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McAlvay, O. J.
Complainant on April 24, 1905, obtained a decree of divorce from defendant Francis J. Ulman in the circuit court for the county of Muskegon, in chancery, and in said decree was granted for permanent alimony the sum of $500, together with her costs of suit to be taxed, the alimony by the terms of the decree being made payable with interest at 5 per cent, per annum, payable semi-annually, in installments of $50 each, on or before certain dates, from July' 1, 1905, to June 1, 1909, the costs to be paid on or before July 1, 1905. The decree also provided that the amount so decreed for alimony, interest, and costs should be secured by and constitute a lien upon certain real estate of defendant situated in the county of Oceana. In case of default in the payment of said several sums of money, the decree provided for the sale of the premises, as provided by statute in such cases. Default having been made in the payment of certain of the installments of alimony, together with interest and costs of suit, complainant filed her bill in the circuit court for Oceana county in chancery to foreclose her said lien for the amount then due.
To this bill of complaint defendants demurred on the ground that the circuit court of Oceana county had no jurisdiction to entertain the same, and attached the decree as a part of their demurrer. Defendants rely upon the following propositions:
1. The circuit court for the county of Oceana in chancery has no jurisdiction to entertain the case, for the reason that the circuit court for the county of Muskegon in chancery has sole and exclusive jurisdiction of the enforcement of the lien, and any proceedings appropriate therefor must be brought in that court and not elsewhere.
2. No authority exists in law or equity for the enforcement of the lien against the real estate described in the bill, until after the several amounts mentioned in the decree, and aggregating the sum of $500 have become due and payable, the last of which said payments will not become due and payable until June 1, 1909.
The demurrer was argued before Hon. Willis B. Perkins, circuit judge, presiding, and an order entered overruling it. From this order defendants have appealed to this court.
Complainant relies upon .the following statutory provis ions which operate to make this lien similar to a mortgage and determine the forum in which foreclosure shall be instituted :
First. “ In all cases where alimony * * * shall be decreed to the wife, the amount thereof shall constitute a lien upon such of the real and personal estate of the husband as the court by its decree shall direct, and in default of payment of the amount so decreed, the court may decree the sale of the property against which such lien is decreed, in the same manner and upon like notice as in suits for the foreclosure of mortgage liens.” Section 8640, 3 Comp. Laws.
Second. “All bills for the foreclosure or satisfaction of mortgages shall be filed in the circuit court in chancery of the county where the mortgaged premises, or any part thereof, are situated.” Section 515, 1 Comp. Laws.
See, also, section 434, 1 Comp. Laws.
Authorities are abundant which hold that such a decree, for a fixed sum, is a judgment of record, and will be received by other courts as such. And such a decree rendered in any State of the United States will be carried into judgment in any other State. Lynde v. Lynde, 162 N. Y. 405 (48 L. R. A. 679), affirmed 181 U. S. 183; Barber v. Barber, 21 How. (U. S.) 582. The question to be determined is whether the legislative intent by this statute was to require the liens created to be foreclosed in a county other than the one where the real estate was situated.
The legislature evidently had in view an independent proceeding in chancery to foreclose these liens. The statute was also enacted with knowledge of section 515 above quoted. It will be presumed that the legislature intended by providing as it did for the foreclosure of these liens to bring them within all of the provisions of the statute providing for the foreclosure of mortgages in courts of chancery, of which statute section 515 is the first section. Such a construction is reasonable and necessary. No possible confusion can arise under it, nor any conflict of jurisdiction between the courts of different counties. The county where the land is situated is the only place where any valid record of the lien sought to be enforced can be found, and the only place where a. deed of a sale made to enforce the lien can be recorded. Such a construction can in no way work to the injury of the person against whom the decree was rendered.
It is urged that the statute (section 8641, 3 Comp. Laws) gives to the court which renders the decree creating the lien power to modify its decree, and thereby destroys its character as a final decree enforceable in any other forum. We do not agree with this contention. By proper proceedings in the foreclosure case effect could be given to any modification made in the decree, and, if made before suit was instituted, it could be set up by way of defense. Trowbridge v. Spinning, 23 Wash. 48 (54 L. R. A. 204).
It is objected that the foreclosure proceedings by the terms of the decree cannot be brought until the last payment of alimony becomes due, that the right of sale is contingent upon “default in the payment of said several sums of money,” and that this is further indicated by the provision that, in case of sale to any person other than complainant, she is required, within 15 days, to quitclaim to such purchaser, and in default thereof the decree to stand as such conveyance by her. This decree must be construed as a whole. These liens being by statute made enforceable the same as mortgages, the same construction will be given to them as is given to similar provisions in mortgages. The weight of authority is in support of the proposition that a mortgage may be enforced when the first installment of the mortgage debt is due and is not paid, unless the mortgage by its terms expressly or by implication precludes the exercise of this right. 9 Enc. Pl. & Pr. p. 232, and notes.
This court in a case where a bill. for foreclosure was filed for interest in arrears before any of the notes secured by the mortgage were due held that the bill was not prematurely filed; Dederick v. Barber, 44 Mich. 19. This court has also held that each installment must be taken and deemed a separate mortgage. McCurdy v. Clark, 27 Mich. 445; Jennings v. Moore, 83 Mich. 235. The sale for the installments due would satisfy the lien only to that amount, and such sale would be made subject to the lien of payments to become due. We can see no inconsistency in holding that the quitclaim could be made of complainant’s interest to the extent of the payments for which the property had been sold, retaining her lien for the balance. To hold this proceeding premature would be contrary to the weight of authority in cases of foreclosure of mortgages, and most inequitable to the complainant, and would defeat the benefits the statute intended to' confer.
The order overruling the demurrer is affirmed, with costs to complainant, and the cause is remanded. Defendants will be allowed to answer the bill of complaint within the time provided by rule.
Carpenter, Ostrander, Hooker, and Moore, JJ., concurred. | [
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McAlvay, O. J.
Respondent, with two others, was informed against upon a charge of rape before the recorder’s court of the city of Detroit. Upon a separate trial, he was convicted of an assault with intent to commit the crime of rape, and sentenced to be confined not less than one year in the State prison at Jackson.
The facts of the case upon which the prosecution relied were as follows: These three respondents were employed by a certain firm, engaged among other things in moving household goods in the city of Detroit. That for the pur pose of moving such goods they came to the house where the mother of the complaining witness lived, with a team and moving van, towards evening of the ?th day of September, 1904, loaded up the van with furniture to take to the house to which the mother was moving, and, when ready to start, the young woman, who was above the age of 16 years, at the request of the mother, because it was raining at the time, rode with them. After arriving at their destination, and after the furniture was put into the house, when the young woman was about to leave to go back to her mother, she claims that these men seized and carried her from the front room into the kichen, threw her upon the floor, and each of them by force and against her utmost resistance had sexual intercourse with her. She made no complaint until the next morning, when she told her mother, because, she claims, she was afraid to do so. She also testified that she contracted a venereal disease from one of these parties. Her family physician testified that, when he examined her, there was no evidence of penetration through the hymen; that the complete act could not have been committed on account of her undeveloped condition; that he treated her during the latter part of September for gonorrhea.
On October 5th two officers entered by the side door the premises of the employer and asked for these men. Respondent was present, but, being unknown to the officers, passed out of the front door. He went to where the other two respondents were with the team, and they soon after left the team standing in the street four or five blocks away from the barn or office, and telephoned to the employer where the team was left. Respondent went away the same day, and was afterwards arrested at Flint. The officers who arrested him testified that he confessed that he had intercourse with the girl. The prosecution on the trial abandoned the charge of rape, and asked for a conviction for an assault with intent to commit the crime of rape.
Upon a writ of error respondent asks this court to re verse the judgment of the court below. Of the numerous errors assigned it is necessary to consider but a few.
On the part of respondent two witnesses were produced, who testified 'they knew the complaining witness well, and to each of them the following question was propounded: “ Q. Do you know her general reputation in the neighborhood in which she lives for chastity ? ” In each instance objection was made by the prosecutor and sustained. To these rulings exceptions were taken and upon these exceptions errors are assigned. The trial court was in error. The bad reputation of a prosecuting witness above the age of consent for chastity prior to the date of the offense charged, to show that the intercourse may have been consented to, is relevant. 3 Greenleaf on Evidence (16th Ed.), § 214; Underhill on Criminal Evidence, § 418; People v. Abbott, 97 Mich. 486; People v. McLean, 71 Mich. 309.
Error is also assigned because the court failed to properly instruct the jury as to the lesser offenses included in the crime of assault with intent to commit the crime of rape, and that they might convict of either of the lesser offenses in case they could not find the highest offense charged. It was error not to do so. Hall v. People, 47 Mich. 636; People v. Abbott, 97 Mich. 484.
The other errors relied upon were not prejudicial. For the errors pointed out, the judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered.
Carpenter, Blair, Montgomery, and Moore, JJ., concurred. | [
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Moore, J.
In November, 1905, the defendant, as sheriff, had an execution against the goods and chattels of plaintiff Charles Zuehlke, issued out of justice’s court, and of him demanded payment, which was refused, whereupon the sheriff levied upon certain property, among other things a team and harness which were afterwards sold. Later this suit was brought. The declaration filed in the case claimed the property levied upon to be exempt, and charged, “ which said team and harness was then worth not more than $160,” and claimed damages by reason of the defendant not leaving sufficient exempt property as required by law. The case was tried by the court with out a jury. Findings of fact and conclusions of law were filed. The case is here upon those findings and exceptions.
The judge found among other facts:
“10. The team and harness were taken by the sheriff on the 13th day of November, 1905, and demand in'writing was made the next day for its return by the sheriff by Charles, and refused, and property subsequently sold by the sheriff at public sale. Charles and father-in-law wereJ present and bid at the sale, and neither of them raised any objection to the sale at the sale.
“11. That both of the plaintiffs were present at the time of the levy and inventory, and neither of them claimed that the plaintiff Mary Zuehlke had any interest whatever in and to any property appraised, or that they were holding any such property as tenants in the entirety.
‘ ‘ 12. That both of the said plaintiffs were present when the sheriff made the inventory of the property and when the appraisers appraised the same, and the sheriff, in the presence of both of said plaintiffs, fully explained to them their rights of selection and neither of the said plaintiffs made any claim that the plaintiff Mary Zuehlke, had any interest in any of said property or that any of the said property was held as tenants by the entirety, but plaintiff Mary Zuehlke started up the horses that plaintiff Charles Zuehlke was driving so that said plaintiff would not make any selection.”
The judge found as a conclusion of law that the property was the “joint property of Charles and his wife, and not subject to levy for the individual debt of Charles. The record of the deed to Charles and wife was notice of character of the ownership of such property” — and found a judgment in favor of plaintiffs. A great many interesting questions are presented by counsel which we think it unnecessary to discuss.
The sheriff had placed in his hands an execution. It was his duty to collect the same, if he could. He levied upon considerable property which he found upon the farm worked by Charles Zuehlke. Included in this property was the property in controversy. , The sheriff urged Charles to take the team as exempt.- He refused to do so. When the appraisers completed their appraisement, they advised him also to select the team. Again he refused. The sheriff then set out from the property levied upon, property as exempt, of the appraised value of $333.75 and proceeded, as before stated, to make a sale of the balance. The plaintiffs both knew what the sheriff was doing. He was evidently attempting in good faith to perform his duty under the writ. The plaintiffs permitted him to treat the property as the property of Charles Zuehlke when it is now claimed it was not his property, and was known by plaintiffs at the time not to be his property. Good faith required the plaintiffs to advise the sheriff of the exact situation. This they did not do, and we think now they should be estopped from asserting title to this property.
Judgment is reversed, and new trial ordered.
McAlvay, C. J., and Montgomery, Ostrander, and Hooker, JJ., concurred. | [
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Carpenter, J.
December 20, 1899, complainant en tered into a written contract whereby, for the consideration of $750 then paid, he sold “to the Cromwell Lumber Company the maple timber * * * that will make logs down to eleven inches in diameter ” then standing on certain described lands. It was further agreed that “all timber unsuitable for merchantable saw logs * * * [should] be left,” and “the Cromwell Lumber Company * * * [was] given till the spring of 1902 to remove said timber.” Before that time expired complainant and said Cromwell Lumber Company orally agreed that the latter might have further time to remove said timber if it would pay the taxes thereon. In compliance with this agreement, the timber was left standing and said Cromwell Lumber Company paid said taxes during the years 1902, 1903, and 1904. In 1904 the Cromwell Lumber Company sold its interest in said standing timber to defendant, and he soon thereafter commenced cutting and removing the same. In September, 1905, complainant notified defendant to remove no more timber from said lands, and shortly thereafter he commenced this suit, seeking an injunction preventing said defendant from cutting or removing said timber. Defendant filed an answer in the nature of a cross-bill, praying for an affirmative relief. Upon the hearing testimony was taken in open court and a decree was rendered dismissing complainant’s bill and giving defendant “the right to enter upon said lands and cut and remove the timber within a reasonable time.” From this decree, complainant appeals.
That part of the decree dismissing complainant’s bill is clearly correct, for complainant did not make a case entitling him to relief. He did not make a case, as he contends, upon the ground that he was fraudulently induced to enter into the contract of sale, because his testimony fails to prove fraud. He did not make a case upon the ground alleged in his bill, that defendant was threatening to remove timber not embraced in the contract, for the testimony proves that there was no such threat nor intent. Nor was he entitled to relief, as he contends, up on the ground that defendant was removing more timber than was specified in a verbal conversation before the written contract was made, for the testimony respecting that oral. conversation was incompetent, and affords no basis whatever for relief. He was not entitled to relief upon the ground that the time to remove the timber had expired. The principle that equity will not aid to enforce forfeitures forbids. Hodges v. Buell, 134 Mich. 162.
The serious question in the case arises from the relief granted defendant on his cross-bill. Did the oral agreement to extend the time for removing this timber operate as a waiver of complainant’s right to forfeit the same ? Complainant insists that it did not. He insists that, as standing timber is a part of the land and cannot be sold except by a writing signed by the owner (section 9509, 3 Comp. Laws), the right to forfeit said timber can be waived only by a writing signed by the owner. It is undoubtedly true that one can sell standing timber only by a conveyance in writing (Russell v. Myers, 32 Mich. 522), but I think it also true that his right to forfeit the same for nonremoval may be legally waived by parol. This latter rule is, I think, to be deduced from Green v. Bennett, 23 Mich. 464. There this court held that the condition that the vendee of standing wood and timber should remove them within a stated time—
“Was one which the vendor might waive; and, by claiming and receiving from the purchaser the damages for the failure to remove them in time, he clearly waived the condition, and left the wood and timber as the property of the purchaser, to be removed within a reasonable time.”
See, also, opinion of Chief Justice Campbell in Williams v. Flood, 63 Mich. 487.
I think, therefore, that complainant waived the right to forfeit the timber for nonremoval, and that the decree complained of was properly made. That decree is affirmed.
McAlvat, C. J., and Grant, Blair, and Moore, JJ., concurred. | [
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Hooker, J.
The defendant was convicted of and sentenced for the offense of statutory larceny, under section 11570, 3 Comp. Laws, which provides that;
“(11570) Sec. 34. If any person to whom any money, goods, or other property which may be the subject of larceny, shall have been delivered, shall embezzle or fraudulently convert to his own use, or shall secrete with the intent to embezzle, or fraudulently use such goods, money, or other property, or any part thereof, he shall be deemed by so doing to have committed the crime of larceny.”
The complaining witness was a Miss Packard, who testified that the defendant importuned her to allow him to purchase for her a thousand shares of Gold Coin mining stock, at 75 cents a share, which he stated to be the bottom price for the stock, and she gave him #750 for that purpose. He told her that the stock would come in his name, with several thousand more shares of the same stock, and he reiterated the statement after the purchase by saying that he had received said larger number of shares. The testimony shows that only 1,000 shares were sent, and they came in his name, through a bank, and with a collection account of $370 against them. He never paid all of this collection, and never received or delivered the stoek, although she frequently asked him to do so.. It was claimed that Miss Packard’s conduct and dealings with him in relation to this matter established the relation of debtor and creditor, and that this was inconsistent with his guilt, and made it the duty of the court to direct a verdict of acquittal. It was also claimed that there was nothing in the case indicating concealment, or a felonious disposition, apparently upon the theory that his free admission at all times that the stock was at the bank subject to collection charges showed an absence of both.
We are of the opinion that the court did not err in sending the question to the jury. The evidences of misrepresentation regarding the stock as an inducement to Miss Packard to purchase, the indication that all of her money was not required, or used in paying for the stock, lead to a justifiable inference that he converted it to other purposes, with a fraudulent intent, and, if so, the offense was complete, and what the relations of the parties became afterward could not change that fact, though they might tend to rebut such inference.
Statement of the Prosecutor.
Error is assigned upon the statement of the prosecuting officer that “if we go into that, I shall want to show this jury that he got $12,000 of this woman’s money, of her mother’s money, and all she had to show for it is his personal notes and bill of sale.” This statement came about in this way: Upon cross-examination of the complaining witness, defendant’s counsel showed that, as treasurer of the Wolverine Leather Company, she signed a testimonial of character and ability, commendatory of the defendant, and he examined her at length about it. She attempted to explain that she knew it was untrue, but did it out of commiseration for his wife and baby, and that she said to the defendant at the time: “What would people think of me signing anything like that, after what he had swindled me out of ?” etc. Defendant’s counsel extracted from her the statement that he swindled her out of money in connection with the affairs of the leather company in which a large investment by her was lost.. The dialogue continued as follows:
“A. His expense account there was overdrawn $700 in three months.
“ Q. Didn’t you sign a release, as an officer of that company, releasing Mr. Thorne from liability in that company, in consideration of certain services that he had rendered in organizing the company ?
“ Mr. Bumps: I object to the question.
“ The Court: No; I think I will allow the answer now, Brother Bumps, in view of the questions and the statement she made on the stand. I was in hopes that this entire matter could be kept out of this case.
“ Mr. Bartlett: No, your honor; the defense is perfectly willing to go into every phase of this case.
“ The Court: I don’t care, Mr. Bartlett, what the defense is willing to do. I believe it only just to the defendant to have her give her answer to that question. Read the question again, Mr. Reporter. (Question read.)
“A. I released — the release I signed called for the $750 or over $700; that was it, of his expense account that he had overdrawn; that was the release I signed.
“Mr. Bartlett: Now, perhaps, this will refresh your recollection, Miss Packard. I offer this in evidence.
“ The Court: I think I will let it in now, in view of the statement.
“Mr. Bumps: He drew it out himself, your honor. I did not ask it. He was fishing for incompetent testimony, and he got it in. Now he wants to contradict it. I object to it.
“ Mr. Bartlett: Nothing of the kind. Your witness made a statement that Mr. Thorne had swindled her out of several thousand dollars.
“ The Court: Just a moment, Mr. Bartlett.
“ Mr. Bumps: If we go into that, your honor, I cannot see any place to stop. If we go into that, I shall want to show this jury that he got $13,000 of this woman’s money, and of her mother’s money, and all she has got to show for it is personal notes and a bill of sale.
“Mr. Bartlett: You cannot show anything of the kind. I object to Mr. Bumps making a statement of anything of that kind.
“ The Court: Just a moment now. Proceed with the cross-examination, Mr. Bartlett. The object of offering this testimony at the present time is to refute a statement made by the witness on the stand that the respondent had swindled her out of money in connection with the Wolverine Leather Company, and now counsel for defendant desires at this time to submit to the jury a statement signed by this witness in relation to that very same matter, and the court believes it proper and just at this time that he should be permitted to have that statement.
“ Mr. Bumps: The whole matter, I move that that whole subject, be stricken from the record as incompetent and immaterial.
“The Court: I would cheerfully do that my Brother Bumps, but I have no power to strike from the minds of these jurors whatever impression the complaining witness may have made on them when she made that statement.
“Mr. Bartlett: I think that statement was entirely improper for a witness to make.
“The Court: Now, Mr. Bartlett, the prosecuting attorney and I are discussing it. You got your question and answer from the witness. It was a question you asked for, and you got an answer to it.”
The cross-examination continues through several pages of the record, and before it was through counsel had succeeded in getting before the jury enough of the Wolverine Leather Company transaction to show that her claim regarding his conduct was not altogether groundless. While it is true that the bare question of whether he swindled her in the Wolverine Leather matter was not admissible to prove the charge upon which he was being tried, it was to some extent, at least, admissible, to explain the circumstances under which the recommendation and release were given, and to overcome the damaging effect of the former upon the complainant’s charge. Counsel not only courted full inquiry, but he called out the testimony himself. He is not therefore in a situation to complain of its introduction. The language of the prosecutor was in the nature of an objection to this proof of the release, a protest against its introduction, and notice that he should desire to show what led up to it, proof that would in that case become competent. Under the circumstances it was not error. Moreover, while an objection was made, no exception was taken; counsel being apparently satisfied with the ruling of the court.
The Arena Stock.
The complaining witness was allowed to state that before the transaction with the defendant complained of she purchased through him, paid for, and received some Arena stock, and had not complained regarding the transaction. Counsel for defendant has failed to point to anything injurious in this testimony, while the references to the testimony in the prosecutor’s brief indicate that it was not injurious.
The Powell Letter.
One Powell was called by the defense, to show that $183.50, alleged to have been received by defendant from the proceeds of the sales of the Gold Coin stock, was applied upon the Wolverine Company pay roll; Miss Packard being a large stockholder in that company. On cross-examination the prosecutor sought to discredit him by showing his relations to the defendant. He extracted from him the admission that he was specially friendly to defendant, that after he left Detroit for the West he kept him ‘ ‘ posted in what was going on here;” and by a letter which he admitted sending to him that he gave him information of an intention on the part of a Capt. Horn, who was connected with the Wolverine transaction, to try to “get him back,” and warned defendant to “get under cover,” that Horn was going to get Miss Packard to sign some kind of a paper, and that “brass buttons would be on his track by tomorrow night.” This letter contained the following:
‘ ‘ ‘ Received a letter yesterday from Jackson. She wants to know where to write you, etc. Donaldson, Emile, and Johnson of Seely’s made out the inventory. It was certainly very cleverly done. Johnson represented the Captain, and Emile represented Miss Packard, and Donaldson was the go-between. In other words, Miss Packard was not represented at all. Everything was inventoried atred flag prices. Now they have Miss Packard to believe that you did the steal, instead of — well, you know.’
“ The Court: Do you claim that is competent in a criminal trial, what was done in the absence of this defendant down there, about the inventory ? This is something that was done, you know, in this man’s absence. It was something that Capt. Horn had done; I presume, had an inventory made there.
“ Mr. Bumps: I do not think that part of it is Competent.
“ The Court: I am pretty sure it is not. Well, it is before the jury.
“ Mr. Bartlett: It is before the jury.
“Mr. Bumps: It is more to the advantage of the defendant than a detriment, if it is.
“ “ The Court: I think that is true.
“Mr. Bumps: So, it not being competent, I will ask to have that part of it stricken out in relation to the inventory.
“ The Court: It may be stricken from the record.
‘ ‘ Mr. Bartlett: Mr. Bumps is going to read that entire letter and then afterwards objections be made and stricken out, possibly to get it before the jury.
“Mr. Bumps (reading): ‘I do not dare trust any one for your sake until this all blows over.’
“ Mr. Bartlett: Is that competent, your honor ?
“Mr. Bumps: That goes with the rest of the letter, and shows that this man is in hiding. He is keeping him informed.
“ The Court: I know, Mr. Bumps, but there is no proof in this case; you have not shown anything where this man is in hiding. It is an inference indulged in by the writer of that letter that this man is in hiding.”
It was competent (within the discretion of the trial court) to show this witness’ connection with the defendant. The letter was admissible for this purpose, notwithstanding the fact that a jury might believe the statements contained in it which were hearsay, and to prove which the letter was not competent evidence. The court discriminated clearly between the proper and improper use of the letter, even striking out some portions, notwithstanding the fact that they tended to show that this witness was in collusive relations with defendant regarding doubtful transactions. We think there was no error in this.
-Requests to Charge.
Of the requests to charge, it is sufficient to say that some of them are argumentative, and were properly refused. The sixth was sufficiently covered by the charge.
Failure to Instruct.
It is said that the trial judge did not explain to the jury what was necessary to be proven in order to show an intent to embezzle or fraudulently convert. No exception was taken to the failure in relation to this. We think, however, that the charge made the subject sufficiently clear.
Mason’s Testimony.
Mr. Mason, the bank’s cashier, testified that the stock came subject to a charge of $370. The court said that, “upon the proposition of defendant’s intent, the jury might take into consideration the value of the stock as testified to by Mason, when it arrived at the bank.” We think that this could not well be misunderstood. The exact complaint we take to be that this was a suggestion that Mason had stated that the cost of stock to defendant was only $370. There was little opportunity for a mistake as to wbat Mason said, and we think the case should not be reversed upon this ground. It must have been evident that all that was meant was that Mason’s testimony that the stock came to the bank subject to a claim of $370 was proper to be considered upon the subject of the price paid by the defendant in determining his intent.
The judgment is affirmed.
Montgomery, Ostrander, and Moore, JJ., concurred. | [
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Blair, J.
Claimant was a tenant of decedent under written lease of a portion of the Luce Block in Grand Rapids. His stock of crockery and glassware was destroyed by the destruction of the block during the night of July 17, 1901, due, as was alleged by claimant, to the collapse of the building, caused by the negligent making of repairs directed or permitted by decedent, followed by fire occasioned by the fall of the building.
Ransom C. Luce having died, claimant, in September, 1902, filed a claim for damages against his estate in the probate court, where it was disallowed. On appeal to the circuit court, a jury trial was had, resulting in a verdict for claimant for $24,940.32, substantially the value of the stock as shown by claimant’s testimony. The record comes to us for review upon writ of error.
No issue was framed or pleading of any kind filed by contestants. The principal question of fact litigated was whether the building collapsed and caused the fire, as asserted by claimant; or whether the fire preceded and caused the collapse, as claimed by contestants. The repairs in question were being made for the benefit of N. & M. Friedman Company, who were also tenants of the block and desired more room. Certain changes having been made by Mr. Luce, the Friedman Company requested other and further changes. Contestants allege, and there was evidence tending to prove, that Mr. Luce refused to make, any further changes, but said that the company could have it done at its own expense, provided Mr. Robinson, the architect, said it was all right, and good men were employed.
The negligence alleged was as stated briefly by the circuit judge:
‘ ‘ That, in the making and suffering to be made of said alterations and changes, said Luce was negligent in that said alterations were made without the advice of competent architects, without proper plans and specifications, and without complying with the building ordinance of the city of Grand Rapids. That incompetent and unskillful contractors and workmen were employed; that the work was done in an unworkmanlike and unskillful manner. That the materials used in and about said work were too weak and insufficient for the purpose for which they were used, and were subjected to greater strains and weights than they were designed to bear, or reasonably could have borne. That the building was not properly shored up or supported during the removal of portions of it. That Luce, having notice of the weakened condition of the building before it fell, neglected to use proper efforts to support it. That the weights in the building were redis-. tributed by these alterations so that the partition wall between 70 and 72 Monroe street became overloaded, and that the weights on the structure were increased to an undue extent by said alterations and changes. * * * That by reason of these alterations made as alleged, the building, as early as July 16, 1901, became dangerous. It fell on the morning of July 18th. That Luce knew it, and claimant did not. That Luce should have warned claimant of such dangerous condition, and did not. That if such warning had been given, claimant could and would have removed his goods and saved much of the loss subsequently incurred.”
Several suits involving the cause of the destruction of this building have been before the courts, where it has been determined that the original cause of the destruction was fire. N. & M. Friedman Co. v. Assurance Co., 133 Mich. 212; Phenix Ins. Co. v. Luce, 123 Fed. 257; Liverpool, etc., Ins. Co. v. N. & M. Friedman Co., 133 Fed. 713; Greenwich Ins. Co. v. N. & M. Friedman Co., 142 Fed. 944, 200 U. S. 621. In July, 1903, claimant sued several insurance companies on policies covering his stock to the amount of $7,000, which suits are still pending. At the close of claimant’s main case, contestants demurred to the evidence, for two reasons:
“1. Because it appeared that the work at the time of the accident was done by a co-tenant of claimant through an independent contractor and therefore the owner cannot be liable.
“3. Because there is no evidence of express negligence on the part of Mr. Luce.” n
A motion for a new trial was presented, and the following grounds specially relied on: First. Because the court erred in charging the jury as follows:
“As a general rule, in such case, the employer is not answerable for the negligence of the contractor in such case; but in this case, however, it appears that Mr. R. C. Luce was the owner of the block in which the reconstruction work was going on, and was the landlord of Mr. Blickley, who had a store in the same block. Under these circumstances, if you find by a fair preponderance of the evidence that this work was negligently planned, or negligently done, so that it left the structure or the wall where the work was being done in so weak or unsafe a condition that the building fell by reason thereof, then the owner of the building could not relieve himself of liability for the negligence of the contractor or his workmen.
“ In other words, I instruct you that, where the relation of landlord and tenant is shown to exist, the landlord, during the continuance of that relation, owes to his tenant the duty of so handling the leased premises and the landlord’s other adjoining premises, as that the tenant shall not without the tenant’s knowledge and consent, by any act of the landlord’s agents or others acting under the landlord’s permission or authority, be evicted or disturbed in his possession of the leased premises, or his property therein damaged or destroyed.
“ So, in this case, I instruct you as a matter of law that Mr. R. C. Luce, being the owner of the block and the landlord of Mr. Blickley, a tenant of the same block, his estate would be liable for the negligence of the contractor and the workmen, if there were negligence in doing this reconstruction work, both that work which Mr. Luce himself procured to be done, and also whatever further work was done by the Friedmans with Mr. Luce’s knowledge, permission, and consent, if it was; provided you find from the evidence that there was negligence, either in the plan of doing this reconstruction work, or in the manner of doing it, or both, and that by reason of such negligence the building was rendered unsafe and insecure, causing it to fall on the night of July 17, 1901, and causing the destruction of claimant’s property.”
Second. Because the court erred in charging the jury as follows:
“His [Mr. Luce’s] liability for unsafe and improper work, if there was any, and for overloading the walls, girders, and posts, if they were overloaded, is the same as though he had employed the men and personally superintended the work, if the same constituted negligence and the claimant’s stock was destroyed thereby.”
Third. Because the court erred in refusing to give defendant’s sixth and seventh requests to charge.
Fourth. Because the court erred in stating the claimant’s theory in certain respects and in not giving contestants’ twenty-first, twenty-second, and twenty-eighth requests relating thereto.
Fifth. Because the court erred in charging the jury as follows:
“But that fact that he [Mr. Blickley] has brought suit against the insurance company, which suit is pending, is not a matter for your consideration in arriving at a verdict in this case. You have no responsibility for any case but this, and should not consider any other.”
Sixth. Because the court erred in permitting the claimant on rebuttal to retry his principal case on the question of fire by recalling and re-examining his witnesses, Hammond, G-undry, Le Moine, Wells, Dean, Campbell, and others*
Eighth. Because the claimant and his counsel pursued an improper and prejudicial course to defendants’ rights in the conduct of the trial by giving before the jury inadmissible testimony under the guise of an alleged rebuttal and impeachment in connection with the matters referred to in grounds 6 and 7 of this motion, etc.
Ninth. Because defendants were prejudiced by improper evidence offered by claimant by the witnesses, Hauser, C. W. Davidson, and others, as to alleged poor work in the original construction of the Luce building and the Puritan building, so-called, and because no charge was given to the jury on the subject.
Tenth. Because the court erred in permitting the claimant’s witness, Adolph Leitelt, to testify that castings were ordered by Gulliford & Richens, without any evidence or proof that they were ordered by or for Mr. Luce; and that the court erred in denying defendants’ motion to strike out the testimony so given.
Eleventh. That the claimant did not prove by a fair preponderance of the testimony that either the fall or the fire was caused by the negligence of Mr. Luce.
Twelfth. That the evidence as to the value of the stock of goods did not authorize a verdict for the amount found, and the verdict is largely excessive, and. the defendants have discovered new evidence on the question of value.
Thirteenth, Sixteenth. That the verdict is against the weight of evidence, etc.
At the beginning of their argument, counsel for contestants say:
‘ ‘ The errors assigned, and which will be argued here, are the points above stated as furnishing the grounds for the motion for new trial, and one or two rulings on requests and evidence.”'
Counsel for contestants have distributed their argument in their principal brief under the following heads:
(1) Decedent’s liability for Friedman’s alleged negligence with respect to alterations made by the latter.
(2) Prejudicial conduct of claimant.
(3) Retrial of main case on rebuttal.
(!) Preventing attack on claimant’s credibility.
(5) Specifications and building ordinance.
(6) Erroneous rulings on evidence.
(7) Excessive verdict.
Counsel argue under this head that:
“ (a) Decedent was not affirmatively shown to have been guilty of negligence with respect to the work done by Friedman.
‘ ‘ (6) In the absence of proof of negligence on the part of decedent, he is not liable for' any negligence of Friedman or of the latter’s contractors or workmen.
‘ ‘ (c) The testimony shows beyond dispute that the architects and contractors employed by the Friedman Company were competent and experienced.
“(d) The relation between Gulliford & Richens to Mr. Luce was that of independent contractors. And the like relation existed between the Friedman Company and Gulliford & Richens. The entire work and the method of carrying it out was left entirely to the judgment of the contractors. .
“(e) Decedent had no knowledge of any alleged acts of negligence of Friedman’s contractors or the latter’s employes. '
“ (f) There is no evidence of any negligence on the part of either Mr. Luce or Mr. Friedman in their personal conduct.”
This is not a suit by one tenant against a landlord for damages suffered because of the negligence of another tenant of the same building in making the usual repairs of his part of the premises in consequence of the duty resting upon him to make them; nor for damages in consequence of the wrongful use of his part of the premises; nor for acts unknown to the landlord. This record presents a case of altering and reconstructing premises, work which the tenant had no right to perform at all without the permission of the landlord, which the landlord alone could do or authorize. In the first instance, the landlord took charge of the -making of the alterations in the building himself. Having made such alterations as were at first contemplated, he turned over to the tenant the mak ing of the additional changes which he desired. The additional changes were as much made by authority of the landlord as the original changes. If the landlord had directed the tenant to make the repairs at the landlord’s expense, in whole or in part, the men who carried out the work would have represented the landlord, whether they were independent contractors or not. The duty to so reconstruct the building as not to injure the plaintiff would be an absolute duty, resting upon the landlord, which he could not delegate to another, and thereby escape liability. Wilkinson v. Spring Works, 73 Mich. 405; Peerless Manfg. Co. v. Bagley, 126 Mich. 225; Lauer v. Palms, 129 Mich. 671 (58 L. R. A. 67); Riley v. Simpson, 83 Cal. 217 (7 L. R. A. 622); Case v. Minot, 158 Mass. 577 (22 L. R. A. 536). Whatever the rule might be as to a stranger, it can make no difference in principle as to plaintiff, who occupied under a covenant for quiet enjoyment, whether the expense of reconstruction was borne by the landlord or another acting by his authority. In. either event, the invasion of plaintiff’s possession would be due to the authority of the landlord, who had agreed to protect it, and, in either event, the landlord should be held liable for the negligent execution of the work, the result of which, directly attributable to the authority of the landlord, was an eviction of the tenant. Coulter v. Norton, 100 Mich. 389. Excluding fire as a cause for the fall of the building, such fall, under the oircumstances of this case, was prima facie evidence of negligence. Barnowsky v. Helson, 89 Mich. 523 (15 L. R. A. 33); Huggard v. Refining Co. (Iowa), 109 N. W. 475. Apart from the inference which might properly be drawn from the collapse of the building in process of reconstruction, there was abundant evidence of negligence for the consideration of the jury.
