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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff-appellant appeals from the trial court’s grant of a motion for accelerated judgment. The trial court ruled that it was without subject matter jurisdiction, such jurisdiction being in the Court of Claims.
Plaintiff association alleges that the reputations of both it and certain individuals who are members of it were damaged by the initiation of certain civil suits by the Attorney General to restrain the practice of medicine without a license. It further alleges that defendants-appellees violated certain procedures required by MCLA 338.22; MSA 18.1207 and that they therefore exceeded their authority. Plaintiff-appellant asserts that as a result of exceeding their authority the defendants appellees are subject to personal liability in the circuit court.
The statute relied on by plaintiff-appellant empowers the Department of Licensing and Regulation to investigate complaints against licensees where an appropriate board fails to act. It requires the department to forward its findings to the appropriate board for action. Here, the department apparently communicated its investigations to the Attorney General, who instituted the suits referred to above.
We find that the procedure followed was not consistent with the statute. The Attorney General, if he chose to act, should have done so ex rel the Medical Practice Board. However, that the Attorney General did not sue ex relatione does not mean he exceeded his authority and is therefore subject to personal liability. He has the authority to sue to abate a public nuisance, which an unlawful activity is. Attorney General ex rel Optometry Board of Examiners v Peterson, 381 Mich 445; 164 NW2d 43 (1969). Further, he has statutory and common law authority to act on behalf of the people of the State of Michigan in any cause or matter, such authority being liberally construed. MCLA 14.28; MSA 3.181; People v O’Hara, 278 Mich 281; 270 NW 298 (1936), Attorney General v Liquor Control Commission, 65 Mich App 88; 237 NW2d 196 (1975). Such liberally construed authority and discretion should only be interfered with where his actions are clearly inimical to the people’s interest. Gremore v People’s Community Hospital Authority, 8 Mich App 56; 153 NW2d 377 (1967). Here the action was clearly beneficial to the people of Michigan, the unlawful practice of medicine being harmful to public safety.
The Attorney General acted within his broad authority, although a proceeding ex rel the Medical Practice Board would have been more proper procedurally. The ramifications of the procedure employed are not here at issue, although they would be on appeal from the injunction proceedings.
The Attorney General was perfectly within his authority. Therefore, jurisdiction lies in the Court of Claims. Abbott v Secretary of State, 67 Mich App 344; 240 NW2d 800 (1976), Longstreet v County of Mecosta, 228 Mich 542; 200 NW 248 (1924), Fox v Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, 375 Mich 238; 134 NW2d 146 (1965), MCLA 600.6401 et seq.; MSA 27A.6401 et seq.
Affirmed. | [
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M. J. Kelly, J.
This appeal is limited to a review of the constitutionality of MCLA 299.1 et seq.; MSA 13.1 et seq., and certain rules of the Department of Natural Resources promulgated under its authority.
Under MCLA 299.1 et seq.; MSA 13.1 et seq., the Department of Natural Resources has acquired lands, or rights in lands, fronting or abutting on boatable waters within Michigan. There are about 250 access sites in the state. Twenty-three of the sites, including access sites and state forest campgrounds with river access, exist along the Pere Marquette River in Lake County, Pine River in Lake County, Manistee River in Crawford and Kalkaska Counties, Au Sable River in Crawford and Oscoda Counties, and the south branch of the Au Sable in Crawford County. These sites are the subject of the instant controversy.
The department promulgated rules for the use of state lands other than state parks and recreation areas by the authority granted under MCLA 299.1 et seq.; MSA 13.1 et seq., and provisions of the Michigan Administrative Procedures Act, MCLA 24.231-24.264; MSA 3.560(131)-3.560(164). The rules were filed with the Secretary of State on June 9, 1972, and became effective 15 days later.
The rule challenged here is 1972 A ACS, R 299.331 of the State Administrative Code. The rule restricts the period of time persons can leave boats, fishing shanties, or other items of personal property upon state lands, and restricts the use of state lands for business or commercial purposes without proper written permission.
Defendants are in the business of renting canoes on boatable waters in Michigan. They did not apply for permits to use public access sites.
On August 16, 1973, the department filed this action in Ingham County Circuit Court. The department alleged that defendants’ use of the access site to store their canoes was a commercial use, one which frequently interfered with the use of the sites by other members of the public, and that defendants lacked permits from the department. The department sought temporary and permanent injunctive relief to prevent defendants from continuing to use the state lands in violation of rule 299.331.
On May 28, 1974, the defendants’ motion for summary judgment was denied by the court although apparently no formal order was entered.
On June 2, 1975, the circuit court entered an order of preliminary injunction against the defendants. Specifically, the defendants were enjoined and restrained from storing, stacking or in any way leaving any boat, canoe, or other property upon state owned or administered lands for a period in excess of 48 hours.
The defendants filed a second motion for summary judgment which was brought on for hearing on July 16, 1976. Following that hearing the court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment, and plaintiffs appeal that ruling.
The trial court based its ruling on the decision of this Court in Westervelt v Natural Resources Commission, 62 Mich App 539; 233 NW2d 640 (1975), lv granted, 395 Mich 765 (1976). It held that the Department of Natural Resources lacked the authority to promulgate or enforce the rules and regulations which it had attempted to assert as binding upon the defendants.
Factually, the Westervelt case is very similar to the instant case. Noting that the act, MCLA 299.1-299.3; MSA 13.1-13.3, was adopted to help protect and conserve the natural resources of Michigan, the Westervelt panel stated:
"The act, however, provides no specific method by which the department is to effectuate this purpose nor does it even indicate what types of procedures are contemplated. The act attempts to delegate complete control of this area of state concern to the Department of Natural Resources without providing the agency with any workable standards by which it is to be guided in the performance of its task, as is required by present Michigan law.” (Emphasis added.) 62 Mich App at 544.
The court observed that the so-called nondelegation rule has been criticized and may be changed by our Supreme Court. 62 Mich App at 544, n 1, citing Davis, Administrative Law Treatise, §§ 2.07 and 2.09, pp 102 and 108-109, People v Fields (On Rehearing), 391 Mich 206, 224-252; 216 NW2d 51 (1974) (Justice Levin’s dissenting opinion), overruled in part in a recent opinion, People v Peters, 397 Mich 360-369; 244 NW2d 898 (1976). The Westervelt Court ultimately held that the statute delegated rule-making power to the Department of Natural Resources in an impermissible manner. Section 3a of the statute was notably not discussed, however.
There is no indication in the Westervelt opinion of why the panel refrained from reviewing § 3a of this challenged statute. Section 3a provides in part:
"The commission of conservation shall make such rules for protection of the lands and property under its control against wrongful use or occupancy as will insure the carrying out of the intent of this act to protect the same from depredations and to preserve such lands and property from molestation, spoilation, destruction or any other improper use or occupancy.” MCLA 299.3a; MSA 13.4.
This section also provides that the rules will be promulgated in accordance with the Administrative Procedures Act of 1969, MCLA 24.201 et seq.; MSA 3.560(101) et seq.
More than a year after Westervelt was decided by the Court of Appeals, another panel of the Court in Michigan Oil Co v Natural Resources Commission, 71 Mich App 667; 249 NW2d 135 (1976), lv den, 399 Mich 892 (1977) (Justice Levin would grant leave to appeal), discussed the scope of the authority of the Department of Natural Resources to regulate utilization and conservation of all the state natural resources under the challenged statutory sections. The Westervelt holding that the statutory sections were unconstitutional was not mentioned by the Court. The Court recognized and upheld without comment the department’s authority to promulgate rules and regulations under the challenged sections. The Court also stated:
"While we approve of administrative agencies demonstrating a degree of flexibility in perceiving and reacting to new problems or dealing with past mistakes, the procedural safeguards contained in the Administrative Procedures Act, MCLA 24.201 et seq.; MSA 3.560(101) et seq., must also be recognized as the public’s first defense against arbitrary agency action.” 71 Mich App at 694-695.
This case was argued in April of 1977. We were under the impression that the Supreme Court was on the very brink of issuing its decision in Westervelt. At each succeeding conference of the Supreme Court we have anticipated the issuance of its opinion and have been disappointed. We elect to delay no longer but issue this opinion on our surmise of what the Supreme Court will do in Westervelt. We apprehend with Professor Kenneth Culp Davis that a legislature may delegate to some extent to an administrative body significant rule-making powers though the exercise thereof amounts to law making. "Workable standards” should no longer be the exclusive focus for determining the validity of delegation statutes. The emphasis should be on safeguards. See generally Davis, Administrative Law Text (3d ed), §§ 2.06-2.10, pp 36-52. Professor Davis suggests:
"Five principal steps should be taken to alter the non-delegation doctrine and to move toward a system of judicial protection against unnecessary and uncontrolled discretionary power: (a) the purpose of the non-delegation doctrine should no longer be either to prevent delegation or to require statutory standards; the purpose should be the much deeper one of protecting against unnecessary and uncontrolled discretionary power; (b) the exclusive focus on standards should be shifted to an emphasis more on safeguards than on standards; (c) when legislative bodies have failed to provide standards, the courts should not hold the delegation unlawful but should require that the administrators must as rapidly as feasible supply the standards; (d) the non-delegation doctrine should gradually grow into a broad requirement extending beyond the subject of delegation — that officers with discretionary power must do about as much as feasible to structure their discretion through appropriate safeguards and to confine and guide their discretion through standards, principles, and rules; (e) the protection should reach not merely delegated power but also such undelegated power as that of selective enforcement.” Supra at 43.
We hold the instant statute constitutional, and the rules promulgated under it valid. In so holding we are, in effect, speculating that the Supreme Court will reverse Westervelt, supra. 395 Mich 765. The Westervelt court ruled that the instant statute was unconstitutional for lack of "workable standards”. We are not bound by the decision of another panel of this Court, nor are we bound by prior case law that is no longer considered viable. Topps-Toeller, Inc v City of Lansing, 47 Mich App 720, 730; 209 NW2d 843 (1973), lv den, 390 Mich 788 (1973).
Reversed and remanded for trial.
On the date that this opinion was decided the Supreme Court did in fact reverse Westervelt. Westervelt v Natural Resources Commission, 402 Mich 412; 263 NW2d 564 (1978). | [
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Per Curiam.
Convicted after a jury trial of first-degree murder and sentenced to life imprisonment, defendant appeals as of right.
On September 25, 1973, Earl DeMarse was fatally stabbed while on guard duty at the Marquette State Prison. Inmate Gary DeWar testified that the day before the killing, defendant told him he was going to kill the guard the next morning. Defendant allegedly said he would wear coveralls to keep the blood off his clothes. He also showed DeWar a black-handled knife, 10 to 12 inches long.
On the morning the homicide occurred, defendant was seen wearing coveralls. Inmate Richard Patterson testified that he saw defendant holding DeMarse by the shirt and stabbing him with a knife.
Shortly after the homicide occurred, two guards found appellant and two other inmates in the yardshack. They searched the men and returned them to their cells. A pair of bloodstained coveralls was found in the shack about one-half hour afterwards.
A knife was found in the auditorium piano two days after DeMarse was killed. The knife was covered with a type-A bloodstain. The victim’s blood was type-A. The knife, however, was not the knife defendant had shown inmate DeWar before the killing.
Defendant alleges a number of errors, but we find one issue dispositive. In instructing the jury, the court charged:
"In defining a crime of murder, either first or second degree, I inform you that a necessary element is that the killing must have been done with malice aforethought. Malice is here used in a technical sense, including not only anger, hatred or revenge, but every other unlawful and unjustiñable motive.” (Emphasis supplied.)
In Nye v People, 35 Mich 16 (1876), the Court declared such an instruction to be erroneous.
"The definition of malice given in the case would remove manslaughter from the catalogue of homicides. Every crime must be attended with an unlawful and unjustifiable motive. Malice includes those which are more wicked, but it does not include them all. There are many unlawful and unjustifiable motives which have never been classed as malicious.” 35 Mich at 18.
The erroneous instruction cannot be saved by reference to the instructions which follow. There is clear error in the rest of the instructions. But even if there were not, we must abide by the longstanding rule in Michigan of reversing convictions in cases in which the trial court has given conflicting instructions, one erroneous and the other without error. In such cases, "it may be presumed that the jury followed that instruction which was erroneous”. People v Eggleston, 186 Mich 510, 514-15; 152 NW 944 (1915). See, also People v Burkard, 374 Mich 430; 132 NW2d 106 (1965).
"When an allegedly erroneous instruction is subject to two or more interpretations, it is logical to read the instructions in their entirety to determine if the trial court resolves the ambiguity by other comments it makes and instructions it gives.” People v Beard, 78 Mich App 636, 639; 261 NW2d 27 (1977).
The instruction given by the trial court is not ambiguous or susceptible to differing interpretations. Reference to the rest of the trial court’s instructions, had they been without error, would have served no purpose. We presume the jury followed the erroneous instruction. Therefore, in accord with Eggleston, Burkard, and Beard we must reverse the trial court decision on the basis of the erroneous instruction.
We are aware of the results reached in People v Borgetto, 99 Mich 336; 58 NW 328 (1894), and People v Livingston, 63 Mich App 129; 234 NW2d 176 (1975), but in light of Eggleston and Burkard, we must regard Borgetto as implicitly overruled.
There is another serious error in the remainder of the trial court’s instructions. The trial court charged the jury as follows:
"Therefore, malice is implied from any deliberate or cruel act against another however sudden.
The law implies from such unprovoked, unjustifiable or inexcusable killing, the existence of that wicked disposition which the law terms malice aforethought.”
In Maher v People, 10 Mich 212 (1862), the Supreme Court held that malice is not implied by law.
"The question whether * * * [malice] existed or not, in the particular instance, would, upon principle, seem to be as clearly a question of fact for the jury, as any other fact in the cause, * * * and that the court have no right to withdraw the question from the jury by assuming to draw the proper inferences from the whole, or any part of, the facts proved, as a presumption of law.” 10 Mich at 217-218. (Emphasis in original.)
More than a century later, in People v Martin, 392 Mich 553; 221 NW2d 336 (1974), the Supreme Court reaffirmed the holding of Maher v People, supra.
"Michigan has long ago considered malice a permissible inference to be drawn by the jury rather than a presumption of law.” 392 Mich at 561.
Contrary to the trial court’s instruction, malice is not always or necessarily implied from any deliberate or cruel act nor from an unprovoked, unjustifiable or inexcusable killing. Malice may be implied and the jury may infer it, but the law does not imply malice. The trial court’s instruction effectively removed from jury consideration the element of malice.
A defendant has an absolute right to a jury determination upon all essential elements of the charge. People v Reed, 393 Mich 342; 224 NW2d 867 (1975), citing United States v England, 347 F2d 425, 430 (CA 7, 1965). Malice is an essential element of the crime of murder. People v Morrin, 31 Mich App 301; 187 NW2d 434 (1971). The trial court committed reversible error by effectively removing the element of malice from jury consideration.
Finally, the trial court’s explanations of the term "malice” are patently erroneous.
"If one without cause inflicts a wrong upon another, we call him wicked and malicious.”
The implication from this portion of the judge’s instruction is that malice is tantamount to wickedness. Such is not the case.
"Malice aforethought is the intention to kill, actual or implied, under circumstances which do not constitute excuse or justification or mitigate the degree of the offense to manslaughter.” People v Morrin, supra, at 310-311.
Malice, as an element of murder, is a term of art. Contrary to the implication of the trial court’s charge, the term does not mean malice as used in ordinary speech.
"It is well-nigh impossible to communicate to jurors in the arcane jargon of malice aforethought the mental state required. No doubt many jurors are confused, and many, in error but understandably, make up their own working definition out of their own appreciation of what malice aforethought 'must’ mean.” People v Morrin, supra, at 320.
Insofar as it defines malice only in terms of the absence of justifiable circumstances and equates malice with wickedness, the trial court’s instruction is reversibly erroneous.
Because the instruction given by the trial court is replete with error, defendant’s conviction is reversed. | [
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T. M. Burns, J.
The question in this case is whether the circuit court has subject-matter jurisdiction to hear a suit brought by a worker’s compensation claimant alleging tortious conduct by her employer’s compensation carrier in refusing to pay benefits pending an appeal to the Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board (hereafter the WCAB). The cirucit court held that the question of payment of compensation benefits pending an administrative appeal was within the exclusive jurisdiction of the compensation bureau, MCLA 418.841; MSA 17.237(841), and granted defendant’s motion for accelerated judgment, GCR 1963, 116.1(2).
I
Plaintiff petitioned for benefits under the Work er’s Disability Compensation Act, MCLA 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq., and received a favorable decision from the administrative law judge on March 30, 1976. Defendant timely filed an appeal from that decision and did not pay any of the benefits awarded by the administrative law judge. The decision of the WCAB is still pending.
This suit was filed on September 27, 1976. In her one-count complaint, plaintiff sought recovery of $750,000 for compensatory and exemplary or punitive damages based on the carrier’s failure to pay any benefits pending the appeal before the WCAB. The basis of recovery was variously described as intentional or negligent infliction of mental distress, "bad faith”, and "economic oppression”, but it is clear, as plaintiff states in her brief in this Court, that the basis of the circuit court action is the failure of defendant to pay compensation benefits pending the compensation appeal.
Shortly after this action was begun, the WCAB ordered defendant to pay 70% of the weekly benefits pending the WCAB decision or face dismissal of that appeal under 1975 PA 34; MCLA 418.862; MSA 17.237(862). The WCAB’s action was based on the Supreme Court’s order in Michigan Self-Insurers’ Association v Workmen’s Compensation Bureau, 397 Mich 859; 245 NW2d 334 (1976), which required that 1975 PA 34 be enforced pending a decision in that case.
II
MCLA 418.841; MSA 17.237(841) provides in part:
"Any controversy concerning compensation shall be submitted to the bureau and all questions arising under this act shall be determined by the bureau.”
Under this provision "resolution of all disputes relating to workmen’s compensation is vested exclusively in the Workmen’s Compensation Bureau”. St. Paul Fire & Marine Insurance Co v Littky, 60 Mich App 375, 378; 230 NW2d 440 (1975). Whether payment of benefits are to be made by the carrier during the pendency of an appeal from an administrative law judge’s decision, and the relief available for failure to do so, are questions for the bureau within this provision.
This does not deprive plaintiff of a remedy for the type of conduct attributed to defendant here. Under MCLA 418.862; MSA 17.237(862) plaintiff is entitled to 70% of her weekly benefits pending the administrative appeal, and a failure to pay that amount may result in the dismissal of the appeal. This statute was recently determined to be constitutional when applied in this manner. McAvoy v H B Sherman Co, 401 Mich 419; 258 NW2d 414 (1977). Rather than begin this suit in circuit court or ask the bureau for damages for failure to pay benefits pending the administrative appeal, plaintiff should have sought 70% of her benefits or dismissal of the appeal from the WCAB.
Ill
To avoid confusion, it may be wise to make clear what this case does not involve. This case does not involve the exclusive remedy provisions of the act. MCLA 418.131; MSA 17.237(131). It does not determine what type of conduct gives rise to a circuit court action against an employer or the employer’s carrier or the extent of the carrier’s immunity through the employer. See, e.g., Stimson v Michigan Bell Telephone Co, 77 Mich App 361; 258 NW2d 227 (1977).
This case simply reaffirms the proposition that questions of compensation, compensation procedure, and the remedy for failure to follow that procedure are statutorily established and are to be determined by the bureau, rather than the circuit court. Szydlowski v General Motors Corp, 397 Mich 356; 245 NW2d 26 (1976).
Affirmed. No costs. | [
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Beasley, J.
On August 23, 1972, while a patron in the now closed Colonial Theatre on the edge of downtown Detroit, plaintiff was shot in the right ear in an unprovoked attack by a stranger. Although suffering serious injury and loss of hearing in one ear, plaintiff recovered and sued defendant for damages, claiming defendant did not exercise reasonable care for his safety. Specifically, plaintiff offered evidence of previous criminal activity in or about the theatre and asserted defendants were thus placed on notice of an unreasonable risk of harm to patrons which imposed a duty on defend ants to maintain armed security guards for the safety of paying patrons.
The jury returned a verdict of $40,000 for plaintiff. Defendants appeal as of right.
Defendants say that while crime has, unfortunately, become such a way of life as to be generally foreseeable, this does not mean that all businesses have a duty to hire armed guards to protect customers. Defendants say this Court should determine, as a matter of law, that defendants had no duty to maintain armed guards.
In this connection, defendants urge that we consider the economic effect of a holding (albeit by jury verdict) that businesses in high crime areas have a duty to maintain armed guards to secure the safety of patrons and other business invitees. We are not only mindful of this economic effect, but we also are aware that "high crime areas” exist not only in the large cities, but also in the suburbs and many medium-sized cities throughout the state.
Nevertheless, it is also clear that defendants, in conducting their business, undertook certain duties regarding business invitees. Among other things, the court instructed the jury as follows:
"Now, in considering whether there was an act of negligence, the law provides that when a person is invited on the premises of a business he is a business invitee, and the person doing the inviting has a certain duty to that individual. That duty is, in this state, to use reasonable care for the safety of that person. Now, it is going to be up to you to determine what are the requirements of using reasonable care for the safety of the Plaintiff * * *
As stated by the court, once such a duty is established, it is for the jury to determine the specific standard of care applicable. In this case, presumably the jury did determine the specific standard of care required of this theatre owner. Under present law, that determination must be affirmed. In addition, we find no error in the denial of defendants’ motion for a directed verdict since that motion was also grounded upon a request that the trial court decide questions which, as has already been discussed, were properly for the jury.
In their brief on appeal, defendants do not zero in and specify what the trial judge did or did not do that constituted allegedly reversible error. We assume that the thrust of defendants’ argument is directed toward the court’s instructions to the jury.
Consequently, we have reviewed the court’s instruction to the jury. The instruction consisted of the Standard Jury Instruction, approved and required by order of the Supreme Court, as amplified by requests of the parties. No objection was made by defendants with respect to the court’s definition of negligence, due care, duties or proximate cause. In the absence of any objection to the court’s charge to the jury, we only review upon a showing of manifest injustice; none appears here. Therefore, insofar as defendants’ claims on appeal rest on the jury instructions, they are without merit.
Affirmed, with costs.
D. F. Walsh, P. J., concurred.
The felon was never apprehended or identified. At the time, the Colonial Theatre was an "all night” movie house (i.e., was open 24 hours a day), but was not an "adult” theatre showing pornographic films. On the night of the assault on plaintiff, the movies "Shaft” and "Shaft’s Big Score” were being shown.
Plaintiffs proofs indicated the theatre was in a high crime area and that in a two-year period preceding this assault there had been several incidents of criminal acts, including robbery, armed and unarmed, felonious assault and rape.
Marietta v Cliffs Ridge, Inc, 385 Mich 364; 189 NW2d 208 (1971).
Moning v Alfono, 400 Mich 425; 254 NW2d 759 (1977). Moning itself is a 3-2-2 decision. Both this vote and the previous history of negligence law suggest that this area will continue to receive further development and explanation.
GCR 1963, 516.6; Javis v Ypsilanti Board of Education, 393 Mich 689; 227 NW2d 543 (1975). | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff brought this action for specific performance of a written contract to sell realty. The trial court granted summary judgment to the defendants, holding that plaintiff, the vendor, would have an adequate remedy at law and that since the property had not been resold a suit for damages was premature. The trial court had earlier refused plaintiff’s request to amend her complaint to include declaratory relief to control the resale of the property to avoid problems of mitigation of damages. Plaintiff appeals and we reverse.
This case calls for application of well-settled principles. The vendor in a contract involving land may be entitled to specific performance in an appropriate case. Pearson v Gardner, 202 Mich 360; 168 NW 485; 1918F LRA 384 (1918), Coleman v Larsen, 243 Mich 618; 220 NW 670 (1928), 71 Am Jur 2d, Specific Performance, § 115. The adequacy of a remedy at law is not a bar to specific performance where the contract involves realty. Janiszewski v Shank, 230 Mich 189, 193; 202 NW 949 (1925), Brin v Michalski, 188 Mich 400, 405- 406; 154 NW 110 (1915), Lutz v Dutmer, 286 Mich 467, 482-483; 282 NW 431 (1938).
The grant of specific performance is within the discretion of the trial court and cannot be demanded as a matter of right. However, when the subject of the contract is the sale of land, specific performance may not be arbitrarily refused, and in the exercise of sound judicial discretion should be granted, in the absence of some showing that to do so would be inequitable. Foshee v Krum, 332 Mich 636; 52 NW2d 358 (1952), Hager v Rey, 209 Mich 194; 176 NW 443 (1920).
Since the judgment below was entered on cross-motions for summary judgment, the record is not sufficient to allow us to order specific performance. It does show, however, that the reasons given by the trial court for denying specific performance are erroneous. We therefore vacate the judgment and remand for the taking of proofs on plaintiffs complaint.
This disposition renders discussion of plaintiffs second issue unnecessary.
Reversed for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. Costs to appellant. | [
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V. J. Brennan, J.
Defendant William Ernest Hamm appeals the order of acting St. Clair Circuit Judge James S. Thorburn entered December 18, 1975, granting a mistrial in defendant’s prosecution for first-degree murder, contrary to MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548, and assault with intent to murder, contrary to MCLA 750.83; MSA 28.278. Pursuant to this same order, defendant was committed to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry as incompetent to stand trial. His motion for continuance or, in the alternative, for dismissal of the information was also denied. Defendant appeals by leave granted.
Defendant was charged on July 12, 1975. On July 24, 1975, he waived preliminary examination and was bound over to the St. Clair County Circuit Court. On motion of the defense, he was committed to the forensic center on August 4, 1975, for an evaluation of his competence to stand trial.
A competency hearing was held on September 13, 1975, at the conclusion of which St. Clair Circuit Judge Halford I. Streeter found defendant competent to stand trial. That conclusion was also drawn by examining psychiatrist Dennis S. Koson in the center’s diagnostic report and recommendations dated August 24, 1975.
On October 7, 1975, St. Clair County Circuit Judges disqualified themselves and Oakland Circuit Judge James S. Thorburn was assigned to the case. On November 7, 1975, defendant was re-admitted to the forensic center for seven days, during which he was re-examined by Dr. Koson.
Immediately prior to the commencement of trial on November 18, 1975, Dr. Koson was permitted to testify regarding facts he thought necessary to bring to the court’s attention. He expressed the opinion that defendant "is barely competent to stand trial” and that "there is a significant risk of deterioration, including potential violence”. Consequently, arrangements were made for the defense to retain a consulting psychiatrist "on call”, in view of which the judge determined that defendant was competent to stand trial.
Trial began November 18, 1975. The prosecution called 22 witnesses and introduced 66 exhibits, concluding its case in chief on November 21, 1975. Defendant’s mother testified on November 24, 1975, as the fourth defense witness. Near the conclusion of her direct examination, she started to cry, whereupon defendant threw a chair at the prosecutor. Defendant was removed from the courtroom and trial was recessed for the morning.
When proceedings resumed that afternoon, defense counsel made a record of the arrangements made with the defendant over the noon recess. They included an agreement that defendant would absent himself from the courtroom for the balance of his mother’s testimony, and that of his father, and that he would not testify himself. Defense counsel represented to the court that defendant would have taken the stand if part of his delusions had not included the prosecuting attorney. However, defense counsel felt that because of the prosecutor’s presence, defendant would be likely to disrupt the proceedings. Therefore, his judgment was that defendant should not be put on the stand. Defense counsel also advised that evidence that would have been introduced through the defendant’s testimony could be elicited and produced from other witnesses.
Thereupon, the trial judge declared a mistrial and ordered defendant committed to the forensic center as incompetent to stand trial:
"This Court therefore is of the opinion that this cause should be declared a mistrial. That the respondent is hereby determined to be unfit to assist counsel, unfit to stand trial, and, therefore, is ordered remanded to the custody of the Forensic Center.
"In this Court’s opinion on the record before it this defendant should be incarcerated for the rest of his natural life. The risk to himself and to society is so great that this would appear to be the only obvious course of action for the Forensic Center to take now or forevermore.”
The declaration of mistrial was made without direct prior notice to defendant or consultation with defense counsel, and was without defendant’s consent, the court having been advised that the defense was prepared to proceed with the trial.
On December 8, 1975, defense counsel filed a motion for continuance, or, in the alternative, for dismissal of the information, for the purpose of securing a hearing on the competence issue or dismissal on grounds that double jeopardy precluded further proceedings on the criminal charges. On December 18, 1975, the judge entered two orders, one formally declaring a mistrial and committing defendant to the forensic center until restored to competence, and the other denying defense counsel’s motion for a continuance or for dismissal of the information.
On appeal, defendant brings three allegations of error. We will discuss them in the order stated.
Defendant first alleges that the trial court erred in determining him incompetent during the course of trial without affording him a hearing on that issue. Competence to stand trial in this case must be reviewed according to the provisions of MCLA 767.27a; MSA 28.966(11). The new Mental Health Code, 1974 PA 258 (see especially MCLA 330.2020 et seq.; MSA 14.800(1020) et seq.) only became effective August 6, 1975. See 1975 PA 179, amending MCLA 330.2102; MSA 14.800(1102). See also People v Matheson, 70 Mich App 172, 175; 245 NW2d 551 (1976). Consequently, as proceedings against defendant were only commenced July 12, 1975, we do not find the new Mental Health Code applies here.
In reviewing the statute, we find that the issue of competence to stand trial may be raised by any interested person or by the court on its own motion. Upon a showing that defendant may be incompetent to stand trial, the court is to commit defendant to the forensic center "for the performance of forensic psychiatric evaluation” for a period not to exceed 60 days. MCLA 767.27a(3); MSA 28.966(H)(3). Upon receiving the diagnostic report, the court "shall immediately hear and determine the issue of competence to stand trial” and, if defendant is adjudged to be incompetent, "he shall be committed to the department of mental health for treatment”. MCLA 767.27a(4), (5); MSA 28.966(H)(4), (5). GCR 1963, 786 provides for the procedure incident to raising the issue of incompe tence, including provision for a show cause hearing where the issue is raised by other than defendant, and discretionary prerogative in the trial court for continuing the case or declaring a mistrial as deemed appropriate at the time. GCR 1963, 786.4; 786.6.
In the present case, defendant was committed to the forensic center for psychiatric evaluation prior to trial. Following a hearing on September 15, 1975, he was found competent to stand trial. Shortly before trial, further testimony was received by Dr. Koson regarding his precarious mental state, and the trial judge again determined that defendant was competent. Four days later, after the violence defendant demonstrated in throwing a courtroom chair at the prosecuting attorney, defendant was summarily adjudged incompetent to stand trial and committed without a further psychiatric evaluation and without an adversary hearing on the issue.
We recognize that when the issue of defendant’s competence is first raised, the trial court must conduct a formal inquiry. MCLA 767.27a; MSA 28.966(11); GCR 1963, 786.1-786.7. People v Ponder, 57 Mich App 94, 96-97; 225 NW2d 168 (1974), People v McShan, 53 Mich App 407, 413-414; 219 NW2d 792 (1974). We also recognize that whether defendant is competent to stand trial or not is an ongoing concern of the trial court and that at any time during or after trial the issue of competence may be raised. People v Belanger, 73 Mich App 438; 252 NW2d 472 (1977), People v Matheson, supra at 179.
However, in order to properly place the issue before the trial court, evidence of incompetence must be shown. People v Blocker, 393 Mich 501, 508-510; 227 NW2d 767 (1975), People v Lucas, 393 Mich 522, 527-529; 227 NW2d 763 (1975). Further, even where evidence of incompetence appears, neither "the failure to follow the court rule or the failure to hold a hearing ipso facto entitles a defendant to new trial”. People v Blocker, supra at 510. In reviewing defendant’s claim that he did not receive a proper competency hearing, we will reverse the trial court only if we find an abuse of discretion. People v Matheson, supra at 184.
The statute and court rules in the matter of competency determinations do not speak directly to the problem presented in this case. No provision exists in either which would guide the court in determining what to do when competence may become an issue during trial after a prior determination of competence. The statutes and court rules seem to address only those situations in which the issue of competence has not been raised previously. However, we do find authority in recent decisions for the proposition that because competence is an ongoing concern, the trial court should not place absolute reliance on any prior competence determination. People v Belanger, supra, People v Matheson, supra at 179.
The question of competence in this case was raised before trial and two prior hearings were held on September 14, 1975, and November 18, 1975, preceding the ultimate determination by the court during trial that defendant was not competent. Though these prior hearings both ended by finding defendant competent to stand trial, the evidence presented was so inconclusive that Dr. Koson could state only that defendant was barely competent. In fact, defendant was characterized as agitated, angry, and obsessed with delusions of poisoning and conspiracy. A significant risk of deterioration appeared likely during trial, including potential violence. Testimony indicated a serious risk of "explosion” were defendant to hear certain psychiatric testimony or were defendant to take the stand. Chances of defendant’s condition worsening during trial were placed at better than 50%. Certainly, the record shows that various precautions were necessary in order to protect against the real possibility of disruption to the trial proceedings.
We might note that though the facts in Belanger and Matheson appear similar to this case, they vary in important respects. In Belanger, where two hearings were held to determine competence to stand trial prior to the time the trial court accepted defendant’s plea, those two hearings were held in relation to two other cases in which defendant was charged. In the case to which defendant pled and from which he appealed, he did not receive a separate hearing to decide his competence to stand trial prior to entering his plea. Consequently, we see little resemblance between the two cases.
On the other hand, in Matheson, where a hearing was held to determine competence to stand trial prior to acceptance of defendant’s guilty plea, we reversed because the court’s remarks indicated he held serious doubts about defendant’s competence "but did not recognize his ability to make an independent determination of competence”. People v Matheson, supra at 184. We find no parallel here when the trial court explicitly reversed his prior determination of competence based upon his subsequent observations during trial.
We believe the trial court should not be compelled in every instance to hold a separate competency hearing whenever evidence of incompetence arises during trial. In this case, the information obtained at the prior hearings coupled with the judge’s present impressions during trial provided him with all the information necessary to properly determine defendant incompetent to stand trial when he did. In short, we hold that where the trial court has twice complied with the existing statute and court rule in determining defendant barely competent to stand trial, and where substantial evidence of incompetence later appears at trial, the court will not be in error by finding defendant incompetent without holding another separate adversary hearing.
Given that no procedural error occurred by the way in which the issue of defendant’s competence was raised by the trial court, we find proper his subsequent declaration of mistrial. GCR 1963, 786.6.
Defendant argues secondly that the trial court erred by denying defendant’s motion praying for the alternative relief of dismissal of the information after the trial court denied his motion for a continuance for the purpose of holding a hearing on the court-raised issue of his competence.
GCR 1963, 786.6 provides for the declaration of a mistrial where the issue of defendant’s incompetence is properly raised:
"Where the issue of a defendant’s competence to stand trial is raised during the trial by the court, the trial of the cause shall be continued or a mistrial declared as the court shall in its discretion deem appropriate.” GCR 1963, 786.6.
However, determination that the trial court’s action was proper under the court rule does not alone dispose of the issue. We must determine whether double jeopardy precludes retrial where the mistrial was declared without the consent of the defendant.
The double jeopardy clause of the Fifth Amendment would not preclude further prosecution in this case. In a non-jury trial, jeopardy attaches when the trial judge begins to hear evidence. Serfass v United States, 420 US 377, 388; 95 S Ct 1055; 43 L Ed 2d 265 (1975). When jeopardy has attached, a court is called upon to determine whether a declaration of a mistrial without defendant’s consent was required by a "manifest necessity” or "the ends of public justice”. Illinois v Somerville, 410 US 458, 468; 93 S Ct 1066; 35 L Ed 2d 425 (1973).
In the present case, we must determine whether a "scrupulous exercise of judicial discretion” leads to the conclusion that the "ends of public justice” would not have been served by continuation of the proceedings. United States v Jorn, 400 US 470, 485; 91 S Ct 547; 27 L Ed 2d 543 (1971). The trial court acted properly. On the one hand is a statutory mandate derived from the due process clause that a defendant may not be prosecuted while incompetent. MCLA 767.27a(l); MSA 28.966(H)(1). On the other hand is the clear court rule provision that where the issue of incompetence is raised during trial by the court the trial "shall be continued or a mistrial declared as the court shall in its discretion deem appropriate”. GCR 1963, 786.6.
In order to find that the declaration of mistrial barred reprosecution in this case, we would have to find an abuse of discretion in the trial court’s action. People v Matheson, supra at 184, People v Wilson, 397 Mich 76, 80-81; 243 NW2d 257 (1976). We do not find an abuse of discretion here. In fact, manifest necessity arose when the potential of defendant’s violent behavior reasonably justified terminating the proceeding in order to avoid further injury to those involved. People v Duplissey, 380 Mich 100, 103-104; 155 NW2d 850 (1968). In any event, we find no grounds to rule the court abused its discretion by declaring a mistrial.
Defendant finally argues that an order determining an accused incompetent to stand trial constitutes a "final” order appealable as of right. This issue is moot due to the fact that this Court granted defendant’s application for leave to appeal. Appellate courts will not decide moot issues. Darnall v McKitrick, 328 Mich 183, 184; 43 NW2d 320 (1950). See also, Gildemeister v Lindsay, 212 Mich 299, 302; 180 NW 633 (1920).
On March 14, 1977, the trial court on order of another panel of this Court dated March 11, 1977, conducted another competency hearing and again found defendant not competent to stand trial. Though we do not question the court’s finding of continuing incompetence at that point, we feel the need to observe that the court was beyond its discretion in December, 1975, by initially ordering defendant "incarcerated for the rest of his natural life” or that he be sent to the forensic center "now or forevermore”. The judge’s responsibility in such situations is defined by statute. MCLA 767.27a; MSA 28.966(11). He has the power, which he properly exercised, to order defendant committed to "the department of mental health for treatment in a public institution approved for the purpose by the department of mental health”. MCLA 767.27a(5); MSA 28.966(H)(5).
However, from this time on, the initiative to affect defendant’s position relative to his continued commitment is reposed in the department of mental health and its agencies, the forensic center being one of them. MCLA 767.27a(6), (7); MSA 28.966(H)(6), (7), Under these statutory provisions, the supervising agency is responsible for certifying defendant competent to stand trial, if they so determine within 18 months of the original finding of incompetence, and returning defendant to the trial court, with this recommendation and a full contemporaneous medical report. MCLA 767.27a(6); MSA 28.966(H)(6). The trial court shall then "hear and determine the question of competence to stand trial”. This decision must be made within 18 months of the original commitment.
If in the opinion of the mental health department defendant cannot recover competence within 18 months or in fact does not become competent within 18 months, then custody is transferred to the probate court of the county in which defendant was originally found incompetent, upon required certification of the supervising agency and submission of a "detailed psychiatric report”. MCLA 767.27a(7); MSA 28.966(H)(7). This situation does not pertain as yet here, though the point of decision in this regard has been reached.
Consequently, in this case, because the March 11, 1977, hearing was a non-statutory hearing and because 18 months have elapsed since the trial court’s original finding of incompetence, we hold that the normal provision for statutory hearing within 18 months must now be observed. We also note that a full, detailed and contemporaneous report on defendant’s psychiatric condition as required by statute should be presented to the trial court in order to correctly evaluate his immediate competence to stand trial. With these considerations in mind, after reviewing all of defendant’s allegations of error as presented on this appeal, we affirm the trial court.
Affirmed.
MCLA 767.27a; MSA 28.966(11) reads in part as follows:
"(1) A person accused of a crime who is incompetent to stand trial shall not be proceeded against while he is incompetent. A person is incompetent to stand trial within the meaning of this section if he is incapable of understanding the nature and object of the proceedings against him, of comprehending his own condition in reference to the proceedings, or of assisting in his defense in a rational or reasonable manner.
"(2) The issue of competence to stand trial may be raised by the prosecuting attorney, defense counsel, by any interested person on leave of the court, or by the court on its own motion. The time and form of the procedure incident to raising the issue of competence shall be provided by court rule.
"(3) Upon a showing that the defendant may be incompetent to stand trial, the court shall commit the defendant in the criminal case to the custody of the center for forensic psychiatry or to any other diagnostic facility certified by the department of mental health for the performance of forensic psychiatric evaluation. The commitment shall be for a period not to exceed 60 days. Within that period the center or other facility shall prepare a diagnostic report and recommendations which are to be transmitted to the committing court.
"(4) Upon receipt of the diagnostic report and recommendations the sheriff shall immediately return the defendant to the committing court and the court shall immediately hear and determine the issue of competence to stand trial. The diagnostic report and recommendations shall be admissible as evidence in the hearing, but not for any other purpose in the pending criminal proceedings.
"(5) If the defendant is adjudged to be incompetent to stand trial, he shall be committed to the department of mental health for treatment in a public institution approved for the purpose by the department of mental health.”
GCR 1963, 786 reads as follows:
".1 The issue of a defendant’s competence to stand trial as defined in Act No. 266 of the Public Acts of 1966 may be raised at any time before trial by a written motion to commit the defendant to the department of Mental Health.
".2 The issue of defendant’s competence to stand trial may be raised during trial only by the trial court on its own motion.
".3 If defendant is the moving party, the court shall order the defendant committed to a diagnostic facility certified by the department of Mental Health for the performance of forensic psychiatric evaluation for a period not to exceed 60 days from the date of the commitment order.
''.4 If the motion is not made by the defendant, the court shall order the defendant to show cause why he should not be committed to an approved diagnostic facility certified by the department of Mental Health for the performance of forensic psychiatric evaluation, for a period not to exceed 60 days from the date of the commitment order.
".5 When a defendant has been committed to an approved diagnostic facility certified by the department of Mental Health for the performance of forensic psychiatric evaluation, the motion to commit the defendant to the department of Mental Health shall stand adjourned pending receipt of the diagnostic report and recommendation of the facility.
“.6 Where the issue of a defendant’s competence to stand trial is raised during the trial by the court, the trial of the cause shall be continued or a mistrial declared as the court shall in its discretion deem appropriate.
".7 If upon the hearing on the motion the defendant shall be adjudged incompetent to stand trial, he shall be committed to the department of Mental Health pursuant to Act No. 266 of the Public Acts of 1966, and the pending criminal proceedings against such defendant shall stand adjourned until the further order of the court.” | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff sued defendant alleging negligence in the maintenance of a roadway which plaintiff claimed was subject to defendant’s supervision for construction purposes. Defendant answered plaintiffs complaint denying negligence and asserting the affirmative defense of contributory negligence. At the. conclusion of the trial a verdict of no cause of action in favor of defendant was reached and plaintiff appeals as a matter of right.
The basic issue at trial was whether defendant was negligent in failing to place barricades or post signs around a "pier cap” which defendant left on 11 Mile Road on October 24, 1972. Apparently, this section of highway was a service drive to a freeway then under construction. A pier cap is a structure set on columns to support the beams for a bridge. This pier cap was made from reinforced steel, was 40 inches high, three to four feet wide and 40 feet in length.
It was plaintiffs theory that defendant should have placed barricades around the pier cap when they knew or should have known that vehicles were traveling on that portion of the pavement.
J. Frederick Charbonneau, a resident of the area where the accident occurred, testified that there were no barrels near the site of the accident. He stated that Meredith Street was barricaded the night of the accident and was unsure about Grob bel and Milton Streets. He thought that Haverhill, another street leading onto 11 Mile Road, was open. He testified that there was plenty of room off the road for the pier cap.
A special record was made regarding vehicular traffic on 11 Mile Road on days prior to the accident. The special record indicates that on days prior to the accident, vehicles (other than construction vehicles) had used the roadway section where the accident later took place. Three residents of the area, J. Frederick Charbonneau, Dorothy Charbonneau and Christine Berent all testified that they saw vehicles, other than construction vehicles, on the road where the accident took place, at times previous to the date of the accident. This evidence was barred by the trial court. Plaintiff argues that this ruling constituted reversible error. We agree.
In order for there to be negligence, there must exist an unreasonable, foreseeable risk of harm. Samson v Saginaw Professional Building, Inc, 393 Mich 393, 404; 224 NW2d 843 (1975). In determining the degree of care required, both the extent of the possible consequences caused by the risk must be considered, as well as its probability. Samson, supra at 407. The Supreme Court acknowledged that:
"reasonableness, as foreseeability, is normally a question for the jury to determine.” 393 Mich at 407.
We hold that the trial judge erred in excluding from jury consideration the evidence of prior trafile on the roadway. If motorists had previously used the roadway, the chances that they would do so on future dates, including the date of plaintiffs accident, is increased. This evidence thus tends to prove that defendant knew or should have known that vehicles were using the section of roadway where the accident took place and is relevant for purposes of establishing the extent of duty which defendant owed to the public generally. Or put another way, this evidence is relevant for purposes of establishing if the risk of harm created by leaving the pier cap on the roadway was reasonable or unreasonable. The standard of care which is required in any negligence case is that of the "reasonably prudent man acting under the same or similar circumstances.” Wamser v N J Westra & Sons, Inc, 9 Mich App 89, 93; 155 NW2d 871 (1967).
Therefore, the exclusion of this testimony lent weight to defendant’s assertion of contributory negligence. As it is impossible for this Court to determine whether the jury verdict was based on lack of negligence of defendant or due to contributory negligence of plaintiff, we find this exclusion to be "inconsistent with substantial justice”. GCR 1963, 529.1. Reversal is therefore mandated.
A separate record was also taken of testimony regarding precautionary measures taken after the date of the accident. Mr. Charbonneau testified that within a day or two of the accident, a barricade and flashing arrow were put on 11 Mile Road. Ms. Charbonneau testified that the pier cap was taken off the road the next day and that 11 Mile Road was totally blocked at Haverhill. Ms. Berent also stated that 11 Mile Road was blocked off after the date of the accident. The trial court refused to allow this evidence to go before the trier of fact.
On appeal and at trial, both parties conceded that these subsequent precautionary measures were performed by Midwest Bridge Co., who is no longer a party to this litigation.
We note that, as a general rule, evidence of subsequent repairs is inadmissible to show negligence. Grawey v Board of Road Commissioners of the County of Genesee, 48 Mich App 742, 749; 211 NW2d 68 (1973), lv den 390 Mich 814 (1973). However, in Denolf v Frank L Jursik Co, 395 Mich 661; 238 NW2d 1 (1976), thé Supreme Court held that such a policy is not present "where imposition of liability is not sought against the person taking the remedial action”. Denolf, supra at 667. The admission of such evidence was permitted in Denolf to prove negligence, but was limited to situations where: 1) evidence of the subsequent remedial action is otherwise relevant; 2) admission of the evidence would not offend policy considerations in favor of encouraging repairs; and 3) the remedial action is not undertaken at the direction of a party plaintiff.
As all three of these requirements are met in the present case, the trial court’s exclusion of evidence of subsequent remedial action also constitutes reversible error.
To assist the trial court on retrial, we note that plaintiffs attorney attempted to ask a hypothetical question of the State Highway Department engi neer on this construction project. The question’s assumption, that either Milton or Grobbel Streets was left open, was based upon the witness’s own testimony and upon plaintiffs testimony that he had turned from a side street onto 11 Mile Road without encountering any barricades. The trial court sustained defendant’s objection to the question on the ground that there was no evidence supporting the assumption that either Grobbel or Milton Streets were open to traffic.
Although it was not conclusively proven whether Milton or Grobbel Streets provided access to 11 Mile Road, the evidence would tend to establish that such was the case. We hold that plaintiff is correct in contending that the name of the street which was open is actually irrelevant, as plaintiffs case is predicated upon defendant’s duty to barricade the pier cap, assuming that access to the pier cap was possible from one of the side streets.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
Midwest Bridge Co. was originally sued by plaintiff but it settled with plaintiff.
The question that plaintiff’s attorney attempted to ask Robert Coe was:
"I want you to assume that on the 24th day of October, 1972, that either Milton or Grobbel were open, that traffic could get on the service drive, and that a subcontractor had built this pier cap, using reinforcing rods, and had completed the pier cap at approximately 4:30 in the afternoon, and according to the foreman of the subcontractor, put one barrel at the northeast end of the pier cap, without any blinking lights, just a striped barrel. If you saw that condition to exist on the 24th day of October, 1972, when you left the project, what would you do, if anything, as a project engineer?” | [
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Per Curiam.
On October 31, 1975, defendant was convicted of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder following a jury trial in Bay County Circuit Court. He was sentenced on November 24, 1975, to a prison term of 3 to 10 years and now appeals.
At 9 p.m. on September 2, 1975, defendant, James Baker, Florence Turner and others began drinking alcoholic beverages at defendant’s house on Grant Street in Bay City, Michigan. Defendant and Baker had been friends for 14 years. Defendant was the "common-law” husband of Florence Turner, who was Baker’s mother. All three individuals lived at the residence.
Around 11:30 p.m., Baker left the house and purchased a pint which, upon his return, he and the defendant consumed in the kitchen while the rest of those present slept. Two additional pints were purchased during the night.
After defendant and Baker returned from purchasing the third pint at approximately 7 a.m., John McLemore, a mutual friend, arrived for a visit. Shortly afterward, defendant and Baker began arguing over Baker’s relationship with his mother. As the disagreement escalated, Baker arose twice from his chair at the kitchen table and gestured or moved toward defendant in a threatening fashion. The second time Baker stated, "I’ll slaughter you”. Defendant drew a .22-caliber pistol and fired a single shot which hit Baker in the left thigh.
Immediately after the shooting defendant had an overnight guest, Quincy Flinnon, drive him downtown. Defendant was arrested for the assault at approximately 1:30 p.m.
On appeal, defendant argues that the lower court erred in permitting the prosecution to (1) admit a statement obtained in violation of Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966), and (2) introduce a confession which defendant contends was involuntarily given, and challenges (3) the lower court’s instruction on self-defense, (4) the refusal of the court to give a requested instruction on the defense theory of the case, and (5) the court’s decision to allow the use of an allegedly invalid prior conviction for impeachment purposes.
While this court agrees that error was committed by the trial court in admitting a statement obtained from defendant in the absence of the required warnings and in refusing the proposed instruction on the defense theory, we do not decide whether such errors, standing alone, require reversal. Upon an examination of the entire record, however, this Court is convinced that defendant was not accorded a fair trial and his conviction must be reversed. People v Strodder, 394 Mich 193; 229 NW2d 318 (1975) (opinion of T. G. Kavanagh, C. J.), People v Skowronski, 61 Mich App 71; 232 NW2d 306 (1975). Because the questions presented on appeal are likely to arise again on retrial, they will be addressed by this Court.
Issues I and II
Defendant was arraigned on the charges arising from the shooting incident on October 14, 1975, and his trial commenced October 23. Immediately before trial began, defendant filed a motion in limine requesting that the prosecution be ordered to refrain from questioning witnesses as to statements or admissions made by the defendant. On the first day of trial, the motion was argued orally before the court. Defense counsel argued that the prosecutor should be required to lay a foundation as to the admissibility of such statements, including evidence that they were constitutionally obtained, prior to their introduction. The court ruled that defendant’s motion was "a backhand motion for suppression of evidence” not properly before the court. The court further held that a mere request for suppression of the statements was insufficient to require a preliminary hearing on the matter.
During trial, Bay City Police Officer Eugene Van Allen, who had investigated the shooting immediately after its occurrence, testified that he observed the defendant at approximately 1:30 p.m. on Madison Street. The officer approached the defendant with his gun drawn, ordered the defendant to keep his hands in sight and checked the defendant for a weapon. Upon finding defendant unarmed, Van Allen put away his gun and questioned the defendant about the shooting. Defense counsel objected to any further testimony and was permitted to voir dire the witness.
In the officer’s opinion defendant was not intoxicated when the officer questioned him. While Van Allen testified that he had not arrested the defendant when their conversation occurred, he admitted having taken "control” of the defendant.
Defense counsel objected to the admission of defendant’s statement to Van Allen on the basis that defendant had not been advised of his constitutional rights. The prosecutor responded that the questioning was investigatory rather than custodial. The trial court ruled that since defendant was not under arrest, but only in custody, his statement was admissible.
Officer Van Allen thereafter described his conversation with defendant:
"I said, 'Did you shoot a guy?’, and his response was —he asked me, 'Is he dead?’ I said, 'No, he’s in the hospital.’ At that time, Mr. Robinson stated to me, he says, 'Then what difference does it make?’, and that was the last I talked to him.”
After the discussion, Van Allen arrested the defendant and transported him to the police station where the officer advised defendant of his rights.
Following Van Allen’s testimony Bay County Police Officer Ronald W. Remington took the stand and testified that he questioned Robinson while the defendant was being booked. Defense counsel moved that the officer be precluded from testifying to defendant’s statement before showing that defendant had been advised of his rights and that defendant gave the statement voluntarily. The trial court ruled that the former should have been raised in a motion to suppress and that the latter was a question for the jury.
Officer Remington testified that defendant admitted shooting Baker and said that he had meant to shoot him in the leg. Defendant further stated, however, that he now wished that he had killed Baker.
Defense counsel renewed his objections to the admission of the statements in a motion for a new trial. During oral argument on the motion, the trial court granted defendant a Walker hearing. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court ruled that the absence of Miranda warnings at the time of defendant’s statement to Officer Van Allen rendered the statement inadmissible since defendant was then in custody. Because the fact that defendant shot Baker was never contested, however, the court ruled the error harmless. With regard to the second statement, the court was of the opinion that defendant had understood his rights and had voluntarily waived them.
Since defendant objected to the admission of his statements to Officers Van Allen and Remington at trial, and a Walker hearing has been held as to the voluntariness of the second statement, the issues raised by defendant have been properly preserved for appellate review. People v Gould, 61 Mich App 614; 233 NW2d 109 (1975), People v Qualls, 9 Mich App 689; 158 NW2d 60 (1968), cert den, 393 US 960; 89 S Ct 397; 21 L Ed 2d 374 (1968). See, People v Carroll, 396 Mich 408; 240 NW2d 722 (1976).
In Michigan a person upon whom a criminal investigation has focused must be given Miranda warnings before any statements made in response to police interrogation will be admissible into evidence. People v Reed, 393 Mich 342; 224 NW2d 867 (1975), cert den 422 US 1044, 1048; 95 S Ct 2660, 2665; 45 L Ed 2d 696, 701 (1975), People v Ridley, 396 Mich 603; 242 NW2d 402 (1976). In the present case, the prosecution stipulated at the Walker hearing that the police investigation had focused on defendant at the time Officer Van Allen questioned Robinson. Defendant’s original responses, to Officer Van Allen, therefore, were inadmissible.
In reviewing the lower court’s finding that the statement given to Officer Remington was given voluntarily, this Court must examine the entire record and make an independent determination of the issue. The ruling of the trial judge will not be reversed unless this Court is convinced that a mistake was committed and the decision of the trial judge is clearly erroneous. People v McGillen #1, 392 Mich 251; 220 NW2d 677 (1974), People v Thomas Jones, 73 Mich App 107; 251 NW2d 264 (1976), People v Combs, 69 Mich App 711; 245 NW2d 338 (1976).
At the Walker hearing, Officer Remington testified that he assisted Officer Van Allen in bringing defendant into the station following his arrest. Van Allen advised defendant of his rights in Remington’s presence. Defendant indicated that he understood his rights, that he did not wish to consult with an attorney and that he was willing to discuss the shooting. Between 10 and 20 min utes later, when defendant was being fingerprinted, Remington asked the defendant whether he had shot Baker and the conversation, earlier described at trial, occurred. Remington testified that at the time of the statement defendant was calm. No threats or coercion had been made or exerted to secure the statement. While the officer detected alcohol on defendant’s breath, he was of the opinion that defendant was not intoxicated. The defendant did not stumble or stagger, his speech was normal rather than slurred, his answers were responsive and he was neither confused nor disoriented.
Roger Bard, a clinical psychologist, was called by the defense to testify. At defense counsel’s request Bard had sought to evaluate defendant’s intelligence level and communicative skills by administering the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test and the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale to defendant at the Bay County jail.
The witness evaluated defendant’s intelligence as bordering on the dull normal range. He further testified that Robinson’s performance on sub-tests relating to communicative abilities was lower than his general intelligence levels would indicate: as to verbal communication, defendant functioned in the borderline between the dull normal and mentally defective ranges. The witness indicated that, on the basis of such tests and a diagnostic inter view, he was of the opinion that the ability of the defendant to comprehend his rights was doubtful.
On cross-examination, Bard indicated that there had been a fair amount of confusion at the jail when the tests were administered which would significantly affect the ability of a subject to concentrate. In addition, defendant’s attitude was erratic, he was lackadaisical, did not care whether he performed well and simply wanted to complete the tests. At one point, defendant indicated that he did not feel well. Because of these factors, defendant’s test score could vary as much as 10 points which would conceivably place defendant in the high end of the dull normal range. The chance that defendant did not understand his rights was termed a "possibility”.
Defendant took the stand and testified that he was 48 years old, had attended school until the fourth or fifth grade, could not read and could not write anything but his name. According to defendant, he drank about a fifth of vodka on the morning of the shooting between the time he left the house and his arrest, having a drink as late as 15 minutes before his arrest. He also reiterated his trial testimony that he consumed alcohol throughout the night preceding the shooting. He was unable to remember being questioned by either Van Allen or Remington nor could he recall being advised of his constitutional rights. He further testified that he was unable to define a "right”.
On cross-examination, defendant admitted that he had been arrested before and had heard the warnings read to a criminal defendant previously. He explained the right to remain silent, the right to have an attorney present and the right to have a lawyer appointed. He testified that no physical force had been used against him and that everyone at the station had been "pretty nice”.
The evidence presented at the Walker hearing presents a close question as to whether defendant knowingly waived his constitutional rights. This Court, however, is unable to declare the conclusion of the trial court clearly erroneous.
Defendant was able to explain various rights when questioned on cross-examination. In addition, his testimony at the Walker hearing regarding his level of intoxication varied significantly from that given at trial. At trial, defendant testified that he had stopped drinking early on the morning of September 3 and was not intoxicated when he went to an office of the Michigan Employment Security Commission at approximately 10:15 a.m. Whereas, at the Walker hearing defendant testified that he drank a fifth of vodka between leaving the house and his arrest. At trial defendant initially stated that he did not drink at all and then testified that he consumed about a pint of alcohol. In addition, at trial defendant was able to remember in detail the events which occurred during the morning of the shooting. Finally, defendant’s attitude and health during the time of the intelligence tests and the circumstances under which they were administered render the tests results of questionable accuracy.
Issue III
Defense counsel requested that the trial court give the proposed standard criminal jury instruction regarding self-defense. 1 CJI, 7:9:01, p 7-159, provides in relevant part:
"(2) In considering whether or not the defendant acted in lawful self-defense, you should carefully consider all of the evidence in light of the following rules:
"(3) First, at the time of the act the defendant must honestly believe that he is in danger of being killed or of receiving serious bodily harm.” (Footnote omitted.) (Emphasis supplied.)
Instead, the trial court instructed the jury "that at the time of the act ** * * the Defendant must honestly and reasonably believe he is in danger of being killed or receiving serious bodily harm”. At the conclusion of the charge, defense counsel objected to the additional requirement that defendant must have "reasonably” believed he was in danger. The objection was also renewed, and rejected, in defendant’s motion for a new trial and is now reasserted on appeal.
From the earliest Michigan cases to the most recent decisions of the Supreme Court and this Court, the test of whether the use of deadly force is excusable or justified has been generally stated to include the requirement that the defendant’s belief be reasonable. There are also cases, how ever, that require only that the belief of the accused be honest or actual. We agree with the committee responsible for the proposed jury instructions that the validity of a claim of self-defense ultimately depends upon whether the accused actually believes he is in danger of death or serious bodily harm. The fact that a defendant testifies that he honestly believed he was in danger does not require, as the prosecutor seems to argue, that the jury accept the defendant’s statement as true. The jury must determine the credibility of that statement just as it does every other statement made by the defendant or any other witness. And certainly the jury may and should be instructed that it may consider the reasonableness of the alleged belief in determining whether or not it actually existed in the mind of the defendant at the time of the assault. The ultimate question to be decided by the jury, however, is not whether a reasonable man under the same or similar circumstances would have believed himself to be in danger but rather whether this defendant truly had such a belief.
In determining whether one claiming self-defense believed he was in danger, the trier-of-fact must examine the circumstances as they appeared to the accused, not as they actually existed.
"The first inquiry necessary is one which applies equally to all of the grounds of defense; and is whether the necessity of taking life, in order to excuse or justify the slayer, must be one arising out of actual and imminent danger; or whether he may act upon a belief, arising from appearances which give him reasonable cause for it, that the danger is actual and imminent, although he may turn out to be mistaken.
"Were a man charged with a crime to be held to a knowledge of all facts precisely as they are, there could be few cases in which the most innocent intention or honest zeal could justify or excuse homicide. The jury, by a careful sifting of witnesses on both sides, in cool blood, and aided by the comments of court and counsel, may arrive at a tolerably just conclusion on the circumstances of an assault. But the prisoner, who is to justify himself, can hardly be expected to be entirely cool in a deadly affray, or in all cases to have great courage or large intellect; and can not well see the true meaning of all that occurs at the time; while he can know nothing whatever concerning what has occurred elsewhere, or concerning the designs of his assailants, any more than can be inferred from appearances. And the law, while it will not generally excuse mistakes of law (because every man is bound to know that), does not hold men responsible for a knowledge of facts unless their ignorance arises from fault or negligence.”
Pond v People, 8 Mich 150, 173-174 (1860), Hurd v People, 25 Mich 405 (1872), People v Giacalone, 242 Mich 16; 217 NW 758 (1928), People v Shelton, 64 Mich App 154; 235 NW2d 93 (1975).
Among the circumstances to be considered are the relative size and strength of the parties, People v Harris, 95 Mich 87; 54 NW 648 (1893), People v Giacalone, supra, see, People v Joeseype John son, 75 Mich App 337; 254 NW2d 667 (1977), and the mental condition of the accused as affected by prior altercations with the victim, People v Tillman, 132 Mich 23; 92 NW 499 (1902), People v Giacalone, supra, People v Bell, 14 Mich App 80; 165 NW2d 283 (1968), threats made by the victim to the accused, Brownell v People, 38 Mich 732 (1878), People v Giacalone, supra, People v Cameron, 52 Mich App 463; 217 NW2d 401 (1974), the defendant’s personal knowledge of the victim’s violent character and his awareness of the victim’s general reputation for violence, Hurd v People, supra, People v Harris, supra, People v Stallworth, 364 Mich 528; 111 NW2d 742 (1961). In addition, the trier-of-fact, in evaluating the defendant’s conduct, is to consider the defendant’s prior experience in dealing with violent situations and the defendant’s own particular level of courage. People v Lennon, 71 Mich 298; 38 NW 871; 15 Am St R 259 (1888), People v Bennett, 121 Mich 241; 80 NW 9 (1899).
Michigan case law clearly emphasizes a subjective analysis of the circumstances surrounding the use of deadly force. A jury which is instructed to assume the defendant’s mental attitude and physical characteristics and to view the circumstances as they appeared to the defendant is in fact being instructed to decide whether the defendant is testifying truthfully in asserting an honest belief in imminent peril. While we do not believe that the instruction in the present case prevented the jury from making a proper determination of the asserted defense, this Court is of the opinion that it would be better on retrial to use the language employed in the proposed standard jury instruction. See, Michigan Supreme Court Administrative Order, No 1977-1, 399 Mich, lxxii (1977).
Issue IV
During trial defense counsel submitted to the court an instruction setting forth the defense theory of the case. The court refused to give it, stating that the instruction contained a recital of evidentiary matters and was too long. The court ruled that the instruction would be reduced without eliminating the defense theories.
During its charge to the jury, the trial court mentioned that a claim of self-defense was asserted and enumerated the legal principles involved. Defense counsel did not object to the court’s refusal to give the requested instruction.
In his motion for a new trial, defendant challenged the court’s decision. The court upheld its earlier ruling on the basis that the instruction submitted was a recital of facts as contended for by the defendant.
It is well-recognized that a defendant is entitled to have the jury instructed on his theory of the case if such an instruction is requested and supported by competent evidence. People v McIntosh, 400 Mich 1; 252 NW2d 779 (1977), People v Hoefle, 276 Mich 428; 267 NW 644 (1936). See, People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich 379; 236 NW2d 461 (1975). The question presently before us is whether a theory of the case consists of the factual propositions advanced by a party or the legal principles governing the validity of a claim or defense.
GCR 1963, 516 provides:
".1 At or before the close of the evidence, any party may, or at any time the Court reasonably directs, the parties shall file written requests that the court instruct the jury on the law as set forth in the request.
".7 It is the duty of the court to present to the jury the issues in the case and the theories of the parties. At the close of the evidence each party shall submit to the court a statement of the issues and his theory of the case as to each issue. * * * It shall be submitted in addition to requests for instructions submitted under subrule 516.1. The statement shall set forth as issues only those disputed propositions of fact which are supported by the evidence. The statement of the theory may include those claims supported by the evidence or admitted. ” (Emphasis supplied.)
GCR 1963, 516.7 has been held applicable to criminal proceedings. GCR 1963, 785.1(1), People v Savoie, 75 Mich App 248; 255 NW2d 11 (1977). See, People v Trammell, 70 Mich App 351; 247 NW2d 311 (1976). When the two sections of the court rule are read together, it is clear that the law by which the case is to be decided is distinguishable from a party’s theory.
The proposed standard criminal jury instructions provide:
"The theory of the defense, if requested in writing, must be given if supported by any evidence. Counsel should submit a short factual statement embodying their theory.” 1 CJI p 3-33. (Emphasis supplied.)
Finally, in People v Welke, 342 Mich 164, 169; 68 NW2d 759, 761 (1955), the Supreme Court stated:
"[R]eversible error was committed by the trial court’s refusal to state the theory of the defendant’s case. The court’s instructions were confined to the law applicable.”
See, also, People v Cummins, 47 Mich 334; 11 NW 184 (1882), People v Hoeñe, supra, People v McIntosh, supra.
On retrial, the circuit court is directed to give the factual theory of the defense if supported by any evidence.
Issue V
Besides challenging the admissibility of his statements in his motion in limine, defendant also requested that the prosecutor be ordered to refrain from referring to defendant’s prior criminal record. During argument on the motion, the trial court indicated that defendant’s record consisted of a 1950 conviction for unlawfully driving away an automobile and a 1957 conviction for attempted breaking and entering. The court ruled that the earlier conviction could not be used to impeach the defendant because of its remoteness. The prosecutor, however, was to be allowed to use the later conviction. Although defense counsel argued that the 1957 conviction was an invalid guilty plea, he gave no reason for the allegation. The court ruled, therefore, that the presumption of the validity of the conviction prevailed.
Subsequently, during direct examination, defense counsel asked defendant if he had pled guilty to attempted breaking and entering in 1957 and defendant responded affirmatively.
In his motion for a new trial defendant argued that the trial court erred in ruling on the motion in limine because of the date of the conviction and because it was based on a guilty plea obtained in violation of defendant’s right to counsel. During oral argument on the motion, the circuit court held a hearing pursuant to People v Moore, 391 Mich 426; 216 NW2d 770 (1974), regarding the validity of defendant’s second claim. Defendant téstified that he did not have the assistance of a lawyer at the time of his plea; he was unable to remember whether he was advised of the availability of appointed counsel. The trial court found defendant’s proofs unpersuasive and further held that it had not abused its discretion in ruling that the 1957 conviction could be used for impeachment purposes.
On appeal, defendant renews his argument that the conviction was invalid and could not be used for impeachment purposes.
This Court agrees with the conclusion of the lower court that defendant failed to present sufficient evidence to require the prosecution to establish the constitutional validity of the conviction. People v Moore, supra, People v Henry, 395 Mich 367; 236 NW2d 489 (1975).
On appeal defendant does not reassert his contention that the trial court in permitting the conviction to be used for impeachment purposes abused its discretion. Nevertheless, this Court notes that the remoteness of the conviction dimin ishes the value of such evidence in demonstrating the credibility of the accused. People v Penn, 71 Mich App 517; 248 NW2d 602 (1976). See, People v Townsend, 60 Mich App 204; 230 NW2d 378 (1975). On retrial, therefore, the prosecution should not be permitted to use the conviction for impeachment purposes.
Reversed and remanded.
MCLA 750.84; MSA 28.279.
The issue of voluntariness, once decided by the trial court, is not resubmitted to the jury. The jury’s determination regarding the statement of the accused is limited to assessing its weight and credibility. People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965). While the court’s comment in the instant case indicates a contrary position, the court, in its instructions, properly limited the function of the jury.
Id.
Defendant also argued at the hearing on his motion for a new trial, and presently contends on appeal, that, granting the constitutional invalidity of his initial statement, his subsequent confession is inadmissible as having been obtained by exploitation of the primary illegality. Generally, People v Radowick, 63 Mich App 734; 235 NW2d 28 (1975).
Defendant’s argument presents a question of fact. People v Radowick, supra. Because the trial court in the instant case did not expressly rule on defendant’s argument, we are unable to review the issue properly. Upon remand, the lower court is directed to make a determination regarding the issue.
In Beckwith v United States, 425 US 341; 96 S Ct 1612; 48 L Ed 2d 1 (1976), the Supreme Court rejected a claim that statements made by one during the course of an interview with agents of the IRS, investigating the possibility of criminal tax fraud, were inadmissible in the absence of Miranda warnings once the investigation had focused on the accused. The Court held that the warnings were only required when a defendant was questioned while in custody or otherwise deprived of his liberty in any significant way.
Given Officer Van Allen’s testimony at trial, this Court finds no reason to reassess the position of the Michigan courts in light of the Beckwith decision.
The witness described the Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test as "a brief screening instrument for assisting perceptual disturbances caused by organicity or personality disturbance”.
According to the witness, the "Wechsler Adult Scale is an individual administered intelligence test composed of eleven subtests that are divided into two broad areas, [it] characterizes a verbal scale and a performance scale. It is aimed at testing * * * for different abilities, from such things as short-term memory to verbal comprehension, of abstract concepts, the ability to sort out similarities and differences among common place objects and to classify these differences.”
People v Doe, 1 Mich 451, 457 (1850) ("reasonable ground to believe”), Pond v People, 8 Mich 150, 173 (i860) ("a belief, arising from appearances which give him reasonable cause for it”), Hurd v People, 25 Mich 405, 412 (1872) ("had reason to believe, and did believe”), People v Coughlin, 67 Mich 466, 473-474; 35 NW 72 (1887) ("[T]he burden of proof was upon the prosecution to satisfy the jury * * * that no reasonable belief existed in defendant’s mind”), People v Harris, 95 Mich 87, 90; 54 NW 648 (1893) ("reasonable apprehension”), People v Tubbs, 147 Mich 1, 10; 110 NW 132 (1907) ("reasonable cause to believe”), People v Meert, 157 Mich 93, 101; 121 NW 318 (1909) ("The belief * * * must not only be honest, but must be reasonable”), People v Giacalone, 242 Mich 16, 21; 217 NW 758 (1928) ("an honest and reasonable belief”), People v Lenkevich, 394 Mich 117, 124; 229 NW2d 298 (1975) ("reasonably to believe”), People v Bright, 50 Mich App 401, 407; 213 NW2d 279 (1973) ("reasonably believed”), People v Shelton, 64 Mich App 154, 156; 235 NW2d 93 (1975) ("reasonable belief ”), People v Perez, 66 Mich App 685, 692; 239 NW2d 432 (1976) ("reasonable belief”), People v Oster, 67 Mich App 490, 501; 241 NW2d 260 (1976) ("Not only must the defendant believe himself to be in great danger, but that belief must also be reasonable under the circumstances.”), People v Sizemore, 69 Mich App 672, 676; 245 NW2d 159 (1976) ("a reasonable and honest belief”), People v Cooper, 73 Mich App 660, 663; 252 NW2d 564 (1977) ("reasonable belief ”).
Patten v People, 18 Mich 314, 333; 100 Am Dec 173 (1869) ("if * ** * he believed there was imminent danger of death or great bodily harm”), People v Lennon, 71 Mich 298, 300-301; 38 NW 871; 15 Am St R 259 (1888) ("[D]id the accused * * * honestly believe that he was in danger of his life, or great bodily harm, and that it was necessary to do what he did in order to save himself from such apparent threatened danger? If so, the inquiry is ended.”), People v Hull, 86 Mich 449, 459; 49 NW 288 (1891) ("honestly believes”), People v Piper, 112 Mich 644, 645; 71 NW 174 (1897) ("honestly believing”), People v Burkard, 374 Mich 430, 438; 132 NW2d 106 (1965) ("honest belief”), People v Vail, 49 Mich App 578, 593; 212 NW2d 268 (1973), rev’d on other grounds, 393 Mich 460; 227 NW2d 535 (1975) ("honestly believed”), People v Cameron, 52 Mich App 463, 465; 217 NW2d 401 (1974) ("[U]nder all of the circumstances as they appeared to him at the time, he was in danger”), People v Joeseype Johnson, 75 Mich App 337, 344; 254 NW2d 667 (1977) ("honest belief”).
Besides instructing the jury that defendant’s actions were to be judged in light of the circumstances as they appeared to him, the court charged:
"In deciding whether at the time that the Defendant feared for his life or safety, you should consider all the surrounding circumstances, all the conditions of the parties, all the prior relations, and their [ojngoing relations that night, whether or not one was armed with a dangerous weapon and the other wasn’t, or both were, or whether the other party had the means to injure the Defendant in the nature of any attack or threat that was made against the party, the previous acts of brutality or threats or anything of that nature that may have existed of which the Defendant was aware.
"In this connection there has been evidence introduced in the case regarding alleged past acts of violence by James Baker, and bothering the Defendant and other persons in that those alleged past acts were known to the Defendant, and you may consider that evidence. Whether the Defendant reasonably believed the Plaintiff to be a person of cruelty and violence, you may consider such evidence as bearing on the likelihood that James Baker threatened the Defendant with bodily harm, and the reasonableness of the Defendant’s fear for his health and safety.” | [
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C. W. Simon, Jr., J.
Appellant seeks de novo relief from a decision of the trial court changing custody of two minors from appellant to appellee.
The parties were married on August 27, 1966, in Bay City, Michigan. Thereafter, they lived in Fair-grove, Michigan and had two children. The couple separated in January of 1974 and on October 15, 1974, a judgment of divorce was entered in the Tuscola County Circuit Court. The judgment gave custody of the minor children to defendant wife and provided that plaintiff pay $21 per child per week for child support. At this point, the defendant and the children lived in Bay City (in Bay County) and the plaintiff continued to live in Fairgrove (in Tuscola County).
In 1975 the plaintiff remarried. On August 18, 1975, he filed a motion in the Tuscola County Circuit Court for modification of the divorce judgment, seeking custody of the two children. At this time plaintiff was still living in the Fairgrove farmhouse and had taken up farming. He earned about $138 per week on an annualized basis from his farming and had secured a full-time job for the winter. The defendant and the children were living in a large Bay City apartment across the street from the school attended by the children. The defendant worked as a full-time secretary and took home $92 a week. She also received child support payments. The defendant had not remarried since the divorce and dated about twice a week.
On August 27, 1975, the defendant moved to change venue from Tuscola County to Bay County where the children resided. Tuscola County Circuit Judge Martin Clements granted the motion and changed venue to Bay County. Shortly thereafter, the plaintiff moved for a change of venue back to Tuscola County. Bay County Circuit Judge Leon Dardas granted the motion in December of 1975. The defendant applied for leave to appeal Judge Dardas’ action to this Court but we denied leave on July 20, 1976.
The case was heard by Tuscola County Circuit Judge Clements on October 13, 1976. The prosecutor had filed a "Report of the Prosecuting Attorney Against Contesting Divorce” which indicated that the case had been investigated and that he would not contest the action. No friend of the court report was made.
The evidence indicated that the children were having no difficulties in school. Plaintiff’s charge that the defendant’s dating habits upset the children was apparently groundless. The defendant worked full-time and had to leave the children with a baby-sitter or at a child care center while she worked. The plaintiff attacked the defendant’s choice of sitters. The plaintiff also claimed that the defendant used foul language in front of the children and was not concerned with their religious upbringing. Neither of these charges was substantiated. The plaintiff and his wife described their recreational activities with the children.
The children were interviewed individually by the trial judge. They did not want to be separated and preferred to live with their father. They said they would feel better there, wanted to live on the farm and did not like spending so much time with baby-sitters.
A clinical psychologist testified as a witness for the defendant. He found the defendant to be a good stable parent. Both children were normal but sad in anticipation of leaving their mother. However, both children preferred to live with their father because they felt he needed them more; they did not like staying with baby-sitters so often, and they looked forward to living on the farm and going to their old school. There was some evidence of prompting by plaintiff. The children were not concerned about their mother’s dating practices.
The defendant discussed the things she and the children did together. She mentioned the children’s many friends. Teachers and neighbors also testified on behalf of the defendant.
After deliberating for 20 minutes, the trial court decided that the children should live with their father. He examined the ten factors listed in the Child Custody Act (MCLA 722.21 et seq.; MSA 25.312[1] et seq.) and based his decision on the best interests of the children. The judge found that the children had lived longer with their mother but that the stability of the environment was disrupted by baby-sitters. He gave "significant weight to the desires of the children” although these desires were not "conclusive on” the judge.
Thereafter, the defendant moved for attorneys’ fees and costs but the motion was denied. The defendant now appeals.
The defendant raises several issues which merit discussion. But in addressing those issues we must be careful to heed the cogent words of Justice Graves nearly 100 years ago:
"In contests of this kind the opinion is now nearly universal that neither of the parties has any rights that can be allowed to seriously militate against the welfare of the child. The paramount consideration is what is really demanded by its best interests. It is doing no violence to what is taught by judicial experience to assume that the disputing parties will be more alive to the satisfaction of their own feelings and interests than to the true end of the inquisition; while the innocent subject of the contention is utterly unable to speak or act for itself, and is in danger of being lost sight of in the strife for its possession. No other occasion can call more loudly for judicial vigilance in reaching for the exact truth, and in putting aside with an unsparing hand the mere technicalities of procedure. The fate or interest of the child is not to depend on what the parties may see proper to state or to evade in their formal altercations, nor on any artificial rule of pleading. There should be full inquiry and an exhaustive examination on oath in order that the tribunal may have all the light practicable.” Corrie v Corrie, 42 Mich 509, 510; 4 NW 213 (1880). (Emphasis supplied.)
The first issue raised and discussed is whether the court which originally granted the divorce and determined child custody has venue for an action to change custody where the children no longer reside in that court’s county.
Plaintiffs motion was a motion to modify a divorce judgment. MCLA 552.16; MSA 25.96 specifically provides that upon granting a divorce,
" * * * the court may make such further decree as it shall deem just and proper, concerning the care, custody and maintenance of the minor children of the parties, and may determine with which of the parents the children, or any of them, shall remain.”
And MCLA 552.17; MSA 25.97 states:
"The court may, from time to time afterwards, on the petition of either of the parents, revise and alter such decree concerning the care, custody and maintenance of the children, or any of them, and make a new decree concerning the same, as the circumstances of the parents, and the benefit of the children, shall require.”
Thus, it is apparent that jurisdiction over children of divorced parents remains in the court which granted the divorce until the' youngest child attains the age of 18. Lem v Lem, 12 Mich App 174, 177; 162 NW2d 683 (1968).
The defendant relies upon MCLA 722.26; MSA 25.312(6) (a portion of the Child Custody Act of 1970) and Kubiak v Steen, 51 Mich App 408; 215 NW2d 195 (1974). But MCLA 722.26 provides in pertinent part:
"When there is no other action or proceeding pending for the resolution of the dispute, it shall be submitted to the circuit court of the county where the child resides or may be found by complaint or complaint and motion for order to show cause.”
And MCLA 722.27; MSA 25.312(7) implicitly recognizes the original divorce court’s continuing jurisdiction.
The Child Custody Act is remedial and supplemental in nature and is not intended to oust divorce chancellors of their jurisdiction. See Jewell v Grand Traverse County Probate Judge, 51 Mich App 134, 145; 214 NW2d 717 (1974). This statutory and judicial scheme is seen again in GCR 1963, 724.1(5). The purpose of that rule is stated in the Comments of the Study Committee in 4 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated, 1976 Pocket Part, pp 44-45:
"The purpose of the above rule is to clarify procedure in courts of record in instances where a prior court of record has assumed and continues jurisdiction of the person of a minor. It also provides guidelines for communication and administrative coordination between such courts. Though not exclusive, the rule is intended to be applicable where a court has assumed jurisdiction in proceedings for divorce, * * * and proceedings are commenced in another court having a separate ground for jurisdiction of the same child. The procedure is predicated on the legal premise that, in such instances, the second court must first determine if by law separate grounds for jurisdiction of the child exist; * * * . It assumes the judge of the second court will determine and act only to such extent as additional subject matter of which he has jurisdiction requires. * * * ” (Emphasis supplied.)
In this case, the Tuscola County Circuit Court is the trial court having jurisdiction and proper venue of the petition presented by the plaintiff. Transfer of the case to the Bay County Circuit Court was error. Judge Dardas correctly exercised his authority under GCR 1963, 404 in returning the case to Tuscola County.
Kubiak v Steen, supra, is easily distinguished from the case at bar. In that case, a custody action under the general chancery jurisdiction of the Child Custody Act of 1970 was instituted by third parties (the maternal grandparents) who sought custody of a child whose custodial parent (the mother) had been killed in an automobile accident. The grandparents presented their petition to the circuit court of the child’s residence and not to the circuit which had granted the divorce. The child’s father attempted to change the venue but failed. This Court affirmed the trial court’s decision.
In Kubiak, the divorce court’s jurisdiction was either (1) terminated by the death of the custodial parent, or (2) concurrent with the second court. Under those circumstances, venue was properly laid in the county of the child’s residence. By contrast, the present case is . merely the continuation of a dispute between parents; no third parties are involved. Under these circumstances, the trial court which granted the divorce had continuing jurisdiction and venue.
A second issue is whether it was error for plaintiff to fail to properly notify the prosecuting attorney of the pendency of the petition to modify the divorce judgment and thereby create a jurisdictional defect.
MCLA 552.45; MSA 25.121 states in relevant part:
"Every bill of complaint filed shall set forth the names and ages of all children of the marriage, and when there are children under 17 years of age a copy of the summons issued in the cause shall be served upon the prosecuting attorney of the county where the suit is commenced, or upon the friend of the court in those counties having a population of 500,000 or more which have a friend of the court. The prosecuting attorney or friend of the court so served shall enter his appearance in the cause, and when, in his judgment, the interest of the children or the public good so requires, he shall introduce evidence and appear at the hearing and oppose the granting of a decree of divorce.”
A clear reading of this statute indicates that notification to the prosecutor is required in the initial divorce proceedings, not in later modification proceedings. The statutory provision concerning modification of divorce judgments, MCLA 552.17; MSA 25.97, does not contain such a requirement. However, Michigan case law has consistently held that the statute applies to modification proceedings. E.g., Jernigan v Jernigan, 344 Mich 511, 516-517; 73 NW2d 910 (1955), Bishop v Bishop, 286 Mich 567, 570; 282 NW 246 (1938), Fish v Fish, 21 Mich App 183, 184; 175 NW2d 343 (1970). Further, the statute creates a jurisdictional requirement which we are compelled to recognize. Young v Young, 13 Mich App 395, 400-401; 164 NW2d 585 (1968).
In the present case, the prosecutor was notified of the original divorce action and he entered his appearance and a boilerplate form stating that he would not contest the action. There is no document in the file to show that the prosecutor was notified of the petition to change custody. However, the file does contain a report from the prosecutor which is dated the day of the hearing. The report states that the case has been investigated and that the prosecutor will not contest the action. Presence of the report indicates that the prosecutor had proper notice of the pendency of the modification petition. The statutory and case law requirements were met. See Fish v Fish, supra, 184.
The third issue raises the question whether the absence of a friend of the court report in a contested custody matter creates a jurisdictional defect where the action is a motion for modification of the divorce decree.
MCLA 552.45; MSA 25.121 merely states that where a county has a population of 500,000 or more, the documents in a divorce action may be served upon the friend of the court as an alternative to filing with the county prosecutor. And MCLA 552.253; MSA 25.173 states that circuit judges
" * * * may refer to the 'Friend of the Court’ for investigation and recommendation all pleadings, including motions in divorce, separate maintenance and annulment cases wherein the rights of dependent minor children are involved. * * * ” (Emphasis supplied.)
However, the general court rules impose some what stricter requirements on the parties. GCR 1963, 723.2 requires in part:
".2 Process Where There Are Children.
"(1) Notice to the Friend of the Court. If there are children of the marriage under the age of 18, copies of all process, pleadings, notices, or other papers filed in the case shall be served upon the Friend of the Court within the time allowed for service of the same on the opposite party.”
And GCR 1963, 727.1 states:
".1 Investigation and Report. In all actions in which an application is made for alimony, for the support and maintenance of a wife or minor children, or for the custody of the minor children, the Friend of the Court shall:
"(1) Investigate the financial ability, occupation and earning capacity of the parties; and
"(2) If there are minor children, investigate the home conditions, environment and surroundings of the parties and of any other person in whose home the children are being kept, or are proposed to be kept at any time; and
"(3) Include in a final report a finding as to home conditions and finances of the parties and the moral surroundings and care given the child or children, together with a recommendation as to custody, visitation rights, amount of support, and amount of alimony. A copy of the final report shall be filed and notice of filing given to counsel for each party in the manner provided for in Rule 107.
"All motions may be referred to the Friend of the Court for investigation and recommendation.” (Emphasis supplied.)
A friend of the court report was not filed in this case. The defendant argues that the omission is a jurisdictional defect, much as lack of notice to the county prosecutor is a jurisdictional defect. We do not agree.
General Court Rules 723.2 and 727.1 refer to the commencement of divorce actions and not to motions for modification of the original divorce decree. Rule 727.1 specifically provides that "All motions may be referred to the Friend of the Court for investigation and recommendation.” (Emphasis added.) Hence, after the original divorce decree is issued, all motions for modification may be referred to the friend of the court, but such action is not required by either the relevant statutes or the general court rules. Of course, individual courts may impose this requirement if they so desire. (See, e.g., Wayne County Circuit Court Rule 10.1).
Appellant further alleges that the trial court’s determination that custody of two minor children should be changed from their mother to their father was against the great weight of the evidence.
Since a divorce action is equitable in nature, review is de novo and an appellate court must exercise its independent judgment in reviewing the evidence. Bahr v Bahr, 60 Mich App 354, 360; 230 NW2d 430 (1975). However, since the trial court has had close contact with both parents and with the children involved, and since the interests of the children can only be protected by a sense of security and permanence, we are inclined to give special consideration to the trial court’s findings. See Chubb v Chubb, 297 Mich 501, 506; 298 NW 111 (1941), Young v Young, supra, 399, and keeping in mind Justice Graves’ admonition, this Court should not easily substitute its judgment for that of the learned trial judge who heard this matter for a full day.
The Child Custody Act of 1970 (MCLA 722.21 et seq.; MSA 25.312[1] et seq.) governs a change in custody.
MCLA 722.27; MSA 25.312(7) states in part:
"If a child custody dispute has been submitted to a circuit court as an original action under this act or has arisen incidentally from other actions therein or orders or judgments thereof, for the best interests of the child the court may:
"(c) Modify or amend its previous judgments or orders for proper cause shown or because of change of circumstances * * * . The court shall not modify or amend its previous judgments or orders or issue a new order so as to change the established custodial environment of a child unless there is presented clear and convincing evidence that it is in the best interest of the child.”
MCLA 722.25; MSA 25.312(5) adds:
"When the dispute is between the parents, between agencies or between third persons the best interests of the child shall control.”
MCLA 722.23; MSA 25.312(3) defines "best interests of the child” as the sum total of ten factors which are to be considered, evaluated, and determined by the court.
MCLA 722.28; MSA 25.312(8) provides the following high standard of review for appellate courts:
"To expedite the resolution of a child custody dispute by prompt and final adjudication, all orders and judgments of the circuit court shall be affirmed on appeal unless the trial judge made findings of fact against the great weight of evidence or committed a palpable abuse of discretion or a clear legal error on a major issue.”
The determinative facts in this case indicate that both the plaintiff and the defendant love their children and could provide for them. The children also love their parents. The children spent 2 years with their mother in a large Bay City apartment and attended school across the street. The father lived on the farm where the children were born. And Tuscola County’s Reese School, which the children attended prior to the divorce, is apparently more desirable to the children than the Bay City School.
The children’s mother worked full-time and maintained a reasonable social life. Consequently, the children spent considerable time with babysitters, at day care centers, and with their maternal grandmother. The children were not harmed by this situation, but it was not as desirable as the setting with their father, who had remarried.
Additionally, both children clearly wished to live on the farm with their father, avoid baby-sitters and attend their old school.
After considering each of the ten factors listed in the Child Custody Act, the trial court found that the children should live with their father. We have carefully examined all the evidence and agree with the trial court’s decision. Hence, the trial court’s conclusion that a change in custody was justified by clear and convincing evidence that the change was in the best interests of the children was not against the great weight of the evidence.
Outcalt v Outcalt, 40 Mich App 392; 198 NW2d 779 (1972), does not require a different conclusion. In Outcalt, there was an evidentiary standoff. There is no such standoff in the instant case. The trial court’s determination was correct.
Appellant also alleges that the trial court abused its discretion in denying defendant’s request. for attorneys’ fees and costs.
Both parties agree that a trial court has the discretion to award attorneys’ fees and costs in a custody case. Sovereign v Sovereign, 361 Mich 528, 535-536; 106 NW2d 146 (1960), Schilleman v Schilleman, 61 Mich App 446, 450; 232 NW2d 737 (1975).
It is true that plaintiff "forced” defendant to defend herself against plaintiff’s petition to change custody. However, plaintiff was well within his rights in asking for the change and prevailed at the hearing. Defendant feels she was financially unable to meet her costs. But it appears that defendant’s income is nearly as much as plaintiff’s income. Additionally, plaintiff now has the entire burden of supporting the children.
Under these circumstances, it cannot be said that the trial court abused its discretion in denying defendant’s request for attorneys’ fees and costs.
The decision of the trial court is affirmed; but while we affirm the trial court’s decision, we encourage the court to review his order and provide for most liberal visitation rights for the children’s mother. In child custody matters, we must always maintain that the best interests of the children are paramount and extensive and continued contact with the mother in this case would be in the best interests of the children.
Affirmed.
No costs.
T. M. Burns, P. J., concurred. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff Township of St. Joseph appeals from a decision of the lower court affirming the Michigan State Boundary Commission’s approval of the City of St. Joseph’s petition for annexation of a ten-acre parcel of land located in the township.
On March 13, 1972, the City of St. Joseph filed a petition seeking to annex two parcels of land. The petition was later rejected as legally insufficient based upon defects found in the affidavit and notarization accompanying the document. A subsequent petition was filed on September 6, 1972, which met the legal sufficiency standards. An adjudicative meeting held by the commission to consider the petition resulted in approval of the annexation of parcel A, but a denial of incorporation of parcel B. On August 9, 1973, the commission adopted the findings of fact reached at the adjudicative session.
Plaintiff then filed a petition in the circuit court, challenging the commission’s factual conclusions and final order. The township contended that the petition was barred from consideration because it was filed within two years of another petition covering the same property. MCL 117.9(6); MSA 6.2088(6). The plaintiff further alleged that the findings as a whole had no basis in fact and were contrary to the criteria set forth in MCL 123.1009; MSA 5.2242(9). A temporary restraining order, stipulated to by the parties on November 2, 1973, prevented immediate annexation.
On February 11, 1975, the Attorney General, on behalf of the Boundary Commission, moved to extend the time to file records of the Boundary Commission’s consultations. Prior to the circuit court’s decision on the motion, the commission filed 27 exhibits concerning the disputed parcels. Thereafter, the circuit court, without delineating its reasons, granted the commission’s motion to extend the time of filing. By stipulation, the parties agreed that the 27 exhibits encompassed all of the evidence presented in the commission’s proceedings.
On March 8, 1978, the Attorney General moved for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1), alleging that the plaintiff failed to state a claim upon which relief could be granted. The Attorney General argued that, given the Supreme Court’s decision in Midland Twp v State Boundary Comm, 401 Mich 641; 259 NW2d 326 (1977), the only possible issue left for decision was whether the Boundary Commission’s order was supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record. Contending that such evidence supported the order approving the annexation of parcel A, the Attorney General requested that summary judgment be granted. After considering the briefs and conducting a hearing, the circuit court granted the motion.
The plaintiff initially contests the circuit court’s conclusion finding competent, material and substantial evidence to support the commission’s factual determinations. MCL 24.306(1)(d); MSA 3.560(206)(1)(d); Const 1963, art 6, § 28. In Midland Twp v State Boundary Comm, supra, pp 672-673, the Supreme Court noted with approval a prior analysis of substantial evidence made by Justice Fitzgerald:
"The key phrase 'substantial evidence’ has been construed by this Court to require
" 'a thorough judicial review of administrative decision, a review which considers the whole record — that is, both sides of the record — not just those portions of the record supporting the findings of the administrative agency. Although such a review does not attain the status of de novo review, it necessarily entails a degree of qualitative and quantitative evaluation of evidence considered by an agency. Such review must be undertaken with considerable sensitivity in order that the courts accord due deference to administrative expertise and not invade the province of exclusive administrative fact-finding by displacing an agency’s choice between two reasonably differing views. Cognizant of these concerns, the courts must walk the tightrope of duty which requires judges to provide the prescribed meaningful review.’ Michigan Employment Relations Commission v Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Inc, 393 Mich 116, 124; 223 NW2d 283 (1974).”
The Midland Twp Court further described the deferential standard of review for circuit courts evaluating Boundary Commission proceedings:
"Resolution of a controverted annexation unavoidably involves political considerations and the exercise of a large measure of discretion. Evaluation of the record and of the commission’s balancing of the criteria and determination of reasonableness implicates the merits of the proposed annexation and poses considerable risk of drawing the judiciary into the resolution of what continues to be — despite the adoption of the administrative format — essentially a political question.
"No vested right or legally protected interest being involved, the judiciary ought to be especially circumspect in reviewing commission rulings and determina tions.” Midland Twp, supra, pp 673-674. (Footnote omitted.)
We conclude that the circuit court correctly found the commission’s factual findings supported by competent, material and substantial evidence. Specifically, the commission’s description of the parcel as "mostly uninhabited, unimproved land” is not inaccurate where evidence indicated only a school building and a savings and loan association building on the ten-acre parcel. Additionally, the evidence of past successful developments in the area supports the commission’s finding that the defendant city could provide "full urban type services to the area”. Finally, the commission had sufficient evidence before it from which to conclude that no substantial loss of state equalized valuation income would result by removing the parcel from township tax rolls.
The plaintiff next alleges error in the circuit court’s decision granting the commission’s motion to extend the time period for filing agency records. The applicable time period within which filing is required commences upon service of an appellant’s petition for judicial review. This period is statutorily provided in MCL 24.304(2); MSA 3.560(204)(2):
"Within 60 days after service of the petition, or within such further time as the court allows, the agency shall transmit to the court the original or certified copy of the entire record of the proceedings, unless parties to the proceedings for judicial review stipulate that the record be shortened. A party unreasonably refusing to so stipulate may be taxed by the court for the additional costs. The court may permit subsequent corrections to the record.”
Under this statutory mandate, a circuit court is vested with discretionary authority to extend the period of time in which the agency record must be filed. Also, the provision does not restrict exercise of the court’s discretion to motions made within the 60-day period. Absent proof that the circuit court’s decision was "so palpably and grossly violative of fact and logic that it evidences not the exercise of will but perversity of will, not the exercise of judgment but definance thereof, not the exercise of reason but rather of passion or bias”, Spalding v Spalding, 355 Mich 382, 384-385; 94 NW2d 810 (1959), the lower court did not abuse its discretion in granting the commission’s motion.
Plaintiff’s final argument assails the commission’s consideration of the instant petition as violative of the two-year restriction on duplicate petitions embodied in MCL 117.9(6); MSA 5.2088(6). The statutory restriction provides:
"The commission shall reject a petition or resolution for annexation of territory which includes all or any part of the territory which was described in any petition or resolution for annexation filed within the preceding 2 years and which was denied by the commission or was defeated in an election pursuant to subsection (5).”
Plaintiff’s interpretation of the language would preclude the filing of a second petition within two years of a petition denied on its merits or for failing to meet the threshold requirement of legal sufficiency. We disagree.
Analysis of the act in which the restriction on second petitions is found discloses a substantial difference between petitions determined to be legally insufficient and those which are denied on the merits. Pertinent to this distinction is MCL 117.9(2); MSA 5.2088(2):
"Except as provided in subsections (1) and (8), a petition or resolution for annexation of territory shall be filed in the Lansing office of the state boundary commission. The commission, after determining the validity of the petition or resolution, shall hold a public hearing in or reasonably near the area proposed for annexation. The commission in processing and approving, denying or revising a petition or resolution for annexation shall have the same powers and duties and be in accordance with and subject to the provisions of Act No. 191 of the Public Acts of 1968, relating to petitions which propose incorporations.” (Emphasis added.)
When addressed with a question of statutory intent, this Court first reviews the specific language of the disputed law. Lamphere Schools v Lamphere Federation of Teachers, 400 Mich 104; 252 NW2d 818 (1977). If the language of a statute is plain and unambiguous, its provisions will be applied as written. Dussia v Monroe County Employees Retirement System, 386 Mich 244; 191 NW2d 307 (1971). The clear intent of this legislative mandate is to separate the determination of legal sufficiency, which the City of St. Joseph’s initial petition lacked, from a determination of the petition on its merits. Avon Twp v State Boundary Commission, 96 Mich App 736; 292 NW2d 691 (1980). In so doing, the statute prevents a municipality from filing repeated petitions in an effort to force a requested annexation on an unwilling commission.
The plaintiffs interpretation is also contrary to that of the commission itself. Such an administrative analysis has been found to be entitled to "the most respectful consideration” and should not be set aside "without cogent reasons”. Lane v Dep’t of Corrections, Parole Board, 383 Mich 50, 56; 173 NW2d 209 (1970), quoting United States v Moore, 95 US 760, 763; 24 L Ed 588 (1877). The plaintiffs arguments disclose no substantial support for its interpretation, contrary to the plain language of the statute.
For the foregoing reasons we conclude that the circuit court properly granted the defendant commission’s motion for summary judgment.
Affirmed, no costs, a public question being involved.
By interpretative rule, the commission has stated "The 2 year period shall not apply to annexation petitions or resolutions that are rejected by the commission for not being legally sufficient”. 1974 AACS R. 123.24(5). | [
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D. F. Walsh, J.
Plaintiff brought an action against defendant newspaper for invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress arising from the publication of a newspaper story concerning the accidental death of plaintiffs husband. Plaintiff appeals the trial court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of defendant.
On January 31, 1978, defendant published a newspaper report of the death of Ted Fry, husband of plaintiff Peggy Jo Fry and father of Kimberly and Ted Fry, III. The article stated that a body believed to be that of Ted Fry was removed from a fire-destroyed cottage near Lake, Michigan. The report also indicated that a second body, believed to be that of Rita Hill, was also recovered. The automobiles of both individuals were found nearby. The story included information provided by Wilma Long that Fry and Hill were seen together at a local bar the night prior to the fire. The article mentioned that Fry was a partner with his wife in PJ’s One-Stop Grocery Store and Gas Station in Ionia, Michigan, and that the couple had two children, Kimberly and Ted, III.
Defendant responded to plaintiffs allegations of invasion of privacy and intentional infliction of emotional distress by filing a motion for summary judgment. In ruling on the motion, the circuit court stated that any right of privacy of Ted Fry terminated upon his death. The court determined that plaintiff and her children had no reasonable expectation of privacy concerning the information in the article about their relation to one of the fire victims. In granting the summary judgment on the claim of intentional infliction of emotional distress, the court found no tortious act on which plaintiff could base any recovery.
A motion for summary judgment which is based on GCR 1963, 117.2(3) is designed to test whether there is factual support for a claim. Crowther v Ross Chemical & Manufacturing Co, 42 Mich App 426; 202 NW2d 577 (1972). In passing on a motion under this subrule, the court must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions and other documentary evidence then available to it. Rizzo v Kretschmer, 389 Mich 363; 207 NW2d 316 (1973). Before judgment may be granted, the court must be satisfied that it is impossible for the claim asserted to be supported by evidence at trial. The motion has the limited function of determining whether a material issue of fact exists. Partrich v Muscat, 84 Mich App 724; 270 NW2d 506 (1978).
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in its entry of summary judgment on the invasion of privacy claim because this tort involves a balance between the public’s right to information of legitimate concern and the individual’s right to avoid publication of private matters highly offensive to the average person. We find no error in the disposition by the circuit court.
An invasion of privacy claim can be grounded on the public disclosure of embarrassing private facts about the plaintiff. Beaumont v Brown, 401 Mich 80, 95 fn 10; 257 NW2d 522 (1977), citing Prosser, Privacy, 48 Cal L Rev 383, 389 (1960). This form of invasion of privacy requires that the disclosed information be highly offensive to a reasonable person and of no legitimate concern to the public. 3 Restatement Torts 2d, § 652D, p 383. The publicity, however, must concern the private, as distinguished from the public, life of the individual. The Restatement of Torts notes:
"There is no liability when the defendant merely gives further publicity to information about the plaintiff that is already public. Thus there is no liability for giving publicity to facts about the plaintiff’s life that are matters of public record, such as the date of his birth, the fact of his marriage, his military record, the fact that he is admitted to the practice of medicine or is licensed to drive a taxicab, or the pleadings that he has filed in a lawsuit.
"Similarly, there is no liability for giving further publicity to what the plaintiff himself leaves open to the public eye. Thus he normally cannot complain when his photograph is taken while he is walking down the public street and is published in the defendant’s newspaper. Nor is his privacy invaded when the defendant gives publicity to a business or activity in which the plaintiff is engaged in dealing with the public.” 3 Restatement Torts 2d, § 652D, comment b, pp 385-386.
Other jurisdictions have expressly adopted the above-quoted provisions of the Restatement. See, Howard v Des Moines Register and Tribune Co, 283 NW2d 289, 298 (Iowa, 1979), Geisberger v Willuhn, 72 Ill App 3d 435; 390 NE2d 945 (1979). In Penokie v Michigan Technological University, 93 Mich App 650, 661; 287 NW2d 304 (1979), this Court, in the interpretation of a provision of the Michigan Freedom of Information Act, highlighted the requirement that the disclosed information must relate to the private life of the individual.
Another limitation on an actionable invasion of privacy claim is the prerequisite that the matter be of no legitimate concern to the public. Informa tion of a legitimate concern to the public includes matters regarded as "news”.
"Authorized publicity includes publications concerning homicide and other crimes, arrests, police raids, suicides, marriages and divorces, accidents, ñres, catastrophes of nature, a death from the use of narcotics, a rare disease, the birth of a child to a twelve-year-old girl, the reappearance of one supposed to have been murdered years ago, a report to the police concerning the escape of a wild animal and many other similar matters of genuine, even if more or less deplorable, popular appeal.” 3 Restatement Torts 2d, § 652D, comment g, pp 390-391. (Emphasis added.)
See also, Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 118, pp 824-825.
In the case before us, the newspaper article mentioned that plaintiff was Ted Fry’s wife and that they were business partners, and that Kimberly and Ted Fry, III, were Ted Fry’s children. These were all matters of public record. As such, this information did not meet the threshold requirement that the facts exposed were kept hidden from the public eye. Further, publication of the names and relations of plaintiff and her children cannot be considered to be highly offensive to a reasonable person. They were merely mentioned as background information in a report of two fire-related deaths, a news account of legitimate concern to the public.
The section of the news article referring to Rita Hill also cannot support plaintiff’s allegation of invasion of privacy. First, we note that an action for invasion of privacy cannot be maintained by a relative of the person concerned, unless that relative is brought into unjustifiable publicity. Moore v Charles D Pierce Film Enterprises, Inc, 589 SW2d 489, 491 (Tex Civ App, 1979), and cases cited therein; 3 Restatement Torts 2d, § 652I, p 403. The references to Rita Hill were confined to her identification as one of the two bodies removed from the cottage. A positive identification of the bodies had not yet been made at the time the article was printed. The information that Rita Hill’s automobile was located near the cottage and that she and Ted Fry were seen at a local bar the night before the fire was included as support for the conclusion that the bodies were those of the two named individuals. This portion of the newspaper story made no reference to plaintiff and did not reflect adversely on her. Therefore, the references to Rita Hill cannot be used to establish any invasion of plaintiff’s privacy.
Also, the article merely stated that plaintiff’s husband and Rita Hill were observed in a bar, a public place. As previously noted, no liability exists for giving further publicity to events within the public eye.
Since the publicized matters concerning plaintiff and her children were obtained from a public record, were not highly offensive to a reasonable person and were briefly mentioned in an article of legitimate public interest, we conclude that there was no factual support for plaintiff’s claim of invasion of privacy. Therefore, the trial court did not err in granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment.
Plaintiff also contends that the trial court improperly granted summary judgment in defendant’s favor on the allegation of intentional infliction of emotional distress. We disagree.
A claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress has been defined as follows:
"(1) One who by extreme and outrageous conduct intentionally or recklessly causes severe emotional dis tress to another is subject to liability for such emotional distress, and if bodily harm to the other results from it, for such bodily harm.” Warren v June’s Mobile Home Village & Sales, Inc, 66 Mich App 386, 390; 239 NW2d 380 (1976), citing 1 Restatement Torts 2d, § 46, p 71.
Liability is confined to conduct "so outrageous in character, and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community”. Warren v June’s Mobile Home Village & Sales, Inc, supra, 391.
In Ross v Burns, 612 F2d 271 (CA 6, 1980), a newspaper reporter photographed an undercover police officer in a public place and published the photograph and a news article expressing strong views on a current political and philosophical controversy. In holding that the officer did not state a valid claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, the Court stated:
"We cannot believe that these acts fall within the meaning of 'extreme and outrageous’ conduct contemplated by the drafters of the Restatement.” Ross v Burns, supra, 274.
Similarly, in the present case, we are of the view that defendant’s conduct cannot be characterized as outrageous. The publication of the news account of fire-related deaths, including the names of relatives of the deceased, was not of an "extreme” character, as required for a valid cause of action. Since all of the evidence presented to the lower court, including defendant’s affidavit, failed to substantiate plaintiff’s allegation, we find no error in the court’s entry of summary judgment on this count of the complaint.
Affirmed.
A claim of invasion of privacy can also be based on an unreasonable intrusion on the seclusion of another, publicity that places one in a false light before the public and the appropriation of one’s name or likeness. Beaumont, supra, 3 Restatement Torts 2d, § 652A, p 376. | [
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Mackenzie, P.J.
