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To vacate an order requiring relator to furnish a bill of particulars, in an action for breach of contract where the damages are unliquidated.
Denied, without costs, April 15, 1891.
Held, that ordinarily an order requiring a-bill of particulars will not be reviewed or disturbed, but in the present case the court went beyond what is properly required to be stated in a bill, and in such case the Supreme Court will correct the action of the trial court. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to draw his warrant on the city treasurer for $1,000 in payment of services alleged to have been rendered by relator to the board of health of said city, a claim for which having been allowed by the board at $252, whicli amount relator refused to accept, but presented his claim to the ■Common Council, which body allowed it at $1,000.
The circuit judge granted the writ.
Reversed December 24, 1895, with costs of both courts, on the ground that Act No. 19, Laws of 1895, vested in the board of health the sole authority to audit and allow such claims. | [
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To compel approval of druggists’ bond.
Granted in the alternative May 13, 1892.
Answer afterwards filed and writ granted, with costs, June 7, 1892. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to transfer the surplus and specific taxes in the treasury of the primary school interest fund.
Granted January 7, 1881. | [
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To compel respondent to furnish gas for illuminating purposes.
Denied May 11, 1892, with costs.
• Despondent is engaged in furnishing natural gas for fuel and for illuminating purposes. Delator desired its use for illuminating purposes only. Under the ordinance of the city the limit of the price of gas for fuel purposes was fixed at 33 cents per thousand feet, but there was no limitation upon the price of gas furnished for illuminating purposes. Delator demanded gas at the rate of 33 cents, and respondent offered to furnish it at the rate of $1.25, insisting that that rate was not an unreasonable charge, and that it could not afford to furnish'it at 33 cents. | [
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] |
To vacate an order granting a,re-bearing in a chancery case.
Order to show cause denied July 1, 1896, citing Chancery Rule No. 81, and Barnes vs. Circuit Judge, 97 M., 212 (919). | [
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] |
To vacate an order setting aside an execution returned as satisfied.
Granted July 7, 1887.
Held, that where a sheriff has made a set-off of executions under the statute and returned the larger one as satisfied, it is not competent for the Circuit Court on motion to set aside the return, and grant a second execution- on the judgment. The refusal of the circuit judge • to compel the sheriff to make á set-off of executions under How. Stat., Sec. 7709, is- not reviewable on mandamus. Wells vs. Circuit Judge, 39 M., 21 (482), but such refusal will not bar the right to proceed in equity for the same relief. Wells vs. Elsam, 40 M., 218. It is contrary to all right to finally determine legal claims on motion and affidavits. Parker vs. Circuit Judge, 24 M., 408 (759); Brown vs. Thompson, 29 M., 71. | [
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To compel payment of a claim for use of premises as a hospital for smallpox patients, where it is alleged that the board took possession of the house without the owner’s consent, and the board allowed the claim at $100, but it is insisted that the amount of the allowance is inadequate.
Order to show cause denied April 4, 1893. | [
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To compel respondent, a justice of the peace, to deliver over to his successor-elect the books and papers relating to the office.
Denied April 30, 1895, without costs.
The Charter of the City of Battle Creek provides, that the annual election shall be held on the first Monday in April in each year; that there shall be elected annually one justice of the peace, who shall hold office for four years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualify; that all justices of the peace shall qualify within five days after receiving notice of their election, and the sole question raised was whether the justice-elect takes office immediately upon qualifying or whether the incumbent’s term ends July 1-, under the general law. | [
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To compel respondent to pay fees for attendance on jury in the Superior Court of Detroit.
Granted January 8, 1879.
Held, that the statute makes jury fees, in courts of record having a seal, payable out of the county treasury and that the statute is applicable to the Superior Court of Detroit, citing Covell vs. County Treasurer (Kent), 36 M., 332 (1557). | [
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] |
To compel respondent to dissolve an injunction restraining the levying of an assessment.
Granted June 2, 1896, with costs against complainant in the chancery proceeding.
Mandamus will lie to review the action of a circuit judge in granting a preliminary injunction, and in refusing to dissolve the same, where the return shows the question in dispute to be one of law merely. | [
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To compel respondent to proceed to a hearing upon a bill filed for divorce, where the order of publication was served upon the defendant at Seattle, Washington, and the respondent refused to hear the cause on the ground that Act No. 202, Laws of 1895, required such service to be made in Michigan.
Peremptory order granted December 24, 1896. | [
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] |
To vacate an order setting aside a reference, where, upon the motion, it appeared that the order of reference had- been made by respondent’s predecessor, and it was a disputed point between the parties whether the reference was by consent or upon the judge’s own motion and against defendant’s objection, and upon the hearing before the referee, the defendant had not appeared, except to-object thereto on the ground that the case was not a proper one for reference.
Denied July 21, 1874, on the ground that the setting aside •of a reference upon cause shown is such interlocutory action as is within the legitimate discretion of the circuit judge and will not be review on mandamus. | [
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To compel tbe bearing of a claim made by a creditor against an estate, where be bad failed to present it to tbe commissioners while in commission, on appeal to the Circuit Court from tbe order refusing to bear tbe application.
Granted May 6, 1885.
Held, that under Secs. 5893-5895 tbe probate judge must either revive tbe commission for bearing tbe claim or be may bear it himself; that mandamus lies to enforce this right, and that tbe merits of tbe claim are not open upon application for mandamus. | [
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To compel the payment of costs in a penal action brought by a supervisor for obstruction of a highway.
Order to show cause denied January 8, 1878. | [
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To vacate an order quashing certain street opening proceedings, instituted under Act No. 467, Local Acts of 1895.
The trial court held the act void and the Supreme Court affirmed that determination and denied the writ, May 11, 1897, with costs. | [
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To compel respondent to set aside an order quashing an information filed against a druggist, under Act No. 313, Laws of 1&87.
Denied January 11, 1893, without costs, on the ground that the prosecution should have been under Act No. 207, Laws of 1889. | [
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To vacate an order requiring the relator in a suit by it, brought upon a bond given by an agent, against said agent and the sureties, to produce certain papers to enable the defendants to prepare for their defense.
Denied July 1, 1879. | [
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To set aside order quashing information.
Granted June 8, 1892.
The information charged the selling of spirituous and intoxicating liquors without having paid the tax. The circuit judge returned that the order complained of was made in consequence of a misunderstanding on his part of the wording of the record returned by the police justice, and that on a review of the proceedings, he found that he had erred. | [
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] |
To arrest judgment.
Order to show cause denied April 12, 1892.
Eelator was convicted of assault and battery upon an information, charging an assault with intent to do great bodily harm, less than the crime of murder, and it was insisted he could not be convicted of assault and battery under such an information. See No. 733. | [
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To vacate an order quashing an information charging respondent therein with obtaining money by false pretenses, under How. .Stat., Sec. 9161. Granted January 13, 1897. | [
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To compel respondents to allow a claim in favor of relator, for the use of his hotel as and for a hospital,- the destruction of infected property and the burial of a person who died therein of smallpox.
The circuit judge granted the writ. Affirmed July 8, 1896, with costs.
Held, that where no objection is made by counsel to the manner of framing an issue, and the case is presented upon its merits in the lower court, any objection as to the irregularity of the proceedings must be treated upon appeal as waived; that the- verdict -of the jury may be treated as advisory to the court; that compensation may be had by the party for services rendered and for property destroyed by direction of the board of health in case of pestilence or epidemic disease; that it is the duty of the board to pass upon the amount, and where they refuse utterly to award compensation, mandamus may be invoked to compel them to ■do so. | [
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To compel circuit judge, who did not preside during the trial of a case appealed from Justice Court, to award costs.
Denied January 13, 1880, on the ground that the discretion given by the statute can only be exercised by the judge who heard the case. | [
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To compel respondents to raise a State tax to refund to the State a balance struck against the county, which includes, among other things, a loss on tax lands sold for less than their cost, and also the amount of certain taxes, the collection of which was stayed by injunction.
Denied April 4, 1877, | [
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] |
To compel payment of relator’s salary as city controller.
The circuit judge denied the writ. Modified July 13, 1895.
Scott and one Glaser were candidates for the office, and the returns of the election inspectors gave Scott fourteen votes over Glaser. On a re-count Glaser was declared elected, and was inducted into the office in April, 1894, and performed the duties of that office until January 11, 1895. Quo warranto proceedings were instituted, ultimating in a judgment of ouster in favor of Scott, January 8, 1895.
The city paid the salary to Glaser while he occupied the office, and Scott seeks to compel payment of the salary to him, for the period during which he was excluded from the office.
It appeared that the last payment to Glaser was made after the judgment of ouster had been rendered.
Held, that such payment was unwarranted and the writ was granted directing the payment over to relator of that amount without costs. | [
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To compel the Village Council to approve a liquor dealer’s bond.
Granted January 13, 1886.
Held, that the Council has the same discretion in such matters and no more than that possessed by other persons called' upon to approve sureties; that they have no right to disregard affidavits without legal proof, or reject sureties without at once giving the reason and a speedy opportunity to meet the facts or supply others.
The return was demurred to, and it was held, that the facts relied upon in justification should be set forth in the return and not in individual affidavits thereto appended and which are properly no part thereof, and that the only redress the court can give for an evasive answer is a peremptory mandamus and costs. Fletcher vs. Circuit Judge, 39 M., 301 (5). | [
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] |
To compel respondent to grant an injunction restraining the City of Detroit from entering and taking up a part of relator’s roadway, in a street within the city limits, in order to pave the street.
Order to show cause denied October 11, 1895. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to proceed with the examination of one charged with embezzling chattel mortgage property.
Denied May 10, 1888, on the ground that the provisions of Act No. 157, Laws of 1887, in so far as they relate to chattel mortgage property are not covered by the title of the Act and are therefore unconstitutional. | [
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To compel entry of an order specifying that relator was entitled to double costs.
Denied November 11, 1865.
Held, that under Comp. Laws, Sec. 3736, relator, as plaintiff was entitled to double costs, and no such order was necessary to perfect his right; that plaintiff should have appealed from the the decision of the taxing officer to the Circuit Court, and from, the decision of that court, if adverse, to this court by writ of error. | [
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To grant a new trial.
Granted June 8, 1892, with costs.
It appeared that while the jury were inspecting premises the attorney for the defendant purchased and passed around, to the jury, cigars. | [
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To compel respondent to issue a deed of certain lands, bid in by the State upon sales thereof for taxes, for the purchase of which relator had applied, but before he had made any tender or payment thereon, the parties owning the lands at the time of the tax levy tendered and paid in the amount of the taxes, costs, and charges and demanded a deed.
Order to show cause issued, but petition withdrawn at the hearing May 31, 1893., | [
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To compel approval of liquor bond.
Denied October 21, 1886.
The board answered that they could not agree in finding the sureties responsible to a sufficient amount. | [
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To quash a writ of garnishment issued upon a judgment on a transcript filed from justice of the peace, where the amount of the judgment was less than $100.
Order to show cause denied October 3, 1893. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to issue orders to pay damages awarded by a former commissioner in proceedings to lay out a highway.
Denied February 15, 1889, on the ground that the whole, proceedings to lay out such highway are fatally defective. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to receive and file amended articles of association and accept the franchise fee under How. Stat., Sec. 4866.
Granted June 30, 1896, without costs. | [
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To compel respondents to place the names of the People’s Party candidates for Associate Justice of the Supreme Court and Regent of the University, at the approaching spring election, upon the official ballot.
Granted, without costs, April 1, 1897.
The People’s Party Convention met and resolved to unite with the Democratic and Union Silver Parties in the nomination of candidates and did so unite. Twenty-eight delegates to the People’s Party convention opposed the union, met, selected a chairman and nominated a ticket. The petitions were entertained by the Supreme Court because of the fact that the election occurs within a few days. | [
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To set aside an order allowing an amendment to a declaration and to strike the amended declaration from the files.
Granted October 25, 1876.
The original declaration charged the railway company as a ■common carrier, for the loss of goods shipped over its lines and’destroyed by fire while in its depot awaiting delivery to a subsequent carrier, and the amendment sought to charge the company for negligence as warehousemen.
Cause of action had become barred by the statute of limitations prior to the amendment. | [
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To vacate an order staying proceedings in a common law action commenced in the Wayne Circuit Court for services in fitting out a vessel and as master, for commissions on her earnings, and for certain outlays and expenses, until the final determination of an action in rem against the vessel in the United States Circuit Court.
Granted July 11, 1873. | [
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64
] |
To compel respondent to vacate an order awarding co.An to defendant, and to award costs to plaintiff in an action against one Spaulding, for digging a trench from Clear Lake in the direction of plaintiff’s land, causing the water to flow upon and injure said lands, wherein plaintiff had a verdict for $37.
Granted January 20, 1886.
Held, that under the second subdivision of How. Stat., Sec. 8964, plaintiff was entitled to costs. | [
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Per Curiam.
Following a jury trial, defendant was found guilty on two counts of armed robbery, but mentally ill, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797. He was sentenced to a term of from 3 to 20 years in prison and appeals as of right.
Defendant raises six allegations of error which will be dealt with seriatim. The facts will be discussed as necessary.
Defendant first contends that the trial court erred by instructing the jury, over objection, on the verdict of guilty but mentally ill. The trial court was required by statute to give the instruction on guilty but mentally ill where evidence was presented by defendant supporting a defense of insanity. MCL 768.29a; MSA 28.1052(1). Defendant argues that this statute is unconstitutional in that it encourages compromise verdicts, depriving him of liberty without due process of law contrary to Const 1963, art 1, § 17. Another panel of this Court addressed this issue in People v Thomas, 96 Mich App 210, 221; 292 NW2d 523 (1980), and stated:
"The language of the statute imposes a duty on trial judges to use this instruction where the evidence warrants it. While trained professionals may better understand the distinction between a not guilty by reason of insanity verdict and a guilty but mentally ill verdict, MCL 768.36; MSA 28.1059 offers sufficient guidance in this respect.”
As in that case, there is no evidence here that the jury was misled into returning a compromise verdict or was improperly instructed, and we find no error.
Defendant next contends that the failure of the Department of Corrections to provide psychiatric treatment in conformity with MCL 768.36(3); MSA 28.1059(3) mandates reversal of his conviction. Since the affidavits containing the allegations are not part of the official trial record, the issue is not reviewable by this Court. The proper remedy for defendant is to proceed by writ of mandamus against the Department of Corrections if psychiatric treatment fails to materialize. People v Tenbrink, 93 Mich App 326, 331; 287 NW2d 223 (1979).
Furthermore, while there is no doubt that a sentencing judge may, prior to sentencing, look into the resources available to provide psychiatric treatment, we know of no requirement that he do so. People v McLeod, 407 Mich 632; 288 NW2d 909 (1980).
Defendant contends that it was error for the trial court to instruct the jury, sua sponte, as to the consequences of a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity. This same argument was addressed and rejected in Thomas and Tenbrink. The analyses and holdings in those cases apply equally here. Furthermore, defendant failed to object to the instruction, and we find no manifest injustice.
Defendant next takes the position that finding him mentally ill necessarily precludes a finding that he had the specific intent necessary for a conviction of armed robbery. In People v Bruce Ramsey, 89 Mich App 468, 471-472; 280 NW2d 565 (1979), a similar question was raised with respect to a first-degree murder charge and was rejected, the Court stating:
"It does not necessarily follow that a person with a 'substantial disorder of thought or mood which significantly impairs judgment, behavior, capacity to recognize reality, or ability to cope with the ordinary demands of life’, MCL 330.1400(a); MSA 14.800(400a), is incapable of deliberation and premeditation.”
The same rationale applies here.
