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To compel respondents to recognize relator as a member of the Board of Park and Boulevard Commissioners of Detroit. The circuit judge denied the writ. Affirmed Dec. 21, 1897.
Relator was a member of the board, but the term for which be was appointed expired. He claimed that be was entitled to bold over until bis successor should be appointed. The mayor made an appointment of a successor, which was confirmed by a majority vote of a quorum of the common council. Relator insisted that the" confirmation required a majority vote of the. members elect of the council, under Section 114 of the Charter,, which provides that all appointments to office by the council shall be made by- a majority vote of the aldermen elect. Held, that said Section 114 has no application to an appointment by the mayor, “with the consent of the common council” under the Act relating to the respondent board. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to allow an appeal from a justice’s judgment, after the lapse of five days, on the ground that relator had been unable to obtain sureties on the appeal bond within that time.
Order to show cause denied December 4, 1893. | [
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To compel the reception and filing of the reports of a fraternal beneficiary association under Act No. 119, Laws of 1893, and to issue a certificate of authority to said association to carry on. business.
Denied December 22, 1894, with costs. | [
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To compel respondents to reinstate relator as a member of the police force.
The circuit judge denied the writ. Beversed and writ granted December 17, 1895, with costs. Behearing denied, with costs, March 3, 1896.
Charges were preferred against relator, and, although he was acquitted of the offenses specified, he was found guilty under the general charge of conduct unbecoming an officer. | [
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To place upon official ballot relator’s name as a candidate for alderman, he having been selected as such candidate by a committee appointed by a committee of citizens.
Order to show cause denied October 30, 1891. | [
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To vacate an order striking a deposition from the files, in a case where there was testimony tending to show that the deposition was taken by one member of a law firm, another member appearing for the party in whose behalf the deposition was taken.
Order to show cause denied February 10, 1891. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to pay relator for extra services claimed to have been performed by him.
The circuit judge granted the writ. Reversed and writ denied September 14, 1897.
Held, (1) that mandamus is not the proper remedy to enforce, payment of such claim.
, (2) No contract relations having been entered into between relator and the health board in regard to these extra services, and relator having accepted his regular salary without making-any claim to the board for extra sendees, and having accepted from such board a sum in payment of such services, will not be-allowed a recovery.
(3) Under, the charter of the City of Detroit the health commissioner has no authority to fix the hours of labor of employes of the board, to determine how many hours shall constitute a day’s labor or to bind the city to pay therefor. | [
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To compel payment of certain orders granted by the board of supervisors while sitting at Frankfort, after the county seat had been removed from that place to Benzonia.
Denied June 3, 1879.
It appeared that the board had assumed to recanvass the vote by which the county seat was removed, and had declared the county seat to be at Frankfort.
Held, that the county seat could not be shifted at the will of the supervisors, after they had once canvassed the vote for its removal, and located it in accordance with the result. Attorney General vs. Supervisors (Lake), 33 At., 289; Attorney General vs. Supervisors (Benzie), 34 M., 211 (1607). | [
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] |
To compel the vacation of an order granting a new trial.
Denied January 17, 1890.
The county in which the case was first heard was detached from the judicial circuit, of which it had formed a part, and made a part of the new circuit, the judge of which granted the motion for a new trial.
Held, that there is no law which disqualifies a circuit judge from rehearing a motion or cause which has been passed upon by another judge sitting in the same court. Also, that a circuit judge has authority to set aside judgments and grant new trials after the expiration of the term at which they were entered. See No. 49 3¿. | [
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Grant, J.
Defendant Welch was a saloon keeper in the city of Ionia. The other defendants are his bondsmen. Plaintiff was a widow 60 years of age, and for several years a helpless cripple. She owned a small homestead, which was mortgaged. Her son, Burton,-a minor, was her chief support. Her claim is that her son squandered his money in Welch’s saloon, became frequently intoxicated, and that she was thereby injured in her means of support. For this she brought suit, and obtained verdict and judgment.
1. The chief defense is that she had settled this suit, and executed a release and “satisfaction of all claims for damages, both actual and exemplary.” This settlement was made about three months before the trial, and while the suit was at issue and pending. Proofs on her part are ample to show that this settlement was brought about in the absence of her attorneys, by threats on the part of the agents of the defendants that her son would be prosecuted criminally unless she settled the case, and that affidavits for his arrest were already made; and that she executed the release and satisfaction solely because of such threats, and to save her son from prosecution. She desired to consult her attorneys before making the settlement, but was urged and advised by the defendants’ agents not to do so. Upon ascertaining the situation, her attorneys advised her that she was not bound by the settlement. Shortly before the trial, she, through her attorneys, made tender of the $130, the sum paid in settlement. Her evidence was sufficient to sustain a finding by the jury that the settlement was obtained by duress and fraud. It is recognized as duress when a mother is induced by threats to do an act in order that she may save her son from criminal prosecution. Schultz v. Culbertson, 46 Wis. 313; Bussian v. Railway Co., 56 Wis. 325; McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. v. Hamilton, 73 Wis. 486; Cribbs v. Sowle, 87 Mich. 340, 348 (24 Am. St. Rep. 166), and authorities there cited. The jury having found that the release was obtained by duress and fraud, it did not operate to abate the suit.
2. The plaintiff acted with sufficient diligence in tendering back the money received, and the court was correct in so instructing the jury. In fact, there are many cases which hold that no tender is necessary. O’Brien v. Railway Co., 89 Iowa, 644; Sanford v. Insurance Co., 11 Wash. 653; Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Lewis, 109 Ill. 120; Mullen v. Railroad Co., 127 Mass. 86 (34 Am. Rep. 349); Chicago, etc., R. Co. v. Doyle, 18 Kan. 58; Allerton v. Allerton, 50 N. Y. 670. The court instructed the jury to deduct from the amount of their verdict, if they found for the plaintiff, the sum of $130.
3. It was competent for the plaintiff to introduce evidence showing her situation and condition; her dependence upon her son; the amount he earned before he became addicted to the use of intoxicating liquors; his failure to obtain employment afterwards, if traceable to his drinking habit; the amount he had in the bank and had earned at various times; and that he had been seen upon the street in a state of intoxication during the time it was claimed defendant Welch sold him liquor. Such testimony was therefore properly admitted. Horn v. Smith, 77 Ill. 381; Black, Intox. Liq. § 308.
4. Burton was asked if he applied at a certain place for work, to which he replied that he did, and could not get it. When the question was objected to, counsel for plaintiff stated that he expected to show that Burton was refused work on account of his drinking habits. The court thereupon admitted the answer to the question: ‘ ‘ Bid he [the person to whom Burton applied] tell you why ?” Answer: “Not particularly.” The question, under the statement of counsel, was competent. If the answer was incompetent, the defendants should have moved to strike it out. Not having done so, they cannot now complain. Baumier v. Antiau, 79 Mich. 509, 516.
5. Complaint is made that the court instructed the jury that plaintiff might recover exemplary or punitory damages. The statute (3 How. Stat. § 2283e3) provides for such damages, and the instruction given is fully sustained by Larzelere v. Kirchgessner, 73 Mich. 276, and Peacock v. Oaks, 85 Mich. 578, 581.
We find no error upon the record, and the judgment is affirmed.
Montgomery, Hooker, and Moore, JJ., concurred. Long, C. J., did not sit. | [
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To compel respondent to vacate an order requiring relator, upon the submission of a bill of exceptions on appeal, to procure from the stenographer and furnish counsel for appellee in the suit, a copy of a portion of the testimony taken on the trial, to enable him to prepare amendments to the bill of exceptions.
Denied October 22, 1895, without costs.
Held, that inasmuch as the-statute relating to the duties of the stenographer of the Kent Circuit (3 How. Stat., Sec. 6534 e 2) provides that the appellant may tax as costs stenographer’s fee, and that the transcript procured may be used by the opposite party in proposing amendments to the record, the court may require appellant to furnish the opposite party with a copy of the stenographer’s notes necessary for the preparation of the amendments. | [
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To compel respondent to hear relator’s petition for the termination of the guardianship over his estate.
Granted October 12, 1892, without costs.
Relator had been adjudged incompetent, and filed his petition praying that the order might be set aside, on the ground that it was void for jurisdictional defects appearing upon the face of the proceedings; that he never was incompetent, and that the petition itself does not show a cause of incompetency.
Held, that mandamus would not lie to set aside the order because of the alleged jurisdictional defects, but that the writ is .a proper remedy to compel the court to proceed to a hearing and determination as to present competency. The petition was held sufficient for that purpose, and the writ was issued directing re-spondent to proceed to a hearing and determination as to the present competency of the relator, to have charge and control of his property. | [
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To compel a re-taxation of plaintiff’s costs in a suit commenced against respondent, wberein tbe declaration contained three counts, and plaintiff withdrew bis claim for a recovery under two of tbe counts, and tbe objection was tbat tbe bill as taxed included tbe fees of a witness wbo was called to sustain tbe claim under one of tbe counts withdrawn.
Order to show cause denied March 12, 1896. | [
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To vacate an order directing a special administrator to pay into court money withdrawn therefrom by bis predecessor, under an order improvidently granted.
Denied November 2, 1879. | [
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Mandamus to compel respondent to issue a certificate of amount due for State bounties.
Deified July 12, 1872, on the ground that it did not appear that the assignment of the claim to relator, or any evidence of it was brought to the notice of respondent or that any request for the certificate was made to him. | [
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] |
Hooker, J.
The defendant appeals from a judgment against him in an action of assumpsit, alleging two errors:
1. That plaintiff’s books of account were- improperly admitted in evidence.
2. That the plaintiff had assigned his claim to another as security, and has no authority to sue for and collect it upon his own account and in his own name.
The latter contention is based upon a chattel mortgage which covered the plaintiff’s stock and included his accounts. In addition to the usual provisions of chattel mortgages, this mortgage contained the following, viz.:
“It is agreed that until default be made by the mortgagor in one or more of the conditions above recited, or proceedings are taken to foreclose this mortgage, the mortgagor may possess, sell, and use said mortgaged property in the regular course of retail business, but not for any other purpose.”
We discover no evidence that the conditions of the mortgage have not been complied with, so far as said mortgage fixes the time for such compliance. It would seem, therefore, that the plaintiff has the right to continue his business, and collect his accounts for use in his business. This seems to have been the understanding of the mortgagees, one of whom was a witness. We cannot accede to the argument that this was an absolute assignment. That accounts may be the subject of mortgage is supported by innumerable authorities. Davis v. Pitcher, 97 Iowa, 13; Sykes v. Hannawalt, 5 N. Dak. 335; Sandwich Manfg. Co. v. Robinson, 83 Iowa, 567; Lawrence v. McKenzie, 88 Iowa, 440; Preston Nat. Bank v. George T. Smith Middlings Purifier Co., 84 Mich. 364; Kirkland v. Brune, 31 Grat. 126; Tingle v. Fisher, 20 W. Va. 497; Bacon v. Bonham, 27 N. J. Eq. 209; Williamson v. Railroad Co., 26 N. J. Eq. 398.
The evidence in support of the plaintiff’s account consisted of the testimony of the bookkeeper, who stated that he kept the books of the plaintiff which contained the accounts. It appeared conclusively that the bookkeeper had no personal knowledge of the sale and delivery of any goods; all that he knew about their delivery being obtained from slips handed to him daily by the waiters, who took the orders and delivered the articles. It is sometimes proper to admit books of account as evidence of the acts of those who keep them, where the entries are' contem porane ous with the acts recorded; but where the book is as in this case, the record of the acts of others, not within the personal knowledge of the bookkeeper, but made up from the statements of others, such book is hearsay. From the earliest cases, the admission of entries by third persons has proceeded upon the theory that such persons had personal knowledge of the fact stated in the entry. Such was the case in the leading case of Price v. Earl of Torrington, 1 Salk. 285, where, though the entry was made by one who did not deliver the goods, it was made in the presence of and was signed by the drayman who did, and it was treated as the entry of the drayman, and admitted after his death. In Smith v. Blakey, L. R. 2 Q. B. 326, Blackburn, J., says of the English authorities:
“The rule to be collected from all the cases is that it is an essential fact, to render such an entry admissible, that not only it should be made in the due discharge of the business about which the person is employed, but the duty must be to do the very thing to which the entry relates, and then to make a record of it.”
In Welsh v. Barrett, 15 Mass. 380, Parker, C. J., said:
“ But what a man has actually done, and committed to writing, when under obligation to do the act, it being in the course of the business he has undertaken, and he being dead, there seems to be no danger in submitting to the consideration of the jury.”
See, also, Nicholls v. Webb, 8 Wheat. 326; Livingston v. Tyler, 14 Conn. 493.
The general subject is exhaustively discussed in a note to Price v. Earl of Torrington, 1 Smith, Lead. Cas. 344, but we find nothing consistent with the proposition that entries made by a third person, living or dead, may be introduced to prove facts regarding which it is shown that he had no personal knowledge at the time the entries were made. It was necessary in this case to make further proof, before it could be said that these books made a prima facie case.
