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Court of Appeals No. 272688.
Kelly, C.J. I would grant leave to appeal for the reasons set forth in my dissenting statement in People v Xiong, 483 Mich 951 (2009). | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 274752. | [
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Kelly, C.J.
(concurring). Defendant, an independent insurance agency, had an agreement with nonparty Citizens Insurance Company of America (Citizens), whereby defendant wrote and sold insurance contracts for Citizens. Defendant sold a Citizens insurance policy to plaintiff that was in effect when a fire destroyed plaintiffs business facility. Plaintiff made and settled an insurance claim against Citizens and released Citizens and its “agents” from any actions relating to events that occurred before the execution of the release. Later, plaintiff sued defendant, claiming that the coverage that defendant had advised it to obtain was inadequate. Defendant moved for summary disposition, arguing that the language of the release unambiguously barred plaintiffs claim. The trial court denied the motion, and the Court of Appeals affirmed.
On appeal to this Court, defendant asserts that the lower courts erred. The release in question states, in pertinent part:
In consideration of... payment... the Undersigned do hereby release and forever discharge Citizens ... and each of its servants, agents, adjusters, employees, attorneys, related companies, parent companies and subsidiaries of and from any and all claims, debts, dues, actions, causes of action, and demands which the Undersigned now have or may have against the ... Releasees for or on account of any matter or thing that has at any time heretofore occurred .... [Emphasis added.]
The trial court concluded that a factual issue exists about whether defendant was an agent of Citizens, of plaintiff, or of both, and whether the release extinguished defendant’s liability to plaintiff. The trial court also noted that it was “impressed that [plaintiff] had no knowledge of the written agency agreement [between Citizens and defendant] when it signed the release.”
The Court of Appeals agreed with the trial court. It held that, when an independent insurance agent facilitates the sale of an insurance policy, it is considered an agent of the insured; it is not an agent of the broker. Accordingly, defendant had a primary fiduciary duty of loyalty to plaintiff. On that basis, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court and held that a factual question exists regarding whether the release exempted defendant from liability.
I agree with the trial court and the Court of Appeals. West American Ins Co is persuasive in that, because defendant was acting as an independent insurance agent when it assisted plaintiff, its primary fiduciary duty of loyalty was owed to plaintiff. Plaintiff could therefore depend on this duty of loyalty to ensure that defendant was acting in its best interest. This included finding an insurer that could provide plaintiff with comprehensive coverage and ensuring that the insurance contract properly addressed plaintiffs needs. Thus, because defendant was an agent of plaintiff, not Citizens, the release did not free defendant from liability. As the Court of Appeals aptly pointed out:
Were we to hold otherwise, we would have to conclude that plaintiff!], in signing the release of Citizens and its agents, intentionally released their own agents (defendants) regarding the very transaction for which defendants owed plaintiffs the primary duty of loyalty and expertise. Such a conclusion would violate reason and common sense.[ ]
I believe that the Court of Appeals correctly held that whether defendant is a “related company” of Citizens within the meaning of the release is a question of fact. The term “related company” is not defined in the release. It could have several meanings. Thus, a factual determination is necessary to resolve whether the parties intended defendant to be released from liability as a “related company.”
Finally, I believe it is appropriate to deny leave to appeal in this case because plaintiff was unaware of the relationship between defendant and Citizens. It makes no sense to construe the release as extinguishing defendant’s liability when plaintiff was unaware of the underlying relationship.
For these reasons stated, I believe that the Court of Appeals analysis is correct. The trier of fact could ultimately determine that the release covered defendant. However, I do not believe that the Court should substitute its judgment for that of the trial court or play the role of fact-finder. The case should proceed to trial. Accordingly, I concur in the Court’s decision to deny leave to appeal.
Genesee Foods Services, Inc v Meadowbrook, Inc, 279 Mich App 649, 659 (2008), citing West American Ins Co v Meridian Mut Ins Co, 230 Mich App 305, 310 (1998).
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The defendant’s motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). Court of Appeals No. 283419. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 272019. | [
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CAVANAGH, J.
In this case we must decide whether defendant Michael Borgne’s constitutional rights under Doyle v Ohio, 426 US 610; 96 S Ct 2240; 49 L Ed 2d 91 (1976), were violated, and, if they were, what effect that has on his convictions. We hold that defendant’s rights under Doyle were violated when the trial court erroneously allowed the prosecution to use defendant’s post-arrest, post Miranda silence against him. However, we also hold that the error did not amount to plain error affecting defendant’s substantial rights; therefore, the Court of Appeals judgment is reversed and defendant’s convictions are affirmed.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURE
On the evening of December 14, 2004, the complaining witness, Caroline Kessler, was fueling her car at a gas station in Detroit. She went into the convenience store at the station, and when she returned to finish pumping the gas, a man approached her from behind. The man put his arm around her and told her to give him her purse. When Kessler turned around, she saw a man with a gun pointed at her. The man grabbed her purse and ran away.
Kessler testified at trial that she got a good look at her assailant. She said he was wearing a blue jacket with red stripes and white lettering on the back. She also noticed that, under the jacket, he was wearing a black hooded sweatshirt, with the hood on his head. He was wearing blue jeans. She said he was Caucasian, clean shaven, young, of medium build, and only a few inches taller than her (she is 5’ 2”).
As the man ran away, Kessler followed him, while yelling out that he had robbed her. But after crossing the street, she stopped and turned back to the gas station. Before she started back, however, she noticed a man chasing the assailant as a result of her cries for help. When she got back to the gas station she asked the attendant to call the police and then called her brother. Her brother, along with a friend, responded almost immediately because he lived nearby. Eventually, Kessler, her brother, and the friend went out looking for the assailant. They found the man who had chased the assailant waiting outside an abandoned commercial building. When the police arrived, Kessler described the man who robbed her. The police officers then entered the building and emerged with defendant in handcuffs. Defendant was wearing blue jeans and a blue and red jacket, with a black hooded sweatshirt underneath. Upon seeing defendant, Kessler immediately identified him as the man who robbed her.
Kessler also testified that about two weeks later she was in a minor automobile accident several blocks away from the site of the robbery. While Kessler was stopped to exchange information with the other driver, a blue mini-van drove past. Kessler was outside her car talking to the person whose car she had hit when the blue minivan stopped next to her and its driver yelled out his open window, “I’m the motherfucker what robbed you, ha, ha, ha.” Kessler immediately recognized the driver as defendant. She immediately told the other motorist that it was defendant who had just yelled at her. The other driver corroborated Kessler’s spontaneous reaction to the event.
Defendant was charged with armed robbery, MCL 750.529, and possessing a firearm while committing a felony, MCL 750.227b. The first trial ended in a mistrial because the jurors had improperly discussed the case. At the second trial, the prosecution presented defendant’s red and blue coat and black hooded sweatshirt as evidence in its case-in-chief. The prosecution also produced Kessler’s direct testimony in which she identified defendant as the man who robbed her, the man whom the police had taken from the abandoned building, and the man who had yelled at her from the blue minivan.
In his defense, defendant testified that on the night in question he was simply waiting for a taxi across the street from the gas station. While waiting, he heard gunshots from across the street and fled into the alleyway, and then into the abandoned building. Once in the building, he said he heard shots being fired into the building. He claimed to have waited there until the police arrived. When the police arrived, they arrested him, took him out of the building, and led him to a police car. He testified that on the way to the police car he tried to tell the police the shooting story, but they put him in the backseat of the police car.
It is uncontested that defendant was then taken to the police precinct, where police officers administered Miranda warnings and attempted to interrogate him. However, defendant invoked his right to silence and asked for an attorney. Thereafter, defendant made no statements about the case until trial.
At trial, the prosecution made broad use of defendant’s post -Miranda silence during both its cross-examination of defendant and its closing argument to impeach the defendant’s exculpatory testimony. Defendant never objected to this use of his pretrial silence. Defendant was convicted as charged of armed robbery and possessing a firearm during the commission of a felony.
Defendant appealed, and the Court of Appeals reversed his convictions in a split decision. People v Borgne, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued August 9, 2007 (Docket No. 269572). The majority held that the prosecution’s use of defendant’s post-Miranda silence violated his constitutional due process rights under Doyle and that the error constituted plain error, which required a new trial. The dissent would have affirmed the convictions on the ground that defendant’s post -Miranda silence was admissible under an exception to Doyle. This Court granted leave to appeal to decide whether defendant’s constitutional rights under Doyle had been violated and, if they had, whether reversal was warranted.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
Defendant claims that his constitutional due process rights under the Fourteenth Amendment were violated. Constitutional questions are reviewed de novo. Sidun v Wayne Co Treasurer, 481 Mich 503, 508; 751 NW2d 453 (2008). Defendant concedes, however, that his claim of error was not preserved at trial. This Court reviews the effect of an unpreserved constitutional error for plain error. People v McNally, 470 Mich 1, 5; 679 NW2d 301 (2004).
III. ANALYSIS
A. THE GENERAL RULE OF DOYLE v OHIO
The first question in this case is whether a Doyle violation occurred. Doyle dealt with a criminal defendant’s Fifth Amendment right under the United States Constitution against compelled self-incrimination, which has been made applicable to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Specifically, Doyle analyzed a defendant’s post-arrest silence during a custodial interrogation following Miranda warnings. In Doyle, the defendants were caught taking part in an illicit narcotics sale. Doyle, 426 US at 611-612. Once the police interceded, both defendants were given Miranda warnings. Id. at 612. At trial, the defendants argued that they had been framed by a police informant pretending to be a seller, who tricked them into trying to buy the narcotics from him. Id. at 612-613. The defendants had never mentioned this exculpatory story before trial. Id. at 613-614. The prosecution used this pretrial silence to undercut the defendants’ claims of innocence as follows:
Q. [The Prosecutor] [I]f that is all you had to do with this and you are innocent, when [the officer] arrived on the scene why didn’t you tell him? [I]n any event you didn’t bother to tell [the police] anything about this?
A. [Defendant] No, Sir.
Q. . . . You are innocent?
A. I am innocent. Yes Sir.
Q. That’s why you told the police... when they arrived ... about your innocence?
A. I didn’t tell them about my innocence. No.
Q. You said nothing at all about how you had been set up?
Q. As a matter of fact, if I recall your testimony correctly, you said instead of protesting your innocence, as you do today, you said in response to a question of [defense counsel], — “I don’t know what you are talking about.”
A. I believe what I said, — “What’s this all about?” If I remember, that’s the only thing I said.... I was question ing, you know, what it was about. That’s what I didn’t know. I knew that I was trying to buy [drugs], which was wrong, but I didn’t know what was going on. I didn’t know that [the complaining witness] was trying to frame me, or what-have-you.
Q. All right, — But you didn’t protest your innocence at that time?
A. Not until I knew what was going on. [Id. at 614, 614 n 5.]
The prosecutor in Doyle also referred to the defendants’ silence in his closing argument. Id. at 614 n 5. The defendants objected to each of these references. Id. at 614, 614 n 5. Those objections were overruled, and the defendants were convicted of various drug charges. Id.
The United States Supreme Court reversed the defendants’ convictions and summarized its decision as follows:
The question ... is whether a state prosecutor may seek to impeach a defendant’s exculpatory story, told for the first time at trial, by cross-examining the defendant about his failure to have told the story after receiving Miranda warnings at the time of his arrest. We conclude that use of the defendant’s post-arrest silence in this manner violates due process, and therefore reverse the convictions of both petitioners. [Doyle, 426 US at 611.][ ]
The Doyle Court reasoned that “it would be fundamentally unfair and a deprivation of due process to allow the arrested person’s silence to be used to impeach an explanation subsequently offered at trial.” Id. at 618. Further,
it does not comport with due process to permit the prosecution during the trial to call attention to his silence at the time of arrest and to insist that because he did not speak about the facts of the case at that time, as he was told he need not do, an unfavorable inference might be drawn as to the truth of his trial testimony. [Id. at 619 (citation and quotation marks omitted).]