Defendant is confusing the definition of mental illness with the defense of diminished capacity which is included in the definition of insanity set forth in MCL 768.21a; MSA 28.1044(1). See People v Mangiapane, 85 Mich App 379; 271 NW2d 240 (1978). It does not follow that being mentally ill as defined by the Mental Health Code necessarily means that the person has diminished capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of his con duct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of law.
Defendant also contends that the trial court erred by permitting a prosecution witness to testify, where the witness had consulted with the prosecutor as to another witness’s testimony after the court had ordered sequestration. This issue was addressed in People v Stanley, 71 Mich App 56, 62; 246 NW2d 418 (1976), in which a panel of this Court ruled:
"The exclusion of witnesses from the courtroom is within the discretion of the trial judge, People v Dickerson, 62 Mich App 457; 233 NW2d 612 (1975). So too is the ordering of the sequestered witnesses not to discuss the evidence while outside the courtroom. Langel v United States, 451 F2d 957 (CA 8, 1971), United States v Chiarella, 184 F2d 903 (CA 2, 1950), rev’d on other grounds 341 US 946; 71 S Ct 1004; 95 L Ed 1370 (1951). We question the efficacy of a sequestration order, however, if the witnesses are not ordered not to discuss the evidence.
"Failure to so caution the witnesses, however, does not constitute reversible error absent abuse of discretion in ruling on a request for such a warning.”
Here, as in Stanley, the trial court was not asked to caution the witness against discussing the evidence, and, since there was no violation of the sequestration order, there was no abuse of discretion in permitting the witness to testify.
The final issue raised by defendant on this appeal is whether failure to obtain a report from the Center for Forensic Psychiatry before sentencing a defendant found to be guilty but mentally ill to a prison term constitutes error. Our interpretation of subsections (3) and (4) of MCL 768.36; MSA 28.1059 shows that it was not. The intent of the Legislature is the primary consideration. Dussia v Monroe County Employees Retirement System, 386 Mich 244, 248; 191 NW2d 307 (1971).
The Michigan Supreme Court construed subsection (4), in connection with a due process argument, as requiring such a report. McLeod, supra, 658. Subsection (4) specifically requires that where a defendant is placed on probation "under the jurisdiction of the sentencing court”, the trial judge must make treatment a condition of probation "upon recommendation of the center for forensic psychiatry
The absence of the above-emphasized language in subsection (3), which provides for those defendants "committed to the custody of the department of corrections” to "undergo further evaluation and be given such treatment as is psychiatrically indicated”, is significant. The obvious intent of the Legislature was to assure that in each case a defendant is evaluated so that appropriate treatment may be provided. When a defendant is committed to the Department of Corrections, expertise for evaluation and treatment is readily available, and the department is required to utilize such expertise for the defendant’s benefit. However, when a defendant is to be released on probation, such expertise is not necessarily available. Subsection (4) mandates that an evaluation from the Center for Forensic Psychiatry be obtained in order to assure that the trial judge will know of the mental condition of the defendant and will make a better informed probation tenure.
We find no error. Affirmed. | [
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V. J. Brennan, J.
Defendant leased an apartment from plaintiff, Park Forest, beginning October 1, 1977. The one-year lease was not renewed, but defendant continued to reside in the apartment. In March, 1979, Park Forest served defendant with a notice to terminate the tenancy, and in May, 1979, Park Forest began summary eviction proceedings against defendant, MCL 600.5701 et seq.; MSA 27A.5701 et seq. After summary trial proceedings, the district court entered an order terminating the tenancy. On appeal, the circuit court affirmed the district court decision. From that decision, defendant appeals by leave granted.
Park Forest is a multi-family, low-income housing project built with funds provided by the Michigan State Housing Development Authority (MSHDA) which holds a mortgage on Park Forest and subsidizes the rent of Park Forest tenants. At the time of trial, defendant’s rental payment was $360 per month. Her portion of the payment was $113 per month with the balance paid by MSHDA. Further, defendant’s lease provided that rent was due on or before the first of the month. If the rent was not paid by the first, a $5 late fee was charged for administrative costs.
The defendant lived at Park Forest for 20 months before the summary proceedings were held. For 13 of those months defendant paid her rent after the 5th of the month, always including the $5 late fee. The payment records indicated that defendant’s rent was paid late on January 6, 1978, February 8, 1978, March 14, 1978, April 10, 1978, June 14, 1978, October 17, 1978, November 15, 1978, December 10, 1978, January 17, 1979, March 6, 1979 (for February), March 26, 1979, April 9, 1979, and May 8, 1979. These payments together with the late fee were always accepted.
On March 26, 1979, Park Forest served defendant with a notice to terminate the tenancy, demanding possession on or before April 28, 1979. The notice provided that the tenancy was being terminated because the defendant failed to pay her rent in a timely manner. On April 9, 1979, the defendant paid her rent for the entire month of April and did not vacate the premises.
On May 7, 1979, Park Forest began summary proceedings, demanding possession of the apartment. The case was scheduled to be heard on May 22, 1979. On May 8, 1979, the defendant paid the rent for the entire month of May. The defendant received notice of the proceedings on May 12, 1979. The summary proceedings were held on May 29, 1979.
The district court found that the defendant had repeatedly violated the lease by paying her rent late and, therefore, just cause existed for terminating the tenancy.
Defendant first contends that acceptance of rent by Park Forest for a period of time subsequent to the date possession was demanded in the notice to terminate the tenancy constituted a waiver of the notice to terminate or the creation of a new tenancy.
MCL 600.5714(1)(b)(iii); MSA 27A.5714(1)(b)(iii) permits a landlord to recover possession of a premises only after termination of a tenant’s month to month tenancy by notice to quit. If a tenant refuses to vacate the premises after being served with a notice to terminate the tenancy, summary eviction proceedings are then commenced.
Park Forest served the defendant with a notice to terminate on March 26, 1979, demanding possession on or before April 28, 1979. Thereafter, Park Forest accepted rent from the defendant for the months of April and May. The defendant did not vacate the premises, and on May 7, 1979, Park Forest began summary eviction proceedings. However, the defendant did not receive notice of the proceedings until May 12, 1979. Before she received the notice, the defendant paid the rent for May on May 8, 1979.
The issue of whether a landlord waives the notice to terminate the tenancy by accepting rent for a period of time subsequent to the date possession was demanded has not been decided in Michigan. Other jurisdictions have held that acceptance of rent for days subsequent to the final date listed on the notice to terminate is a waiver of the notice to terminate. Hoefler v Erickson, 331 Ill App 577; 73 NE2d 448 (1947), Bernstein v Weinstein, 220 Ill App 292 (1920), Major v Hall, 251 So 2d 444 (La App, 1971), Jones v Webb, 320 Mass 702; 71 NE2d 216 (1947). A new notice to terminate then must be sent to the tenant before the summary proceedings can be commenced. Also, see 51C CJS, Landlord and Tenant, § 150(7), p 458, and Anno: Waiver or revocation by landlord of notice given by him to terminate tenancy, 120 ALR 557.
We find that the landlord waives the notice to terminate by accepting rental payments for a period of time subsequent to the date specified in the notice. By accepting rent, the landlord leads the tenant to believe that further proceedings regarding the termination of the tenancy are not forthcoming. This is especially true in the instant case where Park Forest accepted defendant’s rent for the month of May before the defendant received the notice of the summary proceedings. Defendant testified that because Park Forest accepted her rent payment for the month of May she believed that the matter was settled and her tenancy would not be terminated. We find that this was a reasonable expectation. It is inconsistent for a landlord to assert a termination of the lease and then, after the time specified in the notice has passed, accept rent for a further period of time when the tenant has not received notice that summary proceedings have been commenced. Therefore, Park Forest waived its notice demanding defendant to vacate the apartment on or before April 28, 1979. Since Park Forest waived its notice, it failed to comply with the provision of the statute requiring notice before commencement of summary proceedings, MCL 600.5714(1)(b)(iii); MSA 27A.5714(1)(b)(iii), and, thus, the district court did not have jurisdiction to hear the case.
Furthermore, we find that even if the rent for April 29-30 and May, 1979, had not been accepted, and waiver of the notice to terminate was not in issue, the trial court clearly erred in finding that the tardiness of the payments was just cause to terminate the tenancy.
Both parties agree that the defendant’s tenancy can be terminated only for just cause. 24 CFR 880.607 and MCL 600.5714(2); MSA 27A.5714(2).
Park Forest argues that just cause to terminate the tenancy was established because a provision of the lease required that the rent was to be paid promptly and the defendant repeatedly violated the lease agreement by paying her rent late for 13 out of 20 months.
Defendant argues that, by accepting the late payments along with the $5 late fee, Park Forest waived its right to use the violation of the timely payment provision of the lease for establishing just cause for termination.
Although there are no Michigan decisions directly on point, an analogy can be made to the following cases. In Patterson v Carrel, 171 Mich 296; 137 NW 158 (1912), the Court found that a landlord waived his right to enforce a covenant in the lease against assignment by accepting rent from the assignee. In Sliwinski v Gootstein, 234 Mich 74; 208 NW 47 (1926), and Collins v Collins, 348 Mich 320; 83 NW2d 213 (1957), the Court found that a land contract vendor who habitually accepts late payments waives, as to future payments, strict compliance with the time payment provision of the land contract. The vendor must give notice that he will require strict compliance with the contract before he declares a forfeiture on the ground that the payments were late. Thus, the Supreme Court has held that where a landlord or land contract vendor does not enforce the provision of a lease or land contract after repeated violations of the provision he is precluded at a subsequent time from requiring strict compliance with the provision without first giving notice that such will be expected.
Moreover, other jurisdictions have expressly held that where the landlord establishes a course of dealing in accepting late payments, the landlord has waived any right to claim a forfeiture for late payment of rent installments without giving the defendant advance notice of his intention to require strict compliance with the terms of the lease. Quality Materials of Tangipahoa v Labarama, Inc, 361 So 2d 1285 (La App, 1978), Pollock v Adams, 548 SW2d 239 (Mo App, 1977), Village Development Co, Ltd v Hubbard, 214 NW2d 178 (Iowa, 1974), Lauch v Monning, 15 Ohio App 2d 112; 239 NE2d 675 (1968).
In the present case, even though the lease provided that the rent was due on the first of every month, Park Forest regularly accepted late payments from the defendant (13 out of 20 months). Although late, the defendant regularly paid the rent within the month due with the exception of February, 1979. Furthermore, the lease also provided that if a rental payment was more than 5 days late the tenant was required to pay a $5 charge for administrative costs. The defendant faithfully paid this fee.
We find that by accepting the late rental payment along with the late fee charge Park Forest waived its right to strict compliance with the lease. After accepting late rental payments for 10 months out of 18 prior to the institution of summary proceedings, the defendant reasonably could not expect Park Forest to require strict compliance with the timely payment provision of the lease. Park Forest’s conduct did not indicate that termination would result from paying the rent late. As a matter of fact, Park Forest’s lease provision, requiring a $5 late fee for rental payments more than 5 days late, implies that the only penalty for a late rental payment is the late fee charge, not termination of the lease. The lease does not specify that tardy rent payments will be just cause to terminate the tenancy. By waiving strict compliance with the timely payment provision of the lease, just cause to terminate the tenancy was not established.
Moreover, even in the absence of a waiver, tardiness of rental payments still would not be just cause to terminate the tenancy where the tardiness was not flagrant or for long periods of time. Although defendant’s rental payments were late, they were made within the month for which they were due, and the required fee was always paid. Therefore, the trial court clearly erred in terminating the tenancy and awarding possession of the apartment to Park Forest. The judgment of the district court is reversed.
We also address defendant’s final claim of error. Defendant claims that the trial court abused its discretion by quashing defendant’s subpoena duces tecum which requested the production of the payment ledger cards of the tenants of Park Forest and copies of any notices given to tenants regarding the policy of Park Forest on late rent payments. The trial court quashed the subpoena on the grounds that it was unreasonable and oppressive.
We agree with the defendant that the trial court abused its discretion. By quashing the subpoena, the trial court prevented the defendant from obtaining relevant evidence on the issue of just cause. It precluded the defendant from obtaining the only evidence available as to whether the action of the landlord was arbitrary or consistent with its action in similar cases. This evidence should have been made available to the defendant.
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted on his plea of no contest of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2), and unarmed robbery, MCL 750.530; MSA 28.798, and was sentenced to concurrent terms of 12 to 30 years and 10 to 15 years respectively. He appeals as of right.
The first issue raised by defendant is whether there was a sufficient factual basis to support his conviction of first-degree criminal sexual conduct and unarmed robbery. GCR 1963, 785.7(3)(a). In reviewing the adequacy of the factual basis for a guilty plea, the requisite inquiry is whether a trier of fact could properly convict on the facts as stated by the defendant. A factual basis for acceptance of a plea exists if an inculpatory inference can reasonably be drawn by a jury on the facts admitted by the defendant. The fact that an exculpatory inference could also be drawn is immaterial. Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96, 130; 235 NW2d 132 (1975), People v Frazier, 100 Mich App 776, 779; 300 NW2d 408 (1980).
Defendant testified at the plea proceeding that he could not remember the exact circumstances surrounding the crimes and that, apparently due to his consumption of alcohol and drugs, he was unaware of his actions at the time the crimes were committed. Nonetheless, defendant was able to give a fairly detailed account of his activities that day. He stated that after consuming some marijuana and alcohol, he went to complainant’s home, verbally forced her to commit an act of fellatio and took her money and jewelry. Defendant stated that he knew his acts were criminal and that he had no right to do them.
Defendant argues that these statements were insufficient to establish the elements of the offense of unarmed robbery since there was no indication that the taking of complainant’s money and property was accomplished by an assault. MCL 750.530; MSA 28.798 provides:
"Any person who shall, by force and violence, or by assault or putting in fear, feloniously rob, steal and take from the person of another, or in his presence, any money or other property which may be the subject of larceny, such robber not being armed with a dangerous weapon, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 15 years.”
The unarmed robbery statute is disjunctive; the offense may be accomplished either by force and violence or by assault or putting in fear. People v Sanford, 402 Mich 460, 473; 265 NW2d 1 (1978). From defendant’s statements at the plea proceeding, it is a reasonable inference that the verbal threats which caused complainant to submit to.the sexual assault also caused her to submit to the robbery. A trier of fact could reasonably conclude that defendant accomplished the unarmed robbery by putting the victim in fear. Upon a careful review of the record, we are convinced that defendant’s statements were sufficient to establish an adequate factual basis for his conviction of first-degree criminal sexual conduct and unarmed robbery.
Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in accepting the pleas because defendant’s statements established the defense of intoxication. This argument is without merit.
Even though a defendant asserts he was intoxicated or narcotized at the time the offense was committed, the judge may accept the plea as long as the defendant sufficiently recalls facts and circumstances which tend to show he participated in the commission of the offense. People v Burton, 396 Mich 238, 242; 240 NW2d 239 (1976). Defendant in this case was able to recite what occurred, which distinguishes the case from People v Stoner, 23 Mich App 598; 179 NW2d 217 (1970), lv den 383 Mich 806 (1970).
Defendant next argues that he is entitled to withdraw his plea because the trial court did not comply with the sentence agreement. Following a discussion with counsel during the plea proceeding, the court advised defendant that, if he pled to the charges of first-degree criminal sexual conduct and unarmed robbery, the total minimum sentence the court would impose for both convictions, plus a two-year mandatory sentence to be imposed on a felony-firearm conviction in another case, would not exceed 15 years. Although there was no explicit reference made, we are satisfied from the record that defendant and defense counsel understood that the sentence agreement referred to a period of actual exposure to incarceration. The sentence imposed was a term of 2 years on the felony-firearm conviction followed by concurrent terms of 12 to 30 years and 10 to 15 years on the first-degree criminal sexual conduct and unarmed robbery convictions respectively, making a total minimum period of incarceration of 14 years. This was in conformance with the sentence agreement.