In Jackson v. Evans, 8 Mich. 476, the defendant was charged with brick which were delivered by plaintiff’s teamsters. One witness counted the brick when loaded, and kept account of them in a tally book or slate, until evening or the next day, when he reported the number to the plaintiff] but made no entries nor charges in plaintiff’s books. It was held that these were not original entries. But the court held that, before the books could be introduced, it was necessary to call the teamsters, and, while they might not be able to remember how many brick they delivered to the defendant, they might remember that all loaded for him were delivered, which “would be a very important link in the chain of circumstances to prove a sale and delivery of the articles charged.” The court said: “The teamsters can prove the delivery. Evans proves the number loaded and hauled away, and that he reported them to the defendant [in error], who entered them in his books. This makes up the res gestœ.”
We are of the opinion that the books were not admissible without further proof, and that the defendant was entitled to a directed verdict.
The judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Montgomery, J.
This is a motion to dismiss a writ -of error, based upon the ground that the writ was not returned on or before the return day, and upon the ground that no bill of exceptions has been properly settled in the case.
The first objection might be overlooked, on the authority of Woodmansie v. Hollon, 16 Mich. 379, and McBride v. Rea, 33 Mich. 347, if the bill of exceptions had been regularly settled.
It appears that the case was tried before Judge Simpson, sitting at the time in the Wayne circuit court, and the bill of exceptions was settled before Judge Hosmer. The statute (2 How. Stat. § 7613) provides that the bill of exceptions shall be settled before the judge who tried the case, except in case of his death, resignation, expiration of term of office, or vacancy in office from other cause. It is assigned as a reason for the settlement of the bill before Judge Hosmer that Judge Simpson was absent from Wayne county, and'his attendance could not be procured there. But the case might have been settled before him at his home. See Oliver v. Town, 24 Wis. 512; Ex parte Nelson, 62 Ala. 376. It appears that the attorneys for plaintiff assented to the settlement of this bill of exceptions before Judge Hosmer. But it has been repeatedly held that the parties cannot stipulate to a bill of exceptions. As the time has once been extended beyond the term, we have no doubt that Judge Simpson will, upon application, settle the bill, and, if a proper showing can be made, this court possesses the power to extend the time for suing out a writ of error for six months beyond the one year fixed by statute.
This motion will be granted, without costs to either party.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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To require respondent to grant new trials in cases in which relators had lost the benefit of their exceptions, by reason of the death of the trial judge before the bill of exceptions could be settled.
Granted April 23, 1879. | [
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The question of the validity of a notice of trial will not be reviewed on writ of error; the proper remedy is mandamus. October 7, 1874. | [
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To compel the allowance of fees for reporting mortgages, under Sec. 5 of Act No. 262, Laws of 1887, relator claiming that he was entitled each year to ten cents for every mortgage appearing upon the district assessor’s books.
Denied May 8, 1891, with costs. | [
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Grant, J.
(after stating the facts). The learned counsel for the defendant contend (1) that plaintiff had no lien upon the ore, and (2) that, if it had, it was waived, and that defendant committed no tort in disposing of it.
We deem it unnecessary to discuss the first point. The lease expressly provided for a lien upon “all ore mined,” and was not confined to the ore mined and upon the premises when proceedings should be taken to recover the royalty and enforce the lien.
Is the lien waived by the terms of the lease or by the customary methods of sale? There is nothing in the lease inconsistent with the existence of the lien. It would be an anomalous instrument which created a lien as security, and then destroyed or waived it by providing for the shipment (to the usual market for sale) of the ore there mined. Defendant introduced evidence to show that Cleveland, Ohio, was the customary market for iron ore mined in the Marquette district; that, by the universal custom of the district, the iron ore was shipped from the mines to this market by railroad and lake vessels; and that the sales agents made advances thereon of the cost of transportation, and sometimes also upon the purchase price of the ore. If this was the universal custom, the-lease was made with reference to that custom, and expressly provided for the lien. The custom, therefore, cannot annul the plain provisions of the contract. The permission to ship the ore for sale in the customary market in another State did not of itself destroy the lien. An innocent purchaser might take the property discharged of the lien, but this would not relieve the defendant from the consequences of his wrongful act in disposing of the property without preserving the lien or paying the roy alty. It was in his power, as it was his duty, to pay the royalty, or preserve the lien. He could easily have accomplished this by directing his agents, in making the advance and the sale, to reserve the amount due for royalty, and pay the same to the plaintiff. Instead, he chose to take the entire purchase price, and refuse or neglect to pay. In so disposing of the ore, he, perhaps without intending any wrong, destroyed the lien, and committed an act for which he is responsible, under either count in the declaration.
The judgment is affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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] |
Grant, J.
(after stating the facts). 1. Defendant insisted that there was a misjoinder of plaintiffs, and that, therefore, they could not recover. This claim was based upon evidence on the part of the defendant that plaintiffs had treated their obligations against the defendant as separate, and that Scott, by giving an order for $70 to his co-plaintiff upon the defendant, had parted with his'interest in the subject-matter of the contract. The order had not been paid. Plaintiff Forbes had given his note to the defendant for $120, which defendant testified included the $70 order. Plaintiff Forbes had made certain payments upon this note. Plaintiffs positively denied this transaction, and gave evidence tending to show that the note had no connection whatever with the sale of these lands. This question was left to the jury under a fair statement by the le'arned circuit judge of the claims of the respective parties.
2. The court, under objection by the plaintiffs, permitted the defendant to introduce evidence of the conversations had between the parties leading up to the giving of this deed and the contract, upon the theory that the consideration for the deed was open to parol. proof. Whether this ruling was correct, we need not determine. At the request of the defendant, the entire transaction, including the written and parol evidence, was placed before the jury; and they were instructed that if the plaintiffs agreed to pay the taxes, commissions, and expenses incurred by the defendant, or any part thereof, they should allow it. That the jury did allow some of these items is evident from the amount of their verdict. We see no error upon this branch of the case.
3. The court properly construed the written contract to mean that the plaintiffs were entitled to receive one-half the gross amount of the sales. The title was in defendant, and he could sell at any time and for any amount he chose to. Plaintiffs parted with their title, and had no control or voice in the matter. It was evidently not contemplated that defendant should employ subagents to make these sales at the expense of the plaintiffs, or postpone a sale for years, and charge the taxes against them.
All the questions were left to the jury under a very clear and- fair charge.
The judgment is affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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To compel respondent to vacate an order empowering a receiver to sell the assets of a co-partnership, both partners having prayed for a dissolution, it appearing that relator is insolvent; that complainant is indorser upon the co-partnership paper to a large amount; that for lack of funds the receiver is unable to insure the property; that there is a large mortgage upon the plant, on which interest is due and unpaid; that the plant has not been in operation for over a year, and that the. machinery is depreciating in value.
Denied, without costs, January 23, 1895. | [
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To compel respondent to reinstate garnishment proceedings which were dismissed because four terms of court had intervened after judgment against the principal defendant, and plaintiffs had neglected to place on the docket for trial the issue which had been framed, or to have said garnishment proceedings •continued from term to term.
Denied October 21, 1896, with costs. | [
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To vacate order allowing an appeal from probate of will.
'Will admitted June 30, 1891. Petition for leave to appeal filed March 1, 1892.
In the meantime the executors named in the will had declined to accept, and relator, on petition of the appellant, was appointed administrator with the will annexed, had qualified, and commissioners on claims were appointed.
Denied April 21, 1892, with costs. | [
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] |
To vacate order quashing garnishment proceedings.
Denied June 21, 1894, with costs.
Delator filed a praecipe directing- summons to issue in a cause entitled Walter G. Hogan vs. F. G. Smith, Sons & Co. in a plea of trespass on the case upon promises. The summons issued and served on the principal defendant, contained the name of Bobert B. Howard as defendant and set forth the action to be trespass. On the same day a writ of garnishment issued to Bobert B. Howard. Both affidavit and writ set forth the commencement of suit against Smith, Sons & Oo. in an action of trespass on the case upon promises. The papers were served. The garnishee defendant answered denying indebtedness and a demand for his examination under the Statute was made. Afterwards Howard appeared specially and moved to quash. Plaintiff then obtained an order, ex parte, amending the summons, and a correpted summons was taken out and served upon Smith, Sons & Oo. The principal defendant then appeared specially and moved to set aside the order granting leave to amend and to strike from the files the original summons, which motion was granted. | [
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To compel the approval of a plat presented by relator, and to •compel the vacation of a plat presented by another.
Granted as to the plat presented by relator, and the vacation of the other plat denied June 5, 1891, without costs. | [
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Montgomery, J.
On the 6th of August, 1894, plaintiff sold to the defendant a gray stallion colt, warranting him eligible to registration as standard bred. Shortly after the sale, defendant discovered that the horse was not eligible to registration, and thereupon rescinded the contract of sale, and commenced a suit in assumpsit to recover the purchase price and interest, and for the care and keep of the animal. The bill of particulars limited the claim for the care and keep of the animal to a period ending August 20, 1895, the date of commencement of suit. The plaintiff in that action (defendant here) recovered a verdict of $200, which included, as appears to be conceded, $36.86 for the care and keep of the horse. The verdict was rendered on the 23d day of January, 1896. On the 27th of January, Mr. McDonald, representing the plaintiff in this' case, went to defendant, and inquired of defendant if he claimed any title to the horse, to which the defendant answered that he did not, but that his claim was for the keep of the horse, and that it amounted to $175. McDonald tendered $36.86 to defendant, and said: “I want to tender you this money, being the entire amount that you are entitled to for the keep of this horse.”' Defendant took the money, and put it in his pocket, and said: “I will give you a receipt, and apply this on the keep.” McDonald replied: “No, I will not accept any receipt, and I will not apply that money in this way. That is for the entire keep of the horse.” Defendant, notwithstanding, kept the money, and refused to deliver the horse, whereupon plaintiff brought this suit in replevin. On the trial, the facts above stated were shown, and, in addition, the charge of the circuit judge in the assumpsit case was introduced, by which it appears that the circuit judge submitted the case to the jury upon a theory which would have permitted a recovery for the keep of the horse down to the date of trial. Plaintiff offered this in evidence, and insisted that the verdict of the jury on the former trial was an adjudication as to the amount of defendant’s lien up to that date.
Two questions are raised: First, as to whether the verdict in the former action was res judicata as to the amount of the lien; and, second, whether the lien was discharged by the tender and receipt of the money, under the circumstances shown.
We think it cannot be said that the former judgment is res judicata as to the extent of defendant’s lien upon the horse. The bill of particulars fixed the issue, under the general pleadings. This being the case, the record cannot be contradicted by showing that other matter has been adjudicated. Mondel v. Steel, 8 Mees. & W. 858; Camp bell v. Butts, 3 N. Y. 173; Burdick v. Post, 12 Barb. 168; Hatch v. Benton, 6 Barb. 28; Meredith v. Mining Ass’n, 56 Cal. 178; Green v. Clark, 5 Denio, 497; Jones v. Perkins, 54 Me. 393; Chapman v. Smith, 16 How. 114; 2 Van Fleet, Former Adj. § 428; 2 Smith, Lead. Cas. 784.
The circuit, judge instructed the jury that the defendant was entitled to recover for the care and keep of the horse from August 20, 1895, to the date when the horse was taken from his possession. We are constrained to hold that this was error. When the money was tendered to the defendant, accompanied by the condition that it be received in discharge of the lien upon the horse, it was the duty of the defendant to elect. He could not receive Rnd retain the money, and escape from the condition imposed. See Fisher v. Holden, 84 Mich. 494; Potter v. Douglass, 44 Conn. 546; Adams v. Helm, 55 Mo. 468; Lee v. Dodd, 20 Mo. App. 271; Perkins v. Headley, 49 Mo. App. 556.
Judgment reversed, and new tidal ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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] |
Long, C. J.
This bill was filed to restrain the defendants from prosecuting a certain ejectment suit against the complainant to recover the possession of certain lands used for railway purposes, situated in the city of Gladstone, this State, and also to adjudge and decree that the making, approval, and filing of the plat of the Marble addition to Gladstone (being a subdivision of lot 2, section 21, township 40 N., of range 22 W., Delta county, Mich.) was a dedication to the public and to complainant of the premises described for railway purposes, and that the plaintiffs in the ejectment suit are not entitled to possession thereof; and that the court decree and adjudge that the complainant, as the successor of the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway Company, acquired, and still has, equitable rights in and to the right of way over said premises, and that the defendants are estopped from ejecting complainant therefrom; and that the court adjudge and decree what damages, if any, shall be paid by the complainant to the defendants as compensation for the use of said right of way. There is also a general prayer for relief. An affidavit is attached to the bill, made by the chief engineer of complainant, which will be hereafter referred to. This bill was demurred to by the defendants, and the demurrer sustained in the court below.