And, relying on its earlier decision in United States v Hale, 422 US 171; 95 S Ct 2133; 45 L Ed 2d 99 (1975), the Doyle Court noted that “every post-arrest silence is insolubly ambiguous....” Doyle, 426 US at 617. It is unclear whether it is merely evidence of the defendant’s legitimate invocation of his right against compelled self-incrimination or evidence that he is fabricating his defense theory at trial. Therefore, “[a]fter an arrested person is formally advised by an officer of the law that he has a right to remain silent, the unfairness occurs when the prosecution, in the presence of the jury, is allowed to undertake impeachment on the basis of what may be the exercise of that right.” Id. at 619 n 10. This Court has long approved of these principles, and we were somewhat prescient in our pre-Doyle acceptance of them in People v Bobo, 390 Mich 355, 359-361; 212 NW2d 190 (1973).
Since Doyle, the United States Supreme Court has articulated exactly when the general rule from that case applies. It has held that Doyle’s rule does not apply— i.e., a defendant’s silence may be used to impeach his exculpatory testimony — if the silence occurred either (1) before arrest or (2) after arrest and before Miranda warnings were given. See Fletcher v Weir, 455 US 603, 605-607; 102 S Ct 1309; 71 L Ed 2d 490 (1982); Jenkins v Anderson, 447 US 231, 239-240; 100 S Ct 2124; 65 L Ed 2d 86 (1980). This is because, under the United States Constitution, use of a defendant’s silence only deprives a defendant of due process when the government has given the defendant a reason to believe both that he has a right to remain silent and that his invocation of that right will not be used against him, which typically only occurs post-arrest and post-Miranda. See Fletcher, 455 US at 605-607. This Court has also adopted this structure: “ ‘Doyle bars the use against a criminal defendant of silence maintained after receipt of governmental assurances.’ ” People v Cole, 411 Mich 483, 488; 307 NW2d 687 (1981), quoting Anderson v Charles, 447 US 404, 408; 100 S Ct 2180; 65 L Ed 2d 222 (1980).
In the present case, we must evaluate whether Doyle’s general rule applies to the silence that the prosecutor used against defendant. The prosecutor referred to defendant’s silence both during his cross-examination of defendant and in his closing argument. Defendant’s silence was referred to in cross-examination as follows:
Q. \The Prosecutor] And then you had the opportunity to sit down with Sargent [sic] Dunbeck here when you were under arrest?
A. [Defendant] Yes.
Q. That was at the precinct, correct?[ ]
A. Yes.
Q. Okay. You never told Sargent [sic] Dunbeck any of this [shooting story], did you?
A. I believe I may have said I was being shot at.
Q. You were advised of your constitutional rights, correct?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. No question that you were under arrest and you didn’t have to give a statement?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You could have a lawyer there if you wanted to?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You had the opportunity to give your version of the event?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. You could stop answering questions at any time?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. That was no surprise to you?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. She was polite to you, she wasn’t beating you over the head with a phone book or anything like that?
A. No.
Q. No problems with Sargent [sic] Dunbeck?
A. No.
Q. But you never made a statement did you?
A. No, I did not want to make a statement without an attorney present.
Q. Okay. If you were arrested and knew you were being arrested for armed robbery, somebody was accusing you of robbing them at gunpoint.
A. I was going to wait for an attorney to help me address the matter.
Q. You never gave a statement after the fact though, did you?
A. No, I did not. I was advised not to.
Q. This is the first time you’re giving a statement?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. First time anyone has heard this version of events from you?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. Were you concerned about finding the person that was shooting at you that night?
A. Yes, I was.
Q. And then when you had the chance to sit down •with Sargent [sic] Dunbeck you didn’t say anything that [sic]?
A. I wanted a lawyer present for any statement given.
Q. You never gave a statement ever in this case?
A. No, I did not. After that I had retained a lawyer and was advised not to give a statement.
Q. Well, you didn’t retain a lawyer until after the preliminary examination in this case, right?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. So when you were arrested that night [in] the early morning hours of now December 15, 2004 you didn’t have a specific lawyer in mind, did you?
A. No.
Q, And it wasn’t like you were in the process of consulting with the attorney, correct?
A. No, I wasn’t.
Q. And then about two weeks later or so you go to the preliminary examination you still haven’t retained an attorney.
A. I had a State appointed attorney.
Q. Correct. And you never gave a statement at that point with the State appointed attorney did you?
A. Never had a chance to.
Q. You didn’t do it in court, did you?
A. Never had a chance to. I was never allowed to talk while I was in the courtroom. The lawyer advised me not to. That’s when we fired the lawyer and retained Johnathan [sic] Jones.
Q. And up until today you still have given [sic] a statement in this case, not until the 11th hour of the trial, correct?
A. No, sir.
Q. This is basically the end of the trial right here.
A. Yes, sir. I wanted everyone to hear my side.
The prosecutor then used this line of questioning in closing argument as follows:
Mr. Borgne out that night [sic] and he sits down with Sargent [sic] Dunbeck in the police station, you’re under arrest for Armed Robbery, someone’s saying you robbed ’em. What’s your side of the story? Well, nothing. Let me think about it. A year goes by there’s no statement ever given. If somebody was trying to kill Mr. Borgne he never mentions it. No concern over who’s trying to kill him. There’s no statement at all. Is that going to make sense, ladies and gentlemen? It defies logic.
Forget whether he robbed somebody. If someone’s trying to kill you and the police were there and had you in custody, you might want to at least mention it. You might want to say I’m gonna put it down and sign my name and here, for all eternity I said it. Somebody tried to kill me. Nothing like that. Nothing like that until today, a year and a day later. It defies logic. It doesn’t make any sense.
We conclude that Doyle’s general rule applies to this line of questioning and this closing argument. The prosecutor’s own questions establish that the silence to which he was referring occurred (1) after defendant was arrested, (2) after defendant had been read the Miranda warnings, and (3) after defendant chose to remain silent. Moreover, it is clear that the prosecutor was emphasizing the negative implications of defendant’s post-arrest, post-Miranda silence. Thus, Doyle’s general rule applied, and it should have proscribed the prosecutor’s use of defendant’s silence in this case.
The only way the prosecutor’s use of defendant’s silence would be allowed is if an exception to Doyle applied.
B. THE IMPEACHMENT EXCEPTION TO DOYLE v OHIO
The Doyle Court noted a single exception to its general rule:
[Pjost-arrest silence [can] be used by the prosecution to contradict a defendant who testifies to an exculpatory version of events and claims to have told the police the same version upon arrest. In that situation the fact of earlier silence would not be used to impeach the exculpatory story, but rather to challenge the defendant’s testimony as to his behavior following arrest. [426 US at 619 n 11.1
This exception can aptly be described as the impeachment exception.
This exception did not apply in Doyle because the defendants in that case never claimed to have told the authorities their exculpatory story before trial. The exception only applies when a defendant falsely testifies that he already told his exculpatory story to the authorities. At that point, the exception allows the prosecutor to impeach that averment with proof that the defendant actually remained silent before trial.
The impeachment exception only applies to allow use of a defendant’s silence that would otherwise be prohibited by Doyle’s general rule. Intuitively, in order for the impeachment exception to apply to allow use of other wise Noyie-prohibited silence, the door must be opened by a defendant’s testimony regarding his post-arrest, post -Miranda conduct. Thus, a prosecutor may not use a defendant’s testimony regarding his actions before Doyle applied as a means to open the door to impeach the defendant with his post -Doyle silence. Doyle’s general rule and its impeachment exception apply to silence occurring after a defendant has been arrested and given Miranda warnings. Accordingly, if the prosecution wants to use the impeachment exception, its use must be based on defendant’s testimony regarding his post-arrest, post-Miranda actions.
In this case, the prosecutor argues that the exception applies because defendant “opened the door” to impeachment in the following portion of his direct-examination testimony:
Q. [Defense counsel] When you came out of the building with the two officers did anyone make any comments or gestures toward you?
A. [Defendant] Yes, sir.
Q. And who was that?
A. Caroline Kessler [the victim].
Q. Okay.
A. She made a comment that I — she said “that’s the man, that’s the man that robbed me.”
Q. Did anyone else speak that you remember?
A. The officer asked me where the purse was and where the gun was. I didn’t have any idea what he was talking about. I tried to describe the shooting to him and he put me in the back seat of the police car.
We conclude that the exception was not triggered by this exchange because defendant never testified that he made post -Miranda attempts to explain his story. Defendant’s only testimony regarding an attempt to explain his story was related to his pre-Miranda conduct (when he was being escorted to the police car). If the prosecutor had wanted to impeach defendant regarding this pre-Miranda silence, Doyle would have presented no prohibition. But, for whatever reason, the prosecutor chose not to so impeach defendant. Instead, the prosecutor repeatedly asked defendant why he did not explain his side of the story after being taken to the precinct and after being given Miranda warnings. The prosecutor also repeatedly made defendant admit that he remained silent during that time. Finally, the prosecutor used this silence in his closing argument to bolster the contention that defendant’s exculpatory story was not credible. None of these uses of defendant’s post-arrest, post -Miranda silence is supported by defendant’s testimony regarding his post-arrest, post-Miranda actions. In sum, the defendant did not open the door to the impeachment exception with his fleeting reference to his failed attempt to tell his story before Doyle was even applicable.
To counter this conclusion, the prosecution relies on People v Allen, 201 Mich App 98; 505 NW2d 869 (1993). In Allen, the Court stated:
[Defendant did not claim to have told the police the same version of his exculpatory story upon arrest. Rather, his claim on redirect examination was that the trial was his first opportunity to tell his version of the events. We believe that this case falls within the exception permitting impeachment of a defendant’s version of his postarrest behavior. Although defendant’s testimony would not have permitted the prosecutor to argue that his postarrest silence was inconsistent with his claim of innocence, it did permit the prosecutor to attempt to discredit defendant’s testimony by showing that defendant did have an opportu nity before the trial to tell his side of the story. Having raised the issue of his opportunity to explain his version of the events, he opened the door to a full and not just a selective development of that subject. [Id. at 103 (citations and quotation marks omitted).]
Thus, Allen extended Doyle's impeachment exception to include not only instances when a defendant is allegedly lying about his post-arrest behavior, but when a defendant is falsely asserting that the trial presented his first opportunity to tell his side of the case.
We do not reach the merits of this extension because the prosecution would not benefit from it in this case. Defendant was arrested in the abandoned building and immediately escorted to a police car. At trial, during direct examination, defendant testified that he unsuccessfully tried to tell his side of the story as he was being escorted to the police car. It was not until he reached the police station that he was given Miranda warnings and was interrogated. At that point he invoked his right to silence and, after obtaining counsel, decided to remain silent until trial. Even under Allen's extension of the exception, the prosecution would be incorrect in arguing that defendant opened the door to the impeachment exception by claiming to have tried to tell his story to the arresting officers because there was no door to open at that point — Doyle was not even applicable at that time. Indeed, defendant had only been arrested; he had not been given Miranda warnings. Under United States Supreme Court precedent, the prosecutor was free to impeach defendant on his silence before Doyle applied, and could have asked why defendant did not tell his side of the story after being put into the police car. See footnote 7 of this opinion. But all the prosecutor’s impeachment tactics here related to defendant’s silence after he was brought to the precinct and given Miranda warnings.
Accordingly, we hold that the impeachment exception did not apply in this case, and, as noted, the general rule in Doyle was violated by the prosecution’s use of defendant’s post-arrest, post -Miranda silence.
C. PLAIN ERROR AEFECTING SUBSTANTIAL RIGHTS
Recognizing that the prosecution’s use of defendant’s silence constituted error under Doyle, we must now decide whether that error merits reversing defendant’s conviction. Both parties agree that this case involves an unpreserved claim of constitutional error. This Court determines whether this type of error warrants reversal under the plain-error standard of review articulated in People v Grant, 445 Mich 535, 547-553; 520 NW2d 123 (1994), and People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 765-766; 597 NW2d 130 (1999).
There are four steps to determining whether an unpreserved claim of error warrants reversal under plain-error review. Carines, 460 Mich at 763. First, there must have been an error. Id. Second, the error must be plain, meaning clear or obvious. Id. Third, the error must have affected substantial rights. Id. This “generally requires a showing of prejudice, i.e., that the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Id. The defendant bears the burden of establish ing prejudice. Id. Fourth, the error must have “resulted in the conviction of an actually innocent defendant” or “seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings . ...” Id. (quotation marks and brackets omitted).