Defendant’s final contention is without merit. The record establishes that defendant committed sexual penetration under circumstances involving the commission of another felony, to-wit: unarmed robbery, in violation of MCL 750.520b(1)(c); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(c).
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Per Curiam.
Defendant appeals as of right from the trial court’s order granting summary judgment in favor of plaintiff. On July 18, 1976, when plaintiff got into his vehicle and turned the ignition key, an explosive device which had been attached to the ignition mechanism by persons unknown was detonated, severely injuring plaintiff. The trial court concluded that plaintiff’s injury occurred as a result of his operation of the vehicle and that he therefore was entitled to benefits as a matter of law pursuant to § 3105 of the no-fault act.
MCL 500.3105(1); MSA 24.13105(1) provides:
"Under personal protection insurance an insurer is liable to pay benefits for accidental bodily injury arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle * * *.”
Cases construing the phrase "arising out of the * * * use of a motor vehicle” uniformly require that the injured person establish a causal connection between the use of the motor vehicle and the injury. Detroit Automobile Inter-Ins Exchange v Higginbotham, 95 Mich App 213, 222; 290 NW2d 414 (1980), lv den 409 Mich 919 (1980). Such causal connection must be more than incidental, fortuitous, or "but for”. The injury must be foreseeably identifiable with the normal use, maintenance, and ownership of the vehicle. Kangas v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, 64 Mich App 1, 17; 235 NW2d 42 (1975). While the statute does not necessitate a finding that the injury was caused directly and proximately by the use of the vehicle, causation cannot be extended to something distinctly remote. The sufficiency of the causal connection depends on the facts of each case. Williams v Citizens Mutual Ins Co of America, 94 Mich App 762, 764-765; 290 NW2d 76 (1980).
These principles have been applied by several panels of this Court to deny recovery of no-fault benefits to the victim of an assault which occurred in or near an automobile. See A & G Associates, Inc v Michigan Mutual Ins Co, 110 Mich App 293; 314 NW2d 799 (1981), Higginbotham, supra, Hamka v Automobile Club of Michigan, 89 Mich App 644; 280 NW2d 512 (1979), O’Key v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 89 Mich App 526; 280 NW2d 583 (1979), and Kangas, supra.
We believe that there was an insufficient causal relationship between plaintiff’s use of the vehicle and his injuries. The fact that the explosive device was set in plaintiff’s vehicle rather than some other location was a mere fortuity. Even though plaintiff’s act of turning the ignition key detonated the explosion, the explosive device, rather than the automobile, was the true instrumentality of the injury. The injury clearly was not foreseeably identifiable with the normal use, maintenance, and ownership of the vehicle. Kangas, supra, Higginbotham, supra.
The order of summary judgment in favor of plaintiff is reversed, and summary judgment is entered in favor of defendant.
Reversed. | [
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Per Curiam.
On October 26, 1977, the Oakland County Probate Court entered an order allowing several claims against the estate, including that of the appellee. More than three years later, appellee filed a motion to compel payment of its claim. The personal representative of the estate opposed this motion and then filed a motion for rehearing of the previous order which had allowed the claim. On April 2, 1981, the probate court entered an order denying the motion for rehearing as untimely filed and ordering the estate to immediately pay the claim in the amount provided in the previous order of October 26, 1977.
The appellant personal representative then filed with this Court a claim of appeal from the order of April 2, 1981, pursuant to MCL 600.861; MSA 27A.861, which provides, inter alia, that a party to a proceeding in the probate court may appeal as a matter of right to the Court of Appeals from a "final order affecting the rights or interests of any interested person in an estate or trust”. Since the order in question was entered in a decedent’s estate, the issue is whether or not the order here involved was a "final” order and therefore appeal-able to this Court rather than the circuit court. The parties have filed separate briefs on the question of this Court’s jurisdiction.
Since there is no statutory or rule definition of the term "final” as used in MCL 600.861; MSA 27A.861, the determination of which probate court orders are "final” and which are not, for purposes of determining the appellate jurisdiction of this Court, must be made on a case-by-case basis. In re Swanson Estate, 98 Mich App 347; 296 NW2d 256 (1980). The test of finality of a probate court order is whether it affects with finality the rights of the parties in the subject matter. Equitable Trust Co v Bankers Trust Co, 268 Mich 394, 397-398; 256 NW 460 (1934), In re Swanson Estate, supra. The finality of each ruling or decision contained in the probate court order must be considered individually and can be determined only by an examination of the effect on the rights of the parties involved.
That provision of the order of April 2, 1981, which directed the estate to pay to appellee the amount specified in the order of October 26, 1977, did not decide the appellee’s claim but rather held that the claim was allowed by the 1977 order and directed compliance with that order. Therefore, the order appealed from did not determine the substantive rights of the parties but enforced the previous determination made by the probate court. Therefore, this provision of the order appealed from is not a "final” order appealable as a matter of right to this Court pursuant to MCL 600.861; MSA 27A.861.
An order denying rehearing is not a "final” order but, rather, a post-judgment order which, in and of itself, is appealable by leave only. In re Humphrey Estate, 107 Mich App 778; 309 NW2d 722 (1981), In re Mitros Estate, 106 Mich App 271; 307 NW2d 471 (1981). Therefore, that portion of the order denying rehearing of the October 26, 1977, order was not a "final” order appealable as a matter of right to this Court under MCL 600.861; MSA 27A.861.
This appeal is therefore dismissed without prejudice to the filing of a motion for leave to appeal in the circuit court for the County of Oakland, pursuant to OCR 1963, 703. In the Matter of Antieau, 98 Mich App 341; 296 NW2d 254 (1980).
The appeal is dismissed. | [
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] |
Allen, J.
Plaintiff corporation appeals of right from a judgment entered by the Court of Claims on January 23, 1981, dismissing plaintiffs claim for the recovery of use taxes assessed against and paid by plaintiff for the period of July 1, 1971, through December 31, 1974, in the amount of $21,674.22, plus $5,252.41 interest, for a total of $26,936.63. The assessment in issue was upheld by the State Board of Tax Appeals in an opinion and order dated May 31, 1979, and by the Court of Claims in an opinion dated December 22, 1979.
According to the stipulated statement of facts filed in the Court of Claims, plaintiff is a Michigan corporation operating two pleasure steamers (SS St. Clair and SS Columbia) which transport passengers over navigable waters from Detroit to Wyandotte, Michigan, and then to the Island of Bob-Lo (Bois Blanc Island), Ontario, Canada. Some voyages originate in Windsor, Canada, proceed to Detroit and Wyandotte, and terminate at Bob-Lo Island. Occasional cruises are scheduled on Lake Erie traversing a route through Michigan, Canadian, and Ohio waters. Tickets for the voyage are purchased at Detroit, Wyandotte, or Windsor.
During the period in question, plaintiff made expenditures for fuel, provisions, supplies, maintenance, and repairs for the exclusive use of its two vessels. The taxed items were purchased from Michigan or out-of-state business firms and were received by plaintiff in Michigan. It is these items that are the subject of the challenged taxes. The ships, Columbia and St. Clair, are in excess of 500 tons in weight, and, during the period in question, plaintiff paid the tax levied under the watercraft tonnage tax act, MCL 207.51; MSA 7.281, since repealed, 1974 PA 153.
Plaintiff raises four grounds for its claim that the assessments in question were improper: (1) the express provisions of the watercraft tonnage tax act exempt plaintiff from assessment; (2) the tax is a tax on foreign commerce prohibited by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution; (3) § 4(k) of the Use Tax Act, MCL 205.94(k); MSA 7.555(4)(k), specifically exempts vessels of over 500 tons engaged in interstate commerce; and (4) to tax vessels engaged in foreign commerce while exempting from taxation vessels engaged in interstate commerce denies plaintiff equal protection of the law. Analysis of each issue follows.
1. Is plaintiff exempt by reason of § 1 of the watercraft tonnage tax act?
Section 1 of the watercraft tonnage tax act, MCL 207.51; MSA 7.281, now repealed, but in effect for the period for which assessments were made in the instant case, provided in relevant part:
"Section 1. In consideration of an annual payment to the secretary of state by the owner of any vessel, barge or boat exclusively engaged in the carrying of passengers, holding license for such purpose, or carrying passengers and freight, owned within this state or hailing from any port thereof, and employed in the navigation of international waters or waters of the great lakes, of a sum equal to 20 cents per net ton on the registered tonnage thereof * * * and such payment shall be received in lieu of all taxes, and such vessel, barge or boat shall be and the same is hereby made exempt from all further taxation, either state, county or municipal, upon the payment of the sums herein provided. No payment made under the provisions of this section shall be less than $10.00.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Plaintiff contends that it is exempt from the imposition of the use tax by the plain and unambiguous language contained in the emphasized words cited above. The Court of Claims held that when the watercraft tonnage tax act was enacted in 1911, 1911 PA 70, use and sales taxes were virtually unknown and that the sole purpose of the statute was to exempt specified watercraft from general property taxation but did not operate to exempt purchases of supplies and materials for the exclusive use of such watercraft from sales and use taxation. We are persuaded that the better reasoning lies with the Court of Claims.
To the extent that the legislative purpose of the watercraft tonnage tax act of 1911 has been questioned, it has consistently been held that the purpose of the statute was to exempt vessels from general property taxation. Three opinions of the Attorney General have construed the statute in such manner. OAG, 1912, p 206 (December 28, 1911), OAG, 1948-1950, No 945, p 220 (May 20, 1949), 2 OAG, 1955-1956, No 1987, p 2 (January 13, 1956). In Mackinac Transportation Co v Twp of Mackinaw, 175 Mich 418; 141 NW 554 (1913), the Supreme Court, after asking for briefs "upon the force and effect” of the watercraft tonnage tax act, affirmed the trial court’s interpretation of the law "as expressing legislative intention to exempt, at the election of the owner, such property from general taxation for the year 1912, and not earlier”. Id., 421. Because sales and use taxes were not in effect in Michigan until 1937, none of the decisions raised the issue of whether the statute extended the exemption to taxes not in the nature of a property or ad valorem tax such as use or privilege taxes.
When Michigan enacted the Use Tax Act, MCL 205.91; MSA 7.555(1), in 1937, the Legislature for the first time was confronted with the question of whether such tax would exclude purchases made for goods and supplies used on vessels. A clear indication that the Legislature did not intend the exemption in § 1 of the watercraft tonnage tax act to extend to nonproperty taxes is found in §§ 3 and 4 of the Use Tax Act. Section 3 levies and collects "from every person in this state a specific tax for the privilege of using, storing or consuming tangible personal property in this state * * Section 4 proceeds to list exemptions (a) through (w). Exemption (k) reads:
"A vessel designed for commercial use of registered tonnage of 500 tons or more, when produced upon special order of the purchaser, and bunker and galley fuel, provisions, supplies, maintenance, and repairs for the exclusive use of a vessel of 500 tons or more engaged in interstate commerce.” (Emphasis added.)
The flaw in plaintiff’s claim is the assumption that the Legislature in 1911 intended by its ex-emptory language to include all future taxation of a nature foreign to its deliberations. If plaintiff’s interpretation in this respect were accurate, all vessels carrying passengers in the waters of the great lakes would be exempt from the Use Tax Act and it either would be superfluous to include such vessels in the list of exemptions, or, alternatively, the exemption, if spelled out in the statute, should apply to vessels regardless of their size or whether they were engaged in intrastate, interstate, or foreign commerce. The very fact that exemption (k), cited above, refers only to vessels of 500 tons or more engaged in interstate commerce belies the fact that § 1 of the watercraft tonnage tax act of 1911 included privilege and use type taxes.
Other jurisdictions confronted with broadly worded exemptions in old statutes have refused to apply the exemption to new or different forms of taxation enacted a number of years later. In Connecticut Light & Power Co v Walsh, 134 Conn 295, 305; 57 A2d 128 (1948), plaintiffs claimed that they were exempt from the state’s use tax act of 1947 because of a 1915 statute which provided that the tax upon gross earnings of certain utility companies was "in lieu of all other taxation in this state upon each such company * * *”. The court rejected the plaintiffs’ claim, saying that use taxes were not known in 1915, that a use tax was not a tax on property but was in the nature of an excise tax upon the privilege of storing or using property, and that since the purpose of the 1915 act was to replace the property tax as to public utilities it would be unreasonable to conclude that the 1915 Legislature intended that the 1915 act exempt future taxes of a kind not generally known and of a different nature than the former property tax.
In Oxford v Housing Authority of City of Barnesville, 104 Ga App 797, 798; 123 SE2d 175 (1961), the Georgia court refused to extend exemptions granted housing authorities in 1937, and reading "such property and an authority shall be exempt from all taxes * * *”, to sales and use taxes enacted in 1951. In Security Life & Accident Co v Heckers, 177 Colo 455, 457; 495 P2d 225 (1972), plaintiffs argued that they were exempt from the Colorado Sales Tax Act of 1965 by reason of a 1907 statute imposing a tax on the gross amount of premiums collected by insurance companies and further providing "an no other occupation tax or other taxes shall be levied or collected from any insurance company * * No exemption was given insurance companies when the sales tax statute was passed. The court held:
"If the legislature had intended to exempt insurance companies from the sales and use taxes in 1965, it would have been a simple matter for it to have amended the appropriate sections of the Sales and Use Tax Act. Not having elected to do so, we cannot by construction do so.” Id., 462.
Similar holdings are found in other jurisdictions. Farm & Home Savings Ass’n v Spaulding, 538 SW2d 313 (Mo, 1976) (1945 statute granting tax exemptions to savings and loan associations held not to include a 1959 enacted Compensating Use Tax Law), Supreme Council of the Royal Arcanium v State Tax Comm, 358 Mass 111; 260 NE2d 822 (1970) (fraternal society organized under a 1958 statute providing exemption from all taxes except taxes on real estate and office equipment held not to extend to sales and use taxes imposed in 1967).
Tax exemption statutes are to be construed strictly in favor of the taxing unit. Michigan Baptist Homes & Development Co v Ann Arbor, 396 Mich 660, 670; 242 NW2d 749 (1976), Christian Reformed Church in North America v Grand Rapids, 104 Mich App 10, 22; 303 NW2d 913 (1981). Nothing in the Michigan Use or General Sales Tax Acts specifically exempts vessels of over 500 tons engaged in foreign commerce from the payment of use or sales taxes. Decisions from other jurisdictions uniformly refuse to apply broadly worded exemptions in earlier acts to later adopted excise taxes. Accordingly, we conclude that plaintiff is not exempt from the Michigan use tax by virtue of having paid the tonnage tax.
2. Does the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution preclude Michigan from imposing a use tax on fuel, supplies, provisions, maintenance, and repairs used in the operation of plaintiff’s vessels?
Pursuant to exemption (k), the Department of Treasury promulgated Rule 81 which reads:
"(1) Sales of vessels designed for commercial use of registered tonnage of 500 tons or more, when produced upon special order of the purchaser, are exempt. Also nontaxable are sales of bunker and galley fuel, provi sions, supplies, maintenance, and repairs for the exclusive use of those vessels of 500 tons or more, if those vessels travel from a point in Michigan to a destination in another state. Sales of such items for the use of vessels operating in foreign commerce are taxable.” 1979 AC, R 205.131.
Citing Spector Motor Service, Inc v O’Connor, 340 US 602; 71 S Ct 508; 95 L Ed 573 (1951), plaintiff argues that no state may exercise, without authority from Congress, regulatory power over foreign or interstate commerce, and any use of the state’s taxing power which places a direct burden on such commerce is invalid. It is plaintiff’s claim that Rule 81 in itself imposes a burden on foreign commerce and infringes on the power granted Congress under Article 1, § 8(3) of the United States Constitution to regulate commerce with foreign nations.