It appears from the bill that the complainant is a corporation organized and existing under the laws of this State; that, in the year 1888, articles of consolidation of four railway corporations, namely, the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway Company, the Minneapolis & St. Croix Railway Company, the Minneapolis & Pacific Railway Company, and the Aberdeen, Bismarck & Northwestern Railway Company, were approved by the board of railway consolidations, and duly filed in the office of the secretary of state of this State, whereby the said four railway companies were consolidated, and be came a single railroad corporation, being the complainant in this case. It also appears that in 1887, and before this consolidation, the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway Company was engaged in the construction of its railway through Delta county, and during that year entered upon and let its contracts over the lands described in the bill, such contracts being upon the lines shown on its profile, connecting with its docks; that it thereafter used said railway and tracks continuously for general railway business until on or about the 13th of June, 1888, when the same passed into the possession and under the control of the complainant, by virtue of such consolidation; that at the time of the entry upon said lands by the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway Company, and when constructing said railway, a corporation known as the N. Ludington Company, organized and existing under the laws of Wisconsin, and doing business in Wisconsin and Michigan, claimed to be the owner of said premises; that one Isaac Stephenson, of Marinette, Wis., was president of that company, and, it is alleged, had general management and supervision of its affairs in this State, and made agreements to sell and convey land and interests in the land of said company; that, as president, he granted license to use for right of way certain real property of said company in this State; that he agreed with said Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway that the N. Ludington Company would convey to said railway company, for right of way and station grounds, a strip 200 feet wide over and upon the N. E. £ of the S. W. i of section 12, town 39 N., of range 23 W., in Delta county, and made and dictated all the terms upon which said conveyance should be made, and that the said agreement was subsequently carried out by the N. Ludington Company, and said right of way was duly conveyed by deed.
It is further alleged that about the date of the entry of said Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway on said lot 2, and the commencement of the con struction of said railway, the attorney and right-of-way agent of said railway company, one E. C. Chapin, had an interview with said Isaac Stephenson, and attempted to purchase the right of way now occupied and used by the complainant on said lot 2, and through other lands in Michigan of which said N. Ludington Company then claimed to be the owner, and that he asked the said Isaac Stephenson to name a price for which said right of way in Michigan could be purchased, and that said Stephenson declined to name a price, but said, in substance, to Chapin, “ You go on and build your railway, and we will arrange the price some other time;” that, relying upon said consent for the occupation and use of said lot 2, the said Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway Company proceeded with the construction of its railway upon and across said lot, and expended in said construction, for grading, ties, iron, and labor, about $7,000; that, during the years 1887,1888, and 1889, said Chapin had several further interviews with said Stephenson, but was never able to secure any definite proposition from him as to the amount for which the N. Ludington Company would convey to the railway company the right of way; that in March, 1889, said Chapin again attempted, in a meeting with said Stephenson, to purchase said right of way, but was unsuccessful; that during the said years the Minneapolis, Sault Ste. Marie & Atlantic Railway Company was at all times ready and willing to pay, and would have paid, the said N. Ludington Company a reasonable compensation for said right of way, but could never secure a price for which the same could be purchased; that May 20, 1889, the N. Ludington Company conveyed all its interests in said lot 2 to the Isaac Stephenson Company, a corporation, and on May 21, 1889, the Isaac Stephenson Company conveyed its interests, by warranty deed, to Webster L. Marble, Peter Mathews, Carlton E. Rathfon, and Samuel B. Rathfon; that on the 15th day of June, 1889, Webster L. Marble, Rosa M. Marble (his wife), Carlton E. Rathfon, Samuel B. Rathfon and Allie B. Rathfon (his wife), Peter Mathews and Sarah Mathews (his wife), made and executed a plat of said lot 2, which was approved by the auditor general of the State of Michigan, and filed in the office of the register of deeds of Delta county on July 15, 1889; and that from and including the year 1891, and to the present time, the land on said section 2 has been assessed by lots and blocks; and that the land occupied by the complainant has not been assessed, and no taxes paid thereon. The bill then sets out the commencement of the ejectment suit, and that the same is still pending.
It is further alleged, as a reason why condemnation proceedings have not been commenced, that it was expected that all right of way matters would be amicably settled and adjusted, and that, relying upon the negotiations with Stephenson, the railway company has expended large amounts of money in constructing its railway, and in maintaining and repairing the same; that the westerly track, shown on the plat annexed to the bill, is a part of the main line' of complainant, which now extends from Sault Ste. Marie, Mich., to Portal, on the north line of the State of North Dakota, a distance of over 1,000 miles, and connects at each point with the Canadian Pacific Railway Company, and forms a part of a trunk line from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. It is further claimed by the bill that the complainant has an extensive freight and passenger traffic, is engaged in carrying United States mail, and express for the Western Express Company, and employs a large number of men, and is a public highway; and that the 'removal of its tracks from said lot 2 would result in great and irreparable injury and loss to the traveling public, to all persons living along the line of its railway, and to the complainant; and that, by the acquiescence of the defendants in its operation and maintenance since the year 1887, the complainant has acquired equitable rights in said right of way, and that defendants should be estopped from ejecting complainant therefrom.
It is further claimed by the bill that the making and filing of the plat of said entire lot 2, with the right of way of complainant platted thereon, and designated on said plat as “M., St. P. & S. Ste. M. Ry.,” meaning the complainant, and without reserving from the operation of said plat and dedication any part of said lot 2, is, in law and in fact, a dedication to the public and to the complainant of said right of way for the use and occupation of complainant for railway purposes; and that complainant is now and has been entitled ever since the making, approval, and filing of said plat to' the use and occupation of said right of way, and cannot be lawfully ejected therefrom. The bill further sets out that, since the filing of said plat, said Webster L. Marble and.Rosa M. Marble, his wife, on January 23, 1895, conveyed by quitclaim deed to Clayton Voorhis, one of the defendants, an undivided one-eighth interest in and to all lots and blocks of the Marble addition to Gladstone; and it is further alleged that other lots in said plat have been sold on contract; and it is therefore charged that said plat has been repeatedly recognized and ratified by the plaintiffs in the ejectment suit, and that they are-now bound thereby; that, at the time the said railway company entered upon said lot 2, the entire lot was wild and uncultivated, and a part of the land covered by the railway, low, marshy, and at times covered with water; that, prior to the building of the railway, said lot and the adjacent lands were of little value, and, if there has been any advance in such value, it is in part, if not wholly, due to the location, construction, and subsequent operation of said railway.
It is shown by the affidavit attached to the bill that the easterly track of the complainant on said lot 2 extends to the elevator, coal dock, and sheds of complainant, and is the only track over which the wheat and other produce is conveyed from said main line to said elevator, and the coal shipped westward and elsewhere from said coal dock and sheds; and that over 1,000,000 barrels of flour and over 3,000,000 bushels of grain were carried over its track to the said elevator in the year 1895, and over 200,000 tons of coal were unloaded on said dock, and shipped westward and elsewhere, in 1895, in addition to a large amount of merchandise, salt, and lumber which passed over its said tracks the same year; and that said lot 2 has not been damaged by the building of said tracks, but is now, and has been, benefited by said railway. It is further stated in the affidavit, on information and belief, that Mr. Stephenson was authorized by the N. Ludington Company to make sales, and to rent and lease lands, and to grant licenses to railway companies to cross and occupy the lands of said company for railway purposes.
It is contended by counsel for defendants that there is no allegation in the bill that Mr. Stephenson had any authority to sell the lands of the N. Ludington Company, or to grant rights of way. We think there is sufficient allegation of that fact, and that question will not be further discussed.
It is next contended that a permanent interest in and by way of an easement cannot be acquired by parol license. That question was settled in this State in Wood v. Railroad Co., 90 Mich. 334, and cases bearing on the question are there collected. It was held in that case that a parol license to a railroad company to enter upon land, and construct its road, is revocable at the will of the owner. It was held in Maxwell v. Bridge Co., 41 Mich. 453, that such a license is revocable, and was revoked ipso facto when the licensor conveyed the premises. We think these rules are too well settled in this and other courts to need further discussion.
But counsel for complainant contends that, however this may be, when lot 2 was platted by the owners, and the plat approved by the auditor general, and duly filed and recorded, and the plat showing these lands set apart for railway purposes, it operated as a dedication to the public and to the complainant for railway purposes. Counsel for defendants contend that there is nothing in the designation on the plat of this strip of land to indicate that it was intended for a public railroad; that there is no name of the company mentioned, and the designation on the plat merely indicates that the parties making it contemplated the construction of a railroad, or supposed that a railroad would be constructed on the strip of land so designatedj and they gave it the name that appears on the plat; that it is the mere mention of an existing fact, if such was the fact at the time. Again, it is contended that a dedication for public purposes can be made under the statute only for public grounds, streets, and alleys, and that, therefore, the plat did not convey any rights to the complainant. Defendants also make "the broader contention that there can be no dedication to a private corporation. Section 3323, 3 How. Stat., provides that a railroad corporation shall possess certain general powers that are enumerated in that section. The only way in which it is empowered to take land is by voluntary grant and donation, or by condemnation. The statute does not provide that a railroad company may take lands by dedication.
The questions here presented arose in the case of Watson v. Railway Co., 46 Minn. 321. It appeared in that case that a plat of the lands contained a strip across the plat, marked “Reserved for right of way, line of S. M. R. R.” It was claimed upon the part of the railroad company that this showed an intent to dedicate the lands so marked for railroad purposes. It was held, however, that the effect of this was not to dedicate the land to the railroad company by the statutory dedication, and that the railroad company could not take title by common-law dedication. It was said by the court:
“It is argued that a railway company is a public or quasi public corporation; that its purposes and duties are public; that its use of land held and used by it for the purpose of its railroad is a public use, and that lands dedicated for that purpose are dedicated to the public for public use. From the arguments used, it might be inferred that the title of such a company to the lands held by it is merely nominal,—held by an agent for its principal, no rights or interests of its own being involved. Fortu nately for such corporations, and for the public also, this is not the view the courts take of the relation between the corporation and the property held by it. The lands acquired by the corporation for the purposes of its enterprise are, so far as the right of property is concerned, private property. If purchased, the corporation pays for them; if taken in the exercise of the right of eminent domain, it pays the compensation. It is true they are charged with a public duty, which the corporation, in consideration of the rights and powers conferred on it by the State, assumes to perform, and which the State can compel it to perform. * * * The corporation, for its own profit and advantage, accepts the franchises offered by the State, and assumes to perform the functions and duties required by the State, not with property furnished it by the State, but with its own property. The ownership of the property is private, though the use required to be made of it is public.”
The same rules were laid down in Louisville, etc., R. Co. v. Stephens, 96 Ky. 401; Todd v. Railroad Co., 19 Ohio St. 514; Lake Erie, etc., R. Co. v. Whitham, 155 Ill. 514 (46 Am. St. Rep. 355).
In People v. Salem, 20 Mich. 478 (4 Am. Rep. 400), this court, in speaking of railroads, said:
“They are not, when in private hands, the people’s highways; but they are private property, whose owners make it their business to transport persons and merchandise in their own carriages, over their own land, for such pecuniary compensation as may be stipulated.”
We think that the contention of counsel for defendants is correct that the making and filing of the plat did not operate as a dedication of these lands to the public or to the complainant for railroad purposes. It may be a matter of hardship to the railroad company, after all these years of occupancy, and after expending large sums of money in improvements, to be compelled to take condemnation proceedings; but we are unable to agree with its counsel that it acquired title by this parol arrangement, or that it can hold land by dedication.
We think the court below was correct in dismissing the bill. The decree will be affirmed, with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Montgomery, J.
The plaintiff brought this action to recover damages for the breach of a contract of employment. The declaration averred that, in the year 1872, plaintiff, while in the employ of the defendant, received serious personal injuries; that a claim was made against the defendant company; that in settlement of this claim the defendant paid him the sum of $175, and at the same time entered into an agreement to employ him in the capacity of train baggage master on the train running between Jackson and Adrian, at a salary of $47.50 per month, during his natural life or his ability to do the work; that the defendant had on the 1st of April, 1895, discharged plaintiff from employment, and has ever since refused to employ him or to pay him. The case was tried before a jury, and a verdict rendered sustaining the plaintiff’s claim. Defendant moved for a new trial, which was refused, and has now brought the case here for review on error. The case is, in many of its aspects, similar to the case of Brighton v. Railway Co., 103 Mich. 430, and reported on second appeal at page 217, ante. We shall not discuss now the points decided in that case.
1. The declaration did not state whether the contract counted upon was in writing or rested in parol. Defendant contends that an oral contract would not be valid, and that the declaration should have described the contract as one in writing. The rule is clearly settled the other way. It is not necessary in pleading to aver that a contract required by the statute of frauds to be in writing was reduced to writing. It is enough to aver that a contract was made, which imports a valid contract, and admits the requisite proof to show its validity. Harris Photographic Supply Co. v. Fisher, 81 Mich. 136.