The only occurrences during the trial, lasting from October 3d to November 3d, which might form the basis of a charge of prejudicial conduct on the part of claimant, are wholly unsupported by exceptions taken on the trial, and generally without formal objections. The argu ment for a reversal is predicated upon exceptions to the refusal to grant a new trial. Even if we disagreed with the circuit judge in his conclusion that these occurrences were not prejudicial to contestants, which we do not, we should not be inclined to overrule his exercise of his discretion under such circumstances. The order of proofs and the permitting of testimony on rebuttal which was part of the original case are, to a certain extent, matters of discretion, and do not justify a reversal, except where such course deprives the complaining party of a fair trial or occasions a miscarriage of justice. We think that contestants were afforded an eminently fair trial and have no just cause for complaint.
It is said under this head:
“One of the most palpable errors of the court was in refusing to give contestants’ request No. 27, and removing from the consideration of the jury the action of claimant in suing the insurance companies.”
Request No. 27 was as follows: .
“ And you may also in considering Mr. Blickley’s testimony take into account the fact that he has sued the insurance companies, claiming that the building was destroyed by fire.”
Claimant testified:
“I commenced suit simply to protect my interests. * * * I found the policies stated that if there was any fire loss the companies must be notified within 60 days and I so notified them. At that time I did not know what I found out later.
“ Q. Now, further than that, there is a provision in your policies that suit must be brought within one year.
“A. To keep the policy alive; yes, sir. That was the main reason for commencing suit.”
Counsel say in their argument:
“ The question of valuation was a difficult one to meet, under the circumstances, and we were entitled to question claimant’s credibility by all fair means. * * *
‘ ‘ The insurance suits by third persons were not proper to be considered here, and as far as the charge of the court covered those cases, it was no doubt correct. But the court went further and took from the jury’s consideration the action of claimant in suing his companies and assuming an inconsistent position. * * *
“ The court had admitted evidence of the suits to be introduced and claimant himself attempted to explain his reasons therefor. We had the right to question Mr. Blickley’s credibility both on account of his interest, and on account of his inconsistent position. The following had taken place when claimant testified on his main case:
“ ‘Redirect: Q. Why did you commence suits against the insurance companies when you did ?
“ ‘ Mr. Totem: That is objected to.
“ ‘ The Court: I rather think the whole matter is immaterial. In what way do you claim it is material to show that any suits were begun ?
“ ‘ Mr. Wolf: To show the inconsistent position.
“ ‘ Mr. Totem: To show that he proceeded against the fire companies on the supposition that there was a fire in the building and that the companies would be liable. If the building collapsed, they would not be liable. Now, there is the act of the party to this suit, and everything he says or does is admitted. Now, we claim that at that time he was looking to the fire companies for his damage.
‘ ‘ ‘ The Court: If it is material at all, the inference that is sought to be drawn from it, I think the question now asked by the claimant is proper, if the other is to stand. I am inclined to let the testimony stand under the claim of counsel, what they olaim for it.’
“After warning the jury about considering the results of the insurance cases, the court below called attention to the amount of claimant’s insurance. And in that connection he made the following charge:
‘ ‘ ‘ You may consider the amount of the claimant’s insurance as bearing upon the value of his stock of merchandise. But that fact that he [claimant] has brought suit against the insurance company, which suit is pending, is not a matter for your consideration in arriving at a verdict in this case. You have no responsibility for any case but this, and should not consider any other.' .
“We submit this error in refusing to give this request was harmful to contestants and entitles them to a new trial.”
The insurance policies were not put in evidence, nor any proofs of loss on the part of claimant, nor the files in the suits against the companies. All that appeared was that claimant had sued some insurance companies on policies aggregating $7,000, which was the total amount of insurance. In the absence of evidence as to the proofs of loss and declarations in the suits, the jury could not be instructed to infer, from the fact that a standard form of policy is prescribed by statute, that the proofs of loss and declarations contained appropriate charges to enforce liability on such a policy and, therefore, might be considered as bearing upon the consistency of claimant’s conduct and the credibility of his testimony. We, therefore, are of the opinion that the request was properly refused.
Contestants’ twenty-first, twenty-second, and twenty-eighth requests, which were refused, were as follows:
“ (21) The fact that no formal written building permit was issued by the building inspector for the second work is no evidence of negligence. The question to be determined is whether there was in fact negligence on the part of Mr. Luce.
. ‘ ‘ (22) The fact that no new plans were made for the second girder construction, is in itself no evidence of negligence. The question as before stated being whether in fact there was negligence on the part of Mr. Luce.
“ (28) The evidence shews that no further specifications for the changes in question were necessary in this instance than was had here, and therefore you cannot find Mr. Luce guilty of negligence in this respect.”
Section 2 of the building ordinance is as follows:
‘ ‘ Seo. 2. When any person or corporation shall be desirous of erecting, constructing, or repairing any building or buildings within the fire limits of said city, or any public building, public hall, concert room, theatre, church, schoolhouse, lodge room, armory, factory or warehouse, or any building where people habitually convene for religious worship or amusement, he or they shall make application at the office of the building inspector for a permit for that purpose, and shall be required to furnish and deposit permanently in the office of said inspector a written statement of the proposed location and the estimated cost and the contract time for the completion of the work, together with a ‘ blue print ’ copy of the plans, and general drawings of the structure, and also a true copy of the specifications. After the inspection of the proposed location and the plans and specifications, the building inspector shall issue within ten days from the time of the receipt of the same to said' applicant or applicants a permit for the erection of the proposed structure, providing everything relating to said structure is in compliance with the provisions of this and other existing ordinances.”
The violation of the ordinance was not in itself negligence which would justify a recovery or upon which an action could be based. Cook v. Johnston, 58 Mich. 437; Flater v. Fey, 70 Mich. 644; Sterling v. City of Detroit, 134 Mich. 22; Taylor v. Railroad Co., 45 Mich. 74.
But it does not follow that the violation of the ordinance under the circumstances of the case was no evidence at all of negligence. The parties engaged in the work of reconstruction understood about the ordinance and a permit had been secured for doing the first part of the work, and plans and specifications filed as required. The fact that no attempt was made to comply with the provisions of the ordinance in entering upon the execution of the second part of the work might properly be considered with the other evidence in determining the question of negligence. But even if violation of the ordinance was no evidence of negligence, the request was too broad, since it required the court to charge that the inquiry as to negligence was limited to the personal negligence of Mr. Luce. This consideration applies also to the other two requests. We think, also, that, under the charge of the court, contestants could not have been prejudiced by the failure of the court to give these requests. The court repeatedly stated what facts would constitute negligence, and at no time did he specifically mention the failure to obtain a permit or to file plans and specifications as among such facts.
We have examined the alleged erroneous rulings, and are satisfied that no reversible errors were committed in the respects claimed.
In giving his reasons for denying the motion for a new trial, on the ground of excessive damages and newly-discovered evidence, the circuit judge assigned as such reasons the following:
“ Because in the judgment of the court the evidence as to value of stock of goods authorized the verdict found, and the same is not largely excessive, as specified in reason numbered twelve of said motion; and because the alleged newly discovered evidence of the contestant upon the question of value is not clear and definite, or of sufficient importance and materiality to warrant a new trial, nor has the contestant shown reasonable diligence in discovering and presenting the same.”
We concur in this finding. The value of the stock was proved by an inventory, supported by the testimony of claimant and his clerks, and was substantially undisputed. The showing of diligence was not sufficient. Canfield v. City of Jackson, 112 Mich. 120.
We also agree with the finding of the circuit judge that the verdict was not against the weight of the evidence.
The judgment is affirmed.
Carpenter, J.
I am not satisfied with the reasoning of Justice Blair, in the fourth subdivision of his opinion. I agree with him, however, that the circumstance that claimant had sued the insurance companies had no bearing upon his credibility .t. My reasons for that conclusion are these: The question of whether the fall of the building was occasioned by negligence or by fire was one respecting which claimant had no personal knowledge. As shown by the opinion in N. & M. Friedman Co. v. Assurance Co., 133 Mich. 212, there were facts which warranted either inference. Under these circumstances, it was simply prudent conduct for the claimant to preserve his rights against the insurance company in the event that the evidence should prove that his loss was due, not to negligence, but to fire. To preserve those rights he was compelled, as shown by the opinion of Justice Blair, to sue the insurance companies. I see no legitimate reason for saying that that circumstance affects his credibility.
Except as above stated, I concur in the opinion of Justice Blair.
McAlvay, C. J., and Moore, J., concurred with Carpenter, J. | [
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Campbell, J.
Plaintiff, who is a son of the deceased, presented a claim against the estate, which was disallowed, and on appeal to the circuit court he obtained a verdict for a part of it. The executors bring error. The errors assigned are somewhat numerous, but so far as they rest on ■exceptions brought to the notice of the judge they relate to but a few matters, and may be grouped together so as to present but a few points.
Some objections were made to the action of the court in allowing the appeal papers to be perfected. Nut as the .action came within repeated decisions of this Court, we need mot consider it.
The claim consisted of a series of charges extending back io 1870, 1871 and 1872, with an interval of over six years between these and the next credit in 1878, and the only transaction in this interval was a credit to deceased for plowing in 1876, no amount being carried out.
The items of the account were all entered on paper, as :she swears contemporaneously, by Margaret Ootherman, wife •of plaintiff, he being somewhat illiterate. Some of them were sworn to by herself, and some by other witnesses. The item of plowing was sworn to by various persons, and plain-tiff was allowed to testify to the amount of land plowed -and to the value of the plowing, but nothing more.
It was shown that about a year after the date of the last ■charge, plaintiff made a note to his father for between five .and six hundred dollars, which had not matured, but was payable without interest in January, 3888. Defendants declined to introduce it as a defense, but claimed it was evidence that there had been a settlement and balance found due deceased.
When Margaret Cotherman was sworn as a witness only two exceptions were taken to her testimony. One was that she was incompetent to testify to matters within the knowledge of deceased, and the other that some of the items she proved were more than six years old, and barred by the statute of limitations.
The first of these objections has no force. She was not a party to the litigation in any way, and was on the same footing with any other witness. The second objection was also untenable. The items were not inadmissible, but they could not be recovered unless shown to be out of the operation of the statute. That question was one to be dealt with when the testimony was all in, and was so dealt with by charges which were excepted to.
Plaintiff was a competent witness to matters not shown to be within his father’s knowledge. The testimony concerning the plowing showed that the plowman did all his work in the absence of decedent, and the objection did not apply.
There was testimony to go to the jury upon all the items, and it was not excepted to, except as before mentioned. The court granted the instruction prayed for, that the jury should not act upon any testimony of Mrs. Cotherman depending on what her husband told her, but must act on evidence from persons cognizant of the facts. This charge was twice given, — • once when presented as a request, and again after the charge was finished, when a juror made an inquiry of the court, which led the court to repeat it again, precisely as desired.
The only exceptions to the substance of the charge are those which complain of the rulings concerning the statute of limitations, and the refusal to charge that the note mentioned must be presumed to have been given in full settlement of accounts.
Upon the effect of this note the court charged the jury quite fully that they were to determine from all the facts whether it was or was not a settlement, and should they find it so they must give a verdict for the estate. The exception is'-to the refusal to charge that it must be held as a settlement as matter of law.
We find no support for this broad doctrine in the authorities, and nothing was cited to sustain it. Whatever we might be disposed to think of the probabilities, it was a question of fact and not of law. From the amount of the verdict it is impossible to tell how much, if any, of the early items previous to 1878 was allowed. Most of them must have been rejected, if not all. But we cannot say that the statute is not in question on the record as it stands, and the rulings are material.
It was, we think, for the jury to say whether there had been a running account during the period in question. The relations of the parties were such that laxity of dealing and settlement would not be unnatural, and was certainly possible. The inability of the plaintiff to be sworn without the consent of defendant makes it impossible to question him on that subject, or on the transaction out of which the note grew, the evidence of which, if existing, is probably in the hands of the estate. Whatever any one may think of the probabilities, they were all in the hands of the jury, and the finding indicates that, whether right or wrong, their verdict was not given without consideration of the items. We cannot substitute our possible views for theirs, if we should hold different impressions.
The assignments of error cover several objections not covered by exceptions. No exception can be noticed which was not made to the judge and noted in the bill.
The judgment should be affirmed.
Sherwood, J. concurred.
Champlin, J.
Solomon Cotherman died testate February 5, 1883. Defendants are his executors. Commissioners to examine and allow claims against his estate were duly appointed by the probate judge of St. Joseph county; and among the claims presented to them and disallowed was that of the plaintiff, who appealed therefrom to the circuit court where a trial was had before a jury, which resulted in a verdict for the plaintiff. The case comes here by writ of error.
The claim against the estate, as presented to the commissioners, consisted of an account with debit and credit items. Those on the debit side commenced in 1870, and contain a single charge for that year; two in 1871; one in the month of May, 1872; five in 1878, the first bearing date September 10th of that year ; thirty-one in 1879; and nineteen in 1880, the last charge bearing date December 13th of that year. Those on the credit side commenced in 1868, a single credit being given that year; one in 1869 ; two in 1871; in 1876 there is a single credit as follows: “ 1876, by plowing,” — no time in the year being mentioned, and no amount credited therefor. There are six credits in 1879 and three in 1S80, the last item bearing the date of October 9th.
It will be seen that the continuity of the account is made to depend upon the credit item, in 1876, of plowing, and the date at which it occurred, for the reason that between May, 1872, and September 10, 1878, there are no items charged against the estate in plaintiff’s account, a period of over six years and three months. The debit items from 1870 to and including May, 1872, amounted to $320. It was claimed by the defendants that these items, and the amounts charged therefor, were barred by the statute of limitations. To prevent the operation of the statute it became necessary for the plaintiff to prove the item of credit for plowing in 1876. The following is all the evidence there was introduced upon the trial concerning this item. On the direct examination of Mrs. Cotherman, the wife of plaintiff, the counsel for plaintiff asked this question :
“ Question. And in September, what do you know of the old gentleman doing some plowing for him on this account?
Answer. He sent a boy to plow, and furnished a team.”
The next witness was James Snyder, -who had formerly lived in the family of Solomon Cotherman until he was sixteen years old, and staid there winters until he got married. lie was in his twenty-eighth year at the time of the trial in 1884, and consequently was in his twentieth year in 1876 ; and unless the plowing was done in the winter season, it is not probable that it was done by him that year. His testimony upon the subject is as follows :
Direct examination : — Question. Do you remember of plowing there for Lewis at the old gentleman’s request ?
Answer. Yes, sir ; I plowed there.
Q. In the year 1876 ?
A. I plowed there. I could not tell you what year it was; for I don’t remember anything about it.
Q. About what year, as near as you can now tell ?
A. I don’t know.
Q. How long a time did you plow there?
A. I was there about four weeks, and probably worked about two of them. Part of the time I worked, and part of the time I played.
Q. Whose team did you have ?
A. Solomon Cotherman’s.
On his cross-examination this testimony was elicited :
Question. Is it not a fact that all the work you know of his doing for the old man is some done on exchange of work between him and the old gentleman, and didn’t you so understand it ?
Answer. They exchanged work back and forth, yes, sir.
Q. All the work you have sworn to you understood at the time to be exchange of work?
A. Yes, sir.
The next witness for plaintiff was his son, Dell Cotherman, who testified as follows :
Question. State what you know of your grandfather plowing for your father in 1876.*
Answer. Well, I don’t know of his plowing, but I know of Jim Snyder plowing.
Q. Who was James Snyder working for at the time he came there ?
A. Por my grandfather.
Q. How long did he work there on your father’s place plowing ? •
A. Well, I could not tell you just how long. He worked there quite a while I know. I know while he worked there we acted the fool lots of days; went hunting.
Q. About how long; a day or two ?
A. Yes ; he was there longer than that, I think.
Q. Are you able to state about how long ?
A. No, sir; I was not very big myself.
Witness further stated that he plowed in the field east of the house, and he plowed the whole field, but was unable to-tell how many acres, and that his grandfather sent him there. On his cross-examination he was asked : “ Iiow old was 3Tou when this 'boy Snyder was plowing there 2” to which he-answered: “Well, I don’t remember just how long ago it. was; I went to school sometime; but while he was there I didn’t go to school. I had been to school before that time.” He was then asked: “ Can Jrou tell what year it was?” and he replied, “No, sir; I can’t tell what year it was.”
The only other testimony upon this item was that given by the plaintiff, against the objection of defendants’ counsel, as follows: “I am the claimant in this case, and heard the testimony of my son in regard to some plowing that was done, as he said, by one Snyder. Question. How much plowing was done 2 Answeo\ Eight acres we had in the lot.” He further testified, against defendants’ objection, that the plowing was worth two dollars an acre.
I have now given all the evidence which was offered to support the plaintiff’s item of credit for plowing done in 1876 which appears in the record before us. The defendant’s counsel move to strike out all testimony in support of the items of account on the debit side -which were prior to September 10,1878, for the reason that the same were barred by the statute, which the court refused, and defendant excepted. In this the court erred. There was no testimony whatever to show that the plowing, which appears as a credit,, was done in 1876. No witness states that the plowing was done that year, or what year. It appears from the testimony of Mrs. Cotherman that from 1870 to 1878 her husband and herself lived on a farm in Cass county, about twelve miles distant from his father’s residence, and in 1878 they removed nearer to him, and from thence resided about three-quarters of a mile from him. It also appears that the plaintiff could not write, except his name, and his wife was in the habit of keeping his accounts upon pieces of paper, under his direction and at his request, and that the account was made up from these sources. The charges consisted mainly of items of labor performed by plaintiff and his son Dell, and for team work, the larger portion of which the witness Mrs. Cotherman knew nothing about, except as she had been informed by plaintiff. On the trial she was permitted, against defendants’ objections, to testify to all of these items'; her attention being called to them seriatim by counsel for plaintiff. Counsel for defendants then moved to strike out all of the testimony as to the amounts, and everything that, according to her testimony rested upon his statement, because it was nothing more nor less than hearsay from him, and his testimony could not be admitted; he could not swear to it himself, because prohibited by the statute. The court overruled the motion, saying: “ Ton may have an exception at present. The jury will observe, as we go along, how far it is her testimony, and how far it is his.”
This ruling was clearly error. It is the duty of the court and not of the jury to exclude irrelevant or hearsay testimony, and the admission of hearsay testimony in this case was a clear violation of the rule which excludes such testimony from being given in evidence. It cannot be presumed that the jury were capable of determining as they went along what part of Mrs. Cotherman’s testimony was admissible and proper to be considered by them, and what portion was not. This was a grave error in the trial judge which ought not to be overlooked or sanctioned. That it had its effect upon the minds of the jury is apparent from this record. The defendants’ counsel requested the court to charge the jury that “all items of accounts charged by the claimant’s wife against his father, from the mere statement of the claim himself, and not proved by other testimony, must be excludedand at the close of his charge he read this request to the jury as a part of his charge. After the jury had retired they returned again to the court for further instruction, when the following occurred:
A Juror. “Then, if you will read that once more; there are a couple of us that don’t exactly understand it.”
The Court. “All items of account charged by the plaintiff’s wife against claimant’s father, from the mere statement of claimant himself, and not supported by other testimony, must be excluded; that is, it cannot le supported simply ly her testimony. You will determine from all the evidence in the case how many of those items, if any, simply rest upon her testimony alone. You will consider all the other testimony bearing upon them.”
These instructions left her testimony of a hearsay nature to stand as evidence, but required that it should be supported by other evidence. Nothing was pointed out to them as not proper to be considered and weighed by them. On the contrary, the jury were left to determine as best they might what portion of her testimony was hearsay and what was not. This, it seems to me, was clearly error. The error of admitting such testimony in the first instance was of such a nature that it could not be cured by a charge to the jury, because it became impossible to sift out and clearly identify that which was proper for their consideration from that which was not.
As before stated, the last item in plaintiff’s account is December 13,1880. The uncontradicted evidence showed that afterwards the plaintiff made and delivered to Solomon Cotherman a promissory note, of which the following is a copy:
“$54Y.YY. Flowerfield, Mich., January 18, 1882.
Six years after date, I promise to pay to the order of Solomon Cotherman the sum of five hundred and forty-seven and YY-100 dollars, without interest. Yalue received.
Lewis Cotherman.”
This note was introduced in evidence by the executors, as evidence of a settlement and adjustment of all previous accounts or indebtedness between the parties. No evidence was given or offered by the claimant to show for what, in fact, the note was given, and consequently it is to be presumed that all claims of the plaintiff against Solomon Cother man were settled and adjusted at the time the note was given, and that he owed Solomon Cotherman the amount thereof at that time. This presumption is only prima facie, and is liable to be explained; but until explained it is to be taken as true, and affords sufficient evidence of a settlement and adjustment of the account presented, and of the amount due to the testator at the time the note was given. Gould v. Chase 16 Johns. 226; Duguid v. Ogilvie 3 E. D. Smith 527; De Freest v. Bloomingdale 5 Den. 304; Lake v. Tysen 6 N. Y. 461; Sperry v. Miller 16 N.Y. 414; 1 Phil. Ev. (Cow. & H. Notes) 702, note 191; Kelly v. Jackson 6 Pet. 632; Carver v. Jackson 4 Pet. 1. These authorities are in point, and are founded in good sense, as well as the common experience of mankind in their mutual dealings with each other. When dealings are had between parties, and afterward one who claims that the other is indebted to him gives to such other a promissory note for a certain amount, the fair presumption is that such indebtedness has been canceled, and he has become indebted himself to such party. It is a circumstance of that importance, reversing, as it does, the relative condition of the parties from creditor to debtor, that calls upon the person who seeks to enforce a claim of indebtedness to explain why, at a subsequent time, he appears a debtor to the one he claims to be his debtor.
So it has been held that the giving of a bond and mortgage furnishes a presumption of a liquidation of all accounts between the parties: Chewning v. Proctor 2 McCord Ch. 14, 15; Blount v. Starkey's Adm'r 1 Tayl. 110; Weidner v. Schweigart 9 S. & R. 385. In Kelly v. Jackson supra, Mr. Justice Story said: “What is prima facie evidence of a fact ? It is such as in judgment of law, is sufficient to establish the fact; and if not rebutted, remains sufficient for the purpose. The jury are bound to consider it in that light, unless they are invested with authority to disregard the rules of evidence, by which the liberty and estate of every citizen are guarded and supported. No judge would hesitate to set aside their verdict and grant a new trial, if, under such circumstances, without any rebutting evidence, they disre gard it. It would be error on their part, which would require the remedial interposition of the court. In a legal sense then, such prima facie evidence, in the absence of all controlling evidence or discrediting circumstances, becomes conclusive of the fact; that is, it should operate upon the minds of the jury as decisive to found their verdict as to the fact. Such we understand to be the clear principles of law on this subject.”
The defendants in this case requested the circuit judge to charge the jury that if they found that the parties met, and the claimant gave the deceased a note, the law presumed that their accounts were settled thereby. This the court refused, but charged the jury that if they should find there was a settlement at the time the note was given, the plaintiff could not recover. He gave them no instructions as to the presumptions arising under the circumstances of the case. I think the defendants were not only entitled to the instruction requested, but that the court should have charged the jury that the presumption from the giving of the note was that the plaintiff's account was settled, and that instead of his father owing him, he owed his father; and no explanation having been made as to what the note was given for, the presumption arising from the settlement and adjustment was conclusive, and he should have directed a verdict for the defendants.
I am of opinion that for the errors pointed out the judgment should be reversed, and a hew trial ordered.
Morse, C. J. concurred. | [
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Montgomery, J.
This case was commenced by declaration, filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court for Chippewa county. The declaration was in assumpsit, and counted specially upon a contract for personal services performed by John N. Goltra for the defendant corporation for a period of 25 months succeeding the date of the contract, alleged to have been made on December 5, 1901, and alleging that there was due and owing said Goltra on account thereof the sum of $1,875. The declaration also averred that on September 11, 1905, said John N. Goltra had duly assigned said claim to the plaintiff in this case, Frank B. Atwood. The return of the sheriff shows that service was made upon the defendant company by delivering a true copy of the declaration, etc., to John N. Goltra, secretary and assistant treasurer of the defendant corporation. No appearance was entered by defendant, and judgment was entered by default in the sum of $2,200. The writ of error was sued out, and the defendant assigns as error that the service was invalid, for the reason that, the claim sued upon being one assigned by John N. Goltra, service upon him was unauthorized.
The plaintiff contends that the record does not sufficiently show that the John N. Goltra who was served is the same John N. Goltra who assigned the claim sued upon. We think, however, that the identity is prima facie established bytheidentity of names 6 Enc. Evidence, p. 913. John N. Goltra was an officer of the company upon whom service could be made under the statute. But it is established by authority — if authority for a rule so manifestly just were needed — that even though a person is within the terms of a statute, if his relation to the plaintiff or the claim in suit is such as to make it to his interest to suppress the fact of service, such service is unauthorized. Buck v. Manufacturing Co., 4 Allen (Mass.), 357; St. Louis, etc., Coal & Mining Co. v. Edwards, 103 Ill. 472.
It is insisted, however, that, as the claim of Goltra had been assigned before service was made upon him, he was at the time of service disinterested. There is nothing of record, except the statement that the account was assigned, to show the nature of the contract of assignment. We think that in such case there is a prima facie presumption that there was an implied warranty that a chose in action which was the subject of the contract existed in fact. 2 Am. & Eng. Enc. Law (3d Ed.), p. 1090.
It follows that Goltra had an interest in the claim in suit adverse to the defendant, and that service upon him was unauthorized. See White House Mountain Gold Mining Co. v. Powell, 30 Colo. 397.
The judgment is reversed, with costs.
McAlvay, C. J., and Carpenter, Grant, and Blair, JJ., concurred. | [
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McAlvay, C. J.
Plaintiff brought suit against defendant for damages for personal injuries claimed to have been suffered by him on account of the negligence of defendant. He was a common laborer in the employment of defendant for several years, and while so employed had been injured twice — once ,on May 6, 1904, which resulted in the loss of the sight of his right eye, and later, having returned to work, he was injured in his left eye. Plaintiff’s declaration contained two counts. Defendant with its plea gave notice of accord and satisfaction as to the claim made under the first count. At the close of plaintiff’s case, defendant moved for an instructed verdict of no cause of action on both counts. Plaintiff then withdrew from the consideration of the jury his claim under the second count. The court denied defendant’s motion. Defendant offered no testimony in the case. It was submitted to the jury upon the plaintiff’s claim stated in the first count, for the injury which caused the loss of his right eye, and a verdict was rendered for $7,000, upon which a judgment was entered. Before considering the errors upon which it is claimed this judgment should be reversed, a brief statement of the facts upon which plaintiff relied will be helpful. He was a common laborer and helper about defendant’s shops, and, without knowledge or skill as a mechanic, claims that he was set to work outside of the scope of his regular employment by defendant’s foreman to use what is known as a “pneumatic chipping hammer,” without knowledge of how to use it, or any instructions that this was a tool requiring skill and experience to be safely operated; that it was powerful, dangerous, and in one respect out of repair; that he was ignorant of all this, and, not appreciating or being informed of the danger, while using the machine, he held it in such a position that a chip of steel from a rivet head, which he was cutting off with this hammer, flew into his right eye and destroyed it.
First. Defendant’s first proposition is that plaintiff should not have been allowed to recover, because of the variance between the allegations of the declaration and his proofs, claiming that the only material allegation of the neglect of duty in the declaration is relative to the condition of the tool as to not being in good order and proper repair. An examination of this declaration discloses that the facts relied upon, as to plaintiff’s ignorance and want of skill, the kind of labor to which he was accustomed, the danger from this tool in the hands of an inexperienced workman, etc., are specifically alleged. Then the duty of the master to properly instruct the plaintiff in the use of the tool, and its dangerous character, is stated, how to hold it to prevent pieces of iron when cut loose from flying into the eyes, “and to have instructed plaintiff fully in the premises, yet plaintiff says that defendant, well knowing its duty as aforesaid and plaintiff’s ignorance in that respect, neglected its duty in the premises, and on said day set plaintiff to work using said machine or tool, and did not then and there have the same in good proper working condition and good repair and order as was its duty, but the same was out of repair, in that, etc., [describing wherein it was out of repair].” The allegation of the neglect of duty on the part of the master to caution and instruct plaintiff is clearly set forth, and is sufficient. Defendant overlooks the fact that plaintiff relied upon a neglect of - duty in not cautioning and instructing plaintiff as to the proper way to use the tool o£ which he was ignorant, and the great danger attending such use, and also upon a neglect of duty in not furnishing plaintiff with a tool in good repair. There was no variance between the declaration and the proofs. The court was not in error in admitting proofs to show negligence in both respects.
Second. Defendant claims that the proof failed to sustain the allegation in the declaration that the injury was caused by a piece of iron flying from the rivet on which plaintiff was working, and destroying his eye. A motion was made to direct a verdict on this account, and a request to so charge the jury was made. Both the motion and request were refused. This was not error. The testimony of the plaintiff and of other witnesses did not leave the jury, as defendant claims, to speculate and conjecture as to the cause of the injury. No one was working near plaintiff at the same kind of work. It was proven that the chisel did not break, and all the evidence upon the subject by expert witnesses was to the effect that plaintiff held the tool in a position which would throw the chips into his face. This was not a case where there was nothing more tangible to proceed upon than two or more conjectural theories, one more probable than the other.
Third. Defendant urges that the court erred in not instructing a verdict in its favor, because the risk, if any, ' was assumed; because plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence; and because of the negligence of a fellow-servant. These reasons, among others, were included in the motion for an instructed verdict which was denied. Defendant later asked the court to charge the jury upon the questions of assumed risk and contributory negligence, and three such requests as presented were given. The fourth was properly refused. It appears, without dispute, that plaintiff was set to work with this tool by the foreman in authority over him, chipping on some beams for three-quarters of a day the first day. He continued working with this tool the next morning, chipping off rivet heads. Mr. Kilbern, the overseer of the car he was work ing on, told him what rivet heads to chip off. Plaintiff testifies he worked under Farquarson’s (the foreman’s) order with the chipping hammer until he was hurt. The foreman was present while he was doing that work. He testified:
“At the time he was hurt, I was standing close to him, having just arrived with a lighter hammer. It was possibly half an hour before he got hurt that he requested me to get a lighter one.”
The foreman saw him working on the rivet heads, and says that it was- the same class of work, and plaintiff was expected to do any chipping necessary with the chipper. The question of the negligence of a fellow-servant under this evidence was not in the case. The court was not in error in refusing to charge as requested upon this question.
Fourth. Defendant pleaded accord and satisfaction for all damages on account of loss and injury to plaintiff in bar to his recovery under the first count of his declaration. A motion was made to direct a verdict for defendant on account of release and settlement. The denial of this motion is assigned as error. The question was finally submitted to the jury as one of fact to be found by them. Defendant claimed it had obtained on May 16, 1904, from plaintiff a signed statement of how the accident occurred; also, on May 27, 1904, two receipts and releases, each for the consideration of $1, and the second one reciting as a further consideration the payment of a surgeon’s bill of $25, being in full accord and satisfaction and release for all damages and injury on account of the loss of plaintiff’s right eye. These documents were offered during the cross-examination of plaintiff on the trial. At the time of the trial he was totally blind, and consequently could not identify his signature. He denied several of the material facts contained in the statement, and swore that the papers were not read to him, and that nothing was said in relation to a release or settlement. He stated that he could not see to read at the time defendant’s attorney visited him; that a dollar was left on the table, which he pushed from him, saying he did not want it; that the representative of defendant pushed it back, and walked out. Plaintiff insists that this question is not in the case, for the reason that no evidence of the accord and satisfaction pleaded was introduced. The second receipt and release was the one pleaded, and it does not appear to have been introduced in evidence. The first receipt was put in evidence, and the court treated the question as in the case, submitting the matter to the jury to determine whether or not fraud had been practiced upon plaintiff in securing his signature to the release, and held that from the evidence a sufficient tender of the dollar received by him had been made. As this was more favorable to defendant than the record warranted, it will not be heard to complain.
Fifth. Error is assigned upon improper conduct and remarks of plaintiff’s attorneys during the trial. The court promptly interfered and reprimanded the 'attorney, not permitting him to complete his statement, and in his charge instructed the jury to pay no attention to remarks of counsel and give them no consideration. The conduct complained of did not amount to reversible error.
Error is also assigned upon the action of the court in permitting the recall of the plaintiff twice after resting his case. The fact that defendant announced that no proofs would be offered on its part made it proper for plaintiff to offer proofs, which during the trial were considered by the court as rebuttal, and not error for the court to allow. The whole matter of permitting plaintiff to put in further proofs was within the sound discretion of the trial court, not prejudicial to defendant, and not reviewable, except it should clearly appear to be an abuse of such discretion, of which in this case there is not the slightest evidence.
Sixth. The only remaining error assigned necessary to discuss is that the damages awarded plaintiff are excessive. No motion for a new trial was made on this ground, nor was objection to the verdict as excessive made in the trial court. The general practice is that, unless a motion for a new trial upon that ground is made and denied, the question will not be considered in this court. In the case of McDonald v. Steel Co., 140 Mich. 401, 413, Justice Blair, speaking for the court, said:
“A verdict which has no evidence upon which to base it is, in law, erroneous, and error can be assigned upon it without making a motion for a new trial.”
That case was distinguished from Hunn v. Railroad Co., 78 Mich. 513 (7 L. R. A. 500), and Coots v. City of Detroit, 75 Mich. 628 (5 L. R. A. 315). Speaking of the case last cited, the court in the McDonald Case, supra, said:
“Plaintiff was seriously injured, and was entitled to recover for pain and suffering, as well as for the loss of time and incapacity to work. In such cases the amount of compensation rests entirely in the sound judgment of the jury, and can only be considered where a motion is made for a new trial and denied. In such cases the court very properly said: ‘ Whether damages found by a jury are excessive or not does not present a question of law.5”
There was evidence in the case at bar upon which to hase the verdict of the jury. The question presented to this court is therefore not a question of law. We find no reversible error in the case.