The Spector rule, as it came to be known, stemmed from a series of early decisions by the United States Supreme Court holding that any tax on the privilege of engaging in an activity of the state — such as buying and storing goods — could not be levied on an activity which was part of interstate commerce. Under Spector, a tax on interstate sales, even if fairly apportioned and nondiscriminatory, was unconstitutional per se.
Recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court have disavowed, or at least substantially modified, the Spector rule and its progeny. No longer is a direct tax on interstate sales per se unconstitutional even if it increases the cost of doing business. Complete Auto Transit, Inc v Brady, 430 US 274; 97 S Ct 1076; 51 L Ed 2d 326 (1977). In Brady, Mississippi imposed a sales tax of 5% on plaintiff’s gross sales in Mississippi. Plaintiff was a Michigan corporation engaged in the business of hauling cars manufactured by General Motors and shipped by rail to Jackson, Mississippi, where they were then loaded onto plaintiff’s trucks and transported to Mississippi dealers. Plaintiff claimed that its own operations were but one part of an interstate movement and that the taxes assessed were unconstitutional as being burdensome to interstate commerce. In a unanimous decision written by Justice Blackmun, the Court overruled Spector and sustained the tax saying:
"Appellee, in its turn, relies on decisions of this Court stating that '[i]t was not the purpose of the commerce clause to relieve those engaged in interstate commerce from their just share of state tax burden even though it increases the cost of doing business,’ Western Live Stock v Bureau of Revenue, 303 US 250, 254 [58 S Ct 546; 82 L Ed 823; 115 ALR 944] (1938). These decisions have considered not the formal language of the tax statute but rather its practical effect, and have sustained a tax against Commerce Clause challenge when the tax is applied to an activity with a substantial nexus with the taxing State, is fairly apportioned, does not discriminate against interstate commerce, and is fairly related to the services provided by the State.
"Over the years, the Court has applied this practical analysis in approving many types of tax that avoided running afoul of the prohibition against taxing the 'privilege of doing business,’ but in each instance it has refused to overrule the prohibition. Under the present state of the law, the Spector rule, as it has come to be known, has no relationship to economic realities. Rather it stands only as a trap for the unwary draftsman.
"Not only has the philosophy underlying the rule been rejected, but the rule itself has been stripped of any practical significance. If Mississippi had called its tax one on 'net income’ or on the 'going concern value’ of appellant’s business, the Spector rule could not invalidate it. There is no economic consequence that follows necessarily from the use of the particular words, 'privilege of doing business,’ and a focus on that formalism merely obscures the question whether the tax produces a forbidden effect. Simply put, the Spector rule does npt address the problems with which the Commerce Clause is concerned. Accordingly, we now reject the rule of Spector Motor Service, Inc v O’Connor, that a state tax on the 'privilege of doing business’ is per se unconstitutional when it is applied to interstate commerce, and that case is overruled.” (Emphasis supplied.) Id., 279, 288-289.
Similarly, in United Airlines, Inc v Mahin, 410 US 623; 93 S Ct 1186; 35 L Ed 2d 545 (1973), the Supreme Court upheld a use tax levied on aviation fuel purchased and stored in Illinois and loaded on plaintiffs planes which used the fuel in interstate and foreign commerce. The language in the Illinois use tax act was similar to the Michigan use tax statute under which Bob-Lo was taxed in the instant case. From 1955 through 1963, the tax was imposed on only the fuel actually consumed within the state. Beginning in 1963, the Illinois Revenue Department changed its regulations so as to impose the tax on all fuel that was either stored within Illinois or loaded upon the plaintiff’s airplanes in that state. The Supreme Court held that it was constitutionally permissible for the state to impose the tax. It found that the taxable event occurred when the fuel was either stored in Illinois or loaded on the planes there. The danger of double taxation was minimized because the fuel could not be taxed by states through which it was transported. Michigan-Wisconsin Pipeline Co v Calvert, 347 US 157; 74 S Ct 396; 98 L Ed 583 (1954). Nor could it be taxed by the state in which it was merely consumed. Helson v Kentucky, 279 US 245; 49 S Ct 279; 73 L Ed 683 (1929). Finally, the Court held that it was fair to permit Illinois to tax the plaintiff because Illinois was the state in which the preloading facilities were maintained and was likely to provide substantial services to those facilities.
Thus, under current decisional law, where the activity taxed has a substantial nexus or relationship to the taxing state and is fairly related to the services provided by the state, the tax is not an impermissible burden on interstate or foreign commerce, even though it increases the cost of doing business. Colonial Pipeline Co v Traigle, 421 US 100; 95 S Ct 1538; 44 L Ed 2d 1 (1975), Brady, supra.
The relevant inquiry, therefore, in the case before us, is what is the activity taxed and whether that activity has a substantial nexus with the taxing state and is fairly related to the services provided by the state. In People v Bob-Lo Excursion Co, 317 Mich 686, 691; 27 NW2d 139 (1947), aff'd 333 US 28; 68 S Ct 358; 92 L Ed 455 (1948), our Supreme Court held that the plaintiff’s activity was engaging in foreign commerce. On appeal, the United States Supreme Court affirmed the holding that Bob-Lo’s activities constituted engaging in foreign commerce. The Court then went on to find that the activities had a special nexus and close relationship to Detroit and Michigan.
"But if any segment of foreign commerce can be said to have a special local interest, apart from the necessity of safeguarding the federal interest in such matters as immigration, customs and navigation, the transportation of appellant’s patrons falls in that characterization. It would be hard to find a substantial business touching foreign soil of more highly local concern. Except for the small fenced-off portion reserved for the lighthouse and three cottage sites, the island is economically and socially, though not politically, an amusement adjunct of the city of Detroit. Not only customs and immigrations regulations of both countries, but physical barriers prevent intercourse, both commercial and social, between Canadians and appellant’s patrons, except as the former may come first by other means to Detroit, then go to the island from American soil on appellant’s vessel, and return from the holiday by the same roundabout route.
"The record indicates there are no established means of access from the Canadian shore to the island. There is no evidence of even surreptitious entry from the Canadian mainland. Appellant’s vessels not only are the sole means of transportation to and from the island, but carry only its own patrons of Bois Blanc’s recreational facilities. These travel exclusively on roundtrip tickets for passage beginning and ending on American soil. They are principally residents of Detroit and vicinity. All go aboard there and return the same day. None go from the island to the Canadian bank of the river. The only business conducted at the island is the operation of appellant’s recreational and accessory facilities, which apparently do not include provision for overnight guests. No other persons than appellant’s patrons come to the island, or have a right to come, from Canada’s mainland or elsewhere, or go from the island to Detroit.” 333 US 28, 35-36.
Despite the fact that at the time of this suit Bob-Lo operations are carried on by different owners, it does not appear from the stipulated statement of facts that the nature of the activity conducted has undergone significant change since the United States Supreme Court decision in Bob-Lo Excursion Co. Therefore, it does appear that Michigan has the power to tax the goods and materials stored or loaded onto plaintiff’s vessels within Michigan. United Airlines, supra, Brady, supra.
3. Is Bob-Lo exempt from the use tax because it is engaged in interstate commerce as well as foreign commerce?
Citing the case The Daniel Ball, 77 US (10 Wall) 557; 19 L Ed 999 (1871), plaintiff contends that it was engaged in interstate commerce. The Daniel Ball held that a 123-ton steamer transporting goods and passengers between Grand Rapids and Grand Haven on the Grand River wholly within Michigan was engaged in interstate commerce. Plaintiff argues that, based on the same considerations, Bob-Lo vessels which traverse the Detroit River going from Detroit to Wyandotte are also engaged in interstate commerce and as such are exempt under exemption (k) and Rule 81.
We reject the argument on two grounds. First, as noted earlier, the United States Supreme Court and the Michigan Supreme Court have held that plaintiffs activity is foreign commerce. Second, and more pertinently, the limitation in exemption (k) was intended to include vessels plying Michigan waterways which were engaged exclusively in interstate commerce. It was not intended to include vessels, like The Daniel Ball, whose operations were intrastate.
Convincing proof that the limitation in exemption (k) would not apply in situations where a ship traveled from Detroit to Wyandotte is found in Rule 81. That rule was promulgated to explain exemption (k), MCL 205.94(k); MSA 7.555(4)(k). Its relevant language, emphasized below, would not qualify a vessel for exemption unless it traveled from Michigan to another state.
"Also nontaxable are sales of bunker and galley fuel, provisions, supplies, maintenance, and repairs for the exclusive use of those vessels of 500 tons or more, if those vessels travel from a point in Michigan to a destination in another state. Sales of such items for use of vessels operating in foreign commerce are taxable.” 1979 AC, R 205.131(1).
Clearly, plaintiff was not engaged in interstate commerce within the intent and meaning of exemption (k).
4. Does the classiñcation between foreign commerce and interstate commerce contained in exemption (k) constitute a denial of the equal protection of laws?
Plaintiff contends that by including vessels engaged in interstate commerce within the statutory exemption but failing to include those engaged in foreign commerce the Department of Treasury has denied the plaintiff equal protection of the laws. Since we have already held that under the authorities cited earlier Michigan may impose a use tax on Bob-Lo’s operations in foreign commerce, it is unnecessary for us to decide whether the state’s failure similarly to exempt vessels in interstate commerce is constitutionally impermissible.
Assuming, arguendo, that the failure to exempt equally vessels traversing navigable waters from Michigan to another state is violative of equal protection of the laws, the remedy is not to exempt vessels in foreign commerce but is to strike down the exemption for vessels in interstate commerce. That is not what plaintiff is asking here.
Affirmed. No costs, a question of public interest being involved.
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] |
R. M. Maher, P.J.
Plaintiff-appellant Alvin E. Krueger appeals by right an order by the circuit court granting defendant-appellee Lumbermen’s Mutual Casualty Company’s motion for summary judgment.
Once again this Court must attempt to delineate the scope of the Michigan no-fault act. The facts are not in dispute. Plaintiff was employed as a delivery salesman for the Cadillac Overall Company. His job, which involved delivering and picking up uniforms and other items, required frequent loading and unloading of his step van. On May 4, 1977, plaintiff parked his van in the parking area located in the entrance of the Michigan Tractor & Machinery Company, for the purpose of making a delivery. While remaining in the front seat, he picked up three large mats weighing approximately 30 pounds. He then began to climb out of the vehicle, placing his right foot on the ground. He thereupon brought his left foot down into a hole in the ground, which caused injury to his left ankle and lower back. When the accident took place, he was no longer in contact with the vehicle.
Plaintiff then brought suit against his employer’s insurance carrier, defendant Lumbermen’s Mutual Casualty Company (hereinafter "Lumbermen’s Mutual”), seeking no-fault insurance benefits. Lumbermen’s Mutual subsequently filed a motion for summary judgment, contending that there was "no issue as to any material fact” and that it was "entitled to judgment in its favor as a matter of law”. The circuit court granted this motion and entered an order for summary judgment, prompting the present appeal.
I
In order to recover no-fault benefits for injuries sustained in connection with a parked vehicle, a claimant must suffer injuries falling within one of the categories enumerated in § 3106 of the no-fault act, which provides:
"Sec. 3106. Accidental bodily injury does not arise out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle unless any of the following occur:
"(a) The vehicle was parked in such a way as to cause unreasonable risk of the bodily injury which occurred.
"(b) The injury was a direct result of physical contact with equipment permanently mounted on the vehicle, while the equipment was being operated or used or property being lifted onto or lowered from the vehicle in the loading or unloading process.
"(c) The injury was sustained by a person while occupying, entering into or alighting from the vehicle.” MCL 500.3106; MSA 24.13106.
Subsection (c) of the parked vehicle exclusion (§ 3106) exempts injuries sustained while "alighting from the vehicle”. Plaintiff contends that he was "alighting” from his vehicle when he was injured. The trial court disagreed, ruling that plaintiff was not "alighting” at the time of the injury.
We address first plaintiff’s contention that summary judgment was inappropriate. Plaintiff claims that two factual issues remained: (1) whether plaintiff was alighting from the vehicle when the injury occurred; and (2) whether plaintiff’s injuries arose out of the use of a motor vehicle. This argument betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of the difference between questions of law and questions of fact. The parties agree on the events that transpired on the day in question. They only disagree about whether those events establish that plaintiff was "alighting” and that his injuries "arose out of the use of a vehicle”. These are legal issues, not factual issues. See Dembinski v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, 76 Mich App 181; 256 NW2d 69 (1977). Since no genuine issues of material fact remained, we reject plaintiffs initial contention.
We must disagree, however, with the circuit court’s conclusion that plaintiff was not "alighting”, within the meaning of § 3106 and his employer’s insurance policy, at the time of the injury. There is no statutory definition of the term "alighting” and little case law. The court below felt that since plaintiff was no longer in contact with the vehicle when the injury occurred, he had completed the process of alighting from the vehicle. Although it is unnecessary to attempt a complete definition of the term at this time, we are convinced that an individual has not finished "alighting” from a vehicle at least until both feet are planted firmly on the ground. Consequently, we hold that the cricuit court erred in concluding that plaintiffs injuries did not fall within § 3106(c).
II
In order to recover no-fault benefits for injuries sustained in connection with a parked vehicle, a claimant must establish both the applicability of one of the § 3106 categories and, in addition, that the injuries arose out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of the parked vehicle. MCL 500.3105(1); MSA 24.13105(1), Kangas v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, 64 Mich App 1, 17; 235 NW2d 42 (1975), lv den 395 Mich 787 (1975), Shinabarger v Citizens Mutual Ins Co, 90 Mich App 307; 282 NW2d 301 (1979), Dowdy v Motorland Ins Co, 97 Mich App 242; 293 NW2d 782 (1980), Block v Citizens Ins Co of America, 111 Mich App 106; 314 NW2d 536 (1981). According to Kangas, supra,
"while the automobile need not be the proximate cause of the injury, there still must be a causal connection between the injury sustained and the ownership, maintenance or use of the automobile and which causal connection is more than incidental, fortuitous or but for. The injury must be foreseeably identifiable with the normal use, maintenance and ownership of the vehicle.”
The circuit court felt that plaintiff had failed to establish such a causal connection in the instant case, and was therefore not entitled to recover no-fault benefits. We disagree. Although we acknowledge that this is a close question, we believe that an injury caused by stepping into a hole in the road is foreseeably identifiable with the process of alighting from a vehicle. Such road hazards are hardly unusual or unexpected.
We conclude that the circuit court erred in granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion. Costs to be paid by defendant. We retain no further jurisdiction.
MCL 500.3101 et seq.; MSA 24.13101 et seq.
"Plaintiff also argues that summary judgment was improper because there existed a genuine issue as to a material fact, i.e., whether plaintiff’s injury occurred while he was loading the truck. The dispute is not as to what occurred, but as to whether what occurred came within the insurance coverage of loading. This is a question of law, not fact, so that summary judgment was properly granted.”
Hathcox v Liberty Mutual Ins Co, 90 Mich App 511; 282 NW2d 374 (1979), involved a plaintiff who had been injured while loading new automobiles onto his employer’s tractor-trailer. After driving one of these cars to the top deck and leaving it there, the plaintiff slipped on the snow-covered deck and sustained serious injuries. The majority held that the plaintiff was "occupying” the tractor-trailer, within the meaning of subsection (c), at the time of the accident. However, in concurring, I expressed my belief that the plaintiff was alighting from the vehicle, since he was in the process of leaving the vehicle when the injury occurred.
Cf. McPherson v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 90 Mich App 215; 282 NW2d 289 (1979), in which a panel of this Court held that a claimant must show only that the automobile "provided the occasion for the injury” in order to recover. We believe McPherson was incorrectly decided and expressly decline to follow it. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order entered January 30, 1981, granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
We address an issue of apparent first impression in this Court: May a motorcyclist injured in an accident while fleeing from police recover personal protection benefits under his no-fault insurance policy when the only motor vehicle involved is a police cruiser? We do not believe that he may.