On April 9, 1979, a show-cause hearing was held before Alger County Circuit Judge William F. Hood on plaintiffs complaint for condemnation and confiscation of seven boxes containing approximately 300 pounds of lake trout, found unlabeled in defendant’s vehicle, contrary to MCL 308.26a; MSA 13.1517(1). From an order entered April 20, 1979, requiring that the trout be condemned and confiscated with the proceeds from their sale paid to the State Treasury and credited to the Game Protection Fund, defendant brings this appeal as of right.
Defendant initially contends that the trial court erred in refusing to suppress the boxes of trout as the product of an illegal search and seizure under the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment.
Since defendant moved to suppress the evidence in the trial court, this issue is properly preserved for review. The people have the burden of proving the reasonableness of any search and seizure. People v White, 392 Mich 404; 221 NW2d 357 (1974), People v Siegel, 95 Mich App 594, 601; 291 NW2d 134 (1980). Unless this burden is met, the fruits of an unlawful search must be suppressed. Mapp v Ohio, 367 US 643; 81 S Ct 1684; 6 L Ed 2d 1081 (1961). However, the trial court’s determination that evidence in a suppression hearing is inadmissible will only be reversed where it is clearly erroneous. Siegel, supra, People v White, 84 Mich App 351, 354; 269 NW2d 598 (1978), People v Ulrich, 83 Mich App 19; 268 NW2d 269 (1978).
The testimony at the show-cause hearing reveals the following facts preceding the search of defendant’s truck and seizure of the boxes of trout. Trooper Jack Hodges of the Michigan State Police testified that, upon resuming patrol after eating lunch at home on January 3, 1979, at approximately 12:30 p.m., he noticed a truck, into which fish were being loaded, blocking the alley down the street from his home. Trooper Hodges stated that he pulled up to the back of the truck to advise the driver to pull into the parking lot of Brey’s Fishery so that the alley would be clear for traffic. As he reached the truck, the officer observed through his window a box of fish in the back of the truck labeled "Bay De Noc Fisheries from Patricia A. Brey, 50 pounds of lake trout”. Just then, the driver of the truck, subsequently identified as James Hermes, defendant’s son, pulled up on a snowmobile with two or three additional boxes of fish.
Trooper Hodges stated that he asked James Hermes whether the trout in the truck had to be tagged. When asked if he could see the trout at that time, the officer answered:
"No, I couldn’t. He replied to me he didn’t know if they did or not, so I asked him if I could look at the fish in the box he had in his hands, and he said 'sure’ and he opened the box, pulled out a lake trout, and it didn’t have a tag in the jaw as it’s supposed to have.”
Trooper Hodges then told Hermes to stop loading the fish until he checked with the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) "about what my authority might be under their rules and regulations, whether I should confiscate the fish or just make known that there was fish there”. On cross-examination, he stated that he knew there had been a rule or law requiring trout to be tagged, but he was not sure whether it was still in effect. Trooper Hodges stated he observed and was told that there were six boxes of trout labeled from Patricia A. Brey.
Trooper Hodges radioed his post to check with the DNR regarding the applicable regulation and procedure. After ten minutes elapsed and the information was not forthcoming, he decided to return to his post. Shortly after he arrived at his post, John Wormwood of the DNR telephoned, informing Trooper Hodges that trout were required to be tagged under 1977 AACS, R 299.1075(2) and that the state police, as well as the DNR, had the authority to confiscate untagged trout.
The officer testified that he returned to the scene and found that defendant’s truck had been moved to Matson’s Fishery. Hodges stated that the back doors of the truck were open and he inquired of Hermes where the boxes of trout from Brey’s Fishery were. Hermes told him that he had not loaded any trout from Brey’s. Hermes refused to give Hodges permission to search the truck but said he would not physically prevent him from doing so.
Hodges testified that his search did not locate the untagged trout from Brey’s but that he did find seven unlabeled boxes of lake trout. At approximately this time, between 1:30 and 2 p.m., Hodges testified that DNR officers Wormwood and George Eckelbecker arrived. After Hodges told them about finding the boxes of unmarked lake trout, they conducted a search of defendant’s vehicle and confirmed that seven of the boxes of trout were not labeled with the names of the consignor or consignee as required pursuant to the statute. The trout were then confiscated.
Defendant attempted to rebut Trooper Hodges’ testimony with the testimony of James Hermes and Patricia Brey that the Breys had not sold defendant any lake trout but that Trooper Hodges mistook whitefish for lake trout. Hermes also testified that the unmarked trout were from Schuetter and Jensen, two Indian fishermen and that, under the rule, fish received from Indians are not required to be tagged.
The proposed justification for the warrantless search and seizure herein is the so-called "automobile exception” to the warrant requirement under Carroll v United States, 267 US 132; 45 S Ct 280; 69 L Ed 543 (1925). In Chambers v Maroney, 399 US 42, 51; 90 S Ct 1975; 26 L Ed 2d 419 (1970), the Supreme Court explained when a warrantless search of an automobile under Carroll is constitutional:
"Only in exigent circumstances will the judgment of the police as to probable cause serve as a sufficient authorization for a search. Carroll, supra, holds a search warrant unnecessary where there is probable cause to search an automobile stopped on the highway; the car is movable, the occupants are alerted, and the car’s contents may never be found again if a warrant must be obtained. Hence, an immediate search is constitutionally permissible.”
In the case at bar, we are satisfied that, at the time Trooper Hodges searched defendant’s truck and seized the trout, he had probable cause to believe that violation of Rule 299.1075, promulgated under MCL 308.1b; MSA 13.1491(2), and MCL 308.201; MSA 13.1568(1), had been committed and that the untagged trout could be found in defendant’s truck. Despite the conflicting testimony of James Hermes and Patricia Brey, the trial judge was entitled to believe the testimony of Trooper Hodges that he had observed six boxes of trout from Brey’s Fishery which were untagged. The fact that the boxes of trout from Brey’s were never found is of no avail. Assuming Trooper Hodges had a right to search the vehicle, the trout found to be in violation of the labeling requirement were admissible under the "plain view” exception to the warrant requirement. People v Murphy, 87 Mich App 461; 274 NW2d 819 (1978).
The more difficult question is whether, following Trooper Hodges’ trip to the State Police post, exigent circumstances still necessitated that he return to the scene to search the vehicle without first procuring a search warrant. See Dep’t of Natural Resources v Seaman, 396 Mich 299, 315; 240 NW2d 206 (1976), construing MCL 300.12; MSA 13.1222. In deciding this issue, reference to the Supreme Court’s opinion in Coolidge v New Hampshire, 403 US 443, 460; 91 S Ct 2022; 29 L Ed 2d 564 (1971), is helpful. In Coolidge, the Supreme Court held the automobile exception to the warrant requirement inapplicable because of the lack of exigent circumstances:
"In this case, the police had known for some time of the probable role of the Pontiac car in the crime. Coolidge was aware that he was a suspect in the Mason murder, but he had been extremely cooperative throughout the investigation, and there was no indication that he meant to flee. He had already had ample opportunity to destroy any evidence he thought incriminating. There is no suggestion that, on the night in question, the car was being used for any illegal purpose, and it was regularly parked in the driveway of his house. The opportunity for search was thus hardly 'fleeting’. The objects that the police are assumed to have had probable cause to search for in the car were neither stolen nor contraband nor dangerous.”
The Court also stressed that, once the police arrived on the property, Coolidge was immediately arrested and his wife, the only other occupant of the house, was transported by the police to the home of a relative in another town, such that neither could tamper with evidence in the car. Additionally, the police in Coolidge had obtained a warrant which was held defective because it was not issued by a neutral magistrate; thus, the argument that exigent circumstances existed, requiring an immediate search without taking time to procure a warrant, was not very convincing.
Although the case at bar bears some similarities to the facts in Coolidge, we believe the distinctions support our conclusion that exigent circumstances still justified the immediate return to the scene and the warrantless search. James Hermes was put on notice that Officer Hodges was returning to the post to check with the DNR regarding the regulation on tagging lake trout. Trooper Hodges was not gone a sufficient time so that it was clear that Hermes had ample opportunity to destroy the evidence. The truck was not parked on private property but was on the public highway, subject to being moved at any time by Hermes. For similar reasons, we find the case at bar factually distinguishable from Seaman, supra. Thus, under Carroll and Chambers, supra, we find the search consistent with Fourth Amendment standards.
Defendant also contends that he was improperly charged under § 26a of the Commercial Fishing Law of 1929, MCL 308.26a; MSA 13.1517(1), for the reason that he purchases fish outright for resale and therefore, is, not a "consignee” as that term is defined according to commercial law. Section 26a provides as follows:
"Every person, firm, company, copartnership, partnership, association or corporation who deals in fish by operating a wholesale fish market or fish house, or who solicits the purchase of or who buys fish for wholesale distribution, shall secure a license from the director of conservation. Every such license shall expire on the thirty-first [31st] day of December and the fee for such license shall be five [5] dollars.
"No person, firm, company, copartnership, partnership, association or corporation holding a license under the provisions of this section shall transport or cause to be transported, or deliver or receive for transportation, any package or parcel containing any fish or carcass or part thereof unless the same is labeled in plain English on the address side of such package or parcel so as to disclose the name and address of the consignor, the name and address of the consignee, and the number of pounds of each kind of fish contained in such package or parcel.
"Any person, firm, company, copartnership, partnership, association or corporation licensed under the provisions of this section may at any time, sell, purchase or barter, or have in his possession, or under his control, for the purpose of sale or barter, any commercial fish: Provided, That the provisions of section fourteen [14] of this act shall at all times be observed. Each person, firm, company, copartnership, partnership, association or corporation shall keep a separate record of the purchase of such fish in such form as shall be required by the director of conservation, and such record shall at all times be open to inspection by the director of conservation or his representatives.” (Footnote omitted.)
In determining legislative intent, if at all possible, an act must be construed as a whole to avoid the construction of one provision to negate another. Franges v General Motors Corp, 404 Mich 590, 611; 274 NW2d 392 (1979), Joslin v Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Foundry Co, 359 Mich 420; 102 NW2d 584 (1960). Another rule of statutory construction is that statutes should be construed to prevent absurdity, hardship, injustice, or prejudice to the public interest. Franges, supra, 612.
The purpose clause of the commercial fishing law provides as follows:
"An Act to protect fish and to preserve the fisheries of this state; to regulate the taking of fish in the waters of lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, and Erie, and the bays thereof, and the connecting waters between the lakes within the jurisdiction of this state; to prescribe the powers and duties of the director of conservation; to provide for financial remuneration to this state for fish taken for commercial purposes and disposition of money derived therefrom; to provide for establishment of great lakes fishery advisory committee and prescribe its pow ers and duties; to regulate the transportation, sale and possession of fish in this state; to provide for the issuing of licenses and permits pertaining thereto and the disposition of the moneys derived therefrom; to provide for the confiscation of property used or possessed in violation of this act; and to provide penalties for the violations of the provisions of this act * *
Defendant is a licensed commercial wholesale fish dealer. Defendant did not purchase fish for his own use but for resale in the commercial market. Therefore, defendant’s reliance on People v Bola, 197 Mich 370; 163 NW 893 (1917), is misplaced. To define "consignor” and "consignee” according to the traditional notion of a consignment in commercial law would defeat the legislative purpose of the above statute. It is clear that the terms "consignor” and "consignee” have various connotations dependent on their context within a statute and the overall legislative intent. See Frost-Pack Distributing Co v Grand Rapids, 399 Mich 664; 252 NW2d 747 (1977).
We believe that plaintiff correctly states the legislative purpose of the commercial fishing law as the protection of fish and fisheries of this state, the regulation of the transportation, sale, and possession of fish, and the enforcement of the commercial fishing laws. This interpretation is supported by the purpose clause of the statute, supra. Under § 26a, licensed wholesale fish dealers are prohibited from transporting, causing to be transported, or receiving for transportation any fish unless the package is labeled to disclose the name of the consignor and the consignee and the number of pounds of each kind of fish contained therein.
In order to facilitate the enforcement of the commercial fishing law, we hold that the statute requires the package to be labeled with the name of the person or firm from whom the wholesaler received the fish — the consignor — and the name of the person or firm to whom it is to be transported —the consignee. In keeping with the aim of the statute, the terms should be construed to include a purchase, delivery, or traditional consignment. Therefore, defendant was properly charged under the statute.
Affirmed. Costs to plaintiff. | [
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Beasley, J.
Defendant, Robert Earl Barker, Jr., was convicted by a jury of breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny in violation of MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. After being sentenced to not less than 10 years nor more than 15 years in prison, he appeals as of right.
Defendant claims that it was prejudicial error to permit the jury to see a videotape of defendant selling the stolen property to an undercover storefront operation conducted by Federal agents of the Treasury Department’s Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms. At the time, the Federal agents were conducting a "sting” operation in Saginaw, a "sting” operation meaning an operation where undercover police pose as fences to buy stolen property.
Defendant argues that a videotape is analogous to photographs which are admissible as evidence when material and relevant. Defendant claims that, while the introduction into evidence of a videotape may meet these tests of admissibility, it is prejudicial because it may also contain evidence that defendant committed other crimes with which he is not charged here. Defendant claims this possible prejudicial effect of the introduction of videotape evidence outweighs its probative value and, thus, renders it inadmissible under MRE 403. Defendant says that the prosecution should have been limited to testimony by the undercover officers regarding this offense and that the videotape should have been suppressed.
Defendant also sets up a straw man in the form of the similar acts statute and then knocks it down because he says the similar acts statute is inapplicable here. While we credit defendant with making ingenious arguments, we disagree for the following reasons.
This is not a case where the admissibility of the videotape of defendant depends on the similar acts statute. On the evening of April 6, 1978, personal property was taken in the breaking and entering of a private home. The videotape shows defendant selling the stolen property to the Federal agents during the morning of April 7, 1978. While defendant denied committing the breaking and entering and claimed to have innocently acquired the stolen property from two acquaintances, possession of the stolen property such a short time after the breaking and entering was admissible evidence from which the jury could draw inferences pointing to defendant’s guilt if they were so persuaded. _
The issue is one of admissibility of evidence. The evidence of possession of the stolen property a few hours after the breaking and entering was relevant and material in this case. It was only prejudicial in the sense that any direct evidence linking a defendant to a crime is prejudicial. MRE 403 refers only to "the danger of unfair prejudice”. A videotape of defendant selling stolen property to a police informer acting as a fence within, at the most, 14 hours after the theft is not unfair prejudice to a defendant. Neither does it confuse the issues nor mislead the jury.
The videotape evidence was offered as part of the prosecutor’s case in chief. The option was with the prosecutor whether to offer the videotape itself or testimony of the police officer as to what defendant said. We would agree that, for the prosecutor to offer both the videotape and the testimony of the police informant as to the same matter appearing on the videotape, would be open to an objection that it was cumulative and repetitious. However, the testimony elicited by the prosecutor from the police informants was essentially necessary foundation testimony preliminary to offering the videotape into evidence.
We hold that the testimony taken by the prosecutor from the police informants did not serve to make the videotape so unfairly cumulative as to defeat its admissibility.
Often, it is possible to omit or edit parts of a videotape so that any inadmissible portions are not shown to a jury. This record indicates that neither the prosecution nor the defense made any such effort. Our viewing of the videotape would seem to indicate that it was not practically possible to sort out defendant’s testimony that he had been to the sting operation to sell property before so as to keep it from the jury. In this case, defendant also claims the videotape shows that he committed another crime, receipt and concealment of stolen property. But this offense of receipt of stolen property need not be kept from the jury because, as a matter of fact, on request of defendant, the trial court instructed the jury regarding the lesser included offense of receipt or concealing of stolen property over $100. Thus, videotape evidence that defendant was in possession of stolen property was relevant and admissible with respect to the lesser-included offense of receipt or concealment of stolen property with knowledge that it was stolen.
On appeal, defendant appears to argue that he has admitted possession of stolen property and that, therefore, the videotape showing him in possession of the stolen property would be cumulative and inadmissible.
The claim is without merit; any such admission, if made, is made long after the time when it would have had any significance relative to admission into evidence of the videotape. Thus, an additional basis for admissibility is that the prosecution was entitled to offer evidence that defendant was in possession of stolen property also as substantive evidence of that lesser-included offense.
The claim that the videotape was an attack on defendant’s character is specious. Rather, it was evidence from which a strong inference could arise that defendant committed the breaking and entering.
In ruling to admit the videotape, the trial judge said that the statement of defendant regarding the stolen property was unsolicited. This is true, but as defendant indicates, not controlling. It was only relevant to the extent that its unsolicited quality negatived the possible claim that it was inadmissible under Miranda, or under the Sixth Amendment.
Thus, we hold that, insofar as the videotape showed defendant in possession of and selling to a police informant recently stolen property from the victim, it was relevant, material, and admissible evidence. But, insofar as the videotape showed defendant admitting previous visits and previous sales of stolen property to the sting, it was neither relevant nor admissible.
Review of the videotape reveals two fleeting references on the audio portion to previous visits by defendant to the sting operation. Under these circumstances, we decline to find the probative value substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice or by the other factors specified in MRE 403. We find that the trial court was not clearly erroneous in admitting the videotape into evidence.
Defendant next argues that the trial court’s instruction to the jury was unduly coercive. Defendant interprets the instruction as requiring the jury to unanimously find, beyond a reasonable doubt, that defendant was not guilty of the offense he was charged with committing (breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny) before considering the lesser-included offense of receiving and concealing stolen property. Defendant says: "The jury should have been free to vote first on receiving and concealing, and to be satisfied that conviction on that charge alone was just and sufficient.”
We find this argument to be without merit. First, defendant made no objection in the trial court, expressly telling the court he had no objection to the instructions. Second, the trial judge’s instruction, when read in its entirety, is not susceptible to quite the interpretation defendant places upon it. He defined breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny. He did not tell the jury they must consider that charged offense first. He defined the lesser-included offense of receiving or concealing stolen property and described it as a separate charge. Then he said:
"To establish this charge, the prosecution must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt. Now, this is a separate charge. If you find that all of the elements that I read of breaking and entering, including the specific intent instruction, did not exist beyond a reasonable doubt, then you would move to receiving and concealing stolen property to see if these elements exist beyond a reasonable doubt.”
We do not find that this instruction requires the jury to consider the charged offense first or specifies a required order of consideration of possible verdicts. If the jury wished to first consider and decide that their verdict was not guilty, nothing in this charge prevented it. Neither is the jury prohibited from first considering the lesser-included offense of receiving or concealing stolen property if that was their wish.
We distinguish this instruction from that in People v Mays. There is only reversible error where an instruction requires acquittal on one charge before consideration may be had of another. We decline to so find here.
Defendant’s other claims of error on appeal are equally without merit.
Affirmed.
G. R. Deneweth, J., concurred.
MCL 768.27; MSA 28.1050.
People v Fry, 17 Mich App 229, 231; 169 NW2d 168 (1969), People v Helcher, 14 Mich App 386; 165 NW2d 669 (1968).
MRE 403 states:
"Although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of cumulative evidence.”
Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694 (1966).
US Const, Am VI.
407 Mich 619, 621; 288 NW2d 207 (1980). | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order of the Houghton County Circuit Court granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1), 117.2(3). Plaintiff claims on appeal that his complaint stated a cause of action and also that a genuine issue as to a material fact existed.
This case arises out of an automobile accident which occurred on July 11, 1978. Plaintiff claimed he was entitled to lost wages under the no-fault insurance act, specifically, under MCL 500.3107a; MSA 24.13107(1). A review of the relevant facts is necessary to properly frame the issue on appeal.
Plaintiff attended college off and on from 1967 to 1976. He obtained a bachelor of science degree in psychology from Michigan State University in 1972. He was employed by the Copper Country Dairy from 1973 to 1974. He then worked at Fort Wilkins State Park from June 1974 to August 1974. This was his last employment until the accident in 1978.
Plaintiff attended Grand Valley State College from 1975 to 1976 for the purpose of obtaining a teaching certificate. He voluntarily terminated his enrollment at Grand Valley State College one term short of obtaining certification. He then returned to live with his parents. Shortly thereafter, he moved in with his girlfriend, who apparently supported him from 1976 until the date of the accident, July 11, 1978. Plaintiff did not actively seek work until sometime in 1979.
Plaintiff brought suit against defendant because it refused to pay him any lost wages. Plaintiff claimed he was "temporarily unemployed” as that term is used in MCL 500.3107a; MSA 24.13107(1). Defendant made a motion for summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2(1), 117.2(3). This motion for summary judgment was granted by the trial court on both grounds: 1) failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted; and 2) as a matter of law defendant was entitled to judgment since there was no genuine issue as to a material fact. Our disposition on the latter ground renders discussion of the former unnecessary.
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in granting defendant’s motion for summary judgment based on GCR 1963, 117.2(3). We reject this argument.
Plaintiff contends that whether one is "temporarily unemployed” always is a question of fact for the jury. In this case, it is undisputed that plaintiff had been unemployed for approximately four years prior to the accident, with the last two years being after he voluntarily left college. The record is also clear that plaintiff did not actively attempt to return to work until sometime after the accident. Plaintiff, however, claims that his intention was to return to work and that defendant failed to inquire into the reasons for plaintiff’s unemployment.
Under GCR 1963, 117.2(3) the court may consider the evidence and the depositions of the parties in ruling on the motion. Stefan v White, 76 Mich App 654, 658; 257 NW2d 206 (1977), Sanders v Clark Oil Refining Corp, 57 Mich App 687, 692; 226 NW2d 695 (1975). The purpose of this court rule is to test the factual support for plaintiff’s claim. Walker v Cahalan, 97 Mich App 346; 296 NW2d 18 (1980).
Plaintiff had ample opportunity to establish a factual dispute regarding the circumstances surrounding his unemployment. See, GCR 1963, 117.3. Although plaintiff has hypothesized many situations in which one may be unemployed for a substantial length of time and still be considered "temporarily unemployed”, he did not establish in the court below or on appeal any circumstances peculiar to him under which he might be considered "temporarily unemployed”. While the intent of plaintiff to return to gainful employment may be an important element, the mere assertion, after the fact, that he had such intent, which is not supported by any of his actions during the four-year period, does not, in our opinion, raise a genuine issue as to a material fact.
We conclude that the granting of defendant’s motion for summary judgment based upon GCR 1963, 117.2(3) was proper on the facts of the case at bar. Defendant was entitled to judgment as a matter of law, as plaintiff was not "temporarily unemployed” within the meaning of that term under § 3107a, for in all the documents, etc. properly considered by the trial court and before us on review, there was no genuine issue raised on this material fact. This is not to say that a student may not recover for wage losses caused by an automobile accident. In Kennedy v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 87 Mich App 93; 273 NW2d 599 (1978), the Court allowed a student to recover for losses which he could prove. However, the plaintiff in that case apparently had been employed the previous summer before entering college and also had been employed part-time during the school year, as well as ' part of the following summer. In this case, unlike Kennedy, plaintiff had not been employed for the previous four years without any mitigating circumstances relative thereto having been shown to exist.
The trial court properly granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117.2(3). The decision of the court below, therefore, is affirmed.
Affirmed. Costs to defendant. | [
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Beasley, J.
The Department of Civil Rights appeals as of right from an April 16, 1979, circuit court order upholding the Michigan Department of Civil Service’s exclusion of pregnancy related disabilities from coverage under its long-term disability insurance plan, thereby reversing a January 25, 1977, order of the Michigan Civil Rights Commission.
From 1973 or 1974 until October, 1978, the Michigan Department of Civil Service made available to all classified and certain categories of unclassified state employees a long-term disability (LTD) insurance plan which expressly excluded from coverage disabilities related to pregnancy, childbirth, miscarriage or abortion. The LTD plan was designed to cover disability "solely because of disease or accidental bodily injury”. Examples of compensable disabilities under the plan include disabilities incurred while skiing or driving while intoxicated, and hypertension and diabetes, unless associated with pregnancy. No disability to which males alone are subject was expressly excluded from the plan. In October, 1978, the LTD plan was changed to allow benefits for pregnancy related disabilities.
The instant appeal involves the claim of three women who were denied LTD benefits under the former plan because their disabilities were pregnancy related. In each case, Jones, Butler and Peake filed complaints with the Michigan Department of Civil Rights, alleging that they had been discriminated against on the basis of sex by civil service’s denial of disability benefits for pregnancy.
After taking testimony and hearing arguments, the Michigan Civil Rights Commission (CRC), by order dated January 25, 1977, determined that civil service was in violation of the Fair Employment Practices Act (FEPA), repealed and replaced by the Civil Rights Act, as a result of its denial of pregnancy related disability benefits and found that the conduct of civil service was part of a pattern and practice of unlawful discrimination on the basis of sex. CRC ordered payment of disability benefits to Jones, Butler and Peake for the periods in question, and further ordered civil service to cease and desist from unlawful discrimination on the basis of sex with regard to pregnancy disability benefits.
Civil service filed a claim of appeal for de novo review in circuit court on February 15, 1977, alleging as erroneous, inter alia, the finding of jurisdiction made by civil rights, civil rights’ conclusion that the FEPA applied to classified state' employees, and its finding that the exclusion of pregnancy disability from LTD coverage constituted unlawful sex discrimination.
On March 28, 1979, Judge Warren issued an opinion reversing the CRC’s order, based on two United States Supreme Court cases, Geduldig v Aiello and General Electric Co v Gilbert.
On appeal, the Department of Civil Rights raises four issues. Initially, it argues that the CRC has jurisdiction to hear sex discrimination claims brought by state employees classified under the civil service. We note that, although this issue was not decided in the court below, its determination is necessary to this case and, therefore, we will address it.
The CRC was created by art 5, § 29 of the Michigan Constitution of 1963, which provides in part as follows:
"It shall be the duty of the commission in a manner which may be prescribed by law to investigate alleged discrimination against any person because of religion, race, color or national origin in the enjoyment of the civil rights guaranteed by law and by this constitution, and to secure the equal protection of such civil rights without such discrimination.”
Although this provision does not mention sex as one of the bases of discrimination protected against, the CRC, by virtue of the FEPA, and its successor, the Civil Rights Act (CRA), does have jurisdiction to entertain age and sex discrimination complaints.
The crux of civil service’s argument is that the CRC cannot exercise its jurisdiction over civil service since the SCS has plenary jurisdiction. In support of its position, civil service cites art 11, § 5 of the Michigan Constitution of 1963, which establishes a Michigan Civil Service and a commission with the power to:
"* * * classify all positions in the classified service according to their respective duties and responsibilities, fix rates of compensation for all classes of positions, approve or disapprove disbursements for all personal services, determine by competitive examination and performance exclusively on the basis of merit, efficiency and fitness the qualifications of all candidates for positions in the classified service, make rules and regulations covering all personnel transactions, and regulate all conditions of employment in the classified service.”
Civil service argues that it was empowered by the constitution to regulate all conditions of employment. Moreover, art 4, §48 of the Michigan Constitution of 1963 provides that the Legislature is empowered to "enact laws providing for the resolution of disputes concerning public employees, except those in the state classified civil service”. Civil service reasons that these provisions clearly indicate that the CRC can have no jurisdiction over civil service. We do not agree.
Initially, we note that the civil service’s powers are not without limit. Council No 11, AFSCME v Civil Service Comm, is a case on point. In that case, the rule of the civil service commission which banned political activity by classified employees was challenged. There, plaintiff argued that this rule was invalid in light of the "political freedom act”. The position of defendant civil service was that the Legislature was without power to legislate in any area within the sphere of authority of the commission and that art 11, § 5 grants the commission exclusive jurisdiction to prohibit any political activities by civil servants since the commission can regulate all conditions of employment.
The court in Council No 11 found that although the powers of the civil service are extensive, it was beyond its power to restrict an employee’s political activity when that activity is not engaged in during working hours and does not actually affect his job performance.
Accordingly, although the commission was granted the authority to regulate all conditions of employment within the classified service, this power is not without limit. After deliberation, we conclude that the CRC has jursidiction over civil service employees in the area of job discrimination involved in this case.
An elementary precept of constitutional construction is that its primary objective is to ascertain and to give effect to the intent of the people adopting it.
The establishment of the CRC expressed the intent of the people of Michigan to end invidious forms of discrimination through the efforts of a single commission. If civil service had exclusive jurisdiction over all employment concerns, the result would be to weaken the authority of the CRC to carry out its constitutional mandate to end discrimination.
Accordingly, for these reasons, we conclude that the CRC has jurisdiction over sex discrimination complaints filed by the three classified civil service employees in this case.
The Department of Civil Rights next argues that the civil service’s denial of long-term disability benefits for pregnancy disability constitutes discrimination based on sex in violation of FEPA, the CRA and guidelines promulgated by the CRC.
Civil service argues, however, that the United States Supreme Court’s decision in General Electric Co v Gilbert, supra, is controlling. In that case, the Court held that a corporate disability plan which excluded pregnancy disabilities from coverage did not violate Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which provides that it is an unlawful employment practice to discriminate on the basis of sex.
The Court in Gilbert reasoned that the plan’s exclusion of pregnancy benefits from coverage did not result in gender based discrimination. Rather, the exclusion was viewed as part of an insurance package in which there were no risks from which either men were protected and women were not, or vice versa.
Neither this court nor the Michigan Supreme Court has had an opportunity to consider the applicability of Gilbert to state law. However, other jurisdictions have discussed the Gilbert holding with reference to state statutory mandates. In Anderson v Upper Bucks County Area Vocational Technical School, the court interpreted the Pennsylvania Human Rights Act as prohibiting the exclusion of pregnancy from those conditions for which sick leave was compensable.
There, the court acknowledged the Gilbert decision but held that it was not compelled to construe Pennsylvania law in the same manner as Title VII. The court concluded that since pregnancy is unique to women, the denial of benefits was sex discrimination under state law.
Similarly, in Franklin Manufacturing Co v Iowa Civil Rights Comm, the Iowa Supreme Court characterized Gilbert as a "statutory interpretation, limited to construction of a federal statute” and refused to apply it in construing Iowa’s own civil rights legislation.
We agree with both the reasoning and conclusion of the courts in Anderson and Franklin Manufacturing Co. Although Title VII and the Michigan Civil Rights Act are worded similarly, we are not compelled to construe Michigan law in the same manner as Title VII. Interpretations of Title VII need not control where state law dictates a contrary result.
We find ample authority under Michigan’s own civil rights legislation to support a conclusion that civil service violated state law in denying disability benefits to pregnant women.
Initially, it must be noted that, at least since 1972, the Michigan CRC has had interpretative guidelines bearing on this point:
"Disabilities caused or contributed to by pregnancy, miscarriage, abortion, childbirth, and recovery therefrom are, for all job-related purposes, temporary disabilities and should be treated as such under any health or temporary disability insurance or sick leave plan available in connection with employment. Written and unwritten employment policies and practices involving matters such as the commencement and duration of leave, the availability of extensions, the accrual of seniority and other benefits and privileges, reinstatement, and payment under any health or temporary disability insurance or sick leave plan, formal or informal, shall be applied to disability due to pregnancy or childbirth on the same terms and conditions as they are applied to other temporary disabilities.” Employment Guidelines and Interpretations of the MCRC, § 3950.10(b).
FEPA made it an unlawful employment practice "because of the sex of any individual, to * * * discriminate against him with respect to hire, tenure, terms, conditions or privileges of employment”. This provision was substantially carried over to the CRA. Public Act No. 153 of 1978, an amendment to the CRA, defined "sex” as including, "but * * * not limited to, pregnancy, childbirth, or a medical condition related to pregnancy or childbirth that does not include nontherapeutic abortion not intended to save the life of the mother”.
Accordingly, we conclude that civil service’s denial of pregnancy related disability benefits violated the anti-discrimination provisions contained in FEPA and its successor, the CRA. Pregnancy exclusion is not a sex neutral classification; pregnancy is a condition unique to women; therefore, any distinctions drawn on the basis of this feature works to deny women valuable rights solely on account of their sex. We conclude that "pregnancy” discrimination is included within the meaning of "sex” contained in the CRA and FEPA.
The Department of Civil Rights next argues that the civil service’s denial of pregnancy related long-term disability benefits constituted a pattern and practice justifying an award of relief to all persons similarly situated. Because the circuit court found no constitutional or statutory violations in the administration of the disability exclusion contained in civil service’s long-term disability plan, no consideration was given to this pattern and practice claim. Accordingly, since we have reversed the decision of the circuit court, we remand for a de novo determination of whether pattern and practice relief should be awarded to those persons similarly situated with the claimants in this case.
The Department of Civil Rights’s last argument is that civil service’s denial of pregnancy related long-term disability benefits violates the equal protection clause contained in article I, § 2 of the Michigan Constitution of 1963. However, because of our determination on issue two, we do not address this issue.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
D. F. Walsh, J., concurred.
MCL 423.301 et seq.; MSA 17.458(1) et seq.
MCL 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq.; 1976 PA 453.
417 US 484; 94 S Ct 2485; 41 L Ed 2d 256 (1974).
429 US 125; 97 S Ct 401; 50 L Ed 2d 343 (1976).
City of Ypsilanti v Civil Rights Comm, 55 Mich App 103; 221 NW2d 923 (1974), rev’d in part, 393 Mich 254; 224 NW2d 281 (1974).
87 Mich App 420; 274 NW2d 804 (1978), lv gtd 406 Mich 920 (1979). Subsequent to preparation of this opinion, but well before its release, the Supreme Court affirmed in 408 Mich 385 (1980), which opinion does not alter this result.
1976 PA 169; MCL 15.401 et seq.; MSA 4.1702(1) et seq.
Kearney v Board of State Auditors, 189 Mich 666; 155 NW 510 (1915), cited with approval in Eason v Secretary of State, 90 Mich App 392; 282 NW2d 332 (1979).
42 USC 2000e-2(a)(1).
We note that in Taylor Federation of Teachers v Board of Education (On Remand), 76 Mich App 692; 257 NW2d 664 (1977), lv gtd 402 Mich 924 (1978), appeal dismissed as moot, 405 Mich 848 (1979), Gilbert was held controlling on the issue of the validity of a clause in a bargained-for disability insurance contract barring recovery for pregnancy related disability where the issue was both briefed and argued on the basis of Federal law. The Court expressly declined to comment on whether a different result would be required under Michigan law.
30 Pa Comm 103; 373 A2d 126 (1977).
270 NW2d 829 (Iowa, 1978).
By its own terms, Title VII does not preempt state law, 42 USC 2000e-7. See also 42 USC 2000h-4.
MCL 423.303a; MSA 17.458(3a), added by 1965 PA 344, as amended by 1966 PA 349 and 1972 PA 267.
MCL 37.2202(1)(a); MSA 3.548(202)(1)(a), effective March 31, 1977.
MCL 37.2201(d); MSA 3.548(201)(d).
See, Mayor of City of Dearborn v Dearborn Retirement Board of Trustees, 315 Mich 18; 23 NW2d 186 (1946). | [
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Per Curiam.
The defendant pled guilty to the charge of breaking and entering a store building, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. Defendant contends that the prosecution’s agreement not to charge the defendant as an habitual criminal caused the plea agreement to be illusory because the prosecution was precluded from filing that charge at the time the plea was accepted.
We find the defendant’s argument to be without merit.
People v Fountain, 407 Mich 96; 282 NW2d 168 (1979), stands for the proposition that the prosecution must proceed promptly against a defendant known to have a prior felony record when seeking to charge the defendant as an habitual criminal. Only the prosecutor’s lack of awareness of the prior felony or the need to verify out-of-state convictions excuse the filing of the habitual criminal charge after the defendant’s conviction of the current offense. People v Hendrick, 398 Mich 410; 247 NW2d 840 (1976).
Legislation which allows a defendant to be charged as an habitual criminal, MCL 769.10 et seq.; MSA 28.1082 et seq., "increases punishment 'because of the apparent persistence in the commission of crime by the person convicted and his indifference to the laws deemed necessary for the protection of the people and their property’. People v Palm, 245 Mich 396, 401; 223 NW 67 (1929)”. Hendrick, supra, 416.
"The use of a potential habitual offender charge as a plea bargaining tool has been upheld in a recent decision of the United States Supreme Court. Bordenkircher v Hayes, 434 US 357; 98 S Ct 663; 54 L Ed 2d 604 (1978). Under Bordenkircher, a prosecutor may threaten to charge a defendant with a habitual offender prosecution, if applicable, in order to induce a plea, or may promise to forego such a prosecution in exchange for a plea. On its face the plea bargain in the case at bar thus would be valid and enforceable.” People v Roderick Johnson, 86 Mich App 77, 78; 272 NW2d 200 (1978).
In Fountain, supra, 99, the Court found that the prosecutor had reliable information about the defendant’s prior felony convictions but did not charge the defendant as an habitual criminal until after conviction on the current felony charge. The Court said, "The habitual offender charges should have been filed with the information which charged the last felony to provide fair notice to the accused and avoid an appearance of prosecutorial impropriety”.
In the present case, even though no information had been filed charging the defendant as an habitual criminal, the defendant was apprised of the prosecutor’s ability to so charge him. The defendant chose to offer a plea of guilty in exchange for the prosecutor’s foregoing the habitual criminal charge. The defendant informed the court that he was on parole at the time he appeared before the trial court to enter his plea. It was also brought to the court’s attention that the defendant had spent nine of the last ten years before his arrest on the present charge in the custody of the Michigan Department of Corrections.
The defendant’s case had not proceeded to trial, and so there was no conviction that would preclude the prosecution from bringing the habitual offender charge. The prosecutor’s offer not to charge the defendant as an habitual offender was an agreement to refrain from bringing a charge which the prosecutor had the power to bring. Accordingly, the plea agreement entered into by the defendant was not illusory.
We find no evidence of prosecutorial impropriety in the record. The trial court’s acceptance of the plea was in accordance with GCR 1963, 785.7. The defendant’s plea of guilty must stand.
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D. C. Riley, P.J.
Plaintiff Robert Austin sustained injuries arising out of a motor vehicle accident that occurred in the City of Romulus on June 24, 1976, at the intersection of Wayne and Eureka roads. The alleged cause of the accident was a malfunctioning traffic signal. Plaintiff's instituted this lawsuit against both the City of Romulus and the Wayne County Road Commission and now appeal, as of right, a trial court order dismissing the city from the lawsuit.
Deposition testimony reveals the following facts. According to a Wayne County Sheriff’s Department deputy, the department’s log contains an entry made at 8:09 a.m. on June 24, 1976, regarding the malfunctioning traffic signals at Wayne and Eureka roads. The deputy further stated that either he or another officer had radioed in to let the department know that the signal was not working. A police report for the accident at issue, made at 1:38 p.m. on June 24, 1976, indicated that there was no red light for northbound Wayne road. In addition, he testified that Romulus does not have its own police department but, instead, has a contract with the Wayne County Sheriff’s Department.
A traffic maintenance engineer for the Wayne County Road Commission testified at his deposition that only the commission maintains and repairs traffic signal lights at the intersection in question since there are written agreements that the county will maintain the signals. He also stated that the defective signal at issue was at an intersection of two county roads.
An electrician subforeman with the road commission testified that he arrived to repair the signals at 1:55 p.m. He stated that both the northbound red lights were not working at the intersec tion but that the green and amber lights were working. The apparent reason for the delay in repairing the traffic signal was that the report to the electrician indicated only that a red light was out, and he thought that one of the red lights would still be operating.
On December 5, 1978, defendant City of Romulus filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102), based upon a claim of governmental immunity and lack of jurisdiction over the roadways involved. Finding that it was undisputed that the accident had occurred on recognized county roads and that the Wayne County Road Commission was the governmental agency having jurisdiction over the highways in question, the court granted the motion. Plaintiffs appeal that decision and order.
The issue before this Court is, essentially, whether more than one governmental agency may have jurisdiction over a highway under MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102). Our starting point is MCL 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107), which provides that:
"Sec. 7. Except as in this act otherwise provided, all governmental agencies shall be immune from tort liability in all cases wherein the government agency is engaged in the exercise or discharge of a governmental function. Except as otherwise provided herein, this act shall not be construed as modifying or restricting the immunity of the state from tort liability as it existed heretofore, which immunity is affirmed.”
In short, Romulus is not liable for the negligence of its employees while engaged in the exercise of a governmental function, unless some exception can be found. Plaintiffs contend that the exception is found in MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102), which, in pertinent part, provides as follows:
"Sec. 2. Each governmental agency having jurisdiction over any highway shall maintain the highway in reasonable repair so that it is reasonably safe and convenient for public travel. Any person sustaining bodily injury or damage to his property by reason of failure of any governmental agency tp keep any highway under its jurisdiction in reasonable repair, and in condition reasonably safe and fit for travel, may recover the damages suffered by him from such governmental agency. The liability, procedure and remedy as to county roads under the jurisdiction of a county road commission shall be as provided in section 21, chapter 4 of Act No. 283 of the Public Acts of 1909, as amended, being section 224.21 of the Compiled Laws of 1948.”
We note, in passing, that "[tjraffic signals which control the flow of traffic are an integral part of the improved portion of the highway”, Lynes v St Joseph County Road Comm, 29 Mich App 51, 59; 185 NW2d 111 (1970), so that the above-cited exception to the immunity statute is applicable in the instant case.
Since both roads at issue are admittedly county roads, MCL 224.21; MSA 9.121 is also applicable in this case. It provides, in part, as follows:
"Sec. 21. * * * It is hereby made the duty of the counties to keep in reasonable repair, so that they shall be reasonably safe and convenient for public travel, all county roads, bridges and culverts that are within their jurisdiction and under their care and control and which are open to public travel. The provision of law respecting the liability of townships, cities, villages and corporations for damages for injuries resulting from a failure in the performance of the same duty respecting roads under their control, shall apply to counties adopting such county road system.” (Emphasis added.)
Although plaintiffs concede the fact that the roads in question are county roads under the jurisdiction of the Wayne County Road Commission, they argue that, because Const 1963, art 7, § 29, reserves to cities and other units of government "reasonable control” over its highways, streets and alleys, the city also had jurisdiction over the intersection in question. Their contention is that MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102) does not prevent more than one governmental unit from having jurisdiction over any particular road.
To buttress their claim that the city and road commission have concurrent jurisdiction over the intersection in question, plaintiffs raise the following facts. The City of Romulus commonly notifies the road commissioner of highway related problems such as malfunctioning traffic signals. The city often patrols such problem areas, protecting the affected area until a repair person arrives. Based on these facts, plaintiffs would have us find that both the city and the road commission had jurisdiction over the intersection.
We disagree with plaintiffs’ contention. Neither the statutes controlling this case nor case law interpreting them support such a result. In Bennett v City of Lansing, 52 Mich App 289; 217 NW2d 54 (1974), plaintiff was injured as a result of a malfunctioning traffic signal at the intersection of two state trunkline highways. It was uncontroverted that the city, through its Board of Water and Light, had agreed to undertake the maintenance and repair of the traffic light. The city and the board moved for summary judgment on the ground that they were immune because the State Highway Department had jurisdiction over the highways in question. Affirming the trial court’s order granting the motion, we held:
"Therefore, the state trunkline highways here in question are within the jurisdiction of the State Highway Department and not the municipal corporation. It has been held that the provisions of 1964 PA 170 must be strictly construed. Johnson v Michigan, 32 Mich App 37; 188 NW2d 33 (1971). Given that rule of construction, since the highways were not within the jurisdiction of the defendant municipal corporation, the § 2 exception does not apply, thus the § 7 governmental immunity is available.” 52 Mich App 289, 294-295.
The Court further noted that there could be no serious dispute that the City of Lansing and its municipal utility were engaged in the exercise of a governmental function in operating the traffic lights:
"In the present case, however, the traffic control light was within the scope of the state’s responsibility and jurisdiction; this Court having determined, in the words of Lynes v St Joseph County Road Commission, 29 Mich App 51, 59; 185 NW2d 111, 114 (1970), that:
" 'Traffic signals which control the flow of traffic are an integral part of the improved portion of the highway.’
"See also Williams v Department of State Highways, 44 Mich App 51; 205 NW2d 200 (1972).
"The trial court properly granted the motion for summary judgment * * *. While at first blush it seems odd that the state must answer for the omission of a local unit of government, it must be remembered that if local units of government were not absolved of liability with respect to maintenance of state trunkline highways, local units of government would be less willing to undertake the responsibility of said maintenance on behalf of the state.”
Although distinguishable from the case at bar, Bennett is highly relevant in the present context. First, the Court refused to give an expansive defi nition to "jurisdiction” under MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102). We refused to acknowledge concurrent jurisdiction by the State Highway Commission and the municipality through which the highway passed, even though the city, through its municipal utility, had agreed that it would undertake to repair the traffic light in question. Second, the Court expressed an important reason for declining to find concurrent jurisdiction, namely, the predictable reluctance of governmental units from undertaking governmental activities which they may feel can be left to another governmental unit to perform since neither unit would have sole and exclusive jurisdiction.
We believe this case falls squarely within the rule announced in Summerville v Kalamazoo County Road Comm, 77 Mich App 580; 259 NW2d 206 (1977), a case which bolsters the limited view of jurisdiction expressed in Bennett. In Summerville, plaintiff sustained serious injuries while operating a motorcycle on a street in the City of Portage, designated as a county road and under the jurisdiction of the Kalamazoo County Road Commission. The plaintiff hit a tree that had fallen into the street during a storm. The sheriff’s department had been notified, prior to the accident, to make immediate contact with the road commission. In addition, a Portage police officer, having been notified of the fallen tree, contacted the dispatcher about the problem and advised her to inform the road commission. He left the area without leaving a warning device.
The Court rejected the plaintiff’s claim against the City of Portage based on acts and omissions of a city police officer who had seen the fallen tree before the accident but who did not place warning devices in the area before leaving the scene. The plaintiff had maintained That such failure ren dered the city liable for plaintiffs injuries. The Court stated:
"Plaintiff concedes Twelfth Street is a county road under the jurisdiction of the County Road Commission. However, plaintiff contends that Const 1963, art 7, § 29, which reserves to the city 'reasonable control’ of its streets, creates a duty on the part of the municipality to 'keep any highway under its jurisdiction * * * in condition reasonably safe and fit for travel’, pursuant to MCLA 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102).
"This, according to plaintiff, constitutes a statutory exception to the general governmental immunity statute, MCLA 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107). See generally Thomas v Department of State Highways, 398 Mich 1; 247 NW2d 530 (1976).
"The Kalamazoo County Road Commission was responsible for maintenance and repair of Twelfth Street, pursuant to MCLA 224.21; MSA 9.121 which imposes upon the county the duty to 'keep in reasonable repair * * * all county roads * * * within * * * [its] jurisdiction and under * * * [its] care and control’. Since defendant city was not involved in maintaining Twelfth Street, MCLA 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102) has no application to the city.
"We reject plaintiff’s argument that Const 1963, art 7, § 29 creates a type of 'two-tiered’ or 'layered’ jurisdiction and liability involving both the city and the County Road Commission.
"The city is not liable for the negligence of its employees while engaged in the exercise of a governmental function. MCLA 691.1407; MSA 3.996(107), Popielarski v City of Warren, 380 Mich 651; 158 NW2d 491 (1968), McPherson v Fitzpatrick, 63 Mich App 461; 234 NW2d 566 (1975), Knight v Tecumseh, 63 Mich App 215; 234 NW2d 457 (1975).” 77 Mich App 580, 584-585.
At first blush, a recent decision of this Court, Stricker v Dep’t of State Highways, 96 Mich App 505; 292 NW2d 240 (1980), appears to retreat from our trend against recognizing concurrent jurisdic tion. In Stricker, the plaintiff was severely injured when his truck was hit by a train when he attempted to cross a railroad crossing in Macomb County. The Court of Claims had granted summary judgment in favor of the State Highway Department on the basis that the railroad tracks were under the exclusive jurisdiction of the County Road Commission. This Court stated:
"MCL 247.652; MSA 9.1097(2) and MCL 247.655; MSA 9.1097(5) require the Board of County Road Commissioners to certify those roads selected as county primary and county local roads. An affidavit from the engineer of the local government division of Michigan Department of State Highways and Transportation stated that 24 Mile Road was certified by the Macomb County Road Commission as being under their jurisdiction. Furthermore, the county highway engineer from Macomb County Road Commission stated that said roadway was under Macomb County Road Commission jurisdiction. Nevertheless, there were conflicting affidavits which would indicate a question of fact as to jurisdiction over the road. This Court has held that the jurisdictional nature of a road is a question of fact. Robinson v Emmet County Road Comm, 72 Mich App 623, 641; 251 NW2d 90 (1976).
"While we do not hold that because the State Highway Department has authority over the public entities responsible for maintaining safe railroad crossings it has jurisdiction over the crossings of roadways themselves, we do feel that genuine issues as to material facts exist in the instant case. We feel plaintifF should be given an opportunity in court to prove whether there is liability either of the state, the county, or both. The fact that the Macomb County Road Commission maintains jurisdiction over the road in question does not totally eliminate the possibility that the defendant State Highway Department could also maintain concurrent jurisdiction over the road.” 96 Mich App 505, 508.
An important factor distinguishing Strieker from Bennett, supra, Summerville, supra, and the instant case, is that the Strieker panel saw that a fact question existed because of conflicting affidavits as to how the road in question had been classified under MCL 247.652; MSA 9.1097(2) and MCL 247.655; MSA 9.1097(5). In the instant case, however, the plaintiffs did not contest that the accident occurred at an intersection of two county roads under the jurisdiction of the Wayne County Road Commission.
We find plaintiffs’ contention that Romulus should acquire jurisdiction over these county roads merely because the city police perform traffic control and other governmental functions on that roadway untenable. MCL 224.21; MSA 9.121, read along with MCL 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102), does not suggest that all municipalities through which a county or state road runs have concurrent jurisdiction over the road with the other governmental unit and are thereby deprived of their governmental immunity. Moreover, under MCL 224.21; MSA 9.121, quoted supra, the duty for maintaining highways under their jurisdiction in a reasonably safe condition appears to rest solely upon counties.
Any allegedly negligent acts of police or other employees of the City of Romulus in the performance of such governmental functions as traffic control while the traffic light was malfunctioning also fail to render the city liable. Summerville, supra, 585.
Plaintiffs’ other contention is without merit.
Affirmed. No costs, statutory construction being involved. | [
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After Remand
D. F. Walsh, P.J.
Plaintiff, the recipient of aid to families with dependent children, appeals the determination of the Kent County Circuit Court which affirmed the denial of certain dental benefits requested by her under Michigan’s medicaid plan, 42 USC 1396 et seq., MCL 400.105 et seq.; MSA 16.490(15) et seq.
On April 7, 1977, plaintiffs dentist submitted an authorization form to defendant Department of Social Services for the following proposed dental services: (1) perio scaling and root plane, (2) prophylaxis (cleaning), (3) root canal, and (4) five fillings. Defendant denied the authorization request because the treatment was not a covered medicaid benefit for those over 21 years of age.
Plaintiff then sought an administrative hearing and included a partial plate as part of the requested medical assistance. The administrative law judge found that plaintiff was not entitled to benefits for a partial plate or a root canal on the ground that plaintiffs condition did not fit within the meaning of the emergency treatment under Item 512.B.1 of the Medical Assistance Eligibility Manual.
Plaintiff appealed to Kent Circuit Court, which affirmed the decision of the administrative law judge. The court noted that the administrative record was inadequate to determine whether dental benefits could have been provided under any other provision of Michigan’s medicaid plan.
Plaintiff then appealed to the Court of Appeals which, on September 25, 1979, remanded the case to the circuit court for further evidence on whether or not the requested dental services were covered under the medicaid program and, if not, whether such limitation violated the Federal requirement that the scope of services be sufficient to reasonably achieve the purpose of providing dental services. See Appendix A.
At the hearing following remand on January 2, 1980, Dr. William J. Hanratty, Assistant Director of Dentistry for the Bureau of Health Services Review, Department of Social Services, was the sole witness. Dr. Hanratty testified that a root canal was not a covered benefit for adult medicaid recipients. Tooth extraction, a generally accepted alternative procedure, was a covered benefit. Dr. Hanratty also stated that the extraction of plaintiffs infected tooth would not cause any health or chewing problems. The cost differential between a root canal and extraction, $450 versus $18 respectively, was the main rationale for the disallowance of the former treatment. Dr. Hanratty testified that defendant’s limited amount of resources could best be allocated to the greatest number of individuals and those in greatest need under the current medicaid guidelines.
Dr. Hanratty further testified that dentures are a covered benefit if they are necessary to correct masticatory deficiencies likely to impair general health. Dental Bulletin No. 14 states that the furnishing of a partial plate is a covered benefit for adult medicaid recipients only where an individual has either (1) fewer than six posterior teeth in occlusion (in bite), or (2) all four incisors (front teeth) in one arch missing.
Dr. Hanratty stated that these criteria (formulated by Dr. Levin, former director of the Dental Division of the Department of Social Services and the Michigan Dental Association) specified when a person’s biting or chewing ability was significantly impaired. Since plaintiff has only one upper back tooth missing, she did not qualify for a partial plate. Dr. Hanratty also stated that the absence of that one tooth would not cause any health or chewing difficulties.
A prior approval request form submitted by a dentist is also a prerequisite to medicaid coverage for a partial plate. Dr. Hanratty stated that this prior authorization requirement assisted in controlling costs and assuring that a dentist followed generally accepted dental practices.
After the hearing, the trial court again affirmed the decision of the administrative law judge and stated that the provisions of the Michigan medicaid plan with respect to dental services are reasonable and do not violate Federal law.
Plaintiff initially challenges the denial of medicaid benefits on the grounds that defendant must provide all dental services, defined by regulation as "diagnostic, preventive, or corrective procedures provided by * * * a dentist * * 42 CFR 440.100. Plaintiff contends that since a root canal and a partial plate fit within the definition of dental services, they must be .provided under 42 CFR 400.2(b), which reads as follows:
"(b) Definitions of services for FFP [Federal funding] purposes. Except as limited in part 441, FFP is available in expenditures under the State plan for medical or remedial care and services as defined in this sub-part.”
This argument is unpersuasive. The wording of the regulation itself does not support plaintiffs interpretation. 42 CFR 440.2(b) merely states that Federal matching funds are available for services defined in the regulations. There is no requirement that the defined services must be provided by the state. Furthermore, in Beal v Doe, 432 US 438; 97 S Ct 2366; 53 L Ed 2d 464 (1977), the Supreme Court ruled that all services within the five mandatory categories under medicaid need not be covered. States are not required to offer a more expansive group of benefits for optional medical services such as dental care. An argument similar to plaintiffs was rejected by the court in Dist of Columbia Podiatry Society v Dist of Columbia, 407 F Supp 1259, 1263-1264 (D DC, 1975), which stated:
"Plaintiffs’ argument fails because of the invalidity of its basic premise that the broad language of the statute was meant to curtail the discretion of the states in devising their Medicaid Plans. Rather, the provisions of Title XIX provide for a 'scheme of cooperative federalism.’ A reading of Title XIX clearly indicates the intent of Congress to give the states considerable discretion and latitude in devising their Medicaid Plans. Thus, federal funds are appropriated under Title XIX '[f]or the purpose of enabling each State, as far as practicable under the conditions in such State, ’ to furnish medical assistance and services. States can choose whether to participate at all; a participating state can choose to include in its plan only the 'categorically needy,’ or it can also include the 'medically needy’; a participating state is free to choose which, if any, of the optional services it will include in its Plan. Such options, amongst others in the statute, are designed to afford each state the opportunity to design a Medicaid Plan tailored to the needs and conditions in that state.”
Plaintiffs second argument merits more extensive discussion. Under 42 CFR 440.230, Michigan’s dental plan must meet a "sufficiency of amount, duration and scope” test. The regulation provides that:
"(a) The plan must specify the amount and duration of each service that it provides:
"(b) Each service must be sufficient in amount, duration, and scope to reasonably achieve its purpose.
"(c)(1) The medicaid agency may not deny or reduce the amount, duration, or scope of a required service under § 440.210 and 440.220 to an otherwise eligible recipient solely because of the diagnosis, type of illness, or condition.
"(2) The agency may place appropriate limits on a service based on such criteria as medical necessity or on utilization control procedures.”
Plaintiff argues that Michigan’s medicaid plan is violative of this test because the denial of the requested benefits was arbitrary, was not based on medical necessity, and was not in the best interests of the medicaid recipients. We disagree.
Our review of the medicaid standards adopted by defendant regarding the extent of assistance is very limited. As stated in Budnicki v Beal, 450 F Supp 546, 557 (ED Pa, 1978):
"[a state’s medicaid coverage policy] which is not irrational or arbitrary and counterproductive to the medical well-being of all Medicaid recipients must be sustained. The court is not in a position to determine which medical services should be provided to poor people given limited state finances and how to optimize that system.”
Since a state plan must be reasonable in light of the purpose of the Federal statute, we look to that statute, Title XIX, in defining the purpose for which it was enacted. The Federal medicaid statute provides that:
"[fjor the purpose of enabling each State, as far as practicable under the conditions in such State, to furnish (1) medical assistance on behalf of families with dependent children * * * and (2) rehabilitation and other services to help such families and individuals attain or retain capability for independence or self-care, there is hereby authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year a sum sufficient to carry out the purposes of this subchapter.” 42 USC 1396. (Emphasis supplied.)
Another provision of the statute also states that the state plan must:
"provide such safeguards as may be necessary to assure that eligibility for care and services under the plan will be determined, and such care and services will be provided in a manner consistent with simplicity of administration and the best interests of the recipients.” 42 USC 1396a(a)(19).
Therefore, as noted in White v Beal, 555 F2d 1146, 1151 '(CA 3, 1977), an optional medical service must be distributed "in a manner which bears a rational relationship to the underlying Federal purpose of providing the service to those in greatest need of it”.
In analyzing the reasonableness of a state’s medicaid standards in light of the li'edipral purpose, it is generally accepted that fiscal restraints play a legitimate role in a state’s decision-making. Title XIX provides for medical assistance "as far as practicable under the conditions in [a] state * * 42 USC 1396. This provision has been construed to mean that a state may exercise its discretion in funding services on the basis of financial feasibility. One commentator has stated:
"Thus, while section 1396 establishes that one of Medicaid’s objectives is to provide necessary medical services, it also reflects a congressional intent that each state have the freedom to tailor programs that are responsive to the fiscal conditions prevalent in that state.” Note, State Restrictions on Medicaid Coverage of Medically Necessary Services, 78 Colum L Rev 1491, 1499 (1978).
In Dist of Columbia Podiatry Society, supra, 1264, the court recognized the propriety of a state including economic factors in its determination of what medical services to provide under medicaid. The court stated:
"Title XIX is a welfare assistance program with limited funding. It is not an insurance program such as Medicare. Even an insurance program (let alone an assistance program) cannot provide coverage for all possible health services. Therefore, it is necessary for Medicaid funds to be used in the most economical manner possible, and it has been left to the States, operating within the Federal guidelines, to make such economic determinations.”
The limitation of policy coverage due to fiscal considerations was also acknowledged in Rush v Parham, 440 F Supp 383, 388 (ND Ga, 1977), which stated:
"The Medicaid statute identifies no particular services or procedures. Coe v Hooker, 406 F Supp 1072, 1079 (D.N.H. 1976). 'Medical assistance’ is broadly defined, 42 USC § 1396d(a), to provide the latitude necessary for the states to formulate a Medical Plan consistent with local needs and conditions, 42 USC § 1396. This flexibility has become more and more important in a tightening economy * * *. The extent of state Medicaid coverage has to be considered in the best interests of all of the recipients.”
See also, Virginia Hospital Ass’n v Kenley, 427 F Supp 781 (ED Va, 1977).
We first address the reasonableness of the defendant’s policy in refusing to reimburse for any root canal treatment to those individuals beyond 21 years of age. The primary rationale for this exclusion is cost containment. Since the expense of a root canal ($450) is substantially higher than that of an extraction ($18), defendant refuses to reimburse the cost of the former treatment. Where the limited resources of the state must be economically apportioned for various medical services, it is consistent with Federal law that defendant consider financial feasibility among the factors used in determining the scope of services for which reimbursement will be made. Here, the cost disparity between the two treatments would serve to support the reasonableness of defendant’s denial of such medicaid benefits on the basis of cost containment.
The testimony also established that an adequate alternative, tooth extraction, was available. This medically accepted treatment, a covered benefit under medicaid, would not have caused any consequent health prolems or chewing difficulties for plaintiff. The availability of such less expensive and yet medically satisfactory treatment persuades us that defendant’s denial of the root canal procedure was rationally related to the purpose of providing dental services to the most recipients.
Plaintiff vigorously argues that defendant’s policy is not in the best interests of the recipients because a preventive dental procedure is being denied to this particular needy patient. However, we consider defendant’s actions to be in accord with the best interests of all recipients. By foregoing the comparatively substantial cost of the root canal procedure and permitting an alternative procedure to remedy the problem at a fraction of the cost, all recipients of medicaid are being taken into account. Since a larger number of recipients are able to take advantage of the lower cost medical service, defendant’s policy is in line with the Federal regulations.
With respect to the denial of the request for a partial denture, the underlying rationale of defendant’s standards is based on the assertion that such services are a covered benefit only where there are chewing difficulties likely to impair general health. The former director of the defendant’s Dental Division and the Michigan Dental Association have formulated the guidelines that such impairment is likely only when there are less than six back teeth in bite or at least four front teeth in one arch missing. These criteria are supported by the defendant’s director of the Dental Division, the State Dental Association, and the dentist testifying at the evidentiary hearing. In the absence of any testimony to the contrary, we are convinced that these guidelines adequately identify those individuals likely to incur serious chewing or biting difficulties. We conclude that these guidelines are also reasonably related to the Federal purpose behind the statute.
The record demonstrates that plaintiff had only one back tooth missing. The testimony indicated that plaintiff would suffer no chewing or health difficulties due to the absence of the one tooth. The condition of plaintiffs teeth clearly did not require the insertion of a partial plate, and defendant’s decision in this regard cannot be considered to be unreasonable.
We hold that the limitations in Michigan’s medicaid plan with respect to the availability of benefits for partial plates and root canal treatments are reasonable and do not violate the Federal requirement that the scope of the services be sufficient to reasonably achieve the Federal purpose of providing dental services to those in the greatest need.
The decision of the circuit court is affirmed.
E. F. Oppliger, J., did not participate in the decision after remand.
Appendix A
Before: D. F. Walsh, P.J., and M. J. Kelly and E. F. Oppliger, JJ.
Per Curiam.
Plaintiff, Arlene Anderson, appeals the determination of the Kent County Circuit Court which affirmed denial of certain dental benefits requested by her under Michigan’s medicaid plan. 42 USC 1396 et seq., MCL 400.105 et seq.; MSA 16.490(15) et seq.
We have carefully reviewed the entire record. In order to make an informed and responsible resolution of the issue raised by plaintiff, we must remand to the circuit court for further evidence.
Benefits for dental services are optional under Title XIX of the Social Security Act which establishes the medicaid program. 42 USC 1396a(a)(13); 42 USC 1396d(a)(10). Michigan’s medicaid plan includes this optional service. MCL 400.108; MSA 16.490(18).
Although each state has broad discretion to adopt standards for determining the extent of assistance to be offered under its medicaid program, such standards must be reasonable and consistent with the objectives of Title XIX. Beal v Doe, 432 US 438; 97 S Ct 2366; 53 L Ed 2d 464, 472 (1977), 42 USC 1396a(a)(17). A state plan must specify the amount and duration of each service provided. 42 CFR 440.230(a). The amount, duration, and scope of each service covered by a state plan must be sufficient to reasonably achieve the purpose of the service. 42 CFR 440.230(b).
We remand for a determination of whether the dental services requested by plaintiff (including a root canal and partial plate) are covered for persons in plaintiff’s position under any provision of Michigan’s medicaid plan. If they are not covered, it must be determined if this limitation on the scope of dental services violates the Federal requirement that the scope of services must be sufficient to reasonably achieve the purpose of providing dental services.
Remanded to Kent County Circuit Court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We retain jurisdiction.
See Note, State Restrictions on Medicaid Coverage of Medically Necessary Services, 78 Col LR 1491 (1978), and Butler, State Limits on the Amount, Scope, and Duration of Services Linder Medicaid, 11 Clearinghouse Review 456 (1977). | [
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M. J. Kelly, J.
On April 19, 1978, defendant was convicted of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, three counts of assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83; MSA 28.278, and four counts of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Defendant was sentenced under the indeterminate sentencing act to life imprisonment on the second-degree murder count and to a prison term of 10 to 30 years for each count of assault with intent to murder. He also received a mandatory two-year prison term for each of the four felony-firearm counts. Defendant’s subsequent appeal of right to this Court resulted in an unpublished memorandum opinion affirming each of the convictions. People v Rone, Docket No. 78-2461, released December 12, 1979. The decision is now remanded to this Court on order of the Supreme Court, for "amplification of the reasons for its decision”, 409 Mich 903 (1980). We are also directed to consider "whether the trial court’s unrequested instructions concerning the procedures to be followed after a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity constituted error” under People v Cole, 382 Mich 695; 172 NW2d 354 (1969).
On September 2, 1977, defendant, while armed with a .22 semi-automatic rifle, entered the Band Drug Store in the City of Detroit. He was looking for the manager when, suddenly and without apparent provocation, he shot the pharmacist, Allen Margolis. Defendant then exited from the store, whereupon he encountered Mary and Robert Rish. He then asked Miss Rish if Robert was her "old man”, and proceeded to shoot Robert in the side of the head.
Shortly after the above shootings, Detroit police officer James Lawless observed the defendant in the neighborhood carrying a rifle. When Lawless identified himself as a police officer, the defendant began shooting at him as well. Defendant then retreated into a nearby house where he was arrested. A subsequent search of the defendant’s home disclosed the body of Mary Stevens, with whom the defendant had been living. Miss Stevens was later found to have been shot three times with a .22-caliber rifle.
At trial the defense presented the testimony of Dr. Norman G. Pothyress, a clinical psychologist, in support of its proposed defense of insanity. Dr. Pothyress opined that the defendant was mentally ill at the time of the shootings. He also suggested that defendant had likely consumed a considerable amount of alcohol both the day of and day before the shootings.
Defendant first contests as a violation of due process this Court’s denial of his motion for additional time to file an appellate brief. Defendant specifically alleges that this denial violated his due process right to effective oral arguments on appeal. On October 5, 1978, the defendant was provided substitute appellate counsel, after the 60-day period for filing briefs provided in GCR 1963, 815.1(1) had expired. On October 19, 1978, defense counsel petitioned this Court for an additional 60 days to file his brief. We granted a 20-day extension in an order dated November 6, 1978.
This Court’s authority to permit the filing of an appellant’s brief more than 90 days after a claim of appeal or transcript is filed is governed by GCR 1963, 815.1(1). Under this rule, additional time may be ordered "for cause shown”. We hold that no error was committed. Defendant’s appellate brief was not in fact filed until February 26, 1979, three months after expiration of the original 20-day extension. Further, arguments were not scheduled on defendant’s case until October, 1979; counsel made no motion for oral argument although the case call specifically noted the time requirements for filing motions and told "all attorneys not endorsed must move for oral argument”. This allegation of error is not only meritless but specious.
Defendant next alleges as reversible error the trial court’s decision sua sponte to instruct the jury on the post-trial effect of a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity. The trial judge instructed as follows:
"If you make such decision, the defendant will be immediately committed to the custody of the center for forensic psychiatry for a period not to exceed sixty days. During that time the statute directs that the center thoroughly examine and evaluate the present mental condition of the defendant in order to reach an opinion as to whether he is mentally ill and requires medical treatment.
"Within the sixty day period, the center will file a report with the Court, Prosecuting Attorney and Defense Counsel. If the report states that the person is not mentally ill or does not require treatment, the defendant shall be discharged from custody. If the report finds that the person is mentally ill and does require treatment, the Court may direct the Prosecuting Attorney to file a petition with the Probate Court for an order of hospitalization or an order of admission to a clinical facility.
"If the court so directs the center may retain the person pending such a hearing. If after a hearing before a Probate Court, the defendant is found not to be mentally ill or not to be a person requiring treatment, the defendant shall be discharged. However, if the person is ordered hospitalized, admitted to a facility or otherwise (to) receive treatment he shall not be discharged or placed on leave without prior consultation with the center for forensic psychiatry.
"If hospitalized, the defendant will be hospitalized until his mental condition is such that he is no longer judged to require treatment.”
In People v Cole, 382 Mich 695; 172 NW2d 354 (1969), the Supreme Court considered as a matter of first impression the question whether a jury-should be apprised of the consequences of returning a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity. The Court concluded in favor of the instruction, when requested by the defendant or jury. In so holding, the Cole Court adopted the rationale supporting the instruction expressed in Lyles v United States, 103 US App DC 22, 25; 254 F2d 725 (1957):
"This point arises under the doctrine, well established and sound, that the jury has no concern with the consequences of a verdict, either in the sentence, if any, or the nature or extent of it, or in probation. But we think that doctrine does not apply in the problem before us. The issue of insanity having been fairly raised, the jury may return one of three verdicts, guilty, not guilty, or not guilty by reason of insanity. Jurors, in common with people in general, are aware of the meanings of verdicts of guilty and not guilty. It is common knowledge that a verdict of not guilty means that the prisoner goes free and that a verdict of guilty means that he is subject to such punishment as the court may impose. But a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity has no such commonly understood meaning. As a matter of fact its meaning was not made clear in this jurisdiction until Congress enacted the statute of August 9, 1955 [69 Stat 610, DC Code § 24-301 (1951) (Supp V)]. It means neither freedom nor punishment. It means the accused will be confined in a hospital for the mentally ill until the superintendent of such hospital certifies, and the court is satisfied, that such person has recovered his sanity and will not in the reasonable future be dangerous to himself or others. We think the jury has a right to know the meaning of this possible verdict as accurately as it knows by common knowledge the meaning of the other two possible verdicts.”
Accord, People v Hampton, 384 Mich 669, 674-676; 187 NW2d 404 (1971), People v Gray, 57 Mich App 289, 297; 225 NW2d 733 (1975). See also People v Ashford, 91 Mich App 693; 283 NW2d 830 (1979), in which the Court found no manifest injustice arising from the trial court’s unobjected-to decision to sua sponte instruct the jury in this manner.
Two subsequent cases in this Court have considered the specific allegation of error raised by defendant. In People v Samuelson, 75 Mich App 228; 254 NW2d 849 (1977), the Court interpreted the Cole reference to a request by the jury or defense counsel as impliedly prohibiting a sua sponte dis position instruction. The Samuelson Court did not, however, find the lower court’s unrequested instruction to be reversible error. It concluded that the Cole "automatic commitment charge” mistakenly given by the trial court under MCL 767.27b; MSA 28.966(12), was more helpful to defendant’s insanity defense than a disposition instruction under the then recently enacted Mental Health Code, MCL 330.2050; MSA 14.800(1050).
The more recent decision in People v Tenbrink, 93 Mich App 326; 287 NW2d 223 (1979), lv den 408 Mich 945 (1980), offers a differing analysis. The Tenbrink Court quoted the following additional language from Lyles, supra, pages 25-26:
"Sometimes a defendant may not want such an instruction given. If that appears affirmatively on the record we would not regard failure to give it as grounds for reversal. Otherwise, whenever hereafter the defense of insanity is fairly raised, the trial judge shall instruct the jury as to the legal meaning of a verdict of not guilty by reason of insanity in accordance with the view expressed in this opinion.”
The Tenbrink Court then reasoned that in Cole the Supreme Court adopted the entire rationale offered in Lyles, including the requirement of a disposition instruction for insanity defenses. The Court also rejected the argument that the new Mental Health Code’s disposition procedures would alter its finding:_
"Nor do we feel that the change in the law relative to the possible disposition of one found 'not guilty by reason of insanity’ requires a different result. While the Lyles rule related to an automatic commitment statute similar to Michigan’s when Cole was decided, the District of Columbia code was amended in 1970 to require a sanity hearing within 50 days. This is similar to the new Michigan mental health code in effect at the time of trial in the case at bar. In United States v Brawner, 153 US App DC 1, 28-30; 474 F2d 969 (1972), the Court reconsidered the Lyles change and held that the instruction should be revised to conform with the statute as amended. The instructions in the instant case conformed with Michigan’s new law. On the basis of Lyles, Brawner and Cole we find no reversible error in the sua sponte instructions of the trial court relative to possible dispositions of the defendant if he were found 'not guilty by reason of insanity’ or 'guilty but mentally ill’.” 93 Mich App 326, 330.
We agree with the result reached in Tenbrink, but subscribe to a different approach.
Basic to the function of a trial court is its duty to instruct the jury on all elements of a charged crime, whether requested by the parties or not. MCL 768.29; MSA 28.1052, People v Ashford, supra. Imposition of this duty is intended to secure the defendant’s right to a jury trial, which includes the right to a properly instructed jury. People v Lewis, 91 Mich App 542; 283 NW2d 790 (1979). Central to this requirement is the necessity that instructions make understandable to a jury the legal concepts they are to apply. As explained in People v Lambert, 395 Mich 296, 304; 235 NW2d 338 (1975):
"[J]uries cannot be allowed to speculate. It is the function of the court to inform the jury of the law by which its verdict must be controlled. The purpose of instructions is to enable the jury to understand and apply the law to the facts of the case. The accused has a right to have a jury pass upon the evidence under proper instructions.” (Footnote omitted.)
As noted in Cole and Lyles, the basis for instructing a jury on the consequences of a not guilty by reason of insanity verdict is the judicial recognition that jurors do not generally understand the results of such a decision. Thus, to find error in the lower court’s instruction would run contrary to the rationale approved in Cole. To insure a jury’s fair consideration of all possible verdicts brought into issue, a trial court should have independent authority to instruct on the disposition of a defendant found insane. We therefore conclude that a trial judge may sua sponte instruct a jury as to the post-trial effect of a not guilty by reason of insanity verdict.
Defendant next alleges a violation of his consti tutional right to be free of double jeopardy, US Const, Am V; Const 1963, art 1, § 15, arising from his separate conviction for possessing a firearm during the commission of a felony. Under the authority of the decision of Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder’s Court Judge, 406 Mich 374; 280 NW2d 793 (1979), it is determined that defendant’s convictions did not violate the constitutional prohibition against double jeopardy.
The fourth issue raised by defendant concerns the trial court’s failure to sua sponte instruct the jury on the defense of intoxication. In People v Reed, 393 Mich 342, 349-350; 224 NW2d 867 (1975), the Supreme Court summarized the duties of a trial court to properly instruct its jury. If supported by the evidence, a trial judge must include instructions on any theories or defenses raised. People v Reed, supra, People v Hoskins, 403 Mich 95, 100; 267 NW2d 417 (1978). In this case, the sole reference to intoxication was that made by the defendant’s expert psychiatric witness who, based upon conversations he had with the defendant and several witnesses, suggested the defendant had been drinking heavily the day of the incident. We note, however, the hearsay nature of this testimony offered solely in support of defendant’s claim of insanity. Had the expert attempted to establish by direct testimony a defense claim of intoxication, such evidence would have been inadmissible as hearsay. Absent additional evidence supporting a finding that defendant was intoxicated, the trial judge was not required to instruct the jury sua sponte as to the possible mitigating effect of intoxication.
We also note the defendant’s failure to request an intoxication instruction. Absent such a request, this Court will not reverse unless manifest injus tice would thereby result. People v Crawford, 89 Mich App 30, 36; 279 NW2d 560 (1979). Our review of this issue discloses no such manifest injustice.
Defendant asserts error arising from the trial court’s instructions in preparing the jury for expert psychiatric testimony on the defense of insanity. People v Mikulin, 84 Mich App 705; 270 NW2d 500 (1978). However, our review of the trial court indicates instructions in substantial compliance with CJI 7:8:01 as required by Mikulin. Thus, no reversible error was suffered by the defendant.
Defendant next asserts that the prosecutor’s closing argument contained remarks prejudicial to the defendant’s case. Specifically, he complains of the following statements made during rebuttal:
"But, is that to say that they are immune from criminal prosecution, because the acts which they committed upon their fellow men and women were so reprehensible? The law was not intended to unbridle the passions of men and women, to allow them to go through the world and murder, kill and plunder and then assert that they did that as the result of a mental defect.”
"Now are we to let people go about consuming large volumes of alcohol and then go out on the streets and shoot, kill and maim and murder and come in and say, 'Ah, I had some mental problems.’?”
"* * * I hope that that is a verdict that you are able to live with today, tomorrow, next week and as long as you are here on this good earth.”
Defense counsel raised no objection to these remarks. Such failure to object precludes appellate review unless it can be said that a timely requested curative instruction would not have elimi nated the claimed prejudice, People v Champion, 97 Mich App 25; 293 NW2d 715 (1980), or that the comments denied defendant his right to a fair trial. People v Thangavelu, 96 Mich App 442; 292 NW2d 227 (1980). The prosecutor’s remarks were not so inflammatory that curative instructions would be unable to eradicate the claimed prejudice. E.g., People v Lewis, 37 Mich App 548; 195 NW2d 30 (1972). Nor did the remarks make reference to matters not in evidence. People v Thangavelu, supra. Finally, review of the prosecutor’s closing statement in its entirety shows no manifest prejudice to the defendant. His argument did not suggest a "civic duty” to convict or disparagement of the defense of insanity. Had defense counsel entered objections to the prosecutor’s remarks, the trial court’s curative instructions could have erased any prejudice to defendant.
Defendant next argues that the guilty but mentally ill statute, MCL 768.36; MSA 28.1059, under which the jury was instructed denied to the defendant his constitutional rights to due process and equal protection of the laws. His due process argument rests upon the allegation that the psychiatric treatment statutorily mandated will not, in fact, be provided. Defendant’s equal protection argument alleges that the law creates an irrational classification between defendants found guilty but mentally ill and those found not guilty by reason of insanity. Each of these arguments was addressed, and dismissed, however, in People v McLeod, 407 Mich 632; 288 NW2d 909 (1980). We thus find no merit in defendant’s constitutional arguments.
Defendant lastly contends he was denied the effective assistance of counsel when his attorney (1) failed to request an instruction on intoxication as a theory of defense, (2) failed to object to the previously noted prosecutorial comments during closing argument and, (3) failed to seek dismissal of the second-degree murder charge or request an instruction on manslaughter.
In People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250; 247 NW2d 547 (1974), the Supreme Court adopted the standard for effective assistance articulated in Beasley v United States, 491 F2d 687, 696 (CA 6, 1974), requiring defense counsel to "perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary training and skill in the criminal law”. The Garcia Court also approved this Court’s decision in People v Degraffenreid, 19 Mich App 702; 173 NW2d 317 (1969), finding that a "serious mistake” but for which defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal could constitute grounds for a valid claim of ineffective assistance. We shall discuss the individual bases claimed by defendant to constitute ineffective assistance seriatim.
The defense of intoxication is of limited utility, except where the charged offense(s) require(s) a specific intent for its commission. In People v Crittle, 390 Mich 367, 371; 212 NW2d 196 (1973), the Supreme Court quoted its previous opinion in People v Walker, 38 Mich 156, 158 (1878), for the effect of an intoxication defense:
"While it is true that drunkenness cannot excuse crime, it is equally true that when a certain intent is a necessary element in a crime, the crime cannot have been committed when the intent did not exist. In larceny the crime does not consist in the wrongful taking of the property, for that might be a mere trespass; but it consists in the wrongful taking with felonious intent; and if the defendant for any reason whatever, indulged no such intent, the crime cannot have been committed.”
See also People v Stanton, 97 Mich App 453; 296 NW2d 70 (1980). Thus, had defense counsel raised as a defense the alleged intoxication of the defendant, such defense would necessarily have been limited to the assault with intent to commit murder charges.
Despite the availability of intoxication as a defense to the assault charges, we find the defendant’s argument unavailing. From the record there was little evidence of intoxication. Moreover, defense counsel was likely aware that such an instruction would not be a defense to the second-degree murder or felony-firearm charges. It appears defense counsel merely chose to emphasize the insanity defense rather than distract the jury with another defense which might appear to be flimsy. This decision by counsel was part of his trial strategy. The fact that the strategy failed does not mean that counsel was ineffective.
We have already determined that no prejudice was imposed upon the defendant by the prosecutor’s remarks during closing arguments. Defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance of counsel for failure to object to such remarks is thus without merit. As every trial lawyer knows, objections often underscore points made by the opposition.
The final rationale proposed in support of defendant’s claim of ineffective assistance is defense counsel’s failure to move for dismissal of the second-degree murder charge or for instructions on the lesser included offense of manslaughter. We disagree. The evidence presented at trial as to second-degree murder was more than adequate to withstand a motion for directed verdict of acquittal. People v Hampton, 407 Mich 354; 285 NW2d 284 (1979). Further, defense counsel’s failure to request instructions on manslaughter could be a matter of trial strategy. In effect, by not requesting such instructions defense counsel may have attempted to force the jury into an "all or nothing” decision. Defendant was not deprived of his constitutional right to the effective assistance of counsel.
Affirmed.
D. S. DeWitt, J., not participating.
Unlike the present case, the Supreme Court in Cole did not have before it the issue of an unrequested instruction. Nor did the Court endeavor to address the issue.
The latter provision established a required period of forensic center commitment not to exceed 60 days, during which the defendant is to undergo tests and examinations to determine his continuing mental condition. MCL 330.2050(1); MSA 14.800(1050X1). A report on the defendant’s mental health is then required to be prepared and submitted to the court, which may direct the prosecutor to prepare a petition seeking a more permanent commitment and course of treatment. MCL 330.2050(2X3); MSA 14.800(1050)(2)(3).
We note with approval the following discussion in People v Thomas, 96 Mich App 210, 223; 292 NW2d 523 (1980), a case in which the trial court gave a disposition instruction over defense counsel’s objection:
"In this connection, there is much to be said for adopting a truth and accuracy test as a measure of the correctness of a trial judge’s instruction regarding the effect of a not guilty by reason of insanity verdict or a guilty but mentally ill verdict. It is just as wrong and erroneous to mislead a jury into believing there is no public safety factor in either of those verdicts because a defendant will not be released until it is certain that he will not commit further violent crime as it is to mislead a jury into believing a defendant will automatically be released from a mental hospital within a very short time after either of these verdicts. The argument for the truth and accuracy of the jury instruction test rests on the practical assumption that under our adversary system the prosecutor and the defense counsel will each indirectly and obliquely seek to persuade the jury of their respective, differing versions of what happens after a not guilty by reason of insanity verdict or a guilty but mentally ill verdict and that the best way to combat these efforts is by telling the jury what the law provides. Leaving the question of whether or not to give this jury instruction to the whim of the defendant imparts a kind of judicial gamesmanship to the trial. Confidence in the jury should override the fear that somehow knowledge of what happens to a defendant in the case of a not guilty by reason of insanity or a guilty but mentally ill verdict will result in an unjust verdict.”
See People v Taylor, 98 Mich App 685; 296 NW2d 631 (1980), rejecting the defendant’s argument that intoxication is a defense to second-degree murder, an offense not requiring specific intent to kill. See also Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder’s Court Judge, 406 Mich 374, 396-398; 280 NW2d 793 (1979), in which the Supreme Court discussed the elements required to prove a violation of the felony-firearm statute but did not find specific intent necessary. But see People v Fields, 64 Mich App 166; 235 NW2d 95 (1975), holding assault with intent to commit murder to be a specific intent crime. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant pled guilty to the offense of unarmed robbery, MCL 750.530; MSA 28.798. As a part of the plea agreement, the prosecutor agreed not to file a supplemental information charging defendant as an habitual offender.
On appeal, defendant claims that the bargain for his plea was an illusion because the people did not file a supplemental information at the same time that the original information was filed. He contends that under People v Fountain, 407 Mich 96; 282 NW2d 168 (1979), the people were foreclosed from filing a supplemental information and that, therefore, he did not receive any benefit from his plea bargain.
The facts in this case indicate that the defendant was originally charged with armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797. In addition to the agreement that the prosecutor would not charge defendant as an habitual offender, the plea bargain in this case consisted of the following agreements: The original information was amended to unarmed robbery, to which charge the defendant pled guilty; another armed robbery offense was amended to unarmed robbery and dismissed; and a charge of possession of marijuana was dismissed.
In our opinion defendant’s bargain was no illusion. Defendant may not have received as many benefits as he thought he would be receiving for his plea, but he did receive many benefits for the plea.
Affirmed. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted in a jury trial of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, and appeals.
Defendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion to suppress evidence of certain prior convictions. Our review indicates that the trial judge exercised his discretion in ruling on the motion, relying on People v Bennett, 85 Mich App 68; 270 NW2d 709 (1978). In the instant case, none of the prior convictions were for armed robbery, and each of the larcenous offenses reflected defendant’s character. There was no abuse of discretion. See also People v Worden, 91 Mich App 666; 284 NW2d 159 (1979).
Defendant also argues that the examining magistrate erred by amending the charge. The amendment was made during the preliminary examination. It was amended as a result of evidence adduced during the testimony. Defendant’s right to a preliminary examination on the added charge has not been jeopardized. People v Erskin, 92 Mich App 630; 285 NW2d 396 (1979). MCL 767.76; MSA 28.1016.
The claim that there was insufficient evidence to bind defendant over for trial is likewise without merit. There was evidence presented that defendant accompanied the principal throughout the commission of the crime and that he drove the car away from the scene. The magistrate acted properly in binding defendant over for trial. People v Palmer, 392 Mich 370; 220 NW2d 393 (1974).
Our review of the record clearly indicates that the prosecutor’s closing remarks do not warrant reversal. So long as the argument is based upon the evidence and does not call upon a jury to decide a case based upon the prestige of the prosecutor’s office, the words "I believe” or "I want you to convict” are not improper. People v Cowell, 44 Mich App 623; 205 NW2d 600 (1973).
Defendant’s final argument is that the sentence of 7-1/2 to 10 years violates the indeterminate sentence act as mandated by People v Tanner, 387 Mich 683; 199 NW2d 202 (1972). A reading of the transcript provided to counsel and the Court indicates that defendant was in fact sentenced to 7-1/2 to 10 years rather than 6-1/2 to 10 years as required by Tanner.
However, the prosecutor counters that a supplemental proceeding of the defendant’s sentencing had not yet been transcribed. We have now received the transcript of the "supplemental” proceeding. We are at a loss to understand how the transcription of the two hearings could be, word for word, exactly similar until the prosecutor reminds the court that the sentence should be corrected to reflect 7-1/2 to 15 years rather than 7-1/ 2 to 10 years, which the judge acts upon.
In view of the foregoing, we remand the matter to the trial judge. If a review of his own notes, the court file and the recollection of the parties involved convinces him that he, in fact, sentenced defendant to 7-1/2 to 15 years, then he shall so state on the record and defendant’s conviction is affirmed. If, on the other hand, the court is convinced that defendant was sentenced to 7-1/2 to 10 years, his sentence shall be modified to 6-1/2 to 10 years. If the court is unsure, then the sentence shall be vacated and defendant shall be resentenced.
Defendant’s conviction is affirmed. The matter is remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We retain no further jurisdiction. | [
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A. C. Miller, J.
Defendants were found guilty of conspiracy to suborn perjury, MCL 750.157a; MSA 28.354(1), MCL 750.424; MSA 28.666, and endeavoring to incite or procure perjury, MCL 750.425; MSA 28.667, by a jury in the Recorder’s Court of the City of Detroit. Defendant Shina was sentenced to concurrent prison terms of 5 to 15 years for the conspiracy conviction and 3 to 5 years for the incitement of perjury conviction. Defendants Sesi and Yatooma were sentenced to concurrent terms of 5 to 15 years for the conspiracy conviction and 2-1/2 to 5 years for the incitement of perjury conviction. All three defendants appeal as of right, raising numerous challenges to their convictions.
Defendants’ convictions resulted from certain dealings between defendants and the chief prosecution witness, Michael Robinson. During the early months of 1977, defendants Sesi and Yatooma and another individual, Wadi Qonja, stood charged with arson and conspiracy to commit arson in three separate cases. In each of these cases Michael Robinson was endorsed as a res gestae witness. From 1972-1975, Robinson worked for Hazim Saeegh and was paid by Saeegh to set over 30 fires, including those which resulted in the above prosecutions.
Following Yatooma’s preliminary examination, Robinson was approached by defendant Shina, his former employer. Shina suggested to Robinson that if he changed his testimony and Hazim Saeegh were killed, the arson prosecutions could not continue. Robinson made a taped conversation at Shina’s place of business in which he stated that he had set no fires and had been forced to lie by the investigators. Shina told Robinson that the taped statement did not contain specific enough denials, and a second tape was made in the presence of and under the direction of defendants Shina, Sesi, and Yatooma. Subsequently, Robinson met with Sesi, Yatooma, and Wadi Qonja to sign a written statement corroborating the information on the. tape. Shina paid $500 to Robinson. Qonja paid $750 to Shina after this meeting. These facts were revealed to the authorities by Robinson in exchange for immunity from prosecution.
I
Defendants first allege that the information filed against them was so defective as to fail to confer jurisdiction on the trial court. Specifically, defendants argue that the information failed to allege that defendants were aware that the testimony sought from Robinson was false. The information charges:
"* * * the purpose of said payment of money being to procure from MICHAEL ROBINSON false testimony
Certainly in ordinary parlance this would indicate that defendants were being charged with knowledge of the falsity. If the word "false” were omitted, there would be some basis for the claim. With it there is none. Defendants made no objection to their information at trial. The trial court was not informed of any potential problems with the information so that they could be corrected. As a consequence, defendants have failed to preserve this issue for appeal. MCL 767.76; MSA 28.1016, MCL 767.2; MSA 28.942, People v Kildow, 19 Mich App 194; 172 NW2d 492 (1969), lv den 383 Mich 803 (1970), People v Hernandez, 80 Mich App 465; 264 NW2d 343 (1978), lv den 406 Mich 938 (1979).
II
Defendants allege that the trial court erred in failing to quash the information returned against them. Defendants claim that there was no competent evidence adduced in the preliminary examination to indicate that the testimony procured was false or that defendants knew it was false.
The purpose of a preliminary examination is to determine if a crime has been committed and, if so, if there is probable cause to believe that the defendant committed it. MCL 766.13; MSA 28.931, People v Duncan, 388 Mich 489; 201 NW2d 629 (1972). The magistrate is not required to find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, but there must be evidence on each element of the crime charged or evidence from which those elements may be inferred. The magistrate’s exercise of discretion will not be reversed unless a clear abuse of discretion is demonstrated. People v Doss, 406 Mich 90; 276 NW2d 9 (1979).
Our review of the evidence introduced at the preliminary examination leads us to conclude that no abuse of discretion occurred. Michael Robinson testified at a preliminary examination that he had committed arson on behalf of Sesi, Yatooma, and Wadi Qonja. Robinson testified that he met with Shina and discussed changing his testimony for pay. Tape recordings were made and statements signed by Robinson at the urging of Shina and under the direction of all three defendants. The testimony of witness Robinson was sufficient to establish the falsity of the testimony sought. The defendants’ knowledge of its falsity could be easily inferred from testimony regarding the underlying offenses.
Ill
Defendants next allege that their convictions of conspiracy to suborn perjury are violative of Wharton’s Rule. Wharton’s Rule is stated as follows:
"An agreement by two persons to commit a particular crime cannot be prosecuted as a conspiracy when the crime is of such a nature as to necessarily require the participation of two persons for its commission.” 1 Anderson, Wharton’s Criminal Law and Procedure (1957 ed), § 89, p 191.
The Supreme Court has recently undertaken an analysis of Wharton’s Rule in a case dealing with conspiracy to obstruct justice. People v Davis, 408 Mich 255; 290 NW2d 366 (1980). Three separate concurring opinions were written in Davis. The plurality opinion affirmed a decision of this Court which had held the rule applicable to a police officer who had taken money from a suspect in return for the suspect’s release. Another police officer, also charged with conspiracy, had been found not guilty. As a result of these facts, one could say that the defendant had conspired with the suspect and no one else. While Wharton’s Rule was found applicable by the Supreme Court and the conviction overturned, the three concurring opinions reached this result by different means. Important to our task here, Justice Levin’s concurring opinion stated:
"Because the applicability of Wharton’s Rule turns upon the nature of the substantive offense that the conspiracy seeks to achieve, accurate identification of that target offense is essential.” 408 Mich 255, 280.
Defendants here were charged with conspiracy to suborn perjury. Subornation of perjury is a statutory offense defined as follows:
"Sec. 424. Any person who shall be guilty of subornation of perjury, by procuring another person to commit the crime of perjury, shall be punished as provided in the next preceding section.” MCL 750.424; MSA 28.666.
Defendants were also convicted of inciting or procuring to commit perjury, defined as follows:
"Sec. 425. Any person who shall endeavor to incite or procure any person to commit the crime of perjury, though no perjury be committed, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than five [5] years.” MCL 750.425; MSA 28.667.
Subornation can be generally defined as procuring or inducing an improper or unlawful act. Given this definition, the only meaningful difference which appears between the above two provisions would be the completed act of perjury. This is consistent with the language "though no perjury be committed” contained within § 425 but not appearing in § 424. Once it is understood that conspiracy to suborn perjury requires the completed act of perjury, it is readily apparent that subornation of perjury, by its nature, requires the cooperative acts of two persons, i.e., the person who commits perjury and the person who subornates the perjury. However, even though the substantive crime here requires the cooperative action of two parties, Wharton’s Rule is not violated. Most authorities regard Wharton’s Rule as applicable only where the number of alleged conspirators does not exceed the minimum number logically necessary to complete the substantive offense. Davis, supra, 301 (Levin, J., concurring), LaFave & Scott, Criminal Law, Section 62, p 493, Iannelli v United States, 420 US 770; 95 S Ct 1284; 43 L Ed 2d 616 (1975). This Court has followed this approach in Oakland County Prosecutor v 46th Dist Judge, 76 Mich App 318; 256 NW2d 776 (1977).
In this case, a conspiracy could be established between Shina, Sesi, and Yatooma. It was not necessary that Robinson be considered a co-conspirator. In short, the number of alleged conspirators did exceed the minimum number necessary to commit the crime of subornation of perjury. As such, Wharton’s Rule is inapplicable.
IV
Supplementary briefs were filed on the issue of whether defendants’ double jeopardy rights were violated by conviction of conspiracy to suborn perjury and endeavoring to incite or procure perjury. Const 1963, art 1, § 15. After due consideration, we conclude that defendants’ double jeopardy rights were not violated.
Conspiracy to suborn perjury and endeavoring to incite or procure perjury each require proof of a fact not required by the other. See People v Davenport, 89 Mich App 678; 282 NW2d 179 (1979), People v Shelton, 93 Mich App 782; 286 NW2d 922 (1979). See also Blockburger v United States, 284 US 299; 52 S Ct 180; 76 L Ed 306 (1932).
A conspiracy is a partnership in a criminal purpose consisting of: (1) a combination or agreement, expressed or implied, between two or more persons, (2) to commit an illegal act. People v Atley, 392 Mich 298; 220 NW2d 465 (1974). Endeavoring to procure or incite perjury is essentially an attempt offense and, as such, requires proof that an overt act to implement the attempt was made. People v Pippin, 316 Mich 191; 25 NW2d 164 (1946). Conspiracy to suborn perjury, thus, requires proof of an agreement not necessary to establish incitement of perjury, while endeavoring to incite or procure perjury requires proof of an overt act not required to establish a conspiracy in this state. People v Thomas Hintz, 69 Mich App 207; 244 NW2d 414 (1976), lv den 397 Mich 852 (1976).
Furthermore, on the facts of this case, it was not logically necessary for the jury to find guilt of either crime as a necessary factual predicate for finding guilt of the other. People v Stewart (On Rehearing), 400 Mich 540; 256 NW2d 31 (1977), People v Martin, 398 Mich 303; 247 NW2d 303 (1976), People v Terry Alexander, 82 Mich App 621; 267 NW2d 466 (1978), lv den 406 Mich 936 (1979), People v Grable, 95 Mich App 20; 289 NW2d 871 (1980). The jury, on the facts of this case, could have found that each defendant endeavored to incite perjury without finding that they collectively agreed to suborn perjury. Terry Alexander, supra. The factual proof of either crime did not make the factual proof of the other necessary.
V
Defendants contend that testimony and evidence introduced by the prosecution to show that Robin son actually did perform acts of arson should not have been admitted. We disagree.
Relevant evidence is evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the action more or less probable. MRE 401. Evidence of other crimes is generally not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. MRE 404(b). An exception is made where evidence of prior criminal acts is made to prove motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act. See People v Smith, 97 Mich App 778; 296 NW2d 169 (1980).
In the case at bar, any prejudice in showing the defendants’ prior involvement in the fires set by Robinson was outweighed by the probative value of the evidence. In order to convict defendants of conspiracy to suborn perjury and endeavoring to incite perjury, it was necessary to show their knowledge that the testimony procured from Robinson would be false. 60 Am Jur 2d, Perjury, §§ 67, 68, pp 1007-1008. In order to show defendants’ knowledge that the procured testimony would be false, the prosecutor had to show that Robinson actually did set the previous fires. Under these factual circumstances, proof of the prior arson was admissible. We additionally note that proof of defendants’ prior involvement with the fires set by Robinson went to show defendants’ motive in the perjury crimes charged.
VI
Defendant Shina alleges that the trial court abused its discretion in ruling that evidence of his prior felony conviction of mail fraud, 18 USCA 1341, could be used to impeach him if he chose to testify in his own behalf.
MRE 609, in effect and controlling at trial, governs the use of evidence of prior convictions for impeachment. It reads in pertinent part:
"(a) * * * For the purpose of attacking the credibility of a witness, evidence that he has been convicted of a crime shall be admitted if elicited from him or established by public record during cross-examination but only if
"(1) the crime was punishable by death or imprisonment in excess of one year under the law under which he was convicted, or the crime involved theft, dishonesty or false statement, regardless of the punishment, and
"(2) the court determines that the probative value of admitting this evidence on the issue of credibility outweighs its prejudicial effect.”
Except as to its treatment of misdemeanor convictions, MRE 609 is consistent with prior Michigan authority. A trial court’s discretion in deciding whether to admit evidence of a prior conviction is determined by: (1) the nature of the prior offense in relation to credibility, (2) whether the conviction was for substantially the same conduct as the charged offense, and (3) the effect on the decisional process if the accused does not testify. People v Crawford, 83 Mich App 35; 268 NW2d 275 (1978), People v Jackson, 391 Mich 323; 217 NW2d 22 (1974).
A conviction for mail fraud is clearly probative of credibility. Similarly, it is sufficiently distinct from the charged offenses not to be unduly prejudicial. People v Baldwin, 405 Mich 550; 275 NW2d 253 (1979), reh den 406 Mich 1118 (1979). While defendant’s case very well may have benefited from his testimony, that fact, standing alone, does not indicate that the trial court’s discretion was abused. The court was aware of the discretion imposed and properly exercised it.
VII
Defendants allege that they were entitled to have the jury instructed on CJI 5:2:04, concerning witness Robinson’s drug addiction. Defendants cite People v Atkins, 397 Mich 163; 243 NW2d 292 (1976), and People v Smith, 82 Mich App 132; 266 NW2d 476 (1978). The Atkins decision indicated that the Supreme Court would not be adverse to a cautionary instruction where the uncorroborated testimony of an addict-informer is the only evidence linking the accused with the alleged offense. In Atkins, the Supreme Court did not reverse since no instruction had been requested. This Court followed Atkins in Smith, but again affirmed the lower court since the defendant’s trial in Smith had predated the Atkins decision.
While defendants in the case at bar requested the addict-informer instruction, it was not error for the trial court to refuse to give it. The testimony of Robinson was not the only evidence linking defendants to the crime. Several other witnesses, including Wadi Qonja, gave testimony incriminating the defendants. Secondly, it was not established that Robinson was an addict either at the time the original fires were set, during defendants’ attempt to get Robinson to perjure himself, or at the time of trial. No modified version appropriate to the facts of the case at bar was tendered.
VIII
Lastly, defendant Sesi argues that there was insufficient evidence to convict him of endeavoring to incite or procure perjury. We disagree. Viewed in a light most favorable to the prosecution, a reasonable trier of fact could have found each element of the offense proved beyond a reasonable doubt. See Jackson v Virginia, 443 US 307; 99 S Ct 2781; 61 L Ed 2d 560 (1979), People v Oster (On Resubmission), 97 Mich App 122; 294 NW2d 253 (1980). Cf., People v Hampton, 407 Mich 354; 285 NW2d 284 (1979).
The crime of endeavoring to incite perjury requires proof that the accused attempted to procure the perjurious testimony of another. It is necessary that the accused be aware that the testimony sought will be false. (See Issue V, supra.) Here, Michael Robinson testified that he committed arson on behalf of defendant Sesi. He indicated that, after being approached by defendant Shina, he made a tape that denied involvement in a series of arson cases for which he was a witness. He was told by Shina that both defendants Yatooma and Sesi were dissatisfied with the tape and desired one that was more specific. Subsequently, a second tape was made at the direction of all three defendants which included exculpatory statements. Robinson also testified that, the day before the second taping, he stopped by defendant Sesi’s store. Sesi was upset at this and told Robinson that he would deal with him only through Shina.
The testimony of Robinson was sufficient to allow a reasonable trier of fact to find that each element of the offense had been committed beyond a reasonable doubt. It indicated that defendant Sesi acted directly and through defendant Shina to encourage Robinson to testify falsely. Tapes and statements were made establishing an exculpatory story, and Robinson was requested to stick to that story in court. It could be inferred that defendant Sesi was aware of the false nature of the testimony since he had originally paid Robinson to commit arson.
Defendants’ other allegations of error do not merit discussion.
Affirmed.
People v Mosley, 338 Mich 559; 61 NW2d 785 (1953), is inapposite since that case held that it was not necessary that the witness knew the testimony was false.
The amendment to MRE 609 was not effective on the date of defendants’ trial.
See, People v Renno, 392 Mich 45; 219 NW2d 422 (1974). | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was charged in a four-count information with (1) criminal sexual conduct, (2) possession of a firearm while committing criminal sexual conduct, (3) armed robbery, and (4) possession of a firearm while committing armed robbery. Pursuant to a plea agreement, counts three and four were dropped, and defendant pled guilty to counts one and two. On November 5, 1979, he was sentenced to prison for 8 to 20 years for violation of count one and two years in prison for violation of count two. He appeals of right, claiming four grounds for reversal or resentencing.
At the plea-taking hearing, defendant stated that he and a codefendant, Walker, went to the complainant’s cabin at about 4 a.m., that both were armed and wearing nylon stocking masks, that they opened the cabin door and entered, that one of the two female occupants awakened, that they took the purse of one of the occupants and three bottles of liquor and left, that later they returned still armed and took both girls to the beach, that defendant was carrying a .22-caliber rifle when he "took” complainant to the beach, that, upon reaching the beach, he threw the weapon down and proceeded to have intercourse with the victim, and that during the period of intercourse, the gun lay approximately six feet away.
Of the four grounds which defendant raises as reasons for reversal, two may be disposed of peremptorily. First-degree criminal sexual conduct is punishable by life imprisonment or any term of years. The maximum sentence imposed by the court was well within the statutory maximum, and the minimum was less than two-thirds of the maximum. Thus, the sentence complied with People v Tanner, 387 Mich 683; 199 NW2d 202 (1972). Though defendant was only 18 years of age and had never been charged with an offense before, the seriousness of the act and the bizarre circumstances under which it was committed lead us to conclude that the prison term imposed by the court neither shocks the conscience of this Court nor is disproportionate to the crime committed. People v Jackson, 29 Mich App 654, 656; 185 NW2d 608 (1971).
At sentencing, counsel for defendant objected to a statement in the presentence report that the defendant’s attitude evidenced "a lack of caring for things”. The court responded that "the court will disregard those portions which you felt were injurious to the well being of your client”. Given the fact that the trial judge disclaimed reliance on the subjective evaluation in that part of the report to which counsel objected, we find no error. People v Koch, 74 Mich App 132, 137; 253 NW2d 684 (1977).
The principal ground on which defendant relies for reversal is that at the time of sexual penetration defendant was not armed with a weapon. Penetration occurred at the beach, at which time the gun was lying approximately six feet away. First-degree criminal sexual conduct is defined as follows:
"A person is guilty of criminal sexual conduct in the first degree if he or she engages in sexual penetration with another person and if any of the following circumstances exist:
"(e) The actor is armed with a weapon or any article used or fashioned in a manner to lead the victim to reasonably believe it to be a weapon.” MCL 750.520b(l)(e); MSA 28.788(2)(l)(e). (Emphasis supplied.)
The issue raised is of first impression. Is an actor "armed with a weapon”, as that term is used in the statute defining first-degree criminal sexual conduct, if, at the time of sexual penetration, the actor is not physically holding the rifle but the rifle lies some six feet away?
While there are no Michigan cases directly on point, tangential Michigan case law suggests that the answer is "yes”. Thus, the term "possession” has been held to include both actual and constructive possession. People v Mumford, 60 Mich App 279, 282-283; 230 NW2d 395 (1975). One has constructive possession if one has proximity to the article together with indicia of control. Mumford, supra, People v Harper, 365 Mich 494, 506-507; 113 NW2d 808 (1962). In People v Little, 58 Mich App 12; 226 NW2d 735 (1975), our Court held the prosecution need not prove physical possession of weapons in order to convict under a statute reading in pertinent part: "Any person who shall carry a * * * dangerous weapon * * * in any vehicle operated or occupied by him * * * shall be guilty of a felony * * MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424. In People v Khan, 80 Mich App 605; 264 NW2d 360 (1978), a case factually similar to the situation before us, defendant pulled the complainant into a garage and had intercourse with her after he first had pointed a rifle at complainant’s brother and had threatened to kill her sister. Defendant had dropped the rifle before dragging complainant into the garage. The Court sustained a conviction of third-degree criminal sexual conduct saying:
"In the instant case, complainant had witnessed defendant pointing a rifle at her brother, had heard defendant threaten to kill her sister and had received a hard slap from defendant when she spurned his advances. At the very least, then, the jury could have interpreted the slap as a 'threat * * * to use force or violence’ and it could have considered the availability of the rifle together with the defendant’s previous threatening words and deeds as justifying a belief in complainant that defendant 'ha[d] the present ability to execute these threats’. Accordingly, we rule that testimony concerning the rifle constituted relevant and material evidence, People v Oliphant, 399 Mich 472, 488-489; 250 NW2d 443 (1976), properly admitted in the trial court’s discretion. Id. at 490, People v Der Martzex, 390 Mich 410, 415; 213 NW2d 97 (1973).” 80 Mich App 605, 610.
