the beat to the song on an iPad. Madlib also mentioned that when sampling a recording by a musician, he will look through the entirety of its parent album to find samples. He also admitted West "waited too long" due to various samples being ultimately used for Madlib and rapper Freddie Gibbs' second collaborative studio album Bandana . However, Freddie Gibbs told Peter Rosenberg in July 2019 that the song's beat was originally intended for him but West and Lamar "just got on it before I did", after Madlib sent them the beat. Madlib explained to him that he gave around 100 beats to the two of them and they "rapped over a bunch of stuff", though the song was the only one West and Lamar decided to release.
No More Parties in LA	Musically, "No More Parties in LA" is a hip hop track, with soul elements. It was described as reminiscent of West's earlier works by numerous music journalists. According to Mojo's Bauer Xcel, the song features an abstract beat. The song is heavily based around samples of "Suzie Thundertussy", written and performed by Walter "Junie" Morrison. As well as being sampled in the song's production, the recording is utilized for vocal samples. The recording is combined with samples of the lyrics "Shake that body / Party that body" from an a capella version of "Mighty Healthy", written by Rooney, Mathematics, Crizoe, and its performer Ghostface Killah. For the song's intro, samples are used of "la-dee-da-das" from "Give Me My Love" , written and performed by Johnny "Guitar" Watson. Samples of vocals from "Stand Up and Shout About Love", written by Larry and Tina Graham alongside Dees and performed by Larry Graham, are used for the song's bridge, interrupting West's rapping at the 5:32 mark. West briefly raps alongside Lamar at the start of the song, who performs the first verse and adds to the backdrop. Layers of production drop out after the verse, being followed by West performing the chorus. West raps for the song's remainder, with him contributing a 90-bar verse. The song closes with sound effects of crowd cheers from the basketball video game NBA Jam .
No More Parties in LA	"No More Parties in LA" was met with universal acclaim from music critics, who mostly complimented West's verse. Matthew Ramirez of Pitchfork directed praise towards West's lyrical content, remarking that his "ability to connect to listeners" makes "the problems and lifestyles of the very, very rich" feel relatable. Ramirez continued, analyzing how the song passes "in the blink of an eye" with Lamar's "monster" verse and Madlib's "painterly" beat "reinforces how revitalized Kanye is after a spotty 2015", concluding by noting "an air of the unfiltered rawness of 'old Kanye'". NME author Leonie Cooper expressed a similar sentiment, lauding the song for being "doused with an old school soul vibe" and "vintage class", attributing both to Madlib's production while highlighting the sampling of "Stand Up and Shout About Love". Cooper preferred West's performance to Lamar's, admitting that despite the latter's "strong opening" in which he "eloquently airs some impressively mucky musings", West "shines" and she was not surprised by this due to the song being "his track first and foremost". She specifically appreciated West's smooth delivery and his lyricism, complimenting his storytelling.
No More Parties in LA	David Drake from Rolling Stone commented that in comparison to West's output from the time period of his sixth studio album Yeezus , the song "suggests a return to the more tasteful and on-brand Kanye" of his 2010 GOOD Friday releases, analyzing it as doing so "with its autobiographical narrative and comfort-food soul sample". Comparing West and Lamar's verses, he said "Kanye is the more effective and affecting: Kendrick is abstract" while elaborating by opining that Lamar's performance "could as easily be symbolic as personal" but West's verse "meanwhile, is packed with the kind of simultaneous relatable, everyday arrogance and self-effacement that made his earliest work resonate". Reviewing "No More Parties in LA" for DIY, Tom Connick appreciated the sampling of "Stand Up and Shout About Love", and he observed that as Lamar is "out there taking the boastful crown", West takes happiness in remaining real. In Digital Spy, Lewis Corner stated the song features West and Lamar "spitting lyrical over hard beats and a soulful, hazy backdrop", praising the sampling of "Suzie Thundertussy" in particular. Writing for Billboard, Mitchell Peters viewed the song as demonstrating West's "effortless rap skills over a smooth beat". Spin's Kyle McGovern referenced the delayed release by labeling the song "worth the wait", with him branding it as "stunning" and complimenting Lamar's "masterful" verse.
No More Parties in LA	In reviews of The Life of Pablo, critical commentary towards "No More Parties in LA" was similarly positive. For The Line of Best Fit, Tom Thorogood wrote that the song's beat having the allowance "to ride out" makes for an impressive result. David Edwards from Under the Radar commented that the song "swings and spins around" the "Suzie Thundertussy" sample, describing it as "cracking the lid open on the dark, sordid underbelly of the city". AllMusic writer David Jeffries viewed the combination of Lamar's vocals, Madlib's production, and the samples of Morrison and Graham as being supportive of "a smooth, rolling soul song they never could've imagined". Xcel felt that Madlib's "suitably abstract beat" enables West and Lamar to trade verses on the song. At The Guardian, Alexis Petridis noted the "funny, smart" track for being among "whe there are great lines and verses" on the album. Reviewing The Life of Pablo for Spin, Greg Tate voiced strongly positive feelings towards West's performance on the song by calling it "the only duet-cut" on which he "displays enough oomph" for another artist not to be needed.
No More Parties in LA	Reactor 105.7 FM ranked "No More Parties in LA" as the 78th best song of 2016. The track was voted in at number 66 on The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop poll for that year with 8 mentions, being tied for the position with 9 other songs. Pitchfork named the track as the 32nd best song of 2016, with Raymond Cummings noting its potential to be "Kanye West's most urgently scatterbrained banger" while praising the performances of West and Lamar. On the Reader's Poll for the Top 50 Songs of 2016 that was conducted by the publication, "No More Parties in LA" was placed at number 16 from the readers' votes. The track was listed by HipHopDX as the 13th best song of the year. Its highest positioning was given by Treblezine, who ranked "No More Parties in LA" the seventh best song of 2016. West's verse was listed among the 20 best verses of 2016 by Complex, with Ross Scarano describing his performance as "a long verse that unwinds with the energy of Forrest Gump realizing he doesn't need those leg braces" and also noting the verse as showing him being "spiteful, funny, candid, paternal, drugged out and lusty". Jack O'Keeffe from Bustle wrote in a 2016 article that if West wants to win Best Rap Performance at the 59th Annual Grammy Awards, then the song may be "his best shot" at winning the award. It was ultimately nominated in no categories whatsoever at the ceremony in 2017, which Sam Rullo of the publication viewed as a snub.
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	"Curious" was written by Hayley Kiyoko with Lisa Vitale, Brandon Colbein, Jakob Hazell and Svante Halldin. The track was produced by songwriting duo Jack & Coke, which consists of co-writers Hazell and Halldin. Describing herself as very selective when it comes to choosing her collaborators, Kiyoko described working with Jack & Coke as largely incidental because "there's only a few guest producers on the album" and believes that both artists' strengths can be heard via their production throughout the track. "Curious" covers several of Kiyoko's past relationships with women, as she openly identifies as gay, during which she wanted to clarify that their feelings for each other were genuine as opposed to simply fun. "Curious" is partially based on true events about Kiyoko's "dalliance with a girl on the down-low". Admitting that she shares a personal connection with every song she writes, Kiyoko revealed that "Curious" specifically pertains to "that feeling of learning self-respect and ... walk away from a game". The singer believes any listener would find the situation addressed in the song relatable, claiming everyone has encountered similar dilemmas "where someone's playing games ... In the dating game, the world is difficult, because people don't communicate, or they communicate but then their actions speak louder than words."
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	"Curious" is a dance-pop, R&B, and synth-pop song, performed over a "bright", synth-pop beat, the bassline of which Rolling Stone likened to a "bouncing-ball". Incorporating electropop and power pop elements with "rubbery" synths, the song lasts three minutes and twelve seconds. Despite seemingly simple instrumentation and refrains, its chorus features a targeted, "rapid-fire" delivery and biting, "faux-casual" lyrics, during which Kiyoko adopts a fast speech pattern and confrontational tone, as her combination of confusion and frustration surfaces. Over a "flirty dance chorus", Kiyoko demands answers from a former partner who has moved on by pursuing a relationship with a man. Kiyoko's website similarly wrote that the song "shuffles from a wild beat towards a shimmering refrain hinging on her charismatic delivery". Simon Miraudo of Student Edge observed that the track exploits the singer's "favourite kind of chorus": "a speedy, trilled lyrical run-up to the song title, delivered deliberately on an isolated and sparse musical bed", followed by "sudden sonic emptiness" reminiscent of an ellipsis in a text conversation. The New York Times music journalist Jon Pareles wrote that the track "rotates through three chords and a hollow beat with a lot of echo in its empty spaces". Despite featuring similar production to previous singles "Feelings" and "Sleepover", the song's demeanor and Kiyoko's performance are more confident and empowered overall. NPR claims that "When Kiyoko ... assures her love interest not to worry, you know she means it. She's not going to be destroyed by their return to a played-out heteronormativity". Vice writer Avery Stone wrote that "Kiyoko calls out her love interest for being hot-and-cold", citing the track as an example of the album's themes about navigating difficult relationships with girls unable to commit. According to Billboard's Abby Jones, the song "depicts Kiyoko's frustrations with a former love interest who" is now dating a man, neurotically questioning her purpose within the love triangle.
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	The song's lyrics suggest that Kiyoko is curious to know if the relationship between her ex-girlfriend and her new boyfriend is as serious as the one they once had. Despite being Expectations' most upbeat song, its lyrics nonetheless "carry the same weight" as its other tracks, which USA Today's Patrick Ryan described as "a deceptively bouncy anthem about gay individuals who stay in straight relationships to mask their true feelings". Featuring lyrics about a girl who struggles to accept her feelings for Kiyoko and dates a man to mask their history, Kiyoko confronts her ex about the latter's alleged bi-curiosity. Kiyoko asks her love interest "Are we just friends? You say you wanted me — but you're sleeping with him", which Spin's Anna Gaca believes "flip the narrative to set up a classic Hayley Kiyoko situation". Questioning if her "ostensibly hetero friend is queer-baiting her", Breanna Belken of The Daily Dot wrote that the singer's lyrics "address the confusion and uncertainty queer women and girls face when pursuing a love interest, in this case a woman who is ambivalent about their relationship." The Guardian's Michael Cragg summarized "Curious" as a song "about being a straight girl's secret," which he claimed Kiyoko delivers "with a knowing wink". Stone identified its hook as "I'm just curious ... Is it serious?", which Pitchfork contributor Laura Snapes believes Kiyoko sings with "icy mocking" as the word "curious" adopts a double meaning. The New Statesman writer Myfanwy Craigie elaborated that the title "playfully sets up expectations of a song about bicuriosity" before "our expectations are undercut and 'Curious' is really about her flirtation with a girl who has a boyfriend", ironically questioning the seriousness of her new relationship. Lindsay King-Miller of Lenny Letter agreed that the hook's "feigned nonchalance ... reveals more depths of emotion than a hundred heartbroken torch songs."
