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To compel the assessment of a sufficient sum to pay for amounts claimed to be due under a grading contract, upon orders issued on the engineer’s estimates as the work progressed. An assessment was made which was held invalid. By Act No. 338, Laws of 1869, a reassessment was provided for to pay for the improvement, but the act required a re-survey and a re-estimate of the amount of the excavation and provided for payment for the work, upon the basis of the new estimates. The answer in the first case averred that the original estimates were incorrect, but the court held that the estimates under the act of 1869 did not bind the contractor, reserved the question as to the eonclusiveness of the original estimates, and ordered an issue to be framed and sent down for trial by jury to determine tbe exact amount of work done under the contract, the amount of orders issued and the difference, if any, between the sum earned and that included in the orders.
In the second case the further question was raised that the provision of the act of 1869 superceded the charter provision for re-assessment, and there was, therefore, no authority for such reassessment.
In the third case no answer was made, and it was held to be ruled by the French case.
Writ granted in each case. | [
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To compel respondent to punish as for contempt, certain officers of the Detroit Branch of the Supreme Sitting of the Order of the Iron Hall, in refusing to turn over to an ancillary receiver, appointed in this State, the assets in their hands belonging to said order.
Denied June 16, 1894, with costs.
Certain parties claimed to have obtained a lien upon the fund, and it was held, that, not being parties, their rights cannot be here litigated, and that proceedings for contempt are not appropriate for the trial of the issue involved. | [
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To vacate order dissolving an attachment. It appeared that a motion had been made before a former circuit judge to quash the writ which was granted.
Denied November 17, 1891, without costs.
It was held that in order to lay the foundation for this application, respondent should first have been asked to do what it is now sought to compel the court to do. | [
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] |
To compel respondents to audit and allow certain claims for services as a detective, in the discovery and apprehension of a criminal.
Denied January 21, 1880.
Relator is a member of a private detective corporation, organized under Act No. 217, Laws of 1859, as amended by Act No. 55, Laws of 1873.
Held, that the,Constitution contemplates that persons vested with the powers of constables shall be elective, and that the provisions of the act giving to^ its members the powers of constables are unconstitutional. | [
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To set aside an order overruling a plea to the jurisdiction of the court, upon a bill filed by an assignee to reach real estate in Ingham County, which, it is alleged, was conveyed away by the assignors in fraud of creditors.
Granted February 26, 1895.
Held, that it was not intended by 3 How. Stat., Sec. 8749, to repeal How. Stat., Sec. 6612, or to divest other circuit courts of equitable jurisdiction where the subject matter is local. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to issue to relator a certificate of purchase of certain lands.
Denied, with costs, June 27, 1882. | [
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To compel approval of bond.
Relator applied to the Circuit Court to allow an appeal from an order of the Probate Court admitting to probate the will of relator’s mother. The court declined to grant the application. Relator then filed a claim of appeal to this court, with the clerk of that court, and presented to the circuit judge an appeal bond for approval.
Order to show cause issued November 18, 1891. | [
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] |
To vacate an order setting aside the service of a writ of attachment.
Denied June 10, 1892, with costs.
A return to a writ of attachment issued against two defendants, upon neither of whom personal service had been had, which fails to show that the propertj'- attached in the county where the suit was commenced was in the possession of, or belonged to, either of the -defendants, will not authorize the issuance of a writ to another county, under How. Stat.,. 7316.' | [
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] |
To compel provision by taxation to pay certain warrants alleged to have been issued by order of the board.
Denied April 24, 1877.
The answer set forth that the warrants were issued without authority to a party having notice, and for a purpose wMch was illegal.
Held, that mandamus will not issue to enforce doubtful rights, and the matter having been heard upon petition and answer, the answer is conclusive. | [
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] |
H. R. Gage, J.
Plaintiff, as subrogee of its insured, appeals as of right from a jury verdict of no cause of action and an order denying its motion for a directed verdict. In a prior action, plaintiffs insured, Footburt Reynolds Machinery Division, Reynolds Metals Company (Reynolds), was sued on the basis of products liability for injuries sustained from a machine manufactured in 1958 by the Foote-Burt Company. Reynolds tendered the defense to defendant, Curtis Noll Corporation, which declined to assume it. Plaintiff, on behalf of Reynolds, ultimately settled the claim with the injured party and brought the instant action seeking common-law and contractual indemnification from defendant.
The relationship of the parties to each other is rather complex. The Foote-Burt Company designed the machine in question in 1958, and subsequently sold it to Detroit Diesel Allison Division of the. General Motors Corporation (Diesel). Diesel placed the machine into use at its Detroit plant. In 1965, the Foote-Burt Company merged into defendant, Curtis Noll Corporation, the merger occurring in Ohio. Defendant continued to operate the company as a separate division. On November 1, 1967, defendant and Reynolds Metals Company entered into an agreement whereby the latter agreed to purchase the division from defendant. Reynolds Metals Company carried on the business as a separate division. In 1972, an employee of Diesel was injured on the machine in question and brought suit against Reynolds under a theory of successor liability. It is from Reynolds’ settlement of that suit that the instant action arises.
Plaintiff first argues that the trial court erred in ruling as a matter of law that it was not entitled to common-law indemnification. The court determined that the liability of either Reynolds or defendant for injuries resulting from the defective machine could arise solely by virtue of the fact that each was a successor corporation to the original manufacturer. See Turner v Bituminous Casu alty Co, 397 Mich 406; 244 NW2d 873 (1976). It determined that the liability of each was vicarious in nature precluding any right to common-law indemnification.
This Court set forth the basic principles of common-law indemnity in Provencal v Parker, 66 Mich App 431, 435-436; 239 NW2d 623 (1976):
"Indemnification rests upon the equitable principle of a right to restitution. Dale v Whiteman [388 Mich 698; 202 NW2d 797 (1972)]. The theory of indemnity is that where the wrongful act of one results in liability being imposed on another, such other person may have indemnity from the person actually guilty of the wrong. Hart Twp v Noret, 191 Mich 427; 158 NW 17 (1916), Detroit, G H & M R Co v Boomer, 194 Mich 52; 160 NW 542 (1916), Village of Portland v Citizens Telephone Co, 206 Mich 632; 173 NW 382 (1919), Indemnity Insurance Co of North America v Otis Elevator Co, 315 Mich 393; 24 NW2d 104 (1946). The party seeking indemnity must plead and prove freedom on his part from personal fault. Indemnity Insurance Co of North America v Otis Elevator Co, supra, Husted v Consumers Power Co, 376 Mich 41; 135 NW2d 370 (1965). This has been interpreted to mean that the party .seeking indemnity must be free from active or causal negligence, McLouth Steel Corp v A E Anderson Construction Corp, 48 Mich App 424; 210 NW2d 448 (1973), lv den 391 Mich 754 (1973), Nanasi v General Motors Corp, 56 Mich App 652; 224 NW2d 914 (1974). There is no right of indemnification between actual joint tortfeasors or tortfeasors in pari delicto.”
Reynolds’ liability for the defective machine arose solely because it was a corporate successor to the manufacturer under Turner. Likewise, any potential liability on the part of defendant to the injured party could arise solely under Turner. This liability is vicarious in nature. Trimper v Bruno-Sherman Corp, 436 F Supp 349, 351 (ED Mich, 1977). Because the liability of either Reynolds or defendant to the injured party could arise only under Turner, they are in pari delicto. Reynolds is not entitled to common-law indemnity.
This Court recently addressed a similar issue. Langley v Harris Corp, 103 Mich App 287; 303 NW2d 1 (1980). In Langley, an employee of KingSeeley Thermos Company (King-Seeley) was injured on a machine manufactured by the defendant’s predecessor corporation. The plaintiff sued the defendant for negligent design and manufacture, through its predecessor, and also sued KingSeeley for negligence in knowingly allowing the plaintiff to operate the defective machine. KingSeeley was granted a summary judgment under the exclusive remedy provisions of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act, and was dismissed from the case. The defendant then filed a third-party complaint against King-Seeley for indemnification. King-Seeley was granted a summary judgment on the defendant’s claim under GCR 1963, 117.2(1).
This Court affirmed. It ruled that any liability to which the defendant was subjected flowed from its predecessor corporation under Turner. The defendant was made to stand in the shoes of the manufacturer. The defendant could be liable to the injured party only if the manufacturer was actively negligent. One of the prerequisites of indemnity is freedom from personal fault. If active negligence on the part of the manufacturer was shown this prerequisite would not be legally present. If active negligence was not shown, the defendant would have a complete defense to any liability. Langley, supra, 290-291.
In the instant case, plaintiff concedes that the Foote-Burt Company was actively negligent in the design and manufacture of the machine. Plaintiff also concedes that Reynolds’ liability to the injured party was based solely upon its status as a successor corporation to the manufacturer. Thus, if Langley is applied to the instant case, plaintiff is not entitled to common-law indemnification.
Plaintiff seeks to distinguish Langley on the basis that Langley involved indemnification between a successor corporation and an employer whereas the instant case involves two successor corporations. The basis for the Langley decision, however, was not dependent upon who was the indemnitor and who the indemnitee. The crucial factor was from whom the indemnitee’s liability to the injured party flowed. In Langley, the liability flowed from the original manufacturer. So too, in the instant case, Reynolds’ liability to the injured party ultimately flowed from the manufacturer. Although Reynolds was not the immediate successor to the manufacturer, its liability to the injured party arose solely from the fact that it was a successor corporation to the manufacturer and that the manufacturer was actively negligent in the design or manufacture of the machine. Thus, as was the case in Langley, one of the essential prerequisites of indemnity, being without personal fault, is not legally present. The trial court did not err in ruling as a matter of law that plaintiff was not entitled to common-law indemnification from defendant.
Plaintiff next argues that the trial court erred in denying its motion for a directed verdict on its claim for contractual indemnity. That provision of the purchase agreement between Reynolds and defendant upon which plaintiff relies provided in pertinent part:
"[A]ll costs, charges, expenses, debts, liabilities and obligations arising out of the operations of Foote-Burt prior to the Effective Date [of the agreement] shall be for the account of Curtis Noll, and those arising, on and after the Effective Date shall be for the account of Reynolds. * * * Each party shall indemnify, reimburse and save the other harmless from all such items arising during its respective period of responsibility.”
Plaintiff argues that, because the operation giving rise to Reynolds’ liability, i.e., the manufacturing of the machine, occurred prior to the effective date of the purchase agreement, it is a liability which defendant agreed to assume. The trial court was of the opinion that the provision was ambiguous.
An indemnity contract is construed in accordance with the rules for the construction of contracts generally. Meadows v Depco Equipment Co, 4 Mich App 370; 144 NW2d 844 (1966). The cardinal rule in the construction of indemnity contracts is to enforce them so as to effectuate the intention of the parties. Title Guaranty & Surety Co v Roehm, 215 Mich 586; 184 NW 414 (1921). See also Pritts v J I Case Co, 108 Mich App 22, 29; 310 NW2d 261 (1981).
The only evidence presented on this matter was the contract itself. Plaintiff called no witnesses to testify as to the meaning of the language used or the intent of the parties. Instead, plaintiff relied solely upon a decision of the Louisiana Court of Appeals interpreting a contractual provision identical to that involved in the instant case as imposing liability as a matter of law on the Curtis Noll Corporation under factual circumstances similar to those in the instant case. Rosales v Dixie Mill Supply Co, 376 So 2d 179 (La App, 1979). In Rosales, Curtis Noll was the party seeking indemnification from Reynolds. Reynolds was granted a summary judgment.
Plaintiffs reliance on Rosales is misplaced. First, Louisiana law is not binding precedent in this state. Second, the basis for the court’s decision in Rosales is inconsistent with Michigan law. Louisiana law apparently draws a distinction between a corporate acquisition by merger and one by asset purchase. Thus, when the Foote-Burt Company merged into Curtis Noll, the latter succeeded to all of Foote-Burt’s liabilities, including its negligence. When Reynolds later purchased those assets from Curtis Noll, however, under Louisiana law the liabilities remained with Curtis Noll. Rosales, supra, 180, fn 1. The court concluded that in the absence of any express language indemnifying it for its own negligence, Curtis Noll was not entitled to indemnification.
The Rosales court specifically declined to consider the effect of Turner on its decision. Rosales, supra, 181, fn 2. Michigan law does not distinguish between a corporate acquisition by merger and one by asset purchase. If the circumstances surrounding the transaction establish a basic continuity of the enterprise of the seller corporation, the purchasing corporation may be liable in products liability. It assumes the liabilities of its predecessor. Turner, supra, 426. Reynolds does not contend that there is no continuity of the business enterprise. Thus, under Turner it assumed the liabilities of its predecessor corporation.
The Rosales court recognized that the contractual language quoted above could constitute an ambiguity. In that case, however, the ambiguity would not be fatal to a summary judgment. As noted above, the court concluded that the negligence of Foote-Burt remained with Curtis Noll after the asset purchase by Reynolds and the contract, as a matter of law, did not indemnify Curtis Noll for its own negligence. In the instant case, plaintiff seeks indemnification. Under Michigan law, indemnity contracts are construed most strictly against the party seeking indemnification. Gartside v Young Men’s Christian Ass’n, 87 Mich App 335, 339; 274 NW2d 58 (1978), Robinson v A Z Shmina & Sons Co, 96 Mich App 644, 649; 293 NW2d 661 (1980). The trial court, ás did the Rosales court, determined that the contractual language was ambiguous. Thus, it did not err in leaving the interpretation of the contract to the jury.
Plaintiff next contends that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence, over objection, the insurance policy between plaintiff and Reynolds which was in effect at the time Reynolds purchased the assets from defendant. Under that policy Reynolds maintained coverage for liabilities of others which it assumed under contract. In closing argument, defendant argued to the jury that they could consider the policy as evidence that Reynolds intended to assume any liability of defendant at the time it entered into the purchase agreement.
Plaintiff’s only objection at trial to the admission of the policy was on the grounds of relevancy. Relevant evidence means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable than it would be without the evidence. MRE 401. Admissibility rests within the trial court’s discretion and will not be set aside unless there has been an abuse of that discretion. Aetna Life Ins Co v Brooks, 96 Mich App 310, 314; 292 NW2d 532 (1980). The trial court determined that the indemnity provision of the sales agreement was ambiguous with regard to the intent of the parties in allocating the liabilities. The insurance policy provided that Reynolds was insured for liabilities which it assumed under contract. The weight to be given the evidence was a matter for the jury. The trial court, did not abuse its discretion in admitting the policy.