A brief recitation of the facts and procedure below is helpful. The parties agree that plaintiff was injured on July 7, 1979, when, while fleeing on his motorcycle from police, he smashed into the rear brick wall of a residence. He initiated suit on August 6, 1980, seeking to recover medical expenses and wage losses sustained as a result of the accident. Defendant was the no-fault insurer of plaintiff’s automobile.
On November 20, 1980, defendant moved for summary judgment, appending the affidavit of counsel and the deposition of a police investigator. Plaintiff answered defendant’s motion and filed a motion of his own on November 25, 1980. Plaintiff filed no affidavits in opposition to defendant’s motion nor in support of his own. He did not object at the trial level to the lack of valid supporting affidavits for defendant’s motion. The lower court granted defendant’s motion. Initially, we note that motorcycles are excluded from the definition of motor vehicles under the no-fault act. MCL 500.3101(2); MSA 24.13101(2). A person injured while driving a motorcycle is therefore unable to recover personal protection insurance benefits (PIP) under the no-fault act unless he was injured in an accident "involving” a motor vehicle as defined in the act. Underhill v Safeco Ins Co, 407 Mich 175, 186; 284 NW2d 463 (1979). In Underhill, the Supreme Court held that motorcyclists involved in collisions with automobiles were permitted to recover PIP benefits.
We must now determine whether a motorcyclist fleeing from police in a cruiser has sufficient "involvement” to allow recovery under the no-fault act. The act provides coverage for accidental bodily injury "arising out of the ownership, operation, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle as a motor vehicle”. In Kangas v Aetna Casualty & Surety Co, 64 Mich App 1, 17; 235 NW2d 42 (1975), lv den 395 Mich 787 (1975), the following test was set forth:
"[W]e conclude that while the automobile need not be the proximate cause of the injury, there still must be a causal connection between the injury sustained and the ownership, maintenance or use of the automobile and which causal connection is more than incidental, fortuitous, or but for. The injury must be foreseeably identifiable with the normal use, maintenance and ownership of the vehicle.”
This test was applied and held to bar recovery when a motorcyclist skidded on a wet license plate that had fallen from an automobile and was injured when he crashed into a guardrail. Ricciuti v Detroit Automobile Inter-Ins Exchange, 101 Mich App 683, 686; 300 NW2d 681 (1980). The Court found that the fact that the license plate had once been attached to an automobile did not supply a sufficient causal nexus between the automobile and the injury.
The Supreme Court recently considered whether the no-fault act applied to abolish tort liability when a truck collided with a cow that was running loose in the highway, and the Court held that the act was inapplicable, as there was no wrongful act relating to the use of a motor vehicle. The Court reasoned:
"Injuries to persons or property arising from a motor vehicle collision do not give rise to tort liability unless the injury is caused by a wrongful act of commission or omission. Absent a wrongful act, the collision is simply an accident for the consequences of which no one is liable in tort. Tort liability thus arises, in the normal sense of those words, from some wrongful act of the liable party.
"In the instant case, the wrongful act asserted is Tuttle’s improper keeping of his cow. Such a wrongful act does not relate to the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle. Tuttle’s tort liability, if any, arose only from his alleged wrongful keeping of the cow, not from the ownership, maintenance or use of a motor vehicle.” Citizens Ins Co of America v Tuttle, 411 Mich 536, 544-545; 309 NW2d 174 (1981).
While the question before this Court is not whether tort liability has been abolished, but is, rather, whether the injuries incurred are compensable under PIP benefits, we believe that the Court’s analysis of the cause of the accident is helpful in determining whether a sufficient causal nexus was established in this case.
The facts before us in this appeal from a grant of summary judgment are sparse. Plaintiff admits that he was fleeing from a police car but claims that he is unable to recall whether there was any actual collision between the police cruiser and his motorcycle. We hold that the accident arose not from the police use of a vehicle but from the plaintiff’s act of fleeing from the police. The resultant accident would have been equally likely had the police been pursuing plaintiff on a motorcycle, in a helicopter, or on horseback. The involvement of the cruiser was merely fortuitous.
Applying the test of Kangas, we do not believe that the accident in this case was "foreseeably identifiable” with the normal use of a motor vehicle. We do not think that the Legislature intended the phrase "normal use” of a vehicle to cover the unusual circumstances of an individual fleeing from the police.
We distinguish this factual situation from one in which an injured driver swerves to avoid a collision with another vehicle. There the cause of the accident is the desire to avoid an imminent collision with another vehicle. The swerving is a foreseeable circumstance arising from the operation of a motor vehicle. Flight to avoid police, however, is not such a foreseeable possibility.
Accordingly, we hold that a motorcyclist injured in an accident that occurs while he is fleeing from a police cruiser is not entitled to recover PIP benefits where there has been no causal nexus established that would link the injuries incurred in the accident to a motor vehicle.
Plaintiff also argues that summary judgment was improperly granted when defendant did not attach any proper affidavits to its motion for summary judgment. It is true that motions for summary judgment brought under GCR 1963, 117.2(3) and alleging that there is no genuine issue of material fact in dispute must be accompanied by affidavits that indicate what facts can be proved at trial. GCR 1963, 117.3. As the only affidavit appended by the defendant was its attorney’s affidavit, submitted on information and belief, the affidavit was not adequate to support the motion. GCR 1963, 116.4, Jones v Shek, 48 Mich App 530; 210 NW2d 808 (1973).
Plaintiff did not object to the omission of valid affidavits at the trial level and defendant argues on appeal that plaintiff is therefore barred from raising the issue on appeal. Different members of this Court have disagreed about the effect of failing to object to the omission of affidavits.
Some have held that the issue of lack of a supporting affidavit will not be reached on appeal where the opposing party failed to object at the trial level to the omission of affidavits. Hayes v Booth Newspapers, Inc, 97 Mich App 758, 773; 295 NW2d 858 (1980), Hudson v Maher, 55 Mich App 90, 93; 222 NW2d 47 (1974). Other panels, however, have recognized a per se rule. DeMare Brothers Construction Co, Inc v Teska, 49 Mich App 642; 212 NW2d 602 (1973). At least three panels have held that lack of an affidavit is fatal to the motion even absent objection by the party opposing it at the trial level. Kern v Pontiac Twp, 93 Mich App 612, 624; 287 NW2d 603 (1979), Armstrong v Ross Twp, 82 Mich App 77, 81; 266 NW2d 674 (1978), Creech v Consumers Power Co, 59 Mich App 167, 170; 229 NW2d 358, 360 (1975).
Defendant’s motion for summary judgment did not state, however, whether the motion was being brought under GCR 1963, 117.2(1), as legally insufficient, or under 117.2(3), as factually insufficient, and the court’s order granting the motion also failed to specify the subsection under which the motion was granted. Defendant’s counsel indicated at oral argument on appeal that the motion was brought under 117.2(3) to test the factual adequacy of plaintiffs claim. Accordingly, we find that plaintiff is correct in asserting that the motion was not filed properly.
We observe, however, that remanding to permit the defendant to file a proper motion would serve no purpose in this case, as plaintiffs claim is also legally inadequate under the analysis set forth in the first portion of this opinion. As we find that plaintiffs complaint fails to state a cause of action under 117.2(1), we believe the trial court reached the correct result in granting summary judgment for the defendant.
Affirmed. No costs, a question of public interest being involved. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant pleaded guilty to breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with the intent to commit larceny, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. His first contention is that his guilty plea was made involuntarily inasmuch as (1) when he pleaded guilty, the day’s events were happening so fast he felt like he couldn’t think, (2) he did not trust his attorney to defend him adequately at trial, and (3) he was distressed by the prospect of receiving a much more severe sentence after trial. We find no support in the record for these factual allegations and accordingly affirm the trial court’s determination that defendant’s plea was made voluntarily since the trial court fully complied with GCR 1963, 785.7. See People v Serr, 73 Mich App 19; 250 NW2d 535 (1976). In any event, defendant would not be entitled to a reversal even if he succeeded in establishing these allegations.
Defendant also contends that he was denied effective assistance of counsel inasmuch as his attorney failed to advise him of his allocution rights or of the procedure for withdrawing a guilty plea. Under these circumstances we find that defendant’s attorney performed "as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law and conscientiously protected] his client’s interest”. People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250, 280; 247 NW2d 547 (1976).
Defendant’s final contention is that he was denied his allocution rights. At the sentencing hearing, the following exchange occurred:
"The Court: Case No. 80-04598, the People v Jerome Joseph Morgan.
"Counsel, I have the pre-sentence report, and have you read this report and discussed it with Mr. Morgan, and is there anything that you or your client would like to say prior to my 'sentence?
"Mr. Hamilton: Good morning, your Honor.
"We had a chance to read the report. I have discussed it with Mr. Morgan, and the information is accurate.
"The Court: It is the sentence of the Court, Mr. Morgan, that you be committed to the Michigan Corrections Commission to be placed in custody at the Southern Prison of Michigan to serve a minimum term of not less than 3 years, nor a maximum term of more than 15 years. You will be given credit for any time served.”
In People v Berry, 409 Mich 774; 298 NW2d 434 (1980), the Supreme Court clarified the nature of a defendant’s right of allocution before sentencing. The Court held that GCR 1963, 785.8(2) and 785.9 require that "the record reflect that both the defendant and his counsel were given the opportunity to address the court before sentencing”. (Emphasis in original.) Id., 779. The Berry Court vacated the sentences of the two defendants on the ground that it was "evident from the records that the defendants were not separately and individually given a reasonable opportunity to address the court”. Id., 781.
In the instant case, as in Berry, the record does not affirmatively show that the defendant was provided an opportunity to speak prior to sentencing. We are mindful of the Berry Court’s admonition that "[t]he rule requires strict compliance and should be understood in all cases to require the trial court to inquire specifically of the defendant separately whether he or she wishes to address the court before the sentence is imposed”. (Emphasis added.) Id. Accordingly, we vacate defendant’s sentence and remand this case to the trial court to afford defendant an opportunity to exercise his. allocution rights before resentencing.
It is unnecessary to provide defendant with an evidentiary hearing on the voluntariness and effective assistance issues since we have determined that even if he succeeds in establishing his factual allegations he is entitled to no relief.
Remanded. | [
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T. M. Burns, P.J.
The parties to this appeal were divorced on September 30, 1975. The original divorce decree awarded custody of the parties’ one minor child to plaintiff but on September 18, 1980, custody was changed to defendant.
The order granting defendant custody of the child contained an extensive and detailed visitation schedule. According to the schedule, plaintiff was entitled to custody of the child from December 28, 1980, through January 4, 1981. Defendant, however, took the child to Florida and wrongfully thwarted plaintiff’s visitation rights.
On December 31, 1980, plaintiff petitioned the court to find defendant in contempt for violating the visitation order. On January 13, 1981, a show cause hearing was held on plaintiff’s petition. At its conclusion, defendant was found to be in criminal contempt and was sentenced to seven days in the Hillsdale County Jail and ordered to pay $100 court costs. The court further ordered that plaintiff have visitation with the minor child during the 1981 Spring vacation in lieu of the Christmas-New Year’s week visitation that was denied by defendant.
Just prior to the hearing on plaintiff’s petition, on January 8, 1981, defendant filed a motion to modify the divorce decree to provide for a change in the domicile of the minor child from Michigan to Florida. At the hearing on defendant’s motion, which was held on February 9 and 24, 1981, defendant testified that he was currently unemployed and that his unemployment compensation had terminated on November 10, 1980. He further stated that he had been offered a job in Florida where he would earn a minimum of $5 per hour. Defendant indicated that suitable housing was available in Florida and that he had made ar rangements to enroll the child in a private school located approximately three miles from the home that he and his present wife hoped to occupy.
Plaintiff contested defendant’s request for a change of domicile. She stated that it was her belief that a change of domicile would interfere with her visitation rights and would cause a deterioration of her relationship with the minor child. Defendant responded that he would give plaintiff four weeks of visitation in the summer as well as a week of visitation over the Christmas holidays if permitted to move the child to Florida. He agreed to pay any transportation costs involved in providing visitation and offered to post a bond to show his good faith regarding visitation.
At the conclusion of the hearing, the judge rendered an oral opinion denying defendant’s petition. The judge found that defendant had not established by clear and convincing evidence that a change of domicile was in the best interests of the child. The judge noted that defendant had not shown that the move was economically necessary or beneficial and further found that the evidence which tended to show that the move was for defendant’s benefit was not compelling enough to justify removal.
Defendant now appeals as of right, having been granted permission by this Court to consolidate the appeal from the contempt order and the appeal from the order denying change of domicile.
A trial judge’s statutory authority to find a party in contempt for wilful violation of a court-ordered visitation schedule is grounded in MCL 600.1701(5); MSA 27A.1701(5). That statute provides that circuit courts have the power to punish by fine or imprisonment, or both, persons guilty of any negligence or violation of duty or misconduct in cases of "disobedience of or refusal to comply with any order of the court for the payment of temporary or permanent alimony or support money or costs made in any action for divorce or separate maintenance, or any other disobedience to any lawful order, decree or process of the court”.
Contempt proceedings may be either civil or criminal in nature. The distinction between criminal and civil contempt was discussed by this Court in Harvey v Lewis, 10 Mich App 709, 715-716; 160 NW2d 391 (1968). Quoting from the case of In re Nevitt, 117 F 448, 458-459, 461 (CA 8, 1902), the Harvey Court described the difference between criminal and civil contempt in the following terms:
"’Proceedings for contempt are of two classes, — those prosecuted to preserve the power and vindicate the dignity of the courts, and to punish for disobedience of their orders, and those instituted to preserve and enforce the rights of private parties to suits, and to compel obedience to orders and decrees made to enforce the rights and administer the remedies to which the court has found them to be entitled. The former are criminal and punitive in their nature, and the government, the courts, and the people are interested in their prosecution. The latter are civil, remedial, and coercive in their nature, and the parties chiefly in interest in their conduct and prosecution are the individuals whose private rights and remedies they were instituted to protect or enforce. * * * A criminal contempt involves no element of personal injury. It is directed against the power and dignity of the court, and private parties have little if any interest in the proceedings for its punishment. But if the contempt consists in the refusal of a party or a person to do an act which the court has ordered him to do for the benefit or the advantage of a party to a suit or action pending before it, and he is committed until he complies with the order, the commitment is in the nature of an execution to enforce the judgment of the court, and the party in whose favor that judgment was rendered is the real party in interest in the proceedings. This is the nature of the case under consideration. These petitioners * * * are imprisoned only until they comply with the orders of the court, and this they may do at any time. They carry the keys of their prison in their own pockets.’
"Another test of whether the contempt is civil or criminal involves consideration of subsequent conduct— an 'after the fact’ determination. It may be summarized: Where the contemnor’s conduct of noncompliance with the court order has altered the status quo so that it cannot be restored or the relief intended becomes impossible, there is criminal contempt; however, where the contemnor’s conduct of noncompliance with the court order is such that the status quo can be restored and it is still possible to grant the relief originally sought, there is civil contempt.” (Footnotes omitted.)
Relying upon this distinction between civil and criminal contempt, defendant argues that the present proceedings were in the nature of civil contempt because their purpose was to vindicate a private right and because it was possible to restore the status quo by granting plaintiff additional visitation. Defendant contends, therefore, that the trial judge should have afforded him an opportunity to purge himself of the contempt.