In this case, as noted, a Doyle violation occurred, which equates to a legal error. Therefore, the first plain-error element is met. The second plain-error element is also met because this Doyle violation was clear and obvious. Indeed, absent an exception, a prosecutor is not permitted to use a defendant’s post-arrest, post -Miranda silence against him. In this case, the prosecutor clearly and obviously used the defendant’s post-arrest, post-Miranda silence against him. This error was plain.
The third plain-error element, however, is not met in this case because defendant cannot prove that the error affected his substantial rights by causing him prejudice. We acknowledge that it is difficult for an appellate court to know what effect the prosecutor’s use of defendant’s post -Miranda silence might have had on the jury. Nonetheless, we hold that defendant has not shown that the error is prejudicial, considering (1) the extent of the prosecutor’s comments, (2) the extent to which the prosecution attempted to tie defendant’s silence to his guilt, and (3) the relative strength of the other evidence against defendant. In contrast to People v Shafier, 483 Mich 205; 768 NW2d 305 (2009), in which we apply these same factors, the Doyle error in this case does not support a finding of prejudice.
First, in this case, the prosecutor’s references to defendant’s post-arrest, post -Miranda silence, while numerous, were not pervasive. The prosecutor only referred to defendant’s silence under the mistaken belief that defendant had raised the subject in his fleeting mention of having tried to tell his exculpatory story while being escorted to the police car. The prosecutor also referred to defendant’s silence in closing argument, but it, again, was only an attempt to impeach defendant’s exculpatory story. In comparison, in Shafier, the prosecutor was the first party to broach defendant’s silence, bringing it up in the opening statement, and it played a major role throughout the prosecution’s case-in-chief.
The second element also shows that a less prejudicial Doyle error occurred in this case than that in Shafier. Again, the prosecutor in this case used the defendant’s silence to argue that defendant’s exculpatory story should not be believed. This use of silence did not obviate the prosecutor’s need to independently prove that defendant committed the crime. And the prosecutor here presented compelling, largely consistent, untainted evidence to prove this defendant’s guilt. In contrast, the evidence in Shafier consisted entirely of a credibility contest between the defendant and his accuser; although the accuser’s sisters also testified on her behalf, their testimony contained numerous inconsistencies. Thus, the prosecution in that case, in addition to using the defendant’s silence to impeach his claim of innocence, argued that the defendant was guilty because he did not verbally protest in the face of accusations of heinous crimes. In contrast, the prosecution in this case did not overtly tie defendant’s post-arrest, post -Miranda silence to its argument that defendant was guilty of the charged crime.
Finally, in evaluating the third element, we note that the compelling, untainted evidence against defendant shows how strong the prosecution’s case was. First, the testimony of Kessler (the victim) is substantial in its probity regarding defendant’s guilt. It is uncontested that she looked right at her assailant from an arm’s-length distance when he robbed her. She then chased him in the direction of where defendant was later found. She described what her assailant was wearing, which generally matched defendant’s clothing when he was arrested shortly thereafter. We acknowledge that Kessler’s description of her assailant did not perfectly match defendant’s appearance when he was arrested. Yet, much of her general description of her assailant did match defendant, a Caucasian with brown hair who was wearing a blue jacket with red stripes, a hooded sweatshirt underneath the jacket, and blue jeans. Further, Kessler made numerous identifications of defendant as her assailant. She unequivocally identified defendant as her assailant as he was being escorted from the abandoned building. Kessler was also able to identify defendant as her assailant when he drove past her and yelled a self-incriminating obscenity at her. Here, again, Kessler made an unequivocal identification that the driver was both her assailant and defendant. This was corroborated by a bystander with whom Kessler was talking at the time. Finally, Kessler made two unequivocal in-court identifications of defendant as her assailant.
We also note the uniquely incriminating aspect of the blue van driver’s statement to the victim. This is the equivalent of an open confession to the crime. And, with two witnesses corroborating it, we accept as true that someone drove by the victim and shouted the obscene confession. It strains reason to contemplate who, other than the actual assailant, would have done such an act. This makes the victim’s unwavering identifications of defendant as both the driver and her assailant more credible.
Finally, the circumstances leading to defendant’s apprehension are also highly incriminating. Shortly after the robbery, defendant was found crouching in the corner of an abandoned building that was only a few blocks from the crime scene. The building is located in the direction that the assailant fled from the crime scene. Moreover, after being robbed, Kessler cried for help and a bystander attempted to follow the assailant. The bystander was later found waiting outside the abandoned building where defendant was found.
Each of these pieces of evidence is untainted and independent from the Doyle violation in this case. And, in the aggregate, they stand in stark contrast to the sometimes inconsistent evidence that was presented against the defendant in Shafier. There, the only evidence against the defendant was the testimony of his adopted daughters, who were shown to be children caught in a parental dispute. Moreover, the daughters’ allegations were somewhat incongruous. Thus, in comparison to the case against the defendant in Shafier, the strength of the evidence against this defendant is substantial.
In sum, after analyzing these three factors, we conclude that defendant has not met his burden of proving prejudice under Carines. Without proof of prejudice, analysis of the plain-error element is irrelevant; therefore, defendant is not entitled to appellate relief under Carines.
It is, nevertheless, important to make clear that the prosecutor’s violation of Doyle in this case is not taken lightly. Doyle violations are constitutional violations, and prosecutors commit an offense against the constitution and its principles by misdeeds such as those seen in this case. Had it not been for the wealth of incriminating evidence against defendant (which begs the question of why a prosecutor would even risk a Doyle violation), the prosecutor’s trial victory would not be affirmed. To be clear, the prosecutor has not won this appeal; rather, the defendant has lost it because he has not proven that the Doyle violation entitles him to a new trial under the plain-error doctrine.
IV CONCLUSION
We agree with the Court of Appeals holding that a Doyle violation occurred in this case. But the defendant’s convictions are affirmed, and the Court of Appeals is reversed on that issue, because defendant did not show plain error affecting his substantial rights under Carines.
Reversed.
Kelly, C.J., and Weaver, Corrigan, Markman, and Hathaway, JJ., concurred with Cavanagh, J.
The issues in this decision are similar to another case that we decide today: People v Shafier, 483 Mich 205; 768 NW2d 305. Accordingly, much of the analysis in this opinion is very similar, and at times the same, as that in Shafier. However, the cases were argued separately, and they are distinct enough that we have not combined them in one opinion.
See Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
See Malloy v Hogan, 378 US 1, 3; 84 S Ct 1489; 12 L Ed 2d 653 (1964).
The Court left no doubt that its holding was grounded in constitutional principles: “[T]he use for impeachment purposes of [the defendants’] silence, at the time of arrest and after receiving Miranda warnings, violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.” Id. at 619 (emphasis added).
The prosecution concedes that Miranda warnings had been given at this point.
This Court has recognized that the state constitution’s protection against the use of a defendant’s post-arrest, post-Miranda silence is at least as extensive as that provided by the federal constitution. See People v McReavy, 436 Mich 197, 201; 462 NW2d 1 (1990). Because defendant’s due process rights were so clearly violated under the federal constitution in this case, however, it is not necessary to evaluate the protection provided by the state constitution.
In fact, the impeachment exception expressly applies when a defendant “testifies to an exculpatory version of events and claims to have told the police the same version upon arrest.” Doyle, 426 US at 619 n 11. Doyle’s reference to “arrest” encompasses both a physical seizure of one’s person and advising of the right to remain silent under Miranda.
I continue to think that this Court erred by adopting the federal plain-error doctrine, for the reasons stated in Justice Levin’s Grant dissent, and erred further by extending the doctrine to unpreserved, constitutional error, for the reasons stated in then-Justice Kelly’s Carines dissent. See Grant, 445 Mich at 554-557, (Levin, J., dissenting); Carines, 460 Mich at 775-783, (Kelly, J., dissenting). Nonetheless, as I have in other cases, I recognize that Carines is the law of the land in Michigan. See McNally, 470 Mich at 5.
Both this Court and the United States Supreme Court have left open the possibility that there is a category of errors for which the third prong of the plain-error standard is automatically met. See Grant, 445 Mich at 551-552, 552 n 30 (stating that a defendant should establish prejudice in order to avoid forfeiture of an unpreserved issue “[ejxcept, of course, in the class of cases in which prejudice is presumed”). See also Puckett v United States, 556 US_; 129 S Ct 1423, 1432; 173 L Ed 2d 266 (2009) (stating that “[tjhis Court has several times declined to resolve whether ‘structural’ errors — those that affect ‘the framework within which the trial proceeds,’ —automatically satisfy the third prong of the plain-error test”). In any event, this issue does not arise in this case because we agree with the United States Supreme Court’s determination that a Doyle violation is not the type of error from which prejudice would generally be presumed. See Brecht v Abrahamson, 507 US 619, 629; 113 S Ct 1710; 123 L Ed 2d 353 (1993).
Federal courts of appeals have considered similar factors when evaluating whether a Doyle violation warrants reversal under plain-error review. See, e.g., Guam v Veloria, 136 F3d 648, 652-653 (CA 9, 1998). Plain-error review, as articulated in Cannes and Grant, is based on the federal courts’ interpretation of FR Crim P 52(b). See Carines, 460 Mich at 762-766; Grant, 445 Mich at 547-550, 552-553. Although Michigan courts are of course not bound by the federal courts’ application of FR Crim P 52(b), and plain-error review is an inevitably case-specific and fact-intensive inquiry, we find the factors adopted by the federal courts of appeals useful for plain-error review in this case. While Veloria was a “plain error” case, the factors it used to evaluate the effect of a Doyle error on a trial are traceable to United States v Newman, 943 F2d 1155 (CA 9,1991), which applied the “harmless beyond a reasonable doubt” standard from Chapman v California, 386 US 18; 87 S Ct 824; 17 L Ed 2d 705 (1967). In footnote 9 of Cannes, this Court distinguished “plain error” review from “harmless error” review. Cannes, 460 Mich at 764, n 9. We do not intend to nullify that distinction by our use of the Veloria test.
The prosecutor in Shafier made the following closing argument:
What we heard is that the defendant made no statements. We heard that he didn’t ask Officer LaBonte any questions. Why? You’re being arrested for [criminal sexual conduct]. You’re being taken out of your home on a Sunday night. Why? Why? Because between June of 2004 and January of 2005 the defendant had been making his daughter do things that no person speaks about. Adults don’t even talk about it between themselves. [Shafier, 483 Mich at 217.]
Kessler wrongly described defendant as being clean-shaven and five feet, five inches tall, when in actuality defendant had facial hair and is five feet, nine inches tall. In addition, a police officer testified that Kessler ‘‘described defendant as wearing ‘a medium light blue jacket with red strips [sic, stripes] or red lettering,’ whereas the lettering on the jacket defendant was wearing was white.” Kessler’s direct testimony, however, was more accurate; when asked what her assailant was wearing she stated, “[B]lue jacket with red strips [sic, stripes] with white lettering on the back of it.”
The arresting officers testified that, upon seeing defendant, Kessler yelled out, “That’s him, that’s the man that robbed me.”
Some days after the robbery, Kessler had stopped her car for a minor traffic accident in which she was involved. While she was standing outsider her car, a blue van drove by, stopped, and the driver yelled, “I’m the motherfucker that robbed you, ha, ha, ha.”
Defendant claimed that he had fled to the building after hearing gunshots while he was waiting for a taxi across the street from the crime scene. However, he did not produce any witnesses in the viciniiy of the crime scene to corroborate the gunshots. And none of the prosecution witnesses, who were around the crime scene, testified to hearing any gunshots.
In reaching a different conclusion, the Court of Appeals majority focused on the errors in Kessler’s description of defendant’s height, facial hair, and jacket-lettering color. The Court of Appeals majority also noted that this case was a credibility contest and that “[i]t is not a stretch to conclude that, in the absence of the tainted evidence and arguments, the jurors might have considered defendant’s version of events plausible and might have found the discrepancies in the case sufficient to raise a reasonable doubt regarding defendant’s guilt.” Borgne, supra at 5. The Court of Appeals majority concluded that it “simply cannot conclude, given the facts of this case, that the flagrant and repeated violation did not affect the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Borgne, supra at 6.