Plaintiff argues for the first time on appeal that admission of the policy was unduly prejudicial because it was precluded by statute from mentioning the fact that defendant was also insured. MCL 500.3030; MSA 24.13030. Plaintiffs reliance on this statutory principle is misplaced. The statute applies only in an original action brought by an injured person or his or her personal representative in the case of death. It is not applicable to the instant action.
Further, a review of the record reveals that defendant’s reference to the policy was fairly minimal during closing argument. On the other hand, plaintiffs reference to it was rather extensive. Plaintiff particularly pointed out to the jury the time which had elapsed between the issuance of the policy and the execution of the sales agreement between Reynolds and defendant. The admission into evidence of the policy does not entitle plaintiff to a new trial.
Lastly, plaintiff contends that the trial court erred in instructing the jury, over objection, that in a products liability action the cause of action accrues at the time of injury and not at the time of manufacture. Plaintiff argues that the instruction left the jury with the impression that the court was instructing them as a matter of law that the original personal injury claim arose after the effective date of the sales agreement and, thus, under the terms of the agreement, was assumed by Reynolds. The trial court determined that the instruction was relevant for purposes of ascertaining the intent of the parties in drafting the sales agreement.
In reviewing a challenge to an instruction given by the trial court, this Court must review the instructions in their entirety. Federoff v Meyer Weingarden & Sons, Inc, 60 Mich App 382, 391; 231 NW2d 417 (1975). In addition to the instruction complained of, the court also instructed the jury that they must consider the conditions and circumstances surrounding the contracting parties and the subject matter with which those parties dealt, that they must give a meaning to the contract that would be attached to it by a reasonably intelligent person, that they were to give the language of the contract its ordinary significance as far as possible, and that they were to deduce the intention of the parties from the entire instrument. This Court’s review of the instructions leads to the conclusion that the jury was correctly instructed that they must determine what the intent of the parties was with regard to the allocation of liabilities from all of the facts and circumstances surrounding the execution of the contract. The challenged instruction was relevant to that ultimate determination and did not remove that ultimate determination from the jury’s consideration.
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Cynar, J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an amended order of judgment, entered December 11, 1979, after a nonjury trial, which placed title to certain warehouse property in Billmax Properties, hereinafter designated defendant, and awarded plaintiff damages in the amount of $14,000. Defendant has filed a cross appeal. We remand to the trial court for further findings of fact.
H. S. & L. Investment Co., hereinafter H. S. & L., is a Michigan partnership. The original partners were Henry Solecki, owning 20 percent, Lottie Solecki, Henry’s mother, owning 40 percent, and plaintiff, Stephen Backowski, owning 40 percent. Lottie Solecki’s interest in the partnership was subsequently transferred to Henry in 1974, leaving Henry with a 60 percent interest in the partnership. The business of H. S. & L. was stated in the complaint to be the ownership and leasing of warehouse space. The property which is the subject matter of the dispute was bought in the partnership name by a land contract from 11305 State Fair Properties.
In December of 1974, plaintiff filed a complaint alleging that Henry Solecki had deprived plaintiff of partnership revenue and had refused to render an accounting. Plaintiff sought to enjoin Solecki from distributing partnership assets and sought an order for an accounting.
In April of 1975, most, if not all, of the tenants had vacated the warehouse. The building was in a state of disrepair. By December of 1975 the partnership was five payments behind on the land contract, at $3,500 per payment, and was $25,000 behind in taxes on the property. The land contract vendor had served notice of forfeiture.
On December 31, 1975, with the case between Solecki and plaintiff still pending, Solecki executed a quitclaim deed and an assignment of the land contract purportedly on behalf of H. S. & L. conveying H. S. & L.’s interest in the property to defendant. At this time Solecki also signed an affidavit warranting his authority to act on behalf of H. S. & L. in this matter. By the terms of the purchase agreement defendant paid the delinquent land contract payments and the back taxes. In addition, Solecki received a check in the name of H. S. & L. for $10,000.
Plaintiff filed a motion to add parties defendant on March 23, 1976, alleging that the assignment of the land contract and the quitclaim deed were executed without his consent. The complaint against the added defendants sought damages and to set aside the sale. Of those parties that were added, only defendant Billmax remains in the suit.
Prior to commencement of trial on January 11, 1979, Henry Solecki and Lottie Solecki were dismissed from the suit, individually and on behalf of H. S. & L. The order was entered, over objections by Billmax, pursuant to a settlement agreement by which plaintiff agreed to the dismissal in consideration of the Soleckis’ transfer to plaintiff of any interest they may have in the partnership of H. S. & L. The record indicates that plaintiff then proceeded individually and on behalf of H. S. & L.
After a long trial with much conflicting testimony the trial judge issued a written opinion in which he held that title to the property should remain in defendant, Billmax, and awarded damages to plaintiff in the amount of $14,000.
I
Resolution of the dispute herein requires application of the Uniform Partnership Act, MCL 449.1 et seq.; MSA 20.1 et seq. Section 10 of the act would seem to govern the case at bar. It states in part:
"(1) Where title to real property is in the partnership name, any partner may convey a title to such property by a conveyance executed in the partnership name; * * MCL 449.10; MSA 20.10.
It is undisputed that the title to the property involved herein was in the partnership name and that Solecki, a partner, conveyed title to such property by a conveyance executed in the partnership name. Section 10 states that these circumstances constitute a proper transfer of title. Nonetheless, § 10 further indicates that the partnership may, at its option, recover the property unless (a) the partner’s act binds the partnership under § 9(1) or (b) the property has been conveyed to a bona fide purchaser.
"* * * but the partnership may recover such property unless the partner’s act binds the partnership under the provisions of paragraph one [1] of section nine [9], or unless such property has been conveyed by the grantee or a person claiming through such grantee to a holder for value without knowledge that the partner, in making the conveyance, has exceeded his authority; * * (Footnote omitted.) MCL 449.10(1); MSA 20.10(1).
The second alternative has no application to the case at bar since Billmax, the grantee, has not conveyed the property.
Therefore, we turn to the question of whether Solecki’s act bound the partnership under § 9(1). That section provides as follows:
"Sec. 9. (Partner Agent of Partnership as to Partnership Business).
"(1) Every partner is an agent of the partnership for the purpose of its business, and the act of every partner, including the execution in the partnership name of any instrument, for apparently carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership of which he is a member binds the partnership, unless the partner so acting has in fact no authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter, and the person with whom he is dealing has knowledge of the fact that he has no such authority; * * MCL 449.9; MSA 20.9.
Under this section, Solecki’s act of conveying title to the warehouse property binds the partnership if this act was for "apparently carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership”. If the conveyance was made in the usual course of business it must then be determined whether, (a) Solecki had "in fact no authority to act for the partnership in the particular matter”, and (b) Billmax had "knowledge of the fact that [Solecki] ha[d] no such authority”.
On the other hand, if it is found that the conveyance was not for "apparently carrying on in the usual way the business of the partnership”, then under § 10 the partnership may recover the property as prayed for.
Even if this factual determination is made there is an additional question of fact necessary to the resolution of this dispute. Section 9(2) provides as follows:
"(2) An act of a partner which is not apparently for the carrying on of the business of the partnership in the usual way does not bind the partnership unless authorized by the other partners; * * MCL 449.9; MSA 20.9.
There was testimony tending to show that Solecki was in fact authorized by plaintiff to sell the property. See Macy v Oswald, 198 Pa Super 435; 182 A2d 94 (1962). Should this be the case, the partnership is bound by the sale of the property even if the sale was not apparently for the carry ing on of the business of the patnership in the usual way.
Each one of these avenues to resolution of the dispute turns initially on a factual determination. The case was tried below before the judge. GCR 1963, 517.1 requires the trial court to "find the facts specially and state separately its conclusions of law”. "The rule contemplates that level of specificity that will disclose to the reviewing court the controlling choices made as between competing factual assertions.” Holbern v Holbern, 91 Mich App 566, 569; 283 NW2d 800 (1979).
The conclusory statements contained in the written opinion filed in this case do not reveal the course taken by the trial judge in arriving at his decision. We are particularly concerned with how the trial judge came to conclude that title to the property should remain in Billmax when it was apparently found that the sale of the property by Solecki to Billmax was "without legal efficacy”. Despite the fact that our de novo review of this case encompasses the power to make findings based upon the record, we decline to do so where the credibility of the witnesses is critical to the outcome. Dehring v Northern Michigan Exploration Co, Inc, 104 Mich App 300, 318; 304 NW2d 560 (1981). Credibility of the witnesses appears to be the determining factor in this case. Solecki at times made statements which would provide direct support for defendant’s position on Solecki’s authority. At other times he made statements contradicting this testimony. The credibility of other witnesses, including plaintiff and Mr. Sherr, is also an important consideration in the resolution of this case. Therefore we must remand to the trial judge so that he may make specific findings of fact and conclusions of law.
II
In the pleadings below and at trial plaintiff sought to have the sale of the warehouse property set aside and the property returned to the partnership. Plaintiff now claims on appeal that his suit does not seek to have the warehouse returned to the partnership. Plaintiff argues that Billmax, by its transaction with Solecki, succeeded tó Solecki’s interest and that the proper owner of the building is now a Backowski-Billmax partnership. Plaintiff employs this argument as a basis for claiming a right to an accounting under § 22 of the Uniform Partnership Act, hereinafter UPA, MCL 449.22; MSA 20.22. We reject the argument initially because it was not pled and the case was not tried as a suit for an accounting. Secondly, we reject the argument because the UPA precludes it.
Under the UPA each partner holds three property rights:
"Sec. 24. (Extent of Property Rights of a Partner). The property rights of a partner are (1) his rights in specific partnership property, (2) his interest in the partnership, and (3) his right to participate in the management.” MCL 449.24; MSA 20.24.
Section 25, which addresses the incidents of a partner’s rights in specific property, provides that a partner’s right in specific partnership property is not assignable. MCL 449.25(2)(b); MSA 20.25(2)(b). Thus, to the extent that plaintiff seeks to enforce the conveyance as an assignment of Solecki’s right in the property, such assignment is prohibited.
Furthermore, the conveyance cannot be construed as an assignment of Solecki’s second property right, his interest in the partnership. Section 26 of the UPA defines this property right as follows:
"Sec. 26. (Nature of Partner’s Interest in the Partnership).
"A partner’s interest in the partnership is his share of the profits and surplus, and the same is personal property.” MCL 449.26; MSA 20.26.
Unlike a partner’s right in specific property, a partner’s interest in the partnership is assignable. However, such assignment merely entitles the assignee to receive, in accordance with his contract, the profits to which the assigning partner would otherwise be entitled. MCL 449.27; MSA 20.27.
The transfer of a limited interest in partnership property by one partner may, under certain circumstances, be viewed as a transfer of that partner’s interest in the partnership itself, defined as his share in the profits and surplus. See Stroebel-Polasky Co v Slachta, 106 Mich App 538; 308 NW2d 273 (1981). However, that avenue is not available here where the instrument was not intended to convey only a limited interest in the partnership. Accordingly, Solecki’s conveyance of title to the warehouse property cannot operate as a conveyance of Solecki’s interest in the partnership.
Ill
We next address the allegations of error brought before this Court by defendant on cross appeal. Defendant first claims that the trial judge erred in denying its motion to disqualify based on a reference to the title insurer made by the trial judge during an in-chambers conference.
A trial judge will not be disqualified absent a showing of actual prejudice or bias. Emerson v Arnold (After Remand), 92 Mich App 345, 353; 285 NW2d 45 (1979), Irish v Irish, 59 Mich App 635, 639; 229 NW2d 874 (1975). Defendant claims the trial judge’s remark evinced a desire to see the case come out in such a way as to take advantage of the "deep pocket” of insurance. A review of the record indicates that defendant has taken the remark out of context. The trial judge was apprised of the existence of title insurance by defendant during the course of settlement negotiations. The remark was made by way of probing the possibilities of settlement in this case. No prejudice or bias is evident in the remark.
Defendant’s claim that plaintiffs suit is barred by laches because plaintiff failed to file a notice of lis pendens on the property is wholly unfounded. Plaintiff was under no affirmative duty to file a notice of lis pendens. Generally, a lis pendens is designed to warn persons who deal with property while it is in litigation that they are charged with notice of the rights of their vendor’s antagonist and take subject to the judgment rendered in the litigation. 51 Am Jur 2d, Lis Pendens, § 1, p 949. The failure to file a notice of lis pendens does not operate to preclude a suit over title to property.
During cross-examination of Solecki, defense counsel questioned Solecki with regard to the dismissal of the complaint against him. This questioning brought out the following testimony which defendant claims requires dismissal of the suit:
”Q. (By Mr. Leib): Did you receive some type of agreement from Mr. Backowski with relationship to the dismissal of the lawsuit against you?
"Q. (By Mr. Leib): Now, Mr. Solecki, did you receive any type of agreement with Mr. Backowski?
"A. There was no type of written agreement, no.
"Q. What was the oral agreement?
"A. Oral agreement that we make: that if Mr. Backowski won his case, that anything up and above $75,000, he would split fifty-fifty.
"Q. (By Mr. Leib): And so this was the agreement then that you were to share, as you have indicated, and that’s why you were let out of the case, right?
"A. I don’t know if that’s why I was let out of the case.
"Q. That was the oral agreement?
"A. Correct.
"Mr. Hanlon: Who told you that, sir?
"The Witness: It was discussed.
"Mr. Hanlon: Your attorney told you that?
"The Witness: Yes.
"Mr. Hanlon: Objection, your Honor, and have it be stricken. It’s purely hearsay. I think that’s a valid objection, your Honor.
"Mr. Leib: Your Honor, it just came from the lips of this witness.
"Mr. Hanlon: He said his attorney told him. And I move that it be stricken.
"The Court: Well, why don’t you rephrase the question and we will find out if this witness has any knowledge of this on his own.
"Q. (By Mr. Leib): Mr. Solecki, was that the agreement that you agreed to be taken out of this lawsuit?
"A. Yes.
"Q. Okay — .”