3. It is insisted that the contract is not enforceable, because not mutual; that the plaintiff was not bound to work for any stated time for the defendant. In a case where no consideration passed for the employment, there might be force in this contention; but in this case, under the proofs, a valuable consideration was paid to the defendant for the conditional agreement which the defendant saw fit to enter into, leaving it optional with the plaintiff to continue in defendant’s employ,—the engagement of the defendant resting, not upon the consideration of any promise by the plaintiff, but upon a consideration actually paid in hand at the time of the engagement, namely, the compromise of the disputed claim. Upon this question the following cases are in point: Pennsylvania Co. v. Dolan, 6 Ind. App. 109; Harrington v. Railway Co., 60 Mo. App. 223; Brighton v. Railway Co., supra.
3. In 1889 the plaintiff entered the railway mail service, and at that time tendered his resignation to the defendant, which was accepted. At the expiration of four months he applied for re-employment, and was again employed, and continued in the employment until his final discharge, in 1895. The defendant insists that this had the effect to terminate the contract relied upon by plaintiff. This would undoubtedly be true were it not for the fact that the plaintiff testifies that, prior to entering the mail service, he had a talk with the division superintendent, and that he went into the mail service upon the understanding and agreement that, if he did not like the service, he should return right back to the same job he had, upon the same conditions that he quit, and that he would not have gone into the mail service had it not been for this reservation of rights accorded him by. the company. It is contended by the defendant that the division superintendent had no power to make such a contract, but the answer to this is that he is the person with whom the plaintiff was required to deal, and that the engagement did not amount to the making of a new contract, but was, in effect, granting an indefinite leave of absence to the plaintiff, the plaintiff reserving his rights under the former contract.
4. The plaintiff was permitted to recover as damages the amount which he would have earned up to the time of the trial, at the rate of $47.50 per month, and the present worth of what he would be able to earn in the future, so long as he would, in the ordinary course of events, be able to perform the service, less any sums which he would be able to earn in other employment; the court distinctly stating to the jury that it was the duty of the plaintiff not to lie idle, and that the value of his services in any employment which he could reasonably get should be deducted from the allowance which the jury would otherwise make. Some verbal criticism is made upon the instruction relating to the measure of damages,- but we think the jury could not have misapprehended the meaning of the court, and that the charge, as a whole, is sufficiently clear. But it is also urged that the plaintiff could not recover for prospective damages. This question is fully considered in the cases of Pennsylvania Co. v. Dolan and Brighton v. Railway Co., supra.
5. A motion for a new trial was made, based in part upon the ground that the verdict was not supported by the evidence. The circuit judge, who saw the witnesses, was of the opinion that the verdict was not so clearly against the weight of the evidence as to justify an interference with the verdict. We are impressed that the evidence was too nicely balanced to authorize us to say that the jury must have reached the result which they did through prejudice. In numbers, the witnesses of the-plaintiff to the making of the contract exceeded those-offered by the defendant; and, while the circumstances, of corroboration may have been greater with the defendant than on the side of the plaintiff, we would not be justified, upon this record, in interposing our judgment in place of that of the tribunal to whom the decision of the question of fact was, under proper instructions, committed.
We have not discussed at length all the assignments of error, but a careful examination of the full brief of defendant’s counsel has failed to disclose any error which is prejudicial to the defendant.
The judgment will be affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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] |
Grant, J.
(after stating the facts). 1. Upon the hearing in the court below, the complainant, through her solicitor, asked for a decree of separation, and not for one a vinculo. The contention on her behalf is that she was entitled to just such a decree as she saw fit to ask. The court considered it better to grant an absolute divorce. 2 How. Stat. § 6229, provides for a decree of “divorce from bed and board, forever or for a limited time,” on the ground of extreme cruelty, and for certain other causes. Section 6230 is as follows: “A divorce from the bond of matrimony may be decreed for either of the causes mentioned in the preceding section, whenever, in the opinion of the court, the circum stances of the case shall be such that it will be discreet and proper so to do.” We think that the character of the decree rests in the sound discretion of the court, and we find no occasion to interfere with it, especially since it is in accord with the prayer of the bill.
2. It is urged that the transaction by which the defendant Mollie, the daughter of the defendant Michael, obtained the title to the real estate described in the bill of complaint, was fraudulent. The property was mortgaged by Mr. Sullivan for the sum of $5,000. The mortgage was foreclosed, the land bid in by the mortgagee, and was then deeded by the mortgagee to defendant Mollie, who gave back another mortgage upon it to the same party for $5,000. The circuit judge saw and heard the witnesses upon whose testimony depends the determination of the question of fraud. I should not myself feel disposed to interfere with the conclusion reached by the circuit judge, but my brethren are of the opinion that the transaction was tainted with fraud, and that complainant should have a lien upon this land to secure the amount of alimony which she shall receive. Complainant was not entitled to a large amount. She contributed nothing to the accumulation of this property. She was not without fault, and it is doubtful whether she was .entitled to a decree; but the defendant has not appealed, and therefore the decree must stand. The defendant appears to be willing to pay the amount of alimony decreed by the court. It is perhaps better to give a gross sum as alimony, rather than to give a monthly allowance. We think $1,000 would be a fair sum, under the facts of the case. The decree will be modified to that extent, and affirmed. She will be decreed to have a lien upon the real estate for its payment. Complainant will recover costs.
Long, C. J., and Montgomery, J., concurred with Grant, J. Hooker J. did not sit. | [
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Grant, J.
(after stating the facts). The instruction was correct. No complaint was made that the joints were not properly constructed. Plaintiff’s own witnesses testified* that the leaking of water and of steam was no indication that the joint was unsafe, or that there was danger of an explosion in consequence thereof. In other words, it was not a signal of danger. The joint had been leaking for a long time, and it is in evidence that leaks at such joints are common. There is no evidence to show that an inspection would have revealed a defect. The explosion itself is no evidence of negligence. The burden of proof was upon the plaintiff to show some facts or circumstances from which it could be legitimately inferred that the defendant was negligent in the failure to inspect or to repair the defective joint when it had, or should have had, notice of the defect. The cause of the explosion is entirely speculative. It may have resulted from too high pressure of steam, for which the deceased alone would be liable; it may have resulted from a hidden defect, or from a failure to inspect it; it may have been that a close inspection would have revealed the small crack which some of the witnesses testified was found in the piece broken off, and that this crack weakened the joint, and rendered it unsafe. But there was no evidence to sustain any of these theories. Miller v. Railway Co., 90 Mich. 230; Redmond v. Lumber Co., 96 Mich. 545; Robinson v. Charles Wright & Co., 94 Mich. 283. Many other decisions might be cited, but the principle is too well established to require the citation of authorities.
The judgment is affirmed.
Long, C. J., and Moore, J., concurred with Grant, J. | [
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Moore, J.
Plaintiff sued to recover for the value . of 32,000 bricks. It is his claim that Mr. Williams ordered the bricks, and said they were going into kilns belonging to defendant, and that it would pay for them; that, before selling the bricks, he had a talk with the officers of the defendant, and was told by them that they had $1,300 due Mr. Williams, that they were to pay for the material, that it would be proper to ship the bricks, and that, upon the order of Mr. Williams, they would pay for them as fast as the bricks were delivered; that they were shipped to defendant, and used in the rebuilding of the kilns; that he presented defendant with an order from Mr. Williams, and payment was refused. The defendant claims that, when the plaintiff visited it, he said he wanted to see about the pay for some bricks that Mr. Wil liams had bought, and wanted to know how he was going to get his pay; that Williams had agreed to give him an order from the Michigan Clay Company on defendant for pay for the bricks. It was the defendant’s testimony that Klumph said he had sold the Michigan Clay Company some bricks, and that he was told that the defendant had agreed to advance the money on an order from the Michigan Clay Company to pay for all the material; that he was told about the Michigan Clay Company’s contracting to put up the building originally; that it had collapsed; that they had agreed to rebuild it; that#the defendant had agreed to make the advances for the material, and would pay him on an order from the Michigan Clay Company; that the money it was going to advance to pay for the bricks belonged to the Michigan Clay Company; that defendant never agreed to pay for the bricks on an order signed by Mr. Williams. The testimony on the part of defendant was that no order was ever presented by Mr. Klumph from the Michigan Clay Company, but one was presented from Mr. Williams. The cross-examination of the plaintiff disclosed that upon his books the bricks were charged to the Michigan Clay Company. Against the objection of the defendant, the trial judge directed a verdict for the plaintiff, and this is assigned as error.
The record shows that the plaintiff claims that the bricks were sold to defendant, and were to be paid for as delivered, upon the presentation of an order signed by Mr. Williams. It was the defendant’s claim that the credit was extended to the Michigan Clay Company, and the debt was to be paid for out of funds belonging to that company, in the hands of the defendant, upon presentation of its order. This raised an issue of fact, which the defendant had a right to have submitted to the jury. Grants. Masterton, 55 Mich. 161; Burroughs v. Ploof, 73 Mich. 607; Michigan Pipe Co. v. Michigan Fire & Marine Ins. Co., 92 Mich. 482.
We have not overlooked the cases cited by counsel for plaintiff. These cases determine that if there is an unconditional promise to pay for material used by the contractor, and the material is delivered, such a promise would not, because it was a promise to pay the debt of another, be within the statute of frauds, because the promisor had received the benefits for which the promise was made. In the case before us the question is whether the promise was in fact made by the defendant to pay for the goods as claimed by plaintiff, or whether it was a conditional promise, the conditions of which are unfulfilled. This was a question for the jury.
Judgment is reversed, and new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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] |
Long, C. J.
In July, 1896, Augusta Ambuhl commenced suit against the relator for personal injuries. The relator failed to appear or plead within the time prescribed by the rules of court, and on August 24, 1896, its default was taken. On the next day the relator tendered a plea and notice attached thereto, together with $10 as costs, and asked to have the default set aside. This the plaintiff’s attorney refused to receive, and relator thereupon made a motion to the court to set aside the default, and that it be permitted to plead, in the cause. The court set aside the default and received the plea, but struck therefrom the notice. Relator now asks a mandamus to compel the respondent to vacate so much of the order as relates to the notice; and a return has been made by the respondent setting out the reasons why the notice should not be permitted to stand in the case, as follows:
(1) That it was within the jurisdiction of the trial court, in setting aside the default, to impose such conditions as to the court might seem reasonable and just.
(2) That no proofs would be permitted to be made under the notice, as the statute to which the notice relates is unconstitutional.
The notice is as follows:
“That on the trial of the above-entitled cause the defendant, the city of Detroit, will give in evidence in its defense that no notice in writing was given to the head of the law department or to his chief assistant of the time, place, cause, and nature of the injury set forth in plaintiff’s declaration within three months of the time of such injury, as provided by the statute in such cases.”
The statute to which this notice relates is as follows:
“There shall be added to chapter eleven of said charter of the city of Detroit a new section, as follows: ‘ Sec. 46. No action shall be brought against said city, nor any of its boards, commissions, or officers, for any negligent injury, unless it be commenced within one year from the time when the injury was received, nor unless notice shall be given in writing, within three months from the time of such injury, to the head of the law department or to his chief assistant, of the time, place, and cause of such injury, and of the nature thereof. * * * ’ ”
The title of this act (No. 463, Local Acts 1895) is:
“An act to amend section sixty-one of chapter seven, and section forty-four of chapter eleven, and to add a new section to chapter eleven, and a new section to chapter thirteen, of an act entitled, ‘An act to provide a charter for the city of Detroit, and to repeal all acts and parts of acts in conflict therewith,’ approved June 7,1883, as amended by acts numbered 374 and 294 of the Session Laws of 1893.”
1. This amendatory act is not open to the claim made. There is no doubt that, had this section been incorporated in the original act, it would have been valid. It is competent to introduce by amendment anything which might have been introduced in the original act. Holden v. Osceola Co. Sup’rs, 77 Mich. 202; Board of Sup’rs of Chippewa Co. v. Auditor General, 65 Mich. 408.
2. The court having determined that the city of Detroit had the right to make defense to the action, we think it was not within his discretion to limit its defense in the manner set forth.
The writ will issue as prayed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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] |
Hooker, J.
Esther Hill, the complainant, filed the bill in this case to compel the defendant William Winegar to convey to her a city lot, and to declare two deeds given to Eugene Bateman and Frank P. Smith, respectively, void. Charles Bateman held a land contract for the lot, given him upon an agreement to purchase, from Reynolds & Franklin. Bateman assigned this contract to Winegar, to secure him for a debt, and Winegar paid the consideration, and took a deed from Reynolds & Franklin, knowing, when he took the deed, of the complainant’s claim. Complainant was housekeeper for Bateman, and he gave her a deed of the premises, duly signed and witnessed, the acknowledgment and certificate of record being forged. She testifies that this was in part payment of a debt, and we so find the fact. Some months afterwards, she learned that this deed was a forgery, and that Bateman’s only title was a land contract, and that this had been assigned to Winegar, and that Winegar was about to take a deed. This resulted in Bateman’s arrest, which was soon followed by his suicide. He left no will, but left a letter to his sister Mary Bateman, a resident of Iowa. Of this letter the following is a copy:
“Batesville, Ark., Oct. 2d, 1893.