We disagree with this conclusion and reverse it. First, we believe that Kessler’s descriptive errors are not so damaging to her credibility that it establishes prejudice. On the contrary, they were minor errors in light of the abundant and untainted incriminating evidence. Second, the Court of Appeals simply applied the wrong legal standard to gauge the effect of those inaccuracies. Indeed, the test under Cannes and Grant is not, as the Court of Appeals articulated, whether it is a “stretch to conclude” that the defendant “might have” been convicted without the Doyle-violative evidence and arguments. It is also not whether the appellate court “cannot conclude [that the] violation did not affect the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” The question is whether the defendant can show prejudice, i.e., that “the error affected the outcome of the lower court proceedings.” Cannes, 460 Mich at 763 (emphasis added). Thus, the Court of Appeals applied the wrong standard to the facts of this case. This may have caused its incorrect legal conclusion.
I do, nonetheless, acknowledge that the Doyle errors in this case present a close question regarding whether they “seriously affected the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings ....” Cannes, 460 Mich at 763 (quotation marks and brackets omitted). But, as the Cannes paradigm currently stands, a defendant would not be entitled to relief if, despite the error seriously affecting the fairness and integrity of the trial, he could not prove prejudice. This seems to be an anomaly that should not stand, and it is another reason that I continue to disagree with the Cannes and Grant procedure. As has long been my position, I would instead subject this unpreserved constitutional error to harmless-error analysis. Yet, accepting that my position has yet to win the favor of this Court, I offer no opinion regarding that standard’s application in this case. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 284585. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 281435. | [
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The defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). Court of Appeals No. 286362. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 278791. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 279240. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 287046. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 285585.
Kelly, C.J., and Hathaway, J. We would grant leave to appeal. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 280085.
Hathaway, J. (not participating). I recuse myself and will not participate in this case as I was the presiding trial judge. See MCR 2.003(B). | [
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] |
Reconsideration Denied February 24, 2009:
Court of Appeals No. 269980.
Kelly, C.J. I would grant the motion for reconsideration. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 284740. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 277281. | [
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CORRIGAN, J.
(dissenting). Today’s decision denies this Court the opportunity to inquire about the justification for past decisions of this Court that have read into the law provisions that were never placed there by the Legislature itself. As a consequence, the general rule of judicial deference to the decisions of local zoning authorities has been altered with regard to the extraction of natural resources, and the judiciary has been afforded a considerably greater role in questioning the judgments of such authorities and effectively acting as a super zoning commission.
I respectfully dissent from the order denying defendant’s application for leave to appeal. I would grant leave to appeal because I believe that this Court should examine the unconstitutional implications of the “very serious consequences” rule first adopted in Silva v Ada Twp, 416 Mich 153 (1982).
Defendant Kasson Township denied plaintiff Edith Kyser’s application to rezone her property for gravel mining. Defendant asserted that granting plaintiffs application would undermine its comprehensive zoning scheme and engender applications from numerous other property owners for a similar rezoning of their properties. Plaintiff filed suit, contending that defendant’s refusal violated her substantive due process rights because gravel mining on her property would cause no “very serious consequences” under Silva. After a bench trial, the Leelanau Circuit Court held that because plaintiffs request for rezoning would not result in very serious consequences, plaintiff could mine gravel on her property. The Court of Appeals affirmed in a divided decision. Kyser v Kasson Twp, 278 Mich App 743 (2008). Defendant now seeks leave to appeal to this Court.
In Silva, the Court held that “zoning regulations which prevent the extraction of natural resources are invalid unless ‘very serious consequences’ will result from the proposed extraction.” Silva, supra at 156. The Silva Court characterized its holding as “reaffirming” the rule of Certain-teed Products Corp v Paris Twp, 351 Mich 434 (1958). Id. As Justice Ryan noted in his partial concurrence and dissent in Silva, however, “the supposed ‘rule’ favoring the removal of natural resources unless ‘very serious consequences’ would result was merely obiter dictum” in Certain-teed Products and an earlier case on which the Silva majority also relied, City of North Muskegon v Miller, 249 Mich 52 (1929). Silva, supra at 165. Therefore, although ostensibly reaffirming the rule of Certain-teed Products, the Silva Court adopted the “very serious consequences” rule for the first time. In so doing, Silva created a new rule without fully grappling with the unconstitutional implications of that rule.
In my view, this Court should reexamine the “very serious consequences” rule for myriad reasons. First, the rule upsets the traditional separation of powers because it compels courts to engage in an expansive review that essentially crafts state and local zoning and environmental policy. This Court “does not sit as a superzoning commission”; instead, “[t]he people of the community, through their appropriate legislative body, and not the courts, govern its growth and its life.” Robinson v Bloomfield Hills, 350 Mich 425, 430-431 (1957). In contrast, the “very serious consequences” rule violates this Court’s well-established principle of not substituting “our judgment for that of the legislative body charged with the duty and responsibility in the premises.” Id. at 431. If a reviewing court wishes to follow the Silva rule, the court must, in effect, substitute its opinion regarding the appropriateness of the designation at issue for the opinion of the local zoning authority, thereby exercising a legislative function.
Moreover, the rule stands in stark contrast to the traditional rules under which plaintiff may challenge the validity of a zoning ordinance. According to the traditional rales, plaintiff has the burden of proving, “first, that there is no reasonable governmental interest being advanced by the present zoning classification itself... or secondly, that an ordinance may be unreasonable because of the purely arbitrary, capricious and unfounded exclusion of other types of legitimate land use from the area in question.” Kropf v Sterling Hts, 391 Mich 139, 158 (1974). Under the “very serious consequences” rule, however, the burden shifts from the plaintiff to the municipality. Plaintiff no longer must “prove affirmatively that the ordinance is an arbitrary and unreasonable restriction upon the owner’s use of his property.” Id. at 162 (quotation marks and citation omitted). Instead, the municipality must convince the trial court that because the anticipated consequences of allowing mining cannot be otherwise mitigated, it has a compelling interest in preventing “very serious consequences” by denying a rezoning application.
The amici curiae briefs of the State Bar’s Public Corporation Law Section (PCLS), the American Planning Association (APA), and the Michigan Association of Planning (MAP) underscore the jurisprudential significance of the “very serious consequences” rule. The PCLS argues that the subsequent enactment of MCL 125.3207, which prohibits townships from excluding lawful land uses, has superseded the Silva Court’s “very serious consequences” rule. The APA and the MAP also challenge two faulty justifications often cited to support the Silva rule. They argue that the mere presence of minerals on property is not so unusual that courts should elevate it above general land use regulations. Moreover, the APA and the MAP note that the appropriate forum in which to establish statewide natural resource management policies is the Legislature, not the courts. Because our Legislature has yet to adopt any policy establishing mining or extraction as a preferred land use, the Silva Court erred when it legislated that policy by judicial decree.
Accordingly, I would grant leave to appeal to examine the unconstitutional implications of the “very serious consequences” rule.
Young, J. I join the statement of Justice Corrigan. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 283898. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 278587. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals Nos. 285146 and 285147. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 280049. | [
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] |
The defendant’s motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). Court of Appeals No. 286539. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 276111. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 280081. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 279915.
Kelly, C.J., and Cavanagh, J. We would grant leave to appeal. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 283487. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 286942.
Hathaway, J., did not participate. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 280587.
Kelly, C.J., and Cavanagh, J. We would grant leave to appeal. | [
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The defendant’s motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). Court of Appeals No. 286317. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 287668. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 283630. | [
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Pursuant to MCR 7.302(G)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we reverse in part the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case to the Wayne Circuit Court for a hearing at which Stephanie McClung may be examined and cross-examined to determine whether her testimony supports the defendant’s alibi defense. The Wayne Circuit Court shall order a new trial unless it finds that McClung’s absence from the first trial was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Anderson, 446 Mich 392, 405-406 (1994). The prosecuting attorney shall provide to the defendant, or defense counsel, upon request, reasonable assistance, including investigative assistance, as may be necessary to locate, serve process upon, and compel the attendance of Stephanie McClung at the hearing. In all other respects, leave to appeal is denied, because we are not persuaded that the remaining question presented should be reviewed by this Court. Court of Appeals No. 278828. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 281859. | [
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We direct the clerk to schedule oral argument on whether to grant the application or take other peremptory action. MCR 7.302(G)(1). At oral argument, the parties shall address whether the jurisdictional standard established at MCL 418.845, as interpreted by this Court in Karaczweski v Farbman & Stein Co, 478 Mich 28 (2007), should be applied in this case. The parties may file supplemental briefs within 56 days of the date of this order, but they should not submit mere restatements of their application papers.
The Workers’ Compensation Section of the State Bar of Michigan is invited to file a brief amicus curiae. Other persons or groups interested in the determination of the issue presented in this case may move the Court for permission to file briefs amicus curiae. Court of Appeals No. 285593. | [
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The defendant’s motion for relief from judgment is prohibited by MCR 6.502(G). Court of Appeals No. 287300. | [
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The motion for immediate consideration is granted. The motion to file supplemental brief and to expand the record on appeal is granted. The application for leave to appeal the March 25, 2009, order of the Court of Appeals denied, because we are not persuaded that the questions presented should be reviewed by this Court. Court of Appeals No. 290892. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 285225. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 288813. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 285705. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 280524. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 279911. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 288249. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 280258. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 287097. | [
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] |
Leave to appeal is denied in relation to the judgment of the Court of Appeals ordering a new trial because of misconduct by the plaintiffs attorney. As stated by the panel, the resolution of this issue renders the other appellate issues moot. Accordingly, we vacate the remainder of the Court of Appeals judgment. The application for leave to appeal as cross-appellants is denied. Court of Appeals No. 273949.
Kelly, C. J. I would grant leave to appeal. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 281521. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 281690. | [
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54,
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4,
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 280938. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 289401. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 274003. | [
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] |
The defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). Court of Appeals No. 285536. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 286873. | [
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The defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). Court of Appeals No. 284198. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 280811. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 280389. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 284666.
Hathaway, J., did not participate. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 278582. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 277548. | [
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30,
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 284331. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 286105. | [
-31,
19,
-24,
-43,
-7,
-8,
-3,
-13,
-20,
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 285947.
Hathaway, J., did not participate. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 288198. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 278279. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 279246. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 281245. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 275300. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 275135. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 285856. | [
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The defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.608(D). Court of Appeals No. 283907. | [
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Orders Granting Oral Arguments in Cases Pending on Application for Leave to Appeal July 17, 2009:
We direct the clerk to schedule oral argument on whether to grant the application or take other peremptory action. MCR 7.302(H)(1). The parties shall submit supplemental briefs within 42 days of the date of this order and shall address the effect of paragraph E(l)(a) of the Westfield policy’s Michigan uninsured motorist coverage, which provides that “[i]f there is other applicable insurance available under one or more policies or provisions of coverage ... [t]he maximum recovery under all coverage forms or policies combined may equal but not exceed the highest applicable limit for any one vehicle under any coverage form or policy providing coverage on either a primary or excess basis.” The parties should not submit mere restatements of their application papers.
Reported below: 280 Mich App 172. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 284162. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 285920. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 276567. | [
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] |
Summary Disposition January 9, 2009:
Pursuant to MCR 7.302(G)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we remand this case to the Court of Appeals for reconsideration of that part of the defendant’s application challenging the imposition of attorney fees in light of People v Trapp (On Remand), 280 Mich App 598 (2008). On remand, the Court of Appeals shall also consider whether any recoupment of the costs of court-appointed counsel is permissible since the record suggests that the defendant was represented by retained counsel throughout most of the trial court proceedings. In all other respects, leave to appeal is denied, because we are not persuaded that the remaining question presented should be reviewed by this Court. We do not retain jurisdiction. Court of Appeals No. 284777.
Hathaway, J., did not participate. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 287052. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 279061. | [
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] |
Leave to Appeal Denied June 26, 2009:
Court of Appeals No. 277788.
Kelly, C.J. I would grant leave to appeal.