Defense counsel later moved to dismiss the case on the basis of collusion and fraud evidenced by this testimony. The court took the motion under advisement. Plaintiff subsequently brought a mo tion to strike the testimony on the ground that it was hearsay and that it constituted matters subject to the lawyer-client privilege. The court granted plaintiff’s motion on the basis of the hearsay objection.
The trial court erred in striking the testimony as hearsay. The purpose of this testimony was to impeach Solecki’s credibility by demonstrating his pecuniary interest in the outcome. It was not elicited for the purpose of proving the truth of the matter asserted. The interest or bias of a witness goes directly to the question of his credibility and is never regarded as irrelevant. People v MacCullough, 281 Mich 15, 26; 274 NW 693 (1937), People v Meier, 47 Mich App 179; 209 NW2d 311 (1973). The testimony was properly in the case, should not have been stricken, and should have been considered by the trial court in assessing the credibility of Solecki. However, we do not believe the existence of the agreement would warrant dismissal of the case.
IV
As a final comment, we indicate that, on the record before us at this time, the trial court appears to have reached an equitable result. Perhaps only the parties themselves, by compromise, could achieve a fairer result.
We hereby remand to the trial court for specific findings of fact on the issues raised in this opinion to be made by the trial court within 60 days from the date of release of this opinion. We retain jurisdiction.
An order was entered on April 2, 1976, adding as defendants, 11305 State Fair Properties, Frank’s Nursery Sales, Inc., Frank’s Nursery Distributors, Inc., and Billmax Properties. On May 14, 1976, an order was entered granting summary judgment in favor of Frank’s Nursery Sales, Inc., and Frank’s Nursery Distributors, Inc., and denying summary judgment to Billmax. Apparently, State Fair never separately answered and no further action regarding them was taken. Lawyers Title Insurance Company was also added as a defendant on January 19, 1979, but the court later granted a motion to vacate the joinder order. | [
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V. J. Brennan, P.J.
Defendant appeals as of right the trial court’s order granting plaintiffs motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiff, a licensed architect, entered into a contract with the Maple Hill Apartment Company (Maple Hill) to provide architectural services for an apartment project. Mortgage insurance for the project was provided through the Federal Housing Administration (FHA). In order to comply with the requirement of the FHA, plaintiff was required to obtain professional liability insurance for his services on the project.
On February 28, 1972, defendant issued a professional liability insurance policy to plaintiff. Plaintiff had never obtained professional liability insurance before and has not sought such insurance since the completion of the FHA-supported project.
The original policy issued to plaintiff by defendant expired on February 28, 1973, but was renewed on the same day. Thereafter, on January 16, 1974, defendant notified plaintiff that the policy would be cancelled on January 26, 1974, due to non-payment of installment premiums. Plaintiff did not pay the premiums, and, thus, his coverage was cancelled on January 26, 1974. Plaintiff testified that he stopped paying for the insurance when the FHA informed him that the project was completed.
On November 26, 1976, Maple Hill commenced an action against plaintiff alleging professional malpractice by plaintiff regarding the apartment project. This was the first notice that plaintiff had that Maple Hill was asserting a claim against him.
On December 13, 1976, plaintiff informed defendant of the suit and requested that defendant defend him. On February 3, 1977, defendant notified plaintiff that it would not defend him. Further notice was given to defendant on January 9, 1978, but, on January 20, 1978, defendant again informed plaintiff that it would not defend the action since no claim was asserted against defendant until after plaintiff’s insurance policy had expired, and it was, therefore, under no obligation to enter a defense on plaintiff’s behalf. In support of this contention, defendant relied upon the following provision of plaintiff’s insurance policy:
"(b) Time
"The insurance afforded by this policy applies to errors, omissions or negligent acts which occur on or after the date stated on item 6 of the declarations (the effective date of the first policy issued and continuously renewed by the Company) provided that claim therefor is first made against the insured during this policy period and reported in writing to the Company during this policy period or within 60 days after the expiration of this policy period.”
It is undisputed that the action brought against plaintiff involved acts of alleged professional negligence occurring at least in part during the period that plaintiff was insured by defendant.
On October 30, 1978, plaintiff instituted this action for a declaration of rights under the insurance policy. Both plaintiff and defendant brought motions for summary judgment.
The trial court granted plaintiff’s motion and denied defendant’s, finding that defendant was obligated to defend plaintiff in the Maple Hill suit. The trial court cited as authority the case of Honner v Continental Casualty Co (Docket No. 77-3553, decided June 22, 1978 [unreported]), lv den 403 Mich 849 (1978). We affirm the trial court even though we may not rely on Honner.
Defendant contends that it has a valid defense to plaintiff’s claim because Maple Hill did not assert a claim against plaintiff, and defendant was not notified, within 60 days after the expiration of the policy as required by the time provision of the policy. Defendant relies on Lehr v Professional Underwriters, 296 Mich 693; 296 NW 843 (1941).
In Lehr, the Court upheld the validity of a similar provision of an insurance policy. Plaintiff, a chiropractor, had purchased an insurance policy from defendant protecting him against liability for errors or mistakes committed by him in his practice and resulting in bodily injuries or death. The policy limited the insurer’s liability to "cause[s] of action arising and accruing within the time included in this policy and presented or prosecuted within two months after the expiration [thereof]”. Lehr, supra, 695. Plaintiff was sued for acts of malpractice that occurred within the period of coverage, but the suits were not commenced until after his coverage had expired. Plaintiff notified defendant that the suits had been instituted, whereupon defendant denied liability and refused defense. The trial court found for the defendant. On appeal, the Court found no ambiguity in the terms of the policy, and that the limiting provision contained in the policy was not violative of public policy:
"The present provision limiting liability is not against public policy. It is not against public policy for a casualty company, in unambiguous terms, to limit its liability only to claims or suits brought within a time certain, and thus enable the company to make an early investigation, secure proofs, and possibly prevent fraud or collusion * * *.
"The liability was limited in the policy. To hold otherwise would be to write a new contract for the parties. This we have no right to do.” Lehr, supra, 696-697. (Citations omitted.)
We find Lehr inapplicable to the instant case. Here, the defendant issued a casualty insurance policy to plaintiff.
Insurance contracts are subject to statutory regulations, and the mandatory provisions of the Insurance Code must be read into the contract. Wendel v Swanberg, 384 Mich 468; 185 NW2d 348 (1971), Galkin v Lincoln Mutual Casualty Co, 279 Mich 327; 272 NW 694 (1937), State Automobile Mutual Ins Co v Babcock, 54 Mich App 194; 220 NW2d 717 (1974).
Chapter 30 of the Insurance Code of 1956 governs casualty insurance, and MCL 500.3008; MSA 24.13008, a provision of the Code, states:
"In such liability insurance policies there shall be a provision that notice given by or on behalf of the insured to any authorized agent of the insurer within this state, with particulars sufficient to identify the insured shall be deemed to be notice to the insurer; and also a provision that failure to give any notice required to be given by such policy within the time speciñed therein shall not invalidate any claim made by the insured if it shall be shown not to have been reasonably possible to give such notice within the prescribed time and that notice was given as soon as was reasonably possible. ” (Emphasis added.)
This language was in 1929 CL 12460 and became incorporated in the 1956 Insurance Code, and therefore was in effect at the time of the Lehr decision but was apparently not considered by the Lehr Court even though we think it is both applicable and controlling in the instant case, since insurance contracts are subject to statutory regulations. Its provisions must be read into the insurance policy. Therefore, plaintiffs claim is valid if notice was not given to the defendant within the time prescribed in the policy, but notice was given as soon as was reasonably possible.
On November 26, 1976, Maple Hill commenced an action against plaintiff for alleged acts of professional malpractice which had occurred during the time the policy was in effect. This was the first notice that plaintiff had of a claim against him. Plaintiff notified defendant on December 3, 1976, only seven days after the plaintiff had received notice. We find that plaintiff gave notice of the claim to defendant as soon as was reasonably possible. Thus, the trial court did not err in granting plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment finding defendant obligated to defend plaintiff in the Maple Hill suit.
Affirmed.
E. E. Bokradaile, J., concurred. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted after a jury trial on October 16, 1979, of assault with intent to commit great bodily harm less than murder, MCL 750.84; MSA 28.279. The Washtenaw County Circuit Court, Ross W. Campbell, J., denied his motion for a new trial. He now appeals by right.
On July 17, 1979, Jeffery Mulder was sitting in the kitchen of his girlfriend Cheryl Wallaker’s house at 108 Ballard Street in the City of Ypsilanti, Washtenaw County, Michigan. While preparing dinner, Mulder and his girlfriend heard the front door slam. Investigating the noise, Mulder and Wallaker discovered that defendant had entered their house.
Wallaker recognized defendant from a previous incident in which the police warned her that defendant might have committed a felony. Thinking defendant had been involved in a felony, she told Mulder to watch defendant’s actions while she called the police. Mulder, 6' 4" and 190 pounds, who knew of defendant’s involvement in the previous felony investigation, followed defendant into the street. Defendant, closely followed by Mulder, approached a boarding house, and defendant spoke to someone at the door. Stalling for time, Mulder attempted to converse with defendant. Defendant, apparently trying to avoid Mulder, pushed him away and proceeded down the street. At this point Mulder grabbed defendant by the back of his collar and yanked him to the ground. Defendant scrambled to his feet, pulling a big meat cleaver. He then threatened Mulder, saying "I am going to cut you into little pieces.”
Defendant swung the meat cleaver at Mulder, whereupon Mulder retreated behind a tree, where he found a large stick with which to defend himself. Defendant then sprayed Mulder in the face with a Mace-like substance. At that point, the police arrived. Defendant fled the scene and was apprehended after an exhausting chase.
At trial, defendant testified that he was searching for the location of a rooming house in Ypsilanti to buy some marijuana, and that he had mistakenly entered Wallaker’s home. Defense counsel argued that defendant had acted in self-defense.
After the final arguments of counsel, the court instructed the jury as to the applicable law. Counsel for the defense did not object to the court’s jury instructions. The jury returned a verdict of guilty as charged.
Defendant then brought pro se a motion for new trial, which was heard by the trial court. At this hearing, defendant claimed that the prosecution had failed to produce a res gestae witness. The alleged witness was the person defendant spoke to in the boarding house just before the incident occurred. The trial court, citing GCR 1963, 527.1, denied defendant’s motion.
Defendant was sentenced to a six-year, eight-month to ten-year term in the custody of the Michigan Department of Corrections and was given credit for the time he served prior to sentencing.
Defendant’s first claim on appeal is that the trial court erred in allowing the issue of a valid citizen’s arrest to go to the jury.
At common law, a private citizen was justified in arresting a person whom he reasonably suspected had committed a felony, if in fact a felony had been committed. People v McLean, 68 Mich 480, 485; 36 NW 231 (1888), People v Panknin, 4 Mich App 19, 27; 143 NW2d 806 (1966). The question is now covered by statute, which allows a private person to arrest another who has actually committed a felony, even though not in the arrestor’s presence. MCL 764.16; MSA 28.875. The statute provides:
"A private person may make an arrest—
"(a) For a felony committed in his presence;
"(b) When the person to be arrested has committed a felony although not in his presence;
"(c) When summoned by any peace officer to assist said officer in making an arrest.”
The person making the arrest has the duty of informing the person to be arrested of the intention to arrest and the cause of the arrest, with exceptions made for circumstances when it would be impossible to do so. MCL 764.20; MSA 28.879. It is clear from the testimony below that Mulder never formally communicated to defendant that defendant was under arrest.
However, it is equally clear that the issue of a citizen’s arrest did not go to the jury. The trial court’s jury instructions, which were given without objection by defense counsel, did not include the question of a valid citizen’s arrest.
As there was no objection or request for instruction, defendant’s claim that the court erroneously charged the jury was not properly preserved for review. GCR 1963, 516.2, People v Jackson, 98 Mich App 735, 739; 296 NW2d 348 (1980).
Furthermore, even if Mulder had made an invalid citizen’s arrest, that fact alone would not make all subsequent proceedings void. See People v Henry Robinson, 37 Mich App 115, 118; 194 NW2d 537 (1971), aff'd 388 Mich 630 (1972), People v Nawrocki, 6 Mich App 46, 53-54; 148 NW2d 211 (1967). Defendant’s arrest was followed by a valid complaint and warrant, and he was afforded a preliminary examination. Finally, nowhere in the record does a motion to dismiss the case because of an illegal arrest appear. In light of the foregoing, the action of the trial court does not appear inconsistent with substantial justice as required for reversal under GCR 1963, 529.
Defendant next avers that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a directed verdict.
At the time of the trial, the rule regarding motions for directed verdicts was fully stated by the Supreme Court in People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250, 256; 247 NW2d 547 (1976). The Court stated the rule as follows:
"An appellate court tests the correctness of the denial of such motion by taking the evidence presented by the prosecution in the light most favorable to the prosecution and deciding if there was any evidence upon which the trier of fact could predicate a finding of guilty * * * »
Defendant claimed that he was entitled to a directed verdict because, although the prosecution perhaps had presented sufficient evidence to support a charge of felonious assault, the intent to do great bodily harm had not been established by the prosecution.
The crime of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder. MCL 750.84; MSA 28.279, requires proof of specific intent. People v Joeseype Johnson, 407 Mich 196, 220; 284 NW2d 718 (1979). The specific intent necessary to constitute the offense may be found in conduct as well as words. People v Jackson, 25 Mich App 596, 598; 181 NW2d 794 (1970). Thus, based upon the facts established by the prosecution showing that defendant had brandished a meat cleaver, had threatened to chop Mulder into little pieces and had chased Mulder when he retreated, the trial court, viewing this evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, correctly denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict.
Defendant also argues that a trial judge may not make recommendations to the Department of Corrections, other than a recommendation of leniency, without imposing upon the function of that executive department.
It is well established that an appellate court will not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court when reviewing sentencing. People v Burton, 396 Mich 238, 243; 240 NW2d 239 (1976). Under GCR 1963, 785.8 the sentencing court shall:
"(1) require the presence of defendant’s lawyer unless affirmatively waived by defendant;
"(2) give defendant and his lawyer a reasonable opportunity to advise the court of any circumstances they believe the court should consider in imposing sentence;
"(3) state the minimum and maximum sentence imposed by the court, together with any credit for time served to which the defendant may be entitled.”