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	Snapes found the song's chorus similar to "New Rules" by Dua Lipa, while likening its "pin-sharp barbs" to singer Lorde, particularly its chorus "Did you take him to the pier in Santa Monica? Forget to bring your jacket/Wrap up in him 'cause you wanted to?", which is a tongue-twister performed in double time. Describing the song as "razor-edged", Rolling Stone's Suzy Exposito opined that few "lines cut as cleanly" as the chorus. King-Miller compared "Curious" to "He'll Never Love You", another track from Expectations that similarly details a love triangle between Kiyoko competing against a man for the same woman's affections. Meanwhile, Audrey Bowers of Study Breaks likened the track to Kiyoko's "What I Need", a song "about how frustrating it is dating a straight woman because what she needs is for her partner to be sure about their relationship". Lauren Mullineaux of The 405 identified "Curious" as one of the album's most blatant queer song examples. Billboard critic Alexa Shouneyia ranked the lyrics "Calling me up, so late at night/ Are we just friends?/ You say you wanted me, but you're sleeping with him" the album's second most queer lyric, in which the singer "cheekily nods to bi-curiosity." Idolator's Mike Wass found the song's message "about self-respect and knowing when to walk away when someone you care about is playing games" to be empowering.
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	Several critics cited the track among the album's strongest. Highlighting the track, Spin's Anma Gaca described "Curious" as "Expectations at its best". Laura Snapes of Pitchfork praised the song's lyrics as "a perfectly turned kiss-off", hailing its "brilliant" chorus. Kara Bowen, writing for The Ithacan, crowned the single "the album's pop pinnacle", while Grammy.com editor Nate Hertweck credits "Curious" with "put on the map". Recognizing the album's overall theme about subverting expectations, Vice's El Hunt cited "Curious" as a standout track and particularly strong example, explaining, "you almost expect an experimentation pop bop that treats lesbianism as a bit of harmless dabbling" until hearing "a Britney Spears-flavored slab revolving around a more universal scandal". The Harvard Crimson's Allison J. Scharmann agreed that the song is a standout track "bound to have you dancing and singing the hook ... in the exact same tone as Kiyoko for a week after your first listen." Jon Pareles, music critic for The New York Times, named "Curious" "a smart gender twist" on "the classic jealousy song".
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	Rolling Stone ranked "Curious" the 32nd best song of 2018, with contributor Amanda Charchian believing its chorus demonstrates that Kiyoko is "not above upending the whole structure (musical, romantic, social and otherwise) should things come to that point." NPR ranked "Curious" 2018's 49th best song (out of 100), about which author Marissa Lorusso wrote despite the "joy that comes from reading 'Curious" as a teasing, catchy twist on the homophobic narratives that queer love is a frivolous phase or a sinful path chosen on purpose ... instead, you could just get lost in the song's ultra-glossy production, high-energy chorus and sheer danceability." Billboard's Nina Braca described "Curious" as a "ridiculously catchy" track that boasts the year's most important question: "Did you take him to the pier in Santa Monica/ Forget to bring a jacket, wrap up in him cause you wanted to?" Seventeen's Megan Lasher included the song in her "Ultimate 2018 LGBTQ Pride Playlist", calling it "too catchy to not listen to it at least once a day" and predicting its popularity during pride parades. Elite Daily ranked the song the third best break up song of 2018, for which author Hannah Schneider said Kiyoko "flipped the script on the age-old song about how a person's ex is seeing someone else" by "exud simultaneous confidence and vulnerability, that is simply contagious."
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	The music video for "Curious" was released the same day as the single, January 11, 2018. Before the release, Kiyoko spent several weeks uploading cryptic photographs to her social media accounts. The singer premiered the video on both MTV's Total Request Live and her own YouTube channel. Kiyoko co-directed the video with James Larese. Actress and model Tereza Kacerova co-stars as Kiyoko's love interest, while actor Henry Zaga plays Kacerova's boyfriend. Kacerova had never kissed another girl prior to her role in the video, throughout which other friends and bandmates of Kiyoko were cast. Kiyoko opted to use all-male backup dancers because she had always longed to be in a boy band, comparing the final product to the work of boy band NSYNC. Kiyoko said the video is based on her own life, confirming that she often finds herself pursuing relationships with women who have yet to admit their attraction to women. The singer wanted the video to depict a "cheeky" autobiographical story about "dating a girl and having her say all these things. And then her showing up with another guy". Struggling with her sexuality, Kiyoko's love interest proceeds to be affectionate with her exclusively in private, "so in the music video you see her kind of coming back to me but only in secret. And I'm kind of over it. And I'm just like, hey, you need to respect me 24/7." She described the video as "very close to my life"; Kiyoko wrote a video treatment intending to convey the song's message about "knowing when to walk away when someone you care about is playing games ... in a fun and tongue-in-cheek way", hoping viewers would identify with its message. The cast and crew found filming the opening scene stressful because the sun had begun setting at the same time, forcing them to rush and film the entire sequence in 10 minutes.
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	The music video revolves around Kiyoko encountering and seducing a former girlfriend at a house party that the latter's new boyfriend is also attending. Kiyoko's love interest initially arrives at the party accompanied by a young man, although she is obviously interested in Kiyoko who ignores her at first. Shots of the two women gazing at each other from across the room are interspersed with flashbacks of their past time together, confirming both their lingering feelings for each other and their former romantic involvement. Towards the end of the video, the girl leads Kiyoko into the bathroom, where they proceed to make out. Kiyoko whispers the song's "curious" hook into the girl's ear, pausing abruptly to ask one final time if she is serious about her new relationship. These scenes are interspersed with sequences of the singer lying on a floor surrounded by several women who caress her body sensually, as well as dance breaks for which she is dressed in sweatpants and a loose-fitting Hawaiian shirt. Kiyoko then defiantly walks away from the girl midway, foregoing the casual hook up and leaving her in the bathroom in favor of returning to the party alone, establishing that Kiyoko is no longer playing games. The video ends implying that Kiyoko has moved on from their "toxic back-and-forth" relationship permanently before her question is answered. Kiyoko explained that "It took me a long time to" become comfortable walking away from situations similar to what her music video character encounters, but believes "It's important to showcase ... because it's important to encourage learning self-respect. Games are fun, but at a certain point, it's like, 'Okay, when am I compromising myself?".
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	Autostraddle's Mey Valdivia Rude proclaimed that the video "cements" previously conceived notions about Kiyoko's talent, describing "Every scene" as "hot in a different queer way." The author concluded, "It's like Kiyoko is using every muscle in body and move in her repertoire to drag queerness to the front of her entire music career. It's a beautiful thing to see and so is this video." HuffPost contributor Noah Michelson appreciated that "The camera doesn't pan away from the action, nor does the scene play as fuel for some cheap male masturbatory fantasy", describing the singer as "completely in control both on- and off-screen". Glenn Garner of Out wrote that the video helps establish the single's parent album as "a win for gay girls everywhere", while The Fader's Sydney Gore described the visual as "a beautifully shot commentary on the dynamics of queer love and the complicated laws of same-sex attraction." The 405's Lauren Mullineaux identified the video as "where my love affair with Hayley Kiyoko began."
Curious (Hayley Kiyoko song)	Singer Taylor Swift invited Kiyoko to sing "Curious" during the Foxborough, MA stop of her Reputation Stadium Tour at Gillette Stadium. Swift had previously defended Kiyoko from fans who misinterterpred the latter's comments about facing homophobia in the music industry, in which she compared herself to Swift who frequently sings about men without facing criticism about unoriginality. Kiyoko had originally planned on attending Swift's concert while in Boston performing with Panic at the Disco. Swift asked Panic at the Disco's management if Kiyoko would perform "Curious" at her next show, to which she agreed. The singers only blocked their performance during soundcheck earlier the same day, during which their strong chemistry was noted. The performance, which was kept secret from Swift's audience, included dancers and pyrotechnics. The duet was Kiyoko's first stadium performance, after which she thanked Swift on Instagram. Sam Manzella of NewNowNext.com reviewed the duet as "show-stopping". Fans of both singers reacted positively on social media. The Los Angeles Times' Ilana Kaplan wrote that the duet indicated Kiyoko's growth as a celebrity. Kiyoko considered the performance beneficial to the LGBT community, elaborating that the duet surpassed solely Swift's gesture: "I think for her demographic and for what she does, that was a very important moment. That's why I feel like that was just a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity".
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	In 1920, exiled Ukrainian officers, mostly former Sich Riflemen and veterans of Polish–Ukrainian War, founded the Ukrainian Military Organization (UVO), an underground military organization with the goals of continuing the armed struggle for independent Ukraine. Already in the second half of 1922 UVO organized a wave of sabotage actions and assassination attempts on Polish officials and moderate Ukrainian activists. In 1929, the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) was formed in Vienna, Austria, and was the result of a union between several radical nationalist and extreme right-wing organisations with UVO. Members of the organization carried out several acts of terror and assassinations in Poland, but it was still rather fringe movement, condemned for its violence by figures from mainstream Ukrainian society such as the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, Andriy Sheptytsky. The most popular political party among Ukrainians was in fact the Ukrainian National Democratic Alliance (UNDO), which was opposed to Polish rule but called for peaceful and democratic means to achieve independence from Poland.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	Harsh policies implemented by the Second Polish Republic were often a response to OUN-B violence, but contributed to a further deterioration of relations between the two ethnic groups. Between 1921 and 1938, Polish colonists and war veterans were encouraged to settle in the Volhynian and Galician countrysides, their number reached 17,700 in Volhynia in 3,500 new settlements by 1939. Between 1934 and 1938, a series of violent and sometimes-deadly attacks against Ukrainians were conducted in other parts of Poland. Volhynia was a place of increasingly violent conflict, with Polish police on one side and Western Ukrainian communists supported by many dissatisfied Ukrainian peasants on the other. The communists organized strikes, killed at least 31 suspected police informers in 1935–1936, and assassinated local Ukrainian officials for "collaboration" with the Polish government. The police conducted mass arrests, reported the killing of 18 communists in 1935, and killed at least 31 people in gunfights and during arrest attempts in 1936.