Cavanagh, J. I would grant leave to appeal to consider the issue in People v Watkins, 482 Mich 1114 (2008). | [
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Summary Disposition April 17, 2009:
Pursuant to MCR 7.302(G)(1), in lieu of granting leave to appeal, we reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals, vacate the sentences imposed by the Oakland Circuit Court, and remand this case to the trial court for resentencing on the maximum terms of defendant’s sentences only. MCL 769.24; People v Thomas, 447 Mich 390 (1994). The sentencing judge erroneously stated that he did not have authority to reduce the maximum sentence below the statutory maximum. Generally that is true. MCL 769.8(1). Here, however, defendant’s crimes were all “major controlled substance offensefs].” MCL 761.2. For such offenses, the judge has discretion to fix both the minimum and maximum terms within the limits set by statute. MCL 769.9(3); People v Wright, 432 Mich 84, 98-99 (1989); People v Perez, 417 Mich 1100.21 (1983). Accordingly, on remand, the court is not required to reduce the defendant’s maximum sentences, but may exercise its discretion to do so. Court of Appeals No. 277319. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 277854. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 261724.
Kelly, C.J., and Cavanagh, J. We would grant leave to appeal. | [
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] |
The defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). Court of Appeals No. 284839. | [
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Markman, J.
(concurring). Because I believe that the Court of Appeals reached the right result, I concur in this Court’s order denying leave to appeal. I write separately only to point out that the Court of Appeals, in my judgment, erroneously held that § 5851(1) of the Revised Judicature Act (RJA), MCL 600.5851(1), is “ambiguous.” To the contrary, the RJA clearly states that a minor shall have one year after the disability is removed to “bring an action under this act,” and a breach of contract action is clearly an action brought under the RJA. A statute is not “ambiguous” merely because a term or phrase therein is subject to multiple definitions or understandings. See Lansing Mayor v Pub Service Comm, 470 Mich 154, 164-166 (2004). A clear understanding of what is and what is not “ambiguous” is an element in minimizing the exercise of discretionary and standardless judicial power.
Corrigan and Young, JJ. We join the statement of Justice Markman. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 277403. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 280616. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 277419. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 287108. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 276561. | [
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] |
A presumption of prejudice exists when a defendant’s former defense counsel joins the prosecutor’s office that is pursuing the case against the defendant. MRPC 1.9(b), 1.10(b). Such a presumption may be overcome, however, if the prosecutor shows that the attorney who has a conflict of interest was properly screened out from “any participation in the matter.” MRPC 1.10(b)(1). State v McClel lan, 179 P3d 825 (Utah App, 2008), on which the Court of Appeals therefore unnecessarily relied, is fully consistent with these principles. Reported below: 280 Mich App 464. | [
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The defendant has failed to meet the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D). Court of Appeals No. 284963. | [
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Court of Appeals No. 287341. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 282583. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 286303. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 277024. | [
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CORRIGAN, J.
Respondent Cheryl Lee challenges the judgment of the Court of Appeals affirming the termination of her parental rights to her son, JL. In re Lee, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued October 16, 2008 (Docket No. 283038). Respondent specifically claims error in the interpretation and application of the Indian Child Welfare Act (ICWA), 25 USC 1901 et seq. She urges us to adopt the interpretation of the ICWA offered by the dissenting Court of Appeals judge. We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals because petitioner the Department of Human Services (DHS), provided timely, affirmative efforts that satisfied the ICWA’s “active efforts” requirement, 25 USC 1912(d). We hold that the ICWA requires the DHS to undertake a thorough, contemporaneous assessment of the services provided to the parent in the past and the parent’s response to those services before seeking to terminate parental rights without having offered additional services. The ICWA does not, however, categorically require the DHS to provide services each time a new termination proceeding is commenced against a parent. We further reject respondent’s claim that the lower courts applied a conclusive presumption of unfitness based on her past conduct in determining that respondent’s continued custody was “likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.” 25 USC 1912(f). Finally, we conclude that this determination was supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, as required by 25 USC 1912(f).
I. BASIC FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Respondent and her son, JL, are both members of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians. Between 1999 and 2006, respondent gave birth to four children: JL, SD, JD, and BE JL is the oldest child. Respondent’s parental rights to SD, JD, and BP were terminated in earlier proceedings that are not at issue here.
JL was born in 1999, when respondent was 16 years old and living in foster care. DHS Child Protective Services (CPS) worker Regina Frazier began working with respondent in 1998, even before respondent had children. Respondent was then both a delinquent and a victim of abuse and neglect. Respondent displayed abusive and neglectful behavior after JL’s birth, so he was removed from respondent’s care in September 2000. Frazier provided wraparound services until respondent moved to Sault Ste. Marie. The Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Tribal Court assumed jurisdiction over the case in March 2002. The tribal court released JL from its jurisdiction in August 2002, when he was placed in a limited guardianship with his paternal grandmother, Lois Plank. Meanwhile, respondent gave birth to a daughter, SD, on November 24, 2001.
Anishinabek Community Family Services caseworker Penny Clark began working with respondent in 2002, when she was 18 years old and living on a reservation. Clark, who was respondent’s wraparound coordinator, and several others attempted to help respondent care for SD, who was then a few months old. Clark also worked with respondent on budgeting and helped her obtain social security benefits. Although Clark enjoyed working with respondent, Clark testified that respondent could be moody and impulsive and that her impulsiveness led to trouble. Under the Family Continuity Program, Clark visited respondent in her home at least once a week. Respondent’s home was often messy and unsafe; glass and cigarette butts were left within SD’s reach. Clark also had concerns about respondent’s ability to care for herself. At times, respondent was depressed; she failed to eat and take prenatal vitamins.
JL was returned to respondent’s care in September 2003. Her third child, JD, was born on January 11, 2004, while Clark was still working with respondent. When Jill Thompson, a caseworker with the Binogii Placement Agency, began working with respondent in July 2004, three children — JL, SD, and JD — lived with respondent and Justin DuFresne, the father of SD and JD. Respondent and DuFresne failed to supervise the children; instead, JL, then five years old, was supervising his younger siblings. SD wandered into the road multiple times. Caseworkers Thompson and Clark tried to remedy this problem. Clark even installed latches on the front door so that the children could not run out. The condition of the home “ran the gamut from poor housekeeping to filthy.” Like Clark, Thompson described cigarette butts on the floor and the presence of choking hazards to young children.
Respondent could not manage her finances and never sought employment. A “payee” managed respondent’s finances by paying her bills with the money from respondent’s social security disability payments and then giving respondent a $50 weekly allowance. Respondent purchased rent-to-own furniture that cost $30 or $35 a week. She could not afford diapers and other necessary items.
Despite the extensive efforts of Thompson and Clark, the children were removed from respondent’s home in 2004. At that time, JL again became a ward of the tribal court and was again placed with his grandmother, Lois Plank. In November 2004, the trial court awarded JL’s father, Tony Plank, full physical custody of JL and awarded respondent and Tony Plank shared legal custody. The court also granted respondent unsupervised visitation rights. After SD and JD were returned to respondent’s care, Thompson and Clark provided services in an effort to keep them in her home, but they were observed in the street at night and were again removed in August 2005.
When Clark closed respondent’s case in 2005, she had provided all the services she could offer “without staying there 24/7.” She opined that respondent had not made significant improvement. Clark participated in the termination trial involving SD and JD that was initiated because respondent had failed to supervise them. The tribal court terminated respondent’s parental rights to SD and JD on June 30, 2006. Respondent gave birth to another child, BF; on July 20, 2006. BP was removed from respondent’s care shortly after her birth. Melissa VanLuven, who was the child placement services supervisor for the Sault Ste. Marie tribe and the caseworker supervisor of Thompson and Clark, participated in the decision to petition for termination of respondent’s parental rights to BE That decision was based on an assessment of the tribe and the caseworkers that, despite the provision of services, respondent’s children could not safely live in her home. The tribal court terminated respondent’s parental rights to BP on January 8, 2007.
In spring 2007, the trial court granted respondent’s motion for parenting time, allowing her weekly unsupervised visitation with JL. In July 2007, however, the DHS petitioned to terminate respondent’s parental rights to JL on the basis of respondent’s “children’s protective service history” beginning on September 12, 2000, specifically citing the termination of her parental rights to SD, JD, and BE The DHS filed a supplemental petition on August 20, 2007, alleging that proceedings to terminate Michael Plank’s parental rights to BP were pending. The supplemental petition also alleged that Michael Plank had a history of physically abusing and neglecting two other children. In addition, the petition provided:
8. Cultuarlly [sic] appropriate services were provided to [respondent] for over six years, including Prevention, CPS, and Wraparound Services through Mackinac County; Protective Services, foster case services, and prevention through the [Sault Ste. Marie] Tribe, CPS services through Chippewa County DHS and CPS services through the Children’s Aid in Canada. [Respondent] has also participated in the Families First Program three times, Wraparound and Family Continuity through the [Sault Ste. Marie] Tribe, Parenting Classes twice with [Sault Ste. Marie] Tribe, once through [the Strong Families/Safe Children Program], and once through the Indian Outreach Program. Although these services were offered and somewhat complied with at times, [respondent] continued to abuse and neglect her children, which led to her rights being terminated.
9. According to [respondent], she receives Social Security Disability due to having fetal alcohol syndrome. According to the National Organization of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, the majority of persons with FAS have life-long difficulties with learning, attention, memory, and problem solving.
The supplemental petition also cited the criminal histories of respondent and Michael Plank, including respondent’s 2005 and 2006 misdemeanor convictions for operating a motor vehicle while impaired and an aggravated assault conviction stemming “from a 2005 bar incident,” as well as Michael Plank’s August 2000 guilty plea to felony assault charges. The petition also observed that Tony Plank had been convicted of third-degree criminal sexual conduct and incarcerated. Respondent denied the allegations in the petition.
At trial, caseworkers Frazier, Clark, and Thompson described the extensive services they and their agencies provided to respondent from 1999 to 2005. They testified that, despite these services, respondent failed to become an adequate parent. On the basis of her experience with respondent, Clark did not believe that respondent could appropriately care for JL full-time. She opined that termination of respondent’s parental rights was in JL’s best interests. Testifying as an Indian expert under 25 USC 1912(f), VanLuven stated that she was satisfied that active and reasonable efforts had been provided to prevent the termination of respondent’s parental rights and that respondent’s custody of JL would result in serious emotional or physical damage to him.
Respondent testified that she lived in “a cozy little log house” with Michael Plank and that she had recently completed substance abuse counseling. She had also voluntarily attended and completed parenting classes offered by the tribe. In her view, she had learned from the parenting classes how to “safely raise a child in today’s society.” She also testified that she visited JL as much as possible, at least twice weekly, and celebrated holidays with him. She testified that Michael Plank and JL had a good relationship and that they hunted, fished, and played together. Respondent denied that Michael Plank had ever been violent with her or JL. She acknowledged, however, that Michael Plank had been convicted of assault after the mother of his other children accused him of being violent. Respondent offered to do whatever was necessary to continue her relationship with JL. She was concerned that if her parental rights were terminated she would have to “suck up to Lois [Plank] forever in order to stay in [JL]’s life.”
On cross-examination, respondent admitted that she had not worked or sought work in four years. She received social security benefits because she had been diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. She stated that “[t]hey” believe she had a disability and was incapable of working. Although she acknowledged a possible learning disability, she believed herself capable of working. Respondent acknowledged her convictions of operating a motor vehicle while impaired and aggravated assault.
Eight-year-old JL testified that he liked spending time with respondent and that it was “just the usual,” explaining that it was “kind of like when I’m with my Grandma, except being with a different person.” He loved and missed respondent and said he would like to spend more time with her, but also said that it was difficult to answer whether he would like to live with her because he liked living with his grandmother. He also liked spending time with Michael Plank and had no fear of him.
Addictions therapist Gary Matheny had counseled respondent weekly for about eight months. Respondent was now “clean and sober.” He and respondent had discussed parenting skills, including the need for proper structure in the household and the need to avoid drinking, drugs, and fighting. Respondent’s inability to get along with her “significant others” had caused many problems. Respondent had been raised in an alcoholic family, had been taken from home as a child, and had early unhealthy relationships as well as an early pregnancy. Matheny believed, however, that she had “[vjastly” overcome those background influences. He saw no symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome in respondent, but believed she possibly suffered symptoms of “[f]etal [ajlcohol [ajffects [sic].”