Further, the sentencing court is required to advise the defendant on his right to appeal and to obtain counsel. GCR 1963, 785.11.
Defendant’s argument that a trial judge may not make harsh recommendations when announcing sentence, while ingenious, has no support in Michigan law. Defendant does not contend that the trial court abused its discretion by considering any unfounded allegations. See People v Perez, 94 Mich App 759, 760; 289 NW2d 857 (1980).
The Legislature has adopted, and the judiciary has enforced, a policy requiring individualized sentencing. People v Chapa, 407 Mich 309, 311; 284 NW2d 340 (1979). As the Supreme Court stated in People v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 574; 208 NW2d 504 (1973):
"The modern view of sentencing is that the sentence should be tailored to the particular circumstances of the case and the offender in an effort to balance both society’s need for protection and its interest in maximizing the offender’s rehabilitative potential.”
This principle was recently reaffirmed by the Court in People v Triplett, 407 Mich 510, 513; 287 NW2d 165 (1980).
Having reviewed the record thoroughly, we cannot say that the trial judge acted outside of the individualized sentencing principle outlined above. First, the events surrounding the instant case support the judge’s statement that defendant is an assaultive offender. Second, defendant has twice been convicted of sexually aggressive crimes, both in Michigan and in Alabama. Also, throughout the time period encompassing both the instant crime and the criminal sexual conduct crime in 1979, defendant was an escapee from the Alabama prison system. All of the trial judge’s statements had adequate factual support.
Defendant did not object at the time of sentencing, nor did he make a timely motion to the trial court prior to appeal requesting the sentence be vacated. See People v Powell, 87 Mich App 192, 194; 274 NW2d 16 (1978). Based on the foregoing, reversal is not required.
Defendant’s final claim on appeal is that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a new trial. Defendant brought the motion for new trial pro se. The grounds for the motion were not stated at that time, nor are they stated on review. The trial court decided the motion on the grounds stated in GCR 1963, 527.1:
"A new trial may be granted * * * whenever * * * substantive rights are materially affected, for any of the following causes:
"(6) Material evidence, newly discovered, which could not with reasonable diligence have been discovered and produced at the trial.”
Defendant claims that the prosecution failed to produce a res gestae witness. The prosecution has a duty to endorse and produce all res gestae witnesses. MCL 767.40; MSA 28.980. However, there is no precise definition of the term "res gestae witness”. Various tests have been set forth to establish the parameters of the prosecution’s duty:
"A res gestae witness is one who was an eyewitness to some event in the continuum of a criminal transaction and whose testimony will aid in developing a full disclosure of the facts surrounding the alleged commission of the charged offense.” People v Hadley, 67 Mich App 688, 690; 242 NW2d 32 (1978).
Mulder testified at trial that there was no one around at the time of the assault. The assault took place in the street. Defendant made no motion for production of the alleged missing witness at trial. Furthermore, at the motion for new trial, defendant’s trial counsel stated that the nature of the witness issue was purely speculative. The prosecution stated that the police report was complete and contained no mention of such a witness.
The granting of a motion for new trial is within the sound discretion of the trial court, and to establish error a clear abuse of discretion must be shown. People v Duncan, 96 Mich App 614, 617; 293 NW2d 648 (1980).
In Duncan, this Court set forth a four-part test for granting a new trial based on new evidence. The test involves a finding that:
"(1) the evidence itself, not merely its materiality, was newly discovered; (2) the evidence is not cumulative; (3) it is such as to render a different result probable on a retrial of the case; and (4) the party could not with reasonable diligence have discovered and produced it at trial”. Id., 616.
In denying a new trial, the judge stated his reasons, as required by People v Robinson, 390 Mich 629, 634; 213 NW2d 106 (1973). Defendant’s motion for new trial was not based on an affidavit, and defendant presented no witnesses at the hearing. See People v Pulley, 66 Mich App 321, 331; 239 NW2d 366 (1976).
In such a factual setting, the trial court’s denial of defendant’s motion for new trial was not an abuse of discretion.
Affirmed.
In People v Hampton, 407 Mich 354, 368; 284 NW2d 284 (1979), the Supreme Court announced a rule regarding motions for directed verdicts. The Court stated:
"In summary, the trial judge when ruling on a motion for a directed verdict of acquittal must consider the evidence presented by the prosecution up to the time the motion is made, Garcia, supra, view that evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, People v Vail, 393 Mich 460, 463; 227 NW2d 535 (1975), and determine whether a rational trier of fact could have found that the essential elements of the crime were proven beyond a reasonable doubt, Jackson, supra, p 319.”
Because the trial occurred before the Supreme Court’s ruling in Hampton, we apply the test announced in Garcia, supra. Furthermore, even under the Hampton test, the trial court did not err when it denied defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. | [
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Bronson, J.
Defendant, local public school board, appeals from the trial court’s grant of a writ of mandamus directing defendant to offer driver education courses to eligible students as required by the Michigan Vehicle Code, 1949 PA 300. We find no error and affirm.
The Michigan Vehicle Code provides that "driver education courses shall be conducted by the local public school district”. (Emphasis added.) MCL 257.811(3); MSA 9.2511(3). The statute further states: "A driver education course shall be made available for a person under 18 years of age * * *.” (Emphasis added.) MCL 257.811(6); MSA 9.2511(6).
Use of the word "shall” connotes a mandatory duty imposed by law. Southfield Twp v Drainage Board for Twelve Towns Relief Drains, 357 Mich 59, 76; 97 NW2d 821 (1959), King v Director of the Midland County Department of Social Services, 73 Mich App 253, 259; 251 NW2d 270 (1977). It has been stated that in particular peculiar circumstances "shall” may be construed as providing discretion. See, Smith v City Comm of Grand Rapids, 281 Mich 235; 274 NW 776 (1937). However, in this case, a discretionary construction of "shall” would not be appropriate. Even if we were otherwise inclined to construe the "shalls” appearing in MCL 257.811; MSA 9.2511 as permissive, the Michigan Vehicle Code embodies in its definitional section rules for construing the code which precludes this result. One provision of the statute states, " 'shall’ and 'may’ means shall is mandatory and may is permissive”. MCL 257.82; MSA 9.1882.
Defendant contends, however, that if the Michigan Vehicle Code is construed as requiring that school districts must offer driver education courses, it conflicts with MCL 380.1282; MSA 15.41282, a provision of the School Code giving local boards of education discretion to establish curricula as they deem desirable. Defendant further asserts that this grant of discretionary powers to school boards would control the conflicting language in the Michigan Vehicle Code.
A settled rule of statutory construction is that a statute specific in language enacted after the adoption of a generally worded statute covering the same subject matter constitutes an exception to the general statute if they are in conflict. Manville v Board of Governors of Wayne State University, 85 Mich App 628, 636; 272 NW2d 162 (1978). An examination of the respective histories of MCL 380.1282; MSA 15.41282 and MCL 257.811; MSA 9.2511 reveals that the latter, as regards the requirement that local school boards provide driver education courses, is the more recent legislation. It was not until the enactment of 1955 (1st Ex Sess) PA 1, § 1, that the state Legislature imposed the requirement that local school districts provide driver education programs. The substance of the current MCL 380.1282; MSA 15.41282 has been codified since at least 1929, however. See, 1929 CL 7432(1) and 1948 CL 355.14(1). Given the foregoing, we conclude that MCL 257.811; MSA 9.2511 controls the general grant of powers in the School Code and removes discretion from the school board in respect to driver education programs.
Various opinions of the Attorney General also have held that it is mandatory for local school districts to offer driver education courses. OAG, 1961-1962, No 3656, p 407 (May 25, 1962); OAG, 1977-1978, No 5291, p 420 (April 12, 1978); OAG, 1979-1980, No 5659, p 648 (February 28, 1980). In the most recent of these opinions, the Attorney General stated that the Legislature remains free to amend any provisions requiring local school districts to offer driver education courses. Less than 10 months later, the Legislature reenacted the language requiring local public school districts to offer driver education courses, granting discretion only as to whether the courses are offered directly or through the intermediate school district. 1980 PA 308, eff December 4, 1980. We find it significant that the Legislature has never expressed its dissatisfaction with the Attorney General’s numerous opinions that school districts must offer driver education programs by amending the statutory provision in issue.
Defendant also contends that the Michigan Vehicle Code contravenes the object-title clause of Mich Const 1963, art 4, §24. Defendant argues that the inclusion of the requirement that local school boards offer driver education courses in the Michigan Vehicle Code results in the code embracing more than one object. Defendant further asserts that the driver education class requirement is not adequately expressed in the title of the code in any case.
The section attacked as transgressing constitutional standards is part of a larger body of law, the Michigan Vehicle Code, MCL 257.1, et seq.; MSA 9.1801, et seq. Accordingly, the first question which this Court. must address is whether the Michigan Vehicle Code embraces more than one object. The Supreme Court has granted the Legislature broad latitude in reviewing enactments which constitute a code. In Advisory Opinion re Constitutionality of 1972 PA 294, 389 Mich 441, 463; 208 NW2d 469 (1973), the Court observed:
"Emphasis is given to the fact that the subject matter constitutes a code and that inherently the scope of a code must be broad enough to encompass the various facets necessary to the drafting of a unified law. If we fail to permit such a design codes may not be enacted in Michigan so long as the 'one-object’ limitation is present in the constitution.”
We believe that the body of the Michigan Vehicle Code does not violate the one-object doctrine. The code’s reference to examination, licensing, and control of operators of motor vehicles necessarily includes some program of training for prospective motor vehicle operators. As the Court observed in Traverse City School Dist v Attorney General, 384 Mich 390, 419; 185 NW2d 9 (1971):
"Drivers training, from a functional point of view, is also a general health and safety measure. The state interest in providing driving instructions to high school age youth is to enable neophyte drivers to safely handle an automobile in order to protect themselves and other citizens from injuries caused by the actions of improperly trained drivers.
"The legislature treats drivers education as a general safety measure rather than an educational matter. The act which created a drivers training program was enacted as an amendment to the Michigan Vehicle Code. The specific act amended was entitled "An act * * * to provide for the examination, licensing and control of operators and chauffeurs.” (Emphasis added; footnote deleted.)
It is apparent from the foregoing that the Michigan Vehicle Code meets both requirements for validity under the title-object clause: (1) the code embraces the single object of promoting safety; and (2) that object is expressed in its title. The section requiring local school boards to offer driver education courses to eligible students is consistent with the broad general safety purposes of the Michigan Vehicle Code. Accordingly, we reject defendant’s contention that the code in any way violates the title-object clause. See and compare, People v Trupiano, 97 Mich App 416; 296 NW2d 49 (1980), lv den 409 Mich 895 (1980).
Affirmed. No costs, a public issue of first impression concerning proper statutory construction having been involved. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant, Jose Moreno, was convicted of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, and sentenced to between 12 and 20 years imprisonment. He appeals his conviction as of right, GCR 1963, 806.1.
On March 31, 1979, Eluterio Lopez, Sr., was stabbed to death in a crowded bar in Lánsing. Defendant was charged with the murder. During the trial, the prosecutor endorsed 81 witnesses, of whom 78 testified. The prosecution’s witnesses testified that they saw defendant hit Lopez, who fell to the floor. A number of the witnesses testified that they saw defendant with a knife and one testified that he saw defendant stab Lopez twice.
In his defense, Moreno argued that there had been two fights in the bar that night. According to defendant, he did participate in a pushing fight but did not stab the decedent. Defendant also presented six character witnesses who vouched for his reputation for truthfulness. After defendant rested, the jury returned a verdict of guilty. Defendant appeals, raising four issues.
Defendant initially claims that he was deprived of a fair trial when the prosecutor asked defendant about an apparent admission he made to Dee McConnel, a witness whose late endorsement the trial judge had denied. During the prosecution’s case in chief, the prosecutor called Jesse Miranda. Miranda testified that defendant, apparently drunk, came over to his house late in the evening of March 31, 1979. According to Miranda, defendant admitted that he had been in a fight and that there had been a stabbing. Later in his testimony, he stated that defendant had used the Spanish word Picado which could mean stabbing or pushing. Miranda also stated that McConnel was present during the conversation.
After this testimony, the prosecution moved to endorse Ms. McConnel. Defendant’s objection was sustained and McConnel never testified. While cross-examining defendant, the prosecution asked him if McConnel had seen him examining his coat for blood. Defendant denied that he ever examined his coat for blood and also denied that McConnel asked him if he was in a fight. Defense counsel did not object to this line of questioning. On appeal, defendant claims that the prosecution injected prejudicial innuendo into the proceedings by cross-examining defendant about statements made by an unendorsed witness.
The prosecution may not attempt to inject into the proceedings unfounded prejudicial innuendo. People v Di Paolo, 366 Mich 394, 396-397; 115 NW2d 78 (1962), People v Ball, 33 Mich App 288, 290; 189 NW2d 816 (1971). However, where the prosecutor’s question is based upon prior testimony, it is not impermissible injection of innuendo. People v Williams #2, 45 Mich App 630, 638; 207 NW2d 180 (1973), People v Morrin, 31 Mich App 301, 335; 187 NW2d 434 (1971).
In this case, the prosecution had previously asked Miranda similar questions and had received testimony that defendant had discussed the fight during a conversation at which McConnel was present. The prosecution’s cross-examination of defendant did not inject unfounded innuendo into the trial because the questions were based on previous testimony. Therefore, no error occurred.
Defendant next alleges that he was denied a fair trial because the prosecutor elicited testimony from a detective that defendant’s picture was not shown to any witnesses until the detective became personally satisfied that the defendant was the person wanted on the charge in this case. It is impermissible for a witness to express his belief in the guilt or innocence of the defendant. People v Parks, 57 Mich App 738, 750; 226 NW2d 710 (1975). It is also impermissible for the prosecutor to express his opinion on defendant’s guilt. People v McCoy, 392 Mich 231, 240; 220 NW2d 456 (1974), People v Boske, 221 Mich 129, 134; 190 NW 656 (1922), People v Humphreys, 24 Mich App 411, 419; 180 NW2d 328 (1970). However, where the prosecution’s remarks are made in response to questions or arguments made by defense counsel, no error occurs. People v Pomranky, 62 Mich App 304, 311; 233 NW2d 263 (1975), lv den 397 Mich 823 (1976).