The judgment is affirmed.
Carpenter, Grant, Blair, and Montgomery, JJ., concurred. | [
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Hooker, J.
The plaintiff has brought an action of assumpsit, based upon a contract, joining a count for breach of the contract with the common counts. This precludes a claim of fraud, under the settled rule that the action is consistent only with the validity of the contract. It is clear that the contract has not been performed, therefore this cannot be treated as an action for compensation, after full performance, under the common counts. The plaintiff must stand, then, upon one of two theories: First, that defendant has broken its promises entitling plaintiff to damages; second, an action for the value of his services, subject to a right of recoupment, if the circumstances should warrant it.
We have searched the record in vain for evidence that the case was tried on the latter theory. It can therefore be eliminated, and the case, then, must rest upon the count for breach of contract, and whether the plaintiff has a right of action upon this theory, practically turns on the construction of the contract. We include a copy:
“This agreement, made and entered into the 20th day of March, 1-905, by and between the Malto-Grapo Co., Ltd., party of the first part, and W. E. Haas, party of the second part, Witnesseth:
“That the parties hereto, after a personal interview, have embodied the result of all previous and present negotiations into this writing; said agreement being as follows, to wit:
“1. The said first party hereby engages the said second party in the capacity of general sales agent, to conduct a sales agency in the city of Chicago, State of Illinois, for a period of two (2) years, from the date that the sales office is opened for the said second party, as hereinafter provided for, and for and in consideration of the faithful performance and fulfillment of each and all of the several agreements herein contained and agreed to between the parties, the party of the first part agrees to engage the said second party for a period of twenty-four (24) months, and agrees to pay the party of the second part one hundred and twenty-five dollars ($125.00) per month, and five per cent. (5) additional commission on all sales of said office during the continuance of this contract.
“2. The party of the first part agrees, at its own expense, to open and fit up an office or salesroom for the use of the party of the second part, at said city, in which the party of the second part shall carry on said business as herein provided for, and the party of the first part further agrees to supply stationery and circulars for the proper handling of the business. Also to sell and deliver such stock as it manufactures and sells as the trade of said office may require from time to time, at forty per cent. (40 per cent.) discount from retail or list prices, and to instruct said second party in the details of handling the business until he is sufficiently instructed in the estimation of said first party.
“3. At the expiration of the term and fulfillment of this agreement, the party of the first part further agrees to repurchase from said second party all stock that he may have on hand, purchased from said first party, paying therefor in cash the same prices originally charged him.
“In consideration of the foregoing and subsequent agreements, the said second party agrees to the following:
“1. That the said.party of the second part will and does hereby engage and agree to become general sales agent for the goods manufactured and sold by the party of the first part, as heretofore stipulated, for a term of two (2) years, and that he will devote his whole time and efforts to advancing the success of the business, and to satisfactorily perform the duties herein required of him, dealing honorably with the party of the first part, the public, and all persons with whom he may have business relations.
“2. That said party of the second part will supply no stock to agents, dealers or other purchasers from him that will in any way demoralize the trade, and only for cash with orders, or thirty (30) days’ time, if secured by the indorsement of some financially responsible party, or on some satisfactory letter of credit.
“3. Said second party further agrees to carry a stock of merchandise amounting to one thousand six hundred and sixty-six dollars and 66/100 ($1,666.66) at list prices, which shall be an assortment of the various goods manufactured or handled by said first party, such stock and assortment to be selected by the party of the first part, or to be jointly selected, and to be billed to said second party at forty per cent. (40) discount from retail prices, amounting to one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) net.
“ 4. The party of the second part further agrees to furnish the said first party with daily and weekly reports, and at the end of each month to forward to the party of the first part a report of all business done during the month, giving the names and addresses of any and all agents appointed, a full and accurate statement of expenditures, amount of goods sold, of money collected, and any other information regarding the business that may be desired by the party of the first part.
“5. As the permanent success of this business will depend upon a small amount of merchandise being sold, it is understood and agreed that the sales of each month shall amount to five hundred dollars ($500.00) which shall be considered the minimum amount of business necessary to constitute the fulfillment of this contract. If the sales of any month shall not amount to the minimum amount, namely, five hundred dollars ($500.00) and during the succeeding months sales should be in excess of the minimum amount to make up an average of five hundred dollars ($500.00) per month, this contract will thereby be fulfilled in this respect by the party of the second part.
“ If the sales at the end of the first year shall not have averaged five hundred dollars ($500.00) per month, the party of the first part reserves the right to cancel this contract, if it so desires, and upon such cancellation, shall repurchase from said second party all stock that he may have on hand, purchased from said first party, at prices originally charged. All sales to be made to agents at a discount of thirty-three and one-third per cent. (33£ per cent.) and to dealers at twenty-five per cent. (25 per cent.), from list or retail prices.
“6. It is mutually understood and agreed between the parties hereto that the said second party shall have the right and authority to collect all moneys for business done through said office, and at the end of each month, after deducting from the receipts of this office, the amount of his own remuneration, to wit, one hundred and twenty- five dollars ($125.00) and the necessary expenses such as rent, necessary office help, postage, advertising matter, office sundries, commission, etc., he shall remit the balance to said first party at its office in the city of Detroit. The party of the first part will then replace the stock sold during the previous month by the said party of the second part, without additional charge or expense to said second party, and in case the minimum amount of business required to be transacted shall not be sufficient to pay the necessary expenses of the office as herein provided for, cost of replacing stock sold, etc., such deficiency shall be made good by said first party at the end of each month.
“7. It is further mutually agreed by both parties hereto that said second party shall have the right to renew this contract at its expiration, it being .understood by both parties that the expenses incident to the opening of this office constitute the necessity of a permanent arrangement.
“ In witness whereof the parties of this contract have hereunto set their hands and seals in duplicate the day and year first above written.
[Corporate Seal.]
“Malto-Grapo Co., Ltd.
“ Per F. S. Doud, Gen. Mgr. [Seal.] “W. E. Haas. [Seal.]
“Received of W. E. Haas, one thousand dollars ($1,000.00) in payment for stock as per above contract.
“ Malto-Grapo Co., Ltd.,
“F. S. Doud, Gen. Mgr.”
Much is said in the briefs regarding the unfairness of this contract, and it can be truly said that it would have been quite as easy to give greater prominence to the fact that the plaintiff was not to be entitled to salary or commission, when his monthly sales were less than $500, as to separate the provisions relating to the subject, and thereby make plausible the charge of a design to mislead the plaintiff; but we feel compelled to say that the language will admit of but one interpretation, and we cannot say that the plaintiff did not fully comprehend it. He testified that he ceased to conduct the business under the contract about July 22d, and did not send in a monthly statement covering that month, as required by the contract, but sold the remainder of the property as well as he could. His report for May shows that his sales were $48.12, while his office expenses amounted to $95.75. He claimed a
Balance on expenses--------- $41 63
Salary for May......... 125 00
Commission---------- 2 40
Total...................... $169 03
He asked a check for this amount. This demand was mailed June 1st. On June 3d the defendant called attention to the fact that he had not complied with the minimum claim of the contract. For June the receipts of the month were $218.78; the expenses $209.11. He did not report for July, but testified that his sales were approximately $110, and expenses $190. He has not shown himself entitled to payment of salary or commission under the contract. This disposes of the first and second points discussed in the brief of the plaintiff’s counsel.
The third proposition is that the defendant unreasonably delayed the opening of the office in Chicago. The contract was made March 20th, and provided for plaintiff’s engagement from the date that a sales office should be opened in Chicago, which was done May 1st. The plaintiff found fault with the delay. The learned circuit judge was of the opinion that plaintiff had waived any claim that he may have had, upon this ground, by a letter in which he stated that defendant’s representative had “opened and fitted up the office in a satisfactory manner,” etc-., and “you have fully complied with your contract up to date.” So far as this delay is concerned, we think that the decision was right, and the same is true as to the delay in receiving the first consignment of goods of which the bill of lading was given to the plaintiff at that time. The goods were then in Chicago, but, not being delivered promptly, he investigated and found that they had been delivered to other parties, and they were not recovered and delivered until May 9th. There is nothing to indicate any blame on the part of the defendant or its agents. While the contract bound the defendant to sell and deliver goods to plaintiff at prices mentioned, we think it obvious that its duty was done when it properly and seasonably shipped such goods charges prepaid, and forwarded the bill of lading subject to its duty to reimburse for cartage. As soon as the error of the railroad company was brought to its notice, its officers hastened to find and see that the goods were delivered. The defendant was at liberty to appoint other agents in Chicago. There is nothing in the contract which deprived it of such right.
A claim is made that the goods shipped the plaintiff, and for which he paid in advance, were inferior goods, and were overcharged for. There are three such items: (1) 53 cases of Paw Paw grape juice for which he was charged $1.20 per gallon; (2) 60 cases apple juice, at $4.20 per case; (3) 55 cases Blood of the Grape, and not Malto-Grapo. The plaintiff claims that the retail or list price of the Paw Paw grape juice was less than the amount at which it was billed to him, and he offered testimony tending to show one instance where it had been sold at 60 cents. This was explained as a contract made at a special price some months before the contract with plaintiff was made. To prove his claim as to the apple juice, plaintiff offered to introduce a portion of an advertising circular issued by the defendant, in which the price per case was $3.25. The court is said to have excluded this because it was shown that it may not have been the price established for the year 1905. The 55 cases were claimed to have been of a quality inferior to Malto-Grapo. They were labeled “Blood of the Grape,” and this was not manufactured by the defendant. Some correspondence followed their shipment, and some time afterwards defendant offered to replace them upon their being returned. This correspondence began June 28th, when he wrote defendant that he held the goods subject to their disposal, and continued until August 2d. We are of the opinion that these were questions which should have gone to the jury. Complaint was made as soon as the error was dis covered, and even if it was his duty to ship the goods back, before shipment of those to be substituted, the correspondence shows a long delay and some difficulty in inducing defendant to adjust the matter. If there was any substance in plaintiff’s claim, he might have suffered damage, even though a substitution had been made later.
Error was assigned upon the exclusion of three letters, antedating and leading up to the making of the contract. They were inadmissible. The contract was the culmination of the negotiations, and as the case was presented we do not see that the plaintiff’s rights were injured by their exclusion, if they would be admissible under any circumstances which we do not decide.
Error is assigned upon the exclusion of an item of $4 for a sign. It would have been proper to submit the item to the jury.
The defendant joined in the bill of exceptions, and included assignments of error. The court ruled that' under this contract the defendant was under obligations to replenish plaintiff’s stock and directed a verdict for plaintiff, for amounts agreed to represent the quantity of goods claimed. Defendant’s counsel insist that this was erroneous. As the matter stands, the plaintiff has a judgment for these items. He has taken a writ of error, but the defendant has not. The parties evidently acted upon the assumption that one writ would bring up both appeals. We think this is not a proper practice. As there is yet time to take a writ of error, and as the case must be tried again, we dispose of the question. We agree with the construction placed upon the contract in this particular.
For the reasons stated, the judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered.
McAlvay, C. J., and Carpenter, Ostrander, and Moore, JJ., concurred. | [
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Champlin, J.
The defendants composed the firm of S. Babcock & Co., and in December, 18S4, were engaged in carrying on the lumbering business. In one of their camps they employed James Pinan as foreman. He was authorized to keep the time of the men, and when they wanted their pay to settle up with them - by giving them a statement, addressed to Babcock & Co., of the number of days which they had worked, and the price agreed to be paid, and their account at the camp signed by Pinan as foreman. lie was authorized to draw orders on the firm of Sailing, Hanson & Co. in the name of the firm of S. Babcock & Co., by himself as foreman. If he wanted money himself he drew his draft, or gave orders signed by himself, which if paid were charged to him individually. lie had the powers usually given to foremen of lumber camps. lie employed men and discharged them, kept their accounts in camp, credited them with their work, gave them their time, bought hay and potatoes, certified to correctness of bills, and the bills.were paid on his certificate. He gave his personal order or drafts, which defendants paid and charged to him. If on settlement with him such personal orders or drafts appeared to have been for the benefit of the firm, they were allowed and credited up to him on his personal account.
Thomas Hislop had been employed by defendants in their camp of which James Finan was foreman, and on the 6th of December, 1884, the defendants were indebted to him in a sum exceeding ten dollars. He, being indebted to Hugh Finan, procured from the foreman the following draft or order:
“Portage, December 6th, 1884.
S. Babcock <& Go. : Pay the order of Hugh Finan the sum of ten dollars, and charge the same to Camp 8.
James Finan.”
The foreman then charged Hislop with the amount upon the books, and Hislop delivered the order to Hugh Finan in payment of his debt to him. On the same day the foreman gave a similar order to Thomas Hislop, as pa}ree, for another ten dollars, which was paid by defendants on presentation. On the trial the camp-book ivas produced and identified by the foreman, in which two orders, amounting to twenty dollars appear charged to Thomas Hislop, under date of December 6th, 1884. The record shows that at the time of the trial no settlement had been had between Thomas Hislop and defendants, but that defendants still owed him ten dollars or more. The defendants never accepted the order in writing, and there was no evidence that it was ever presented for acceptance before suit brought. There vras evidence of a communication between plaintiff and defendants’ book-keeper respecting the order, which was immaterial, and admitted against the defendants’ objection on that ground, but in the view we have taken of this case its admission worked no injury to defendants, and the case will not be sent back for a new trial for that error.
The defendants’ counsel requested the court to instruct the jury as follows:
1. That the plaintiff was not entitled to recover from the defendants on the evidence.
2. That if James Finan understood that orders drawn by him on defendants in the form of the order sued on were, when paid, to be charged to him, then the order is not a liability against the defendants until accepted.
3. That plaintiff cannot recover on the facts of this case unless the order was accepted by the defendants in writing.
4. That the novation of the debt of Thomas Iiislop is simpljr a transfer of his claim against defendants to James Finan, but defendants would not thereby become liable to plaintiff, except through their written acceptance of the order in suit.
These requests were refused, and the court instructed the jury as follows:
“ I will say to you, and let it go upon the record, that if you find that this man was the duly authorized agent of Babcock & Co. to draw this kind of an order, and fix the amount of it, and give it to the man in payment for his claim, it would be binding upon the firm without a written acceptance, and the plaintiff should recover upon it, and would stand in the same situation as though Babcock himself had drawn it upon himself. There would be no question in the law if Michael Engclmann or S. Babcock had drawn this order and signed their names to it, either one of them; upon their firm it would be binding in law, and legal without any acceptance, because in itself, it fixed the liability of the firm; and I believe myself, at the present time, that if this man was the duly authorized agent for that purpose, and he drew it, that it would' stand upon the same basis in law as though it was drawn by S. Babcock or Michael Engelmann. Now, then, that being the law of the case, the next question is to apply the facts to that proposition of law, and decide this case properly and correctly. There has been proof introduced here on the part of the plaintiff tending to show that James Finan was the duly authorized agent for this purpose. If you find he was the duly authorized agent, you may allow the plaintiff to recover for the amount of this paper, and the interest upon it from the time the demand was made. On the other side, there has been proof offered' on the part of Mr. Babcock, one of these defendants, that he never authorized this man to draw this kind of a paper at all; that he never did; and he had no instructions and no authority whatever in that direction, and that he trespassed, and went beyond the scope of his agency, in this behalf, and therefore they are not liable. If that is true, then of course, they are not liable. ‘ If this man James Finan had no power to draw this, no authority to draw it, then it would stand upon the same basis as though I had drawn it, or you had drawn it, and would have no binding force whatever. Now, in settling that question, you are to be guided and controlled by the evidence in the case. You will take all the circumstances in the case together — -the conduct of this man Finan in making out papers, if any were made of this character, or a similar character, and the knowledge and acquiescence of Babcock & Co. Take into consideration the positive testimony of Mr. Babcock that he had no such power, or instruction or agency; take into consideration the testimony of Mr. Finan as to what he claimed the agency was,' — and then settle this case in such a way as satisfies your judgment as to what is right. I think, as a matter of law that on no other theory can the plaintiff recover in this suit. I think there was no such novation as would authorize the plaintiff to recover. I have thought that matter over somewhat, and I think the only chance for the party to recover in this suit is upon this order. That was the theory that the action was commenced upon; that was the theory the action was tried upon in justice court, and the theory upon which he can recover, — upon the mere theory that Mr. Finan was the duly authorized agent to draw this order, — and that will raise the question fairly; and if, as a matter of fact, the court should afterwards hold that this order is not valid until accepted, then it disposes of the case.”
The learned circuit judge was in error in instructing the jury that the plaintiff’s right to recover depended upon the order alone and upon the authority of Mr. Finan to draw it. If the order should be considered the basis of recover)7, independent of the transactions out of which it arose, the plaintiff could not recover without proof of acceptance. The writing is in the form of a draft, and does not differ in any of its essential features from that class of commercial paper; and if a recovery is sought upon it as such, the action and evidence must be governed by the law applicable to that class of contracts. The law is well settled that the rights and liabilities of parties to commercial paper are those which appear upon the face of the instrument, and that it is incompetent to show by parol proof that the maker of a draft or note signed it in the character of agent, where there is nothing upon the face of the paper to indicate that it was so signed, or for whom such agent acted in making the paper. Williams v. Robbins 16 Gray 77.
If the present case had been tried upon the theory státed by the court to the jury, we should feel compelled to reverse the judgment. The record, however, which contains all the evidence and proceedings upon the trial, shows that the case on the part of the plaintiff was tried in the circuit court upon a different theory. On the trial an amendment to the declaration, which we think was within the discretion of the trial judge, was permitted, under which it was competent to introduce evidence tending to prove the agency of James Finan and the novation of the indebtedness in question in this suit. And this was the theory upon which the plaintiff tried the suit in the circuit. There was no dispute respecting defendants’ indebtedness to Thomas Ilislop, nor of his to-Hugh Finan, nor of Hislop’s paying his debt to Finan by the order in question, which was charged to Hislop on defendants’ books. The jury found that Finan had authority to draw and sign this order as the agent of defendants. It follows that the indebtedness of defendants to Hislop to the amount of this order was paid and discharged, and also the indebtedness from Hislop to Hugh Finan, and that, instead of the indebtedness to Hislop, the defendants owed to Hugh Finan what they had before owed to Hislop. The facts proved operated as a complete novation, as we held under similar circumstances in Mulcrone v. American Lumber Co. 55 Mich. 622, decided at tlie last January termand the court should have submitted the case to the jury upon plaintiff’s theory.
The question remains whether the judgment should be reversed for this error. From the testimony in the case we do not see that there was any room for a different conclusion than that to which the jury arrived, and we are satisfied that upon the evidence the plaintiff was entitled to recover.
The only evidence upon which there was any dispute was the extent of the agent’s authority, and whether it extended to the making of the order. This question the court submitted to the jury, and they have found that it did. We do not see that the error of the court tended in any degree to prejudice the rights of the defendants; the whole question was gone into upon the trial, under the plaintiff’s theory, and the judgment must be
Affirmed, but without costs to either party in this Court.
The other Justices concurred.
This communication was by telephone with a person whom the plaintiff supposed to be defendants’ book-keeper, and the essential point in it was that the book-keeper admitted that there was nothing the matter with the order, and the firm would pay it when they got money, | [
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Campbell, J.
The circuit court for Isabella county having rendered a decree for taxes which is admitted to' be erroneous, and of no avail under present statutes, the only question presented to us is whether it should stand as a null decree, or should be formally annulled by reversal. "We think, in conformity with the practice usual in such cases, it should be reversed, and both State and respondent placed where they would have been had no proceedings been brought into court. A decree of reversal will therefore be entered, saving all rights belonging to the State prior to such proceedings unchanged, and restoring the defendant to any rights he would have had prior to such, proceedings. No costs will be awarded in either court
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cooley, C. J.
The declaration in this case contains but a single count. It alleges that on September 11, 1883, the plaintiff was
“ engaged in the carrying of passengers from a hotel, in the village of Quincy, located on the south side of the defendant’s track, by way of a certain public highway therein, called. Main Street, across the railroad track, where it crosses Main street, to the defendant’s railroad depot, located on the north side of said track; and thereupon ” on said day “ the plaintiff attempted to convey two passengers from the hotel aforesaid to the said depot with a wagon drawn by two horses belonging to and driven by him along the route and street mentioned, the said horses.being of ordinary gentleness and accustomed to being around ears and trains, but arriving at the place aforesaid, on Main street, where the defendant’s said railroad intersects and crosses the same, and across which said public highway is constructed, maintained and operated by the said defendant, the plaintiff was forced to stop, by reason of the said highway being there and then obstructed and rendered imjmssable by the defendant’s cars, to-wit, a freight train, composed of a number of cars, to-wit, twenty-five cars, drawn by an engine, all under the care and management of the defendants. And the defendants did then and there, by their said cars and train, obstruct the said public highway for more than five minutes at one time, to wit, at said time; that is to say, they negligently and unlawfully obstructed it for more than five minutes immediately- preceding the time when the plaintiff reached the spot as aforesaid, with their said cars and train, and unlawfully kept and continued the same obstruction therein for fifteen minutes after he reached the place, and carelessly neglected to cut the train and open a passage along said highway across said track at any time during said period of over twenty minutes, but wrongfully left the cars and train standing on the track across the said highway during all that time, totally blockading and preventing travel thereon during all of said period, well knowing people would need to use the street at said time in going to the depot with and without teams and wagons to meet the west-bound passenger train over said railroad, then nearly due at that station, and also knowing that the blockade of said highway, as aforesaid, made it an unsafe and dangerous place for teams to be caught in, and while the plaintiff was thus prevented by the wrong of the defendant from driving along said highway across the railroad track to the place of safety beyond, and while he was thus waiting for the defendants to o¡3en the freight train and let him pass through, and after the defendants, by the means aforesaid, had obstructed the said highway for more than five minutes; and while they continued to keep up and maintain said obstruction and blockade of the street, as aforesaid, — the said passenger train, run by the defendant over said railroad, arrived and departed, and as the engine drawing the same approached and passed the street and spot where the plaintiff was waiting as aforesaid, the defendants, by their servants in charge of the said passenger engine, carelessly and recklessly caused the same to exhaust great quantities of steam and, by negligently and wantonly opening various steam-cocks thereon, and by other means, caused, it to make a great noise. These, with the smoke and steam driven towards the plaintiff’s horses, the ringing of the engine bell, and the roar and confusion of the moving train, being calculated to frighten ordinarily gentle horses, blocked, as were the plaintiff’s, by the freight train on said street. And the plaintiff avers that by the wrongful acts of the defendants aforesaid his said horses and team were frightened and became unmanageable, and, without the fault of the plaintiff, and while he was' using all due care and diligence to hold and control them, they turned around and overturned the wagon wherein he and his two passengers were sitting, throwing them out, and throwing the plaintiff with great force and violence upon the ground and against the sidewalk, and then the team ran away, dragging the plaintiff on the ground four rods in his efforts to stop them,”
—with averments of'special damage, wherefore the plaintiff sues, etc.
It will be observed that two wrongs are imputed to the defendant by this declaration : the first being the obstruction of the public street for more than five minutes by one of its trains contrary to the statute ; and the second, the carelessly and recklessly causing the passenger engine as it was passing to exhaust great quantities of steam, etc., etc., whereby the plaintiff’s team became frightened and unmanageable, etc. As the injury of which the plaintiff complains is alleged to have been caused by this second wrong, the recital of the first was of no legal importance in the case, and can only be understood as made by way of explanation of the horses being where they were when the wrong from which the injury resulted took place. But the explanation is of no importance in the case: the plaintiff had a right to be with his horses where he was, and if the defendant wrongfully caused an injury to him while'there, it is responsible without regard to the reason for the plaintiff being there, provided he was himself without fault.
On the trial the plaintiff failed to give any evidence whatever in support of the allegation of wrong to which by his declaration he had attributed the injury. In fact he disproved the allegation by showing that, instead of there being any such careless and reckless conduct, nothing unusual occurred in the management of the passenger engine. The defense thereupon asked an instruction to the jury that they return a verdict for the defendant; but this was denied. On the contrary the jury was instructed as follows:
“If the defendant did not obey the law, and did obstruct plaintiff’s way there for more than five minutes at a time as complained of, and if the obstruction for the time over five minutes caused the injury, without any contributory negligence on the part of the plaintiff, then the plaintiff should recover. * * * nals and making the ordinary noises of moving trains, arrived, and passed west, and by reason of this unavoidable detention,, and while waiting to pass over the crossing, the plaintiff’s, team became by those surroundings frightened and unmanageable, without the fault of the plaintiff, while he was using proper care and skill to hold and control them, and they overset the wagon and run away, injuring the plaintiff and his property, the defendant must be held liable for the damages thereby resulting to him.”
If, in consequence of such blockade of the highway as I have before named, the plaintiff was unavoidably detained and prevented from passing with his team along it to the depot, until the passenger train, using the usual sig-
These instructions were erroneous. The plaintiff had not by his declaration attributed his injury to the illegal detention, and if he had, it would have been idle, for the particular injury of which he complained, namely, the fright and running away of his horses, could not have flowed from that detention as a proximate cause. The discussion of the question of proximate cause by this Court in Lewis v. Railway Co. 54 Mich. 55, is so recent and was so full, that further discussion now could do little more than to go over the same ground, and is therefore quite unnecessary. But the recent eases of Jackson v. Railway Co. 13 Lea 491 and Pittsburg &c. Railway Co. v. Staley, to appear in 41 Ohio, State Reports [page 118] are referred to as cases analogous to the present in their facts, and in both of which a conclusion was reached in harmony with the views here expressed.
A new trial must be ordered.
Campbell J. concurred.
Sherwood, J. I concur in the result. | [
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By the Court.
One John O. Brown filed his bill of complaint in the circuit court for the county of Iosco, in chancery, alleging that he was the owner of certain lands, describing them, in said county, and averring that these lands were fraudulently assessed for the taxes of 1883, and that under section 90 of the Tax Law of 1885 he was authorized to file ■said bill of complaint; and further, that “ the particular -defects mentioned in said bill were that the supervisors had acted fraudulently, and without jurisdiction, and had not legally imposed the tax; that the board of supervisors had made no proper direction in compliance with section 21 of said tax law in spreading these lands upon the tax roll; that the taxes were invalid for the reason that the law of 1882 had been repealed since the spreading of the tax, so as to -deprive complainant of a day in court for the hearing and legal determination of said taxes, and by the act of 1885 he is deprived of legal right to have such hearing; that the complainant is liable to be deprived of the possession and use of said lands, and will become liable to the State for cutting any timber thereon, and that the law is unconstitutional and void; alleges an assessment of from three to five dollars an acre for the year 1883; that these lands, in 1S83, were classed as stump lands, and all the valuable timber had long before been cut and removed ; alleges that the supervisor in making the assessment made no personal inspection or examination, but assessed the land much higher in proportion to assessments of the resident lands, and copied the same from the former assessment rolls; alleges that the just and legal valuation of said lands is not over one dollar an acre; that they are assessed at three dollars, their cash value ; alleges that interest has been added at the rate of one per cent, for each month; that sixty cents for each description of land has been added for alleged costs; and that the proceeding to a sale is a cloud upon his title; and prays that the county treasurer and the Auditor General may be restrained from such sale, and that the court may decree that said taxes are illegal, and said land not subject to a sale.”
TJpon the filing of said bill a temporary injunction was granted by the respondent, Judge Tuttle, restraining the county treasurer and‘the Auditor General, the relator, who were made parties defendant, from making a sale of said lands for said taxes of 1883. Afterwards said circuit judge refused on motion to vacate the order granting such injunction. Application was thereupon made to this Court, and an order granted that the circuit judge show cause why a writ of mandamus should not issue to compel the vacation of this order. The respondent answered, and the matter is now before us upon the petition and answer.
It is claimed by relator that the Tax Law of 1885, under which he and the county treasurer were proceeding to sell the lands for the delinquent taxes of 1883, as authorized by said act, contains a provision absolutely forbidding the issue of injunction to restrain such sale, as follows: “No injunction shall issue to stay proceedings for the assessment or collection of taxes under this act.”
The respondent claims that this clause has no application to this case, and that, in so far as it attempts to take from the circuit courts in chancery their power to grant proper relief in cases within their jurisdiction, it is in violation of the Constitution of this State. His counsel here also assert that inasmuch as the complainant, Brown, under the law of 1882, under which the taxes against his lands were assessed, had the right to appear in the circuit court in chancery, and defend against these taxes before a decree of sale could be made, and that by the repeal of that law he has lost that privilege, therefore the Legislature has no power to deprive him of all remedy which, by the ordinary power of chancery he has and ought to have; that his land cannot be sold without affording him a day in court equal to what he was awaiting and had a right to expect under the old law.
The complainant, in our opinion, made out a proper case for relief in his bill, and without the supposed intervention of this section or clause of the statute, was entitled clearly to the injunction granted.
"Without passing upon the authority of the Legislature to take away from- the circuit court in chancery the power to grant proper relief in a case where, without such relief, as here, the complainant would have a cloud and incumbrance placed upon his title to a large amount of lands, without any day in court to protect or defend against it, we think it could not have been the design of the Legislature that this clause forbidding the issue of any injunction should, apply to the sale of lands for taxes assessed and levied before the enactment of the present law, and that consequently the prohibition therein contained does not apply in this case.
The writ is therefore denied. | [
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Per Curiam.
Respondent made an order quashing an information filed by relator in the case of People v. Charles L. Carey upon the ground that that information which contained but one count charged two separate and distinct offenses. Relator by these proceedings seeks a mandamus compelling respondent to vacate said order.
Said information charges that said Carey, a druggist in the county of Van Burén, sold two quarts of beer to one Carl Hardenberg, and that neither he nor any employé of ■his made any record or report “ in any blankbook of the name of the said Carl Hardenberg, nor of the date of said sale, nor of the amount or kind of liquor so sold; ” and also that he did not, on the following Monday, as required by section 25, Act No. 183 of the Public Acts of 1899, make and swear to a report of said sale and deliver or mail the same to the prosecuting attorney of said county. We think respondent decided correctly that here were charged two separate and distinct offenses. The failure to record the sale in a blankbook is made an offense by section 5381 of the Compiled Laws of 1897, and the failure to make and send the report to the prosecuting attorney on the Monday of the following week is made another offense by section 25, Act. No. 183 of the Public Acts of 1899. This act is the so-called “ Local Option Act,” and is in force in Van Burén county. , It follows that respondent should not have been tried upon the information as it stood, because “the jury might agree upon a verdict of guilty while unable to agree upon any one of the charges.” Tiedke v. City of Saginaw, 43 Mich. 64. See, also, People v. Keefer, 97 Mich. 15; People v. Jackman, 96 Mich. 275; People v. Rohrer, 100 Mich. 126.
Relator contends that respondent instead of quashing the information should have compelled relator to elect upon which of these offenses the' trial should proceed. While we do not say that respondent may not properly have taken that course, we do say he was not bound to take it. He had at least the discretionary right to quash said information, and there was no abuse of that discretion.
Mandamus is denied. | [
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Campbell, J.
Plaintiff sued defendant to recover tlie amount claimed to be due and unpaid on transactions connected with building and repairing certain salt-well machinery and fixtures. Two wells were sunk and fitted at different times, and various repairs were made and articles furnished. Some defects were alleged in part of the work and apparatus. The entire controversy before us is narrowed down to one item for repairs to the first well, being the sum of $260 expended in the summer of 1870 for work done at that time.
The case was referred to George P. Cobb, as referee, who reported a series of charges on the one side and payments on the other to the amount of over $8800 on each side, leaving a small balance of overpayment due defendant. He disallowed the item of $260. Hpon this he found as follows : “ That some time in the summer of 1870, and about the month of August, plaintiff again repaired said well, and such repairs weré reasonably worth two hundred and sixty (260) dollars, but they were rendered necessary by a defect in the joining together of certain sections of tubing when first placed in the well by plaintiff, which defect was not discovered until such repairs were in progress.”
The original contract price for work concerning the well thus repaired was $3675. The referee found that the well was completed and put in operation in 1868, but defects were subsequently found in putting together some of the tubing, and in the derrick and boiler ; that some additional boring was done to the amount of $205, which plaintiff claimed to be extra. He also claimed $200 for furnishing a better engine than the contract required; and he claimed further various items for fitting tubing and for well-poles and their repair and for various other services and expenditures, amounting in the aggregate to $410. These various claims, if allowed, would have entitled plaintiff to not far from $4500.
In 1871 the parties agreed that the plaintiff’s compensation “for all the services, work, labor, materials and expenditures hereinbefore mentioned, should be three thousand seven hundred and fifty dollars; that defendant should waive all claim on his part for defects in said boiler, and in the construction of said derrick.” The $260 item was not mentioned in this finding.
There was testimony tending to show that the repairs called for in 1870 were made necessary by a failure to screw the tubing together properly, so that the ends moved and became worn, and the water and other substances leaked in so as to make it necessary to do what was done. And it also appeared that the precise nature of this defect was not discovered until the pipes were raised on that occasion.
It may probably be inferred from the finding that this item was not presented, or if presented, was not allowed on the settlement of 1871. The finding does not say distinctly how this was. It is claimed by plaintiff that the referee could not properly find that repairs called for by defendant should be entirely charged to plaintiff because there was some original defect which was allowed to lie for two years and become worse; and that there is no notice of recoupment.
It may be true that cases may arise where repairs which were rendered necessary by some original defect, are not chargeable absolutely to 'the contractor. In the present case he was not called upon to repair such damages on his own account when employed. If he had been, he might have declined the work and left the questions of wrong and damage to be determined by action. The fact of any wrongful defect was not learned till the work Avas largely done. If this stood alone, there might besóme doubt on the rights of the parties.
But the referee finds that in 1870 there was a settlement made and a balance struck. From the nature of this settlement it appears that claims of damage and of extra work Avere set up on either side, and a certain sum beyond the contract price Avas agreed upon. This Avork had been done a year before, and came within, the same class of charges which Avere alloAved for, and showed defects which Avere analogous to those Avliich Avere considered on the other side. It may fairly be presumed that it Avas one of those items Avhere the services of plaintiff Avere supposed to be no more than his liability for defects required him to make. Such is the fair purport of the referee’s finding. It would, under this finding, have been Aviped out, if there had been a notice of recoupment. The settlement of 1871, as found, included several items Avhich Avere technically rather matters of recoupment than set-off, except upon the theory, which seems to us the natural one, that all these items were treated by the parties as mutual charges for money and services, and not for damages as such. We can see no reason for excepting this item of $260 from the balances struck in the case, or for supposing it was not regarded as settled by the omission to name it in the compromise. And if not so settled, it would come fairly within the statutes of amendments, which would have justified the allowance of an amendment of the notice of defense to make the pleadings conform to the finding. No objection seems to have been made to the testimony on this item, and the**finding is, we think, supported by the testimony. But in our opinion, the record needs no amendment.