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	Just before Germany invaded Poland, Germany established contacts with the OUN, which had been abandoned in the mid-1930s. The result of this cooperation was the establishment of the so-called Ukrainian Legion in 1938. This unit was to be transported to Galicia, to the rear of the Polish army, in order to spark an anti-Polish uprising. This plan lost its relevance after the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact on August 24, 1939. However, after the German army reached the outskirts of Lviv on September 12, 1939, an anti-Polish action was launched by Ukrainian militias affiliated with the OUN. Polish services, including soldiers, were attacked, and Stryi was briefly occupied. However, a swift Polish counteraction prevented the action from spreading. Similar action was taken by communist-linked militias after September 17, the Soviet invasion of Poland, throughout the Eastern Borderlands, particularly in Polesie and Volhynia. Ukrainian nationalists took up the fight again, often collaborating with the Soviets. Polish manors in particular were attacked, and landowners were killed. Particularly bloody were the actions of the Hryhoriy Goliash "Bey" unit in Brzeżany and Podhajce counties, which carried out massacres of a number of villages: Koniuchy, Potutorów, Sławentyn, Jakubowce and others, claiming lives of couple hundreds Poles. Where the Polish army could, it fought the militia, often taking brutal revenge, burning villages from which shots were fired and killing people caught with weapons.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	According to Grzegorz Motyka, despite the fighting, the Ukrainian underground and the Home Army made attempts to discuss a joint fight with the Germans. However, they did not bring any results. The failure of the talks was determined by an increased influx of refugees to the Lublin region, survivors of the Volhynian tragedy, bringing news of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's crimes in the area. The anti-Ukrainian attitude of the Polish population in the region then became even stronger. A wave of liquidations of elected representatives of the Ukrainian intelligentsia began anew. Orthodox believers, including Poles, were also attacked. The effect of the activity of the Polish partisans was an increase in the sympathy of Ukrainian inhabitants of the Lublin, Zamojszczyzna and Chełmszczyzna regions for the Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists. In addition, the Germans agreed to the formation of Ukrainian self-defences, which in time were incorporated into the Ukrainian National Self-Defence (UNS). Bożyk estimates their numbers at around 300 at the end of 1943. An expression of the growing influence of the Ukrainian nationalists was the scattering of leaflets in several villages (Zosin, Strzyżów) calling on Poles to leave, and soon afterwards the murder of several dozen Poles, national and military activists. At the same time, the influx of refugees from Volhynia and the news they brought of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's crimes prompted the Home Army to organise an anti-Ukrainian campaign to prevent a repetition of these events in the Chełm and Lublin regions.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	On 27 October, the unit of Józef Śmiech, "Ciąg", carried out an order received earlier from the district command to carry out attacks on posts of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police. In the village of Molodiatycze it captured such an outpost, killing 32 Ukrainians - police officers and civilians. On the same day or two days later, the same unit attacked Grabowiec, where it destroyed a police post, freeing 15 Polish detainees held there and completely liquidating the staff of the post. There are testimonies according to which the attack on Grabowiec was combined with the murder of an unspecified number of civilian Ukrainians, one of the victims was the Orthodox priest Pavel Shvayko and his wife Joanna. Bożyk states outright that 197 Ukrainians were killed in Grabowiec. In October, Basaj's unit carried out attacks on the posts of Mieniany (4 Killed) and Nadolce (2 Killed). In response, police officers from the Turkowice station killed the commander of the Hrubieszów District "Angel". and committed atrocities in Wasylów Wielki (3 November, 13 Poles murdered) and Stara Wieś (about 30 killed, crime during the night of 15-16 December). In Modryń, unidentified Ukrainians killed 4 Poles on 22 December. on 24 December of the same year two platoons of the BCh Stanisław Basaj "Rysia" unit came to the aid of the Polish population once again attacked by the UPA (Ukrainian Insurgent Army) militia in Kol. Modryń. As a result of the skirmish, 14 Ukrainians and 7 Poles were killed. The poles captured 3 kb". From the Ukrainian side, the village was attacked by a BCh unit under the command of Stanislaw Basaj "Rys". "At 10 p.m., near the Orthodox church and parish buildings, in the direction of the road, the village and the milk factory, a massacre began.Then other unidentified Ukrainian units attacked Hostynne and Terebin, killing 10-11 Home Army soldiers
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	On 11 November 1943, a Polish partisan unit under the command of Lieutenant Władysław Czermiński "Jastrzębie" learned that the German garrison had left Kupiczów and that the UPA unit had occupied the village. The Poles decided to recapture the village and on 12 November 1943, after a short battle, drove the UPA out of Kupiczów. The next day the Ukrainians tried to recapture the settlement, but without success. The "Jastrzebie" unit returned to Zasmyk, leaving an AK post of forty men in Kupiczów. There were doubts in the command about holding the position, but Major Jan Szatyński-Szatowski "Kowal" opposed the withdrawal. He concluded an agreement with the Czechs from Kupiczów, who fielded a platoon of troops and provided food for the crew in exchange for protection. On 22 November 1943, UPA units launched a massive attack on Kupiczów. The inhabitants fought with the remnants of their strength when the troops of "Jastrzęb" and "Sokol" came to their aid, forcing the Ukrainians to withdraw.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	The conflict escalated again the following month. Throughout the month, Ukrainian partisan units and police officers carried out attacks on Poles, with several people falling victim to each (villages of Medycze, Terebiniec, Pielaki, Turka). On 22 February, a group of Poles, whom Grzegorz Motyka considers criminals, killed six Ukrainians in Cichobórz and robbed two more. In response, the Ukrainians killed eight Poles two days later whom they suspected of having committed this crime. The course of events in Małków on 3, 8 or 13 February was unclear. According to Polish studies, the "Ryś" unit prevented a unit of the 14th SS Grenadier Division from pacifying this village; according to Ukrainian studies, it committed a crime against 14 civilian Ukrainians. Grzegorz Motyka claims that both theses may be true. However polish attacks on detachments of the Ukrainian Auxiliary Police continued. On 28 February, AK units, after a fierce battle with Ukrainian self-defence, burnt down the villages of Liski and Kościaszyn. The losses of both sides are unknown.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	In view of the development of the situation, the Zamość Inspectorate of the Home Army decided to evacuate the Polish civilian population to the districts of Bilgoraj, Zamojski, Chelm, Krasnostawski and the western part of Tomaszowski, to strengthen Polish self-defence in the remaining area and to launch a coordinated attack on the area occupied by the Ukrainians. At the beginning of March, the evacuation plan was launched, but was only partially carried out due to the reluctant attitude of the Polish population. The decision to carry out a mass action against Ukrainian villages in the Hrubieszów district was not unanimous. Opponents of the action feared its political consequences and a further aggravation of Polish-Ukrainian relations in the area. As the forces in the Hrubieszów district were too weak to carry out the operation, the commanders of the Tomaszów and Zamość districts were obliged to provide assistance to the Hrubieszów district troops. In the first days of March, a detailed plan of action was discussed in Steniatin. In the first place the Polish units were to attack Mieniany, Kryłów, Mircze, Dołhobyczów, Chorobrów, Krystynopol, Sahryń, Waręż, Bełz.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	On 10 March 1944, units of the Home Army and the Peasant Battalions also attacked Szychowice, breaking through the Ukrainian self-defence. In the village they took over plans for an attack on the Polish positions, which was to take place at 2 a.m. on 16 March, presumably kept by the UNS commander for the Hrubieszów district, Danyla Mekełyta. The village was burned down. Also in Szychowice there was a massacre of civilians, 137 Ukrainians killed in the crime are known by name. The same grouping then moved towards Łasków. According to a Polish account of the events, the village was captured and a weapons cache was found in the bunkers located on its territory.The Ukrainian report contains information about the perpetration of crimes on dozens of, or even several hundred civilians. Among those killed in Łasków was the Orthodox priest Lev Korobczuk, canonised in 2003 as one of the Chełm and Podlasie martyrs. In total, the AK operation carried out on 10 March ended with the burning of 20 Ukrainian villages and the murder of 1,500 of their inhabitants, with almost no losses of their own.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	On March 19, units of the 14th SS Grenadier Division, Ortschutz, Ukrainian police, partly Schupo and gendarmes (approximately 800 strong) began a large-scale operation against Basaj's battalion and the Home Army battalion under the command of Zenon Jachymek "Wiktor". when they surrounded one of Basaj's platoons in the village of Łasków, the main forces of the Basaj battalion and the "Wiktor" battalion rushed to help the surrounded people; "Ryś" drove out the enemy and captured the Mircze-Kryłów road; at the same time, the companies of "Czaruś" and "Wiktor" from the Home Army pushed the enemy away from the Sokal-Hrubieszów road and occupied Mircze. After achieving these goals, Polish partisans captured the last Ukrainian resistance points in the towns of Modryń , Modryniec and Masłomęcz ; in the third phase of operations, Ukrainian self-defense bases in the villages of Mieniany , Kozodawy , Cichobórz and Kosmów were attacked, completely displacing their crews; significant losses were inflicted on the Ukrainians. On the 20 March a UNS unit attacked Poturzyn, killing 72 Poles and fending off a defending Hrubieszów company of the Home Army. Lieutenant Zenon Jachymek's unit arrived with relief too late and only managed to shoot those Ukrainians it found in the ruins of the village, engaged in looting. Wiktor's unit split into two groups of 150 men, which set off to Wasylów Mały and Radostów. The first village, where there was no self-defence, was taken by the Home Army without any fight. An unspecified number of Ukrainians with whom weapons were found were shot. However, as in Sahryń, "Wiktor" ordered that civilians be spared.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	The second group of the AK encountered resistance from Ukrainian self-defence in Kościaszyn, Suszów and Liski. According to some accounts, the capture of these villages was combined with the murder of 130 civilian Ukrainians. In addition, the Poles found 18 Polish families who had been hiding in shelters for a long time. On the other hand, atrocities against the Polish population took place in Frankamionka, which was attacked by a unit coming from Volhynia. Several dozen victims were killed; the remaining inhabitants of the village were saved by the arrival of the Home Army "Wiklina" company. On 25-27 March, UNS units destroyed Wasylów, Szczepiatyn and Hubinek, killing 102, 16 and 6 Poles. In response, the 8th company of the Telatyn AK under the command of "Szarfa" attacked Rzeplin, combining the elimination of Ukrainians considered particularly dangerous with the evacuation of Polish villagers. However, the surprise attack failed and a clash between the AK unit and the UNS took place on the spot. On 28 March, the "Halajda" kureń attacked the village of Ostrów, where the attack was repulsed by Poles who took refuge in a brick church. However, there were between a dozen and as many as 300 casualties.