During the cross-examination of Detective Daniel Duncan, the officer in charge of the investigation, defense counsel asked Duncan if he had shown witnesses pictures of other suspects. Duncan admitted that he had not shown witnesses pictures of other suspects. On redirect, the prosecutor attempted to show that Duncan had spoken to a large number of witnesses before identifying Moreno as the defendant. The prosecutor asked Duncan if he had shown defendant’s picture after Duncan had "to [his own] satisfaction identified Moreno as the defendant”. The court sustained defendant’s objection. Later, the prosecutor asked the following questions:
"Q. Were you absolutely sure that the name Joe Moreno or Jose Moreno was the name of the person who stabbed Mr. Lopez initially?
"A. Not initially.
”Q. Do you recall when it was that to your own personal satisfaction you were satisfied that Jose Moreno was the person that you wanted to seek a warrant for in this matter? When did that occur in this investigation?
"Mr. McLellan: Your Honor—
"The Court: We’ll take the answer.
"The Witness: For my own personal satisfaction, I was satisfied when I had contact in the early morning hours of April the 1st, 1979, on the 5th floor of the Lansing Police Department with one Carlos Garza.
"Q. (By Mr. McLellan, continuing): But did you conduct your investigation nonetheless?
"A. I did.
"Q. Did you continue to question witnesses and other people with regard to information they might have?
"A. Yes, sir. I felt, at the time of my contact with Carlos Garza, I felt sure in my own mind that I had identified the individual but I did not feel at that time I had enough information to seek a warrant, a criminal warrant through the prosecutor’s office for that individual, and I continued in my investigation.
"Q. Do you recall when you ultimately sought that warrant?
"A. I believe it was on Monday the 3rd or 4th of April. I’m not positive, sir, I’d have to refer to my report.”
These questions were asked in response to defense counsel’s questions concerning Duncan’s investigation. They were not elicited in an attempt to persuade the jury to convict defendant because a police officer believed he was guilty. Furthermore, the questions and answers were not attempts to express the prosecution’s belief in defendant’s guilt but were, rather, questions about Duncan’s investigation. They do not compare to the prosecution’s comments in McCoy, supra, Boske, supra, and Humphreys, supra, and do not require reversal of defendant’s conviction.
Defendant’s third claim of error is that the trial court erred when it ruled that the prosecution had used due diligence when trying to secure the attendance of three missing res gestae witnesses. This Court will not reverse a trial court’s finding of due diligence unless a clear abuse of discretion is found. People v Sullivan, 97 Mich App 488, 493; 296 NW2d 81 (1980), People v Frazier, 95 Mich App 570, 576; 291 NW2d 125 (1980). Due diligence is defined as doing everything reasonable, not everything possible, Sullivan, supra, 493, Frazier, supra, 576.
In this case, the prosecution used due diligence in attempting to secure the attendance of the three missing witnesses. The police interviewed a number of people in an effort to discover the whereabouts of the missing witnesses. Criminal records, traffic records, police files, telephone books, social service department files, post office records, city directories and the police department’s LEIN system were all used in an attempt to locate the witnesses. The police also interviewed another missing witness’s family and discovered that the witness was last known to be in Georgia. Checks with the FBI and a number of law enforcement agencies in Georgia failed to reveal the whereabouts of the missing witness. These are only a few of the methods used in trying to secure the presence of the three witnesses. The trial court did not abuse its discretion when it found that the prosecution used due diligence to secure the attendance of the three witnesses.
Defendant’s final claim of error is that he was denied effective assistance of counsel. The law requires that a defense counsel must perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law and must conscien tiously protect his client’s interests, undeflected by conflicting considerations. People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250, 264; 247 NW2d 547 (1976). Where this standard is met, a new trial might still be required where defense counsel’s mistake is of such serious proportions that but for the lawyer’s mistake the defendant might not have been convicted. Garcia, supra, 266, People v Degraffenreid, 19 Mich App 702, 716; 173 NW2d 317 (1969).
A review of the record demonstrates that defense counsel’s performance met the constitutional standard announced in Garcia, supra. However, defendant alleges that his counsel made serious errors by not cross-examining three witnesses to show their bias against defendant and erred when he failed to require the attendance of certain witnesses.
During the trial, defendant objected to the way his counsel was conducting the cross-examination of three witnesses. According to Moreno, his counsel could have cross-examined one witness about his bias against defendant based on the witness’s belief that Moreno caused his father’s death. The trial court, out of the presence of the jury, questioned defendant concerning his claim. Defendant stated that the witness’s father had sold marijuana for defendant and had died of a drug overdose. Upon further questioning by the trial court, defendant admitted that defense counsel did not err when he failed to cross-examine the witness about the prejudicial matter. As for the other two witnesses, defense counsel cross-examined them concerning the defense’s theory but not about possible bias towards defendant. The cross-examination of these witnesses was trial strategy which this Court will not question on review.
Finally, defendant claims that defense counsel erred when he refused the court’s offer to subpoena some prospective alibi witnesses. However, the record reveals that these prospective alibi witnesses’ testimony would not have placed defendant at another bar during the decedent’s murder. Therefore, it was a matter of trial strategy not to call these prospective witnesses.
Defendant’s conviction for second-degree murder is affirmed. | [
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] |
To vacate an order striking an amended declaration from the files.
Denied October 22, 1879, on the ground that the discretion of a trial judge, in refusing to allow amendments to pleadings, will not be reviewed if not abused. | [
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To compel respondent to set aside an injunction requiring- the common council to clesist and refrain from granting permission to move a building across the trolley system of an electric street railway company, and from cutting said trolley wires, and from interfering with the operation of said trolley system.
Order to show cause denied April 11, 1893. | [
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To compel respondent to execute and issue bonds to aid in the construction of the railroad proposed to be constructed through the township of Salem, under Act No. 49, Laws of 1864..
Denied May 26, 1870. | [
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] |
To vacate order dissolving an attachment.
Granted June 22, 1892, with costs
Three persons were joined as defendants. Upon the execution of the writ the person in whose possession the property was found, executed a bond, under the statute, conditioned for the payment of any judgment that might be rendered, and the prop■érty was released.
The return day of the writ was December 2. The sheriff returned that on November 17 he served a certified copy of the attachment and inventory upon one of the defendants, and a copy of the writ upon each of the other two, and that on December 5 he served a certified copy of the attachment and inventory upon the two defendants upon whom he had on November 17 served a copy of the writ. The motion to dissolve set forth the failure of service of a certified copy of the attachment and inventory, within the life of the writ, upon two of the defendants.
Relator contended (1) that the service of the certified copy upon one of the joint defendants was sufficient. Hubberton Lumb. Co. vs. Covert, 35 M., 254; (2) that the execution of the bond ended the attachment proceedings under Sec. 8000, How. Stat., and that it was only necessary to serve a copy of the writ which operated as a summons. Patch vs. Wessels, 46 M., 249; Paddock vs. Mathews, 3 M., 18. | [
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69
] |
To vacate a verdict and allow a new trial, where, when the testimony was all in and the parties had rested, the court ad journed for the day, and the attorney for the plaintiff failed to appear at the adjourned hour to argue the case, which argument the plaintiff desired to have made and requests to charge presented. ;
Granted January 16, 1889.
Held, that the plaintiff has a right to withdraw his case or abandon his suit at any time before taking the verdict of the jury, and that the circuit judge under the circumstances should have directed a non-suit. | [
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To'compel respondent to provide for the payment of a balance remaining due on the books of Midland County in favor of relator township, which was formerly one of the towns of Midland County, but is now in Boscommon County, which latter county was organized in 1875.
Granted October 31, 1882.
The return admitted that the balance stood on tbe books, but denied tbe liability on tbe grounds that neither the claim nor the books were correct; that the county had not received all the taxes returned as delinquent; that a large amount of taxes' had been charged back, and that a large amount was enjoined and never collected, and these had never been adjusted between the county and the township, but the answer contained no statement of definite items reducing the balances, though the means of doing so, if they existed at all, were accessible to the board.
Held, that this answer showed no cause against the writ; that Comp. L., Chap. 226, related to cases where the writ had been first issued, and the return made under which issues of fact are framed, a practice which is not customary here. The writ is meant to be a speedy, summary remedy, the chief value of which would be destroyed by the delays and complications of special pleading authorized under the practice of alternative or double writs. The proceedings are begun by an order to show cause, and such issues of fact as are introduced by or under the return, are disposed of specifically, not by sending down the entire case on the record, but in the same way as are particular issues sent down in chancery cases to be disposed of. | [
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To compel respondent or its officers to permit relator, who holds certain shares of stock in the respondent corporation, to inspect the stock book and the last inventory or balance sheet of said company, or give to relator a full statement in writing under the hand and oath of the officers, showing how much stock has been issued by said company, how much cash has been paid in therefor, who holds the stock of said company and how much each person holds, what are the assets and liabilities of said company and of what said assets consist.
The answer denied the ownership of the stock by the estate and alleged ownership in a third party.
An issue was framed and sent to the Ingham circuit for trial November 10, 1891. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to levy a certain sum. for free text books.
Denied May 9, 1890.
Held, that the inclusion by the board of education in its annual estimate of a sum for free text books, in the absence of authority from a majority of the qualified electors, as provided by Section 6, Act No. 147, Laws of 1889, is absolutely void, and the writ will not be issued to aid in the enforcement of an illegal claim. | [
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To compel the board to audit relators’ bill for the cure of a person from the liquor habit, under Act No. 207, Laws of 1893.
Order to show cause denied Nov. 21, 1893, on the ground that the application should be made to the Circuit Court. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to audit and allow an account for expenses incurred in the pursuit of a person charged with a criminal offense in the City of Detroit.
Granted October 12, 1892, without costs. | [
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To vacate a resolution whereby relator’s seat in the Common Council had been declared vacant.
Granted June 21, 1882.
Respondents insist, that relator lacked legal capacity to take the office, and that he had subsequently disqualified himself by removing from the ward. The charter makes the council judges of the election and qualification of its members.
Held, that this power expires with the council that admits the member; that the question, whether he had disqualified himself can be tried only by a judicial tribunal, and that mandamus proceedings in such a case have no concern with the legality of his title. | [
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To quash an information charging defendant therein with a violation of the liquor laws, on the ground that it did not specify the kinds of liquors that defendant was charged with selling, the particular place where sold, the particular time when sold or the persons to whom sold or offered, or to compel respondent to vacate his order denying defendant’s motion that the prosecuting attorney be required to furnish a bill of particulars.
Order to show cause denied, on the ground that defendant’s remedy is by appeal from final judgment, January 30, 1894. | [
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] |
To compel payment of an order issued for relator’s service as teacher.
Order granted in the alternative June 28, 1892. | [
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To vacate an order refusing to compel a justice to make return to an appeal taken by relator, in a case where the justice declined to make the return, on the ground that the sum paid did not include the fee for making return, but it appeared that the justice had receipted for “ten dollars as fees and costs on appeal of case,” etc.
Granted June 23, 1880.
Held, that although the justice may have a claim against the appellant for the amount unpaid, it was his duty to make due return to the appeal; that the party had a right to rely upon the receipt given, and he should not be deprived of his right to an appeal because of a misunderstanding with the justice. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to sign a contract, for supplying the city of Monroe with water, ordered by the common council.
The circuit judge denied the application. Reversed and writ granted, without costs, December 15, 1897. | [
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To compel respondent to receive a claim for State bounty, provided for by Act No. 27, 1865;, and under Sec. 1, of Aet No. 32, 1871, to examine and allow the claim.
Denied October 5, 1881.
Held, that the delay in making the application was fatal. | [
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] |
To compel the vacation of an order quashing a complaint and warrant.
Granted January 20, 1892.
The complaint charged that one Cook “did feloniously and unlawfully kill and destroy certain deer, to wit, one deer, in violation of Act No. 40, of the Public Acts of the State of Michigan, Approved April 23, 1891.”
The accused moved to quash for the following reasons: (1) Because if the facts stated are true, respondent has committed no offense punishable by the law of the State.
(2) The act under which complaint is made was repealed by Act No. 152, Laws of 1891.
(3) Said Act No. 40 is too indefinite and uncertain, both as to subject matter and time when in force, to be of any validity as a penal statute.
(4) Said Act No. 40 is directly opposed to the protection of game within this State.
Respondent contended that an Act applying to one or more counties merely, is a local Act, 13 Am. and Eng. Enc., 980; State vs. Ellett, 21 Am. Rep., 772; Kerrigan vs. Force, 68 N. Y., 381; that the two Acts are repugnant, People vs. Forman, 85 M., 110; Dwarris on Statutes, 5444; People vs. Van Nort, 64 Barb., 205; State vs. Davis, 70 Mo., 237; that where two statutes prescribe different penalties for the same offense, the later repeals the former without express words to that effect, People vs. Russell, 59 M., 104; Robison vs. Recorders’ Court Judge, Id., 529 (236); State vs. McCarthy, 13 N. E. Rep., 409; State vs. Cooper, Id., 403; Mongeon vs. People, 55 N. Y., 613; Flaherty vs. Thomas, 12 Allen, 428; that penal laws must be uniform, Robison vs. Recorders’ Court Judge, 59 M., 529 (236); that inasmuch as the general Act prescribes a different mode of punishment, it repeals the local Act, Musser vs. Com., 25 Pa., St. 126; Blevens vs. People, 1 Scam., 172; general words in a statute are to receive a general construction, Ten Eyck vs. Wing, 1 M., 40; Terrance vs. McDougall, 12 Ga., 826; Jones vs. Jones, 18 Me., 308; that the later statute covering the same subject repeals the former, though not repugnant, Shannon vs. People, 5 M., 71; Feige vs. M. C. R. R. Co., 68 M., 1; People vs. Hobson, 48 M., 27; People vs. Bissell, 59 M., 104; that if the words “any deer” include tame deer, there is, a right of property in the tame deer in confinement,' 2 Blackstone’s Com., 391. | [
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] |
Delator had been township treasurer, but the territory within which he resided had been taken from the township and annexed to the City of Detroit, whereupon the township board appointed another township treasurer.
Held, that relator was not treasurer of the township and had no right to the moneys which he sought to compel payment of.
Decided October 26, 1875. | [
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23
] |
Per Curiam.