The judgment must be affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Morse, J.
This is a controversy mainly between an aged couple, liusband and wife, as to the ownership of a farm in Eaton county, purchased and taken in the name of the wife, Mary Ann Morgan, in September, 1875. October 19, 1882, she deeded the premises to defendants, Oscar and Joseph H. Morgan, sons of herself and complainant. Bark and Ells-worth hold a mortgage upon the land executed by Mary Ann Morgan in February, 1882.
From the testimony it appears that complainant married the defendant Mary Ann Morgan, in Summit county, Ohio, in 1841, having himself less than $200 in property, and she nothing. In 1844 they moved from Ohio to the state of Illinois, where they remained until 1850. Chauncey Gilbert, the father of complainant’s wife, owned a farm of 138 acres in the township of Norton, Summit eonnty, Ohio, and about this time, by verbal message and letter, invited them to return to Ohio, and move upon said farm, which they did. Gilbert executed and delivered to complainant the following contract, which was also signed by complainant:
“ This agreement made between Chauncey Gilbert, of Norton, Summit county, Ohio, am held and firmly bound unto Joseph Morgan, of the same place, in the sum of one thousand dollars, to be paid to the said Joseph Morgan, his executors, administrators or assigns. I bind myself, my heirs, executors, administrators, and each of them, firmly by these presents to make unto the said Joseph Morgan, Avithin one year from date, a good and sufficient title to the following described premises, to wit: Fifty-eight acres in lot No. 7, and eighty acres, it being the north half of lot No. 8 in Norton toAvnship, Summit county, Ohio, and bounded, the east by land owned by Bichard Carpenter; the north by township line and Peter Learch and B. Yan Evra; on the Avest by B. Yan Evra and IT. Sparhawk, the south by Pheneas Barnes; containing one hundred thirty-eight and tAventy-five one-hundredths, — in consideration of the said Joseph Morgan paying to the said Chauncey Gilbert the amount of a certain mortgage due Joseph Doman, two hundred dollars, on the above-described premises.
In Avitness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands and seals this ninth day of May, A. D. eighteen hundred and fifty. Chauncey Gilbert. [Seal.]
Joseph Morgan. [Seal.
Sealed and delivered in presence of T. II. Westfall.
John Bobertson.”
No deed of the premises was ever made, under this contract, to complainant, but some time in 1853 a deed of the same land was executed by Chauneey Gilbert to Mary Ann Morgan, and antedated to the 21th day of October, 1851, for the purpose, no doubt, of barring the wife of said Gilbert of her rights in the premises. Gilbert, having married between the date and the actual making of the deed, and fearing trouble with his wife, took this step to protect his daughter and her husband in their rights to the premises as against his wife. Complainant claims that this deed was made to his wife without his consent, and in fraud of his rights, and that she held the title to the same in trust for him. His wife claims that the deed was executed and delivered to her in consideration of the love and affection of her father for her and with the full and free consent of her husband, who was present. Hpon this farm they lived in apparent happiness and accord for twenty-five years, when it was sold, and the proceeds, or a part thereof, invested in the Eaton county farm. It is admitted that the deed to this farm was taken in the name of the wife, with the full consent of the complainant.
It is pitiful that these two old people, now both past the age of sixty years, after living so long together, rearing a family, some of whom are over thirty years of age, and by their joint labor acquiring this property, could not have passed peacefully down the decline of life to the end. And it is impossible to do entire equity between them. It seems to us that the children, who are divided in the quarrel between them, are at the bottom of this trouble and censurable for their conduct. The consequences of this folly or greed, unless amended by the future conduct of the parties, will be most sad in any event. If the prayer of the complainant be granted, and the bitterness now existing continues, the old lady will be left without anything except charity to save her from want; and if his complaint is denied, the old man will also depend upon the charity of his wife or the world. We cannot, however, divide this property between them ; the return of the mutual love and respect of their early married life alone can make provision for both; and the restoration of affection, with a forgetfulness of this unseemly strife, can place them both beyond want. We must decide where the title belongs, and we are constrained to hold that it is nowin the defendants Oscar and Joseph II. Morgan, to whom their mother conveyed it.
There is a great mass of evidence presented to us by the record, but the main facts and the real truth are to be found in the testimony of the complainant and his wife. The complainant’s own evidence does not satisfactorily establish, in our minds, that the title to the Ohio farm was not taken, held, and used by his wife, with his full and free consent. At least for a period of twenty years and upwards, he acquiesced in such holding and use by her. In 1861, Sophronia Gilbert, widow of Chauncey Gilbert, brought suit in Summit county, Ohio, for her dower in this farm. The complainant and his wife filed an answer to her petition in the court of common pleas for said county, in which the complainant, under oath, averred that the deed from Chauncey Gilbert to his daughter Mary Ann Morgan, was executed to her “ by the direction and consent of the said Joseph Morgan,” the complainant in this cause; and that said deed was executed to her partly from love and affection that the said Chauncey Gilbert boro to his daughter. "When the Ohio farm was sold, the unpaid purchase money was secured by a mortgage running to said Mary Ann Morgan; and the deed of the land now in controversy here was taken in her name, without the least objection on the part of the complainant. His excuse for the deed being made to her is that he then supposed the decision in the suit brought by Sophronia Gilbert established the title to the Ohio land in his wife, and that as soon as he learned this was not so he began to move to recover the Eaton county premises. But, in view of his own and his wife’s testimony, it seems to us, -with all the other facts in the case, that the true reason for bringing this suit is found in the separation of the parties, and their quarrels resulting therefrom. At any rate there is not that clear preponderance of testimony needed to give him the relief asked. There is not enough to warrant ns in now changing the title to this farm. If the evidence of the wife is to be believed, and it is certainly as consistent and reasonable as that of the complainant, she obtained the title to the Ohio property by his consent, as it is undisputed she did the land now in question. Nothing has since occurred in equity to divest her of it. She has clearly now the same rights as she had when this farm was purchased, and we do not feel disposed, at this late day, to take away from her what was given her by her father, and held for twenty-five years with the consent and acquiescence of her husband. It is evident that but for the unhappy quarrel originating through the children about the time of the beginning of this litigation, the complainant would still have been perfectly content with the title in his wife.
The decree of the court below must be affirmed with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Sherwood, J.
The plaintiffs in this case are merchants doing business in Cross Village, in the county of Emmet, and the defendants were the sheriff and two of his deputies in said county, in January,'1882, at the time the grievances complained of are alleged to have been committed. The suit is trespass, brought by the plaintiffs to recover of the defendants the value of a stock of goods levied upon by the sheriff while in the hands of the plaintiffs, upon an attachment issued out of the court against the goods and property of Pier & "Wagley, another firm of the same village. Plaintiffs claim that they bought the stock of goods of Pier & Wagley in good faith and for a fair consideration, without any intent on their part or any knowledge of any intent on the paid of Pier & Wagley, to hinder, delay or defraud any of the creditors of Pier & Wagley, and that while they were peaceably in the possession of the stock of goods the defendants came and took forcible possession of them, and converted them to their own use. The defendants admit that they took forcible possession of the goods; but assert that they were the goods and stock of Pier & Wagley, and subject to levy under the attachments; that they were not purchased in good faith by Hough & Wagley, or for a fair consideration, but that the plaintiffs took them knowing, or having good reason to believe, that Pier & Wagley were selling for the purpose of hindering, delaying or defrauding their creditors.
Three trials of the case have taken place at the circuit, two resulting in disagreement of the jury, and upon the last a verdict was obtained for the plaintiff for $2453.23. The defendants bring error. The record contains all the proceedings had upon the last trial.
The first assignment of error relates to testimony offered to prove the value of the use of the store in which the goods were kept, and the plaintiff’s business carried on, while the defendants occupied it under their levy. This was part of the damage necessarily sustained by the plaintiffs after their expulsion therefrom. The testimony was properly admitted. For the purpose for which the court admitted the testimony objected to, contained in the second assignment of error, it was competent and no error was committed in overruling the objection thereto. The remaining twenty-three assignments of error all relate to the charge given by the court, or to his refusal to charge as requested. At the request of counsel for the plaintiffs the circuit judge charged the jury as follows:
“(6) Pier & Wagley might as lawfully sell their goods to Hough & Wagley as to any other parties, and if made in good faith, and without intent to defraud the creditors of Pier & Wagley, then the title of Hough & Wagley is perfect, and the jury should find for the plaintiffs.
(7) The law presumes that all persons transact their business honestly and in good faith until the contrary appears from a preponderance of the evidence, and the burden of proving fraud in this case is on the defendants.
(8) All persons are presumed to be innocent of intentional wrong until they are proved guilty, and all persons are presumed to transact their business in good faith and for a lawful purpose until the contrary is shown; and when an act can as well be attributed to an honest intent and purpose as to a corrupt or unlawful one, then the jury are bound to attribute the act to an honest intent and to a lawful purpose.
(9) A fraudulent intent cannot be inferred by the jury without proof, but it must be proved like any other act to the satisfaction of the jury; and unless such fraudulent intent is proved on the part of both Pier & Wagley and Hough & Wagley by a preponderance of 'evidence, the verdict of the jury should be for the plaintiffs.
(10) The goods being in the possession of Hough & Wagley when the sheriff came with liis writ, the title is presumptive in Hough & Wagley, and cannot be overthrown except by satisfactory evidence.
(11) The law will not presume fraud from the relationship of the parties. A sale from a husband to a wife, or from a brother to a brother, when there is an actual change of possession, is presumed to be valid until the contrary appears by a preponderance of evidence.
(12) To establish fraud in this case on the part of Hough & Wagley, it is not enough for the jury to find that Pier & Wagley sold with intent to defraud their creditors, but defendants must also show that Hough & Wagley participated in that fraudulent intent.
(13) The jury are instructed, even if they believe from the evidence that Pier & Wagley sold the property in controversy to Hough & Wagley for the purpose of defrauding, hindering or delaying their creditors, still if the jury further believe from the evidence that Hough & Wagley, at the time of the purchase, had no notice or knowledge of such purpose, then the sale would not be fraudulent or void as to Hough & Wagley by reason of the fraudulent intent of Pier & Wagley, and the verdict should be for the plaintiffs.
(14) If Hough & Wagley purchased in good faith, the payment of $400 debt due from James E. Wagley to John Wagley, Jr., said debt being so applied with the consent of all the parties, and gave to Pier & Wagley, for the difference between the debt, $400, and the price of the goods, $1800, five hundred dollars in cash and their three negotiable promissory notes for $900, making a total of $1800, the price of the goods as alleged, Hough & Wagley got a good title as against creditors of Pier & Wagley, even though Pier & Wagley sold the property with intent to defraud their creditors.
(15) When property goes to pay an honest debt, that use of it is lawful, although it may cut off the redress of all others, and although intended so to do; and all the qualifications of delay and hindrance in such a case will not make the act fraudulent.
(16) The title of this property in Hough & Wagley is not in any manner impaired or affected, unless it shall appear that Hough & Wagley did not purchase for a valuable consideration, or had previous notice of the fraudulent intent, if any, of Pier & Wagley.
(17) The fact of the relationship of Pier & Wagley and Hough & Wagley is not of itself sufficient to establish fraud or a fraudulent intent on the part of either. And when the evidence is positive that there was no fraudulent intent, the fact of relationship is of but very little weight, and not sufficient to overcome such positive evidence.
(18) It is always competent to show the relationship of the parties to an alleged fraudulent conveyance, but the relationship will not warrant the finding of fraud in this case without evidence that Hough & Wagley knew that Pier & Wagley intended by the sale to hinder, delay and defraud the creditors, if such was their intent.
(19) If the jury find the facts to be that Hough & Wagley paid full value for their goods; that there was an immediate change of possession; that James E. Wagle,y, of the firm of Pier & Wagley, was indebted to John Wagley, of the firm of Hough & Wagley, in a large sum ; that by consent of all the parties said sum was applied on the purchase price of the goods; and that Hough & Wagley are not shown to have been indebted to Clark & Co., or that Hough & Wagley knew of any fraudulent intent on Pier & Wagley’s part, if such there was, — these facts are all circumstances to show the transaction a fair one.
(20) There is no fraud in the case unless you find — -first, that Pier & Wagley sold to Hough & Wagley with intent to defraud their creditors; second, that Hough & Wagley had notice of the intent, or had good reason to believe that such was their intent, and purchased with that notice to' aid and assist Pier & Wagleyfin carrying out that purpose. Both of these elements must exist.
(21) That if the jury find, after a full consideration of all the facts in this case, the defendants have not shown by a preponderance of evidence that Pier & Wagley intended to defraud, hinder or delay Clark & Co. in the collection of their debt, and that Hough & Wagley participated in such fraud, then they must find that the defendants have failed to make out their case, and the plaintiffs are entitled to a verdict.
(22) If the jury find for the plaintiffs, their verdict must be for the value of the goods taken and for the use and occupation of the building by defendant, with interest at seven per cent, from the date of levy and seizure, such amount to be determined by the jury from the evidence.
(23) Fraud will not be presumed upon slight circumstances. The proof should be so clear and conclusive as to leave no rational doubt of its existence, and the general rule is that fraud is to be fully proven, and is not to be lightly inferred.”
To the giving of each of the foregoing requests counsel for defendants excepted. Counsel also excepted to the giving of each of the following charges by the court:
“First. The jury are instructed that it is not material whether the parties to this transaction believed they had a right to make the sale and purchase in question or not. The law concerns itself rather with the acts of the parties and their necessary and material result, than with the emotions of their minds. Whenever the effect of a particular transaction with a debtor is to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, the law infers the intent, though there may bo no direct evidence of a corrupt or dishonorable motive, but on the contrary an actual honest motive existed. The law interposes and declares that every man is presumed to intend the actual and necessary consequences of his own acts, and the courts must presume the intention to exist when the prohibited consequences must necessarily follow from the act unless the contrary is shown by satisfactory evidence.
Second. You will determine whether or not Pier & Wagley in making the sale to Hough & Wagley intended to hinder, delay or defraud their creditors by putting their property in a situation to be out of reach of their creditors, if you should find that they did not sell to Hough & Wagley with the intent or for the purpose of hindering, delaying or defrauding their creditors, then you need not consider the case further than to estimate the damages of the plaintiffs, and your verdict will be for the plaintiffs as instructed in their requests to charge.”
The charge as given in the ninth request is not in accordance with the rule as laid down by the courts upon that subject. A fraudulent intent on the part of Pier & Wagley, and notice or knowledge of such intent on the part of Hough <& Wagley, is sufficient to avoid the sale, without any proof whatever of actual fraudulent intent on the part of these latter parties.
It is generally held that knowledge of facts sufficient to put an ordinarily prudent man on inquiry is all that is required, and the charge of the court went too far. Waite on Fraud. Conv. §§ 379-383; Atwood v. Impson 20 N. J. Eq. 150; Green v. Tantum 19 N. J. Eq. 105; Jackson v. Mather 7 Cow. 301; Prewit v. Wilson 103 U. S. 22; Willey v. Snyder 34 Mich. 60.
The twelfth and twenty-first requests, we think, are subject to the criticism that their tendency was to mislead the jury. Actual participation in the fraudulent intent of Pier & "Wagley, if any, was not necessary to make them liable; but if they knew or had notice of siich intent on the part of the former, the jury might properly find against them. These requests as given require too much.
In the twenty-third request, as stated in the record, and which was given by the court, the jury was told “ the proof of fraud should be so clear and conclusive as to leave no rational doubt of its existence.” Such is not the rule in civil cases. It applies only in criminal proceedings. Fraud, like any other fact, may be proved by any facts or circumstances which satisfy the mind "by a preponderance of .the evidence in any given case of its existence, and many times it is inferred, and properly so, from circumstances, and often can not be proved in any other way. O'Donnell v. Segar 25 Mich. 367. Mr. Justice Campbell, in discussing this question in Watkins v. Wallace 19 Mich. 77, where the language xised by the court was, “the proof must be clear and conclusive,” says: “'No such rigid rule prevails in any civil case. Common sense teaches every one to be cautious in arriving at conclusions which are prejudicial to character and honesty but if the testimony produces a rational belief, a civil jury cannot be required to discard it because it is not conclusively established.” In these views I.fully concur. The charge was erroneous, and it is difficult to say the jury were not misled by it.
The fifteenth request was misleading, and had better have been omitted. It was too general, and referring to the seventeenth request, it will be sufficient to sa.y the jury and not the court were to weigh, the fact of relationship of the parties, and give it such effect under the circumstances as they deemed proper.
No other errors are discovered in the record which we regard as harmful to the defendants ; but for those noticed and herein considered
The judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted.
Cooley, C. J. and Campbell, J. concurred. | [
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Campbell, J.
The general purpose of the bill filed in this case is to compel Gertrude Smith to abandon certain ejectment suits for an undivided interest claimed by her as heir-at-law of Ilenry Fish, deceased, who was her father, and to give up her claim to these lands and some others.
The basis of the complainant’s equities is in substance that some of the lands in question were owned by the firm of A. & II. Fish, composed of Allen and Ilenry Fish, and some of them were owned by I. N. Jenness & Co., composed of complainant- and the two brothers Fish. The bill however does not point out what lands belonged to one firm and what to the other. It appears that the title on its face was a tenancy-in-common, which was claimed to belong in equity to the respective firms.
The bill indicates, rather than avers, — for many of the statements are very vague and general, — that the firm of I. N. Jenness & Co. was largely indebted, partly to complainant and partly to others. It is not averred, but it appears, that complainant was bound in any event to bear one-third of this debt. It is also indicated that A. & II. Fish were indebted as a firm to I. N. Jenness & Co., but it does not appear what was the state of the accounts between A. & II. Fish, nor that there were not assets of that firm which would reduce or abrogate the necessity, as between Allen Fish and defendant, of resorting to the lands to pay the debts of that firm.
Neither does it appear with any certainty how the accounts of the individual partners of I. N. Jenness & Co. stood with that firm. It does appear that there were personal assets of the latter firm, but what was done with them, or how much they were, does not appear. It does not appear that any account was ever settled, or if any how, of either of the two partnerships, except by the transfer of lands to be mentioned.
With this preliminary foundation to explain all the equities supposed to exist for resorting to defendant’s land as partnership assets, the bill then shows that Allen Fish, as defendant’s guardian, applied in 1876 to the circuit court for the county of St. Clair, in chancery, under the statute providing for sales of infants’ lands, setting out various reasons, partly relating to the partnership matters, partly to executory land contracts outstanding, and partly to incumbrances, and seeking permission to sell defendant’s interest. At that time she was about seventeen years old, lacking four years of her majority. Under that petition leave was granted to the guardian to make sales, and to report them for confirmation. It is not averred that orders were made to carry out any particular contracts or trusts. The power was a general one to sell. Under this statnte no conveyance could be made, or sale completed, until reported to the court, and sanctioned in each case. How. Stat. § 6727. No sales were ever reported.
Under this order, but without any right, Allen Fish, as guardian, conveyed lands valued at $15,800 to Eliza A. Jenness, complainant, and himself in his own right, joining also. Some of this land appears to have been conveyed away by Eliza A. Jenness, and some not. The consideration was the crediting of the consideration money on I. N. Jenness & Co.’s debt to complainant. How much of this land belonged to one firm and how much to the other does not appear.
Other lands were conveyed to a number of different grantees by the same grantors for an aggregate amount of over $7000. No explanation is given of what became of this money. All these deeds were made in 1877.
January 3, 1878, it is averred that Allen Fish and complainant camq to an accounting of the affairs of I. N. Jenness & Co., including the balance due from A. & H. Fish. It is claimed that A. & IT. Fish owed Jenness & Co. about $13,000; that Jenness & Co. owed complainant about $29,-000, and other creditors about $21,000; and that the Jenness & Co. lands were mortgaged for about $23,000, and the A. & H. Fish lands for about $12,000.
On that day Allen Fish, for himself and as guardian, conveyed to complainant all the remaining lands of both firms, subject to the mortgages, in consideration that complainant would pay all debts and assume the mortgages. This he claims to have done.
After defendant came of age she began quite a number of ejectment suits against various parties claiming under the guardian’s deeds, and as complainant represents, under his grants. These suits include actions against himself and against Eliza A. Jenness.
The bill is based on these invalid guardian’s deeds which it claims should be made valid, and on some vague charges of complicity in fraud between defendant and Allen Fish in procuring a settlement of Henry Fish’s estate without having these claims presented.
To this bill a general demurrer, with special objections on several grounds, was put in, and was sustained, and the bill dismissed without prejudice.
In our opinion the bill was properly dismissed. It is not disputed that if these lands were partnership lands, they were liable to be used for partnership purposes, in case of lack of other means. But, inasmuch as they were held by tenancy-in-common, the relief could only be worked out in equity, unless the guardian’s deeds were good. But there can be no claim that they are valid, and there is no way wherein void guardians’ deeds can be confirmed as such.
As the bill rests entirely on this claim, and contains no other, it is impossible to help it as it stands, and while perhaps the court below might have allowed amendments, yet none appear to have been asked, and the dismissal being without prejudice, and involving no more than the mere costs on demurrer, there could be no appeal on that ground.
But the defects on any theory are so considerable that an entirely new bill or set of bills cannot be dispensed with. To get relief, against defendant as an heir holding a partnership interest in trust, it is manifest that the bill should show not merely in a general way the partnership character ; but where there are two firms, in one of which complainant was not a member, it must appear what interests belonged to each, and what was the condition of each, so as to denote the liability of the different lands. That could only be reached by some sort of an accounting, and no such accounting could bind any one unless Allen Fish was represented before the court.
The defects however go further. The bill is substantially a bill to quiet the titles under the guardian’s sales. These titles are held in severalty, and, before any decree can be had, the owners must be represented so as to be bound by it in case the decree is adverse. Probably the original connection of these titles may be such that a bill to join them would not be multifarious. At any rate we do not now see that it would. But no person not interested in the title can file a bill to quiet it, and if complainant is interested as he seems to be, it is indirectly, and no suit by or against him could bind the other persons owning the lands, as they must be bound if any decree will be of any value. Complainant does not and cannot in his own name represent them.
The present bill is so entirely deficient in any of the important requisites that it cannot be maintained. Ve are not informed by the printed record what steps were taken to give the security, without which proceedings at law cannot be enjoined. The statute is imperative. Carroll v. Farmers' & Mechanics' Bank Harr. Ch. 197; How. Stat. § 6692
The decree must be affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Per Curiam.
Defendant was charged with and convicted of unlawful delivery of a controlled substance, heroin, MCL 335.341(l)(a); MSA 18.1070(41)(l)(a), and sentenced to 1 year in prison. Defendant’s motion for a new trial, based on the same issues raised here, was denied on August 14, 1978. He appeals as of right, claiming (1) that the prosecutor failed to produce res gestae witnesses and (2) that a search warrant obtained and executed seven days after the delivery at issue was based on stale information.
Persons present at the scene of a crime are presumed to be res gestae witnesses able to testify regarding their observations. People v Abdo, 81 Mich App 635, 642-644; 265 NW2d 779 (1978), People v Hicks, 63 Mich App 595, 597; 234 NW2d 720 (1975). Prosecutors are required to endorse all such persons’ names on the information, MCL 767.40; MSA 28.980, and to produce these witnesses at trial. See People v Hammack, 63 Mich App 87; 234 NW2d 415 (1975). However, if the prosecutor does not comply, it is the defendant’s responsibility to move for a hearing during trial or for a new trial prior to seeking appellate review. People v Robinson, 390 Mich 629; 213 NW2d 106 (1973).
In the case sub judice, although defendant most likely was aware of the several persons in his apartment at the time of the heroin delivery, he did not raise the production issue at trial. However, he did move for a new trial at the trial’s conclusion, properly perfecting the issue for appeal under the authority of Robinson, supra. Although defendant complied with preservation procedure, we find on the merits that witness presentation was excused under an established exception to the production rule.
" 'Where the identity of the res gestae witness is made known to the defendant during or before trial and defendant does not move for endorsement or production of the witness [presentation is excused].’ ” People v Hernandez, 84 Mich App 1, 14; 269 NW2d 322 (1978), quoting People v Buero, 59 Mich App 670, 674-675; 229 NW2d 880 (1975).
Defendant presumably knew the identity of the persons in his apartment, but failed to disclose this information to the prosecution or move for the production of the witnesses during trial. See Hernandez, supra. Whether this defendant actually delivered the heroin was never actually contested. Nor was there any question of identity. Any testimony that the witnesses could have given would not likely have affected the trial’s outcome. Therefore, we find that the prosecutor’s failure to produce was, at most, harmless and reversal on this basis is unnecessary. See Hernandez, supra, People v Phillips, 75 Mich App 690; 255 NW2d 733 (1977), People v Bennett, 68 Mich App 446; 243 NW2d 15 (1976).
Defendant further seeks reversal on the ground that the search warrant, obtained and executed seven days after the heroin delivery at issue, was based on stale information. There is authority for the quashing of a warrant based on outdated probable cause. People v Siemieniec, 368 Mich 405; 118 NW2d 430 (1962). However, as with the witness issue, the present defendant failed to object at trial. In fact, defense counsel specifically denied that the search would be challenged as illegal or improper. Thus, on the facts of this case we conclude that defendant effectively waived his right to challenge the search warrant.
Assuming, arguendo, that a post-trial motion for a new trial effectively preserved defendant’s appellate rights on the search warrant issue, we conclude that the warrant was not stale. It is well-settled that probable cause supporting the search warrant must exist at the time of its issuance. Sgro v United States, 287 US 206, 210; 53 S Ct 138; 77 L Ed 260 (1932). The lapse of time between the circumstances underlying the warrant and the warrant’s execution does not automatically indicate staleness. United States v Townsend, 394 F Supp 736 (ED Mich, 1975).
"There is no hard and fast rule as to how much time may intervene between the obtaining of the facts and the making of the affidavit upon which the search warrant is based” People v Mushlock, 226 Mich 600; 198 NW 203 (1924).
Certainly the passage of time is a consideration in judging a search warrant’s vitality. See People v Willis, 243 Mich 164; 219 NW 609 (1928), People v Mayes, 78 Mich App 618; 261 NW2d 22 (1977), People v Gould, 61 Mich App 614; 233 NW2d 109 (1975). One must look to the history of criminal activity involved; in a pattern of violations the lapse of time is less critical. Townsend, supra, at 744. Also necessary to consider is whether any supplemental information has been received to confirm the basic information supporting the warrant. See United States v Harris, 403 US 573; 91 S Ct 2075; 29 L Ed 2d 723 (1971). In the final analysis, the measure of a search warrant’s staleness rests not on whether there is recent information to confirm that a crime is being committed, but whether probable cause is sufficiently fresh to presume that the sought items remain on the premises. Townsend, supra, at 745.
In the instant case, the record reveals that the first delivery on January 10, 1978, which forms the basis of defendant’s conviction, was not an isolated occurrence. There was a second delivery on January 16, 1978, attested to in the affidavit accompanying the search warrant and in testimony at trial. Thus, although there were seven days between the original information and the search warrant of January 17th, there was corroborative information obtained just 24 hours before the warrant’s issuance. We cannot then say that the search warrant was stale.
We conclude that both of defendant’s arguments on appeal are without merit. Accordingly, his conviction is affirmed.
In cases like the present, where only the defendant is aware of the witnesses’ identity, we are persuaded that the prosecutor is excused from endorsement and production by People v Buero, 59 Mich App 670; 229 NW2d 880 (1975). However, the Buero exception does not relieve the prosecutor of his duty to endorse res gestae witnesses of whose identity he is aware, without the necessity of a motion to endorse by defendant. See People v Reynolds, 93 Mich App 516; 286 NW2d 898. | [
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Morse, C. J.
Defendant moved the circuit court for the county of Clinton for leave to appeal from a justice’s judgment against him in favor of the plaintiff, after the expiration of five days from the rendition of the same, under How. Stat. § 7005. The judgment against him was rendered March 16th, 1885, for $170 damages and $10 costs, before H. ~SV. David, Esq., a justice of the peace in the township of Eagle. Defendant resides in Dallas. It appears that on the 18th of February, 1885, he employed Cook & Daboll, attorneys at St Johns, to defend this suit, and on the 20th of that month Cook appeared for him therein, and the cause was adjourned until March 2, 1885, without joining issue; that said Cook informed him on the 20th of February that it would not be necessary for him to subpoena any witnesses or to take any steps in the cause until he was notified by his attorneys. On the 19th of March, 1885, he was informed by them that the suit had beeir adjourned until the 26th day of that month. Heard nothing about the matter after that until the 23d day of March, 1885, when said Cook notified him not to subpoena witnesses until further notice, as his attorneys had sent a stipulation to the attorneys for plaintiff adjoui’ning the cause until April 22, 1885. On the 25th of March he received a telegram from his attorneys not to go to Eagle till further notice; that he wholly relied upon them to manage his suit, and rested upon their advice, not knowing anything about a judg'ment being taken therein until the 27th of March, 1885, when he was waited upon by a constable with an execution. It was too late then to appeal, and he claims that ho has á good defense on the merits to said action, and that the circumstances bring him within the statute.
It appears satisfactorily to us that on the 2d day of March the suit was further adjourned by stipulation between Mr. Daboll and the plaintiff or his attorney; that the plaintiff understood the adjournment to be to March 16th, 1885, when judgment was taken, no one appearing for defendant; that Mr. Daboll understood the case was adjourned until March 26th, 1885, and that he and Mr. Cook learned nothing to the contrary until March 25th, the date of their telegram to defendant; that on the 22d of March, Mr. Cook wrote Mr. McPeek of Grand Ledge, the attorney of plaintiff, sending him a stipulation to further adjourn the suit until April 22, 1885, and in a reply to this letter, received March 25th, first learned of the rendition of this judgment.
It is not contended that there was any bad faith on the part of defendant or either of his attorneys. The defendant rested, as any other client would, upon the assurances of his attorneys that he need not prepare for trial until notified hy them. The attorneys were honestly mistaken as to the date of the adjournment. When plaintiff or his attorneys first learned of this judgment it was too late for appeal. Under the circumstances, we think the plaintiff is entitled to relief.
The circuit court must grant him leave to appeal, but no costs will be allowed to either party in this Court.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Campbell, C. J.
This was a proceeding under the lien law, to establish a lien on a lot in Grand Kapids for lumber furnished defendant Holcomb, to be used in a house to be built on that lot. The building contract was made with a firm known as Bennett, Osburn & Co., and Holcomb agreed with them to furnish the lumber to be used by them The lot was owned by Edwin E. Sweet and between them there was a mere verbal understanding which never took written shape until December 27,1883, when Sweet conveyed to Holcomb and took back a purchase-money mortgage for $1800, which included $1150 which he was to advance to help pay for the building. These papers were to be retained by Sweet to secure the completion of the work. No money was paid to Sweet, the whole purchase money being left on credit. In January, 18S4, Holcomb desired to sell, and Sweet made a sale for him to defendant Moore, for $1000 over and above the mortgage, for which sum the property was to be taken with the building completed. To secure this, $338.50 was retained until adjustment, and on April 4, 1884, the whole balances were adjusted, and the business closed up. Cn the same day the deeds and moi’tgage were recorded. After the money had all been paid, and papers delivered, Sweet was first informed that complainants set up a claim for lumber furnished. On the same day complainants filed their notice of claim of lien, but this was done after the other papers were recorded.
Upon all the facts it is very doubtful whether complainants would have had any claim had Holcomb made no sale. Their contract is shown to have been made on or before December 1, 1883, and lumber was then furnished, and we are not satisfied that it was made upon any reliance but Holcomb’s personal obligation. No reference was made to the lot by any description which could identify it. But at that time Holcomb had no right, either at law or in equity, to the land. There was, at most, a vague verbal understanding which at that time was not partly performed to any such extent as would create an equitable title. It was not until December 27 that anything definite existed, and at that time the larger part of the lumber had been furnished. The statute only gives a lien upon such interest as the owner had when materials began to be furnished. How. Stat. § 8377.
But there is a more serious difficulty. By section 8378 it is provided that no lien shall attach unless the claimant shall file a written notice of the claim under his contract, which may be for what is to be furnished as well as what is already furnished ; and a copy of this notice is to bo served on the parties interested in the land. The filing and service (it is provided by § 8379) shall not bind the landowners or parties interested in the land beyond the sum then due or to become due thereafter ; and of such amounts notice and proofs must be given, as required by § 8380. And it is declared by § 8379 that the indexing and filing of the notice of intention to claim a lien “ shall have the same effect as to notice as the recording of a mortgage.”
It is impossible under this statute to hold that the Legislature meant to so far deviate from the long-settled policy of the laws as to allow the title to real estate to be hampered and clouded by claims of which no one has means of knowledge. The fair meaning of § 8378 is that until the proper notice is filed no lien shall attach to the land. Otherwise it would be open to the unreasonable construction that a lien might exist in the mere intention of the contractor, although remaining dormant and unheard of, and that on the last day allowed for filing the notice it could bo filed and given retro active effect in fraud of all intermediate claimants. This is not a natural construction. It is definitely destroyed by the clause declaring the effect of the record. It is thereby put on the same footing as the recording of a mortgage, and under the recording laws, such a record could not affect previously vested rights obtained in good faith without notice of it.
Moore was clearly shown to be abona fide purchaser, without notice, of the fee-simple of the land, and the lien as to him is void. The court below took this view of the matter and rightly dismissed the proceedings with costs.
The decree must be affirmed, with costs of this Court.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Morse, C. J.
The defendant was convicted before a justice of the peace of violating section 2 of Act No. 259 of the Session Laws of 1881, by selling intoxicating liquor to one Charles Neif, a person in the habit of getting intoxicated. The justice sentenced him to ten days’ imprisonment in the county jail, and that he pay a fine of $25 and the costs of prosecution, assessed at $76.54, and in default of the payment of said fine and costs he should be further imprisoned, not exceeding ninety days in all. From this defendant appealed to the circuit court for Genesee county. Upon his trial there he was again convicted on ■ the 28th day of November, 1883. On the 3d day of December following defendant was brought before the bar of the court for sen tence, at which time, on the motion of the court, sentence was deferred until the first day of the next term of court. On the 29th day of February, 1884, which was not on the first day of term, defendant was again brought into court, and the sentence deferred until March 10, 1884. There is no record of any court proceedings in March, but the affidavit of defendant, hereafter mentioned, shows there was no session on the 10th.