“To My Dear Sister, Mary E. Bateman, Cresco, Iowa: I wrote you on this date that I had made you a beneficiary in my Life Ins. Pol. to the Amt. of $2,000, Royal Arcanum order, trusting to your devotion and faithfulness to disburse the same as I may instruct you, which is as follows, viz.: $200 for funeral expenses, &c.; $400 for yourself and my dear mother; $350 to my beloved wife, Ida M. Bateman, Batesville, Ark.; $200 to B. Mesman, H. N. Dosker, Agt., on condition of his deeding to Mrs. Esther Hill lot 29 Orchard Hill Add. to city Grand Rapids, Mich.; $285 to Wm. Winegar, on his deeding to Mrs. Esther Hill lot No. 20 of Reynolds & Franklin’s 3d Add. to city of Grand Rapids, Mich., and said Winegar to release all claim to furniture and all • obligation against me; $450 to F. P. Smith, 615 Mich. Trust Buldg., Grand Rapids, Mich.; $115 Bal. as the necessities of my children, Arthur É. & Grace E., may require from time to time, and such other incidentals as might arise. Now, I trust, my dear sister, that this will be treated as a sacred request from an affectionate brother. I would advise you to correspond with either F. P. Smith or William Wine-gar, who will gladly aid you in fulfilling the requirements of this obligation. They are both gentlemen in whom you can trust fully. God will bless and aid you in carrying out this, the last request of an affectionate brother.
“Charles Bateman.”
It would seem that Mary Bateman received the money on the life policy, for she sent her brother Eugene Bate-man to Grand Rapids to adjust the matters in accordance with the wisheá of Charles Bateman. Eugene paid Winegar as directed, but, instead of having lot 20 deeded to Esther Hill, he took a deed to himself, and sold the property to defendant Smith for $175, the deed reciting a consideration of $400 or $475.
Under, this state of facts, about the only question in the case is the bonafides of Smith’s purchase. Winegar undoubtedly had the right to pay up the contract, and take a deed, to preserve his security. The deed to Mrs. Hill was an assignment of Bateman’s right to redeem. On payment by her, Winegar would have been under obligations to deed to her. He gave a quitclaim deed to Eugene Bateman, knowing that she had such right, possibly because it was necessary to induce Bateman to pay. But Bateman assuredly had no right to sell the property to Smith. He was in duty bound tq do as instructed, viz., take a deed to Esther Hill, and, having received a deed to himself; he should have conveyed to her. But he took no better title than Winegar had, and he could sell Smith nothing more, as his deed was a quitclaim. So, at the most, Smith held a deed as security for the debt due to Winegar; and, if the question were raised, it is extremely doubtful if he could claim to be á bona fide purchaser in the law—First, because there ‘is nothing to show that the Winegar claim was negotiable; second, it was probably overdue, and had actually been paid by Eugene. But we find it unnecessary to rest the case upon this ground. The evidence satisfies us that Mr. Smith was fully aware of complainant’s claim, and we discredit the pretense that he was ignorant of the directions to Mary Bateman, and what Eugene did in the matter. He was the intimate friend and creditor of Charles Bateman. ' He signed his bail bond. He admits that he knew of the letter to Mary Bateman, for he says that he was interested in ascertaining whether his claim was provided for or not, and he admits that he talked with the coroner about it. In short, we find enough in his own testimony, to say nothing of the complainant’s, to dispose of his statement that he purchased in ignorance of her claim.
We are of the opinion that the decree of the circuit court should be reversed, and a decree entered in accordance with the prayer of the bill, with costs of both courts; and, further, that, if occasion requires, said decree may be entitled to record as evidence of complainant’s title to the premises. Ordered accordingly.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Hooker, J.
A bill of complaint was filed in the Wayne county circuit court, in chancery, on behalf of John Maier, by William T. Dust, his guardian, duly appointed on the 24th day of July, 1896, by the probate court of said county (said Maier having been that day, and in that proceeding, adjudged by said court to be an incompetent person), to annul a pretended ceremony of marriage alleged to have been solemnized on the 19th day of June, 1896, procured and brought about by and through the fraud and duress of one Elizabeth Coyle, with whom he afterwards cohabited. The case was brought to an issue by answer and replication, and after several notices of hearing by each party, none of which made mention of a jury trial, the circuit judge, upon application of the defendant, at a time when the complainant was in attendance upon court with his witnesses for trial, made an order that the question whether John Maier was mentally competent be submitted to a jury of the county, the verdict to be reported back to the court; such verdict to be controlling and decisive on the issue thus submitted. Counsel for complainant asks a mandamus to compel the vacation of said order. This order is based on section 6622, 2 How. Stat., which reads:
“All issues upon the legality of a marriage (except where a marriage is sought to be annulled on the ground of the physical incapacity of one of the parties) shall be tried by a jury of the country.”
We have no doubt of the authority of the court to frame an issue and submit it to the jury, under this section ; and we are not disposed to interfere with his discretion, although it was not exercised earlier, or to correct by mandamus a supposed defect in practice, i. e., the failure to base the order upon special motion. The judge had the authority to send the question'to the jury upon his own motion, and nothing would be gained in this case by setting aside his order, as he might make another. The order indicates, however, that the judge considers the verdict of a jury conclusive upon him in a case submitted under this statute, and that defendant had a right to have the question submitted, and it is so contended by counsel for the defendant. It may be that the court would not have submitted it, had he thought that such a verdict is only advisory, and that he would not have made the order but for a belief that the right had not been waived. We therefore think best to discuss the subject.
This statute was before us in the case of Schafberg v. Schafberg, 52 Mich. 429. That was a bill which, as originally filed, prayed for a divorce. After answer and replication, it was heard upon proofs taken in open court without a jury, in accordance with a stipulation. The judge was of the opinion that the evidence did not justify a decree for divorce, but did warrant a decree for annulment of the marriage contract, and gave complainant leave to amend the prayer of the bill by withdrawing the prayer for divorce, and inserting in its place a prayer that the marriage be annulled and declared void, and, without waiting for the amendment, made a decree annulling the marriage on the grounds of fraud, duress, and intoxication. This court reversed the decree, apparently upon two grounds: (1) That the amendment was improper; and (2) that the charges made in the bill were not proved. In discussing the first of these, Mr. Justice Champlin said that “there is a material difference between a bill for a divorce from the bonds of matrimony and one to annul the marriage contract, both in the consequences arising from the decree and the method of proceeding.” He referred to the statute, and intimated that trial by jury is a matter of right, if seasonably and properly applied for, although the provision is not mandatory. It is also plain that the court did not consider a verdict binding upon the court, but that it should be given the usual effect of verdicts in equity cases, and attention is called to the practice in New York under a similar statute. It is said that these comments are obiter dicta. The decision is put upon two grounds, one of which is that the proof failed, and so it is possible to say that the decision would have been the same had the question of amendment been omitted; but it may also be said that the decision of the merits was obiter because the bill must have been dismissed upon the other ground so fully discussed.
But, whatever may be thought of the consideration given to this statute in the Schafberg Case, we may find some light thrown upon it by the case of Brown v. Kalamazoo Circuit Judge, 75 Mich. 274. This case arose upon a statute (Act No. 267, Pub. Acts 1887) which attempted to ingraft trial by jury upon equity practice; and, in a learned discussion of the subject by Mr. Justice Campbell, this court vindicated the constitutional fight of trial by a chancellor in equity cases, closing with the following emphatic utterance:
“Theory amounts to nothing in the history of jurisprudence. The system of chancery jurisprudence has been developed as carefully and as judiciously as any part of the legal system, and the judicial power includes it, and always must include it. Any change which transfers the power that belongs to a judge to a jury, or to any other person or body, is as plain a violation of the Con stitution as one which should give the courts executive or legislative power vested elsewhere.”
The effect of this case is sought to be avoided in two ways—First, by impliedly denying its accuracy; and, second, by making an exception of proceedings to annul a marriage. In support of the first contention, counsel refers to the issue devisavit vel non as an instance when the verdict of the jury is binding upon the chancellor. This is said to be an issue sent from a court of chancery to a court of law to try the validity of a paper alleged and denied to be a will; to ascertain whether or not the testator did devise, or whether or not that paper was his will. Such practice obtained in England at an early day. See Webb v. Claverden, 2 Atk. 424, where it was said that a fraud in procuring a will cannot be determined here, but must be decided by a trial at law,” and such trial was directed. Again, in an earlier case, viz., Kerrich v. Bransby, 7 Brown, Parl. Cas. 437, it was said that will cannot be set aside in equity for fraud or imposition, because, if it is of personal estate, it may be set aside in the ecclesiastical court, and, if of real estate, it may be set aside at law on the issue devisavit vel non.” See, also, Shedden v. Patrick, L. R. 1 H. L. Sc. 470. While this subject is now generally regulated by statute, this issue, and the accompanying right to have the verdict followed, probably came to this country as a recognized part of the jurisdiction of chancery, and may possibly not be obsolete in all of the States. But it is a settled rule that this is a single exception to the general rule in chancery that juries are discretionary and advisory. 2 Daniell, Ch. Prac. 1080; 2 Bish. Mar., Div. & Sep. § 675. Doubtless this is varied by statute in some States, where there may be no such constitutional provision as in our own, or where such provision, if one exists, may be differently construed. But this exception does not militate against the case of Brown v. Kalamazoo Circuit Judge, supra.
It is also said that proceedings to annul marriage are exceptional, because not properly belonging to chancery, except as it is given jurisdiction by statute. Counsel states- that the ecclesiastical courts alone had jurisdiction of these cases in England. The authorities, however, seem to hold that equity has jurisdiction over these cases where they can be based upon a ground which is within the cognizance of equity, such as fraud, duress, or want of capacity to contract. In 2 Bish. Mar. & Div. (5th Ed.) § 291, the author says:
“In the United States, as already observed, we have never had ecclesiastical courts; and, before other tribunals can take' cognizance of causes ecclesiastical, they must receive statutory authority. Therefore a court of equity cannot-entertain jurisdiction to avoid a marriage for impotence, or for any other like canonical defect. But in some cases of void marriages our equity courts interfere under their ordinary powers. . Thus they have inherent jurisdiction 'over all questions of fraud, mistake, duress, and lunacy; and, when a marriage is alleged to be void by reason of one of these impediments, they ordinarily entertain the suit for having it so declared.”
To the same effect is the case of Wightman v. Wightman, 4 Johns. Ch. 343, where Chancellor Kent seems disposed to go further than the above rule. See, also, Anon., 24 N. J. Eq. 19.
We are satisfied, that this case is within the general jurisdiction of equity, and therefore clearly within the reason of Brown v. Kalamazoo Circuit Judge, supra, although we do not mean to intimate that the result would not be the same were the cause one which only came within the jurisdiction by virtue of a statute. We think that the statute in question was not mandatory, and might be waived, as said in the case of Schafberg v. Schafberg, supra; and where a case had been noticed for hearing without mention of a desire for a jury, especially when the party is in court ready for trial, the court would be justified in denying trial by jury upon the ground that it had been waived. It does not follow, how ever, that he must deny it under such circumstances. We are also of the opinion that the verdict is advisory. The order is one that the court might lawfully make, except in so far as it attempts to determine that the verdict should be final. To that extent only will we interfere with ¿t, but in that particular it should be vacated, and the writ will issue requiring it. Beyond this, we leave the subject to the discretion of the circuit judge, who is at liberty to vacate the order or not, as he may deem advisable. Neither party will recover costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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J. H. Gillis, J.
Defendant was charged with Count I, assault with intent to murder, MCL 750.83; MSA 28.278, Count II, first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2), and Count III, breaking and entering with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. On August 3, 1979, he was convicted by a jury of Count I, felonious assault, MCL 750.82; MSA 28.277, and Count II, first-degree criminal sexual conduct. He was acquitted of the charge in Count III. Defendant was sentenced to concurrent terms of 2 years and 8 months to 4 years imprisonment on the felonious assault conviction and 50 to 75 years imprisonment on the criminal sexual conduct conviction. He appeals as of right.
The charges against defendant arose out of the sexual assault of a 52-year-old mentally disabled woman. The complainant testified that on August 6, 1978, she was alone in the Lincoln Park apartment which she shared with her daughter. At approximately 3 a.m., she was awakened by a man on top of her. The man severely beat her, forced her to have sexual intercourse with him and choked her with a cord. Complainant eventually escaped to the kitchen where the man pursued her and knocked her to the floor. She lost consciousness and, when she came to, the man was gone.
Complainant’s daughter testified that her mother was mentally disabled. When the daughter arrived at the apartment on the monring of the crime, she found her mother in a bruised and bloody condition. The police were called and complainant was taken to the hospital, where she received stitches above the eyebrow. Later, when complainant’s daughter cleaned up the apartment, she discovered a kitchen knife under the mattress of her mother’s bed. A thumbprint found on the knife was subsequently identified as that of the defendant.