Our decision that the actor need not have the weapon in his hands while committing the offense charged, so long as he has knowledge of the weapon’s location and the weapon is reasonably accessible to the actor, is supported by two decisions from another jurisdiction. In Mack v State, 312 A2d 319 (Del, 1973), defendant’s conviction of possession of a deadly firearm during commission of a felony (possession of narcotics with intent to sell) was sustained even though the loaded gun was found in a chest of drawers separate and apart from the dresser in which the narcotics were found. In Wilson v State, 343 A2d 613 (Del, 1975), the Delaware Supreme Court sustained a conviction of possession of a deadly firearm during the commission of a felony even though the weapons were located some 25 feet from the place where the narcotics were found.
Under either the knowledge, proximity, and indicia of control test laid down in the Michigan cases or the accessibility test announced in Delaware, we find defendant had constructive possession of the weapon when penetration occurred. Lying but six feet away, with no persons present other than the two victims and the codefendant, the weapon was clearly within defendant’s control. Furthermore, the instant case being a conviction by plea, an inference of control may be drawn. Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96, 130; 235 NW2d 132 (1975). Accordingly, we hold that defendant was "armed” within the meaning of MCL 750.520b(1)(e); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(e) and that his plea of guilty to counts one and two was sufficient.
Affirmed.
That the sentence of 8 to 20 years imprisonment was cruel and unusual punishment, and that the court considered inaccurate or improper information contained in the presentence report when sentencing defendant.
"As used in this Statute, we think that the word 'possession’ has a more limited meaning; that it requires the elements of availability and accessibility. We hold that a felon is in 'possession’ of a deadly weapon, within the meaning of § 468A, only when it is physically available or accessible to him during the commission of the crime. General 'dominion and control’ of a weapon located elsewhere, and not reasonably accessible to the felon, obviously is not the test under § 468A.” 312 A2d 319, 322. | [
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A. C. Miller, J.
This is an appeal by leave granted from an October 31, 1978, decision of the Worker’s Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) affirming an administrative law judge’s award of total disability compensation benefits to the plaintiff but denying a new date of injury and Second Injury Fund claims to total and permanent loss of industrial use of both legs. The matter was remanded by the Supreme Court after leave was initially denied by this Court. 407 Mich 902 (1979).
Administrative Law Judge John J. Conley heard testimony on three widely separated days, affording plaintiff an opportunity to prove her case. The inadequacy of the testimony is exceeded only by the conflicting nature of it. Quotations of testi mony can be found supporting any position one cares to take. It is impossible to conceive of a case more appropriate for appellate restraint. Administrative Law Judge Conley observed the witnesses, the evidence, and lack of it. No treating physician was called or deposed. The insurance company physician saw plaintiff only once, and his testimony is not very helpful — that being a euphemistic description. Plaintiff’s physician was only slightly better, admitting that he would like to have more information and see more records. Plaintiff, herself, gave conflicting answers as to the onset of her difficulties.
Judge Conley’s decision was within the range of the testimony. Admittedly, there is also ample evidence to arrive at the opposite conclusion, but that is not the standard for review. The majority of the WCAB, in an excellent opinion, confirmed the hearing officer’s result. If ever the admonition of article 6, § 28, of the Michigan Constitution is applicable, it is here. The appeal board’s findings are conclusive in the absence of fraud. Derwinski v Eureka Tire Co, 407 Mich 469; 286 NW2d 672 (1979), MCL 418.861; MSA 17.237(861). The fact that the evidence is "sparse” does not justify reversal where there is "any” evidence to support the findings. Epps v Mercy Hospital, 69 Mich App 1; 244 NW2d 340 (1976), Vermiglio v Condor Manufacturing, Inc, 91 Mich App 8; 282 NW2d 815 (1979).
Affirmed. | [
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J. H. Gillis, J.
Defendant was charged with first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b(1)(c); MSA 28.788(2)(1)(c) (hereinafter CSC I). He was convicted in a nonjury trial of third-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520d(1)(b); MSA 28.788(4)(1)(b) (hereinafter CSC III), and sentenced to 6 to 15 years imprisonment. He appeals by right, GCR 1963, 806.1.
Subsection (c) of CSC I involves sexual penetration during the commission of another felony. Subsection (b) of CSC III involves sexual penetration effected by means of force or coercion. Defendant first claims on appeal that his conviction must be reversed because CSC III subsection (b) is not a necessarily or cognate lesser included offense of CSC I subsection (c).
Defendant cites People v Secreto, 81 Mich App 1; 264 NW2d 99 (1978), lv den 406 Mich 1019 (1979), as one case in support of his argument. In Secreto, defendant was convicted of 2 counts CSC I: sexual penetration during the commission of another felony and sexual penetration through force or coercion which causes personal injury. On appeal to this Court, it was held, inter alia, that CSC I perpetrated during the commission of another felony has no lesser included offenses in CSC III or CSC IV:
"[t]here are no crimes corresponding to third and fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct and thus those offenses are not lesser included offenses, necessarily or otherwise, to the greater offense of first-degree criminal sexual conduct brought under MCLA 750.520b(1)(c).” Secreto, supra, 4.
In People v Green, 86 Mich App 142; 272 NW2d 216 (1978), a case also cited by defendant, one of the charged offenses was CSC I — an aider and abettor used force or coercion to accomplish sexual penetration. MCL 750.520b(l)(d); MSA 28.788(2)(l)(d). Defendant requested, but was denied, jury instructions on CSC II and IV as well as attempt instructions on all four degrees of criminal sexual conduct. With regard to the CSC III and CSC IV instructions, the Court held that neither type of criminal sexual conduct constituted a lesser included offense of CSC I where a charge of that nature is premised on facts involving an aider and abettor:
"There is no category of third- or fourth-degree criminal sexual conduct which corresponds to subsection (d) of first- and second-degree criminal sexual conduct. * * * Consequently, there was no error in refusing to instruct on CSC IV and attempted CSC III or IV since these offenses are not lesser included offenses of CSC I and II subsection (d).” Green, supra, 150-151.
Secreto held that neither CSC III nor IV is a lesser included offense of CSC I subsection (c). Green held that CSC I subsection (d) has no lesser included offenses, necessarily or otherwise, in CSC III or IV. Both Green and Secreto analyzed the question by determining whether the corresponding categories of the charged offense were elements of the claimed lesser included offenses, on the face of the statute. Thus, because CSC I based on facts involving an aider and abettor using force or coercion to accomplish sexual penetration is exactly reflected on the face of CSC II, but for the penetration element, the Court in Green did find that CSC II is a necessarily included lesser offense. Green, supra, 150.
To relegate the determinátion of both necessarily and cognate lesser included offenses to a mechanical comparison of the wording of the criminal sexual conduct statute is to conduct only an analy sis of the question of necessarily included lesser offenses. Such an approach with regard to cognate lesser included offenses courts erroneous conclusions because the crucial question with regard to cognates is whether the offense charged provided defendant with fair notice that he must also defend against such lesser included offenses. People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich 379, 388; 236 NW2d 461 (1975), reh den 396 Mich 976 (1976).
Cognate lesser included offenses share overlapping elements with the greater offense and such overlapping elements relate to a common statutory purpose. People v Bryant, 80 Mich App 428, 433; 264 NW2d 13 (1978), lv den 402 Mich 942 (1978). But, the greater and the lesser may each include one or more elements not shared with the other. The test for a cognate lesser included offense is, thus, two-fold. People v Rood, 83 Mich App 350, 352; 268 NW2d 403 (1978). Although two offenses may share a common statutory purpose, if there are no overlapping elements, they are not cognate. People v Matuja, 77 Mich App 291, 295; 258 NW2d 79 (1977). Likewise, although two offenses may share one element, they are not cognate where they serve to remedy two separate problems. People v Davenport, 89 Mich App 678, 683; 282 NW2d 179 (1979).
In the instant case, CSC I subsection (c) and CSC III subsection (b) share an overlapping element: sexual penetration. Whether the two types of criminal sexual conduct are related to a common statutory purpose requires consideration of the question whether the lesser offense protects the same societal interests as the greater. People v Payne, 90 Mich App 713, 720; 282 NW2d 456 (1979). Further, the question of whether one offense is a cognate of another must be resolved by referring to the evi dence adduced at trial to determine whether the record would support a conviction of the lesser offense. Payne, supra, 720, Bryant, supra, 433.
In the case at bar, the record reveals that defendant broke into the victim’s home, entered her bedroom while she was asleep, turned the ceiling light on for one moment, and . then jumped on top of her on the bed. After asking who else was in the home (only the victim’s children, who were also asleep), and where the victim’s money was located, the defendant stated in colloquial terms that he intended to sexually assault the victim. He did so, effecting penetration. He then turned the complainant over on her stomach, placed a pillow over her head, and asked where her purse was kept. She told him, after he refused to allow her to turn over, and he took the purse and left the home. Sometime during the assault, defendant told the complainant that he did not want to hurt her.
Because he found some question as to whether the evidence established that defendant had actually taken the purse, the trial judge found defendant guilty of CSC III. This finding was consistent with the evidence, given proof that defendant entered the home without the victim’s permission or knowledge, jumped on top of her on the bed and, during the course of the sexual penetration, impliedly threatened her by stating that he did not want to hurt her.
We further find that the overlapping elements, sexual penetration, have the shared purpose of protecting the public from the most invasive type of sexual assault. Although the method of effecting sexual penetration may differ in theory, depending on which type is charged, and thus be supposed to involve different societal interests, the evidence of this case supports a finding that, here, CSC III subsection (b) is a cognate lesser included offense of CSC I subsection (c). The issue must be decided on a case-by-case basis, Ora Jones, supra, 390, and not merely by reference to the face of the statute.
The remaining question for our consideration is whether defendant had fair notice that he would be required to defend against a charge of CSC III subsection (b), from the language of the information:
"* * * Defendant * * * did engage in sexual penetration, to-wit: SEXUAL INTERCOURSE with the COMPLAINANT and the sexual penetration occurred under circumstances involving the commission of another felony, to-wit: Larceny in a building, Contrary to Sec. 750.520b(l) MCLA.”
In People v Chamblis, 395 Mich 408, 418; 236 NW2d 473 (1975), reh den 396 Mich 976 (1976), the Michigan Supreme Court considered the issue of fair notice and concluded that "[t]o assure defendant’s due-process rights to fair notice, the trial judge may not instruct on lesser included offenses over defendant’s objection unless the language of the charging document 'be such as to give the defendant notice that he could at the same time face the lesser included offense charge’. United States v Whitaker, 144 US App DC 344, 350; 447 F2d 314, 320 (1971).” Just preceding this statement, the Court quoted as follows from United States v Brewster, 165 US App DC 1, 14, fn 32; 506 F2d 62, 75, fn 32 (1974):
"As a caveat, we note that in a situation where the lesser included offense statute under which a defendant was convicted is relatively remote textually from the greater offense statute under which he was charged or where the logical connection between the statutes is not so obvious or well established, we might well hold that the lesser included offense conviction could not stand for want of proper notice in the indictment. In such a situation, our holding would depend on the precise record of the case and the terms of the specific statutes involved.”
Using the language of Brewster, we do not find that the statute under which defendant was convicted is at all "remote textually from the greater offense statute under which he was charged”. Nor do we find that "the logical connection between the statutes is not * * * obvious or well established”. The criminal sexual conduct act is explicitly arranged by degrees. It being a general rule of statutory interpretation that the Legislature is "presumed to know of and legislate in harmony with existing laws * * *”, People v Harrison, 194 Mich 363, 369; 160 NW 623 (1916), MCL 768.32; MSA 28.1055 may be applied in this case to the end that the textual proximity of and logical connection between first degree criminal sexual conduct subsection (c) and third degree criminal sexual conduct subsection (b), preclude the defendant from claiming lack of fair notice that a barebones charge of the former required him to defend against the latter as a cognate lesser included offense. We thus reject his claim that his conviction of CSC III subsection (b) should be reversed because that offense is not a lesser included offense of CSC I subsection (c).
Defendant also asserts error because the trial judge did not explicitly state in his findings of fact under which subsection of CSC III he found defendant guilty. Although the court did not specify the subsection, a reading of the record clearly discloses the path that the judge followed in reaching his verdict. See, People v Cook, 89 Mich App 72, 80; 279 NW2d 579 (1979), lv den 406 Mich 1002 (1979), People v Jackson, 81 Mich App 18, 20; 264 NW2d 101 (1978).
The Legislature has provided for three varieties of CSC III. Subsection (a) involves sexual penetration with a person between the ages of 13 and 16. Subsection (b) involves sexual penetration effected by means of force or coercion. Subsection (c) involves sexual penetration with a person who is mentally defective. While evidence of force or coercion is present in the instant case, there is nothing implicating defendant in an act of sexual penetration with a mentally defective person, or with a pérson who was between the ages of 13 and 16. The judge having made adequate findings of fact in all other respects, we thus reject defendant’s assertion and affirm his conviction.
Affirmed.
D. C. Riley, P.J., concurs in result only.
The trial judge’s findings of fact did not specify the subsection of CSC III under which he found defendant guilty. Our analysis of defendant’s second issue, infra, discloses that the verdict can only have been premised on CSC III subsection (b).
Judge Cynar’s dissent in Green, 86 Mich App 142, 153-154, analyzed the relationship between CSC I subsection (d) and CSC III subsection (b) as follows:
"I find no support for the majority’s proposition that a defendant charged with CSC I subsection (d)(ii) would not receive fair notice of possible prosectuion for CSC III or CSC IV.
"Moreover, an examination of the elements of the offenses indicates that this is a situation of necessarily lesser-included offenses. * * *
"CSC III subsection (b) requires proof of:
”1) sexual penetration and
"2) force or coercion.
"CSC I subsection (d)(ii) requires proof of:
"1) sexual penetration,
"2) force or coercion, and
"3) one or more aiders and abettors.
"Thus, CSC I subsection (d)(ii) consists of all the elements of CSC III subsection (b), plus the additional element of an aider and abettor. Since proof of CSC I subsection (d)(ii) necessarily proves all the elements of CSC III subsection (b) and CSC IV subsection (a), these latter offenses are necessarily included offenses of CSC I subsection (d)(ii). People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich 379, 387; 236 NW2d 461 (1975).
"1 In a similar fashion the majority points out that these offenses are lesser-included offenses of CSC 1 subsection (f), which requires proof of 1) sexual penetration, 2) force or coercion, and 3) injury to the victim. What the majority fails to see is that CSC II subsection (b) and CSC IV subsection (a) are necessarily included offenses of both CSC I subsection (d)(ii) and subsection (f).”
Whether we agree with his analysis or not, it does not aid us here, because the greater offense in Green was CSC I subsection (d) rather than, as here, CSC I subsection (c).
"Except as provided in subsection (2), upon an indictment for an offense, consisting of different degrees, as prescribed in this chapter, the jury, or the judge in a trial without a jury, may find the accused not guilty of the offense in the degree charged in the indictment and may find the accused person guilty of a degree of that offense inferior to that charged in the indictment, or of an attempt to commit that offense.” | [
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G. E. Bowles, J.
Defendant was charged with felonious assault, contrary to MCL 750.82; MSA 28.277, and unlawfully, feloniously and wickedly inducing, persuading, inveigling or enticing a female person to become a prostitute (pandering), contrary to MCL 750.455; MSA 28.710. Defendant was acquitted by a jury on the assault charge but was found guilty on the pandering charge. He was sentenced as an habitual offender to a 15 to 40 year term of imprisonment and now appeals as of right.
Defendant contends that the prosecutor’s conduct throughout the course of the proceedings deprived him of a fair trial. It is the duty of the prosecutor to present evidence against a defendant in a zealous manner within proper limits. Berger v United States, 295 US 78; 55 S Ct 629; 79 L Ed 1314 (1935), People v Brocato, 17 Mich App 277; 169 NW2d 483 (1969), People v Farrar, 36 Mich App 294; 193 NW2d 363 (1971). The foremost obligation of the prosecutor is to seek justice. As Michigan Supreme Court Justice Campbell noted almost a century ago:
"Nothing can bring more contempt and suspicion on the administration of justice than the failure of its ministers to respect justice.”
The thrust of the prosecutor’s strategy in this case was to depict defendant as a bad man by making repeated references to other illegal acts allegedly committed by defendant or other witnesses. The prosecutor made his "game plan” obvious during argument on whether a certain question was proper:
"I think it’s very probative, Your Honor. The question is whether or not the defendant is a pimp, whether or not he lives off the earnings of prostitutes, whether or not he engages in enticing and inveigling and getting women not only to engage in and become prostitutes, or whether or not he associates with them, and allow the jury to make legal and lawful inferences that they can make from the association of those witnesses that are presented.
"We did not present the witness. She was cross-examined. She was presented by the defendant to substantiate some sort of theory that the defense is working Wider. And it is probative to indicate not only — you’re not impeaching her by a criminal record, but showing the varying activities for which the defendant is on trial. That is, whether or not those individuals with whom he associates are prostitutes and whether or not they engage in acts of prostitution.
"I think it’s highly — I think it’s — it’s ludicrous to say that if he is surrounded by a number of women who have engaged in prostitution who admit that they have engaged in prostitution, but have not been caught by the police, that they are not allowed to be asked that question.”
These sentiments were repeated after the trial court ruled that a witness could be asked a question about her prior association with a person involved in pornography, but unrelated to defendant, for the limited purpose of impeachment. The prosecutor objected to this limitation upon testimony elicited by the question and the following ensued:
"[Assistant Prosecutor]: It’s beyond that Your Honor. Excuse me, I hate to interrupt. It’s beyond that, it’s what manner of person is here.
"THE COURT: Well—
"[Assistant Prosecutor]: In other words not to say that she’s a liar, but we’re just showing for the most part, maybe all, that what type of individual this is, what type of individual is Donna Decker, and then their relationship with the defendant.
"We are charging him with being a pimp, not an armed robber or anything of that sort. The nature of the case is sex and the use of women to engage in sexual intercourse so the proceeds can float to a pimp.
"This is exactly the situation that we brought out in cross examination of defendant’s witnesses. We did not bring them in. They were brought in and we’re showing the type of background that these individuals are. Thank you.”
Defendant was subject to a litany of allegations concerning his past conduct which were not charged in the information. During his case in chief the prosecutor brought before the jury:
1. Hearsay testimony from complainant’s guardian detailing the events in question and possibly leading jurors to infer that defendant was using 13 and 14-year-old girls as prostitutes,
2. Evidence concerning marijuana use by defendant at a disco that he owned and that he supplied marijuana to others,
3. Testimony from Betty Scott, repeated on several occasions, that defendant was her pimp,
4. Testimony that defendant had slapped Ms. Scott twice in the past without reason used for the purpose of proving defendant’s guilt on the felonious assault charge on the theory that if he did it once he’d probably do it again,
5. Witnesses who were asked if they knew Betty Scott was a prostitute working for defendant,
6. Another witness who was asked if she was a prostitute working for defendant,
7. Questions concerning whether defendant sold beer at his disco without a license,
8. Testimony from Roger Fee that he had told the complainant that he had heard defendant was known to beat women — this was elicited despite a court ruling that the testimony was not admissible, and
9. Testimony from Susan Hatfield that Donna Decker had told her that defendant was currently on parole or that he had been in prison.
The prosecutor also inquired into the collateral matter of the alleged criminal conduct of other persons. Donna Decker was asked, over objection, whether she had committed an act of prostitution at the age of 16, long before she had met defendant. Ms. Decker was also asked to detail her activities with a Mr. Tabor, an individual with absolutely no connection to this case.
Similarly, Susan Hatfield was asked about her relationship with Mr. Tabor and whether she had induced Ms. Decker to engage in prostitution at the age of 16.
Defendant, himself, was asked about his alleged failure to pay child support and personal debts. The prosecutor further inquired about his living off the earnings of prostitutes.
It is patently clear that the prosecutor exceeded the bounds of legitimate prosecutorial zeal and tactics. Due process requires that a defendant not be convicted for what he has done in the past. The United States Supreme Court held in Michelson v United States, 335 US 469, 475-476; 69 S Ct 213; 93 L Ed 168 (1948), that:
"The state may not show defendant’s prior trouble with the law, specific criminal acts, or ill name among his neighbors, even though such facts might logically be persuasive that he is by propensity a probable perpetrator of the crime. The inquiry is not rejected because character is irrelevant; on the contrary, it is said to weigh too much with the jury and to so overpersuade them as to prejudge one with a bad general record and deny him a fair opportunity to defend against a particular charge. The overriding policy of excluding such evidence, despite its admitted probative value, is the practical experience that its disallowance tends to prevent confusion of issues, unfair surprise and undue prejudice.” (Footnotes omitted.)
The most disturbing aspect of the prosecutor’s behavior was his blatant injection of race as an issue in the trial. Defendant was black, while most of the women allegedly involved with him were white. At the outset of trial the prosecutor established that the complainant’s boyfriend was white. One witness was asked if many white girls frequented defendant’s disco. Other witnesses were asked if alleged prostitutes working for defendant were white or black. Inquiries were also made concerning the race of the men who sought defendant’s prostitutes. The prosecutor read a letter written by defendant to the judge before trial accusing the prosecution of a racial motivation in bringing the case. He also inquired about the race of defendant’s prior trial counsel.
Had the prosecutor otherwise acted properly in all respects this would have mandated reversal. The injection of race into a trial constitutes reversible error. People v Hill, 258 Mich 79, 87-89; 241 NW 873 (1932), United States v Grey, 422 F2d 1043, 1045-1046 (CA 6, 1970).
Defendant also contends that certain comments made by the trial judge require reversal of his conviction. This claim of error relates to an incident during trial when one of the jurors expressed concern over the fact that defendant was looking at the list of jurors’ names. The trial judge interviewed each juror in chambers separately with counsel.
After assuring each juror individually that he or she need not worry, he stated in the presence of all:
"Let me say this, that even though your name might be mentioned, I have never in all the time I’ve set [sic] here had anyone intimidated after or during the trial, as far as the name coming before anyone in that courtroom, including the defendant or witnesses and whatnot.
"I have never been threatened in the nineteen years that I’ve been on the bench, and I’ve been tooling with —I’ve been around criminals since 1946. That is in the supervisory capacity or dealing with them in some way or other, and I’ve never had any problems with them whatsoever.”
Admittedly, the trial judge faced a most difficult and sensitive problem, but the court’s remarks, particularly when considered with the conduct of the prosecutor, had the effect of characterizing defendant as a member of a dangerous class. This effect was accentuated when the trial court told the jury that defendant would no longer see the list of names. He concluded by informing the jurors that during the remainder of the trial they would be referred to by number rather than name.
No Michigan authority is directly on point, but the observation of the Michigan Supreme Court in People v King, 384 Mich 310, 315; 181 NW2d 916 (1970), is apt:
"While the weight of a trial judge’s word may not equal the ton ascribed to the word of the President of the United States, he should remember how heavily it weighs with the jury.”
See also People v London, 40 Mich App 124, 128; 198 NW2d 723 (1972).
Defendant also urges that the trial court’s instructions on pandering broadened the scope of the information. Defendant was charged with "unlawfully, feloniously and wickedly inducing, persuading, inveigling or enticing a female person * * * to become a prostitute”. However, in its charge, the court stated:
"Now the defendant is charged with the crime of inducing, inveigling, persuading, encouraging, or enticing a female person to become a prostitute. The defendant has pleaded not guilty to this charge; to establish this charge the prosecution must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Although the statutory definition of pandering includes "encouraging” a female to become a prostitute, the information did not so charge defendant. The prosecution argues that "encouraging” shares the same meaning as "inducing, inveigling, persuading or enticing” so that the variance between the information and the charge does not warrant reversal. We disagree. Inducing, inveigling, persuading, and enticing all imply an active leading to a particular action. Encouraging indicates a less active role. It falls short of persuading. Supporting or reacting positively to a decision already reached by an individual constitutes a form of encouragement. While the information properly could have been amended, even during the trial, so long as defendant had sufficient notice and opportunity to defend against the new charge, it was impermissible for the trial judge to amend the information sub silentio by his instructions to the jury. See People v Gibbons, 260 Mich 96; 244 NW 244 (1932), Watson v Jago, 558 F2d 330 (CA 6, 1977). Since it cannot be determined whether the jury’s verdict was based on the encouraging or inducing, persuading, inveigling or enticing portion of the charge, reversal is required.
A careful examination of the record leads to the inescapable conclusion that defendant was denied a fair trial.
Reversed and remanded.
Beasley, J., concurred.
American Bar Association Code of Professional Responsibility, Ethical Consideration 7-13.
People v Moyer, 77 Mich 571, 573; 43 NW 928 (1889).
The prosecutor asked Ms. Decker if she had received $100 from Mr. Tabor in payment for sexual intercourse at age 16. He further inquired with respect to Mr. Tabor about his propensities for "taking pictures, having pornographic literature, dogs and men and things like that”.
We can say with some certainty that the race issue did inflame the passions of the jurors in this case. Midway through trial the only black juror asked to be dismissed telling the judge that the other people on the jury had gotten "cold”. During deliberations another member of the jury said to her, "we want to get on this prostituting because Pat, you would know about that one, wouldn’t you?” Finally, the juror wrote a letter to defendant while he was awaiting sentencing suggesting that she ultimately gave way to peer pressure .in voting to find him guilty.
MCL 750.455; MSA 28.710. | [
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D. C. Riley, P.J.
Following a bench trial, the defendant was found guilty of malicious destruction of property over $100, MCL 750.377a; MSA 28.609(1). Defendant appeals as of right, claiming that the record does not establish that his decision to represent himself at the preliminary examination was knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily made.
The prosecution argues that this issue is not preserved for appellate review because no objection to the magistrate’s action was raised prior to or during trial. Failure to object to alleged insufficiency or irregularity in the examination, prior to or during trial, constitutes waiver of the right to raise the issue on appeal. People v Childrey, 65 Mich App 276; 237 NW2d 288 (1975). This rule has been applied to preclude review of a claim that the defendant was not present during a portion of the preliminary examination, Childrey, supra, and a claim that the examining magistrate should have granted a continuance to allow the defendant time to procure retained counsel, People v Edmonds, 93 Mich App 129; 285 NW2d 802 (1979).
' On the other hand, this Court has held that the failure to object does not foreclose review where a constitutional right is likely to have been infringed upon and the error may have been decisive to the outcome of the trial. People v Merchant, 86 Mich App 355; 272 NW2d 656 (1978), People v Edwards, 51 Mich App 403; 214 NW2d 909 (1974).
In People v Anderson, 398 Mich 361, 368; 247 NW2d 857 (1976), the Court set forth the rule that the record must establish that the defendant’s decision to represent himself is a voluntary, intelligent, and knowing one:
"Second, once the defendant has unequivocally declared his desire to proceed pro se the trial court must determine whether defendant is asserting his right knowingly, intelligently and voluntarily. Faretta [v California, 422 US 806; 95 S Ct 2525; 45 L Ed 2d 562 (1975)], supra, 422 US 835; Holcomb [People v Holcomb, 395 Mich 326; 235 NW2d 343 (1975)], supra, at 337. The trial court must make the pro se defendant aware of the dangers and disadvantages of self-representation, so that the record will establish that he knows what he is doing and his choice is made with eyes open.”
GCR 1963, 785.4(3) reads as follows:
"Even though a defendant has waived the assistance of a lawyer, the court shall advise him at each subse quent proceeding (e.g., preliminary examination, arraignment, hearings, trial, or sentencing) of his right to a lawyer at public expense. Before the court proceeds,
"(a) the defendant must reaffirm that he does not want a lawyer’s assistance; or
"(b) if he is eligible for and then requests the appointment of a lawyer, the court must appoint one; or
"(c) if he wants to retain a lawyer and has the financial ability to do so, the court must allow him a reasonable opportunity to retain a lawyer.
"if the defendant is not represented by a lawyer, the record must affirmatively show at each proceeding that advice on the right to a lawyer at public expense was given and that the defendant waived that right.” (Emphasis added.)
In the present case, the defendant indicated at the preliminary examination that he had previously conferred with an attorney who advised the defendant to represent himself at the preliminary examination. The magistrate explained the function of the preliminary examination and then the following dialogue ensued:
"THE COURT: * * * Now, as you have already said, you have consulted an attorney?
"[DEFENDANT]: I have talked to him.
"THE COURT: And he has given you the benefit of his advice, and as a result of your talking with [attorney], it was decided you would represent yourself in the proceedings today, is that right?
"[DEFENDANT]: Yes, sir.
"THE COURT: You do not wish to have an attorney here; you want to represent yourself?
"[DEFENDANT]: Yes, sir.
"THE COURT: You waive at this hearing— "[DEFENDANT]: I understand.
"THE COURT: You may proceed, [Prosecuting Attorney],
"[PROSECUTING ATTORNEY]: Call [Witness].”
The magistrate, in permitting the defendant to represent himself, appeared to rely on the fact that the defendant had consulted with an attorney before he appeared at the preliminary examination without counsel. It is not clear from the record that the defendant was aware that he had the right to appointed counsel at the preliminary examination. The defendant may have been under the impression that he had the choice of representing himself or of paying for his own attorney. We note that the defendant was eventually provided with appointed counsel for trial. The fact that the defendant had previously consulted with a private attorney does not establish a knowing and intelligent waiver of the right to counsel on the record, in keeping with the requirements of GCR 785.4(3) and Anderson, supra.
The final question to be considered is the application of the harmless error rule. In People v Washington, 30 Mich App 435, 437; 186 NW2d 13 (1971), the defendant’s request that counsel be appointed to represent him at the preliminary examination was erroneously denied. This Court recognized that the failure to provide counsel at a preliminary examination does not lead to automatic reversal. The Washington Court found the error in that case to be harmless and affirmed his kidnapping conviction, stating:
"The complaining witness testified that she was abducted, slapped, and then released after she showed defendant that she was in her menstrual period. Defendant testified that the girl was a pick-up, was the aggressor, but admitted slapping her upon learning of her condition. There is sufficient evidence, if believed, to support a finding that a crime had been committed and reason to believe that defendant committed it. No abuse of discretion is indicated in the magistrate’s binding defendant over for trial. We fail to see how an attorney could change this result under the circumstances. The truth of the girl’s story was not only believed by the examining magistrate, but also by the subsequent convicting jury, even after rigorous trial cross-examination. In the course of the trial no part of the preliminary examination transcript was introduced.”
Similarly, in People v Eddington, 77 Mich App 177, 190-191; 258 NW2d 183 (1977), this Court affirmed the defendant’s conviction when the defendant represented himself at the preliminary examination because the trial judge had erroneously denied a motion for a continuance so that defense counsel could have an opportunity to prepare for the case. This Court noted that the defendant had not shown that his retained counsel would have gained more discovery or evidence for later impeachment had he been conducting the cross-examination at the preliminary examination.
As in Washington and Eddington, supra, it appears that the defendant in this case suffered no prejudice by the absence of counsel at the preliminary examination. It is claimed that effective cross-examination could have revealed deficiencies in the complainant’s story and precluded a binding over. The defendant’s attorney had an opportunity to cross-examine the witness at trial, yet, the trial judge still found the defendant guilty. The defendant claims that certain evidence should not have been permitted at the preliminary examination, yet, the same evidence was admitted at trial without objection. It does not appear that the outcome of the defendant’s trial would have been any different had the defendant been provided with an attorney at the preliminary examination.
The defendant’s conviction is therefore affirmed.
Mackenzie, J., concurred. | [
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Per Curiam.
On January 10, 1980, defendant pled guilty to first-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520b; MSA 28.788(2), and carrying a firearm in the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). He was sentenced to 25 to 50 years imprisonment on the criminal sexual conduct charge and to an additional mandatory two-year consecutive sentence on the felony-firearm count. Defendant appeals as of right.
Defendant’s sentence was based on the facts elicited at the plea proceeding and a presentence report that had been prepared approximately four months before sentencing when defendant had been convicted by a jury on a separate charge of first-degree criminal sexual conduct. The trial court indicated that the earlier presentence report was "recent enough to be used”, and the defense attorney concurred. Defendant now argues that it was improper to rely on the presentence report that had been prepared for the earlier offense. We agree.
By statute, a probation officer must prepare a presentence report for any person convicted of a felony. MCL 771.14; MSA 28.1144. The officer is required to inquire into the "antecedents, character, and circumstances’ of each person. The Supreme Court has recognized that accurate presen-tence reports enable sentencing judges to tailor sentences to the particular circumstances of the case as well as to the individual offender. People v Triplett, 407 Mich 510, 515; 287 NW2d 165 (1980), People v McFarlin, 389 Mich 557, 574; 208 NW2d 504 (1973). In addition, a report must be prepared even if the prosecutor, defendant and trial court agree that it need not be prepared. People v Brown, 393 Mich 174, 181; 224 NW2d 38 (1974).
The Department of Corrections has promulgated rules that require a probation officer to prepare a presentence report for any person charged with a felony. That report is required to include the following information at the least:_
"(a) An objective description of the offense, based on all the relevant information acquired by the probation agent during the presentence investigation.
"(b) The offender’s description of the current offense and the circumstances surrounding it.
"(c) A full description of the prior criminal convictions and juvenile dispositions of the offender.
"(d) A description and status of all criminal charges pending against the offender at the time of the presen-tence investigation.
"(e) A personal profile of the offender * * *.” 1977 AACS R 791.9910(1), quoted in People v Books, 95 Mich App 500, 504-505, fn 5; 291 NW2d 94 (1980). (Emphasis added.)
In the case at bar, the trial court elected to rely upon a presentence report that had been prepared four months earlier for another offense. As the presentence report was prepared for another conviction, it did not contain either an objective description of the offense or the offender’s description of the current offense and the circumstances surrounding it. The sentence imposed, therefore, failed to meet the requirement that the sentence be tailored to the particular circumstances of the case.
We hold that relying, on the presentence report for a prior conviction does not permit the sentencing judge to examine the particular circumstances of the case. Here, where the defendant pled guilty, the trial judge was clearly unaware of many of the details of the particular circumstances, so it was particularly important that she have the benefit of an updated presentence report.
In People v Perez, 103 Mich App 636; 303 NW2d 49 (1981), a panel of this Court remanded the cause for resentencing based on the sentencing court’s failure to respond to defense counsel’s indication that there were factual inaccuracies in the presentence report. Apparently defense counsel informed the sentencing court that the factual allegations concerning the actual offense contained in the presentence report differed from both the defendant’s version of what actually happened and the prosecutor’s version of what actually happened. The dispute, therefore, was over how the actual offense was accomplished. In remanding to the trial court for consideration of the claimed inaccuracies, the Court noted that "the manner and circumstances under which an offense is committed may well influence the degree of the sentence imposed”. Perez, supra, 638.
We believe the infirmity in the instant case is even more serious than that in Perez since, in this case, the report relied upon was completely devoid of the facts and circumstances surrounding the offense for which defendant was being sentenced. As in Perez, the inclusion of such information in the report would greatly aid the sentencing judge in reaching a fair and just sentencing determination.
Defendant also argues that an updated presen-tence report was needed where there was a nearly four-month gap between the preparation of the presentence report and the actual sentencing date. The Supreme Court has recently recognized that a reasonably updated presentence report is necessary in resentencing a defendant. People v Triplett, supra, 511. In reaching this decision, the Court noted that it was important to consider the defendant’s conduct in prison, as that conduct would be likely to shed considerable light on the prospect of a defendant’s rehabilitative potential. People v Triplett, supra, 516. We note that the sentencing judge in the instant case did not have the benefit of any information regarding the defendant’s conduct in prison. Without reaching the question of whether a four-month gap between the preparation of the original presentence report and sentencing comports with the reasonableness requirement of Triplett, we hold that a defendant is entitled to be sentenced on the basis of a presen-tence report that is prepared especially for the offense for which he is being sentenced. We observe that a different result was reached in People v Potts, 46 Mich App 538; 208 NW2d 583 (1973). We believe, however, that the Potts holding is inconsistent with the Supreme Court’s recognition that a sentence must be tailored to the particular circumstances of the offense.
Remanded for preparation of a presentence report and resentencing.
We retain no futher jurisdiction.
MCL 771.14; MSA 28.1144 provides in pertinent part:
"Sec. 14. Before sentencing any person charged with a felony * * * the probation officer shall inquire into the antecedents, character, and circumstances of the person * * * and shall report in writing to the court * * | [
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G. R. Corsiglia, J.
The defendant, Jeffrey Lynn Wadkins, was convicted by a jury of breaking and entering a building in violation of MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. Subsequently he pled guilty to a supplemental information charging him as a third offender under MCL 769.11; MSA 28.1083. He was sentenced to 5 to 20 years in prison. He appeals as of right.
On the morning of the day set for trial, after the jury had been called and the witnesses had been subpoenaed, the defendant’s attorney requested an adjournment. He argued "that there are still other potential witnesses that I might or might not want to call”. Defense counsel had been substituted five days prior to trial due to communication problems which had developed between the defendant and his previously appointed counsel. The trial judge denied the motion for an adjournment.
The trial judge based his decision on the timing of the request, its equivocal nature, and the power of the court (offered to the defendant) to subpoena any additional witnesses that he might wish to call. Denial of an adjournment is within the discretion of a trial judge. Absent an abuse of discretion, this Court will not overturn such a decision. GCR 1963, 503. People v Charles O Williams, 386 Mich 565; 194 NW2d 337 (1972), People v Parker, 76 Mich App 432; 257 NW2d 109 (1977). No abuse of discretion is evident in this case.
Testimony at trial indicated that sometime between 3 p.m. Saturday, September 16, 1978, and the following Monday morning, the Auto Salvage Company in Lansing, Michigan, was broken into and certain tools were stolen.
Richard Gearhart, a Lansing City Police Officer, testified that on September 17, 1978, at 6 p.m. he answered a silent alarm at the Auto Salvage Company. He stated that when he arrived, he observed an individual crawling from a window of a barn on the property. He further testified that although he ordered him to freeze, the person was able to get out of the window and run from him. Officer Gearhart testified that he ordered the person to "stop or I’ll shoot” and when the person appeared to point a gun-like object at the officer, he fired one round, the person dropped to the ground, then got up and ran to a wooded area. Officer Gearhart testified that he heard a car door slam, and he approached the defendant’s car, ordered him out, and arrested him. He stated that the defendant did not appear intoxicated.
The defendant’s case was based on a defense of intoxication. Attempts to cross-examine two officers of the Lansing Police Department regarding statements made the next day by the defendant at the city jail regarding his drinking the prior day were properly excluded as self-serving hearsay not qualifying under any exception. See People v Perryman, 89 Mich App 516; 280 NW2d 579 (1979).
The officer who frisked the defendant after Officer Gearhart arrested him testified that he found no odor of alcohol on the defendant, nor did he observe other indications of intoxication.
Out of the presence of the jury, the defendant called Patrick Parker to the stand as his first witness. Mr. Parker was a charged accomplice in the case. He asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege not to testify. Since this privilege was properly asserted out of the presence of the jury, no reversible error occurred. People v Giacalone, 399 Mich 642; 250 NW2d 492 (1977). The defendant then called, still out of the presence of the jury, Jane Parker, Patrick Parker’s wife. The Court was informed that she "may assert a husband-wife privilege”. Mrs. Parker testified on direct examination that the defendant was drunk about 2:30 in the afternoon on September 17. The last time she saw him, according to her testimony, was at approximately 3:30 p.m. and that he was drinking at that time.
When the prosecutor attempted to cross-examine her regarding the activities of her husband on the afternoon in question, her attorney (who also represented her husband) asserted the "spousal privilege” on her husband’s behalf, and with her apparent consent. The following colloquy occurred:
"Q. [by Mr. Edwards, the prosecutor] Approximately three o’clock, isn’t it true, that your husband was working on a Datsun?
"MR. DEITRICK [attorney for the Parkers]: Your Honor, at this time on behalf of her husband, Pat Parker, we would assert the husband-wife privilege with regard to any questions which might relate to what Mrs. Parker observed her husband doing that afternoon.
"MR. EDWARDS: Your Honor, I have told Mr. Deitrick and Mr. Oesterle before that I agreed that Mr. Parker has a marital privilege, and merely because he is not the Defendant in this matter does not prohibit him from exercising marital privilege. My objection goes to the fact that what, in effect, is occuring (sic) is that the Defense calling a witness who will answer questions for him, but then when we get into areas that I believe to be relevant and material to the case will refuse to answer those questions based upon the invocation of the marital privilege, thus denying me a right to cross-examine.
"MR. OESTERLE [attorney for defendant]: Your Honor, Miss Parker’s testimony in this matter is clearly relevant, and it is clearly essential for the Defense in this matter. Mr. Edwards would have the right to cross-examine Miss Parker on anything relating to the intoxication until such time as the husband-wife privilege is invoked. Until we know how far that is going to go, I think her testimony can go in front of the Jury.
"THE COURT: Well, Mr. Oesterle, what if we take a situation, you know, if they were working on a car together, and the ability of Mr. — the Defendant — to work on the car with this other person, her observations of them working together, if they got in the car and left — and as an example, if the Defendant was driving, there is a tremendous amount of information here which certainly could be very germane to the condition of the Defendant which would be totally cut off by this type of approach.
"MR. EDWARDS: Your Honor, in the examination of the statute, it seems as though there is a right to invoke privilege, but it doesn’t seem to say that you can pick and choose where it comes in. If you are going to invoke the privilege, you are going to invoke the privilege. If he invokes the privilege, it would appear as though the witness may not testify, and that he is invoking the privilege.”
Further argument was heard- by the court, and authorities were considered over a brief recess.
The court then ruled that Jane Parker would not be permitted to testify before the jury on any matters. No further record was made to determine the extent of the conflict between the areas into which the prosecution sought to inquire and the asserted privilege. The trial judge stated:
"The Court is of the opinion that the Prosecutor, as well as Defense, the Defendant, is entitled to proper and thorough cross-examination to the extent that the cross-examination is for all practical purposes made ineffectual by the lack of the opportunity to fully examine a witness. Either party is deprived of their right. Certainly a very crucial witness in any trial. In this case it can — the prosecutor has distinguished from certain other cases. The Court is of the opinion that if we take the approach that the person may testify and then the testimony is to be stricken, is virtually saying to the Jury you may hear all of the evidence. There is no way that they can strike it from their minds. So that the Court is of the opinion that the witness should not be permitted to testify at all if they are going to assert a privilege such as that which has been asserted in this particular matter.”
Subsequently, the defendant introduced testimony before the jury to support his defense of intoxication. Vicki Bishop, a bartender at Elk’s Lodge, testified that the defendant drank about a fifth of vodka in a gallon of Bloody Marys at a bartender’s meeting on September 17, and that he was drunk.
Debra Parker, Patrick’s sister and the defendant’s girlfriend, testified that the defendant had been drunk the night of September 16, and was drunk on September 17 in the afternoon. During cross-examination, after laying a proper founda tion, the prosecutor used a prior inconsistent statement made by Ms. Parker to him in an attempt to impeach her credibility. This was permissible cross-examination. MRE 613(a).
The defendant testified that he was an alcoholic or had a serious drinking problem, that he drank Bloody Marys at the bartender’s meeting, and that the next thing that he remembered is Debra Parker waking him while he was sleeping in a car. He also testified that he did not intend to break and enter into the Auto Salvage Company, and that he did not intend to steal.
The Court has carefully examined the record in this case, the briefs filed and the supplemental briefs on appeal. The errors raised by the defendant do not merit reversal. We specifically find that the exclusion of the testimony of Jane Parker by the trial judge was harmless error beyond a reasonable doubt because of the cumulative nature of her proffered testimony. The mere number of witnesses presented for a party on an issue is irrelevant in determining where the truth lies. People v Hagle, 67 Mich App 608, 617; 242 NW2d 27 (1976). It is clear that testimony by one additional witness on the subject of the defendant’s intoxication between 2:30 and 3:30 p.m. on the date in question would not make the defense any more credible.
However, although we find exclusion of the testimony of the witness to be harmless error in this case, we note the need to follow certain procedures to insure that an adequate balance is made between the right of a defendant to present a witness on his behalf and the necessity, in the interest of justice, for a full and fair cross-examination of a witness to ascertain credibility. In the instant case, the trial judge did not establish facts on the record offered by both parties upon which to base a decision to exclude the testimony of Jane Parker in total.
As a preliminary comment, we note that both the trial judge and the parties made the assumption that the spousal privilege was properly invoked in this proceeding, although the witness’s husband was not on trial. This issue has not been raised on appeal by the parties, and we do not address the validity of the assumption here. See Anno, 90 ALR2d 648, §§ 9-10, pp 663-668, Morrissey v People, 11 Mich 327 (1863).
In Michigan, for well over a century, the spousal privilege has been controlled by statute. The statute today states in relevant part:
"A husband shall not be examined as a witness for or against his wife without her consent; nor a wife for or against her husband without his consent, * * * nor shall either, during the marriage or afterwards, without the consent of both, be examined as to any communication made by one to the other during the marriage.” MCL 600.2162; MSA 27A.2162.
It should be noted that two common law privileges are incorporated into the Michigan statute. The "confidential communications privilege” applies, irrespective of the marital status of the parties at the time of the suit, to confidential communications made within the marital relationship. The "spousal privilege”, germane to the instant case, applies to any testimony of a spouse without the consent of the other so long as the parties continue to be legally married at the time of suit. Neither the statute nor Michigan case law limits the scope of the spousal privilege to criminal prosecutions.
Although longstanding in the law, the spousal privilege has no constitutional foundation. Its underpinnings are historical, and upon close inspection, many girders are missing. Recently, the United States Supreme Court addressed the scope of the common law spousal privilege in the Federal courts. In Trammel v United States, 445 US 40; 100 S Ct 906; 63 L Ed 2d 186 (1980), the Federal rule was significantly narrowed. The Court held that the privilege against adverse testimony vested in the testifying spouse alone. If a spouse chose to testify for or against her mate, the objection of her husband would not make such testimony incompetent. (Here, as throughout this discussion, gender of the parties should be considered interchangeable. For purposes of convenience, we will refer to the parties in their respective positions in this case.)
The specific language of the Michigan statute may preclude a similar result to that reached in Trammel since the statute appears to vest the right to consent specifically in the nontestifying spouse. However, such a construction is not compelled in the instant case, since the record, fairly read, does not give any indication that the witness desired to testify against the wishes of her husband.
The spousal privilege in Michigan, like the modern common law privilege, is narrow in its justification and ought to be correspondingly narrowly construed in its scope. Analysis of the historical bases which remain valid under modern rules of evidence and procedures provides a framework for application of the statutory privilege in cases such as the one at bar.
The modern justification for the spousal privilege is preservation of marital harmony. Historically its foundation was laid upon the incapacity of the defendant to testify on his own behalf, and the unity of the husband and wife as one person in marriage. See People v Zabijak, 285 Mich 164, 175-176; 280 NW 149 (1938). Absolute disqualification was the norm at common law. However, both in Federal courts and in Michigan for many years the spouse of a defendant has been permitted to testify for her husband. Funk v United States, 290 US 371; 54 S Ct 212; 78 L Ed 369 (1933). Necessity has incorporated numerous other exceptions to the general rule and into the statute as well.
The narrow justification for the spousal privilege must be measured against the right of a defendant to elicit testimony in his favor. The trial court proceeded correctly in considering the privilege out of the presence of the jury. See People v Giacalone, supra, 646, People v Trine, 164 Mich 1; 129 NW 3 (1910). A record of the direct testimony offered on behalf of the defendant was elicited in order to ascertain the necessity for testimony by the witness.
However, when the "husband-wife privilege” was asserted upon cross-examination, the court did not examine the specific contested areas of questioning in order to ascertain the scope of the prosecution’s need to inquire into "privileged” areas in order to test credibility. In the face of a bold statement by the prosecution that it needed to inquire into privileged areas to test credibility, and without requiring an offer of proof, the court proposed a hypothetical conflict situation and completely excluded the entire testimony of the witness. Fortunately, in the instant case the testimony was entirely cumulative, and reversal is not required. However, a careful and thorough analysis of the specific facts and areas of conflict ought to be done prior to any future blanket exclusion of a witness’s testimony in a similar case.
Certain factors may be taken into consideration by the trial court in making an evaluation based upon the record. By means of an inquiry into the specific areas of conflict through offers of proof by both parties, to-wit: by direct examination, and by cross-examination by the prosecution through specific questions to which the witness responds by either asserting a privilege or answering without trespassing into a privileged area, a trial judge will have a sufficient basis on the record to make an evaluation of the need for the testimony in light of the asserted privilege. People v Davis, 91 Mich App 434; 283 NW2d 768 (1979). Such factors as the cumulative nature of the testimony, the interest of the witness such that there is the need to inquire into credibility, and the intertwined nature of the privileged areas in time, place and manner with the nonprivileged areas of testimony, are relevant factors for the trial court to consider. We do not mean to place the husband/wife statutory privilege on the same plane for purposes of analysis as the Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. Its historical justification is narrow, and it is without a similar constitutional foundation. This factor can also be taken into account by a trial judge when confronted by a situation such as that in the instant case.
Since the record of the direct testimony offered by the defendant here clearly indicates its cumulative nature, reversible error did not occur.
Affirmed.
M. J. Kelly, J., concurred. | [
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Allen, J.
The people appeal from an order of the circuit court for Kent County dated July 12, 1979, affirming the district court’s grant of defendant’s motion to quash a complaint and warrant for first-degree felony murder against defendant. Affirmance of the district court’s order to quash was based upon the common law year and a day rule. The issue presented is of first impression in Michigan.
On December 15, 1976, defendant Ross Stevenson attempted to rob the Registrar’s Office of Aquinas College. A young man tried to intervene and was shot twice in the abdomen by defendant. Defendant was arrested two days later and charged with assault with intent to rob and assault with intent to murder. On February 18, 1977, defendant pled guilty to the charge of assault with intent to rob while armed and on April 15, 1977, was sentenced to a prison term of 6 to 15 years.
The young man shot by defendant died from his gunshot wounds on December 19, 1977, one year and four days after being shot. On February 1, 1978, the people charged defendant, already incarcerated on the assault with intent to rob while armed conviction, with first-degree felony murder. Defendant moved in district court to quash the complaint and warrant on grounds that the prosecution was barred by the common law year and a day rule. Defendant’s motion was granted and the complaint and warrant were dismissed. The people appealed to circuit court where the district court was affirmed. The people appeal.
The rule has its origins in early English law dating as far back as the Statutes at Gloucester in 1278. Elliott v Mills, 335 P2d 1104 (Okla Cr App, 1959). Under the rule the common law placed an outer limit on the time that could elapse between the injury and death, the conclusive presumption being that the injury did not cause the death if the interval exceeded a year and a day. The rule is recognized in the Federal courts and some 29 states. 60 ALR3d 1323, 1327-1329. Nevertheless, the people challenge the applicability and existence of the rule in Michigan.
It is first argued that the year and a day is to be applied after the date of death rather than the date of injury. This is incorrect.
"In cases of murder the rule at common law undoubtedly was that no person should be adjudged 'by any act whatever to kill another who does not die by it within a year and a day thereafter; in computation whereof the whole day on which the hurt was done shall be reckoned first.’ 1 Hawk P.C., chap 13: 2 Hawk P.C., chap 23, §88; 4 Bl Com 197, 306.” Louisville, E & St L R Co v Clarke, 152 US 230, 239; 14 S Ct 579, 581; 38 L Ed 422, 424 (1894).
The rule is stated as follows in 3 Gillespie, MCLP (2d ed), 1978 Rev, § 1652, p 671.
"Under the common law, to constitute murder, death must have occurred within a year and a day from the date of the injury.”
See also 60 ALR3d 1323, 40 CJS, Homicide, § 12, p 856, and 26 Am Jur, Homicide, § 46, p 190.
It is next argued that even if the common law "year and a day” rule is applied from the date of injury, the rule is not and has not been recognized in Michigan. However, the United States Supreme Court has held that the common law year and a day "is the rule in this country in prosecutions for murder, except in jurisdictions where it may be otherwise prescribed by statute”. Louisville, supra, 239. The Michigan Constitution 1963, art 3, § 7, specifically states:
"The common law and the statute laws now in force, not repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitations, or are changed, amended or repealed.”
Michigan case law is consistent with the constitutional provision and clearly states that murder is not defined by statute in Michigan but by the common law. People v Carter, 387 Mich 397, 415; 197 NW2d 57 (1972), People v Morrin, 31 Mich App 301, 321; 187 NW2d 434 (1971), People v Potter, 5 Mich 1, 6 (1858). Chapman v People, 39 Mich 357 (1878), is the only published Michigan case which has had occasion to address the common law "year and a day” rule. Chapman indicates that, at common law, in order for an injury which causes death to be regarded as murder, two elements must be established: (1) death of the victim within a year and a day of the injury, and (2) death of the victim within the same jurisdiction as the injury. Chapman, supra, 360. Thus, although the second element of common law murder has been changed by statute, the "year and a day” element is still valid law in Michigan.
The people further contend that even if the "year and a day” rule was recognized in Michigan, it was solely evidentiary as a period of limitation which has been supplanted by MCL 767.24; MSA 28.964. This argument fails to distinguish Michigan’s statutory period of limitation and the elements of common law murder. MCL 767.24; MSA 28.964 provides that: "An indictment for the crime of murder may be found at any period after the death of the person alleged to have been murdered * * The year and a day rule as noted in Chapman, supra, 360, is a "controlling element” in the common law definition of murder without which there can be no finding of murder upon which to base an indictment. Therefore, the year and a day rule is not a solely evidentiary period of limitation which has been supplanted by MCL 767.24; MSA 28.964.
The people urge this Court to judicially abrogate the year and a day rule, whether evidentiary or substantive, as archaic and devoid of justification in light of modern criminal investigation and advances in medical science since the rule’s formulation 700 years ago.
"The reason assigned for [this] rule was that if the person alleged to have been murdered 'die after that time, it cannot be discerned, as the law presumes, whether he died of the stroke or poison, etc., or a natural death; and in case of life, a rule of law ought to be certain.’ 3 Coke, Inst 53.” Louisville, supra, 239.
The claim that the rule is so archaic and outmoded that it should be abrogated by judicial decision has been raised and considered by some five states. The great majority of these jurisdictions, while agreeing that the rule should be set aside for the more rational test of proximate causation, refuse to do so by judicial fiat. Instead, the majority decisions conclude that abrogation should be by legislative act or by rules promulgated by the Supreme Court.
Thus, in Commonwealth v Ladd, 402 Pa 164; 166 A2d 501 (1960), the Pennsylvania Supreme Court held that the rule was procedural in nature and could be abolished by the court "without being guilty of judicial legislation”. Id., 174-175. But the Supreme Court of New Jersey, disagreeing with Ladd, found the rule was a constituent element of the common law crime of murder and held that it could only be abolished by the Legislature. State v Young, 77 NJ 245; 390 A2d 556 (1978). In Commonwealth v Golston, 373 Mass 249, 255; 366 NE2d 744, 749 (1977), the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, in dicta, suggested that "if the point comes before us we shall feel free to reexamine the justification for the rule”. Maryland, though conceding that the rule might have outlived its usefulness, refused to find it outmoded and concluded that such action should be taken by the Legislature.
"But even so, we are not prepared to say that the rule of a year and a day is presently anachronistic, or that such period, after which death is conclusively presumed to result from natural causes, is no longer realistic. Abolition of the rule may well result in imbalance between the adequate protection of society and justice for the individual accused, and there would remain a need for some form of limitation on causation.
"* * * It is evident from what we have said that we are of the opinion that if change is to be made in the rule it should be by the General Assembly because expression and weighing of divergent views, consideration of potential effects, and suggestion of adequate safeguards, are better suited to the legislative forum.” State v Brown, 21 Md App 91, 97; 318 A2d 257, 261 (1974).
Ohio alone has abrogated the rule by judicial decision without regard to whether the rule is procedural or substantive. Sandridge, supra. In that case, the Court of Common Pleas of Cuyahoga County denied defendant’s motion to dismiss on grounds that 23 months had elapsed between the date of the injury and death.
"Today, the retention of the 'year and a day’ rule is clearly an anachronism. The jury may now rely on the testimony of expert witnesses and need not decide issues on the basis of their own individual knowledge. Furthermore, since great advances have been made in scientific crime detection and scientific medicine, the doubt that a mortal blow is the cause of death, when death ensues a year and a day after the blow, has been largely removed. See People v Legeri, 239 App Div 47, 266 NYS 86; Commonwealth v Ladd, 402 Pa 164; 166 A2d 501. Consequently, a period of a year and a day after which death is conclusively presumed to result from natural causes is no longer realistic.” Sandridge, supra, 420.
This Court agrees with the majority holdings cited above. We, too, find that advances in medical science, especially in the area of life support systems, has diluted the underlying rationale for the year and a day rule. But we, too, decline to abrogate the rule by judicial fiat. Because our Supreme Court in Chapman, supra, has held that the year and a day rule is a substantive element of the common law crime of murder, we cannot follow the decision in Ladd. Further, even if the rule were procedural in nature, "[a]ny sweeping alteration, rejection or reaffirmation of the rule must come from the Legislature or the Supreme Court” and not from this Court. Serafin v Serafin, 67 Mich App 517, 527; 241 NW2d 272 (1976), aff’d 401 Mich 629; 258 NW2d 461 (1977).
If we are correct in concluding that the year and a day rule is a constituent element of the crime of murder and, assuming, arguendo, that we had the power to abolish or modify the rule by judicial decision, we still could not hold defendant bound over on the offense of common law murder. To now abolish the rule and retroactively apply that decision to defendant’s conduct would amount to an ex post facto action. It would make culpable as a crime conduct which previously was not a crime or constituted a lesser offense. Such action constitutes a violation of due process. As was stated in State v Young, supra, 252, 254:
"Despite the fact that a majority of the Court believe that the year and a day rule should be abolished or modified, there is no majority in the Court for rendering any such determination effective retroactively so as to sustain the conviction of the defendant for murder.
"The indicated rationale is plainly applicable here. On September 18, 1973, the victim still alive, defendant was forever immune to prosecution for murder under the common law of New Jersey as it then stood. To render a present determination by this Court, abolishing the year and a day rule or extending the period thereof, effective to subject the defendant to liability for murder, would be fundamentally unfair in a jurisdiction devoted to the rule of law, if not offensive to concepts of due process, state and federal.”
On similar grounds, this Court recently declined to abrogate a common law rule even though the Court acknowledged that the rule was outmoded and no longer served a useful purpose. Any change in the rule should be made by the Legislature. People v Guthrie, 97 Mich App 226; 293 NW2d 775 v (1980).
The people’s last contention is also without merit. The people maintain that statutory first-degree felony murder, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, does not contain the common law definition of murder. First-degree murder is a statutory crime; it is the common law crime of murder with an added element, viz. either premeditation or the perpetration or attempt to perpetrate an enumerated felony. People v Carter, 395 Mich 434, 437; 236 NW2d 500 (1975), People v King, 58 Mich App 390, 401; 228 NW2d 391 (1975), People v Allen, 39 Mich App 483, 501; 197 NW2d 874 (1972), dissenting opinion adopted in 390 Mich 383; 212 NW2d 21 (1973). Therefore, since the people must first prove common law murder, with the concomitant "year and a day” element, it is obvious that the year and a day rule applies to all prosecutions for statutory first-degree felony murder.
Accordingly, the circuit court’s order affirming the district court’s grant of defendant’s motion to quash the complaint and warrant is affirmed.
Affirmed.
"Finally, it must be emphasized that the refusal to apply the 'year and a day’ rule does not deprive the defendant of any fundamental right. In all homicide cases, the burden always falls upon the prosecution to prove proximate causation — that death flowed from the wrongful act of the defendant. That must be the critical determinant, and not the expiration of some archaic, arbitrary time period.” State v Sandridge, 5 Ohio Op 3d 419, 420; 365 NE2d 898 (1977). | [
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D. C. Riley, P.J.
Charged with criminal sexual conduct in the first degree, MCL 750.520b(l); MSA 28.788(2)(1), defendant was tried by a jury and found guilty as charged on October 17, 1979. On October 31, 1979, he was sentenced to 10 to 30 years in prison. He appeals as of right.
At the time of the incident in question, the eight-year-old complainant had been living with her grandmother. The complainant’s mother, Brenda, lived across town with the defendant and his mother, as well as with her own brother. On the night in question, however, complainant’s grandmother had sent complainant to Brenda’s house to spend the night.
The testimony reveals that Brenda and the defendant had engaged in a serious drinking bout on the day in question, consuming a couple of bottles of vodka and many bottles of wine. According to the complainant, she got up on the couch to go to sleep at about 11 p.m. Brenda and the defendant were lying on the floor in front of the couch by the television set. The defendant then got up and walked over and sat down on the end of the couch. Brenda was half asleep on the floor at this time. According to complainant, defendant reached under her dress and started feeling her genital area.
Testifying on his own behalf, defendant stated that he usually slept on the floor and Brenda slept on the couch. On the night in question he was on the floor feeling "high” when he reached up and touched someone on the couch whom he expected would be Brenda. When he realized it was the complainant instead of Brenda on the couch, and when the complainant began hollering and crying, the defendant left the house and did not return until the following morning.
Defendant raises three issues on appeal, two of which concern alleged instructional errors, while the third alleges the court erred in allowing certain rebuttal testimony. We will address defendant’s challenges to the jury instructions first.
Defendant first asserts that the trial court erred in failing to instruct, sua sponte, on attempted criminal sexual conduct in the first and second degree, and on assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct in the second degree.
We reject defendant’s contention that People v Green, 86 Mich. App 142; 272 NW2d 216 (1978), requires a trial judge to instruct on the lesser included offenses of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, absent a request to so charge. People v Green is distinguishable, since there the court refused defense counsel’s request to instruct on lesser included offenses. Since the Michigan Supreme Court’s holding in People v Henry, 395 Mich 367, 374; 236 NW2d 489 (1975), it has been well-settled that, except solely in first-degree murder cases, failure to instruct on lesser included offenses is not error in the absence of a request to so charge before the jury retires to consider its verdict. This principle has been reaffirmed several times by this Court. See People v Cash, 80 Mich App 623, 628-629; 264 NW2d 78 (1978), rev’d on other grounds, 406 Mich 930; 277 NW2d 334 (1979), People v Tenbrink, 93 Mich App 326, 331; 287 NW2d 223 (1979).
Defendant’s second alleged instructional error relates to the court’s charge that voluntary intoxication constitutes no defense to the crimes of criminal sexual conduct in the first and second degrees.
It is axiomatic that "[i]ntoxication is a defense only to a crime of specific intent”. People v Hansma, 84 Mich App 138, 147-148; 269 NW2d 504 (1978). As we said in People v Kelley, 21 Mich App 612, 618; 176 NW2d 435 (1970): "The universally accepted rule in this country is that general intent cannot be negatived by evidence that the actor was intoxicated at the time the crime was committed.” Since case law, both under the old rape statute and under the new criminal sexual conduct statute, clearly rejects the notion that first- or second-degree criminal sexual conduct requires a specific intent, defendant’s contention must fail. People v Phillips, 385 Mich 30; 187 NW2d 211 (1971), People v Fisher, 77 Mich App 6; 257 NW2d 250 (1977), People v Taylor, 73 Mich App 139; 250 NW2d 570 (1977).
Defendant’s final claim of error is of greater substance. He assails the judge’s decision to allow a rebuttal witness to testify as to a statement which defendant had made to him that allegedly contradicted the defendant’s trial testimony. His attack is essentially two-pronged: first, that the prior statement of defendant was in fact consistent with his trial testimony and, therefore, inadmissible impeachment testimony and, second, that defendant was not given an opportunity to explain or deny the statement’s impeaching nature as required under the court rule.
We turn first to defendant’s contention that the statement was not actual rebuttal since it was not inconsistent with defendant’s trial testimony. The rebuttal testimony consisted of the following statement given by defendant to the police:
’’Defendant states that he did not in any way touch complainant sexually. Defendant doesn’t know any reason why complainant would make such a charge against him.”
Defendant claims this statement is consistent with his assertion at trial that, while he may have touched the child, he did not touch her sexually. We conclude that the admitted statement could be reasonably interpreted to be inconsistent with the defendant’s testimony on the stand. Thus, it was a prior inconsistent statement being used for the purpose of impeaching the defendant’s credibility and subject to the restrictions contained in MRE 613.
Before a prior inconsistent statement may be admitted into evidence, however, a proper foundation must be laid. People v Williams, 93 Mich App 236; 287 NW2d 184 (1978). Since the proper method of laying a foundation was explicitly spelled out in Williams, we see no need to restate it here. Having reviewed the record, however, we do conclude that a proper foundation was not laid and that the use of the statement did not constitute proper impeachment.
Despite the fact that proper procedures for impeachment were not followed, we must decide whether the statement could properly be admitted as rebuttal evidence. This Court has held that the admission of an inconsistent statement by way of a rebuttal witness is proper if the statement does in fact rebut what the defendant said, and if the defendant has been asked about the statement on cross-examination. See People v Bean, 89 Mich App 626; 280 NW2d 614 (1979). In the instant case, the defendant was not asked about the statement he made to the officer, nor was he given an opportunity to explain it. This was error, as the prosecutor should not be able to do by way of rebuttal that which he could not properly do by way of impeachment.
The introduction of improper rebuttal evidence is not always reversible error, however, People v Meadows, 80 Mich App 680, 687; 263 NW2d 903 (1977). The proper standard to be applied in examining improper rebuttal evidence is well stated in Meadows, supra, but essentially, unless the error results in a miscarriage of justice, this Court will not reverse a conviction. We conclude that the improper admission of the statement in rebuttal constituted harmless error. First, the prior statement was exculpatory rather than inculpatory. This is not analogous to the situation where the court improperly admits a prior statement such as a confession or other admission of a defendant which could improperly be used as evidence by the fact finder in arriving at a guilty verdict. People v Bean, supra, 631. Secondly, the judge’s instructions immediately following the admission of the statement clearly indicated that it was not to be used as substantive evidence, but that it was only to be considered in the evaluation of the credibility of the defendant’s testimony.
Affirmed.
MRE 613 reads as follows:
"(a) Examining witness concerning prior statement. In examining a witness concerning a prior statement made by the witness, if written the statement must be shown to the witness and if oral, its substance and the time, place, and person to whom the statement was made must be disclosed to the witness, and on request must be shown or disclosed to opposing counsel.
"(b) Extrinsic evidence of prior inconsistent statement of witness. Extrinsic evidence of a prior inconsistent statement by a witness is not admissible unless the witness is afforded an opportunity to explain or deny the same and the opposite party is afforded an opportunity to interrogate him thereon, or the interests of justice otherwise require.”
We note that the court, in its final charge to the jury, cautioned the jury as to the limited use of prior inconsistent statements when it read to them CJI 4:5:01. | [
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Per Curiam.
These consolidated cases arise out of police electronic surveillance of a men’s rest room at a highway rest area. The surveillance was conducted pursuant to a search warrant which contained the following authorizations:
"A. Beginning at October 25, 1978 at 10:00 P.M. the visual and audio communications may be recorded as described herein.
"B. Communications between unknown males which are expected to be in the nature of solicitations for sexual activity. Further, any and all sexual activities performed between the males in the mens room of the next area located at the rest area on US-131 south of 'D’ Avenue in Alamo Township, Kalamazoo County.
"C. Said conversations may include the statements of other persons present at the same time and place.
"D. Recording of these acts and conversations will be accomplished by the use of video and audio equipment located in the mens room at the rest area previously described in Section B.
"E. Said recordings shall terminate on November 1, 1978 at 11:59 P.M.”
As a result of the surveillance, some 40 persons including these six defendants were arrested and charged with gross indecency between males, MCL 750.338; MSA 28.570. Each defendant herein moved to suppress the evidence obtained through the surveillance. In Medema, the circuit judge suppressed the evidence after holding that defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the place searched, that there was not probable cause to issue the warrant, and that the warrant did not describe the things to be seized with suffi cient particularity. In Dezek, the circuit judge suppressed the evidence after holding that there was no statutory authority for a warrant authorizing video surveillance and that defendant was not "forthwith” served with a copy of the warrant as required by MCL 780.655; MSA 28.1259(5). In Thompson, the circuit judge declined to suppress the evidence after holding that defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy in the place searched. In Petruska, Kelly, and Pletcher, the circuit judge held that defendants had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the place searched but declined to suppress the evidence after holding that the search was conducted pursuant to a valid warrant. The people appeal of right in Medema and Dezek, while defendants appeal by leave granted in Thompson, Petruska, Kelly, and Pletcher.
I
The initial question we must address is whether defendants had a reasonable expectation of privacy in the place searched. See Katz v United States, 389 US 347, 351-352; 88 S Ct 507; 19 L Ed 2d 576 (1967):
"[T]he Fourth Amendment protects people, not places. What a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a subject of Fourth Amendment protection. * * * But what he seeks to preserve as private, even in an area accessible to the public, may be constitutionally protected.”
In concurrence, Justice Harlan observed:
"[TJhere is a twofold requirement, first that a person have exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and, second, that the expectation be one that society is prepared to recognize as 'reasonable.’
"The critical fact in this case is that '[o]ne who occupies it, [a telephone booth] shuts the door behind him, and pays the toll that permits him to place a call is surely entitled to assume’ that his conversation is not being intercepted. * * * The point is * * * that it is a temporarily private place whose momentary occupants’ expectations of freedom from intrusion are recognized as reasonable.” Id., 361.
Testimony revealed that the men’s rest room subject to the search warrant was a large room with one door leading to the outside. Within the room were several urinals and wash basins and four toilet stalls. The stalls were constructed of solid partitions elevated from the floor approximately 8-12 inches. The partition did not extend to the ceiling, but a five-foot eleven-inch man could not peer over its top. At the front of each stall was a door of the same height as the side partitions. The doors had been designed with latches, but the latching devices were broken or missing. Persons using the stalls, including defendants, would usually use small rolls of toilet paper wedged into the door cracks to hold the doors closed. A hole had been created in the common side partition between two of the stalls. The hole was approximately six inches in diameter (as stipulated by the parties in three of the cases; the only testimony concerning the size of the hole disclosed that it was six inches in circumference). It was located about waist high. It was alleged that the illegal acts were committed by one participant placing his penis through the hole while standing in one stall and the occupant of the other stall performing fellatio upon him. Surveillance of the two stalls was accomplished by installation of a needle-point video camera lens in the ceiling above the stalls. The lens was directly connected to a video camera situated above the ceiling panels which was connected by cables to a video tape recorder and a video monitor. The recorder and monitor were located in a room separate from the men’s rest room. The audio surveillance was concentrated on the same two stalls but picked up most sound within the room. The video monitor provided continuous video and audio coverage of all activity within the two stalls. The sound was not recorded, but the video recorder was turned on by the officers when they observed through the monitor that sexual activity between males was about to occur in the stalls.
We hold that the bathroom stalls here, like the telephone booth in Katz, were temporarily private places whose momentary occupants’ expectations of privacy are recognized by society as reasonable. See Bielicki v Superior Court of Los Angeles County, 57 Cal 2d 602; 21 Cal Rptr 552; 371 P2d 288 (1962), Britt v Superior Court of Santa Clara County, 58 Cal 2d 469; 24 Cal Rptr 849; 374 P2d 817 (1962), Brown v State, 3 Md App 90; 238 A2d 147 (1968), State v Bryant, 287 Minn 205; 177 NW2d 800 (1970), Buchanan v State, 471 SW2d 401 (Tex Crim App, 1971), People v Triggs, 8 Cal 3d 884; 106 Cal Rptr 408; 506 P2d 234 (1973), and Kroehler v Scott, 391 F Supp 1114 (ED Pa, 1975). See also People v Abate, 105 Mich App 274; 306 NW2d 476 (1981), in which, under circumstances analogous to those presented here, the Court found a toilet stall in a public rest room at a roller skating rink to be a "private place” under MCL 750.539d; MSA 28.807(4). Compare also People v Hunt, 77 Mich App 590; 259 NW2d 147 (1977), in which the Court expressly distinguished the instant situation while holding that defendant had no reasonable expectation of privacy. In Hunt, defendant and his female companion had taken exclusive occupancy of a public rest room for over 30 minutes, during which time moans were heard through the rest room door.
Some jurisdictions, while unprepared to recognize a reasonable expectation of privacy where defendant’s activities were viewed from a common area of a rest room, nevertheless have indicated that such an expectation of privacy exists under other circumstances. See Buchannan, supra, and Moore v Florida, 355 So 2d 1219 (Fla App, 1978). In this case, reliance upon the visibility of defendant’s activities from the common area of the rest room or through the hole to the adjacent stall is misplaced. In Katz, supra, the government argued that defendant placed the telephone calls which were recorded by the police from a glass telephone booth in which defendant was visible to the public. The Court rejected that argument, noting that defendant sought to exclude intruding ears rather than intruding eyes when he entered the booth. Thus Katz recognized that an expectation of privacy may be partial and yet receive constitutional protection. A stall such as that at issue here obviously does not afford complete privacy, but an occupant of the stall would reasonably expect to enjoy such privacy as the design of the stall afforded.
II
Since we hold that defendants had reasonable expectations of privacy in the place searched, and since no exigent circumstances are proffered for our consideration, the admissibility of the evidence turns on whether the district judge erred in issu ing a search warrant. The judge issued the warrant based on affidavits of three members of the Kalamazoo County Sheriffs Department. Relevant portions of those affidavits are reproduced below. One affidavit provided:
"(3) That the affiant was informed of men soliciting for immoral purposes and suspected homosexual activity at the US-131/ 'D’ Avenue rest area, Alamo Township, County of Kalamazoo, State of Michigan.
"(4) That on October 22, 1978, the affiant was informed of an investigation to locate, indentify, and arrest persons soliciting for and involved in homosexual acts at the US-131/ 'D’ Avenue rest area. That during the course of the investigation, two men were apprehended in the act of committing gross indecency and subsequently charged.
"(5) That on October 24, 1978, the affiant was part of a team of officers assigned to investigate alleged homosexual activity to include soliciting for immoral purposes and homosexual acts at the rest area on US-131 at 'D’ Avenue. That upon entering the mens room the affiant observed men loitering in stalls and the mens room proper. One of the men fit the description of a male subject loitering in the mens room on October 22, 1978. That an unidentified male asked the affiant to accompany him to his car. That the same men entered the restroom on numerous occasions, returning to their cars; not starting the motors. Further, the same subjects were seen walking in the parking lot and spending hours at the rest area. That while in the mens room, a male solicited the affiant for immoral purposes and was subsequently arrested and charged in a complaint and warrant for soliciting for immoral purposes, pleading guilty to the charge in the 8th District Court on October 25, 1978.”
A second affidavit provided:
"(2) That as a Shift Commander he was informed of criminal activity in the County. That he was further informed men have been loitering in the mens room and parking areas at the US-131/ 'D’ Avenue rest area, Alamo Township, Kalamazoo County. Further, there was information two men were seen leaving a stall located within the mens restroom at the rest area on October 18, 1978. Further, has received information that men have been soliciting for and involved in homosexual acts.
"(3) That on October 22, 1978, with the background information the affiant initiated an investigation into alleged homosexual activity. At approximately 10:00 date, the affiant entered the mens room at the US-131/ 'D’ Avenue rest area making himself familiar with the interior of the mens room. The affiant observed a hole in the partition separating stalls #1 and #2, approximately waist high.
"(4) That while in the rest room, the affiant observed two stalls occupied and both occupant’s feet facing forward. After pretending to leave the mens room, the affiant observed both sets of feet facing the hole in the partition and smacking, sucking type sounds coming from both booths. Upon investigating further he observed two males committing a homosexual act. Both subjects were subsequently arrested and warrants were authorized for gross indecency between males. Further, the affiant has observed several of the same men and vehicles at the rest area on October 22, 1978 and October 24, 1978.”
The third affidavit provided:
"(2) That as part of his regular duties he is briefed on criminal activities in the County. That as part of this briefing your affiant was informed there were men loitering in the mens room at the US-131/ 'D’ Avenue rest area in Alamo Township, Kalamazoo County. Further, there was information that illegal sex acts were being performed between males in the rest room.
"(3) That as part of your affiant’s regular duties, he has gone out to the US-131/ 'D’ Avenue rest area to determine whether there are any illegal activities going on. Your affiant has observed numerous local residents loitering in the rest area. The residence of these persons were learned by obtaining drivers licenses from these persons. These persons were told not to loiter in or about the rest areas.
"(4) These activities were witnessed by this officer in May, 1978, while I was assigned to the 11:00 PM to 7:00 AM shift. During the month of May, 1978, there were numerous times when the same individuals were asked to leave the rest area.
"(5) Further, your affiant states that the same type of activity as listed in paragraphs #3 and #4 were witnessed while on the 11:00 PM to 7:00 AM shift in August, 1978.”
In Aguilar v Texas, 378 US 108; 84 S Ct 1509; 12 L Ed 2d 723 (1964), the court held that affidavits supporting a search warrant may be based on hearsay information and need not reflect the direct, personal observations of the affiant but that the magistrate must be informed of some of the underlying circumstances on which the informant based his conclusions and some of the underlying circumstances from which the officer concluded that the informant, whose identity need not be disclosed, was credible or that his information was accurate. See also People v Peterson, 63 Mich App 538; 234 NW2d 692 (1975), People v Jerry Johnson, 68 Mich App 697; 243 NW2d 715 (1976), and People v Staffney, 70 Mich App 737; 246 NW2d 264 (1976). Here, each affidavit contained statements from unidentified informants. The affidavits contained nothing concerning the basis of the informant’s conclusions and nothing from which the credibility of the informant or the accuracy of the information could be inferred.
In addition to this defect in the underlying affidavits, we cannot say that the warrant limited the search to "precise and discriminate circumstances” as required by the Court for warrants authorizing electronic surveillance in Berger v New York, 388 US 41, 63; 87 S Ct 1873; 18 L Ed 2d 1040 (1967). Officers acting under the color of the warrant conducted a search which extended to every occupant of the stalls during the relevant period. The stalls were kept under constant surveillance through audio and video monitors. Yet the affidavits did not indicate that every one who used the stalls was likely to engage in illicit activity.
In People v Nieves, 36 NY2d 396; 369 NYS2d 50; 330 NE2d 26 (1975), the court indicated that a warrant authorizing a search of "any person therein” was permissible only if the facts known to the magistrate and the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom created a substantial probability that the authorized invasion of privacy would be justified by discovery of the items sought from all persons present when the warrant was executed. In State v Sims, 75 NJ 337; 382 A2d 638 (1978), the court stated that "presence” is a descriptive fact which satisfies the intent behind the Fourth Amendment only if there is good reáson to believe that anyone present at the anticipated scene would probably be a participant in the crime. Even where there is police observation of known lawbreakers operating from a given location, a warrant permitting a search of all individuals found in that location would be impermissible if that location was actually a public place. See also People v Tenney, 25 Cal App 3d 16; 101 Cal Rptr 419 (1972), and Crossland v State, 266 P2d 649 (Okla Crim App, 1954). The warrant here would not. authorize the search conducted by the officers.
III
Evidence which is the product of an illegal search is inadmissible as "fruit of the poisonous tree” unless the connection between he lawless conduct of the police and the discovery of the challenged evidence is so attenuated as to dissipate the taint. Nardone v United States, 308 US 338; 60 S Ct 266; 84 L Ed 307 (1939), Wong Sun v United States, 371 US 471; 83 S Ct 407; 9 L Ed 2d 441 (1963), United States v Ceccolini, 435 US 268; 98 S Ct 1054; 55 L Ed 2d 268 (1978). Applying this standard to the instant cases, we hold to be inadmissible video recordings of the activities in the rest room, police surveillance notes on activities observed through the monitor, and testimony of the officers as to activities observed either through the monitor or upon entry into the rest room after observations through the monitor. Defendant Pe-truska also argues that his confession should be suppressed. See, for example, Wong Sun, supra, 485-486. However, the evidence in the record here is insufficient for us to determine whether the connection between the lawless conduct of the police and defendant’s confession was attenuated. We therefore decline to suppress the confession without prejudice to defendant raising this issue on remand.
In view of our resolution of the foregoing issues, we need not address the other issues raised by appellants. The decisions of the circuit court in Medema and Dezek are affirmed. The decisions of the circuit court in Thompson, Petruska, Kelly, and Pletcher are reversed, and the cases remanded for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549. Thereafter sentenced to a term of life imprisonment, he appeals as of right.
Defendant’s first claim is that the trial court erred in allowing a witness to testify that he identified defendant from a photographic lineup conducted while defendant was in custody. While we conclude that the trial court did err in allowing such testimony into evidence, People v Anderson, 389 Mich 155, 186-187; 205 NW2d 461 (1973), we find such error to be harmless in view of the overwhelming proof of defendant’s guilt. See People v Robinson, 386 Mich 551; 194 NW2d 709 (1972).
Defendant’s second claim is that following a Walker hearing, the trial court erred in admitting defendant’s statement into evidence. Since said statement was the fruit of an unlawful arrest, we agree. People v Emanuel, 98 Mich App 163; 295 NW2d 875 (1980). However, because defendant’s statement was not a confession, and in light of the overwhelming proof of defendant’s guilt, we find the error to be harmless. Robinson, supra.
Defendant’s third claim is that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing the prosecution to elicit testimony that defendant claimed to be without money the night before the homicide. See People v Johnson, 393 Mich 488; 227 NW2d 523 (1975). Since the prosecution did not elicit the testimony to show that defendant committed the crime because he was in need of money, we find no abuse of discretion. People v Henderson, 408 Mich 56; 289 NW2d 376 (1980).
Defendant’s fourth claim is that certain of the prosecution’s comments during closing argument were so prejudicial to defendant that he was denied a fair trial. Since no objection to the comments was raised during trial, appellate review is precluded. People v Rojem, 99 Mich App 452; 297 NW2d 698 (1980).
Defendant’s fifth claim is that the trial court erred in admitting defendant’s semen-stained undershorts into evidence. Since the sexual aspect of the crime was part of its res gestae, we find no abuse of discretion. People v Castillo, 82 Mich App 476; 266 NW2d 460 (1978).
Defendant’s final contention that the cumulative effect of errors existing in the case served to deny him a fair trial lacks merit since we previously have found any error to be harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
Affirmed.
People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965). | [
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Facts
Per Curiam.
Plaintiff instituted this action in the Wayne County Circuit Court pursuant to GCR 1963, 908, which makes attorneys subject to the "summary jurisdiction” of the circuit courts in claims brought against them by clients. Plaintiffs complaint alleged that defendant attorneys wrongfully possessed funds due him as part of the proceeds of a personal injury judgment he won in New York State. Plaintiff averred that he had an oral contract with defendants in respect to compensation for their services in the personal injury case and that they breached this contract by re taining amounts in excess of that provided by the contract. Plaintiff also sought the return of certain items relating to the personal injury litigation which defendants retained in their possession.
Defendants failed to file an answer to the complaint. Instead, they moved for accelerated or summary judgment on the grounds that the New York trial court had entered an order awarding them attorney fees in the amount retained. A hearing was held without resolution of the problem. Thereafter, plaintiff filed a motion for summary judgment based on GCR 1963, 117.2(2) and (3). Following a second hearing, the court granted defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Plaintiff now appeals as of right.
According to plaintiff, he had initially retained an attorney in Buffalo, New York, named Richard McDonough to represent him in the personal injury case for a one-third contingency fee. Mr. McDonough became ill and was unable to handle the trial in the case. Consequently, plaintiff retained defendants to serve as trial counsel. The trial of the personal injury claim resulted in a judgment for plaintiff in the amount of $25,873.69 in September, 1977.
Following judgment, a dispute arose over the amount of defendants’ fee. Plaintiff contends that defendants agreed to split one-third of the award with McDonough and that he was to receive the remaining two-thirds of the judgment. Defendants assert, however, that plaintiff entered into one written contract to split the judgment equally with his attorneys and another written contract permitting the firm of Zeff & Zeff to retain one-third of any judgment. Thus, defendants contend that the judgment was to be split one-half for plaintiff, one-third for them, and one-sixth for McDonough.
When plaintiff refused to sign the checks and closing statement allowing a 50% fee, defendants filed a motion in the New York trial court to determine the amount of compensation they were due. A hearing was held on June 19, 1978, at which plaintiff did not appear. The court determined that all counsel were entitled to share 50% of the proceeds. Zeff & Zeff admits it received $7,500.00.
On July 20, 1979, a hearing was held on defendants’ motion for summary or accelerated judgment. Plaintiff denied having been personally served with notice of the New York action, while defendant Materna claimed that a proof of personal sevice was on file in the New York case. The trial court adjourned the hearing without ruling on the motion and instructed the parties to "find out about the personal service”.
On August 3, 1979, a hearing was held on plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment. There, defendants admitted that plaintiff had not been personally served with notice of the attorney fee hearing in New York. Instead, plaintiff had merely been mailed notice of the hearing. Plaintiff denied learning anything about the New York hearing until it was a fait accompli. Not until December, 1978, was he served with a copy of the fee order. Nonetheless, the Wayne County court granted defendants’ motion for accelerated or summary judgment. Although the basis of the trial court’s ruling is unclear, it apparently believed that plaintiff was obligated to attack the judgment concerning the fee award in New York.
Analysis
The trial court erred in holding that plaintiff was obligated to attack the New York court’s jurisdiction over him in New York. A foreign judgment is open to collateral attack on the grounds that the court lacked personal jurisdiction. Milliken v Meyer, 311 US 457, 462; 61 S Ct 339; 85 L Ed 278, 282; 132 ALR 1357 (1940), Ohio Dep’t of Taxation v Kleitch Brothers, Inc, 357 Mich 504, 513; 98 NW2d 636 (1959), and cases cited therein. Where the validity of service resulting in judgment in another jurisdiction is in issue, the courts of this state may inquire into the circumstances of the service. Smithman v Gray, 203 Mich 317; 168 NW 998 (1918). The trial court should have determined the validity of the service in the New York proceeding.
New York law gives an attorney a lien upon his client’s cause of action. McKinney, Judiciary Law, § 475, provides:
"From the commencement of an action, special or other proceeding in any court or before any state, municipal or federal department, except a department of labor, or the service of an answer containing a counterclaim, the attorney who appears for a party has a lien upon his client’s cause of action, claim or counterclaim, which attaches to a verdict, report, determination, decision, judgment or final order in his client’s favor, and the proceeds thereof in whatever hands they may come; and the lien cannot be affected by any settlement between the parties before or after judgment, final order or determination. The court upon the petition of the client or attorney may determine and enforce the lien.”
Plaintiff contends the action to fix fees constituted a special proceeding requiring personal service under New York law to result in a valid judgment. See, McKinney, CPLR, §§ 103(b), 304, 403(c). Defendants, on the other hand, assert that application for an order fixing attorney fees is a mere interlocutory proceeding which does not require personal service, but, rather, allows service by mail as with any other motion. McKinney, CPLR, §§2103, 2211, 2214. An examination of relevant New York authorities clearly indicates that plaintiff’s position is correct and defendants’ view is erroneous. A proceeding for summary enforcement of a charging lien is a special proceeding and is in no sense a motion in the action. Inter alia: Peri v New York Central & H R R Co, 152 NY 521; 46 NE 849 (1897), Smith v First National Bank of Albany, 103 Misc 274; 170 NYS 127 (1918), modified on other grounds, 184 App Div 719; 172 NYS 595 (1918), Entenberg v Goodman, 153 Misc 205; 274 NYS 443 (1934), aiFd sub nom Fischel v Goodman, 242 App Div 825; 275 NYS 974 (1934), Leis v Shaughnessy, 219 NYS2d 104 (Sup Ct, 1961), Kreindler v Irving Trust Co, 60 Misc 2d 441; 303 NYS2d 421 (1969), NY Jur, Attorney and Client, § 144, p 568, 1 Carmody-Wait 2d, Cyclopedia of New York Practice, § 3:149, p 476. Since defendants did not obtain personal jurisdiction over plaintiff in the New York action to determine the amount of their charging lien, the trial court erred in summarily dismissing plaintiff’s action.
Apart from the charging lien problem, plaintiff averred that defendants continued to hold personal materials related to the injury claim which he wanted returned. Defendants did not respond to this allegation below. Pursuant to the law of New York, defendants would possess a retaining lien in these items only so long as plaintiff continued to owe them money for their services. Goodrich v McDonald, 112 NY 157; 19 NE 649 (1889), Turzio v Ravenhall, 34 Misc 2d 17; 227 NYS2d 103 (1962), Mongitore v Murphy, 42 App Div 2d 800; 346 NYS2d 420 (1973). In the instant case, defendants have received at least as much as they are entitled to for their efforts on plaintiff’s behalf. As such, the trial court clearly erred in granting defendants’ motion for summary disposition in respect to this claim. Indeed, plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment should have been granted as concerns the retaining lien on either of the grounds advanced. GCR 1963, 117.2(2) and (3).
At the hearings below, the parties also argued over whether defendants could permissibly share in a contingency award of 50%. Plaintiff asserts that even had there been a contract to split a favorable judgment equally between himself and his attorneys, the agreement would be void as against public policy. In Michigan, a 50% contingency fee arrangement would result in a "clearly excessive” fee. See, GCR 1963, 928; Code of Professional Responsibility and Canons, DR 2-106(A). The parties agree that under New York law the one-half contingency fee would be legal. If this is an issue at the time of trial, the parties will have to present evidence on the question of whether New York or Michigan law applies to the setting of the fee.
Reversed and summary judgment is to be en tered on behalf of plaintiif on the retaining lien question. Reversed for trial on the question of the fees due defendants. Remanded for proceedings consistent with this 'opinion. Plaintiff may tax costs.
Defendants have never produced any copies of the contracts allegedly existing between the parties. Although plaintiff has requested copies of the contracts, nothing in the record suggests that he has ever received them. Plaintiff continues to deny the contracts exist.
This is slightly less than one-third of the award in plaintiffs favor. However, defendants do not argue that they are entitled to any additional fees for their services.
It appears that defendants’ motion would be correctly denominated as one seeking accelerated judgment based on a prior judgment. GCR 1963,116.1(5). | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of receiving and concealing stolen property over $100, MCL 750.535; MSA 28.803. He was sentenced to 1-1/2 to 5 years imprisonment and appeals as of right.
While on routine patrol, Deputy Kenneth Bailey of the Washtenaw County Sheriffs Department stopped defendant for a traffic violation in the Township of Northfield. Defendant was unable to produce a registration for the automobile and could not identify its owner by name. Deputy Bailey, suspecting that the car may have been stolen, called for assistance. Deputies Thomas Spiess and James Stansik responded to the call and further questioned defendant and a passenger accompanying defendant, Tim Bailey. Still suspicious that the car may have been stolen, the deputies detained defendant and Tim Bailey pending a registration check. Deputy Spiess asked defendant whether he had "any objection” to the deputy opening the trunk. Defendant produced the trunk key and opened the trunk himself. Deputy Spiess recognized two items in the trunk of the car, a Panasonic CB base radio and a gray metal cash box, which matched a description of property reported stolen in that day’s police summary sheet. Deputy Spiess asked defendant what was in the box and defendant replied that the box just contained some change. The box was opened and was found to contain numerous coins. Defendant was then taken to the deputies’ squad car, where the deputies ran a check on the radio’s serial number and determined that it had been stolen. At this point, the deputies arrested defendant and read him his Miranda rights for the first time.
After receiving the Miranda warnings, defen dant identified the owner of the car as Terry Baumgartner and stated that he had dropped off Terry Baumgartner and a friend after they had told him that they were going to steal a battery. Defendant further stated that he was planning on picking up Terry Baumgartner and his friend as soon as they were finished. Defendant was not charged with involvement in the plan to steal a battery and there was no evidence that any battery was actually stolen.
Before trial, defendant made a motion to suppress evidence of the items found in the trunk, arguing that the search of the trunk was illegal. The trial court denied the motion, finding that defendant had consented to the search of the trunk. Defendant also moved for, and was granted, a Walker hearing to suppress evidence of certain of defendant’s statements. At that hearing, the trial court refused to suppress evidence of defendant’s admission concerning the contents of the box.
Defendant raises four issues on appeal, one of which merits discussion. Defendant first contends that the trial court committed error requiring reversal in failing to supress evidence of the two items found in the trunk. Defendant cites Arkansas v Sanders, 442 US 753; 99 S CT 2586; 61 L Ed 2d 235 (1979), People v Iverson, 34 Mich App 519; 191 NW2d 745 (1971), and People v Marshall, 25 Mich App 376; 181 NW2d 578 (1970). These cases are distinguishable. Each decision was based upon a finding that the arresting officers lacked either probable cause or exigent circumstances to justify a warrantless search. In the present case, the prosecution sought to justify the search on a the ory of consent. "Whether a consent is valid is a matter of fact based upon the evidence and all reasonable inferences to be drawn from it." People v Chism, 390 Mich 104, 123; 211 NW2d 193 (1973). The presence of coercion or duress would require a finding that consent was not validly given. People v Kaigler, 368 Mich 281; 118 NW2d 406 (1962).
Defendant contends that he should have been advised of his rights to refuse the search of the trunk and, absent such a warning, the search of the trunk was illegal. This contention is without merit. Schneckloth v Bustamonte, 412 US 218; 93 S Ct 2041; 36 L Ed 2d 854 (1973). In determining the validity of the consent to search, this Court must consider the "totality of the surrounding circumstances”. People v Reed, 393 Mich 342; 224 NW2d 867 (1975), cert den 422 US 1044, 1048 (1975). Absent evidence of inherently coercive tactics, either from the nature of police questioning or conduct or the environment and atmosphere in which events occur, the prosecution need not demonstrate "an intentional relinquishment * * * of a known right” in order to show a valid consent. Id., 363. Applying these principles to the present case, the relevant circumstances are as follows: (1) defendant was stopped for a traffic violation; (2) defendant was unable to produce a proper registration and could not fully identify the owner of the car; (3) pending verification of defendant’s claim that the car was borrowed rather than stolen, two more deputies arrived, resulting in a total of three deputies at the scene; (4) Deputy Spiess asked defendant whether he "had any objection” to the deputy’s opening the trunk; (5) defendant removed the trunk key from the keyring in the ignition, and opened the trunk himself.
Defendant concedes that the initial stop of the vehicle was valid. The stop of the vehicle, as well as the subsequent detention of defendant and his passenger pending verification that the car was not stolen, were justified and reasonable under all the circumstances. People v Whalen, 390 Mich 672; 213 NW2d 116 (1973), Terry v Ohio, 392 US 1; 88 S Ct 1868; 20 L Ed 2d 889 (1968). By asking whether defendant had any "objection” to the opening of the trunk, Deputy Spiess effectively communicated that defendant had the option to "object” if he desired to do so. Instead, defendant actually opened the trunk himself. The mere fact that defendant was detained at the time of the consent does not render the consent invalid, 393 Mich 342, 366, and the presence of a number of deputies on the scene "does not present a situation which is per se coercive”. Id. We find no distinction between the present case and People v Lumpkin (On Remand), 64 Mich App 123; 235 NW2d 166 (1975). Here, as in Lumpkin, supra, there is no indication on the record that defendant’s consent was coerced. In each case, the arresting officer was entitled to rely on the defendant’s unequivocal expression of consent.
The opening of the gray metal cash box at the time of its discovery in the trunk was also not improper. Assuming arguendo that the scope of defendant’s consent to the search of the trunk did not extend to the search of any containers found there, the search was not improper under Sanders, supra. The Court in Sanders did not hold invalid all searches of closed containers found in lawfully stopped automobiles. Instead, the Court specifically limited its ruling to "personal luggage” such as suitcases, which the Court found to be entitled to a "reasonable expectation of privacy”. The Court noted that certain containers found by police dur ing an automobile search "by their very nature cannot support a reasonable expectation of privacy because their contents can be inferred from their outward appearance”, 442 US 753, 764-767, fn 13. In this case, the gray metal cash box did not "support any reasonable expectation of privacy” where it was stolen property and where it accompanied other property which the officer recognized as having been reported stolen.
As to defendant’s remaining claims, we find no reversible error in the trial court’s refusal to suppress defendant’s statement as to the contents of the cash box. Nor, considering the background of the testimony of the defendant’s companion relative to their participation in a plan to steal a battery, would we premise reversal upon the trial court’s admission of that testimony.
Defendant’s conviction is affirmed.
Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966).
People v Walker (On Rehearing), 374 Mich 331; 132 NW2d 87 (1965). | [
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R. M. Maher, P.J.
Defendant was convicted, at a bench trial, of third-degree criminal sexual conduct, MCL 750.520d(1)(a); MSA 28.788(4)(1)(a). He was sentenced to a prison term of from 5 to 15 years and appeals by right.
Less than a year before the trial in the instant case, defendant was tried and convicted by the same judge of assault with intent to commit criminal sexual conduct involving penetration, MCL 750.520g(1); MSA 28.788(7)(1), and was sentenced to three years probation with the first six months to be served in the Detroit House of Corrections. Despite the fact that he was obviously aware that the same judge was involved, defendant waived a trial by jury and did not move to disqualify the trial judge. See GCR 1963, 912. He now argues that the trial judge was under a duty sua sponte to disqualify himself and that the failure to do so deprived him of a trial before an impartial fact-finder.
Defendant relies on People v Frazier Walker, 385 Mich 596; 189 NW2d 41 (1971), which adopted this Court’s opinion in the same matter, 24 Mich App 360; 180 NW2d 193 (1970). In Frazier Walker, the trial judge, during pretrial proceedings, revealed that she was aware of the fact that the defendant had taken and failed a polygraph test. The defendant subsequently waived a jury trial and was convicted. The defendant’s conviction was reversed on the basis that a judge, sitting as trier of fact, must meet the same standard of impartiality as a juror. Since a juror who possessed knowledge of a polygraph examination could be challenged for cause, the Court held that the trial judge should have disqualified herself. Although it was obvious that the defendant knew of the trial judge’s awareness of the polygraph test, the Court did not consider the issue waived for failure to move for disqualification. Two justices, however, dissented on this basis. Frazier Walker, supra, 597-598.
Since the decision in Frazier Walker, the Supreme Court has apparently pulled back from its decision in that case, perhaps indicating that it should be limited to its facts. In People v Dudley, 44 Mich App 9; 204 NW2d 743 (1972), defendant was convicted at a bench trial by the same judge who had just previously accepted the defendant’s guilty plea in another case. This Court reversed, on the basis of Frazier Walker, because in sentencing the defendant on the prior conviction the trial judge had studied a presentence report. As in Frazier Walker, the defendant had knowledge of this fact but failed to move for the trial judge’s disqualification. On defendant’s further appeal, the Supreme Court reversed and reinstated defendant’s conviction, holding as follows:
"Under the circumstance that the presentence report in the earlier case does not appear to have contained any evidence or information bearing on defendant-ap-pellee’s guilt or innocence, reversal is not warranted, the defendant-appellee having failed to move to disqualify the judge pursuant to GCR 1963, 405 [now GCR 1963, 912], although the alleged basis of disqualification was known before the trial.” People v Dudley, 393 Mich 762 (1974).
Similarly, in People v Dixson, 403 Mich 106; 267 NW2d 423 (1978), the Supreme Court considered the issue waived for failure to move for disqualification. In Dixson, the defendant had moved to quash the information on the basis that the magistrate had erred in binding the case over for trial. The trial judge read the preliminary examination transcript in order to decide the motion, which was ultimately denied. Although the defendant was aware of the fact that the trial judge had read the examination transcript, she waived a jury trial and did not move to disqualify the trial judge. Although the Court considered the issue waived, it also indicated that it did "not wish to be understood as saying that the waiver resulting from failure to move to disqualify is absolute”. Dixson, supra, 109. The Court suggested a case where the trial judge had previously granted a motion to suppress tangible evidence or a confession as an example where the trial judge might have a duty sua sponte to raise the issue even in the absence of a motion to disqualify.
In People v Gibson (On Remand), 90 Mich App 792, 795-798; 282 NW2d 483 (1979), lv den 408 Mich 868 (1980), this Court also recognized that there are circumstances in which the trial court must raise the issue of disqualification on its own. In Gibson, the defendant and a codefendant were each charged with armed robbery. Because the codefendant’s confession implicated the defendant, separate trials were held. Each defendant waived a jury trial, however, and both trials were conducted by the same judge. Defendant’s codefendant was tried first and convicted. In its findings of fact, however, the trial judge stated: "There is no question in the Court’s mind that this was done by Mr. Peete [the codefendant] and Mr. Gibson [the defendant], his companion * * *”. Defendant was then convicted at his bench trial. Although the defendant did not move to disqualify the judge, this Court considered the issue preserved for appeal as it was not apparent that the alleged basis for disqualification, the findings of fact in the codefen-dant’s trial, were known to defendant or his attorney prior to the defendant’s trial. Accordingly, this Court held that the trial judge had a duty to raise the matter himself. Defendant’s conviction was reversed on the basis that the trial judge’s findings in the codefendant’s trial amounted to an impermissible prejudgment of the defendant’s own case.
Harmonizing the above-analyzed decisions is not something that can be done with any degree of certainty. It does appear, however, that several general principles may be adduced. Generally, a defendant must move to disqualify or the issue is waived (Dixson, Dudley). The issue is not waived, however, if the potential grounds for disqualification are known to the trial judge but not the defendant (Gibson). In addition, the issue is not waived if the grounds for disqualification are that the trial judge is aware of a polygraph examination (Frazier Walker) or some similar basis which gives the trial judge knowledge of some fact or circumstance directly relating to defendant’s guilt on the charged offense (Dixson — suppression of evidence example, Gibson — findings of fact in code-fendant’s case).
Applying these principles to the instant case leads us to the conclusion that reversal is not required. Defendant did not move for disqualification despite the fact that he was aware that the same judge had accepted his plea of guilty and passed sentence in a previous case. Additionally, the information about the defendant which the trial judge might have acquired from the previous case has not been shown to in any way involve the question of the defendant’s guilt or innocence in the instant case. Accordingly, the trial judge was not obligated to raise the issue of disqualification on his own and the defendant’s failure to move for disqualification waived the issue.
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Per Curiam.
This litigation arose out of a rear-end automobile collision which occurred on August 3, 1972. Plaintiff Hill was driving south on Woodward with his uncle, plaintiff Jim Clayton, riding in the back seat. Hill testified that his car had come to a complete stop at a red light when it was struck in the rear by defendant’s cab and pushed forward 10 to 12 feet. Defendant, however, claimed that he had come to a complete stop beind Hill’s vehicle. He indicated that, when the light turned green, Hill began to move forward but then suddenly stopped. Defendant stated that he struck Hill’s vehicle at less than 10 miles per hour but did not push it forward. In any event, the parties stipulated to defendant’s negligence.
Both Hill and Clayton were treated by the same doctor. Hill claimed to have experienced pain in his neck and back and to have had problems moving his head sideways. Clayton experienced shoulder pain. In addition to his medical expenses, Hill lost approximately one month’s wages, totaling $927.
In its verdict, the jury concluded that Hill should be paid $1,768 "to cover his X-rays, medical [expenses] and loss of wages”. Clayton was awarded $626 to pay his medical expenses. Neither plaintiff was recompensed for pain and suffering. Plaintiffs’ motion for new trial or additur was denied and they appeal as of right.
GCR 1963, 527 provides for the granting of a new trial on the basis of an inadequate verdict. It provides in pertinent part:
".1 Grounds. A new trial may be granted to all or any of the parties and on all or part of the issues whenever their substantial rights are materially affected, for any of the following causes:
"(4) A verdict which is clearly or grossly inadequate or excessive;
".6 Remittitur and Additur. When a finding is made that the only error in the trial is the inadequacy or excessiveness of the verdict, the court may deny a motion for new trial on condition that within 10 days the non-moving party consents in writing to the entry of judgment of an amount found by the judge to be the lowest or highest amount respectively which the evidence will support. If the moving party appeals, this agreement shall in no way prejudice the party so agreeing, and if he prevails the original verdict may be reinstated by the supreme court.”
Because the question of damages is generally one of fact for the jury, new trial or additur are only appropriate where a verdict is so clearly or grossly inadequate and so contrary to the great weight of the evidence pertaining to damages sustained by the plaintiff as to shock the judicial conscience. Moore v Spangler, 401 Mich 360, 373; 258 NW2d 34 (1977). Further, this assessment is relegated to the discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal absent a palpable abuse. Id., 372.
In the present case, the trial court denied plaintiffs’ motion when he could not find "that the jury’s verdict was clearly or grossly inadequate or that the jury in any way breached its duty to assess damages in accordance with the evidence presented”. After reviewing the evidence presented below, we conclude that this decision does not represent a palpable abuse of discretion.
Although the parties disputed the precise manner in which the accident occurred, it was a relatively minor collision. Defendant testified that the impact was not even enough to push plaintiff Hill’s vehicle forward. The jury was free to accept this version of the events and conclude that plaintiffs had no resulting pain and suffering. This is not necessarily inconsistent with an award of medical expenses. The jury could have accepted plaintiffs’ claim that medical attention was required without also inferring that Hill and Clayton had demonstrated compensable pain and suffering. It is not our function to arbitrarily substitute our own judgment for that of the jury on this issue, for to do so would be to usurp its role. Stowers v Wolodzka, 386 Mich 119, 140; 191 NW2d 355 (1971). We agree that the resulting verdict was not so clearly and grossly inadequate and contrary to the evidence as to shock the judicial conscience.
Affirmed.
Plaintiff Jim Clayton died subsequent to the accident of unrelated causes. His estate is represented by the administratrix, Anna Clayton. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiffs, Jon Chynoweth and Thomas C. Halborg, sought a writ of mandamus for the purpose of ordering defendant City of Hancock to place an adopted amendatory zoning ordinance on the ballot or to repeal that ordinance, as requested by their referendum. The trial court granted plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, based on GCR 1963, 117.2(3), and issued a writ of mandamus ordering defendant city to either repeal the zoning ordinance or to submit that ordinance to the electors. Defendant city had issued permits to defendant Altman Development Corporation to build a multiple-family dwelling on the land which had been rezoned. Defendant Altman was granted permission to intervene in the suit and files this appeal as of right.
The sole issue on appeal in this case is whether an amendatory zoning ordinance is subject to the right of referendum. In Elliott v City of Clawson, 21 Mich App 363, 376-377; 175 NW2d 821 (1970), this Court held it was not. However, in Rolling-wood Home Owners Corp, Inc v City of Flint, 26 Mich App 1, 10; 181 NW2d 797 (1970), rev’d 386 Mich 258, 268 (1971), and Parr v Lansing City Clerk, 9 Mich App 719, 722-723; 158 NW2d 35 (1968), this Court assumed the ordinances involved to be subject to a referendum.