On only one prior occasion has this Court reviewed contempt proceedings as applicable to a violation of a visitation order. In that case, Jaikins v Jaikins, 12 Mich App 115; 162 NW2d 325 (1968), the defendant-husband had been found guilty of contempt by a trial judge and sentenced to 30 days in the county jail, fined $250, and assessed costs and attorney fees. On appeal, the defendant argued that the contempt order could not be sustained because the proceeding was civil in nature and he had not been given an opportunity to purge himself. This Court agreed, noting that the trial judge had used the preponderance of the evidence standard of proof, rather than the beyond a reasonable doubt standard, and that the defendant had never been informed of the constitutional protection against self-incrimination and had been required to testify.
Similar defects are present in the case before us. In this case, defendant was not given notice of the criminal nature of the proceedings. The hearing was instituted by a show cause order and placed on the civil docket and the proceedings lacked any semblance of a criminal trial. There is no indication in the record that the standard applied in finding defendant guilty of contempt was that of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Further, the trial judge questioned defendant about his behavior in this case and never advised him of the privilege against self-incrimination or otherwise indicated to him that he did not have to answer. Finally, defendant was never informed of his right to produce witnesses in his own behalf. We conclude, therefore, that the contempt proceedings in this matter were civil in nature.
As was noted by this Court in Jaikins, in civil contempt proceedings a defendant must be afforded an opportunity to purge himself of the contempt by complying with such conditions as are set by the judge to remedy the situation. Defendant was never given such an opportunity in this case. Therefore, the January 13, 1981, lower court order holding defendant in contempt of court is vacated.
With respect to defendant’s argument that the trial judge erred in denying his January 8, 1981, motion to modify the divorce decree to permit him to change the domicile of the minor child to Florida, we find that in order to review this question we must remand for further fact-finding.
The trial judge’s decision to grant a motion to remove a minor child from this state should be based upon the best interests of the child. Hutchins v Hutchins, 84 Mich App 236, 238; 269 NW2d 539 (1978). The standards for determining the best interests of the child are defined by statute in Michigan. MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3) provides:
"’Best interests of the child’ means the sum total of the following factors to be considered, evaluated, and determined by the court:
"(a) The love, affection, and other emotional ties existing between the parties involved and the child.
"(b) The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to give the child love, affection, and guidance and continuation of the educating and raising of the child in its religion or creed, if any.
"(c) The capacity and disposition of the parties involved to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care or other remedial care recognized and permitted under the laws of this state in place of medical care, and other material needs.
"(d) The length of time the child has lived in a stable, satisfactory environment, and the desirability of maintaining continuity.
"(e) The permanence, as a family unit, of the existing or proposed custodial home or homes.
"(f) The moral fitness of the parties involved.
"(g) The mental and physical health of the parties involved.
"(h) The home, school, and community record of the child.
"(i) The reasonable preference of the child, if the court deems the child to be of sufficient age to express preference.
"(j) The willingness and ability of each of the parents to facilitate and encourage a close and continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent.
"(k) Any other factor considered by the court to be relevant to a particular child custody dispute.” (As amended by 1980 PA 434, effective January 14, 1981.)
A trial judge must make specific findings of fact on each of these factors in rendering the determination. Barnes v Barnes, 77 Mich App 112, 113-114; 258 NW2d 65 (1977). The judge’s findings are accorded great weight and will be reversed only when this Court is convinced that the great weight of the evidence favors a contrary result. Dempsey v Dempsey, 409 Mich 495, 498-499; 296 NW2d 813 (1980), MCL 722.28; MSA 25.312(8).
In D’Onofrio v D’Onofrio, 144 NJ Super 200, 206-207; 365 A2d 27 (1976), aff’d 144 NJ Super 352; 365 A2d 716 (1976), the New Jersey court formulated a good test for resolving change of domicile requests:
"Where * * * the custodial parent can demonstrate that a real advantage to herself and the children will result from their removing their residence to a place so geographically distant as to render weekly visitation impossible, then the court must weigh a number of determinative factors in order to accommodate the compelling interests of all of the family members. It should consider the prospective advantages of the move in terms of its likely capacity for improving the general quality of life for both the custodial parent and the children. It must evaluate the integrity of the motives of the custodial parent in seeking the move in order to determine whether the removal is inspired primarily by the desire to defeat or frustrate visitation by the noncustodial parent, and whether the custodial parent is likely to comply with substitute visitation orders when she is no longer subject to the jurisdiction of the courts of this State. It must likewise take into account the integrity of the noncustodial parent’s motives in resisting the removal and consider the extent to which, if at all, the opposition is intended to secure a financial advantage in respect of continuing support obligations. Finally, the court must be satisfied that there will be a realistic opportunity for visitation in lieu of the weekly pattern which can provide an adequate basis for preserving and fostering the parental relationship with the noncustodial parent if removal is allowed.”
We cannot agree with the trial judge’s belief that the fact that a change in domicile may improve the quality of life and the economic condition for the custodial parent is not a relevant consideration in cases such as this one. As the D’Onofrio court indicates, the economic condition and quality of life of the custodial parent is inextricably intertwined with that of the child. This fact is recognized in subsection (c) of MCL 722.23; MSA 25.312(3), which requires a trial judge to consider the capacity and disposition of the custodial parent to provide the child with food, clothing, medical care and other material needs.
Error also occurred in the trial judge’s application of the "clear and convincing evidence” standard to defendant’s request for a change in domicile of the minor child. The test to be applied simply is whether the evidence establishes that it would be in the best interests of the child to permit removal. Thus, a mere preponderance of the evidence would be sufficient to permit removal.
Finally, although we can appreciate the trial judge’s concern that plaintiffs parental relationship with the minor child would suffer if defendant were permitted to remove the child from Michigan, we note that if defendant cannot find employment in the area where he currently resides, future disruptions in the child’s homelife are likely to occur from an in-state change of residence.
The transient nature of our society and the current, high level of unemployment in Michigan do not make cases such as the instant one easy to resolve. Only once in the recorded history has the decision of the judge in a child custody matter received a general acclaim and approval of society. That case was adjudicated through the inspired wisdom of King Solomon. Mindful, therefore, of the difficult decision we place before the trial judge, we remand this cause with instructions that he consider the statutory criteria in the light of the guidelines provided by the New Jersey court in D’Onofrio and determine whether the best interests of the child would be furthered by changing domicile to Florida.
The January 13, 1981, lower court order finding defendant in contempt of court is vacated. The February 24, 1981, order of the lower court denying defendant’s motion to change the domicile of the minor child is vacated and this cause is remanded for reconsideration of defendant’s request in light of this opinion.
D. E. Holbrook, Jr., J., concurred. | [
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Danhof, C.J.
Defendant appeals, as of right, from a judgment in favor of the plaintiff for no-fault wage and medical benefits. Plaintiff cross-appeals from the same decision.
On November 29, 1973, plaintiff suffered injuries in an automobile accident. Defendant paid no-fault insurance benefits through May 13, 1974. Plaintiff returned to work in July of 1974 and worked until September 27, 1975. Some time after September of 1975, plaintiff requested additional no-fault benefits. At defendant’s request, plaintiff submitted to an independent medical examination. On March 25, 1976, defendant notified plaintiff, in writing, that the medical examination revealed no disability related to the November, 1973, accident. This March 25, 1976, letter went on to state that defendant would not provide any further no-fault benefits and informed plaintiff that if he had any questions he should contact defendant’s claims representative. After receipt of this letter, plaintiff retained counsel. On April 7, 1976, plaintiff’s counsel informed defendant that he had been retained and requested records of any medical reports that the defendant might have. Plaintiff’s counsel and defendant continued to correspond until November 7, 1977. During this time defendant requested, among other things, various records and medical authorizations from plaintiff. On November 7, 1977, defendant sent plaintiff’s attorney a letter which contained a settlement offer of $2,000. This offer provided that if it was not accepted within 10 days it would be withdrawn. The settlement offer was not accepted.
On January 12, 1978, plaintiff commenced the instant action. Defendant moved for accelerated judgment based on the limitations period set forth at MCL 500.3145; MSA 24.13145. Defendant’s motion was denied. At the conclusion of a bench trial, plaintiff was awarded $18,347.
I
We will first address those issues raised by the defendant.
In moving for accelerated judgment, defendant relied on Richards v American Fellowship Mutual Ins Co, 84 Mich App 629; 270 NW2d 670 (1978), lv den 406 Mich 862 (1979). Defendant argued, in part, that it formally rejected plaintiff’s claim on March 25, 1976, and that, since plaintiff did not commence this action until January of 1978, plaintiff’s action was barred by the statute of limitations. Defendant also argued that, even if plaintiff’s action were not entirely barred, § 3145(1) limits plaintiff’s recovery to losses incurred within one year of commencement of this action.
In responding to defendant’s motion, plaintiff also relied on Richards. However, plaintiff argued that defendant did not reject plaintiff’s claim until November of 1977, and that, under Richards, the statute of limitations found in § 3145(1) was tolled until then. Alternatively, plaintiff argued that defendant was estopped from raising the statute of limitations defense in that defendant deliberately induced plaintiff not to file his action until after the limitations period had run.
The lower court found that defendant did not formally deny plaintiff’s claim until November of 1977.
Relying on Richards, the lower court went on to find that the limitations period set forth in § 3145(1) was tolled until November of 1977. Since plaintiff’s action was commenced within one year of November, 1977, the lower court ruled that plaintiff’s claim was not barred.
We must determine whether the lower court correctly interpreted § 3145(1) and correctly applied that statute to the facts of the instant case.
MCL 500.3145(1); MSA 24.13145(1), in pertinent part, provides:
"(1) An action for recovery of personal protection insurance benefits payable under this chapter for accidental bodily injury may not be commenced later than 1 year after the date of the accident causing the injury unless written notice of injury as provided herein has been given to the insurer within 1 year after the accident or unless the insurer has previously made a payment of personal protection insurance benefits for the injury. If the notice has been given or a payment has been made, the action may be commenced at any time within 1 year after the most recent allowable expense, work loss or survivor’s loss has been incurred. However, the claimant may not recover benefits for any portion of the loss incurred more than 1 year before the date on which the action was commenced.”_
Under facts somewhat similar to those presented in the instant case, Richards held that the running of the one-year statute of limitations found in § 3145(1) was tolled from the time the insured gave notice of loss until liability was formally denied by the insurer. Thus, under Richards where the insurer does not promptly deny liability the insured may recover benefits for losses incurred more than one year before the date on which the insured’s action is commenced.
We disagree with the analysis of § 3145(1) found in Richards and hold that the running of the limitations period is not automatically tolled between the time the insured gives notice of its claim and the insurer denies liability. We find that the correct construction of § 3145(1) is to be found in Aldrich v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 106 Mich App 83; 307 NW2d 736 (1981), and in Allstate Ins Co v Frankenmuth Mutual Ins Co, 111 Mich App —; — NW2d — (1981).
In Aldrich, a panel of this Court held that the plain language of § 3145 limits recovery to expenses incurred within one year prior to the date the insured’s action is commenced. In rejecting Richards, the Aldrich panel stated:
"Following the Richards analysis to its logical conclusion could produce a result directly contrary to the intent of the instant statute, 'to encourage claimants * * * to bring their claims to court while those claims are still fresh’. Burns v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 88 Mich App 663, 666; 279 NW2d 43 (1979). It is not unlikely that permitting the limitations period to be tolled would lead to months and years of delay on some claims, a result not envisioned or intended by the Legislature.” Aldrich, supra, 849.
In Allstate, another panel of this Court con strued § 3145(1) as a statute of limitations and as a recovery limitations provision. The Allstate panel held that § 3145(1) allows an action to be commenced any time within one year of the most recent allowable expense; however, it also held that recovery is limited to only those expenses incurred within one year prior to commencement of the action.
Application of Aldrich and Allstate to the instant case requires a finding that, since some payments had already been made to plaintiff by defendant, plaintiff had the right to commence an action any time within one year after the most recent allowable expense was incurred. However, plaintiff’s recovery should have been limited to only those losses incurred within one year prior to the date on which his action was commenced. Under Aldrich and Allstate, the lower court should have granted defendant’s motion for accelerated judgment as to any losses incurred more than one year prior to commencement of plaintiff’s action.
However, this conclusion does not end our inquiry on this issue. As noted above, in response to defendant’s motion for accelerated judgment, plaintiff asserted that defendant deliberately induced plaintiff not to commence his action until after the limitations period had run. Because of this, plaintiff argues that defendant was estopped from raising the statute of limitations as a defense. Since the trial court relied on Richards, it did not address the merits of plaintiff’s estoppel argument. Therefore, we remand to the trial court for consideration of whether the doctrine of equitable estoppel is applicable to the facts of the instant case. We do not express any view on the merits of plaintiff’s estoppel claim.
The next issue defendant raises concerns whether plaintiff sustained his burden of proof that his losses were causally related to his automobile accident. More particularly, defendant asserts that plaintiff’s medical expenses and lost wage claims are not due to the automobile accident of November, 1973, but rather are due to a work-related injury plaintiff suffered in September of 1975.
We find defendant’s argument on this issue to be without merit. Our review of the evidence indicates that the trial court’s finding as to causal connection between plaintiff’s injuries and the automobile accident are not clearly erroneous and, therefore, those findings will not be set aside.
II
Since plaintiff may be successful on remand, and in any case will be allowed to recover for those losses incurred within one year prior to commencement of this action, we must address two issues raised by plaintiff as cross-appellant: (1) did the trial court err in not awarding him reasonable attorney fees as provided under MCL 500.3148; MSA 24.13148; and (2) did the court err in» not awarding him 12% interest on overdue personal protection insurance benefits as provided in MCL 500.3142; MSA 24.13142?
Under § 3148 a court may award attorney fees for unreasonable refusal or unreasonable delay in making payments under the no-fault act. However, a refusal or delay in payments by an insurer will not be found "unreasonable” within the meaning of § 3148 where the delay is the product of a legitimate question of statutory construction, constitutional law, or even a bona fide factual uncertainty. Liddell v DAIIE, 102 Mich App 636, 650; 302 NW2d 260 (1981). In the instant case the trial court denied attorney fees because it found that defendant’s refusal to pay was the result of a legitimate, justiciable issue (i.e., whether plaintiff’s claim was entirely, or in part, barred by the statute of limitations). We agree with the trial court and find that attorney fees were properly denied.
Under § 3142 an insured may recover 12% interest on personal protection benefits if the benefits are not paid within 30 days after an insurer receives reasonable proof of the fact and amount of loss sustained. In the instant case, the trial court found that defendant was justified in making a thorough investigation to determine if plaintiff’s losses were related to the automobile accident. The trial court found, in effect, that plaintiff failed to present reasonable proof of the fact and amount of benefits to which he is entitled. Since the trial court’s findings of fact are not clearly erroneous, interest under § 3142 was properly denied. Lewis v DAIIE, 90 Mich App 251, 257; 282 NW2d 794 (1979).
Affirmed in part and reversed in part. Remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. No costs, interpretation of a statute being involved.
Defendant reasserted the statute of limitations defense at trial, which was not held before the same judge who ruled on the preliminary motion for accelerated judgment. On appeal, defendant argues that the trial judge erred in stating that he was bound by the ruling on the preliminary motion. Our review of the record indicates that the trial court did, in fact, evaluate defendant’s statute of limitations defense and found it to be without merit.
Since this finding is not clearly erroneous, it will not be set aside on appeal. GCR 1963, 517.1.
Plaintiff claimed that prior to commencement of suit he had incurred losses through July 20, 1977.
See, e.g., Huhtala v Travelers Ins Co, 401 Mich 118, 132-133; 257 NW2d 640 (1977), Yarger v Hastings, 375 Mich 413, 418; 134 NW2d 726 (1965). | [
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Per Curiam.
From a plea conviction of possession of heroin, MCL 333.7401(2)(a); MSA 14.15(7401), defendant appeals as a matter of right, alleging that his plea should be set aside because it was not voluntarily made and because the trial court erred in failing to inform him that this sentence would be consecutive to a previously imposed sentence.