Complainant was able to describe her assailant only as a small, young black man. A few days after the assault, she viewed some photographs at the police station. According to her own trial testimony, she was unable to identify any photograph as that of her assailant. However, her daughter and a police officer both testified that complainant did identify a photograph of defen dant as the man who assaulted her. At trial, complainant was also unable to identify defendant as the perpetrator.
A warrant was issued for defendant’s arrest and, on November 24, 1978, defendant was arrested in Toledo in connection with another charge. Defendant was held by Ohio authorities until he was transported to Lincoln Park on January 11, 1979. The following day, defendant was questioned by Lincoln Park police and gave a written statement implicating himself in the assault on complainant. Defendant was not arraigned until after he gave the statement.
Defense counsel moved to suppress evidence of the photographic identification and the written statement given to the police. Following Wade and Walker hearings, the trial court denied the motions and the evidence was admitted at trial.
Defendant raises four issues for our consideration. Further facts will be cited where relevant to our discussion of those issues.
I. Did the trial court err in finding defendant’s written statement voluntary and admissible?
Defendant argues that the police improperly delayed the arraignment in order to extract a confession from him.
MCL 764.26; MSA 28.885 prohibits unnecessary delay between arrest and arraignment. However, the statute does not require immediate arraignment of a defendant. People v Ewing (On Remand), 102 Mich App 81, 85; 300 NW2d 742 (1980). An incriminating statement made during prearraign ment detention should not be excluded unless the delay was used as a tool to extract a confession. Ewing (On Remand), supra, People v Antonio Johnson, 85 Mich App 247; 271 NW2d 177 (1978).
The Walker hearing testimony established that on January 11, 1979, Sergeant Robert Paul, who was the officer in charge of the case, and Detective Ernest Kazensky transported defendant from Toledo to the Lincoln Park police station, where they arrived at approximately 6 p.m. Shortly after noon, on January 12, 1979, Sergeant Paul and Detective Kazensky took defendant from his cell-block to an interview room. Defendant was read his Miranda rights and he stated that he understood them and signed the rights form. Defendant then made certain incriminating statements and, after approximately 1/2 hour to 1 hour of questioning, he wrote and signed a statement implicating himself in the crime. Defendant was arraigned later that afternoon.
Sergeant Paul testified at the Walker hearing that his shift did not begin until 1 p.m. on January 12, 1979, and that he had instructed the morning shift not to have defendant arraigned because, as was his customary practice, he wanted to personally take defendant to the arraignment proceeding. Sergeant Paul also testified that he delayed the arraignment in order to inform defendant of the evidence against him and to question defendant and allow him the opportunity to make a statement.
The delay between arrest and arraignment was less than 24 hours, most of which occurred during the night hours when arraignment would have been impossible. Upon a careful review of the record, we conclude that the. delay was neither unreasonable nor occasioned solely for the purpose of coercing a confession. See People v Joyner, 93 Mich App 554, 559; 287 NW2d 286 (1979), Antonio Johnson, supra.
Defendant also contends that, even if the delay was not improper, the statement was involuntary. The purpose of a Walker hearing is to determine the voluntariness of a defendant’s statement. Some of the relevant factors to be considered in this determination are: (1) the duration and conditions of detention, (2) the attitude of the police toward the accused, (3) the physical and mental state of the accused, and (4) the diverse pressures which sap or sustain the accused’s power of resistance or self-control. People v Anglin, 111 Mich App 268; 314 NW2d 581 (1981), People v Allen, 8 Mich App 408, 412; 154 NW2d 570 (1967).
This Court is required to examine the record and make an independent decision when reviewing a trial court’s determination of voluntariness. People v Robinson, 386 Mich 551; 194 NW2d 709 (1972), People v Carl Johnson, 99 Mich App 547; 297 NW2d 713 (1980). However, where the evidence is conflicting and the determination of vol untariness is largely dependent on the credibility of witnesses, the appellate court should defer to the trial court’s findings. Anglin, supra, Joyner, supra, 558. Reversal is required only where the trial court’s finding is clearly erroneous. Anglin, supra, Carl Johnson, supra, 556.
In the present case, defendant was advised of, and waived, his Miranda rights. Sergeant Paul and Detective Kazensky informed defendant of the charges and evidence against him and also informed him of unrelated charges pending in other cities. The record of the officer’s Walker hearing testimony reveals that no threats or promises were made and no improper coercive tactics were used.
Defendant testified at the Walker hearing that he had been taking Valium at the Toledo jail and had received no Valium on January 12, 1979. At the time he was questioned he was nervous and scared and had a headache which he attributed to his inability to get Valium. According to his testimony, the officers told him that if he would "help” them, they would help him in solving the cases. Defendant understood this to mean that they would assist him in resolving the other pending charges. Defendant also testified that the officers stated that if he did not cooperate they would see that he received a sentence of life imprisonment.
Although the testimony was contradictory, the trial judge had the opportunity to listen to and view the witnesses and was in the best position to judge their credibility. After carefully reviewing the Walker hearing testimony, we hold that the trial court did not err in finding the statement voluntary and admissible.
II. Was the defendant denied due process and THE RIGHT TO PRESENT A DEFENSE BECAUSE THE TRIAL COURT PRECLUDED HIM FROM CROSS-EXAMIN ING A WITNESS REGARDING THE POLICE FAILURE TO CONDUCT BLOOD-TYPING TESTS AND FROM ARGUING THAT THE POLICE DELIBERATELY REFUSED TO CONDUCT SUCH TESTS?
During defense counsel’s cross-examination of Sergeant Paul, it was established that blood-typing tests had not been performed on the bloodstains found at the scene of the crime. Defense counsel then sought to explore the matter further by asking the witness if he knew that such tests were possible and why they had not been performed in this case. The people objected and the trial court ruled that any further evidence regarding the police failure to perform a blood analysis would be speculative and irrelevant.
Defendant maintains that the police and prosecution were under an affirmative duty to preserve the evidence and to test it to determine whether defendant was excluded from the group of possible donors, thereby conclusively proving his innocence. We disagree.
Where the police do conduct blood-typing tests, they must make the results available to defendant upon request where the evidence is material to either guilt or punishment. See Brady v Maryland, 373 US 83; 83 S Ct 1194; 10 L Ed 2d 215 (1963). However, this case does not involve police or prosecutorial suppression of potentially exculpatory evidence.
We observe, without so deciding, that in certain circumstances the police may be obligated to perform blood-typing tests to determine whether a defendant may be scientifically excluded from a class of possible donors. However, in the present case, there was every indication that the bloodstains in question contained complainant’s rather than her assailant’s blood. Under these circumstances, the police properly exercised their discretion in declining to perform blood-typing analyses.
The determination of relevancy under MRE 401 is within the sound discretion of the trial judge, and his decision will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear abuse of discretion. People v Rimson, 63 Mich App 1; 233 NW2d 867 (1975). The trial court correctly ruled that testimony as to the possibility of blood-typing the bloodstains and the police reasons for declining to perform such tests was speculative and irrelevant to any material issue at trial.
III. Did the trial court err in admitting THIRD-PARTY TESTIMONY REGARDING THE PHOTO GRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION MADE BY THE COMPLAINANT?
Prior to trial, defense counsel moved for suppression of all testimony, including third-party testimony, relating to the photographic identification. A Wade hearing was held, following which the trial court denied the motion.
At trial, the complainant testified that she had not been able to positively identify any photograph as that of her assailant. Complainant’s daughter testified at trial that she was with her mother at the photographic showing and that her mother had stated that one photograph looked most like the man who assaulted her. Complainant’s daughter identified defendant as the man depicted in that photograph.
Officer Phillips, who conducted the photographic showing, testified at trial that complainant viewed some 200 photographs. The officer testified that when complainant came to defendant’s photograph she became frightened and stated that the person in the photograph looked exactly like the person who assaulted her.
Defendant argues that this testimony was inadmissible hearsay. MRE 801(d)(1) provides:
"A statement is not hearsay if—
"(1) Prior statement of witness. The declarant testifies at the trial or hearing and is subject to cross-examination concerning the statement, and the statement is one of identification of a person made after perceiving him; * * * )>
It is not clear whether this rule applies to the testimony of a third party reciting another person’s previous out-of-court identification. The Supreme Court in People v Sanford, 402 Mich 460; 265 NW2d 1 (1978), discussed the rule but ob served that it had been adopted subsequent to the trial in the Sanford case. In dicta, the Court split over whether the rule allowed a police officer’s description of a witness’s out-of-court identification. We recently summarized the Sanford Court’s discussion in People v Gwinn, 111 Mich App 223, 245; 314 NW2d 562 (1981), as follows:
"Justice Williams, joined by Justices Coleman and Moody, did not apply the rule at all but observed that officers testifying about others’ out-of-court identifications were not testifying as to the truth of the identification but to the fact that it was made and to the cricumstances surrounding it. Justice Williams noted, however, that this testimony may, in some cases, be barred, as improper bolstering. Id., 491. Justice Ryan, joined by Justice Fitzgerald, would apply the evidence rule and permit officers’ testimony under it so long as the identifier testified during trial. Justices Levin and Kavanagh would hold, however, that the rule is inapplicable to third parties and applies only to the testimony of the identifier.”
Different panels of this Court have expressed disagreement about the holding and application of Sanford. In People v Prophet, 101 Mich App 618; 300 NW2d 652 (1980), we held that MRE 801(d)(1) does not permit a witness to repeat another person’s out-of-court statement of identification. See also People v Washington, 84 Mich App 750, 756; 270 NW2d 511 (1978), and People v Hoerl, 88 Mich App 693, 702; 278 NW2d 721 (1979).
On the other hand, in People v Adams, 92 Mich App 619, 626; 285 NW2d 392 (1979), the Court found that an officer’s testimony concerning the complainant’s photographic identification of the defendant was arguably inadmissible hearsay under prior Michigan law, but would be admissible under MRE 801(d)(1), citing Sanford.
We believe People v Prophet, supra, represents the better view. We hold that a third person’s testimony regarding prior identification must be limited to relating the circumstances surrounding the identification. People v Poe, 388 Mich 611; 202 NW2d 320 (1972). While it was error in this case to allow the officer and complainant’s daughter to repeat complainant’s statement of identification, we conclude that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. Even though complainant testified that she made no positive identification at the photographic showing and could not identify defendant at trial, identification of defendant as the perpetrator was adequately established at trial by evidence of his thumbprint on the knife found under complainant’s mattress and by his own statement to the police. This Court has consistently found harmless error in the admission of hearsay testimony when the same facts , are established by other competent evidence. See People v Prophet, supra, 624, and cases cited therein.
We have carefully examined the record and briefs with regard to the final issue raised by defendant and find no reversible error. Defendant was not denied effective assistance of counsel under the standard of People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250; 247 NW2d 547 (1976).
Defendant’s convictions are affirmed.
United States v Wade, 388 US 218; 87 S Ct 1926; 18 L Ed 2d 1149 (1967).
People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965).
Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966).
Defendant gave the following handwritten statement to the police:
"I William Price went to my sister’s wedding on a summer day and that day I got high off Valiums and whiskey. After the wedding was over, I went home and went to bed, but the next morning I awoke and I had bloodstains on my pants. I don’t remember exactly what happened that night, but I remember going into a house where the sliding glass door was open, and struggling with some woman. I didn’t know whose house it was, or who lived there. After struggling with this woman I think that I hit her with some object and that’s most likely where the blood came from. I don’t know what time it was, and I don’t remember how I got there and how I got back home. To the best of my knowledge that’s all I can remember. William Bryant Price, dated 1-12-79.”
Sergeant Paul originally testified that on the morning of January 12, 1979, he was away, attending to other matters. He later checked his log sheets and determined that he did not come on duty until 1 p.m. that day.
The trial court relied on this Court’s decision in People v Sturdivant, 91 Mich App 128; 283 NW2d 669 (1979), lv den 407 Mich 933 (1979) , which held that while results of blood-typing tests are admissible to scientifically exclude a defendant from the group of possible donors, such evidence is inadmissible where it is used solely for the purpose of including defendant in the class of possible perpetrators. The trial court reasoned that since it was speculative whether blood-typing results would be admissible evidence, the jury should not be allowed to consider whether the police improperly failed to perform such tests.
It is noted that cases decided subsequent to People v Sturdivant, supra, have held that blood analysis results are admissible to include defendant in a class of possible perpetrators and that the weight of such evidence is for the jury to determine. See, e.g., People v Young, 106 Mich App 323; 308 NW2d 194 (1981), People v Horton, 99 Mich App 40; 297 NW2d 857 (1980), vacated on other grounds 410 Mich 865 (1980).
Defendant also contends on appeal that the police were required to perform a blood-typing analysis on sperm cells which were found in a vaginal smear taken from complainant a few hours after the crime occured. However, there is no indication from the record that the sperm cells were ever made available to the police or that it would have been scientifically possible to perform a conclusive blood analysis on the substances extracted from complainant’s vagina. Since defendant’s trial counsel made no offer of proof with regard to the alleged failure of the police to obtain the sperm cells and perform a blood-typing analysis, the issue has not been preserved for appellate review. We note, however, that defendant has cited no authority which would place an affirmative duty on the police to obtain and test the sperm cells in the circumstances of this case. | [
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] |
Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of assault on a prison guard, contrary to MCL 750.197(c); MSA 28.394(3). He was sentenced to two to four years in prison and appeals by leave granted.