Defendant pled guilty to attempted breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, and larceny over $100, MCL 750.356; MSA 28.588. He was sentenced to concurrent terms of from 40 to 60 months on each charge, with 101 days credit for time served. Defendant now moves for peremptory reversal, seeking an additional 300 days of credit.
On May 22, 1979, defendant entered guilty pleas to the above charges. The trial court set June 25, 1979, as the date for sentencing and released defendant on bond. Defendant failed to appear for sentencing and a warrant was issued for his arrest.
Defendant surfaced in Anderson, Indiana, where he was arrested on August 27, 1979, and charged with a burglary which he had committed in Anderson three days before. On September 17, 1979, Indiana authorities informed authorities in Calhoun County, Michigan, that defendant was in their custody and put a "hold” on defendant for the Michigan authorities.
Defendant pled guilty to the Indiana charge on November 5, 1979. In exchange for this plea, the prosecution agreed to "recommend that the defendant be sentenced to the Indiana Department of Corrections for a period of two years executed, said sentence to be served concurrently with the Calhoun County, Michigan, sentence”.
Accordingly, the Indiana court sentenced defendant to a two-year term to be served concurrently with the sentence he was to receive on the Michigan charges.
On January 28, 1980, the Calhoun County authorities requested temporary custody of defendant in order to return him for sentencing on the Michigan charges. This request was denied. The Calhoun County authorities submitted another such request on May 23, 1980. On July 11, 1980, after 300 days of imprisonment in Indiana, defendant was returned to Michigan for sentencing.
At the sentencing hearing, defendant’s counsel asserted that defendant was entitled to credit for the time spent incarcerated in Indiana. The trial court made no reference to this request in sentencing defendant to a term of from 40 to 60 months, with credit for 101 days served while awaiting trial in Michigan.
Defendant’s sole claim of error on appeal is that the trial court erred in failing to grant credit for the time served in Indiana. The relevant statute, MCL 769.11b; MSA 28.1083(2), provides:
"Whenever any person is hereafter convicted of any crime within this state and has served any time in jail prior to sentencing because of being denied or unable to furnish bond for the offense of which he is convicted, the trial court in imposing sentence shall specifically grant credit against the sentence for such time served in jail prior to sentencing.”
Various panels of this Court have expressed widely differing views with respect to the scope of this statute. In People v Coyle, 104 Mich App 636, 649-650; 305 NW2d 275 (1981), the Court summarized the current state of the law:
"There are three points of view on this question. The most strict approach states that if defendant is technically free on bond on the charge of which he was convicted (charge A), time served due to any other charge will not be credited when he is sentenced upon conviction of charge A. See, e.g., People v Finn, 74 Mich App 580; 254 NW2d 585 (1977). Similarly, where defendant was not confined on the charge of which he was convicted, no credit was given. People v Risher, 78 Mich App 431; 260 NW2d 121 (1977).
"The middle view is that if defendant is confined on a related charge, credit will be given. People v Tilliard, 98 Mich App 17; 296 NW2d 180 (1980). As between the two charges, there must be an 'intimate and substantial relationship’, People v Groeneveld [54 Mich App 424, 427-428; 221 NW2d 254 (1974)], or a rational nexus, People v Face [88 Mich App 435, 439; 276 NW2d 916 (1979)].
"The most liberal view is that credit will be granted, although the letter of the sentence credit statute precludes it, because the spirit of the statute requires it. People v Potts, 46 Mich App 538, 550-551; 208 NW2d 583 (1973), lv den 391 Mich 833 (1974), People v Parisi [46 Mich App 322, 329-330; 208 NW2d 70 (1973)], People v Chattaway [18 Mich App 538, 541-543; 171 NW2d 801 (1969)].”
We believe that the strict view as enunciated in Finn represents the closest approximation of the Legislature’s intent in enacting the "credit statute”. After Michigan authorities placed a "hold” on defendant, he spent 63 days in an Indiana prison awaiting trial prior to tendering his guilty plea. Consequently, the Michigan charges were a substantial factor which contributed to defendant’s pretrial detention in Indiana. Even if defendant had managed to post bond on the Indiana charge, he would not have been released due to the "hold” placed by the Michigan authorities.
Under these circumstances, we believe that the policy embodied in the credit statute requires that defendant receive 63 days of credit against his Michigan sentence, and we modify his sentence accordingly.
However, we disagree with defendant’s contention that he is also entitled to credit for the 237 days he spent imprisoned in Indiana between sen tencing on the Indiana charges and his subsequent release. Defendant’s incarceration during that period was not the result of inability to post bail or the "hold” placed by the Michigan authorities. Rather, he was serving a sentence for an unrelated offense committed in another state. Consequently, we cannot conclude that the credit statute mandates an additional reduction in defendant’s sentence.
Affirmed as modified. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff appeals the trial court’s order affirming a decision of the Department of Corrections, security classification committee, which placed plaintiff into administrative segrega tion and transferred him from the State Prison at Southern Michigan (SPSM) to the Marquette Branch Prison (MBP).
On December 2, 1977, at SPSM, plaintiff began serving a 10- to 15-year sentence for manslaughter plus a consecutive term of 32 to 48 months for a 1975 attempted escape from a county jail.
On December 18, 1979, plaintiff was charged with misconduct for an alleged assault on another inmate. On December 26, 1979, a misconduct hearing was held and plaintiff was found not guilty because of insufficient evidence. On the same day, the security classification committee placed plaintiff into more restrictive administrative segregation and ordered his transfer to MBP, based on the alleged assault, the 1975 escape attempt and the fact that plaintiff had made a good adjustment during a previous stay at Marquette. On January 23, 1980, plaintiff was transferred to MBP where he presently resides.
Plaintiff filed a grievance contesting the transfer on the ground that it was based on the misconduct charge of which he had been found not guilty. The grievance was ultimately denied.
Plaintiff, who has been acting in propria persona throughout these proceedings, then filed in the Marquette County Circuit Court a document entitled "Petition for Order of Show Cause for Injunctive Relief’, naming the Marquette Warden as respondent. Plaintiff sought return to SPSM, restoration to the level of custody which existed prior to December 18, 1979, and expunction of all reference to misconduct allegations arising out of the December 18, 1979, incident.
The trial court treated the matter as an appeal from an administrative decision pursuant to the Administrative Procedures Act of 1969 (APA), MCL 24.201 et seq.; MSA 3.560(101) et seq., and affirmed the denial of plaintiffs grievance.
The trial court correctly treated this as an appeal pursuant to the APA. MCL 791.255; MSA 28.2320(55), Penn v Dep’t of Corrections, 100 Mich App 532, 539; 298 NW2d 756 (1980), lv den 411 Mich 858 (1981).
Therefore, a reviewing court is required to apply the standard of review provided in MCL 24.306; MSA 3.560(206).
Plaintiff contends that his rights were violated because his transfer was based on misconduct charges of which he was subsequently acquitted.
The United States Supreme Court in Meachum v Fano, 427 US 215; 96 S Ct 2532; 49 L Ed 2d 451 (1976), reh den 429 US 873; 97 S Ct 191; 50 L Ed 2d 155 (1976), and Montanye v Haymes, 427 US 236; 96 S Ct 2543; 49 L Ed 2d 466 (1976), held that the transfer of state prisoners from one state institution to another state institution in which conditions were less favorable to the prisoners did not infringe upon a liberty interest of the prisoners within the meaning of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, absent a state law or practice conditioning such transfers on proof of serious misconduct or the occurrence of other events.
In Michigan, a prisoner is entitled to a hearing before being deprived of a right or significant privilege. MCL 791.251; MSA 28.2320(51). Dickerson v Warden, Marquette Prison, 99 Mich App 630; 298 NW2d 841 (1980).
In Stone v Egeler, 377 F Supp 115 (1973), modified on other grounds 506 F2d 287 (CA 6, 1974), the United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan extended the right to a hearing to prisoners faced with transfer to another institution. That case involved a civil rights action brought by two prisoners who had been suspected of being involved in illicit drug traffic at SPSM and as a result were transferred to the maximum security prison at Marquette. The court held that the transfers were disciplinary in nature and occasioned serious and substantial deprivations and that failure to grant a hearing on the charges and the propriety of the transfer constituted a violation of federal due process.
However, in the present case, there is no contention that plaintiff was not afforded a fair hearing prior to the transfer. Rather, plaintiff contends that the security classification committee improperly considered the misconduct allegation.
MCL 791.265; MSA 28.2325 provides:
"791.265 Transfer of prisoners
"Sec. 65. (1) Under rules promulgated by the director of the department with the approval of the commission, the assistant director in charge of the bureau of penal institutions, except as provided in subsection (2), may cause the transfer or re-transfer of a prisoner from a penal institution to which committed to any other penal institution, or temporarily to a state institution for medical or surgical treatment. In effecting a transfer, the assistant director of the bureau of penal institutions may utilize the services of an executive or employee within the department and of a law enforcement officer of the state.”
This section was added by 1980 PA 150, arid it appears that the department has not yet promulgated rules thereunder. Cf. 1979 AC, R 791.4401.
We have examined the statutes, case law and administrative rules and find no indication that serious misconduct is a prerequisite to the inter-facility transfer of a prisoner. We believe that the department has discretion to transfer prisoners to protect other inmates and advance the smooth operation of the institution. Applying the standard of review provided in MCL 24.306; MSA 3.560(206), we find no abuse of discretion in the department’s action.
Affirmed. | [
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To vacate order quashing capias.
Granted October 11, 1893, with'costs.
The circuit judge quashed the capias on the ground that the allegations contained in the affidavits could not have been within the knowledge of the affiants, but were evidently upon information and belief, although not .so stated. | [
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] |
To compel vacation of an order denying leave to file an amended declaration on duly suggesting of record the death of defendant.
Denied June 3, 1879.
The relator claimed that the declaration should be amended so as to show the change of parties.
Held, that the suggestion of a party’s death upon the record is enough, if undisputed, to have all the proceedings construed with it without amending, the declaration. | [
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To compel the board to comply with the provisions of Act No. 257, Laws of 1895, relative to 'the establishment of a Homeopathic Medical College at Detroit.
Denied July 28, 1896, with costs, on the ground that the Attorney General is the proper party relator in such case and that said Act No. 257 is unconstitutional. | [
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To compel respondent to enter judgment in favor of relator.
Order to show cause denied June 6, 1893.
Relator was respondent in proceedings before a circuit court commissioner for forcible entry and detainer, in which an appeal was taken to the circuit. Upon the trial in the Circuit Court, before the case went to the jury, relator raised a question as to the competency of one of the jurors, the court found said juror incompetent, and as relator refused to consent to proceed with eleven jurors, the court discharged the panel. | [
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To compel respondents to re-instate relator as alderman, he having been excluded by the action of the Common Council declaring his opponent elected.
Denied June 3, 1879.
Held, that the charter made the Common Council final judges as to the election of its members, and that mandamus would not lie to compel them to reinstate one whom they had excluded without a proper hearing upon the merits. | [
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To compel respondent to issue process against one Kimball, at tbe suit of relator.
Denied 1853.
By the act incorporating the City of Adrian it appears that certain portions of the townships of Adrian and Madison now constitute the city, and the act provided that the justices heretofore elected for said townships were to remain in office until the expiration of the term for which they were elected. The respondent was one of such justices.
Held, that the section of the act incorporating the City of Adrian, which provided that 'the justices heretofore elected were to remain in office, is in direct conflict with the Constitution, which provides that when a justice of the peace shall remove from the township in which he was elected, or by change in the boundaries of said township he shall be placed without the same, he shall be deemed to have vacated his office. Constitution, Art. VI., Sec. 22. | [
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] |
To require respondent to grant a temporary injunction restraining the prosecution of a suit at law, brought by the township of Bingham, to recover from relator the tax assessed to certain parties upon certain stock in the petitioning bank.
Order to show cause denied February 17, 1897.
The bill filed set forth that said parties had sold said stock after tlie assessment and. before demand for said tax; tbat relator bas no adequate defense to said action at law, but has-a good, substantial and meritorious defense in equity.
See St. Johns Natl. Bank vs. Bingham Twp., 71 N. W., 588; 4 D. L. N., 288. | [
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] |
' To vacate an order made in Habeas Corpus proceedings discharging a prisoner confined in a State prison, under a void sentence.
Denied February 10, 1892.
On granting the order to show cause the court entered an. order staying proceedings until further order. | [
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To compel respondent to cause to be appraised and paid the damages of the relator, on account of constructing, using and occupying its road upon and across relator’s land.
Denied 1855.
The lands were taken and appropriated for the use of the Michigan Southern R. R. Co. in the year 183.8, and in 1846 all' the right, title and interest of the State in the railroad was transferred to the Michigan Southern R. R. Co. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to admit relator to the office of clerk of the Superior Court of Grand Bapids, by receiving his bond and oath of office, which is resisted on the ground that by the old law the clerk of Kent County was made ex-officio clerk of that court, and that the new law providing for a separate clerk is invalid.
Granted June 21, 1878. | [
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To compel respondent to set aside an order dismissing proceedings against a foreign corporation where service was made upon the traveling agent of such corporation.
Granted September 14, 1897, holding that such service was authorized by Act No. 61, P. A. 1895. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to vacate an order dismissing certain proceedings instituted under How. Stat., Sec. 5114 to 5128, to condemn a parcel of land for a school site.
Order to show cause denied Oct. 23, 1894.
The land was occupied by a tenant, the owner being a nonresident of the county, and the owner was not served.
On the return day the tenant appeared specially, and moved to quash the proceedings because no proper service had been made upon him, it appearing by the return that the officer served upon the tenant a copy of the venire and notified him verbally “of the time and place where, and the object for which, said jury was summoned.” | [
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To compel respondent to issue his warrant on the state treasurer for the proportion alleged to he due to the County of Sanilac, out of the tax ordered to he levied in 1886, for interest money alleged to be due on the sale of swamp lands, as the share belonging to Sanilac County.
Denied March 2, 1888.
The auditor general insisted, not only that no duty is cast upon him by law to ascertain and pay over such share, but also that the law has given him no money that can be so applied. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to vacate an order requiring plaintiff to file a more specific bill of particulars.
Granted in part January 16, 1891.