The Michigan Supreme Court has stated that a zoning ordinance cannot be adopted or enacted by an initiative. Korash v Livonia, 388 Mich 737; 202 NW2d 803 (1972). Then, in West v City of Portage, 392 Mich 458; 221 NW2d 303 (1974), Justice Levin, who was joined by Justices T. G. Kav-anagh and Fitzgerald, held that an amendatory zoning ordinance was an administrative act; there fore, a referendum could not be used since that only applies to legislative acts. Id., 461, 465-466, 472.
Justice Williams, who was joined by Chief Justice T. M. Kavanagh and Justice Swainson, also agreed that the plaintiffs complaint should have been dismissed due to the fact that the referendum petition had been combined with an initiative, and thus was defective. Id., 472. However, he held that there was a right to referendum on a zoning ordinance.
Justice Coleman concurred in the result. Id., 472.
Subsequently, the majority opinion in Ed Zaag-man, Inc v Kentwood, 406 Mich 137; 277 NW2d 475 (1979), stated, "[W]e are not persuaded to adopt Justice Levin’s administrative approach to the review of zoning determinations * * Id., 164. The majority opinion adopted "the legislative approach”.
Since the majority of the present Court has indicated more support for the legislative approach rather than the administrative approach, we conclude that the Court would find that this amendatory zoning ordinance was a legislative act subject to the right of referendum. Accordingly, we affirm the decision of the trial court.
Affirmed. No costs. | [
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M. J. Kelly, P.J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from an order of the trial court dismissing his complaint and granting summary and accelerated judgment in favor of defendants Three Rivers Rubber Corporation and Fireman’s Fund Insurance Company. The remaining defendants had been dismissed pursuant to a settlement agreement at the trial court level.
Plaintiff is a former employee of Three Rivers and has been disabled since December 23, 1970, with a condition referred to by the parties as "TDI asthma”. Three Rivers workers’ compensation carrier, Fireman’s, voluntarily paid plaintiff workers’ compensation benefits until April 14, 1971, at which time benefits were terminated based on what plaintiff contends was a fraudulent diagnosis by Dr. Paul R. Radgens. Plaintiff subsequently petitioned for reinstitution of workers’ compensation benefits and, after a contested hearing, was awarded benefits by a hearing referee in a decision rendered May 19, 1976. That decision was affirmed by the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) on December 28, 1978.
Plaintiff also filed suit for benefits due from the Insurance Company of North America (INA), Three Rivers’ group disability insurance carrier. Judgment was entered on June 27, 1977. See Mays v Ins Co of North America, 407 Mich 165; 284 NW2d 256 (1979).
Plaintiff filed this action on May 28, 1980, alleging that defendants had in concert and collusion conspired to deprive him of workers’ compensation and disability benefits due from Three Rivers and its insurers, Fireman’s and INA. Plaintiff’s three-count complaint alleged that: (1) all of the defendants had conspired to deprive him of the benefits; (2) defendant employer and defendant insurance companies had breached their contractual and statutory duty to pay benefits thereby causing mental distress to plaintiff; and (3) by their collusive actions, all of the defendants had intentionally inflicted emotional distress upon the plaintiff.
Three Rivers and Fireman’s responded to plaintiff’s complaint with motions for accelerated and summary judgment. In. an opinion dated March 19, 1982, and by order dated July 2, 1982, the trial court granted defendants’ motion for accelerated judgment as to Counts I and III on the ground that these counts were barred by the statute of limitations. The trial court also granted summary judgment in favor of defendants on Count II on the ground that breach of a commercial contract does not give rise to a right to recover damages for mental and emotional distress.
Plaintiff's motions for rehearing and to file an amended complaint were denied and plaintiff appeals as of right. We affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment on Count II for the reason relied upon below and affirm the trial court’s grant of accelerated judgment on Counts I and III but for the reasons stated herein.
Plaintiff first challenges the trial court’s grant of accelerated judgment on Counts I and III, claiming that the trial court erred in calculating the date upon which these claims accrued. All of the parties and the trial court agree that the applicable limitation period is three years as provided under MCL 600.5805(8); MSA 27A.5805(8), formerly MCL 600.5805(7); MSA 27A.5805(7). Plaintiff argues that his claims of conspiracy and intentional infliction of emotional distress did not accrue until the appropriate forums had determined that his injury was in fact compensable under the policies with Fireman’s and INA. Plaintiff relies upon the date the WCAB affirmed the hearing referee’s award of benefits, December 28, 1978, and the date the circuit court found INA liable for disability benefits, June 27, 1977. Given these dates of accrual, plaintiff’s complaint of May 20, 1980, would have been timely.
The trial court agreed in principle with plaintiff’s position but found that his injury had been determined compensable under Three Rivers’ workers’ compensation policy as of the issuance of the hearing referee’s award on May 19, 1976. Since plaintiff had filed this action nearly four years after the issuance of the hearing referee’s award, the trial court determined that his claims of conspiracy and intentional infliction of emo tional distress were barred by the provisions of the three-year statute of limitations.
We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that plaintiffs claims were barred by the applicable statute of limitations but we do not entirely agree with the trial court’s rationale. Both the trial court and plaintiff cite Broaddus v Ferndale Fastener Division, Ring Screw Works, 84 Mich App 593; 269 NW2d 689 (1978), lv den 403 Mich 850 (1978), as dispositive on the issue of the accrual of plaintiffs claims. In Broaddus, as in the instant case, plaintiff alleged collusion and conspiracy to deny benefits among his employer and the employer’s workers’ compensation and group disability insurance carriers. The issue on appeal was whether plaintiffs claim was barred by the exclusive remedy provision of the workers’ compensation act, MCL 418.131; MSA 17.237(131). In determining that the claim was not barred, this Court stated:
"While it is true that plaintiffs must prevail on a showing that the physical injuries were compensable prior to showing that defendants acted in collusion to deny those beneñts, a subtle yet crucial distinction must be made clear. Plaintiffs are not seeking as damages in this lawsuit the compensation benefits they alleged were required to be paid from July 2, 1973, to December 17, 1973. They are seeking, in part, separate damages for emotional distress caused by the alleged intentional and wrongful denial of these compensation benefits. It is the emotional and mental injuries which are the subject of the lawsuit, and which are claimed by plaintiffs to be not compensable under the act and thus actionable in a common-law tort suit.” (Footnote omitted; emphasis added.) 84 Mich App 599.
Plaintiff argues, and the trial court so held, that the above emphasized language requires, as an essential element of a conspiracy claim such as this, a decision by the appropriate forum that the disputed injury is compensable under the particular insurance plan at issue. Plaintiff argues that the appropriate forum in this case is the WCAB, while the trial court held that the appropriate forum was the referee’s hearing. .
We do not agree that Broaddus requires a favorable judicial or quasi-judicial decision as an essential element of a claim of conspiracy to deny benefits. Instead, the essential elements of a civil conspiracy are (1) a concerted action (2) by a combination of two or more persons (3) to accomplish an unlawful purpose (4) or a lawful purpose by unlawful means. Fenestra, Inc v Gulf American Land Cdrp, 377 Mich 565, 593; 141 NW2d 36 (1966). See also Zmija v Baron, 119 Mich App 524, 537; 326 NW2d 908 (1982) (Judge Walsh’s partial concurrence). The language in Broaddus requiring that a plaintiff’s injury be found compensable refers, in our view, to the necessity of finding unlawful means or purpose where it is alleged that certain parties conspired to deprive a plaintiff of workers’ compensation or disability benefits. That finding may be made by the trial court hearing the conspiracy claim, since the action is not one for compensation for the physical injury or disability suffered.
Obviously there are inherent difficulties involved in identifying the accrual date of conspiracy claims. The more successful or sophisticated the conspiracy, the longer it may go undetected by an unsuspecting plaintiff. Even where a plaintiff may be suspicious that a conspiracy is underfoot, it is difficult to argue that the applicable statute of limitations should begin to run upon such a subjective assessment of the defendants’ actions. It is thus quite possible that, in conspiracy actions such as the one at bar, the date on which the conspiracy is found to accrue will most frequently be the date on which the administrative agency has determined compensability. We reach this conclusion in light of several well-established principles of law governing the accrual of claims for purposes of applying a statute of limitations.
MCL 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827 provides that a "claim accrues at the time the wrong upon which the claim is based was done regardless of the time when damage results”. The Supreme Court has interpreted this language to mean that a claim accrues when all of the elements of the cause of action have occurred, Connelly v Paul Ruddy’s Equipment Repair & Service Co, 388 Mich 146, 150; 200 NW2d 70 (1972); Williams v Polgar, 391 Mich 6, 23-25; 215 NW2d 149 (1974), and when plaintiff knew or should have known of the occurrence of these elements. Williams v Polgar, supra, p 25; Bonney v Upjohn Company, 129 Mich App 18, 23; 342 NW2d 551 (1983).
In this case, plaintiff testified in his deposition that he suspected a conspiracy between Three Rivers, Fireman’s and Dr. Radgens as early as 1971, when Dr. Radgens’ diagnosis resulted in termination of voluntary workers’ compensation benefits. Plaintiff became even more certain that a conspiracy was underfoot in October of 1973, when INA, after having voluntarily paid two years of disability benefits based on the opinion of a medical doctor, sent him to Dr. Radgens, who was located some distance away, and obtained a diagnosis which INA then relied upon to terminate benefits. We believe that when the hearing referee issued his workers’ compensation award on May 19, 1976, plaintiff knew or should have known of his conspiracy claim against the defendants. Plaintiff thus had three years from that date to file his conspiracy complaint but failed to do so until nearly one year after the expiration of that period. We thus affirm the trial court’s grant of accelerated judgment on Counts I and III.
Plaintiff’s remaining two arguments on appeal are clearly without merit and we discuss them only briefly.
The trial court did not err in granting summary judgment on plaintiff’s claim for emotional distress arising out of defendants’ breach of an insurance contract. Damages for emotional distress do not lie for wrongful breach of a commercial contract of the type involved in this case. Kewin v Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins Co, 409 Mich 401, 419; 295 NW2d 50 (1980), reh den 409 Mich 1116 (1980); Van Marter v American Fidelity Fire Ins Co, 114 Mich App 171, 181-183; 318 NW2d 679 (1982); Liddell v DAIIE, 102 Mich App 636; 302 NW2d 260 (1981), lv den 411 Mich 1079 (1981).
Nor did the trial court err in denying plaintiff’s motion to amend his complaint. The original complaint clearly alleged a conspiracy among the employer, Fireman’s and INA. While the trial court’s opinion apparently ignored the role of INA in the conspiracy in determining the accrual date of plaintiff’s conspiracy cause of action, our decision today does not.
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Per Curiam.
Defendant, Virgil Hess, and his codefendant, Douglas Roy Schrotenboer, were charged with breaking and entering a warehouse with the intent to commit larceny, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. Hess was also charged with assault with intent to commit murder, MCL 750.83; MSA 28.278. In June of 1982, defendants were tried before two juries in a bifurcated trial. Hess was convicted as charged and sentenced to 5 to 10 years for the breaking and entering conviction and 10 to 20 years for the assault conviction, the sentences to run concurrently. Schrotenboer was convicted of a lesser offense of attempted breaking and entering a building with the intent to commit larceny and was sentenced to three to five years in prison. Both defendants appeal as of right. This opinion deals only with defendant Hess’s appeal.
Defendant Hess raises several issues on appeal. Because we find merit to one of his arguments which mandates reversal and a remand for retrial, we will not, in this opinion, address the other issues raised by defendant. However, our review of the record reveals that the remaining allegations of error raised by defendant will not arise upon defendant’s retrial.
We agree with defendant’s claim that the prosecution’s reference to codefendant Schrotenboer’s confession, testimony, and prior conviction in the joint closing argument constituted error. During closing argument, the prosecutor alternately addressed each defendant’s jury.
Defendant Schrotenboer’s confession and prior conviction were not introduced at the Hess trial. Even though the prosecutor addressed each jury, he did overlap arguments. Prefacing portions of his argument with the name of each jury did not prevent both juries from hearing the entire argument. Words such as "confession” and "prior conviction” would certainly pique any juror’s interest. Even though the contents of the Schrotenboer confession were not revealed, the Hess jury could infer that, since both defendants were on trial, both defendants were implicated. There was a distinct possibility that the Hess jury, knowing that both defendants lived together, were fired from the same job, and that defendant Schrotenboer was a convicted felon and had confessed, would find Hess guilty by association.
The sole purpose of the bifurcated trial was to eliminate prejudice. However, the joint closing argument totally undermined the effect of the bifurcated trials in defendant Hess’s case. In our opinion, the joint closing argument prejudiced defendant Hess and a cautionary instruction to the jury would not have eliminated this prejudice.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was charged with maintaining a gambling house for gain, MCL 750.303; MSA 28.535, and subsequently pled guilty to attempted maintaining a gambling house for gain, MCL 750.92, 750.303; MSA 28.287, 28.535. He was sentenced to serve eight months in the Kent County Jail, with credit for time served, and to pay $1,000 in fines and costs, or to serve an additional four months in jail.
On December 26, 1980, defendant was bound over on the charge of maintaining a gambling house for gain, and bail was fixed at $2,500 with a ten percent bond. Defendant’s retained attorney, Mr. Dilley, defendant, and the prosecutor, Mr. Hoekstra, then negotiated a settlement whereby defendant would plead guilty to the attempt charge on the day for which trial had been set. Instead, on that day, defendant informed his counsel and the prosecutor that he had decided to plead not guilty. The prosecutor informed the trial court of the prior agreement and told the court that, because he had expected defendant to plead guilty, he had not come prepared for trial. Mr. Dilley also informed the court that he had expected defendant to plead guilty and so had not come prepared for trial. The following colloquy then occurred between the trial court and defendant:
"The Court: All right, thank you. Is that accurate, Mr. Weatherford?
"Defendant: Yes.
"The Court: You insist upon a trial at this time?
"Defendant: Yes, sir.
"The Court: And you understood that you were — last week I understand that you had agreed to plead guilty today, the day of trial?
"Defendant: Somewhat, your Honor. If I can just take a brief minute to explain how this went about, I think this case has been since December. Now, the only thing that I have — I was called in to the office, I understood— I thought the trial was supposed to be the 20th but when I got to his office evidently that was on a Wednesday, about the 19th or somewhere along that date and we hashed through this in a hasty manner and—
"The Court: And you had agreed to plead guilty to the attempt?
"Defendant: Well, somewhat.
"The Court: Is that not the case?
"Defendant: I didn’t feel I had ample time between them few days until what you set the 23rd which was set today and I ask for an adjournment. That’s all.
"The Court: I am not going to grant the adjournment. I was going to insist upon trial since the prosecutor and your own attorney had agreed that you were to plead guilty and no witnesses are here. I cannot do that so I am going to modify the bond heretofore affixed, fix bond at $10,000.00 with surety and remand you to the jail and we will adjourn the matter for two weeks until April 6. That will be two weeks from today. Thank you.
"If you want to change your mind and still go ahead with the plea agreement within the next five minutes, you can do so but, if it isn’t done, we will remand you to jail.”
At the close of the session Mr. Dilley informed the court that he was withdrawing as defendant’s counsel.
Defendant remained in jail for four days, until March 25, 1981. On that day, he appeared in court again before the same trial judge and tendered his guilty plea pursuant to the ‘plea bargain already worked out. In response to the court’s questions, defendant stated that he was pleading guilty voluntarily. Immediately after defendant pled guilty, the trial court stated:
"The Court: I will accept the plea and ask for a presentence investigation. I believe there was a bond here before, wasn’t there?
"Mr. Dilley: That is correct, your Honor.
"The Court: In what amount?
"Mr. Hoekstra: Twenty-five hundred, ten percent.
"The Court: Is that money still on deposit?
"Mr. Hoekstra: Yes.
"The Court: If it is, I am willing to reduce it back to what it was before.
"Mr. Dilley: Thank you, your Honor.
"Mr. Hoekstra: I have no objections.
"The Court: They will have to take you back to jail and then we will release you from there.”
Defendant was sentenced on June 2, 1981. At that time, the same trial judge said:
"In any event, it is the sentence of the court that you be confined in the county jail for a period of eight months with credit for the time that you earlier spent and that is from December 12 to December 13 plus the four days that you spent in jail when I remanded you and you dually came back and pleaded.” (Emphasis added.)
On appeal, defendant argues that he should be permitted to withdraw his guilty plea because it was coerced by the trial court’s action in sua sponte raising the amount of his bail and remanding him to jail after he at first refused to plead guilty. We agree.
The record strongly suggests that the trial court deliberately raised the amount of defendant’s bail to coerce him into pleading guilty. The original bail and bond amount was apparently satisfactory, and we note that the trial court, on its own motion, immediately reinstated the original bail and bond after defendant tendered his guilty plea. In addition, the trial court was without authority to raise the amount of bail as it did. GCR 1963, 790.5 lists the factors a court must consider in imposing bail. Once a magistrate has imposed bail, a higher court may not modify, vacate, or reverse the lower court’s order setting bail except on a finding of an abuse of discretion. GCR 1963, 790.7(d). Since there was no such finding, and since the trial court did not consider any of the GCR 1963, 790.5 factors in raising the amount of bail, the trial court should not have increased the amount of defendant’s bail. Finally, we note that the coercion appears to have had its desired effect on defendant. Defendant was free on bond when he decided not to plead guilty. After four days in jail, he changed his mind. We can only conclude that the atmosphere in which defendant tendered his guilty plea was so inherently coercive that he should be given the opportunity to withdraw his plea.
While normally a defendant must first have the trial court consider the question of the voluntariness of his guilty plea, People v Hall, 399 Mich 288; 249 NW2d 62 (1976), we do not believe that this requirement should be enforced where the record shows that such a step would have been futile in light of the coercive role played by the trial court in inducing the guilty plea.
We therefore remand to the trial court to give defendant the opportunity to withdraw his guilty plea. If defendant states a desire to withdraw his plea, the trial court shall permit the withdrawal. We do not retain jurisdiction. | [
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Per Curiam.
On February 4, 1982, defendant was found guilty by a jury of first-degree murder, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548. He was sentenced to life in prison and appeals as of right. In a separate trial, defendant’s accomplice, Lawrence Dewayne Pontius, was also convicted of first-degree murder.
Sharon Miller lived with William McKale in Sturgis, Michigan. Because she planned to be out of town on the weekend of August 22, 1981, Miller asked her mother, Jennie Miller, to look in on McKale. Before leaving town, Miller stopped at the home of defendant’s brother where she encountered defendant and Dewayne Pontius. Miller mentioned to defendant that she would be out of town. On the evening of Friday, August 21, 1981, Jennie Miller looked in on McKale. When she left his home, the doors were locked and the house was in order. Upon her return to McKale’s home the following evening, Mrs. Miller found the door ajar and McKale’s body on the floor of the bedroom. The bedroom had been ransacked and there were blood smears in the room. Dr. Baker, the pathologist who performed the autopsy on McKale, testified that the cause of McKale’s death was a subdural hematoma caused by blunt trauma. Baker also testified that McKale had innumerable bruises on all parts of his body, six fractured ribs, and internal hemorrhaging around his right kidney and the mesentery to his small intestine, as well as severe bruises to his head. Additionally, Baker testified that McKale had cirrhosis of the liver.
Dewayne Pontius was arrested on Monday, August 24, 1981, after he attempted to cash a check allegedly written by McKale. Pontius admitted that he and defendant had broken and entered McKale’s house in the early morning hours of August 22, 1981, and accused defendant of having "kicked him [McKale] in the back and in the head”.
Sturgis police detective James Houck obtained a warrant for defendant’s arrest during the evening of August 24, and he also informed Detective Sergeant Thomas Brown of the Peru, Indiana, police about the warrant. The following morning, the information was entered into the LEIN computer system. Houck called Brown, again giving him information on where defendant might be, and he requested defendant’s arrest and preservation of defendant’s shoes. Brown and four other Peru police officers went to the home of Patricia Nice, defendant’s fianceé, to look for defendant. The officers arrested defendant and took his shoes into custody.
Defendant was bound over to circuit court on charges of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling, MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305, felony murder, MCL 750.316; MSA 28.548, and unarmed robbery, MCL 750.530; MSA 28.798. The breaking and entering and robbery counts were later dismissed by an order nolle prosequi.
Defendant’s first claim is that the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress his shoes which were seized at the time of his arrest. A trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress will be reversed only if it is clearly erroneous. People v Jackson, 123 Mich App 423; 332 NW2d 564 (1983). A ruling is clearly erroneous if the reviewing court is left with a firm conviction that a mistake has been made. People v Julkowski, 124 Mich App 379; 335 NW2d 47 (1983).
Defendant argues that his arrest was illegal because the police acted in violation of an Indiana "knock and announce” statute and no exigent circumstances existed that would justify the viola tion. Therefore, he contends that the seizure of his shoes was improper and the shoes should not have been admitted into evidence.
Indiana has a "knock and announce” statute:
"To make an arrest in criminal actions the officer may break open any outer or inner door or window of a dwelling house or any other building or inclosure to execute the warrant, if, after notice of his authority and purpose, he be refused admittance.” IC 1971, 35-1-19-6, Ind Ann Stat § 9-1009 (Burns Code ed).
In Indiana, if exigent circumstances exist, the statutory "knock and announce” requirement may be omitted. Johnson v State, 157 Ind App 105; 299 NE2d 194 (1973) (entry into suspect’s home to effect warrantless arrest); Britt v State, 395 NE2d 859, fn 2 (Ind App, 1979); State v Dusch, 259 Ind 507; 289 NE2d 515 (1972) (execution of search warrant). "Exceptions to the entry requirement must be founded on particularity and not on generality.” Dusch, supra, p 518.
Michigan also has a similar "knock and announce” statute, MCL 764.21; MSA 28.880, which states in pertinent part:
"[A] peace officer with a warrant or in cases of felony when authorized without a warrant, may break open an inner or outer door of any building in which the person to be arrested is or is reasonably believed to be if, after he has announced his purpose, he is refused admittance.”
Furthermore, Michigan also recognizes the exigent circumstances exception as justification for an unannounced entry. "Exigent circumstances may permit the police to use forced entry without knocking, announcing a purpose, or otherwise identifying themselves. Ker v California, 374 US 23; 83 S Ct 1623; 10 L Ed 2d 726 (1963).” People v Marsh, 108 Mich App 659, 672; 311 NW2d 130 (1981), cert den — US —; 103 S Ct 119; 74 L Ed 2d 104 (1983). The panel in Marsh explained:
"[A]n unannounced entry into a defendant’s residence by police officers seeking to effectuate an arrest may be justified on the basis of exigent circumstances. This Court has held that where a police officer’s declaration of purpose would be futile or an unnecessary formality substantial compliance with the statute is sufficient. People v Charles Brown, 43 Mich App 74; 204 NW2d 41 (1972). Similarly, a police officer has no duty to announce his presence when to do so would permit a defendant to escape justice, would endanger the life or safety of the police officer or the public, or would lead to the destruction of material evidence. People v Strelow, 96 Mich App 182; 292 NW2d 517 (1980).” 108 Mich App 672.
In the instant case, on the morning of August 25, 1981, five officers from the Peru, Indiana, Police Department went to the home of Patricia Nice in search of defendant. Three of the officers were in uniform. Of those three, two went around to the rear of the home. Detective Sergeant Thomas Brown testified that as he pulled up in front of the house, he saw a man and a woman exit from a car and go toward the door of Nice’s house. Brown talked with the pair and learned that the woman was Loretta McIntosh, Nice’s sister. He testified that he told McIntosh that they were looking for defendant. When he asked her if Nice or the defendant were at home, she responded that she did not know but that she would check. According to Brown, McIntosh knocked on the door and when there was no answer she opened the door, which was unlocked, proceeded into the house and invited the officers in with her. McIntosh proceeded up the stairs, followed by Brown and another officer. When they got upstairs, they saw defendant in bed and placed him under arrest. The officers took defendant downstairs and Brown read defendant his Miranda rights. When defendant asked if he could put on his shirt, Brown went upstairs to get the shirt. Defendant was allowed to put on his shoes. When Brown came back downstairs, he told defendant to remove the shoes and he took them into custody.
It is our opinion that sufficient exigent circum stances existed to justify the officers’ entry into the home.
A murder warrant had been issued for defendant, who had fled from Michigan. When McIntosh entered the house, it would not have been unreasonable for the police to surmise that she might alert defendant that the police were looking for him. Had this occurred, the grave risk of danger posed to the police and McIntosh by the defendant who may have been armed and who may have attempted to escape from the house was highly probable since defendant was a fugitive. Furthermore, there was also a distinct possibility that the evidence sought (blood on defendant’s shoes) might have been destroyed.
We conclude that the trial court’s decision to admit the shoes was proper.
Defendant further claims that the trial court abused its discretion by allowing into evidence a photograph of the deceased taken after he was beaten to death. The court, in the absence of the jury, took testimony from the pathologist who performed the autopsy and from the county medical examiner. The court concluded that the photo adequately showed the condition of the deceased relating to the bruises and other injuries that caused his death. In view of the prosecutor’s burden of proving the element of malice, he admitted the photo into evidence, finding further that the probative value of the photograph more than substantially outweighed any prejudice to the defendant. We find no error in this ruling.
Defendant also claims that the trial court erred in ruling that defendant’s own written statement could not be admitted into evidence by him. Again, we disagree with defendant.
Defendant gave a statement to the Sturgis police in which he admitted having participated in the breaking and entering and robbery but blamed McKale’s death on his codefendant. Defendant’s motion to suppress the statement was denied. When the prosecution decided not to produce the statement at the trial, defendant attempted to introduce it as a statement against interest under MRE 804(b)(3). The trial court denied defendant’s motion. There was no error. The statement was inadmissible under MRE 804(b)(3) because the declarant and the accused were the same individual. People v Hawkins, 114 Mich App 714, 718-719; 319 NW2d 644 (1982). Furthermore, a similar statement has been excluded as hearsay not qualifying under any exception in People v Perryman, 89 Mich App 516, 520; 280 NW2d 579 (1979). See also People v Hunter, 69 Mich App 694; 245 NW2d 347 (1976) (statement made by defendant in an effort to free himself from suspicion was excluded as self-serving).
The defendant raises several other claims of error, however, our review of the record indicates that they are without merit.
Conviction affirmed.
Under both Michigan and Indiana law, Payton v New York, 445 US 573; 100 S Ct 1371; 61 L Ed 2d 639 (1980), requires possession of an arrest warrant by police before they can enter a suspect’s home to effect his arrest in the absence of exigent circumstances. People v Oliver, 417 Mich 366, 376; 338 NW2d 167 (1983); Harrison v State, 424 NE2d 1065, 1068 (Ind App, 1981). Thus, it is clear that, in light of case law, entry into a suspect’s home without a warrant regardless of either state’s "knock and announce” statute mandates a finding of exigent circumstances as well as probable cause to arrest. See Oliver, supra, pp 12-13; Harrison, supra, pp 1068-1069. Payton, supra, does not apply to the instant case because the suspect was arrested in a third party’s home. However, in Steagald v United States, 451 US 204; 101 S Ct 1642; 68 L Ed 2d 38 (1981), the United States Supreme Court held that an arrest warrant alone is not sufficient authority for entry into the home of a third party to arrest the subject of an arrest warrant. Oliver, supra, p 376. In Steagald, supra, the Court determined that absent consent or exigent circumstances, law enforcement officers could not search for the subject of an arrest warrant in a third party’s home without first obtaining a search warrant. The claim in Steagold was not raised by the subject of the arrest warrant, rather it was raised by the third party who was arrested after the police seized contraband during their search for the subject of the warrant. Indeed, defendant herein does not raise the alleged invalidity of his arrest on the ground that the Indiana police had no search warrant. However, our finding of exigent circumstances today would also justify the search without a warrant conducted for defendant in his fianceé’s home. We also note that the Court’s reasoning in Marsh, supra, that the defendant was entitled to an expectation of privacy less than that to which he would have been entitled in his home because he was arrested in a motel room is incorrect in light of the holding in Oliver, supra, which extends the Payton rule to motel rooms.
Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966). | [
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Allen, J.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of cruelty to children, MCL 750.136; MSA 28.331, and was sentenced to five years probation with the first year to be served in the Detroit House of Correction. He appeals as of right and we affirm.
The incident giving rise to this prosecution occurred on October 24, 1981. At that time the victim, daughter of defendant’s girlfriend, was 22 months old. The girlfriend and her daughter had lived with defendant on a previous occasion but had only recently moved back in with defendant in September of 1981.
On October 24, 1981, the child’s mother left for work, leaving the child in defendant’s care. Defendant fell asleep and woke to find that the child had defecated and had smeared feces over herself and throughout the bathroom. Defendant removed the child’s clothing, spanked her several times on the buttocks causing them to turn "crimson”, placed his hands around her torso shaking her several times and then began to bathe the child. Apparently as the child attempted to exit from the bathtub, she fell striking her head against the edge, causing her to submerge beneath the water. Defendant grabbed her right arm and pulled the child out of the bathtub. The child sustained facial bruises, an injury to her right arm and elbow, and bruises on her buttocks and chest area.
The child’s mother sought medical attention two days later for the injury to the child’s arm. The examining physician testified that there was no fracture but that the child had a soft tissue injury. He did not conduct an examination of the child’s lower body. A later examination of the child, conducted on November 2, 1981, revealed the existence of two fractures in the upper right arm. Testimony indicated that the fractures occurred at different times. Bruises on the child’s face, chest, back, and lower extremities were also noted. Testimony illustrated that the child was small and thin for her age and one physician characterized the child as "undersized”.
The facts stated above were not contested at trial. The issue at trial revolved around the interpretation of those facts. Defense counsel argued that, while there was evidence of child abuse on someone’s part, the defendant was not responsible for the child’s ill and malnourished condition. The defense theory was that, due to the child’s malnourished condition, her arm broke easily as defendant pulled her from the bathtub and she also bruised easily due to her malnourished state. Thus, defendant argues, had this child been a normal, healthy, unabused child, the consequences of his actions would not be a crime.
Defendant first argues that the trial court failed to instruct the jury on the requisite state of mind or intent which is necessary to support a conviction of the charged offense. He claims that "malice” or an evil state of mind, which is indicative of a discipline foreign to the corrective process and not accompanied by good faith, is an essential element of child cruelty. The issue raised is of first impression. If defendant is correct, failure to so instruct the jury constitutes reversible error, notwithstanding the fact that no objection was made to its omission. We disagree.
The child cruelty statute, MCL 750.136; MSA 28.331, provides in part:
"Any parent or guardian or person under whose protection any child may be, who cruelly or unlawfully punishes, or wilfully, unlawfully or negligently deprives of necessary food, clothing or shelter, or who wilfully abandons a child under 16 years of age, or who habitually causes or permits the health of such child to be injured, his or her life endangered by exposure, want or other injury to his or her person, or causes or permits him or her to engage in any occupation that will be likely to endanger his or her health, or deprave his or her morals or who habitually permits him or her to frequent public places for the purpose of begging or receiving alms, or to frequent the company of or consort with reputed thieves or prostitutes, or by vicious training depraves the morals of such child, shall, upon conviction, be deemed guilty of a felony.”
Although several different acts or omissions are included within the statute, defendant was informed against based on a theory of cruel or unlawful punishment. Thus, our discussion is limited to that specific statutory provision.
The trial judge gave the following instruction on the elements of the charged offense.
"Now the defendant is charged with cruelty to a child. And the defendant pleads not guilty.
"To establish this charge the prosecution must prove each of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:
"First, that the defendant was at the time a person who is responsible for the protection of the child, * * *.
"Second, that the defendant punished this child in a cruel or unlawful manner. It is for you to determine whether or not the punishment inflicted in this case amounts to cruel or unlawful punishment.
"In making that determination you should consider the following factors:
"A person who is responsible for the protection of a child has the right to use reasonable discipline including the right to spank or physically punish a child.
"Second, if a child is whipped, beaten or physically punished with excessive severity, this amounts to cruelty.
"And, third, it is not necessary, however, that there be permanent injury or that the child be maimed or disfigured or his or her life endangered.”
Although it appears that trial counsel was unaware of the existence of a standard jury instruction on this charge, we note that the instruction given by the court is a verbatim rendition of CJI 17:8:01. Although use of the standard criminal instructions is not mandated, their use will be upheld if the instruction accurately states the law. See People v Doss, 122 Mich App 571; 332 NW2d 541 (1983). We find no error in the jury instruction.
While it appears that some jurisdictions have held that a wrongful mental attitude is required in order to sustain a conviction under the applicable child abuse or child cruelty statute, see 1 ALR4th 38, no Michigan case has adopted that approach and we decline to follow that position. The Michigan statute provides that one who "cruelly or unlawfully punishes” a child under their protection is guilty of the felony offense of child cruelty. We do not find that language to require a showing of malice, as defined by defendant, nor do we find case authority to support that contention.
In an early case involving an assault and bat tery committed by a parent upon a child, the Supreme Court discussed the limits upon a parent’s ability to correct and discipline a child through corporal punishment. While the Court recognized the unquestioned right of a parent to administer reasonable and timely punishment, the Court acknowledged that such right was not unlimited. People v Green, 155 Mich 524; 119 NW 1087 (1909). A parent who acts in good faith with an honest belief that the given discipline is done for the benefit of the child will not be subjected to judicial intervention. However, a showing that the punishment was cruel and unreasonably severe will negate any claim of good faith on behalf of the parent. Green, supra, pp 532-533.
In People v Loomis, 161 Mich 651; 126 NW 985 (1910), the Supreme Court adopted the language set forth in Green as the appropriate definition of cruel or unlawful punishment in cases of child cruelty. Thus, an unreasonable and severe corporal punishment, irrespective of the defendant’s "evil mind” or lack of malice, will sustain a conviction under the statute. Defendant’s claim that excessive corporal punishment alone will never justify imposition of criminal responsibility is without merit. As noted in Green, supra, and People v Leonard, 81 Mich App 86; 264 NW2d 130 (1978), the beating itself may negate any good faith argument and illustrate that the punishment inflicted was beyond the scope of reasonable discipline.
In the present case, the record reveals that defendant did not contest the fact that the child’s arm was broken or that her body was bruised following the incident on October 24, 1981. Defendant himself admitted spanking the child until her buttocks turned crimson and further hypothesized that the bruises on her torso were the marks left by his fingers and thumbs. Medical testimony and photographic evidence presented at trial illustrated the nature and extent of the various injuries to the 22-month-old child. Even were we to adopt defendant’s argument that malice or an evil intent is a necessary element of the offense, there is ample evidence to indicate a mean or evil intent on the part of defendant.
Next, defendant asserts that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel in three respects: (1) counsel failed to interview witnesses in preparation for trial, (2) counsel failed to cross-examine prosecution witnesses and failed to examine defendant when he took the stand, and (3) counsel failed to inform the jury of the requisite state of mind for conviction of the charged offense. The test for effective assistance of counsel requires that defense counsel perform at least as well as a lawyer with ordinary skills and training in the criminal law and conscientiously act to protect his client’s interests undeflected by conflicting considerations. People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250; 247 NW2d 547 (1976). Ineffectiveness of counsel may also be shown where defense counsel makes a serious mistake but for which defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal. People v DeGraffenreid, 19 Mich App 702; 173 NW2d 317 (1969).
Defendant’s first claim of inadequate representation alleges a lack of trial preparation including a failure to contact and interview witnesses prior to the day set for trial. As stated in People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973), a defendant who attacks the adequacy of his representation must prove his claim and, to the extent that it depends on facts not of record, it is incumbent on the defendant to make a testimonial record or move for a new trial. The record is devoid of any evidence substantiating this claim. Thus, meaningful appellate review is precluded.
Next, defendant claims that counsel’s failure to cross-examine several prosecution witnesses and to examine defendant himself constitutes ineffective assistance of counsel. A reviewing court must be mindful of the principles that trial counsel is presumed to have afforded his client effective representation, People v Tranchida, 131 Mich App 446; 346 NW2d 338 (1984), and that the burden of proving ineffectiveness of counsel is on the defendant. Ginther, supra.
In the present case, defense counsel did not cross-examine several prosecution witnesses, including the victim’s father, grandmother, mother, or the officer who accompanied the DSS worker to the home. Given the presumption that conduct at trial is presumed to be taken in pursuance of a permissible trial strategy, we discern that counsel’s actions were consistent with the proffered defense and part of a reasonable trial stretegy. The limited nature of cross-examination may well have been due to the fact that those witnesses had no direct knowledge of the circumstances of the October 24, 1981, incident and their testimony was limited to facts which defendant did not contest: the existence and appearance of the child’s injuries. Mindful of the nature of the charge, defense counsel may well have attempted to avoid needless repetition of testimony concerning the type, placement, and degree of the injuries. We cannot say that an attorney with ordinary training and skill in criminal law would have acted differently than did trial counsel in the present case or that counsel’s action in not cross-examining these witnesses amounted to a serious mistake but for which defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal.
Trial counsel’s failure to examine defendant poses a somewhat different situation, yet we do not find that counsel performed in an ineffective manner. The exchange between trial counsel and defendant when defendant took the stand leads us to the reasonable inference that counsel was opposed to defendant’s testifying in his own behalf. While trial counsel might be advised that a better course of conduct may have been to make a separate record clearly identifying the difference in opinion or conflict, we do not find that omission to constitute ineffective representation. The decision to call or not call the defendant to testify is a matter of trial strategy. People v Viaene, 119 Mich App 690; 326 NW2d 607 (1982); People v Grant, 102 Mich App 368; 301 NW2d 536 (1980), lv den 411 Mich 1049 (1981). While counsel has the obligation to defend his client competently and zealously, it appears that defendant decided to take the stand against the advice of counsel, after being informed of the fact that he would be subject to cross-examination by the prosecutor. Indeed, defendant stated that he felt his testimony was "imperative” to his defense. As defendant does not argue or allege that he was in any way misinformed by trial counsel concerning the repercussions of his act of taking the stand or that he was in any way given erroneous information by counsel, we fail to find that defense counsel performed inadequately or made a serious mistake.
Defendant’s final claim of ineffective assistance of counsel centers on counsel’s alleged failure to inform the jury of the requisite mental element of malice necessary to sustain a conviction of the charged offense and the failure of counsel to make certain objections at trial. We have discussed the substantive merits of the "malice” argument in an earlier portion of this opinion and found it to be without merit. Thus, this secondary attack must also fail. We have reviewed defendant’s other claims and found them to be insufficient to support a claim of ineffectiveness of counsel. Counsel’s failure to object to admissions of the defendant in a taped statement or to comments by the prosecutor in his opening statement does not amount to a serious mistake but for which defendant would have had a reasonably likely chance of acquittal. The statements were not so prejudicial that introduction would have denied defendant a fair trial and, given the quantity of evidence pointing to defendant’s guilt in addition to his own admissions, we find no error.
We have reviewed defendant’s allegations of error and found none which require reversal. Thus, we affirm defendant’s conviction and sentence. | [
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] |
M. J. Kelly, P.J.
This is a case involving a contested will. Petitioners are the sisters of decedent, Linda L. Finlay, and her only heirs at law. Respondents are decedent’s unadopted stepchildren from a former marriage and beneficiaries of the decedent’s estate under the terms of a will executed by the decedent on May 13, 1978. By order of August 2, 1985, the probate court summarily held that the will had been revoked by the decedent’s divorce from respondents’ father and appointed Patricia Thomas as the personal representative of decedent’s intestate estate. We reverse.
The decedent, Linda Finlay, married John R. Finlay on June 22, 1967. John Finlay had four children from a prior marriage. They are the respondents in this case. On May 13, 1978, Linda Finlay executed a will, nearly identical to a will executed at the same time by her husband, in which she made some minor bequests and left the residue of her estate to her husband or, in the event that he predeceased her, to her four stepchildren. The Finlays were divorced on February 20, 1979, pursuant to a default judgment incorporat ing a property settlement. Linda Finlay died on December 23, 1984, at age forty-two, as the result of injuries sustained in an accident. As far as we can ascertain from the probate court record, John Finlay did not predecease her.
Petitioners, Patricia Thomas and Jacquelynne Russell, filed a petition in the probate court on March 13, 1985, seeking to admit the last will and testament of Linda Finlay, but alleging that the decedent was intestate as to the residue of her estate. On April 25, 1985, petitioners moved to withdraw their March, 1985, petition and petitioned instead for the probating of an intestate estate. Petitioners argued that the decedent’s 1978 will had been revoked in its entirety by implication of law upon her 1979 divorce. Respondents objected to the petition and both sides filed motions for summary disposition. At a hearing conducted June 17, 1985, the probate court determined that the former Probate Code applied and concluded that under Michigan case law interpreting that code decedent’s will had been revoked in its entirety upon her divorce from John Finlay. Respondents appeal as of right.
The threshold and dispositive issue in this case concerns the applicable law as being either the former Probate Code, or the Revised Probate Code (rpc), MCL 700.1 et seq.; MSA 27.5001 et seq. The rpc became effective July 1, 1979, prior to the decedent’s death but after her divorce from John Finlay. Petitioners argue and the probate court agreed that the controlling law is that which was in effect at the time of the decedent’s divorce. On appeal, respondents argue that the controlling law is that which was in effect at the time the estate was probated. We agree with the respondents and hold that the applicable law in this case is the rpc, specifically § 124, which provides in relevant part:
If after executing a will the testator is divorced or his marriage annulled, the divorce or annulment revokes any disposition or appointment of property made by the will to the former spouse, any provision conferring a general or special power of appointment on the former spouse, and any nomination of the former spouse as a personal representative, unless the will expressly provides otherwise. Property prevented from passing to a former spouse because of revocation by divorce passes as if the former spouse failed to survive the decedent and other provisions conferring some power or office on the former spouse are interpreted as if the spouse failed to survive the decedent. Provisions not revoked by any means except the operation of this subsection are revived by testator’s remarriage to the former spouse. A decree of separation which does not terminate the status of husband and wife is not a divorce for purposes of this section. Any other change of circumstances does not revoke a will. [MCL 700.124(2); MSA 27.5124(2).]
The Legislature expressly provided that the rpc is to be fully applied in any proceeding pending on July 1, 1979, or commenced after that date. MCL 700.992(a); MSA 27.5992(a). See also In re Humphrey Estate, 141 Mich App 412, 434; 367 NW2d 873 (1985), lv den 423 Mich 854 (1985), In re Cunningham Estate, 131 Mich App 251, 253; 345 NW2d 681 (1983), and In re Sutherby Estate, 110 Mich App 175, 177; 312 NW2d 200 (1981). Since the probate proceeding in this case was commenced long after the effective date of the rpc, the provisions of that code apply.
Petitioners contend and the probate court held that this case comes under one of the statutory exceptions to the general rule of full application. MCL 700.992(c); MSA 27.5992(c) provides:
An act done before the effective date in any proceeding and any accrued right is not impaired by this act. If a right is acquired, extinguished, or barred upon the expiration of a prescribed period of time which has commenced to run by the provisions of any statute before the effective date, the provisions shall remain in force with respect to that right.
Specifically, petitioners argue that under the former Probate Code, respondents’ "rights” to the decedent’s estate were "extinguished” at the time of the divorce, which was obtained prior to July 1, 1979, and were not revived under the provisions of the rpc. We disagree with this analysis.
Petitioners had no "rights” to the decedent’s estate prior to her death since a beneficiary’s right to an estate accrues only at the time of the decedent’s death and not before. In re Sutherby, supra, p 178; In re Cunningham, supra, p 254. In fact, the decedent’s divorce did not extinguish or create any rights to the estate which she subsequently left.
The probate court relied upon a different interpretation of MCL 700.992(c); MSA 27.5992(c) in refusing to apply the provisions of the rpc. The probate court held:
The initial issue for the Court to resolve is the applicability of the Revised Probate Code, MCLA 700.124; MSA 27.5991 [sic], which section was adopted with an effective date of July 1, 1979. The parties stipulated and the Court finds that the Revised Probate Code was adopted with an effective date of six months subsequent to the divorce of the parties and is not controlling to determine the effect of the divorce upon the Last Will and Testament of the deceased. The transitional provisions of the revised Code, Section 992(c) provides, "any act done before the effective date in any proceeding and any accrued right is not impaired by this Act.” It is clear from this provision that the intent of the Legislature was to not have the Act apply to proceedings already completed and rights already determined. The divorce judgment having been entered on February 20, 1979, was a completed act and a legal proceedings [sic], and the new Code could not affect the rights determined at that time.
We disagree with this analysis for two reasons. First, it is readily apparent that the entry of a divorce judgment ("an act”) in the prior divorce proceeding ("any proceeding”) could not possibly be impaired by the probate court’s application of the rpc in this probate action. That divorce judgment terminated the marriage between Linda and John Finlay and disposed of their marital property. Nothing in the rpc can change or impair the rights created under that judgment. And as we have already noted, the judgment of divorce did not create or extinguish "beneficiary rights” to the decedent’s estate since no such rights existed until her death.
Second, we are convinced that the language "[a]n act done ... in any proceeding” as used in subsection (c) of § 992 of the rpc is intended to refer to orders, dispositions or rulings entered in probate proceedings only. Our interpretation of this language is guided by our reading of § 992 in its entirety. As we and other panels of this Court have already held, subsection (a) of § 992 provides for general prospective application of the provisions of the rpc to "any proceedings in court” pending as of or commenced after July 1, 1979. We note that under MCL 700.3(7); MSA 27.5003(7), the term "court” as used throughout the rpc is intended to mean only probate court. Thus, subsection (a) of § 992 merely provides that the rpc shall govern probate proceedings pending as of its effective date or commenced thereafter. By itself, subsection (a) leaves some question as to the status of rulings, orders and dispositions made or entered prior to July 1, 1979, in probate proceedings pend ing at the time the rpc took effect. We view subsection (c) as the legislative response to this particular transitional void by providing that any act (order, disposition, ruling, etc.) already effected in a probate proceeding pending on July 1, 1979, need not be reviewed under the provisions of the rpc. This is not the situation presented in the instant case and the probate court thus erred as a matter of law in concluding that § 992(c) required application of the former Probate Code. Moreover, since there are little or no facts developed in the record below regarding the decedent’s intent or regarding her relationship with her sisters or former stepchildren, we decline to review the probate court’s application of the former Probate Code as one made to further "the interests of justice,” MCL 700.992(a); MSA 27.5992(a), as argued by the petitioners.
Petitioners alternatively argue that the former Probate Code must be applied in the instant case because the respondents so stipulated at the probate court level. It is true that by the June 17, 1985, hearing, respondents’ attorneys were expressly stipulating that the former probate law governed. We note, however, that respondents had initially relied upon the Revised Probate Code in asserting their rights under the decedent’s will, therefore, the issue was before the probate court. In its findings and conclusions entered July 5, 1985, the probate court referred to the parties’ stipulation but independently agreed that the former Probate Code applied. Although the parties did stipulate to the applicable law, it is also clear that the probate court rendered a separate ruling on the issue. Both are in error.
In any event, stipulations of law are not enforceable or binding on the courts:
While, ordinarily, courts are bound by stipula tions of litigants, that rule cannot be invoked to bind or circumscribe a court in its determination of questions of law. It has generally been stated that the resolution of questions of law rests upon the court, uninfluenced by stipulations of the parties, and accordingly, virtually all jurisdictions recognize that stipulations as to the law are invalid and ineffective. The same rule applies to legal conclusions arising from stipulated facts. It has thus been held that it is not competent for the parties or their attorneys to determine by stipulation questions as to the existence or proper construction or application of a statute; as to the validity of a legislative enactment; or as to the validity or effect of a written instrument. And it has been held that whether the facts stipulated include all facts necessary to a decision is a question of law. Notwithstanding the right of a party to confess judgment as to demands of certain kinds, it is generally held that a mere stipulation of law as to the validity of a cause of action or defense is invalid. [73 Am Jur 2d, Stipulations, § 5, pp 539-540.]
Cases cited by the petitioners in their brief on appeal in support of the binding effect of the stipulation entered into in this case involve stipulations of fact or stipulations as to procedural matters and not stipulations of law. Since it is the responsibility of the courts of this state to correctly interpret and apply the law, we resolve this case under the provisions of the rpc. We further express a particular reluctance to enforce the stipulation in this case because the Legislature has expressly provided otherwise and, regardless of what the parties agree to, the significant intent and the intent to be effected in this case is the decedent’s.
Under MCL 700.124; MSA 27.5124, the decedent’s divorce revoked only those provisions in her will which devise property to her former husband. The decedent’s residuary property passes under the terms of her will as though John Finlay had predeceased her. Under Article iv of the decedent’s will, the residue of her estate is to pass to John Finlay’s children who are the respondents in this proceeding.
Petitioners’ final argument is that the bequest to respondents under Article iv of decedent’s will constitutes a class gift rather than a bequest to individuals. Petitioners argue that since the decedent had no husband at the time of her death, the class known as her husband’s children did not exist and the residue of her estate must therefore pass intestate. We reject petitioners’ analysis for two reasons. First, we are not persuaded that the bequest made to respondents in Article iv constitutes a class gift. Each of the stepchildren are individually named. The decedent further provided that in the event that any of her stepchildren predeceased her, the share of that stepchild was to pass per stirpes to his or her children. There is absolutely no evidence to suggest that the decedent intended Article iv to be a class gift. 80 Am Jur 2d, Wills, § 1410, p 484, adopted in In re Brown’s Estate, 324 Mich 264, 267-268; 36 NW2d 912 (1949). Second, had Article iv of the decedent’s will described a class gift, we would be inclined to hold that petitioners’ argument is without merit given the plain language of MCL 700.124; MSA 27.5124. Pursuant to that statute, the decedent’s former husband is not treated as a former husband but as a predeceased husband for purposes of construing and enforcing the decedent’s will.
The probate court erred in applying former probate law in this proceeding. We remand this case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion and with the Revised Probate Code.
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Per Curiam.
In this premises liability action, plaintiff appeals as of right from the Macomb Circuit Court’s October 22, 1987, order by which it granted summary disposition in favor of defendant and denied plaintiff’s motion to amend her complaint. Resolution of this appeal hinges upon whether the trial court abused its discretion in denying plaintiff’s motion to amend.
Based on our review of the lower court file, we note that plaintiff filed her complaint on November 10, 1986, alleging that she slipped in defendant’s Macomb Mall store in Roseville as the result of defendant’s negligence in allowing a liquid substance or a sheet of paper to remain on the floor. Defendant answered, reserving defenses.
According to the December 17, 1986, notice in lieu of pretrial conference, discovery was to be completed within 180 days, i.e., by mid-June, 1987.
Defendant claims and plaintiff does not deny that plaintiff’s deposition was taken in March, 1987. At the deposition, plaintiff testified that she did not recall the floor being wet; although a piece of paper was pointed out to plaintiff by a witness, plaintiff did not believe she slipped on a piece of paper and did not recall seeing anything on the floor when she fell. Plaintiff indicated that she believed she fell for no reason other than that the floor was slippery.
Defendant filed its motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(10) on August 19, 1987, on the ground that plaintiff could demonstrate no causal connection between her fall and any negligence on the part of defendant in maintaining its premises because any such connection was at best speculative, citing Stefan v White, 76 Mich App 654; 257 NW2d 206 (1977). On August 24, 1987, plaintiff moved to amend her complaint to aver that plaintiffs fall was caused by a floor that was slippery "as if it had been recently waxed.” Plaintiffs proposed first-amended complaint alleged that defendant breached its duty of care with regard to the floor by: (a) allowing cleaner residue to remain on the floor by not cleaning the floor properly; (b) failing to buff the floor properly so as to increase friction; (c) failing to instruct its employees concerning proper cleaning and buffing procedures; (d) failing to maintain the premises in such a way as to control or to prevent falls, potentially dangerous or hazardous conditions; and (e) failing to erect barricades or signs notifying patrons of slippery floor conditions.
The trial court heard both parties’ motions on August 31, 1987. At the hearing, at which both parties were represented, defendant stated (and plaintiff did not deny) that mediation had already been held. The trial court denied plaintiffs motion to amend, stating that plaintiff was attempting to come "in with a whole new theory” after mediation had taken place. Defendant’s motion for summary disposition was taken under advisement pending the trial court’s review of plaintiffs deposition.
In its October 6, 1987, opinion, the trial court stated:
Plaintiff has not come forward with evidentiary proof that a genuine issue of material fact exists. Instead, plaintiff requests leave to amend her complaint to conform with her deposition testimony. The Court previously denied plaintiff’s motion to amend and can see no reason for changing its position. Discovery and mediation have been closed. The requested amendment was certainly available and known to plaintiff at the time this action was commenced and plaintiff gives no reason why the newly asserted cause of her fall was not included in the original complaint.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court finds that defendant’s motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(0(10) should be and the same is hereby granted.
Even if plaintiff was somehow unaware that the facts concerning her slip and fall did not comport with the allegations in her complaint at the time the complaint was filed, she was certainly aware of the discrepancy at the time of the deposition, yet no motion to amend was filed in the intervening five months during which discovery was completed and mediation held. While the trial court did not use the phrase "undue delay” in denying plaintiff’s motion, its findings were specific and its meaning clear. We find no abuse of the trial court’s discretion in determining that justice did not require allowing plaintiff to amend her complaint under MCR 2.118(A)(2). Ben P Fyke & Sons v Gunter Co, 390 Mich 649, 656-659; 213 NW2d 134 (1973); Vitale v Lentine, 137 Mich App 249, 252; 358 NW2d 2 (1984).
Affirmed.
The full deposition transcript was apparently never filed in the lower court nor was the transcript forwarded for this Court’s review. Only four pages of the transcript were appended to defendant’s motion for summary disposition below. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant appeals by leave granted from the April 15, 1987, order of the Wayne Circuit Court which denied its motion for summary disposition as to plaintiff’s claim for no-fault insurance benefits. We reverse.
The underlying facts are not in dispute. On September 26, 1986, plaintiff was injured while sitting on the bed of his 1969 Chevrolet pickup truck, which was parked along Ash Street in Detroit awaiting transmission repairs. On that date, an automobile traveling westbound rammed a second vehicle, which was parked behind plaintiffs truck, pushing it into the truck and injuring plaintiff. The truck was not insured at the time of the accident but plaintiff owned another vehicle which was insured by defendant.
In November of 1986, plaintiff sued defendant to recover no-fault insurance benefits for medical expenses and lost wages. Defendant denied liability and, in February of 1987, filed a motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10). Defendant claimed that, under § 3113(b) of the no-faúlt act, plaintiff was not entitled to benefits because he was an occupant of an uninsured vehicle that was involved in the accident. MCL 500.3113(b); MSA 24.13113(b).
At the conclusion of a hearing on February 20, 1987, the trial court found that plaintiff was not an "occupant” of the truck, within the meaning of MCL 500.3106(l)(c); MSA 24.13106(l)(c), and that there was no nexus between the activity giving rise to the injury and the use of the truck as a motor vehicle. Accordingly, the court ruled that plaintiff was not precluded from recovering no-fault benefits. An order denying defendant’s motion for summary disposition was entered on April 15, 1987. Defendant thereafter applied for, and was granted, leave to appeal to this Court.
The sole issue presented on appeal is whether plaintiffs uninsured pickup truck was "involved in the accident,” thus precluding him from recovering no-fault benefits under § 3113(b). We answer that question in the affirmative.
Section 3113(b) of the no-fault act provides:
A person is not entitled to be paid personal protection insurance benefits for accidental bodily injury if at the time of the accident any of the following circumstances existed:
(b) The person was the owner or registrant of a motor vehicle or motorcycle involved in the accident with respect to which the security required by section 3101 or 3103 was not in effect.
That exclusionary provision reflects a legislative policy to deny no-fault benefits to those persons whose uninsured motor vehicles become involved in accidents. Wright v League General Ins Co, 167 Mich App 238, 243; 421 NW2d 647 (1988).
Under the no-fault act, a vehicle which is parked is not considered to be "involved in the accident” unless the situation falls within one of the parked vehicle exceptions of MCL 500.3106; MSA 24.13106. Heard v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, 414 Mich 139, 144; 324 NW2d 1; 27 ALR4th 163 (1982), reh den 414 Mich 1111 (1982). The § 3106 exceptions define when a parked vehicle is considered to be involved in an accident. Each exception pertains to those characteristics of a parked vehicle as a motor vehicle which distinguish it from other stationary roadside objects (e.g., a tree, signpost, or boulder) which can be involved in motor vehicle accidents. Heard, supra, pp 144-145.
Under § 3106(l)(c), a parked vehicle is deemed to be involved in the accident where "the injury was sustained by a person while occupying, entering into, or alighting from the vehicle.” Heard, supra, p 153. In such case, the vehicle, although parked, is not a tree, pole, or other roadside object insofar as the occupant is concerned. Heard, supra, pp 153-154. This Court has interpreted the situation of "occupying” a motor vehicle rather broadly. A person need not be seated in the passenger area of a motor vehicle to be considered an occupant under § 3106(l)(c). See, e.g., Koole v Michigan Mutual Ins Co, 126 Mich App 483; 337 NW2d 369 (1983), lv den 419 Mich 856 (1984) (person injured by explosion while inside camper attached to pickup truck was an occupant); Sherman v Michigan Mutual Ins Co, 124 Mich App 700; 335 NW2d 232 (1983) (person injured while standing with one foot on a truck trailer was an occupant); Davis v Auto-Owners Ins Co, 116 Mich App 402; 323 NW2d 418 (1982), lv den 419 Mich 895 (1984) (person injured while operating winch levers on back of tow truck was an occupant).
In the case at bar, plaintiff was injured while sitting in the back of a pickup truck which was parked on the street awaiting transmission repairs. That activity was identifiable with the use of the truck as a motor vehicle. Although parked, the truck was not like any roadside stationary object as far as plaintiff was concerned. Plaintiff was "occupying” (as that term has been broadly construed by this Court) the truck at the time the accident occurred. The trial court erred in holding otherwise. Since the truck was uninsured, plaintiff is not entitled to no-fault benefits from defendant pursuant to § 3113(b) of the act. Braun v Citizens Ins Co, 124 Mich App 822; 335 NW2d 701 (1983).
Reversed. | [
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Michael J. Kelly, J.
Defendant, James Andrew Pfeiffer, appeals from his thirty-five to sixty year sentence for assault with intent to rob while armed, MCL 750.89; MSA 28.284. Both defendant and a codefendant, Michael Prichard, pled guilty to this crime. On November 29, 1984, Prichard was sentenced to fifteen to twenty-five years. Pfeiffer, who was out on bond at the time, failed to appear for sentencing on that date and was not rearrested until June of 1987. On July 1, 1987, the trial court sentenced defendant Pfeiffer to thirty-five to sixty years.
On appeal,defendant claims that the sentence should shock the judicial conscience under People v Coles, 417 Mich 523; 339 NW2d 440 (1983). We agree.
Defendant’s participation in the crime charged consisted of waiting in the getaway car while codefendant Prichard robbed a Sunshine Dairy store, then driving away. Although Prichard perpetrated the actual robbery, he was sentenced to a minimum sentence twenty years lower than defen dant’s. Under these circumstances, this sort of disparate treatment in sentencing shocks our judicial conscience and requires resentencing under Coles. See People v Haymer, 165 Mich App 734; 419 NW2d 63 (1988). As previously noted, "neither justice nor the appearance of justice is served when similar offenders committing similar offenses receive dissimilar sentences.” Haymer at 737 (quoting the Michigan Sentencing Guidelines, Statement of Purpose).
Review of Pfeiffer’s and Prichard’s sentences indicates that the trial court’s sole reason for defendant’s greatly enhanced sentence was the fact that defendant failed to appear for his scheduled sentencing. Although we do not minimize the seriousness of defendant’s failure to appear, it alone cannot justify increasing his sentence by an additional twenty to thirty-five years. We therefore set aside the sentence and remand his case for resentencing. Disparity of sentencing is a frequent theme in remands pursuant to People v Coles, supra. Two members of this panel recently addressed a similar case, where two perpetrators received considerably divergent sentences, in People v Haymer, supra. See also People v Winchell, 171 Mich App 662; 430 NW2d 812 (1988).
With regard to defendant’s second issue of whether the sentencing judge improperly characterized defendant as an escapee, we find this error harmless in view of the remand. However, we do direct the court’s attention to the five-year maximum punishment for escape from prison, MCL 750.193; MSA 28.390. As noted by the prosecutor, defendant did not escape nor did he abscond on bond; what he actually did was violate MCL 750.197a; MSA 28.394(1), which is a misdemeanor punishable by a maximum one-year jail term. The court did have a right to take such criminal con duct into consideration at sentencing, but the court should also consider the potential punishment if defendant had in fact been convicted of this offense, plus the fact that the prosecutor elected not to charge defendant with this misdemeanor violation. If the sentencing judge does choose to use such conduct as a reason for departing from the guidelines on remand, he should specifically address these considerations.
The sentence of thirty-five to sixty years is set aside.
Remanded for resentencing. We retain jurisdiction.
Beasley, J., concurred. | [
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W. J. Caprathe, J.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of receiving and concealing stolen property valued in excess of $100, MCL 750.535; MSA 28.803. Defendant appeals as of right, raising six issues for our consideration. The first issue concerns defendant’s claim that the stop of his van by the police was improper. We disagree. The second issue concerns defendant’s claim that it was impermissible for the police to continue interrogating him after he invoked his right to remain silent. We find that he did not invoke his right to remain silent and, therefore, the continuation of the interrogation was permissible. The third issue concerns defendant’s claim that the search of his van was pursuant to a defective warrant and the evidence seized should have been suppressed. We agree that the warrant was defective, but we remand this case for a determination of whether or not there would have been a valid inventory search had the officers not obtained the warrant. The three remaining issues raised by the defendant concern the court’s refusal to instruct the jury on a lesser included misdemeanor offense, the adequacy of the court’s response to an inquiry from the jury during its deliberations, and the alleged inconsistency of the jury’s verdict. We find that none of these three issues merits reversal.
i
Defendant first claims that the Michigan State Police officers did not have a sufficient basis to make an investigatory stop of his van. After conducting an evidentiary hearing, the lower court concluded that the stop of the van was proper. We agree.
We will not reverse the lower court’s ruling on a motion to suppress evidence unless that ruling was clearly erroneous. People v Bandy, 105 Mich App 240, 244; 306 NW2d 465 (1981), lv den 413 Mich 909 (1982).
The record establishes that Detective Kenneth Schimnoski received a confidential informant’s tip by telephone on December 30, 1982. The informant told the officer that a large black male, six foot two or three inches and 230 pounds, and approximately thirty-eight years old, with facial hair and glasses, had been buying and selling stolen automobile parts at 15738 Oakfield Street in Detroit and was involved in the transportation of stolen automobile parts in Detroit, as well as out of the state. The informant indicated that a white van with primer spots on it, located at the Oakfield address, would be transporting stolen automobile parts out of Michigan via 1-75 over the New Year’s weekend.
The police placed the Oakfield Street address and the vehicle located there under surveillance on December 31, 1982. At 8:00 p.m., the police observed the defendant, who matched the description given by the informant, enter a white van parked outside and drive to 9210 Evergreen, back up to the garage area for from ten to fifteen minutes, and then return to the Oakfield Street address. The van left the Oakfield address again on January 2, 1983, at about 10:00 a.m. It later stopped for gasoline and the defendant got out to clean the van’s windows. Defendant then drove the van south on 1-75 until the Michigan State Police stopped it in Monroe Township. We find that the lower court did not err in denying the motion to suppress evidence based on the allegedly illegal stop of defendant’s van.
The police may properly make an investigatory stop of a motor vehicle if the stop is based upon specific, articulable facts which, when taken together with the rational inferences to be drawn from these facts, would lead a reasonable police officer to believe that criminal activity may be taking place. People v Sizemore, 132 Mich App 782, 786; 348 NW2d 28 (1984). According to People v Whalen, 390 Mich 672; 213 NW2d 116 (1973), the following considerations are pertinent to determining the constitutionality of a stop of moving motor vehicles:
Reasonableness is the test that is to be applied for both the stop of, and the search of moving motor vehicles.
Said reasonableness will be determined from the facts and circumstances of each case.
Fewer foundation facts are necessary to support a finding of reasonableness when moving vehicles are involved, than if a house or a home were involved.
A stop of a motor vehicle for investigatory purposes máy be based upon fewer facts than those necessary to support a finding of reasonableness where both a stop and a search is conducted by the police. [390 Mich 682.]
Whether reasonable cause to stop a motor vehicle is established by an informant’s tip depends on the presence of indicia of reliability of the information. Adams v Williams, 407 US 143, 147; 92 S Ct 1921; 32 L Ed 2d 612 (1972).
We find that in the present case the informant’s tip had sufficient indicia of reliability to supply the basis for reasonable cause to stop defendant’s van. As the record indicates, the information given was detailed and was subsequently corroborated by the officers. The informant gave a detailed description of the suspect, his address, a description of the vehicle involved, and the time and route of the transport of the stolen automobile parts. Although the corroborating facts are innocent details of the informant’s tip, we believe that the officer’s corroboration of those facts created a sufficient indicia of reliability upon which to base a reasonable suspi cion of criminal activity. See, for example, United States v Aldridge, 719 F2d 368, 371 (CA 11, 1983), where the court held that the officer’s observation of an automobile fitting the description of the suspect’s vehicle, supplied by an anonymous informer and transmitted over the police radio, was sufficient corroboration to supply reasonable cause to stop, even though the corroboration was only of innocent details of the information.
Since the officers in the present case had a reasonable suspicion that defendant may have been involved in criminal activity, the stop of the van was reasonable. Thus, the lower court did not err in denying defendant’s motion to suppress evidence on that basis.
ii
Defendant next claims that the police impermissibly continued questioning him after he invoked his right to remain silent. We find that he did not invoke his right to remain silent and, therefore, the continued questioning by the police was not impermissible.
Although defendant did not raise this issue below, we will consider it because it concerns a constitutional right and because defendant’s response to the disputed questioning was decisive evidence, i.e., it indicated that defendant knew there were stolen automobile parts in his van. People v Woodward, 111 Mich App 528, 531; 314 NW2d 680 (1981); People v Bukoski, 41 Mich App 498, 501; 200 NW2d 373 (1972).
After defendant’s van was stopped, defendant was arrested for driving with a suspended license. Detective Bruce Sailer testified at trial that at the time of the arrest he read defendant his Miranda rights, Miranda v Arizona, 384 US 436; 86 S Ct 1602; 16 L Ed 2d 694; 10 ALR3d 974 (1966). According to Sailer, defendant replied: "The less I say, the better I think 111 be.” Later, at the police station, defendant was given Miranda rights a second time and was interrogated. Officer Sailer testified that, during the questioning, he said to defendant that both of them knew "the stuff in the van was hot,” and that defendant replied "yeah” and admitted that he had a business of buying automobile parts he knew were stolen.
A defendant’s assertion that suggests he wants to limit his answers is not an invocation of the right to remain silent. See, for example, People v Hampton, 138 Mich App 235, 237; 361 NW2d 3 (1984), where this Court held that a refusal to make a statement is not an assertion of the right to remain silent, which would prohibit the police from later asking if a suspect wants to make a statement. We find that in the present case defendant did not invoke the right to remain silent. Defendant’s statement did not even rise to the level of an ambiguous invocation of his right to remain silent. Compare People v O’Donnell, 127 Mich App 749, 754; 339 NW2d 540 (1983). In our view, defendant’s statement merely expressed a desire to limit his responses, and continued questioning was, therefore, not improper.
hi
Defendant next claims that the warrant authorizing a search of his van was defective and that all evidence seized pursuant to it should have been suppressed. The lower court refused to suppress the evidence, apparently finding that the warrant was not defective. This Court finds that the warrant was defective, but that the search of the defendant’s van may have been reasonable without the warrant as an inventory search of the vehicle. Therefore, we remand this case for a determination of whether or not there could have been a valid inventory search of the van, had the officers not obtained the warrant.
The warrant in question was issued after defendant and the passenger in his van were arrested and the van was towed to the police station. The search of the van yielded body parts from four automobiles.
MCL 780.653; MSA 28.1259(3) establishes the required basis for a magistrate’s finding of probable cause:
Sec. 3. The magistrate’s finding of reasonable or probable cause shall be based upon all the facts related within the affidavit made before him. The affidavit may be based upon reliable information supplied to the complainant from a credible person, named or unnamed, so long as the affidavit contains affirmative allegations that the person spoke with personal knowledge of the matters contained therein.
Thus, an affidavit supporting a search warrant, if based on informant-supplied information, must meet three requirements: (1) it must show that the informant spoke with personal knowledge; (2) it must set forth facts from which one may conclude that the informant is credible; and (3) it must show that the information is reliable. People v Sherbine, 421 Mich 502, 509-510; 364 NW2d 658 (1984).
Defendant asserts that the affidavit in the present case failed to show that the informant was credible and that the informant spoke with per sonal knowledge of the matters contained in the affidavit. We agree that the affidavit lacks affirmative allegations that the informant spoke with personal knowledge.
Detective Schimnoski stated in the application for the search warrant, inter alia:
The affiant is a member off [sic] the Michigan State Police Auto Theft Task Force. The affiant has a Confidential Informant that has proven to be reliable in the past. The informant has supplied the affiant with numerous items of information about illegal activities that have been verified.
The informant advised that a suspect who lives at 15738 Oakfield, Detroit is active in buying and selling stolen vehicle parts. This subject has a White Chevrolet cargo van that is used to transport the above parts.
The informant advised this subject to be Large Black Male, 6/2, 230, facial hair, wears glasses and is approximately 38 years.
The informant advised this subject would be leaving in the van sometime during the New Years weekend for out of state with a load of stolen vehicle parts. Further that the subject would use 1-75 to leave Michigan.
The affiant checked the 15738 Oakfield, Detroit address and observed the White van backed into the drive with the doors open and the hood up and it appeared a battery charger was hooked to the vehicle. Time: 7:00 pm 1/2/83.
Time: 10:35 pm above vehicle left the residence and stopped at a Shell Service Station. The driver was observed cleaning the windows and mirrors giving the affiant the indication the vehicle and occupants would be making antrip [sic].
Affiant had the vehicle stopped on 1-75 S.B. near mile marker 15 in Monroe County. Affiant was advised by D/Sgt. Bruce Saller that the driver, Robert Spencer was advised the reason the van was stopped was officers had information he was hauling stolen property in the van.
Mr. Spencer was read a Consent to Search Card to search the van at 11:35 pm and he gave officers his consent. At 11:36 pm he retracted his consent and advised to get a search warrant.
Affiant feels the information obtained from the informant is accurate coupled with the driver’s refusal to advise where he was going, hauling or alowing [sic] officers to check the contents of the van. The driver of the van when stopped matched the description given by the informant.
Affiant has reason to believe the van contains stolen vehicle parts and is used in transporting stolen property as a business.
The only facts in the affidavit which alleged that any criminal activity had taken place are the informant’s statements that the defendant was involved in buying and selling stolen vehicle parts and would be leaving in the van during the New Year’s weekend for an out-of-state location with a load of stolen vehicle parts. There is nothing in the affidavit which indicates the source of these allegations. There is nothing to show that the informant spoke with personal knowledge. In addition, although the affidavit indicates that the officers observed the defendant’s van leaving the area on 1-75 during the New Year’s weekend, which is consistent with what they were told by the informant, it fails to contain any statements that the officers independently observed any criminal activity. Because the affidavit fails to comply with the personal knowledge requirement of the statute, the warrant is defective and we, therefore, reverse the lower court’s finding.
However, this conclusion does not necessarily require that the evidence obtained as a result of the search pursuant to the defective warrant be excluded. Exclusion is not required if a search without a warrant would have been valid for some other reason. Coolidge v New Hampshire, 403 US 443, 453; 91 S Ct 2022; 29 L Ed 2d 564 (1971).
The prosecutor argues that at the time the officers searched the van pursuant to the warrant they could have conducted an inventory search without a warrant. Since the van had been lawfully seized, it apparently was lawfully at the police station when the search took place. There is no evidence, however, in the record as to whether the police department involved in this case had established or standard procedures for conducting inventory searches of impounded vehicles that would satisfy the requirements of People v Long (On Remand), 419 Mich 636; 359 NW2d 194 (1984). The prosecutor, therefore, should have an opportunity to establish at an evidentiary hearing whether such procedures existed and, if so, the particular facts of this case relevant to those procedures, had the officers chosen not to seek a warrant to search the van.
Thus, we remand this issue to the court below to enable it to determine whether the search would have been permissible under Michigan v Long, 463 US 1032; 103 S Ct 3469; 77 L Ed 2d 1201 (1983), and People v Long (On Remand), supra.
We are cognizant of the fact that in all likelihood there was not an inventory search. However, if the people can establish that the search would have been conducted as a valid inventory search, then there is no reason to suppress the evidence because the stolen parts would inevitably have been discovered and seized. In Nix v Williams, — US —; 104 S Ct 2501; 81 L Ed 2d 377 (1984), the United States Supreme Court, in comparing the independent source doctrine and the inevitable discovery doctrine, stated the following:
There is a functional similarity between these two doctrines in that exclusion of evidence that would inevitably have been discovered would also put the government in a worse position, because the police would have obtained that evidence if no misconduct had taken place. Thus, while the independent source exception would not justify admission of evidence in this case, its rationale is wholly consistent with and justifies our adoption of the ultimate or inevitable discovery exception to the Exclusionary Rule. [Nix, supra, 104 S Ct 2509.]
This principle was acknowledged by us in People v Harajli, 148 Mich App 189; 384 NW2d 126 (1986). The United States Supreme Court further stated that: "If the prosecution can establish by a preponderance of the evidence that the information ultimately or inevitably would have been discovered by lawful means . . . then the deterrence rationale has so little basis that the evidence should be received. Anything less would reject logic, experience, and common sense.” Nix, supra, 104 S Ct 2509 (emphasis added). In the event the lower court determines that there could not have been a valid inventory search, then the evidence must be suppressed and the conviction set aside.
iv
Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the lesser included misdemeanor offense of receiving and concealing stolen property with a value of less than $100, MCL 750.535; MSA 28.803. We disagree.
A trial court’s decision to grant or deny a lesser included misdemeanor instruction will be reversed only upon a finding of an abuse of discretion. People v Stephens, 416 Mich 252, 265; 330 NW2d 675. It is an abuse of discretion for the lower court to refuse to give a requested instruction only if a rational view of the evidence would have supported conviction of the lesser offense. Stephens, supra, pp 263-264.
In the present case, Peter Demray, a used automobile parts dealer, testified as to the value of the automobile parts defendant was charged with possessing. He testified that the silver 1978 Buick front clip was worth $1,500 and the matching doors were worth $300. He assigned the same values to the corresponding parts of the 1980 Monte Carlo. Although defendant’s attorney vigorously cross-examined Demray, at most he showed the possibility of slight variations in the values of the parts. To convict defendant of the misdemeanor, the jury would have had to believe that the actual value of the parts was less than six percent of the value assigned by Demray. Accordingly, we believe that the trial court was correct in finding that the value of the parts was not sufficiently in dispute to justify a conviction of the lesser included misdemeanor offense. A rational view of the evidence would not have supported a conviction of receiving and concealing stolen property with a value under $100. Thus, the court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give the requested instruction.
v
We next consider defendant’s contention that the trial court erred in failing to make further inquiry into a note from the jury which stated: "Counts One and Two does [sic] not state the word knowingly. Should we consider this?” We find that the trial court did not err in its response.
The trial court responded to the jury’s note by stating that the charged offenses contained five elements, as given during the jury instructions. The jury foreman stated that this answer sufficed. When polled, none of the jurors expressed dissatisfaction with the answer. Defense counsel assailed the response because the court did not reinstruct the jurors that one of the elements of the crime was defendant’s knowledge that the property was stolen. However, two hours later, the jury requested a list of the five elements of receiving and concealing stolen property, which was supplied. Of course, one of the elements given was knowledge that the property was stolen.
We, therefore, detect no error in the trial court’s procedure. The jurors’ satisfaction with the judge’s response, coupled with the later supplying of the list of elements to the jury, constituted a more than adequate response to the jury’s question.
VI
Finally, defendant contends that the trial court erred in refusing to set aside his conviction on the basis that the jury reached inconsistent verdicts. We disagree.
Defendant was charged with two counts of receiving and concealing stolen property. Count i referred to parts from a 1978 Buick and Count n to parts from a 1980 Monte Carlo. The jury found defendant not guilty of Count I but guilty of Count ii.
We find that the verdicts were not inconsistent. The testimony indicated that the chassis of the Monte Carlo was found in an alley near a residence where defendant had taken the van two days previously. No similar showing was made for the Buick. Thus, the jury could have been convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that defendant knew the Monte Carlo parts were stolen, yet entertained a reasonable doubt about defendant’s knowledge that the Buick parts were stolen.
Moreover, we note that consistency between verdicts is not required in Michigan. People v Vaughn, 409 Mich 463; 295 NW2d 354 (1980).
Remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
Defendant was arrested for driving with a suspended operator’s license and his passenger was arrested on an outstanding warrant for a traffic offense.
Because we find the warrant defective on this ground, we do not decide whether the affidavit sets forth sufficient facts from which one may conclude that the informant is credible.
The affidavit doesn’t even qualify as a "hybrid affidavit,” i.e., one based in part on the informant’s information and in part on facts independently observed by the officers, such as the affidavit this Court found to satisfy the statute in People v Rodriguez, 65 Mich App 723, 728; 238 NW2d 385 (1975). The officers in Rodriguez, supra, made observations that supplied independent corroboration to them as trained and experienced drug investigators that an illegal operation was taking place. In any event, the Rodriguez "hybrid” standard may not have survived the Supreme Court’s statutory standard established in Sherbine, supra.
Defendant has not argued that the seizure of his van was illegal. In any event, the police properly seized and removed the van to the station, since both the defendant and his only passenger were arrested and it- would have been unreasonable to leave the vehicle parked along the expressway. People v Roberson, 80 Mich App 241; 263 NW2d 42 (1977). | [
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Cavanagh, J.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from a Wayne Circuit Court order granting defendants’ motion for summary disposition pursuant to MCR 2.116(C)(8) and (10) on plaintiff’s claim for wrongful death. The circuit court reviewed the documentary evidence and found that defendant A.L. Dam-man Company owed no duty to protect plaintiff’s decedent from the criminal acts of a third party. We affirm.
Joseph Tame died on April 5, 1985, at 4:10 p.m., as a result of a shotgun wound inflicted by an unknown assailant in the south parking lot of a Damman Hardware Store in the City of Detroit. Plaintiff George Tame brought this negligence action alleging that Damman, the business invitor, failed to maintain its premises in a safe condition, failed to take reasonable security measures, failed to warn of dangerous conditions existing on the premises and otherwise failed to act in a reasonable and prudent manner. Plaintiff alleged that Guardian Protective Services, Inc., breached its duty to take reasonable precautions to protect the decedent from foreseeable danger and unreasonable risks of harm. Guardian was under contract to provide Damman with one uniformed, unarmed guard outside its premises during business hours. At the time of the assault, a guard was stationed on the premises.
On appeal, plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in finding that Damman owed no duty of care to plaintiffs decedent. A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(8) tests the legal sufficiency of a claim by the pleadings alone. Formall, Inc v Community National Bank of Pontiac, 166 Mich App 772, 777; 421 NW2d 289 (1988). The motion should be granted only when the claim is so clearly unenforceable as a matter of law that no factual development could possibly justify a recovery. Id. A motion under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests whether there is factual support for a claim. The trial court must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions and other documentary evidence. Dumas v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 168 Mich App 619, 626; 425 NW2d 480 (1988). Giving the benefit of a doubt to the nonmovant, the court must determine whether a record might be developed which will leave open an issue upon which reasonable minds could differ. Id. Before judgment may be granted, the court must be satisfied that it is impossible for the claim to be supported by evidence at trial. Peterfish v Frantz, 168 Mich App 43, 48-49; 424 NW2d 25 (1988).
In order to overcome summary disposition, plaintiff is required to show that defendant owed decedent a duty to insure his safety; otherwise no liability arises. See Madley v The Evening News Ass’n, 167 Mich App 338, 341; 421 NW2d 682 (1988). The issue of duty is one of law for the court, which must assess competing policy considerations to determine whether the relationship between the parties will occasion a legal obligation to the injured party. Id. Generally, there is no duty to protect another from the criminal acts of a third party in the absence of special circum stances. Id., pp 341-342. In Williams v Cunningham Drug Stores, Inc, 429 Mich 495; 418 NW2d 381 (1988), our Supreme Court held that a store owner’s reasonable duty of care, owed to business invitees, does not extend to providing armed, visible security guards to protect customers from the criminal acts of third parties. Id., p 501. The Court stated that the merchant is not an insurer of the safety of it’s invitees. Id., pp 499-500. Since Williams, this Court has affirmed trial court dismissals of such claims against business proprietors. See Papadimas v Mykonos Lounge, 176 Mich App 40; 439 NW2d 280 (1989); Holland v Delaware McDonald’s Corp, 171 Mich App 707; 430 NW2d 766 (1988); Horn v Arco Petroleum Co, 170 Mich App 390; 427 NW2d 582 (1988); Marr v Yousif, 167 Mich App 358; 422 NW2d 4 (1988).
Here, plaintiff seeks to distinguish Williams v Cunningham Drug Stores, Inc. Plaintiff claims that Damman recognized a need for security and, by voluntarily assuming that duty, was required to exercise reasonable care in the discharge of that duty. Specifically, plaintiff claims Damman failed to properly supervise the guard by having him follow certain "posting orders.” The posting orders required the guard to make "constant patrols of both the north and south parking lots ... to deter persons from stealing or vandalizing both customer and employee vehicles.” At the time of the incident in the south parking lot, the guard was stationed and had remained in the north lot for thirty to forty minutes. The assailant’s suspicious activity during the twenty minutes before the shooting was noticed by several patrons.
This Court has declined the invitation to impose a duty only on the merchant who has taken some action to deter criminal activity but who has failed to deter a particular criminal assault. In Jones v Williams, 160 Mich App 681, 686; 408 NW2d 426 (1987), lv den 430 Mich 867 (1988), while a security guard was posted inside defendant’s restaurant, this Court held the owner had no duty to provide a security guard for the parking lot over which it had control. In Pagano v Mesirow, 147 Mich App 51, 53-55; 383 NW2d 103 (1985), lv den 424 Mich 895 (1986), this Court stated there was no duty to provide security in the parking lot during all hours where a security guard patrolled the parking lot until 9:30 p.m. and plaintiff was assaulted at 11:00 p.m. In Marr v Yousif, supra, pp 363-364, this Court stated that a merchant had no duty to take all possible precautions for the protection of invitees by turning its establishment into a fortress. In Theis v Abduloor, 174 Mich App 247; 435 NW2d 440 (1988), this Court held defendant was not liable for failing to provide security in its parking lot, where security had been provided in the past.
We similarly decline to adopt a policy that imposes liability on a merchant who, in a good faith effort to deter crime, fails to prevent all criminal activity on its premises. Such a policy would penalize merchants who provide some measure of protection, as opposed to merchants who take no such measures. We do not intend, however, to preclude claims of negligent supervision or vicarious liability for negligence on the part of security guard services. The facts of this case, however, do not support such a claim.
First, there was no evidence that the posting orders, upon which plaintiff relies, were controlling. Rather, they are described only as an expression of the client’s wishes, written down by a field supervisor, and subject to change by the client. Charles Phlypo, vice president in charge of operations for defendant, testified that the guard was to be under the direction of the manager on duty. The primary problem Phlypo sought to address in arranging security was vandalism to and theft of parked cars. The unarmed guard in full uniform was sought to provide a visible deterrent to protect property. The testimony of Phillip Stupar, the store manager, and Richard Berg, assistant manager, was corroborative. The areas to be covered were the south customer parking lot, some curb parking, the north employee parking lot and the alley behind the store. The frequency of patrol of covered areas was not "set in stone,” however, the problem areas were to receive more attention. Fred Csaszar, a field supervisor for Damman, testified that there had been problems principally with vandalism of cars in the north parking lot area.
Second, there was no evidence suggesting that the posting orders, even if controlling, were violated. To the contrary, the evidence showed that the guard on duty had followed instructions. The guard, Andrew Gray, was instructed to patrol mainly the north parking lot because of problems with cars being vandalized. He was to patrol randomly and was instructed to circulate about fifteen or twenty minutes out of every hour. If confronted by an armed felon, he was to report to the police or store management, but was not to take any action. After checking in, Gray saw nothing out of the ordinary. Just prior to the shooting, Gray had walked up and down the sidewalk in front of the store about three times. Plaintiff has presented no evidence of negligent supervision by Damman.
Finally, this case is easily distinguishable from Mills v White Castle System, Inc, 167 Mich App 202; 421 NW2d 631 (1988), where defendant was aware of, but failed to control, intoxicated patrons who remained in its parking lot for at least forty minutes. There, the risk of harm was not from criminal activity of unknown assailants, and the defendant was negligent in failing to call the police when requested by the plaintiff’s companions.
Accordingly, the trial court did not err in dismissing plaintiff’s claim.
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Pee Curiam.
Defendant Michigan Civil Service Commission appeals from various orders and judgments of the Court of Claims and the Ingham Circuit Court holding that the commission violated the Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 29 USC 621 et seq., by implementing certain changes in a life insurance plan for state employees. Plaintiff, Michigan State Employees Association, cross appeals from a Court of Claims judgment on damages. In a consolidated companion case, defendant commission also appeals from a Court of Claims order granting the association’s motion to amend the judgment and to grant attorney fees. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
This case arose out of changes made in 1973 in the life insurance coverage available to state employees over sixty years of age. Prior to the changes, retired state employees could purchase life insurance with a maximum benefit of $2,500. Active state employees could participate in a group insurance plan that provided a life insurance benefit equal to an employee’s salary, rounded up to the next thousand dollars, with a minimum benefit of $10,000. The premium rate was thirty-two cents biweekly for each $1,000 of coverage. The state paid seventy-five percent of the premium, i.e., twenty-four cents; the employee paid twenty-five percent of the premium, i.e., eight cents. All employees, regardless of age, paid the same amount.
In 1973, the Group Insurance Advisory Committee, made up of both management and employee representatives, recommended that at age sixty-one an employee’s benefits be reduced fifteen percent each year until at age sixty-five an employee has twenty-five percent of the benefit he or she had at age sixty. Retirees would be affected in the same manner. Prefaced by other various committees’ recommending this modification, defendant commission adopted this modification plan in December, 1973. After obtaining the necessary approvals, the modification became effective July 1, 1974.
On April 8, 1974, Congress amended the adea so as to make it applicable to the states as employers, effective May 1, 1974. 29 USC 630(b). The commission’s modification, having already been approved, took effect as scheduled on July 1, 1974, two months after the effective date of the pertinent amendment to the adea. Soon after, in the fall of 1974, the modification in the group insurance plan drew complaints. It was suggested that Michigan was not in compliance with the adea. The State Compensation Advisory Board recommended that the plan be rescinded. However, the plan remained viable until December, 1975, when, incidentally, one month after this lawsuit was filed, defendant commission rescinded the modification. Defendant commission ordered that, effective October 1, 1976, each active state employee, regardless of age, receive a life insurance benefit equal to his or her salary rounded up to the next thousand dollars.
In November, 1975, the employees association and one Russ Wright filed suit in Ingham Circuit Court on behalf of all other state employees age sixty-one or older who were similarly situated, alleging, among other things, that the modified insurance plan violated the adea. Defendant Civil Service Commission counterclaimed that, if it was liable to the employees association, the employees association, in turn, should be liable to it because members of the association participated in developing the modified plan. The circuit court thereafter confirmed the class. Approximately 1,100 potential class members responded to the notice. The following years saw the wheat separated from the chaff until the list of class members ultimately was winnowed down to a mere 146.
On April 2, 1985, the Ingham Circuit Court ruled that it did not have subject-matter jurisdiction to hear the case, but transferred the case to the Court of Claims under MCR 2.227 to be heard by the same judge who had been hearing it as a circuit judge.
On September 25, 1985, following a bench trial on the liability issue, the court found that the insurance modification plan violated the adea and dismissed the Civil Service Commission’s counterclaim. In its order of October 23, 1985, the court provided that members of the class could collect both compensatory and liquidated damages if they could prove them.
Trial as to damages continued. By order dated October 22, 1986, the court held that the proper measure of damages for employees who had purchased replacement insurance would be the premi ums paid for such insurance. Damages for the beneficiaries of employees who had died without purchasing replacement insurance would be the premiums not paid by defendant commission as a result of the modification. On January 7, 1987, the court awarded $2,227.66 in compensatory and liquidated damages to nineteen class members, but entered a judgment against the remaining 127 members.
On January 27, 1987, the commission appealed the judgments entered January 7, 1987, and October 23, 1985, and orders confirming the class and transferring the case to the Court of Claims.
On January 29, 1987, the employees association moved to amend the judgment, for partial relief from the judgment, and for costs. On February 6, 1987, the association asked for attorney fees. By order dated March 6, 1987, the court granted the motions to amend judgment and for attorney fees, but denied the motions for costs and for partial relief from the judgment. The commission also appeals from this order. The association cross-appeals from the order of January 7, 1987, and the order of March 6, 1987, denying its motion for partial relief from judgment, challenging the measure of damages.
On appeal, the parties raise several issues. First, did the circuit court err in holding that the Court of Claims had subject-matter jurisdiction? We hold that it did not.
MCL 600.6419; MSA 27A.6419 sets forth the jurisdiction of the Court of Claims, and provides in pertinent part:
Except as provided in sections 6419a and 6440, the jurisdiction of the court of claims, as conferred upon it by this chapter, shall be exclusive. The state administrative board is hereby vested with discretionary authority upon the advice of the attorney general, to hear, consider, determine, and allow any claim against the state in an amount less than $1,000.00. Any claim so allowed by the state administrative board shall be paid in the same manner as judgments are paid under section 6458 upon certification of the allowed claim by the secretary of the state administrative board to the clerk of the court of claims. The court has power and jurisdiction:
(a) To hear and determine all claims and demands, liquidated and unliquidated, ex contractu and ex delicto, against the state and any of its departments, commissions, boards, institutions, arms, or agencies.
However, this jurisdiction does not extend to claims for which an adequate remedy exists in federal court. See MCL 600.6440; MSA 27A.6440.
Here, a remedy did not exist in federal court. Although Congress can abrogate a state’s Eleventh Amendment right to immunity from suit in federal court, it can do so only by making its intention "unmistakably clear” in the language of the statute. See Welch v State Dep’t of Highways & Public Transportation, 483 US —; 107 S Ct 2941; 97 L Ed 2d 389, 397-398 (1987), and Atascadero State Hospital v Scanlon, 473 US 234, 242; 105 S Ct 3142; 87 L Ed 2d 171 (1985), reh den 473 US 926; 106 S Ct 18; 87 L Ed 2d 696 (1985). The adea contains no such language. See 29 USC 626(c). Hence, the circuit court’s ruling that the Court of Claims had jurisdiction is affirmed.
The commission also claims that the trial court erred when it transferred the case to the Court of Claims without requiring the association to pay the commission’s expenses and reasonable attorney fees for having been in the wrong court. See MCR 2.227. We disagree.
The transfer was one in which the trial judge in circuit court assigned himself to hear the case as trial judge in the Court of Claims. The parties, issues and judge all remained the same. Although the commission asked for $75,000 in attorney fees, it had no additional expenses and the case, in fact, continued uninterrupted. The request of the commission was unreasonable. We affirm.
The next issue we address is whether the commission’s modification of the group insurance plan violated the adea. We hold that it did.
The court found that the modification was neither economically justified nor cost motivated, and that it was a subterfuge to discriminate against employees over age sixty. After reviewing the record, we conclude that the trial court’s findings of fact are not clearly erroneous, i.e., we are not left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been made. Northwest Acceptance Corp v Almont Gravel, Inc, 162 Mich App 294, 304; 412 NW2d 719 (1987). As Isak Dinesen wrote in Seven Gothic Tales (New York: Smith & Haas, Inc, 1934): "As we grow old we slowly come to believe that everything will turn out badly for us.” And here, indeed, was an aim to bring this about.
The adea makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against any individual with regard to the terms, conditions or privileges of employment on the basis of the individual’s age. 29 USC 623(a)(1). However, the act also contained the following defense during the relevant time period:
It shall not be unlawful for an employer, employment agency, or labor organization—
(2) to observe the terms of a bona fide seniority system or any bona fide employee benefit plan such as a retirement, pension, or insurance plan, which is not a subterfuge to evade the purposes of this chapter. [29 USC 623(f).]
To prevail under this defense, defendant commission had to satisfy three criteria: It must have been (1) observing the terms (2) of a bona fide insurance plan (3) that is not a subterfuge to avoid compliance with the adea. See, e.g., Germann v Levy, 553 F Supp 700, 703 (ND Ill, 1982).
The commission argues that a plan which took effect before the adea applied to the states cannot be a subterfuge to evade the adea. We disagree.
We recognize that a plan which antedated the adea’s enactment in 1967 cannot be a subterfuge to evade that act. See, e.g., Equal Employment Opportunity Comm v Maine, 644 F Supp 223, 227 (D Me, 1986), aff'd 823 F2d 542 (CA 1, 1987); Equal Employment Opportunity Comm v Orange Co, 837 F2d 420, 423 (CA 9, 1988). The modification here, however, was adopted several years after the adea was enacted. Even though at the time the modification was adopted the adea did not explicitly apply to the states, the modification nevertheless could have been a subterfuge to evade the act because the act was in existence. Moreover, the modification did not become effective until two months after the adea’s application to the states became effective.
The following facts support the lower court’s finding that the modification was a subterfuge. Defendant commission’s witness, William Holt, testified that, although the insurance coverage was reduced fifteen percent each year for an employee over age sixty, the cost of insuring that employee rose only eight to nine percent. Moreover, the surplus reserve account for this group plan grew from about $1.5 million in 1968 to $8.3 million in 1983, which showed that the program was over-financed. Finally, because the commission still contributed twenty-four cents per $1,000 of coverage after the modification, it incurred less cost in insuring employees ages sixty-one and over. Hence, we conclude that the lower court’s findings are not clearly erroneous.
We also conclude that the lower court correctly awarded liquidated damages for a wilful violation of the adea. See 29 USC 626(b). In the fall of 1974, just after the modification became effective, an advisory board requested that the commission rescind the modification. Moreover, by both a letter dated October 1, 1974, and an oral request, John Doyle, executive director of the employees association, requested the commission to consider whether the modification was discriminatory and violated federal law. Presumably, the commission did not seek an opinion as to the modification’s legality. The commission then did not rescind the plan until December, 1975. The commission acted in reckless disregard as to whether the modification violated the adea. See Trans World Airlines, Inc v Thurston, 469 US 111, 127-129; 105 S Ct 613; 83 L Ed 2d 523 (1985).
We now address the proper measure of damages for the beneficiaries of employees between the ages of sixty-one and sixty-five who died between July 1, 1974, when the modification took effect, and October 1, 1976, when the modification effectively was rescinded. The employees association contends that the proper measure of damages includes the insurance proceeds the beneficiaries would have received but for the discrimination. We agree. However, the trial court disagreed, relying on Fariss v Lynchburg Foundry, 769 F2d 958 (CA 4, 1985), and awarded plaintiffs the premiums defendant would have paid if not for the modification.
The Fariss court, in addressing the damages recoverable in an adea case for loss of a life insurance policy provided by the employer as a fringe benefit, rejected the contention that the employer was liable for the proceeds of the life insurance policy. Instead, the court held that that employer was liable for the amount it would have paid in insurance premiums had the discrimination not occurred. The Fariss court, however, recognized the existence of contrary authority:
The question, of course, concerns the proper measure of value. We reject plaintiff's contention that the proceeds of the insurance are the appropriate measure of value here. Typically, as in this case, the insurance proceeds are paid not by the employer but by a third party insurer with whom the employer contracts. By electing this method of protecting its employees, the employer manifests an intent to limit its own expenditures to definite and regular premiums, which ordinarily provide the basis for a damages calculation. See [Combes v Griffin Television, Inc, 421 F Supp 841, 844 (WD Okla, 1976)]. But see Merkel v Scoville, Inc, 570 F Supp 141, 146 (SD Ohio, 1983) (refusing recovery of premiums paid by employer but allowing insured medical expenses.)
We decline to follow those decisions plaintiff cites favoring recovery of insurance proceeds or covered expenses. See Merkel, 570 F Supp at 146; Spagnuolo v Whirlpool Corp, 550 F Supp 432, 433 (WD N C, 1982), aff'd in part, rev’d in part on other grounds, 717 F2d 114 (CA 4, 1983); Willett v Emory & Henry College, 427 F Supp 631, 633 (WD Va, 1977), aff'd 569 F2d 212 (CA 4, 1978). (Title VII). Those courts prepared to place on the employer the risk that an employee will have an insured loss after termination misconstrue the "make whole” function of the adea. As this court has stated, the adea demands " 'the most complete relief possible’ toward putting the victim of age discrimination back into the position he would have been in but for the unlawful discrimination.” Spagnuolo v Whirlpool Corp, 717 F2d 114, 118 (CA 4, 1983), quoting Franks v Bowman Transportation Co, 424 US 747, 764; 96 S Ct 1251, 1264; 47 L Ed 2d 444 (1976). Had Mr. Fariss not been terminated, he would have been covered by a life insurance policy with a $42,000 face value for the two years before his death. This insurance coverage, not the proceeds, is the benefit for which the employer must be held liable. Here the employer would in no event have been liable to the employee for the $42,000, but only for the continuing payment of premiums. The value of being insured for a given period is precisely the amount of the premiums paid. To require the employer to pay the face value of the policy would be to compel assumption of a risk not undertaken on behalf of any other employee. [769 F2d 965.]
Merkel v Scovill, Inc, 570 F Supp 141 (SD Ohio, 1983), aff'd in part and rev’d in part on other grounds 787 F2d 174 (CA 6, 1986), cert den 479 US 990; 107 S Ct 585; 93 L Ed 2d 587 (1986), involved health insurance benefits. In that adea case, the federal district court declined to award as damages the amount defendant would have paid for insurance premiums on behalf of the employee. Because the goal is to put the employee in the position he would have been in had there been no discrimination, the district court ruled that the plaintiffs could recover medical expenses incurred since their discharge and which would have been covered. Merkel is the better-reasoned opinion.
Here, the Civil Service Commission was specifically advised by the same advisory committee which initially advocated the modification at issue that changes in federal law made the policy unlawful under the adea. Nonetheless, the commission continued to discriminate against employees ages sixty-one and over. The discrimination arose from a deliberate plan by which older employees were to be discouraged from continuing their em ployment with the classified civil service of the State of Michigan.
Requiring the commission to pay affected beneficiaries the actual difference between the insurance in effect on the date of their insureds’ deaths and that which should have been in effect is far more consonant with Michigan jurisprudential principles, which recognize that compensatory damages in situations involving intentionally tortious conduct may well be higher than those arising from simple negligence. See, e.g., Veselenak v Smith, 414 Mich 567, 574-575; 327 NW2d 261 (1982). Therefore, we conclude that the trial court erred in its ruling on the proper measure of damages.
The next issue concerns the trial court’s grant of the association’s motion to amend the judgment after the commission filed a claim of appeal from the judgment. On January 7, 1987, the trial court entered judgment on the issue of damages. The commission filed a claim of appeal from that judgment and from previous orders on January 27, 1987. On January 29, 1987, the employees association moved to amend the judgment and for partial relief from the judgment under MCR 2.612(C)(1)(a) and (f). In addition, on February 6, 1987, the association filed a motion for attorney fees and costs. On February 25, 1987, the trial court heard oral arguments on all the association’s motions. By order dated March 6, 1987, the trial court granted the motion to amend the judgment and for an award of attorney fees, but denied the motion for partial relief from the judgment. The motion to amend the judgment was based on an error in calculating insurance benefits due under the modification plan to four plaintiffs.
MCR 2.611(B), which addresses amendment of judgments, states that a motion to amend must be filed within twenty-one days after entry of the judgment. The association’s motion was not filed within that time limit. The trial court should have dismissed the motion as untimely. Moreover, MCR 2.612 was not the proper rule under which the association could proceed under the circumstances.
Even if the trial court could have considered the motion as timely filed, it was without jurisdiction to rule because jurisdiction had already vested with this Court. The commission filed a timely claim of appeal on January 27. The filing of that claim of appeal vested jurisdiction with this Court. MCR 7.204(B). Thereafter, the trial court was without jurisdiction to amend the judgment. MCR 7.208(A).
Finally, the trial court awarded the association attorney fees of $78,436.34. See 29 USC 626 and 29 USC 216(b). When an award of attorney fees is proper, it is within the discretion of the trial judge. Hensley v Eckerhart, 461 US 424; 103 S Ct 1933; 76 L Ed 2d 40 (1983).
Although only 146 claims went to trial, and only nineteen members proved damages, the association prevailed on the primary issue of liability. Therefore, an award of fees was proper. The court made its award based solely on documented time spent on the case, and did so only after extensive discussion. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in setting attorney fees as it did.
Affirmed in part and reversed in part. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff, Hunters Pointe Partners Limited Partnership, appeals as of right from a May 4, 1988, judgment entered by the trial court. Specifically, plaintiff challenges a February 5, 1988, order of summary disposition dismissing United States Fidelity & Guaranty Company as a defendant. We reverse.
This action involves plaintiffs claim for damages resulting from various defects in the construction of an apartment complex located in Southfield, Michigan. On May 6, 1981, a construction contract was executed between Hunters Glen, Ltd., as owner, and Hoffman Construction Company, as contractor, for the construction of an apartment complex. As required by the construction contract, a performance bond was issued by usf&g, as surety, naming Hoffman as the principal and Hunters Glen as obligee, guaranteeing Hoffman’s performance under the construction contract. Article 2, ¶ B of the construction contract expressly required the contractor to correct any defects due to faulty materials or workmanship which might appear within one year from the date of completion. Article 2, ¶ D of the construction contract defined the date of completion as the date that the hud representative’s trip report is signed indicating construction is complete and which report is subsequently endorsed by the chief architect as being the final inspection report. The hud representative’s trip sheet was signed on September 29, 1982, and the chief architect’s final inspection report was signed on October 14, 1982. In addition to the construction contract, part of the consideration Hoffman was to receive for construction of the apartment complex was a limited partnership in terest in Hunters Glen which Hoffman was required to sell to Hunters Glen upon completion of construction. Although usf&g was not a party to the supplemental agreement, an addendum to the supplemental agreement, dated May 6, 1981, was executed by Hoffman, Hunters Glen, and usf&g indicating that the benefits inuring to Hoffman under the supplemental agreement would be extended to usf&g as an inducement for usf&g’s issuance of the payment and performance bonds.
As a result of financial instability, Hunters Glen filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in April, 1983. As part of Hunters Glen’s plan of reorganization, a purchase agreement was entered into on June 30, 1983, between Hunters Glen and Northern Capital, Inc., as nominee for Hunters Pointe, which agreement was approved by the bankruptcy court by order dated August 15, 1983. Although the plan of reorganization was accepted by Hoffman, usf&g was not a party to the bankruptcy proceedings, did not receive direct notice from the bankruptcy court as to any issue, and did not participate in any of the bankruptcy court hearings concerning the project. At a closing which took place on October 13, 1983, Hunters Pointe closed the hud mortgage and acquired fee simple title to the project from Hunters Glen. Hunters Pointe concedes that Hoffman was never paid in full for its limited partnership interest in Hunters Glen. By assignment dated October 17, 1983, all assets of Hunters Glen were assigned to Hunters Pointe.
As a result of numerous alleged defects in the construction of the apartment complex, plaintiff filed suit, on November 28, 1984, against both Hoffman, as contractor, and usf&g, as surety, under the performance bond. On February 5, 1988, the trial court granted summary disposition in favor of usf&g on the basis that, as a surety, it was discharged from liability when the construction contract and performance bond were assigned from Hunters Glen to Hunters Pointe without the express consent of usf&g. Plaintiff proceeded to trial against Hoffman and, on May 4, 1988, a judgment was entered awarding Hunters Pointe damages in the amount of $453,813 against Hoffman plus interest of $186,946.08 and costs of $12,448.77. Plaintiff now appeals, asserting that the lower court’s order of summary disposition in favor of usf&g was in error.
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred in ruling that plaintiff’s failure to obtain the consent of usf&g to the assignment of the construction contract and performance bond operated to discharge usf&g as surety under the performance bond. We agree.
Usf&g was not a party to the construction contract and its consent to an assignment of the contract by the original owner, Hunters Glen, was not necessary. Article 9, ¶ A provided for an assignment of the contract by Hoffman or Hunters Glen with the prior consent of the other party, but consent of the surety, usf&g, was not required under the contract. Additionally, the performance bond contained no express prohibition against an assignment of rights under the bond by Hunters Glen. In fact, ¶ 5 of the bond contemplated the continuation of the surety’s liability to an assignee of Hunters Glen.
A prejudicial change in obligations or duties is necessary to discharge a paid surety from liability. Chris Nelson & Son, Inc v Atlas Concrete Pipe, Inc, 84 Mich App 29, 32-33; 269 NW2d 295 (1978), lv den 404 Mich 818 (1979); Miller Industries, Inc v Cadillac State Bank, 40 Mich App 52, 59; 198 NW2d 433 (1972), lv den 387 Mich 812 (1972).
In Chris Nelson & Son, Inc, supra at 32, this Court, quoting 13 Couch, Insurance (2d ed), § 47:97, stated:
"A bond executed by a bonding company in business for profit, which guarantees the performance of a construction company contract in existence, is assignable where it contains no evidence that the right to have it performed shall not be assignable.”
This Court held that, in the absence of prejudice to the defendant surety, the assignment of the performance bond by the promisee did not discharge the defendant’s liability as surety. Id. at 32-33.
In the present case, the surety, usf&g, was not a party to the construction contract and its consent to an assignment of the contract by Hunters Glen was not required. Also, the performance bond did not expressly prohibit an assignment by Hunters Glen. Furthermore, we find no prejudice to usf&g as a result of the assignment by Hunters Glen to Hunters Pointe. In this case, the assignment of the construction contract and bond from a bankrupt obligee to a new obligee with available funds to fulfill the terms of the construction contract was in no way prejudicial to usf&g. Therefore, we find that the trial court erred in granting summary disposition to usf&g on the basis that usf&g’s liability as surety was discharged by the assignment.