The next proceeding we find is May 26, 1884, when it appears from the journal entry of that date that on motion of the prosecuting attorney defendant was again brought before the court for sentence. His attorneys objected, alleging as their ground of exception that he should have been sentenced at the November term of 1883, and that he could not then be legally sentenced, which objection was overruled and the ruling excepted to by defendant’s counsel. A desire being expressed by them to take the case to the Supreme Court, and a request made for a delay of sentence, it was again deferred until the first day of the next term, being August 18, 18S4, and twenty days were given defendant in which to prepare and settle his bill of exceptions. It was also ordered that he enter into a recognizance in the sum of $500, with two sureties, to appear on the first day of next term and prosecute his bill of exceptions in the Supreme Court to effect. On the 18th day of August the defendant not appearing in court, and not having prepared or settled any bill of exceptions, on motion of the prosecuting attorney it was ordered that an attachment issue to bring him into court for sentence. The writ of attachment was issued on that dhy in accordance with said order, which was returned September 2, 1884, with the following indorsement:
“State of Michigan, Genesee Go., — ss.: I do hereby return that after diligent search and inquiry I am unable to find the within-named Thomas Kennedy in my bailiwick.
Eugene Parsell, Sheriff.”
Nothing further appears in the record until September 22, 1884, when an order was entered that sentence having been deferred until that term of court, and Kennedy not having appeared, it was further deferred until the first day of the next term, and the court adjourned without day. The next step in this rather peculiar course of justice occurred on the 6th day of December, 1884, which was not the first day of term, when it was ordered by the court, after reciting the fact of conviction and other proceedings, “ that said respondent appear on the first day of the next term of this court for sentence, and that sentence herein be, and the same is hereby, deferred until said time.” Thereupon the court adjourned without day. The action of the court in relation to the defendant again slept until the 4th day of March, 1885, which was not the first day of term, when an order was made reciting that defendant had failed to appear according to the terms of the last order, and that attachment issue at once for the apprehension of said Kennedy, and that the sheriff “ have him forthwith by his body before the court to receive that which shall then and there be enjoined upon him.” The attachment was issued, and defendant brought into court by virtue of it the next day.
Defendant made a showing by affidavit setting forth that he was convicted in justice’s court September 13, 1883, filed his appeal in the circuit October 8,1883, and the subsequent proceedings until March 10, 1884; that on that day he appeared at the court-house in accordance with the order of February 29th, and was informed by the clerk that court was not in session, and thereupon went home. He did not voluntarily appear in court again until May 26, 1884, when he was present as a witness to testify in a civil cause. He objected to the jurisdiction of the court to pass sentence upon him, and prayed to be discharged. The court refused to discharge him from custody, and sentenced him to ten days in the county jail, and that he pay $25 fine and costs, amounting to $145.54. In default of payment of fine and costs at the end of the ten days, he was to be further confined until they were paid, the whole period of imprisonment not to exceed ninety days. In the items of costs as taxed against the defendant was $24 for twelve jurymen one day each.
No issue being raised upon the affidavit of defendant, and it being made a part of the record, it appears, therefore, that no court was held on the 10th day of March, 1881; that the defendant was there for sentence ; and that no further notice was taken by the court of his case until May 26,1881, when, being present as a witness, the court undertook to assume jurisdiction over him and to pass sentence. If the court had lost the right to sentence, the fact that his attorneys requested delay in passing it, when they had objected to his power to sentence, so as to make a case for review in this court, could not confer upon the circuit judge any new power to act in the premises.
It appears that until the 10th day of March, 1881, the defendant was held to appear for sentence under the recognizance he gave on appeal from justice’s court. The orders made by the court, December 3,1883, and February 29,1881, both continued by express terms the recognizance then given. There is no doubt that the circuit court has power to defer sentence for a reasonable period for any proper purpose, such as allowing time for defendant to make a motion for new trial or take exceptions to the Supreme Court, or for the circuit judge to inform himself relative to the proper sentence to pass upon the defendant.
In this case the order of the court made on the 3d day of December, 1881, was reasonable and proper, and perhaps the circuit judge had the right and power during the next term, although he did not act upon the matter the first day thereof, to again defer sentence until the 10th day of March. But when the defendant appeared on that day in obedience to the order of February 29th, and found no court in session, his bondsmen were not only released, but we think the defendant was absolved from any further attendance upon the court. When he was convicted on the 28th day of November, 1883, if sentence had been at once imposed upon him, the utmost length of his imprisonment on account of not paying fine and costs, namely, ninety days, would have expired on or before the day the second order deferring sentence was made. If the defendant, for want of bail, had been in the county jail, it is obvious that tbe circuit judge could not, upon his own motion, and without apparent reason, have deferred sentence until the 26th day of May, 1884, and then imposed upon defendant the full penalty of the law. The defendant, even after conviction, has some rights that a court is bound to respect, and is entitled to have his liberty as soon as the limit of the law, reasonably administered, will permit. The principle in this case is the same as if the defendant had been in confinement, as he was under bonds and in the custody of the court; and the deferring of sentence was not ashed by him or his counsel. We think the court lost jurisdiction on the 10th of March, 1884, and that the sentence passed upon the defendant a year afterwards was null and void.
We wish, however, to call attention to the imposition of costs in this case. We know of no authority in the circuit courts to add the per diem of jurymen to the fine and costs in a case like this. It costs a litigant in a civil cause only three dollars for a jury trial, and certainly it would be monstrous to establish a practice of punishing persons convicted of misdemeanors for demanding what the Constitution of the State gives them — a trial by jury.
The judgment of the circuit court is reversed and the defendant must be discharged.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Cynar, J.
On March 6, 1979, this Court made a determination that charges were properly brought against defendant for equipping his car on December 3, 1976, with a radar detector, more commonly known as a "fuzzbuster”, in violation of MCL 750.508; MSA 28.776. People v Gilbert, 88 Mich App 764; 279 NW2d 546 (1979).
An application for rehearing filed by defendant-appellant was denied May 8, 1979. However, on June 29, 1979, this Court, on its on motion, ordered the application for rehearing granted, only to consider what effect, if any, the Federal Communication Commission’s (FCC) regulatory scheme as amended effective January 2, 1979, has on this Court’s original opinion.
The Federal Communications Act of 1934 vested authority in the FCC to regulate radio transmissions and to issue licenses for radio stations and further gave the FCC power to enact rules in order to implement a regulatory scheme.
Part 89 of these rules, entitled Public Safety Radio Service, was in effect at the time defendant was charged. The purpose of the rules was declared to be "to provide a service of radio communication essential either to the discharge of non-Federal governmental functions or to the alleviation of an emergency endangering life or property”. See 47 CFR 89.1(b) (1977).
Under 47 CFR 2.1 (1977) and 47 CFR 2.105-2.106 (1977), the frequency range from 10,500 to 10,550 MHz has been assigned for radar use. Further, under 47 CFR 89.101 (1977), as in effect at the time defendant was charged, the same frequency range was expressly, though not exclusively, assigned to the Police Radio Service, a subpart of the Public Safety Radio Service. See also 47 CFR 89.309 (1977).
Based upon the above provisions, this Court concluded that, since the above megahertz frequency range was "assigned for police purposes”, any radar detector or "fuzzbuster” which would monitor and receive radio signals within such frequency range was a radio receiving set within the meaning of MCL 750.508, and any person who equipped a vehicle with the same would be subject to the proscriptions and sanctions of that statute.
However, effective January 2, 1979, Chapter I of Title 47 of the Code of Federal Regulations was amended by deleting Parts 89, 91, and 93 of the FCC rules and regulations, and by substituting therefor Part 90-denominated Private Land Mobile Radio Services.
Under Subpart F, the Radiolocation Service, one section has been devoted to establishing requirements for eligibility for authorizations to operate radiolocation devices. This section, § 90.103, reads in relevant part:
"(a) Eligibility. The following persons are eligible for authorizations in the Radiolocation Service to operate stations to determine distance, direction, speed, or position by means of radiolocation devices, for purposes other than navigation:
"(1) Any person engaged in a commercial, industrial, scientific, educational, or local government activity.
"(2) A corporation or association that will furnish radiolocation service to other persons.
"(3) A corporation that will furnish a nonprofit radio communication service to its parent corporation, to another subsidiary of the same parent, or to its own subsidiary where the party to be served is regularly engaged in any of the eligibility activities set forth in this paragraph. * * *”
Later in the same section, the frequency range in question, 10,500 to 10,550 MHz, is deemed available for assignment to stations in the Radiolocation service. Nowhere in this section is an assignment of this range made to the Police Radio Service, either exclusively or otherwise. See § 90.103(b). Nor does Subpart B of Part 90, Public Safety Radio Services, refer to said range of frequencies in any of its subsections.
However, this does not end our inquiry. We must also examine the FCC’s licensing scheme to determine whether that impacts upon our decision. According to testimony given at trial by a radar technician, under the FCC licensing scheme, the frequency of 10,525 MHz is reserved for police purposes. At the time a police department purchases a radar unit, they submit a license application to the FCC, and are granted the same without delay. Under this licensing scheme, the license indicates that the frequency in which the radar unit operates, i.e., 10,525 MHz, is assigned for police radar purposes.
Although Part 90 no longer mentions the Police Radio Service, the licensing scheme of the FCC does not appear to be affected by the FCC’s amendment of the relevant rules and regulations, at least on the record before us. As such, we find that under MCL 750.508, the frequency of 10,525 MHz, at which radar devices operate, is still assigned by the FCC for police purposes. Accordingly, we find no grounds for disturbing the result reached in our original opinion in this matter.
88 Mich App 764 (1979) is affirmed.
This provision, the statute under which defendant was charged, states:
"Any person who shall equip a vehicle with a radio receiving set that will receive signals sent on frequencies assigned by the federal communications commission of the United States of America for police purposes, or use the same in this state unless such vehicle is used or owned by a peace officer or a bona fide amateur radio operator holding a conditional, general, advanced or extra class amateur license issued by the federal communications commission, without first securing a permit so to do from the commissioner of the Michigan state police upon such application as he may prescribe, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment in the county jail not more than 1 year or by a fine of not more than $500.00 or by both such fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court.”
47 USC 151 et seq.
Subpart A of Part 90 was labeled General Information. Subpart B, Public Safety Radio Services is subdivided further into: (1) Local government radio service; (2) Police radio service; (3) Fire radio service; (4) Highway maintenance radio service; and (5) Forestry-conservation radio service. Subpart C is captioned Special Emergency Radio Service, Subpart D, Industrial Radio Services, and Subpart E, Land Transportation Radio Services. Each subpart additionally identifies specific services within the general categories.
Finally, Subpart F is entitled Radiolocation Service, the scope of which is to accommodate "the use of radio methods for the determination of direction, distance, speed, or position for purposes other than navigation”. 43 Fed Reg 54,829 (1978) (to be codified in 47 CFR 90.101). | [
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Per Curiam:
Stanley Stachow, Jr., claimant in the instant case, appealed two separate Commission redeterminations which held claimant disqualified from benefits under the Michigan Employment Security Act (MESA), MCL 421.1 et seq.; MSA 17.501 et seq. The first redetermination, which occurred on November 19, 1975, held that claimant was subject to a six-week requalification period because he voluntarily separated from his employer. The second redetermination, which oc curred on January 14, 1976, found claimant disqualified for benefits subject to another six-week period of requalification because of his refusal to accept suitable employment. The claimant appealed to the MESC referee.
On March 19, 1976, the referee rendered his decision, denying claimant’s first appeal but granting the claimant benefits for the second period. On October 28, 1976, the Appeal Board affirmed the referee’s decision. The plaintiff filed an appeal with the Wayne County Circuit Court for review of the Board’s final order insofar as it granted benefits to the claimant for the second period. On January 5, 1978, the lower court affirmed the decision of the Appeal Board. The plaintiff is now appealing, as of right, the lower court’s affirmance of MESC’s decision to award benefits to the claimant for the second period.
At the MESC hearing, claimant stated that he had been working for the plaintiff since July, 1969. He operated a one-man office located at the corner of Woodward and Sproat Streets in Detroit. He stated that he finally quit his job on October 1, 1975, because he was afraid of being hurt by the local people. He had been threatened twice and robbed on two other occasions by the people who hung around the area. Although he had informed the president of Allied, Victor Merdler, of the severity of the situation, no steps had been taken to ensure his safety.
About 5 days after the claimant quit, Mr. Merdler called him and told him that he could use the company garage and the company would provide escort service to his car. Claimant was also told that his old job was available. While claimant declared himself to be willing and available to work, he declined to work at his previously as signed work site. He expressed willingness to work anywhere else in Detroit.
Victor Merdler also testified. He stated that his business, a building service maintenance operation, had been at its present location for almost 28 years and that he did not recall the office windows ever being broken during working hours while the claimant worked there. The witness emphatically disagreed with the seriousness of the situation. As evidence of claimant’s exaggeration in this regard, Mr. Merdler stated that the claimant had been replaced by an 18-year-old woman who does not appear "one bit disturbed about the neighborhood”.
On November 21, 1975, the plaintiff offered the claimant his old job back on MESC Form 1555A. The offer reads as follows:
"Claimant quit this job. This job is being held open for claimant. We are anxious to have him return to work.”
Mr. Merdler concurred in claimant’s testimony that the company was now willing to allow claimant to park in the company garage and provide him with escort service to his car.
The claimant was informed of the offer of reemployment by MESC but refused to return to plaintiff’s employ. Claimant answered the offer in writing as follows:
"I still refuse to return to this place of employment even though the employer will provide an escort to and from my car and will allow me to park my vehicle inside the building.
"I am fearful of the neighborhood.”
The referee held that the plaintiff’s offer of employment was too vague to constitute a valid offer of work. He stated that the wages, hours and other working conditions must be set forth in order to constitute a bona fide offer of work. Therefore, the claimant was not disqualified from receiving benefits for the week ending November 22, 1975, since no valid offer of employment was made. The Appeal Board found this decision to be in conformity with the law and facts. The lower court also affirmed the referee’s decision, without commenting upon the validity of the offer of employment, based upon the fact that the claimant was attached to the labor market and available for work, in spite of his unwillingness to work in the geographical area of his previous employment.
Disqualification under MCL 421.29(l)(e); MSA 17.531(l)(e) "depends upon two essential findings of fact: (1) that suitable work was offered; and (2) that claimant failed without good cause to accept”. Chrysler Corp v Losada, 376 Mich 209, 213; 135 NW2d 897 (1965). The burden is upon the employer to show that an offer of suitable work was made and that the employee failed, without good cause, to accept. Lyscas v Chrysler Corp, 76 Mich App 55, 60; 255 NW2d 767 (1977).
Plaintiff argues on appeal that during the week ending November 22, 1975, a bona fide offer of employment was made to the claimant. The referee held to the contrary.
Appellate review of factual decisions rendered by MESC is limited to a determination of whether the findings are supported by sufficient, competent and material evidence on the whole record. Michigan Employment Relations Comm v Detroit Symphony Orchestra, Inc, 393 Mich 116; 223 NW2d 283 (1974). We hold that the Commission’s finding that the plaintiff did not make a clear and une quivocal offer of employment to the claimant is not supported by the record. It is obvious that the plaintiff was not just offering any job to the claimant, but rather, it was offering the same job as claimant previously held. The same job logically implies the same wages, hours and working conditions as previously existed. Furthermore, the. claimant was aware of the fact that the plaintiff was willing to implement safety measures to ensure claimant’s well-being. This is evidenced by the claimant’s statement that even if parking and escort service is provided, he would not return to work.
Having found that a valid offer of work had been made to the claimant, it is now necessary to decide whether the claimant refused the job for good cause. MCL 421.29(l)(e); MSA 17.531(l)(e). Although the referee did not decide this issue, it is assumed that the referee would have found the refusal to accept the job to be without good cause, since the referee found the initial refusal to work based upon personal safety concerns not to constitute good cause.
Good 'cause to refuse work cannot be based upon purely personal reasons, since the underlying policy of the employment security act is to provide benefits for persons unemployed through no fault of their own. Losada v Chrysler Corp, 24 Mich App 656; 180 NW2d 844 (1970), lv den 383 Mich 827 (1970). In Keith v Chrysler Corp, 390 Mich 458; 213 NW2d 147 (1973), an evenly divided Court, citing Losada, affirmed an Appeal Board’s disqualification of plaintiff from benefits for refusing to accept a job offer from the defendant. The plaintiff refused the offer because acceptance would have precluded his return to his old job at another of the defendant’s plants, where he had worked for several years prior to his layoff.
In his opinion for reversal, Justice Williams, joined by Chief Justice T. M. Kavanagh and Justice T. G. Kavanagh, adopted the standard set forth by Justice (then Judge) Levin’s dissent in the Court of Appeals. Keith v Chrysler Corp, 41 Mich App 708, 714; 200 NW2d 764 (1972). In that dissenting opinion Justice Levin criticized the Court’s reasoning in Losada and cited with approval the following language from In re Watson, 273 NC 629; 161 SE2d 1 (1968):
"In the light of the legislative declaration of policy contained in the Employment Security Act, we conclude that an employee, having been separated from his job through no fault of his own, rejects other tendered employment for 'good cause’ when his reason for such rejection would be deemed by reasonable men and women valid and not indicative of an unwillingness to work.”
Thus, a significant minority of the Supreme Court has spoken in favor of a test in determining good cause, as opposed to the "personal reasons” test of Losada. We are bound by the decision for affirmance in Keith until it is changed by the higher court. Dueweke v Morang Drive Greenhouses, Inc, 91 Mich App 27; 282 NW2d 823 (1979).
Under either test, we find that the claimant did not have good cause for refusing plaintiffs offer of reemployment. The referee found that the claimant was aware of plaintiffs offer to provide security protection for his car and himself. Yet, claimant still refused to work for fear of the neighborhood. This fear was found to be insufficient cause for his quitting the job in the first place and does not constitute good cause for refusing the offer of reemployment, especially in light of the employer’s offer to provide more security.
Accordingly, we hold that plaintiff refused without good cause an offer of suitable work and thereby is disqualified for six weeks of unemployment benefits beginning with the week ending November 22, 1975. The lower court’s opinion affirming the award of benefits during this period is reversed. | [
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Sherwood, J.
The parties in this case were neighbors and farmers. The colt of the defendant trespassed upon the land of the plaintiff, and while doing damage thereon was taken up by the plaintiff and impounded in his barn, there being no public pound in the township. This was done on the 11th day of October, 1881. After the impounding, and about seven o’clock in the evening, the plaintiff gave the defendant written notice that he had taken up his colt, and would like to have him come and get it and pay the damages. About six o’clock the next morning the defendant came and took the animal away, against the protest of the plaintiff, and without paying any damages, using force to obtain possession of the property.
The plaintiff brought suit before a justice of the peace to recover his damages for the injury done by the colt, and his fees and charges for impounding. On the trial the justice rendered a judgment for the plaintiff for the sum of $13.00, made up as follows: $3 actual damages, $10 exemplary damages, and in addition thereto $5.40 costs. The defendant removed the judgment into the circuit court for the county of Leelanaw by certiorari, wherein the judgment was affirmed and the proceedings are now before us for review.
The defendant claims no exemplary damages should have been allowed, and in this he was correct. The plaintiff in his declaration only claims for his actual damages and charges before the rescue; ten dollars were allowed as exemplary damages, which must be deducted from the amount allowed, and with this modification
The judgment will be affirmed without costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Sherwood, J.
On the 28th of August, 1883, the plaintiff brought ejectment against the defendants to recover lot 6 in Boynton & Judd’s Lake addition to the city of Grand Rapids, and on -January 31, 1884, judgment was' rendered in her favor. On the 18th of June thereafter, the plaintiff filed in the case, in pursuance of How. Stat. § 7829, a suggestion of claim against defendant Charles B. Judd, for mesne profits of the lot in question for the time he occupied it or controlled possession thereof. The issue joined on this suggestion was tried before Hon. Robert M. Montgomery, presiding in Kent circuit, without a jury; and on the 24th day of April, 1885, he rendered a judgment in favor of the plaintiff and against the defendant Judd for ten dollars damages, and costs of the suit. This judgment we are asked to reverse.
The proceedings at the circuit are now before us for review upon a case made containing, besides the record propei-, the evidence taken upon the trial and the findings of the circuit judge thereon. From the findings of fact it appears: (1) Plaintiff was the owner of the lot in question from May 8, 1882, up to the time her suggestion was filed. (2) From May 8, 1882, until September 20, 1883, defendant Judd occupied the lot by his tenant, James Fairs, and enjoyed the mesne profits thereof during that time. (3) The value of said mesne profits for the time stated was ten dollars. (4) Judd did not receive any part of the sum due him from Fairs for the rent of the lot until after plaintiff filed her suggestion of claim for mesne profits. From these findings, the circuit judge’s conclusion of law was that plaintiff was entitled to recover from Judd the said sum of ten dollars and costs of suit. Judd took no exceptions either to the findings of fact or the conclusion of lawn
Circuit Court Hule No. 89 provides that, within four days after the filing of the completed finding of facts and conclusion of law, any party aggrieved may allege in writing his exceptions to the matters of law embodied in such finding, and such exceptions shall be settled in the same bill, which may contain the exceptions taken during the trial, and in the same manner with bills in other cases. The defendant has, however, made and filed the statement of errors relied •on as required by Hule 84, and we must therefore look into the record to ascertain what foundation may exist for those presented to this Court by counsel for defendants.
Defendants’ counsel claims that plaintiffs proofs are not ■such as will authorize a recovery. The testimony as to the value of the annual use of the property was from one of the defendants, to whom the defendant Judd rented the property, .and is very strong. The court in his findings places it at the lowest sum testified to, and his finding, not having been ■excepted to, is conclusive upon that subject.
Defendant further insists that the rents, not having been received at the time the action was commenced or suggestion made, no recovery could be had. This view, however, cannot be sustained. The suggestion authorized by the statute is, in substance, a declaration in assumpsit for use and occupation. How. Stat. § 7831. It is for the value of the use of the premises, wrhile withheld by the defendant, that the plaintiff is entitled to recover, and what he may have received for such use. While it is proper testimony upon the subject of its value, it is neither controlling nor binding upon the plaintiff. She would certainly be entitled to recover that amount and as much more as she could show the value ■of the use of the premises to be worth. Our statute providing for the recovery of mesne profits is taken from the New York statute on the same subject. See 2 N. Y. Nov. St. (4th ed.) 570, §§ 43-51. Section 47 of our statute (How. Stat. § 7833) is in exactly the same words as section 47 of the New York statute. The New York courts hold that the action for mesne profits under the statute is substantially an action for use and occupation. Holmes v. Davis 19 N. Y. 488, 495; Woodhull v. Rosenthal 61 N. Y. 382, 394. In the latter case the court say : “ The action for mesne profits is now, in substance, an action for use and occupation, and the complaint is to be drawn on that theory; and the court is to render judgment, as in actions of assumpsit for use and occupation.”
The first finding of the court determined the right of the plaintiff to the rental value, and the length of time she was entitled to the same, and this finding can not be disturbed by this Court.
There is nothing in the objection that the suggestion does not sufficiently describe the judgment in ejectment. The-statute requires it to be filed in that case, and it becomes a part of the record thereof. How. Stat. § 7830. That record shows the plaintiff’s right to the premises, and no other testimony than that contained in the record was necessary in this case, to show her expulsion therefrom.
Upon the facts and findings appearing in this record, we-think the judgment was fully warranted, and it must be
Affirmed, with costs.
Campbell, C. J. and Morse, J. concurred. | [
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Per Curiam.
By an order of May 31, 1978, Judge Christopher C. Brown of the 50th Judicial District held that assets purchased by garnishee defendant from the principal defendant Were subject to levy and execution to satisfy plaintiffs judgment against the principal defendant. The reason assigned was failure to comply with the bulk transfer provisions of the UCC. The amount of liability Was set at $1,816.86.
On August 28, 1978, the district court Order Was affirmed by Judge James S. Thorburn of the Oakland County Circuit. Garhisheé defendaiit was granted leave to appeal on February 23, 1979.
The parties are in agreement as to the facts here. The only question before us is whether the sale Of a restaurant is subject to the bulk transfer provisions of the Michigan Uniform Commercial Code.
This issue was addressed by the drafter of the code in Official Comment 2 to 6-102 as follows:
"2. The businesses covered are defined in subsection (3). Notice that they do not include farming nor contracting nor professional services, nor such things as cleaning shops, barber shops, pool halls, hotels, restaurants, and the like whose principal business is the sale not of merchandise but of services. While some bulk sales risk exists in the excluded businesses, they have in common the fact that unsecured credit is not commonly extended on the faith of a stock of merchandise.”
In accord with this is the great majority of decisions from other jurisdictions. Levy v Paul, 207 Va 100; 147 SE2d 722; 3 UCC Rep 412 (1966), Nichols v Acers Co, 415 SW2d 683; 4 UCC Rep 591 (Tex Civ App, 1967), Silco Automatic Vending Co, Inc v Howells, 102 NJ Super 243; 245 A2d 765; 5 UCC Rep 625 (Ch Div 1968), affirmed 105 NJ Super 511; 253 A2d 480; 6 UCC Rep 531 (1969), Kane-Miller Corp v Tip Tree Corp, 303 NYS2d 273; 6 UCC Rep 721 (1969), De La Rosa v Tropical Sandwiches, Inc, 298 So 2d 471; 15 UCC Rep 595 (Fla App, 1974), Uarco, Inc v Peoples Bank & Trust Co of St Bernard, 414 F Supp 1219 (ED La, 1976).
Finally, Michigan Packing Co v Messaris, 257 Mich 422; 241 NW 236 (1932), the case relied upon by the plaintiff-appellee and, presumably, by the lower courts, is inapposite. That case construed 1929 bulk sales and bulk mortgage laws which covered "stock of merchandise or merchandise and fixtures”. The sale of the restaurant fixtures in Michigan Packing Co was found to fit the laws which at that time included "fixtures”. However, the UCC, adopted after the Michigan Packing Co case, does not include fixtures, but only "materials, supplies, merchandise, or other inventory * * *”. MCL 440.6102(1); MSA 19.6102(1).
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Allen, P.J.
This appeal concerns the validity of guilty pleas and sentences related to armed robberies of three different bars on three different dates by two defendants. Defendant Barrett was involved in all three robberies. Defendant Carr was involved in two and appeals only in one. All pleas were taken November 8, 1978, and all sentences were imposed November 20, 1978. Because the appeals raise different issues, one being an issue of first impression, we consider them separately.
Appeal of Defendant Carr
Defendant Carr was charged with armed robbery of the QT Bar at 9198 Livernois, July 20, 1978 (our file #78-5512; lower court file #06790), and with armed robbery of Mando’s Bar at 4400 W. Fort Street, September 27, 1978 (our file #78-5511; lower court file 06789). Pursuant to a plea bargain, he pled guilty to armed robbery of the QT Bar and to assault with intent to commit armed robbery of Mando’s Bar and possession of a firearm. In case number 06789, he was sentenced on the underlying felony charge to 6 to 20 years in prison, said sentence to run concurrently with case number 06790. On the felony-firearm charge Carr was sentenced to 2 years. Appeal was taken by defendant Carr only in file 06789 (the Mando Bar robbery).
On appeal defendant Carr claims (1) an insufficient factual basis for the plea to the underlying offense, and (2) unconstitutionality on double jeopardy grounds of the felony-firearm statute. The claim of double jeopardy was disposed adversely to defendant in Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder’s Court Judge, 406 Mich 374; 280 NW2d 793 (1979).
The claim of insufficiency of the factual basis is refuted by the plain language at the plea taking. The transcript reads:
"THE COURT: Mr. Carr, file 89, we are talking about the W. Fort, which is Mando’s Bar at 4400 W. Fort, about 10:30 at night. What happened there, Mr. Carr?
"DEFENDANT CARR: I went in and, you know, pulled a firearm, jumped over the bar, took the money and fled.
"THE COURT: The other bar is file number 6790 and we are talking about the QT Bar at 9198 Livernois. All three of you were identified and involved in that one. What happened there?
"DEFENDANT CARR: Just about the same thing. I went in, announced a holdup, jumped over the bar, got the money out of the cash register and left.
"THE COURT: Yes, and at that one Mr. Barrett left a glass with his fingerprints on it.
"DEFENDANT BARRETT: Right.
"THE COURT: In any event has the Court complied to 785.7(1), (2), (3)?
"MR. ROBINER: Satisfied, your Honor.
"MR. ARDUIN: Satisfied, your Honor.
"THE COURT: You had a firearm in each one of these stickups; is that correct?
"DEFENDANT BARRETT: Yes.
"DEFENDANT CARR: Yes.”
At the time the above dialogue took place the trial court was under the impression the plea was to armed robbery rather than to assault with intent to rob being armed. However, the facts as recited are sufficient to support either offense. People v Patskan, 387 Mich 701, 714; 199 NW2d 458 (1972). Moments later the trial court realized its mistake, accepted the plea as "a plea of assault with intent to rob being armed in 6789” and further commented that the information should be corrected accordingly.
Defendant argues that while the above is all true, the sentence is still invalid because, upon reconvening for sentencing November 20, 1979, the trial court, apparently forgetting its earlier correction, proceeded to sentence defendant Carr on the assumption he pled guilty to two counts of armed robbery and one count of possession of a firearm. Defendant has a point. The court was confused, but despite that confusion we find no prejudice since sentence was imposed exactly as bargained for and as promised at the plea taking. Unlike the situation in Barrett’s plea, infra, only one count of possession of a firearm was involved. Consequently, the problem of a five-year sentence for firearm possession is not involved. While we could remand to the trial court to correct the sentencing so as to clearly show the sentence imposed in file 06789 was for assault with intent to rob being armed, we find the transcript, when read in toto, so clear that we elect to avoid remand by ordering correction ourselves. As ordered, the sentence is no more and no less than the sentence for which defendant bargained.
Appeal of Defendant Barrett
Defendant Barrett was involved in all three cases. Pursuant to a plea bargain he pled guilty to armed robbery of the QT Bar (#5512), guilty to armed robbery and felony firearm at Chuck’s Bar (#5510), and guilty to assault with intent to commit armed robbery and felony-firearm at Mando’s Bar (#5511).
He appeals all three cases claiming error, inter alia, on the same grounds as asserted by defendant Carr. For the same reasons set forth by us in defendant Carr’s appeal we find no error.- As with Carr, we order the record and file corrected in trial court file 06789 (our file 5510) to show that the sentence imposed on defendant Barrett was for assault with intent to rob being armed and not for armed robbery.
However, an additional ground for reversal is asserted. The question raised is of first impression. Unlike Carr, defendant Barrett was charged with two counts of possession of a firearm, viz.: one during the robbery at Chuck’s Bar and the other at the assault with intent to rob Mando’s Bar. At the plea-taking hearing he pled guilty to each with the understanding that he would be sentenced to two years in prison on each felony-firearm charge, said sentences to run concurrently. But at sentencing on November 20, the court sentenced defendant Barrett to two years for the offense September 26, at Chuck’s Bar, and five years (rather than two) for the offense September 27, at Mando’s Bar. When reminded by Barrett that the court had promised two years to run concurrently on each felony-firearm charge, the court explained:
"THE COURT: On the five year, you can withdraw your plea, if you wish, if you were misled into it, and you can go to trial; but I want to point out that—
"DEFENDANT: Where is the trial going to be held at, in this courtroom?
"THE COURT: Yes. But I overlooked the fact at the time of taking the plea—and your lawyer overlooked it, and even the prosecutor apparently overlooked it—that the second gun conviction carries a mandatory five year minimum. All three people overlooked that.
"I have no discretion under the law. The legislature is putting in a lot of things 'the Judge shall,’ and they used to say 'the Judge may.’ When it says shall, that means I have no discretion, I’ve got to do it. When they say I may do it, then I don’t have to do it. I can do it or not do it as I feel like.
"On the second gun conviction they say I shall give a five year sentence.”
Following consultation with his attorney, defendant Barrett elected to reject the court’s offer to withdraw his plea of guilty in case number 06789.
The felony-firearm statute, MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2) provides in pertinent part:
"A person who carries or has in his possession a firearm at the time he commits or attempts to commit a felony * * * is guilty of a felony, and shall be imprisoned for 2 years. Upon a second conviction under this section, the person shall be imprisoned for 5 years. Upon a third or subsequent conviction under this section, the person shall be imprisoned for 10 years.”
Counsel argues that since both pleas were taken at the same time, the conviction in case number 06787 (Chuck’s Bar) was simultaneous with the conviction in the case appealed (06789, Mando’s Bar), and, consequently, even though the offer to withdraw the plea was declined, there was no "second conviction”. The question raised is whether multiple convictions arising out of separate incidents pled to on the same day may serve as the basis for subsequent-offender convictions under Michigan’s felony-firearm statute.
Under Michigan law, it has been held that two or more convictions on different counts under the same indictment or information cannot be cumulated so as to count as two or more previous convictions within the meaning of Michigan’s habitual offender act, MCL 769.10 et seq.; MSA 28.1082, et seq. People v Podsiad, 295 Mich 541; 295 NW 257 (1940). Similarly, the great majority of jurisdictions have extended the application of the above rule to the same day or at the same term of court. See Anno: Chronological or procedural sequence of former convictions as affecting enhancement of penalty for subsequent offense under habitual criminal statutes, 24 ALR2d 1247. The question arises whether the rule against cumulating simultaneously received convictions in the context of the habitual offender act should apply in the context of Michigan’s felony-firearm statute. MCL 750.227(b); MSA 28.424(2). We answer that question in the negative.
While both statutes are similar in that each is imbued with a general deterrent force common to all criminal statutes, they are strikingly different in language and purpose. The habitual offender act specifically excepts from its coverage the first-time offender whereas the felony-firearm statute applies to all offenders. The habitual offender statute was intended to afford a first offender an opportunity to reform. Thus, a time gap between convictions becomes important. By contrast, the felony-firearm statute is directed at punishing the use of firearms during unlawful acts and, as such, is not concerned with the time at which convictions are received. Our Supreme Court has found the statutes quite different.
"This language is markedly different from the language used by the Legislature in those statutes which are merely sentence enhancement statutes. For example, the habitual offender statute regarding second offenders states: [quoting statute]. There is no language in this statute indicating that the defendant shall be deemed guilty of a separate felony or that a consecutive sentence is to be imposed. The one sentence originally imposed for the felony which gives rise to the habitual offender proceedings is simply increased.” 406 Mich 374, 389-390.
Finally, we note that the statutes differ in that the habitual offender law gives wide discretion to the trial court whereas the felony-firearm act mandates compliance in unambiguous terms.
Because we find the statutes so different in language, coverage and purpose, we conclude that the rule against cumulation of multiple convictions received on the same day does not apply to the felony-firearm statute. Accordingly, the trial court’s imposition of the five-year additional sentence for the second (Mando Bar offense) felony-firearm conviction is sustained. Our decision in this respect is strictly limited to the facts in the instant case.