GCR 1963, 785.7(5) requires that the trial court must be convinced that a defendant’s plea is voluntarily made before accepting it. In the instant case, defendant contends that he pled guilty solely because the prosecutor agreed not to file a supplemental information against him, pursuant to the habitual offender act, MCL 769.10 et seq.; MSA 28.1082 et seq., and that the promise was illusory. People v Fountain, 407 Mich 96; 282 NW2d 168 (1979). We have reviewed the record, and we cannot agree. The following colloquy indicates that defendant’s plea was made voluntarily.
"The Court: In any event, I told your lawyer that if you offered a guilty plea in this case, that your sentence would be two to four. Is it your intention to plead guilty in this case?
"[Defendant Hollie]: Yes.
"The Court: Mr. Hollie, did anyone threaten you or promise you anything, except what I just told you?
"[Defendant Hollie]: No.
"The Court: Are you pleading guilty freely and voluntarily?
"[Defendant Hollie]: Yes.”
The record is clear that defendant’s plea not only was entered freely and voluntarily but also that a promise not to institute habitual offender charges was not part of the bargain.
The only evidence which supports defendant’s claim that an illusory promise not to file a supplemental information was made to him is found on the guilty plea form which he signed. Defendant’s attorney had filled in the blanks on the form, and defendant signed the form. One section states in printed form, "[n]o one has forced me to plead guilty and no promises have been made to me except:”, and then penned in, "Sentence bargain of 2-4, Waiver of Habitual”. This ex parte statement claiming "waiver of habitual” is insufficient for this Court to find error. The defendant’s statements, under oath, while counsel was present, establish that the only promise was the sentence bargain.
The defendant’s second contention is that the trial court erred in failing to inform him during the plea-taking session that his sentence must be consecutive to a previously imposed sentence. In this case, defendant was an escapee from a penal institution; therefore, MCL 768.7a; MSA 28.1030(1) mandated a consecutive sentence. "There is no court rule which explicitly requires the court to inform the defendant at the guilty-plea proceeding that the sentence will be consecutive.” People v Mitchell, 102 Mich App 554, 556; 302 NW2d 230 (1980).
In Mitchell, the defendant was sentenced on a second-degree murder conviction and a felony-firearm conviction. The trial judge misstated the law, commenting that the felony-firearm sentence would be concurrent with the murder sentence. MCL 750.227b(2); MSA 28.424(2)(2) requires the felony-firearm sentence to be served consecutively to that imposed for conviction of the underlying felony. This Court could have remanded on this basis alone. However, the Mitchell Court went on to say, "[w]e hold that, where consecutive and/or mandatory sentencing is ordered by statute, the defendant must be informed of that fact so that he has full knowledge of the true minimum time he will serve by pleading guilty”. Id., 557.
Mitchell is distinguishable from this case before us. The trial court in Mitchell had before it both convictions for which sentences were to be set during the same proceeding. In this case, the trial judge was only setting sentence for the possession conviction. The previous, unspecified sentence was not before the court. We conclude that the broad holding of Mitchell does not apply in this case.
Affirmed. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant pled guilty to larceny in a building, MCL 750.360; MSA 28.592. Defendant’s plea was induced by the prosecutor’s agreement to withdraw a supplemental information charging her as an habitual offender, MCL 769.11; MSA 28.1083. Defendant was sentenced to serve two to four years in prison and now appeals by right.
Defendant’s statements at the plea-taking colloquy indicate that she committed the crime of larceny in a building by shoplifting some clothing from a store. Defendant concealed the clothing in-her purse, paid for other items, and attempted to leave the store. Defendant was apprehended by a store security guard as she attempted to leave. The parties agree that, before defendant pled guilty in the instant case, she was convicted of assault and battery, MCL 750.81; MSA 28.276, in a separate proceeding in district court. The assault and battery charge arose out of defendant’s attempt to escape from the security guard and other store employees.
Defendant first argues that the constitutional prohibition of double jeopardy was violated here because she was not afforded the opportunity of a single trial on all charges arising out of the same transaction. See People v White, 390 Mich 245, 259; 212 NW2d 222 (1973). However, crimes arise out of the same transaction under the White rule when they are committed in a continuous time sequence and display a single intent and goal. Crampton v 54-A Dist Judge, 397 Mich 489; 245 NW2d 28 (1976). The two crimes at issue here did not display a single intent and goal. Defendant committed larceny in a building to acquire the clothing for her own use; she committed assault and battery in an effort to escape from her captors. See People v Charles Johnson, 62 Mich App 240; 233 NW2d 246 (1975), and People v Grant, 102 Mich App 368; 301 NW2d 536 (1980).
Defendant argues that the Legislature did not intend the larceny in a building statute to apply in shoplifting cases. Instead, defendant argues that she should have been charged with the misdemeanor of larceny of property of a value less than $100, MCL 750.356; MSA 28.588. Dicta supporting-defendant’s position appear in People v Carmichael, 86 Mich App 418; 272 NW2d 667 (1978). However, it is well-settled that the prosecutor has broad discretion to determine under which of two applicable statutes h. prosecution will be instituted. Genesee Prosecutor v Genesee Circuit Judge, 386 Mich 673, 683; 194 NW2d 693 (1972). The over whelming weight of authority in this Court indicates that a prosecutor has discretion to charge a defendant with either of the two overlapping offenses of simple larceny and larceny in a building. See People v Jackson, 29 Mich App 654; 185 NW2d 608 (1971), People v Graves, 31 Mich App 635; 188 NW2d 87 (1971), People v Bohm, 49 Mich App 244; 212 NW2d 61 (1973), People v Shepherd, 63 Mich App 316; 234 NW2d 502 (1975), People v Evans, 94 Mich App 4; 287 NW2d 608 (1979), People v Hart, 98 Mich App 273; 296 NW2d 235 (1980), People v Holmes, 98 Mich App 369; 295 NW2d 887 (1980), and People v Freeland, 101 Mich App 501; 300 NW2d 616 (1980).
Defendant argues that this grant of discretion to the prosecutor to charge under either of two applicable statutes violates due process, citing Coates v Cincinnati, 402 US 611; 91 S Ct 1686; 29 L Ed 2d 214 (1971), Papachristou v City of Jacksonville, 405 US 156; 92 S Ct 839; 31 L Ed 2d 110 (1972), Grayned v City of Rockford, 408 US 104; 92 S Ct 2294; 33 L Ed 2d 222 (1972), and Smith v Goguen, 415 US 566; 94 S Ct 1242; 39 L Ed 2d 605 (1974). The statutes at issue in those cases were void for vagueness because they provided no standards for determining whether particular conduct was criminal. In contrast, here it was clear that at least two statutes prohibited defendant’s conduct. The prosecutor was not given discretion to decide whether defendant’s conduct was criminal; his discretion extended merely to determining under which statute, if any, to charge defendant. Such discretion has long been a fundamental attribute of our criminal justice system. Defendant has not cited, and we cannot find, any authority declaring such discretion to be constitutionally defective.
Finally, defendant argues that the prosecutor abused his discretion by charging her with larceny in a building. As the conduct of a prosecution by the prosecutor is an executive act, review of a prosecutor’s exercise of his charging discretion is generally precluded by the constitutional separation of powers. Genesee Prosecutor, supra. Such review is available only to determine whether the prosecutor’s exercise of discretion amounted to malfeasance, People v Curtis, 389 Mich 698, 711; 209 NW2d 243 (1973), or violated constitutional principles, Bordenkircher v Hayes, 434 US 357, 365; 98 S Ct 663; 54 L Ed 2d 604 (1978). Neither occurred here.
Affirmed. | [
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] |
To compel the issuance of a liquor license under the charter of the City of Grand Rapids.
Denied June 23, 1893, with costs. | [
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To compel allowance of claims under How. Stat., Sec. 1647,. for nursing patients and for articles destroyed because infected..
Granted November 18, 1885. | [
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] |
Error lies rather than mandamus where the error is disclosed on the record, as where the grounds for dismissing an appeal are stated in the order.
Decided October 23, 1877. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to re-count tbe votes cast for and against relator for alderman, in a city whose charter did not make tbe Board of City Canvassers or tbe Common Council •of tbe city, judges of tbe election or qualifications of aldermen.
Granted May 3, 1888. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to allow an amendment substituting certain of the relators as plaintiffs, in the place of their co-relator, in a suit brought against a mutual benefit, association to recover life insurance, to which they were entitled as heirs of their father, and which was brought in the name of the' administrator.
Granted February 6, 1891, without costs. | [
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To set asidea default and judgment and allow relator to plead*
Granted June 14, 1893, with costs.
Plaintiff, a non-resident, commenced suit February 8, 1893,. by declaration, against relator, but failed to endorse security for costs. Narr served February 13, 1893. February 18, 1893, relator appeared specially and moved to strike narr from files. Tbe first court day thereafter was March 13, 1893. .
In the meantime, on March 9, 1893, plaintiff filed the requisite security. The motion to strike from the files was denied, on the ground that the security had been filed, but defendants were allowed a motion fee. Plaintiff immediately paid the motion fee, and on the same day entered defendant’s default for want of appearance and plea.
On March 18, default absolute was entered and judgment taken. On March 20, defendant moved to vacate default and judgment, on the ground (1) that no affidavit of non-appearance or of non-service of plea had been filed by plaintiff, and (2) that the default was prematurely entered, as defendant had twenty days after March 13 to appear and plead.
The Circuit Judge held (1) that no affidavit of non-appearance was necessary, citing Leonard vs. Woodward, 34 M., 514; Elliot vs. Farwell, 44 M., 186; Bogue vs. Prentis, 47 M., 124; Edson vs. LaLonde, 88 M., 162; and (2) that no order staying proceedings having been obtained by defendant that the twenty days under Circuit Rule 16, continued to run, citing Knapp vs. Smith, 7 Wend., 534; and that the practice contended for by defendant is confined to cases of oyer, such as furnishing a bill of particulars, Knapp vs. Smith, supra; Reed vs. Patterson, 14 Johns., 328; Brown vs. St. John, 19 Wend., 617; Jenkins vs. Bloodgood, 22 Wend., 645; that defendant might have, on March 13, obtained an order enlarging time to plead, and not having done so, the default could be entered at once, Anonymous, 3 Hill, 448; and (3) that the giving of security is not essential to jurisdiction, Parks vs. Goodwin, 1 Doug., 56.
Relator contended that the proper course in such case is to move to strike the declaration from the files, Parks vs. Goodwin, 1 Doug., 56; that the omission to endorse security was an irregularity, Bank vs. Jessup, 19 Wend., 10; that a plea to the merits would have waived the want of endorsement, Shinn’s Pl. & Pr., p. 406; that defendant had the right to invoke the statute; and that otherwise a declaration filed in vacation more than twenty days before a session of court, would compel defendant to waive the right; that defendant had at least all of the day upon which the motion to strike was determined, Porter vs. Hower, 9 Penn. Co. Ct., 286; that in Knapp vs. Smith, 7 Wend., 534, an order for' extension of time to plead was set aside and the court held, that as such order was obtained for defendant’s convenience, the case stood as if the order of stay had not been made. | [
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To compel respondent to dissolve ,an injunction, restraining a pastor from admitting or pretending to admit to membership any person without the consent of a majority of the church council, and from voting or offering or advising any person to vote at any meeting of said church, who did not sign the articles of association, or who was not admitted by a majority of said church council.
Granted May 4, 1894, without costs.
Held, that the statute does not determine the qualifications of church members, or the mode of their admission, and that those questions are purely of ecclesiastical cognizance. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to allow an appeal.
Order to show cause denied June 13, 1882.
Held that the allowance of an appeal from a Probate Court does not depend upon the probate judge, but is a right fixed by statute, and an order of allowance is unnecessary. | [
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To compel the payment of relator’s salary as meat inspector.
The circuit judge denied the application.
Affirmed November 19, 1895, with costs.
The charter empowers the council to appoint a meat inspector, the ordinance provides that such inspector shall receive such annual salary as the council may determine, and the charter provides that the compensation of no officer shall be diminished during the term for which he was elected or appointed.
Helator’s term commenced July 1, 1894, but after his appointment and before his term commenced the council reduced the compensation below that paid for the preceding year.
Held, that relator’s appointment and acceptance were subject not only to the right of the council but to its duty as well to fix the salary. | [
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To compel the audit of certain claims.
Order to show cause denied November 19, 1895, on the ground that application should be made to the Circuit Court. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to pay to relator, who is a member of the board of public works of Detroit, his salary as fixed immediately after his appointment.
Denied April 16, 1878.
Relator was appointed for four years from January 30, 1877. On the 11th of February, 1877, his salary was fixed for the ensuing year at $3,000. In December, 1877, it was fixed for the second year at $2,500.
The charter of .the city, by a provision made in 1871, forbids a reduction of salary of any city officer during his term. Act No. 392, Laws of 1873, creating a board of public works, provides that each member shall receive such salary as the Common Council may from time to time establish. | [
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To vacate an order staying further' prosecution, in the Circuit Court, of a suit brought by relators, and removing the case to the Circuit Court of the United States for the Eastern District of Michigan.
Denied June 8, 1881.
Held, that no order of the Circuit Court for the removal is necessary to complete the transfer after the papers for the removal have been filed, and where such an order has been made in a Circuit Court, the vacation thereof would have no effect upon the catise. | [
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] |
To quash a'capias ad respondendum and an order to hold to bail, in an action for libel, on the ground that the publication is not libelous.
Order to show cause denied October 3, 1893.
The publication, was in the Eiimish language, of which the following is a correct translation:
“From the hights of Sirkkapora.
(Meaning thereby the hill or elevated lands of the Tamarack Mining Location.)
“Often we are complaining of miserable times, we. are worrying over our contemptible customs, fearing that the end. of this life is approaching. But the inhabitants of ‘Sirkkapora’ (Meaning the hill or elevated lands of the Tamarack Mining Location where this deponent resides) have at last, during the last week, been freed from such fear by the curious female individual (this deponent meaning), who has drawn everybody’s attention. This curiosity (this deponent meaning), hails from the poor shores of northern Norway, and is known as the very traitor among her own neighbors. (Thereby meaning that this deponent is the most false and treacherous person in said neighborhood.) Last week again she (this deponent meaning) got up her temper in such a shape for reasons unknown, that no one could pass her without being abused. The curiosity (this deponent meaning) was hollering and screaming like a wild beast, and the worst of it is, that she (this deponent meaning) threatens other’s children.
“It is assumed that she has too much of whiskey, or the change of weather has affected her brain (meaning thereby that this deponent had been intoxicated by drinking whiskey, or has become insane).
“Ordinarily she (this deponent meaning) is one of the most famous slanderers of the world. She (this deponent meaning) is commonly known by the name of ‘Punainepuro’ (the red much) (meaning thereby deponent is a contemptible person).
“How she (this deponent meaning) ever got the name, we do not known. Otherwise she (this deponent meaning) is middling high, skinny as a skeleton; her eyes are lustrous as a man-eater’s, and full of fire, the nose (meaning the nose of this deponent) is big as an axe; the mouth (meaning the mouth of this deponent) is broad and wide, and foaming when she (this deponent meaning) is mad, and her chin bones (meaning the chin bones of this deponent) are crooked, and to our horror, she has her abode in the center of our village of Sirkkapora, (meaning the hill or elevated lands of the Tamarack Mining Location).
“The inhabitants of the village of Remla should take her away from us, they already have other similar daughters of Eve.
“The desire that this be published in the Laulelia is unanimous.
“THE INHABITANTS OF SIRKKAPORA.
“(Meaning the inhabitants of the hill or elevated lands of the Tamarack Mining Location.)” | [
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To compel respondent to reopen a judgment and grant leave to file an affidavit of non-execution of the instrument sued upon.