On appeal, defendant usf&g argues that it should be relieved of its obligations under the bond due to a breach of contract by the owner in failing to make proper payments, due to the principal’s full performance, and due to plaintiff’s filing of the complaint after the period of limitation had expired. Plaintiff argues that usf&g was not relieved of its bond obligations on these grounds. However, we do not address these remaining issues on ap peal since the trial court made no determination on these issues in its disposition of the case. Our review is limited to issues actually decided by the trial court. Michigan Mutual Ins Co v American Community Mutual Ins Co, 165 Mich App 269, 277; 418 NW2d 455 (1987), lv den 430 Mich 884 (1988). Accordingly, we remand to the trial court for further proceedings in which a determination shall be made on each of these remaining issues.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction. | [
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Per Curiam.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of armed robbery, MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797. Defendant was sentenced to twenty to forty years in prison and appeals as of right. We reverse.
On December 12, 1986, at about 10:30 p.m., the fourteen-year-old complainant was waiting for a bus at the corner of Seven Mile Road and Greenfield Road, in Detroit, Michigan. Complainant saw two men standing nearby. One of the men, whom complainant later identified as defendant, walked up to complainant and grabbed him by his collar. Defendant stated "give it up.” Defendant had his other hand in his coat pocket and it looked like he was holding a gun. The other man hit complainant on the head with a gun. Complainant was not coherent after he was hit. The men took complainant’s gray sheepskin coat, hat, gloves, and $30 and ran away. Complainant flagged down a police car and told the police officers that he had just been robbed.
At the time of the robbery, defendant was wearing a beige sheepskin jacket, a hat, and Lotto gym shoes. After the police officers picked up complainant, they drove him around the neighborhood of the robbery. While they were driving around, complainant saw defendant and recognized his coat, hat, and gym shoes. The police officers stopped the car and arrested defendant. Defendant did not have a weapon and was not in possession of any of the articles stolen from complainant. Defendant was then placed in the same police car with complainant for several minutes.
Complainant was then taken to the hospital. Complainant had a cut and swelling around his right eye and suffered some dizziness. He also suffered short-term memory loss and his memory was not fully restored for several days. One of the police officers, Ralph Hunsaker, noticed complainant’s memory loss. Officer Hunsaker testified that complainant was sketchy about his own identification, such as his address and phone number, and could not remember what he initially told the police officers. Complainant identified defendant as one of his assailants at a subsequent lineup and at trial.
At trial, defendant denied robbing complainant. He also denied being at the scene of the robbery on the evening of December 12, 1986. Defendant testified that he was going to visit a friend at the time he was arrested. On cross-examination, the prosecutor impeached defendant with evidence of his prior convictions.
On appeal, defendant first argues that the impeachment with evidence of his prior convictions was improper and denied him a fair trial.
In People v Allen, 429 Mich 558; 420 NW2d 499 (1988), the Supreme Court resolved the diflferent interpretations of the application of MRE 609(a) to the practice of impeaching criminal defendants with evidence of prior convictions. In Allen, the Court set forth a more specific procedure for the exercise of discretion under the then-present MRE 609(a). In addition, the Court promulgated an amendment to MRE 609(a) to apply to all cases tried after March 1, 1988. The Allen Court further declared that its clarified balancing test is to be applied retroactively to all cases pending on initial and direct appeal in which the issue of impeachment by prior conviction under the then-existing MRE 609(a) has been raised and preserved. Allen, supra, p 609. Since the instant appeal is such a case, we must review the trial court’s decision to admit evidence of defendant’s prior convictions under the clarified balancing test set forth in Allen.
In explaining the balancing test, the Supreme Court stated:
In sum, the trial judge’s first task, under the amended MRE 609, will be to determine whether the crime contains elements of dishonesty or false statement. If so, it would be admitted without further consideration. If not, then the judge must determine whether the crime contains an element of theft. If it is not a theft crime, then it is to be excluded from evidence without further consideration. If it is a theft crime and it is punishable by more than one year’s imprisonment, the trial judge would exercise his discretion in determining the admissibility of the evidence by examining the degree of probativeness and prejudice inherent in the admission of the prior conviction. For purposes of the probativeness side of the equation, only an objective analysis of the degree to which the crime is indicative of veracity and the vintage of the conviction would be considered, not either party’s need for the evidence. For purposes of the prejudice factor, only the similarity to the charged offense and the importance of the defendant’s testimony to the decisional process would be considered. The prejudice factor would, of course, escalate with increased similarity and increased importance of the testimony to the decisional process. Finally, unless the probativeness outweighs the prejudice, the prior conviction would be inadmissible. [429 Mich 605-606.]
Defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing him to be impeached with evidence of his prior conviction for entry without the owner’s permission, MCL 750.115; MSA 28.310. We agree. Under the Allen balancing test, this prior offense does not contain elements of dishonesty, false statement, or theft and should have been excluded from the evidence. Furthermore, we find that this improper impeachment was not harmless since the prosecutor’s case against defendant was not overwhelming and a reasonable juror could have voted to acquit defendant if he had not been impeached. Allen, supra, p 612.
Defendant further contends that he was improperly impeached with evidence of a prior conviction for a crime that he did not commit.
In the examination or cross-examination of any witness, no inquiry may be made regarding prior arrests or charges against such witness which did not result in conviction. Neither may such witness be examined with reference to higher original charges which have not resulted in conviction, whether by plea or trial. People v Falkner, 389 Mich 682, 695; 209 NW2d 193 (1973). A trial court cannot exercise its discretion to permit impeachment by a conviction that does not exist. People v West, 408 Mich 332, 341; 291 NW2d 48 (1980).
In this case, defendant was impeached by the prosecutor on cross-examination with evidence that he was previously convicted of two counts of attempted receiving and concealing of stolen property over the value of $100. However, the record reveals that defendant was only previously convicted of one count of attempted receiving and concealing of stolen property.
We find that the impeachment of defendant with a second count of attempted receiving and concealing of stolen property, which did not result in conviction, was error. Moreover, we do not believe that such error was harmless in this case. Allen, supra. Defendant’s testimony was of significant importance in this case and impeachment with an additional count of the prior offense may have caused the jury to further doubt defendant’s testimony.
Defendant also argues that the verdict in this case was invalid because the jury was not properly impaneled and sworn in. We agree.
In People v Pribble, 72 Mich App 219, 224; 249 NW2d 363 (1976), this Court, in discussing the oath that must be administered to jurors, stated:
The required oath is not a mere "formality” which is required only by tradition. The oath represents a solemn promise on the part of each juror to do his duty according to the dictates of the law to see that justice is done. This duty is not just a final duty to render a verdict in accordance with the law, but the duty to act in accordance with the law at all stages of trial. The oath is administered to insure that the jurors pay attention to the evidence, observe the credibility and demeanor of the witnesses and conduct themselves at all times as befits one holding such an important position. The oath is designed to protect the fundamental right of trial by an impartial jury.
In this case, after the trial court originally administered the oath to the jurors, a juror informed the court that he knew complainant’s father and could not be impartial. The trial judge excused the juror and gave defendant the option of continuing with eleven jurors. Defendant rejected that option and demanded a jury of twelve. Outside the presence of the jury, the trial court declared a mistrial. The court later informed the jury that a mistrial had been declared. Instead of selecting twelve new potential jurors, the trial judge decided to bring the remaining original jurors back. Subsequently, another juror was excused by the trial court. Thereafter, two additional jurors were selected and the oath was administered only to the two new jurors. The remaining ten jurors were not given the oath again after the mistrial.
The declaration of a mistrial renders nugatory all trial proceedings with the same result as if there had been no trial at all. People v Hamm, 100 Mich App 429, 435; 298 NW2d 896 (1980), lv den 411 Mich 888 (1981). The situation which exists is analogous to that which results from an appellate reversal and remand for a new trial. Id.
In the instant case, the declaration of a mistrial rendered all prior trial proceedings invalid as if there had been no trial at all. Therefore, the remaining ten jurors from the first trial should have been given the oath again when they were impaneled as jurors for the second trial. The required oath is necessary to protect the defendant’s fundamental right of trial by an impartial jury. Pribble, supra.
Based upon our review of the record, we find that none of defendant’s remaining issues require reversal. In light of our resolution of this case, we will not fully address them.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial. We do not retain jurisdiction. | [
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Danhof, C.J.
Plaintiff herein filed a complaint against defendants alleging breach of an employment contract. Plaintiff alleged that he had two jobs in Ann Arbor, Michigan, providing him with a net average income of $600 per week, which he quit in order to work for defendant Real Food Company. Plaintiff’s complaint states that defendant Dierkes promised plaintiff a three year employment contract, a salary of $400 per week, and a percentage interest in defendant corporation that would increase with each year of employment. The agreement also provided that plaintiff would not be discharged without good cause. Plaintiff relocated his family to Jackson, Michigan, in reliance upon defendant Dierkes’ promise. While performing under the agreement, plaintiff requested several times that defendant reduce the contract to writing. Defendant allegedly assured plaintiff that a writing was forthcoming. After two months of employment, plaintiff was discharged. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1) was granted by the trial court, which found a violation of the statute of frauds. MCL 566.132; MSA 26.922. Plaintiff presently appeals as of right.
Plaintiff alleges on appeal that the trial court erred by granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment, because defendants should have been equitably estopped from pleading the statute of frauds as a defense to plaintiff’s complaint. We agree and reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to defendants.
The Michigan statute of frauds, MCL 566.132; MSA 26.922, provides in pertinent part:
"In the following cases an agreement, contract or promise shall be void, unless that agreement, contract, or promise, or a note or memorandum thereof is in writing and signed by the party to be charged therewith, or by a person authorized by him:
"(a) An agreement that, by its terms, is not to be performed within 1 year from the making thereof.”
Since plaintiffs alleged contract for employment with defendant was for three years, the above-quoted statute requires that the contract be in writing to be enforceable.
Under certain circumstances, where it would be inequitable to apply the statute of frauds, a party may be estopped from pleading the statute of frauds as a defense. Promissory estoppel arises where the following elements are present:
"(1) a promise, (2) that the promisor should reasonably have expected to induce action of a definite and substantial character on the part of the promisee, (3) which in fact produced reliance or forbearance of that nature, (4) in circumstances such that the promise must be enforced if injustice is to be avoided.” McMath v Ford Motor Co, 77 Mich App 721, 725; 259 NW2d 140 (1977).
We find that plaintiff has sufficiently alleged all of the elements of promissory estoppel. If the evidence at trial supports plaintiffs allegations, the reliance by plaintiff on defendants’ promise would be sufficient to estop defendants from raising the statute of frauds as a defense to plaintiffs action.
Plaintiff here alleged a promise by defendants to employ plaintiff for three years at a salary of $400 per week, with an interest in defendant corporation, such interest to increase with each year of employment. This promise was definite and clear, as is required to support an estoppel. McMath, supra. Defendants’ promise to employ plaintiff was for a specific period, three years, at a fixed sum, $400 per week, and included additional compensation in the form of an interest in the corporation, which was to increase with time. This promise does not suffer from the same indefiniteness as the promise in McMath, relied upon by defendants. In McMath, plaintiff alleged that he resigned his rank of Brigadier General in the Air National Guard because of assurances from defendant that he need not worry about the income he would lose by leaving the Guard because defendant would take care of him and he would have no future economic worries. The promise here was much more specific, and was apparently intended to induce plaintiff to leave his current employment and work for defendants.
We agree with defendants’ contention that plaintiff’s termination of his employment in Ann Arbor was insufficient alone to bar application of the statute of frauds. Some additional reliance is necessary. See Rowe v Noren Pattern & Foundry Co, 91 Mich App 254; 283 NW2d 713 (1979), lv den 409 Mich 880 (1980); Schipani v Ford Motor Co, 102 Mich App 606, 615; 302 NW2d 307 (1981); Pursell v Wolverine-Pentronix, Inc, 44 Mich App 416; 205 NW2d 504 (1973). We find, however, that the additional factors present are sufficient to estop defendants from asserting the statute of frauds as a defense. Here plaintiff’s complaint alleges relinquishment of two other jobs and relocation of his family, the promise of a definite salary for a definite time, plus a percentage ownership in defendant corporation and the representation by defendants that the contract would be reduced to writing. We find these allegations to be sufficient for the application of promissory estoppel. The trial court erred by granting summary judgment to defendants.
Reversed and remanded. Plaintiff may tax costs.
Bronson, J., concurred. | [
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Hood, P.J.
Defendants appeal by leave granted from decisions of the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board (WCAB) awarding benefits to plaintiffs.
Relying on the standards given in Deziel v Difco Laboratories, Inc (After Remand), 403 Mich 1; 268 NW2d 1 (1978), the WCAB awarded the plaintiffs compensation due to mental disabilities. The cases are consolidated on appeal to address a common issue: whether the WCAB erred by applying the Deziel standards rather than retroactively applying MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301X2).
In Deziel, the Court interpreted § 301 of the Worker’s Disability Compensation Act (act) and set out this test for determining a compensable disability:
"1) Is the claimant disabled?
"2) If so, is the claimant disabled on account of some 'personal injury’?
"3) Did the claimant’s employment aggravate, accelerate, or combine with some internal weakness or disease to produce the personal injury?
"If those questions are answered in the affirmative and supported by the record, the decision maker must then find as a matter of law that the claimant had a personal injury, which arose out of the employment, and that compensation must be awarded.
"By the same token, if there is support for a negative answer to any of the questions, compensation may not be awarded.” Deziel, supra, pp 10-11.
The Deziel case introduced an "honest perception” standard to determine mental disabilities using the above three-question test. A claimant is entitled to compensation if the claimant factually establishes that he or she honestly perceives that some personal injury occurred in the course of the claimant’s employment which caused the disability, even though the claimant’s subjective perception of the personal injury might be mistaken. See Joseph, Causation in Workers’ Compensation Mental Disability Cases: The Michigan Experience, 27 Wayne L Rev 1079 (1981).
Apparently in response to this expansive or liberal interpretation of § 301, the Legislature amended that section as part of a comprehensive revision of the act, 1980 PA 357. The amendment to § 301 became effective January 1, 1982, and provides:
"Mental disabilities and conditions of the aging process, including but not limited to heart and cardiovascular conditions, shall be compensable if contributed to or aggravated or accelerated by the employment in a significant manner. Mental disabilities shall be compensable when arising out of actual events of employment, not unfounded perceptions thereof’. MCL 418.301(2); MSA 17.237(301X2).
Both Norwin’s and Gate’s injuries occurred prior to January 1, 1982. Nevertheless, the defendants argue that the amended § 301 applies retroactively. We disagree and, thus, find the WCAB correctly applied the law in effect, Deziel, supra, at the time plaintiffs’ injuries occurred. Cooper v Chrysler Corp, 125 Mich App 811, 822; 336 NW2d 877 (1983).
A statute should be applied retroactively if the Legislature intends that result. See Franks v White Pine Copper Division, Copper Range Co, 122 Mich App 177, 183; 332 NW2d 447 (1982). As a general rule, statutes are given prospective effect unless the Legislature indicates its intent that the statute be given retroactive effect. Selk v Detroit Plastic Products, 120 Mich App 135, 143; 328 NW2d 15 (1982), aff'd 419 Mich 1 (1984).
There is no language in amended § 301(2) that states it applies retroactively. However, there is language in the amending act that shows that the Legislature intended the amended § 301 to have only prospective effect. The amendment was part of 1980 PA 357. Despite legislative approval and passage of that act in December, 1980, the effective date of § 301(2) was expressly postponed by the Legislature until January 1, 1982. 1980 PA 357, § 3. See Franks, supra, p 183.
Nevertheless, defendants argue that retroactive application of § 301(2) is required because § 301 has only remedial or procedural effect. Defendants rely on the rule that statutes that have remedial or procedural rather than substantive effect generally are held retroactive since there is no right to keep procedural law unchanged and free of amendment. Ballog v Knight Newspapers, Inc, 381 Mich 527, 533-534; 164 NW2d 19 (1969); Hansen-Snyder Co v General Motors Corp, 371 Mich 480; 124 NW2d 286 (1963). Franks, supra, p 185.
Section 301(2) is not procedural in character. Rather, that section grants workers in this state the right to compensation for mental disabilities under certain circumstances. Therefore, it is substantive in nature. Also, if amended § 301(2) is at all "remedial”, it is so only in the sense that it was arguably adopted to clarify the causation requirement of a compensable mental disability as interpreted by the Court in Deziel, supra.
Even if we were to accept defendants’ argument that amended § 301(2) is remedial in effect because it corrects an overexpansive view by the Supreme Court of compensable mental disabilities, we would not find the amendment retroactive in effect. The Michigan cases which give retroactive effect to remedial workers’ compensation legislation do so when the result is beneficial to the worker. See, e.g., McAvoy v HB Sherman Co, 401 Mich 419; 258 NW2d 414 (1977); Cichecki v City of Hamtramck, 382 Mich 428; 170 NW2d 58 (1969); Freij v St Peters Evangelical Lutheran Church, 72 Mich App 456; 250 NW2d 78 (1976). To give remedial legislation that benefits workers retroactive effect furthers the purpose of the act. The intended beneficiary of the act is the employee, not the employer. Wilson v Doehler-Jarvis Division of National Lead Co, 358 Mich 510, 515-516; 100 NW2d 226 (1960). Because defendants’ interpretation of amended § 301(2) is remedial in a manner that benefits employers, the retroactivity rule would not apply.
For the foregoing reasons, we presume that the Legislature intended § 301(2) to have only prospective effect.
We next address the issues raised individually by defendants.
Norwin
The WCAB found that Norwin had pre-existing psychological problems when Ford Motor Company hired him as a patternmaker in May, 1973. On June 20, 1977, a co-worker struck Norwin on the head. Plaintiff received minor physical injuries from this blow. However, as a result of that blow plaintiff began to miss work due to fear of assault, gastritis, and headaches among other things. Nor-win’s treating physician testified that Norwin had a minor emotional disorder, a disabling anxiety neurosis. Two psychiatrists testified that they diagnosed Norwin’s condition as anxiety neurosis and theorized that the June 20, 1977, assault upon Norwin had affected Norwin’s ability to function. The WCAB opinion states:
"[W]e find that plaintiff received a work-related injury on June 20, 1977, that resulted in a mental disability, compensable under the standard of Deziel v Difco Laboratories, Inc, 403 Mich 1 (1978). His pre-existing mental condition, which heretofore had affected only his personal life, was aggravated by events at work to produce a personal injury and resulting partial disability; plaintiff is less able to perform in his skill as a result of that injury”.
Ford Motor Company argues that the WCAB did not apply the correct legal standard of disability to the facts in this case. The real question Ford raises is whether there is any competent evidence to support the WCAB findings. The WCAB’s findings are conclusive if supported by competent, material, and substantial evidence in the record. Const 1963, art 6, § 28; Dressler v Grand Rapids Die Casting Corp, 402 Mich 243, 250-251; 262 NW2d 629 (1978). We find competent evidence on the record to support the WCAB’s findings.
Ford Motor Company also challenges the WCAB’s grant of 12% interest on Norwin’s September 16, 1982, award from the date the compensation became due. MCL 418.801(5); MSA 17.237(801)(5). Ford argues that the 12% rate became effective by amendment on January 1, 1982, and should only apply to compensation due after that date. For the reasons stated in Selk, supra, we reject this argument and affirm the WCAB’s interpretation of § 801(5) of the act.
Gates
The WCAB found that Mary Gates, a housekeeper at Saginaw Community Hospital, injured her wrist when she bumped it against a cart while working in May, 1977. Later that month, Gates had surgery performed on that wrist. She returned to favored work in September, 1977, and continued doing that favored work until March 2, 1978, her last day of work. On that day, Gates’s supervisor assigned her to her regular duties which Gates said she was unable to perform.
Gates began treatment with a psychiatrist in April, 1978. She told the doctor she had problems with her nerves because of several factors most of which related to traumatic events in her personal life, but which also included work-related depression precipitated by the wrist injury. The psychiatrist testified that Gates suffered from a depressive neurosis and believed that any number of her experiences or a combination of them could be responsible for the depression.
The hospital argues that the WCAB did not properly apply the Deziel, supra, test. We disagree. A compensable mental disability need not be caused solely by a work-related trauma. Rather, a claimant must honestly perceive that work-related factors aggravated, accelerated, or combined with pre-existing weaknesses to produce disability. The claimant must associate a work-related event with the onset of mental disability.
The WCAB member writing the majority opinion stated:
"[W]e are persuaded that plaintiff 'honestly perceived’ both that her continuing pain was causally related to her work injury and that her inability to resume her regular (occupational) housekeeping duties was as the result of that pain. We are further persuaded that plaintiff, despite the fact that she is psychiatrically unsophisticated and despite her inability to recognize the true extent of her depression, 'honestly perceived’ that her depression, which all the experts felt was of disabling proportions, was, at least in part, related to the pain she was experiencing. This latter conclusion was based in large measure on her treating psychiatrist’s affirmative assessment of her sincerity in that regard. Additionally, we are persuaded that her injury, her surgery, her persistent pain thereafter contributed to her underlying and seemingly non-work precipitated depression and played a causal role in the ultimate psychological disability found by all three of the experts testifying in the instant cause.”
The concurring WCAB member agreed that the expert witness found Gates emotionally disabled by depression. Although work events were not solely responsible for that disabling depression, that WCAB member found that events at work flowing from Gates’s May, 1977, wrist injury "contributed to her disability, and that she was disabled as of her last day worked”.
We find that the WCAB correctly applied the Deziel, supra, test to find that Gates suffered from a compensable mental disability.
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Per Curiam.
The parties in this matter obtained a judgment of divorce in 1983. A motion to terminate alimony payments was filed in 1985. The authority of the circuit court to terminate such payments was decided by this Court in a prior appeal which remanded the case for an evidentiary hearing as to a possible change of circumstances affecting the defendant. Zimmerman v Zimmerman, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, decided October 21, 1986 (Docket No. 85341).
On remand, the defendant sought to depose plaintiff’s former attorney to establish the intentions of the parties concerning alimony during the original settlement negotiations. On August 3, 1987, an order was entered in the circuit court in response to the motion to terminate alimony. That order held the motion in abeyance "pending an interlocutory appeal.” The circuit court order concluded by providing "[tjhat the court specifically authorizes that an interlocutory appeal may be taken in this matter for the purposes of determining whether Kenneth Martin, an attorney at law, shall be allowed to testify and answer questions relative to negotiations of the initial divorce action which was filed in this matter.”
A claim of appeal as of right, and not an application for leave to appeal, was filed in this Court. However, the order appealed from is not a final order which will support a claim of appeal.
The Court of Appeals has jurisdiction over all final judgments of the circuit courts. MCL 600.308 MSA 27A.308. A claim of appeal as of right is available from a final judgment or final order; an appeal from an order which is not a final judg ment is available only by an application for leave to appeal. MCR 7.203(A) and (B).
The nature of a postjudgment order from which a claim of appeal is available was discussed by the Supreme Court in Gherardini v Ford Motor Co, 394 Mich 430; 231 NW2d 643 (1975). In that case, a postjudgment order awarding attorney fees was held to be appealable as of right. The Court determined that such an order "affected with finality rights of the parties and was, therefore, appealable as of right.” 394 Mich 431. This Court in Gove v Gove, 71 Mich App 431; 248 NW2d 573 (1976), applied Gherardini to a postjudgment order involving attorney fees.
In the present case, the order appealed from merely held the motion to terminate alimony in abeyance and encouraged an interlocutory appeal. The order did not "affect with finality rights of the parties,” but rather by its own terms recognized that the order was interlocutory in nature. An interlocutory order, even if a postdivorce judgment order, which does not affect with finality the rights of the parties is not a final order appealable as a matter of right by claim of appeal. Such an order is appealable only by application for leave to appeal.
The claim of appeal is dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff appeals as of right from the circuit court’s order granting defendants’ motion for attorney fees pursuant to MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16)(3) and $4,110 pursuant to MCR 2.405. We affirm.
Plaintiff initially offered defendants $20,000 for the property it condemned. MCL 213.55(1); MSA 8.265(5)(1). Subsequently, defendants made an offer to stipulate to entry of judgment in the amount of $22,000. Plaintiff rejected defendants’ offer to stip ulate to entry of judgment and made a counteroffer to stipulate to entry of judgment in the amount of $16,500. Defendants rejected the counteroffer. After a jury trial, defendants were awarded $35,000.
Subsequently, defendants moved for attorney fees pursuant to MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16X3) and MCR 2.405. MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16)(3) provides:
If the amount finally determined to be just compensation for the property acquired exceeds the amount of the written offer as defined in section 5, the court shall order reimbursement in whole or in part to the owner by the agency of the owner’s reasonable attorney’s fees, but not in excess of V3 of the amount by which the ultimate award exceeds the agency’s written offer as defined by section 5. The reasonableness of the owner’s attorney’s fees shall be determined by the court.
Before this section was enacted, only nominal attorney fees were available. Transportation Dep’t v DiMatteo, 136 Mich App 15, 17; 355 NW2d 622 (1984), lv den 421 Mich 857 (1985). Hence, the property owner challenging an initial condemnation offer was left without his property and substantially less than just compensation because he had to pay most of his attorney fees. Id. at 17-18. Thus, MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16)(3) was enacted to assure the landowner would receive the amount awarded as just compensation for his property. Id. at 18. The present statute also acts as a performance incentive for attorneys because the fee awarded is proportional to the result achieved. Id. at 17. Under this statute, defendants claim that they are entitled to one-third of all amounts recovered in excess of $16,500 provided that their attorney’s fee remains reasonable.
MCR 2.405(D) provides:
(1) If the adjusted verdict is more favorable to the offeror than the average offer, the offeree must pay to the offeror the offeror’s actual costs incurred in the prosecution or defense of the action.
# # #
(3) The court shall determine the actual costs incurred. The court may in the interest of justice, refuse to award an attorney fee under this rule.
(5) Proceedings under this rule do not affect a contract or relationship between a party and his or her attorney.
An adjusted verdict is the verdict plus interest and costs from the filing of the complaint through the date of the offer. MCR 2.405(A)(5). The verdict is the amount awarded by the jury, excluding costs and interest. MCR 2.405(A)(4). An average offer is the sum of the offer and counteroffer divided by two. MCR 2.405(A)(3). Actual costs are costs and fees taxable in a civil action and a reasonable attorney fee for services necessitated by the failure to stipulate to the entry of judgment. MCR 2.405(A)(6). The purpose of MCR 2.405 is to encourage settlements and avoid protracted litigation. Sanders v Monical Machinery Co, 163 Mich App 689, 691-692; 415 NW2d 276 (1987). Under this statute, defendants claimed that they were entitled to $5,670 (i.e., twenty-one hours of attorney’s work from the time the offer to stipulate to entry of judgment was made multiplied by an hourly fee of $270).
Plaintiff objected to defendants’ request, claiming that MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16X3) controlled the award of attorney fees in condemnation cases and that defendants had offered no evidence that their attorney fees were reasonable.
Defendants’ attorney then submitted an affidavit stating that he received $270 per hour when paid by the government. Defendants’ attorney also attached a sheet, showing that he had spent 27.4 hours on defendants’ case since the offer to stipulate to judgment had been rejected. Defendants’ attorney further attached a fee agreement showing that defendants had agreed to pay him one-third of the difference between the first written offer and the final award. The agreement noted that any amount awarded pursuant to MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16)(3) would be credited against the fee owed.
Plaintiff then filed a supplemental brief, arguing that MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16X3) controlled. Plaintiff further argued that defendants did not incur any actual costs in proceeding to trial because their obligation to pay attorney fees was limited by their fee agreement with counsel. Plaintiff claimed that allowing defendants to recover fees under both MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16X3) and MCR 2.405 would be double dipping.
At the hearing on defendants’ motion the trial court ruled that defendants were entitled to attorney fees under both MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16X3) and MCR 2.405. The court found that to hold otherwise would not serve the court rule’s purpose of discouraging litigation. The court then found that a fee of $150 per hour was reasonable.
Eventually, the court entered an order awarding defendants an attorney fee of one-third of the difference between the ultimate award and the original written offer pursuant to MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16)(3) and an attorney fee of $4,110 pursuant to MCR 2.405.
On appeal, plaintiff again claims that MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16)(3) provides the exclusive basis for awarding attorney fees in condemnation actions. Plaintiff notes that MCL 213.52(1); MSA 8.265(2)(1) provides in part:
All laws and court rules applicable to civil actions shall apply to condemnation proceedings except as otherwise provided in this act.
Defendants rely on the same portion of MCL 213.52(1); MSA 8.265(2)(1) and claim that both MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16X3) and MCR 2.405 should apply because MCR 2.405 was enacted to further the goal of encouraging settlements rather than ensuring just compensation for the landowner, the purpose of MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16)(3). Defendants note that the court rule was substantially revised after the statute was enacted.
In Kondratek v Auto Club Ins Ass’n, 163 Mich App 634; 414 NW2d 903 (1987), the plaintiff was awarded attorney fees pursuant to MCL 500.3148; MSA 24.13148 because her insurer unreasonably refused to pay her claim as well as attorney fees pursuant to MCR 2.403(0) because the defendant rejected mediation. This Court held that the statute was intended to assure prompt payment to the injured party and, therefore, to penalize an insurer who unreasonably refused to make payments. This Court also held that the purpose of the court rule was to place the burden of litigation costs on the party who insisted on trial by rejecting a proposed mediation award. This Court then held the recovery of fees under the statute and the court rule was appropriate because each served an independent purpose.
Given our previous discussion of the purposes of the statute and the court rule, we agree with the trial court that the imposition of attorney fees under both is appropriate; otherwise, the court rule’s purpose of encouraging settlements and avoiding protracted litigation will not be served. Moreover, we agree with defendants’ argument that MCR 2.405 was intended to apply in condemnation cases as well as in other civil cases.
Plaintiff also claims that defendants have not incurred any actual costs as described in MCR 2.405(D)(1) because their attorney fees were limited by their fee agreement to the amount plaintiff was required to pay pursuant to MCL 213.66(3); MSA 8.265(16)(3). We reject plaintiff’s argument given the language and the purpose of the rule.
Finally, plaintiff claims that "an award of attorney fees, beyond reasonable attorney fees, is not authorized.” Plaintiff again argues that the statute is the exclusive authority for awarding fees in condemnation cases. We have rejected this argument above. Plaintiff then argues that an award of attorney fees pursuant to MCR 2.405 results in the landowner receiving more than the just compensation he is entitled to pursuant to Const 1963, art 10, § 2. This issue is not preserved for appeal. Petterman v Haverhill Farms, Inc, 125 Mich App 30, 33-34; 335 NW2d 710 (1983). Plaintiff ends by claiming that defendants are being reimbursed twice for the same legal services. To the extent this may be true, we reiterate our agreement with the trial court that to hold otherwise would negate the purpose of the court rule.
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Beasley, J.
Defendant, E & L Transport Company, appeals as of right from a November 20, 1986, jury verdict in favor of plaintiff, Clydean Brunson, on her Civil Rights Act claim. In this gender discrimination case, the jury awarded plaintiff $120,000 for lost wages, $80,000 for emotional damages and, after a workers’ compensation setoff of $33,179.36, $76,925.16 for prejudgment interest. Plaintiff was also awarded attorney fees and costs, for a total award of $275,000.80. On appeal, we affirm.
Plaintiff’s sexual discrimination claim arises out of her unsuccessful efforts to become a truck driver for defendant. Defendant is in the business of transporting new cars to car dealers. In 1977, plaintiff began working for defendant as a "driveaway.” This job entailed driving new cars, individually, from defendant’s yard directly to car dealers. Defendant also employed "truck drivers” who transported cars on semi-trailer car haulers. Defendant’s requirement for entry into truck driving positions—more specifically, into its truck driver trainee program—was either two years truck driving experience or graduation from an accredited truck driving school. Between 1977 and 1979, a third group of employees, "yard workers,” who organized cars in the yard for loading onto the haulers, convinced defendant to waive its regular hiring criteria for those yard workers who wished to transfer into truck driving positions. For such yard workers, only an "easy” qualifying road test would be required. All those who took this test, apparently, passed it.
In 1979, several female driveaway employees, including plaintiff, inquired about being accorded the same transfer-waiver for truck driving positions as had been given the yard workers. They were told to go home, bake pies and change diapers. As a result of a grievance filed by the driveaways, they won the same right to test for truck driving positions as had been given the yard workers.
However, while this grievance was pending, defendant began to prospectively "move its hiring requirements into compliance with [Department of Transportation regulations].” Out of twenty-five driveaways exercising their new-found opportunity to test for truck driver positions, only two, one male and one female, passed the new, stricter, yet largely subjective, road test thereafter utilized by defendant. Plaintiff was among those who allegedly failed the test. Several driveaways, including plaintiff, then successfully completed an accredited truck driving course. In November, 1980, plaintiff again took the road test given by defendant and, again, was told she had failed.
Due to the statute of limitations, the November, 1980, test failure is the first event of sex discrimination claimed by plaintiff, any earlier discrimination being time barred.
Plaintiff filed a grievance and defendant was directed to retest her. This test occurred on February 26, 1981. The test was administered by Warren Morris, one of defendant’s truck drivers. It was the only such test that Morris had ever given. Morris testified that he "had some reservations as to whether or not [defendant] was receptive [to the prospect of women drivers].” Morris failed to check either "satisfactory” or "unsatisfactory” at the end of the road test form he utilized, saying he chose to "pass the buck.”
Plaintiff was tested again in March of 1981. The test was administered by Kenneth Bennett, defendant’s Director of Safety. Plaintiff testified that, during the test, Bennett at length expressed surprise at plaintiff’s desire to become a truck driver, since "it was no job for a woman” and "under no circumstances would he ever allow his wife to become a truck driver,” and, further, expressed wonderment at what was wrong with plaintiff’s husband "to allow [her] to even try to become a truck driver.” Bennett classified plaintiff’s test performance as unsatisfactory. Plaintiff then transferred from her driveaway job to being a yard worker.
In May, 1982, plaintiff responded to defendant’s posting of openings for truck drivers. Plaintiff’s request for a road test was denied, and the openings were filled by outside hires. Plaintiff tested one final time in June, 1984, again being told she had failed.
Meanwhile, on October 31, 1983, plaintiff filed the instant suit. As previously indicated, on November 20, 1986, the jury returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff, finding discrimination with respect to the last four road tests and the May, 1982, denial of the opportunity to take a road test.
On appeal, defendant first contends that the trial court erred in denying its motion for directed verdict. If the evidence, viewed in a light most favorable to the plaintiff, establishes a prima facie case, a defense motion for a directed verdict should be denied.
The Civil Rights Act provides, in pertinent part:
(1) An employer shall not:
(a) Fail or refuse to hire, or recruit, or discharge, or otherwise discriminate against an individual with respect to employment, compensation, or a term, condition, or privilege of employment, because of religion, race, color, national origin, age, sex, height, weight, or marital status.[ ]
To make a prima facie case of sex discrimination, the plaintiff must show that he or she is a member of a class protected under the act and that, for the same or similar conduct, he or she was treated differently than a member of the opposite sex. If the defendant employer asserts some legitimate nondiscriminatory reasons for the differing treatment, plaintiff must then show that the reasons asserted were a mere pretext for discrimination.
Viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to plaintiff, a fact finder could reasonably infer that plaintiff was treated differently on account of her sex, and that defendant’s proffered justification arising out of its attempt to institute prospective compliance with dot regulations was a mere pretext for discrimination, or that defendant’s determination that plaintiff was unqualified under the dot regulations was, itself, discriminatory.
We do not view this conclusion as foreclosed by plaintiff’s admission that she was not, at the time the tests were administered, able or ready to hit the open road in a fully loaded car hauler. The evidence presented revealed that, upon passing the test, defendant’s employees would undergo in-house training in the operation of the car haulers. Several male truck drivers employed by defendant testified that, prior to such training, they were not qualified to operate the car haulers, but that post-test training taught them what they needed to know. Indeed, defense counsel conceded this fact in arguing defendant’s motion for a directed verdict. The failure to train an employee to perform a particular job may itself form the basis for a civil rights claim where that failure constitutes disparate treatment.
In denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict, the trial court stated as follows:
Well, then, what you are saying is that if they were then violating, if they were violating [the dot regulations] as to her and violating it as to the males, then I suppose a finder of fact could conclude that the reason they chose not to violate it in regard to Mrs. Brunson is because she was a woman and there would be at least a question of fact as to that. There has been sufficient evidence placed in this record that convinces this Court that there is at least a question of fact when that evidence is taken in the best possible light for the non-moving party or the Plaintiff that one of the determinative factors was Mrs. Brunson’s sex.
As to the prima facie case, . . . that’s in a sense what they have to show regarding qualifications. But it appears to me that you are bootstrapping your case here. You are saying the reason she wasn’t qualified was because we said she wasn’t qualified. The reason she wasn’t qualified is because she flunked the test. The Plaintiff’s argument, of course, is she flunked the test not because she wasn’t qualified but because of sexual discrimination. So it is a bootstrap issue. The act of discrimination that is complained of at least in four separate instances is the failing of the test based not upon proper qualifications but upon sexual discrimination. No, there is enough in this record. I have to let it go to the jury. I would be remiss if I did not allow it to go to the jury.
We find no error in the denial of defendant’s motion for a directed verdict.
Second, defendant contends that plaintiffs gender discrimination claim is preempted by the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations governing qualification for interstate truck drivers. Specifically, defendant argues that conflict preemption, as distinguished from field preemption, exists here. Federal law may preempt state law to the extent that the state law actually conflicts with federal law, i.e., where compliance with both state and federal law is physically impossible or where the state law would thwart the purposes and objectives of the federal law.
Defendant argues that it would be impossible for it to comply with both the dot regulations and Michigan’s Civil Rights Act, as construed by the jury below. The dot regulations require motor carriers to employ only "qualified” drivers. Defendant argues that, since plaintiff was not qualified to operate a fully loaded car hauler, implementation of the Civil Rights Act would force defendant to employ an unqualified driver, contrary to the dictates of the dot. However, we believe that defendant’s argument overlooks the true basis for plaintiffs gender discrimination claim under the Civil Rights Act, namely, that defendant dished out disparate treatment in asserting plaintiff to be unqualified.
In Dep’t of Civil Rights ex rel Lanphar v A & C Carriers, we addressed the argument that dot regulations concerning driver qualifications preempted the Michigan Handicappers’ Civil Rights Act, stating:
[T]his is not a case of conflict preemption because compliance with the motor carriers safety regulations, 49 CFR 391.1 et seq., and the handicappers’ act is not a physical impossibility nor does the handicappers’ act stand as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the purpose and objective of the safety regulations. If an individual is not qualified under federal law to drive a motor carrier within interstate commerce, it cannot be a violation of the handicappers’ act to refuse to employ the individual as an interstate motor carrier driver.
In the instant case, there is similarly no conflict preemption. Compliance with both the dot regulations and the Civil Rights Act is not a physical impossibility, nor does the Civil Rights Act stand as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the regulations’ objectives and purposes. Plaintiff alleged and proved to the jury’s satisfaction that the manner in which the driving tests were conducted and judged by defendant exhibited disparate and discriminatory treatment based upon plaintiffs gender. Defendant could have complied with both the dot regulations and the Civil Rights Act simply by testing plaintiff in a fair and nondiscriminatory fashion. Accordingly, we find that plaintiffs claim is not preempted by the dot regulations.
Next, defendant contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting evidence of certain events occurring prior to November, 1980, for which any claim by plaintiff was time barred. We disagree. The decision whether to admit certain evidence is within the trial court’s sound discretion and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of discretion. Evidence that the defendant engaged in a long-term campaign or pattern of harassment or discrimination may properly be considered. Such evidence may constitute relevant background information illuminating later practices and, thus, revealing discriminatory motives.
In the within case, evidence of events prior to November, 1980, showed a pattern of discrimination against women and formed an important and necessary background to subsequent events. Thus, such evidence was admissible. Further, the trial court instructed the jury that this evidence was allowed for the limited purpose of establishing an historical context and that any finding of discrimination must be based upon events on or after November, 1980. Finally, we reject defendant’s claim that certain of the pre-November, 1980, evidence was irrelevant, inflammatory, or unfairly prejudicial. There was no abuse of discretion in admitting this evidence.
Defendant contends that the jury’s verdict was against the great weight of the evidence and that, therefore, the trial court erred in denying its motion for a new trial or judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The grant or denial of a motion for new trial is within the sound discretion of the trial court. However, the jury’s verdict should not be set aside where there is competent evidence to support it. In deciding a motion for a judgment notwithstanding the verdict, the evidence must be viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and the motion granted only when, as a matter of law, there is insufficient evidence to make an issue for the jury. We find no abuse of discretion in denial of the motion by the trial court. There was competent and sufficient evidence to support the jury’s finding that defendant acted in a discriminatory fashion toward plaintiff. The verdict was not against the great weight of the evidence.
Defendant also argues that the jury’s award of back pay was contrary to the great weight of the evidence since plaintiff was not qualified to drive a car hauler and, thus, sexual bias aside, could not have attained a truck driving position. However, plaintiff presented evidence indicating that, but for defendant’s discriminatory behavior, she would have been "qualified.” The jury verdict reflected that fact and was not contrary to the great weight of the evidence.
Next, defendant contends that the jury’s award of $80,000 for emotional damages was excessive. We do not substitute our judgment for that of the jury unless the verdict was secured by improper methods, prejudice, or sympathy, or where it is so excessive as to shock the conscience. Further, where a verdict is within the range of the evidence produced at trial, it should not be reversed as excessive. It is well established that victims of discrimination may recover for the humiliation, embarrassment, disappointment and other forms of mental anguish which result from the discrimination. In the within case, plaintiff testified that she was very upset after the treatment she received on each road test, that her distress had put strains on her marriage, and that she was treated by her physician and received medication for her nerves. The evidence to support these results may be found in the long history and obvious pattern of gender discrimination practiced upon plaintiff by defendant. Under the circumstances of this case, medical testimony substantiating plaintiffs claim was not required. We do not believe the jury’s award was excessive in this case.
Finally, defendant claims that the award of prejudgment interest from the date plaintiff filed her complaint constituted a penalty which violates due process and equal protection. MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013 is unambiguous and expressly pro-* vides for the assessment of interest from the date of filing the complaint. Defendant’s constitutional challenge to the statute is without merit.
Affirmed._
MCL 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq.
Dixon v WW Grainger, Inc, 168 Mich App 107, 110; 423 NW2d 580 (1987); see also Taylor v Wyeth Laboratories, Inc, 139 Mich App 389, 394; 362 NW2d 293 (1984), lv den 423 Mich 852 (1985).
MCL 37.2202; MSA 3.548(202).
Pomranky v Zack Co, 159 Mich App 338, 343; 405 NW2d 881 (1987).
Jenkins v Southeastern Michigan Chapter, American Red Cross, 141 Mich App 785, 794; 369 NW2d 223 (1985).
See Civil Rights Comm v Chrysler Corp, 80 Mich App 368, 376; 263 NW2d 376 (1977) (interpreting the fair employment practices act, MCL 423.303; MSA 17.458(3), repealed by 1976 PA 453, effectively supplanted by the Civil Rights Act, MCL 37.2101 et seq.; MSA 3.548(101) et seq.
49 USC 3102 and 49 CFR 391.1 et seq.
In Dep’t of Civil Rights ex rel Lanphar v A & C Carriers, 157 Mich App 534, 538-539; 403 NW2d 586 (1987), this Court quoted Michigan Canners & Freezers Ass’n, Inc v Agricultural Marketing & Bargaining Bd (After Remand), 416 Mich 706, 713-714; 332 NW2d 134 (1982), rev’d on other grounds 467 US 461; 104 S Ct 2518; 81 L Ed 2d 399 (1984), wherein the Supreme Court discussed the two lines of analysis used to describe situations in which federal legislation has preempted state lawmaking on a subject in question, as follows:
"The first is so-called 'field pre-emption’ in which any state legislation, harmonious or otherwise, is invalid if it seeks to regulate in any area in which Congress has intended to completely occupy the field. See Rice v Santa Fe Elevator Corp, 331 US 218; 67 S Ct 1146; 91 L Ed 1447 (1947).
"The second type of pre-emption is called 'conflict pre-emption’ and exists in circumstances in which a state regulation is invalid under the supremacy clause, even though Congress has not fully foreclosed state legislation in a particular area, because the state regulation is held to be in conflict with the federal regulation. The two-prong test to determine if a conflict pre-emption exists was most clearly articulated in Ray v Atlantic Richfield Co, 435 US 151, 158; 98 S Ct 988; 55 L Ed 2d 179 (1978):
" 'A conflict will be found "where compliance with both federal and state regulations is a physical impossibility” ... or where the state "law stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment and execution of the full purposes and objectives of Congress.” ’ ”
Michigan Canners & Freezers Ass’n, n 8 supra, 467 US at 469.
Federal regulations have no less preemptive effect than federal statutes. Fidelity Federal Savings & Loan Ass’n v De la Cuesta, 458 US 141, 153; 102 S Ct 3014; 73 L Ed 2d 664 (1982).
49 CFR 391.11(a).
See n 8 supra at 539.
MCL 37.1101 et seq.; MSA 3.550(101) et seq.
Kochoian v Allstate Ins Co, 168 Mich App 1, 12; 423 NW2d 913 (1988).
Jenkins, n 5 supra, at 794-795; see also Thomas v MESC, 154 Mich App 736, 744; 398 NW2d 514 (1986).
See United Air Lines, Inc v Evans, 431 US 553, 558; 97 S Ct 1885; 52 L Ed 2d 571 (1977); Allen v Co of Montgomery, Alabama, 788 F2d 1485, 1488 (CA 11, 1986). In discrimination cases, it is appropriate to look to federal precedent for nonbinding guidance. Sumner v Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co, 427 Mich 505, 525; 398 NW2d 368 (1986), reh den 428 Mich 1206 (1987).
See Weiss v Ford Motor Co, 64 Mich App 519, 526-528; 236 NW2d 124 (1975).
Bell v Merritt, 118 Mich App 414, 422; 325 NW2d 443 (1982), lv den 417 Mich 954 (1983).
Id.
Murphy v Muskegon Co, 162 Mich App 609, 616; 413 NW2d 73 (1987).
Harvey v Security Services, Inc, 148 Mich App 260, 270; 384 NW2d 414 (1986), lv den 425 Mich 863 (1986).
Jenkins, n 5 supra, at 799; Riethmiller v Blue Cross & Blue Shield of Michigan, 151 Mich App 188, 202; 390 NW2d 227 (1986).
Riethmiller, n 22 supra, at 202.
Om-El Export Co, Inc v Newcor Inc, 154 Mich App 471, 481; 398 NW2d 440 (1986).
Davis v Howard, 14 Mich App 342, 344; 165 NW2d 505 (1968), lv den 382 Mich 754 (1969). | [
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Gribbs, J.
Defendant General Motors Corporation appeals by leave granted a decision and order by the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board awarding plaintiff Ronald Peiffer partial disability benefits. The issue on appeal is whether the wcab correctly applied the law when it awarded benefits to Peiffer when he lost wages for six nonconsecutive days over a three-week period. We reverse.
This matter was submitted to the Bureau of Workers’ Disability Compensation on the following stipulated facts:
1. That both parties are subject to the Act.
2. That there is an employment relationship between the parties.
3. That the plaintiff began the employment relationship with the defendant on October 28, 1961.
4. That proper and timely report, notice and claim of injury which occurred on April 21, 1980, were made.
5. That during a three week period in 1980, the plaintiff did not work on the following days:
(a) April 26 and 27, 1980
(b) May 3 and 4, 1980
(c) May 10 and 11, 1980
6. That prior to April 21, 1980, plaintiff’s average weekly wage was $659.20, with an hourly wage of $9.12 per hour plus a $.26 cost of living adjustment.
7. That for the three weeks in question plaintiff’s actual wages were:
(a) April 21 through 27, 1980: $383.60
(b) April 28 through May 4, 1980: $383.60
(c) May 5 through May 11, 1980: $638.70
8. That for the weeks in question, the Plaintiff lost wages in the following amount:
(a) April 21 through 27, 1980: $275.60
(b) April 28 through May 4, 1980: $275.60
(c) May 5 through May 11, 1980: $ 20.50
- By a decision mailed January 28, 1982, a workers’ compensation referee found that the submitted proofs did not establish a compensable disability period for which benefits could be awarded. A timely application for review of plaintiffs claim was filed with the Workers’ Compensation Appeal Board. By its decision mailed September 14, 1987, the wcab reversed.
The wcab’s decision was implicitly based on its interpretation of MCL 418.311; MSA 17.237(311):
No compensation shall be paid under this act for any injury which does not incapacitate the employee from earning full wages, for a period of at least 1 week, but if incapacity extends beyond the period of 1 week, compensation shall begin on the eighth day after the injury. If incapacity continues for 2 weeks or longer or if death results from the injury, compensation shall be computed from the date of the injury.
The wcab found that, under § 311, an injured employee is entitled to compensation for any week in which he or she has a diminution of earnings due to injury for any part of that week. The wcab relied on its reading of the various opinions issued by the Supreme Court in Valt v Woodall Industries, Inc, 391 Mich 678; 219 NW2d 411 (1974). We now reverse.
In Phipps v Campbell, Wyant & Cannon Foundry, 39 Mich App 199; 197 NW2d 297 (1972), aff'd by an equally divided court sub nom Valt v Woodall Industries, Inc, 391 Mich 678; 219 NW2d 411 (1974), this Court interpreted § 311 as providing that no compensation shall be paid unless an injury incapacitates the employee for at least seven consecutive days:
It is a well-settled principle of statutory construction that words in a statute are to be given their ordinary and usual meaning unless it appears from the context of the statute or otherwise that a different meaning was intended. Chou v Hilgers, 32 Mich App 201 [188 NW2d 243] (1971). Also, in the construction of a statute, it is regarded as reasonable to assume, presume, or conclude prima facie, that words used in one place in a statute have the same meaning in every other place in the statute. See 50 Am Jur, Statutes, § 271, p 259.
A "week” is defined as "a period of seven consecutive days of time.” Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed), p 1765. The word "for” has been defined as "during; throughout; for the period of.” Black’s Law Dictionary (4th ed), p 772. Thus, § 3, Part II, of the act may, it seems, be correctly rephrased to convey the following meaning:
"No compensation shall be paid under this act for any injury which does not incapacitate the employee for a period of at least 7 consecutive days from earning full wages [i.e., at least average daily wages on each and every working day of the week], but if incapacity extends beyond the period of 7 consecutive days, compensation shall begin on the eighth day after the injury. If such incapacity continues for the period of 14 consecutive days or longer, of if death results from the injury, compensation shall be computed from the date of the injury.” [Phipps, 39 Mich App 216-217 (emphasis in original).]
Phipps’ companion case, Valt, was appealed and affirmed by an equally divided Michigan Supreme Court. Since a majority of our Supreme Court did not agree on a ground for decision in Valt, the case has no precedential value. People v Anderson, 389 Mich 155; 205 NW2d 461 (1973). Consequently, the wcab’s reliance on Valt was misplaced, and Phipps remains the applicable precedent in this matter.
Reversed. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right and defendants cross-appeal from a May 5, 1987, modified judgment in this malicious prosecution, assault and battery, and false imprisonment case. We reverse in part and affirm in part.
This case arises out of an altercation between plaintiffs and several security guards at DJ’s Lounge in the Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan.
Plaintiffs raise one issue and defendants raise three issues on cross-appeal. Plaintiffs claim that the trial judge erred by applying Camaj v S S Kresge Co, 426 Mich 281; 393 NW2d 875 (1986), to this case and vacating the treble damages for plaintiffs’ malicious prosecution claims. We agree.
Prior to trial, plaintiffs’ attorney "elected” to forgo arguing exemplary damages to the jury in order to receive treble damages for plaintiffs’ malicious prosecution claims pursuant to MCL 600.2907; MSA 27A.2907. See Abdul-Mujeeb v Sears, Roebuck & Co, Inc, 154 Mich App 249; 397 NW2d 193 (1986); LaLone v Rashid, 34 Mich App 193; 191 NW2d 98 (1971). On September 25, 1986, the jury rendered a verdict in favor of plaintiffs on their malicious prosecution claims. In accordance with plaintiffs’ prior "election” and § 2907, the trial judge trebled the damages for the malicious prosecution claims when he entered judgment on the jury verdict on October 24, 1986. However, between September 25, the date the jury rendered a verdict, and October 24, the date judgment was entered, our Supreme Court decided Camaj on October 7,1986.
In Camaj, the Court held that "§2907 is in tended only to reach those actions in which a party brings suit against a person who had instituted proceedings against the current plaintiff in the name of another, without the named person’s consent, or where there is no such person known.” Id. at 290.
The Court concluded:
Finally, we acknowledge that this decision sets forth a totally new interpretation of § 2907 which has, heretofore, not been advanced by any appellate court in this state. Therefore, in the interest of justice and fairness, we hold that this decision shall have prospective effect only, applicable solely to the,instant case and to all cases in which no final decision has been reached in the trial courts before October 7, 1986, the date of the filing of this opinion. Tebo v Havlik, 418 Mich 350; 343 NW2d 181 (1984). [Camaj, supra at 290-291.]
Both parties agree that, if applicable, the Camaj decision precludes the award of treble damages in the instant case. We believe the operative question to be whether the September 25 jury verdict was a "final decision” reached in the trial court. Defendants argue that a "final decision” is reached in the trial court only when the "final judgment” is entered. In fact, in their brief, defendants use "final decision” and "final judgment” synonymously. We disagree and find that the September 25 jury verdict was a "final decision” within the meaning ascribed those words by the Camaj Court. Had the Court intended the operable date to be the date of entry of judgment, the Court would have so stated using the term final judgment rather than final decision. Moreover, to hold differently would deprive plaintiffs the opportunity to receive either exemplary or punitive damages as plaintiffs elected prior to trial to forgo arguing exemplary damages in order to receive the then allowable trebling of any damages recovered.
Defendants raise three issues on cross-appeal. Defendants first argue that plaintiffs’ attorney’s remarks during closing argument deprived defendants of a fair trial. Defendants point to two related comments by plaintiffs’ counsel.
However, defendants’ attorney failed to object to the first remark, and the trial court sustained defense counsel’s objection to the second one. We find no error meriting reversal. A curative instruction could have eliminated any prejudicial effect of either comment. Cook v Detroit, 125 Mich App 724; 337 NW2d 277 (1983). Moreover, the record in this case does not reflect a "studied purpose to prejudice the jury and divert the jurors’ attention from the merits of the case.” Cook, supra at 737.
Defendants next claim that the trial court erred in refusing to admit into evidence an injury report filed by defendant Smalls following the incident in question.
The admissibility of evidence is within the trial judge’s discretion. Guider v. Smith, 157 Mich App 92; 403 NW2d 505 (1987), lv gtd on other grounds 429 Mich 858 (1987). We find no such abuse in the instant case. The existence of the report was unknown to plaintiffs’ counsel, the report was hearsay and not properly submitted as admissible to rebut a charge of recent fabrication.
Defendants last claim error in the trial court’s denial of their motion for directed verdict on plaintiff Shirley Sanders’ claims of malicious prosecution and false imprisonment.
In considering a motion for a directed verdict, a trial court must
view the testimony and all legitimate inferences in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. If the evidence establishes a prima facie case, the motion must be denied, Caldwell v Fox, 394 Mich 401; 231 NW2d 46 (1975), Weeks v Feltner, 99 Mich App 392; 297 NW2d 678 (1980), Wynn v Cole, 91 Mich App 517; 284 NW2d 144 (1979). In slightly different terms, this Court has held that a motion for directed verdict should be denied when the facts, when viewed in a light most favorable to the nonmovant, are such that reasonable persons could honestly reach different conclusions. [Hayes v General Motors Corp, 106 Mich App 188, 192; 308 NW2d 452 (1981).]
Defendants argue a lack of evidence in support of plaintiffs claim that defendants lacked probable cause to prosecute Shirley for assault and battery. However, our review of the record reveals testimony that, if believed, would support a finding that plaintiffs alleged assaultive actions were justified under a "defense of others” defense. See CJI 7:9:09. We therefore find no error in the trial court’s denial of defendants’ motion.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part and remanded for reinstatement of plaintiffs’ treble damages. | [
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Kelly, J.
Defendant pled guilty to breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny. MCL 750.110; MSA 28.305. When defendant committed this crime in November of 1980, he was currently a federal inmate at a Community Treatment Center program in Detroit. At sentencing, the trial judge noted that defendant was an inmate when he committed the breaking and entering and sentenced him to 3V2 to 10 years, to be served consecutively to his previous federal sentence. We affirm this sentence.
Defendant argues that the trial court erred by imposing a sentence to be served consecutively to, rather than concurrently with, his federal sentence. We disagree.
Our Supreme Court has held:
[A] sentence may not be imposed to commence at the completion or expiration of Federal sentence, in the absence of statutory authority. [In re Carey, 372 Mich 378, 381; 126 NW2d 727 (1964).]
The consecutive sentencing statute, MCL 768.7a(l); MSA 28.1030(1)0), provides:
A person who is incarcerated in a penal or reformatory institution in this state, or who escapes from that institution, and who commits a crime during that incarceration or escape which is punishable by imprisonment in a penal or reformatory institution in this state shall, upon conviction thereof, be subject to sentence therefor in the manner provided by law for such crimes. The term of sentence imposed for the crime shall commence at the expiration of the term or terms of sentence which the person is serving or has become liable to serve in a penal or reformatory institution in this state.
The purpose of this statute is to deter persons
convicted of one crime from committing other crimes by removing the security of concurrent sentencing. People v Sheridan, 141 Mich App 770, 774; 367 NW2d 450 (1985). The consecutive sentencing statute should be construed liberally in order to achieve the deterrent effect intended by the Legislature. People v Mandell, 166 Mich App 620, 622; 420 NW2d 834 (1987). Thus, the words "incarcerated in a penal or reformatory institution” have been liberally construed to apply to inmates who are participating in community corrections programs, assigned to halfway houses, or on extended furlough when they committed additional crimes. People v Sanders, 130 Mich App 246, 251; 343 NW2d 513 (1983). County jails are also penal or reformatory institutions for the purposes of this statute. Sheridan, supra.
To further the statutory purposes of the consecutive sentencing statute, we hold that it also applies to inmates of federal penal or reformatory institutions located within the State of Michigan. If the purpose of the statute is to deter recidivism by eliminating concurrent sentencing, it would make no sense for the Legislature to exclude inmates of federal institutions. Additionally, we note that the statutory language refers to institutions in the state, not institutions of the state. Had the Legislature intended to restrict the statute’s application only to state penal or reformatory institutions, it would have included such restrictive language on the face of the statute.
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff Kenneth Miller appeals as of right from an order of summary disposition entered in favor of defendant Sidney R. Fine (here after defendant). We reverse the grant of summary disposition and remand this case to the trial court.
Plaintiff was seriously injured during the course of his employment with Chem-Bright Industries. On July 14, 1984, plaintiff was operating a hi-lo inside a tractor-trailer. The injury occurred when the trailer was pulled away from the loading dock, plaintiff was thrown from the hi-lo, and the hi-lo landed on top of plaintiff.
Defendant owned the tractor-trailer in question and leased it to his and plaintiffs employer, Chem-Bright. At the time of the accident, defendant was the president of and principal shareholder in Chem-Bright.
Plaintiff brought an action against defendant individually pursuant to the motor vehicle liability act, MCL 257.401; MSA 9.2101. Defendant moved for summary disposition on the basis that plaintiffs action against defendant, a coemployee of plaintiff, was precluded by MCL 418.827; MSA 17.237(827). In awarding summary disposition to defendant, the trial court concluded that, as a matter of law, (1) defendant’s status as a coemployee precluded the action and (2) defendant had no liability under the motor vehicle liability act because defendant was not an "owner” of the tractor-trailer as defined in the Michigan Vehicle Code. On appeal plaintiff argues that both of the trial court’s conclusions are erroneous.
The civil liability of an owner of a motor vehicle is set forth in MCL 257.401; MSA 9.2101, which provides:
Nothing herein contained shall be construed to abridge the right of any person to prosecute a civil action for damages for injuries to either person or property resulting from a violation of any of the provisions of this act by the owner or operator of a motor vehicle, his agent or servant. The owner of a motor vehicle shall be liable for any injury occasioned by the negligent operation of such motor vehicle whether such negligence consists of a violation of the provisions of the statutes of the state or in the failure to observe such ordinary care in such operations as the rules of the common law requires [sic]. The owner shall not be liable, however, unless said motor vehicle is being driven with his or her express or implied consent or knowledge. It shall be presumed that such motor vehicle is being driven with the knowledge and consent of the owner if it is driven at the time of said injury by his or her father, mother, brother, sister, son, daughter, or other immediate member of the family: Provided, however, That no person, transported by the owner or operator of a motor vehicle as his guest without payment for such transportation shall have a cause of action for damages against such owner or operator for injury, death or loss, in case of accident, unless such accident shall have been caused by the gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct of the owner or operator of such motor vehicle and unless such gross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct contributed to the injury, death or loss for which the action is brought.
"Owner” is defined as:
"Owner” means: (a) Any person, firm, association or corporation renting a motor vehicle or having the exclusive use thereof, under a lease or otherwise, for a period of greater than 30 days.
(b) A person who holds the legal title of a vehicle or in the event a vehicle is the subject of an agreement for the conditional sale or lease thereof with the right of purchase upon performance of the conditions stated in the agreement and with an immediate right of possession vested in the conditional vendee or lessee or in the event a mortgagor of a vehicle is entitled to possession, then such conditional vendee or lessee or mortga gor shall be- deemed the owner. [MCL 257.37; MSA 9.1837.]
The trial court based its decision partly on its view that, despite defendant’s holding legal title to the tractor-trailer, the fact that defendant had leased the vehicle to a corporation for a period of greater than thirty days "deprived” defendant of his status as an owner under the statute. In Mathews v Wosek, 44 Mich App 706, 714; 205 NW2d 813 (1973), this Court, in rejecting a mutually exclusive construction of subsections (a) and (b) of MCL 257.37; MSA 9.1837, held:
There is, however, nothing in the act to indicate that these subsections are mutually exclusive. They are not phrased in the alternative. We think that subsection (a) was designed to expand rather than limit liability — to prevent the avoidance of the statutory policy by the device of a long-term lease, not to eliminate the liability of the owner-lessor.
Accord Basgall v Kovach, 156 Mich App 323, 327; 401 NW2d 638 (1986). The trial court erroneously concluded that defendant was not an owner of the tractor-trailer for purposes of liability under § 401 of the Vehicle Code, MCL 257.401; MSA 9.2101.
We now turn our attention to the issue of whether defendant’s status as a coemployee of plaintiff rendered defendant immune from plaintiff’s action. Defendant’s claim of immunity is based on the "third-party tortfeasor” rule of the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act, MCL 418.101 et seq.; MSA 17.237(101) et seq., which provides in pertinent part:
Where the injury for which compensation is payable under this act was caused under circumstances creating a legal liability in some person other than a natural person in the same employ or the employer to pay damages in. respect thereof, the acceptance of compensation benefits or the taking of proceedings to enforce compensation payments shall not act as an election of remedies but the injured employee or his dependents or personal representative may also proceed to enforce the liability of the third party for damages in accordance with the provisions of this section. [MCL 418.827(1); MSA 17.237(827X1).]
Plaintiff argues that MCL 418.827(1); MSA 17.237(827X1) does not bar his action against defendant because he did not bring his suit against defendant as a coemployee, but rather, suit was brought against defendant in defendant’s other capacity as an owner-lessor of the tractor-trailer.
The dual-capacity doctrine has been recognized by our courts as an exception to the general immunity granted to employers from actions by employees in exchange for the employee’s right to recover workers’ compensation benefits. The Michigan Supreme Court recognized the doctrine in Mathis v Interstate Motor Freight System, 408 Mich 164, 184; 289 NW2d 708 (1980), stating:
An employee may have ties with an employer other than the employer-employee relationship. They may be landlord and tenant; trustee and beneficiary; vendor and vendee and so on. We look to the laws governing the particular relationship involved to determine rights and obligations of the parties. The fact that the parties are also em ployer-employee does not automatically trigger the operation of the exclusive remedy provision of the wdca. The exclusive remedy provision applies only to employers where conditions of liability under the wdca pertain.
In Wells v Firestone Tire & Rubber Co, 421 Mich 641, 653; 364 NW2d 670 (1984), the Court further explained:
The dual-capacity doctrine recognizes that an employer can, under certain circumstances, occupy a status other than that of an employer with respect to his employee. See, e.g., Mathis v Interstate Motor Freight System, 408 Mich 164, 184; 289 NW2d 708 (1980). However, the doctrine is applicable only in those situations where the employer has a second identity which is completely distinct and removed from his status as an employer.
This fundamental requirement for the application of the dual-capacity doctrine is set forth in 2A Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 72.81, p 14-229:
"An employer may become a third person, vulnerable to tort suit by an employee, if — and only if —he possesses a second persona so completely independent from and unrelated to his status as employer that by established standards the law recognizes it as a separate legal person.”
Plaintiff advocates extension of the doctrine to the employee/coemployee situation. In Robards v Estate of Kantzler, 98 Mich App 414, 419; 296 NW2d 265 (1980), this Court found a similar situation to fall within the dual-capacity analysis. In Robarás, the plaintiff similarly sought to hold defendant liable for injuries sustained when, in the course of his employment, he was severely injured by a machine personally owned by defendant’s decedent and leased to the corporate em ployer of both plaintiff and the decedent. This Court recognized that a prerequisite to operation of the MCL 418.827(1); MSA 17.237(827X1) bar was that both employees must be acting in the course of their employment at the time the injury occurred. Id. The Robarás Court stated:
We find that in leasing a machine to the corporation which he controlled, Mr. Kantzler was not acting in the course of his employment. The machine could have been purchased from any third person or contributed as capital by Mr. Kantzler. Instead, it is claimed that Mr. Kantzler leased the machine to the corporation. In this posture, he is subject to the same liabilities as any lessor who provides an allegedly defective product. Jones v Keetch [388 Mich 164; 200 NW2d 227 (1972)]; Webb v Travelers Ins Co, 98 Mich App 157; 296 NW2d 216 (1980).
Although our research has disclosed no Michigan cases directly on point, we find the New York case of Costanzo v Mackler, 34 Misc. 2d 188; 227 NYS2d 750 (1962), is remarkably similar to the instant case. Costanzo dealt with the coemployee immunity provision of the New York Workmen’s Compensation Act. Defendant, a coemployee, leased trucks to his employer. Plaintiff, another employee, was injured due to a defect which existed in one of the trucks. His injury occurred in the course of his employment. The Court held that defendant’s act of leasing the truck to his employer was "independent of, and not related to, the common employment of both . . . .” 227 NYS2d 750, 751.
We conclude that plaintiff’s claim is not barred by the Act and, therefore, remand for trial. [Robards, supra, pp 419-420.]
Defendant’s motion was brought under MCR 2.116(C)(7) and (10). A motion for summary disposition under MCR 2.116(C)(10) tests whether there is factual support for the plaintiff’s claim. A court, in ruling on such a motion, must consider the pleadings, affidavits, depositions, admissions and documentary evidence available to it and give the nonmoving party the benefit of every reasonable doubt. The motion must not be granted unless the court is satisfied that it is impossible to support the claim at trial because of some deficiency which cannot be overcome. NuVision, Inc v Dunscombe, 163 Mich App 674, 683; 415 NW2d 234 (1987).
Our review of the record persuades us that defendant was not entitled to summary disposition. Defendant was the owner of the tractor-trailer and had leased the vehicle to Chem-Bright. Defendant received rental income under the lease and, as the owner, was expressly entitled to the tax benefits of depreciation and the investment credit on his personal income tax return. We are unconvinced that plaintiff would not have been able to show at trial that defendant’s act of leasing the vehicle to his employer was independent of, and not related to, the common employment of both, Robards, supra, p 420, and thereby defeat defendant’s claim of immunity under the Workers’ Disability Compensation Act.
We reverse the order of summary disposition and remand the action for trial.
Reversed and remanded.
Because this case does not involve an agreement for the conditional sale or lease of a vehicle of the type described in the second half of subsection 37(b), we do not need to reach the issue addressed in Moore v Ford Motor Credit Co, 166 Mich App 100; 420 NW2d 577 (1988), as to whether the legal title holder of a vehicle subject to a conditional lease is an owner for purposes of liability under the statute. | [
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D. E. Holbrook, J.
Three of the four appeals involve the same case, heard in the Circuit Court for the County of Ingham. The plaintiffs-appellees and both defendants-appellants were granted leave to appeal by our Court, each claiming that the trial court committed error in one or more of its rulings on the issues presented therein.
The instant case involves two petitions for annexation to the City of Midland. 71-AT-7 was a petition for annexation of 319 acres of the Township of Midland into the City of Midland, and was filed with the County Board of Commissioners on February 15, 1968, and was transferred to the State Boundary Commission (SBC) on April 28, 1971, pursuant to 1970 PA 219. These 319 acres were contiguous to the City of Midland, and the site for a nuclear energy plant. 71-AR-ll was a petition to annex the remainder of the Township of Midland into the City of Midland, and was filed with the SBC May 6, 1971 under the same 1970 PA 219. Both petitions were approved by the SBC.
The Circuit Court for Ingham County granted a motion for summary judgment brought by plaintiffs, claiming that 1970 PA 219 was unconstitutional. Both defendants-appellants appeal from the summary judgment, and plaintiffs appeal claiming that the said statute is deficient for other reasons as claimed by plaintiffs in their motion for summary judgment, but which were rejected by the trial court. The trial judge in ruling on the matter wrote a very thorough opinion, which we deem advisable to set forth in full herein, viz.:
"This matter is submitted to the court on briefs and after oral argument on plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment. In their motion and brief, plaintiffs raise essentially eight issues upon which it claims the court can grant the relief sought. The court will address these issues in the order presented by the parties.
"I
"Was the procedure followed by the Legislature in enacting Act 219 of 1970 violative of Article IV, Secs 24 and 25, of the Michigan Constitution of 1963?
"In order to understand this issue, some historical reference is necessary. Prior to 1968, procedures for the incorporation of cities and the annexation of territory thereto were governed by various provisions contained within 1909 PA 279 (the Home Rule Act), CL 117.01 et seq., particularly by Sections 6, 7, 8 and 9 thereof, variously added to the Home Rule Act, and amended by 1951 PA 40; 1953 PA 173; 1955 PA 33; 1956 PA 77; 1957 PA 210; 1951 PA 58; and 1956 PA 68. However, in 1968, by the terms of 1968 PA 191, effective November 15, 1968, the Legislature passed the State Boundary Commission Act wherein they created a State Boundary Commission having responsibility, at that time, solely over proposed municipal incorporation. In turn, the State Boundary Commission Act (1968 PA 191) was not directly amended granting the State Boundary Commission authority over annexation petitions or resolutions until 1972 PA 362 effective January 9, 1973, well after the completion of the proceedings herein complained of. However, the Legislature did, by 1970 PA 219 effective April 1, 1971, amend the Home Rule Cities Act (1909 PA 279) and specifically Section 9 thereof, by adding, inter alia, the following language to Section 9 of 1909 PA 279:
" '(1) In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this act and Act No. 191 of the Public Acts of 1968, being sections 123.1001 to 123.1020 of the Compiled Laws of 1948, regarding an incorporation or consolidation, the provisions of Act No. 191 of the Public Acts of 1968 shall govern * * * .
" '(2) Except as provided in subsections (1) and (8), a petition or resolution for annexation of territory shall be filed in the Lansing office of the state boundary commission. The commission, after determining the validity of the petition or resolution, shall hold a public hearing in or reasonably near the area proposed for annexation. The commission in processing and approving, denying or revising a petition or resolution for annexation shall have the same powers and duties and be in accordance with and subject to the provisions of Act No. 191 of the Public Acts of 1968, relating to petitions which propose incorporations.
" '(4) If an annexation is approved, and if on the date the petition or resolution was filed 100 persons or less resided in the area approved for annexation, the commission’s order shall not be subject to a referendum. The commission shall send a certified copy of its order to the clerk of each county, city, village and township affected and to the secretary of state. The annexation shall be effective on a date set forth in the commission’s order.
" '(9) The provisions of section 14 shall not be applicable to an annexation approved by the commission of part of a township or village to a city except in the event of outstanding bonds or other evidences of indebtedness of the township or village. In such event, the commission shall determine and order an equitable division of assets and liabilities which relate to the bonds or other indebtedness.
" '(10) The provisions of sections 8 and 8a shall not be applicable to petitions or resolutions filed with the state boundary commission.
" '(11) On and after the effective date of the 1970 amendments to this section, and so long as Act No. 191 of the Public Acts of 1968 is in effect, annexation of territory from a township or village to a home rule city shall be as provided in this section and no other means of annexation shall be effective.’
"The proposed annexation in dispute in this matter was a purported annexation conducted under the provisions of subsection 4 of Sec 9 of 1909 PA 279, i.e., a commission order not subject to referendum because 100 persons or less resided in the area to be annexed.
"There is no question that the Legislature, by the adoption of 1970 PA 219 amending the provisions of Section 9 of 1909 PA 279, attempted to increase the powers and duties of the State Boundary Commission created by 1968 PA 191, by giving them additional 'supervisory’ duties over annexation matters. Plaintiffs thus contend such legislative effort is constitutionally deficient because of the provisions of Const 1963, art 4, § 24, and art 4, § 25, which read as follows:
" '§ 24 No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title. No bill shall be altered or amended on its passage through either house so as to change its original purpose as determined by its total content and not alone by its title.
" '§ 25 No law shall be revised, altered or amended by reference to its title only. The section or sections of the act altered or amended shall be reenacted and published at length.’
"In support of their contention, plaintiffs most vigorously put forward the authority of Alan v Wayne County, 388 Mich 210; 200 NW2d 628 (1972), the famous (or infamous) Detroit Tiger Stadium case, as well as the authority of Mok v Detroit Building & Savings Association, No. 4, 30 Mich 511 (1875). Defendants, however, in reply also rely upon Alan, supra, and attempt to distinguish the factual situation there from the facts at hand. In light, however, of the broad language of Alan, the specific overruling of Burton v Koch, 184 Mich 250; 151 NW 48 (1915), therein, and the factors hereafter mentioned, plaintiffs’ position, prior to the 1972 amendment to the Boundary Commission Act, appears to be the better taken. We are not dealing here with a situation where, because of a special fact situation, two absolutely conflicting statutes are passed, thus requiring a judicial interpretation, but rather, succintly [sic] put, we are dealing with a situation where the Legislature sought to do indirectly what it certainly could have done, and later did, directly, i.e., amend the State Boundary Commission Act. By amending the Home Rule Cities Act through adoption of 1970 PA 219 it conferred additional powers upon the State Boundary Commission, i.e., jurisdiction over annexations, it obviated provisions for election in proposed territories for annexation of less than 100 residents, and, inter alia, it limited means of annexation to the ways provided in Sec 9, 1909 PA 279. It is at least at this point where Art 4, §24, supra, comes into play, for neither in the title of 1909 PA 279 nor in the title of 1970 PA 219 is the object of the law, to wit, 'annexation,’ mentioned. Rather the title reads, 'An act to provide for the incorporation of cities and for revising and amending their charters.’ Nor does the title of 1970 PA 219 mention the conferring of additional powers over the subject of annexation on the State Boundary Commission. Rather than confer powers of home rule upon cities, 1970 PA 219 appears to substantially abrogate those powers by conferring heretofore local duties and responsibilities upon a state agency. (See Underwood v McDuffee, 15 Mich 361 [1867].)
"Turning now to the question of Art 4, § 25, i.e., whether or not the amendment to 1909 PA 279, adopted by 1970 PA 219, in effect amended 1968 PA 191, and, if so, whether or not it was necessary in order to comply with Art 4, § 25, of the 1963 Constitution to reenact and publish 1968 PA 191 at length, Justice Williams in his majority opinion in Alan has laid to rest the reasoning of Burton v Koch, supra. Mr. Justice Williams said:
" Burton, on the other hand, stands for the rule that you can amend statute C by putting in statute B for the purpose of amending statute C so long as you make no specific reference to C, merely by publishing statute B under Constitution 1963, Art 4, § 25, but without republishing statute C.’
"In our fact situation, however, specific reference was made to 'statute C,’‘ though in fact there are not as many needed 'cross references’ as in the Mok case. It is clear that direct reference to the State Boundary Commission Act prior to its 1972 amendment would have in no way informed an individual that the State Boundary Commission now had jurisdiction over annexation proceedings, nor would a reference to the title of the Home Rule Cities Act in and of itself put an individual on notice that annexation proceedings were dealt with therein. Only upon close scrutiny of the amendments passed by 1970 PA 219 to Section 9 of the Home Cities Act can reference be found to the authority of the Boundary Commission in the areas of annexation. Mr. Justice Williams in his Alan decision at p 281; 200 NW2d p 663, said as follows:
" Mok says the Constitution requires you to do the whole job right. Burton says it is good enough to do the job half right. Furthermore, Burton says you can avoid the second half of the job of republication if you hide your purpose whereas Mok requires the second half of the job of republication even though you disclose your purpose.
" 'This Court is convinced the Constitution is not satisfied with half way measures and does not prefer dissimulation to straightforwardness. We adopt the rule of Mok and overrule Burton. ’
"The obvious intention of the Legislature to confer new and additional duties and responsibilities upon the State Boundary Commission is apparent by the very thrust of 1970 PA 219. That the job was only half finished after the adoption of 1970 PA 219 is evident by the adoption of 1972 PA 362 in which the State Boundary Commission Act was specifically amended authorizing the Boundary Commission to exercise jurisdiction over matters of annexation of territory to a city. Again, as Mr. Justice Williams said on p 285; 200 NW2d p 665 of Alan:
" 'There is nothing complicated, burdensome, unreasonable or obscure about what we say here today. If a bill under consideration is intended, whether directly or indirectly to revise, alter or • amend the operation of previous statutes, then the Constitution, unless and until appropriately amended, requires that the Legislature do in fact what it intends to do by operation.’ (Emphasis added.)
"In conclusion, though recognizing the authority of Village of Kingsford v Cudlip, 258 Mich 144; 241 NW 893 (1932), which held that the title of 1909 PA 279, which provided for the incorporation of villages and for revising and amending their charters was sufficient language to sustain provisions for annexation, this court holds that, in light of Alan v Wayne County, failure of the Legislature to express the object of the Legislature to deal with the subject of 219 specifically in the title annexation, when taken in conjunction with plaintiffs’ arguments concerning Art 4, § 25, i.e., amendment by reference and without reenactment, make the adoption of 1970 PA 219 constitutionally deficient, and plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is granted on this ground.
"II
"Sufficiency of the criteria in 1968 PA 191 for guidance.
"Though resolution of issue No. I requires the grant ing to plaintiffs the relief prayed for, due to the controversy surrounding that issue, and the ever-present possibility of appeal, the court will decide all other issues raised herein.
"Though plaintiff makes a compelling argument with reference to the legislative failure to establish sufficient standards and guidelines within which the State Boundary Commission shall act, this court cannot say that the Legislature totally abrogated its responsibility in this complex area and made an improper delegation of legislative authority to the State Boundary Commission. For years the field of annexation had been fraught with local political evils, including rural-urban in-fighting, unseemly municipal rivalries, and blatant grabs for tax base. Though wide discretion is granted to the State Boundary Commission, that discretion is no longer unbridled. The act contains provisions for judicial review. Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on this ground is denied.
"Ill
"The classification of TOO persons or less’ provided in CL 117.9(4) does not rest upon such a difference in situation or circumstances as to constitutionally permit such a division.
"Plaintiffs, though recognizing there is no absolute right to vote on questions of municipal annexation grounded upon a constitutional basis, submit that the granting of the right to vote by way of referendum on territories to be annexed of more than 100 persons and denying it to territories of less than 100 persons is arbitrary and discriminatory and a violation of the equal protection clause. Such a provision appears to this court to be based upon a considered pragmatism and is not in and of itself constitutionally suspect. Plaintiffs’ request for summary judgment on this ground is denied.
"IV
"A district designed to exclude objecting voters is a gerrymander, and the Boundary Commission has a duty to take corrective action or reject a gerrymandered petition.
"Plaintiffs have failed to indicate to the court by way of either law or fact a case for the application of the concept of gerrymandering, either in its pure 'geographical’ sense or in a 'political-economic’ context. There is no indication upon the referenced record, or for that matter in plaintiffs’ brief, that the proposed annexation is so designed as to rob the township of so much of its tax base that it can no longer exist as a political entity. Plaintiffs’ contentions that defendant Boundary Commission was obliged to submit the later petition for the annexation of the entire township to the voters is unfounded, and the request for summary judgment on this ground is denied.
«y
"The failure of the Boundary Commission to promulgate rules as required by the Act and the Administrative Procedures Act.
"Though it is unfathomable to this court how any administrative body can function without lawfully adopted rules governing its own proceedings, plaintiffs have failed to point out to this court how such a failure on the part of the State Boundary Commission has in any way prejudiced them in their presentation of their opposition to said annexation or how such failure adversely affects the decision made by the Boundary Commission. Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on this ground is denied.
"VI
"The proceedings of the Boundary Commission are regulated by the contested case provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act, and failure to follow those provisions requires reversal of the determination.
"Plaintiffs’ arguments in this regard all ultimately bear upon the plaintiffs’ right to judicial review. Since that right is unquestioned and is presently being exercised, plaintiffs have failed to point out to the court how the agency’s purported failure to treat the matter as a contested case in any way affected either the substan tive or procedural rights of plaintiff. Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on this ground is denied.
"VII
"The provision of 1968 PA 261 were not observed and such failure.renders the Commission findings reversible.
"Plaintiffs contend the Boundary Commission was required by 1968 PA 261 to hold its deliberative session in public. Without any lengthy discourse on the intended purport of 1968 PA 261, it is clear to this court that a state administrative agency speaks through its enunciated orders encompassing findings of fact and law based upon the evidence educed at a public hearing. This court sees no reason why the deliberative give and take of a multi-member tribunal should be made part of the public record, any more so than this individual judge’s thought processes while arriving at a decision should be made part of the record. Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on this ground is denied.
"VIII
"That the Commission ignored the criteria of Section 9 and substituted their own criteria for decision.
"This ground raised by plaintiffs really goes to the ultimate merits of the controversy. Since the earlier portion of this opinion makes decision on the merits unnecessary and since plaintiffs have failed to point out where as a matter of law defendant Commission did ignore the criteria of Section 9 and selected their own criteria for decision, plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on this ground is likewise denied.
"CONCLUSION
"For the reasons indicated herein, in subheading I, plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is granted, this court having specifically denied all other grounds raised. An order in conformity with this opinion shall enter within ten days or this opinion shall become the final order of this court.” (Emphasis in original.)
A corrected final summary judgment was duly filed on the ninth day of November 1973 by the Circuit Judge. The said summary judgment is as follows:
"This cause, having come on to be heard upon a Motion for Summary Judgment filed by the plaintiffs therein and oral and written arguments of counsel for the respective parties having been presented to this court and this court being fully advised in the premises, IT IS HEREBY THE FINDINGS AND ORDER of this court as follows:
"FINDINGS
"1. The procedure followed by the Michigan legislature in enacting 1970 PA 219 is violative of Article IV, Sections 24 and 25, of the Michigan Constitution of 1963 and said Act is accordingly unconstitutional and of no force and effect for the following reasons:
"A. 1970 PA 219 did not include within its title as an object of the law the subject of 'annexation,’ in violation of Art IV, Sec 24 of the 1963 Michigan Constitution.
"B. The title of 1970 PA 219 does not mention conferring of additional powers over the subject of annexation on the State Boundary Commission, in further violation of Art IV, Sec 24 of the 1963 Michigan Constitution.
"C. The legislature, in adopting 1970 PA 219, attempted to amend 1968 PA 191 without re-enacting or republishing said latter Act, in violation of Art IV, Sec 25 of the 1963 Michigan Constitution.
"2. Sufficient criteria is contained in 1968 PA 191 to support the delegation of legislative authority to a State Boundary Commission.
"3. The classification of '100 persons or less’ provided in 1970 PA 219 is based upon a considered pragmatism and is not, in and of itself, constitutionally suspect.
"4. Plaintiffs have failed to indicate to the court, by way of either law or fact, a case for the application of the concept of gerrymandering, either in its pure 'geographical’ sense or in a 'political-economic’ context and there is no indication that the proposed annexation would rob the Township of so much of its tax base that it could no longer exist as a political entity. The Boundary Commission was, accordingly, not obligated to submit the annexation of the entire Township to the voters by way of referendum.
"5. Though it is unfathomable to this court how any administrative body can function without lawfully adopted rules governing its own proceedings, plaintiffs have failed to point out to this court how such a failure has in any way prejudiced plaintiffs in their presentation to the Commission or how such failure adversely affects the decision made by the Boundary Commission.
"6. The claim that the proceedings of the Boundary Commission are regulated by the 'contested case’ provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act of the state ultimately bears upon the right of the plaintiffs to judicial review which is presently being exercised and plaintiffs have failed to show how any failure to follow the 'contested case’ provisions have affected either the substantive or procedural rights of plaintiffs.
"7. 1968 PA 261 does not require the deliberative give and take of a multi-member tribunal to be made a part of the public record and conducted in public.
"8. Whether or not the Commission ignored the criteria of 1968 PA 191 in making its decision goes to the ultimate merits of the controversy and a decision on such merits is unnecessary as a result of the findings of this court in paragraph 1 hereof. Furthermore, plaintiffs have failed to point out where, as a matter of law, the defendant State Boundary Commission did ignore such criteria in making its decision.
"9. Because the attempt by the legislature to grant exclusive jurisdiction over annexation proceedings by the adoption of 1970 PA 219 was constitutionally deficient and without force and effect as indicated in paragraph 1 of these findings, the decisions of the Michigan State Boundary Commission under Docket Nos. 71-AT-7 and 71-AR-ll are null and void.
"ORDER
"IT IS ORDERED AND ADJUDGED for the reasons set forth in paragraph 1 of the findings regarding the unconstitutionality of 1970 PA 219, that plaintiffs’ Mo tion for Summary Judgment be granted and the orders of the State Boundary Commission under Docket Nos. 71-AT-7 and 71-AR-ll and all proceedings provided to be taken pursuant to said orders are hereby permanently enjoined and all proceedings for annexation thereunder are hereby declared null and void and of no fore© snd. ©ff©ct
"IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the petitions transferred to the Boundary Commission from the Clerk of the County of Midland and considered by the Boundary Commission under its Docket No. 71-AT-7 are ordered returned by the Secretary of the State Boundary Commission to the Clerk of Midland County, on behalf of the Midland County Board of Commissioners for whatever action is deemed legally appropriate.”
We review the issues raised and passed upon by the trial court in proper order.
IA
Is 1970 PA 219 unconstitutional because it violates the proscription of Const 1963, art 4, § 24, in that it purports to change the jurisdiction of the SBC which is outside of the title of said Act 219, and the title of the home rule cities act?
Const 1963, art 4, § 24, provides:
"No law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title. No bill shall be altered or amended on its passage through either house so as to change its original purpose as determined by its total content and not alone by its title.”
The purpose of Const 1963, art 4, § 24, is to avoid the Legislature passing laws not fully understood by them and by the public, and to notify them of the design of the statutory change. Maki v East Tawas, 385 Mich 151; 188 NW2d 593 (1971).
The issue presented is whether 1970 PA 219, amending the home rule cities act (hereinafter referred to as HRCA) in the area of annexation, may also encompass a grant of authority to the SBC, a state agency, the jurisdiction of which is clearly outside of the title of the HRCA. The question is not, as appellants assert, whether the HRCA title is sufficiently broad enough to include the object of the HRCA governing annexation. Village of Kingsford v Cudlip, 258 Mich 144; 241 NW 893 (1932), and Hall v Calhoun County Bd of Supervisors, 373 Mich 642; 130 NW2d 414 (1964). The question instead is whether the HRCA title is sufficiently broad to include the object of changing and increasing the jurisdiction of the SBC over annexation.
Here, the act in question had two purposes — to withdraw certain annexation authority from the home rule cities and to confer annexation authority on the SBC. The first purpose was obvious in the title, but the second purpose was anything but obvious. The Legislature and the public should understand from the title that only provisions germane to the reasonable object of the title are being amended. Blades v Bd of Water Commissioners of Detroit, 122 Mich 366; 81 NW 271 (1899), and Advisory Opinion re Constitutionality of 1972 PA 294, 389 Mich 441, 466; 208 NW2d 469, 474 (1973). Those interested in the authority and jurisdiction of the SBC could hardly be expected to realize that a change was being made therein in another act whose title has to do with home rule cities.
It was inappropriate to find the provisions of Act 219 within the title of HRCA. It being inappropriate to find such provisions in the HRCA, then we observe that the public and the Legislature were not clearly informed and aware of the intention and context of this legislation. We conclude that the trial court was correct in deciding that the title of the HRCA is sufficient to encompass the annexation authority of cities, but is not authority for the conclusion that the title of the HRCA and Act 219 are sufficient to encompass the subject of the annexation jurisdiction of an entirely separate state agency. Alan v Wayne County, 388 Mich 210; 200 NW2d 628 (1972). We rule that 1970 PA 219 is unconstitutional as violating Const 1963, art 4, § 24.
IB
Is 1970 PA 219 unconstitutional for the reason that it is in violation of Const 1963, art 4, § 25, in that its purpose is to amend the provisions and jurisdiction of the state boundary commission act (hereinafter referred to as SBCA) without reenacting and republishing that act?
Const 1963, art 4, § 25 provides: "No law shall be revised, altered or amended by reference to its title only. The section or sections of the act altered or amended shall be re-enacted and published at length.” Appellants assert that it was unnecessary to reenact and republish the SBCA because 1970 PA 219 did not amend the SBCA in any way. Wayne County Prosecuting Attorney v Wayne County Bd of Commissioners, 44 Mich App 144; 205 NW2d 27 (1972). Further, that as explained by Justice Cooley in People v Mahaney, 13 Mich 481 (1865), a literal application of the constitutional provision is not warranted, and one act may incorporate another by reference if the latter act is not changed. Alan, supra, at 274; 200 NW2d 659, and Clay v Penoyer Creek Improvement Co, 34 Mich 204 (1876).
Appellees, Township of Midland and Mr. Chatterton, claim that certain exceptions which have grown to surround the literal application of Const 1963, art 4, § 25 are no longer applicable where inconsistent with the principles enunciated in Alan, at 270-271; 200 NW2d at 657. In Mok v Detroit Building & Savings Association No 4, 30 Mich 511 (1875), the statute did more than merely reenact or adopt the other statute, it made changes, leaving the parties to fit them together as best they could. Mok, at 521-522, 529, quoted in Alan, at 272-273; 200 NW2d at 658-659. Further, 1970 PA 219 attempts to duplicate 1968 PA 191 (SBCA), but makes changes also in jurisdiction which renders the SBCA not complete within itself, creates exceptions to the jurisdictional grant and establishes certain procedures to be followed by the SBC which requires putting the two acts together and figuring out as best as one can what has been amended and what has not. They further assert that the specific words of Act 219 recognize this because it states in sub-section (1):
"In the event of a conflict between the provisions of this act and Act No. 191 of the Public Acts of 1968 [SBCA] * * * the provisions of Act No, 191 * * * shall govern.”
Plaintiffs also assert that in addition to violating the plain words of the constitution, and violating the principles established in the cases of Alan and Mok, the enactment of 1970 PA 219 also violated the underlying purpose of that provision — by purporting to amend the HRCA while in fact amending the SBCA. The passage of Act 219 evidences precisely the deception that leads to the type of legislative inadvertence resulting in confusion that is the mischief designed to be prevented.
Appellants’ argument that not one word of the SBCA was amended is disingenuous. Act 219 clearly assigned additional functions, duties and procedures to the SBC. It is not material whether an act purports to amend another, but instead the question is whether in fact it alters or amends the other act. Dissent of Justice Potter in People v Stimer, 248 Mich 272, 282, 294; 226 NW 899, 902, 906 (1929), adopted in Alan, at 278; 200 NW2d 661. In order to learn of the SBC’s jurisdiction and procedure in annexation cases, one must read an entirely different statute which is not even referred to in the SBCA. Not only can confusion result, but confusion has resulted. Indeed, if one wished to know the jurisdiction of the SBC over annexation, and looked at the SBCA, one would find not only no sections concerning annexation, but additionally that annexation is not even in the title of the act.
We rule that the Legislature has unconstitutionally attempted to amend SBCA (statute C) by putting in the HRCA (statute B) specific words to amend the SBCA (statute C) without republishing or reenacting the SBCA (statute C) contrary to Mok and Alan. The enactment of 1970 PA 219 was dissimilation rather than straightforwardness. The trial court correctly ruled on issue IB and we refer to the trial court’s opinion on the issue.
As to additional issues raised in the trial court and decided therein, we consider and determine them in the following manner.
II
Sufficiency of the criteria in 1968 PA 191 for guidance.
We adopt the ruling and reasoning of the trial court in its opinion on this issue. We note the finding that there was no showing of prejudice resulting to the plaintiffs.
III
The classification of ”100 persons or less” provided in MCLA 117.9(4); MSA 5.2088(4), does not rest upon such a difference in situations or circumstances as to constitutionally permit such a division.
We rule that there is no valid issue here because in the instant petition concerning the 319 acres— there were no persons residing thereon. Under the former law or Act 219, which we determine to be unconstitutional, the rule governing the election would be the same. We also adopt the reasoning and ruling of the trial court on this issue.
IV
A district designed to exclude objecting voters is a gerrymander, and the SBC has a duty to take corrective action or to reject a gerrymandered petition.
We reject the argument and claims of the plaintiffs and adopt the reasoning and ruling by the trial court on this issue.
V
The failure of the SBC to promulgate rules as required by the act and the Administrative Procedures Act.
We agree with the trial court that it would have been much better if the SBC had adopted rules and published them. In the absence of a showing of prejudice by plaintiffs, we agree with the trial court in its reasoning and ruling on this issue.
VI
The proceedings of the SBC are regulated by the contested case provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act, and failure to follow those provisions requires reversal of the determination.
The trial court ruled that there was no showing of prejudice resulting from the manner in which the proceedings were conducted by the SBC, and therefore no reversible error was present. We agree.
VII
The provisions of 1968 PA 261 were not observed and such failure renders the SBC ñndings reversible.
We rule that the trial court’s reasoning and ruling on this issue was correct.
VIII
That the SBC ignored the criteria of section 9 (of the SBCA) and substituted their own criteria for decision.
We adopt the reasoning and ruling of the trial court as contained in its opinion stated herein, concluding that it correctly disposes of the issue.
The decisions of the Ingham County Circuit Court are affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved.
The fourth appeal has been consolidated with the three previously considered appeals from the Ingham County Circuit Court, and is hereinafter considered and determined. The instant appeal involves the actions taken subsequent to the summary judgment order of the Ingham County Circuit Court, returning the petition for annexation of the 319-acre parcel of land from the Township of Midland to the City of Midland to the Clerk of the Midland County Board of Commissioners, for whatever action is deemed legally appropriate.
Upon the return of the petition originally filed with the Midland County Clerk on February 15, 1968, concerning the annexation of the 319 acres, the petition came to the attention of the Midland County Board of Commissioners, and by a vote of 7 to 6 on November 20, 1973, it was approved and the commissioners called an election thereon in the City of Midland and the Township of Midland for February 5, 1974.
Plaintiffs, Township of Midland and Robert Chatterton, individually and as Supervisor of the Township of Midland, commenced the instant action in the Midland County Circuit Court on December 20, 1973, against the Midland County Board of Commissioners, et al, for injunctive relief restraining the election for the annexation of the subject 319 acres set for February 5, 1974. Injunctive relief was denied by the court, and plaintiffs then requested of the court to transfer the action to one of quo warranto. This was granted, and the City of Midland was permitted to intervene as a party defendant.
On March 8, 1974, plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment under GCR 1963, 117, upon the grounds that there was no genuine issue as to any material fact.
Plaintiffs set forth in their brief a statement of facts, which is restated in full as follows:
"1. On February 15, 1968, petitions for annexation of approximately 319 acres as described in the Trial Exhibit A from Midland Township to the City of Midland were filed with the Board of Commissioners of Midland County bearing signatures which were subsequently, on November 20, 1973, determined by the resolution of the Board of Commissioners of Midland County to satisfy the requirements of Section 6 of the Home Rule Act (1909 PA 279), Section 5.2085 MSA.
"2. No action was taken by the Board of Commissioners with respect to these petitions by reason of its uncertainty concerning a petition for incorporation of the City of Bullock Creek and subsequent litigation commenced by the City of Midland to require the Board to reject this incorporation petition.
"3. On March 16, 1971, the Board of Commissioners, by resolution, decided the incorporation petition did not meet the requirements of the Home Rule Act.
"4. Effective April 1, 1971, 1970 PA 219 amended Section 9 of the Home Rule Cities Act to provide that petitions or resolutions proposing annexation would be filed with the State Boundary Commission and would be processed by the Commission in accordance with procedures provided for in said amended section.
"5. Section 2 of the 1970 amendment to the Home Rule Act provided:
" 'The amendments enacted by this 1970 amendatory act are remedial and shall apply with respect to a petition for annexation filed with the clerk of a county board of commissioners * * * on which an election has not been ordered * * * before the effective date of this act as well as on and after such date.’
"6. On April 28, 1971, the County Clerk of Midland County transferred the annexation petition referred to in paragraph 1 to the State Boundary Commission pursuant to the provisions of Section 2 of the amendatory act.
"7. On May 6, 1971, a resolution of the City Council of the City of Midland was filed with the State Boundary Commission asking for the annexation of the remaining unincorporated portions of Midland Township with the exception of that requested in the petition transferred by the County Clerk.
"8. On September 28, 1971, the Circuit Court for the County of Midland entered a Judgment approving the Board of Commissioners’ refusal to hold an election in connection with the proposed incorporation of the City of Bullock Creek.
"9. The two pending annexation proceedings were processed separately by the Boundary Commission and separate decisions approving both annexations were made on June 27, 1972.
"10. Prior to the effective date of said annexations as determined by said Boundary Commission, the plaintiffs in this case instituted a suit in the Circuit Court for the County of Ingham contesting the validity of the Boundary Commission’s determination and secured an injunction staying the effective date of the annexations pending determination of the issue. The City of Midland intervened as a defendant in these proceedings.
"11. On September 11, 1973, the Ingham County Circuit Court, Judge Donald L. Reisig, filed an Opinion holding 1970 PA 219 unconstitutional by virtue of Article IV, Sections 24 and 25 of the Michigan Constitution.
"12. After filing of said Opinion, the City of Midland, Intervening Defendant, moved the Ingham County Circuit Court for an order returning the petition previously transferred to the Boundary Commission back to the Board of Commissioners of Midland County for the holding of an election as provided for in Section 9 of the Home Rule Act prior to the void attempt to amend same by 1970 PA 219; or, in the alternative, if by virtue of the provisions of 1972 PA 362 the Boundary Commission had acquired jurisdiction over annexation matters, to remand said petition to-the Boundary Commission for the proper exercise of such jurisdiction. The Township requested the court to hold that 1972 PA 362 did not correct the constitutional defects in 1970 PA 219 and to avoid directing what the County Board should do with said petition as such issue was not before the court.
"13. Notwithstanding this, on November 9, 1973, the court entered a Corrected Summary Judgment, a copy of which is attached hereto as Exhibit B. This Judgment ordered that the annexation petition transferred to the Boundary Commission from the Clerk of the County of Midland be returned by the Boundary Commission to the Clerk of Midland County for 'whatever action is deemed legally appropriate.’
"14. On November 20, 1973, the Midland County Board of Commissioners, by a 6 to 5 vote, ordered a special election under the provisions of Section 9 of the Home Rule Act as it existed prior to the enactment of the 1970 amendment which was held unconstitutional by the Ingham County Circuit Court. The minutes of said meeting are a part of the record on appeal.
"15. In accordance with the resolution of the Midland County Board of Commissioners, a special election was held in the City of Midland and the Township of Midland on February 5, 1974; 708 votes were cast against the annexation in the Township and 18 votes were cast in favor of the annexation in said Townships; 4,882 votes were cast in favor of the annexation within the City and 1,868 votes were cast against the annexation within the City. Whereupon, said annexation was declared to have passed, becoming effective April 1, 1974. No votes were cast from the area proposed to be annexed as it was uninhabited by any residents or qualified electors.
"16. Said election was held concurrently with a school election within a portion of the City of Midland and a portion of Midland Township. The date of said school election was set by resolution of the School Board in December to coincide with the annexation election, and the date was approved by the County Election Scheduling Committee on December 12. The Election Scheduling Committee did not act on the February 5 election date set by the Board of Commissioners’ resolution of November 20, 1973.
"17. Registration notices were published in the City of Midland with regard to the annexation election and the school election on December 14 and December 28, 1973.
"18. Registration notices were published in the Town ship of Midland with regard to both the annexation and school elections on December 14 and December 28, 1973.
"19. Annexation election notices were published by the City of Midland on January 11, January 18, January 25, and February 1, 1974.
"20. Annexation election notices were published by the Township of Midland on the same dates.
"21. Annexation election notices were posted in the City of Midland on January 8 and January 10, 1974.
"22. On March 1, 1974, all parties to the Ingham County Circuit Court action were granted Leave to Appeal to the Court of Appeals.
"23. The within suit was instituted first to enjoin the annexation and, failing in this, was transferred as a matter in the nature of quo warranto to test the validity of the said annexation election.” (Emphasis in original.)
The trial court ruled that plaintiffs were not entitled to a summary judgment, and, further, that the annexation election was valid. It further rendered an injunction pending appeal. Plaintiffs-appellants raise three issues which we consider in order.
I
Do County Boards of Commissioners have any jurisdiction over annexation of territory to home rule cities under the laws and statutes of the State of Michigan?
This Court has just previously ruled that 1970 PA 219 was unconstitutional. That act purported to amend the HRCA, giving exclusive jurisdiction over annexation petitions to home rule cities to the SBC. This act being invalid, such transfer of powers did not take place.
Plaintiffs assert that the SBCA, as amended by 1972 PA 362, grants exclusive jurisdiction over annexations to home rule cities to the SBC. Although the title to said amended act does include the word annexation, there is nothing in said act that confers exclusive jurisdiction over annexation matters to the SBC, except as contended by the plaintiffs as stated in their brief as follows:
"Section 9 of 1909 PA 279, as purported to be amended by 1970 PA 219 (MSA 5.2088), provides at subparagraphs (2) and (11) of said Section 9 as follows:
" '(2) Except as provided in subsections (1) and (8), a petition or resolution for annexation of territory shall be filed in the Lansing office of the State Boundary Commission. * * * ’
" '(11) On and after the effective date of the 1970 amendments to this section, and so long as Act 191 of the Public Acts of 1968 is in effect, annexation of territory from a township or village to a home rule city shall be as provided in this section and no other means of annexation shall be effective.’ ”
We having ruled that 1970 PA 219 was unconstitutional, which we again reiterate here, the arguments of plaintiffs are untenable. The referred to statutory matter by the plaintiffs was not constitutional. We need not pass upon the constitutionality of 1972 PA 362, because even considering it as valid — exclusive jurisdiction of annexation to the home rule cities was not therein granted to the SBC. Having also ruled that annexations to home rule cities may be accomplished under the provisions of the HRCA in accord with previous Supreme Court decisions directly on point, we decline to alter our opinion, absent directions from our Supreme Court. Village of Kingsford v Cudlip and Hall v Calhoun County Bd of Supervisors, supra.
Plaintiffs also assert that section 9 of the HRCA, which provides in an annexation election for a combined vote between electors of a city of more than 15,000 population and the balance of the township voting collectively, and an independent vote within the area to be annexed if electors reside in such area, is unconstitutional because it violates the equal protection clause of the state constitution.
Plaintiffs recognize in their brief, that municipalities are creatures of the Legislature and may be altered or done away with at the pleasure of the Legislature with or without a referendum right in the public involved. The trial court had the following to say in regards to this issue:
"Petitioners contend that we should construe that the annexation did not pass since the statutory scheme results in a denial of due process. In substance the contention is that the various breakdowns of voting procedures are arbitrary and capricious.
"To the extent that it is the 'one man, one vote’ rewrite of the equal protection of the laws, we think that the respondents state it correctly, that the simple answer here is that that is exactly what is provided: each vote cast has the same weight of every other vote cast. In other words, to the extent that the total vote approves annexation, it carries according to the express statutory provisions which admittedly apply if the election be conducted according to the old provisions of the Home Rule Act. If it fails to carry, the majority vote rules.
"To the extent that it is argued that the Legislature must provide that the proposition must be carried in each governmental unit and that each governmental unit is entitled to a veto, we have no authority cited which persuades us that such is Michigan or Federal Law. The contra was expressly held in Kalamazoo Township v Kalamazoo County Clerk, 339 Mich 619; 64 NW2d 595 (1954), where the city outnumbered the township voters two to one and the objection that this 'constitutes an election in form rather than in fact’ had no merit.
"We recognize that the trend is indeed as petitioners contend, that various categories relative to the election process are becoming suspect; resident requirements are being relaxed, for example, but not all order of classifications must be stricken down. If a line can be drawn, absent improper motive or capricious action, the legislative decision as to where to draw the line should be affirmed. In any event, as indicated under the facts of this case, it would seem that there is no need to throw the baby out with the bath water. If the Legislature deems it proper that all interested parties have an equal vote, we do not believe that the interested governmental units have any constitutional 'interest’ that mandates that they are entitled to a veto over the proposal. We are not prepared to state that since this was done relative to certain classes of cases that this requires that the entire statute relative to annexations must be put in limbo.”
The ruling of the trial court on this issue was correct and we feel bound by the case of Kalamazoo Township v Kalamazoo County Clerk, 339 Mich 619; 64 NW2d 595 (1954).
II
Did the Midland County Board of Commissioners have jurisdiction or authority to order an election on the question of annexation?
Plaintiffs put a three-pronged attack on the procedure claiming (1) the petitions were drawn covering the 319 acres in such a manner so as to gerrymander and exclude all qualified electors from within the boundary and thereby prevent any independent vote therein, (2) the petitions were stale having been signed prior to February 15, 1968, preventing a basis for county jurisdiction in 1973, and (3) the map attached to the petitions is not clear and the description does not accurately describe the boundaries of the territory to be annexed, as required by Sections 6 and 7 of the HRCA.