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	On 9 April 1944, on the first day of Easter, a new great battle took place along the entire length of the Polish defence line - from Telatyn to Jarczów. It was one of the fiercest and bloodiest battles fought during the occupation by AK and BCH units against UPA units in the Zamojszczyzna area. The main attack of the UPA units was directed at the Telatyn-Steniatyn-Posady-Rokitno section. The attack of the Ukrainians in this section was carried out with about 2,000 men, supported by heavy fire of mortars, grenade launchers and heavy machine guns. Particularly fierce battles were fought over the Posadov colony, which was changing hands, near Steniatyn and the village of Zulice, which was defended by Polish units. Those wounded in the battles near Steniatyne, Posadowne and Żulice were sent to field hospitals in Pukarzów and Wólka Pukarzowska. The Polish troops, despite heavy losses and the loss of the Telatyna area, held their main positions and did not allow themselves to be pushed out of the area. The "Jahoda" sotnia pushed the Poles out of the Posadow and Rachaj forests, captured Telatyn, while the storming of Rokitno and Dutrow failed. About a thousand Poles and 2,000 Ukrainians took part in the clash. Grzegorz Motyka considers the entire battle inconclusive. Although the Ukrainian advance was eventually stopped, a breach was created in the AK defensive lines, which forced the Poles to retreat behind the Huczwa River. There was also a significant increase in the number of desertions in the Polish ranks. In view of the unfavourable situation of the Polish units, the commander of the Tomaszów district of the AK suggested mobilising all the forces of the inspectorate for a new operation against the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the UNS. Despite the initial approval of this concept, the attack was eventually called off. However, the larger Ukrainian strikes also temporarily ceased, which Myroslav Onyszkiewicz explained by German counter-partisan actions that hit the UPA. There were only sporadic attacks on individual villages. The first major attack by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army took place on 14 May, when Ukrainian troops, coming from the direction of Werbkowice, attacked and burned Honiatycze. On 15-17 May, fierce fighting continued in the area of Nabrozh, Telatyn and Zulice. Telatyn changed hands several times. Fearing encirclement, the Polish troops had to withdraw across the Huczwa River from Nabróża.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	On 17 May, in the village of Buśno in the municipality of Białopole, a Ukrainian was killed and 12 households were burnt down. The attackers were repulsed by local self- On the same day, Poles burned down the village of Zaborce in the municipality of Molodiatycze. Six Ukrainians were killed and three were wounded. The attackers managed to take 10 horses and a few cows; most of the cattle were burned. According to a Ukrainian OUN document: "In the vicinity of the two villages mentioned, it is apparent that the Poles were preparing for a new attack. On the farms of Uchanie municipality, Poles are digging fortifications". Attacks on Ukrainians also occurred in the Chelm and Krasnostaw provinces. On 3 May, in the village of Sielec in the municipality of Rakolupy, Chełm County, Polish militia killed a Ukrainian village leader. Two days later, on 5 May, in a forest near Wierzchowin in the commune of Siennica Różana, Krasnystawski poviat, "a young Ukrainian, an inhabitant of this village, was bestially murdered. On the same day near Wierzchowiny Poles robbed several more peasant By May 22, according to the Chełm OUN, another four people of Ukrainian nationality from Wierzchowiny were killed without a trace. On May 23, a Polish soldiers numbering about 50 people robbed the Ukrainian population of the village of Syczyn in the Olchowiec commune of the Chełm district. As it was written in the situational report of the Lublin Home Army District command of June 1944, "attacks on the Ukrainian population cause fires and deterioration of relations between the Polish and Ukrainian populations"13, despite mutual hostility, as Grzegorz Motyka rightly notes, in this eastern part In the Lublin region, the Polish-Ukrainian conflict did not escalate to the same extent as in the Hrubieszów district.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	On the night of 18-19 May, the "Yurchenko" couton struck Nabroż. As they moved to their starting positions, according to the Ukrainian report, UPA units burnt down the villages of Kryshyn, Tuczapy, Mołożów, Lipowiec and Kolonia Marysin, i.e. villages with Polish outposts blocking the road to Nabróża. They were pushed back by the overwhelming Ukrainian forces or withdrew in advance without a fight behind the Huczwa River. After a fierce battle of several hours, which took place in the centre of Nabruże (around the church and cemetery wall where the defenders' positions were located) and on the outskirts of the village, the Poles also lost this point of resistance located on the eastern side of the Huczwa River. Some of the AK soldiers broke through in the direction of Tyszowce, while others made their way towards Stara Wieś, where they encountered Ukrainian reinforcements - the "Hamalija" unit. The Ukrainians, not expecting Poles from this direction, were initially surprised by them and pushed out. The situation in this section was only brought under control by the arrival of part of the "Jahoda" sotnia with relief. Also taking part in the fighting in the Nabruza area was the "Ostrizhsky" sotnia, which, as we read in the Ukrainian document, contributed significantly to the successful conduct of the entire operation.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	It is known from Ukrainian and Polish sources that at the sound of the battle, German gendarmerie left Tyszowce, which, due to the UPA's counterattack, was forced to retreat. A little later, a German aeroplane still flew over the battlefield and fired on the UPA units, but without causing them any damage. In total, in the battle for Nabróż, the Ukrainian side estimated the enemy's losses at 46 killed and several taken prisoner. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army's losses amounted to two dead and eight wounded. In addition, the following were captured: a cekaem, more than 10 rifles, several horses and cows. According to divergent data from the Polish side, 12-15 soldiers of the Home Army were killed in the defence of Nabróże. UPA partisans also killed from a few to about 30 Polish civilians, who were staying in the village or its vicinity. On the other hand, German sources estimated the amount of Polish losses, mainly of the local population, at about 100 people. The Ukrainian attack on 18-19 May led to the collapse of Polish defences in the eastern part of the Tomaszów and Hrubieszów districts of the Home Army, followed by the withdrawal of troops behind the Huczwa River for fear of encirclement. Before the great battle, the Narol area was regularly harassed by Ukrainian partisans who pasted up leaflets threatening the inhabitants of the settlements that they would be killed if they did not move out of the area. Such actions, however, had no effect, but as a result of them, contributed to the antagonism of the population of these regions, and finally, after many weeks of harassment, 21 may, a large UPA force of about 500 to 1000 attacked Narol, the base of the defenders contributed to the collapse of the UPA attack and the subsequent counter-attack, which caused the Ukrainians to rush and flee, 30 to 80 Ukrainians died in the battle, and many were wounded, Polish losses included 13 killed and 25 wounded. The Poles won a great victory at Narol which contributed to driving the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's forces out of the region and breaking them up.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	On 1 June 1944, Polish units began preparing for an attack on the approximately fifty-kilometre-long Tyszowce - Łaszczów - Jarczów section. Its aim was to pre-empt the actions of the UPA units. The main strike was to be directed at Ulhówek and Rzeczyca, which were key points in the UPA's positions. Nine groupings were formed on the aforementioned section of the Polish starting lines. The headquarters of the eastern section and the command post of the Polish units were located in the Bukowiec forest behind the village of Grodysławice. Before an attack from the rear, roads were mined, including the Tomaszów - Łaszczów road between Łaszczów - Wólka Pukarzowska - Grodysławice. Four field hospitals were also prepared and deployed in the Bukowiec forest, at the home of Home Army members Kacper Siek and Roj in the village of Pawłówka, in the Muratyn colony, as well as in Józef Paskiewicz's farm. On the eve of the battle, the units of the first grouping left the Tyszowiecki forest and advanced through Turkowice towards the village of Dąbrowa, which, however, could not be conquered as it was occupied by a strong Wehrmacht detachment.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	After the front had passed, the UPA had the upper hand in the Bieszczady. With no army in the area, UPA fighters were quick to liquidate newly established Citizen Militia posts. Only Soviet NKVD units were able to successfully oppose the UPA. On 1 July 1945, the 8th Dresden Infantry Division received orders to move to the region of Krosno and Sanok. The 32nd, 34th and 36th infantry regiments and the 37th artillery regiment were directed to the Bieszczady region. The 8th ID also secured the Czechoslovak border from the village of Ciechanie to the railway station in the village of Uzhok. The years 1945-1946 saw the UPA's superiority over the army. Initially, all the UPA's attention was directed towards the organising MO posts. After the arrival of the army in the Bieszczady Mountains, the UPA started to attack military units, the UPA command was particularly keen to unblock the Polish borders. It was then that the idea was born to liquidate the WOP watchtowers. The Ukrainian Insurgent Army concentrated its forces and liquidated most of the watchtowers with their crews. Only a few soldiers managed to escape death. Operational groups that went to the aid of the watchtowers also fell into ambushes, such as the one near Kozhny.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	In February 1947, several KBW operational groups were also sent to fight UPA units. These units were well armed and equipped and, importantly, had experience in fighting partisans. The beginning of 1947 saw intensified UPA operations. On 28 March, in the area of the village of Jabłonki, Deputy Minister of National Defence and General Karol Świerczewski was killed in an ambush. His death accelerated Operation Vistula, which had been under preparation since autumn 1946, consisting in the displacement of inhabitants from the UPA's areas of operation. This operation resulted in the resettlement of 140,000 Ukrainians from the Bieszczady Mountains deep into Poland or the USSR and brought an end to the major activities of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the summer of 1947. On June 13th near Zawadka, Yaroslav Kotsolok was killed in a ambush organized by the 1st Prague Infantry Regiment. While on 4th of July Hryhoriy Yankivskyi was killed during a skirmish with the Polish Army near Leszczawa Dolna. During the Operation 11 UPA Commanders were killed in Poland.
Polish–Ukrainian conflict (1939–1947)	The Ukrainian Insurgent Army in the all regions murdered approximately 60,000–120,000 Polish civilians. While the Polish armed units in so-called "retaliatory actions" murdered around 15,000–30,000 Ukrainians. The Polish People's Republic started the Operation Vistula after the Ukrainian partisans killed the Polish General Karol Świerczewski in the village of Jabłonki of the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, in which was deported over 140,000 Ukrainian civilians to the recovered territories. From 1948 to 1951 the Poles deported around 70,000 Ukrainians from the Zakerzonia. Another result of the conflict was the population exchange between the Polish People's Republic and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, where about 480,000 people behind the Curzon Line were moved eastward to the territory, which became a part of the Soviet Ukraine and Belarus. The Operation Vistula, carried out by the Polish communist authorities, effectively dispersed and weakened the Ukrainian guerrillas on the territories of modern-day Poland, although after 1945 the main units of the UPA fought the Soviets in the west areas of the Soviet Ukraine and its commanders regarded Poland as a peripheral field of the operations.
Ursuline High School (Santa Rosa, California)	From 1963 on, Ursuline was the sister school to Cardinal Newman High School for boys, located on the same street. The campuses shared a common eating area. The schools' academic programs were also intertwined, with most classes for juniors and seniors and some freshman and sophomore language classes taught co-educationally. The two schools also collaborated on school-sponsored social events such as the drama program. The schools had separate associated student bodies that collaborated in the discharge of their duties. Athletics, with the exceptions of cross country, track & field, swimming, and water polo, were not collaborations. The schools had separate offices, libraries, computer labs, classrooms, and gymnasiums, but in addition to the cafeteria they shared a multipurpose facility and some athletics facilities. Class rankings for Newman and Ursuline were separate, but the students graduated together, with at least one valedictorian and salutatorian from each school addressing their graduation class.