On May 10, 1979, defendant requested to see a prison counselor and was summoned to a counsel- or’s office. Upon entering the office, defendant requested a grievance form in order to protest his continuation in segregation. Defendant was in formed that he could not protest the Security Classification Committee’s decision. Defendant then "jumped up” and threw a wire mail basket and other items at the counselor. A scuffle ensued, and the counselor managed to subdue defendant. An inmate hall porter witnessed part of the struggle and brought help from other prison employees.
At trial, defense counsel attempted to introduce edited versions of Administrative Segregation Interview Reports regarding defendant which the counselor had prepared in order to show that the counselor knew defendant for several weeks longer than he claimed on direct examination. However, the trial court refused to admit edited copies stating instead that the best evidence rule would require the entire originals. While wrong in principle, the result reached was correct.
The best evidence rule only applies when the contents of a writing are in issue. In the case at bar, the contents are not in issue, or are not an operative fact, and the rule should not have been invoked.
It is clear that defendant wished to use the reports to impeach the counselor as to the length of time he knew defendant. Such use is analogous to impeaching a witness by way of a prior inconsistent statement. Such is not collateral and can be accomplished by use of extrinsic evidence. Indeed, it does not stretch the rules of evidence to characterize the signed and dated report as a "statement” circumstantially relevant to when the counselor became acquainted with defendant. Thus, if viewed as a statement, the report could be used for impeachment purposes because "[ejxtrinsic evidence of an inconsistent statement is admissible if the witness is afforded the opportunity to explain or deny and the opposing party is allowed to interrogate him thereon”. People v Hogan, 105 Mich App 473, 481; 307 NW2d 72 (1981).
The record reveals that defendant was able to cross-examine the witness on the report in question. Further, Michigan does not allow prior inconsistent statements to be used as substantive evidnce and, thus, they cannot be introduced as exhibits. Consequently, although the trial court excluded admission into evidence of the reports for the wrong reason, they were not admissible as exhibits since their use was limited to impeachment.
Defendant next claims that he was not afforded an opportunity for allocution at his sentencing. This argument is not supported by the record. The trial judge specifically asked defense counsel whether he had been "furnished with a copy of [the presentence investigation] report” and whether he had "any remarks about the contents of that report”. Defense counsel acknowledged that he had been provided with a copy of the report but objected to the inclusion of an alleged assault by defendant on a prison guard occurring on January 22, 1980.
When imposing sentence, it is generally accepted that a trial court may conduct a broad inquiry into many facets of defendant’s life, including other criminal activities for which no conviction resulted, provided the defendant has an opportunity to respond. People v Newsum, 105 Mich App 755; 307 NW2d 412 (1981), People v Lytle, 102 Mich App 708; 302 NW2d 289 (1981). Thus, the alleged assault was properly included in the presentence report and could have been considered by the trial court in its sentencing decision. Indeed, the trial court recognized such but stated that it would not consider the alleged assault "to any extent in this matter”. In any event, defendant was given an opportunity to respond:
"The Court: * * * Mr. Alexander, do you have anything that you wish to say to the Court before sentence is imposed?
"Mr. Alexander: Nothing, but I — nothing.
"The Court: Do you have anything that you want me to know that you think may help in sentencing? This is the time to say it.
"Mr. Alexander: I would — I still say that I didn’t assault Chester Lockwood.
"The Court: Anything else?
"Mr. Alexander: No, sir.”
The provisions of the court rules were complied with fully.
Defendant also claims that the trial judge impermissibly asked the jury about the possibility of reaching a verdict. A careful reading of the transcript reveals no undue influence and, indeed, no impropriety has been shown as the trial judge did not ask "any questions of jurors the answer to which might reasonably be expected to disclose the numerical division of the jury”. People v Luther, 53 Mich App 648, 650; 219 NW2d 812 (1974), aff'd 394 Mich 619; 232 NW2d 184 (1975).
Defendant’s final claims, which his counsel presents but does not join, generally amount to allegations of lack of a fair trial. The claims are not meritorious and do not warrant discussion. Counsel has fulfilled his obligation to his client. People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250; 247 NW2d 547 (1976).
Affirmed. | [
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To set aside an order sustaining a demurrer and dismissing bill filed under Act No. 262, Laws»of 1889, as amended by Act No. 137, Laws of 1891, and to compel respondent to proceed with the cases.
Relators in both cases appealed, orders to show cause were issued January 3, 1895, and the questions were considered in the appealed cases, and the writ granted July 2, 1895, with costs against the demurring defendants. Robison vs. Recorder’s Court Judge, 59 M., 529 (236); Brown vs. Circuit Judge, 75 M., 274 (723). | [
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To require respondent to entertain relator’s petition for the allowance of the will of one Grabo, under which relator had interests.
Granted October 18, 1882.
The will had been allowed by the King’s Court of Wittenberg and petitioner asked that an authenticated copy be allowed .by respondent, under Comp. L., 4342-3. Kespondent claimed that the case was not within these provisions and that he had no jurisdiction, but held, that relator should first proceed under Act 101 of 1881. | [
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To vacate an order overruling a motion for the relator’s discharge from arrest on civil process.
Granted April 25, 1879, on the ground that relator was privileged from arrest. | [
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To compel board to set aside a resolution providing for the change of the county seat, because of alleged fraud in the purchase of votes therefor.
Order to show cause denied March 1, 1892. | [
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] |
To compel the removal of a common law assignment and ail proceedings thereon, under How. Stat., Secs. 6495-6502, providing for the transfer of causes.
Granted April 11, 1890.
Held, that upon application to the Chancery Court to exercise its supervisory powers over common law assignments, the assignment becomes a civil proceeding pending in. the Circuit Court, and is subject to be transferred under tbe statute referred to, where the presiding judge is disqualified to sit in the cause. Citing Frazer vs. Circuit Judge, 48 M., 176 (161). | [
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To vacate an order consolidating two several appeals from the allowance and probate of a will.
Denied June 21, 1878. | [
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To compel respondent to sign and settle a bill of exceptions.
Order to show cause denied April 5, 1892, and again June 7, 1892.
Upon the first application it was claimed that the bill presented had been agreed to by the attorneys, but the court stated that he desired to make some additions thereto. Upon the second application it was claimed that the court had interpolated certain matter in the bill and the same was not correctly or fairly stated. | [
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] |
To compel respondents to re-assemble and re-canvass the vote of the county, and in such canvass to count and consider the returns made by the inspectors of election in the second and fourth wards, of the City of Fort Huron, of the votes cast for relator and his opponents, as candidates for the office of regent of the University ?and for the candidates for the office of associate justice of the Supreme Court, the said returns having been rejected by respondents because they bear date April 7, whereas the election was held April 6.
Granted in the alternative April 23, 1891. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to dismiss an appeal from the Probate Court on the ground that the surety’s name to the appeal bond was signed by "the attorney in fact” of the surety.
Denied April 5, 1882. | [
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] |
To dissolve an injunction issued on an ex parte showing, restraining the relators from using or enjoying certain real estate.
Denied November 12, 1890.
Held, that covenants, affecting the mode of occupation and enjoyment of leased premises, run with the land, and the assignee, though not named, may be restrained by injunction from violating same. | [
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To compel a religions corporation to restore to membership a person whom it had expelled.
Denied October 30, 1877.
It appeared from the pleadings that the society had no property; that its existence would be imperiled if relator were restored; that he had acted in hostility to the society’s interest; had given grounds for regular removal, and if restored might be at once expelled. ■ | [
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■To compel the Tillage Council to act on and approve a liquor bond, where the ground on which the council refused is not set forth.
Order to show cause denied June 8, 1880. | [
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] |
To compel approval of a plat.
Denied October 22, 1879.
Held, that an administrator cannot make a public plat of lands under a probate license to sell them. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to vacate order directing clerk to transmit verdict roll, and copy of order confirming same, to the common council, pending appeal, and grant an extension of time to-prepare a case for settlement, it appearing that the delay was due to the volume of testimony, and tfie failure of the court stenographer to report it, due diligence having been shown.
Granted in the alternative June 30, 1891. | [
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To compel assessment of certain sum to pay township bonds.
Granted November 16, 1892, with costs. | [
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] |
To quash a conviction and discharge the prisoner.
Order to show cause denied June 15, 1892.
Respondent had been convicted of simple larceny, and on •appeal to the Circuit, moved to quash and for his discharge, on the ground that after the jury list had been struck and agreed upon, the justice had, in the absence of the prisoner,.excused two •of the jurors who had been agreed upon. | [
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] |
To require respondents to audit and allow a bill presented to-them by relators, for services performed by one of the police officers in the pursuit and apprehension of a person charged with an offence against the laws 'of the State, committed within East Saginaw.
Denied, with costs, October 24, 1876. | [
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To compel an allowance of relator’s charges for services as constable.
Denied June 24, 1886.
Relator presented his claim, verified by his affidavit that it “was just and true and that the same had not been paid.”
Held, that the affidavit was insufficient to establish the account or to prove that it was a proper charge, and that it was relator’s duty to appear before the board, request action upon the claim and offer to submit proof thereof. | [
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] |
To compel board to deduct the amounts of the real estate mortgages held by it from its capital, and to assess the residue.
Granted April 28, 1893, without costs. | [
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To vacate an order striking a case from the trial docket.
Granted January 31, 1890.
The cause of action and the subject matter thereof arose in the Upper Peninsula, under a contract for building a road in that locality. Plaintiffs had commenced suit by attachment in Marquette County, but for reasons stated that suit was discontinued, and this commenced by a mutual understanding between the parties. Both plaintiffs and defendants are residents of other States. Upon an application for a struck jury the Circuit Court of its own motion struck the case from the docket, giving as his reasons therefor the following:
“1. That the said Circuit Court has no jurisdiction of said alleged cause.
“2. That-the consent of parties and their attorneys does not and cannot confer jurisdiction upon the court, inasmuch as all parties, both the alleged plaintiffs and the alleged defendants, are non-residents of this State.
“3. That, if jurisdiction can be conferred by consent of parties and attorneys, it does not become obligatory upon the court to entertain jurisdiction, but whether the same shall be entertained or not by the court is a matter which rests in the sound discretion of the court; and that public convenience and interest are paramount to the private convenience of the parties.
"4. That it is apparent from the facts set out that the said alleged suit is brought into the Circuit Court for the County of Wayne for the convenience of the parties and their attorneys only.” | [
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To compel respondent to set aside service of narr.
Denied October 29, 1891, with costs.
Cause commenced August 6, 1891. Sheriff returned that he made service July 29, 1891. Defendants appeared specially and moved to quash. Sheriff then filed affidavit alleging the mistake and made a return showing service August 6, 1891. | [
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To compel the county treasurer to keep his office at the county seat where located according to law.
Granted April 28, 1880. | [
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To grant a new trial on the ground of misconduct of jury.
Granted May 4, 1892, with costs.
The jury remained out for nearly 24 hours, and during the night were allowed to occupy the court room, wherein they had access to the files of the case containing the requests to charge, which had been submitted, not only upon this trial but upon other trials which had been had. It-appeared that these files had been examined and the requests discussed, pending their deliberations. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to vacate an order reinstating a judgment. .
Granted October 3, 1893, with costs.
A judgment had been entered against relator in default of plea. Relator moved to vacate tlie same, and the motion was granted on terms. The terms were not complied with, and the court, upon application, reinstated the judgment. Relator after-wards moved to vacate the same, which motion was denied. | [
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To compel respondent to dismiss a writ of garnishment, because no notice had been given to the principal defendant, under Nule 35, of the intention to issue the writ.
Denied November 17, 1897.
Held, that it was not the intent of the rule to compel the giving of notices in advance in any case, where, under the old rules of practice, it was not necessary to previously apprise the opposite party in advance of the proceedings about to be taken. | [
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] |
To vacate an order granting a new trial, in a criminal case, where three full terms of court had expired after conviction and sentence.
Granted April 27, 1897.
Held, that the statute, How.’s., Sec. 9576, limits the time within which a new trial may be granted and the order was without jurisdiction and is void. | [
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Order to show cause issued during preceding term. Return made in vacation. Cause not placed on docket.
Held, that in such case the cause must be treated as a calendar cause, regularly noticed and placed on docket, and the records and briefs printed. | [
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] |
To require respondent to set aside a judgment, reinstate the case and hear a motion therein for continuance.
Granted April 29, 1875.
Suit upon a promissory note. Plea, general issue. No affiadavit of merits filed. On the first day of the term relator moved, on affidavits showing the absence of material witnesses, for a continuance; respondent refused to entertain the motion, on the ground that the case had been noticed for inquest, called the case out of its order and judgment was entered for plaintiff.