Affirmed.
(1) File 5512—Robbery July 20, 1978, of QT Bar, 9198 Livernois. Both defendants were charged and pled guilty to armed robbery. Felony-firearm was not charged.
(2) File 5510—Robbery September 26, 1978, of Chuck’s Bar, 5353 Livernois. Only defendant Barrett was charged. He pled guilty to armed robbery and to felony-firearm.
(3) File 5511—Robbery September 27, 1978, of Mando’s Bar, 4400 W. Fort St. Both defendants were charged with armed robbery and possession of a firearm. Both were bound over and pleas given to assault with intent to commit armed robbery and to felony-firearm.
"THE COURT: File 78-06789 and 78-06790, Leroy Carr.
Mr. Carr, you pled guilty to two counts of robbery armed and one count of possession of a firearm in the commission of a felony.
As you are aware, there is a mandatory penitentiary sentence for both robbery armed and possession of a firearm.
There was a sentence bargain of five to twenty years.”
We note that since the felony-firearm statute distinguishes between "a second conviction under this section” and "a third or subsequent conviction under this section” (emphasis added) the Legislature contemplated that two simultaneous convictions in violation of the felony-firearm statute were sufficient to impose a 5-year mandatory sentence. Likewise, three simultaneous convictions or a subsequent conviction /he., following in time, a previous conviction, 40 Words and Phrases, subsequent, pp 724-725], results in the imposition of a ten-year sentence. This distinction in the statutory language reinforces our position in the instant action by implying that the imposition of a five-year sentence occurs upon a second conviction regardless of the sequence, whereas, a ten-year sentence can only be imposed for a second felony-firearm conviction where that conviction follows or succeeds a former conviction for the same offense.
Conceivably, there are situations where multiple convictions might be impermissible. For example, if in a single armed robbery where defendant uses a firearm, money were taken from A, B and C, and the defendant pleads guilty or is convicted on the same day to all offenses, it would be questionable whether a ten-year sentence could be imposed under the felony-firearm statute. MCL 750.227(b); MSA 28.424(2). | [
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Per Curiam.
On August 29, 1978, defendant pled guilty to breaking and entering an automobile with the intent to commit larceny over the value of $5, contrary to MCL 750.356a; MSA 28.588(1), robbery armed, contrary to MCL 750.529; MSA 28.797, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, contrary to MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). On September 7, 1978, he was sentenced to concurrent terms of five years imprisonment on the breaking and entering charge and the robbery charge, and to a two-year consecutive sentence on the felony-firearm charge. Four issues are raised on appeal.
First, defendant contends that the trial court erred by failing to comply with GCR 1963, 785.7, because the court failed to ascertain that the plea was made freely, voluntarily and understandingly. We disagree. The record clearly reflects that the trial judge accepted defendant’s guilty plea after full compliance with GCR 1963, 785.7, as applied by our Supreme Court in Guilty Plea Cases, 395 Mich 96; 235 NW2d 132 (1975).
Second, defendant contends that his felony-firearm conviction must be vacated because it is based upon a statute that is unconstitutional on the ground that it improperly amends existing law by implication. Const 1963, art 4, § 25. This Court has consistently rejected such a contention, and we do so here. People v Walter Johnson, 85 Mich App 654, 659-660; 272 NW2d 605 (1978), People v Gary Hughes, 85 Mich App 674, 680-681; 272 NW2d 567 (1978), People v Blount, 87 Mich App 501, 504-505; 275 NW2d 21 (1978), People v Harris, 88 Mich App 280, 282; 276 NW2d 582 (1979), People v Tavolacci, 88 Mich App 470, 472; 276 NW2d 919 (1979), Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder’s Court Judge, 92 Mich App 119; 284 NW2d 507 (1979).
Third, defendant claims that the felony-firearm statute is unconstitutional because it violates his right against double jeopardy. This claim has been rejected by the Supreme Court in Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder’s Court Judge, 406 Mich 374; 280 NW2d 793 (1979).
Finally, defendant argues that he may not be convicted as an aider and abettor of felony-firearm, since the requisite element of personal possession of a firearm by the defendant is missing. This Court has considered the issue, and there is a difference of opinion. Compare, People v Walter Johnson, 85 Mich App 654, 658; 272 NW2d 605 (1978), and People v Powell, 90 Mich App 273, 274-75; 282 NW2d 803 (1979), with, People v Walter Johnson, supra, at 672-673 (Kaufman, J., dissenting), People v Tavolacci, 88 Mich App 470; 276 NW2d 919 (1979), People v Powell, supra, at 275-276 (Cynar, J., dissenting). However, careful reading of People v Tavolacci, supra, and the relevant portions of Judge Kaufman’s dissenting opinion in People v Walter Johnson, supra, persuades us that MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2) does not require proof of personal possession of the firearm when used in the commission of a felony. See United States v James, 528 F2d 999, 1015 (CA 5, 1976), reh den, 532 F2d 1054 (1976), People v James Napoleon Taylor (Docket No. 77-1734, decided February 10, 1978 [unreported]), cf. United States v Brant, 448 F Supp 781 (WD Pa, 1978), United States v Giannoni, 472 F2d 136 (CA 9, 1973), cert den, 411 US 935; 93 S Ct 1911; 36 L Ed 2d 396 (1973).
However, in order that an accused may be convicted as an aider and abettor of a possessory crime such as felony-firearm, it must be shown that he knowingly acted or encouraged, with the intent to aid, the possessor to obtain or retain possession of, or to use the firearm during the course of a felony. People v Doemer, 35 Mich App 149; 192 NW2d 330; 47 ALR3d 1236 (1971), and see, People v Pearce, 20 Mich App 289; 174 NW2d 19 (1969), People v Little, 58 Mich App 12; 226 NW2d 735 (1975).
Therefore, the question still remains whether defendant supplied a sufficient factual basis for the felony-firearm plea. GCR 1963, 785.7(3)(a). The record of defendant’s plea indicates that defendant actively participated in the armed robbery by taking a ring and a watch from the complainant while his codefendant held the gun. This evidence is sufficient to give rise to the inculpatory inference that defendant knew his companion was armed with a firearm during the commission of a felony. Defendant’s participation in the armed robbery is sufficient encouragement and assistance in the commission of the crime to constitute "aiding and abetting”.
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Campbell, J.
Respondent, under an ordinary charge of larceny, of a horse, buggy and harness of the value of <¡M?5, pleaded guilty, and was sentenced to imprisonment in the State prison for eight years. Error is brought because of excessive sentence.
As the law now stands a sentence which is merely bad for excess may be reversed for the excess, and left to stand for so much as could lawfully be imposed. It is probable that the sentence was intended to be given under the Act of 1877 (IIow. Stat. § 9180) relating to horse-stealing. It was held in Boody v. People 43 Mich. 34, and People v. Jones 49 Mich. 591, that the excessive punishment imposed by that statute could only be given when the information or indictment was based upon it. That was not the case here, and other articles were included in the charge. The Attorney General confesses error as to all of the sentence beyond five years, and
The judgment must be reversed to that extent.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Champlin, J.
At the election for township officers held in the township of Sherman, in the county of Iosco, Peter P. Curran was, by proclamation, at the canvass of the votes for township clerk, duly declared elected to the office of township clerk. James Norris was his predecessor in office, and after Curran was elected he demanded of Norris the books and papers appertaining to the office of township clerk, and Norris refused to deliver over the same. Curran then instituted proceedings to compel a delivery of the books and papers, before Nobert White, the circuit court commissioner of the county of Iosco, by lodging with him his complaint, setting forth the fact of his election, that Norris was his predecessor, his demand and Norris’ refusal to deliver the books and papers appertaining to the office of township clerk. Whereupon the circuit court commissioner issued a precept to the sherifE or any constable of the county, commanding him to summon Norris tobe and appear before him at the court-house in Tawas City, in said county, on the 18th day of April, 1885, at one o’clock in the afternoon of said day, to answer the said complaint. At the time fixed Norris appeared before the commissioner; the complaint was read to him and he was requested to plead thereto, and he pleaded “not guilty.” Defendant also objected to the jurisdiction of the court, which was overruled. Evidence was then introduced on both sides, and after hearing the proofs and allegations of the parties, the commissioner adjudged that said James Norris unlawfully withheld and detained the books and papers belonging to the office of the township clerk of the township of Sherman from his successor in office, Peter P. Curran, contrary to the statute in such ease made and provided, and that the said James Norris was guilty as charged in the complaint, and thereupon he ordered the said James Norris to deliver up to Curran, as his successor in office, all the books and papers belonging to the office of township clerk of said township on or before the Monday then n ext, and in case the same were withheld and not so delivered np at that timo, a warrant issue committing Norris to the common jail of the county, there to remain until he should deliver such boobs and papers, or be otherwise discharged according to law; and he adjudged costs against Norris and in favor of Curran, and ordered execution thereof. Norris then made an affidavit for certiorari, and applied to Judge Tuttle, who allowed the writ, and on hearing in the circuit court he reversed and annulled the judgment of the commissioner, with costs.
The case is brought here upon writ of error, and these errors are relied upon, none of which we consider good if the writ of certiorari was a proper remedy under the circumstances. IIow. Stat., ch. 295, provides for' a speedy and summary remedy to compel the delivery of the books and papers appertaining to an office by an incumbent whose term of office has expired, to his successor in office. It allows a complaint to be made to any judge of a court of record, or to any circuit court commissioner for the county where the person so refusing shall reside ; and if such officer be satisfied by the oath of the complainant, and such other testimony as may be offered, that any such books and papers are withheld, he shall grant an order, directing the person so refusing to show cause before him, within some short and reasonable time, why he should not be compelled to deliver the same. And at the time appointed, xxpon due proof of the service of such order, such officer shall proceed to inquire into the matters set forth in the complaint. If the person chax’ged with withholding such books and papox’s shall make affidavit before such officer that he has tnxly delivered over to his successor all such books or paper’s in his custody or appertaining to Ms office, within' his knowledge, all further proceedings bgfoi’e such officer .shall cease, and the person complained against shall be discharged ; if he does not make the affidavit, and it shall appear that any such books or paper’s are withheld, the officer shall by warrant commit such person to the jail of the county, there to remain until he shall deliver such books and papers or be otherwise discharged according to law. Under this statute the officer granting the order xxxust necessarily satisfy liimself, by sworn testimonj", that the person who is alleged to have withheld the books and papers is a person who has been removed from office, or the term for which he shall have been elected or appointed has expired; that his successor has been elected or appointed, and has demanded the books and papers in his custody as such officer, or in any way appertaining to his office. In investigating the election or appointment of a successor, he proceeds no farther than to ascertain the fact whether such person claiming to be the successor has been by the proper authority declared elected or appointed. He cannot determine the right of such person to the office. The law has provided an appropriate remedy to determine the question of right to a public office by proceedings in the nature of a quo warranto.
In this case the commissioner received evidence that Mr. Curran was publicly proclaimed by the inspectors of election, after the votes were canvassed, to have been elected to the office of township clerk at the annual election held in April for the election of township officers. This was sufficient prima facie evidence of his being the successor of Mr. Norris as township clerk. The complaint authorized him to proceed and issue the order to show cause. The precept which he did issue was not an order to show cause before him Avhy Norris should not be compelled to deliver the books and papers to his successor, but Avas a summons to answer the complaint. This informality Avas Avaived by the appearance at the time stated. But Norris showed no cause Avhy he did not deliver over to Curran the books and papers. He filed no affidavit, and it Avas made to appear that such books and papers Avere withheld. The commissioner therefore adjudged that Norris did unlawfully withhold and detain the books and papers belonging to the office of the township clerk of said township of Sherman from his successor in office; and he should have at once issued his warrant committing Norris until he should deliver the books and papers, orbe otherwise discharged according to law. Instead of doing so he made a further order that Norris deliver up to his successor such books and papers on or before the next Monday, and in case they were not delivered at that time, then a warrant of commitmept issue. This was irregular, and was giving to the respondent favors to which he was not entitled. It is of the utmost importance to the public that the officers elected or appointed by proper authority, should at once receive from, their predecessors in office the books and papers appertaining thereto, and this statute was enacted to compel such delivery. Proceedings under it are summary, and it is not contemplated that they will be delayed by writs of certiorari to review the proceedings of the judge or commissioner, unless such officer has proceeded without jurisdiction, or has acted in gross violation of the statute. In this case the application for certiorari nowhere denies the allegations of the complaint. No showing is made that Curran was not declared elected township clerk by the inspectors of election, and no reason is stated why Norris, his predecessor in office, should not deliver to his successor the books and papers.
For these reasons we think the allowance of the writ of •certiorari was improvident, and the writ must be quashed.
No costs will be allowed to either party.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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D. C. Riley, J.
Defendant was convicted, on his plea of guilty, of felonious assault, MCL 750.82; MSA 28.277, carrying a concealed weapon, MCL 750.227; MSA 28.424, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, MCL 750.227(b); MSA 28.424(2). He now appeals these convictions and the corresponding prison terms imposed.
Defendant asserts two double jeopardy claims on appeal, contending that double sentencing is unconstitutional when imposed for both felonious assault and felony-firearm, and both felonious assault and carrying a concealed weapon. Neither claim is meritorious.
It is well settled that there is no double jeopardy violation for dual punishment if (1) each offense requires proof of a fact that the other does not, People v Davenport, 89 Mich App 678; 282 NW2d 179 (1979), or, (2) the Legislature expressed a clear intent to define and punish separate offenses based on one incident. Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder’s Court Judge, 406 Mich 374; 280 NW2d 793 (1979). The Supreme Court has recently concluded that the felony-firearm statute does not violate double jeopardy based on the second exception. Wayne County Prosecutor, supra. We are also convinced, based on the first exception, that there is no double jeopardy violation for conviction of felonious assault and carrying a concealed weapon. Carrying a concealed weapon requires proof that an accused carried a weapon and that it was concealed on or about his person. The underlying statute was enacted to discourage quarreling persons from suddenly drawing and using concealed weapons. People v Davenport, supra. Felonious assault, on the other hand, is an assault, a positive act against another person committed with a dangerous weapon. Its purpose is to discourage assaulting persons from inflicting even more serious injuries upon one another. People v Van Diver, 80 Mich App 352; 263 NW2d 370 (1977). As these crimes require proof of distinct elements and do not overlap in purpose, there is no double jeopardy violation. See People v Burkhart, 38 Mich App 44; 195 NW2d 794 (1972), People v Hooper, 36 Mich App 123; 193 NW2d 203 (1971).
Defendant also contends that the felony-firearm act is unconstitutional for failure to comply with art IV, § 25 of the Michigan Constitution requiring republication or reenactment of former laws when they are altered by new ones. This point was addressed by the Court of Appeals in People v Gary Hughes, 85 Mich App 674; 272 NW2d 567 (1978), wherein it was held that this provision does not apply to amendments by implication, as in the instant case.
Finally, defendant asserts that his sentence was predicated on inaccurate information. We find no evidence in the briefs or record to substantiate this claim. Accordingly, defendant’s convictions must be affirmed.
Danhof, C.J., concurred. | [
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E. F. Oppliger, J.
Petitioner raises the sole issue of whether the subject of a § 484 mental-health hearing is entitled to a jury. This appears to be a case of first impression under the Mental Health Code as it was revised by 1974 PA 258 (effective August 6, 1974), MCL 330.1001 et seq.; MSA 14.800(1) et seq. Petitioner appeals the decision of the circuit court which upheld the probate judge’s denial of Joseph Wagstaffs timely demand for a jury in a mental health hearing held pursuant to MCL 330.1484; MSA 14.800(484). We reverse, holding that the Mental Health Code entitles petitioner to have his hearing conducted before a jury.
In a November, 1972 bench trial, petitioner was found not guilty by reason of insanity of attempted skyjacking based on a 1970 incident. Wagstaff was committed to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry pursuant to the law then in effect. In 1974, the Michigan Supreme Court in People v McQuillan, 392 Mich 511; 221 NW2d 569 (1974), held unconstitutional commitments to mental institutions of persons found not guilty by reason of insanity without first having accorded them the right to a civil commitment hearing. That same year a Federal district court in Bell v Wayne County General Hospital at Eloise, 384 F Supp 1085 (ED Mich, 1974), struck down as overbroad and vague the then existing statutory standards for permanent and temporary mental illness. In response the Michigan Legislature enacted a new mental health code, which is the subject of this appeal.
On November 21, 1974, a jury operating under the newly-enacted Mental Health Code, 1974 PA 258, found Wagstaff to be a person requiring treatment by reason of mental illness. He was ordered committed to the Center for Forensic Psychiatry for a period not to exceed 60 days. In February, 1975, a hearing was held without a jury, at which petitioner was ordered committed for a period not to exceed 90 days. In April, 1975, the acting director of the Center filed a petition for a continuing order on Wagstaff. A jury was convened to hear WagstafFs petition for discharge from the Center, and on August 26, 1975, he was again determined to be a person continuing to require treatment.
Since that time periodic reviews and hearings on WagstafFs petitions for discharge have been held. Petitioner has filed jury demands, but all decisions have been made by the probate judge sitting in the absence of a jury. From the most recent such determination, where WagstafFs timely demand for a jury was overruled, Wagstaff appeals.
The consideration of petitioner’s argument that he is entitled to a jury requires that we piece together a number of sections of the Mental Health Code. First is § 482, under which Wagstaff has sought to enforce his right to periodic review of his condition with a view toward release. That section provides:
"Sec. 482. Every individual subject to an order of continuing hospitalization has the right to regular, adequate, and prompt review of his current status as a person requiring treatment and in need of hospitalization. Six months from the date of an order of continuing hospitalization, and every 6 months thereafter, the director of any hospital in which an individual is hospitalized shall review his status as a person requiring treatment and in need of hospitalization.” MCL 330.1482; MSA 14.800(482).
Section 483 requires that, in order to accomplish the review contemplated by § 482, the hospital director shall appoint a psychiatrist to examine the patient and make a report to the court. If the report is favorable to the patient, the Code as sumes the director will order that the patient be discharged pursuant to § 476. When, however, the report indicates that the patient still qualifies for involuntary hospitalization, § 484 provides as follows:
"Sec. 484. If the report concludes that the patient continues to require treatment and hospitalization, and the patient objects to either or both of those conclusions, the patient shall have the right to a hearing and may petition the court for discharge. This petition may be presented to the court or a representative of the hospital within 7 days, excluding Sundays and holidays, after the report is received.” MCL 330.1484; MSA 14.800(484).
Thus, § 484 is not itself enlightening on the nature of the "hearing” involved. The procedure for court hearings convened under this chapter of the Code is provided by § 451 to be governed by §§ 451 to 465, section 452(d) explicitly provides the time within which a hearing must be convened to hear a petition for discharge filed pursuant to §484.
Section 458, which is central to petitioner’s jury demand, provides as follows:
"Sec. 458. The subject of a petition may demand that the question of whether he requires treatment or is legally incompetent be heard by a jury. A jury shall consist of 6 persons to be chosen in the same manner as jurors in civil proceedings.” MCL 330.1458; MSA 14.800(458).
Section 458 thus calls into play two concepts. One, "the subject of a petition”, and two, "whether he requires treatment”. The subject of a petition is defined in § 400(f) as follows:
"(0 'Subject of a petition’ means an individual asserted to require treatment, asserted not to require treatment, asserted to be legally incompetent and in need of a guardian, asserted not to be legally incompetent and in need of a guardian.” MCL 330.1400(f); MSA 14.800(400X0.
We can reach no other conclusion than that Wag-staff’s petition for discharge pursuant to § 484 makes him "an individual * * * asserted not to require treatment” and thus by definition the "subject of a petition”.
Next, does the disposition of WagstafFs petition require the determination of "whether he requires treatment”, as referred to in § 485? The concept of "person requiring treatment” is at the very heart of involuntary commitment under the Mental Health Code. The statutory definition of the term "person requiring treatment” is found in § 401.
Section 468 provides that upon a hearing conducted under the Code, if the court finds that an individual is not a person requiring treatment, "the court shall enter a finding to that effect and shall order that he be discharged”. Section 476(2) also provides that, without an order of the court,
"[t]he director shall discharge a patient hospitalized by court order when the patient’s mental condition is such that he no longer meets the criteria of a person requiring treatment.” MCL 330.1476(2); MSA 14.800(476X2).
Thus, the state may not hold a person in involuntary hospitalization if he does not meet the § 401 standard of a person requiring treatment. Further, under § 465, the state must establish by clear and convincing evidence that the individual is a person requiring treatment.
The simple progression of the Code which we hold entitles Wagstaff to a jury in this case is as follows. WagstafFs petition for hearing under § 484 demands an answer to the question of whether he is or continues to be a person requiring treatment. Section 451 provides that the conduct of such a hearing is to be governed by §§ 451 to 465. Section 458 provides that the trial of petitioner’s question may be heard by a jury.
We reject the contention that the state may proceed with lower procedural or substantive standards for continuing commitment than for the initial commitment. This issue was considered squarely by the Court in People ex rel Book v Hooker, 83 Mich App 495; 268 NW2d 698 (1978). There, the state sought to employ a lower substantive standard for a 90-day commitment than that applied in seeking the initial 60-day commitment. In Hooker this Court rejected the attempt to employ the undefined lower standard of "a person continuing to require treatment” which could be based on the general opinion of a psychiatrist.
"Such a construction would be contrary to the purpose of the Legislature which, in enacting the statute, intended to provide objective criteria for involuntary commitments and made the process fundamentally judicial rather than medical.” 83 Mich App at 501.
We find the reasoning of Hooker sound, and here too we reject the attempt to apply lower standards to the determination of continuing need for treatment. The lower court reasoned that if the Legislature intended to provide for a jury trial at continuing treatment hearings, it would have been more specific. Under some circumstances this type of narrow statutory construction might be appropriate. However, in light of the infringement of a patient’s constitutional right to liberty imposed by involuntary commitment, no such limited legislative intent should be read into §§ 484 and 458.
The right to a jury trial on the question of continuing need for treatment is an added burden on the Probate Court and militates against the routine handling of continuing treatment cases. This is not inconsistent, however, with the orderly commitment of those who by clear and convincing evidence meet the statutory definition of a person requiring treatment.
For the reasons set forth above, we hold that the lower courts erred in denying WagstafPs petition for trial by jury as to his need for continuing treatment.
Reversed. No costs, a public question being involved. | [
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Campbell, J.
Plaintiff sued defendant for damage resulting from the death of Angus McArthur, claimed to have been caused by neglect to keep a city street in proper condition. On the 5th of December, 1883, deceased came across a bridge over the Saginaw river into Mackinaw street which is a continuation of the same way, and after crossing the rails of a railway which jolted his buggy so as to throw the seat out of place, his horse ran the buggy against a pile of lumber on the left side of the way, and deceased was thrown out and killed. The principal questions in the case related to whether defendant was guilty of any such neglect of duty as to render it culpable and responsible for the injury, and also whether deceased did not contribute by his own carelessness to the fatal result.
The case relied on by plaintiff was that deceased drove a spirited horse, but one fairly suitable for time and occasion, across the bridge and on the street, where he was frightened by an engine not very far away on the railroad, and that while he was moving rapidly forward, the pile of lumber was so far advanced into the street as to obstruct the free passage, and thus cause the collision.
It appeared by the proofs that the street in question was from one outside boundary to the other about four rods, or sixty-six feet, which is the standard for general highways. Thirty-one feet in the center had been graded and kept in order for travel, and was in good order at the time of the injury. The sides of the road were naturally low and had not been raised as the center graded portion had been. A sidewalk was laid from twelve to eighteen inches from the- side of the street about six feet wide. Between that and the raised grade there was a ditch or gutter, and the lumber pile in question belonged to a factory abutting on the street, and reached above the ditch to the border of the graded part of the street. The jury found that the clear portion of the street was thirty-one feet wide, which covered, according to all the testimony, the entire graded portion.
The jury undoubtedly understood from the rulings of the court, and the questions laid before them, that it was for them to decide how much of the street should be kept in condition for general travel, and they found that the entire street ought to be clear of obstructions, and it must be presumed they based their verdict for plaintiff on that idea." This was a palpable error, for there can be no doubt of the right of every city to determine what part of the nominal highway shall be devoted to the various purposes of passage, and upon such a subject the municipal discretion must prevail. It is common ánd entirely proper to set apart various parts of the space to sidewalks, gutters, trees and other suitable uses, and the plan adopted for such work is beyond judicial review, unless some distinct legal duty has been imposed and violated. Larkin v. Saginaw County 11 Mich. 88; Lansing v. Toolan 31 Mich. 152; Toolan v. Lansing 38 Mich. 315; Detroit v. Beckman 34 Mich. 125. In both of the latter cases the accident out of which liability was claimed to have arisen was caused by the narrowness of culverts or planking, which left a ditch beside the covering open, and liable to be fallen into. In Brevoort v. Detroit 24 Mich. 322, it was held that a city might leave no room for sidewalks if it saw fit, and also that it might terminate a given piece of paving before it reached a cross-street. Both of these would tend to produce inconvenience to travel, but it must rest with the city to determine for itself how far to extend its improvements. It is one of those discretionary powers necessary to good government, and the danger of abuse is not considered great enough to authorize -its restriction.
Yery few cities have a wider space than was left here for tbe traveled track of their streets. They are governed by considerations of expense and of private convenience in adjoining abutters, who in case of paving are generally made to bear the burden, and whose right to occupy the portion of the street not needed for the public, is generally favored to some extent, so far as the public convenience allows.
The lumber-pile in the present case was not in the nature of an encroachment or defect, but was such an object as would, if unlawfully there, be an obstruction to the use of the way, if unlawful at all. Grand Rapids v. Hughes 15 Mich. 51. So far as it prevented access to the premises of the owners, it was an evil that concerned them more directly than the public, and in the present case the deceased was not seeking access. It was not in the traveled track as improved by the city. If the city is liable in this action for negligence in leaving it there, that negligence consists in a failure to exercise its police power, in not having it removed, and not for failure to provide a sufficiently wide space for travel. If the city had put the lumber there and left it, some other considerations might be presented.
The liability of cities for injuries suffered in their streets is statutory. Our Legislature has recognized this principle, and has not made them liable except under declared conditions. And in order to remove any possible doubt on the subject, the recent legislation, somewhat amending the details of the old law, has declared in so many words that no common-law' liability shall exist. Pub. Acts 1885, pp. 289, 291. The legislation has all been adopted in view of the decisions previously made on the subject, and is not open to serious ambiguity. The recent amendments have substituted the word “ reasonable ” in some cases for the word “ good,” and have indicated a purpose to prevent any responsibility for more vigilance than reasonable care requires.
The statute, as found in the former volumes, and included in How. Stat. §§ 1M2-14I6, indicates by its title its general scope. It is “An Act for the collection of damages sustained by reason of defective public highways, streets, bridges, cross-walks, and culverts.” Section 1, which is the section governing this case, gives damages for personal injuries “by reason of neglect to keep such public highways or streets, and all bridges, cross-walks and culverts on the same in good repair, and in a condition reasonably safe and fit for travel.” Section 4 imposes the duty “ to keep them in good repair, so that they shall be safe and convenient for public travel at all times,” etc. And .to do this it is provided that when the means now provided by law are not sufficient to enable the municipality to keep them “ in good repair,” authority shall exist to levy such additional sum, not exceeding five mills on the dollar, as will enable them to keep such streets, etc., “ in good repair at all times.”
We held in Agnew v. Corunna 55 Mich. 428, that the statutory liability was confined to such defects in streets as arose from their being out of repair, and did not cover objects forming no part of the streets, and not affecting their condition as ways properly kept in repair. We adhere to the opinion there expressed. The whole tenor of the statute is confined to the duties, of cities and towns to construct their roads and repair them when out of order. The duty is the same in regard to all of these corporations. But it is manifest that their powers and means of preventing private parties from doing what may interfere with the safety or convenience of passers-by are not at all uniform or co-extensive. These private acts may consist of temporary as well as permanent nuisances, and may cause damage by fright as well as by physical violence, and neither cities nor towns could effectually prevent them in all cases without ruinous expense and very large means. But it is always possible, at moderate cost, to keep in repair such streets as are worked at all, and that work must be done by the municipality itself in most cases, and in all cases may be, if neglected, by others. As suggested in Agnew v. Corunna, it is constantly permitted to abittters on streets to occupy portions of the street for longer or shorter intervals with lumber and materials. How far this may safely be done without injury to the traveling facilities of the public must be largely a matter of discretion with the city. The unauthorized or excessive use of such privileges, when what is done does not create what is properly a defective way, is an abuse to be rectified under the police powers of the public, and does not belong to the making or repairing of ways. There is no more legal necessity for holding cities liable for the failure to enforce their police laws in favor of travelers, than in favor of many other citizens who suffer from nuisances or wrongs. The Legislature seldom imposes responsibility to individuals for that kind of municipal negligence or misconduct.
The case before us, upon the allegations, as well as proofs, makes out no corporate liability, and as it is clear that no recovery can be had, the minor questions need not be considered.
The judgment must be reversed and new trial granted, with costs of both courts.
Champlin and Sherwood, JJ. concurred.
Morse, C. J.
I agree with my brethren in the conclusion reached by them in this case mainly for two reasons: First. I think the undisputed facts show contributory negligence on the part of the- plaintiff’s intestate in driving in such a place a horse known to him to be wild and vicious and often unmanageable — a dangerous and unsafe animal — one that good horsemen could do nothing with when in the vicinity and hearing of escaping steam. The- facts show that he had been repeatedly warned that the horse was liable to run away and replied that he thought he could manage him, thus knowingly taking the risk of the very danger that was the primary cause of his death. Second. That the facts and the finding of the jury in their special verdict show the street, at the place where the lumber was piled and the accident happened, to have been clear and open for the width of thirty-one feet, which, to my mind, made it reasonably safe and fit for travel, notwithstanding the encroachment of the lumber-pile.
I cannot, however, join in'the proposition that a lumber-pile or any other obstacle placed in the street by the city or by other persons, abutters or otherwise, may not be a defect in the highway under the statute. It is made the duty of cities as well as townships to keep all public highways and streets in good repair, so that they shall be safe and convenient at all times for public travel. Anything which prevents or seriously endangers public travel is a defect in the highway. A pile of lumber extending across the street, entirely blocking the'way or leaving only room for one vehicle to pass, would be as much a defect as an excavation in the bed of the road would be. The highway is wanting in that safety and fitness which the law requires for the facilities of the traveling public, and is therefore defective. I cannot agree either in the idea that it makes a difference in the liability of the city if the obstacles in the street are put there without the authority or consent of the city. If abutters on the street, or other persons, put lumber or anything else in the street so as to impede necessary travel therein to such an extent as to make it dangerous to the public, and such obstructions remain there long enough to give the city notice of their presence, and an injury should occur thereby, the city, in my opinion, would be equally liable as if the obstacles were placed there by its consent. The case of Agnew v. Corunna 55 Mich. 428, relates to an injury caused by a horse becoming frightened at a stone lying between the traveled part of the highway and the gutter, which had been there three or four days. This was considered by the Court not a defect in the highway; and under the circumstances of the case it was not. But this decision cannot be made the foundation for the broad doctrine laid down in the opinion of the majority of the Court in the case at bar. I do not deny the right of cities to allow temporary deposits in the streets of lumber, timber, stones and other building materials for the convenience of those erecting or repairing buildings; but at the same time passage-way must be loft for the traveling public, whose rights are superior in the streets to those who are building alongside of them; and the streets cannot be left, either by night or by day, in such a condition as to be unsafe and unfit for travel to accommodate anybody. Neither do I believe that the question how far, how much and how long abutters can safely occupy the streets of a city with lumber, stone, coal, boxes, bales or other merchandise with injury to the facilities of the traveling public is a matter largely within the discretion of the city authorities, or that the unauthorized or excessive use of the privilege of so obstructing the streets is an abuse to be rectified under the police powers of the public, and does not belong to the making or repairing of ways. To my mind, a necessary portion of the street or highway, sufficient to allow the free passage of vehicles, must be left clear and open, and if by reason of obstructions placed in the street by any one and there allowed to remain by the city after notice, the street is so narrowed or closed as to cause injury without the fault of one rightfully traveling therein, the city, in my opinion, is liable for the damage occasioned thereby, under the statute providing that streets and highways shall be kept in a condition reasonably safe and fit for travel. | [
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By the Court.
The relator was arrested on a capias ad respondendum on or about the oth day of May, 1885, at the suit of F. W. Cook, and gave bail to the sheriff of Muskegon county. The writ was returnable on the 18th day of May. The twenty days after the return-day of the writ expired on •Sunday, the 7th day of June. The relator, assuming that ho had the whole of Monday, the 8th, in which to put in special bail, filed on that day a paper in the statutory form of a recognizance, taken and acknowledged before a notary public of Muskegon county.
The plaintiff in the suit, assuming that where the twentieth day of the writ expires on Sunday the defendant was required to put in his recognizance of bail as early as the Saturday preceding, proceeded on Monday to enter the defendant’s default for want of appearance, and took an assignment of the bail-bond to the sheriff, and upon the same day commenced suit thereon; and afterwards.moved the court to strike the paper writing, purporting to be a recognizance of special bail filed by the relator, from the files, for the following reasons: (1) Because it was not executed and filed within twenty days after the return-day of the writ. (2) Before it was filed, plaintiff had taken an assignment of the bond to the sheriff and commenced suit thereon. (3) It was not taken and acknowledged before any officer or person authorized by the laws of this State or the rules of this Court to take acknowledgments of recognizance of special bail. (4) It was void, and filed without authority. The court granted the motion, and the paper was stricken from the files.
The relator applies to this Court for a mandamus to compel the circuit judge to reverse his action and restore the paper to the files, for the reasons (1st) that it was filed in the time prescribed by the rules and practice of the court; and (2d) if so, the motion to strike from the files was not the proper remedy, but the plaintiff should have excepted to the sufficiency of the bail.
The first question presented is whether, under the rules and practice of the court, the defendant had the following Monday to put in bail, where the twenty days after the return-day of the writ expires on Sunday. The statute does not, in express terms, limit the time in which the special bail is to be put in, to twenty days after the return-day of the writ. It prescribes that the defendant shall be entitled to be discharged from arrest on executing a bond to the sheriff or officer making the same, conditioned that the defendant will appear in the action by putting in special bail within twenty days after the return-day specified in the writ, and perfecting such bail according to the rules and practice of the court. "We are not aware that this precise question has been passed upon by the courts of the state of New York, from which our statute, in this respect, was adopted ; and it is the first time it has been presented to this Court. Looking at the object which is sought to be accomplished by the statute and prac tice in suits instituted by capias, we think the strict construction which would be required if the statute, in terms, required the act to be done in twenty days, should not be applied. The rules of practice provide that when the time within which the act to be done expires on Sunday, the party shall have the succeeding day to perform the act. "We think this rule applies to the case before us. "Were there any doubt upon the question, such construction should be given as would prevent a forfeiture. This is the settled rule in analogous cases.