2013–14 Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins season	The Wilkes-Barre/Scranton Penguins saw roster changes during the 2013 off-season, including the loss of the previous year's top scorers Chad Kolarik, Trevor Smith and Riley Holzapfel. Other off-season departures included Alex Grant, Derek Nesbitt, Joey Mormina, Warren Peters, and Brad Thiessen. The Penguins signed several new players, including forwards Mike Carman, Chris Conner, Nick Drazenovic, Andrew Ebbett, Pierre-Luc Létourneau-Leblond, Denver Manderson, Christiaan Minella, and Harry Zolnierczyk; defensemen Brendan Mikkelson, Scott Harrington, Olli Maatta, Peter Merth, Dustin Stevenson, Harrison Ruopp, Nick D'Agostino and Clark Seymour; and goaltenders Peter Mannino, and Eric Hartzell. Also returning this season is Derrick Pouliot, the 19-year-old defenseman who played in a single Penguins playoff the previous year. The team also re-signed forwards Zach Sill, Paul Thompson, and Brian Gibbons. Out of 17 players from the 2012–13 roster with experience in more than 200 professional games, only Tom Kostopoulos and Sill remained this season. Kostopoulos was named the team's new captain.
Thompson River	During the era of massive glaciers in the Thompson River valley, water from the area likely drained eastward, through the Shuswap Lake area into what is now the Columbia River drainage. This flow direction was influenced by large ice buildups in the Thompson valley, which created extensive glacial lakes. Two large glacial lakes, Glacial Lake Thompson and Glacial Lake Deadman, occupied much of the modern river's course from 13,000 BCE to 10,000 BCE. These deep, narrow, ribbon-shaped lakes held large volumes of water; Glacial Lake Thompson held nearly 84 cubic kilometres (20 cu mi) at its highest point. The lake stretched from Spences Bridge in the west to the eastern reaches of Shuswap Lake, as well as far up the northern reaches of the North Thompson river valley. The last large glacial lake, Lake Deadman, was drained by a catastrophic ice dam failure, called a jökulhlaup, in about 10,000 BCE. This event released as much as 20 cubic kilometres (4.8 cu mi) of water southwest into the Fraser River system, possibly depositing sediments as far away as the Salish Sea, more than 250 kilometres (160 mi) away. From this point, the Thompson waters stopped flowing eastward into the Columbia River system, and the river became a tributary of the Fraser.
Thompson River	From the 1950s through the early 1990s the Thompson River was considered one of the premier steelhead angling destinations in North America. The river hosted large runs of both summer and winter run anadromous coastal rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss irideus). In the late 1980s the runs were estimated at over 10,000 fish. The river attracted anglers from around the world seeking powerful Thompson River steelhead. In 1982, the average male winter run Thompson River steelhead was 16 pounds (7.3 kg). By the late 1990s, steelhead populations began to decline due to a wide variety of adverse environmental conditions and overfishing by commercial and First Nations gill netters. In 2016, annual steelhead numbers entering the Thompson were estimated to be less than 400 fish. Low numbers have prompted conservation organizations and sportsman's associations to petition Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC), for Canada's Species At Risk Act (SARA) protections. The river is subject to catch and release angling only for steelhead and has severely restricted seasons to protect the wild stocks of remaining steelhead.
Benito Monción	Chief Lucas de Peña and other patriotic officers accepted the peace proposal made by the Spanish through a commission of Dominicans, but Monción flatly rejected it and remained rebellious in the Line fields. He was sentenced to death in default. Together with Santiago Rodríguez and Pedro Antonio Pimentel, he led the preparations for the restart of the armed struggle. He settled in Haiti from where he sometimes raided the enemy, in coordination with the guerrillas of the Colonel José Cabrera. He was present in Capotillo on the August 16, 1863 and from there the combat continued with his comrades in arms. After the clashes in La Patilla and Macabón, he participated in the persecution of Brigadier Buceta and on August 17, he was about to die in the town of Cayucal, when he overtook his companions and, with a machete in hand, pounced on Buceta, whom he pursued closely. At that moment Monción's horse rolled on the ground and while trying to get up he was wounded by a sword blow to the head and another to the left arm by a Spanish dragon. The bold and heroic intervention of Pimentel and several other officers prevented them from finishing off the patriot, who was taken to the house of a Guayacanes resident named Francisco Cruz.
Benito Monción	It was up to Benito Monción, who had already achieved the rank of general, to carry out the difficult task of resisting the massive attack of April 17, 1864 directed by Marshal José de la Gándara against the national forces in Monte Cristi. De la Gándara, who had replaced Carlos de Vargas as Captain General on March 31, 1864, had a well-earned reputation for cruelty and was at the same time cunning and aggressive. Enterprising, tenacious, virtuous master of intrigue. He believed that, with the ports of Samaná and Puerto Plata in Spanish hands, the conquest of Monte Cristi assured him control of all the ports of the North, and all possibility of maritime communication with the outside world would be closed to the national government. Once this objective was achieved, it was a matter of recovering the entire Line, then embarking on the conquest of Santiago, taking possession of the central areas of the country and uniting the capital and the North again, under the reestablished rule of the Spanish. For the execution of this plan, only from Cuba, and without mentioning tion of reinforcements arrived from Puerto Rico, received De la Gándara, by the bay of Manzanillo, 14 ships that transported about six thousand men and the corresponding war material. Added to this force was the one that could be formed with the forced recruitment of Dominican citizens between 15 and 60 years of age. With the weight of that powerful military body, he launched himself to take Monte Cristi, the initial step of the triumphant march that the Spanish had planned.
Benito Monción	When he wanted to occupy other populations of the Northwest, the tactic of the restorers was abandon the towns and villages, after setting them on fire so that the new occupants will find nothing in them. And when they took them, then created the problem of supplying the troops, through convoys and caravans that with dangerous frequency they fell into hands of the patriots. To depart from the royal roads and the towns and try to penetrate the thick and thorny mountains of the Line, was to expose oneself to walking along unknown paths, to feeling watched by a thousand ignored eyes and venture to march guided many times by practical infiltrators who abandoned and left them disoriented in the middle of the mountains full of unfathomable mysteries for strangers, populated by cacti and shrimps, of guards and bayahondas; plagued with poisonous insects, all of which added to the harsh ravages of the climate, to which the Spanish succumbed and saw the number of casualties increase. This is how De la Gándara's expeditionary force was left stranded in Monte Cristi, and an important part of the glories that originate in these episodes of the War of Restoration, without a doubt some, are the highlights of General Monción.
Fernando Poe Jr. 2004 presidential campaign	The 2004 presidential campaign of Fernando Poe Jr. was formally launched on November 27, 2003, upon announcing his candidacy at the Manila Hotel in the City of Manila. Poe was the Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP)'s nominee for President of the Philippines in the 2004 election. He chose Loren Legarda, the sitting Majority Floor Leader of the Philippine Senate, as his vice presidential running mate on January 1, 2004. A public figure in his movie career and known for his charitable but unpublicized endeavours, he targeted his candidacy at the same poor whom he championed in his films. Poe accepted the nomination in December 2003 and was to be the standard opposition bearer for the Philippines' 2004 presidential election. Some accounts portray him as a reluctant candidate who was only prevailed upon to accept the nomination by his best friend, deposed former President Joseph Estrada. But other accounts say he was convinced to cast his bid for the presidency because of the overwhelming crowd that gathered for the first rally of the FPJ for President Movement at the Cuneta Astrodome in Pasay.
Fernando Poe Jr. 2004 presidential campaign	One of the primary issues that Poe faced during the campaign period were three disqualification cases filed before the Commission on Elections (Comelec) by attorneys Maria Jeanette C. Tecson, Zoilo Antonio Velez and Victorino X. Fornier. These cases were subsequently consolidated and elevated to the Supreme Court. Even though Poe was born in the Philippines, the lawyers who filed the disqualification cases argued that he was not a natural-born Filipino, a requirement for a presidential candidate. They argued that he was an illegitimate child who should have followed the citizenship of his American mother. They further argued that Poe's father was not a Filipino because records indicated that Poe's father was a Spanish national. The Supreme Court voted 8–5, with one abstention, in favor of Poe. The high court upheld the previous Comelec ruling and declared Poe was a "natural-born citizen and qualified to run". Supreme Court Justice Hilario Davide Jr. said a preponderance of evidence established that Poe's father was a Filipino because Poe's grandfather, Lorenzo, had not declared allegiance to Spain by virtue of the Treaty of Paris and the Philippine Bill of 1902. Davide said that, in the case of an illegitimate child whose father is a Filipino and whose mother is an alien, proof of paternity is enough for the child to take after the citizenship of his putative father.
Trinity Seven the Movie: The Eternal Library and the Alchemist Girl	At the beach, Arata recounts his dream to Lieselotte, currently possessing her sister Selina's body, who offers her bottom to touch, much to Selina's distress and Lilith's refusal. Nevertheless, Lieselotte promises to grant him permission for her actual body although the girls again denounce such an action. Afterwards, the group discusses the significance of his dream, as well as the reason for Lilith's grimoire, Hermes Apocrypha, shining. However, when Arata touches Hermes, the grimoire illuminates before Arata suddenly partially transforms into the Demon Lord which his grimoires quickly attempt to control. Meanwhile, Hermes continues to absorb his magic until a young girl unexpectedly appears. While the group is astonished by the grimoire's transformation, the young girl suddenly address Arata and Lilith as her parents to their surprise. Nevertheless, after recovering from the shock, Arata questions the girl of her identity, but she instead requests that he give her a name. In response, Arata suggests Lilim since she resembles Lilith which the child happily accepts. Arin then arrives upon hearing that Arata and Lilith bore a child, only to become enthralled by Lilim's appearance. She offers to allow Lilim to address her as mother as well, although the grimoire refuses much to Arin's frustration. Arin then explains that because Lilim possesses both Arata and Lilith's magic, she had believed that the child was theirs but realizes her mistake. Yui next arrives after sensing a strong magic but upon witnessing Lilim becomes jealous that Arata created an offspring with Lilith. The teacher attempts to deny the misunderstanding but eventually concedes to the idea much to Lilim's excitement. Arata then asks Levi, who was hiding in the room, to explain the situation, which the ninja reveals that Hermes had absorbed his magic to transform into a human. Following her explanation, both Akio and Mira arrive to investigate the source of an impure magic when Mira also becomes captivated by Lilim while the misapprehensions continue. Subsequently, Lieselotte and Yui also attempt to use Arata to transform their grimoires as well with no success while the young grimoire is pampered by the remaining girls. However, Arata eventually faints since his magic had been assimilated into Lilim much to Lilith's concern.