Held, that a defendant is entitled to produce witnesses on the inquest to show the actual amount due or quantum of recovery. | [
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To compel respondents to issue an order for a balance due upon certain -highway and contingent orders which had been surrendered, and to require the supervisor to spread the amount thereof upon the tax roll.
Order to show cause granted June, 4, 1895, but proceeding afterwards discontinued by stipulation. | [
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] |
Certiorari to St. Clair.
To compel respondent to issue a writ of restitution in favor of relator.
After the filing of the petition for the writ of certiorari, the proceedings were dismissed upon stipulation of the parties in interest. | [
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] |
Plaintiff brought assumpsit upon a school district order.
Held, that mandamus is the proper remedy. | [
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To vacate an order setting aside a judgment of discontinuance, in a case commenced in Montcalm County, by residents of that county, against the sheriff of Clare County, to recover the value of a stock of goods owned by merchants doing business in Clare County, which was seized by the sheriff under writs of attachment sued out by creditors, and upon which stock plaintiffs held a chattel mortgage.
Granted January 24, 1886.
Upon the trial, after plaintiffs had rested their case, counsel for the sheriff insisted that as the property was, at the time of the seizure, in Clare County; and the sheriff seized the property as sheriff of that county under process issued out of the Circuit Court of that county, the action in Montcalm' County was prohibited, under How. Stat., Sec. 7549.
The trial court held the point well taken, discharged the jury and entered judgment of discontinuance. Afterwards the court, upon motion, set aside the judgment so entered. | [
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To compel the vacation of an order entered in a chancery cause.
Denied May 28, 1895, with costs. | [
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To grant motion for arrest of judgment, in a case where relator was convicted of an assault and battery, under an information charging “assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than the crime of murder.”
Order to show cause denied May 4, 1892. See No. 713. | [
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To quash proceedings in attachment upon a claim not due, under Act No. 149, Laws of 1889.
Denied March 3, 1896, with costs.
Held that the act is constitutional and valid; that the affidavit, for the issuance of a writ under thismct should set forth, in addition to the showing necessary for the issuance of the ordinary writ, other additional facts sufficient to satisfy the circuit judge of the propriety of allowing the writ to issue before the debt is. due, and that evidence of circumstances that indicate that the defendants’ property was being disposed of or seized by others, and that there was danger that plaintiff might lose his claim, would be sufficient. | [
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To vacate an order discharging an order of reference to a commissioner, for taking account of equitable assets, income, etc., and appointing a receiver, in case of a judgment creditor’s bill filed, it appearing that one of the defendants had received no legal notice of such application.
Order to show cause denied June 18, 1895. | [
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42
] |
To compel the respondent to restore certain special findings in an ejectment case.
Denied January 20, 1880.
In. ejectment against relators the declaration contained two counts, in one of which plaintiff claimed the fee and in the other only a life estate. Plaintiff recovered on the count last mentioned. The jury assessed the increased value of the land by reason of the improvements, at $1,480. Judgment was enteród for plaintiff that she recover possession and the court struck out the special findings.
Held, that the statute requiring payment for improvements is not applicable to a case where the interest recovered is less than the fee. | [
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] |
Certiorari to Oakland.
To compel respondent to set aside an order refusing to appoint commissioners to determine the necessity of a public drain, and to appoint such commissioners.
The circuit judge refused the writ. Affirmed December 3, 1895, with costs.
Commissioners were appointed under a petition filed in March, 1894, who reported against the laying out of a drain,, two of the commissioners signing said report, and one reporting in favor of the location of the drain. In January, 1895, relator again petitioned for new special commissioners, on account of the disagreement of the former ones.
Held, that the determination by the majority of the commissioners against the drain is conclusive. | [
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To compel respondent to allow a claim for the board of a prisoner confined in the county jail. The answer alleged that the prisoner was sent to the Reform School at Lansing, and referred to the records and files of the Circuit Court in support of the statement.
Relator filed a replication and the court was asked that an issue of fact be settled, and sent down to the court for trial.
Held, that a relator or respondent relying upon official records to establish his right must produce such records or certified copies thereof with his petition or answer; it is hot enough to refer to the originals, and relator was given leave to withdraw his application and move the court anew, with costs to respondent. | [
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] |
To compel the Mayor to file his approval of a liquor bond, and the recorder to endorse upon the bond the approval of the Council.
The circuit judge dismissed the petition as to the mayor and granted the writ as to the recorder.
Affirmed November 19, 1895, with costs.
The Mayor vetoed the proceedings of the Council approving the bond, and the recorder refused to certify the action of the Council, on the ground that a two-thirds vote of the Council was necessary, as in the passage of an ordinance, and the resolution was adopted by a majority vote only.
Held, that the charter provision, requiring ordinances or resolutions of the Council to be approved by the Mayor, has no application to the approval of a liquor bond, and that a two-thirds vote of the Council is not necessary. | [
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To compel respondent to proceed to let certain contracts for cleaning out, deepening, widening and extending a certain drain and make an assessment therefor.
Denied April 4, 1893, without costs.
The answer alleged that respondent had resigned the office of drain commissioner March 9, 1893, and that another had been appointed in his stead. | [
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To compel respondent board to re-submit the question of tbe prohibition of tbe sale of intoxicating liquors, within the County of Hillsdale, to tbe electors thereof.
Tbe circuit judge denied tbe writ. Reversed and writ granted June 30, 1896, without costs.
Tbe board declined to order an election on tbe ground that inasmuch as tbe election at which tbe question was last, submitted was held May 14, 1894, and tbe present petition was filed March 23, 1896, tbe two years required by tbe statute before re-submission bad not elapsed.
Tbe Supreme Court held, however, that tbe action by tbe voters in preparing petitions and presenting them to tbe board, or tbe order of the board calling an election need not be deferred until tbe lapse of two years. | [
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To compel respondent to grant to relator temporary alimony and expenses in a proceeding instituted by the guardian of the husband to annul his marriage with relator.
Order to show cause denied July 26, 1893. | [
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To vacate an order directing a commission to issue to take the deposition of a resident for use upon a motion for a new trial, in a case where the witness had refused to make an affidavit.
Order to show cause denied June 13, 1893.
Delator contended that How., Sec. 7766, had no application to motions for a new trial. | [
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] |
To compel granting of a new trial.
Order to show cause issued March 1, 1892, but case afterwards discontinued by stipulation.
Relator appealed from Justice Court, but did not appear by attorney in the Circuit. ITe alleged that no notice of trial had been served upon him; that plaintiff’s attorney did not keep faith, with defendant’s attorney; that his attorney neglected to enter his appearance, and to properly attend to said cause. | [
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To compel respondents to audit relator’s account, under 3 How. Stat., Sec. 2155, for building a fish chute in his dam.
The circuit judge granted the writ. Affirmed April 30, 1895, with costs. | [
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To compel payment of a bill for boarding and lodging jurors and the officers in charge during a portion of the time occupied in the trial of a murder case, the court having deemed it necessary to exclude the jurors, and after making inquiries as to terms, etc., had determined that they should be sent to relator’s hotel, the respondent having refused payment on the ground that jurors are obliged tO' board themselves, and that the court has not power to create county charges.
Granted May 13, 1885.
Held, that such expenses are for the benefit of the State; are charged to the county by way of properly distributing the burden; that such claims are not under the exclusive control of the supervisors, and the same must be audited by the supervisors and paid by the county, if the trial judge has exercised his discretion in excluding the jurors and directing that they be lodged and boarded at a particular place. | [
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To compel respondent to issue a warrant appointing three disinterested persons and authorizing them to set off to relator her dower in certain parcels of land, sold by her husband on contract during his lifetime, and before his marriage to relator, and in other lands.
Order to show cause denied January 4, 1893.
Held, that relator’s remedy is by appeal. See In Re, Estate of Pulling, 97 M., 375. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to quash an information.
Order to show cause denied November 11, 1891. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to set aside a levy and sale and recall an execution.
Denied November 20, 1894.
The proceeding grows out of Atkinson vs. Weidner, 79 M., 575; 83 Id., 412, and Fetters vs. Atkinson, 102 M., 485.
Relator paid the full amount of the judgment on the note int*o court and filed his bill. Subsequently the amount of the judgment was paid over, leaving the surplus referred to in the last named case. In some manner an order was afterwards obtained directing the payment over of the surplus to Atkinson, whereupon Swift took out an execution and proceeded to a levy and sale under the judgment in favor of Atkinson. The sur plus was afterwards returned to the register and the motion was made to set aside the sale and recall the execution.
The court below held said motion until the determination of Fetters vs. Atkinson, and then denied the same, holding that relator might redeem. | [
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To compel respondent to order a trial upon a plea to the jurisdiction of the justice, from whose judgment relator had appealed, the plea being that the value of property replevined was $200, and therefore the justice had no jurisdiction.
Denied February 16, 1886.
Held, that the jurisdiction of a justice, in replevin, attaches according to the claim in the affidavit, and having attached continues to judgment at least up to five hundred dollars, and that a plea in abatement is not necessary to destroy the jurisdiction of a justice depending upon the amount in controversy, if shown on the trial to be excessive. | [
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To vacate an order dismissing an appeal from an order of the Probate Court, admitting a will to probate.
Denied Dec. 13, 1893, with costs, on the ground that relator bad a remedy by certiorari, which had been lost by lapse of time, and mandamus will not be granted to extend the time beyond that limited for bringing certiorari. See No. 146. | [
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To set aside an order vacating a nulla bona return to an execution, upon which a creditor’s bill has been since filed.
Denied April 21, 1896, with'costs, on the ground that the showing that relators were entitled to have the return sustained, was not so clear as to justify interference by this court by mandamus. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to receive from relator and receipt to bim for tbe balance of tbe purchase price of certain lands, for wbicb certificates bad been issued to relator’s assignor, tbe respondent claiming tbe right to -cancel said certificates.
Granted Nov. 9, 1859. | [
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To compel respondents to spread upon the assessment rolls of their several townships the county taxes, as apportioned for 1891.
Granted in part December 13,1892, without costs.
Opinion filed December 23, 1892.
1. The writ of mandamus is a discretionary writ, and will not be granted to accomplish a confessedly illegal purpose, even though the officer against whoni it is invoked is charged with an express duty under the statute; citing Common Council vs. Schlich, 81 M., 405.
2. A writ of mandamus will not be granted to compel a supervisor to spread upon his roll that portion of the county tax certified to Mm which, wMle purporting to have been voted for the purpose of a poor farm, is really-being raised to aid in securing a location for a tannery in the county. .
Inasmuch as there was no difficulty in separating the fraudulent tax from the other taxes, writs were issued, directing respondents to spread said balance upon their respective rolls. | [
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] |
To require respondent to accept moneys tendered him for redemption of lands sold for taxes.
Granted June 15, 1875.
The amount tendered was the sum for which the lands were sold, with interest at the rate of twenty-five per cent, in accordance with the provisions of the tax law, as amended by the act of 1875, but the treasurer declined to receive it on the ground that the act as it stood before the amendment required the payment of' interest at fifty per cent, and that as these lands were sold for the taxes before the amendment, the original act and not the. amended one was applicable. | [
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To compel respondent to receive evidence to prove value in case of the dismissal of a writ of replevin, where defendant waives the return of the property.
Granted January 30, 1878. Taylor vs. Tripp, 15 M., 517 (655).
Held, that costs will not be granted against a party interested who has not been brought before this court by notice, in such a case. | [
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To compel respondent to apportion a sum claimed to be due the state among the several townships.
Denied October 7, 1886.
The auditor-general charged the county with the differences between the sums for which certain parcels of land were sold under Act No. 169, Sec. 124, Laws of 1869, and the amount for which they were bid in by the State prior to the taking effect of the law of 1869.
Held, that said Act was prospective only, and that the county should be credited with the sums illegally charged against it. | [
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] |
To permit plaintiff to file an amended affidavit in garnishment, after a motion had been made to quash the writ, because of jurisdictional defects in the original affidavit.
Order to show cause denied June 21, 1894. | [
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To compel the allowance of the bounty under the act approved February 15, 1859, Laws of 1859, p. 551.
Granted November 5, 1861.
Tbe act of 1859 gave a bounty of. ten cents upon eacb bnsbel •of salt manufactured in the State, while tbe act of 1861, Laws of 1861, p. 305, gave a bounty of ten cents per barrel.
Held, that relators bad acquired a vested right to tbe bounty offered by tbe act of 1859 upon all tbe salt manufactured before tbe law of 1861 took effect. | [
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] |
To compel respondent to certify tbat relator is entitled to additional compensation for services as attorney in a criminal ■case under How. Stat., Sec. 9047, on appeal to tbe Supreme Court.
Denied January 18, 1893, without costs.
It appeared tbat although relator bad assisted in tbe trial below, another bad been appointed by the court to defend, whose bill bad been certified for tbat service; tbat relator bad not been substituted, and no order directing , or allowing or appointing relator to take or conduct an appeal bad been made. | [
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To compel tho entry of an order for the payment of witness fees to persons committed to jail on failure to recognize.
Granted January 19, 1893, without costs. | [
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