It follows that the defendant in the suit was entitled to the whole of Monday, the 8th day of June, in which to put in special bail before his default could be taken; and that the assignment of the bail-bond given to the sheriff was premature, and the action commenced thereon before the time for putting in special bail had expired, cannot be maintained.
The paper writing filed by the relator on the 8th day of June with the clerk is not a recognizance, and was rightly stricken from the files by the circuit judge. “To make a good recognizance or obligation of record, the form prescribed must be pursued, therefore they may not be acknowledged before any others besides the persons appointed by the statutes, and the substantial forms of the statute are to be observed.” Bacon’s Case 2 Dyer 220; Hall v. Winckfeild Hob. 195; Toml. Law Dict. tit. “ Recognizance.” This is apparent also from the signification of the word; it being an obligation of record entered into before a court or officer duly authorized for that purpose. The statute requires that a recognizance of special bail may be taken before any justice of the Supreme Court, or any circuit judge, circuit court commissioner, or clerk of any court of record. Notaries public are not authorized to take such recognizance. A paper writing in the form prescribed for special bail taken before a notary public is of no binding force whatever. It is not merely an irregularity: it is a nullity; and the proper remedy on the part of the plaintiff is a motion to strike from the files.
As there has been no default properly entered in this case, the relator, being the defendant in the suit, may still appear to the action by putting in special bail and perfecting the same if excepted to. The default, being prematurely entered, may be disregarded. The relator should, if he desires, be permitted to contest the plaintiff’s cause of action upon the merits, and no undue haste to prevent him from so doing will, we are justified in presuming, be sanctioned by the circuit court in which the action is pending. If the relator does not proceed with reasonable promptness to appear in the cause, he will lose the right accorded to him under the rules and practice of the court. We have sufficiently indicated what is the correct practice to pursue under the circumstances of this case, and under the showing made
The mandamus will be denied without costs. | [
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Sherwood, J.
In a cause entitled as above a judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff and against the garnishee defendant for the sum of $71.25, with costs to be taxed, in the circuit court for the county of Wayne, on the 12th day of January, 1885. William J. Graham, the intervening claimant, brings the case into this Court by writ of error.
On December 12, 1883, defendant Inslee was indebted to defendant Davis in the sum of $71.25, and on that day the plaintiff commenced suit against John C. Davis, as a nonresident, under the provisions of How. Stat. § 8087, and summoned Inslee as garnishee of the principal defendant. The writ of garnishment was served upon Inslee on the day it was issued. The notice and papers required by the statute were served on Jonathan O. Davis on January 16, 1884, in Madison, Indiana. No appearance was entered, and on November 9, 1884, judgment by default was rendered for $1110.99 against the principal defendant, still named as John O. Davis. On February 4, 1884, Jonathan O. Davis sold to William J. Graham, the appellant, his claim against Inslee. At the time of this purchase Graham had no knowledge of the proceedings against John O. Davis, and paid full value for the claim in good faith. On November 19, 1884, Graham, under the provisions of How. Stat. § 8085, was granted leave to intervene for his rights to the debt due from Inslee, and participated in the trial. On December 28,1884, upon the ex parte motion of the plaintiff the proceedings in the principal cause were amended by inserting the name Jonathan O. Davis for John C. Davis. On January 5,1885, the proceedings in the garnishment cause were amended by a similar change. The court rendered judgment in favor of the plaintiff against the garnishee defendant for the $71.25 admitted to be due, allowed the latter a fee of thirty dollars, and ordered the appellant to pay an attorney’s fee of twenty-five dollars and the entire costs of the garnishment proceedings.
The appearance of the appellant by intervention is comparatively new practice. See Williams v. Pomeroy 27 Minn. 85; Kirby v. Corning 54 Wis. 599; McMahon v. Austin 22 N. W. Rep. 543. The appellant has the same rights as if he had sued the garnishee defendant in a separate action, and this proceeding is manifestly to the garnishee’s advantage, because everything is decided in one suit. The right of appeal is likewise preserved to the claimant, because he is precluded, after appearing, from suing the garnishee defendant: Drake on Attachment § 530; and he certainly is entitled to have his rights passed on by this. Court.
The record raises two questions: First, the validity of the amendment to the proceedings as against the appellant; second, the power of the court to impose costs upon the appellant in the manner specified. The disposition of the first question renders the consideration of the second unneeessary.
The rights of the plaintiff and intervening claimant alone are before us for review. The cause was tried by the circuit judge without a jury, who made the following finding of facts, viz.: “That on the 4th day of February, 1884, in Madison, Indiana, the said intervening claimant purchased from the said principal defendant the said debt or claim against the said garnishee defendant, and at the time of the said purchase the said intervening claimant had no knowledge of the proceedings in this cause, and paid full value for the same in good faith, and the same was duly assigned to said intervening claimant, though the said principal defendant was, prior to that date, fully informed of the existence of such proceedings, and kuew that the same were designed to reach said indebtedness.” If the intervening claimant Graham had examined the records in Wayne county circuit court at the time he made his purchase of the claim against Jonathan O. Davis, he would have found no lien thereon in favor of the plaintiff, or any other person, so far as appears by the record in1 this case, unless it shall be held that John is the same as Jonathan, and when used in legal proceedings means the same person, and this I do not understand to be the law. Kennedy v. Merriam 70 Ill. 228; Garrison v. People 21 Ill. 535; Curtis v. Marrs 29 Ill. 508; 1 Chit. Pl. 246.
The general doctrine is that no amendment should be permitted the effect of which would be to destroy or diminish the rights of third parties who are interested in the result of the issue, when such rights have been acquired bona fide without notice by record or otherwise. Herman on Executions 56; Davidson v. Cowan 1 Dev. (N. C. L.) 304; Bank v. Williamson 2 Ired. (N. C. L.) 147; Williams v. Sharpe 70 N. C. 582; Foster v. Woodfin 65 N. C. 29; Ohio L. & T. Co. v. Urbana Ins. Co. 13 Ohio 220; Putnam v. Hall 3 Pick. 445; Denny v. Ward 3 Pick. 199; Peck v. Sill 3 Conn. 157. Our statute of amendments was intended to protect and preserve rights, not to lessen or destroy them. The intervenor took his interest after the service of the writ of garnishment, and prior to the amendment of the declaration and other proceedings in the case. The amendment could not affect his interest under the assignment of the claim, whatever might be the effect upon the other parties.
It is true that the question of costs is somewhat discretionary with the court in this class of cases, but in making the award thereof some equitable rule of adjustment should be observed, and did we feel at liberty to pass upon that question now, it might be found difficult to sustain the judgment for the amount given against the appellant.
The judgment against the garnishee must be reversed and the proceedings in the garnishee suit dismissed, and the appellant will be allowed to recover his costs against plaintiff.
Cooley, C. J. and Campbell, J. concurred. | [
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Allen, P.J.
Defendant was convicted by a jury on three counts of assault with intent to commit murder, contrary to MCL 750.83; MSA 28.278, and one count of possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony, contrary to MCL 750.227b; MSA 28.424(2). Defendant was sentenced to 5 to 20 years imprisonment on each of the assault counts and to a two-year consecutive term on the felony-firearm count. He appeals as of right.
During the defendant’s case in chief his mother, Betty McClain, testified that the defendant possessed a reputation as a peaceful, nonviolent person. On cross-examination of this witness, the following exchange took place:
"Mr. Baker (Prosecutor): Mrs. McClain, are you aware of the felonious assault charge against your son in 1975?
"Mrs. McClain: I heard about it.”
Defense counsel immediately objected and the jury was excused. After some discussion by counsel and the trial judge, defense counsel moved for a mistrial. In the course of the ensuing discussion it was asserted that the defendant’s arrest for felonious assault stemmed from his wife’s filing of a criminal complaint in order to gain custody of the couple’s child. The case against the defendant on that charge was ultimately dismissed. Following this discussion, the trial court sustained defendant’s objection to the impeachment of Mrs. McClain but denied the motion for mistrial on the basis that even if the prosecutor’s cross-examination was improper, its prejudicial effect was curable by an appropriate instruction. When the jury returned to the courtroom they were immediately instructed by the trial judge in the following manner:
"Members of the Jury, I do instruct you at this time that the fact that the prosecution has brought out or inquired of the witness, if she was aware that a charge had been made against the defendant by some person, should not be considered by you. I have stricken that question from the record and the response. I’m not sure if any response was even given, but both the question and the response will be stricken from the record and you are not to consider that in any way.”
On appeal, defendant claims that the trial court abused its discretion in denying his motion for a mistrial following the prosecutor’s cross-examination of defendant’s character witness, his mother, Mrs. McClain. Three grounds are offered as support for this contention.
First, defendant asserts that recent case law overrules the prior rule allowing cross-examination of character witnesses by using the defendant’s record of prior arrests which do not result in convictions. We disagree. It is a well settled rule of law in this and other jurisdictions that a witness who has testified to the defendant’s good character by proof of general reputation may be questioned as to the grounds of knowledge upon which that witness’s assertion is based. People v Dorrikas, 354 Mich 303; 92 NW2d 305 (1958), People v Rosa, 268 Mich 462; 256 NW 483 (1934), People v Stedman, 41 Mich App 393; 200 NW2d 370 (1972), MRE 405(a), 3A and 4 Wigmore, Evidence (Chadbourn Rev, 1970), §§988, 1111, McCormick, Evidence (2d ed), § 191, p 454. The rule has been accurately stated thus:
"According to the overwhelming weight of authority, a witness testifying to the good reputation or character of a defendant in a criminal prosecution may be interrogated on cross-examination with respect to rumors or reports of particular acts imputed to the defendant, and as to what the witness has heard of specific charges of misconduct made against the defendant.
"The purpose of the cross-examination of the defendant’s character witness with reference to particular acts of the defendant is not to establish such acts as facts, or to prove the truth of the rumors of such acts, and to test the credibility of the character witness, by ascertaining his good faith, information and accuracy.” Anno: Cross-examination of character witness for accused with reference to particular acts or crimes, 47 ALR2d 1258, §§ 3, 5.
See also 2 Wharton, Criminal Evidence (13th ed), § 426, p 324. This rule is equally applicable in situations where the character witness is questioned as to his awareness of the defendant’s prior arrests on matters related to the instant charge for which the accused is on trial. People v Stedman, supra, People v Lewis Robinson, 70 Mich App 606; 247 NW2d 308 (1976), Anno: supra, 47 ALR2d 1258, §§ 11, 16; 2 Wharton’s, supra, § 426 at 328, fn 65.
Defendant’s reliance on People v Falkner, 389 Mich 682; 209 NW2d 193 (1973), and People v Rappuhn, 390 Mich 266; 212 NW2d 205; 67 ALR3d 766 (1973), as modifying the above stated rule is misplaced. These cases stand for the proposition that an arrest record cannot be used to directly impeach the defendant or a defense witness. In contrast, a defendant’s prior arrests can be used in the cross-examination of a witness who has testified to the good reputation of the accused for a particular trait for the purpose of showing either that the witness is unfamiliar with the reputation concerning which he has testified, or that his standards of what constitutes good repute are unsound. Id. People v McClow, 40 Mich App 185, 194-195; 198 NW2d 707 (1972).
Second, defendant contends that even if it was proper to cross-examine his character witness by reference to defendant’s prior arrest for felonious assault, the form used by the prosecutor to ask the question was improper. It is generally recognized that a cross-examiner may not frame his questions to assume that the former misconduct inquired about was a fact. Consequently, it has been stated that the proper form of inquiry of a character witness is "Have you heard * * *.?” and not "Do you know * * People v Stedman, supra at 396, People v Robinson, supra, at 608, fn 1, 47 ALR2d 1258, §§ 20, 21, McCormick, supra, § 191, pp 456-457, 2 Wharton’s, supra, §426, p 333. Consequently, we agree with the defendant that the prosecutor improperly framed the question to Mrs. McClain when he asked her:
"* * * [A]re you aware of the felonious assault charge against your son in 1975?”
This form of the question was improper because it assumes that defendant was, in fact, arrested when its only purpose can be to explore the reliability of the witness’s claim to know defendant’s reputation as a peaceful person. Nonetheless, absent a showing of actual prejudice to the defendant’s cause, such a defect in the form of the question put forth to a character witness does not require automatic reversal. People v Stedman, supra at 396. In People v Rosa, supra at 465, the Supreme Court upheld a defendant’s conviction despite the prosecutor’s question to a defense character witness on cross-examination regarding whether "she knew of certain other offenses in which the defendant had been implicated”. This may be particularly permissible where the prior misconduct refers to official charges, arrests, or convictions. See McCormick, supra, § 191, p 457. Thus, the fact that the trial court in the case at bar made a specific determination that defendant had actually been arrested for felonious assault in 1975, minimizes the error with the form of the question since the witness’s knowledge or lack of knowledge regarding this fact is relevant to her credibility as a character witness. In addition, we note that in answering the prosecutor’s question, the witness responded that she had "heard about” the defendant’s 1975 arrest. This response is sufficient to refocus the jury’s attention on the basis of her reputation testimony without actually conceding the truth of the defendant’s arrest record. Finally, we note that the trial judge gave an immediate and forceful instruction to the jury to completely disregard the entire matter. Therefore, while the form of the question posed by the prosecutor was erroneous, it did not prejudice the defendant’s cause and reversal is not warranted.
Third, defendant contends that the rule announced in People v Dorrikas, 354 Mich 303; 92 NW2d 305 (1958), was violated in the case at bar because the prosecutor conducted a cross-examination of his character witness regarding prior arrests without first determining, in the absence of the jury, the fact, time, place, and relevancy of the proposed prior misconduct. While the better rule requires that the hearing involving the relevancy of the prosecutor’s proposed cross-examination questions of the defendant’s character witness be held before such questions are put to the witness in the presence of the jury, People v Robinson, supra at 608, People v Castaneda, 81 Mich App 453, 461-462; 265 NW2d 367 (1978), nothing in Dorrikas, supra, mandates such a procedure. After extensive review of Federal cases deciding the issue, the Court in Dorrikas stated:
"It is apparent from a reading of these cases that the appellate courts mentioned believe the United States supreme court would not permit the type of cross-exam ination carried on in the instant case without (1) the trial judge determining, in the absence of the jury, whether or not the criminal acts actually took place, the time of their commission, and a determination as to whether they were relevant to the issue being tried, and (2) the trial judge making a careful instruction to the jury as to the reasons testimony as to the criminal acts is being admitted.” 354 Mich at 326.
The trial court in the case at bar held the requisite hearing and determined that as a matter of fact the defendant had been arrested for felonious assault in 1975. However, although an arrest for felonious assault is certainly relevant to challenge a character witness’s attestation to defendant’s reputation as a peaceful and nonviolent person, the trial court refused to permit the questioning to continue and specifically instructed the jury to disregard the matter, possibly because of the doubtful validity of the factors underlying the arrest. Since the jury was instructed not to consider the matter "in any way” it was not necessary —indeed, under the trial court’s own ruling on the matter it would not have been proper—to carefully instruct the jury "as to the reasons testimony as to the criminal acts is being admitted”.
Therefore, although the trial court ultimately held the prosecutor’s question regarding defendant’s prior misconduct to be inadmissible, absent some proof or finding that the prosecutor acted in bad faith, we will not reverse defendant’s conviction. People v Castaneda, supra, McCormick, supra, § 191 at 458; 2 Wharton’s, supra, § 426 at 332-333. Under the circumstances presented, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying defendant’s motion for mistrial.
On appeal, defendant also claims that certain comments made by the prosecutor during rebuttal argument were improper as appealing to the jury to perform its civic duty to convict him. Our examination of the prosecutor’s argument in its entire context persuades us that he in no way suggested the jury relinquish its fact-finding function to defer to any demand of his. The prosecutor’s remarks were proper argument based on matters raised by defendant in his closing argument. Certain of the latter remarks, although if standing alone could be seen as improper, do not constitute reversible error in this case because of their responsive nature. People v Duncan, 402 Mich 1, 16; 260 NW2d 58 (1977).
Finally, defendant contends that his conviction for possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony constitutes double jeopardy in violation of the United States and Michigan constitutions. This issue has been recently considered and rejected by the Supreme Court in Wayne County Prosecutor v Recorder’s Court Judge, 406 Mich 374; 280 NW2d 793 (1979).
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J. H. Gillis, P.J.
Defendants appeal from a decision of the Macomb County Circuit Court which held that the City of Mount Clemens was estopped from enforcing its residency requirement against the nine named plaintiffs. Plaintiffs are employed in various capacities by the city.
In 1956, the city adopted personnel rule 6.1, which provides:
"Residence: Employees in the competitive service need not be residents of the City of Mount Clemens at the time of appointment, but shall establish residence within the City within one year after appointment and shall maintain such residence during employment by the City. Employees in the competitive service not residing within the City at the time of adoption of these rules shall establish residence within the City within six months and shall maintain such residence during employment by the City. The City Commission may make exceptions to the residence requirements for good and sufficient reason.”
One of the plaintiffs, William Ringler, is the City Treasurer. As an officer, his residency is required by § 65 of the Charter of the City of Mount Clemens, which provides, in pertinent part:
"All officers of the city shall be United States citizens. If any such officer is not a resident of the city at the time of his appointment, he shall become a resident thereof within 90 days after his appointment and shall so remain throughout his tenure in office.”
The testimony indicates that this rule was enforced in the late 1950’s but generally ignored thereafter. In November, 1971, a renewed effort to enforce the rule was made and the plaintiffs were instructed to move into the city or face dismissal.
A suit was initiated by AFSCME Locals 1884 and 2599 resulting in an injunction issued March 1, 1972, restraining the city from enforcing the residency rule.
In May, 1972, guidelines were adopted for granting exceptions to the residency rule. Seven of the nine plaintiffs requested exceptions, which were denied.
Apparently the AFSCME suit was dismissed in September, 1975.
In May, 1976, the city sent a letter to all nonresident employees advising them that they would have to move into the city by October 1, 1976, or face dismissal. Plaintiffs then commenced the instant suit seeking injunctive relief.
In granting the requested relief, the trial court noted that all of the employees were hired prior to 1971, during a time the city’s attitude toward enforcement of the residency rule was ambivalent. In addition, the court found that some of the plaintiffs were hired even though they evidenced a negative attitude about moving into the city. The court concluded that it would be manifestly unfair and unjust to require plaintiffs to move into the city and, therefore, held that defendants were estopped from enforcing the residency requirement against the nine plaintiffs.
We first note that, on the surface, residency requirements have been held to be constitutional, Detroit Police Officers Ass’n v Detroit, 385 Mich 519; 190 NW2d 97 (1971), although they may be unconstitutional in their application. State, County & Municipal Employees Local 339 v Highland Park, 363 Mich 79; 108 NW2d 898 (1961).
In the instant case plaintiffs concede that the current residency requirement passes constitutional muster. However, they contend that application of the doctrine of estoppel precludes the city from enforcing the requirement against them.
In Parker v Twp of West Bloomfield, 60 Mich App 583, 591; 221 NW2d 424 (1975), the Court ruled that estoppel could be applied to a municipality in certain situations, stating:
"Generally, estoppel may arise pursuant to the positive acts of municipal officials which induced plaintiff to act in a certain manner, and where plaintiff relied upon the official’s actions by incurring a change of position or making expenditures in reliance upon the officials’ actions.”
Estoppel will not lie in every situation. A municipal corporation may not act beyond its powers. However, where the matter is within the city’s authority and not illegal the municipality will be bound by its dealings even though the power has been exercised in an irregular fashion or in disregard of a directory provision in its charter. Parker, supra, 592.
In addition, a municipal body is not estopped by the unauthorized or illegal acts of its officers or employees. Parker, supra, 594. Blackman Twp v Koller, 357 Mich 186; 98 NW2d 538 (1959), City of Highland Park v Oakland County Drain Comm’r, 300 Mich 501; 2 NW2d 479 (1942).
In the instant case personnel rule 6.1 contained a provision for granting exemptions. Hence, a waiver of this residency requirement was obviously not outside the authority of the city so as to preclude application of estoppel. However, the charter provision applicable to William Ringler, the City Treasurer, provided for no exceptions. Moreover, this was not merely a "directory provision” as envisioned in Parker, supra. Therefore, there is no basis for application of the doctrine of estoppel to Mr. Ringler’s case. The lower court erred as a matter of law in holding that the city was estopped from enforcing its residency requirement against William Ringler.
In addition, our de novo review of the record convinces us that the circumstances of some of the plaintiffs does not justify application of the doctrine of estoppel.
Joyce Cross was initially employed by the city in 1955. After the residency rule was adopted she was told to move into the city. She did so in 1958. In 1970 she married a nonresident and moved out of the city without ever informing anyone in the city of her intentions.
We fail to see any positive acts of the city which induced Ms. Cross to change her position in reliance thereon. She was well aware of the residency policy and, in fact, moved into the city because of it. Her move in 1970 was not induced by any acts of the city and her assertion that following her move no immediate action was taken against her is insufficient to support a claim of estoppel.
The testimony of Alfred Sahr also fails to make out a case of estoppel. He bought a home outside of the city in 1973 because of statements made by his union representative that the residency rule had been dropped. Mr. Sahr admitted he never asked anyone from the city about the matter. There is no other competent evidence to support a claim of estoppel.
Harold Di Pasquale testified that he was aware of the residency requirement from the outset and has been attempting to comply with it. He failed to testify to any acts of the city which induced him to change his position in reliance thereon. Hence, the facts are insufficient to support a claim of estoppel.
The remaining plaintiffs presented evidence to support their claims of estoppel. James Hall testified that when interviewing for the job, he discussed residency with his department head and was told not to worry about it. He also stated that he would not have taken the job had he known that residency would be enforced.
Walter Steffens testified he indicated on his application that he would not be able to maintain residence within the city but was hired anyway. He also stated he would not have accepted the job had he known the residency rule would be enforced against him.
Aimer Gruebener testified that the city manager, Mr. Whedon, told him residency was not being enforced. Mr. Gruebener also stated that he would not have accepted a position with the city had he known the rule would be enforced.
James Lafferty testified he discussed the residency requirement with Carol Mitzner, whom he identified as the assistant personnel director, and she informed him that it would not be enforced. Mr. Lafferty also stated that when he pointed out the relevant clause on the employment application, Mrs. Mitzner crossed it out. Mr. Lafferty’s employment application, with the clause deleted, was introduced as an exhibit.
Ella Jane Trombley testified that she moved out of the city in 1968 only after she was informed by the police chief that residency was not being enforced.
We find the testimony of these five plaintiffs to be sufficient to support their claim that the city should be estopped from enforcing the residency requirement against them. In each case there was a substantial change of position induced by reliance upon the acts of the city.
In addition, because the city charter gives the department heads the authority to hire and dismiss employees without confirmation by the city commission, defendants’ contention that plaintiffs had no right to rely on the representations of these persons is without merit.
Defendants’ other contentions do not merit discussion.
The decision of the lower court is affirmed as it relates to plaintiff James Hall, Walter Steffens, Aimer Gruebener, James Laflferty, and Ella Jane Trombley. It is reversed as to Joyce Cross, Alfed Sahr, Harold Di Pasquale and William Ringler. No costs, a public question being involved.
R. M. Ransom, J., concurred. | [
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Danhof, C.J.
The defendant pled guilty to obtaining by false pretenses a sum of money greater than $100, MCL 750.218; MSA 28.415, and on January 3, 1978, was sentenced to five years probation. Among the special terms of this probation was the requirement that he pay $10 per week toward a court costs assessment of $500.
On June 28, 1978, a bench warrant was issued upon the petition of defendant’s probation agent, who alleged that the defendant had not appeared for two monthly appointments, had left the state without permission and been arrested in Florida on a grand theft charge and had made no court costs payment. The defendant waived extradition proceedings in Florida and came into the custody of Michigan officials on July 21, 1978.
During the morning hours of July 25, 1978, the defendant was first presented with the statutorily required notice of the probation violation charges. At 11:35 a.m., he appeared before the court for a violation hearing, without protesting this last-minute notice of the charges. He waived assistance of counsel and stated that he understood the three charges against him. The procedure was explained to the defendant and he told the court, "All I want to do is plead guilty”. The court took evidence and found, apparently on the twin bases of the hearing testimony and the defendant’s concessions, that the defendant had violated his probation in each of the particulars alleged. A sentence of two to ten years imprisonment was imposed.
Among the rights which due process affords a defendant charged with violation of his probation is the right to adequate and timely notice of the proceedings and charges he must face. The importance of this right may not be underestimated:
"In proceedings such as this, the notice requirement may well be the most crucial. To comply with due process requirements, the notice 'must be given sufficiently in advance of scheduled court proceedings so that reasonable opportunity to prepare will be afforded’. In re Gault, 387 US 1, 33; 87 S Ct 1428; 18 L Ed 2d 527 (1967).” People v Gulley, 66 Mich App 112, 116; 238 NW2d 421 (1975), lv den 396 Mich 850 (1976).
The notice of probation violation charges required by MCL 771.4; MSA 28.1134 "must be served sufficiently in advance of scheduled court proceedings so that defendant has a reasonable opportunity to prepare”. People v Radney, 81 Mich App 303, 306; 265 NW2d 128 (1978), see also People v Gillman, 71 Mich App 374; 248 NW2d 553 (1976).
The prosecution argues that a plea of guilty waives all "nonjurisdictional” defects in the proceedings, including the defect of untimely notice. This point of view was approved without discussion by the majority in People v Bell, 67 Mich App 351; 241 NW2d 203 (1976), in which notice and hearing occurred on the same day, and by Judge Walsh, dissenting, in People v Lawrence, 90 Mich App 73; 282 NW2d 247 (1979), in which notice and hearing were practically simultaneous.
Dissenting in Bell, supra, Judge Danhof wrote regarding the count to which the defendant had pled guilty:
"Under the circumstances of this case, it is difficult to see how the defendant intelligently waived the notice necessary to reasonably prepare for the hearing. He was picked up by the police on the coat charge and incarcerated for three weeks. Then, on March 10, 1975, he obtained counsel, received notice of his violations, and was brought before the trial court. Due process requires adequate notice before any hearing is held which has the consequences of the one in the present case.” 67 Mich App at 355.
The majority in Lawrence, supra, agreed with the Bell dissent and wrote:
"Neither this Court nor the Supreme Court has found it necessary to impose a check list of rights for probation revocations on the circuit courts. People v Rial, 399 Mich 431; 249 NW2d 114 (1976). We do not intend to do so here. However, we are not required to affirm a proceeding which appears unjust. The defendant did not waive her right to timely notice of the charges by admitting one of the violations on the facts presented by this record. A lack of notice vitiated the voluntariness and intelligence of the subsequent waivers of the right to counsel and the right to a hearing.” 90 Mich App at 77-78.
A defendant’s right to timely notice of the charges upon which revocation of his probation is sought is his guarantee of adequate time to prepare to meet the charges. He may decide to contest or admit them; either course requires substantial reflection and preparation. It is not clear that a guilty plea more effectively waives the right to timely notice than does a hurried and ill-conceived attempt to refute the accusations.
The order revoking the defendant’s probation is set aside and his sentence is vacated, without prejudice to the prosecution’s right to again seek revocation after notice allowing the defendant adequate opportunity to prepare his response to the charges.
H. R. Carroll, J., concurred.
The court found that, as the defendant claimed, he had been arrested and sentenced in Florida for petty theft rather than grand theft. | [
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Sherwood, J.
This is an action of trespass on the case, brought by the plaintiff to recover damages for injury sustained by him on the morning of the 16th day of May, 1882, at the city of Niles, while attempting to uncouple cars in a moving train, and while in the service of the defendant. The cause was tried at the Berrien circuit, before Judge Smith, by a jury, at the February term, 1884, and a verdict was rendered for the plaintiff for $5000 damages. Defendant brings error.
No question is raised upon the pleadings. From the record it appears that in the city of Niles, Fifth street, running-north and south, crosses the Michigan Central Kailroad tracks. At this crossing, besides the main track, there are, of all kinds, six others. These several tracks occupy a large portion of defendant’s right of way at this crossing, and thirty-two feet of the traveled part of Fifth street was very well planked between the tracks by the company with pine planks, three and one-lialf inches thick, and which were laid new the fall before the injury complained of occurred. The company’s station-house, dining-hall and freight-house, and other depot buildings at Niles, were located at this point, and alargo number of trains were arriving and departing during the day and night. The services of a number of men in the yard and freight-house, and about the grounds, were required to look after and do the business at this station. Mr. Gregg was station agqnt during 1882 at Niles, and had been for more than thirty years. E. D. Bachelor was yard-master, and had been years before. He had control of all the help in the yard, but was not at the station much during the night; and when he was absent he left one of the men employed in the yard,, named Etzcorn, in charge. It further appears that near the southeast corner of the planking in Fifth street, and about twelve or fifteen feet therefrom, stood a switch. This switch moved the track south in adjusting it for the passage of trains» and at some time previous to the morning the injury occurred to plaintiff (the exact time, however, is not shown by the record), owing to the failure of a proper adjustment of the switch,, a car-wheel had struck the end of a plank next to the rail of' the track, breaking it and crushing it down, making a hole in the surface seven or eight inches long and between three and four inches wide. This appears to have been the only defect anywhere in the planking or grounds about the station or yard. It further appears that it v'as the duty of the yardmen to examine and make discovery of any defect in the planking or other places in the yard, and at once repair the same, and call on the track-master for the necessary materials for that purpose, when they were not on hand at the station.
The plaintiff was a resident of Niles, and had been for eighteen years at the time he received his injury ; was forty-five years of age, and had been in the employ of the company continuously in various capacities for twlve years. He had worked with a gravel train, and afterwards at the freight house and yard at Niles for ten years, and immediately previous to the accident, had for six months been one of the yardmen working under the direction of Mr. Bachelor, the 3’ard-master. His immediate business at the time he was hurt was that of night switchman, working from six o’clock in the evening until seven o’clock in the morning, and he was employed most of his time at the east end of the yard from Fifth street east. His work was to ’tend/ switches for trains going east and west, and see that they got water, and when his work was done he had orders from Bachelor to help the other men make up trains. The plaintiff says, in his testimony, when he went to work upon the yard, Bachelor employed him as night switchman; that there was no danger about that business; that Gregg, on the 16th of May, 1882, had general charge of the station, but not of the 3rard; that on the 17th of February previous, Gregg told him “notto undertake to’ couple carsthat on the morning of that day he was helping a brakeman, and got caught by a car, and Bachelor and Gregg both came to him, and told him that was not his business, — -that he should let the cars go, and attend to his business; that at about half-past five o’clock in the morning of the 16th of May, 1S82, and about five minutes before he was injured, Etzcorn was coming out of the freight house with an engine and five cars, and had cut off the end car and got up on top of it to hold it. Plaintiff then asked him where he wanted those cars. Etzcorn replied, “ One in and one out;” to which plaintiff answered, “ Then set the switch over, and motion the engineer ahead,” and stepped in to uncouple the cars, pulled the pin, and laid it on the dead-wood. The cars were in motion at the time, going west, and he moved along between them as the cars moved, until he got ready to come out, when his right foot caught in the hole in the planks before mentioned, and held him. He looked back to see what held it, but did not have time to get his foot out before the brake struck him and knocked him down, and after being carried several feet, the car-wheel came upon his left leg, crushing it to the thigh, rendering amputation necessary. It further appears from the testimony of the plaintiff that at the time of the accident it was light; that he could see pretty well; that he did not know of the defect in the plank — if he had, he could have seen it; that he might have passed it a hundred times, and not have seen it; that it was of such a character, if his attention had not been called to it, he could not have seen it; that he never discovered any defect in the planking at that crossing before; that he had always regarded it as a good and proper crossing for the purpose and place; and that he was familiar with the station grounds. The foregoing facts were all uncontroverted by the plaintiff, and most of them appeared in the plaintiff’s own testimony.
The other testimony went strongly to show that the existence of a defective plank was known only to two of defendant’s yard hands, and they both swear that they never had made the fact known to the company or to the yard or station masters; and Mr. Bachelor testifies that when he hired the plaintiff he gave him express instructions what he wished him to do ; “ directed he should not pull pins, or do any coupling in, any waythat he forbade his doing this again in November following, and that he never countermanded that direction; that there was other business in the yard for the plaintiff to do.
The plaintiff now seeks to recover the damages he has sus tained in the loss of his limb, alleging in the declaration negligence on the part of the defendant in suffering the defect in the plank described to continue unrepaired until it occasioned his injury, and averring no neglect on his part contributing to the accident.
The defendant, in making its defense, claimed
(1st) That the defect in the planking was a very slight one, not known by the company to exist at the time the injury occurred ; that the plaintiff was an employee of the company; that his duties in the yard required him to look after such defects when they occurred, and that his particular business, and its locality, furnished him with as good, if not better, opportunities. to have known of the defect complained of than the occupation and duties of any other employee of the company.
(2d) That such defect, if one existed, in the planking, which caused his injury, if the result of negligence at all, was that of a fellow-servant, and of which the company had no previous notice, and was therefore a part of the risks which the plaintiff assumed when he entered the employment of the company as incident thereto.
(3d) That it was negligence on the part of the plaintiff to attempt to do what he did while the cars were in motion, and that such negligence was really the cause of the injury.
(4th) That what he did was in actual disobedience of the orders of the yard-master, under whose control and direction he was required to serve, as well as those of the station agent, and without the request of any one. That for these four reasons the plaintiff ought not to recover.
The undisputed proofs show in this case that the defect in the planking complained of was one which might occur any day from slightly misplacing a switch, or the accidental derailing of a truck-wheel, or from various other causes purely accidental; that the injury to the plank was so small as to escape the notice of all the persons in the yard except two, and even that of the plaintiff, who was daily within ten or twelve feet of it, from once to a dozen times a day, and it would appear that even the two persons who did see it did not deem it of consequence enough to report it to the yardmaster, or repair it themselves, it being their duty so to do if it was dangerous, and there is no pretense that the company had actual notice thereof.