Trinity Seven the Movie: The Eternal Library and the Alchemist Girl	In his office, the Headmaster discusses with Master Liber that her prophecy of the Eternal Library awakening had been fulfilled. With the world in crisis, Biblia proposes an alliance with Iscariot which Hijiri and Lugh agree in order to protect Arata. However, Liber reveals that their opponent is an alchemist and product of Outer Alchemic sealed in the Library, the White Demon Lord. Elsewhere in a throne, Last Trinity converses with a female voice of a Magus who orders him to awaken, confirming that the Eternal Library has awakened when a Demon Lord Candidate touched Hermes Apocrypha. As such, in order to become a true Demon Lord, Last becomes determined to defeat the Candidate of the Trinity Seven. After witnessing the scene, Arata awakens in the infirmary upon recovering his magic before leaving to enjoy a bath. Arriving at the hot baths, he encounters the girls bathing much to Mira and Selina's embarrassment, but the others simply accept his presence. While the group rests in the water, Sora and Ilia contemplate Lilim's sudden activation, noting that the original grimoires they descended from were already conscious. Nevertheless, the girls continue to enjoy themselves, which Arata expresses his gratitude towards Lilim. Afterwards, Arata reveals that he had another dream again, which Mira and Yui theorize that someone is manipulating them through magic similar to the latters. As Arata recalls the sequence in detail such as the female voice, his mention of Last Trinity causes a Breakdown Phenomenon from the Luxuria Archive to suddenly appear. In response, the party transforms into their respective Magus Modes before departing to handle the situation.
Trinity Seven the Movie: The Eternal Library and the Alchemist Girl	While running through the halls, the grimoires return to their respective masters before demonic creatures appear to surround the group. Fortunately, Lugh and Hijiri arrive to help them dispatch the demons despite Mira's skepticism of their motive. Hijiri then reveals that they are currently within the Eternal Library where the founder of Outer Alchemic, Hohenheim, was researching the method to create a Demon Lord. The master of the Library, the White Demon Lord's, Last Trinity, goal is to defeat Arata which was probably Hohenheim's plan, including Lilim's transformation. As Arata is able to discern the Demon Lord's presence, a Code D dragon unexpectedly materializes, forcing them to divide into different parties as one battles the beast while the other confronts Last Trinity. As Arata and his group continues forward while eliminating the demons towards Last Trinity's location, a shot is suddenly fired at him but both Arin and Hijiri manage to protect him. The culprit is revealed to be the White Demon Lord who introduces himself before disrupting Arata by absorbing his magic. Capable of using his magic, Last then attempts to dispose the Candidate, but the Ira mages barely manage to defend him again. In response, Hijiri transform into the Satan Mode while Arin summons her Demon Spear Gae Bulg prior to retaliating, seemingly incapacitating the Demon Lord. However, Last quickly regenerates himself, prompting Yui to also unleash a destructive spell onto him, but he again easily recovers. Hijiri once more tries to attack him, but the White Demon Lord simply reflects her magic onto them, excluding Arata and Lilith. Hijiri tries to convince her cousin to depart, but Last constructs a barrier around the academy to seal them within. With the group unable to escape, Last Trinity continues to absorb more of Arata's magic, intending to defeat him and his friends.
Trinity Seven the Movie: The Eternal Library and the Alchemist Girl	Meanwhile, Akio struggles to defend herself from the Code D dragon's onslaught, eventually exhausting her magic and transforming into her younger self. Nevertheless, Levi and Lugh work together to inflict significant damage while the members of Grimoire Security deal the final strike on the dragon. However, in spite of the victory, the girls wonder about Arata and the others' situation. As Last Trinity taunts Lilith while the injured are unable to move, Arata orders her to escape but she refuses. In response, Last prepares his next strike which prompts the alchemist to protect Arata with her body in spite of his insistence. However, he realizes that he has encountered the situation before, before recalling that Lilim possesses both Lilith and his magic. After groping Lilith's bottom, Arata retrieves Hermes to regain his magic but Last Trinity attempts to interfere by firing his spell. Regardless, the Demon Lord Candidate invokes the Luxuria magic through the grimoire, causing a blinding light to appear... Both Arata and Lilith find themselves in an unknown space when Lilim reveals that they are currently inside her after the former invoked the latter's magic. Arata was able to connect to her because she possesses her magic despite the risks, but Sora warns that if he retrieves his magic, she will revert to her unconscious state. Nevertheless, Lilim is willing to accept her fate although she eventually admits that she wishes to remain together with everyone. As such, the group resolve to find a solution before continuing their next move.
Trinity Seven the Movie: The Eternal Library and the Alchemist Girl	Returning to the moment as Last Trinity's spell is about to strike, Arata manages to deflect the attack using his partially transformed arm. Although, Hijiri notes that his magic does not come from the Demon Lord before Arata and Lilith invoke their magic from the Luxuria Archive. As such, Arata transforms into a Paladin using the magic from Hermes Apocrypha, becoming capable of defeating Last using alchemy. However, he White Demon Lord refuses to accept the situation and once more unleashes his magic onto them, prompting Arata and Lilith to retaliate in return which overwhelms Last Trinity and his barrier. Observing from afar, Master Liber discusses with the Headmaster on Arata becoming a Paladin which the latter happily comments on his Demon Lord Candidate and the Trinity Seven's growth. Liber can only contemplate the extent of Biblia's plan and research. Believing that the conflict has been concluded, the two parties reunite before planning to eliminate the Breakdown Phenomenon. However, Last Trinity begins to resurrect himself, refusing to surrender his ambitions to become the Demon Lord. Nonetheless, Arata pities the White Demon Lord's state, requesting to the girls to support him in ending the Trinity's misery, which they all willingly accept. As each member unleashes their magic, Last Trinity is unable to prevent his destruction, disappearing after Arata assures him that he will become the Demon Lord so the homunculus can rest in peace. With the Breakdown Phenomenon vanquished, the party celebrates their victory as the sun rises, but Lilim unfortunately begins to disappear. Promising to reunite in the future, Lilim bids her parents farewell before reverting to her grimoire form. With the situation resolved, Arata releases his Paladin form but in the processes, causes everyone's clothes to fall apart, much to Lilith's chagrin. In an undisclosed location, two girls discusses the recent events, particularly Arata's strength as a Demon Lord Candidate. The one named Ana suggests to her friend Arsha that they meet with him next which the latter accepts, much to the former's happiness.
Olga Shishkina (musician)	Shishkina started to play gusli at the age of 8. In 1993–2001 she attended Andreev music school where she studied gusli, piano, balalaika and classical guitar. At the age of 16 she got the 2nd prize at 6th All-Russian Competition where she became the youngest prize winner in the competition's history. Since then Shishkina has been performing at numerous festivals in Scandinavia, UK, Japan, USA, Switzerland and other countries. In 2003 she was accepted to St.Petersburg Rimsky-Korsakov Conservatory on exceptional basis without compulsory studies at music college. She majored in gusli, but at the same time also studied piano, organ and orchestral conducting. After graduating with the highest honours from the Conservatoire she continued her education at Sibelius Academy where she studied Finnish kantele, classical and jazz piano. Shishkina became the first foreigner to have graduated as a Master of Music in Finnish concert kantele in 2012. Since 2014 she has been holding a position of a board member of Kanteleliitto, Finnish kantele association. Shishkina has been a jury member at such competitions as International Kantele competition and International Kantele competition . Since 2015 a member of Finnish composers' copyright society "Teosto".
Bohorodchany	Following the Partitions of Poland the town became part of the Habsburg Empire and then Austria-Hungary. In the 19th century the town was a scene of intense social and economic activities by all three major groups of inhabitants – Jews, Ukrainians and Poles. Already in 1770 a Polish language grammar school was established, followed by a Jewish Hertz Homberg school in 1785 and a state-sponsored German language grammar school in 1789. In 1848 a local branch of a Russka Rada (Ruthenian Council) was established by 29 local Ukrainians. Around the same time numerous Jewish social and educational facilities were established, including a Hebrew School of the Union of Hebrew Teachers of Austria , a local branch of Ezrat Israel zionist union , a Torat Haim yeshiva and a grammar school for girls . By the end of the 19th century the town grew to 4,597 inhabitants, including 2,009 Jews, 1,788 Greek Catholics and 800 Roman Catholics. The largest estates in the surrounding area belonged to Count Rudolf Stadion.
Jimmie Ward	Ward attended Northern Illinois University from 2010 to 2013. In 2010, Ward played in all 14 games as a true freshman and blocked a school-record three punts on the year. He also recorded 21 tackles, a forced fumble and a pass break up, and was named the Huskies Special Teams Player of the Year and Freshman of the Year. In 2011, he appeared in all 14 games, and started 12. He was named a third-team All-Mid-American Conference (MAC) selection after recording a career-high 100 tackles, 2.5 tackles for loss, an interception, four pass breakups, a forced fumble and a blocked kick. In 2012, he led the Huskies with 104 tackles, including a career game high 14 against Florida State in the Orange Bowl. He also recorded three interceptions while starting 13 games, earning himself first-team All-MAC honors. In 2013, he led the Huskies in tackles (95), interceptions (7) and pass deflections (12), while earning national recognition as a third-team All-American by the Associated Press. He also earned first-team All-MAC honors for the second consecutive season.
Jimmie Ward	Ward started the season-opener against the Los Angeles Rams and collected three solo tackles and two pass deflections during a 28–0 shutout victory. Two weeks later against the Seattle Seahawks, he made a tackle and defended a pass during an 37–18 road loss. Unfortunately, Ward suffered a quad injury during a special teams play and was unable to play from Weeks 4–6. During Week 10, Ward made seven solo tackles and a season-high four pass deflections, as the 49ers lost to the Cardinals on the road by a score of 23–20. During Week 14 against the Jets, Ward had a career game as he recorded a season-high 11 combined tackles, deflected three passes, intercepted a pass attempt from quarterback Bryce Petty, and had his first sack of the season in the 23–17 overtime loss. In the next game, Ward recorded two solo tackles during a 41–13 road loss to the Atlanta Falcons. He left the game after suffering a fractured clavicle. On December 20, 2016, he was placed on injured reserve for the rest of the season.
History of the Jews in Bucharest	The number of Jews increased after the Austro-Turkish wars so that it became necessary to open a second synagogue in a central part of the city. Alexander Ghika demolished it upon the advice of the patriarch Ephraim of Jerusalem, who was passing through Bucharest. The Jews opened a new synagogue during the Russian occupation , but this also was destroyed by Alexander Ypsilanti . Not until 1787 did they receive permission from Peter Mavroyeni to have a new synagogue, on condition that it was located in a distant suburb. During the Russo-Turkish war the Jews suffered from the violence and spoliation of the janizaries. In 1770 they were unexpectedly attacked by the populace; many perished, but the greater number were saved by the boyars. Urged by the need of money, Mavrogyeni, though not unfavorably disposed toward the Jews, pressed them hard. On pretense of taxing them, he made the Jewish tailors, furriers, and jewelers of Bucharest work for the Turks, who were then at war with Austria. The plague, which broke out in 1792, under Michel Sutzu, brought disaster to the merchants already ruined by the Austrian occupation . The distilleries, which were mostly owned by the Jews, were also closed.