The trial court terminated respondent’s parental rights to JL. It found that the DHS had established grounds for termination under MCL 712A.19b(3)(i) by clear and convincing evidence by presenting opinions and orders of the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Tribal Court terminating respondent’s parental rights to JL’s siblings. The court noted that termination in those cases was based on sections of the tribal code “virtually identical” to MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) and (ii) and (g). It further noted that those opinions “dis cussed the services that had been provided and the apparent lack of any benefit gained by Respondent from those services.” Next, the trial court found insufficient evidence to conclude that termination was not in the best interests of the child. MCR 3.977(F). Finally, the court concluded that the requirements of MCR 3.980(D) had been met. The court summarized its reasoning as follows:
This finding is based on: 1) the previous services and lack of benefit from same which raises the likelihood of some form of serious physical injury; 2) the length of time the child has been residing outside the Respondent’s home and the emotional damage that would result in requiring a reunification plan; 3) the testimony presented that Respondent’s lack of benefit was not due to Respondent’s lack of maturity, but rather lack of ability; and 4) Respondent’s most recent conduct of operating a motor vehicle while impaired due to alcohol.[ ]
Respondent appealed, and the Court of Appeals affirmed. A majority concluded that the trial court did not clearly err when it determined that (1) the statutory ground for termination in MCL 712A.19b(3)(i) had been established by clear and convincing evidence, (2) termination was not clearly contrary to JL’s best interests, (3) efforts had been made to provide services designed to prevent the breakup of respondent’s family, and (4) the DHS had proved beyond a reasonable doubt that respondent’s continued custody was likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to JL, 25 USC 1912(f). The appeals panel unanimously agreed that the trial court properly denied respondent’s request for a jury trial. Lee, supra, slip op at 5-10.
Judge GLEICHER dissented from the majority’s conclusions that the DHS had satisfied the “active efforts” requirement of the ICWA, 25 USC 1912(d), and that the record established beyond a reasonable doubt that respondent’s continued custody was “likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child,” 25 USC 1912(f). Lee, supra, slip op at 4-11 (GLEICHER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part.)
We granted respondent’s application for leave to appeal to consider the proper interpretation of 25 USC 1912(d) and (f) of the ICWA.
II. THE INDIAN CHILD WELFARE ACT
Congress enacted the ICWA in 1978 in response to
rising concern in the mid-1970’s over the consequences to Indian children, Indian families, and Indian tribes of abusive child welfare practices that resulted in the separation of large numbers of Indian children from their families and tribes through adoption or foster care placement, usually in non-Indian homes. [Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians v Holy field, 490 US 30, 32; 109 S Ct 1597; 104 L Ed 2d 29 (1989).]
“Recognizing the special relationship between the United States and the Indian tribes and their members and the responsibility to Indian People,” Congress found:
(3) that there is no resource that is more vital to the continued existence and integrity of Indian tribes than their children and that the United States has a direct interest, as trustee, in protecting Indian children who are members of or are eligible for membership in an Indian tribe;
(4) that an alarmingly high percentage of Indian families are broken up by the removal, often unwarranted, of their children from them by nontribal public and private agencies and that an alarmingly high percentage of such children are placed in non-Indian foster and adoptive homes and institutions; and
(5) that the States, exercising their recognized jurisdiction over Indian child custody proceedings through administrative and judicial bodies, have often failed to recognize the essential tribal relations of Indian people and the cultural and social standards prevailing in Indian communities and families. [25 USC 1901.]
Accordingly, it enacted the ICWA to establish “minimum Federal standards for the removal of Indian children from their families . 25 USC 1902.
The ICWA sets forth requirements with which states must comply when an “Indian child,” as defined in the act, 25 USC 1903(4), is involved in a “child custody proceeding,” which includes a proceeding to terminate parental rights, 25 USC 1903(l)(ii). If state or federal law “provides a higher standard of protection to the rights of the parent or Indian custodian of an Indian child” than the ICWA, the court must apply that higher state or federal standard. 25 USC 1921.
25 USC 1912 provides, in part:
(d) Any party seeking to effect a foster care placement of, or termination of parental rights to, an Indian child under State law shall satisfy the court that active efforts have been made to provide remedial services and rehabilitative programs designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian family and that these efforts have proved unsuccessful.
(f) No termination of parental rights may be ordered in such proceeding in the absence of a determination, supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, including testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the continued custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.
III. THE ADOPTION AND SAFE FAMILIES ACT AND MCL 712A.19b(3)(i)
The Adoption and Safe Families Act of 1997 (ASFA), PL 105-89, 111 Stat 2115, requires that states undertake “reasonable efforts” to “preserve and reunify families” as a condition of federal funding. 42 USC 671(a)(15)(B). The ASEA excuses proof of reasonable efforts to reunify when “the parental rights of the parent to a sibling have been terminated involuntarily[.]” 42 USC 671(a)(15)(D)(iii). MCL 712A.19a(2)(c) codifies both the “reasonable efforts” requirement and the exception to that requirement when a prior termination has taken place. Additionally, MCL 712A.19b(3)(i), which was the state law basis for the termination of respondent’s parental rights here, makes involuntary termination of parental rights to a child’s sibling a ground for termination.
Because the ICWA establishes “minimum Federal standards for the removal of Indian children from their families,” 25 USC 1902, and nothing in the ASEA indicates a congressional intent to supersede the ICWA, neither the ASEA nor its state law analogues relieve the DHS from the ICWA’s “active efforts” requirement, 25 USC 1912(d), or from the burden of establishing beyond a reasonable doubt “that the continued custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child,” 25 USC 1912(f).
IV STANDARD OF REVIEW
This Court reviews issues involving the application and interpretation of the ICWA de novo as questions of law. In re Fried, 266 Mich App 535, 538; 702 NW2d 192 (2005). Under 25 USC 1912(f), “[n]o termination of parental rights may be ordered ... in the absence of a determination, supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt,. . . that the continued custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.” Because Congress did not provide a heightened standard of proof in 25 USC 1912(d), as it did in 25 USC 1912(f), the default standard of proof for termination of parental rights cases, clear and convincing evidence, applies to the determination whether the DHS provided “active efforts ... to prevent the breakup of the Indian family” under 25 USC 1912(d). In re Roe, 281 Mich App 88, 100-101; 764 NW2d 789 (2008).
V “ACTIVE EFFORTS”
The ICWA requires the petitioner in a termination case to “satisfy the court that active efforts have been made to prevent the breakup of the Indian family ... 25 USC 1912(d). Respondent argues that because the DHS failed to provide current active efforts, termination of her parental rights to JL violated the ICWA. We disagree.
A. COURT OF APPEALS
Respondent urges us to adopt Judge GLEICHER’s dissenting view in Roe and Lee that both the plain and ordinary meaning of “active” and the purpose and object of the ICWA point to a temporal requirement: “In my view, Congress’s use of the term ‘active efforts’ signals its intent that petitioner clearly and convincingly demonstrate the provision of current rehabilitative efforts designed to reunite an Indian parent with the particular child that is the target of the termination proceedings.” Lee, supra, slip op at 6 (GLEICHER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (emphasis in original). Judge GLEICHER concluded that, in light of the purposes of the ICWA and its requirement that the “state prove beyond a reasonable doubt that ‘the continued custody’ of the Indian child by the parent ‘is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child,’ ” “active efforts” includes a temporal component. Id., quoting 25 USC 1912(f) (emphasis omitted).
The Court of Appeals majority in this case relied on its more extensive opinion in Roe. There it acknowledged that “ ‘active’ may be ‘characterized by current activity, participation or use,’ ” Roe, supra at 102, quoting Random House Webster’s College Dictionary (1997), but agreed with “the majority of jurisdictions that have addressed this issue” that concurrent “active efforts” need not necessarily be shown in each proceeding, Roe, supra at 102. The majority concluded that, “[c]onstrued in context, [25 USC 1912(d)] only requires ‘that timely and affirmative steps be taken ... to avoid the breakup of Indian families whenever possible by providing services designed to remedy the problems which might lead to the severance of the parent-child relationship.’ ” Id. at 106 (citation omitted). Services provided in connection with a prior proceeding, or “ ‘formal or informal efforts to remedy a parent’s deficiencies before dependency proceedings begin’ ” may meet the “active efforts” requirement. Id., quoting Ire re KD, 155 P3d 634, 637 (Colo App, 2007). The Court of Appeals majority thus “decline[d] to employ a definition of ‘active’ that stresses a temporal requirement.” Roe, supra at 106. Instead, it defined “active efforts” as the opposite of “passive efforts.” Id. at 106-107. Finally, it “note[d] that the majority of jurisdictions interpret ‘active efforts’ as imposing a higher burden than various states’ ‘reasonable efforts’ requirement, and that numerous courts have required that the service pro vider ‘provide culturally relevant remedial and rehabilitative services to prevent the breakup of the family.’ ” Id. at 108 (citations omitted).
B. ANALYSIS
We agree with the Roe majority that the crux of the “active efforts” requirement is undertaking affirmative, as opposed to passive, efforts:
“Passive efforts are where a plan is drawn up and the client must develop his or her own resources toward bringing it to fruition. Active efforts, the intent of the drafters of the Act, is where the state caseworker takes the client through the steps of the plan rather than requiring that the plan be performed on its own. For instance, rather than requiring that a client find a job, acquire new housing, and terminate a relationship with what is perceived to be a boyfriend who is a bad influence, the Indian Child Welfare Act would require that the caseworker help the client develop job and parenting skills necessary to retain custody of her child.” [Id. at 107, quoting AA v Alaska Dep’t of Family & Youth Services, 982 P2d 256, 261 (Alas, 1999).]
We also agree that “active efforts” require more than the “reasonable efforts” required under state law. Roe, supra at 108, citing In re Nicole B, 175 Md App 450, 471; 927 A2d 1194 (2007), Winston J v Alaska Dep’t of Health & Social Services, 134 P3d 343, 347 n 18 (Alas, 2006), MW v Alaska Dep’t of Health & Social Services, 20 P3d 1141, 1146 n 18 (Alas, 2001), In re Walter W, 274 Neb 859, 865; 744 NW2d 55 (2008), and In re JS, 177 P3d 590, 593 (Okla Civ App, 2008).
The version of the DHS’s Childrens Foster Care Manual in effect at the time of the termination trial provides an example of this distinction:
ICWA requires that anytime the DHS is involved with Indian children and their families, culturally Active Efforts must be provided. “Reasonable Efforts” as defined in other parts of current DHS policy are not sufficient.
Active Efforts require that the caseworker take a more pro-active approach with clients and actively support the client in complying with the service plan rather than requiring the service plan be performed by the client alone. Following are examples of appropriate Active Efforts that could serve as a starting point of reference; in collaboration with the child’s Tribe:
a. Taking clients to initial appointments and assisting with the intake process OR
b. Transporting client, arranging transportation and child care appointments OR
c. If the client is isolated from other family members who may be in a position to provide positive support, the worker is to provide help to the families to begin conversations with those family members.
d. Assisting with completing applications.
e. Providing phone availability.
DHS is to make culturally active and appropriate efforts to provide remedial services and rehabilitative programs designed to prevent the breakup of the Indian family before any consideration for removal can be made. DHS policy requires Active Efforts prior to court involvement. Active Efforts must be documented to the court and Tribe. [Childrens Foster Care Manual, Indian Child Welfare (June 1, 2007), pp 5-6.][ ]
In addition, the Bureau of Indian Affairs’ guidelines explain that
[t]hese [active] efforts shall take into account the prevailing social and cultural conditions and way of life of the Indian child’s tribe. They shall also involve and use the available resources of the extended family, the tribe, Indian social service agencies and individual Indian care givers. [Bureau of Indian Affairs, Guidelines for State Courts; Indian Child Custody Proceedings, D.2, 44 Fed Reg 67584, 67592 (November 26, 1979), also available at <http:www.nicwa.org/ administrative_regulations/icwa_guidelines.pdf> (accessed June 30, 2009).][ ]
In this case, however, the fundamental disagreement is not about the nature of the required services, but about the timing of those services. Indeed, respondent acknowledges that the DHS and the tribe provided active efforts in the past, but argues that 25 USC 1912(d) requires current active efforts, which the DHS failed to provide because it did not offer services in connection with the termination of her parental rights to JL. We decline to read the word “current” into 25 USC 1912(d). This statutory language does not impose a strict temporal component for the “active efforts” requirement.