The trial court gave careful attention to objections of the plaintiffs and stated in ruling on the same, in his opinion as follows:
"Gerrymandering Issue: Petitioners object that the petition for annexation as it contains a description of the area to be incorporated is vague and indefinite and should not have been found to have met the statutory requirements. As we indicated in our opinion in the Bullock Creek matter, such considerations are, in our opinion, proper for consideration by the Board of Commissioners and we, in that proceeding, affirmed their decision in finding gerrymandering that voided the petition. Here there is no such finding by the Board of Commissioners. We also now consider an annexation question, not one of incorporation, and the criterion can conceivably be considerably different.
"Proceeding to an examination of the petition and the shape and size as set forth in the various exhibits, it is our opinion that gerrymandering is not evident. The irregularities in boundary shape are not patently unreasonable, they result in reasonable compactness and regularity of boundaries, they do not produce any obvious lack of contiguity and we are unable to say that the proposal is defective from the. proofs as submitted to us. It is our finding that there has not been demonstrated the gerrymandering which mandates that the petition be found defective. We are not too sure but that the opinion of Judge Reisig is the law of the case as to this issue since he did rule on that contention adverse to the plaintiffs. However, if he had jurisdiction over the Boundary Commission, he had no jurisdiction as such over Midland County so the binding effect of his opinion, even on appeal, might be questionable. We reach, however, the same conclusion.
"The petitioners further object that the northerly boundary of the parcel to be annexed is set as the center line of the Tittabawassee River and it is claimed that this is indefinite and could very well vary from year to year. In this regard it is interesting to note that the present boundary of the City of Midland is the same center line and that to the extent that there was any possible ambiguity rising out of the use of such line as a boundary line, that the proposed annexation would resolve any such ambiguity. To the extent that the annexation makes reference to an existing boundary, certainly common sense would indicate that the same descriptive line be used so that there would be no changes of, voids or enclosures. We note that sovereign states frequently use rivers as boundaries.
"Objection further is made to the reference in the description to the eighth line. It is contended that such eighth line has no legal meaning. However, in our opinion, it is a line that has common meaning and understanding insofar as surveyors are concerned and many property descriptions contain such a reference. The use of the word is not so ambiguous that it cannot be resolved as to the line’s location by simple application of generally accepted measurement standards. The objection, it is to be noted, was not raised with the Board of Commissioners and we do not have here a determination by them that the use of the term results in an ambiguity. Petitioners further object that the petition was initially filed in 1968 and because of the passage of time that it is now stale and the Board of Commissioners should not have acted upon such an old petition and submitted it to referendum. It may well be that despite the failure of the legislature to specify how long a petition should be considered to be pending before the Board of Commissioners, that there should be some cut oíf date. The same problem is extant relative to consideration of proposed amendments to the Federal Constitution, where the text writers suggest there is a point beyond which consideration is unreasonable. Absent a statutory limit, the usual standard the court would impose would be that of a reasonable time — or conversely, an inordinate delay. Is that present here?
"Under the facts of this case we note there were a number of pending petitions and litigation has followed at every turn and decision. It seems to us unreasonable and unfair to hold that the mere passage of time would result in the petitions becoming ineffective and void. If so, objectors could accomplish their objects just by being obstreperous. It is argued that there has been a change of circumstances in that people have probably moved in and out of the area, including those who might be eligible to vote, but also including the petitioners themselves. It would appear to us, however, that the fact that a given petitioner may have moved from the area after his petitions have been filed, cannot be permitted to give him a veto power over the legal effect of the petitions once they have been filed with the considering body. It is therefore our conclusion that the Board of Commissioners was not obligated to have recently gone over the status of the petitions to determine who was still living in the area. If the petition was proper at the time it was filed, then it should not be necessary to continually demonstrate that the facts continue to be the same as they were as of the time that the petition was filed. This would have a bearing upon how long petitions should be held pending by the considering agency. Obviously, the legislative requirements concerning petitions relate to the time of filing in general and we concur that stale petitions should not be acted upon. However, as we have indicated in this particular case, because of its history, we find that the determination on the part of the Board of Commissioners that the petition was not stale, which determination is implicit in their action, was not unwarranted and we concur.
"The petition was filed long ago to be sure; on February 15, 1968, but then pending and apparently entitled to first consideration was the Bullock Creek incorporation petition covering the same property. Until final decision, including final court decision, further action certainly was contra-indicated. That delay was not unreasonable. Action thereafter on reliance upon apparent valid legislation by reference to the Boundary Commission followed with reasonable promptitude. On April 28, 1971 that Commission proceeded apace with public hearings and decision by June 27, 1972. The Ingham appeal was then properly disposed of by order of November 9, 1973 which was followed by prompt action of the Board of County Commissioners in setting an early election. We find no inordinate delay which whould [sic] be held to operate to remove the efficacity of the petitions.”
We adopt the trial court’s reasoning and ruling on this issue. We also add that the annexation is not the annexation that was before the Court in the case of Twp of Owosso v City of Owosso, 385 Mich 587; 189 NW2d 421 (1971). In that case, the territory to be annexed had 40 sides and enclaves were created where voters resided. This rendered the annexation invalid. In the instant case concerning the petitions for annexation of the 319 acres, no enclaves were created, and the common borders between the City of Midland and the parcel to be annexed extended for more than a mile. The area was compact as the trial judge duly found.
Ill
If the Midland County Board of Commissioners had annexation jurisdiction in the instant case, did the board exercise such jurisdiction in a legal and constitutional manner?
A
Plaintiffs assert that the election was invalid because the date of the election was not referred to and approved by the County Election Scheduling Committee, as required by § 639 of the Michigan Election Law. MCLA 168.639; MSA 6.1639, provides in pertinent part as follows:
"When a special election is called by a county * * * the proposed date of the election shall be submitted to a county election scheduling committee consisting of the county clerk and 3 other members appointed by the county board of commissioners. * * * The committee shall determine if the proposed election date conflicts with any other scheduled election in the county. * * * [T]he commission * * * shall have the authority to disapprove an election date if an election is scheduled to be held in the same territory within 30 days of the proposed election date.”
The purpose of the statute is to avoid conflict in the setting of dates of special elections in order to afford reasonable and proper opportunity to give notice to the voters of the closing of registration and to allow for the efficient conduct of the election by the municipal clerks.
The trial court ruled on this issue in the following manner:
"Objection further is made that the Board did not confer with the County Election Commission in setting the date of the election. The City of Midland’s statement of fact points out that the County Election Scheduling Committee subsequently approved a special school election on the same date as the special election called for by the County. While no formal action was taken, it could be concluded that that body had no objection to the County-called special election. There is no showing of any objection made to them re such election. Is the election void for having failed to have been submitted to the County Election Commission?
"This issue was first raised in paragraph 11 of the petitioners amended complaint of March 5, 1974 when the attempt to set aside the results of the election was shifted to a quo warranto proceeding. The original complaint for injunctive relief objecting to the proceedings as filed on December 20, 1973 did not raise this issue. At that time the plaintiffs were seeking to prevent the election, but the procedural lapse was not pointed out in the petition or in this proceeding at any time, so far as we can tell from the records, until the issue was raised in the amended complaint filed after the election had been conducted.
"Under these circumstances, it would be our opinion that the objection is without merit. Whether or not the election should have been scheduled without compliance with the statutory requirement of submission to the County Election Commission is, in our opinion, moot. There is no showing that the election as conducted was not otherwise properly conducted or that anyone was confused in any way, manner or form or that the manner of holding this election served to confuse the voting public in any manner. If the election should have been called, it was called in a manner that was substantially in accordance with the statute and it is our opinion that, under the circumstances, substantial compliance with the statute is sufficient.”
We. also rule that there was no showing that any voter was prejudiced of his right to vote, was misled in any way or that the result was in any way affected or changed. Absent such a showing, no prejudice has resulted. Behrendt v Wilcox, 277 Mich 232; 269 NW 155 (1936), and Rutter v Handy #1 Fractional Sch Dist Bd, 359 Mich 461; 102 NW2d 192 (1960). We agree with the trial court in its reasoning and ruling on this issue.
B
For the first time on appeal, plaintiffs-appellants herein now assert that the proceedings before the Board of County Commissioners concerning its action in calling an election for the subject annexation is subject to Const 1963, art 6, § 28. This section provides as follows:
"All final decisions, findings, rulings and orders of any administrative officer or agency existing under the constitution or by law, which are judicial or quasi-judicial and affect private rights or licenses, shall be subject to direct review by the courts as provided by law. This review shall include, as a minimum, the determination whether such final decisions, findings, rulings and or ders are authorized by law; and, in cases in which a hearing is required, whether the same are supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record.”
Paragraph 1 of appellants’ statement of facts is here reiterated:
"On February 15, 1968, petitions for annexation of approximately 319 acres as described in the Trial Exhibit A from Midland Township to the City of Midland were filed with the Board of Commissioners of Midland County bearing signatures which were subsequently, on November 20, 1973, determined by the resolution of the Board of Commissioners of Midland County to satisfy the requirements of Section 6 of the Home Rule Act (1909 PA 279), Section 5.2085 MSA.” (Emphasis in original.)
In said statement of facts there was no reference to any irregularity or insufficiency of the resolution calling for the election or the facts upon which said resolution was based.
The function of. the incorporation of cities and villages is clearly set aside for the Legislature by Const 1963, art 7, §21, and in carrying out the provisions of HRCA with respect to setting of elections, the County Board of Commissioners is clearly exercising a legislative, rather than a judicial function. In the affidavits filed in opposition to plaintiffs-appellants’ motion for summary judgment, the board of commissioners had the reports df the township clerk, the township supervisor, the city clerk and the city assessor with respect to the qualifications of persons whose signatures appeared on the petitions. They also had the petitions for the purpose of review.
The provisions of the constitution cited by plaintiffs-appellants are not applicable to the subject action of the County Board of Commissioners, nor is the quo warranto proceeding herein a judicial review of a quasi-judicial body. The HRCA makes this clear. Section 8 of the act provides in part: "After the adoption of such resolution neither the sufficiency nor legality of the petition on which it is based may be questioned in any proceeding.” In any event, the burden in this action was upon the plaintiffs-appellants to show irregularity, if they claimed it existed.
Had plaintiffs-appellants claimed below that the County Board of Commissioners’ action was subject to Const 1963, art 6, § 28, and that the action of the commissioners was faulty, the hearing on this question of fact should have been requested by plaintiffs-appellants, instead of a motion for summary judgment on facts which do not disclose any deficiency.
Evidently plaintiffs-appellants did assert below that the action of the Board of County Commissioners in setting the election was arbitrary and capricious for the trial judge ruled on this issue in the following manner:
"Petitioners contend that the record does not show that the Board of Commissioners gave proper consideration to all of the fact aspects of the petition and that therefore, their action was arbitrary and capricious. It is our opinion, however, that it is not the obligation of the Commission to show in all particularities what it is they did or what it is they find that adds up to a valid petition. Rather, we believe it is necessary for the record to affirmatively show that they have acted improperly since it will be presumed otherwise that there is a proper basis to their action. It is to be noted that the Board of Commissioners is a legislative body. We know of no requirement that in passing upon such petitions that each and every Commissioner be present at all times during an investigation. Reference to out side materials and information and reference to investigating sub-committees is, as far as we are concerned, a proper method and manner for a legislative body to proceed in considering a matter of this nature. It is sufficient if, in toto, the matter as submitted to them receives their proper consideration and, in fact, there is a factual basis and a legal basis for them to proceed. We find such factual and legal basis to be demonstrated here in the proofs.”
We rule that plaintiffs-appellants’ position on this issue is untenable and agree with the trial judge in determining that the call of the election for annexation in question was not deficient, based upon a claimed arbitrary and capricious action of the board.
Affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved.
MCLA 117.1 et seq.; MSA 5.2071 et seq.
MCLA 123.1001 et seq.; MSA 5.2242(1) et seq. | [
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McGregor, P. J.
The defendant was convicted by a jury of first-degree murder, MCLA 750.316; MSA 28.548, and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He now appeals as of right, raising eight issues for our consideration.
I.
Three of the issues raised by the defendant relate to the conduct and remarks of the prosecutor during the trial and during his closing argument. The defendant contends that these alleged instances of prosecutorial misconduct were so prejudicial as to deny him his right to a fair trial. Because similar issues have been raised in each instance, we will consider them together in our analysis.
A.
The first instance of alleged misconduct began during the direct examination of one Judith Cowles in regard to people’s exhibit number 5, a notebook of poetry which the defendant had written. This notebook contained the entry: E. O. A. N. O. 11-24-73. The following colloquy occurred between the prosecutor and this witness:
”Q. What does E. O. A. N. O. November 24th, 1973 mean to you?
"A. What was that?
"Q. E. O. A. N. O. November 24, ’73. Do you recognize that?
’A. No.
"Q. Did you ever discuss that entry with anyone?
'A. No. I never heard of it.
”Q. It carries no meaning to you?
’A. No.
”Q. Christensen never told you what it meant?
’A. No. * * *
"Q. I ask you again to look at that entry on that page that says those symbols.
"A. Well, it doesn’t mean anything to me.
"Q. You never discussed that with the defendant?
'A. No.
"Q. You never discussed it to mean, maybe: End of another narcotics officer?
"Mr. Edsall: I object, your Honor. She’s answered his question.
”A. I didn’t know what it meant.
"The Court: Just a minute, what did you say then?
"A. I said I have no idea what it would mean. I never saw it before.”
Later, upon examination of one Dr. Rosenzweig, the subject was again broached:
”Q. You didn’t testify to this, and I wondered. We introduced an exhibit here in the course of the trial, and it’s purported to be a notebook the defendant carried himself. Did you have benefit of examining that?
’A. I never saw it. I heard he’d written poetry, but I never saw any of it.
"Q. Now, would you have any opinion with his ego-bolstering facets and other things taken into consideration as to whether or not he might make a written entry of things that bolstered his ego?
’A. Oh yes, he might very well.
”Q. So, one place in this book that’s been offered at this time is an entry on the page which bears just a few symbols, and they are specifically E-O-A-N-O, 11/24/73, and the date is charged to have been the date of the offense in this case. And I had the temerity to suggest that it might mean—
"Mr. Edsall: Objection, your Honor.
’’Court: I don’t think what temerity you have — it’s merely a suggestion that you made as to what that might mean. You can ask this witness if he knows what it means.
”Mr. Carr: I’ll strike the word temerity then. I suggested that—
’’Court: I don’t think you can make the suggestion as to what you think it means.
”Mr. Carr: We’re examining an expert witness here.
’’Court: That’s right.
”Mr. Carr: And the term has — the jury won’t learn anything that hasn’t been already heard because they’ve heard—
’’Court: Well, they’ll hear it again.”
Finally, during summation, the prosecutor stated:
"About this book, ladies and gentlemen, exhibit 5. I invite you to look after the typewritten entries in there, a page or two later, for some symbols, namely, EOANO 11-24-73, and I invite you to look through that entire book and see if you find any other place where a date is entered in that book. I invite you to do that, ladies and gentlemen. I challenge you to do that, and I suggest that you will not find a date anywhere else in this book save the date, November 24th, ’73, EOANO — what does it mean? — I leave it to you.”
The suggestion by the prosecutor to Judith Cowles was clearly improper as there was no evidence on the record which would have supported the prosecutor’s interpretation of the ambiguous initials in the defendant’s notebook. The prosecutor then compounded his error by bringing the subject of the meaning of the initials before the jury twice again, and additionally, by writing the initials on the blackboard in the courtroom. The error evident in the foregoing is two-fold. First, the jury may believe that the interpretation comes from facts of which the prosecutor has knowledge but which he cannot divulge, and second, the jury might afford undue weight to this interpretation from its natural respect for the office of the prosecutor.
In Berger v United States, 295 US 78, 88; 55 S Ct 629; 79 L Ed 1314 (1935), the Supreme Court stated:
"It is as much his duty to refrain from improper methods calculated to produce a wrongful conviction as it is to use every legitimate means to bring about a just one.
"It is fair to say that the average jury, in a greater or lesser degree, has confidence that these obligations which so plainly rest upon the prosecuting attorney, will be faithfully observed. Consequently, improper suggestions, insinuations, and, especially, assertions of personal knowledge are apt to carry much weight against the accused when they should properly carry none.” (Emphasis added.)
See People v Askar, 8 Mich App 95; 153 NW2d 888 (1967), People v Brocato, 17 Mich App 277; 169 NW2d 483 (1969).
Additionally, the prosecutor’s interpretation of the initials could be construed as testimonial questioning and, therefore, improper. See Brocato, supra, People v Besonen, 4 Mich App 131; 144 NW2d 653 (1966).
B.
The second instance of alleged prosecutorial misconduct occurred during the prosecutor’s cross-examination of one Mr. Kirk, who was the Dean of Students at Macomb Community College, where the defendant was enrolled. The cross-examination of Mr. Kirk explored the drug use at a noncollege facility and other specific acts which defendant was reported by other witnesses to have performed.
Although Mr. Kirk had no knowledge of these matters, the effect of the cross-examination was to bring these acts of the defendant to the jury’s attention for a second time. However, we do not believe that this was error under the circumstances. The direct examination of Mr. Kirk had left the impression with the jury that the defendant was not a problem student at the college and had been doing passing work there. The prosecutor’s cross-examination showed that Mr. Kirk had little or no knowledge of the defendant’s private activities and, to this extent, the cross-examination was proper impeachment evidence. Further, no objection was made to this line of questioning.
C.
The third instance of alleged misconduct occurred during the cross-examination of defense witness Craig Asiala, after this witness had stated that he was acquainted with a couple of drug pushers at Macomb Community College and that, if defendant had been selling drugs, he would have known about it.
The cross-examination went as follows:
"Q. Can you give us a name or two of some of your well-known pushers?
"A. I’m sorry but I’m going to have to refuse to answer that question.
"Q. Why’s that?
"A. Just can’t do it.
"Q. Why can’t you do it? The Court will tell you when you don’t have to answer a question. Answer the question.
"A. It might incriminate myself.
"Court: How is it going to incriminate yourself, just the name of the pusher?
"Mr. Carr: He’s the pusher probably. No further questions.
"Court: That’s all.
"Mr. Edsall: I think that remark was uncalled for on the part of the prosecutor.
"Mr. Carr: I apologize, and I’ll withdraw that remark.”
Here again, the prosecutor was in error. There was no evidence produced during this trial from which the prosecutor could infer that this witness was a pusher. His insinuation, although it did not reflect directly on defendant’s innocence or guilt, did, however, constitute an improper attack on the credibility of this defense witness. This Court’s remarks, earlier, in relation to the prosecutor’s interpretation of the initials, is likewise appropriate here.
Having found error, the first question to be answered is whether or not such error is properly before us.
In regard to the prosecutor’s remarks concerning the initials, it must be noted that defense counsel objected to the question addressed to Miss Cowles on the ground that the question had been asked and answered and not on the ground that the prosecutor’s remark was an improper suggestion. Additionally, the objection to the question addressed to Dr. Rosenzweig was sustained and there was no objection to the remarks made in closing argument. Furthermore, at no time did defense counsel seek curative instructions from the court or move for a mistrial in regard to any of these errors.
While we could hold that we are precluded from considering these matters since defense counsel did not seek curative instructions which would have eliminated any prejudice arising from these remarks, we do not think that this is a proper case for the application of that rule.
Under the facts and circumstances of this case, we think that the objections raised below were sufficient to inform the trial court of the prosecutor’s errors and that the trial court should have, without request, given appropriate curative in structions. To the extent that the trial court failed to do so it was also in error.
. As these errors are properly before us, we now must consider whether they are sufficient to warrant the reversal of defendant’s conviction.
The test to be used in this regard has been variously stated. It has been stated that the remarks of a prosecutor must be so prejudicial as to cause the jury to suspend its own power of judgment in receiving the evidence before it, that the test to be applied is whether the defendant had a fair and impartial trial, or that it must affirmatively appear that the error complained of has resulted in a miscarriage of justice.
We believe that all these tests are but different articulations of the harmless error doctrine. The appropriate considerations of this test are described in People v Robinson, 386 Mich 551; 194 NW2d 709 (1972):
" 'Where it is claimed that error is harmless, two inquiries are pertinent. First, is the error so offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial process that it never can be regarded as harmless? * * * Second, if not so basic, can we declare a belief that the error was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt?’ ” 386 Mich at 563.
The first step in determining whether an error is harmless is thus to ascertain whether it is unduly "offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial process”. This criterion is separate and distinct from the criterion of "harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”. Its purpose is to deter prosecutorial misconduct and to safeguard those individual rights which are so fundamental that the impact of their violation cannot be fully assessed. Thus, the nature or amount of evidence produced against a defendant at trial is irrelevant to the application of this criterion. Although an error may be intolerably offensive if it is deliberately injected into the proceedings by the prosecutor, we do not find, however, that the improper suggestions and insinuations in this case fall into this first category. .These errors did not constitute such an affront to the integrity of the trial process that reversal is required upon these grounds.
In order to hold that the error in this case does not require reversal, however, we must also be able to say that it was "harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”. If it is reasonably possible that in a trial free of the errors complained of, even one juror might have voted to acquit the defendant, then the error was not harmless, and the defendant must be retried. If, on the other hand, the proof was so overwhelming, aside from the taint of error, that all reasonable jurors would find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, then the conviction must stand. After a careful review of the evidence presented to the jury in this case, we can find no reasonable possibility that the improper suggestions by the prosecutor contributed to the defendant’s conviction, as the evidence of guilt was overwhelming. In this regard, it is important to note that the defendant admitted the murder to no less than six different witnesses in various degrees of detail. He related the killing to two of these wit nesses in explicit detail which corresponded to the physical evidence produced at the trial.
Although finding these errors harmless, we wish to emphasize that we do not condone the conduct of the prosecutor in this case. Had the prosecutor’s misconduct been a little more flagrant here, we would have had no problem in holding that the misconduct was "offensive to the maintenance of a sound judicial process”. Similarly, if the evidence against the defendant had been less overwhelming, we would have been unable to say that these errors were "harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”. The prosecutor who makes improper suggestions or insinuations to the jury, therefore, risks the loss of an otherwise perfectly good case for no reason.
II.
The trial court instructed the jury that, if the defendant were found insane, he would be committed to the Michigan Department of Mental Health, from which he could be released when cured and that "He does not come back to the court for * * * evaluation”. The defendant contends that this was a violation of the rule announced in People v Cole, 382 Mich 695; 172 NW2d 354 (1969), because it suggested that the defendant should he returned to the court before being released from confinement.
Since Cole, this Court has twice considered similar jury instructions which tell the jury that if a defendant is found insane, he will be committed to the Department of Mental Health and that the court will have no further dealings with him.
In People v Widgren, 53 Mich App 375; 220 NW2d 130 (1974), the court informed the jury:
"I further charge you, however, it is also the law that whether or not such a person has recovered his insanity (sic) can be questioned at any time by Writ of Habeas Corpus. Upon testimony by psychiatrists in open court that the defendant is then sane, such a finding can be entered by the court and the defendant released forthwith.” Widgren, supra, p 379.
In People v Wright, 58 Mich App 735; 228 NW2d 807 (1975), the trial court instructed the jury:
"I will tell you, however, that if you reach a verdict in this case of not guilty by reason of insanity, if you find that verdict, then I will inform you that this does not mean that the accused will go free. It means that I have no further control over him as judge of this court.”
The instructions in these two cases conveyed basically the same information to the jury as the instruction in the instant case, and both were affirmed on appeal. The result of these cases is that the trial judge may tell the jury that he will lose jurisdiction over the defendant once the defendant is found insane. We hold that these cases are controlling of the instant case and that, as a result, the trial court did not commit error in so instructing the jury.
We have carefully reviewed the briefs and record pertaining to defendant’s other assignments of error. They reveal no error which would justify the reversal of defendant’s conviction.
Affirmed.
D. E. Holbrook, J., concurred.
People v Humphreys, 24 Mich App 411; 180 NW2d 328 (1970), People v Majette, 39 Mich App 35; 197 NW2d 78 (1972).
People v Turner, 41 Mich App 744; 201 NW2d 115 (1972), People v Gray, 45 Mich App 643; 207 NW2d 161 (1973).
People v Williams, 11 Mich App 62; 160 NW2d 599 (1968).
MCLA 769.26; MSA 28.1096, People v Green, 7 Mich App 346; 151 NW2d 834 (1967).
See People v Robinson, supra, People v Bigge, 288 Mich 417; 285 NW 5 (1939). | [
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Allen, P. J.,
On November 17, 1971 a truck owned by plaintiff was involved in an accident with another motor vehicle on a state highway. Plaintiff filed written notice of the accident, allegedly due to a highway defect, with the Court of Claims on October 25, 1973. Plaintiff commenced suit against the State Highway Department on November 9, 1973, seeking recovery of property damage as well as contribution, the latter being contingent upon plaintiffs liability to the operator of the other vehicle.
This appeal stems from the grant of the State Highway Department’s motion for accelerated judgment for failure to file a claim, or intent to so file, within one year, MCLA 600.6431(1); MSA 27A.6431(1).
Plaintiffs appellate theories are essentially threefold: 1) the 120-day notice provision of the sovereign immunity statute is applicable, but void under Hobbs v State Highway Department, 58 Mich App 189; 227 NW2d 286 (1975); 2) the notice provision in the Court of Claims Act, if applicable, is void under the rationale set forth in Reich v State Highway Department, 386 Mich 617; 194 NW2d 700 (1972); 3) even if the provision is not unconstitutional, plaintiffs claim should not have been dismissed absent a showing of prejudice. Carver v McKernan, 390 Mich 96; 211 NW2d 24 (1973).
Counsel for the State Highway Department submits that the one-year requirement contained in the Court of Claims Act applies to plaintiff, and is constitutional, Carver v McKernan, supra. He asserts that the Carver quid pro quo for dismissal of a claim upon failure to give notice, to wit, a showing of prejudice by the governmental agency, is inapposite to the jurisdictional requirements in the Court of Claims Act. Gilliland Construction Co v State Highway Department, 4 Mich App 618; 145 NW2d 384 (1966).
We think plaintiffs initial proposition is correct. However, being correct on the first assertion does not entitle plaintiff to prevail unless plaintiff also succeeds on either assertions two or three. To these, we now turn our attention.
Plaintiffs second contention is unconvincing in light of Hanger v State Highway Dept, 64 Mich App 572; 236 NW2d 148 (1975), wherein this panel rejects a similar constitutional challenge to the six-month notice requirement in the Court of Claims Act:
"We note, at the outset, that the Supreme Court in Reich did not purport to nullify the notice provisions of the Court of Claims Act, * * * . Therefore, we are not duty-bound by it. Since this Court is of the opinion that Reich is bottomed upon the false premise that the Legislature intended to place public and private tortfeasors on an equal plane, and no longer reflects the existing state of jurisprudential law as espoused by our Supreme Court, we decline to extend its ratio decidendi to invalidate § 6431(3).
"It has been recognized that 'The principal purpose sought to be served by requiring notice is to provide the governmental agency with an opportunity to investigate the claim while the evidentiary trail is still fresh and, additionally, to remedy the defect before other persons are injured’. Hussey v Muskegon Heights, 36 Mich App 264, 267-268; 193 NW2d 421 (1971), (footnote omitted). Since we perceive these objectives as involving legitimate governmental interests, and because § 6431(3) applies to all persons similarly situated, we are obliged to sustain that provision as against plaintiff’s constitutional challenge.” 64 Mich App at 580-582. (Footnote omitted.)
The reasons given for upholding the constitutionality of the six-month notice requirement in Hanger, a fortiori, apply to the one-year notice requirement.
Hanger represents a realization of plaintiffs final argument that the standard adopted by our Supreme Court in Carver v McKernan, supra, must be followed in cases which involve § 6431 of the Court of Claims Act. Only a showing of prejudice by the concerned governmental agency will justify dismissal where a claimant has failed to comply with § 6431(1).
The State Highway Department’s position that § 6431(1) is jurisdictional would merit consideration but for the Supreme Court decision in Navarra v Board of Regents of the University of Michigan, 393 Mich 773 (1974). Section 6431(1) reads that "[n]o claim may be maintained against the state” if the claimant fails to file a claim, or intent to file a claim, within one year after accrual. The view that § 6431(1) is jurisdictional is fortified by the dictum of judge (now Chief Justice) Kavanagh in Gilliland Construction Co v State Highway Department, 4 Mich App 618, 621; 145 NW2d 384 (1966). However, the Navarra Court applied the Carver standard to a construction contract claim dismissed in the Court of Claims for failure to comply with § 6431(1). Thus, this Court has no choice but to apply the Carver standard to a claim involving tortious conduct. The State Highway Department’s argument is better directed to the Supreme Court.
Reversed and remanded for proceedings not inconsistent with this opinion. No costs, a public question.
D. F. Walsh, J., concurred.
MCLA 691.1404; MSA 3.996(104).
Also see, Zimmer v State Highway Dept, 60 Mich App 769; 231 NW2d 519 (1975), Kerkstra v State Highway Dept, 60 Mich App 761; 231 NW2d 521 (1975).
MCLA 600.6431(1); MSA 27A.6431(1).
MCLA 691.1402; MSA 3.996(102).
But see Hussey v Muskegon Heights, 36 Mich App 264, 270; 193 NW2d 421 (1971). | [
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Per Curiam.
Guadalupe Llanes, Sr. was awarded $20,000 in an arbitration proceeding under his uninsured motorist policy with American Motorists Insurance Company, hereinafter referred to as American. Following the award, on Feb ruary 19, 1974, Llanes filed a motion in the Saginaw County Circuit Court to confirm the arbitrator’s award and on February 21, 1974, American filed a separate action for declaratory judgment to vacate the decision of the arbitrator. A motion for summary judgment was filed by Llanes seeking to dismiss American’s declaratory judgment action and although both actions were ostensibly consolidated by the trial court, separate judgments were entered confirming the award of the arbitrator and granting Llanes’ motion for summary judgment. American has appealed both judgments which have been consolidated for hearing, argument and decision by this Court.
The stipulated facts of the accident in question are as follows:
"On February 24, 1973, about 11:30 p.m., the claimant, Guadalupe Llanes, Sr., left the Las Vegas Bar and was in the process of getting into his automobile which was located on the East side of North 6th Street, facing a Northerly direction, about one-half block South of its intersection with North Washington Street, Saginaw, Michigan. Claimant testified that he was accompanied by Mr. Kenneth Kowalski. As Mr. Llanes was leaning into the car in order to unlock the passenger side door for Mr. Kowalski, he heard a gunshot and felt a bullet hit his left ankle. Mr. Kenneth Kowalski testified that the gunshot came from an automobile which passed by Mr. Llanes’ vehicle heading North on North 6th Street. He testified that the vehicle was about one-half of a car length North of claimant’s vehicle when he saw a flash from the right front window and heard the gunshot. Upon investigation, he found Mr. Llanes had been hit and was bleeding profusely. Neither Mr. Kowalski or Mr. Llanes could identify the vehicle or the person that fired the gunshot.
"Subsequently, Mr. Llanes suffered a large medical expense and over eight months off from his regular employment.”
With respect to arbitration of claims under the uninsured motorists provision of the policy issued August 10, 1972, the following language appears:
"If any person making claim hereunder and the company do not agree that such person is legally entitled to recover damages from the owner or operator of an uninsured automobile because of bodily injury to the insured, or do not agree as to the amount of payment which may be owing under this Part, then upon written demand of either, the matter or matters, excluding matters of coverage, upon which such persons and the company do not agree shall be settled by arbitration in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association. * * * The arbitrators will hear and determine the matter or matters, excluding matters of coverage, upon which said persons do not agree. * * * Such person and the company each agree to consider itself bound and to be bound by any award made by the arbitrators pursuant to this Part.” (Emphasis supplied.)
On March 15, 1973, Llanes served American with notice of his demand for arbitration of whether his injury was compensable under the hit and run provisions of the policy. Initially, although not citing directly to the arbitrator the fact that questions of coverage were expressly excluded from arbitration, American objected to arbitration on the grounds that Llanes’ injury was not the result of a hit and run vehicle as that term was defined in the policy. American further claimed that there was no physical contact between the hit and run vehicle and Llanes or the automobile Llanes was occupying.
After requesting briefs on the question of his jurisdiction, the arbitrator decided that he had jurisdiction and found that a hit and run accident had occurred. In seeking to vacate the award, American argued before the trial court that the arbitrator had exceeded his powers in deciding questions of coverage. The trial court decided that while it would be inclined to agree that Llanes’ injury was not of a type covered by the insurance policy, that determination was a question of fact committed to the absolute judgment of the arbitrator in this case. We disagree.
A reading of GCR 1963, 769.9(l)(c), indicates that the trial court had a right to review the arbitrator’s assumption of jurisdiction. See also, Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange v Spafford, 62 Mich App 365; 233 NW2d 283 (1975). While it is true that a court may not review questions already decided by an arbitrator, the court in this case could have and should have ruled on the issue of whether the arbitrator exceeded his authority in ruling on a gunshot injury claim. As stated in Stowe v Mutual Home Builders Corp, 252 Mich 492, 497; 233 NW 391 (1930):
"Arbitrators derive all their power and authority from the law. The agreement of arbitration entered into between the parties is the law of the case. An award based upon the agreement of arbitration must stand, in the absence of fraud or mistake, but an arbitrary award outside the scope of the agreement of arbitration is not binding upon anyone, because it has no legal sanction.”
Llanes argues that because the jurisdiction issue was submitted initially to the arbitrator, his decision, which was in part necessarily factual, must be considered final and binding. In Maryland Casualty Co v McGee, 32 Mich App 539, 546-547; 189 NW2d 44 (1971), this Court explained what is properly submitted to an arbitrator:
"[T]he question cannot be viewed without reference to a positive legislative enactment authorizing contracting parties to agree to arbitration of future disputes under their contract. In such cases MCLA 600.5001(2); MSA 27A.5001(2) provides:
" 'Such an agreement shall stand as a submission to arbitration of any controversy arising under said contract not expressly exempt from arbitration by the terms of the contract.’ (Emphasis added.)
"The effect of the act, then, is to distinguish the situation in which parties agree to submission of an existing dispute, where the arbitration is dependent on the issues submitted, and the contract incorporating an agreement to arbitrate future disputes arising thereunder in which the scope of arbitration is not dependent on precisely defining what they have agreed to arbitrate but on what they have expressly withheld from future arbitration.”
Here, matters of coverage were expressly exempt from arbitration and outside the arbitrator’s authority. American continuously protested before the arbitrator that he was without authority to make any award for a gunshot wound under the policy of auto insurance. The fact that American submitted to arbitration does not give legal sanction to an award made outside the scope of the agreement. Thus, the issue of Llanes’ gunshot injury, being a matter of coverage excluded from arbitration under the policy, in question, although initially submitted to the arbitrator, was outside his authority. The arbitration award is therefore conditional upon a judicial determination of the hit and run coverage within the meaning of the policy.
American also claims that the trial court committed reversible error in deciding that the issue of whether there had been adequate notice of an arbitration claim by Llanes was exclusively for the arbitrator and not reviewable. The trial court was correct. American does not assert that notice was a jurisdictional prerequisite to arbitration nor does a reasonable construction of the notice provision lead to that conclusion. Therefore, the issue was outside the trial court’s right to review under GCR 1963, 769.9(l)(c).
Reversed and remanded to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Costs to American. | [
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O’Hara, J.
The first thing that should be understood about this opinion is that it does not involve an application by the Michigan Employment Relations Commission (MERC) to this Court for the enforcement of a commission order in the sense that was decided by the Supreme Court in MERC v Detroit Symphony Orchestra, 387 Mich 424; 196 NW2d 763 (1972), and reaffirmed in MERC v Reeths-Puffer School District, 391 Mich 253; 215 NW2d 672 (1974). In those two cases the Supreme Court made it absolutely clear that applications by MERC are original proceedings in the Court of Appeals and our acceptance of them of right is obligatory. Thus Detroit Symphony Orchestra and Reeths-Puffer School District are only tangentially involved.
This appeal presents two questions. One is in a limited sense procedural. The other involves substantive law.
We address ourselves to the first. The appellant does not state it as an issue and does not discuss it. Appellee MERC states it thus:
"Whether an aggrieved party may appeal as of right from a decision of the employment relations commission which orders and directs an election in a bargaining unit. ”
The appellant, for what we presume to be pragmatic reasons, disregarded the question for the relatively obvious reason that it was already in this Court, and prepared to argue the merits of its position. The route by which it arrived made no difference to it in this case. Appellant was apparently not interested in making law in the abstract.
The appellee union does not include this question in its statement of issues involved.
The appeal in this case should not have been accepted and processed as of right. The Attorney General, MERC’s representative, is correct. The grant of an appeal of this type of MERC order is a matter of grace and not of right.
We are not disposed, however, to grant the relief asked by the Attorney General because the substantive question involved is of such jurisprudential significance that we see no point in dismissing it on the narrow procedural ground.
We reason that if the Supreme Court had meant that all appeals from MERC were of right it would not have carefully specified that "[a] petition for enforcement * * * invokes the jurisdiction of the Court of Appeals as of right * * * [and] is not addressed to the discretion of the Court of Appeals”. Reeths-Puffer School District at 270. (Em phasis supplied.) Since we have "discretion” in accepting or rejecting MERC decisions and orders dealing with representation, elections and related matter, we proceed to discuss the case on its merits.
The question is whether the MERC order in this case properly designated four out of the 2,300 hospital employees as an appropriate separate bargaining unit.
The four employees are "licensed operating engineers (boiler and refrigeration) excluding supervisors and all other employees”.
The question is not easy of resolution. It creates a confrontation between two well recognized policies of MERC, as it has before the NLRB. One is what is not infrequently referred to as the avoidance of "compartmentalization” of small bargaining units in a highly integrated operation and, the other, the right of a "craft” to its own representation. Deciding this question is one reason for MERC’s creation, and we should not lightly disregard its findings. Limited though our appellate review is, yet the right of that review exists. We found it necessary to do so in Board of Regents of Eastern Michigan University v Eastern Michigan University Professors, 46 Mich App 534; 208 NW2d 641 (1973), even though the grounds for reversing MERC in that case aré not the same as in the case at bar. We mention it only to support our view that despite some testimony tending to support MERC’s conclusion in this case there is a point at which findings of fact can grow into an error of law. We think that has happened here.
It is difficult to imagine any employing unit which by its inherent nature needs an integrated operation more than a hospital. The 2,300 employees contain persons with infinitely more claim to a "craft” than the boiler engineers. Their training, their licensing requirements, their skills are higher and more sophisticated than the four employees singled out by MERC. All of these are included in an extensive and detailed procedure established and administered by the personnel department of the hospital to cover holiday pay, sick pay, vacation benefits, a pension plan, insurance coverage, overtime pay, breaktime, and an annual salary review.
We have reviewed the plethora of NLRB cases, MERC’s own holdings in similar cases, and judicial holdings of various Federal circuit courts of appeals included in the very helpful and well organized briefs of all the parties. We conclude that the majority of the holdings, in hospital cases especially, dictate that the creation of a separate bargaining unit of four out of 2,300 employees is unjustified in reason and inconsistent with the public interest. For these reasons we vacate the order creating the four-member bargaining unit.
No costs, a public question being involved.
MERC, through the attorney general, following a long-settled practice in this Court, filed a brief in support of its position. | [
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McGregor, P. J.
On June 29, 1970, the plaintiff received third-degree burns to various parts of her body as she was lighting floating brandy on top of coffee in her capacity as a waitress with Win Schuler’s Restaurant. She was physically incapacitated, incurred various medical and hospital expenses, and was voluntarily paid compensation benefits by defendant Aetna Casualty & Surety Company for 44 weeks. At that time, payments were discontinued by Aetna, who contended that plaintiff was able to return to work. Plaintiff, however, claimed a disabling injury continuing beyond that period of time by petition filed in June, 1971. This petition subsequently was amended to include a claim of disabling neurosis alleged to be the result of these injuries. The hearing referee and the Workmen’s Compensation Appeal Board both found that plaintiff was totally disabled on the basis of a psychiatric condition which was precipitated by the accident, and awarded compensation accordingly.
Their application for leave to appeal having been granted, the defendants now appeal this adverse decision of the appeal board and raise three issues for our consideration.
The first issue raised by defendants relates to the following finding made by the appeal board:
"On the basis of Dr. Payne’s testimony and review of the facts, we find that plaintiff is totally disabled on the basis of a psychiatric condition precipitated by the accident. Chapter IV, § 431 provides no right to apportion disability in cases arising out of Chapter III injuries.”
Defendants first contend that the plaintiff’s disability should be characterized as an occupational disease rather than a single-event injury and that, therefore, apportionment should have been granted under Chapter IV, § 431 of the Workmen’s Compensation Act of 1969. This contention is untenable. There is no doubt that plaintiffs difficulties arose from a single-event injury and not as a result of an occupational disease. See 1A Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 37.20, Adams v Acme White Lead and Color Works, 182 Mich 157; 148 NW 485 (1914). Additionally, the clear implication of the appeal board’s finding is that they considered plaintiffs disability as arising from a single-event injury. A finding of facts made by the appeal board is usually immune from review. Babcock v General Motors Corp, 340 Mich 58; 64 NW2d 917 (1954), Skowronski v Ajax Forging and Casting Co, 54 Mich App 136; 220 NW2d 725 (1974). We find that the appeal board’s ruling that plaintiffs disability arose from a single-event injury is supported by competent evidence and, therefore, cannot be attacked.
Secondly, defendants argue that the apportionment provision of § 431 can be interpreted to cover Chapter III single-event injuries. We disagree.
First, the apportionment provision of Chapter IV is clear and there is no corresponding provision in Chapter III. The entire Workmen’s Compensation Act was rewritten in 1969 with the obvious intent to clarify the act. It is highly unlikely that the Legislature would provide for apportionment specifically limiting it to disabilities from "occupational diseases” and not provide a corresponding section in Chapter III if they so intended. As stated in Skowronski, supra:
"Having gone to' such lengths to maintain this distinction throughout the new act, the Legislature was obviously aware of it when it approved an apportionment section that mentioned only disease-caused disabilities. The legislative failure to specifically include the other kinds of disabilities, which had been repeatedly distinguished from diseases, must be viewed a deliberate exclusion from the coverage of the apportionment section. Therefore, it would be improper to consider plaintiff’s injury covered by the apportionment section. ” (Emphasis added.)
The second reason for not interpreting the statute to mandate apportionment of single-event injuries is that apportionment is disfavored in workmen’s compensation law. See 1 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 12.20, and 2 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 59.20.
Having found that the Workmen’s Compensation Act does not allow apportionment of an employee’s disability arising from a single-event injury, we are squarely faced with defendants’ third contention. The defendants argue that the act is unconstitutional as it allows apportionment in cases of occupational diseases but not in cases of single-event injuries, thus denying the defendants equal protection of the law.
The function of the equal protection clause under Federal and state constitutions is stated in Fox v Employment Security Commission, 379 Mich 579; 153 NW2d 644 (1967):
"There is no doubt that State legislatures have a broad range of discretion in establishing classifications in the exercise of their powers of regulation. However, the constitutional guarantees of equal protection are interposed against discriminations that are entirely arbitrary. In determining what is within legislative discretion and what is arbitrary, regard must be had for the particular subject of the State legislation. There must be a relation between the classification and the purposes of the act in which it is found.”
Thus, when a classification is alleged to deny an individual equal protection of the law, such classification as a general rule must be shown to be unreasonable. The test of reasonableness is satisfied and the statutory discrimination will not be set aside if any set of facts reasonably may be conceived to justify it.
It would appear that a reasonable basis exists for the distinction allowing for apportionment in Chapter IV of the Workmen’s Compensation Act dealing with occupational diseases and not allowing apportionment in Chapter III regarding single-event injuries, at least as far as employers are concerned.
A possible rationale for the distinction is that occupational diseases, by their nature, are caused by harmful conditions characteristic of particular industries while single-event injuries can occur in any occupation. Thus, the Legislature, in formulating the classification, may have felt that employers who engage in particular industries which have inherent harmful conditions need preferential workmen’s compensation treatment. If these employers were not given this preferential treatment, conceivably they would not enter such industries since their workmen’s compensation insurance would undoubtedly cost more. Therefore, the clas sification can be considered as an inducement for persons to engage in these industries with their characteristic harmful conditions. As the classification can reasonably be justified upon this state of facts, the defendants are not denied equal protection.
The second issue raised by the defendants relates to the following finding of the appeal board:
"In its second argument, defendant claims error in the use of plaintiffs unreported tips as one determinant utilized in arriving at plaintiffs average weekly wage. The thrust of the argument is that undeclared tips should not be permitted when failure to report all tips was in direct violation of defendant’s written policy and the IRS rules. This Board has stated the following in reference to this issue:
" 'Inquiry as to whether Plaintiff has paid income tax on tips was proper at least to the extent that the question might bear on Plaintiffs credibility regarding income from tips. However, the referee erred in ruling in effect that if plaintiff had not paid tax on tips he could not expect to have tips treated as part of his earnings in the instant case. While we have no desire to condone any failure to report income or non-payment of proper income tax, nevertheless, such circumstances do not warrant the exclusion of proper evidence as to income in compensation cases. If Plaintiff would successfully establish earnings through tips, such income should be taken into consideration in fixing his average weekly wage whether or not reported as income and whether or not Federal income tax had been paid thereon. (Smith v Theodore, 1956 WCABO 236, 239.)’
"Since defendant firm was unable to produce any records which would warrant our reducing the plaintiffs estimated amount of tips and since its agent was unfamiliar with the base wages defendant paid during the periods of plaintiffs employment and the average amount of daily tips earned by its waitresses, we allow the Referee’s estimate to stand, which estimate thereby also finds plaintiff’s testimony to be credible.”
The defendants first contend that tips should not be included at all in computing the average weekly wage. MCLA 418.371; MSA 17.237(371) states in part:
"(2) Average weekly wage means the weekly wage earned by the employee at the time of his injury, inclusive of overtime, premium pay, and cost of living adjustment, and exclusive of any fringe or other benefits which continue during disability, but in no case less than 40 times his hourly rate of wage or earning.”
In Hite v Evart Products Co, 34 Mich App 247, 253; 191 NW2d 136 (1971), this Court interpreted "wage” as follows:
"Faced with the problem of construction of a similar statute, the enlightened court of another state determined that 'wage’ or 'earnings’ must be deemed to include all items of compensation or advantage agreed upon in a contract of hiring which are measurable in money, whether in the form of cash or as an economic gain to the employee. Leslie v Reynold, 179 Kan 422, 430 (295 P2d 1076, 1083). We approve this definition.”
As tips are measurable in money, we hold that they fall within the Hite definition of "wage” or "earnings” as set forth above.
Furthermore, "wage” has also been defined in part as follows:
"In computing actual earnings as the beginning point of wage-basis calculations, there should be included not only wages and salary but anything of value received as consideration for the work, as, for example, tips * * * ” (Emphasis added.) 2 Larson, Workmen’s Compensation Law, § 60.12.
As to defendants’ second contention that unreported tips should not be utilized in arriving at plaintiff’s average weekly wage, we believe the holding in Smith v Theodore, supra, represents the better policy. Tips, whether reported or unreported, still represent a part of "the proportionate extent of the impairment of [the injured employee’s] earning capacity in the employment in which [she] was working at the time of the injury,” pursuant to MCLA 418.371(1); MSA 17.237(371)(1). As the purpose of the Workmen’s Compensation Act is to compensate the employee for his lost income, unreported tips should not be excluded if the trier of facts determines , that the reported tips do not accurately reflect the total tip income received by the employee.
In the instant case, there was evidence upon which the board could properly determine that plaintiffs total tip income exceeded her reported tip income. The findings of fact of the appeal board will not be set aside by this Court if there is any evidence to support those findings. Hayes v Revere Copper & Brass, Inc, 43 Mich App 685; 204 NW2d 695 (1972).
Defendants’ third issue on appeal related to the appeal board’s award of interest at the rate of 6 percent. This issue has split our Court. In White v Extra Labor Power of America, 54 Mich App 370; 221 NW2d 214 (1974), we found that 5 percent was the applicable interest rate. In Morris v Baker Auto Parts, 57 Mich App 65; 225 NW2d 179 (1974), and Gibbs v Keebler Company, 56 Mich App 690; 224 NW2d 698 (1974), we found 6 percent to be the proper sum. Our Supreme Court granted leave to appeal in White, 393 Mich 795 (1975), and will hopefully resolve that issue. In the meantime, our decision is to allow interest at 5 percent, the same to be awarded to read 6 percent in the event our Supreme Court permits that rate of interest in workmen’s compensation cases.
Affirmed as modified herein. Costs to plaintiff, to be taxed jointly against both defendants.
MCLA 418.431; MSA 17.237(431) provides as follows:
"No compensation shall be payable for an occupational disease if the employee at the time of entering into the employment of the employer by whom the compensation would otherwise be payable, or thereafter, wilfully and falsely represents in writing that he has not previously suffered from the disease which is the cause of the disability or death. Where an occupational disease is aggravated by any other disease or infirmity, not itself compensable, or where disability or death from any other cause, not itself compensable is aggravated, prolonged, accelerated or in any way contributed to by an occupational disease, the compensation payable shall be a proportion only of the compensation that would be payable if the occupational disease were the sole cause of the disability or death as such occupational disease, as a causative factor, bearing to all the causes of such disability or death, such reduction in compensation to be effected by reducing the number of weekly payments or the amount of such payments, as under the circumstances of the particular case may be for the best interest of the claimant or claimants.” | [
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D. E. Holbrook, J.
This appeal involves an automobile negligence case brought by plaintiff James Brashers, for damages against defendant John Wesley Jefferson. Plaintiff appeals from the grant ing of defendant’s motion for an accelerated judgment based on the running of the statute of limitations.
The pertinent facts applicable to the issues raised on this appeal appear in the record which discloses that the accident happened on April 6, 1970. Plaintiff commenced a suit in Kalamazoo County Circuit Court on October 30, 1972. In June of 1973, plaintiff served on the Michigan Secretary of State the summons and complaint. A registered letter was sent to the defendant at a Muncie, Indiana address, and the registered letter was returned marked "Could Not Be Delivered”. Attorney J. William Dark entered his appearance for the defendant in July of 1973. Upon learning that the registered letter was not served on the defendant, Mr. Dark requested of the court permission to withdraw his appearance, which was granted.
On August 8, 1973 a second suit with duplicate complaint was filed by plaintiff. On August 10, 1973 plaintiff filed proof of service showing that defendant had been personally served at Muncie, Indiana on August 7, 1973. The first suit was dismissed by the trial court on September 19, 1973, pursuant to GCR 1963, 102.5, since service was not obtained within 180 days of filing the complaint. The first complaint having been dismissed, the plaintiff’s attorney filed a motion on October 18, 1973 to set aside the dismissal of the first complaint. On February 21, 1974 an opinion and order denying the motion were entered.
On November 19, 1973 an amended complaint had been filed, alleging that the accident occurred on private property. On February 19, 1974 a third suit was filed in the same manner and a summons issued. On March 19, 1974 an affidavit of service on the defendant was filed, showing personal ser vice on March 13, 1974 in Muncie, Indiana. On March 29, 1974 a motion for accelerated judgment was filed by the defendant in the third suit based on the claim that the statute of limitations had run. An opinion was filed by the trial court, granting defendant’s motion, and accelerated judgment was entered on September 9, 1974.
Plaintiff appeals as of right, and first asserts that the statute of limitations was tolled during the entire period of defendant’s absence from the state, pursuant to MCLA 600.5853; MSA 27A.5853. Plaintiff also asserts that the statute of limitations was tolled because he was materially hindered in effecting service of process on the defendant by means of either the nonresident motorist statute, if applicable, or by personal service.
MCLA 600.5853; MSA 27A.5853 reads as follows:
"If any person is outside of this state at the time any claim accrues against him the period of limitation shall only begin to run when he enters this state unless a means of service of process sufficient to vest the jurisdiction of a Michigan court over him was available to the plaintiff. If after any claim accrues the person against whom the claim accrued is absent from this state, any and all periods of absence in excess of 2 months at a time shall not be counted as any part of the time limited for the commencement of the action unless while he was outside of this state a means for service of process sufficient to vest the jurisdiction of a Michigan court over him was available to the plaintiff.”
Plaintiff claims that the nonresident motorist statute is not applicable since the accident occurred on private property and not a public highway. The plaintiff further claims that the statute of limitations was tolled because the plaintiff had no means of service sufficient to vest jurisdiction of a Michigan court over the defendant. In support of this claim, plaintiff asserts that available means of service are not considered sufficient to vest jurisdiction in a Michigan court where plaintiff shows that he has been materially hindered in effecting service, and was unable to locate defendant. Plaintiff also asserts that if the court is not able to acquire jurisdiction, theoretical permissible means for acquiring jurisdiction are not sufficient.
Defendant answers and asserts that under MCLA 600.705(2); MSA 27A.705(2), plaintiff could have served defendant, since there existed a relationship between the defendant and the state based on the doing of an act within the state by the defendant, resulting in an action for tort. Additionally, defendant could have been served under the nonresident motorist statute by service upon the Michigan Secretary of State and either personal service or service by registered mail, with actual receipt by defendant of the service by registered mail required. Defendant also asserts that service under the non-resident motorist statute is not precluded in this case because the first two complaints filed by the plaintiff alleged that the accident occurred on a public thoroughfare, rather than on private property. For these reasons, defendant claims that the statute of limitations had run its course on plaintiff’s action.
Of importance to this appeal, plaintiff’s attorney filed a brief in the trial court and attached an affidavit which we set forth in full as follows:
"William E. Decker, being duly sworn deposes and says:
"1. That he is attorney for plaintiff in the above entitled action;
"2. That plaintiff originally filed a complaint on Octo ber 30, 1972, (File No. 724-192C) and summons was issued and copies of same were given to process server for service but plaintiff was unable to locate the defendant and obtain service locally at the last known address of 735 Skinner, Kalamazoo, Michigan;
"3. That plaintiff’s attorneys continued efforts to locate the defendant including an inquiry with the Credit Bureau of Kalamazoo, Inc. who reported by letter in January 1973, that the defendant was from the Muncie, Indiana area and had married his ex-wife, Gladys, there but that no information could be obtained by the Credit Bureau of Muncie, Indiana office as to his present whereabouts and that the Muncie office would put a watch card in its file;
"4. That on June 20, 1973, plaintiff obtained a Muncie, Indiana address on the defendant and on that date service was made on the Secretary of State and notice of service on the Secretary of State along with copies of the summons and complaint were sent to the defendant at the Muncie, Indiana address by registered mail;
"5. That the registered letter was returned marked "COULD NOT BE DELIVERED”;
"6. That Attorney J. William Dark entered an appearance on behalf of the defendant on July 23, 1973, after having been notified by plaintiff’s attorney of service on the Secretary of State;
"7. That on July 27, 1973, Attorney Dark moved to withdraw his appearance after learning that no receipt had been obtained on the registered letter to the defendant and on September 10, 1973, an order allowing withdrawal of appearance was entered;
"8. That on August 7, 1973, plaintiff obtained personal service on the defendant in Muncie, Indiana and an affidavit of service was filed on August 10, 1973;
"9. That on August 8, 1973 plaintiff filed a new complaint and summons was issued (File No. B733-00242 NI);
"10. That this new complaint and summons was filed after the individual had been sent to Muncie to obtain service on the first complaint and summons when affiant became aware of GCR [1963], 102.5 providing for dismissal without prejudice when service is not obtained within 180 days of filing a complaint;
"11. That on September 19, 1973, an order dismissing the first complaint without prejudice was entered;
"12. That in early October 1973, plaintiff sent the same individual who had obtained service on the defendant in August to Muncie a second time to obtain service on the new summons and complaint, but service could not be obtained;
"13. That on October 18, 1973, plaintiff filed a motion to set aside the dismissal of the first complaint;
"14. That on February 21, 1974 an opinion and order of the court were issued denying the motion;
"15. That in early February 1974, plaintiff learned of a second individual who had known the defendant in Muncie, Indiana and thought he could locate the defendant and that on February 6, 1974, this individual was sent to Muncie, Indiana to obtain service on the second complaint and summons;
"16. That this individual discovered that the defendant was hospitalized in Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, Indiana but was unable to obtain service in the hospital;
"17. That affiant obtained the defendant’s address in Muncie by telephone from the hospital administrative office;
"18. That on February 18, 1974 plaintiff filed a third complaint and summons (File No. C 741 00 337 NI) since the 180 days subsequent to filing the second complaint and summons on August 8, 1973, had expired;
"19. That affiant sent the third complaint and summons to the Delaware County Sheriff’s office for service of process on the defendant;
"20. That the sheriff’s return of service dated March 13, 1974, showing that service was made on the defendant at 1613 N. Brady, Muncie, Indiana was filed with the court on March 19, 1974.”
A supplemental affidavit of plaintiff’s attorney was also filed and is set forth as follows:
"William E. Decker, being duly sworn deposes and says:
"1. That the personal service obtained on August 7, 1973 indicated in paragraph 8 of affiant’s affidavit dated April 4, 1974, was made by one Robert Pritchard; that Robert Pritchard was the brother of Gladys Brinson, the defendant’s ex-wife, and had indicated to plaintiff that he thought he could locate the defendant in Muncie, Indiana; that on August 1, 1973 plaintiff’s attorneys paid Robert Pritchard $50 to go to Muncie and serve process on the defendant; that on August 9, 1973 said Pritchard returned to affiant’s office and informed affiant that he had served process on defendant in an automobile in Muncie but had not learned an address; that said Pritchard was paid $25 after his return to cover additional expenses incurred in his trip to Muncie and that plaintiff’s attorneys later paid $2.36 for two collect phone calls from Muncie by Pritchard on August 7 and August 8, 1974;
"2. That on September 21, 1973 plaintiff’s attorneys paid Pritchard $75 to return to Muncie and attempt to obtain service of process on plaintiff’s second complaint and summons and that Pritchard returned the papers to affiant in October, 1973, reporting that he had been unable to locate defendant on his second trip to Muncie (see paragraph 12 of affidavit);
"3. That on November 28, 1973, affiant spoke with defendant’s ex-wife, Elizabeth Jefferson, 1201 E. Willard, Muncie, Indiana, by telephone but she did not know where defendant was and had not seen him in 13 years although she thought he was in Muncie;
"4. That on December 6, 1973, affiant wrote defendant’s father Mathew Jefferson, 1110 5th Street, Muncie, but received no response;
"5. That on January 22, 1974, affiant wrote the ex-husband of defendant’s ex-wife, James Brinson, 520 E. Frank Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan, but received no response;
"6. That in early February, 1974, plaintiff came to affiant’s office with Michael Brinson, the son of defendant’s ex-wife Gladys Brinson, and on February 5, 1974, plaintiff’s attorneys paid said Brinson $50 to go to Muncie to attempt to perfect service of process on defendant;
"7. That on February 13, 1974, said Brinson returned to affiant’s office with the information that defendant was hospitalized at the Ball Memorial Hospital, Muncie, Indiana, and that Brinson could not serve defendant in the hospital; that Brinson gave affiant an address for defendant in Muncie of 922 S. Grant Street and affiant sent the necessary papers to the Delaware County Sheriff’s office for service on the defendant on the third complaint since by then (2-19-74) the second complaint and summons had expired, but that the papers were returned with a notation that no one by defendant’s name resided at that address; that affiant then called the Ball Memorial Hospital and obtained the 1613 N. Brady Street, Muncie, Indiana, address where service was ultimately obtained on March 13, 1974, when the papers were returned to the Delaware County Sheriff’s office;
"8. That in addition to the sums hereinabove mentioned plaintiff’s attorneys have advanced $90 for three filing fees, $1 for the Kalamazoo Police Dept. Offense Report, $4.95 for two Credit Bureau reports, $14.10 in service fees, $2.44 in phone calls, $1.26 for registered letter.”
We also set forth the affidavit of Arthur Staton, Jr., one of the attorneys for plaintiff, filed April 24, 1974, and is as follows:
"Arthur Staton, Jr., being first duly sworn, deposes and says:
"1. That he is one of the attorneys for plaintiff in the above entitled action.
"2. That in late 1971 or early 1972 plaintiff’s attorneys learned from plaintiff, who was acquainted with the defendant and some of defendant’s relatives, that the defendant no longer was residing at 735 Skinner, Kalamazoo, Michigan, and began their efforts to locate the defendant.
"3. That on March 2, 1972, affiant’s secretary, Mrs. Fran Smith, called the Credit Bureau of Kalamazoo, Inc., and received a report that defendant resided at 604 West North Street (which was not as recent an address as 735 Skinner on the Kalamazoo Police Department Offense Report dated 4/6/70 on the incident out of which the cause of action arose) and that defendant was employed at Precision Heating of Kalamazoo.
"4. That on March 2, 1972, affiant’s secretary also searched the Kalamazoo phone book and city directory for information on the defendant but reported she could find nothing.
"5. That affiant advised plaintiff to continue to make inquiries with the friends and relatives of the defendant, and plaintiff reported making such inquiries but was unable to learn the defendant’s whereabouts.
"6. That on October 30, 1972, affiant filed a complaint and summons in this action and on the same day affiant’s secretary submitted the summons and a copy of the summons and complaint to the Kalamazoo County Sheriff’s Department for service of process on the defendant with the only information that affiant had as to defendant’s whereabouts which was the last known address of 735 Skinner.
"7. That Deputy Sheriff H. D. Rook returned the papers to affiant’s office with a signed slip indicating that three trips were made to 735 Skinner but there was no one at that address by defendant’s name.
"8. That plaintiffs attorneys continued their efforts to locate and obtain service of process on the defendant as outlined in the affidavit and supplemental affidavit of William E. Decker.
"9. Further affiant saith not.”
Supporting affidavits were also filed by plaintiff and Fran Smith, secretary to plaintiff’s attorneys, verifying the information contained in the affidavits in reference to their knowledge and activities.
It appears to this Court from the affidavits of plaintiff’s attorneys filed herein, that there probably existed no other manner of service "reasonably calculated” to give the defendant actual notice. It also appears to this Court that, although defendant was a resident of Michigan at the time of the accident, he departed from the state some time thereafter — the exact time not appearing in the record. We rule that under the facts in this case, it may very well be true" that defendant’s absence from the state is similar to that present in the recent case of Goniwicha v Harkai, 393 Mich 255, 255-257; 224 NW2d 284, 285-286 (1974), wherein our Supreme Court stated as follows:
"Plaintiffs commenced this action on November 23, 1970 to recover for injuries suffered in an accident which occurred on July 27, 1969. The action was dismissed for lack of progress on February 14, 1972 but was reinstated on March 20, 1972.
"Personal service was not effected until June 23, 1973, almost 4 years after the accident, 2 years and 7 months after suit was commenced.
"From 1969 until June 6, 1972, defendant was a nonresident of Michigan. Plaintiffs did not place the summons in the hands of an officer but employed a professional process server who was unable to serve the defendant. After the defendant again became a resident of Michigan on June 6, 1972, plaintiffs, on September 5, 1972, attempted to take advantage of the procedures for serving out-of-state residents by serving a copy of the summons on the Secretary of State and directing a registered mail letter to the defendant out of state, which was forwarded to the defendant and received by him in Michigan.
"In Buscaino v Rhodes, 385 Mich 474, 484 [189 NW2d 202, 206] (1971), this Court held that, for purposes of the statute of limitations as well as other purposes, an action is commenced upon filing of a complaint:
" 'We, therefore, hold that plaintiffs did comply with the statute of limitations, in that the complaint was filed pursuant to GCR 1963, 101 and the action commenced and, the provisions of the statute of limitations thus being met, the fact of subsequent service of the complaint can in no way affect the commencing of the action.’
"Subsequently, this Court amended GCR 1963, 102 to provide that a summons shall not be valid for longer than 180 days from the date of the filing of the complaint, to require dismissal without prejudice of actions where the defendant has not been served within 180 days, and imposing upon the clerk of the court the duty of entering such an order of dismissal. [Emphasis in original.]
"The trial judge dismissed on the basis of GCR 1963, 102.4 and 102.5, reasoning:
" 'Granting that Buscaino v Rhodes, 385 Mich 474, decided that the date a law suit is started is to be determinative of statute of limitations questions, the provisions of GCR 102.5 allow 180 days for service. 180 days after plaintiff started suit would be May 23, 1971. Plaintiff’s attorney service on the secretary of state was on May 5, 1972.
" 'Furthermore, plaintiff’s cause of action arose on July 27, 1969, the date of the accident. On July 28, 1972, more than the three years allowed by the statute of limitations had expired.’
"The unreported opinion of the Court of Appeals, affirming the trial court, reads:
" 'Plaintiffs brought an action seeking to recover for injuries sustained in an automobile accident. Defendant’s motion for an accelerated judgment was granted on the ground that the defendant had not been properly served with process and that the action was now barred by the statute of limitations; MCLA 600.5805(7); MSA 27A.5805(7).
" 'An examination of the record and briefs discloses no prejudicial error.
" 'Affirmed on the authority of Krontz v Estovez, 49 Mich App 30; 211 NW2d 213 (1973).’
"The statute of limitations was tolled from and after November 23, 1970, the date that this action was commenced.
"While amended Rule 102 obliges the clerk of the court to dismiss a complaint upon the expiration of 180 days from the date of the filing of the complaint and provides that he shall 'automatically enter an order of dismissal’, the rule is not self-executing and until the clerk in fact dismisses the complaint, the complaint is not dismissed.
"In this case the clerk of the court did not dismiss plaintiffs’ complaint pursuant to GCR 102.5. Personal service was effectuated before the trial judge entered his order dismissing this action on the ground that it was barred by the statute of limitations.”
Defendant’s absence from the state in Goniwicha was ruled to effectively toll the running of the statute of limitations.
Defendant’s motion for accelerated judgment was brought under GCR 1963, 116.1(5): "the claim is barred because of * * * statute of limitations, * * * or other disability of the moving party, * * * »
The procedure under this court rule is based upon GCR 1963, 116.3, wherein it is stated in part as follows:
"As to defenses and objections based upon sub-rule 116.1(5), the court may order immediate trial of any disputed questions of fact, and judgment may be rendered forthwith if the proof shows that the moving party is entitled to judgment on the facts as determined; or the court may postpone the hearing on the matter until the trial on the merits, and shall postpone the hearing if a jury trial has been demanded pursuant to right on or before the day of the hearing.”
We rule that an evidentiary hearing to determine the facts in this case is necessary.
We also note that the ruling in Krontz v Estovez, 49 Mich App 30, 34-36; 211 NW2d 213, 216 (1973), is important to an interpretation of the effect of MCLA 257.403(a); MSA 9.2103(a) and MCLA 600.705(2); MSA 27A.705(2) on the tolling statute, MCLA 600.5853; MSA 27A.5853, wherein the Court stated in part as follows:
"Plaintiffs did not serve the defendant until 16 months after the statute of limitations expired. During this time a means was available to obtain jurisdiction over the defendant. * * * Service of the summons may be accomplished by either mailing or delivering a copy of the summons to the Michigan Secretary of State and by either personally serving or mailing notice thereof to the defendant accompanied by a copy of the summons. This statute is applicable to nonresident defendants living in a foreign country. Holland v Ittner, 16 Mich App 547; 168 NW2d 476 (1969).
"Moreover plaintiffs have not shown that they were materially hindered in effecting service of process on the defendant. During the 16 months in question plaintiffs knew that the defendant resided in Argentina and were informed of an address where he could be reached. Although the defendant changed his address while residing in Argentina, there is no indication that mail addressed to the defendant would not have been forwarded by the Argentine postal authorities or that plaintiffs were unable to locate the defendant through reasonable diligence.”
We note that the present complaint filed in the instant suit by plaintiff alleged the accident happened in a service station driveway, or on private property. See Anno. Place or type of motor vehicle accident as affecting applicability of statute providing for constructive or substituted service upon nonresident motorist, 73 ALR2d 1351, § 5, pp 1357-1358. It is ruled in the following cases that valid service under the statute was limited to actions involving accidents occurring on the public highways and did not apply to accidents occurring on private property. Langley v Bunn, 225 Ark 651; 284 SW2d 319 (1955), Finn v Schreiber, 35 F Supp 638 (D NY, 1940), and Walton v Stephens, 119 F Supp 1 (D Va, 1954). It was contrariwise decided in the case of Schefke v Superior Court of San Francisco, 136 Cal App 2d 715; 289 P2d 542 (1955). We choose to follow the majority view, holding that the statute is not applicable to accidents occurring on private property.
In any event, the present case appears to be a proper one for remand to determine how long the statute of limitations was tolled by the absence of defendant from the state. Defendant was a resident of the state at the time of the accident and subject to the jurisdiction of our courts without resorting to any long-arm provisions in our law. It also becomes necessary to determine whether the plaintiff can show that he exerted reasonable diligence and was still unable to locate defendant and serve him. This will also include if plaintiff was materially hindered in effecting service of process on the defendant.
We also note that defendant is best able to show his whereabouts and residences at the times involved. In the case of Bratton v Trojan Boat Co, 19 Mich App 236, 244; 172 NW2d 457, 460-461 (1969), aff'd 385 Mich 585; 189 NW2d 206 (1971), we stated as follows:
"The pleading of the statute of limitations by the defendant was an affirmative defense and the burden of proving it was upon the defendant for it asserted the affirmative of the issue. Defendant was required to prove the facts essential to effectuate the bar. White v Campbell, 25 Mich 463 (1872), Sproat v Hall, 189 Mich 28 [155 NW 361] (1915), Tumey v Detroit, 316 Mich 400 [25 NW2d 571] (1947).”
We observe that the trial judge and attorneys did not have the benefit of the recent Supreme Court ruling in the Goniwicha v Harkai, supra, case at the time of the hearing and the granting of the motion for accelerated judgment and dismissal of the first suit in September of 1973, based on the provisions of GCR 1963, 102.5. We believe that the facts present in September of 1973, under Goniwicha, would have enabled the plaintiff to successfully withstand the motion for accelerated judgment inasmuch as the clerk had not dismissed the suit under GCR 1963, 102.5, and personal service had previously been obtained on the defendant.
The only avenue left open for the plaintiff to obtain relief as to this phase of the matter would be an application for delayed appeal. We understand these comments are gratuitous and do not constitute any opinion on our part.
The case is remanded to the trial court for a full hearing on the issues required to be determined under this opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction. Costs to abide final decision.
N. J. Kaufman, J., concurred.
"The doing or causing any act to be done, or consequences to occur, in the state resulting in an action for tort.”
This indicates that pursuit of a remedy under GCR 1963, 105.8 would have been an exercise in futility. At any rate, the mere fact that the cited rule provides for alternatives to conventional methods of service does not automatically mean that all plaintiffs will have means available, through the rule, "sufficient to vest the jurisdiction of a Michigan court” over all defendants who absent themselves from the state. If that were the case, the tolling provisions of the statutes would be meaningless. | [
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M. J. Kelly, J.
Plaintiffs brought suit, alleging that on July 24, 1966, one Flozelle Nails, an employee at a service station owned by defendant Tom Booth, had committed unprovoked assaults on them. A tortious assault count against Nails and Booth was dismissed because the applicable two-year statute of limitations had expired, MCLA 600.5805(1); MSA 27A.5805(1). Suit continued on two negligence allegations against owner Booth. One theory was that Booth failed to carry out his common law duty to use reasonable care in keeping the premises safe for business invitees. The other theory was that Booth had negligently exposed the public to an employee with known violent propensities.
This appeal is from an order of dismissal pursuant to a previously granted summary judgment following plaintiff’s opening statement. The final order was entered on February 14, 1975, and this appeal is of right under GCR 1963, 806.1.
The trial judge held that even if plaintiffs proved all facts claimed in the opening statement, defendant was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law. Defendant’s motion was characterized as a "motion to dismiss” and a "motion for directed verdict”. See Bean v State Land Office Board, 355 Mich 165, 176; 55 NW2d 779 (1952), and Vida v Miller Allied Industries, 347 Mich 257, 264; 79 NW2d 493 (1956) where it is said, quoting 53 Am Jur, Trial, § 373, pp 303, 304 with approval:
" 'It is a well-established general rule, followed by the majority of the courts of this country, including the courts of the United States, that the trial court may usually direct a verdict for the defendant upon the opening statement of the plaintiffs counsel, where that statement shows that the plaintiff has no cause of action or right to recover. The rule is founded on the theory that the time of the court and the jury would be wasted, since the result, if the evidence were introduced, would necessarily be the same; that it would be an idle waste of time to hear evidence which could not benefit the party offering it * * * . And a trial court has the right to act upon the facts deliberately conceded by counsel in his opening statement to the jury, and direct a verdict against the plaintiff, if such conceded facts would not entitle him to a verdict; but such power must be exercised sparingly, and never without full consideration and opportunity for counsel to qualify his statement, so far as the truth will permit.’ ”
We follow Mathews v Wosek, 44 Mich App 706, 708; 205 NW2d 813 (1973), and hold that the trial court’s action is to be viewed as an order granting summary judgment for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. GCR 1963, 117.2(1). We note also that the trial court gave counsel for the plaintiffs full opportunity to set forth expected proofs and to amplify his opening statement after the motion was made. No error is alleged in that regard.
Defendant’s legal duty with regard to safe prem ises is set forth in Marietta v Cliffs Ridge, Inc, 385 Mich 364, 371; 189 NW2d 208 (1971):
"[T]he duty * * * is to remedy or warn of dangers which are known to him or which, in the exercise of reasonable care, he should have discovered.”
As to plaintiffs’ other theory, that defendant negligently foisted his violent employee upon the public, the elements necessary to sustain that claim are set forth in Hersh v Kentfield Builders, Inc, 385 Mich 410, 412; 189 NW2d 286 (1971):
" 'An employer who knew or should have known of his employee’s propensities and criminal record before commission of an intentional tort by employee upon customer who came to employer’s place of business would be liable for damages to such customer.’ ”
It can be seen that for both theories, plaintiff may recover only upon a showing that the employer knew or should have known of the violent propensities of his employee. Upon questioning by the trial court, plaintiffs’ counsel made it known that there was no evidence that defendant had actual knowledge of prior assault convictions of the employee. He relied instead on the claim that defendant employer, in the exercise of reasonable care, should have discovered the employee’s criminal record and should then have isolated him from the public, and particularly the plaintiffs. The claimed negligence stems from defendant’s failure to diligently unearth his employee’s background and discover his criminal record.
In deciding what duty an employer has to the public, we are guided by Tortora v General Motors Corp, 373 Mich 563; 130 NW2d 21 (1964). This was a negligent entrustment case where plaintiff sought to prove that the driver had a bad driving record and that the employer knew or should have known of the driving record. There it was held reversible error for the trial court to instruct the jury that the employer could have determined the driving record of its employee, had it so chosen.
"The defendant employer may indeed have known that employee Boike was consistently finding it difficult to obey the traffic code as he drove its cars on business and pleasure. It may be, too, that the company learned sooner or later that Boike had become a chronic convict in such regard. But the record shows no proof of such knowledge, and no proof from which the jury might with propriety have inferred that the employer became possessed of such knowledge prior to the date of Mr. Boike’s 13th dereliction; referring to that which occurred October 10, 1959. All plaintiff offers in support of his burden is the allegation that, since the records maintained under said section 257.204a are public records (citing CLS 1961, §257.208 [Stat Ann 1960 Rev § 9.1908]), the defendant employer was under legal duty to keep abreast of such records and to act preventively upon finding what it would have found respecting the transgressions of employee Boike in the use of its cars. No authority for such contention has been cited.” 373 Mich at 567-568.
See also, Bradley v Stevens, 329 Mich 556; 46 NW2d 382 (1951), and Hersh v Kentfield Builders, supra, where the employer’s duty was held satisfied short of the inquiry here urged.
We conclude that defendant, a gasoline service station employer, was not required to conduct an in-depth background investigation of his employee. An employer is not absolutely liable for assault committed by his employee. The duty is to use reasonable care to assure that the employee known to have violent propensities is not unreasonably exposed to the public.
As to a prior record for crimes of violence, we note that the court in Hersh v Kentfield Builders, supra held that knowledge of an employee’s record could be construed by reasonable jurors as presenting to the employer a situation from which he "should have known” of the propensity for violence. In the instant case, plaintiffs offered no proof of any such actual knowledge. In spite of careful questioning by the trial judge, plaintiffs were unable to offer to produce evidence from which jurors could have reasonably concluded that defendant had notice of his employee’s propensity for violence. Plaintiffs’ proposed proofs rested on defendant employer’s duty to inquire into the background of his employees. Plaintiffs’ offer did not include breach of a legal duty by the defendant. The trial court properly- granted summary judgment.
Affirmed. Costs to defendant. | [
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On Remand
Lesinski, C. J.
Defendant shot and killed one Otha Mitchell but claimed the killing was in self-defense. He was charged with murder in the first degree and tried in Recorder’s Court for the City of Detroit. The jury returned a verdict of murder in the second degree. MCLA 750.317; MSA 28.549.
Defendant’s appeal of his conviction to this Court resulted in a memorandum affirmance. Néw counsel for the defendant then made a delayed application for appeal to the Supreme Court, putting forward different and much more significant issues than those presented in the first hearing before this Court. The Supreme Court sua sponte ordered the cause remanded to this Court for rehearing (394 Mich 760 [1975]) based on the briefs filed in the Supreme Court. For our disposition of this appeal, only the appropriateness of the trial court’s instructions need be considered.
The defendant’s account of the incident is that he went to the apartment managed by Mr. Mitchell to collect money owed him by a tenant. He there met Mitchell, who told him to leave. Because he claimed he needed the money that day for a real estate transaction, he disregarded Mitchell’s order and walked towards another elevator. Mite- hell then shot at him and in response the defendant shot and killed Mitchell. He then fled, but later surrendered himself to the Detroit police.
The prosecution proceeded on a theory that the shooting of Mitchell was unprovoked, and considerable evidence was presented to show the enmity between Mitchell and the defendant. No one except Mitchell and the defendant were present at the scene of the shooting.
In instructing the jury, the trial court included a charge on self-defense. Part of the charge dealt with the inability of an aggressor to invoke self-defense as an excuse for his actions.
The Supreme Court, in People v Townes, 391 Mich 578; 218 NW2d 136 (1974), has recently considered what is necessary to make someone the "aggressor” and thus deny him the defense of self-defense. In Townes the Supreme Court found error in the trial court’s assumption that "if appellant was at fault in provoking a disturbance in the tire store, he could then be held legally accountable as an aggressor for any response to his conduct, whether by McMillion or any other person”. 391 Mich at 592. A person may only be held legally accountable as an aggressor for responsive conduct of another that is reasonably attributable to one’s own conduct.
The only testimony of the confrontation between the defendant and Mitchell came from the defendant. According to the defendant, there was an exchange of words, which included Mitchell’s order for the defendant to leave the building, then the defendant disregarded Mitchell’s order and was walking away when Mitchell fired at him. Whatever Mitchell’s rights to order the defendant out of the building were, the evidence of defendant’s action in no way allows him to be considered the "aggressor”.
"It is generally held that the aggressor is the one who first does acts of such nature as would ordinarily lead to a deadly combat or as would put the other person involved in fear of death or serious bodily injury.” 1 Wharton’s Criminal Law & Procedure (Anderson ed), § 229, p 501.
Since there was absolutely no evidence presented that could entitle the jury to find that the defendant came under the aggressor exception of self-defense, the court’s instruction seriously prejudiced the defendant’s case.
" '[W]henever a judge, by his charge, proposes to deprive a defendant of his right of self-defense, he must be enabled to lay his hand on the facts which justify him in doing so; and, unless he can, he should abstain from giving a charge of this character, because, however groundless the charge may be, coming as it does from the court, it is calculated to make the jury believe that, in the opinion of the judge, there was evidence tending to show that appellant brought on the difficulty for the purpose of slaying his adversary, and consequently such an instruction, not authorized by the testimony, is calculated to injure or impair the rights of the defendant.’ McCandless v State, 42 Tex Crim 58, 64-65; 57 SW 672, 675 (1900).” People v Townes, supra, at 594.
Reversal of the defendant’s conviction is required. We are not precluded from so holding by the defense’s failure to object to the instruction. People v Townes, supra, People v Liggett, 378 Mich 706; 148 NW2d 784 (1967), People v Thompson, 30 Mich App 142; 186 NW2d 4 (1971).
It is not necessary to consider the other allegations of error made by the defendant. The defects alleged may not occur on retrial of this matter.
Reversed and remanded.
The court used Form No. 409 from 2 Gillespie, Michigan Criminal Law and Procedure (2d Ed), § 906, p 1286.
"If the defendant was the aggressor in the conflict, he cannot invoke the doctrine of self-defense as an excuse for the killing, unless he was at that time, in immediate danger of losing his own life or suffering some grievous bodily injury, and there was no retreat open for him and his only safety lay in shooting — . Self-defense in proper cases is the right of every person but it will not justify the taking of a human life, unless the jurors shall be satisfied from the testimony: First, that the defendant was not the aggressor in bringing on the difficulty, that is, that he was without fault; second, that there existed, at the time of the shooting, in his mind, a present and impending necessity to shoot in order to save himself from death or some great bodily harm; and, third, that there must have been no way open whereby he could have retreated, as- it appeared to him at the time of the shooting, to a place of safety and have thus avoided the conflict. Unless you find that all three of these facts are established in the case, then the plea of self-defense fails.” | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant, who had been charged with armed robbery and carrying a concealed weapon, pled guilty to assault with intent to rob being armed, MCLA 750.89; MSA 28.284, and on March 26, 1974, he was placed on probation for four years. On October 25, 1975, while on probation, defendant was arrested again for armed robbery and carrying a concealed weapon. As a result, probation violation proceedings were instituted with defendant’s arraignment on August 26, 1976, and resumed on September 6, 1976. At the outset of the probation violation hearing, defense counsel pointed out that charges of armed robbery and carrying a concealed weapon — the same charges which formed the basis of the probation violation charge — were pending against the defendant. Defense counsel argued that not to delay the revocation hearing until the underlying criminal prosecution had been culminated would result in the defendant’s being placed in double jeopardy. Not ing that no trial date had yet been scheduled, the trial court refused to delay the revocation hearing. Probation was revoked and defendant now appeals.
The issue, more artfully framed on appeal, is whether the trial court’s refusal to adjourn the probation revocation hearing pending disposition of the underlying criminal charge violated defendant’s Fifth Amendment right against self-incrimination.
This issue is not easily resolved. The dilemma it poses has been stated as follows:
"When the state holds a revocation hearing initially, therefore, a criminal trial in some cases properly may follow. The possibility of such a subsequent trial forces the defendant to decide whether to present a defense at the revocation hearing. Since, at the criminal trial, the state may be able to use evidence that the defendant presents at the initial proceeding, the defendant is confronted with the choice of either producing evidence at the revocation hearing and thus providing the state with incriminating evidence, or not producing evidence and thus forgoing a valuable defense. For example, suppose the state’s only evidence that the defendant was at the scene of the crime is hearsay, and therefore admissible at the revocation hearing but inadmissible at trial. In this situation, the defendant will undoubtedly be forced either to forgo a defense at the revocation hearing (such as, 'He hit me first’) or provide one that can later be used by the state to establish a critical element of its case. Forcing him to so choose suggests a possible infringement of the defendant’s privilege against self-incrimination.” Note, Revocation of Conditional Liberty for the Commission of a Crime: Double Jeopardy and Self-Incrimination Limitations, 74 Mich L Rev 525, 536-537 (1976).
While the trend of authority on this question would seem to indicate that a delay of the revoca tion proceedings would normally be preferable, we need not anticipate the bent of our Supreme Court on the issue. The prejudice feared, deterrence from testifying at the revocation hearing, was never realized here. This defendant testified at length at the hearing, denying all involvement in the crime charged. Further, here the underlying charges were not resolved by a subsequent trial but by a plea of guilty. For these reasons, we affirm.
The American Bar Association’s Standards Relating to Probation (Approved Draft, 1970), § 5.3 provides: "A revocation proceeding based solely upon commission of another crime ordinarily should not be initiated prior to the disposition of that charge.” The commentary points out that a prior revocation hearing with its lower standard of proof and concomitantly greater incentive to present an active defense might "compromise” the privilege against self-incrimination. Id., at 63. The Model Penal Code would go further and require a conviction before probation can be revoked for that crime. Model Penal Code, § 301.3, Comment (Tent. Draft No. 2, 1954), pp 150-151. The California Supreme Court, for one, has banned the use of probation revocation hearing testimony in a later criminal trial; the court was acting in its supervisory capacity but the self-incrimination problem was the reason for the rule. People v Coleman, 13 Cal 3d 867; 120 Cal Rptr 384; 533 P2d 1024 (1975). | [
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Beasley, J.
Defendant-appellant petitioned for reduction in alimony under a 1966 divorce judgment. After hearing, the trial judge filed an opinion denying a reduction. Defendant-appellant appeals as of right.
The gist of appellant’s claim is that a change in circumstances has occurred whereby his income is lessened. There is no question that plaintiffs needs remain and that her economic situation has not significantly improved. Defendant’s claim that she could improve her economic situation by remarrying is, of course, without merit; she has no such obligation and any consideration of that factor is irrelevant.
It may be that defendant’s income is less than at the time of the divorce, but, if it is, the trial court’s finding that defendant’s unemployment is largely self-imposed finds support in the evidence. Under these circumstances, voluntary reduction in income is not a proper basis for reduction in alimony.
There was no abuse of discretion here.
Affirmed.
Prettyman v Prettyman, 348 Mich 206; 83 NW2d 475 (1957), Pohl v Pohl, 13 Mich App 662; 164 NW2d 768 (1968).
Moncada v Moncada, 81 Mich App 26; 264 NW2d 104 (1978), Smith v Smith, 299 Ky 715; 187 SW2d 271 (1945), Ellenstein v Ellenstein, 210 Minn 265; 297 NW 848 (1941).
Hettiger v Hettiger, 37 Mich App 431; 195 NW2d 10 (1971). | [
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D. E. Holbrook, Jr., J.
Defendant was tried by jury and convicted of criminal sexual conduct in the second degree, MCLA 750.520c; MSA 28.788(3). Subsequently sentenced to a prison term of not less than 3 nor more than 15 years, defendant appeals as of right.
Upon trial defendant interposed a consent defense. Review of the trial testimony indicates that there existed a vast disparity between the testimony of the defendant and that of the complainant. It is readily apparent that the verdict of the jury hinged greatly upon whose testimony to believe thereby relegating the crucial issue to that of credibility.
During direct examination of the complainant the prosecutor asked and the complainant answered as follows:
"Q Do you go to church, by the way?
"A Yes.
"Q What church?
"A Christ The Good Shepherd.
"Q Would it be fair to say, then, that you know what it is to take an oath?
"A Yes.
"Q Do you respect that oath?
"A Yes.”
By virtue of such testimony, in response to prosecutorial questioning, the complainant in effect testified that because she attended the "Christ The Good Shepherd” church she knew what it was to take an oath and that her testimony was worthy of belief because she respected that oath. Such questioning by the prosecutor, in our opinion, constitutes an unauthorized inquiry into complainant’s religious beliefs, which, while not identical, is sufficiently similar to that prohibited in People v Hall, 391 Mich 175; 215 NW2d 166 (1974), People v Bouchee, 400 Mich 253; 253 NW2d 626 (1977), and People v Poteat, 74 Mich App 598; 255 NW2d 1 (1977). Such questions are also in direct violation of MCLA 600.1436; MSA 27A.1436, the pertinent portion of which reads: "No witness may be questioned in relation to his opinions on religion, either before or after he is sworn.” We cannot help but find that the prosecutor, in asking the questions that he did, was attempting to unfairly bolster complainant’s credibility. We believe such conduct to be totally unwarranted and of the type of influence condemned in Hall, supra, Bouchee, supra, and Poteat, supra.
In essence it appears the prosecutor was attempting to convey to the jury that complainant was more worthy of belief than defendant because she attended church, knew what it was to take an oath and respected that oath because of her church attendance. Hence, implicit in the questions and answers was a conveyance to the jury that complainant had certain religious beliefs and because of such beliefs she knew what it was to tell the truth.
In a case such as this, when the crucial issue is that of credibility, such questions by a prosecutor put to a complaining witness are unwarranted, prejudicial and constitute reversible error. Nor does defendant’s failure to object to such questions save the error. People v Hall, supra.
Resolution of the foregoing being dispositive, appellant’s issue relating to a remand for resentencing becomes moot and resolution of his remaining allegation of error unnecessary.
Reversed and remanded.
Beasley, P. J., concurred. | [
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J. E. McDonald, J.
Defendants appeal from an August 26, 1976, judgment of Wayne County Circuit Court, which affirmed defendants’ April 29, 1975, district court jury conviction for making harassing phone calls in violation of a Dearborn Heights ordinance. This Court granted leave to appeal.
Evidence introduced at trial tended to establish the following facts: Sonia Toundaian and her husband, Charles, were the complainants herein. Mrs. Toundaian was a co-chairperson, along with one Mr. Shollenberger, of the Crestwood Civil Action Group whose avowed function was to see that the then striking teachers of the Crestwood School District were fired. Mrs. Toundaian received much publicity, with her name frequently appearing in the media. Between December 4 and Christmas, 1974, Mrs. Toundaian and her husband began receiving many obscene and threatening phone calls. They complained to the phone company and to the police, and consented to a "tap” being placed on their line and indicated their willingness to prosecute the person or persons responsible. The tap, installed during late December or early January, showed that calls were coming from many different locations. During January and February, the complainants continued to receive a great number of alleged harassing phone calls. They kept records of some of these calls and turned them over to the police.
The equipment installed on the Toundaian’s line was a number group trap and indicated that a number of calls had been made from the 644 exchange. A pen register was set up on the 644 exchange on February 5th, and it showed that, on that date, six calls were made from 644-8553 to the Toundaian residence. These six calls were recorded between 11:15 and 11:18. This information was given by the phone company to the police, and the police requested further evidence. A pen register was then set up on phone number 644-8553, which phone was registered to defendant Richard Hayes. Richard Hayes’ wife, Joyce, was one of the striking Crestwood teachers who had been fired on December 30. This pen register recorded that between February 18 and February 21, twenty-one calls were made from 644-8553 to the complainants’ residence. On February 21, a telephone company security employee advised Dearborn Heights Police Detective Bennett of the information he had gathered. The defendants were arrested and charged with making harassing phone calls. Complainants did admit that some harassing calls were received even after defendants had been apprehended.
None of the witnesses testified that they had heard a woman’s voice on the phone.
Defendant-appellants claim that the use of a pen register gathered information which was inadmissible as obtained in violation of the Federal Communications Act, 47 USC 605.
Defendants also claim error in the decision by the district court denying a motion for a continuance for four days because counsel of record was involved in a separate trial.
Further, defendants claim the ordinance under which defendants were convicted is so vague and overbroad as to violate their constitutional rights. Further, the defendants claim they were subjected to cruel and unusual punishment by the district court, ordering them to have their telephone removed from their home for a period of one year. And, the final claim of error is that the district court committed reversible error in admitting evidence gathered by the pen register over the defendants’ objection, on the ground that the evidence was the product of a warrantless search.
It appears that the Federal courts, relying principally upon the language of Justice Powell’s opinion in United States v Giordano, 416 US 505; 94 S Ct 1820; 40 L Ed 2d 341 (1974), have indicated that the use of a pen register does involve a search and that orders to use a pen register may issue only upon a showing of probable cause, Application of the United States of America In the Matter of an Order Authorizing the Use of a Pen Register or Similar Mechanical Device, 538 F2d 956 (CA 2, 1976). See also Application of the United States for an Order Authorizing Installation and Use of a Pen Register v Southwestern Bell Telephone Co, 546 F2d 243 (CA 8, 1976).
"It is also clear that pen register orders are not now covered by Section 605 of the Federal Communications ' Act of 1934. Prior to the enactment of Title III, there was authority for the broad applicability of Section 605 to the interception and disclosure of 'any communication,’ including pen registers * * * The amendment of Section 605 effected by Title III restricted the coverage of that section to radio communications, and withdrew the interception of wire or oral communications from the ambit of the section, making Title III the sole governing provision.” 538 F2d at 958-959.
The testimony regarding the pen register evidence was given by a telephone company employee, John Ellison. When this witness was called, defense counsel objected on Fourth Amendment grounds. Following questioning of this witness outside the presence of the jury, the district court ruled the actions by the Bell Telephone Company not to be governmental action.
Mr. Ellison testified that, in response to a call by complainant, he put a group number trap on their line in early January, 1975. This device indicated that the Toundaians were getting many calls from several different locations. The device was placed back on the Toundaian’s line in late January, 1975, and this time the group number trap indicated that two calls came from the 644 office in Birmingham.
On January 5th, the phone company put a piece of equipment, not a pen register, on the line from which calls were emanating, and this equipment showed that there were six calls made within a four-minute period, between 11:15 and 11:18, to the complainants’ phone from a phone registered to defendant Richard Hayes. Mr. Ellison advised Detective Bennett of this on February 12th. Mr. Ellison testified that Detective Bennett "requested more evidence”. A pen register was installed the same day, February 12th. Charles Toundaian testified that he " * * * talked to Detective Bennett daily”. And, later, Mr. Ellison testified, "We deal in law enforcement * * * liaison with law enforcement items such as this”.
Reading these statements together, we are left with the firm conviction that the police were guiding the investigation of defendants through the agency of the telephone company and its employees. On this basis, we cannot agree with the trial court’s finding that there was no state action, and must reverse. See People v Smith, 19 Mich App 359; 172 NW2d 902 (1969).
Defendants also claim they were convicted under an ordinance which is so vague and overbroad as to violate both the First and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution.
The Dearborn Heights Ordinance 9.223 reads:
"It shall be unlawful for any person to telephone any other person repeatedly or cause any person to be telephoned repeatedly for the sole purpose of harassing or molesting such other person or his family, whether or not conversation ensues, except for telephone calls made for legitimate purposes.”
The ordinance must be presumed to be constitutional. Watnick v Detroit, 365 Mich 600; 113 NW2d 876 (1962).
Words must be given their common meaning unless a contrary intent is clearly shown. People v Smith, 246 Mich 393; 224 NW 402 (1929).
The defendants cite Walker v Dillard, 523 F2d 3 (CA 4, 1975). However, in Walker we find this language:
"We start from the proposition that the state has a legitimate interest in prohibiting obscene, threatening and harassing phone calls, none of which are generally thought of as protected by the First Amendment.”
We are not persuaded that a person of common intelligence would have to guess at the meaning of "harassing or molesting” within the context of an ordinance prohibiting repeated phone calls for this sole purpose. We find no basis for declaring that the ordinance involved is unconstitutionally vague or overbroad.
Since this matter will be retried, we do not find it necessary to discuss the refusal on the part of the trial court to grant a continuance on the basis that the defendants were entitled to be represented by an attorney of their own choice. And, on that same basis, we find it unnecessary to pass upon the sentence of the district court involving the denial of the use of a telephone.
We reverse the judgment of the Wayne County Circuit Court and remand this matter to the District Court of the City of Dearborn Heights for a new trial. | [
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D. C. Riley, J.
Defendant Theodore Roosevelt Jones appeals his jury conviction of one count of assault with intent to do great bodily harm less than murder, MCLA 750.84; MSA 28.279, and two counts of felonious assault, MCLA 750.82; MSA 28.277, for which he was sentenced to concurrent terms of two-to-four and five-to-ten years in prison.
Defendant’s first argument on appeal presents this Court with the sensitive issue of cross-examination of witnesses regarding their religious opinions and practices. Defendant asserted the defenses of insanity and diminished capacity due to consumption of alcohol. The questions posed regarding religious beliefs related to the claim that defendant was so intoxicated that he lacked the requisite specific intent.
On direct examination defendant testified that he had experienced a religious conversion in 1953 and, as a result, had abstained from all drinking for a period of some 22 years. Following his conversion he was ordained a lay preacher in his church. Jones testified that he began to drink some two or three months prior to the date of the offense because he was depressed over a continuing illness. He testified further that he drank heavily during the day of the incident and that he had no memory of shooting anyone. His last recollection was of passing out in a bar and then awaking in jail the next morning.
On cross-examination defendant was asked how often he attended church, what the qualifications were to be ordained in his church, and about his religious training and study.
Defendant’s son, Phil Jones, called as a defense witness, testified that he had never seen his father drink prior to the night in question, but he did not give any testimony concerning defendant’s religious opinion on drinking. On cross-examination, the following question and answer occurred:
"Q. [Prosecutor] I take it that you say you had been in the Applegate Bar, that you don’t share your father’s religious views on drinking?
"A. [Phil Jones] No.”
Defendant called several witnesses to testify as to his character and reputation. One such witness was Raymond Riggs, the pastor of defendant’s church. On direct examination the pastor related the history of the church, his personal background and training, and his acquaintance with defendant and knowledge of defendant’s church work. He stated that although defendant did not attend church services on a regular basis, he was a full member of the church. Reverend Riggs testified that under the tenets of the church, members were required to totally abstain from alcohol. As far as he was aware, defendant had lived up to that requirement.
On cross-examination the prosecutor asked if church members were required, on a regular basis, to reaffirm their belief in and adherence to the rule forbidding drinking. Reverend Riggs responded that such a requirement existed. The witness was then asked if he could reconcile defendant’s trial testimony that he had begun to drink some two or three months prior to the date of the offense with his church testimony that he was abiding by the abstinence rule:
"Q. [Prosecutor] Is a person required on a periodic basis to profess their belief in this particular penitence?
"A. [Raymond Riggs] Yes, sir.
"Q. Are they required to declare they follow this particular penitence?
"A. Yes, sir.
"Q. Were you present when Mr. Jones testified today?
"A. Yes, sir.
"Q. Did you hear Mr. Jones testify from the stand that two to three months prior to this incident on the 24th of February, 1974 he commenced drinking?
"A. Yes, sir.
"Q. Did you hear him testify also that he has continued to drink on a periodic basis subsequent to this incident right up to the present time?
"A. Yes, sir.
"Q. Does that knowledge affect your opinion on his truthfulness and veracity?
"A. Yes, to the extent that it would be an exception to his mode of conduct and living, in deed [sic] so.
"Q. Can you reconcile his testimony that he continued to drink that he gave under oath here this morning, with his speaking in church that he was following total abstinence?
"A. No, no, not that particular point, no, sir.
"Q. How can you say that his reputation is good?
"A. Because up to this point the question asked of me was was he still in official fellowship with our church and I said yes and I said if this was continued he would be dealt with, you can rest assured.
"Q. The church would deal with this deviation from the faith?
"A. In deed [sic] so.
Defendant contends that the prosecution’s cross-examination of himself and these defense witnesses violated MCLA 600.1436; MSA 27A.1436, which reads:
"No person may be deemed incompetent as a witness in any court, matter or proceeding, on account of his opinions on the subject of religion. No witness may be questioned in relation to his opinions on religion, either before or after he is sworn.”
We will deal with the allegations as to each witness in order.
We do not find the cross-examination of defendant erroneous under the statute. Defendant himself testified that he was ordained a lay preacher in his church. The prosecutor’s questions regarding his qualifications for that position did not extend into any prejudicial area concerning his beliefs on the specific practices of the religion. While the question regarding his attendance record at church was arguably directed at defendant’s religious practice, it reasonably falls within acceptable limits of cross-examination on a claim of church membership. People v Bouchee, 400 Mich 253, 262; 253 NW2d 626 (1977).
The question asked of defendant’s son, Phil Jones, was facially violative of the statute. While defendant introduced testimony as to his own religious views on drinking, the religious opinion of this witness was not at issue in the trial. We might hesitate, however, to premise reversible error solely on this isolated question.
It is the cross-examination of Reverend Riggs which gives us the greatest concern. The prosecution brought out that defendant was required by the rules of his church to periodically reaffirm before the church his compliance with its tenets, including abstention from alcohol. The witness was then asked whether his opinion on defendant’s credibility and reputation was affected by the disparity between his trial testimony, in which he admitted drinking, and his church testimony.
The relevancy of this cross-examination on the issue of defendant’s reputation for honesty and truthfulness is not disputed. Our concern is not with the relevance of the questions, but with the method.
The statute expressly states that questions as to religious opinions are not permissible. The purpose of the statute is to strictly avoid any possibility that jurors will be prejudiced against a certain witness because of personal disagreement with the religious views of that witness. This object recognizes the deep personal feelings many people hold on religion, feelings that may unavoidably conflict with a juror’s sworn duty to decide solely on the evidence presented, without injection of personal prejudices.
The recent cases applying the statute are quite strict where any possibility of prejudice exists. In People v Hall, 391 Mich 175; 215 NW2d 166 (1974), the Supreme Court reversed where the defendant was asked, and answered, an inquiry as to whether he believed in God, even though the question was intended to remind the defendant that he was under oath. In People v Burton, 401 Mich 415; 258 NW2d 58 (1977), the Supreme Court, distinguishing Hall, supra, did not reverse where the question of whether the witness believed in God was asked, but only because the trial court’s quick action in preventing an answer, striking the question, and cautioning the jury “obviated the necessity for appellate speculation” as to possible prejudice. 401 Mich at 418.
In People v Bouchee, supra, the facts were more closely akin to those in the case at bar. The defendant on direct examination had spoken of his church membership and his belief in the Bible to demonstrate his character. The trial court asked defendant questions concerning whether his stated belief in the Bible was consistent with his claimed defense to the charged offense. The Court found, such inquiry reversible error, stating:
"The prosecutor was fully entitled to challenge the defendant’s claim of good character, either upon cross-examination or through extrinsic evidence in rebuttal. Such challenge might have taken the form inter alia of evidence of prior convictions, testimony contradicting the claimed church membership and attendance, or reputation evidence tending to disprove the claim of religious, moral and God-fearing qualities, if indeed such evidence existed. It would not have been competent, however, for the prosecutor to inquire of the defendant concerning the nature, substance and content of his religious beliefs in order to show that such beliefs were inconsistent with the qualities of good character claimed. Nor was it competent for the ,court to conduct such an inquiry. Aside from the debatable relevance of such an inquiry to rebut the claim of a moral, God-fearing and religious character, such questioning is expressly forbidden by the statute and our holding in Hall, supra. ” 400 Mich at 262-263.
In addition, the Bouchee Court found error in the cross-examination of the defendant’s character witness, who was his church pastor.
"Reverend Williams was called by counsel for the defendant as a character witness. The direct examination was carefully confined to an inquiry concerning the defendant’s reputation in the community for veracity. Upon cross-examination, however, in an effort to explain and justify his claimed knowledge of the defendant’s reputation for veracity, Reverend Williams stated, 'People who are connected with our church often says that Bouchee is a good man.’ The expression 'good man’ which was employed by the witness in an effort to explain the basis for his testimony concerning Bouchee’s reputation for veracity did not offer justification for the prosecuting attorney to conduct a general in quiry concerning the defendant’s entire character and specifically did not warrant any 'clarifying inquiry’ concerning the defendant’s religious beliefs and practices.” 400 Mich at 265.
While the questions asked of Reverend Riggs in the present case were not concerned with religious beliefs as specifically as those found objectionable in Bouchee, nevertheless, the course of the cross-examination gave rise to the possibility of prejudice. Whatever the impact on defendant’s credibility resulting from the testimony that he had lied about his resumption of drinking, an even stronger impact on his character may have been perceived by the jury since he had lied while participating in the periodic ritual affirming the tenets and practices of the church. It is not inconceivable that some of the jurors may have been more affected by his failure to confess his actions to the church than by the actions themselves. Even though defendant admitted to violating the church tenet on drinking, we read Bouchee as limiting cross-examination to exclude any reference to additional breaches of church doctrine.
We hold that the combined effect of the cross-examinations of Phil Jones and Reverend Riggs created a potential for prejudice in regard to the religious practices and beliefs of defendant and his witnesses. Reading the statute strictly, such potential mandates a new trial. People v Hall, supra.
We should make two further statements in the event of a new trial. If the facts support the verdicts, a defendant may be convicted of different degrees of assault resulting from a single act. See People v Fields, 66 Mich App 347; 239 NW2d 372 (1976). Second, the trial court should take care to instruct on the defense of intoxication as set forth in People v Crittle, 390 Mich 367; 212 NW2d 196 (1973).
Reversed and remanded.
Beasley, P. J., concurred. | [
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] |
D. C. Riley, J.
The present action involves a products liability suit arising from an injury suffered by plaintiff which occurred within the course of his employment with Ford Motor Company. Following a lengthy trial, the jury found both defendants negligent and awarded plaintiff $931,-000. Both defendants have appealed, and the matters have been consolidated within this opinion.
On April 26, 1972, plaintiff was employed by Ford at its Flat Rock Casting Plant. His job involved assisting rough-cast engine blocks in moving along a system of conveyors. Plaintiff worked with two other men at the conveyor system, and would rotate job positions at half-hour intervals. While in the process of rotating jobs plaintiff attempted to step across the moving conveyor, but slipped or lost his balance, causing his legs to become entrapped within the conveyor’s machinery. As a result of this accident he incurred serious injuries, including ultimately the amputation of a leg.
Defendant Swindell-Dressler Co. (Swindell) had contracted with Ford for development of the casting plant. Swindell in turn had contracted with J. B. Webb Co. (Webb) for manufacture and installation of the conveyor system in question.
Plaintiff brought the present suit alleging negligence and breach of implied warranties of fitness against both defendants. The primary claims of liability concerned (1) the use of straight rather than tapered rollers in a 90-degree turn of the conveyor; (2) the design of "popout” rollers at the point of the conveyor where plaintiff was injured; and (3) the absence of a crossover or stile at plaintiff’s job location.
Defendant Swindell’s first claim on appeal is that it could not have been held liable on a theory of negligence where, as general contractor, it subcontracted the design, manufacture, and installation of the conveyor to defendant Webb and where the conveyor was built to Ford’s specifications, was accepted by Ford, and subsequent to that acceptance Ford had altered the methods and procedures for use of the conveyor, which alterations led to plaintiff’s accident.
We do not find any of these arguments persuasive. Swindell was not sued under a doctrine of respondeat superior based upon the alleged negligence of Webb, but rather was claimed to be a joint active tortfeasor with Webb. Although Swin dell claims only limited design responsibility for this conveyor system, the record is replete with testimony, including that of employees of Swindell, that both defendants were actively involved in negotiations with Ford concerning the design of the conveyor. Swindell cannot shift its potential liability onto the shoulders of Webb by reference to a theory of vicarious liability that did not exist at trial.