History of the Jews in Bucharest	The Jews had hardly recovered from this terrible blow, when they were obliged to leave Bucharest hastily, together with the rest of the population, on account of the invasion of Pasvan Oglu, the rebel pasha of Rustchuk . When they returned to their homes the specter of ritual murder again confronted them, so that Constantine Ypsilanti was obliged to request the metropolitan to instruct the priests to proclaim from their pulpits the falsehood of the accusation, which had been spread by persons whose only purposes were riot and pillage . Nevertheless, the populace had their way two years later . When the Russo-Turkish war recommenced Ypsilanti abdicated just as the Russians were approaching Bucharest. The populace drove out the Turks, and, taking advantage of the disorder, fell upon the Jews, pillaged them, massacred a considerable number, and penned up the remainder in a certain locality, giving them a few days in which to choose between baptism and massacre. The entrance of the Russians rescued the Jews from this terrible plight.
History of the Jews in Bucharest	The communal quarrels in the mean time continued among the followers of the German and the Portuguese ritual, and among the native Russian, Austrian, and Prussian Jews, not abating even after the reorganization of the community, which was granted by the authorities in 1832. Rabbis were installed and deposed by the different parties, thus causing embarrassment to the government, the all-powerful consuls, and the boyars, each of whom had a favorite Jew. Further, the populace here and there brought up the accusation of ritual murder . Nevertheless, the importance and the influence of the Jews increased; their provost was named grand provost of the gild of tinmen; and their artisans and merchants were sought and honored by the boyars. Some among them were appointed to remunerative and honorable positions. The cashier of the Bucharest prefecture of police from 1839 to 1848 was a Jew. The banker Hillel Manoaḥ on being knighted, was made a member of the commission appointed by the prince in 1847 to aid the suffering Jews, and in the following year he was elected to the municipal council. The physician Barasch was appointed a professor at the college in 1852. The Jews owned houses, vineyards, and estates. They were readily permitted to build synagogues, and in order to reduce the number of these they decided in 1845 to build a large one.
Caloplaca cupulifera	Caloplaca cupulifera is believed to have a potentially global distribution in dry (sub-)tropical regions. Originally reported from the New World, including Mexico, Central America, the Caribbean, Brazil, and the Galapagos, it has also been recorded from Australia. In the Galapagos, it is quite common, especially along the coast and in the dry zone, where it typically grows beneath shaded and sheltered rock overhangs. The species has uniform internal transcribed spacer (ITS) DNA sequence data in specimens from the Galapagos, while those from Australia have slightly different ITS sequences, suggesting the presence of various genotypes across different global regions. In northern North America, Caloplaca cupulifera grows on acidic rocks on the western coast, with a range extending north to northern Oregon and south to northern Baja California. It is widely distributed in India, where it grows on both calcareous and non-calcareous rocks in moist and dry habitats of temperate to tropical areas. It is one of two saxicolous lichens implicated in the slow degradation of the Konark Sun Temple in India.
Kaga Domain Maeda Clan Graves	Maeda Toshinaga was the eldest son of Maeda Toshiie and first daimyō of Kaga Domain. He died at Takaoka Castle in 1614. His brother, Maeda Toshinori, the third daimyō of Kaga Domain, built this massive mausoleum complex in the outskirts of Takaoka. The tombstone itself is an eight-meter tall slab of granite on a three tier base, surrounded by stone fences and two concentric moats and three sides. At present, the area of the mausoleum covers approximately 10,000 square meters; however, as a result of an archaeological survey conducted in 2007, its original extent was three times larger (i.e. 33,000 square meters) which is consistent with the dimensions found in historical records preserved by the Maeda clan. This makes it by far the largest tomb of any Sengoku period warlord. It was clearly designed for secondary use as a fortification in times of emergency. At present, the inner moat is largely filled in, and much of the outer area is part of the adjacent Takaoka Municipal Yoshiko Junior High School grounds or the Takaoka Municipal Maeda Tennis Courts.
John Allman (poet)	His prose poems appeared recently in the online journal Innisfree Poetry Journal and in the form of a chapbook, Attractions, in the online journal 2River. His prose poems about Croatia appeared recently in the print journal Sentence. He has recently completed his second collection of short stories, A Fine Romance, and has also just completed a new collection of poems entitled Older Than Our Fathers, 25 poems from which appeared in December 2008 as an electronic chapbook with the online journal Mudlark. Other poems from Older Than Our Fathers have appeared in or will soon appear in Hotel Amerika, New York Quarterly, Asheville Poetry Review, Innisfree Poetry Journal and 5AM. Other new poems are forthcoming in Massachusetts Review and Kenyon Review Online. Allman's most recent short stories have appeared in Ambusharts, Blackbird, Storyglossia and Michigan Quarterly Review. His poems have appeared in the following anthologies: After the Storm: Poems About the Gulf War, Saturday's Children: Poems About Work, New Directions in Prose and Poetry, Pushcart Prize VIII, Dog Music, Baseball I Gave You the Best Years of My Life.
Robert Loyd-Lindsay, 1st Baron Wantage	On 15 July 1870, the Franco-Prussian War began. With the outbreak of the war serving as the immediate catalyst, John Furley met with Loyd-Lindsay to ask him if he would help set up a British Red Cross society in the United Kingdom. Furley had already been in touch with the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva over the desirability of founding a British national Red Cross society, and he knew that Lindsay also supported the goals of the new Red Cross movement. A letter from Loyd-Lindsay was published in The Times on 22 July calling for a national society in the United Kingdom, and pledging £1000 of his own money to the new initiative. On 4 August, he chaired a public meeting at Willis's Rooms in London which resolved that "a National Society be formed in this country for aiding sick and wounded soldiers in time of war, and that the said Society be formed upon the Rules laid down by the Geneva Conventions". Loyd-Lindsay continued to serve as chairman of the newly founded National Society for Aid to the Sick and Wounded in War until his death.
Crystal Palace Dinosaurs	The models of Palaeotherium represent an extinct Eocene mammal thought by Georges Cuvier to be tapir-like. Three species were represented by each individual sculpture: the small-size P. minor (= Plagiolophus minor), the medium-size P. medium, and the largest and most robust-appearing P. magnum, all of which were studied by Cuvier. They have suffered the most wear and tear of all of the models, and the standing model no longer looked much like the original made by Hawkins. During the 1960s these models were lying discarded in the bushes about fifty yards from the original site and, prior to the 2002 restoration, they were in such bad shape that they were removed and put into store. Some sources state that these models were added at a later date, but an Illustrated London News illustration of Hawkins's workshop shows them in the background. A replica of P. magnum was commissioned by the Friends of Crystal Palace Dinosaurs and built by palaeoartist Bob Nicholls, and unveiled to the public on 2 July 2023.
Alexander Cameron (priest)	Alexander Cameron was born on 17 September 1701 at Achnacarry Castle. He was son of John Cameron, tanist of Lochiel. Alexander Cameron's mother, Lady Isobel Campbell of Lochnell, came from a cadet branch of Clan Campbell and was, through maternal descent, the granddaughter of the 7th chief of Clan Stewart of Appin. She was also the younger sister of Sir Donald Campbell, 7th of Lochnell, who commanded one of the Independent Highland Companies in the service of the House of Hanover in the 1745 rising and became important to Scottish Gaelic literature after it ended. Sir Donald was named in Jacobite poet Alasdair Mac Mhaighstir Alasdair's 1751 anti-Whig and anti-Campbell satirical Aisling poem An Airc ("The Ark") as one of a long list of those whom the Bard viewed as honourable Campbells who, during the second Great Flood prophesied to imminently strike all upon Clan Campbell's lands, were to be welcomed aboard the new Ark. Two of Alexander Cameron's other maternal uncles converted to Catholicism. One of them was Fr. Colin Campbell, who became an admired leader among his fellow outlawed Roman Catholic priests of the Highland District, but whose private crusade against Jansenism, or Crypto-Calvinism, among the priests of that same District has since been characterized, by at least one recent historian, as a witch hunt.
Alexander Cameron (priest)	Shortly after his birth, Alexander Cameron was given by his father in fosterage, as was traditional practice among Irish and Scottish clans, to be raised by relatives at nearby Glendessary House. At the same time, Alexander's immediate family ties were not severed and remained very close. He was in his early teens when his father fled to France after leading the clan during the Jacobite rising of 1715 and when he returned to lead them in that of 1719. He was only 18-years old when the latter rising failed and his father, who had always had a particular affection for him, left Scotland once again for what would become a permanent exile in France, while Alexander's mother, Lady Isobel, remained behind at Achnacarry Castle. For this reason as well as the senile dementia of his grandfather, the famed Ewen Cameron of Lochiel, Alexander's eldest brother, Donald Cameron of Lochiel, led Clan Cameron as de facto chief. Unlike their ancestors, however, the language of Achnacarry Castle was Highland English rather than Scottish Gaelic, their heritage language, which was still the vernacular of Lochaber. For this reason, in a letter sent from his French exile during the 1740s, John Cameron of Lochiel lamented that his grandchildren lacked, "the language of the Cuntrie." (sic)
Alexander Cameron (priest)	During the 1754 trial of Alexander Cameron's brother, John Cameron of Fassiefern, Donald Cameron of Clunes testified that Alexander Cameron had been left a bond of 8,000 merks by his father. Clunes further testified, "That John MacIngveg (Scottish Gaelic: Iain mac Aonghas Bheag), wadsetter of Glendessarie (sic), was foster-father to the said Alexander Cameron; that is, after Alexander was weaned, he was sent to Glendessarie House, to be brought up there until he should be fit for Schools. That upon that occasion, according to the customs of the country, Glendessarie set apart thirty cows, and Lochiel, the father, the like number, and they were all kept at Glendessarie, and the produce of these cows is intended to be for Stock to the infant when he sets up in the world; and he knows that when Alexander came to be fit to go to school, he was sent to the schools at Glendessarie's expense; and that when he went abroad, that stock was disposed of, and the price given to Alexander, and that it amounted to £150 Sterling and upwards."
Alexander Cameron (priest)	In the memorandum, Alexander Cameron tells Donald why he thinks that the Clan Cameron should revert to Catholicism and laments that both their clan and dynasty had left the Catholic Church in Scotland. He reminded Donald that their ancestor, the 15th-century chief, Eòghann Beag mac Ailein Cameron, had built seven Catholic churches throughout Lochaber as an act of penance. Cameron also condemned what he called the secularist tendency among many members of the Protestant faiths to leave religion only to their ministers, adding, "Was ye or any Man in possession of an estate told by a Lawier that the charters or rights by which you held your Estate were not valid, and that if ye did not get new Charters, your King or Superior could turn you out when he pleased, would ye not immediately make all the diligent searches in your power... If then we are at so much paines to search and examine into what regards our worldly and momentary interest: how much more ought we to examine into what regards our eternall salvation."