Denied January 14, 1879.
Held, that the motion was addressed to the discretion of the court below, which could not be controlled by mandamus. | [
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To compel respondent to order an issue of bonds to purchase land for a park, contracted for by the commissioners.
Denied October 28, 1873.
Held, that in matters of exclusive local concern, the State las no right to interfere and control by compulsory legislation .the action of municipal corporations. Also, that the performance of a mere ministerial duty may as well be enforced by mandamus when it rests upon an aggregate body like the Common Council, as when incumbent upon a single officer. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to include in the tax-roll an amount sufficient to pay three years’ interest upon ten bonds of $1,000 each, issued by the township, in a case where the answer set forth that the township had been divided since the issue of the bonds, and that a levy of the entire amount in one year would seriously distress the taxpayers.
Granted November 15, 1893, directing the levy of sufficient to pay one year’s interest.
The court entertained the petition because it appeared that the circuit judge was a stockholder in the petitioning bank. | [
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The discretionary act of denying a writ of mandamus to compel a sheriff to execute a criminal warrant does not necessarily determine the invalidity of the warrant. | [
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To compel respondent to issue a warrant for a violation of the provisions of Act No. 76, Laws of 1891.
Presented on petition and answer June 6, 1893, and denied on the ground that the application should have been made to the Circuit Court. | [
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To vacate an order setting aside an order dismissing the jury and discharging defendant, pending his trial for obtaining, in July, 1892, certain promissory notes, by means of false pretenses, under How. Stat., Sec. 9161.
Order to show cause denied February 17, 1897.
After the jury had' been impanneled, a witness sworn and testimony given, objection to the introduction of further testimony was made, because the statute under which defendant was informed against was repealed by the Law of 1895, which changed the penalties and contained no saving clause.
The trial court sustained the objection, dismissed the jury and discharged the defendant.
Upon motion afterwards made, the court set aside the aforesaid order and set a day for the trial of the case. | [
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] |
To compel respondents to recognize relator as a member and chairman of the Board of Wayne County Auditors.
Order to show cause denied April 22, 1891.
Relator was appointed by the governor to fill vacancy. The Board of Supervisors afterwards called a special election to fill said vacancy, and one Trombly was elected. The board recognized said Trombly, and acted with him and refused to act with or recognize relator. | [
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Delator filed a petition, showing that the order entered in the preceding case had not been complied with, and a peremptory mandate was issued June 14, 1893, in default of answer, with costs, directing respondent to comply forthwith. | [
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To compel respondent to spread certain drain taxes upon the, assessment roll of his township.
Denied October 10, 1890.
Held, that where under the county drain law (Act No. 43, Laws of 1869), the drain taxes had been spread and attempt made to collect the same, afid the amounts collected paid to the county treasurer, and the lands upon which they are not collected returned to that officer, and afterwards the drain taxes returned are declared void, and are charged back to the county by the auditor-general, the board of supervisors have no power to charge such rejected taxes to the township from which they were returned or to order its supervisor to spread them upon his roll. | [
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] |
To compel tbe removal of certain obstructions in an alleged highway in respondent village.
Denied February 27, 1891, with costs.
The obstructions, were placed in the street by a third party, a stranger to the record, who claims to own the land therein and who denied the existence of a legal highway.
The court found it difficult to determine upon the petition and return whether or not there is a highway, and as relator has an ample remedy in equity and at law, the writ is denied. | [
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To compel respondent to enter an order requiring a commissioner to return proofs taken before him, which the com missioner withheld because complainant had not paid the expenses of the cross-examination.
Granted June 19, 1878. | [
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To compel respondent to vacate an order in certain proceedings instituted by the auditor-general, for the sale of certain lands for delinquent taxes, setting aside assessment against certain descriptions for State, county and township taxes.
Denied December 4, 1895.
Relator alleges that the Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, in entering the proceedings of the hoard, rei_;ive to the equalization of taxes hy the hoard, inadvertently omitted to enter upon the record the schedule of additions and deductions made hy the hoard, hut, upon the hearing below, relator offered to show that the board had actually made such additions and deductions, and offered to place the table or schedule thereof in evidence; that such schedule had been inadvertently omitted from the record by the clerk, and that the assessment was made upon the basis of equalization in accordance with such schedule, but the court refused to admit such proofs.
The answer denies that any such offer was made and avers that the said taxes are void for other reasons, viz: (1) that in one township the tax roll was placed in the hands of the treasurer before the taxes were extended in the assessment roll; that then, instead of extending the taxes in the original roll, a copy of the original roll was made in the latter part of December, and the taxes extended therein, and hence that the roll in the hands of the supervisor is not the original assessment roll with the original certificates, but is a copy made after the tax roll had left the hands of the supervisor; Sec. 34, Act. No. 206, Laws 1893; Seymour vs. Peters, 67 M., 415; Fowler vs. Campbell, 100 M., 398; (2) that in another township the warrant of the supervisor attached to the tax roll was not signed by the supervisor, nor by anybody, Tweed vs. Metcalf, 4 M., 579; First Natl. Bank vs. St. Joseph, 46 M., 526; Dickison vs. Reynolds, 48 M., 158; (3) that in two other townships the alleged delinquent returns were made upon separate and distinct loose sheets of paper, written upon both sides, which were not and could not be fastened together so as to be read and understood, and that the statutory affidavits and certificates were attached to one sheet only, Tweed vs. Metcalf, supra; Upton vs. Kennedy, 36 M., 216; Seymour vs. Peters, 67 M., 415; (4) that in another township a comparison of the assessment and tax rolls showed many changes in the assessment roll after it had left the hands of the hoard of review; that in a number of instances taxable property had been erased or taken off the roll hy the supervisor; that in another instance the valuation had been reduced; that in from fifty to one hundred instances the tax roll was not a copy of the assessment roll, hut differed in amount and in description; Weston vs. Monroe, 84 M., 341; Ferton vs. Feller, 33 M., 199; Clark vs. Axford, 5 M.. 182.
Respondent insisted that the provisions of the statute requiring the determination of the board to be entered of record, are mandatory; Moser vs. White, 29 M., 59; Taymouth vs. Taylor, 35 M., 21; Stevenson vs. Bay City, 26 M., 83; Thompson vs. School District, 25 M., 483; Auditor General vs. Roberts, 83 M., 471; Williams vs. Mears, 61 M., 68; Yelverton vs. Steele, 36 M., 62. | [
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To compel respondent to hear and determine, on its merits, an application for an extension of time, within which to settle a chancery cause upon appeal, the court having held that it was without jurisdiction to grant the extension asked for.
Granted January 30, 1895, with costs.
It appeared that appellants were without fault and that the delay was chargeable to the stenographer. The court held that in respect to said matter the stenographer must be regarded as an officer of the court. Cameron vs. Calkins, 43 M., 191; Lake S. & M. S. Railway Co. vs. Circuit Judge, 89 M., 5 (975); Gram vs. Wasey, 45 M., 223; Tilden vs. Circuit Judge, 44 M., 515 (930). | [
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To vacate an order made in a proceeding to enforce a mechanic’s lien, suspending the hearing thereof because the affidavit required by Sec. 4 of Act Nó. 179, Laws of 1891, had not been filed, and giving to petitioners five days within which to file such affidavit, five days more to amend the petition and to respondents ten days thereafter to amend their answer.
Order to show cause denied April 30, 1895. | [
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] |
To settle a bill of exceptions.
Denied February 28, 1895, with costs.
Judgment March 2, 1894. Time extended, by ex parte orders, to September 26, 1894. On September 28, 1894, bill served and noticed for October 8, 1894. By direction of court hearing postponed to October 15, 1894. Opposing counsel insisted that the time had expired; that the bill as presented did not fairly and justly present the issue and that a transcript of the stenographer’s minutes had not been procured, and that no proper bill could be settled or amendments made in the absence of such transcript. The circuit judge returns that the relator had been guilty of laches, that the bill presented was not a proper one axxd that he could not settle the same at that time without a copy of the testimony, the obtaining of which would occasion further delay. | [
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] |
To quash a writ of attachment.
Order to show cause denied January 18, 1893.
The motion to quash was based upon an affidavit, alleging that the real estate attached was the property of defendant’s wife, having been conveyed to her by defendant; that at the time of its conveyance the property was defendant’s homestead; that defendant had no property in Antrim County, and therefore the court was without jurisdiction. | [
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] |
To compel vacation of order quashing a writ of certiorari directed to a justice of the peace.
Granted April 27, 1894, with costs.
The writ was quashed on the ground that it was served outside of the County of St. Clair. Delator contended (1) that defendant in certiorari, after return made by the justice, had appeared generally and made a motion in said cause to require plaintiff in certiorari to file a good and sufficient bond; (2) that the return to the -writ showed service within the county, and that the return of the justice as to the place of service was not properly a part of his return (the circuit judge had, however, allowed affidavits to be filed showing where service was actually made), and (3) that the service was of a mandate to the court Tike an order of court, a notice of trial or a chancery subpoena.
It appeared that the justice lived at the Village of Memphis, whichtis located on the county line. | [
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To compel respondent to certify that a certain highway order had been presented for payment, and that payment had been refused, because of lack of funds, in a case where respondent claimed that the order had been paid.
Order to show cause denied November 18, 1891. | [
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] |
To compel respondents to execute a contract with relator for furnishing metal vault fixtures for court house.
On the return day permission given to withdraw petition on payment of costs. | [
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To compel respondent to file an information in the nature of a quo warranto to determine the right to hold the office of sheriff of Kent county.
Denied December 21, 1891, with costs. | [
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To vacate an order permitting the filing of an amended declaration in an action for. the recovery of the value of personal property alleged to have been.fraudulently obtained from plaintiff by relators.
Denied January 28, 1896, with costs.
The fraud charged in the original declaration was that the defendants did not have title to the patent right which they sold to plaintiffs, while in the amended declaration it was that the defendant did not transfer to plaintiff the patent right shown and bargained for.. | [
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24
] |
To vacate an order dismissing an appeal from the Probate Court.
Granted November 24, 1893. Puled by Snyder vs. Circuit Judge, 80 M., 511, No. 149.
Held, that it was not intended by Merriman vs. Circuit Judge, 95 M., 277 (144), to hold that the failure to perfect an appeal from. Probate Court within thirty days limited by Act. No. 174, Laws of 1887, might not be waived, nor to overrule Snyder vs. Circuit Judge. | [
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To compel respondent to sign a warrant for the purchase of a town hall site, in the absence of a valid, binding contract between relator and the township.
After answer filed the petition was amended, issues were framed and sent to the Oakland circuit for trial, and after trial had, errors were assigned.
Writ denied January 22, 1892, with costs. | [
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] |
To compel the dismissal of a case commenced by attachment, where both plaintiffs and defendants are non-residents of the State.
Denied April 16, 1895.
Certain property was attached in Clinton County, but relators insist that when the debtor is a non-resident, the creditor must be a resident of the State.
Citing, Black on Judgments, Sec. 904; Moore vs. Circuit Judge, 55 M., 84 (620); Pennoyer vs. Neff, 95, U. S., 565; Freeman vs. Alderson, 119 U. S., 185; Towle vs. Wilder, 57 Vt., 622; Great Western Ry. Co. vs. Miller, 19 M., 305; Jacobson vs. Circuit Judge, 76 M., 234 (14). See No. 342. | [
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To vacate an order granting a rehearing, in a proceeding by the State of Michigan for the sale of certain lands for delinquent taxes, after the time for appeal had elapsed; where the petition for rehearing was without the certificate of counsel required by Bule No. 81, and the court at the hearing thereof allowed such certificate to be filed nunc pro tunc; and where such certificate is that of the counsel who appear for the petitioner.
Order to show cause denied July 7, 1896. | [
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] |
To compel the Board of Canvassers of Kent County to certify to the election of the relator as Circuit Court Commissioner, at the annual election held in October, 1862:
Denied January 13, 1863, with costs.
The notice of election given by the sheriff was for the election of two commissioners, but it was afterwards changed to one, and the general understanding was that only one was to be chosen. Eelator and another were respectively nominated and voted for by opposing parties. Eeldtor’s opponent received a majority of the votes cast and was declared elected.
Held, that while the statute requires two commissioners to be elected there had been a failure to hold an election for more than one. | [
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To compel respondent to grant leave to bring suit upon a residuary legatee’s bond for a claim based upon certain notes given by tbe testator in his lifetime, which claim had not been presented to the commissioners of said estate, proved or allowed.
Denied April 28 1893, with costs. | [
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] |
To compel reinstatement of a member suspended for contumacious and willful violation of a rule.
Denied January 24, 1882. | [
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] |
To vacate an order setting aside a former order dismising an appeal.
Granted March 9, 1893, with costs.
The respondent returned that no notice of the motion to dismiss had been given to appellant or his attorney; that the motion was based upon imperfections in the bond,' and upon the hearing, appellant appeared and tendered a new bond. | [
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] |
To vacate order adjudging relator guilty of contempt and imposing fine for refusal to produce certain files and papers, which were being examined by a committee of the Common Council, in an investigation which was pending in that body.
Granted February 10, 1892. | [
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38
] |
To compel respondent to pay a bonus for building a State road.
Denied January 20, 1887.
By Act No. 19, Session Law of 1879, the counties of Baraga and Ontonagon had been authorized to construct a State road, for which an appropriation of swamp lands had been made. Tbe proposed contractor being unwilling to build the road for the appropriation, the board of supervisors of Ontonagon passed a resolution agreeing that the county should pay the contractor, on said road, a specified sum per mile in cash as a bonus, on its completion.
Held, that the road was a State enterprise and the bonus voted a.mere gift to the contractor, which the board had no power -to make. | [
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To compel respondent to levy a tax sufficient to pay the claim of relator, under a contract to furnish a water supply.
On coming in of the answer, issues were framed and sent down for trial.
Granted May 18, 1894, with costs.
An objection that the prayer of a petition for mandamus to compel a village, incorporated under the general village incorporation act, to levy a tax sufficient to pay the amount due on a contract to furnish a water supply for the prevention of fires, is not sufficiently definite, in that it is not ascertainable from said prayer whether a special or a general assessment is asked for, is untenable, as the court can and will direct, as to the nature of the assessment, if a mandamus is granted.
On October 23, 1894, relator filed a petition praying that the members of said village council might be adjudged guilty of contempt for not complying with the order. Kelator filed an answer Nov. 16, 1894, setting forth that they had adopted a resolution November 12, 1894, directing the assessor to spread the taxes and that relator’s representative had expressed himself entirely satisfied with the action taken. | [
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To set aside a judgment rendered against relator as garnishee, upon a jury trial, and during which the garnishee defendant insisted that there was no issue for the jury to try, and moved for judgment in its favor.
Order to show cause denied June 18, 1895, on the ground that relator’s remedy is by writ of error. | [
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To compel respondents to expunge from the record of their proceedings a resolution declaring -relator’s seat as alderman in the council vacant, and to compel the council to designate the chairman of the several boards of election inspectors and of registration.
Granted in part October 29, 1890.
The answer admitted the illegality of the action of the council in declaring relator’s seat vacant, but a mandate was issued requiring the council to meet at a specified time and designate the person to act as chairman for each of the different boards of election inspectors, at which meeting relator should be recognized as an alderman.
Held, that the assignment of aldermen and appointment of other persons as chairmen of the boards of inspectors and registration, in their respective districts, by less than a quorum of the council was invalid, but that the acts of the persons so designated and appointed, sitting as members of the other boards of registration must be held valid; that the appointees were de facto officers as. far as they have acted, but that they cannot take any further action under such appointment. | [
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] |
To compel amendment to bill of exceptions.
Denied January 7, 1875.
Held, that relator had waived his right to the relief sought. | [
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