Held, (1) that a specification in a bill of particulars of an item of plaintiff’s demand as “two-thirds of whatever sum remained in defendant’s hands of the $412,250, received by him” on or about a given date, for certain bonds and stock after paying certain notes, describing them, but not giving their amount, is too uncertain and indefinite in the amount claimed, and should be amended or made more specific; and (2) that an order requiring a plaintiff to file an amended or specific bill of particulars under a common count declaration in assumpsit, showing how and by what right and when the plaintiff or his assignors became entitled to each item of plaintiff’s claim, as stated in his original bill of particulars, and how and when he acquired such right, calls for information not required to be given in a bill of particulars. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to grant an extension of time to settle a bill of exceptions.
Order to show cause denied November 10, 1896.
Petition re-filed January 4, 1897, and ordered, January 8, 1897, that the Circuit Court exercise his discretion as to settling the bill. | [
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To compel respondent to vacate an order for costs and enter judgment therefor in favor of relator.
Granted February 20, 1889.
Draper obtained judgment against Maloney before a justice and garnished a railway company. The company admitted its liability and paid into court the sum of $35.70, and received its discharge. Relator claimed the money, but the justice rendered a judgment against him, and for costs. Relator appealed and had a verdict in his favor in the Circuit. Hpon motion for judgment %e asked the court for costs, but instead thereof the court gave judgment for costs against him.
Held, that there being no provision of law for costs against claimant in a case of this kind, and none expressly authorizing the court in its discretion to award costs against him, the action of the circuit judge in so doing was invalid, the claimant having prevailed. | [
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] |
To compel assessment of drain tax.
Denied February 3, 1892.
Held, that the order of the commissioner determining the practicability of the proposed drain is fatally defective. | [
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To compel respondent to entertain a complaint for a fraudulent disposition of real estate.
Denied June 18, 1879.
Held, that Compiled Laws, Sec. 7191, applies only to a disposal of such property as is capable of removal and concealment, and that the Attorney General is not a proper relator in proceedings before the justice, where the crime charged is an offense against individual interests, and not concerning the State or the general security. | [
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] |
To grant a new trial.
Granted April 12, 1889.
Judgment in an attachment suit was rendered for want of an appearance and plea, and exceeded the sum sworn as due in the affidavit (with interest) and plaintiff had failed to remit the ■excess. | [
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To compel respondents to canvass the returns forwarded to said board by the Board of Canvassers of Ionia County, in obedience to the mandate of this court in Belknap vs. Board of Canvassers (Ionia), 94 M., 516, without reference to the resolution rejecting the vote of Lyons Township.
Granted February 14, 1893. Opinion filed March 10, 1893.
Relator was a candidate for Congress in the'Fifth Congressional District, at the November election, 1892. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to re-convene, and t-lie committee on re-count thereof to report ballots, the reception and rejection of which is complained of.
Denied December 24, 1892, with costs. See 1159, 1163. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to pay over to relator a balance remaining unpaid, of the one-half of certain specific taxes, which had been paid into the state treasury by mining corporations situated in said county.
Granted January 11, 1861.
The respondent contended that the application is not in due form and that there had been no legal appropriation of the moneys claimed.
Held, that the order was sufficient in form and substance, and that the statute of 1853 (Comp. Laws, Sec. 990), is a standing appropriation of one-half of the specific taxes, collected from mining corporations, to the counties respectively | [
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To compel respondent to issue a. patent for eighty acres of land.
Denied July 28, 1891, with costs.
By Act No. 130, Session Laws 1883, 1,000 acres of swamp lands, not otherwise appropriated, were granted to Livingston County, for improving the Cedar River. Said county contracted with one Sparrow for the work and assigned to Sparrow its claim to said land. Sparrow assigned to relator the right to select and receive eighty acres.
Respondent answered that the eighty acres in question had been otherwise appropriated; that said land was in 1878 licensed to one Gero as a homestead under Act No. 229¿ Laws of 1859; that Gero subsequently abandoned said land and the same reverted to the State in 1890; that said land had not since been restored to market, hence was not subject to private entry or purchase. | [
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To compel respondent to set aside a judgment in garnishee proceedings on the ground of irregularities.
Denied June 8, 1875.
Held, that error and not mandamus is the proper remedy. | [
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Mandamus not a proper remedy to compel a corporation to pay-dividends which it has declared. June 11, 1879. | [
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To compel respondents to rebuild a bridge.
Denied October 15, 1874.
Held, that inasmuch as the expense involved exceeded $1,000, there was no legal duty resting upon the commissioners. | [
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To compel respondent to sign and deliver to relator orders on the city treasury for relator’s services as inspector of elections, ■and also an order for the sum of $50 as and for his salary as alderman.
Denied as to amounts claimed for services as inspector of elections, it being held that the aldermen are made members of these boards by virtue of their official position as aldermen, and that this service is one which they are authorized and directed to perform by the express terms of the charter, which limits their compensation to a specific salary.
Granted as to the claim for salary, it being held that the mayor had no right to refuse to sign warrants for sums legally due because the aldermen had previously received money to which they were not legally entitled, January 26, 1894. | [
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] |
To compel appointment of special drain commissioners.
Denied March 2, 1892, with costs.
The probate judge declined to appoint, because, (1) although the petition bore date April 28, 1891, no further proceedings were taken until November 2, 1891, when the commissioner claims to have made his first order of determination, which said order was first filed in the Probate Court November 29, 1891, and no showing was made that it was not practicable to proceed in the matter at an earlier date, or to excuse the delay, and (2) that the records and minutes of the survey show such a substantial divergence from the route named in the original application as to render the proceedings void. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to approve of a druggist’s bond, the same being fixed by the board at $3,000.
Denied February 3, 1887.
The board found one of the sureties upon the bond offered insufficient, and the return disclosed nothing showing that the discretionary power of the board was not exercised reasonably and in good faith. | [
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To require respondents to appoint, install and maintain two professors of homeopathy in the department of medicine of the university, as provided by Laws of 1873, p. 73.
Denied October 30, 1874. | [
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To vacate an order setting aside an execution and tbe proceedings bad under it.
Granted January 20, 1880.
One Turrill recovered judgment in tbe Circuit, Court for Lapeer June 1, 1874.
Plaintiff died intestate July 31, 1876, and July 19, 1879, tbe administrators of bis estate caused an execution to issue and a levy and sale thereunder. In April, 1879, tbe judgment debtor moved the court to set aside tbe execution and levy and sale under it, because taken out after tbe plaintiff’s death and without steps to revive.
Held, tbat tbe omission to revive is an irregularity only and may be cured by an order nunc pro tunc. | [
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To compel the audit and payment of a certain claim.
Order to show cause denied January 2, 1894, on the ground that the application should be made to the Circuit Court. | [
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To dismiss appeal from circuit court commissioner.
Ordered tbat within 20 .days after notice appellant file in the Circuit Court a bond approved by the circuit court commissioner, otherwise that the appeal be dismissed, November 16, 1892, with costs.
Tbe proceeding was to recover possession of certain premises and complainant recovered judgment. Defendant appealed, filing a bond in tbe sum of $200, approved by tbe county clerk. Relator insisted tbat tbe bond did not cover tbe rental value of tbe premises, or contain tbe condition that defendant in case complainant obtained restitution, would pay tbe rent due, under Sec. 8307, How. Stat. Tbat section provides tbat tbe same proceedings shall be bad upon appeal, as in cases of appeals from judgment rendered before a justice of tbe peace. How., Sec. 7000, as amended in 1885, provides that tbe bond may be taken by tbe justice or by any other justice of tbe peace of tbe same county, or by tbe county clerk of said county, but it was held tbat tbe statute in force in 1851 controlled. See How. Stat., Sec. 7000; 2nd Comp. Laws, 1857, Sec. 3837. | [
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To compel respondent to reinstate, in the public schools, relator’s son, who had been suspended, for negligently and carelessly breaking a light of glass in a window in the school building, until the glass was replaced or satisfaction made therefor.
Granted November 8, 1889.
Held, that the term “misdemeanor” as used in How. Stat., Sec. 5069, means gross misbehavior or misconduct, and that before a pupil can be suspended or expelled from the public schools, under said section, he must be guilty of some willful or malicious act, of detriment to the school, and the misconduct must be gross — something -more than a petty or trivial offense against the rules — or he must be persistent in his disobedience of the proper and reasonable rules and regulations of the school. | [
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] |
To quash writs of attachment, issued for amounts not due, because of insufficiency of affidavits.
Orders to show cause issued Oct. 25, 1892.
Granted in default of answer January 4, 1893, with costs in each case. | [
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] |
To compel respondents to proceed in the Circuit Court for her relief and maintenance, under Sec. 1742, How. Stat.
Denied, without costs, May 11, 1892.
The answer alleged that relator had never requested respondent to apply in her behalf to the Circuit Court; that all of relator’s, dealings had been with the board of poor commissioners for the; city of Detroit for aid, relief or maintenance; nor is she a public charge or liable to become such, and that her children did not refuse or decline to give her support, maintenance or relief. | [
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To compel reinstatement of member.
Granted June 24, 1886.
Held, that members of an incorporated benevolent society are entitled to protection in their rights, and when illegally suspended, mandamus, lies for their reinstatement. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to strike from the files a bill of exceptions and sign the bill presented by relator, as appellant, where respondent had signed an amended bill or substitute presented by the appellee.
Order to show cause denied December 12, 1893. | [
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To compel the council to vacate a resolution appointing inspectors of election in the various election precincts in the City of Detroit.
Denied November 4, 1892, with costs.
Inspectors had been elected under Act No. 564, Local Acts-of 1887, but the Council claiming to act in compliance with Act No. 190, Laws of 1891, redistricted the city, changing nearly all of the districts, and appointed inspectors of election in such districts. Delators conceded the authority to redistrict the wards, but insisted that the authority to fill vacancies remained with the electors. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to dismiss' a divorce bill for want of the stautory verification.
Granted March 2, 1892, with costs.
See Harrison vs. Harrison, 94 M., 559; Holcomb vs. Holcomb, 100 M., 421. | [
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] |
To vacate an order setting aside a judgment.
Order to show cause denied May 31, 1893, on the ground that application should first be made to the Circuit Court to set aside the order complained of. | [
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45
] |
To compel board to canvass election returns.
Granted April 20, 1892, without costs.
Held, that the Canvassing Boards are bound by the returns. | [
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] |
To compel respondents to meet as a Board of Registration and examine relator under oath, to hear any testimony as to his right to register as an elector, and to register him, if upon such examination he is found qualified and entitled to register.
Granted October 23, 1868.
The Board had upon a personal inspection simply declined to register the applicant, holding he was not a white man within the meaning of the statutory provision relating to electora.
Respondents ask that an issue be framed, but the court held that no issue could be framed as the petition was for a writ of mandamus to compel respondents to meet as a Board of Registration and perform a duty which, under the statute, was imperative. | [
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To vacate an order dismissing garnishee proceedings, founded on an affidavit which fails to show the nature of the contract of the principal defendants or to identify it with the cause of action in suit.
Denied, with costs, April 13, 1881. | [
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] |
To vacate an. order allowing an amendment to declaration.
Granted Nov. 18, 1892, with, costs.
Held, that the amendment introduced a new cause of action after the same had become barred by the statute of limitations.
Gorman vs. Circuit Judge, 27 M., 138 (506); M. C. R. R. vs. Circuit Judge, 35 M., 227 (495). | [
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To compel the counting of certain ballots for relator, that were rejected by respondents.
Denied December 3, 1892.
Relator was a candidate for Congress, and by the Constitution of the United States, the House of Representatives is made the judge of the election returns and qualifications of its members. | [
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] |
To issue patents for certain lands.
Denied January 20, 1886, on the ground that the lands were not subject to entry. | [
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] |
To compel vacation of order granting costs.
Denied July 21, 1891, with, costs.
Relator, as administrator,, sued one Cummer, in case for negligence and had a verdict and judgment. Satisfied that the declaration was defective, respondent set aside the judgment and verdict, and gave defendant costs as for a trial and made payment thereof a condition precedent to a new trial. No question had been raised as to the sufficiency of the declaration until the presentation of the requests to charge. | [
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To compel respondent to enter into a contract with relator for city printing, for which bids had been requested and received ; it appearing that the contract had already been let to another party and the work partly performed.
The circuit judge granted the writ. Reversed and order vacated, with costs of both courts, April 6, 1897. | [
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To compel the settlement of a bill of exceptions.
Granted December 1, 1892, with costs. | [
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To vacate an order setting aside a default.
Denied June 19, 1878.
Discretion is not reviewable on mandamus. | [
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] |
To compel the allowance of an amendment, in the date of the return of a sheriff in an attachment suit, in a case where the sheriff returned that he executed the writ in the afternoon of Nov. 30, and it is insisted that he did not execute it until December 1, and in the meantime certain chattle mortgages had been filed.
The affidavits upon the motion before the circuit judge were conflicting, the sheriff insisting that his return is correct. | [
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To vacate an order putting a receiver in possession of certain personal property, which tbe relator claims to have purchased of parties wbo bad bought it at a mortgage foreclosure.
Denied January 18, 1882.
The mortgage was given by a corporation to a trustee for the benefit of certain directors. The bill alleged that the mortgage was without consideration, fraudulent and void, and it was claimed that relator was not a bona fide purchaser. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to proceed with the hearing of a second accounting, pending an appeal from the first.
Denied December 8, 1893, with costs.
Held, that relators should have applied to the Supreme Court for authority to have the hearing proceed under Sec. 6739, How. Stat., which stays all proceedings in the lower court after perfection of an appeal. | [
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] |
To compel vacation of an order setting aside an order for tbe distribution of a trust fund.
Denied April 10, 1894, with costs.
Tbe case bad been to tbe Supreme Court after tbe order of ■distribution was made, and the circuit judge vacated the order, being conidnced that it was incorrect under the decree made on the appeal. | [
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25
] |
To compel respondent to include in the tax roll of School District No. 3, of said township, an amount sufficient to pay an order issued by said district, it appearing that said school district “has been disorganized.”
Order to show cause denied October 30, 1894. | [
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20
] |
To compel respondent to vacate an order remanding a case to the cleric for re-taxation of costs after an appeal from a taxation by that officer.
Granted July 21, 1886. | [
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To compel respondent to issue an injunction restraining the prosecution of certain garnishment proceedings.
Denied July 10, 1894, with costs.