Defendant fares no better by arguing that Ford accepted the conveyor system without complaint or modification. The "accepted work” doctrine has been abolished in Michigan as a defense to an action based on the negligence of a contractor. Wilhelm v The Detroit Edison Co, 56 Mich App 116; 224 NW2d 289 (1974), Kapalczynski v Globe Construction Co, 19 Mich App 396; 172 NW2d 852 (1969).
Swindell’s strongest argument in regard to its own liability is that Ford changed the manner in which the conveyor system was operated after the manufacture and installation had been completed. It was not disputed at trial that the original grid plans for this part of the factory, which designated where workers would be positioned, did not have a work station at the location where plaintiff was injured. Swindell contends, on appeal as at trial, that the safety precautions built into the conveyor system could not be expected to fully protect a worker whose location was unknown during the periods of design and installation.
Implicit in this argument defendant raises the threshold question of the lawsuit; i.e., whether the danger of plaintiff’s accident was reasonably foreseeable to defendants during the design phase of the construction process. In Moning v Alfono, 400 Mich 425; 254 NW2d 759 (1977), the Michigan Supreme Court discussed at length the elements of a negligence claim in relation to products liability actions:
"The elements of an action for negligence are (i) duty, (ii) general standard of care, (iii) specific standard of care, (iv) cause in fact, (v) legal or proximate cause, and (vi) damage.
" 'Duty’ comprehends whether the defendant is under any obligation to the plaintiff to avoid negligent conduct; it does not include — where there is an obligation— the nature of the obligation: the general standard of care and the specific standard of care.
"While the court decides questions of duty, general standard of care and proximate cause, the jury decides whether there is cause in fact and the specific standard of care: whether defendants’ conduct in the particular case is below the general standard of care, including— unless the court is of the opinion that all reasonable persons would agree or there is an overriding legislatively or judicially declared public policy — whether in the particular case the risk of harm created by the defendants’ conduct is or is not reasonable.
"Duty is essentially a question of whether the relationship between the actor and the injured person gives rise to any legal obligation on the actor’s part for the benefit of the injured person. Proximate cause encompasses a number of distinct problems including the limits of liability for foreseeable consequences. In the Palsgraf [v Long Island R Co, 248 NY 339; 162 NE 99; 59 ALR 1253 (1928)] case, the New York Court of Appeals, combining the questions of duty and proximate cause, concluded that no duty is owed to an unforeseeable plaintiff.
"The questions of duty and proximate cause are interrelated because the question whether there is the requisite relationship, giving rise to a duty, and the question whether the cause is so significant and important to be regarded a proximate cause both depend in part on foreseeability — whether it is foreseeable that the actor’s conduct may create a risk of harm to the victim, and whether the result of that conduct and intervening causes were foreseeable.
"It is well established that placing a product on the market creates the requisite relationship between a manufacturer, wholesaler and retailer and persons affected by use of the product giving rise to a legal obligation or duty to the persons so affected. A manufacturer owes the consumer an obligation to avoid negligent conduct. The obligation extends to persons within the foreseeable scope of the risk.” (Footnotes omitted.) 400 Mich at 437, 438-439.
The controversy between the parties as to whether plaintiff was within the foreseeable scope of risk from the conveyor system falls under the Moning Court’s definition of "duty”. If plaintiff was foreseeable, a sufficient relationship was created, giving rise to the "legal obligation on the actor’s part for the benefit of the injured person”.
As the Moning Court further points out, the question of duty is generally decided by the trial court as a matter of law. However, where the facts presented at trial are a matter of dispute, the jury has a function in the decision on whether a duty exists:
"In any case where there might be reasonable difference of opinion as to the foreseeability of a particular risk, the reasonableness of the defendant’s conduct with respect to it, or the normal character of an intervening cause, the question is for the jury, subject of course to suitable instructions from the court as to the legal conclusion to be drawn as the issue is determined either way.” (Footnote omitted. Emphasis added.) Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 45, p 290.
See also Farwell v Keaton, 396 Mich 281; 240 NW2d 217 (1976), Holloway v Martin Oil Service, Inc, 79 Mich App 475; 262 NW2d 858 (1977).
Applying these standards to the case at bar, we find that the court correctly denied the motion for directed verdict. Plaintiff presented evidence from an expert witness that the change made in the conveyor system from tapered to straight rollers should have caused defendants to foresee that a worker would eventually have to be stationed at the curve to assist the engine blocks in negotiating the turn. Other evidence was presented that preliminary grid drawings are often incomplete or subject to revision upon implementation of the final plans. This evidence directly placed the issue of foreseeability in dispute. Since the claim of negligence was properly placed before the jury, their decision on the factual issues is beyond the scope of our review.
Defendant Swindell’s second contention is that plaintiff was contributorily negligent as a matter of law. It was admitted at trial that plaintiff voluntarily attempted to step over the conveyor, knowing it to be operating. Swindell claims that this act, in the face of a clear danger, precluded any recovery on the basis of a defect in the machinery.
The general rule is that contributory negligence is an issue of fact:
"The Supreme Court in Funk v General Motors Corp, 392 Mich 91, 113; 220 NW2d 641 (1974), stated:
" 'The question of contributory negligence is generally one of fact, not law.’
"Bruman v Yellow Taxicab Co, 220 Mich 41, 48; 189 NW 887 (1922), stated:
" 'Contributory negligence is essentially a question of fact in all cases except where by plaintiffs own testimony or the undisputed facts the case is too plain for reasonable, fair-minded men to draw different conclusions.’
"The rule is further summarized in 18 Callaghan’s Michigan Civil Jurisprudence, Negligence, § 27, pp 257-258:
" 'The ordinary care which the plaintiff must exercise to be free from contributory negligence is such care as an ordinarily prudent person would exercise under the same or similar circumstances. It is said that no precise rules can be laid down by which all acts of contributory negligence can be measured, and each case must depend upon its own particular facts, and is usually a question of fact for the jury.’ ” Jaworski v Great Scott Supermarkets, 71 Mich App 235, 236-237; 247 NW2d 363 (1976).
Even where the danger was obvious, courts are reluctant to take the issue of the reasonableness of the injured person’s actions away from the trier of fact. In Byrnes v Economic Machinery Co, 41 Mich App 192; 200 NW2d 104 (1972), the plaintiff was injured when a labeling machine manufactured by defendant was inadvertently switched on while he was in the process of making internal adjustments to the machine. Defendant argued that plaintiff himself was negligent in removing certain safety guards on the machine in order to make the adjustments. The Byrnes Court, reversing a grant of summary judgment in favor of defendant, held that since the safety guards by design had to be removed before necessary adjustments were made plaintiff had proceeded reasonably in the face of a known danger:
"It is true that plaintiff was aware of the risk and that many cases find no duty where the danger is obvious. This requirement must be considered in conjunction with the modern tort concept that awareness alone does not preclude negligence. * * * A danger may be obvious but not appreciated. 1 Frumer & Friedman, Products Liability, § 7.02, p 117. Even where a danger is appreciated, circumstances may cause it to be momentarily forgotten. It is also possible for the accident to occur even though the injured party proceeds cautiously in the face of an obvious danger.
"There is an analogous line of cases in Michigan which hold that a finding of negligence is not precluded when a plaintiff slips and falls in a place where the danger is obvious but the plaintiff has proceeded with caution in a place he has a right to be or must be. Pollack v Oak Office Building, 7 Mich App 173 [151 NW2d 353] (1967); Pigg v Bloom, 22 Mich App 325 [177 NW2d 441] (1970). These cases recognize that where a party either has no alternative or chooses an alternative which does not increase the risk, he should not be precluded from placing liability on the party who has created the risk. Such reasoning applies here.
"Where a person must work in a place of possible danger, the care which he is bound to exercise for his own safety may well be less, due to the necessity of giving attention to his work, than is normally the case. Plaintiff worked in a place of possible danger on a machine controlled by another. He was aware of the dangers, but had no alternative open to him which would have lessened the risks. He proceeded with caution. Defendant should not be able to escape liability if the risk to which plaintiff was exposed was unreasonable and foreseeable by the defendant.” (Citations omitted.) Byrnes, supra at 202-203.
In the case at bar plaintiff was required to work in close proximity to the dangers of a moving conveyor. His employment required regular rota tion of work stations. Evidence was presented that stepping over the conveyor was the accepted method of effectuating this rotation, since plaintiff testified that he and other employees had previously stepped over the machine in the presence, and apparently with the tacit approval, of Ford supervisory personnel. In addition, evidence was presented to the effect that plaintiff was virtually "landlocked” at the work station, thereby eliminating most, if not all, alternative methods of rotation. Finally, plaintiff testified as to the manner in which he attempted to step over the conveyor, evidencing recognition of the danger and a conscious effort to minimize the risk.
Given these facts we cannot say that reasonable minds could not differ on the issue of whether plaintiff proceeded reasonably in the face of an obvious peril, particularly when he was required to rotate work stations. Coger v Mackinaw Products Co, 48 Mich App 113; 210 NW2d 124 (1973). We see no reason to exempt this case from the general rule that contributory negligence is a matter for the trier of fact. The trial court correctly denied defendant’s motions, both during and after trial, for a directed verdict on the grounds of contributory negligence.
Defendant finally contends that the trial court erred in failing to give its requested instruction that a manufacturer of machinery is under no duty to provide an accident proof or foolproof machine. See Casey v Gifford Wood Co, 61 Mich App 208; 232 NW2d 360 (1975). It is true that the Casey Court stated that such an instruction should be given when requested in a products liability suit. Casey, supra at 218. While the court was in error in failing to give the requested instruction, we do not find that the error is sufficiently prejudicial to necessitate the granting of a new trial. This case involved many complex issues and was vigorously contested by all parties. There was no claim made that defendant was obligated to provide a foolproof conveyor, but only one that reasonably protected foreseeable employees. We do not think that the court’s failure to give this instruction, in light of the unobjected-to instructions on negligence and warranties, is inconsistent with substantial justice. GCR 1963, 529.1.
The last issue that we must discuss involves Swindell’s cross-claim of indemnity against Webb. The contract between the defendants contained the following provision:
"14. INJURY TO PERSONS AND DAMAGE TO PROPERTY: Subcontractor shall indemnify and save Contractor and Owner, or either, harmless from all claims for injuries to, or death of, any and all persons, and for loss of or damage to property arising under or by reason of this subcontract, except claims resulting from the sole negligence or wilful acts or omissions of the Contractor, its employees, or its subcontractors, agents, or representatives. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Subcontractor shall utilize at its own risk materials, tools, equipment or facilities furnished by Contractor for use by the Subcontractor and not to be incorporated in the work and Subcontractor shall indemnify and save Contractor and Owner, or either, harmless from all claims for injuries to, or death of, any and all persons, and for loss of and damage to property resulting from or by reason of the Subcontractor’s utilization thereof whether or not caused partially or totally by the negligence of Contractor, its employees, subcontractors, agents or representatives.”
Both defendants raised cross-claims for indemnity. The court instructed the jury as to the indemnity claims stating:
"All right. Now, you’ve heard me talk about indemnity. You have the matter of negligence to decide, the matter of express warranty to decide, the claim of implied warranty to decide, and there is a cross-claim between Swindell-Dressler and J. B. Webb Company for indemnity. So, I’ll read to you an instruction on that.
"I instruct you that it is the general rule that whenever the wrongful act of one person results in liability being imposed on another person, the latter person may have indemnity from the person actually guilty of the wrong.
"I instruct you, if the conveyor system manufactured by the J. B. Webb Company was defective and not reasonably fit for the purpose intended, and that such defect was the result of the sole negligence of Swindell-Dressler, J. B. Webb Company is entitled to indemnity from Swindell-Dressler.
"I instruct you that if the defect is the result of the negligence of both 'parties, Swindell-Dressler and Webb, Swindell-Dressler is entitled to indemnity from J. B. Webb Company. ” (Emphasis added.)
The judge then instructed on the form of the jury’s verdict:
"In regard to — if your verdict is for the plaintiff against both defendants, you may not divide the damages between them, but you shall return a verdict in one single sum against both defendants whom you find to be liable. That’s where you start out from, I might say, because you have to consider also the matter of indemnity, which is taken into account in your verdict. Of course, your verdict may be for one defendant and not for the other defendant. One way or the other.
"When you arrive back in the courtroom I shall call upon your foreman to announce your verdict. If your verdict is for the plaintiff, he will say, 'We find for the plaintiff, in "x” amount of dollars against one defendant or the other.’ If your verdict is for defendant, he will say, 'No Cause for Action.’ Do you understand that?
"I’ll repeat it again for you: If your verdict is for Mr. Robertson, the foreman will say, 'We find for the plaintiff in "x” amount of dollars,’ against one defendant or both defendants, as you choose. If your verdict is for the defendant, or one defendant, the foreman will say, 'We find no cause of action as to both defendants,’ or, 'as to one defendant.’ ”
There were no objections raised to either of these instructions.
After the jury had deliberated for a period of time, they requested further instructions on the form of the verdict. The judge again instructed them to phrase the verdict as "we find for plaintiff in 'x’ dollars” against one or both defendants, or "we find no cause of action”. Again there was no objection to the instructions.
Shortly thereafter the jury returned and rendered its verdict:
"FOREMAN: Your Honor, we find both defendants guilty, pay the plaintiff the sum of $931,000.00.
"THE COURT: I see. I think that needs a little bit of inquiry, because I said to you in regard to your verdict, if you find for the plaintiff in 'x’ amount of dollars, and I take it you find for him in the amount of $931,000.00, and you find against both Swindell-Dressler and J. B. Webb Company, and I suppose that takes into account that there was a cross-claim for indemnity on the part of Swindell-Dressler against Webb and a claim for indemnity on the cross-claim on the part of J. B. Webb Company against Swindell.
"Did you take that into account?
"FOREMAN: We did, your Honor.”
After the jury was polled, counsel for defendant Swindell requested that the jury be questioned as to what their verdict of "guilty” entailed. The jury was removed to the juryroom, and then returned to state that "guilty” meant negligence on the part of both defendants.
After the jury was excused, counsel for Swindell asked if a judgment would now be entered granting indemnity in favor of Swindell:
"MR. TONKIN: I think the court enters a judgment at this point on indemnity.
"THE COURT: Perhaps so, but I’d like to have some more discussion about that point and as it stands now, as I instructed them, if they found that Swindell-Dressler was solely negligent, their verdict would be strictly against Swindell-Dressler; on the other hand, if they felt as though there was indemnity, that Swindell was not solely negligent, then the verdict would be against Webb.
"MR. TONKIN: Yeah — you said if they were both negligent, then Swindell was entitled to indemnity.
"MR. STANCZYK: Well, I considered the entire matter — I don’t think that the judge can change the form of the verdict of the jury.
"MR. TONKIN: I think so. There’s plenty of authority—
"THE COURT: I think we’ll talk about it later on. At the present time, why, Mr. Bohall will be presenting a judgment, and at the time of the entry of the judgment, why, we’ll take that up.”
Swindell raised the indemnity issue in its post-trial motion for a new trial or judgment notwithstanding the verdict. The trial court, without explanation, refused to grant any indemnity.
The claim of indemnity presents us with two distinct sub-issues. The first is whether the indemnity clause is valid and applicable to the present lawsuit. Second, assuming the provision applies, what are the implications of the jury’s verdict of joint negligence.
In considering the validity and applicability of the indemnity clause, we note first that Webb has not properly preserved this issue for appeal. There was no objection made to the jury instructions on indemnity. Nevertheless, we will treat the issue as if there had been an objection in order to resolve any doubts as to the basis for our eventual decision.
Webb raises two questions relating to the validity and applicability of the clause. It is argued that the entire clause is invalid because the second sentence seeks to indemnify Swindell for its sole negligence, contrary to statute, and that, even if valid, the clause was intended to apply only to accidents arising during the course of construction of the conveyor system. We will respond to these claims in order.
By statute, an indemnity provision in a construction contract which seeks to protect the promisee from liability for personal or property damage arising from the sole negligence of the promisee is void as against public policy. MCLA 691.991; MSA 26.1146(1). Reviewing the instant contractual provision, we find the second sentence in clear violation of the statute. However, the second sentence of the clause relates, by its own language, only to accidents arising from Webb’s use of tools or materials supplied by Swindell. Factually, the present lawsuit is not covered under the scope of this specific wording. The first sentence, purporting to establish a general right of indemnity for all liability arising under or by reason of the contract, specifically excludes the situation of Swindell’s sole negligence, thereby comporting fully with the expressed public policy of the statute.
The fact that both sentences were combined in a single clause requires us to consider the question of severability. Webb argues that the clause must be read as a whole, and thus found totally void. Swindell naturally argues the factual inapplicability of the second sentence and seeks severance.
We find Swindell’s arguments persuasive. The second sentence of the clause was intended to govern only a limited and definite species of lawsuits, of which the present matter is not a member. A general rule of contract law is that a void section of an otherwise valid provision can be severed if it is not an essential part of the whole. 2 Restatement, Contracts, §607; Kukla v Perry, 361 Mich 311; 105 NW2d 176 (1960). We do not find the second sentence here to be an essential part of the general right of indemnity. We can sever the specific right of indemnity set forth in that sentence without doing violence to the general, and enforceable, scope of the provision.
Having found the right of indemnity enforceable in the case at bar, the issue remains as to whether it is applicable. Webb contends that the whole provision applies only to construction accidents. Again, we must employ a form of severability analysis. Clearly the second sentence relates to claims arising from the construction by Webb of the conveyor system. There is no such limiting language in the first sentence. We agree with Webb’s assertion in its brief that indemnity clauses are to be strictly construed, and all ambiguities resolved against the drafter (here being Swindell). Fireman’s Fund American Insurance Co v General Electric Co, 74 Mich App 318; 253 NW2d 748 (1977), Meadows v Depco Equipment Co, 4 Mich App 370; 144 NW2d 844 (1966). We do not agree that the scope of the sentence is ambiguous. The indemnity applies to "all” claims where not caused by Swindell’s sole negligence, not merely to construction accidents. The scope of the second sentence does not control the entire clause.
In this situation, which presents experienced corporate parties having dealt at arms-length concerning a substantial contract, we find that the intent of the parties was to contract for general indemnity not limited to construction injuries. Fireman’s Fund, supra. The first sentence of the provision is thus legally enforceable and factually applicable to the case at bar.
The last question to be answered is whether the court erred in refusing to issue an order granting indemnity to Swindell, given the verdict of the jury. We have carefully read the transcript of the confusing circumstances surrounding the verdict, and conclude that indemnity should be awarded to Swindell.
This conclusion rests on a number of factual considerations. The court, absent objection, instructed the jury that Swindell was entitled to indemnification if joint negligence was found. The court gave the jury repeated instructions on the form of their verdict, but not once instructed them to make a specific finding on the indemnity claims as part of that verdict. The jury returned a verdict of joint negligence in a form consistent with the judge’s instructions. When asked if they had considered the indemnity claims when they reached their verdict, the jury merely stated that they had considered them. We admit that this response was somewhat vague, but our review of the totality of the circumstances convinces us that the jury was indicating that they had reached a verdict of joint negligence with full awareness that such a verdict would result, as per the instructions, in an order of indemnity in favor of Swindell.
The verdict in favor of plaintiff is affirmed. The matter is remanded to the trial court for entry of an order granting indemnity from defendant Webb to defendant Swindell. Costs to plaintiff from defendant Swindell, and to Swindell from defendant Webb on the cross-appeal.
At oral argument counsel for defendant Webb informed this Court that pursuant to an out-of-court agreement Webb’s appeal as towards plaintiff had been withdrawn, but that Webb was not abandoning its cross-appeal against defendant Swindell. Accordingly, this opinion will discuss only the issues raised by Swindell’s appeal against plaintiff and the cross-claim of indemnity between Swindell and Webb.
Plaintiff asserted that the use of straight rollers at the curve, instead of the tapered rollers in the original plans for the conveyor, caused the engine blocks to stack up at the curve. This in turn, according to plaintiff, made it foreseeable to defendants that an employee would have to be stationed at the curve to pull the blocks around the corner. Plaintiff was in fact working at the curve immediately prior to the accident, which occurred at the point where the curve began.
Plaintiff claimed that a different type of "popout” roller (itself a safety device) would have significantly lessened his injuries.
"The existence of a duty. In other words, whether, upon the facts in evidence, such a relation exists between the parties that the community will impose a legal obligation upon one for the benefit of the other — or, more simply, whether the interest of the plaintiff which has suffered invasion was entitled to legal protection at the hands of the defendant. This is entirely a question of law, to be determined by reference to the body of statutes, rules, principles and precedents which make up the law; and it must be determined only by the court. It is no part of the province of a jury to decide whether a manufacturer of goods is under any obligation for the safety of the ultimate consumer, or whether the Long Island Railroad is required to protect Mrs. Palsgraf from fireworks explosions; A decision by the court that, upon any version of the facts, there is no duty, must necessarily result in judgment for the defendant. A decision that, if certain facts are found to be true, a duty exists, leaves open the other questions now under consideration.” (Footnotes omitted.) Prosser, Torts (4th ed), § 37, p 206.
The cases cited by defendant in support of its argument are distinguishable from the present situation. In Modzel v Norwalk Truck Lines, 325 Mich 693; 39 NW2d 226 (1949), plaintiff voluntarily returned to a place of danger, in a clearly unreasonable manner, after his regular hours of employment. In Shephard v Short, 53 Mich App 9; 218 NW2d 416 (1974), and Kubasinski v Johnson, 46 Mich App 287; 208 NW2d 74 (1973), the holdings affirming directed verdicts were premised on the dual factors of plaintiffs’ violations of statutes (negligence per se) and a lack of evidence showing negligence of the defendants. Neither situation exists in the case at bar.
MCLA 691.991; MSA 26.1146(1).
This result leaves the parties in a type of "fall-back” position. The first sentence, which applies to "all” claims arising out of the contract, must also apply to cases that were meant to be covered by the more specific language of the second sentence. Now that the second sentence is voided, the right of indemnity in effect for those cases falls back into the general right expressed in the remaining sentence of the clause.
The jury was never instructed to decide whether the indemnity provision of the contract was applicable to this lawsuit. They were merely told, in the form of a rule of law, that a certain occurrence (indemnity) would result from a certain verdict (joint negligence). To accept Webb’s contention that the jury was indicating that they had considered the indemnity claim and rejected it would be in effect allowing the jury to disregard its instructions and render a verdict upon an alternative which was not open to them. We cannot countenance such a result.
Because of our decision on the indemnity claim, we need not consider Webb’s extensively-briefed argument in support of adoption of the tort theory of apportionment of damages. | [
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D. F. Walsh, P. J.
Defendant was charged with armed robbery. MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797. He was tried by a jury, convicted and sentenced to a term of 8 to 20 years imprisonment. He appealed and was granted a new trial. People v Hooper, 395 Mich 807; 235 NW2d 745 (1975), reversing 62 Mich App 181; 233 NW2d 225 (1975). On retrial, he was again convicted and again sentenced to 8 to 20 years in prison. He now appeals his second conviction.
On the second day of his second trial, defendant expressed dissatisfaction with the attorney assigned to represent him and requested the trial court to appoint a different attorney. The court made careful inquiry as to the basis for defendant’s dissatisfaction, hearing from both the defendant and assigned counsel. Thereafter he ruled that there was no adequate reason for replacing the attorney originally assigned and denied the request.
An indigent defendant is not entitled to choose his own attorney simply by requesting that the attorney originally appointed be replaced. Where there has been a breakdown in the relationship between defendant and assigned counsel, however, and that breakdown is based upon substantial grounds successor counsel should be appointed. People v Ginther, 390 Mich 436; 212 NW2d 922 (1973).
Defendant in this case stated that he wished to assert an alibi defense requiring the testimony of a witness defense counsel was unwilling to call. Defense counsel confirmed that defendant had requested that the alibi defense be used but that he (defense counsel) rejected the request because, in his judgment, it would not have been in the defendant’s best interests. The witness was not subpoenaed.
Normally, as the trial court properly ruled, disagreements involving professional judgment as to trial strategy do not constitute substantial grounds for appointment of successor counsel. The jealous protection with which the law guards an accused’s right to counsel, however, requires appointment of a new attorney when there is genuine disagreement over the use of a substantial defense, such as alibi, in a criminal prosecution. People v Charles O Williams, 386 Mich 565; 194 NW2d 337 (1972).
Since such a dispute existed in this case, defendant’s request for substitution of counsel should have been granted. Accordingly, we must reverse and grant new trial.
Reversed.
R. M. Maher, J., concurred.
See American Bar Association Project on Minimum Standards for Criminal Justice, Standards Relating to Providing Defense Services, §5.3. | [
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D. F. Walsh, J.
Petitioner appeals from an order of the Michigan Tax Tribunal establishing the value of petitioner’s apartment complex for the years 1974 through 1976. The case presents three questions:
(1) In determining value using the capitalization of income approach did the Tribunal err in capitalizing an income figure based on market rental rather than capitalizing actual income?
(2) Did the Tribunal err in failing to adjust its valuation to reflect the property’s disadvantages of location?
(3) Did the Tribunal err in utilizing an appraisal based on average rent per square foot of alleged comparable property without proof of similarity of size of the comparable apartments?
For purposes of taxation property is to be assessed according to its true cash value. Const 1963, art 9, § 3. The standard for determining "true cash value” is the usual selling price or fair market value of the property. Any method for determining true cash value which is recognized as accurate and reasonably related to fair market valuation is an acceptable indicator of true cash value. CAF Investment Co v State Tax Commission, 392 Mich 442; 221 NW2d 588 (1974).
In the instant case the Tribunal determined that the actual rent charged by petitioner was below the market rental for comparable property. It therefore utilized an amount somewhat in excess of actual rent in its capitalization of income calculations in order to make what was, in its judgment, a more accurate determination of the fair market value of the property.
Petitioner, however, argues that MCLA 211.27; MSA 7.27 requires that actual income must be the basis for calculating true cash value by the capitalization of income approach. As authority for its position, petitioner cites CAF Investment Co v State Tax Commission, supra, and CAF Investment Co v Saginaw Twp, 79 Mich App 559; 262 NW2d 863 (1977) (hereinafter CAF v Saginaw). Our reading of these cases leads us to a different conclusion.
The precise issue decided in CAF Investment Co was described by the Supreme Court as follows:
"The principal question of jurisprudential significance on this appeal is whether, under Michigan law, the tax commission was entitled to consider and give weight to evidence of valuation based upon a rate of return which comparable, unencumbered property could earn in the present marketplace in the face of an existing unfavorable long-term lease with an actual rate of return which is substantially less than the present 'going rate’ ”. CAF Investment Co v State Tax Commission, supra, at 447. (Emphasis added.)
The Court rejected the Tribunal’s valuation in CAF Investment Co because in view of the unfavorable long-term lease, the Tribunal’s approach bore "insufficient relation to true cash value as defined by the constitution and by statute”. Id. at 454-455. The requirement of using actual rental income, therefore, was limited to the facts of that case.
"It is only because in this case the record indicates that long-term lease rental fairly reflects economic circumstances at the outset of the lease term and bears a demonstrable relation to true cash value that we require its consideration.” Id. at 456, fn 6. (Emphasis added.)
In CAF v Saginaw, this Court did nothing more than apply the "law of the case” doctrine and impose the aforementioned requirement in that case.
In the case at bar, petitioner’s property is not subject to an unfavorable long-term lease. The apartments were rented for an initial lease of one year and thereafter on a month-to-month basis. The property was not so encumbered by those leases that a potential purchaser could not alter the rental structure if market conditions warranted. In this case, therefore, utilization of an adjusted rental figure in the capitalization of income process may have resulted in a more accurate determination of the "usual selling price” of the property.
Thus, although the Tribunal was required to consider actual rental in determining true cash value, it was not precluded from making appropriate adjustments where, in its judgment, market rental in comparable properties or other relevant considerations made the capitalization of an adjusted income figure a more reliable indicator of true cash value. CAF Investment Co, supra, at 455, fn 4.
Petitioner’s second contention is that the Tribunal violated MCLA 211.27; MSA 7.27 by failing to adjust the valuation to reflect the disadvantages of the property’s location. We disagree.
The statute only requires consideration of the property’s location. The Tribunal’s opinion indicates that it did consider location but no adjustment was made because the Tribunal found that any disadvantages of location were balanced by other variables that contributed to the value of the subject property.
Petitioner’s final argument is that the market rental relied upon by the Tribunal was based upon the rent per square foot of complexes comprised of smaller apartment units. Demonstrating a statistical inverse correlation between area per unit and average rent per square foot, petitioner argues that the market rental figure was artificially high because it was not based on apartment complexes with comparably sized units.
In its opinion the Tribunal acknowledged this argument and reduced the respondent’s gross income figure, which was based on market rental, by $220,000 per year. Although the Tribunal did not explain the reasoning underlying the adjustments it made in respondent’s valuation of petitioner’s property, it is apparent from the opinion that petitioner’s arguments were considered by the Tribunal and compensations were made for the disparities noted in those arguments.
Affirmed. No costs, a public question being involved.
" 'Cash value, means the usual selling price at the place where the property to which the term is applied shall be at the time of assessment, being the price which could be obtained for the property at private sale, and not at forced or auction sale. * * * In determining the value the assessor shall also consider the advantages and disadvantages of location, quality of soil, zoning, existing use, present economic income of structures, including farm structures and present economic income of land when the land is being farmed or otherwise put to income producing use, quantity and value of standing timber, water power and privileges, mines, minerals, quarries or other valuable deposits known to be available therein and their value.”
MCLA 211.27; MSA 7.27.
MCLA 211.27; MSA 7.27 requires that in determining value the assessor shall consider the "present economic income” of structures. In CAF Investment Co v State Tax Commission, supra, at 454, the Court concluded "that 'economic income’ as used in MCLA 211.27; MSA 7.27 means actual income”. | [
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D. F. Walsh, P. J.
The Civil Service Commission denied plaintiff’s request for reclassification from Appeals Executive 15 to Appeals Executive 16. The circuit court reversed and the commission appeals.
Plaintiff applied for his position as Appeals Executive 15 in response to a notice placed in the Michigan State Bar Journal by the Michigan Employment Security Appeal Board. The notice stated the qualifications to be graduation from an accredited law school; State Bar membership; at least 5 years of practice before Michigan or Federal courts; and administrative quasi-judicial practice or equivalent thereof in a legal specialty. Plaintiff was hired and began work on January 7, 1973.
On February 11, 1975, plaintiff filed a reallocation request asking that his position be reclassified to Appeals Executive 16. The request was denied on April 21, 1975, by the Classification and Compensation Bureau of the Civil Service Commission. Plaintiff appealed the denial and a hearing was held on June 23, 1975, before a technical hearing officer who approved the denial in a decision dated August 7, 1975. At its meeting of October 17, 1975, the Civil Service Commission affirmed the action of the technical hearing officer by denying plaintiff’s request for leave to appeal.
Plaintiff appealed to the circuit court pursuant to GCR 1963, 706.3 and MCLA 24.301 et seq.; MSA 3.560(201) et seq.
The circuit court reversed the commission; reclassified plaintiff’s position from Appeals Executive 15 to Appeals Executive 16; and awarded damages in an amount equal to the difference in compensation between the level 15 and the level 16 classifications.
At issue in this case is, first, the proper scope of judicial review of final determinations of the Civil Service Commission and, second, the propriety of the Civil Service Commission’s denial of plaintiff’s request for reclassification.
The minimum scope of judicial review of administrative action is prescribed in Const 1963, art 6, §28:
"Sec. 28. All final decisions, findings, rulings and orders of any administrative officer or agency existing under the constitution or by law, which are judicial or quasi-judicial and affect private rights or licenses, shall be subject to direct review by the courts as provided by law. This review shall include, as a minimum, the determination whether such final decisions, findings, rulings and orders are authorized by law; and in cases in which a hearing is required, whether the same are supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record. Findings of fact in workmen’s compensation proceedings shall be conclusive in the absence of fraud unless otherwise provided by law.” (Emphasis added.)
In the instant case a hearing was required by Civil Service Commission rules.
The Michigan Supreme Court has ruled that the scope of review of final decisions of the State Civil Service Commission is that provided in the above quoted section of the Constitution. Viculin v Department of Civil Service, 386 Mich 375, 392; 192 NW2d 449 (1971). The proper scope of review in this case, therefore, is whether the Civil Service Commission’s decision was authorized by law and supported by competent, material and substantial evidence on the whole record.
The circuit court’s adoption of the provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act relating to ju dicial review of administrative decisions, MCLA 24.306; MSA 3.560(206), was erroneous. The Administrative Procedures Act expressly excludes from its ambit the Civil Service Commission. MCLA 24.203(2); MSA 3.560(103)(2).
The Michigan Constitution requires the Civil Service Commission to classify positions in the classified service according to their respective duties and responsibilities. Const 1963, art 11, § 5. We have reviewed the entire record and carefully considered the arguments of counsel. We find nothing therein which supports the conclusion that the commission action being reviewed in this case was not authorized by law.
Moreover, we find no basis for reversal under the "substantial evidence” standard of review. Under that standard the commission’s action must be upheld if it is supported by such evidence as a reasonable mind would accept as adequate to support the decision. Michigan Employment Relations Commission v Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Inc, 393 Mich 116; 223 NW2d 283 (1974), Dillon v Lapeer State Home and Training School, 364 Mich 1; 110 NW2d 588 (1961). A preponderance of evidence supporting the decision is not required. Soto v Director of the Michigan Department of Social Services, 73 Mich App 263; 251 NW2d 292 (1977), Rinaldi v City of Livonia, 69 Mich App 58; 244 NW2d 609 (1976), 2 Am Jur 2d, Administrative Law, § 688, p 573, see, Viculin v Department of Civil Service, supra, at 403, n 26.
Here the commission found that plaintiffs position was not as strong as the level 16 positions of worker’s compensation referee or employment security referee because the latter positions require bar membership and involve decision making responsibilities whereas the plaintiffs position does not. The commission further found that plaintiffs position was weaker than the Appeal Executive 16 position because the latter entails supervisory duties and presentation of cases in the state and Federal courts, whereas plaintiffs position involves neither of these responsibilities.
Plaintiff argues vigorously that bar membership is a requirement for his position and that the commission’s contrary determination was erroneous. He maintains that the notice placed in the bar journal by the Michigan Employment Security Appeal Board is evidence of that qualification. He also contends that the commission is estopped from denying the bar membership requirement because of the representation made in that notice.
It appears from the record that the appeal board does in fact require bar membership for plaintiffs position. The record also shows, however, that the Civil Service Commission does not include bar membership as a requirement for classification as a level 15 appeals executive.
It is the commission and not the appeal board which is constitutionally charged with classification of civil service positions. Const 1963, art 11, § 5. Thus, any conflict between the requirements imposed by the commission and those imposed by another agency must be resolved, for purposes of classification, in favor of the former. Plaintiffs reasoning would effectively transfer the classification power to any agency imposing qualifications higher than the commission’s minimum requirements. That result would contravene the express intent of the above constitutional provision.
It does not follow, however, that agencies should be precluded from imposing such higher qualifications. Doing so is certainly consistent with the raison d’etre of the civil service — to render more efficient service to the public by obtaining more efficient public servants. Reed v Civil Service Commission, 301 Mich 137; 3 NW2d 41 (1942), 15A Am Jur 2d, Civil Service, § 1, p 5. To limit such agencies to using the minimum civil service requirements in screening candidates would require those agencies to interview and "consider” all minimally qualified applicants while intending to consider seriously only those with the additional qualifications desired by the agency. We see no reason to impose such a requirement. Nor do we perceive any reason for not permitting individual agencies to impose such qualifications as they deem necessary to insure optimal service by those agencies to the people of this state.
The Civil Service Commission may not arbitrarily classify one position at a lower level than another position if the duties and responsibilities of both positions are equal. The different classifications are valid, however, if the duties and responsibilities of two positions are not equal. And the fact that another state agency requires applicants for the lower level position to have virtually the same qualifications that the Civil Service Commission requires of applicants for the higher level position does not impose a duty upon the commission to reclassify.
In the instant case, the commission found that the duties and responsibilities of plaintiff’s position, as well as the qualifications required by the Civil Service Commission for that position, were not equal to the duties, responsibilities and qualifications of an Appeals Executive 16. These findings were supported by competent, material and substantial evidence. They should not have been set aside.
The circuit court is reversed. The decision of the Civil Service Commission is reinstated. No costs, a public question.
Grievance and Appeal Procedure for Employees in State Civil Service, Article IV, January 29, 1975.
The Supreme Court, by rule, adopted the provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act as the method of review "provided by law” in appeals from administrative agencies.
"To promote uniformity of the appeal process from administrative agencies, this Court adopted, effective July 12, 1971, GCR 1963, 706.3 which will govern all appeals from the Michigan Civil Service Commission in the future:
" '3. Appeals from Michigan Civil Service Commission. Appeals from a decision of the Michigan Civil Service Commission shall be filed in the circuit court following the provision for appeals from administrative agencies as provided in the Administrative Procedures Act of 1969, as amended being MCLA §24.201 et seq.’ See 385 Mich xl (1971).
"This rule is now the method of review 'provided by law’ in Const 1963, art 6, § 28. It was adopted pursuant to the power vested in the Supreme Court by Const 1963, art 6, §§ 5 and 13.” (Emphasis added.) Viculin v Department of Civil Service, 386 Mich 375, 396, fn 20; 192 NW2d 449 (1971).
The Court, however, apparently did not intend to adopt the provisions of the Administrative Procedures Act relating to scope of review. MCLA 24.306; MSA 3.560(206). We reach this conclusion from the fact that GCR 1963, 706.3, became effective July 12, 1971, but in Peterson v Department of Natural Resources, 392 Mich 68, 71, fn 1; 219 NW2d 34 (1974), which was decided June 25, 1974, the Court indicated that the proper scope of review of final decisions oí administrative agencies was still that provided for in the Constitution. Const 1963, art 6, § 28. | [
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D. E. Holbrook, P. J.
On January 27, 1977, defendant Darwall was found guilty but mentally ill by a Recorder’s Court jury of murder in the second degree, contrary to MCLA 750.317; MSA 28.549, and assault with intent to commit murder, contrary to MCLA 750.83; MSA 28.278. On February 4, 1977, defendant was sentenced to life imprisonment on each count and given credit for 475 days already served in jail. Defendant appeals as of right from these convictions.
The relevant facts are these. Darwall lived in a 22-room co-op in Detroit. Among the people who lived in the co-op were Robert McGillivay, Christina Reynolds and Maketa Schlega. On October 18, 1975, Robert McGillivay, Maketa Schlega and Christina Reynolds were in the kitchen of the coop talking. Bob McGillivay left the kitchen and within 30 seconds, Maketa Schlega and Christina Reynolds heard a shot. Schlega went from the kitchen into the hall to investigate and saw Mc-Gillivay lying on the floor. McGillivay was moaning that Darwall had shot him. Schlega looked up and saw Darwall standing over McGillivay reloading a shotgun. Darwall then pointed the gun at Schlega and Schlega ran out of the house and called the police. No shot was ever fired at him. Later, as the police were bringing Darwall out of the house, Schlega asked defendant why he did it. Defendant said, "Shut up. Shut up. I would have gotten you, too, mother-fucker, if the gun had been cocked”.
After calling the police, Schlega went back inside the house to find Christina Reynolds. He found her with her blouse "blown away” and her left side covered with blood.
Christina Reynolds testified that when she and Schlega heard the shot, she heard Bob McGillivay yell, "Darwall’s got a gun and he just shot me”. She stated that after Schlega went into the hall to see what happened, he yelled for her to hide. As she was trying to hide, she looked up and saw Darwall standing in front of her. He pointed the shotgun at her and fired it. She then pretended to be dead and laid there until he left. The emergency room physician that examined Christina after the shooting testified that one-third to one-half of her left breast had been torn off by the shotgun blast. Also, her left arm was so badly wounded that it was questionable whether or not the arm could be saved.
Darwall was arrested immediately after the shootings and a shotgun was seized from him. The shotgun was a single shot which required that it be loaded and cocked each time after it was fired.
The defendant raised the defense of insanity. Each side produced expert testimony concerning defendant’s sanity when he shot the victims. The defendant did not testify.
The first issue raised on appeal is whether the verdict forms "guilty but mentally ill” and "not guilty by reason of insanity” deny defendant due process of law by shifting the burden of proof regarding sanity to him or equal protection of the law by unfairly discriminating against him on the basis of his defense of insanity.
Darwall challenges MCLA 768.29a(2); MSA 28.1052(1)(2), which provides:
"At the conclusion of the trial, where warranted by the evidence, the charge to the jury shall contain instructions that it shall consider separately the issues of the presence or absence of mental illness and the presence or absence of legal insanity and shall also contain instructions as to the verdicts of guilty, guilty but mentally ill, not guilty by reason of insanity, and not guilty with regard to the offense or offenses charged and, as required by law, any lesser included offenses.”
The enabling statute for the "guilty but mentally ill” verdict is MCLA 768.36; MSA 28.1059. Defendant’s argument is based on his due process right to be free of the burden of proof in a criminal prosecution and his equal protection right not to be discriminated against unfairly. Darwall also claims that the forms of the verdicts (guilty but mentally ill, not guilty by reason of insanity) constitute special verdicts which are improper in a criminal case.
Counsel argues admirably on behalf of his client. However, this Court holds that defendant’s argument is not applicable under Michigan law. Defendant asserts that the two verdict forms of not guilty by reason of insanity and guilty but mentally ill, unconstitutionally shifts the burden of proof to the defendant. Defendant’s assertion is without support in Michigan case law. Justice Cooley in the early case of People v Garbutt, 17 Mich 9, 21-22; 97 Am Dec 162 (1868), wrote:
"The prosecution takes upon itself the burden of establishing not only the killing, but also the malicious intent in every case. There is no such thing in the law as a separation of the ingredients of offense, so as to leave a part to be established by the prosecution, while as to the rest the defendant takes upon himself the burden of proving a negative. The idea that the burden of proof shifts in these cases is unphilosophical, and at war with fundamental principles of criminal law. The presumption of innocence is a shield to the defendant throughout the proceedings, until the verdict of the jury establishes the fact that beyond a reasonable doubt he not only committed the act, but that he did so with malicious intent.
"It does not follow, however, that the prosecution at the outset must give direct proof of an active malicious intent on the part of the defendant; or enter upon the question of sanity before the defendant has controverted it. The most conclusive proof of malice will usually spring from the circumstances attending the killing, and the prosecution could not well be required in such cases to go further than to put those circumstances in evidence. And on the subject of sanity, that condition being the normal state of humanity, the prosecution are [sic] at liberty to rest upon the presumption that the accused was sane, until that presumption is overcome by the defendant’s evidence. The presumption is overcome by the defendant’s evidence. The presumption establishes, prima facie, this portion of the case on the part of the government. It stands in the place of the testimony of witnesses, liable to be overcome in the same way. Nevertheless it is a part of the case for the government; the fact which it supports must necessarily be established before any conviction can be had; and, when the jury come to consider the whole case upon the evidence delivered to them, they must do so upon the basis that on each and every portion of it they are to be reasonably satisfied before they are at liberty to find the defendant guilty.”
This holding was reiterated in People v Eggleston, 186 Mich 510, 514; 152 NW 944 (1915), wherein the Court wrote:
"While it is true that at the outset there is a presumption of sanity, as soon as evidence is introduced on behalf of respondent tending to overthrow that presumption, the burden of proof rests with the people to convince the jury beyond reasonable doubt of the respondent’s sanity, that being one of the necessary conditions upon which guilt may be predicated.”
See also, People v Krugman, 377 Mich 559, 563; 141 NW2d 33 (1966), People v Sargeant, 65 Mich App 691, 696-697; 238 NW2d 175 (1975), and People v Marvin White, 81 Mich App 335; 265 NW2d 139 (1978).
In the instant case, the trial judge laid down the proper rule with reference to the burden resting upon the people.
In regards to the verdict of guilty but mentally ill, MCLA 330.1400a; MSA 14.800(400a) defines mental illness as follows:
"As used in this chapter, 'mental illness’ means a substantial disorder of thought or mood which significantly impairs judgment, behavior, capacity to recognize reality, or ability to cope with the ordinary demands of life.”
The trial judge instructed the jury as follows:
"Mental illness means a substantial disorder of thought or mood which significantly impairs judgment, behavior, capacity to recognize reality, or ability to cope with the ordinary demands of life.”
Thus, the trial judge correctly instructed the jury on the definition of mental illness. We follow this Court’s holding in People v McLeod, 77 Mich App 327, 331; 258 NW2d 214 (1977), wherein our Court stated:
"It is well settled that a statute must be treated with the deference due to a deliberate action of a coordinate branch of our state government and that the conflict between the statute and the constitution must be clear and inevitable before the statute will be struck down as unconstitutional. Township of Dearborn v Dearborn Township Clerk [334 Mich 673, 680; 55 NW2d 201 (1952)], People v Guerrero [57 Mich App 316, 319; 225 NW2d 746 (1975)]. At this time and on this record, we do not find such clear and inevitable conflict between the questioned statute and the constitution. We, therefore, decline to hold this statute unconstitutional as to this defendant.” (Footnotes omitted.)
See also, People v Desi Jackson, 80 Mich App 244; 263 NW2d 44 (1977), People v Marvin White, supra.
Under the established law in Michigan, the burden is upon the people to prove a defendant sane beyond a reasonable doubt if that issue is raised in the trial court. We are cognizant that in other jurisdictions this rule does not prevail and a burden is placed upon a defendant to prove insanity either beyond a reasonable doubt or by a preponderance of the evidence.
The defendant’s equal protection challenge to this statute is based upon his assertion that the application of special verdicts like guilty but mentally ill and not guilty by reason of insanity constitutes unfair discrimination. We find this challenge without merit.
The equal protection clause demands only that the government not impose differences in treatment on persons similarly situated except on the basis of some reasonable differentiation fairly related to the object of the law. The defendant has not shown such a violation of equal protection. The statute treats the same all criminal defendants charged with murder and in a similar situation.
The state’s interest in protecting society from insane defendants who exhibit dangerous tendencies and in securing proper treatment for such persons suffering from mental illness certainly bear a reasonable relation to this statute’s provision for two special verdict types indicating the jury’s findings as to insanity and mental illness. The law passes muster if its classification is reasonably related to the legislative purpose. FS Royster Guano Co v Virginia, 253 US 412, 415; 40 S Ct 560; 64 L Ed 989 (1920). Therefore, defendant’s issue is without merit.
Next, defendant argues that he was denied his US Const, Am XIV right to a fair trial when the trial court refused to instruct the jury that soundness of mind is an essential element of murder, requiring proof by the prosecutor beyond a reasonable doubt, and the trial court erred in the giving of the supplemental jury instruction which omitted reference to the defense of insanity.
The defendant requested the following instruction:
"I instruct you, members of the jury, that an element of the crime of murder is soundness of mind of the accused. A person who is not of sound mind at the time of the commission of the alleged murder cannot be found guilty of the crime of murder. Nor can a person not of sound mind intend to commit the crime of murder.
"Therefore, since soundness of mind of the accused is an element of the offense of murder, I instruct you that when the accused raises the issue of his sanity at the time the alleged murder was committed, the burden is upon the prosecution to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the accused was sane at the time of the commission of the alleged murder. I instruct that 'soundness of mind’ and 'sanity’ mean the same thing; the terms are synonymous.”
The trial court properly instructed the jury as to all the elements of the crimes and also that:
"There is a burden on the prosecutor to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant was sane.
"And, I want to caution you that the defendant has no burden to prove anything in this case.”
Thus, the trial court committed no error in these instructions.
The jury, after a period of deliberation, returned to the courtroom for supplemental instructions on the definitions of murder of the first degree and murder of the second degree. The court had the reporter read to the jury the court’s entire instruction on the definitions of murder of the first and second degrees. After further deliberations, the jury returned to the courtroom a second time and asked the court for further instructions on premeditation and the definitions of the three assaults upon which the court had instructed the jury. The court complied with this request.
The defendant asserts that error occurred in the supplemental instructions because the court did not mention defendant’s defense of insanity, thus, "The question of defendant’s insanity was buried amid multitudinous instructions on the elements of the crimes charged with the important and indispensable element of sanity not mentioned at all”.
There is no requirement that when a jury has asked for supplemental instruction on specific areas that the trial judge is obligated to give all of the instructions previously given. The trial judge need only give those instructions specifically asked.
As stated in People v Green, 7 Mich App 346, 358; 151 NW2d 834 (1967): "Absent a request by the jury, it was not error to fail to reiterate the previous instructions concerning the charges involved”. On the basis of Green, supra, and the trial court’s charge as a whole in this case, it is apparent that the supplemental instructions given did not constitute an abuse of discretion by the trial judge and defendant’s issue is without merit.
Third, defendant maintains that the prosecutor gave an improper closing argument. The following are the paragraphs of the prosecutor’s closing to which the defendant objects:
(1) "Well, if you can believe what I consider to be a device calculated to account for facts which can’t otherwise be accounted for, these devices that he thought himself as a Policeman and he wanted them to recognize him since he wasn’t in uniform, he was an undercover Policeman, and that is why he said, 'Don’t shoot me.’
(2) "Five days before he committed this crime he goes to the J. L. Hudson Company and he buys the gun. Why? Why did he buy the gun? There is no indication that he was going duck hunting. This was in October. I don’t know. Maybe it wasn’t the bird season.
(3) "Of course, the defense in this case is insanity. And the Court is going to give you a legal definition of insanity. But I say to you there is a considerable difference between a sick mind and sick soul. And I say, too, there is a difference between the sanity of a mind and moral sanity. And you listen carefully as the Judge instructs you on the definition of the insanity and mental illness and so forth. Because it appears from the facts in this case that what has been done is that a sickness of soul has been used to counterfeit mental illness as a defense to a charge of Murder, by reason of an expertise in — .
(4) "You heard the testimony of Doctor Danto, who saw through all of the shenanigans that the Defendant employed.
(5) "The Defense chose to put people on the Witness Stand to testify and there we did get some truth from them because they were honest people.
(6) "Counsel in touching upon some of the points I touched upon in My Opening Closing Arguments chose to answer certain things. Of course he didn’t explain to you why he had ten shotgun shells in his pocket, nor why he told Christina Reynolds 'Don’t let them shoot me,’ Nor why he told the Police, 'I have a gun. Don’t shoot me.’
"I would point out to you things defense counsel chose not to answer in his arguments, things that he chose not to answer. And I say to you that since he has had an opportunity to answer them and chose not to answer them, it is a pretty logical conclusion that he couldn’t.
(7) "You know, you remember about the mescaline and the hallucinogens and the — .
"So the first time he goes to seek any help is after he takes mescaline and he needs it because he finds — I don’t know if he ever took it again. I don’t know anything about it. I don’t know what his continued use of it was. But he was discharged from that hospital. You remember that?
(8) "I say to you, don’t buy this story that the defendant is trying to sell to you that he just put them in there and just shot. The fact is, he murdered them, he assaulted them.”
The defendant asserts that the prosecutor erred in the manner stated as to the following paragraphs:
(1) , (4) and (5) expressed his personal opinion on the credibility of witnesses and the facts in the case.
(2) and (6) impermissibly commented upon the fact that the defendant did not testify.
(3) expostulated nonexistent law to the prejudice of the defendant and expressed the prosecutor’s personal opinion as to guilt of defendant.
(7) deliberately invited the jury to consider that defendant probably used mescaline on a regular basis.
(8) expressed his personal opinion that the defendant was guilty.
We have carefully examined the prosecutor’s closing arguments in conjunction with the evidence brought out at trial and find no reversible error. In support of our ruling we turn to People v Davis, 57 Mich App 505, 511, 513; 226 NW2d 540 (1975), lv den, 399 Mich 878 (1977), wherein this Court discussed prosecutorial misconduct in closing argument and stated:
"Now to the final issue to be discussed: prosecutorial misconduct in both his summation in chief and rebuttal argument to the jury.
"This is a sticky wicket. Reading our case law, intermediate and ultimate, some citation can usually be found to support whatever position is urged by either party.
"It is apparent from the record that in this case the prosecution called the defendant’s testimony into question in terms that were less than delicate. There is often little room in a murder trial for delicacy and semantic nuance.
"Prosecutors are not permitted to state that on their 'solemn oaths’ they believe the defendant guilty. Nor may they say that if the defendant were not guilty he would not be on trial.
"Defendants can be convicted only on proof beyond a reasonable doubt and not on the personal belief of the prosecutor. The trial court must so charge. But prosecutors must in the words of the Campbell court be allowed reasonable latitude in arguing inferences from the facts on which they rely to establish guilt.” (Emphasis supplied.)
The statements by the prosecutor were fair comments based on the evidence presented.
The final issue defendant raises on appeal is whether the defendant is deprived of his US Const, Am XIV right to a fair trial where the trial court instructs the jury on the definition of "reasonable doubt” even though the defendant requests that no "reasonable doubt” definition be given. Defendant’s argument is based on his belief that any attempt to define "reasonable doubt” entails the use of words and terms which in turn require definition if the jury is to be truly enlightened. We do not agree. The defendant has no right to prevent the judge from giving a proper "reasonable doubt” instruction.
The trial judge gave the following instruction:
"By stating that the prosecution must prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, I mean that there must be such evidence as causes you to have a firm conviction amounting to a moral certainty of the Defendant’s guilt.
"If, aftering [sic] considering all of the evidence, you do not have such a certainty, then that is a reasonable doubt. A reasonable doubt is a state of mind which would cause you to hesitate to make an important decision in your life. It can arise from the evidence, the lack of evidence, or from the unsatisfactory nature of the evidence.”
The trial court’s instruction which defined reasonable doubt as a conviction to a moral certainty was proper. The Michigan Supreme Court in the early case of People v Swartz, 118 Mich 292, 300-301; 76 NW 491 (1898), upheld the reasonable doubt instruction which included the words "moral cer tainty”. The instruction by the trial judge in the instant case was just and fair. Defendant’s issue is without merit.
Affirmed.
M. F. Cavanagh, J., concurs in result only.
In Leland v Oregon, 343 US 790; 72 S Ct 1002; 96 L Ed 1302 (1952), the Court held the due process clause does not prevent Oregon from requiring that the defendant prove insanity beyond a reasonable doubt as a defense in a murder prosecution. Additionally, in Rivera v Delaware, 429 US 877; 97 S Ct 226; 50 L Ed 2d 160 (1976), the United States Supreme Court dismissed an appeal challenging Delaware’s requirement that a defendant prove insanity by a preponderance of the evidence for want of a substantial Federal question. This seems to affirm the Court’s previous holding in Leland because a summary disposition is a decision on the merits having precedential effect within the meaning of Hicks v Miranda, 422 US 332; 95 S Ct 2281; 45 L Ed 2d 223 (1975).
Driscoll v People, 47 Mich 413, 418; 11 NW 221 (1882). | [
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R. B. Burns, J.
Plaintiffs Anne and John Oole and James Carpenter were injured when a wooden deck which was part of the residence of defendants James and Katrina Oosting gave way on July 10, 1973. Suit was brought against the Oostings on January 31, 1975, and plaintiffs subsequently amended their complaints on June 26, 1975, to allege negligence by the designers and builders of the deck. This amendment added as defendants E. John Knapp and James G. Terzes, registered architects, Paul Newhof, a registered engineer, and Fred W. Moss and Albert Casemier, contractors. The added defendants moved for accelerated judgments because the suits were brought more than six years after the residence was occupied by the Oostings in 1966, and therefore allegedly barred by MCLA 600.5839(1); MSA 27A.5839(1). The trial court held the statute was inapplicable, and denied the motions. We granted leave to appeal, and affirm as to Moss and Casemier, but reverse as to Knapp, Terzes and Newhof.
The statute which we must interpret provides:
"No person may maintain any action to recover damages for any injury to property, real or personal, or for bodily injury or wrongful death, arising out of the defective and unsafe condition of an improvement to real property, nor any action for contribution or indemnity for damages sustained as a result of such injury against any state licensed architect or professional engineer performing or furnishing the design or supervision of construction of such improvement more than 6 years after the time of occupancy of the completed improvement, use or acceptance of such improvement. This limitation shall not apply to actions against any person in actual possession and control as owner, tenant or otherwise, of the improvement at the time the defective and unsafe condition of such improvement constitutes the proximate cause of the injury or damage for which the action is brought.” MCLA 600.5839(1); MSA 27A.5839(1).
Subsection (2) provides similar protection for licensed land surveyors.
The trial court, relying by analogy upon American States Insurance Co v Taubman Co, Inc, 352 F Supp 197 (ED Mich, 1972), decided the statute did not apply where plaintiffs had not dealt directly with defendants. In American States Insurance Co insurance companies subrogated to the rights of the owner of a shopping center and its lessees sued defendants who had negligently installed a light fixture which caused a fire eight years later. The applicable negligence statute of limitations required suit to be brought within three years of when the claim first accrued to the subrogor. MCLA 600.5805; MSA 27A.5805. A claim accrues when all of the elements of the cause of action have occurred and can be alleged in a proper complaint. MCLA 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827, Connelly v Paul Ruddy’s Equipment Repair & Service Co, 388 Mich 146; 200 NW2d 70 (1972). Because the owner had dealt directly with the defendants, a cause of action against the defendants had accrued as soon as the fixture was negligently installed, for the owner had as a result suffered immediate damage; suit was therefore barred. However, the lessees, who had no contractual relationship with the defendants, had no cause of action accrue until the fire occurred, causing the damages; suit was therefore not barred.
Unlike most statutes of limitations, the time period in the instant statute starts to run from the time of occupancy, use or acceptance of the improvement, and not from the time the cause of action accrues. Although direct dealing may be relevant in some cases as to when a cause of action accrues, American States Insurance Co, supra, it is irrelevant when the time period does not begin to run when the cause of action accrues. The plain wording of the instant statute bars actions by all persons who fall within its provisions, and not only those who have dealt directly with the persons who made the improvements.
The Court in American States Insurance Co, supra, at 201, implied in dictum that only architects and engineers enjoy the six-year cut-off in liability under the instant statute. Defendants Moss and Casemier submit that the statute cuts off claims against all persons who make improvements to real property, as well as actions for contribution and indemnity against architects and engineers.
We must look to the Legislature’s intent at the time it passed the statute to determine if it meant to include contractors. A history of the bill indicates that it was first introduced in the Senate February 9, 1967. It read in part:
"A claim based on the improper design planning, supervision or construction of an improvement to real property by state licensed architect or engineer accrues at the time such architect or engineer discontinues such services.”
Contractors were not mentioned and the bill definitely applied only to architects and engineers.
March 31 the Committee on Judiciary reported out the bill favorably with amendments. One amendment stated: "This section shall include registered land surveyors as defined in section
The bill was further amended in the House and returned to the Senate June 15th. June 16th the House amendments were approved by the Senate.
Contractors were not mentioned.
At the present time there is pending in the Legislature Senate Bill No. Ill, introduced February 8, 1977, which would amend the act in question and include contractors.
Therefore, in our opinion the Legislature did not intend to include contractors when the bill was passed in 1967.
Defendants Ross and Casemier have argued that the statute should be interpreted as including within its protection contractors in order to avoid substantial equal protection problems. We feel legislative history cannot support that interpretation. Because Ross and Casemier have not requested in the alternative that the statute be held unconstitutional, we do not reach the merits of the equal protection issue.
Plaintiffs argue that the statute deprives them of property without due process, because their claims were barred before they had an opportunity to sue. Similar arguments have been made to the Supreme Court as to other statutes of limitations.
In Connelly v Paul Ruddy’s Equipment Repair & Service Co, supra, defendants urged the Court to construe MCLA 600.5827; MSA 27A.5827 as providing that a negligence action accrues at the time of the negligent act, and not at the time all of the elements, including damages, are present. Under this construction the statute would abolish a cause of action for negligence if the negligent act was followed by injury within the three-year period. MCLA 600.5805(7); MSA 27A.5805(7). The Court avoided this construction by finding it inconsistent with the intent of the Legislature.
In Dyke v Richard, 390 Mich 739; 213 NW2d 185 (1973), the Court interpreted MCLA 600.5838; MSA 27A.5838, which at that time provided that a claim for malpractice accrued at the time of last treatment or service as to the matter out of which the claim arose. The defendants argued that a claim accrued at the date of last treatment whether or not the plaintiff was aware of the malpractice. The Court drew a distinction between statutes intended to abrogate a common-law cause of action and statutes of limitation. A statute which expressly extinguishes a common-law right is a proper exercise of legislative authority. Bean v McFarland, 280 Mich 19; 273 NW 332 (1937). A statute of limitation is one which requires a person who has a cause of action to bring suit within a specified period of time. Due process requires that a statute of limitation afford a reasonable time within which the suit may be brought. Price v Hopkin, 13 Mich 318, 324 (1865).
"Since '[i]t is of the essence of a law of limitation that it shall afford a reasonable time within which suit may be brought * * * ’, Price, supra, a statute which extinguishes the right to bring suit cannot be enforced as a law of limitation. As to a person who does not know, or in the exercise of reasonable diligence could not ascertain within the two year period that he has a cause of action, this statute has the effect of abolishing his right to bring suit.
"Such a statute, if sustainable at all could be enforced only as one intended to abolish a common law cause of action. But this statute does not purport to do this, is not asserted to do so, and we cannot ascribe any legislative intention to accomplish that end. We read it as a statute of limitation which applies in every case except where the plaintiff does not know of his cause of action.” 390 Mich at 746-747; 213 NW2d at 188.
The Court then determined that the Legislature did not intend to abrogate the general rule that a cause of action accrues at the time of injury, and read a discovery provision into the statute.
In the above cases the Court interpreted statutes defining when a cause of action accrues so as to avoid constitutional infirmity. In each situation the statutory definition of accrual appeared to be at variance with the traditional definition of accrual, and the Court was able to determine that the Legislature did not intend to depart from the traditional definition. However, as previously noted, the statutory period in the instant case begins to run at the time of occupancy, not at the time the cause of action accrues. It is doubtful whether a discovery provision could be read into the instant statute, and constitutional issues thus avoided. However, we need not reach this issue, for we find plaintiffs lack standing to make this challenge.
The Court in Dyke v Richard assumed that the statute in that case was either one of limitation or one of repose. The parties in the instant case assume the same thing as to the instant statute, plaintiffs arguing that it is a statute of limitation, and defendants arguing that it is a statute of repose. Whether it is a statute of limitation or repose depends upon what the Legislature intended. See Dyke v Richard, supra.
The language as to the operation of the instant statute is unambiguous, and we assume the Legislature intended exactly what it said. "No person may maintain any action * * * more than 6 years after the time of occupancy * * * As a practical matter, the statute is both one of limitation and one of repose.
As to causes of action which accrue prior to the expiration of six years, the statute is one of limitation, because it requires that the action be brought within a specified period of time. If a cause of action accrued near the end of the six-year period, and a discovery period could not be read into the statute, a person may not have a reasonable period of time within which to bring suit, and the statute may operate to deprive that person of his cause of action without due process. However, plaintiffs’ injuries occurred after the expiration of the six-year period. "One cannot attack [a] statute on the ground that its application denies constitutional protection to others.” Williams & Works, Inc v Springfield Corp, 76 Mich App 541, 547; 257 NW2d 160, 163 (1977).
Because a person may not maintain a cause of action after six years, the statute operates to prevent a cause of action from ever accruing where the injury occurs more than six years after the time of occupancy. The cause of action is abrogated before it comes into existence. Consequently, an injured party cannot be deprived of a cause of action without due process of law. The Court in Dyke v Richard recognized that a statute of limitation which operates to abrogate a cause of action may be sustainable as a statute of repose. The Legislature has the»power to abrogate causes of action. Const 1963, art 3, § 7, Bean v McFarland, supra. A decision by the Legislature that a cause of action should not be abrogated until the passage of a period of time, when proofs grow stale, is not an unreasonable exercise of its authority. Similar acts have been upheld as statutes of repose in other states. See, e.g., Rosenberg v Town of North Bergen, 61 NJ 190; 293 A2d 662 (1972), Freezer Storage, Inc v Armstrong Cork Co, 234 Pa Super 441; 341 A2d 184 (1975). As applied to the instant situation, the statute operates in a constitutional manner.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded. | [
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Allen, J.
Defendant Detroit Automobile Inter-Insurance Exchange (DAIIE), appeals from an April 13, 1977, declaratory judgment, GCR 1963, 521, holding that, under plaintiffs’ insurance policy and under Michigan’s then hit-and-run statute, MCLA 257.1112; MSA 9.2812, DAIIE was liable to plaintiffs for damages arising out of an accident occurring May 14, 1975, when the vehicle driven by Beverly Kersten struck an unidentified truck tire spinning in front of her on the passing lane of the highway on which she was driving. At the bench trial the issue was whether the unusual circumstances of this case entitled plaintiffs to insurance benefits under pre-no-fault law.
I. Facts
The insurance policy plaintiffs carried with DAIIE provided for protection in the event of an accident with an uninsured automobile if plaintiffs’ injuries were caused by the ownership, maintenance or use of said uninsured automobile. Uninsured automobile was defined to include a "hit-run” motor vehicle. And a "hit-run” motor vehicle was defined, inter alia, as "a motor vehicle which causes bodily injury to an insured arising out of physical contact of such vehicle with the insured or with a vehicle which the insured is occupying at the time of the accident * * * ”.
At the time of the accident, insurers in this state were required to make uninsured motorist coverage available, MCLA 500.3010; MSA 24.13010. Also in existence at the time of the accident was a motor vehicle accident claims fund created by the Motor Vehicle Accident Claims Act. MCLA 257.1101 et seq.; MSA 9.2801 et seq. Section 12 of that act provided for hit-and-run coverage:
"Where the death of or personal injury to any person is occasioned in this state by a motor vehicle but the identity of the motor vehicle and of the driver and owner thereof cannot be established, any person who would have a cause of action against the owner or driver in respect to the death or personal injury may bring an action against the secretary * * * . In any action commenced under this section, physical contact by the unidentified vehicle with the plaintiff or with a vehicle occupied by the plaintiff, is a condition precedent to such action.” MCLA 257.1112; MSA 9.2812. (Emphasis supplied.)
Section 13 of the act precluded joining the Secretary of State, the director of the fund, "unless physical contact by the unidentified vehicle with the plaintiff or with the vehicle occupied by the plaintiff or with such other vehicle which was involved in the accident has been established”. MCLA 257.1113; MSA 9.2813. The physical contact requirement was added to both sections in 1968. 1968 PA 223. Thus, both under the policy of insurance and by statute, plaintiffs’ recovery was dependent upon "physical contact” by the hit-and-run vehicle and plaintiffs’ car.
Sometime between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m., on May 14, 1973, Beverly Kersten was injured when the automobile she was operating went out of control after striking a truck tire and rim assembly. The tire was in the middle of the passing lane on northbound US-131, a limited access expressway near Kalamazoo. Kersten had just passed another car when she saw an object in the road ahead of her. She applied her brakes but could not avoid the object. Just before hitting the object she recognized it as a large tire which was on its side and spinning in the same fashion as a coin just before it comes to rest. Around noon of the same day, a truck carrying a load of scrap tires spilled a number of tires on the highway in the area of the Kersten accident. Moments after the Kersten accident, a car driven by witness Marilyn VanKampen hit a truck tire lying in the passing lane of the same stretch of highway.
The tire and rim assembly which Kersten hit was retrieved. There was a large gash in the tire, apparently from the collision. Appellant’s expert testified that the tire probably could have held air prior to the accident. The tire was quite old, had virtually no tread, and the inner fabric was exposed in places. Appellant’s expert described it as "not even a good carcass”, and stated that it could have been a junk or scrap tire. However, on cross-examination, the expert also admitted that the tire could have been driven a short distance and could possibly have been used as a spare tire. The expert further testified that the tire and rim had definitely not worked loose from the axle of a moving vehicle.
II. Issues and trial court’s findings
The trial judge recognized that the “physical contact” requirement was the basic issue in the case and made findings of fact and conclusions of law which fully satisfied the physical contact re quirement. It is the legal adequacy of the trial court’s findings of both fact and law upon which our resolution of this case turns.
We summarize the court’s findings as follows: First, the tire and rim assembly which caused the accident was a spare tire mounted on or under the trailer of a passing truck from which it fell, rolling into the path of plaintiffs’ vehicle. The court stated that while it was not unusual to see a truck full of old tires being transported to the junk yard, the facts in the case "do not show that this tire and rim came from a load of junk tires”. Second, under the rationale in Lord v Auto-Owners Insurance Co, 22 Mich App 669; 177 NW2d 653 (1970), physical contact with the total (as distinguished from only a part) of the hit-run vehicle is not required. Since no fraud was shown or alleged in the instant case, Lord may be extended to include situation where an object has fallen off an unidentified vehicle and has struck plaintiffs’ car. Third, even if direct physical contact is required, such condition has been fulfilled in the instant case because the tire and rim assembly is a motor vehicle.
III. Legal sufficiency of the trial court’s findings of fact
We first consider whether the trial court’s findings of fact are supported by the evidence. From the facts related in the various depositions and statements, five possible scenarios emerge as to how the tire and rim assembly happened to be on the highway in front of the Kersten car. The trial judge chose possibility five. Unfortunately, the bulk of the record is contained in depositions and statements with trial testimony taken from only a single witness. Thus, the trial judge was disadvantaged in having to make findings of fact based upon an unusually scanty record and without the benefit of cross-examination from the key witnesses involved. But based upon the record available to him, situation five is as supportable as any of the other possibilities. The fact that the tire was spinning — this testimony being unrefuted — suggests that the tire had recently dropped off an unidentified vehicle and was not a part of the load of tires which had spilled on the highway some ten hours earlier. The fact that the accident occurred on a limited access highway which was completely fenced on both sides and where pedestrians or non-motorized vehicles are rarely found, suggests that the tire was not rolled onto the highwáy by children or pranksters. The fact that the tire expert witness, called by the Secretary of State, admitted that the tire "could have been a spare” and that such tires sometimes escape from a truck or trailer supports the trial court’s finding that the tire was a spare. The fact that the tire included a rim also gives some support to the trial court’s findings of fact.
A finding of fact made by a trial court will be set aside only if it is clearly erroneous. Michigan Sugar Co v Jebavy-Sorenson Orchard Co, 66 Mich App 642, 644; 239 NW2d 693 (1976), Muskegon v Lipman Investment Corp, 66 Mich App 378, 383; 239 NW2d 375 (1976). A finding of fact is clearly erroneous where, although there is some evidence to support it, a reviewing court which has examined all of the evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed. Tuttle v Department of State Highways, 397 Mich 44, 46; 243 NW2d 244 (1976), BPA II v Harrison Township, 73 Mich App 731, 736; 252 NW2d 546 (1977). 2 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), Rule 517, p 596. We therefore conclude that while the evidence is regretfully thin and subject to other interpretations it is not clearly erroneous.
IV. Trial court’s conclusions of law
Having accepted the trial court’s findings of fact we now turn to the trial court’s findings of law. As noted earlier, the court held that as a matter of law the spare tire was a "motor vehicle” in itself. The court also held that because no claim of fraud was present, the facts found by the court constituted sufficient "physical contact” to fall within the policy of insurance. We speedily reject the legal conclusion that the tire is a motor vehicle. Just as a horseshoe is not a horse, so, too, a tire and rim is not a car. Neither is an abandoned muffler or a broken tailpipe. As was stated in Blankenbaker v Great Central Insurance Co, 151 Ind App 693, 701; 281 NE2d 496 (1972), "to reach any other conclusion would be a significant retreat from reality”.
The court’s conclusion as to physical contact raises a question of first impression in Michigan. The physical contact provision is designed to reduce the possibility of fraud. The purpose of the language is to prevent phantom vehicle claims— the possibility that a motorist who negligently lost control of his own vehicle would recover by alleging that an unknown vehicle caused him to lose control. Lord v Auto-Owners Insurance Co, 22 Mich App 669; 177 NW2d 653 (1970), State Farm Mutual Auto Insurance Co v Spinola, 374 F2d 873 (CA 5, 1967). Recently, physical contact has been stretched to include situations where no direct contact occurs. The most common circumstance in which recovery is thus permitted is the intervening vehicle situation where the hit-and-run vehicle strikes a second or intervening vehicle which in turn is propelled into the insured vehicle. Under these circumstances, there is a physical contact, although indirect or transmitted, between the insured vehicle and the hit-and-run vehicle. The possibility of fraud in such a situation is minimal. Because of these factors, apparently all courts have permitted recovery under the insured vehicle’s hit-and-run coverage. Louthian v State Farm Mutual Insurance Co, 493 F2d 240, 242 (CA 4, 1973). Michigan courts are no exception. Lord v Auto-Owners Insurance Co, supra. Many of these cases have been collected in Anno: Uninsured Motorist Indorsement: Validity and Construction of Requirement That There be "Physical Contact” with Unidentiñed or Hit-and-Run Vehicle 25 ALR3d 1299.
The physical contact requirement has been further stretched to permit recovery where an object is propelled into the insured vehicle by another vehicle which does not stop. The primary example of such a situation is the case of a stone thrown off by the tires of a passing vehicle. Barfield v Insurance Co of North America, 59 Tenn App 631; 443 SW2d 482 (1968), and Gavin v Motor Vehicle Accident Indemnification Corp, 57 Misc 2d 335; 292 NYS2d 745 (1968), and Anno: 25 ALR3d 1299, supra. In Allied Fidelity Insurance Co v Lamb, 361 NE2d 174 (Ind App 1977), the Court upheld recovery where a truck propelled a rock through the windshield of the insured vehicle because "a substantial physical nexus between the unidentified vehicle and the intermediate object is established”. 361 NE2d at 179. But some courts have refused to stretch the physical contact requirement to this degree. See Smith v Great American Insurance Co, 29 NY2d 116; 272 NE2d 528 (1971), Government Employees Insurance Co v Goldschlager, 44 App Div 2d 715; 355 NYS2d 9 (1974).
Likewise, courts confronted with a situation where, as in the instant case, a part of a vehicle is deposited on the highway by a preceding vehicle, have refused to loosen the physical contact requirement to permit recovery. In Blankenbaker v Great Central Insurance Co, 151 Ind App 693; 281 NE2d 496 (1972), plaintiff struck a tire and rim on the highway. The Court held that the physical contact was "too remote and disconnected”. In distinguishing this decision, the later Lamb court found that the indirect physical contact doctrine failed to permit recovery for plaintiff Blankenbaker because of "temporal and causal remoteness”.
In Wynn v Doe, 255 SC 509; 180 SE2d 95 (1971), a vehicle driver skidded on oil spilled at some prior time by another vehicle. Recovery was denied because of lack of physical contact with the hit-and-run vehicle. Similarly, recovery is denied where an object is thrown from or propelled by an occupant of a passing vehicle and strikes the insured. Ford v Monroe, 559 SW2d 759 (Mo App, 1977), Mazon v Farmers Insurance Exchange, 107 Ariz 601; 491 P2d 455 (1971), Aetna Casualty & Surety Co v Head, 240 So 2d 280 (Miss, 1970).
A common thread runs through the cases cited and explains the difference between recovery in some instances and no recovery in others. Recovery is permitted where the evidence discloses a direct causal connection between the hit-and-run vehicle and plaintiffs vehicle and which connection carries through to the plaintiffs vehicle by a continuous and contemporaneously transmitted force from the hit-and-run vehicle. For example, the intermediate vehicle cases such as Lord, supra, are explained because there is evidence of a simultaneous causal connection. Similarly, in the propelled object cases such as Lamb, supra, there is a direct causal connection by means of a continuous and contemporaneously transmitted force. Further, in such cases there is convincing evidence of a hit-and-run vehicle. But where a tire or a trunk or other piece of cargo lying on the highway is struck and, unlike the propelled stone cases, there is no clear testimony but only an inference of a contemporaneous and continuing propulsion of the object from a disappearing hit-and-run vehicle, recovery is denied. The chain of causation is stretched too thin and is too speculative.
If the above analysis is correct, plaintiffs may not recover even though we accept as true the facts found by the trial court. Plaintiff stated she sighted the tire in the left lane of US-131 as she was passing a slower moving vehicle. No one saw the truck or trailer which dropped the tire. Nor did the slower moving vehicle which Kersten was passing stop, even though a violent accident had occurred just ahead of it. That an unidentified vehicle deposited the tire is inferred by the trial judge from the facts. But inferred facts do not show a clearly definable beginning and ending of a contemporaneously occurring chain of events. Nothing links the tire and rim with the hit-and-run vehicle except an inference drawn from the presence of a spinning tire and rim on the road. Both the intermediate vehicle cases and the propelled object cases require clearly definable or objective evidence (rather than inferential evidence) of a link between a disappearing vehicle and plaintiffs vehicle.
"We hold that the 'physical contact of such vehicle’ includes the physical contact of that vehicle with an intermediate vehicle or other object which, in the same mechanism of the accident, strikes the assured’s vehicle. * * * Specifically, the injury causing impact must have a complete, proximate, direct and timely relationship with the first impact between the hit-and-run vehicle and the intermediate vehicle. In effect, the impact must be the result of an unbroken chain of events with a clearly deñnable beginning and ending, occurring in a continuous sequence.” Springer v Government Employees Insurance Co, Inc, 311 So 2d 36, 39-40 (La App, 1975). (Emphasis supplied.)
"Blankenbaker is factually distinguishable from the case at bar. Here, a causal connection is established between the hit-and-run automobile and the intermediate propelled object. Here, the possibilities of fraud are remote. Here, there exists objective evidence from which the trier of fact could reasonably conclude that the unidentified vehicle was the original transmitter of the force causing the accident.” Allied Fidelity Insurance Co v Lamb, supra at 178.
Judicial insistence upon a clearly definable or directly provable nexus between the hit-and-run vehicle and the injured party is predicated upon the prevention of fraud. While fraud is not suggested in this case the circumstances are highly susceptible to fraud. Each tire which is struck could be claimed to be spinning; each muffler, tailpipe or other part of a vehicle asserted to be bumping on the highway. In most cases, such accidents do not occur where other witnesses are present and, thus, as here, no one could disprove the injured party’s statement of fact. In such circumstances it becomes easy to assert and hard to disprove the presence of a phantom vehicle. In our opinion, the possibilities of fraud are too great to conclude that, in the absence of proof more definite and specific than here, recovery was intended under the language of the insurance policy.
Our conclusion is supported by two other courts which have faced strikingly similar cases. In Government Employees Insurance Co v Goldschlager, 44 App Div 2d 715; 355 NYS2d 9 (1975), recovery under hit-and-run coverage was denied when a tire and rim assembly bounded across a highway and struck the insured vehicle. The New York court held that the required physical contact with the hit-and-run vehicle was not met. In Blankenbaker v Great Central Insurance Co, supra, the Court held:
"In the case before us1, no other vehicle was shown to be within the area of the accident. There was a total lack of evidence tending to establish a causal connection between some vehicle and this tire and rim assembly. The assembly was not shown to be- a part of a hit- and-run automobile, which is essential to invoking the indirect physical contact doctrine. Amidzich v Charter Oak Fire Ins. Co, supra; State Farm Mutual Auto Ins. Co v Spinola, supra; Ely v State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins Co, supra. Consequently, there was no physical contact, direct or indirect, with a hit-and-run 'automobile’.” 151 Ind App at 702; 281 NE2d at 501-502.
Finally, we reject the argument that where there is no claim of fraud, the statutory and policy mandates of physical contact could be largely ignored. A similar claim was made and rejected in Orpustan v State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co, 7 Cal 3d 988; 103 Cal Rptr 919; 500 P2d 1119 (1972).
"This uncontradicted fact, plaintiff says, should suffice where, as here, there is a clear absence of any fraud. But if the physical contact requirement could be satisfied by merely showing that the hit-and-run vehicle was the proximate cause of the accident, this provision would be largely written out of the statute. Thereby, the protection against phantom-car frauds would be diluted and the door reopened to the abuses which motivated the Legislature’s imposition of the 'physical contact’ requirement to come within the contemplated coverage of the statute.” 7 Cal 3d at 993.
For all of the foregoing reasons we hold that the chain of physical contact between the unidentified hit-and-run vehicle and the Kersten car is too attenuated and too inferentially established to satisfy the physical contact requirement of the statute and policy as a matter of law even under the set of facts found by the trial court.
Reversed.
R. B. Burns, J., concurred.
Repealed prospectively by MCLA 257.1133; MSA 9.2833, effective January 2, 1976.
After the institution of the no-fault automobile insurance scheme, this statute was repealed. 1972 PA 345.
The record contains statements from witnesses Cook, VanKampen, Anderson and Niedzielski. Cook stated that on the night in question he was driving north on the highway when he saw a large tire lying in the passing lane, that after he passed the tire he looked in his rearview mirror and observed the car behind him strike the tire, become airborne, but pull to a stop on the right side of the highway. Cook then drove his car back to the scene of the impact where he found Marilyn VanKampen sitting in her car in a dazed condition. Marilyn VanKampen stated that on the date and time in question she was driving north on highway 131 when she struck a large tire, became airborne but managed to pull her car off the right side of the road. Witnesses Anderson and Niedzielski lived in separate apartments near the scene of the Kersten-VanKampen accidents. Each heard a large crash and "a few seconds later” another crash. Each proceeded to the scene of the noise where each saw two vehicles, one on highway 131 and one which had plunged over the overpass. Both Anderson and Niedzielski were positive that the Kersten accident occurred first.
"3. The tire and rim assembly was a 'spare tire’ mounted on or under and dropped from or escaped from an unidentified motor vehicle a short time before such assembly collided with plaintiffs’ motor vehicle.” Judge’s Finding of Fact, Declaratory Judgment.
"2a. The 'physical contact’ provision of both the statute and the policy does not require direct physical contact with the negligent vehicle in this case because there has been no fraud nor contributory negligence either pleaded or proved.” Judge’s Conclusion of Law, Declaratory Judgment.
"2b. That even were the Court to hold that the 'direct physical contact’ requirements apply here, such provisions have been fulfilled. Under the circumstances of this case, the tire and rim assembly is a 'vehicle’ and/or 'motor vehicle,’ as those terms are used in the policy and statute for the reason that this Court has found that the tire and rim had shortly before the accident been an integral part of a motor vehicle and not just a part of the cargo carried by a motor vehicle.” Judge’s Conclusion of Law, Declaratory Judgment.
First, the tire may have been dropped at noon on US 131 after a truck lost part of its load of junk tires. Sunset on the evening of the accident was at 8:55 p.m. The weather was clear; visibility was unlimited. Perhaps the daylight motorists between noon and nightfall were able to avoid the tire and rim. But plaintiff, who approached the tire after 10 p.m., did not spot the tire because of the darkness.
Second, that the tire was pushed on the highway by pranksters.
Third, that the tire and rim, part of a load of junk tires, had recently fallen off a truck preceding plaintiffs’ vehicle. In support of this theory is the fact that the tire was in very bad shape, according to the tire expert.
Fourth, the same as three above, but that the tire had been dropped sometime before plaintiff approached. In conflict with this theory is plaintiff’s testimony that the tire was spinning like a coin.
Fifth, the situation may have been as in possibility three above, except that the tire was a spare and not a junk tire. In support of this theory is the presence of the tire rim and the testimony that the tire could hold air.
Where objects are thrown by an occupant of a passing vehicle the transmitting force is the product of the occupant of the vehicle rather than the vehicle itself. Much the same analysis e1xplains Wynn v Doe, supra. Whether or not the oil came from the hit-and-run car, there was no direct connection between the two vehicles because whatever force there might have been, had dissipated.
In Blankenbaker the tire and rim were never found and Blankenbaker was unable to explain how it happened to be there but "assumed it was dropped by a large vehicle”. Plaintiffs in the case before us would distinguish Blankenbaker on grounds that in the instant case a tire was found and when found, was spinning. However, the Indiana court assumed as true the fact that a large tire and rim was in the highway but declined to accept plaintiff’s assumption "it was dropped by a large vehicle”. Similarly, we hold that the trial court’s assumption that the tire and rim just fell off a disappearing truck or trailer is insufficient proof to establish indirect physical contact. | [
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T. M. Burns, P. J.
Defendant appeals a judgment revoking his probation and imposing a sentence of 5 to 15 years in prison. The facts leading up to the revocation are unusual and are set forth here to illustrate the reasons for the ultimate conclusion that defendant is entitled to another revocation hearing.
In September of 1974, defendant pled guilty to assault with intent to rob while armed, MCLA 750.89; MSA 28.284, before Recorder’s Court Judge Donald S. Leonard, and was placed on probation. A bench warrant charging a violation of this probationary order was issued on August 5, 1976. Defendant was arraigned on this warrant on November 21, 1976. Defendant waived counsel and pled guilty to the charged violations the next day.
On December 9, defendant again appeared before Judge Leonard, this time with counsel, and again admitted the charged violation. Probation was not revoked. Instead, the judge extended probation and issued a new probationary order under which defendant was to seek immediate psychiatric care, enter into a program of alcoholic rehabilitation, report weekly to his probation officer and stay away from a named female individual.
A warrant charging defendant with failure to meet with his probation officer on December 15, 1976, and December 29, 1976, was issued on January 4, 1977. Defendant was arrested and subsequently a revocation hearing was held on January 13, 1977. It is this hearing which led to revocation of defendant’s probation and this appeal.
Because of Judge Leonard’s death on December 18, 1976, Judge Clarence Laster, Jr. presided at the January 13 hearing. As is apparently the practice in Recorder’s Court, the people were not represented by an assistant prosecutor at this proceeding, but rather, by someone from the probation department. When defendant pled not guilty to the charges contained in the notice of violation, the only evidence presented by the people was this representative’s statement that he had spoken with defendant’s probation officer and that defendant had, in fact, failed to appear on the dates mentioned.
Defendant was sworn as a witness and admitted that he had failed to appear on December 15 and 29. He explained, however, that on the 15th he was at Mt. Sinai Hospital arranging for the psychiatric care ordered by the court and that when he reached the probation office at 5 p.m., it had already closed. He testified that he appeared on the 22nd, his next scheduled appointment, but the probation office was again closed, this time for Judge Leonard’s funeral. Defendant stated that on the 29th he called the probation office and was told his probation officer was not available that day. Defendant claims someone took his name to verify the fact that he had called before appearing.
Defendant’s claims were not refuted, nor was any attempt made to verify defendant’s claimed phone call on the 29th. Instead, the probation officer present "responded” to defendant’s claim by alleging that defendant had failed to keep appointments with psychiatrists in September and October of 1975 (which may have been a reference to those months in 1976) and recommended that defendant’s probation be revoked. The court found defendant guilty of violating his probation at that point. The court went further, referring to several episodes of misconduct with defendant’s girl friend and allegations of threats attributed to defendant in a report prepared by his probation officer. At that point, the court announced its intention to proceed to sentence, and did so.
Review of the proceedings described above begins with a reaffirmation of the principle that a revocation proceeding has two steps: (1) a factual determination that the violations charged in the notice have occurred, and (2) a discretionary determination that the proven charges warrant revoking probation. See, People v Clements, 72 Mich App 500; 250 NW2d 100 (1976). This proceeding trips on both steps.
Defendant claims he was denied his right to confrontation both in establishing the charged violations and in the other acts of misconduct which were not alleged in the notice of violation, but relied upon by the judge in revoking his probation. Defendant was denied his due process confrontation rights. People v Smith, 66 Mich App 639; 239 NW2d 431 (1976). Where the only charged violation is failure to report to a probation officer, the least the court could expect would be that the probation officer would appear and assert facts based on his personal knowledge. Defendant’s due process rights must be recognized even in a summary and informal proceeding such as probation revocation.
This brings us to the problems with the second step in the revocation hearing. If revocation was based solely on defendant’s failure to meet with his probation officer, defendant was entitled to have his explanation for failing to appear considered by the court. People v Clements, supra. It does not appear that it was. The court made no response to defendant’s explanation or his counsel’s argument based on that explanation.
An even more serious question arises from the court’s apparent reliance on misconduct which is not charged in the notice of violation, and which occurred before probation was extended by Judge Leonard on December 9. In fact, defendant’s failure to keep prior appointments with the psychiatrist was the basis of the prior revocation proceeding which ended with probation being extended.
The decision to revoke probation cannot be based on conduct which is not charged in the notice of violation. As Justice, then Judge, Levin stated in People v Elbert, 21 Mich App 677, 681; 176 NW2d 467 (1970):
"Under the statute (MCLA 771.4; MSA 28.1134) a probationer is entitled to a written copy of a charge of probation violation and to a hearing thereon. Only evidence relating to the charge may be considered and on the basis of that evidence alone is the decision whether to terminate or revoke the probationary order to be made.” (Footnotes omitted.)
See also, People v Hill, 69 Mich App 41; 244 NW2d 357 (1976).
The court did not limit itself to defendant’s failure to appear as required in making its decision to revoke defendant’s probation. If these other allegations of misconduct were to be raised at the hearing, they should have been included in the notice of violation served on defendant so that he could prepare to defend against them. It also seems wise (if not required by a due process or double jeopardy analysis) not to bring up alleged violations which have been the basis of a prior revocation hearing which ended in probation being extended. Defendant is entitled to a proper revocation hearing.
This disposition renders discussion of the other issues raised by defendant unnecessary.
The order revoking defendant’s probation is set aside, the sentence vacated, and defendant is remanded to the Recorder’s Court without prejudice to the court’s power to conduct a proper hearing. If another hearing is held, a different judge should preside. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was charged with armed robbery. MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797. Defense counsel timely requested instructions on unarmed robbery, MCLA 750.530; MSA 28.798; larceny from a person, MCLA 750.357; MSA 28.589; receiving or concealing stolen property (RCSP), MCLA 750.535; MSA 28.803, and unlawfully driving away an automobile (UDAA), MCLA 750.413; MSA 28.645. The trial court refused to instruct on RCSP or UDAA. Defendant was convicted by a jury of larceny from a person and appeals of right, raising two issues.
Defendant first contends that it was error for the trial court to refuse to give requested instructions on RCSP and UDAA in an armed robbery prosecution. This issue requires an examination of People v Ora Jones, 395 Mich 379; 236 NW2d 461 (1975).
Neither side contends nor do we find that RCSP or UDAA are necessarily included offenses.
Ora Jones described cognate offenses as sharing several elements and being of the same class or category, but the lesser may contain some elements not found in the higher offense. In determining whether RCSP or UDAA are cognate offenses of armed robbery, we must analyze the elements of each crime.
The elements of armed robbery are: 1) the trespassory, 2) taking and 3) carrying away of the 4) personal property 5) of another 6) with intent to permanently deprive 7) from a person or in his presence 8) while armed. See MCLA 750.529; MSA 28.797; LaFave & Scott, Criminal Law, 692.
The elements of RCSP are:
"(1) that the property was stolen; (2) the value of the property; (3) the receiving, possession or concealment of such property by the defendant with the knowledge of the defendant that the property had been stolen; (4) the identity of the property as being that previously stolen; and (5) the guilty constructive or actual knowledge of the defendant that the property received or concealed had been stolen.”
People v Matuja, 77 Mich App 291, 295; 258 NW2d 79 (1977).
We find no overlapping elements between armed robbery and RCSP. Therefore, even assuming a common statutory purpose, we hold that RCSP was not a cognate lesser offense on which the trial court was required to instruct upon request.
The elements of UDAA are: 1) taking possession 2) of an automobile 3) and a willful 4) driving or taking away 5) without authority. See MCLA 750.413; MSA 28.645, People v Limon, 4 Mich App 440; 145 NW2d 287 (1966).
Some overlap between the elements of armed robbery and UDAA is apparent. Both require the . trespassory (without authority) taking and asportation (driving away) of the property (automobile) of another. While UDAA does not require a specific intent to steal, the taking must be willful. In addition to the overlap of several elements, the offenses share a common statutory purpose: the deterrence and punishment of the theft of property. We hold that UDAA is a cognate offense of armed robbery.
A requested instruction on a cognate offense need be given only when the evidence adduced at trial would support a conviction of the lesser offense. People v Chamblis, 395 Mich 408; 236 NW2d 473 (1975). In the case at bar, testimony at trial established that an employee of a Cadillac dealership was in an automobile.. Two individuals approached the car. Defendant-appellant was identified as the one who got into the front seat; his companion entered the back seat. Defendant asked the employee to leave the car, stating that the back seat passenger had a gun. The employee saw a gun and exited the car. The back seat passenger also got out; the front seat passenger drove away. Three days later two occupants of the stolen car were arrested and identified defendant-appellant as the driver. This evidence would have supported a conviction of UDAA. Therefore, the trial court erred in refusing to instruct upon request on UDAA.
We also hold that the trial court was not required to instruct sua sponte on the inherent dangers of accomplice testimony where there was no evidence indicating that the two witnesses were accomplices.
Defendant’s conviction of larceny from a person is reversed. While ordinarily it would be improper for this Court to speculate on the verdict a jury would have returned had it been properly instructed on cognate offenses, on the particular facts of this case, the jury must have found defendant guilty of all elements of UDAA to convict him of larceny from a person. Cf. People v Jenkins, 395 Mich 440; 236 NW2d 503 (1975). This case therefore is remanded for entry of a judgment of conviction of UDAA and resentencing. If, however, the prosecutor is persuaded that the ends of justice would be better served, upon notification to the trial court before resentencing, the trial court shall vacate the judgment of conviction and grant a new trial on the charge of larceny from a person.
See People v McCoy, 392 Mich 231; 220 NW2d 456 (1974). | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of one count of breaking and entering an occupied dwelling with intent to commit larceny therein, MCLA 750.110; MSA 28.305, and one count of receiving or concealing stolen property valued in excess of $100. MCLA 750.535; MSA 28.803. The trial court imposed concurrent sentences of 6 to 15 years and 3 to 5 years on the respective counts. Defendant appeals raising two issues:
(1) Was conviction on both counts permissible?
(2) Did the prosecutor commit reversible error in telling the jury during closing argument that another party involved in the charged offense had pleaded guilty?
The relevant facts are these. The trial testimony established that the defendant and an accomplice broke into and entered the victim’s apartment. Although the eyewitness was uncertain as to who actually removed the stolen property — a television —from the house, he did observe the defendant handing the television to his accomplice, who then carried it to an upstairs apartment in the same building. Pursuant to a search warrant a police officer searched the accomplice’s apartment, found the television hidden in a closet and arrested those present, including the defendant. The only evidence to prove defendant’s intent to commit larceny was the testimony that he participated in the taking of the television from the victim’s apartment.
On these facts we address the question whether conviction on both counts was proper. We observe at the outset that the evidence was sufficient to convict the defendant of breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny. Thus, the question is whether under the circumstances of this case it was also legally permissible to convict the defendant of receiving and concealing the property stolen in the commission of the breaking and entering.
The receiving and concealing statute under discussion reads in pertinent part:
"Any person who shall buy, receive or aid in the concealment of any stolen, embezzled or converted money, goods or property knowing the same to have been stolen, embezzled or converted, if the property purchased, received or concealed exceed the value of $100.00, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 5 years or by a fine of not more than $2,500.00.” MCLA 750.535; MSA 28.803.
From the earliest days of our jurisprudence the Supreme Court has consistently held that the object of this statute is not to punish the thief, but to convict those who aid him in converting the property to his own use.
In People v Reynolds, 2 Mich 422 (1852), the Supreme Court in the course of construing the term "concealment” stated the purpose of the statute’s predecessor.
"At common law it was a misdemeanor only to receive stolen property, knowing the same to have been stolen. By the 7 and 8 Geo. 4, Ch. 29, § 2, it was made felony, when the original taking was felony. 2 Russ, on Cr., 237. Our statute has enlarged this common law offense, by making persons who shall aid the principal felon in the concealment of the property stolen, equally guilty with him who shall receive such property.
"This was the object of the statute, and was intended to embrace a class of offenses which could not have been reached by the common law; for important aid and assistance could have been rendered to the principal felon in enabling him to conceal the stolen property, without having been the receiver, so as to have subjected him to a prosecution on that account, or without having rendered such aid or assistance to the felon himself, as to have made him an accessory after the fact
"The evil intended to be guarded against by the enactment of that law was, to prevent persons from rendering important, efficient services to a felon, in aiding him in the concealment of stolen property.” (Emphasis added.) 2 Mich at 423-424.
In Brown v People, 39 Mich 37 (1878), the Court permitted adding a count of receiving and concealing stolen property to a charge of larceny not as a distinct offense, but to prevent a failure of proof in the event that the proofs indicated that the defendant was not the thief The Court reiterated this construction of the statute in In re Franklin, 77 Mich 615; 43 NW 997 (1889):
"It needs no discussion to show that under our statutes concerning receivers it is not contemplated that the same person can be both thief and receiver.” 77 Mich at 618.
See also, People v Allen, 252 Mich 553; 233 NW 412 (1930), People v Hunter, 77 Mich App 759; 259 NW2d 216 (1977).
In the instant case the defendant’s conviction on the charge of breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny was directly premised on evidence establishing that he was the thief. The only evidence presented concerning his intent to commit larceny was testimony that he in fact did commit the larceny. Under these circumstances we find error in convicting the defendant of receiving or concealing stolen property. People v Kyllonen, 402 Mich 135; 262 NW2d 2 (1978). Accordingly, we vacate the conviction for receiving and concealing stolen property.
Defendant’s second claim of error is that the prosecutor committed prejudicial error in telling the jury during closing argument that another party involved in the offense had pleaded guilty. The record reveals that the prosecutor’s remark was made in response to the following statement made in defense counsel’s closing argument:
"It’s odd that we have heard so much about how many people were around there, and only young Richard Newby is on trial.”
After the prosecutor responded by giving the outcome of proceedings against two of the others, defense counsel objected because the fate of another of those arrested had not been revealed. The prosecutor promptly complied.
Improper remarks by a prosecutor do not amount to reversible error where they are in such direct response to improper statements of defense counsel. People v Pomranky, 62 Mich App 304; 233 NW2d 263 (1975).
The conviction for receiving stolen property is vacated; the conviction for breaking and entering with intent to commit larceny is affirmed.
Rev Stat 1846, ch 154, § 20.
We do not intend by this decision to criticize the practice of charging in the alternative. | [
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Bashara, J.
Suit was instituted by plaintiff to recover certain pension benefits that were withheld by defendants pursuant to a setoff provision contained in Saginaw Products’ employee pension plan. From a judgment of no cause of action, plaintiff appeals.
During the course of his employment plaintiff sustained a work-related injury that precipitated his early retirement. Thereafter, plaintiff obtained a workmen’s compensation award, which was redeemed by defendant, Saginaw Products. Pursuant to the pension plan setoff provision, the amount of the workmen’s compensation award was deducted from the pension payments to become due to plaintiff. As a result, pension payments were suspended until 1979.
Defendant, Saginaw Products, implemented the employee pension plan in 1961, in compliance with the terms of a collective bargaining agreement reached with the employee’s exclusive union bargaining representative. The terms and conditions of the pension plan were specifically bargained for during the collective bargaining process. Funding of the pension plan was paid by defendant, Saginaw Products, and facilitated through arrangements with defendant, Travelers Insurance.
Plaintiff contends that the pension plan was a binding contract between the employees and Saginaw Products in which he has vested rights. He also urges that, since the pension benefits were considered in formulating the employee wage scale, the plan is contributory. Therefore, he may not be deprived of benefits that he has paid for, in part, by the setoff provision. While defendants dispute the latter contention, they agree that the pension plan is contractual and further maintain that it must consequently be enforced according to its terms, including the setoff provision.
The substance of the controversy raises the issue as to whether a provision in a private pension plan violates some settled public policy where it enables an employer to set off the amount of an employee’s workmen’s compensation award against pension payments due to that employee. If it is, then the provision is inoperative and plaintiff is entitled to recovery.
We do not agree with plaintiff that the pension plan is contributory. All costs of funding the plan were paid by defendant employer. Merely because those costs were considered during the wage bargaining process to determine wage scales does not make the plan contributory. To be a contributory plan, the employees must pay all or part of the costs of the plan directly.
As to plaintiff’s contention that the pension plan is contractual, we agree. But any rights vested in plaintiff must necessarily be subject to the terms of the instrument creating them. Further, we are unable to discern any public policy violated by the provision with which this litigation is concerned.
The purpose of workmen’s compensation is to recompense an employee for his loss of earning capacity due to a work-related injury. Gasparick v H C Price Construction Co, 398 Mich 483, 490; 247 NW2d 824 (1976). Similarly, we construe pension benefits as compensation for loss in earning capacity occasioned by the employee’s ultimate retirement. Where, as here, early retirement is precipiated by a work-related injury for which the employee is receiving workmen’s compensation, we find nothing offensive in a private contractual arrangement in which the employer and employee agree that the employee shall not be twice compensated for the same loss of earning capacity.
Although the causal events are distinguishable, the result is the same; the employee sustains a loss in earning capacity because he is unable to work. Nothing in the setoff provision affected the amount of the workmen’s compensation award. It is therefore our conclusion that to hold the setoff provision invalid would be an unwarranted invasion upon the rights of private parties to contract.
Affirmed.
The setoff provision reads as follows:
"The aggregate amount paid to or on behalf of any Pensioner on account of disability, for which the company is liable, whether pursuant to any Workmen’s Compensation or occupational disease law or other statutory or common law, including any payment for disability under the Federal Social Security Act, or any Federal or State law (but excepting fixed statutory payments for the loss of eyesight or any bodily member) shall be deducted from the amount on the next ensuing monthly pension payment payable under this Plan, to the extent of such disability payments.” | [
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Per Curiam.
This case is an appeal from the circuit court’s judgment of specific performance and damages against the sellers of certain real estate in Oakland County.
The case primarily concerns the propriety of the trial judge’s September 25, 1979, order that plaintiffs were entitled to supplemental damages of the difference between the mortgage rate of 8-3/4% in effect at the time plaintiffs procured a commitment to buy the property and defendants refused to convey and the 11-1/2% interest rate in effect when the trial court awarded specific performance. We affirm.
Seeking to purchase the home of the defendants, Thomas and Mary Lindbert, plaintiffs, Paul and Carol Godwin, executed and submitted an offer to purchase which contemplated a cash sale with a conventional mortgage in the amount of $59,000. Defendants accepted the offer on March 13, 1977, and the closing was scheduled at the offices of the mortgagee bank for April 12, 1977. Plaintiff Paul Godwin attended the closing, bringing with him a power of attorney signed by his wife. Thomas Lindbert did not attend the closing because his wife had obtained an injunctive order in connection with their pending divorce restraining and enjoining him from contacting plaintiffs. Mrs. Lindbert did not attend, but was represented by her attorney, who advised Mr. Godwin that there would be no closing as Mrs. Lindbert had moved back into the house and was not going to sell the house.
At the time of the scheduled closing, plaintiffs were ready and able to pay the agreed upon purchase price of $74,000. Fifteen thousand dollars was to be paid in cash, and the $59,000 balance was to be mortgaged. At that point, plaintiffs had received a home mortgage bearing an interest rate of 8-3/4%. Because of the inability to close on the scheduled date, this mortgage commitment subsequently lapsed. Plaintiffs filed this action seeking specific performance of the contract and damages sustained by virtue of defendants’ failure to sell pursuant to the contract. At the conclusion of the nonjury trial, the judge entered a judgment of specific performance in favor of the plaintiffs. On September 5, 1979, the trial court issued an opinion which granted damages to plaintiffs in an amount equal to the difference between the payments on the original mortgage at 8-3/4% and the payments based on the interest rate of 11-1/2%. The trial court discounted this 30-year mortgage by five percent per year to obtain the present value thereof.
Defendant appeals, raising an issue of first impression. Did the trial judge abuse his discretion in granting plaintiffs supplemental damages equalling the difference between the original mortgage interest rate and the mortgage interest rate prevailing at the date of judgment? We answer the question in the negative, and affirm.
Michigan courts have long recognized that a trial court in equity has the power to protect all of the equities of the parties. Lutz v Dutmer, 286 Mich 467; 282 NW 431 (1938). The court, in equity, may grant complete relief to a party in the form of specific performance, including an award of damages. Reinink v Van Loozenoord, 370 Mich 121; 121 NW2d 689 (1963), Frank Coyle, 310 Mich 14; 16 NW2d 649 (1944), Fleischer v Buccilli, 13 Mich App 135; 163 NW2d 637 (1968). In granting specific performance, a trial court may award in its decree such additional or incidental relief as is necessary to adequately sort out the equities of the parties. Brotman v Roelofs, 70 Mich App 719; 246 NW2d 368 (1976). A trial court should enforce the equities of the parties in such a manner as to put them as nearly as possible in the position that they would have occupied had the conveyance of the real property occurred when required by the contract. Meyering v Russell, 53 Mich App 695; 220 NW2d 121 (1974), rev’d on other grounds 393 Mich 770; 224 NW2d 280 (1974).
In the instant case, the trial court clearly had within its discretion the authority to grant such additional or incidental relief as it thought necessary. In awarding plaintiffs the difference in the increase of the mortgage interest rates, we find no abuse of that discretion.
The trial court relied heavily on Reis v Sparks, 547 F2d 236 (CA 4, 1976), as support for its award of the difference in mortgage interest rates. Reis allowed the increase in mortgage interest rates as a proper item for compensating the injured parties for the delay in conveying property. In explaining its rationale, the Reis opinion cited Bernardini v The Stefanowicz Corp, 29 Md App 508; 349 A2d 287 (1975),
" 'The result [of awarding specific performance with incidental damages] is more like an accounting between the parties than like an assessment of damages.’ ” 349 A2d 287, 291, quoting Ellis v Mihelis, 60 Cal 2d 206, 219; 32 Cal Rptr 415; 384 P2d 7 (1963).
In Regan v Lanze, 47 AD2d 378; 366 NYS2d 512 (1975), rev’d on other grounds 40 NY2d 475; 387 NYS2d 79; 354 NE2d 818 (1976), the court discussed a list of five items of claimed direct and consequential losses due to failure to convey marketable title on the original date of closing.
"The second item is for increased mortgage interest costs of [l/2%] over 25 years. This additional cost is a predictable consequence arising out of delay in conveying title.” Id., 516.
Defendant’s reliance upon Dohrman v Tomlinson, 88 Idaho 313; 399 P2d 255 (1965), to support her claim that the trial court should have denied as a matter of law the award of the increase in mortgage rates, is misplaced. In Dohrman, the purchaser of real estate was awarded damages for loss of rents and profits on the land, the loss on a purported resale of the land, and the amount of interest being paid by the purchaser on the amount of money borrowed to purchase the land. On appeal, the loss of profits on the purported resale of the land was denied as being too speculative and not supported by the evidence. Id., 261. The award of the amount of interest that the purchaser was paying on the loan obtained to buy the land was also denied. The reasoning behind this denial was that the purchaser could not be awarded both the loss of profits and rents caused by the delay in the conveyance of the land and the interest paid on the loan obtained to buy the land since the purchaser would have had to make those interest payments even if the contract had been performed as agreed. The trial court stated that if the purchasers were permitted to recover both for the loss of the premises and the interest on the purchase loan they would be in a better position than if the contract had been timely performed. Thus, Dohrman is distinguishable from the present case.