This is not to say that active efforts provided in the distant past are sufficient. Although we decline to establish an arbitrary threshold beyond which services will not satisfy the requirements of 25 USC 1912, we direct trial courts to carefully assess the timing of the services provided to the parent. Services provided too long ago to be relevant to a parent’s current circumstances do not establish by clear and convincing evidence that active efforts have been made, as required by 25 USC 1912(d), and raise a reasonable doubt under 25 USC 1912(f) about whether continued custody is “likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.” The timing of the services must be judged by reference to the grounds for seeking termination and their relevance to the parent’s current situation.
Similarly, we decline to hold that active efforts must always have been provided in relation to the child who is the subject of the current termination proceeding. Again, the question is whether the efforts made and the services provided in connection with the parent’s other children are relevant to the parent’s current situation and abilities so that they permit a current assessment of parental fitness as it pertains to the child who is the subject of the current proceeding. The evidence must satisfy the court “beyond a reasonable doubt” that the parent’s continued custody of that child “is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child,” as required by 25 USC 1912(f).
Some courts, including the Court of Appeals in Roe, have adopted a “futility test” to explain that the “active efforts” requirement may be met in certain cases with out the provision of additional services. In KD, for example, the child had been removed from his parents in 2001 and 2004. Both times, the parents completed their treatment plans, and the child was returned to them. The termination petition at issue was filed after the respondent father was arrested in 2005 and the mother was incarcerated. KD, supra at 636. In affirming the trial court’s decision to terminate the father’s parental rights, the appellate court rejected his argument that the active efforts must be part of a treatment plan offered as part of the current “dependency proceedings.” Id. at 637. It held that the “active efforts” requirement may be met by “formal or informal efforts to remedy a parent’s deficiencies before the dependency proceedings begin”:
In other words, the court may terminate parental rights without offering additional services when a social services department has expended substantial, but unsuccessful, efforts over several years to prevent the breakup of the family, and there is no reason to believe additional treatment would prevent the termination of parental rights. [Ml
The court noted that extensive services had been provided to the father during the two prior dependency cases and concluded that the record supported the trial court’s findings that it would have been futile to offer additional services. Id. Citing KD and other sister-state authority, the Court of Appeals majority in Roe adopted a futility test. Roe, supra at 103-106.
We decline to adopt a futility test. In KD, the court concluded that additional services were not required because it saw no indication that additional services would prevent the need for termination. The ICWA obviously does not require the provision of endless active efforts, so there comes a time when the DHS or the tribe may justifiably pursue termination without providing additional services. A futility test does not capture this concept. In addition, we share dissenting Judge GLEICHER’s concern that, under a such a test, “the circuit court may altogether avoid applying [25 USC 1912(d)] by simply deciding that additional services would be ‘futile.’ ” Roe, supra at 109 (GLEICHER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part).
We further note that the DHS’s apparent policy of providing no services when a petition for termination of parental rights is based on a prior termination will not withstand the heightened standard of the ICWA. When the proceedings involve an “Indian child” within the meaning of the ICWA, the DHS or the tribe must, even if services have been provided to the parent in the past, conduct a thorough and contemporaneous review of those services and the parent’s progress or lack thereof in response to those services. Only if active efforts have been provided to prevent the breakup of the Indian family, and it does not appear that the provision of additional services is likely to prevent the need for termination, may the DHS or the tribe pursue termination without providing additional services.
C. APPLICATION
Although the trial court did not use the words “active efforts,” it took into account the services that were provided to respondent. It noted, for example, that respondent had attended parenting classes and that “one of the workers ... even provided latches for the doors to prevent the children from getting out into the street and playing unsupervised.” The court also stated that the caseworkers’ testimony concerning respondent’s inability to benefit from services “was supported by specific examples of Respondent being unable to apply principles she was taught during those services.” The evidence clearly and convincingly establishes that the DHS and the tribe made active efforts to provide services designed to prevent the breakup of respondent’s family. Indeed, the evidence shows that services designed to preserve respondent’s family were provided over a six-year period from JL’s birth in 1999 through 2005, before the termination of her parental rights to SD and JD. Caseworkers Frazier, Clark, and Thompson and caseworker supervisor VanLuven testified in similar fashion about respondent’s failure to improve her parenting skills.
Respondent received services from several different programs, many of which were tailored to her young age and particular needs. Various caseworkers who spent time in her home tried to teach her to become an adequate parent. Frazier testified that the wraparound program normally provides services for 6 to 12 months. Respondent, however, received wraparound services for three years, from 1999 to 2002, when respondent moved to a reservation and the tribe took jurisdiction. Frazier testified that “different methods” were used “in order to try to teach [respondent] ... because of her age and .. . her development.” Frazier said that “there was [sic] a lot of different methods used to ... adjust services in order to make them fit for her. But they just still were not successful.” Frazier was at respondent’s house every week to teach her parenting skills, but respondent did not seem to learn. In one incident, respondent screamed and cried because JL, who was sitting in a high chair, would not eat the solid food respondent had put in front of him. Respondent failed to understand that JL was too young to drink homogenized milk, let alone eat solid food. Frazier was at respondent’s home every week teaching her “those kinds of things.” “And then we’d come back the next week and the house would be filthy. ... It just never, it never seemed to take.”
Clark began working with respondent in 2002. Respondent received services under the wraparound program in an attempt to prevent the removal of SD, who was a few months old at the time, from respondent’s home. After reports that respondent’s children were found in the street, Clark went to respondent’s house and put latches on the door so the children could not wander away. Clark also worked with respondent on budgeting, helped her apply for social security benefits, and arranged for someone to manage her finances once she obtained those benefits. When Clark closed respondent’s case in 2005, she felt that she had provided all the services she could “without staying there 24/7,” but respondent made no significant improvement. Clark testified that she provided every service she could think of and did not know what else could have been done.
Clark believed respondent’s problems with parenting and her failure to benefit from services stemmed from a lack of ability, rather than from a lack of maturity. Clark testified that respondent loved her children very much and that, if it had been within her ability, she would have put herself in a position to care for her children, but her impulsiveness caused difficulty. Although Clark acknowledged that she had not provided services to respondent in connection with the case involving JL, she said that she had seen and worked with respondent enough to understand her parenting ability. On the basis of her experience, she did not believe that respondent could effectively care for JL.
Thompson similarly testified that her job was to offer services so that respondent could show that she could be a good parent, but respondent had failed to do so. Despite the services and support respondent received, Thompson testified that respondent’s parenting and personal management skills did not improve significantly while she worked with respondent. Given her past experiences with respondent, Thompson did not believe that respondent could appropriately care for a child.
Testifying as an Indian expert under 25 USC 1912(f), VanLuven was satisfied that active and reasonable efforts had been provided to prevent the termination of respondent’s parental rights and that respondent’s custody of JL would result in serious emotional or physical damage to JL. She testified that she believed the tribe had offered respondent every possible service. While she had never met respondent or been in her home, respondent’s past behavior, including numerous instances of placing her children in unsafe situations and failing to supervise them appropriately, led to VanLu-ven’s assessment that respondent was a “minimally adequate parent,” but not on a consistent basis.
Although they were provided in connection with prior termination proceedings, the services offered to respondent were extensive, relatively recent, and tailored to meet her specific needs. Over several years, caseworkers came to respondent’s home. They tried to teach her parenting and financial skills, without success. The evidence demonstrates that these efforts are relevant to the respondent’s current situation and abilities. The caseworkers unsuccessfully attempted to address both respondent’s poor decision-making and the unsafe conditions her decisions created. As further explained below, respondent’s own testimony showed that she continued to make the same poor choices that she made when she was receiving services. The ICWA’s “active efforts” requirement has been met.
VI. THE “BEYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT” STANDARD OF 25 USC 1912(f)
Relying on Judge GLEICHER’s dissent, respondent next argues that the Court of Appeals majority and the trial court improperly applied a presumption of respondent’s unfitness based on her past conduct. She argues that conclusions based on such a presumption fail to meet the heightened “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard of 25 USC 1912(f). We agree with Judge GLEICHER that termination based on “a presumption of unfitness predicated solely on past conduct” would be inconsistent with the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard of the ICWA. Lee, supra, slip op at 8-9 (GLEICHER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). We also agree that invocation of the doctrine of anticipatory neglect to terminate parental rights solely on the basis of past behavior would be inconsistent with that standard. Here, however, the evidence concerning respon dent’s past conduct established that she was an unfit parent in the past, and the current evidence revealed that she continued to make choices that demonstrated a lack of maturity and ability to care for a child.
Respondent admitted that she had been twice arrested and convicted of operating a motor vehicle while impaired, once in 2005 and again in 2006. She had also been convicted of aggravated assault in connection with her involvement in a bar fight in 2005. Matheny testified that respondent had been sober since he began working with her, and he considered his counseling with her a success. He also testified that respondent’s problem was not habitual drunkenness, but drinking bouts “a couple, three times a year.” Matheny treated her only one hour weekly for eight months. He had never met JL, nor had he been in respondent’s home. Matheny testified that — under the limited circumstances described by respondent’s counsel — at the home of JL’s grandmother, in a public place, for a short number of hours, or for one day, or for an afternoon a week, respondent did not pose a risk of harm to JL. Nothing in the testimony of respondent or Matheny suggested that the evidence of unfitness — on which the caseworkers and Indian expert VanLuven based their opinion that respondent’s custody of JL would result in serious emotional or physical damage to JL — was outdated or no longer relevant.
Indeed, respondent’s own testimony established that she continued to make poor choices. She supported the caseworkers’ assessment that she was unfit to parent JL. Respondent acknowledged that her only income was social security disability benefits because she had been diagnosed with fetal alcohol syndrome. She did not believe she suffered from that disorder. She also believed that she was able to work, even though she had not worked or sought work in about four years. She lived with and depended financially on Michael Plank. Respondent acknowledged that allegations of Michael Plank’s violence against his former partner resulted in an assault conviction. She also admitted that she left tribal housing because of an impending eviction for alleged marijuana use in her home. Michael Plank had admitted smoking marijuana in connection with that allegation.
Moreover, the DHS and the tribe explored alternatives to termination. Thompson testified that the agency attempted to place JL in a guardianship or long-term care with a relative, Lois Plank. The tribal court released JL from its jurisdiction in 2002 upon agreement that JL’s father, Tony Plank, would be granted full custody. Tony Plank was subsequently incarcerated. Thompson testified that she was afraid to make a similar mistake in the future by placing JL with Lois Plank and putting respondent in a position to become the child’s sole and legal custodian. Thompson also testified that an earlier guardianship established with the paternal grandfather of SD and JD was terminated after only two months at the guardian’s request. The guardian had allowed respondent and Justin Du-Fresne visitation, but they did not follow the rules. Respondent took the children to Indiana without permission, for example. After the guardianship was ter minated, the tribe petitioned to terminate respondent’s parental rights to SD and JD. Thompson explained, “We had just gone into . . . another case where the children were out in the road a year later, so conditions hadn’t changed. So it was time for termination if there was no other way.”
In sum, the caseworkers’ testimony established beyond a reasonable doubt that respondent failed to make progress despite the extensive services provided to her in the recent past. She continued to pose a risk of harm to her children. Respondent’s testimony did not suggest that she had gained the capacity to take on the responsibilities of a full-time parent. On the contrary, her testimony indicated that she continued to make poor choices that did not suggest that she had the ability to provide a safe and stable home for a child. And although Matheny’s testimony about respondent was positive, he had never met JL or been in respondent’s home. Eight months of substance abuse counseling, even if beneficial, had not rendered respondent an adequate parent. Finally, the DHS demonstrated that respondent’s continued legal custody of JL posed a risk, even if she were not the full-time physical custodian, because it left open the possibility that respondent might seek full-time custody. The lower courts did not err by concluding that the evidence established beyond a reasonable doubt that respondent’s continued custody of JL was likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to him. Respondent’s continued custody would further subject JL to the consequences of respondent’s poor choices, including her decision to live with and financially depend on a man who had been convicted of assault, and would put JL at risk of abuse and neglect.