Plaintiff in the garnishee proceedings claims to have obtained a lien upon the fund. Baldwin vs. Circuit Judge, 101 M., 119 (472); Detroit & Birmingham Plank Road Co. vs. Circuit Judge, 98 M., 141 (824); Corunna vs. Circuit Judge, Supra (816). | [
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] |
Grant, J.
Defendant was sheriff of Antrim county, and levied upon a stock of goods belonging to one Gold-stick, under certain executions issued from justices’ courts. Plaintiff had a mortgage for $2,000 upon said stock of goods, and at the time of the levy was in possession thereof under his mortgage. The creditors directed the sheriff to proceed with his executions in hostility to plaintiff’s mortgage. Plaintiff brought trover. The issue upon trial was whether the mortgage was made with intent to defraud the creditors of Goldstick. The testimony upon this point was in direct conflict, and the jury have settled it in favor of the plaintiff. The first 13 pages of appellant’s brief are taken up in detailing his version of the facts. This was unnecessary, since the testimony was in conflict, and his counsel concede that the question of fraud was properly left to the, jury. Two questions are raised upon the admission of testimony, but we do not consider them of sufficient importance to discuss. The ruling of the court thereon was correct.
Several errors are assigned upon the charge of the court and the refusal to give certain of defendant’s requests. He preferred 22 requests, of which 16 were given. These 16 cover the entire controversy and theory of the defendant. The principles governing such cases are familiar, and the present case involves nothing the discussion of which would be of any practical use as a guide in other cases.
It is sufficient, therefore, to say that we find no error, and the judgment is affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Long, C. J.
This action was brought upon the following contract:
“This agreement, made this 23d day of August, 1894, between the Carrel Brothers, of the township of Dorr, State of Michigan, parties of the first part, and the Kalamazoo Cold-Storage Company, Limited, of Kalamazoo, Michigan, party of the second part, witnesseth: That the Carrel Brothers, parties of the first part, hereby agree to buy and pack apples for the said party of the second part, and load them on cars, and ship them to said party of the second part at Kalamazoo. Said apples are all to be well-assorted, first-class apples, packed in first-class condition, in good barrels holding not less than three bushels each. That said apples shall be not less than at the least eight-tenths the following varieties: Northern Spy, R. I. Greening, Baldwins, Wagener, Jonathan, Hubbardston’s Nonesuch, Canada Red, Spitzenburg, Seek No Further, Tompkins County King, Snow; and the balance to be R. Russet, T. Sweet, Ben Davis, and Gilliflower; and of no other kind or kinds without the written consent of the party of the second part. And the parties of the first part are to be bound at all times, as to the price to be paid for such apples, by the instructions of the party of the second part to them. And the parties of the first part are to properly mark every barrel of said apples true to name, and, if any of said apples are not so marked and properly assorted and packed, are to be held responsible for the same, for the full cost of the same at their storage building. And the said party of the second part agrees to pay the said Carrel Brothers, parties of the first part, the sum of 25 cents per barrel for buying and doing the above-described work.- And the said party of the second part agrees to pay for said apples as fast as they shall arrive at their storage building in Kalamazoo in car lots, by expressing the money to parties of the first part on the day of the arrival of the car, or not less than 24 hours thereafter; the said party of the second part to pay for the barrels, the cost of the same not to exceed 25 cents per barrel.
[Signed] “ Carrel Brothers.
“ Kalamazoo Cold-Storage Co., Ltd.”
It appears that the plaintiffs were authorized to pay $1.25 for No. 1’s, and 75 cents per barrel for No. 2’s, 25 cents apiece for barrels, and were allowed a commission of 25 cents per barrel for buying and packing. The plaintiffs having commenced buying and sending apples under the contract, on October 15, 1894, they received a letter from the defendant, stating:
“We have examined your packing, and find that there are many apples way below the size, that you ought not to pack. We wrote September 30th, which we refer you to. What you have marked ‘Red Pippin’ is really the leather apples, but is not really of much account. We do not want many off varieties.”
Defendant wrote plaintiffs again, on October 28th, as follows:
“When you were here, and saw the condition of the apples you were sending us, you promised that you would see personally that the balance of them were packed according to contract. This you have failed to do, and every car is about like the former, packed very carelessly, and a great many poor apples put in, so that it will necessitate the repacking of the -entire lot. . Under this state of affairs we can only do this: We send you by express today $300, and declare the contract off. When we have repacked the apples, if there is anything coming to you, we will pay it, but until that time we can send you no more money nor accept any moi’e apples.”
The contention of defendant is that the apples were not assorted and packed according to the contract; that the -barrels contained small and inferior, rotten and wormy fruit, below the grade of No. l’s, and that in disposing of them it suffered great loss, which it should be allowed to recoup against the plaintiffs’ claim. The testimony 'on the part of the defendant tends to show that, by reason of the inferior packing and quality of the apples, they all had to be reassorted and repacked before they could be marketed; also that the first delivery under the contract was made October 9th, when a car load was shipped directly from Dorr by the plaintiffs, and consigned to J. Leverone & Co., and by them refused on account of the inferior quality; that the defendant was obliged to store this car load at Cincinnati, and to reassort and repack the same there, before sale could, be made of what merchantable fruit the car contained; that, out of 168 barrels contained in the car, defendant, after reassorting and repacking, got 22 barrels of No. l’s, and 77 barrels of No. 2’s, losing completely 69 barrels; and that, even then, those that were marketable at all had to be. sold at greatly reduced prices, because of not being up to grade. The whole quantity of apples claimed to have been shipped by plaintiffs to defendant was 2,719'barrels of No. l’s, at $1.75 per barrel, and 51 barrels of No. 2’s, at $1.25 per barrel, and some crab apples, amounting to $6.75,—the whole aggregating $4,828.75; and plaintiffs admitted having been paid thereon $3,035, claiming a balance due of $1,793.75. Defendant’s claim is that in reassorting and repacking it sustained an absolute loss of 495 barrels, and that it suffered a loss in difference between cash paid and cash received for the fruit of $334. Plaintiffs contended that the defendant inspected and accepted the car of apples shipped to Cincinnati; but the evidence of the plaintiffs shows that but one barrel was examined out of the whole lot that was put into the car.
On the trial, one of the plaintiffs, Mr. Isaac Carrel, was called as a witness, and testified substantially that after the contract was signed, and in pursuance of it, they started to buy apples for the defendant, and bought for no other parties. Thomas Carrel was then called as a witness, and testified substantially that he saw many of the apples packed, and that no small or decayed apples were put in; that they had from 12 to 16 men packing, divided into four gangs, and that he drove around the township, and looked after the packing. The witness then testified, on cross-examination:
“We had apples of the same kind as those shipped to the cold-storage company on hand at the time we quit shipping to the cold-storage company. We shipped these other apples, that we had originally intended for the cold-storage company, to other parties. I cannot say whether my brother consigned them to himself or not. I think he did, to Chicago.”
Defendant’s counsel then sought to show, as a part of the cross examination of this witness, the character and quality of the apples shipped to Chicago, claiming that they were a part of the apples purchased for defendant, were of an inferior grade, and had to be sold by the plaintiffs themselves in the Chicago market as seconds. The court refused to permit this testimony to be given, stating that there was nothing in the direct examination of the witness bearing any relation to any other apples than those shipped to defendant, and that it was not permissible as cross-examination. The court then stated, “ When you get to your side of the case, then that would come up fairly for consideration.” The witness Isaac Carrel had testified, previous to that, that “ after we quit shipping to defendant, we shipped four car loads to Chicago, to R. S. Carrel, and Burnett Brothers handled them for us.” When the defendant, in its direct case, offered proof of the bad condition of these apples, the trial court excluded the same, on the ground that it raised a collateral issue. Exception was taken to the ruling of the court in _ reference to this testimony offered, not only upon the cross-examination of Mr. Carrel, but in defendant’s direct case. The plaintiffs had judgment for $1,921.50.
The only questions raised relate to the refusal of the court to admit this testimony, and to the refusal of defendant’s third request to charge. We think the court was in error in not admitting this testimony. It appears that the four car loads of apples shipped to Chicago were a part of the apples which had been purchased by the plaintiffs for the defendant; that they were packed by the same packers, were all purchased in the same neighborhood, and the same price was paid as for those which had been already shipped. The testimony was offered for the purpose of showing the bad quality of the apples which were being purchased by the plaintiffs for the defendant under the contract, and that those apples were not up to the quality and grade specified in the contract.
We think, also, that the court should have given the defendant’s third request to charge. It stated fully the defendant’s claim that the apples were not up to the contract, and had reference to the apples which had been shipped to Cincinnati, and stated that plaintiffs came to Kalamazoo at defendant’s request, were shown a barrel of the fruit taken from the car, and, upon an examination of it, admitted that the fruit was not properly assorted and packed, and were then told by defendant that it could not handle fruit in that condition, and that plaintiffs then requested defendant to do the best it could with such fruit, and that they would make good all losses and expenses which the defendant should sustain in regard to such apples, and agreed to pack the balance of the fruit in accordance with the terms of the contract. There was some evidence given in the case by the defendant which tended to support this request to charge, and we think the general charge of the court did not sufficiently cover the question raised.
For these reasons the judgment must be reversed, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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To vacate an order discharging, on appeal to the Circuit Court, one who had been convicted before a justice (under Act No. 218, Public Acts 1897) for traveling, trading and soliciting trade without first obtaining a license therefor.
Denied December 21, 1897. Act held unconstitutional. | [
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] |
To set aside a sale, levy, execution and judgment, upon a transcript of judgment by á justice, because (1) the cause was commenced before R. justice, but was tried before F. justice, the following entry appearing in the docket: “On account of sickness W. Fox tries this suit. S. R. Rockwell, J. P.,” and the parties having appeared before F. the cause was tried without objection upon the merits,' and (2) no separate affidavit of amount due was filed with the transcript, but the affidavit filed with the justice, on the day before, set forth the amount due.
Denied June 22, 1881. | [
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To compel the payment of a town order, the return showing that the order was fraudulently issued, without consideration, and without any allowance by the proper authorities.
Denied January 30, 1885. | [
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14
] |
To compel respondent to set aside an order directing relator to give security for costs, in a suit in which he appeared as next friend to an infant plaintiff, where it appeared that the next friend was wholly irresponsible financially.
Granted July 21, 1896, with costs against defendant, on the ground that the statute, How. Sec. 8121, does not contemplate that the person appointed shall be financially able to pay costs but that he shall be liable to- respond. | [
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Montgomery, J.
This is an action for false imprisonment. The plaintiff, on the trial, showed that the defendant caused a complaint to be made before a justice of the peace, upon which a warrant issued, and upon which plaintiff was arrested and imprisoned; that the complaint showed no offense, and that the defendant was active in causing the plaintiff’s arrest. The declaration contained two counts. At the conclusion of the testimony, the court ruled that by reason of the fact that the plaintiff had put in proof of the complaint and warrant, and had given evidence of the proceedings before the justice, he should be held to have elected to proceed under the second count of the declaration, in which the fact of plaintiff’s arrest under a complaint and warrant was alluded to. The court said of this count that he was unable to determine whether it was for malicious prosecution or false imprisonment or both, and that, as this count of the declaration did not point out that the complaint and warrant were defective, or that there was lack of jurisdiction in the justice, the plaintiff had failed to make a case under this count.
We think the court was in error in holding that the plaintiff should be held to have elected to proceed under the second count. His counsel declined to make such election. The first count was an ordinary count in trespass for false imprisonment, and undoubtedly the plaintiff might have rested on showing the fact of defendant’s connection with his arrest and detention, and the damages. It would then have become incumbent upon the defendant to justify. Stensrud v. Delamater, 56 Mich. 144. The fact that plaintiff saw fit to put in evidence the papers for the purpose of showing defendant’s connection with his arrest, so long as the papers fail to show jurisdiction to issue the warrant, did not render the arrest any the less a false imprisonment. It is true that his offer of the papers imposed an additional burden upon the plaintiff, namely, to show that, notwithstanding the parties went through the form of a proceeding before a justice, that proceeding was without jurisdiction. This burden he assumed, and we can see no reason why, having shown this, he was not entitled to recover under the first count in the declaration. The cases relied upon by defendant’s counsel are Haskins v. Ralston, 69 Mich. 63 (13 Am. St. Rep. 376); Barker v. Anderson, 81 Mich. 508; and Love v. Wood, 55 Mich. 451. None of these cases are like the present. In Barker v. Anderson, the court said, in distinguishing the case from Stens rud v. Delamater, that in that case the affidavit which led to the false imprisonment was shown, and held to be invalid, while in the case under consideration—Barker v. Anderson—the complaint was not presented to the court below, but only the fact that one was made; and therefore held, following Love v. Wood, that the presumption would arise, upon this showing, that the affidavit stated a cause of action. In Haskins v. Ralston it was. held that the affidavit upon which the warrant before the justice issued was sufficient. In the present case no such contention is made.
The judgment will be reversed, and a new trial ordered.
Long, C. J., Grant and Moore, JJ., concurred. Hooker, J., did not sit. | [
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-8,
36,
-36,
42,
5,
-4,
-13,
14,
32,
12,
42,
35,
14,
5,
-43,
14,
-14,
-40,
-54,
0,
29,
-4,
9,
2,
-63,
-22,
-2,
23,
-3,
50,
48,
-40,
-1,
-20,
6,
-1,
-36,
4,
11,
-38,
-20,
53,
-9,
54,
-3,
1,
13,
12,
-16,
-31,
35,
47,
-5,
-47,
-6,
37,
-39,
38,
-2,
17,
5,
-5,
3,
6,
43,
-25,
22,
-33,
-14,
-85,
-24,
51,
0,
19,
-57,
4,
14,
-28,
-31,
-59,
-19,
-33,
2,
-34,
20,
-20,
8,
-54,
-20,
31,
11,
-33,
0,
7,
-13,
-2,
-29,
-34,
32,
-6,
5,
-6,
37,
-20,
-21,
-28,
7,
-13,
-13,
-33,
-34,
10,
35,
10,
-12,
-43,
-3,
13,
-39,
-91,
2,
-26,
-23,
2,
-11,
-21,
-42,
26,
42,
24,
6,
0,
32,
0,
-20,
-44,
33,
-8,
36,
26,
21,
30,
-33,
48,
42,
1,
0,
4,
-8,
38,
35,
-20,
31,
-32,
18,
-30,
15,
-2,
38,
-10,
50
] |
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