In the instant case, the purchasers obtained a mortgage commitment which subsequently lapsed when the sellers did not timely perform the contract. The purchasers were not required to pay any interest on this mortgage commitment. Rather, the purchasers have asked and have been awarded the difference in the mortgage interest rates which have been directly occasioned by appellant’s failure timely to perform the contract. There is no double recovery here as was found objectionable in Dohrman.
Affirmed.
Costs to be paid by defendant-appellant.
The trial court rendered its judgment of no cause of action as to Mr. Lindbert. The court found that Mr. Lindbert was at all times willing to convey the property; that Mr. Lindbert had no part in preventing the agreed upon sale; that he had even attempted to rescind the restraining order obtained by Mrs. Lindbert; and that as part of the divorce proceeding he had transferred his interest in the property to Mrs. Lindbert and, therefore, retained no interest in the property at the time of trial. | [
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Per Curiam.
Plaintiff filed a complaint for mandamus under the Michigan Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) seeking the production of the employment contract for the superintendent of schools of the defendant school district as well as reasonable attorney fees, costs and disbursements, and punitive damages as provided under the FOIA, MCL 15.231 et seq.; MSA 4.1801(1) et seq. A judgment granting mandamus in favor of the plaintiff was entered below and defendant was ordered to provide plaintiff with a copy of the requested document. The judgment as entered below contained no reference to any award of attorney fees, costs, disbursements or actual compensatory or punitive damages. Twenty-one days after entry of the judgment, however, plaintiff filed a motion requesting the award of these additional items. The trial court denied this motion as well as a motion for reconsideration. This appeal follows as of right from the lower court’s denial of reasonable attorney fees, costs and disbursements, and actual compensatory and punitive damages.
Plaintiff first asserts that, since the FOIA entitles a prevailing party to attorney fees, his request for attorney fees and punitive damages should have been granted pursuant to GCR 1963, 528.1, which provides for correction of clerical mistakes. Alternatively, he asserts that GCR 1963, 528.3(1), which provides for relief from a final judgment based upon mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect, should relieve plaintiff in this instance for his inadvertence in failing to have these items included in the original judgment.
A careful reading of GCR 1963, 528.1 reveals that its purpose is to make the lower court record and judgment accurately reflect what was done and decided at the trial level. When the alleged error is in the court’s action itself, as distinguished from the record made of the court’s action, the alleged error is not a clerical mistake under this rule. R C Mahon Co v R S Knapp Co, 277 Mich 103; 268 NW2d 828 (1936), 3 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), pp 177-178. Plaintiff here is not attempting to change the original judgment rendered below to more accurately reflect that which was actually done and decided by the trial court. His motion is attempting to add something to the original judgment which was neither discussed nor decided. We therefore affirm the trial court’s ruling that plaintiffs motion was not a motion designed to correct clerical mistakes in the original judgment. Nor do we find the trial court committed reversible error in ruling that plaintiffs motion was one to alter or amend the judgment under GCR 1963, 527.5 and not a motion under GCR 1963, 528.3(1). We will not disturb the trial court’s finding that plaintiff made a conscious decision sometime subsequent to the date of the original hearing and, thus, this decision cannot be termed to have been truly inadvertent. The motion was filed 21 days after the judgment had been entered; therefore, it was properly denied by the trial court as being untimely. It is apparent that the trial court only intended that the original judgment order the defendant to provide the requested document to the plaintiff. The trial court heard no arguments concerning attorney fees, costs and disbursements, or punitive damages and cannot be said to have intended to award those items. The award of such in this instance cannot be termed to be a mere ministerial act. Evidence would have to be taken to adduce the correct amount of money owing under plaintiffs motion. This is not contemplated by GCR 1963, 528.1.
Plaintiff next urges that this is a proper case for this Court to exercise its power under GCR 1963, 820.1(1) and (7) to grant plaintiffs motion and relies upon the case of Bliss v Carter, 26 Mich App 177; 182 NW2d 54 (1970), as authority for us to do so. The fact that the relief rendered in Bliss was wholly warranted by the proofs distinguishes that case from this one. Here, there are no proofs as to the reasonable attorney fees or any actual compensatory punitive damages. There would be nothing of record upon which this Court could exercise its power under GCR 1963, 820.1. Nor do we deem it appropriate to act under GCR 1963, 820.2, as there has been no good cause shown for the delay in filing the motion in question nor any showing that such delay was not due to plaintiffs own culpable negligence.
Lastly, we find no merit to plaintiffs contention that GCR 1963, 526.10(2) automatically entitles him to costs. Since plaintiff failed to present to the clerk a bill of costs certified or verified as required by subrule 526.11, plaintiff must be deemed to have waived his right to such costs pursuant to the last sentence of GCR 1963, 526.10(2) which states:
"Failure to present a bill of costs within the time prescribed shall constitute a waiver of the right to such costs.”
We affirm the decision of the trial court. | [
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E. A. Quinnell, J.
Defendant was found guilty of larceny in a building following a jury trial on April 12, 1979. MCL 750.360; MSA 28.592. On April 26, 1979, he was sentenced to a term of imprisonment of two years, eight months to four years. Thereafter, on May 15, 1979, defendant pled guilty to being a fourth-time felony offender contrary to MCL 769.12; MSA 28.1084. At that time, a flat sentence of five years was imposed to replace the earlier indeterminate sentence. Defendant now appeals as of right.
Defendant first submits that it was error for the trial court to allow the prosecutor, over objection, to question him concerning his use of aliases. One panel of this Court has characterized the use of an alias as "highly probative” of a witness’s credibility. People v Dietrich, 87 Mich App 116, 138-139; 274 NW2d 472 (1978). See also People v Pace, 98 Mich App 714; 296 NW2d 345 (1980). We disagree. The utilization of assumed names is very common among certain cultures in American society. While there are undoubtedly instances where aliases are used to deceive, it is also likely that an assumed name is being used for entirely innocent reasons and therefore should not be deemed especially probative of a person’s credibility. Furthermore, a defendant may be highly prejudiced by the jury’s learning that he has used alises. This could be a particular problem in cases where the defendant and the jurors come from different cultures. If the utilization of assumed names is unknown among the jurors’ backgrounds, they may place undue emphasis on defendant’s employment of an alias.
The unstated inference which a juror might draw from the use of an alias is that defendant was "up to no good” or he would not have chosen to use a second name. Cross-examination as to the use of an alias permits a jury to speculate that a defendant may have been involved in some nefarious activity, unspecified as to time, nature and circumstances. Evidence of other speciñc acts are admissible only under limited circumstances, MRE 404(b), People v Spillman, 399 Mich 313; 249 NW2d 73 (1976). Evidence that would permit an inference of nonspeciñc misconduct should be at least equally circumscribed.
This does not mean that we would disapprove evidence about a witness’s use of an alias in all instances. Such evidence may be admissible under MRE 404(b) as part of the prosecutor’s case in chief in a false pretenses case, for example. Alias evidence might also be admissible under MRE 608 and MRE 609 to affect credibility. It is not the use of the alias in and of itself, however, that casts doubt on the witness’s truthfulness. Instead, what detracts from such a witness’s veracity is the specific ignoble purpose for which the alias was employed. If the prosecutor knows only that on some past occasion the witness has used an alias, he may not permissibly question him about the assumed name.
Even in those instances where questions might permissibly be asked concerning the use of an alias, the trial court still has an obligation to balance the probative value of the questions on credibility against the potential danger for unfair prejudice. MRE 403.
Despite the foregoing, no reversal is required in this case. The questions concerning defendant’s use of assumed names were few and not highly inflammatory. The prosecutor did not refer to defendant’s use of aliases in his closing argument. Most importantly, two eyewitnesses testified that they saw defendant put the items, 4 musk oil gift sets and 18 musk oil colognes, into a bag and leave the store without paying for them. It was uncontroverted that defendant fled after being approached by store security guards. The evidence of defendant’s guilt was overwhelming. The error was harmless.
Defendant next asserts that the trial court’s ruling that he could be impeached by proof of a prior conviction requires reversal. Admissibility decisions vis-á-vis the use of prior convictions are within the trial judge’s discretion. People v Jackson, 391 Mich 323, 336; 217 NW2d 22 (1974). In People v Crawford, 83 Mich App 35, 39; 268 NW2d 275 (1978), we held that the following standard should be applied in determining whether to admit prior convictions:
"The factors which the judge must weigh in making his determination include: (1) the nature of the prior offense (did it involve an offense which directly bears on credibility, such as perjury?), (2) whether it is for substantially the same conduct for which the defendant is on trial (are the offenses so closely related that the danger that the jury will consider the defendant a 'bad man’ or infer that because he was previously convicted he likely committed this crime, and therefore create prejudice which outweighs the probative value on the issue of credibility?), and (3) the effect on the decisional process if the accused does not testify out of fear of impeachment by prior convictions (are there alternative means of presenting a defense which would not require the defendant’s testimony, i.e., can his side of the story be presented, or are there alternative, less prejudicial means of impeaching the defendant?).”
Although the Crawford factors were not explicitly noted by the trial judge, lengthy argument with counsel prior to his ruling convinces us that he was well aware of the appropriate standards. See People v Joyner, 93 Mich App 554, 560-561; 287 NW2d 286 (1979). In any case, our review of the arguments made on the motion in limine to suppress defendant’s record convinces us that the prior conviction for larceny over $100 was properly admitted. Defendant had numerous prior convictions. All of these convictions were for theft offenses and, as such, involved elements of dishonesty. The trial court allowed the prosecutor to use evidence of only one of these convictions for impeachment purposes. While the trial court allowed the prosecutor to choose which conviction to use, this is not fatal in the case at bar since the similarity of the prior convictions made them all equal in terms of potential prejudicial effect. No alternative means of impeachment was suggested, and an examination of the record reveals no less prejudicial manner in which defendant might have been impeached. At no time did defendant indicate that his decision to testify depended on the court’s ruling on the suppression motion and, in fact, defendant did testify. Use of evidence of the one conviction for impeachment purposes was not error.
Defendant lastly argues that a reference to his brother’s suspected theft activity requires reversal. No objection or request for a curative instruction was made following the witness’s statement that he suspected defendant’s brother of being a thief. Consequently, absent a showing of manifest injustice, no reversal is warranted on this basis. In our opinion, the witness’s unanticipated and unresponsive answer was not so inherently prejudicial as to require reversal. People v Harry Fleish, 321 Mich 443, 463; 32 NW2d 700 (1948), People v Phillips, 61 Mich App 138, 149-151; 232 NW2d 333 (1975).
Affirmed.
D. C. Riley, J., concurred.
By Supreme Court Administrative orders 417 and 419, adopted May 9, 1980, the Court amended MRE 609. MRE 609(a)(2) now provides that before allowing impeachment by evidence of a prior conviction the court must determine "that the probative value of admitting this evidence on the issue of credibility outweighs its prejudicial effect and articulates on the record the factors considered in making the determination”. The amended rule is in accord with the spirit of Crawford and impliedly disapproves those cases in which this Court has held that absent an affirmative misapplication of the relevant factors on the record, admission of prior convictions evidence is proper. Inter alia: People v Pleasant, 69 Mich App 322; 244 NW2d 464 (1976), People v Strickland, 78 Mich App 40; 259 NW2d 232 (1977), People v Makidon, 84 Mich App 287; 269 NW2d 568 (1978), People v Roberson, 90 Mich App 196; 282 NW2d 280 (1979). In effect, these cases presumed regularity in the admission of prior conviction evidence since they did not require the trial court to explain for the record what factors it considered in allowing impeachment by prior conviction.
Defense counsel actually argued more strenuously for a partial exclusion of defendant’s record than a total exclusion. She quoted from one case which suggested, as a solution to the extensive criminal record problem, allowing the admission of a single conviction.
In response to the prosecutor’s question, "What did you see, sir?” the witness answered:
"I observed two black sus — males enter the store. And one of them I had seen before inside our store, stealing. So I continued to watch them. And they had gone to a display of cologne. And they had been talking, I couldn’t hear what they were saying. One pointed out this cologne display. And at that time I observed his friend take out a plastic bag from Sibley’s, from underneath his coat and start picking up various bottles of cologne and filling the bag.” | [
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Beasley, J.
Plaintiff, Karen Molony-Vierstra, filed a class action suit in the Court of Claims in which she sought declaratory and injunctive relief, alleging the invalidity of certain parking ordinances adopted by Michigan State University. In her complaint, plaintiff stated that her husband had parked her car in a parking lot on the Michigan State University campus which was reserved for faculty and staff vehicles bearing a certain type of permit. Plaintiffs car, which did not have a permit, was ticketed and towed to an impoundment lot pursuant to §§ 46.03 and 46.0310 of the university ordinances. The same day, she paid the $20 towing fee, and the vehicle was released to her.
Defendant filed a motion for summary judgment pursuant to GCR 1963, 117.2(1), alleging that plaintiff had failed to state a cause of action. The Court of Claims granted defendant’s motion for summary judgment, and plaintiff now appeals as of right.
Plaintiff first alleges that there is no valid statutory or constitutional basis for adopting the ordinances pursuant to which her vehicle was impounded. We do not agree.
Article 8, § 5 of the Michigan Constitution of 1963 states that the Board of Trustees of Michigan State University "shall have general supervision of its institution”. In addition, MCL 390.106; MSA 15.1126 provides:
"Sec. 6. * * * The state board of agriculture shall have the general control and supervision of the Michigan agricultural college, the farm pertaining thereto and lands or other property, which now or hereafter may belong to said college; of all appropriations made by the state or by congress for the support of said college, or for the support of the experiment station or any substation, or for any other purpose for which said college is created; and also the management of all lands that may hereafter be donated by the national government to this state in trust for the promotion of agriculture and industrial pursuits. The state board of agriculture may receive, hold and manage any property granted or devised to it or to the Michigan agricultural college to promote any of the objects for which said college is created. The board shall have plenary power to adopt such ordinances, by-laws and regulations not in conflict with this act as it may deem necessary to secure the successful operation of the college and to promote its designed objects.”
References in this statute to "state board of agriculture” and "Michigan agricultural college” are to be construed to mean "board of trustees of Michigan State University” and "Michigan State University”.
Specific authority to enact parking and traffic ordinances is granted to the board of trustees in MCL 390.891; MSA 15.1120(51). At the time of the incident involved in the case at bar, this statute read:
"Sec. 1. The governing boards of state universities and colleges may each enact parking, traffic and pedestrian ordinances for the government and control of their respective campuses and may provide that violation of such ordinance is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not to exceed $25.00 for each violation: Provided, That enforcement of such ordinances shall be by law enforcement officers of the state of Michigan, county, township or city wherein the violation of any such ordinance occurs. Such ordinance shall be in substantial conformity with the uniform traffic code promulgated pursuant to the provisions of Act No. 62 of the Public Acts of 1956, being sections 257.951 to 257.954 of the Compiled Laws of 1948.”
Under the statute, there is a valid basis for adopting the ordinances pursuant to which plaintiffs vehicle was impounded if these ordinances are in "substantial conformity” with the Uniform Traffic Code. Section 2.5 of the Uniform Traffic Code states:
"Sec. 2.5. Authority to impound vehicles.
"A member of the police department may remove a vehicle from a street or highway to the nearest garage or other place of safety, or to a garage designated or maintained by the police department or otherwise maintained by this governmental unit, under the circumstances hereinafter enumerated. The necessary costs for the removal shall become a lien on the vehicle and the person into whose custody the vehicle is given may hold it until the expenses involved have been paid:
"(a) When a vehicle is left unattended on a bridge, viaduct, causeway, subway, tube, or tunnel where the vehicle constitutes an obstruction to traffic.
"(b) When a vehicle on a street is so disabled as to constitute an obstruction to traffic, and the person in charge of the vehicle is, by reason of physical injury, incapacitated to such an extent as to be unable to provide for its custody or removal.
"(c) When a vehicle is left unattended on a street and is so parked as to constitute a definite hazard or obstruction to the normal movement of traffic.
"(d) When a vehicle is found being driven on the streets or highways in such an unsafe condition as to endanger persons or property.
"(e) When a vehicle is left unattended on a street continuously for more than 48 hours and may be presumed to be abandoned.
"(f) When the driver of the vehicle is taken into custody by the police department and the vehicle would thereby be left unattended upon the street.
"(g) When removal is necessary in the interest of public safety because of fire, flood, storm, snow, or other emergency reason.
"(h) When a vehicle is found parked in a 'tow-away zone’ designated by the traffic engineer and properly signposted.”
The corresponding portion of the Michigan State University ordinances reads:
".03 — Impound vehicles. Members of the Department of Public Safety are hereby authorized to remove a vehicle from a street, highway or parking area to the nearest garage or other place of safety, or to a garage designated or maintained by the Department of Public Safety, under the circumstances hereinafter enumerated:
".031 — When any vehicle is left unattended upon any bridge, viaduct or causeway, or subway where such vehicle constitutes an obstruction to traffic;
".032 — Where a vehicle upon a highway is so disabled as to constitute an obstruction to traffic and the person or persons in charge of the vehicle are by reason of physical injury incapacitated to such an extent as to be unable to provide for its custody or removal;
".033 — When any vehicle is left unattended upon a street or parking area and is so parked illegally as to constitute a definite hazard or obstruction to the normal movement of traffic; 4
".034 — When a vehicle is found being driven upon the streets and is not in proper condition to be driven;
".035 — When a vehicle is left unattended upon a street continuously for more than forty-eight hours and may be presumed to be abandoned;
".036 — When the driver of such vehicle is taken into custody by the Department of Public Safety and such vehicle would thereby be left unattended upon the street;
".037 — When removal is necessary in the interest of public safety because of fire, flood, storm, snow, or other emergency reason;
".038 — When any vehicle is left unattended in any parking area under such circumstances as to be presumed to be abandoned;
".039 — When any vehicle is found in violation and where it is determined that there are three or more outstanding violation citations against the same vehicle. Such a vehicle shall not be released from impoundment until there is satisfactory evidence that all outstanding citations relating to the vehicle have been cleared with the Court;
".0310 — When any vehicle is found parked in an area specifically reserved for vehicles bearing a certain type of university permit or in a parking space specifically reserved for the exclusive use of one vehicle;
".0311 — When any vehicle is found parked so as to obstruct university operations or is parked on lawns or in shrubbery.”
This portion of the ordinance is closely modeled after § 2.5 of the Uniform Traffic Code. While the ordinances include situations where parked vehicles can be towed which are not included in the Code, these modifications appear to be a reasonable attempt to adopt the Code — which was promulgated for use by cities, townships and villages —to the particular needs of Michigan State University. It is noted that the board of trustees is granted authority to enact parking ordinances in MCL 390.891; MSA 15.1120(51), and that the Uniform Traffic Code does not cover the subject of off-street parking. We find that the challenged portion of the ordinance is in "substantial conformity” with the Uniform Traffic Code and that there is a valid statutory basis for their adoption.
Plaintiff next contends that even if defendant had a statutory basis for towing her car it had no valid authority to impose the $20 towing fee or to hold plaintiff’s car in order to collect the fee. The towing fee was set by defendant’s department of public safety, with the approval of the university’s president. In arguing the invalidity of this fee, plaintiff notes that the constitutional section and statutes cited above all refer to the board of trustees, not the university’s president. She also cites from the board of trustee by-laws in support of her contention that only the trustees could establish such a fee:
"The Board is authorized to prescribe rules governing the use of all University property by the faculty, staff, employees, students, and the general public and the conduct of all entering upon said property, or in attendance at the University.”
MCL 390.113; MSA 15.1133, which outlines the duties of the president of Michigan State University, does not support plaintiffs contention:
"Sec. 13. The president, professors and associate professors of the Michigan agricultural college shall constitute the faculty, which shall select some suitable person to act as secretary of the faculty. The president of the college shall be the president of the faculty, and shall be the official channel of communication between the faculty and the state board of agriculture. He shall be the administrative head of the college and, as such, shall be responsible for carrying into effect the ordinances, rules and regulations of the faculty and of the state board of agriculture.”
"The President, as the principal executive officer of the University, shall exercise such powers as are inherent in the position in promoting, supporting, or protecting the interests of the University and in managing and directing all of its affairs; may issue directives and executive orders not in contravention of existing Board policies; shall be responsible for all business policies as heretofore enacted or modified or hereafter established subject to the general policies established by the Board; shall instruct the proper administrative officers to prepare an annual budget which upon approval, shall be recommended to the Board; shall be responsible for the preparation of the annual reports of the Board; shall exercise such other powers, duties and responsibilities as are delegated or required by the Board of Trustees.”
The president of the university has authority under both the above statute and the by-laws to carry into effect the board’s ordinances. His authorization of the fee to recover costs relating to towing and impoundment of vehicles parked in violation of university ordinances does not contravene board action. Rather, it complements and implements it.
Plaintiff also contends that it was improper for the university to impose a charge of $5 over and above the actual cost of towing. She analogizes the imposition of the towing fee to the assessment of costs in a criminal trial. While it is true that costs assessed in criminal trials must bear a direct relation to actual costs incurred in a given criminal prosecution, we are not dealing with the assessment of costs in a criminal prosecution in the case at bar. The charge of $5 over and above the actual towing fee is meant to cover the necessary administrative costs of the towing and impoundment program. In providing for the assessment of these costs, which are directly related to the program, the president was acting within the power granted him to carry into effect the ordinances of the trustees.
Plaintiff’s final contention is that defendant’s actions in towing her vehicle without a prior hearing and assessing the costs of towing against her without providing any opportunity to contest the towing charges deprived her of property without due process of law.
In deciding what process is required to prevent a finding of an erroneous deprivation of a property interest, it is necessary to consider (1) the nature and weight of the private interest affected by the challenged official action; (2) the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest as a result of the summary procedures used; and (3) the governmental function involved and state interests served by such procedures, as well as the administrative and fiscal burdens, if any, that would result from the substitute procedures sought.
The private interest involved here is the plaintiffs interest in the uninterrupted use of her vehicle. While this interest is a substantial one, we note that the denial of plaintiffs property in the instant case was temporary and of short duration.
The risk of an erroneous deprivation of the interest involved as a result of the towing procedure used here is not very great. An officer authorizing the towing of a vehicle can easily ascertain if the vehicle is parked in a lot reserved for faculty and staff and if the vehicle bears a permit.
The governmental interest involved here is the ability of the university to function smoothly by ensuring that its faculty and staff have ready access to parking. The ability of the towing program to effectuate this interest would be largely negated if it was necessary to provide an opportunity for a hearing before any improperly parked vehicle could be towed.
In Gillam v Landrieu, the court stated:
"Parking more than four hours in a downtown neighborhood by a non-resident vehicle is not a constitutionally protected right. Overtime parking at a meter is not a constitutionally protected right. A vehicle owner who engages in any such prohibited conduct is not effectuating a constitutionally protected right but is rather being antisocial. He does have the right to use of his automobile, a constitutional right to use of property. But that right is not entirely unfettered. It is subject to the legitimate limitations placed on its exercise by the state pursuant to its police power. Towing and impounding are reasonable procedures to effectuate that police power against antisocial car owners.
"Plaintiff seems to contend that unless there is an emergency, the city cannot tow or impound a vehicle suspected of having been parked in a residential neighborhood for more than twenty-four hours. This proposition seems very unreasonable. Whether a neighborhood is residential or commercial, there is an interest in keeping streets clear of unnecessary obstructions. The city keeps the streets clean as possible from ordinary litter. An abandoned vehicle is not merely unsightly (as is all litter) but also creates serious inconvenience to motorists and risk of accident to the extent it impedes traffic flow. Accordingly, the city has a legitimate interest in removing such vehicles as soon as reasonably possible. * * *
"The city’s concerns in regulating the use of its streets are not limited to public safety and convenience, but also encompass public health and welfare. A party who parks his car in the same street location for more than the allowed period of time is, in effect, 'hogging’ that public resource and not allowing other members of the public to get their fair share, certainly a serious impingement on the public welfare. A vehicle which remains in the same location for a lengthy period prevents the sanitation department from cleaning the portions of the street occupied by the car, threatening the public health by allowing accumulation of filth and litter.”
The court in Gillam did strike down the ordinance there as being overbroad because it allowed towing and impounding for violation of "any traffic law”. The ordinances in question in the instant case are explicit as to when vehicles can be towed and, consequently, are not overbroad. The issues in Gillam concerning nonprompt notice and the assessment of storage fees prior to the sending of notice were not raised here.
Finally, we reject defendant’s contention that it is entitled to attorney’s fees under GCR 1963,
816.5. We do not find that plaintiff has raised a clearly frivolous appeal which lacks merit in fact as well as law.
Affirmed.
MCL 390.102; MSA 15.1122.
MCL 390.101; MSA 15.1121.
Uniform Traffic Code for Cities, Townships, and Villages, Department of State Police, 1976 AACS R 28.1105.
Michigan State University Ordinances, 1974, § 46.03 et seq.
MCL 257.951; MSA 9.2651.
Michigan State University Board of Trustees By-Laws, Art 11.
Michigan State University Board of Trustees By-Laws, Art 4.
See, People v Teasdale, 335 Mich 1; 55 NW2d 149 (1952), People v Blachura, 81 Mich App 399; 265 NW2d 348 (1978).
Mathews v Eldridge, 424 US 319; 96 S Ct 893; 47 L Ed 2d 18 (1976), Mackey v Montrym, 443 US 1; 99 S Ct 2612; 61 L Ed 2d 321 (1979).
Mackey v Montrym, supra, 443 US 11; Gillam v Landrieu, 455 F Supp 1030, 1038 (ED La, 1978).
Gillam v Landrieu, supra, 1037-1038. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted by a jury of conspiracy to deliver heroin, MCL 750.157a; MSA 28.354(1) and MCL 335.341(l)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(l)(a), and sentenced to 10 to 20 years imprisonment. Seven other defendants were tried along with defendant Mendez on the conspiracy charge. Defendant Mendez was found not guilty on two counts of delivery of heroin. He appeals his conspiracy conviction as of right.
Defendant first argues that he was deprived of effective assistance of counsel by the joint representation of all of the defendants by retained counsel. At the insistence of the prosecutor several purported waivers were made by the defendants of any claim of conflict arising out of the multiple representation. The dispute over the validity of these waivers need not be addressed by this Court with regard to defendant Mendez because a review of the transcript in this case indicates that defendant Mendez was not prejudiced by the multiple representation of himself and his codefendants by retained counsel.
In order for ineffective assistance of counsel to result from shared counsel by codefendants there must be a showing of actual prejudice. People v Van Brocklin, 76 Mich App 427; 257 NW2d 107 (1977). One factor in determining whether a defendant was prejudiced by multiple representation is whether the defendant lost the benefit of argument stressing that the codefendants’ link to incriminating evidence was greater than defendant’s. See People v Bentley, 402 Mich 121; 261 NW2d 716 (1978). Another indication of prejudice exists when the cross-examination of an eyewitness may be inhibited by conflicting loyalties. People v Bentley, supra. In People v Gardner, 406 Mich 369; 279 NW2d 785 (1979), the Court ruled that prejudice is shown, even when the defenses are not necessarily inconsistent, when it is apparent that the testimony will portray differing degrees of culpability between the defendants, requiring counsel to draw a line of demarcation as to the relative culpability of his clients.
When these criteria are applied to the trial in the instant case, it becomes apparent that defendant Mendez was not prejudiced by the multiple representation of the defendants. The drug organization in this case was alleged by witness Gary Stewart to be run by Samuel Mendez out of the Golf King Recreation Center. While there was much police and informant testimony regarding narcotics purchases from the other defendants, these witnesses were carefully questioned regarding the lack of participation by defendant Mendez in these transactions. Witness Gary Stewart provided the testimony connecting the individual sales into a specialized drug distribution organization run by Mendez. The consistent defense strategy present in the case was to impeach and dis credit the critical testimony of Gary Stewart. This was done by impeaching his testimony with inconsistent preliminary examination testimony and by introducing a series of defense witnesses who testified that Stewart was operating the drug sales out of the Golf King Recreation Center. Defense witnesses testified that Stewart had a motive to blame the sales on Mendez because Mendez had humiliated him during a pool game and because Stewart needed to cooperate with the police in order to get the charges against him dismissed.
All of the testifying defendants, Phillip Hayes, Arthur Sosa, and Jack Sirhan, testified that they had never known defendant Sam Mendez to have anything to do with narcotics. Thus, even though defendants Phillip Hayes and Arthur Sosa admitted that they were users of heroin and Jack Sirhan admitted that he had sold drugs for prosecution witness Gary Stewart, these admissions were consistent with the defense strategy to demonstrate that prosecution witness Stewart, and not defendant Mendez, was responsible for drug trafile at the Golf King Recreation Center. Defense counsel spent considerable time in his closing argument portraying Mendez as a model citizen with a clean record and no evidence against him except the testimony of witness Stewart.
Thus it is clear that defendant Mendez did not lose the benefit of arguments stressing that the evidence linking him to the crime was weak or suspect. Additionally, defendant did not appear to be prejudiced by any inhibition in cross-examination. Finally, defendant was not prejudiced by evidence of differing degrees of culpability since defense counsel’s efforts throughout the trial were aimed at showing the lack of involvement in narcotics by defendant Mendez, thereby demonstrat ing the nonexistence of the Samuel Mendez organization or conspiracy.
Defendant’s second claim of error is that he was denied effective assistance of counsel based on the conduct of defense counsel, apart from the multiple representation of defendants. A review of the incidents cited by defendant discloses that defendant Mendez was not denied effective assistance of counsel under the test set forth in People v Garcia, 398 Mich 250; 247 NW2d 547 (1976).
Defendant also makes several claims regarding prosecutorial misconduct. Of these, only two merit any discussion. The prosecutor’s elicitation of testimony regarding defendant’s employment situation did not create reversible error for the reasons set forth in People v John Moore, 78 Mich App 150; 259 NW2d 403 (1977). Any impropriety in the closing argument made by the prosecutor did not create reversible error in view of the cautionary instruction given by the trial court. See People v Hall, 396 Mich 650; 242 NW2d 377 (1976).
Defendant’s final two claims of error are without merit. We find no reversible error, and therefore affirm.
Affirmed.
This conclusion is reinforced by the Michigan Supreme Court’s recent opinion in People v Henderson, 408 Mich 56, 66; 289 NW2d 376 (1980), rev’g 80 Mich App 447; 264 NW2d 22 (1978). | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was convicted of delivery of a controlled substance (cocaine), contrary to MCL 335.304(1); MSA 18.1070(4)(1), and appeals his conviction as of right.
An undercover state police trooper, Dana Michael Averill, testified at trial that he had gone to the LeFevre Hotel Bar to purchase cocaine from one Abdullah. The defendant had entered the bar and asked him if he was going to buy some "girl” (cocaine) from Abdullah. Defendant engaged Trooper Averill in conversation about cocaine and told him that he (defendant) could get him a better quality cocaine than Abdullah could offer. Defendant said that he had to make a phone call and that he was expecting a quarter ounce to be delivered to him that day. Trooper Averill suggested that he and the defendant pool their money to bring the price down by buying a larger quantity. The two agreed to buy an ounce and split it. The defendant told the trooper that he would make the phone call later and they left the bar agreeing to return that afternoon. When Trooper Averill returned, the defendant asked him if he was still interested in purchasing cocaine. The trooper nodded "yes” and followed the defendant into a back room where an unidentified man produced a plastic baggie filled with a white powder (later identified as cocaine). Trooper Averill inspected the contents and indicated his approval. Both defendant and the trooper gave the unidentified man $800. Trooper Averill split the ounce of cocaine, kept his half and gave the other half to defendant.
Defendant argues that his conviction of delivery of cocaine should not stand because his involvement in the transaction in question was merely as a purchaser and that he only helped Trooper Averill find a better price for an ounce of cocaine. Defendant contends the proper charge against him would be mere possession of cocaine.
We find defendant’s argument lacking in merit. Defendant was charged with delivery of a controlled substance on the theory that he aided and abetted the delivery of cocaine from an unidentified male to himself and Trooper Averill. It is undisputed that there was a "delivery” here. MCL 335.304(1); MSA 18.1070(4)(1).
The aiding and abetting statute, MCL 767.39; MSA 28.979, provides:
"Every person concerned in the commission of an offense, whether he directly commits the act constituting the offense or procures, counsels, aids, or abets in its commission may hereafter be prosecuted, indicted, tried and on conviction shall be punished as if he had directly committed such offense.”
In People v Spry, 74 Mich App 584, 594; 254 NW2d 782 (1977), lv den 401 Mich 825 (1977), the Court defined an aider and abettor as:
"An aider and abettor is one who encourages, counsels or assists another in the commission of a crime with the intention of rendering such help and with the knowledge that the criminal act is contemplated. People v Penn, 70 Mich App 638; 247 NW2d 575 (1976).”
Defendant was more than a mere bystander to this transaction. Defendant acted and encouraged the transaction "knowingly with the intent to aid the possessor obtain or retain possession”. People v Doemer, 35 Mich App 149, 152; 192 NW2d 330 (1971). The defendant arranged, assisted and facilitated the delivery of cocaine. Without defendant’s aid, Trooper Averill would not have been able to make the purchase from the unidentified man. In fact, the trooper had entered the bar with the intent to make a purchase from Abdullah. Even though it was the unidentified man who made the delivery to Trooper Averill and the defendant, the defendant took an active role in arranging the delivery and so, under the aiding and abetting statute, MCL 767.39; MSA 28.979, this evidence was sufficient to establish a prima facie case for each element of the crime charged so that the defendant was properly bound over to circuit court on the theory of aiding and abetting the delivery of a controlled substance. The trial court committed no error in denying defendant’s motion for a directed verdict of acquittal. See People v Mann, 395 Mich 472; 236 NW2d 509 (1975).
Defendant next contends that the trial court erred in allowing testimony by Trooper Averill of defendant’s alleged prior bad act (delivery of marijuana) to be presented to the jury.
MRE 404(b) provides:
"Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the character of a person in order to show that he acted in conformity therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, scheme, plan, or system in doing an act, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident when the same is material, whether such other crime, wrongs, or acts are contemporaneous with, or prior or subsequent to the crime charged.”
The admissibility of evidence of a defendant’s other bad acts should be carefully considered by the trial court because of the great potential that its probative value is outweighed by the likelihood that it will prejudice the jury against the defendant. People v Oliphant, 399 Mich 472; 250 NW2d 443 (1976).
This Court in People v Wilkins, 82 Mich App 260, 267-268; 266 NW2d 781 (1978), lv den 406 Mich 857 (1979), rev’d on other grounds, 408 Mich 69; 288 NW2d 583 (1980), stated that three requirements must be met before evidence of prior bad acts may be admitted:
(1) There must be substantial evidence that the defendant actually perpetrated the bad act sought to be introduced.
(2) There must be a showing that the "facts” or circumstances of the other bad acts are probative of the defendant’s motive, intent, absence of mistake or accident, scheme, plan or system in committing the charged offense.
(3) Defendant’s motive, intent, absence of mistake or accident, scheme, plan or system must be material to the determination of defendant’s guilt of the charged offense.
The general rule is that evidence of other bad acts may be introduced only when the matter which they tend to prove is disputed. Wilkins, supra, 268. In the case sub judice, Trooper Averill responded to the prosecution’s question of how and when he met defendant by stating that he had met the defendant in February, 1977, when other individuals had told him that defendant could get him some marijuana. Defense counsel objected on the basis that the testimony could not be corroborated. The trial judge overruled the objection. The trooper testified that a deal was made in February, 1977, and that it resulted in Trooper Averill purchasing a pound of marijuana for $155. On cross-examination, the trooper stated that, although he had talked with the defendant about the deal, he did not personally hand the defendant money and the defendant did not hand him marijuana.
Defendant admitted on cross-examination that he had taken someone named Bill to someone else who had sold Bill some marijuana and that he (defendant) had loaned Bill money so that he could purchase the marijuana. After Bill made the purchase, the two went back to the LeFevre Bar where Trooper Averill was waiting. Bill LaPage subsequently repaid the defendant at the LeFevre Bar but the defendant did not see the transaction between Bill and Trooper Averill.
We find that the first prong of the Wilkins test was not met. There is not substantial evidence that the defendant perpetrated the alleged bad act of delivery of marijuana. The individual, Bill La-Page, was not called as a witness, Trooper Averill admitted that he did not hand the defendant the money and that the defendant did not hand him the marijuana, and the lack of any corroborating testimony and the lack of any witnesses to any hand-to-hand transfer of the marijuana leads this Court to conclude that there was not "substantial evidence” that the defendant committed the prior act introduced into testimony in this instant case.
Defendant objected to the testimony about the alleged February, 1977, transaction and did not introduce any testimony concerning that transaction on direct examination. We cannot find that the testimony about February, 1977, was harmless error. We do not find it necessary to inquire further into the meeting of the rest of the Wilkins requirements.
Notwithstanding the failure to satisfy the Wilkins test, above, we also find no indication on the record that the trial court weighed the probative value of the prior bad act against its possible prejudicial effect on the jury. People v Oliphant, supra.
We cannot find the error "harmless beyond a reasonable doubt”. It is not impossible that, without the testimony concerning the February, 1977, transaction, even one juror may have voted to acquit the defendant of the delivery of cocaine charge. The proofs of that charge were not "so overwhelming”, aside from the prior bad act testimony, which may have been erroneously admitted, that "all reasonable jurors would find guilt beyond a reasonable doubt”. People v Christensen, 64 Mich App 23, 33; 235 NW2d 50 (1975), lv den 397 Mich 839 (1976).
It is unnecessary for this Court to consider the defendant’s final issue on appeal asserting that the prosecutor’s remarks during final argument were improper.
Reversed and remanded. | [
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M. J. Kelly, J.
Following a jury trial, defendant was convicted of enticing away children under the age of 14, contrary to MCL 750.350; MSA 28.582. On January 18, 1979, defendant was sentenced to 2-1/2 to 10 years imprisonment with credit for 79 days previously served in jail. On November 16, 1979, this Court entered an order permitting the defendant bail pending this appeal as of right.
While defendant’s late husband, Sherman Fields, was in prison, their four children were adjudicated neglected and made temporary wards of the juvenile division of probate court. Following Mr. Fields’ release from prison, both parents attended a juvenile court review hearing at which time the court issued an order to show cause why their parental rights should not be permanently terminated, a hearing on the order to be held at a later date. On the same day, following a supervised visit between parents and children, defendant and her husband followed the social worker’s car as she was returning the four children to their placements. When the social worker stopped at a store en route, the Fields pulled up behind the car and removed the children. After a high speed chase by the police they were apprehended and subsequently charged with kidnapping in violation of MCL 750.350; MSA 28.582, which provides:
"Any person who shall maliciously, forcibly or fraudulently lead, take or carry away, or decoy or entice away, any child under the age of 14 years, with intent to detain or conceal such child from its parent or guardian, or from the person or persons who have lawfully adopted said child or from any person having the lawful charge of said child, shall be guilty of a felony, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for life or any term of years. In case such child shall have been adopted by a person or persons other than its parents, in accordance with the statute providing for such adoption, then this section shall apply as well to such taking, carrying, decoying, or enticing away of such child, by its father or mother, as by any other person. ” (Emphasis added.)
Defendant maintains that the above statute is applicable to natural parents only when the child has been adopted or parental rights have been otherwise permanently terminated. Plaintiff responds by urging us to consider the fact that at the time of the enactment of the statute adoption was the only legally recognized custodial arrangement involving a minor child vesting custodial rights superior to those of the natural parent in a third party; the probate court did not have the power or jurisdiction to enter an order such as issued in the present case when the criminal statute was originally enacted. Accepting the accuracy of this historical perspective, we disagree with the people’s conclusion that the statute’s application should currently be judicially extended to include the instant factual situation.
First, we agree with defendant that principles of statutory construction support her position that according to the language of the statute, natural parents are properly charged with kidnapping their children only when the children have been legally adopted. It is a firmly established rule that criminal statutes are to be strictly construed. Generally, statutory construction involves a three-stage analysis: (1) an examination of the actual language of each clause; (2) consideration for the words or expressions obviously purposefully omitted; and (3) the connection between clauses within the statute and the conclusions that may be drawn by comparison. Sutherland, Statutory Construction (3d ed), § 46.05, p 56. The act should be construed as a consistent whole, but if that cannot be reasonably done, the most harmonious construction should prevail. Sutherland, supra. It is also an elementary rule of construction that effect should be given to each word, sentence and clause of a statute when possible so that no portion is rendered inoperative or superfluous. Sutherland, supra, § 46.06, p 63.
Application of these principles to the statute in question convinces us of the correctness of defendant’s analysis. If natural parents were intended to be included within the more general prohibition of the introductory sentence, the specific reference to the conduct of natural parents in the context of adopted children would have been unnecessary and superfluous. The logical conclusion to be drawn, based upon a comparison of both sentences, is that only the latter is applicable to the parent-child relationship.
Plaintiff contends that a legislative intent to exclude parents from kidnapping charges under the statute, in cases other than abduction of adopted children, should be manifest in a specific exclusionary clause as contained in other state and Federal legislation. E.g., Maine Rev Stat Ann § 2051, 18 USC 1201. This position runs contrary to the people’s earlier suggestion that the statute be construed in light of the fact that at the time of enactment only adoption vested superior custodial rights in a party other than a natural parent, and therefore the statute refers to kidnapping by parents only in the context of children given up for adoption.
If the statute’s application should be expanded to cover the taking of children by natural parents in other than the adoption setting, such expansion should reasonably include only those cases where parental rights have been similarly severed.
We disagree with the people’s position that it is the very existence of a court order rather than the temporary or permanent nature of the order which determines whether a kidnapping has in fact occurred. There is a crucial difference between a parent who has temporarily lost custody of a child and one who has permanently lost parental rights. A parent whose rights remain undecided at the time of the taking may not have any right to custody, but we are of the opinion that temporary loss of physical possession of the child is not the proper basis for decision. If application of the statute is to extend beyond parental taking of an adopted child, such taking following permanent loss of parental rights or custody is most closely akin to the conduct actually prohibited by the language. Both parties rely heavily on cases in volving court ordered custody pursuant to divorce proceedings which are of limited value here except to point out that the parent who does not have physical possession of the child cannot be charged with kidnapping absent a final award of custody. E.g., Adams v State, 218 Ga 130; 126 SE2d 624 (1962), Cf., People v Nelson, 322 Mich 262; 33 NW2d 786 (1948).
"On the question presented, there has been no loss of parental control by the father but there has been an award of temporary custody to the mother pending divorce proceedings. We do not believe that under the laws of this state an award of temporary custody to the other * * * would be such a decree of court as would serve as the basis for conviction of the father of kidnapping his own child from the mother. A decree awarding temporary custody is a matter of discretion with the court. It is not an adjudication of the rights of the parties * * *. The parental rights of the parties are not adjudicated by the award of temporary custody. A temporary award of custody differs from a permanent award as the latter is a final adjudication of the rights of the parties on the existing facts, is res judicata * * *. No such finality exists as to a judgment awarding temporary custody.” Adams, supra, 625-626.
We conclude that principles of statutory construction and relevant case law militate against defendant’s conviction under MCL 750.350; MSA 28.582 based strictly on the above contained analysis. Moreover, subsequent legislation obviously tailored to meet the growing number of custodial arrangements brought about by probate court jurisdiction further convinces us that MCL 750.350; MSA 28.582, is not controlling here. MCL 750.138; MSA 28.333, dealing with interfering with legal custody of dependent, neglected and delinquent children, provides in part:
"Any person who shall in any manner interfere or attempt to interfere with the custody of any dependent, neglected or delinquent child who has been adjudged to be such * * * subsequently to the making of an order of commitment to a state institution or otherwise * * * and any person who shall entice such neglected, dependent or delinquent child from and out of the custody of the person or persons entitled thereto under order of the court or who shall in any way interfere or attempt to interfere with such custody * * * shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not more than 1 year, or by fine of not more than 500 dollars.” (Emphasis added.)
Although the above statute does not specifically mention the parent-child relationship, it is clearly intended to cover the instant situation in which an adjudication of neglect resulted in temporary custody in foster homes as an interim measure pending a determination with respect to permanent termination of parental rights. See People v Bol, 23 Mich App 244; 178 NW2d 516 (1970). This particular statute, by its language limited in application to children who have been adjudged dependent, neglected or delinquent, has been held to apply regardless of the temporary or permanent characterization of the court ordered custodial arrangement. Bol, supra. The people’s attempt to circumvent the obvious applicability of MCL 750.138; MSA 28.333 to the instant case by claiming that this was a forcible taking is without merit. But the people failed to offer factual substantiation of the element of force, and this statute omits any reference to force or consent because the state of mind of the child is immaterial to the offense.
Due to the above disposition, remaining errors claimed by defendant need not be addressed.
Reversed.
Since repealed by 1975 Me Acts, C 499, § 11; Me Rev Stat tit 17-A, §§ 301-303. | [
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D. F. Walsh, P.J.
Defendants appeal from a declaratory judgment and permanent injunction precluding enforcement of Michigan’s prevailing wage law on the ground that the statute constitutes an unlawful delegation of legislative power. Plaintiffs cross-appeal the trial court’s ruling that the statute applied to West Ottawa and Wyoming Public Schools.
In early 1979, the Board of the Grandville Public Schools invited bids from contractors on a proposed transportation-maintenance facility. The board requested bids both with and without a prevailing wage requirement. After accepting the lowest bid, the board placed the difference between the accepted bid and the prevailing-wage-rate bid into an escrow account to ensure payment according to the statute if subsequently required. Construction began in August, 1979, and the state paid $31,000 of the building cost.
In the fall of 1979, the West Ottawa and Wyoming Public Schools were involved in the planning stages of construction projects to upgrade their present facilities. Both schools intended to finance this construction through municipal bonds. Wyoming’s bonds had already been approved and qualified by the State of Michigan in accordance with MCL 388.951 et seq.; MSA 3.424(111) et seq. Both schools also concurred in the prospective use of the Grandville Public Schools bidding procedure._
On August 14, 1979, plaintiffs filed a complaint against defendants seeking declaratory and injunc-tive relief. Plaintiffs claimed that the Michigan prevailing wage law was unconstitutional because its method for determining the prevailing wage rate unlawfully delegated legislative power to private individuals and violated plaintiffs’ due process and equal protection rights. Plaintiffs further asserted that the prevailing wage law was not applicable to West Ottawa and Wyoming Public Schools since the construction would not be financed by state funds.
On October 11, 1979, the Michigan State Building and Construction Trades Council was permitted to intervene in the suit. A hearing on plaintiffs’ motion for a preliminary injunction was held on the same day.
In an opinion rendered on February 11, 1980, the trial court granted the preliminary injunction. The court ruled that the statute was unconstitutional as an unlawful delegation of legislative power because it mandated that the Department of Labor adopt a union wage rate as the prevailing wage in the locality without independent evaluation as to the propriety of the rate. The court also decided that the statute would have been applicable to the West Ottawa and Wyoming Public Schools since the state’s qualification of their bond issues placed the state in the position of a "sponsor” within the meaning of the law. This decision is the subject of the present appeal.
The relevant portions of the prevailing wage law at issue read as follows:
"Sec. 2. Every contract executed between a contracting agent and a successful bidder as contractor and entered into pursuant to advertisement and invitation to bid for a state project which requires or involves the employment of construction mechanics, other than those subject to the jurisdiction of the state civil service commission, and which is sponsored or financed in whole or in part by the state shall contain an express term that the rates of wages and fringe benefits to be paid to each class of mechanics by the bidder and all of his subcontractors, shall be not less than the wage and fringe benefit rates prevailing in the locality in which the work is to be performed.
"Sec. 4. The commissioner [Department of Labor] shall establish prevailing wages and fringe benefits at the same rate that prevails on projects of a similar character in the locality under collective agreements or understandings between bona fide organizations of construction mechanics and their employers. Such agreements and understandings, to meet the requirements of this section, shall not be controlled in any way by either an employee or employer organization. If the prevailing rates of wages and fringe benefits cannot reasonably and fairly be applied in any locality because no such agreements or understandings exist, the commissioner [Department of Labor] shall determine the rates and fringe benefits for the same or most similar employment in the nearest and most similar neighboring locality in which such agreements or understandings do exist. The commissioner [Department of Labor] may hold public hearings in the locality in which the work is to be performed to determine the prevailing wage and fringe benefit rates.” MCL 408.552, 408.554; MSA 17.256(2), 17.256(4).
Plaintiffs argue that, because the Department of Labor is statutorily required to set the prevailing wage rate at union rate, the Legislature has unconstitutionally delegated its power to a private party. We cannot agree.
Article 4, § 1, of the Michigan Constitution prohibits the delegation of "legislative power”. The Michigan doctrine of nondelegation has been expressed in terms of a "standards” test:
" 'There is no doubt that a legislative body may not delegate to another its lawmaking powers. It must promulgate, not abdicate. This is not to say, however, that a subordinate body or official may not be clothed with the authority to say when the law shall operate, or as to whom, or upon what occasion, provided, however, that the standards prescribed for guidance are as reasonably precise as the subject matter requires or permits.’ (Emphasis supplied.)” Detroit v Detroit Police Officers Ass’n, 408 Mich 410, 458; 294 NW2d 68 (1980), quoting Osius v St Clair Shores, 344 Mich 693, 698; 75 NW2d 25 (1956).
The preciseness of the standards will vary in proportion to the degree to which the subject regulated requires constantly changing regulation. Dep’t of Natural Resources v Seaman, 396 Mich 299, 309; 240 NW2d 206 (1976). As stated by the Court in G F Redmond & Co v Michigan Securities Comm, 222 Mich 1, 5; 192 NW 688 (1923):
"The power to carry out a legislative policy enacted into law under the police power may be delegated to an administrative board under quite general language, so long as the exact policy is clearly made apparent, and the administrative board may carry out in its action the policy declared and delegated * * *. This marks the line between arbitrary officiousness and the exercise of delegated power to carry out a designated policy under the police power.”
In Male v Ernest Renda Contracting Co, Inc, 122 NJ Super 526; 301 A2d 153 (1973), aff'd 64 NJ 199; 314 A2d 361 (1974), cert den 419 US 839; 95 S Ct 69; 42 L Ed 2d 66 (1974), the court reversed the trial court’s finding that the New Jersey prevailing wage act was unconstitutional as an unlawful delegation of legislative power to a private party. Under the New Jersey act, the Commissioner of Labor established the prevailing wages for state projects from collective bargaining agreements. The Commissioner did not adopt any further rules or regulations but took the collective bargaining agreement that covered the majority of the workers in the locality and used the wages in that agreement as the prevailing rate. In holding that the statute was not unconstitutional, the appellate court reasoned:
"We do not find that the act, or the Commissioner’s interpretation thereof, presents a problem of delegation of legislative power. As we view the act, the Commissioner has not been delegated power to perform a legislative function; rather, he has merely been granted the power, as a matter of legislative convenience, to determine a set of facts, i.e., the wage rates established under collective bargaining agreements in given circumstances. The Legislature has determined, for reasons set forth in section 1 of the act (NJSA 34:11-56.25), that the wages paid under collective bargaining agreements negotiated between labor unions representing a majority of the workmen engaged in the trade under collective bargaining agreements and their employers shall be the wages paid in the performance of public work. That public policy determination was for the Legislature. We find no constitutional bar thereto. To conclude, as the trial judge did, that under such a scheme 'the public is not sufficiently protected against arbitrary or self-motivated action on the part * * * of such private party to whom the legislative function has really been delegated,’ misses the point and actually constitutes a substitution of judicial judgment for that of the Legislature.” Male v Ernest Renda Contracting Co, supra, 533-534.
Accord, Kugler v Yocum, 69 Cal 2d 371; 71 Cal Rptr 687; 445 P2d 303 (1968), Union School Dist of Keene v Comm’r of Labor, 103 NH 512; 176 A2d 332 (1961), Baughn v Gorrell & Riley, 311 Ky 537; 224 SW2d 436 (1949), Metropolitan Water Dist of Southern California v Whitsett, 215 Cal 400; 10 P2d 751 (1932). Contra, Industrial Comm v C & D Pipeline, Inc, 125 Ariz 64; 607 P2d 383 (1980), Bradley v Casey, 415 Ill 576; 114 NE2d 681 (1953), Wagner v Milwaukee, 177 Wis 410; 188 NW 487 (1922).
While we recognize that there is a split of authority on this issue, we are persuaded that Male, supra, presents the better view. The Michigan Legislature has not delegated any legislative, policy-making authority to the Department of Labor. The Legislature has declared as the policy of this state that construction workers on public projects are to be paid the equivalent of the union wage in the locality. The Department of Labor’s determination of that prevailing wage does not amount to the setting of any state policy. The Department is merely authorized to implement what the Legislature has already declared to be the law in Michigan.
In our judgment, the basic premise of plaintiffs’ argument is invalid. Plaintiffs maintain that the prevailing wage statute is constitutionally defective because it delegates to the unions, or to the unions and contractor/employers together, the authority to determine the wage rate on state projects. The statute contains no such delegation. Rather, the statute expresses the policy that wages equal to union scale are to be paid to both union and nonunion workers on public construction projects. The Legislature did not confer on the unions and the contractor/employers the power to set the prevailing wage rate for public contracts. It merely adopted, as the critical standard to be used by the Department of Labor in determining prevailing wage, the wage rate arrived at through a collective bargaining process which is completely unrelated to and independent of the prevailing wage statute. The purpose of collective bargaining is not to set the wage scale for public projects but rather to set the wage scale for all construction projects.
There is a vital distinction between conferring the power of making what is essentially a legislative determination on private parties and adopting what private parties do in an independent and unrelated enterprise. As Professor Davis aptly points out in his administrative law treatise:
"The one generalization [of state law concerning non-delegation] that may be worthy of repetition is this simple one: Much more likely to be sustained than statutes conferring the power of choice upon private parties are statutes whose operation depends upon private action which is taken for purposes which are independent of the statute.” 1 Davis, Administrative Law (2d ed), § 3:12, p 196.
The crucial inquiry is whether the collective bargaining process is sufficiently independent of and unrelated to the prevailing wage statute to protect the public against collusive action which could result in an arbitrarily inflated wage rate for public contracts. We conclude that it is. The wage scale in the union contract is arrived at through extensive negotiations; it is based on economic realities existing in the market place; it represents a compromise between the opposing interests of the union employee and the contractor/employer; and the contractor/employer will be bound by the negotiated rate in bidding on private construction contracts, moreover, the Department of Labor is precluded, in determining prevailing wage, from consideration of collective agreements or under standings which are "controlled in any way by either an employee or employer organization”. MCL 408.554; MSA 17.256(4). In our judgment these factors sufficiently safeguard the public interest.
Defendants further claim that the union rate, even when fairly negotiated, should not be the prevailing wage rate because it artificially raises the cost of public construction and prevents competition in the construction industry. These arguments amount to a challenge to the wisdom of the legislation, not its constitutionality, and were adequately answered by the Court in Baughn v Gor-rell & Riley, supra, 542:
"The wisdom of this type of legislation may be debatable, but that is not a judicial question. If this statute increases the cost of public works which the taxpayer must pay, if it has an adverse effect upon competitive bidding, or if it aids the labor union movement, these are matters addressed to the judgment of the elected representatives of the people. Our consideration of the case must be confined to the constitutionality of the law and not its policy. Any doubt must be resolved in its favor.”
We next address the issue of whether the state has "sponsored” the bonds of West Ottawa and Wyoming Public Schools within the meaning of the prevailing wage law. We answer in the affirmative.
MCL 408.552; MSA 17.256(2) provides that the prevailing wage must be paid on contracts on state projects that are "sponsored or financed in whole or in part by the state”. The term "sponsor” has been defined as follows:
"[0]ne who binds himself to answer for another’s default: SURETY * * * [and] one who assumes respon sibility for some other person or thing * * Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (Unabridged, 1970), p 2204.
Section 8 of 1961 PA 108 provides that when a school district is unable to pay the principal and interest on its qualified bonds, the state "shall loan to it an amount sufficient to enable the school district to make the payment”. MCL 388.958; MSA 3.424(118). Under this provision, the state acts as a surety for the payment of qualified bonds when they are due. The Wyoming Public School has already qualified its bonds with the state and West Ottawa intended to do likewise. Therefore, we conclude that the state is in the position of a sponsor of their planned construction projects. The trial court properly decided this issue.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part. The permanent injunction is dissolved. No costs, a public question.
MCL 408.551 et seq.; MSA 17.256(1) et seq.
MCL 408.552; MSA 17.256(2).
"The legislative power of the State of Michigan is vested in a senate and a house of representatives.” Const 1963, art 4, § 1. | [
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Per Curiam.
In August, 1977, plaintiffs, adjoining property owners, filed separate actions to quiet title, under the provisions of MCL 600.2932; MSA 27A.2932, to a parcel of real property which defendant, West Traverse Township, claims by adverse possession. The two actions were consolidated in a single bench trial held in April, 1979. On September 24, 1979, the trial court filed a written opinion finding that defendant township had acquired title by adverse possession. From judgment entered March 17, 1980, declaring defendant township owner of the parcel, plaintiffs appeal of right.
The parcel in question is a strip of land 66 feet (four rods) wide, and 66/100 of a mile long situated on the shore of Lake Michigan approximately five miles north of Harbor Springs. It lies between a scenic gravel road, known both as Lower Shore Drive and Thorne-Swift Memorial Highway on the east and Lake Michigan on the west. Through the center of the parcel runs the section line common to section 32 and section 5. Plaintiffs Bachus are the record titleholders of the southern 33 feet, and plaintiffs Cummings are the record titleholders of the northern 33 feet of said parcel. The township’s claim of adverse title was based on the fact that from 1948 until suit was commenced in 1977, the township had used this strip as a township park and township residents had used the property as an access point to Lake Michigan.
The trial court’s findings of fact in an adverse possession case will not be overturned or modified unless they are clearly erroneous or unless the reviewing court is convinced it would have reached a different result had it occupied the position of the trial court. Rose v Fuller, 21 Mich App 172; 175 NW2d 344 (1970), De Hollander v Holwerda Greenhouses, 45 Mich App 564; 207 NW2d 187 (1973), Caywood v Dep’t of Natural Resources, 71 Mich App 322; 248 NW2d 253 (1976).
The necessary proofs for a successful adverse possession claim have been long established.
"Adverse possession must be established by clear and cogent proof of possession that is actual, visible, open, notorious, exclusive, continuous and uninterrupted for the statutory period of 15 years, hostile and under cover of claim of right.” Burns v Foster, 348 Mich 8, 14; 81 NW2d 386 (1957).
Sufficient evidence was submitted to establish defendant’s actual, visible, open, notorious and uninterrupted possession. Some 15 long-time residents, many of whom were former township officers, testified that from 1948 until 1977 the township had placed picnic tables, cook stoves and refuse containers at the site each spring and had removed them in the fall; that cement foundations were provided for the cook stoves; that small signs had been erected in the 1950’s declaring the parcel to be a township park and that the residents of the township referred to the site as a township park.
Nevertheless, it is apparent that the township’s use of the Cummings property lacked the necessary element of exclusiveness. Truman Cummings, Jr., testified that he treated the property as his own private park. He cleaned up the area better than once a month and, when others attempted to camp on the land overnight, he would instruct them to leave. Possession that is concurrent with that of the true owner is never exclusive. Hamilton v Weber, 339 Mich 31, 53-54; 62 NW2d 646 (1954).
Furthermore, the township’s claim to the property was not hostile to that of either of the title owners.
"The term 'hostile’ as employed in the law of adverse possession is a term of art and does not imply ill will. Nor is the claimant required to make express declarations of adverse intent during the prescriptive period. Adverse or hostile use is use inconsistent with the right of the owner, without permission asked or given, use such as would entitle the owner to a cause of action against the intruder.” Mumrow v Riddle, 67 Mich App 693, 698; 242 NW2d 489 (1976).
To the extent that plaintiff Truman Cummings, Jr., intended his portion of the property to be used as a park, defendant’s installation of picnic tables, stoves and refuse containers was not truly hostile to his interest. On the other hand, testimony that the township leveled parts of the land and installed park signs indicate the types of activities that, under the circumstances, would be more likely to lead to action by the true owners.
The deciding factor in our consideration of the element of hostility is that defendant had continually assessed taxes to plaintiffs for the disputed property. These assessments were based on land descriptions which included both the park area and plaintiffs’ adjoining properties.
While the issue is a new one to this jurisdiction, we are convinced that the assessment and collection of ad valorem taxes acts as an emphatic recognition by the assessing governmental unit of private ownership. Levering v City of Tarpon Springs, 92 So 2d 638, 639 (Fla, 1957). Concededly, of the jurisdictions that have taken this view, some consider the payment of property taxes a prerequisite to an adverse possession claim. Dun-nick v Stockgrowers Bank of Marmouth, 191 Neb 370, 373-374; 215 NW2d 93 (1974). Still, even those jurisdictions conclude that the assessment of taxes to the true owner acts as an acknowledgement of ownership; the relevant cases do not limit their reasoning to the fact that the assessing governmental units failed themselves to pay the property taxes. See, e.g, Hamilton v Village of McCall, 90 Idaho 253; 409 P2d 393 (1965), Inhabitants of Town of Island Falls v AKR, Inc, 157 Me 147; 170 A2d 395 (1961).
Defendant contends that while the property descriptions in the assessments included the park area, plaintiffs were not actually taxed for their respective ownership of that land. Our review of the record fails to demonstrate any real evidence to support that claim. While certain testimony indicated that, in other cases, assessment descriptions had extended to the middle of abutting streets without actually taxing for such ownership, it was not established that such action had occurred in this instance.
In any event, the property descriptions contained in the tax assessments, and not the actual amount of tax assessed, serves as recognition of ownership in the person taxed. The property descriptions were such as would have left plaintiffs with the impression that their ownership was conceded by the township. The township’s actions create a strong presumption of plaintiffs’ ownership over that of the township. That presumption was not overcome by the evidence below and, therefore, the necessary element of hostile possession is absent.
We conclude that the lower court was clearly erroneous in finding that defendant had established title through adverse possession. The judgment below is reversed and the case remanded for entry of a judgment quieting title in plaintiffs’ favor.
Reversed and remanded.
We mean to make it clear that our decision is not limited to the actual assessment of taxes based on the disputed property. To the extent defendant assessed and collected such taxes its adverse possession claim might best be labeled sheer chutzpah. “Chutzpah” is where a defendant, after being convicted of parricide, begs the mercy of the sentencing court because he is an orphan. | [
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V. J. Brennan, J.
Plaintiffs appeal as of right from a Michigan Tax Tribunal’s order denying their motion for summary judgment and, sua sponte, granting summary judgment in favor of defendants.
Plaintiffs, for a number of years, have been owners of commercial buildings with frontage on Western Avenue in the City of Muskegon. Prior to the urban renewal redevelopment, Western Avenue was a main thoroughfare of the city. Both plaintiffs had entered into long-term leases for the rental of their buildings prior to Muskegon’s urban renewal redevelopment program.
In 1974, the City of Muskegon, using city and Federal funds, began the construction of an enclosed shopping mall on the property adjacent to the plaintiffs’ buildings. Sometime prior to July 7, 1975, the city requested that plaintiffs grant the city easements for the attachment of the mall structure to the plaintiffs’ buildings. The city intimated to the plaintiffs that if the city were not permitted to attach the mall to the buildings it would be necessary to erect a free-standing wall on the city property paralleling the front of the plaintiffs’ buildings, equipped with doors permitting access into the buildings. Subsequently, the plaintiffs granted the requested easement to the city.
On or about October 14, 1975, the Muskegon City Commission created a Mall Maintenance Special Assessment District which included the properties owned by plaintiffs. Thereafter, the plaintiffs were notified that special assessments had been levied against their properties in the amounts of $7,579.36 and $7,500.80, respectively. The assessments were levied pursuant to a formula prepared by a board of three members, comprised of the city assessor and two members of the commission, in keeping with the provisions of Chapter XIII, § 7 of the Charter of the City of Muskegon. The special assessment was subject to annual revision on the basis of past actuarial experiences.
On February 17, 1976, plaintiffs filed their complaint in the Circuit Court for the County of Muskegon. On April 9, 1979, the case was transferred to the Michigan Tax Tribunal, which now has exclusive jurisdiction to review, inter alia, determinations and orders relating to special assessments. MCL 205.731, 205.741, 205.771; MSA 7.650(31), 7.650(41), 7.650(71).
Subsequently, the plaintiffs filed a motion for summary judgment in the tax tribunal. Defendants thereafter filed an answer in opposition. The tax tribunal denied plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment and sua sponte granted summary judgment in favor of defendants. It thereby sua sponte entered an order dismissing the plaintiffs’ petition. Plaintiffs appeal as of right from this decision of the Michigan Tax Tribunal.
At the outset, we note that this Court’s power to review decisions of the tax tribunal is very limited. The Legislature has removed the decisions of the tribunal from court review except for the limited circumstances specified in Const 1963, art 6, § 28, MCL 205.753(1); MSA 7.650(53X1).
"In the absence of fraud, error of law or the adoption of wrong principles, no appeal may be taken to any court from any final agency provided for the administration of property tax laws from any decision relating to valuation or allocation.”
Thus, where, as here, no fraud is alleged, our review is limited to the questions of whether the tribunal committed an error of law or adopted a wrong principle. Consolidated Aluminum Corp, Inc v Richmond Twp, 88 Mich App 229, 231; 276 NW2d 566 (1979), Consumers Power Co v Port Sheldon Twp, 91 Mich App 180, 184; 283 NW2d 680 (1979), Northwood Apartments v City of Royal Oak, 98 Mich App 721, 724; 296 NW2d 639 (1980). Hence, on appeal from the tax tribunal, this Court is bound by the factual determinations of the tribunal. Ironwood v Gogebic County Board, 84 Mich App 464, 469; 269 NW2d 642 (1978), Consolidated Aluminum Corp, Inc v Richmond Twp, supra.
Initially, we review the tax tribunal’s decision that the city was authorized pursuant to MCL 125.981 et seq.; MSA 5.3533(1) et seq., to establish a special assessment district for the maintenance and operation of the mall. As to this issue, we find no error of law in the tribunal’s denial of plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment. On virtually identical facts, this Court has recently held that the City of Muskegon could lawfully levy special assessments for the operation and maintenance of the mall against property owners abutting the Muskegon Mall. McIntosh v City of Muskegon, 88 Mich App 30; 276 NW2d 510 (1979), lv den 406 Mich 980 (1979).
Next, we address the propriety of the tribunal’s denial of plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment on the issue of whether the properties were benefited by the mall, and, hence, subject to special assessment. Again, we find no error of law in the tribunal’s denial of plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment as to this issue.
The underlying principle of special assessments is the dual finding that a special benefit has been conferred on the property and the benefit conferred substantially corresponds to the assessment levied. Blades v Genesee County Drain Dist No 2, 375 Mich 683, 693-696; 135 NW2d 420 (1965), Edros Corp v City of Port Huron, 78 Mich App 273, 279; 259 NW2d 456 (1977), Ray v Mason County Drain Comm’r, 48 Mich App 559, 565; 210 NW2d 810 (1973).
Justice Cooley, in his work on taxation, expressed it as follows:
"The general levy of taxes is understood to exact contributions in return for the general benefits of government, and it promises nothing to the persons taxed, beyond what may be anticipated from an administration of the laws for individual protection and the general public good. Special assessments, on the other hand, are made upon the assumption that a portion of the community is to be specially and peculiarly beneñted, in the enhancement of the value of property peculiarly situated as regards a contemplated expenditure of public funds; and, in addition to the general levy, they demand that special contributions, in consideration of the special benefit, shall be made by the persons receiving it. The justice of demanding the special contribution is supposed to be evident in the fact that the persons who are to make it, while they are made to bear the cost of a public work, are at the same time to suffer no pecuniary loss thereby; their property being increased in value by the expenditure to an amount at least equal to the sum they are required to pay.” (Emphasis added.) 2 Cooley, Taxation (3d ed), pp 1153-1154,
as cited in Fluckey v City of Plymouth, 358 Mich 447, 453-454; 100 NW2d 486 (1960), Leonard Capaldi Contracting Co, Inc v City of Fraser, 70 Mich App 227, 230; 245 NW2d 575 (1976), Johnson v Inkster, 56 Mich App 581, 586; 224 NW2d 664 (1974). See also the discussion of this issue in Blades v Genesee County Drain Dist No 2, supra.
Whether a special benefit has been conferred upon the property and whether the benefit conferred corresponds to the assessment levied are controlling questions of fact. Blades v Genesee County Drain Dist No 2, supra, 696, Edros Corp v Port Huron, supra, 279.
In the instant case, plaintiffs moved for summary judgment on the alternative grounds that their properties were not specially benefited by the heating, air-conditioning and maintenance of the mall and, hence, not subject to levy for a special assessment. Defendants, in opposing the motion, argued that these amenities of the mall did benefit the property. They further argued that the properties were enhanced as to potential use.
For present purposes, it is sufficient for this Court to state that these motions presented a disputed factual issue as to whether the properties were benefited. It is well established that a motion for summary judgment is to be denied whenever there is a genuine issue as to a material fact. Blades v Genesee County Drain Dist No 2, supra, Rizzon v Kretschmer, 389 Mich 363, 372; 207 NW2d 316 (1973), Partrich v Muscat, 84 Mich App 724, 730; 270 NW2d 506 (1978). Thus, since there was a genuine issue of material fact as to the special benefits, we affirm the tribunal’s denial of summary judgment in favor of plaintiffs.
However, we do find that the tribunal committed an error of law when it sua sponte granted summary judgment in favor of defendants and thereby dismissed plaintiffs’ petition.
As noted above, there existed a genuine issue of a material fact, e.g., whether the properties were benefited. While this was legally sufficient to deny plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, it also precluded a sua sponte grant of summary judgment in favor of defendants.
It is inappropriate for the tribunal to decide disputed factual questions under the guise of an order for summary judgment. Summary judgment is not a substitute for fact finding, and proceedings in connection therewith are not a substitute for an evidentiary hearing. Neither party is entitled to summary judgment if there exists so much as a single controverted fact which establishes or tends to establish a proposition bearing on a genuine issue. Rizzo v Kretschmer, supra, Steadman v Lapensohn, 408 Mich 50, 53; 288 NW2d 580 (1980), Northern Plumbing & Heating, Inc v Henderson Brothers, Inc, 83 Mich App 84, 90; 268 NW2d 296 (1978), lv den 405 Mich 845 (1979), Freeman v Massachusetts Mutual Life Ins Co, 27 Mich App 572, 582-583; 183 NW2d 832 (1970).
We fully recognize that GCR 1963, 117.3 provides, inter alia, as follows: "If it appears that the opposing party rather than the moving party is entitled to judgment, the court may render summary judgment in his favor without necessity of a motion therefor.” However, this provision is inap plicable when, as in the instant case, there remain any issues of material facts.
Therefore, we affirm the tribunal’s decision that the City of Muskegon is authorized to establish a special assessment district for the maintenance and operation of the mall pursuant to MCL 125.981 et seq.; MSA 5.3533(1) et seq. Further, we affirm the tribunal’s denial of plaintiffs motion for summary judgment. However, we reverse the tax tribunal’s sua sponte grant of summary judgment in favor of the defendants and dismissal of plaintiffs’ petition. We remand the case to the tribunal for an evidentiary hearing as to the two controlling facts of whether special benefits have been conferred upon the properties and whether the benefits conferred substantially correspond to the assessments levied.
Reversed and remanded.
Technically, the plaintiffs entitled their motion a "Motion for Decision”. The tax tribunal, however, referred to it as a motion for "Summary Judgment” and relied upon GCR 1963, 117 in their order. | [
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Mackenzie, J.
Blaney Park, Inc. appeals as of right from a judgment entered in Livingston County Circuit Court on September 25, 1978, in supplementary proceedings brought pursuant to MCL 600.6101 et seq.; MSA 27A.6101 et seq., ordering Blaney Park, Inc. to pay to Berar Enterprises, Inc. the full amount of a judgment rendered against Intermar at the principal trial in the amount of $576,124.76 plus statutory interest at the rate of six per cent per annum from June 23, 1971.
The issue herein is whether plaintiff Berar, a third-party defendant in an earlier action in Schoolcraft County resolved by the entry of a consent judgment without plaintiff’s consent but with plaintiff’s knowledge, may thereafter bring the instant action in another circuit to have the portions of the consent judgment which provide for conveyance of real estate set aside as a fraudulent conveyance.
In April of 1968, Stewart and Elsie Earle were the fee owners of the bulk of property called Blaney Park, a vacation resort located in School-craft County in the Upper Peninsula. On April 5, 1968, the Earles leased 13,552 acres of the property to Intermar of Michgian, a land development partnership comprised of defendants Harmon and Schott. Thé Earles also gave Intermar an option to purchase the property on specific terms during the term of the lease until January, 1971. Intermar intended to develop the property, along with 3,000 acres of Blaney Park it already owned, into a vacation resort.
In November, 1968, Intermar entered into a contract with Berar, a real estate brokerage firm, giving Berar the exclusive right to sell lots in Blaney Park for a 50 per cent commission totalling $1.5 million. Intermar and Berar agreed that the 3,000 acres owned by the developer would be divided into 300 lots of 10 acres each and sold to individual purchasers for $10,000 cash or on land contract. When the entire 300 parcels were sold, Intermar would convey, in addition, the remaining 13,552 acres of Blaney Park to a corporation formed by the titleholders of the parcels to be used in common. Under the agreement, in the event of a cash sale, Berar was to receive its commission outright; otherwise, Berar would retain the cash downpayments and collect the balance of its commission by transmittal from Intermar of not less than 35 per cent of the payments received from the land contract vendees until Berar was paid in full.
By August, 1969, all 300 parcels in Blaney Park had been sold. The deeds or land contracts to purchasers provided that Intermar would convey the remaining 13,552 acres to the property owner’s association when all of the parcels had been sold for cash, or on land contracts paid in full, or when Intermar had received payments totalling $3 million, whichever came first. By January, 1971, Blaney Park, Inc., the property owner’s association, had been formed and had taken over management of the resort.
Meanwhile, Intermar began experiencing financial difficulties in paying Berar its commission, partly because certain land contract vendees had fallen behind in their payments. Intermar and Berar negotiated a supplemental agreement, but soon Intermar could not meet its obligations under the new agreement. After several months of erratic payments, Berar received no further commission payments from Intermar. Berar had received $907,278 of its expected commission, leaving a delinquency of $592,722.
By July, 1971, Intermar had received $1,276,834.50 in cash payments from purchasers on the land contracts, leaving a balance due of $1,723,165.50. Intermar was unable to exercise its option to purchase the 13,552 acres from the Earles because of its financial difficulties and cash flow problems. The Earles refused to accept several alternate payment plans proposed by Intermar, insisting on a cash purchase in accord with the terms of the original agreement.
On December 31, 1970, Intermar brought an action against the Earles in Schoolcraft County Circuit Court, asking the court to declare the purchase terms and grant specific performance of the lease-option agreement. The Earles counterclaimed for removal of the cloud on their title to the 13,552 acres and for $921,826 which Intermar owed on the lease.
Blaney Park, Inc., intervening in the Schoolcraft action, demanded assurances from Intermar that it would receive title to the additional acreage. The property owner’s association also filed a third-party claim against Intermar, Berar Enterprises, and Berar’s principals, seeking to be subrogated to the rights of Intermar against the Earles and requesting damages for breach of contract and fraud against Intermar and Berar for misrepresenting to the purchasers that Intermar owned all of the resort at the time the lots were sold.
Simultaneously with the filing of the third-party complaint, the land contract vendees began paying their installments, totalling $30,000 per month, into an escrow account at the First National Bank of Manistique. Intermar, thereafter, received no further payments on the land contracts with the exception of two or three deposited in the Brighton State Bank. As a result, Intermar cross-claimed against Blaney Park, Inc. in the Schoolcraft suit for tortious interference with a contractual relationship.
On June 22, 1971, Berar sued Intermar in Livingston County Circuit Court for the balance due on its commission for selling Blaney Park lots, approximating $627,000. There is no indication in the record that Berar or Intermar ever informed Circuit Judge William F. Hood, presiding in the Schoolcraft action, or the other parties to that action, of the Livingston County suit. At this time, Intermar discovered that it could not float a mortgage on its land contract receivables, since the land contracts carried only a seven per cent interest rate, making them an unattractive investment for mortgage brokers during a period when the interest rate soared to ten per cent.
On September 15, 1972, two weeks before the case was scheduled for trial, a consent judgment was entered in the Schoolcraft action signed by all parties except Berar. Berar’s counsel informed the court that his objection to the entry of the consent judgment was premised on Blaney Park’s refusal to include Berar in the settlement and to dismiss its damage claim against Berar.
The consent judgment provided that title to the 13,552 acres in Blaney Park be quieted in the Earles, who were to transfer the acreage to Blaney Park, Inc. upon satisfactory performance by the latter of a new land contract with the Earles. The consent judgment also cancelled Intermar’s interest in the 3,000 acres it owned in Blaney Park and transferred ownership of the land and any interest of Intermar in the land contracts thereon to Blaney Park, Inc. All land around Blaney Park owned by Intermar, its individual partners, or their wives was transferred to Blaney Park, Inc. Under the consent judgment, Blaney Park, Inc. was to assume certain debts of Intermar, including obligations for improvements to the resort and debts of $33,735.20 to certain specified creditors, not including Berar.
All claims among all parties to the Schoolcraft suit, except Berar, were dismissed with prejudice. Blaney Park, Inc.’s fraud action against Berar in Schoolcraft County was later dismissed for no progress on January 14, 1977.
At the time the property transfer was made from Intermar to Blaney Park, Inc. under the consent judgment, Intermar owed Blaney Park, Inc. $116,319.28 of the $300,000 pledged for maintenance. According to Intermar’s books, it was solvent prior to the property transfer, which rendered it insolvent.
Blaney Park, Inc. entered into a land contract with the Earles to purchase the 13,552 acres for $1.3 million, but defaulted, and a judgment of foreclosure was entered on June 7, 1978.
On March 26, 1975, Berar obtained a judgment of $576,124.76 against Intermar in the Livingston County suit following a bench trial. This judgment, representing the difference between commissions paid and commissions owed, was never satisfied. On March 1, 1977, Berar filed a complaint in Livingston County for supplementary proceedings under MCL 600.6101 et seq.; MSA 27A.6101 et seq., in which Blaney Park, Inc. was joined as a third-party defendant. Following a jury trial and verdict that Blaney Park, Inc. was liable to Berar for the full amount of the judgment, Blaney Park, Inc. brings this appeal as of right.
Initially, Blaney Park, Inc. argues that the Schoolcraft consent judgment is res judicata, barring the litigation herein. We disagree. The two actions clearly involved different issues. The Schoolcraft action was concerned with the problems of who had title to the 13,552 acres and the alleged fraud perpetrated by Intermar and Berar in misrepresenting that Intermar owned that property. The Livingston action concerned the payment of Berar’s commission and enforcement of that judgment. Although both originated from Blaney Park and its problems, since the facts and evidence essential to the maintenance of the two actions were not identical, the doctrine of res judicata is inapplicable. American Mutual Liabil ity Ins Co v Michgian Mutual Liability Co, 64 Mich App 315, 324-325; 235 NW2d 769; 91 ALR3d 1159 (1975). Moreover, because Berar refused to sign the consent judgment, it is not clear that the settlement should be res judicata as to Berar. See American Mutual, supra, 324, fn 3.
Secondly, for the reasons stated in American Mutual, supra, 327-329, we are not persuaded that any issues are litigated in a consent judgment such that they should be accorded collateral estoppel effect in a later action. This is particularly true where the party against whom the consent judgment is sought to be enforced did not agree to its entry.
The next issue is whether Circuit Judge Paul R. Mahinske, presiding in the Livingston action, had jurisdiction to entertain a collateral attack on the consent judgment entered in an order dated September 15, 1972, by Judge Hood in Schoolcraft County. Pursuant to the jury’s determination in the Livingston action that the property transfer under the earlier consent judgment constituted a fraudulent conveyance under MCL 566.221; MSA 26.971, Judge Mahinske entered an order on September 25, 1978, enjoining Blaney Park, Inc. from transferring the vendor’s interest in the land contracts it received under the consent judgment, as well as any other non-exempt property. The order also entered judgment against Blaney Park, Inc. in the amount of $576,124.76.
In essence, Judge Mahinske’s order permitted a collateral attack on the consent judgment for fraud. In Michigan, the procedure for attacking a final judgment or order for fraud is delineated in GCR 1963, 528.3, to wit:
"On motion and upon such terms as are just, the court may relieve a party or his legal representative from a final judgment, order or proceeding for the following reasons: * * * (3) fraud (whether heretofore denominated intrinsic or extrinsic), misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party; * * * The motion shall be made within a reasonable time, and for reasons (1), (2), and (3) not more than 1 year after the judgment order or proceeding was entered or taken. A motion under sub-rule 528.3 does not affect the finality of a judgment or suspend its operation. This rule does not limit the power of the court to entertain an independent action to relieve a party from a judgment, order, or proceeding, or to grant relief to a defendant not actually personally notified as provided in sub-rule 528.2 above, or to set aside a judgment for fraud upon the Court.”
Additionally, GCR 1963, 529.2 mandates that a party directly attack a judgment or final order before the judge who made the judgment or order.
"No judgment or order shall be set aside or vacated, and no proceeding under a judgment or order shall be stayed by any circuit judge except the one who made the judgment or order, unless he is absent or unable to act. If the circuit judge who made the judgment or order is absent or unable to act, an order vacating or setting aside the judgment or order or staying proceedings under the judgment or order may be made by any of the other judges of the circuit or any judge assigned to the circuit.”
The policy behind GCR 529.2 is that "[i]f a judgment or order is to be set aside, vacated or stayed, it should normally be done only by the judge who made the judgment or order, since he is best qualified to pass upon the matter, and since it would obviously detract from the dignity and stability of judicial action if a dissatisfied litigant could run about seeking to have it upset by other trial judges”. 3 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 230. In Wilson v Romeos, 387 Mich 664, 678; 199 NW2d 208 (1972), the Michigan Supreme Court held that a second judge had no jurisdiction to set aside an order of settlement entered by a previous judge and to try the case.
In the case at bar, Berar clearly failed to make a motion to set aside the consent judgment within the time limitations of the court rule. Nor was there any allegation that Judge Hood was absent or unable to act.
GCR 528 does not preclude an independent equitable action for fraud upon the court beyond the one-year time limit; however, relief is only appropriate in limited circumstances. Prior to the enactment of GCR 528 and 529, a party was permitted to wage a collateral attack on a judgment for extrinsic fraud in the procurement of the judgment. See Fawcett v Atherton, 298 Mich 362; 299 NW 108 (1941). In Kita v Matuszak, 55 Mich App 288, 294; 222 NW2d 216 (1974), this Court held that "[t]he fraud warranting equitable interference must be positive, not merely constructive fraud in obtaining the judgment”. In Banner v Banner, 45 Mich App 148, 154; 206 NW2d 234 (1973), the question of what is meant by a "fraud upon the court” was considered.
A fraud is perpetrated upon a court when some material fact is concealed from that court or when some material misrepresentation is made to that court. DeHaan v DeHaan, 348 Mich 199 (1957); Baum v Baum [20 Mich App 68, 72 (1969)]. In the instant case plaintiff testified on December 2, 1969, as to a possible reconciliation of the parties. The decision not to take additional proofs on the issue of reconciliation was made by the trial court, not by either party. Thus, no fraud was perpetrated upon the court.”
Plaintiff herein does not offer a convincing explanation of how entry of the Schoolcraft consent judgment perpetrated a fraud on plaintiff. Although the consent judgment was entered without plaintiffs consent, plaintiff was given the opportunity at that time to state on the record how entry of the consent judgment would have prejudiced plaintiff. Had plaintiff informed Judge Hood of its claim against Intermar for its commission, then pending in Livingston County, in all likelihood, Judge Hood would have rejected the settlement and ordered the parties to go to trial. Even if Judge Hood had approved the settlement, since plaintiff was a party to the action and affected by the order, plaintiff could have brought a direct appeal.
Generally, a party asserting fraud must show reliance upon a fraudulent representation by the defendant. Michael v Jones, 333 Mich 476; 53 NW2d 342 (1952), Phillips v Smeekens, 50 Mich App 693, 697; 213 NW2d 862 (1973), lv den 391 Mich 818 (1974). One cannot reasonably rely on a representation he knows is false at the time made. Phillips, supra.
Any claim that plaintiff was unaware at that time that the settlement would render Intermar insolvent is unpersuasive. Plaintiff was present when provisions of the settlement, which terminated any property interest of Intermar in Blaney Park, were explained on the record. Moreover, it is evident from the pleadings and the close business relationship between plaintiff and Intermar that plaintiff knew that all of Intermar’s assets were tied to Blaney Park. This leads us to the inevitable conclusion that plaintiff chose not to object too strenuously to entry of the settlement because entry of the settlement was to plaintiff’s advantage, possibly precluding Blaney Park, Inc.’s action for fraud against plaintiff as well.
We do not believe plaintiff should, in all fairness, be permitted to sit idly by while a consent judgment affecting its rights is entered and later attack it as effectuating a fraudulent conveyance. In order to be entitled to equitable relief, plaintiff must come in with clean hands. Stachnik v Winkel, 394 Mich 375; 230 NW2d 529 (1975).
Further, we do not believe the property transfer herein constituted a fraudulent conveyance as envisioned by MCL 566.14; MSA 26.884. Intermar did receive adequate consideration for the transfer in being released from its obligation to convey the 13,552 acres of property to Blaney Park. Satisfaction of an existing obligation or antecedent debt constitutes fair consideration. MCL 566.13; MSA 26.883.
In the present case, there is no indication that Intermar gave away more than it received. Although the developer lost whatever interest it had in the Blaney Park project, it had already defaulted on the purchase option for the 13,552 acres of land owned by the Earles. Under the consent judgment, Blaney Park, Inc. was faced with the heavy financial burden of "redeeming” that property pursuant to a land contract for$1.3 million.
Therefore, we hold that Judge Mahinske was without jurisdiction to entertain an action to set aside the consent judgment as a fraudulent conveyance.
Reversed. Case dismissed with costs to defendant Blaney Park, Inc.
Berar’s counsel stated as follows at the hearing conducted prior to entry of the consent judgment:
"MR. McFARLAND: Yes, your Honor. I feel very strongly about this matter. We have been involved in the preliminary discussions with all of the parties relative to settlement, and I certainly think that settlement is in the best interests of everybody.
"I want to say at this time that my client, Lee Berar, is adamant in his determination that the corporation get what they bargained for, get the property, and my reluctance today to approve the consent judgment is in no way — I would not want it to be interpreted in any way as a disapproval by Mr. Berar of the basic terms and provisions of the settlement.
"However, I do feel that if the settlement is fair and it is appropriate that it be entered today without notice to Mr. Berar, without notice that it is to be entered, I would feel that the Court should at least permit me to make a motion to have Mr. Berar as a third party defendant also included in the settlement and have his — have the intervening plaintiffs action against him also dismissed with prejudice.
"And I think that the statements made by Mr. Barense to the Court just now would clearly indicate that there would be no basis for continuing the litigation as to Mr. Berar under these circumstances if in fact it is to be dismissed with prejudice against Intermar, and if the Court would entertain such a motion and if the parties — perhaps the parties might well give some consideration to that at this time, and if that were the case that the litigation could be dismissed with prejudice as to Mr. Berar also, I would approve the entry of the order today — the consent judgment today. * * *
"MB. McFABLAND: Well, I fail to find in the pleadings any privity between Blaney Park and Berar. The corporation was not in existence at the time Mr. Berar undertook to sell the Blaney Park project, and it seems to me that Mr. Barense’s position is somewhat inconsistent.
"He said he feels the corporation has the right to act on behalf of the participants, and he admits that the only relief that he asked for was on behalf of the corporation to have the damages established or else to have the property conveyed. He has accomplished that purpose on behalf of the corporation, and I think really indirectly on behalf of the participants, and it seems to me that the basic allegations of misrepresentation, which is the basis for his complaint, those allegations are certainly directed at Intermar as the principal, and to Mr. Berar as the agent of Intermar, and it seems grossly unjust that the corporation would be able to come in now and to split their threats and their allegations and try to force the parties to settle separately, and I — as the court well knows, I am very much opposed to a settlement in which Mr. Berar’s interests in the whole matter are not taken into consideration and he is given an adequate opportunity to protect his interests in the Blaney Park project; just as I said, to protect his reputation and his business integrity by defending this lawsuit, in this particular lawsuit, and under those circumstances I would vigorously oppose the entry of this consent judgment today.
"I don’t feel there has been appropriate notice, and I don’t believe that the case — this matter can be disposed of without appropriate notice and a hearing at least by all the parties litigant. I would agree that with the proper notice and hearing in the matter, and proper pleadings being filed, that the Court undoubtedly has the right to enter a consent judgment as between some of the parties litigant, but I don’t believe it can be done or should be done without adequate notice or proper pleadings unless I am in a position to consent to that today, and I am not.
"I object under the conditions that I have laid down just now.”
Affirmed in an unpublished memorandum opinion, Berar Enterprises, Inc v Gerald R Harmon, (Docket No. 25322, released July 23, 1976).
On December 15, 1975, pursuant to Berar’s motion for entry of judgment against three banks, judgment was entered ordering the Brighton State Bank to release to Berar the land contracts and funds it held of $279.52. The file does not indicate that McPherson State Bank ever disclosed whether it had any of Intermar’s land contracts or that Berar moved for judgment based on a writ of garnishment against it. The First National Bank in Howell was adjudged liable to Berar for the full amount of the judgment of $576,124.76 for releasing land contracts to Blaney Park, Inc. However, that judgment was reversed in Berar Enterprises, Inc v Harmon, 93 Mich App 1; 285 NW2d 774 (1979).
Seemingly, GCR 529 limits the action to a direct attack on the judgment. | [
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M. J. Kelly, J.
Plaintiff, Joy Brewster, was granted leave to appeal the trial court’s denial of her motion to produce Jerry Henry, an employee of defendants Martin Marietta Aluminum, Inc., and Martin Marietta Aluminum Sales, Inc., for examination by an industrial or consulting psychiatrist pursuant to GCR 1963, 311.1.
In 1957, Joy Brewster was hired by Harvey Aluminum, Inc., as a secretary in its Detroit office. In 1968, Harvey Aluminum was acquired by Martin Marietta Aluminum, Inc., and by 1971 Brewster had become a sales representative for Martin Marietta. In July 1973, Jerry Henry became Brewster’s immediate supervisor. On September 30, 1975, Brewster was terminated for unsatisfactory job performance and insubordination.
On April 23, 1976, Brewster filed a complaint against Martin Marietta Aluminum, Inc., in Wayne County Circuit Court, alleging that she was subject to sex discrimination in violation of Michigan statutes, intentional discrimination on account of sex and reckless and wanton disregard of her right to be treated equally with male employees. On August 25, 1976, Brewster amended her complaint to name as defendant Martin Marietta Aluminum Sales, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Martin Marietta Aluminum, Inc. On September 28, 1978, a second action was commenced by Brewster against Martin Marietta Aluminum, Inc., and Martin Marietta Aluminum Sales, Inc., alleging intentional infliction of emotional distress, negligence, and breach of an implied contract of employment. The two cases were consolidated on October 23, 1979.
On October 30, 1979, Brewster moved for the production of Jerry Henry for examination by an industrial or consulting psychiatrist pursuant to GCR 1963, 311.1. The trial court denied her motion on November 16, 1979. Brewster sought leave to appeal, which this Court granted on June 23, 1980.
Defendants initially argue that GCR 1963, 311.1 does not apply to employment discrimination cases. Prior to 1963, Court Rule 41, § 2 (1945) governed discovery by physical examination. Court Rule 41, § 2 (1945) stated:
"In any action for damages for injuries to person or. property, or to recover upon any policy of insurance respecting sickness or bodily injuries or damages or injuries to property, physical examination by physicians of the person sick or injured, or by the defendant or his agent of the property damaged or injured, may be ordered in advance of the trial, on motion with due notice, upon such just and reasonable terms and conditions as the court may prescribe.”
By its terms, the rule only applied to cases of injuries and damage to persons or property or to recovery under an insurance policy.
GCR 1963, 311.1 now governs discovery by physical and mental examination. The rule provides:
"In an action in which the mental or physical condition or the blood relationship of a party, or of an agent or a person in the custody or under the legal control of a party, is in controversy, the court in which the action is pending may order the party to submit to a physical or mental or blood examination by a physician or to produce for such examination his agent or the person in his custody or legal control. The order may be made only for good cause shown and upon notice to the person to be examined and to all parties and shall specify the time, place, manner, conditions, and scope of the examination, the person or persons by whom it is to be made, and shall provide that the attorney for the person to be examined may be present at the examination.”
The application of GCR 1963, 311.1 is not limited to cases of personal injury or recovery under an insurance policy as was former rule 41(2). Under GCR 1963, 11.1, the provisions embodied in the General Court Rules are made applicable to all civil actions. This conclusion is supported by the comments to GCR 1963, 311 in 2 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 207, where the authors state:
"Rule 311 significantly enlarges the availability of medical examination as a discovery device in Michigan. Former Rule 41(2) restricted physical examinations to personal injury actions and to actions to recover upon policies of insurance respecting sickness and bodily injury. Sub-rule 311.1 now provides that in any action in which the mental or physical condition or the blood relationship of a party is in controversy, the court may order the party to submit to a physical or mental or blood examination by the physician.”
Plaintiff argues that the trial court erred when it denied her discovery request. We note that GCR 1963, 311 is modeled after FR Civ P 35. Further, in the absence of state authority this Court will look to cases interpreting comparable Federal provisions to ascertain the intent of a given state rule. Nemes v Smith, 37 Mich App 124, 128-131; 194 NW2d 440 (1971). This Court will not reverse a trial court’s denial of an order requiring the mental or physical examination of a party or its agent unless there has been an abuse of discretion. Sanden v Mayo Clinic, 495 F2d 221, 225 (CA 8, 1974).
The Michigan rule establishes two criteria which must be met before a court may direct a party to undergo a physical or mental examination. The party seeking discovery must show (1) that the physical or mental condition of a party or its agent is in controversy, and (2) that good cause exists for granting this form of discovery. These requirements are identical to those required for application of FR Civ P 35 and were discussed by the Supreme Court in Schlagenhauf v Holder, 379 US 104; 85 S Ct 234; 13 L Ed 2d 152 (1964).
In Schlagenhauf, one of the parties sought to have Schlagenhauf examined by specialists in internal medicine, opthalmology, neurology, and psychiatry. The district court granted the requested order for examination, which decision was affirmed by the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals. The Supreme Court granted certiorari and analyzed the "in controversy” and "good cause” requirements of FR Civ P 35. The Court stated:
"The courts of appeals in other cases have also recognized that Rule 34’s good-cause requirement is not a mere formality, but is a plainly expressed limitation on the use of that Rule. This is obviously true as to the 'in controversy’ and 'good cause’ requirements of Rule 35. They are not met by mere conclusory allegations of the pleadings — nor by mere relevance to the cause — but require an affirmative showing by the movant that each condition as to which the examination is sought is really and genuinely in controversy and that good cause exists for ordering each particular examination. Obviously, what may be good cause for one type of examination may not be so for another. The ability of the movant to obtain the desired information by other means is also relevant.” (Footnote omitted.) 379 US 104, 118.
The Supreme Court noted that the above requirements do not mean that a movant must prove his case on the mertis to satisfy the requirements for a mental or physical examination. Id., 119. The Court also opined that in cases involving allegations of mental or physical injuries or in which the mental or physical condition of a party is asserted as a defense, the pleadings would be sufficient to place the argued condition into controversy. At a minimum, the Court required that the movant make an affirmative showing that Schlagenhaufs condition was in controversy and that good cause existed for the requested examinations. Id., 119-120.
We note that the plain language of GCR 1963, 311.1 does not preclude the rule’s application to cases like that brought by the plaintiff. The availability of mental examinations is extended to any action in which a party’s mental condition is in controversy. Once placed in controversy, a moving party need only show good cause to secure the petitioned-for examination.
In this case, Joy Brewster moved for examination of Jerry Henry by an industrial or consulting psychiatrist. The actual motion is not contained in the lower court file transmitted to this Court. In the documents next to defendant’s answer and brief in opposition to the motion are contained a notice of hearing and a proof of service in an entirely unrelated case entitled Alger v Walker, Civil Action No. 76-613-677CK. An obvious case of misfiling. We gather from the briefs of the parties that it is not contested that Jerry Henry is an employee and agent of the defendant and under its control, and that plaintiff employed the following rationale as a basis for the examination:
"3. That an essential element of plaintiffs proof under her sex discrimination theory would be to show that Jerry Henry possessed attitudes concerning women in the workplace which were sexist in that he could not react to the actions and activities of a woman employee the same as a man employee.
"4. That with regard to plaintiff’s claim for intentional infliction of emotional distress, the state of mind of defendant’s agent, Jerry Henry, who caused the emotional distress, is at controversy.”
A hearing was held on November 16, 1979, at which the trial judge denied her motion. The lower court ruled:
"The Court: I read your brief. I read the answer and I see no merit in your brief at all.
"The Court Rule that you rely on and the Federal Court Rule you referred to in this case has nothing to do with the thinking or what is inside the mind of a man in a situation. It has to do with mental disability and it does not apply to this at all.
"The Court: You deposed that person and it is going to have to be what he has said and what his actions have been related to her, not what is in his mind.
"I might be very anti — I might be a chauvinist but treat female employees good.
"As I say, we do disagree and I could not possibly grant that motion based on the Court Rule you cite.
"I don’t think it was ever intended for that and there is no cases that indicate that.”
As evidenced from the above statements, the trial court concluded that GCR 1963, 311.1 was not applicable to the instant case. For this reason, the court did not reach a decision on whether Jerry Henry’s mental condition was actually placed in controversy or whether good cause existed for granting the plaintiff’s requested examination. This Court will not consider an issue which has not been decided by the trial court. Brill v Cher- win, 346 Mich 507, 514; 78 NW2d 122 (1956). Therefore, the decision of the trial court is reversed and the matter is remanded to the lower court for determination of whether plaintiff has established that Henry’s mental condition is in controversy and whether good cause existed for granting the mental examination.
Reversed and remanded. We do not retain jurisdiction. | [
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Per Curiam.
Pursuant to a plea bargain, defendant, who was originally charged with second-degree murder, MCL 750.317; MSA 28.549, entered a plea of guilty to manslaughter. Thereafter sentenced to a prison term of not less than 10 nor more than 15 years, defendant appeals as of right.
This Court previously remanded to the trial court for an evidentiary hearing and the matter is now again before us. While defendant raises numerous issues on appeal, extended discussion is unnecessary since we find resolution of one of them to mandate reversal.
It is defendant’s basic claim that he was denied the assistance of counsel at a critical stage in the proceedings. We agree and reverse.
During the plea taking defendant did ultimately admit to sufficient facts for the court to accept defendant’s plea. Defendant did, however, make other statements which tend to support statements made by him at a subsequent proceeding during which he professed his innocence. These statements are as follows:
"The Court: And what did you say happened at that time?
"The Defendant: I was being funny and I pulled out the gun and it went off and shot him.
"The Court: You are telling me that the gun just went off accidentally?
"The Defendant: Well, when I pulled it out and come up with it, it went off.
* * *
"The Court: You say you were trying to be funny?
"The Defendant: Yes, your Honor, from drinking too much.”
Prior to sentence the defendant requested an opportunity to talk with the trial judge in chambers. The request was honored and the following transpired:
'The Court: * * * You have indicated to your attorney you want to talk to me.
'The Defendant: Yes, I do.
'The Court: And I am very glad to afford you that opportunity, sir.
"What is it you would like to say to me?
'The Defendant: * * * It was a stupid accident. I admit this, I had been drinking too much and probably since I bought the bar, I have been having a drinking problem.
"The night this happened it was stupid accident. I pulled out the gun, it went off. I threw it on the table. * * * Once I threw it on the table, I never touched it.
"The Defendant: I know it was my fault. But God, I didn’t take and mean to do it and I didn’t take and purposely do it and want to do it like I had to say. * * * I wanted to let you know I lied to you when I said I did it and I purposely did it and I am sorry for it, but I don’t know what to do beyond that point.
"Mr. Marchione [Defense Counsel]: I am not too sure that what he is saying as far as second thoughts and everything else is not true. * * *
"I can say Mr. Hammerquist is terribly upset, was terribly upset and I guess I ought to put it to you like this on the record as long as we are in front of the Judge and we ought to know this.
"Number one, do you want to retract your plea of guilty?
"The Defendant: I don’t know what to do.
"The Defendant: All I know is it was an accident.
"The Court: Sir, you told me facts from which I found that you were guilty of the offense to which you were pleading. That is, that you intentionally killed Richard —whatever his name was — Armstrong; that you knew what you were doing and it was wrong.
"The Defendant: I was told I had to say that to take the cop to manslaughter because I was afraid to go up for the murder charge, that I might get held a lot more time if I was found guilty * * *.
"The Court: Sir, this is the moment of truth now. You made that decision and you told me facts then which you then told me was the truth.
"The Defendant: I am just saying I am apologizing for lying to you and I want you to know that it was a lie
"The Court: Do you want to withdraw your plea at this time, sir, and stand trial on second-degree murder? That is what you are charged with.
"The Defendant: That is why I say I can’t understand why I am being charged with murder when it is a goofy accident.
"Mr. Marchione: You can’t take the benefit of a plea and say you were lying and say you don’t want to face a murder charge.
"The Defendant: All I am saying is it is an accident. I didn’t mean to do it. * * * We were just being funny, being a bunch of noise and everything else. I don’t know. Only God knows, I guess. I just want you to know—
"The Court: I think at this time I will defer sentencing for one week while I give you an opportunity to determine, Mr. Marchione, whether you want this plea withdrawn.
"The Court: * * * Now, I can go ahead and sentence you on that basis. I can defer it for a week and then perhaps still sentence you on that basis if that is what you want me to do.
"Other than that, you would have to request to withdraw the plea. Then I have to make the considera tion and determination whether I am going to allow you to do it. I am not at all sure that I am going to allow you to do it, would allow you to do it even if you asked, for the reason that I had a jury here.
* * *
Nevertheless, I am very reluctant to deal with a man for manslaughter, that is intentional killing, when he is sitting here now adamently [sic] saying to me, I didn’t intentionally kill anybody.
"The Defendant: No. I didn’t say that, Your Honor. I said I did kill him. It was a stupid thing, but I didn’t mean to take and just go right out and kill him like I told you.
"The Court: Did you mean to shoot the gun?
"The Defendant: No. It went off when I pulled it out of my belt and I come up with it and it went off.
"The Court: Well, sir, I am sorry. I can’t sentence you with your telling me that.
"The Court: We will defer sentencing for one week.
"Back to the custody of the sheriff.
"Mr. Marchione, I will expect to hear from you as to what your client’s intentions are.
"Mr. Marchione: I will talk to you, Lee.”
Hence, we are confronted with the situation in which (1) prior to sentence defendant professed his innocence on the basis of accident, (2) it is apparent that defendant was confused, was not aware of the legal technicalities of such a motion, and in fact simply did not know what to do, (3) the trial judge stated she could not sentence the defendant based upon his statements and indicated she would entertain a motion on behalf of the defendant to allow him to withdraw his plea, (4) sentencing was adjourned for a period of one week during which time defense counsel was requested by the trial judge to inform her as to what the defendant’s intentions were, and (5) defense counsel stated he would talk with the defendant.
At the evidentiary hearing following remand by this Court defense counsel, in response to certain questions put to him, testified as follows:
”Q. Why did you — you requested the conference [referring to the in-chambers conference]; is that not correct?
"A. That is correct.
”Q. Okay. You testified that you never met with Mr. Hammerquist subsequent to that.
"A. After the first sentencing. That is correct.
”Q. After the first sentencing?
"A. That is correct.
"Q. Why was — was there any particular reason why you did not see Mr. Hammerquist?
"A. There were two reasons. First of all, I was very busy. I was getting ready for a trial in Florida * * * But secondly, I had just been accused of in some ways influencing a man to go in a direction which is not to his benefit.
"The Court: The court has to understand the testimony and before you go to your testimony with Mrs. Roberts, I am understanding you, Mr. Marchione, to say that after the initial sentencing date, you did not talk to Mr. Hammerquist * * *.
"The Witness: That is correct, your Honor.
"The Witness: * * * I think — I believe the question was asked me by counsel, did I have the — was I of the opinion that if in fact he wanted to withdraw the plea, could he do so. I believe that he could have. I may have been wrong. But despite the late date, if the man thought that a grave injustice had been done to himself that this court would [have] allowed him to withdraw the plea and go to trial.”
Therefore, in addition to the factors set forth above, defense counsel admitted he did not talk with the client following the original date set for sentence even in view of the fact that it was his personal opinion that the court would have allowed defendant to withdraw his plea had such a request been made.
A criminal defendant is entitled to effective assistance of counsel at every stage of the proceedings where his substantial rights may be affected. Coleman v Alabama, 399 US 1; 90 S Ct 1999; 26 L Ed 2d 387 (1970), Mempa v Rhay, 389 US 128; 88 S Ct 254; 19 L Ed 2d 336 (1967), GCR 1963, 785.4.
"It is central to that principle that in addition to counsel’s presence at trial, the accused is guaranteed that he need not stand alone against the State .at any stage of the prosecution, formal or informal, in court or out, where counsel’s absence might derogate from the accused’s right to a fair trial.” Coleman v Alabama, supra, 7.
We find that the period of time between the in-chambers conference and the deferred sentencing date constituted a critical stage of the proceedings where defendant’s substantial rights could be affected. Moreover, we hold that defense counsel’s failure to communicate with the defendant during such period of time, in view of the chronology of events as set forth above, denied the defendant substantial rights at a critical and crucial stage of the proceedings. Accordingly defendant’s guilty plea is reversed and this cause is remanded to the trial court for trial of the defendant on the original charge of second-degree murder.
Reversed and remanded._
It should be noted that defense counsel did not appear at sentencing but sent an associate to act on his behalf. | [
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