VII. CONCLUSION
We conclude that the evidence demonstrated beyond a reasonable doubt that respondent’s continued custody of JL would be “likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.” 25 USC 1912(f). We also conclude that the extensive services provided to respondent before the DHS filed this termination petition satisfied the “active efforts” requirement of the ICWA. 25 USC 1912(d). Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals upholding the trial court’s order terminating respondent’s parental rights.
Young, Markman, and Hathaway, JJ., concurred with Corrigan, J.
Frazier testified that the wraparound program works with families who receive services from multiple agencies to coordinate those services.
Respondent appealed the tribal court’s termination order. The order was vacated on January 9, 2009, by the Sault Ste. Marie Tribe of Chippewa Indians Appellate Court. That court found that the lower court erroneously considered all the allegations against both respondent and the children’s father, Justin DuFresne, when deciding to terminate respondent’s parental rights, even though the two were estranged at the time of the termination proceedings. The matter was remanded for the lower court to “take such proofs as it deems appropriate as to the fitness of [respondent] alone ... and determine what further order, if any, should be entered with regard to the parental rights of [respondent].” The parties have provided no documentation of the tribal court’s disposition of the matter on remand.
Michael Plank, respondent’s current partner and Tony Plank’s brother, is BP’s biological father.
Both the initial and supplemental termination petitions cited MCL 722.638(l)(b)(i), which provides:
(1) The department shall submit a petition for authorization by the court under section 2(b) of chapter XIIA of 1939 PA 288, MCL 712A.2, if 1 or more of the following apply:
(b) The department determines that there is risk of harm to the child and either of the following is true:
(i) The parent’s rights to another child were terminated as a result of proceedings under section 2(b) of chapter XIIA of 1939 PA 288, MCL 712A.2, or a similar law of another state.
The trial court terminated Tony Plank’s parental rights to JL on May 13, 2008.
25 USC 1912(f) provides:
No termination of parental rights may be ordered in such proceeding in the absence of a determination, supported by evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, including testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that the continued custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.
According to the National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) “is a set of physical and mental birth defects that can result when a woman drinks alcohol during her pregnancy.” It “is characterized by brain damage, facial deformities, and growth deficits. Heart, liver, and kidney defects also are common, as well as vision and hearing problems. Individuals with FAS have difficulties with learning, attention, memory, and problem solving.” “Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications.” FASD encompasses the term “fetal alcohol effects,” which “has been popularly used to describe alcohol-exposed individuals whose condition does not meet the full criteria for an FAS diagnosis.” National Organization on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, FAQs <http://www.nofas.org/faqs.aspx?id=9> (accessed June 30, 2009).
MCL 712A.19b(3)(i) provides:
The court may terminate a parent’s parental rights to a child if the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, 1 or more of the following:
(i) Parental rights to 1 or more siblings of the child have been terminated due to serious and chronic neglect or physical or sexual abuse, and prior attempts to rehabilitate the parents have been unsuccessful.
MCL 712A.19(3) provides, in relevant part:
The court may terminate a parent’s parental rights to a child if the court finds, by clear and convincing evidence, 1 or more of the following:
(c) The parent was a respondent in a proceeding brought under this chapter, 182 or more days have elapsed since the issuance of an initial dispositional order, and the court, by clear and convincing evidence, finds either of the following:
(¿) The conditions that led to the adjudication continue to exist and there is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable time considering the child’s age.
(ii) Other conditions exist that cause the child to come within the court’s jurisdiction, the parent has received recommendations to rectify those conditions, the conditions have not been rectified by the parent after the parent has received notice and a hearing and has been given a reasonable opportunity to rectify the conditions, and there is no reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable time considering the child’s age.
(g) The parent, without regard to intent, fails to provide proper care or custody for the child and there is no reasonable expectation that the parent will be able to provide proper care and custody within a reasonable time considering the child’s age.
MCR 3.980(D) contains language similar to that of 25 USC 1912(f) and provides:
Termination of Parental Rights. In addition to the required findings under MCR 3.977, the parental rights of a parent of an Indian child must not be terminated unless there is also evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, including testimony of qualified expert witnesses, that parental rights should be terminated because continued custody of the child by the parent or Indian custodian will likely result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child.
The trial court did not specifically address the ICWA’s “active efforts” requirement, 25 USC 1912(d).
We directed the parties to address
(1) whether the term “active efforts” in 25 USC 1912(d) requires a showing that there have been recent rehabilitative efforts designed to prevent the breakup of that particular Indian family; and (2) whether the “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard of 25 USC 1912(f) requires contemporaneous evidence that the continued custody of the Indian child by the parent or Indian custodian is likely to result in serious emotional or physical damage to the child before parental rights may be terminated. [In re Lee, 482 Mich 1116, 1116-1117 (2008) (emphasis omitted).]
Although our research disclosed no federal authority on this point, several of our sister states have employed similar reasoning. See, e.g., In re Walter W, 274 Neb 859, 864-865; 744 NW2d 55 (2008); In re MS, 624 NW2d 678 (ND, 2001); In re Michael G, 63 Cal App 4th 700, 709-712; 74 Cal Rptr 2d 642 (1998).
In Roe, the same Court of Appeals panel considered the proper interpretation of the “active efforts” requirement of 25 USC 1912(d). There, as here, Judges Markey and Whitbeck disagreed with Judge Gleicher about the meaning of “active efforts.” In Roe, however, the Court of Appeals judgment vacated the trial court’s order and remanded the case for trial court findings regarding the “active efforts” requirement. Roe, supra at 91.
Although included in respondent’s appendix, this version of the manual is no longer in effect and is not available online. The parties also did not provide the version of the manual in effect before June 1, 2007. The current version of the DHS’s Native American Affairs manual, Native American Affairs Glossary (October 1, 2008), pp 1-2, available at <http://www.mfia.state.mi.us/olmweb/ex/nag/glossaiy.pdf> (accessed June 30, 2009), provides a similar explanation:
By definition, active efforts are more intensive than “reasonable efforts” and require the worker to thoroughly assist the family in accessing and participating in necessary services that are culturally appropriate and remedial and rehabilitative in nature.
Example: Reasonable efforts might be the worker making a referral for services and attempts to engage the family in services, but active efforts might be the worker consulting with the tribe regarding case planning, making a referral to services, attempts to engage the family in services and providing transportation to the services.
Examples of active efforts include (but are not limited to):
• Making appointments for the client with particular providers.
• Providing transportation to and from such appointments.
• Closely monitoring client(s)’ participation in such services.
• Continuing with ongoing efforts to secure a placement with the ICWA Placement Preferences [25 USC 1912(d)].
See also the DHS’s Childrens Protective Services Manual, Supportive Services, CFP Y14-2 (May 1, 2009), p 1, available at <http://www. mfia.state.mi.us/olmweb/ex/cfp/714-2.pdf> (accessed June 30, 2009) (“Reasonable efforts to prevent placement must be attempted in all situations in which the child is not at imminent risk of harm without removal from home. Note: The Indian Child Welfare Act requires active efforts be provided to American Indian children and their families. Reasonable efforts are not sufficient.”).
The most recent version of the DHS’s Native American Affairs Manual, Indian Child Welfare Case Management, NAA 205 (March 1, 2009), p 1, available at <http://www.mfia.state.mi.us/olmweb/e3j/NAA/205.pdf> (accessed June 30, 2009), states that the “worker must collaborate with a child’s tribe immediately” and that the child’s tribe will define active efforts for the department.” Although this version of the Native American Affairs Manual was not yet in effect during the proceedings in this case, leaving it to the child’s tribe to define “active efforts” is consistent with the ICWA’s purpose of preserving Indian families and preventing unwarranted removal and termination. See 25 USC 1901.
For example, in CJ v Alaska Dep’t of Health & Social Services, 18 P3d 1214 (Alas, 2001), the father was unable, and perhaps unwilling, to care for his children at the time they were removed from their mother in 1998. He maintained only sporadic contact with them while they were in foster care. Id. at 1216. By the time termination was sought in 1999, however, the father’s circumstances had changed. He presented unrebut-ted evidence that he wanted to care for his children and was able to do so. He testified that he had quit a job that required him to travel, was relocating, and was caring for his older child. The social services department presented virtually no evidence regarding the father’s present circumstances. Id. at 1219. The Alaska Supreme Court concluded:
ICWA requires that a court be able to determine beyond a reasonable doubt that placement of the children with the parent is likely to result in serious damage. The evidence in this case leaves so much uncertainty about [the father’s] present circumstances that such a finding cannot be sustained. [Id. (citation omitted).]
We reject Justice Weaver’s contention that we need not decide whether to adopt a futility test. In this case, we address respondent’s argument that the Court of Appeals erred in interpreting and applying the ICWA. In concluding that the “active efforts” requirement had been met, the Court of Appeals majority stated: “Because of the intractable nature of [respondent’s] inability to learn appropriate parenting techniques, any additional efforts to rehabilitate [respondent] would have been largely futile.” Lee, supra, slip op at 9.
Frazier testified that she did not provide services to respondent in connection with this latest referral pertaining to JL because the referral was based on the termination of respondent’s parental rights to her other three children. She testified that, under those circumstances, the state does not provide services.
Judge Gleicher took issue with the Court of Appeals majority’s invocation of “the ‘well-established doctrine of anticipatory neglect’ ” in affirming the trial court’s decision to terminate respondent’s parental rights. Lee, supra, slip op at 9 (Gleicher, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The Court of Appeals majority stated that, under the doctrine, “how a parent treats one child is probative, though not determinative, of how that parent will treat another, and past behavior is a strong indicator of future performance,” id. at 9 (majority opinion) (citation omitted), but Judge Gleicher believed that “respondent’s past behavior did qualify as determinative,” id. at 9 (GLEICHER, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part) (emphasis omitted).
During the parties’ arguments, JL’s guardian ad litem argued against termination of respondent’s parental rights but did not advocate that respondent have full-time physical custody. Instead, he encouraged the court to “think outside the box” and consider alternatives such as long-term placements with relatives.
We cannot accept Justice Cavanagh’s suggestion that our analysis is inconsistent with this Court’s decision in In re Rood, 483 Mich 73; 763 NW2d 587 (2009). In Rood, we affirmed the Court of Appeals decision reversing the trial court’s termination of parental rights and directing the trial court to afford the respondent an opportunity to participate in the proceedings. We were skeptical about the trial court’s determination that there was a “reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of the child’s parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the home of the parent.” MCL 712A.19b(3)(j). In light of the testimony of the respondent and his girlfriend that the respondent “successfully cared for a young child ... on a daily basis,” we concluded that the state’s failure to assess the respondent’s household as an appropriate placement for the child “deprived the court of objective information on a disputed issue crucial to the outcome.” Id. at 117.
In contrast to Rood, in which the state did not even consider placing the child with the respondent, the caseworkers here provided extensive services to respondent over several years in an effort to prevent removal and termination. And in Rood, the evidence suggested that the respondent had successfully cared for a child on a daily basis, while the evidence in this case showed that respondent persisted in making the same poor choices that have historically prevented her from being a safe and adequate parent on a consistent basis.
We also reject Justice Cavanagh’s suggestion that consideration of guideline D.3(c) of the Bureau of Indian Affairs guidelines, 44 Fed Reg 67584, 67593 (November 26, 1979), would yield the conclusion that the conditions that existed in respondent’s home in the past are not “sufficiently ‘serious’ to satisfy 25 USC 1912(f).” Post at 343 n 9. Here, the evidence did not merely establish “ ‘poverty, crowded or inadequate housing, alcohol abuse, or non-conforming social behavior,’ ” see post at 343-344 n 9, but identified specific harms to respondent’s children, including respondent’s failure to appropriately supervise them. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 284129. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 279864. | [
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] |
Court of Appeals No. 278643. | [
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We direct the clerk to schedule oral argument on whether to grant the application or take other peremptory action. MCR 7.302(H)(1). The parties may file supplemental briefs within 42 days of the date of this order, but they should not submit mere restatements of their application papers.
The Michigan Association for Justice and the Michigan Municipal League are invited to file briefs amicus curiae. Other persons or groups interested in the determination of the issues presented in this case may move the Court for permission to file briefs amicus curiae. | [
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