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Wikipedia Paragraph Samples

Dataset Description

This dataset contains paragraphs extracted from randomly selected English Wikipedia articles. It provides a diverse sample of Wikipedia content across various topics.

Dataset Details

Name: Wikipedia Paragraph Samples
Version: 1.0
Date Created: 2024-08-20
Language: English
Format: JSONLines

Each line in the dataset represents a single paragraph and contains two fields:

Title of the Wikipedia page
Text of the paragraph

Size and Scope

Paragraph Length: 1000 to 3000 characters

Data Collection Process

Source: English Wikipedia
Selection Method: Random sampling of articles
Extraction Date: 2024-08-20, 2024-10-01 (update)

Data Format

Example entry:

{
  "title": "Cubs\\u2013White Sox rivalry",
  "text": "The rivalry turned physical on May 20, 2006, when a brawl broke out during a White Sox-Cubs game at U.S. Cellular Field. In the bottom of the second inning, Brian Anderson of the White Sox hit a sacrifice fly, attempting to score catcher A. J. Pierzynski. Pierzynski collided with Cubs' catcher Michael Barrett. Barrett dropped the ball in the collision and Pierzynski was safe. After slapping home plate in celebration, Pierzynski began to walk away, but Barrett blocked his path and punched him in the jaw. Both benches cleared and a brawl broke out. Umpires debated for 15 minutes before ejecting Pierzynski, Barrett, White Sox outfielder Brian Anderson and Cubs first baseman John Mabry from the game. When play finally resumed, outfielder Scott Podsednik promptly got on base, loading the bases up, and second baseman Tadahito Iguchi cleared them with a grand-slam. The White Sox won the game, 7\\u20130. Michael Barrett was suspended for 10 games, while Brian Anderson was suspended for five and A. J. Pierzynski was fined."
}

Intended Uses

This dataset can be useful for various natural language processing tasks, including but not limited to:

Text classification
Topic modeling
Text summarization
Language model fine-tuning
Information retrieval research

Limitations and Biases

Content is limited to topics covered in Wikipedia
May contain biases present in Wikipedia's coverage and editing practices
Randomly selected articles may not provide balanced representation across all topics

Ethical Considerations

Users should be aware of Wikipedia's content policies and potential biases
Proper attribution should be given when using this data
Care should be taken when using for applications that may impact real-world decisions

Additional Notes

This dataset provides a snapshot of Wikipedia content as of the extraction date
Users should refer to Wikipedia's terms of use for guidelines on using its content