There is no testimony to show, or tending to show, that any of the persons were careless, incompetent or unskillful when they were employed by the company and placed in charge of its business at Niles station ; but on the contrary the undisputed evidence is that they were all very competent men, who had had long experience in all branches of the business. It would seem that the defendant had done its whole duty in the premises, and it is quite clear, I think, that the only ground upon which plaintiff can rest his claim must be that of negligence of a fellow-servant engaged in the same employment; and the rule is well settled that when the company uses due diligence, in the selection of competent, skillful and trusty servants, it is not answerable in damages to one of them for any injury received by him in consequence of the carelessness of another, while both are engaged in the same service of the common master. Farwell v. Boston & Worcester Railroad Corporation 4 Met. 49: 2 Thompson on Negligence 924. A person “ who engages in the employment of a railroad company for the performance of specified duties and services, for compensation, takes upon himself the natural and ordinary risks and perils incident to the performance of such service,” and these include the perils arising from the carelessness and negligence of those who are fellow-servants, or engaged in the same employment, and it is of little consequence of what grade the servants may be, except (as is well said by Chief Justice Cooley in his work on Torts) “as superior authority may render the negligence more dangerous, and consequently increase at least the moral responsibility of any other servant, who, being aware of the negligence, should fail to reprove it,” (Cooley on Torts 544); and this doctrine is fully supported by the following authorities, among others: 2 Thompson on Negligence 927; Gallagher v. Piper 16 C. B. (N. S.) 679, 694; Wigmore v. Jay 5 Exch. 354; Felt- ham v. England L. R. 2 Q. B. 33; Chicago &c. R. Co. v. Murphy 53 Ill. 336; Summersell v. Fish 117 Mass. 312; O'Connor v. Roberts 120 Mass. 227; Zeigler v. Day 123 Mass. 152; Warner v. Erie Ry. Co. 39 N. Y. 468, 470; Coon v. Syracuse etc. R. Co. 5 N. Y. 492; Columbus &c. R. Co. v. Arnold 31 Ind. 174; Hard v. Vermont & Canada R. Co. 32 Vt. 473; O'Connell v. Baltimore & Ohio R. Co. 20 Md. 212; Ryan v. Cumberland Valley R. R. Co. 23 Penn. St. 384; Pittsburgh &c. R. Co. v. Devinney 17 Ohio St. 197; Morgan v. Railway Co. L. R. 1 Q. B. 149; Gilman v. Eastern R. Corp. 10 Allen 233; Lawler v. Androscoggin R. Co. 62 Me. 463; Quincy Mining Co. v. Kitts 42 Mich. 34; Michigan Cent. R. Co. v. Austin 40 Mich. 247; Day v. Toledo, C. S. & D. R. Co. 42 Mich. 523; Crispin v. Babbitt 81 N. Y. 516: Brick v. Rochester, N. Y. & P. R. Co. 98 N. Y. 211; McCosker v. Long Lsland R. Co. 84 N. Y. 77; Wright v. New York Cent. R. Co. 25 N. Y. 565. It is said by Mr. Oliief Justice Shaw, in speaking upon this subject: “We are not aware of any principle which should except the perils arising from the-carelessness and negligence of those who are in the same employment. These are perils which the servant is as likely to know, and against which he can as effectually guard, as the master.” Farwell v. Boston & Worcester Railroad Corporation 4 Met. 49.
Especially is this true in this case, under the circumstances disclosed in this record; for it is shown to have been a part of the duty of the plaintiff to have discovered the defect in the planking complained of, and to have repaired the same, a,s well as that of the track-master.
I think it must be conceded that had the defendant not gone in between the cars while they were in motion, he would not have received his injury. He was not required to do this by any person, and it was most certainly no part of his duty so to do. It is claimed by counsel for plaintiff that plaintiff was acting under the direction of Etzcorn at the time the injury occurred. The evidence, however, does not support this claim. Etzcorn was that morning, he says, doing his own coupling and uncoupling; and the plaintiff says that he (plaintiff) asked Etzcorn, as he was making a change of cars, “What next ? ” and Etzcorn replied, “ One car in and one car out,” and that this is all that was said ; and Etzcorn says he did not ask plaintiff to do anything that morning, — did not ask him to help him. Clearly this talk shows no direction to plaintiff to uncouple the cars.
Usually the movement of cars while the brakeman is attempting to couple or uncouple them is under his direction, and contributory negligence on his part in his endeavor to make the coupling while the cars are in motion, or in failing to regulate the movement of approaching cars when it is within his power to do so by the exercise of ordinary care, has been held sufficient to prevent his recovery for injuries received. Muldowney v. Illinois Cent. R. Co. 36 Iowa 462; Williams v. Iowa Central R. R. Co. 43 Ia. 396; Marsh v. South Carolina R. Co. 56 Ga. 274, 277. I am inclined to the opinion, however, that the correct view is taken upon this subject in Snow v. Housatonic R. Co. 8 Allen 441. In that case the court held that if a brakeman cannot easily uncouple cars when the train is standing still, and in endeavoring to uncouple them when the train is in motion, he steps between the cars, and there meets with an injury which is caused by a want of repair in the road-bed, it cannot be ruled he is careless, as a matter of law, but the question is then one for the jury. Belair v. Chicago &c. R. Co. 43 Iowa 662.
We are relieved from further consideration of this subject, however, in the present case. It clearly appears by the record that the plaintiff’s duties were those of switchman, and that when hired, and subsequently, he was ordered by those who had the authority to direct him what to do, — not to attempt to perform the kind of service in which he received his injury, — and that, in open violation of these orders, and without the direction of any person, he undertook to perform the hazardous work of uncoupling, which was fraught with such disastrous results. Under the circumstances and testimony undisputed, I think it must be held that the plaintiff necessarily took the risk; that it was his own voluntary act, >índ the defendant cannot be held liable upon the facts appearing in this record.
These views render discussion of the other points made, unnecessary.
The judgment must be reversed and a new trial granted.
Campbell, C. J. and Champlin, J. concurred. | [
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Wiest, J.
This is a suit to quiet title by claimed first mortgagee under foreclosure, sale, purchase and expiration of period of redemption. Defendants, as receivers of the private bank of Churchill & Weber, held a second mortgage in point of time of execution but first in time of recording. The mortgages covered two parcels of land; one of 12 acres and the other 40 acres. The Churchill & Weber private bank held a deed to the 12-acre parcel, given in 1908, evidently to secure loans to the grantor John YanderVen. October 21, 1912, Churchill & Weber deeded the 12-acre parcel back to their grantor, evidently to enable him to raise money thereon and clear up title to the 40 acres he was purchasing on land contract, and also to employ some of the mortgage avails in meeting obligations due the Churchill & Weber bank.
The same day that the deed was given, the grantee therein borrowed $3,500' from plaintiff corporation and secured payment thereof by a mortgage on both parcels. Some of this money was used by the mortgagor to obtain title under the land contract covering the 40 acres and some to pay obligations due the bank. The money was disbursed through the medium of the bank.
The mortgage to plaintiff was executed on October 21,1912, but not recorded until October 28, 1912. Before such recording, and on October 25, 1912, the same mortg*ag*or gave another mortgage for $850 to Churchill & Weber, covering both parcels of real estate, and this mortgage was recorded on October 26, 1912, or two days ahead of the mortgage to plaintiff.
Plaintiff foreclosed, purchased at the sale, received a deed and, upon expiration of the period of redemption, and when the second mortgage was asserted to have priority by reason of being the first of record, and without notice or knowledge of the mortgage to plaintiff, then plaintiff filed the bill herein to quiet title against such claim and had decree.
Charles Churchill, principal owner and active manager of the private bank of Churchill & Weber, at the time of the execution of the mortgages, is dead.
At the hearing plaintiff called John VanderVen, the mortgagor, as a witness to show that Churchill & Weber, through Charles Churchill, had actual knowledge of the execution of the mortgage to plaintiff at the time of the execution of the second mortgage, and that both mortgages were planned to carry out an agreement or common understanding. The testimony of this witness was objected to as coming within the statutory exclusion (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14219) of being equally within the knowledge of the deceased, but was taken for the purposes of the record and rejected by the court in granting plaintiff relief.
It is not necessary for us to pass upon the admissibility of such testimony for we find, as did the circuit judge, other and sufficient evidence establishing such knowledge on the part of Mr. Churchill.
Upon review, by appeal, defendants contend that the evidence, with that of the mortgagor excluded, does not support the decree.
The evidence has been examined and, in the light of the disclosed facts, leaving out consideration of the testimony of the mortgagor of matters equally within the knowledge of the deceased, but not passing upon the admissibility thereof, the conclusion is irresistible that the deed by Churchill & Weber of the 12-acre parcel they had held as security was to enable the employment thereof, together with the title to the 40 acres, as security for obtaining a loan from plaintiff and out of the proceeds pay some obligations at the bank and then to secure the bank for the remainder by the second mortgage upon both parcels of real estate.
It is a fair inference that Mr. Churchill was fully aware of the financial affairs of the mortgagor by reason of their long-time financial dealings as disclosed by the record. The only reasonable explanation of the deed from Churchill & Weber the very day of execution of the mortgage to plaintiff was to enable the accomplishment of what, in fact, was done and bring to the advantage of Churchill & Weber payment of some moneys due and the added security of the 40 acres by way of the second mortgage for the remainder.
We find no occasion to place in this opinion a recital of the evidence for it would be of no benefit to the profession.
The question is one of fact, and the circuit judge reached the right conclusion.
Affirmed, with costs.
Fead, C. J., and North, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Chandler, J.
On August 21, 1936, appellant filed objections to the allowance of the will of Mary J. Weins, deceased, and made application for certification of the contest to the circuit court for hearing pursuant to 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 15958. The exemplification of record was filed in the circuit court on September 11, 1936. On September 25, 1936, appellant filed a written demand for a jury trial.
On the day of the hearing, the circuit court denied appellant a jury trial on the ground that she had failed to comply with Court Rule No. 75 (1933), and that the demand for a jury--trial of September 25th was of no avail. Appellant then contended that the court should permit the record to be amended to include the original petition for certification and the original objections filed in the probate court, which she claimed contained a demand for a jury trial. The court refused the request except on condition that appellant pay the costs of appellee in preparing for trial. The cause was then heard without a jury and an order entered admitting the will and certifying the case to the probate court for further proceedings.
On October 6, 1936, appellant filed a motion “to vacate the order dismissing appeal entered herein on the 2d day of October, 1936, to reinstate said cause and to assign same for trial by jury, or, in the alternative, to enter an order permitting the record on appeal to be amended by adding thereto contestant’s original objections to the allowance of the will of Mary J. Weins, deceased, together with petition for certification, upon which are indorsed demands for jury trial.” Inasmuch as no order dismissing the appeal had been entered, the court considered the motion as one to reopen the proofs and entered an order that this might be done on condition that appellant pay costs in the amount of $85. Appellant refused to comply with the condition thus imposed and takes an appeal in the nature of mandamus as well as a general appeal.
Thus, the question is presented as to whether it was an abuse of discretion on the part of the trial court to deny appellant’s motion to permit the record to be amended by adding thereto the original objections filed in the probate court, which, it was claimed, contained a demand for a jury trial, except on condition that appellant pay costs in the amount of $85.
In our opinion, the imposition of costs as a condition to the granting of the motion and the denial thereof for failure to comply with the condition attached did constitute an abuse of discretion. If, as contended, the original objections contained a demand for a jury trial, appellant had performed everything necessary to guarantee the determination of the issues involved by a jury and should not be prejudiced because an improper record was certified to the circuit court.
The order of October 12, 1936, denying appellant’s motion to amend the certified record except upon payment of costs is vacated and a writ of mandamus shall issue directing the trial court to enter an order permitting appellant to amend the certified record by adding the original objections thereto. If, as claimed by appellant, the record as amended shows that a demand for jury trial was made, the order of the trial court admitting the will to probate shall be vacated and the cause remanded for trial by jury. If, however, the record as thus amended, shows that a demand for jury trial was not contained in the original objections, the order admitting the will to probate will be and is hereby affirmed, with costs to appellees.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Btjtzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, and Potter, JJ., concurred. | [
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Fead, C. J.
Defendant France Stone Company sold stone. Kullen was in charge of the yard. Charles Grabman owned two tracks, one driven by himself and the other by his son Alfred. Both delivered stone for defendant to its customers. Charles occasionally trucked for others and Alfred made deliveries for several concerns.
Charles spent practically the whole of each working day at defendant’s yard or in making deliveries for it. Alfred was there a considerable portion of the time but not so much as his father. They did such trucking as defendant had for them. Sometimes they were busy all day and sometimes had no work at all. Grabman maintained the trucks as to repairs, oil, gas, etc. They were paid a specific sum for each delivery, according to weight and distance. Usually they were paid weekly, on computation of delivery slips, but sometimes advances were made to them for gas and oil.
At times when there was no trucking, defendant hired Charles Grabman to do work around the yard, cleaning it up. It paid him 50 cents per hour for such work. In the year immediately preceding his death he earned $27 in this way. Grabman liked to be busy; and during the slack periods he often did voluntary work in cleaning up the yard. He received no pay for such work nor was it done at the request or order of defendant.
April 24, 1935, Kullen’s son informed him that he intended to grease the conveyor and Kullen acquiesced. The conveyor was 40 feet in the air. A short time later Charles Grabman, while greas ing the conveyor, with Alfred watching him, fell and was killed. The record does not indicate why Grab-man undertook the work, but it is undisputed that Kullen did not order or request him to do it and did not know he intended to do it or was doing it until Alfred reported that his father had fallen. Alfred said his father had greased the conveyor on another occasion, some 10 months before, but Kullen had no knowledge of it.
Defendant appeals from an award of compensation for Grabman’s death.
Defendant urges that Grabman was an independent contractor, not an employee. The case differs from trucking cases cited by plaintiff in the lack of continuity of work and pay and other circumstances here indicated. But we need not pass upon the point because there is another plain one involved.
Assuming, but not deciding, that Grabman, in trucking for defendant, was its employee, it nevertheless appears that, as such, he had no other duties than to load his truck and make deliveries. As an occasional paid laborer, his duties had been on ground work and had nothing to do with greasing the conveyor. The accident occurred in doing a job for which he had not been hired but which was a voluntary act, not ordered or acquiesced in by the employer or known to it. Did the accident arise out of and in the course of Grabman’s employment?
The department relied upon Mann v. Board of Education of City of Detroit, 266 Mich. 271, where the principal of a school was injured while en route to an educational conference and was awarded compensation on the principle that the employer permitted his attending the conference and his attendance was for the benefit of the employer as well as himself. The ease is not in point because here there was no permission to do the act.
The applicable rule was stated in Bischoff v. American Car & Foundry Co., 190 Mich. 229, 234, as follows:
“And if a workman, when there is no emergency, should, of his own volition, see fit to intermeddle with something entirely outside the work for which he is employed, he ought not to be allowed compensation upon the mere plea that he thought his act would be for the benefit of his employer. That plea may be of value under some circumstances, but it cannot authorize an employee to voluntarily take upon himself the- performance of work for which he was not employed.”
The rule is sound. It may be modified in case of an emergency or in other special circumstances. But, fundamentally, the option is not in the employee to extend the course of his employment upon the sole ground that his act may be for the employer’s benefit. An employer has the right to prescribe the duties of an employee. If work is hazardous, he must have the right to protect himself against liability for accident by selecting competent persons to do it. Employees may not impose liability upon the employer by leaving the work they were hired to do and voluntarily, and without his knowledge or acquiescence, doing something else.
There are no decisions in this State precisely in point on the facts. But the following illustrate the general idea that an employee may not depart from the ambit of his employment and be compensated for injuries sustained thereby. Bischoff v. American Car & Foundry Co., supra; Buvia v. Oscar Daniels Co., 203 Mich. 73 (7 A. L. R. 1301); Spooner v. Detroit Saturday Night Co., 187 Mich. 125 (L. R. A. 1916A, 17, 9 N. C. C. A. 647); Sichterman v. Kent Storage Co., 217 Mich. 364 (20 A. L. R. 309); Nyquist v. Iron River Creamery Co., 260 Mich. 537.
In other States, however, situations involving all the instant elements have been considered and compensation denied. George Koza’s Case, 236 Mass. 342 (128 N. E. 400); Henry v. Industrial Commission, 293 Ill. 491 (127 N. E. 714); Williamson v. Industrial Accident Commission, 177 Cal. 715 (171 Pac. 797); Starling v. Morris, 202 N. C. 564 (163 S. E. 584); Johnson v. Seaburg Manfg. Co., 211 App. Div. 241 (207 N. Y. Supp. 401); Wilson v. Dakota Light & Power Co., 45 S. D. 175 (186 N. W. 828).
Award vacated.
North, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Chandler, J.
This is an appeal from an order quashing writs of garnishment issued in an assumpsit action. There was no trial on the merits. The garnishment writs were quashed on the motion of the principal defendant, the motion alleging:
“1. That writs of garnishment are fatally defective because they are based upon an affidavit signed and notarized on November 19,1936, whereas the affidavit was filed on November 20, 1936, when the writs of garnishment were issued.
“2. That the declaration filed in this cause of action is based upon a breach of contract and the only amount that the plaintiff can possibly recover is unliquidated.
“3. That the declaration is one sounding in tort, although suit is commenced as an assumpsit action and it is impossible to garnishee the damages recoverable in a tort action, although commenced as an assumpsit action the amount of the recovery must be necessarily unliquidated.
“4. Because the declaration on file shows on its face that the claim is not for a liquidated amount and no valid writ of garnishment may issue.
“5. Because said writs of garnishment were issued contrary to 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14857, and is an abuse of process of this court.”
At the time of the hearing on the motion testimony was taken showing that the affidavits for the writs of garnishment were made at nine o’clock in the evening on the 19th day of November, 1936. The declaration with rule to plead was filed November 20, 1936, and at that time the three affidavits for writs of garnishment were filed, dated November 19th as aforesaid, and upon the filing of said affidavits on November 20, 1936, writs of garnishment were issued, one naming Adams Amusement Company, a Michigan corporation, one naming* Harry Kohn’s Sea Food Grill, Inc., a Michigan corporation, and one naming Bernhardt Theatre Company, a Michigan corporation, garnishee defendants. All of said affidavits are identical in form as well as regular as were the writs issued thereon.
Upon the hearing of said motion for the dismissal of said writs of garnishment the circuit judge before whom said motion was heard entered an order quashing the writs of garnishment issued as aforesaid and declared the same to be null and void. This order was filed on January 8, 1937. No reasons are stated in the order for the granting* of said motion.
One of the reasons given in the motion for dismissal was that the declaration filed by plaintiffs is one sounding in tort and seeks recovery against the principal defendant for unliquidated damages, and that, therefore, no valid writ of garnishment may issue.
For the purpose of determining this question we must assume that the allegations contained in plain tiffs’ declaration are true. There are two counts in plaintiffs’ declaration. Both of the counts are in assumpsit. The facts, as alleged in said declaration are that in September of 1933 a written contract was made between the plaintiffs, doing business as Senate Theatre, with the principal defendant, Vender bush Company, a Michigan corporation, wherein the defendant agreed to sell to plaintiffs and to install in their theater a cooling system, and that said contract contained amongst other things the following warranty:
“1. That the cooling system will function according to the purpose for which it is installed. * * *
“It is further agreed between the parties hereto that if within a period of five years the operation of this system is declared invalid or illegal by any city, State or Federal authority or by any judicial judgment, decision or decree, then and in such case, this entire contract will be null and void and the equipment installed upon the premises be removed by the party of the first part and all consideration money paid thereunder be returned to the party of the second part.”
The declaration further alleges that plaintiffs paid to the defendant for the installation of said equipment the sum of $7,460, and that on or about July 21, 1936, an ordinance was enacted by the city of Detroit by virtue of which it was made unlawful to utilize sewers of the city of Detroit in conjunction with the cooling system installed by defendant for plaintiffs; that by reason thereof the said equipment was rendered useless for the purpose for which it was installed. The declaration further alleges that the plaintiffs repeatedly notified defendant of this condition and requested defendant to remedy the same, that defendant ignored such requests and failed and refused to remedy such, conditions, that plaintiffs then demanded that said defendant remove said installation from the premises of plaintiffs and pay to plaintiffs the sum of $7,460 which plaintiffs had paid to defendant in consideration of the installation of said equipment in their theater, and that defendant refused to return the money so paid by plaintiffs and that thereby defendant has become liable to plaintiffs for the sums of money so paid to defendant for the installation of said equipment rendered worthless to plaintiffs by the enactment of the ordinance of said city of Detroit above referred to. Under these circumstances we are compelled to find that plaintiffs’ declaration sets forth a cause of action in assumpsit against the principal defendant, and that the damages sought are liquidated, being in the sum of $7,460 which is the amount stated in the affidavits for writs of garnishment in this cause.
If the order of the court dismissing said garnishment suits is to be sustained, it, therefore, must be because the affidavits for the writs of garnishment against the garnishee defendants herein were invalid by reason of having been sworn to the day preceding the issuance of the writs of garnishment.
Defendant and appellee contends that the writs of garnishment in this cause are fatally defective because they are based upon affidavits signed and sworn to November 19,1936, and were not filed until November 20, 1936, when the writs of garnishment issued. The garnishment statute (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14857 et seq.) provides in part as follows:
“In all personal actions arising upon contract brought in the several courts or in municipal courts of civil jurisdiction, whether commenced by declaration, writs of capias, summons or attachment, and in all cases where there remains any sum unpaid upon any judgment or decree rendered in any of the several courts hereinbefore mentioned or upon any transcript of a judgment filed in said courts, if the plaintiff, his agent or attorney, shall file with the clerk of said circuit court at the time of, or after the commencement of, suit, or at any time after rendition of judgment or decree or the filing of a transcript of judgment, an affidavit stating that he has good reason to believe, * * * a writ of garnishment shall be issued. ’ ’
Counsel cite numerous cases wherein this court has held in attachment cases that inasmuch as the remedy by attachment is regulated by statute and unknown to common law great strictness is required and that any substantial deviation from the statute would be fatal to the proceeding. In Drew v. Dequindre, 2 Doug. (Mich.) 93, this court said:
“We think the affidavit should be sworn to on the day the application is made for the writ, for the reason that the defendant might become a resident of the State between the time when the affidavit is sworn to, and the application for the attachment. The affidavit is, therefore, defective in this respect. ’ ’
In the case of Wilson v. Arnold, 5 Mich. 98, the affidavit for attachment was sworn to four days before the writ was issued. The court held that this variance was fatal.
Counsel for defendant states, quoting from his brief:
“In the case of Fessenden v. Hill, 6 Mich. 242, the affidavit for writ of garnishment was issued on February 23,1857, and the writ issued thereon was dated February 25,1857. I quote in full the opinion of the court:
“ ‘The affidavit in this ease having been made two days before the writ issued, the judgment cannot be supported, Wilson v. Arnold, 5 Mich. 98.’ ”
It might he well at this time to call the attention of counsel to the fact that this court, frequently at least, checks cases cited in the briefs to ascertain the correctness of excerpts quoted, and to determine the applicability of the cases cited to the case under consideration. We have done so in this instance, and find that the case of Fessenden v. Hill, 6 Mich. 242, was not a garnishment case as counsel says in his brief, but was an attachment case wherein the affidavit was made two days before the writ was issued, and therefore has no application whatsoever to the instant case.
The statute governing’ the making and filing of affidavits for writs of attachment now in effect (3 Comp. Laws, 1929, § 14764, subd. 6), provides:
“That such affidavit shall not be deemed insufficient by reason of the intervention of a day between the date of the jurat to such affidavit, and the issuing of the writ, and that when the person making such affidavit shall reside in any other county in this State, than that in which the writ of attachment is to issue, one day’s time for every thirty miles travel, by the usual post route, from the residence of such person to the place from which such writ shall issue, shall be allowed between the date of such jurat and the issuing of such writ, and Sundays and leg’al holidays shall not be counted as intervening days in any case.”
Counsel insists that garnishment is so clearly analagous to attachment as to be subject to the rulés and decisions of the court relative to the filing of affidavits for, and issuance of, writs of attachment. We are not in accord with this contention of counsel. True, garnishment proceedings are statutory and must be strictly construed, but the statute (3 Comp. Laws, 1929, § 14587) does not expressly, nor by im plication, require the affidavit to be sworn to on the very day that it is to be filed as the basis of the suit; the statute merely requires the filing of the affidavit at the time of or after commencement of suit to entitle him to a writ of garnishment. We find no decisions in this or any other jurisdiction that has any tendency to support the contention of defendant that an affidavit for writ of garnishment made one day before date of filing renders the proceeding’s had thereon invalid. See Clarence Hodson & Co. v. Wills Sainte Claire, Inc., 248 Mich. 319. The opinion of Justice Fead being short, we quote in full:
“Affidavit for writ of garnishment was made August 11th and filed August 12th. Writ of garnishment was issued under date of August 11th, but it recited that the affidavit had been filed in the office of the clerk of court. The affidavit and writ bear corresponding erasures and corrections which indicate simultaneous action upon them. The writ was served August 12th. Garnishee defendant filed disclosure admitting debt to the principal defendant. On trial of the statutory issue before the court without a jury, garnishee defendant challenged the jurisdiction on the ground that the writ had been issued before the affidavit was filed. No testimony was taken.
“We think the face of the papers themselves shows that the date in the writ was merely a clerical error which could be corrected by amendment or disregarded. Wellover v. Soule, 30 Mich. 481; Millard v. Lenawee Circuit Judge, 107 Mich. 134; 28 C. J. p. 224.
“Judgment for plaintiff is affirmed.”
If there be no statutory provision fixing the time, with reference to the filing, within which the affidavit may be made, the following from 28 C. J. p. 209 should be held to be the general rule:
“In the absence of an express requirement that the affidavit be made at the time of or after the commencement of the suit an affidavit made before the original suit was commenced has been held sufficient, provided such a length of time does not elapse before its use that the inference may be drawn that the state of facts alleged has changed.”
An order may be entered reversing and vacating the order of the circuit court, granting defendants’ motion to quash. Plaintiff will recover costs.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, and Potter, JJ., concurred. | [
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North, J.
Plaintiff filed this bill of complaint seeking an accounting of the assets of the estate of his deceased brother of whom defendant is the widow and only other heir at law. It is plaintiff’s claim that some of the assets of his brother’s estate by conspiracy between the widow and the administrator were fraudulently omitted from the inventory and other assets were fraudulently undervalued, that in consequence thereof the total value of the estate was less than $3,000, and under the statute hereinafter cited the whole of the estate was assigned to the widow, to the exclusion of plaintiff. The relief sought was denied and plaintiff has appealed.
Plaintiff’s brother, Mr. Fred Krueger, and his wife, the defendant, resided in the township-of Lee, Allegan county, Michigan. Mr. Krueger died in August, 1931. -The petition for probating the estate was not filed until April 24, 1933. In the meantime and on December 20, 1932, plaintiff, who resides in Germany, had given a power of attorney to the attorneys for the German consulate general, located in Chicago. This power of attorney was filed in the probate court in the Krueger estate on August 9, 1934. Prior to this time the attorneys connected with the German consulate in Chicago had sought information through local-counsel at Allegan, Michigan, concerning this estate; but evidently no arrangement was ever made to have such local counsel actively appear in the probate proceedings and formal appearance never was entered therein in behalf of plaintiff. The Chicago attorneys repeatedly refer to their local counsel as their “correspondent.” Such local counsel from time to time, by reason of interviews with the administrator of this estate, had information concerning the same and particularly concerning the steps finally taken in closing the estate.
In July, 1933, the assets of the estate consisting of three items, were appraised in the total amount of $1,500. The first of these assets was a small farm in Oceana county, Michigan, appraised at $500. Later this farm was sold for $675 under order of the probate court to pay expenses 'of administration. The second item in the inventory was a $4,000 mortgage on real estate in Cook county, Illinois, appraised at $1,000. The third item was bonds of the face value of $7,000 in the Louisville Provision Company which were appraised as worthless. The controversy mainly centers around plaintiff’s claim that the Cook county mortgage and the bonds of the Louisville Provision Company were fraudulently undervalued ; and that if their true value had been given, the net assets of the estate would have exceeded $3,000 and plaintiff, under the statute (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 15726), as an heir at law of deceased, would have taken one-half of such excess.
A careful review of this record fails to disclose testimony which will sustain plaintiff’s contention as to the fraudulent undervaluation of these items. Instead it clearly appears that at the time the inventory was made and during subsequent months, at which time extreme depression was prevalent, the actual worth of each of these items of property was decidedly uncertain. The mortgaged Cook county real property was in a bad state of repair, taxes were in arrears, and payments of interest in default. The administrator was not able to dispose of the mortgage. An attempt to secure a Federal home owners’ loan was unsuccessful when first made. Later such a loan was consummated; and finally (after the estate was closed) defendant herein received for her interest in this mortgage, home owners’ loan bonds in the amount of $2,826. At the time the inventory was made the Louisville Provision Company was in receivership and there is testimony that no interest had been paid on its bonds for a period of five years. The bonds of decedent had been placed with a bondholders’ committee. All parties connected with the estate in good faith and for obvious reasons considered this asset worthless. The unexpected happened. The Louisville company was reorganized and a few weeks before the administrator filed his final account a remittance of $312.50 was received. It is uncertain from the record whether this amount was in part payment of accrued interest on the bonds or whether it was a dividend on partial distribution of assets incident to reorganization. The amount is itemized in the administrator’s final account, “By interest on Louis ville Provision Co. investment.” All of the residue of the estate was assigned to defendant herein. This residue included the interest in the Louisville company, then'reorganized and known as the Louproco Realties. Months after the estate was closed it developed that defendant’s bonds and stock in the Louproco Realties were of substantial value. On July 5, 1935, the Chicago attorneys advised the probate judge by letter as follows:
“We wish to bring to your attention that we have a tona fide offer of 25 plus accrued interest for the $7,000 Louproco bonds and the 70 shares of stock which the administrator represented to your honor in his final account of no value. ’ ’
But this was more than seven months after the estate was closed. The record shows that the local counsel for plaintiff had full knowledge of the reorganization of the Louisville Provision Company as early as August 10, 1934, and wrote the administrator of the Krueger estate concerning securing the new bonds. In this letter to the administrator, counsel stated:
“Apparently there can something he • realized from these bonds.”
This was about three months before the estate was closed.
The final accounting which is not questioned, except as herein indicated, resulted in the widow receiving from the estate $1,270.65. The Cook county real estate mortgage was carried into the final account at $1,000. If defendant were to he. charged with the amount she finally received on this mortgage in excess of $1,000, her inheritance would he very little, if any, in excess of the $3,000 which she was entitled to receive under tlie statute hereinbefore cited. As to the Louisville investment, we fail to find that there was fraud or conspiracy on the part of this aged, illiterate widow, or the administrator of the estate, in carrying it into the final account as an item of no value.
After -proceedings had been pending in the probate court for more than a year and a half the estate was closed, November 26, 1934. As just above indicated, we think this record shows that neither defendant nor the administrator acted in bad faith in closing the estate, with an assignment of the residue to defendant. In October, 1935, plaintiff herein petitioned to have the estate reopened; but this was denied. The bill of complaint herein was not filed until February 21,1936. There is no equity in plaintiff’s contention. The German consulate in Chicago and the attorneys through whom it acted, knew of the pendency of the probate proceedings in the Krueger estate from the beginning. There is no reason why either they or local counsel employed by them should not have cared for the interests of plaintiff as the probate proceedings progressed. It is not claimed that the German consulate or its attorneys relied upon local counsel to enter an appearance in the probate court and protect plaintiff’s interest; but instead the matter was allowed to go unattended. Defendant’s petition for probating her husband’s estate gave plaintiff’s name and residence as one of the heirs at law. There is no claim that there was anything surreptitious about the probate proceedings. They were conducted in an orderly way under the supervision of the probate judge. We are in accord with the conclusion of the circuit judge who found in effect that it was the subsequent increase in the property values which furnishes whatever apparent foundation there is for plaintiff’s claim rather than proof of fraud such as would entitle plaintiff to an accounting for assets received by the defendant from the estate of her deceased husband.
A comparatively small amount of other personal property was left by deceased.. Plaintiff complains that this other or additional personal property was not included in the inventory of the estate. Before probate proceedings were instituted the widow of deceased had disposed of this personal property, evidently believing she had a right to do so. But the value of such property is more than offset by property rights of the widow which she did not assert in the probate proceedings and by the expenses of Mr. Krueger’s last sickness and burial paid by the widow in the amount of $993, for which she was reimbursed only to the extent of $321.10.
There is no merit to appellant’s contention that proper and legal notice was not given of the hearing of the final account in this estate. We are in accord with the result reached in the circuit court, and the decree dismissing plaintiff Is bill of complaint is affirmed. Costs to appellee.
Fead, C. J., and Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Grant, J.
On May 7, 1891, defendant wrote plaintiff, requesting the agency of the city of Saginaw and vicinity for the sale of plaintiff’s beer. May 11 plaintiff wrote, accepting defendant’s offer, in the following language:
“In regard to’ your request to give you the agency for our beer for your city and the vicinity, as we are very willing to do so, and not to sell it to anybody else as long as you are handling the same with good advantage, and you promptly fill the agreement to pay for the first car when you are ordering the second, and so on. We, on our part, will pay great pains to send to you right along an A No. 1 beer, which will find the full satisfaction of your customers, and so we hope that you will secure and build up a good trade for it.” _ .
A similar arrangement had before existed by parol. Plaintiff shipped to defendant beer under the arrangement. This suit is brought for one car-load of beer.
It was conceded that there was due plaintiff $421.95, subject to any recoupment defendant might have. This claim of recoupment is based upon alleged violation of the ■contract by plaintiff in making one sale of beer to another liquor-dealer in the city of Saginaw. This sale, claimed to be in violation of the contract, was made May 26; the consignment reaching Saginaw on the 28th. Defendant learned of this sale on the same day the goods reached the vendee. He immediately treated the contract as rescinded, and discontinued ordering beer from the plaintiff. Defendant made sales of the beer thus received at various times between May 11 and June 6. From May 1 to June 6 the defendant was engaged in an illegal traffic, for he had not paid the tax nor filed the bond required by the law as a condition precedent to entering into the traffic. There is no ■evidence that the plaintiff was aware of this fact. Defendant now seeks to recover damages while engaged in a business which was criminal, and for which he was subject for every day in which he was thus engaged to a fine or imprisonment, or both, in the discretion of the court.
It has been held by this Court that a saloon-keeper cannot recover for sales made by him before he has paid his tax and filed his bond. Loranger v. Jardine, 56 Mich. 518. It was there held that the liquor law was not enacted for the purpose of revenue only, but for the safety and protection of public morals as well; and that a contract or sale made in violation of it was void. The same was held in Deering v. Chapman, 22 Me. 488.
It is insisted, however, by the defendant that he might legally buy, though he could not legally sell.' The case is not one where a party has bought intending to make legal sales, and to store and keep the liquor until he has obtained the legal right to sell. Defendant was actually engaged in tbe illegal business, and sold the most of the liquor while he was thus engaged. While thus violating the law, public policy will not permit him to defend against a legal purchase made while he was engaged in illegal sales. He was not legally in condition to perform his contract with the plaintiff until he had paid his tax and filed his bond. This he did not do before the alleged violation of the contract by plaintiff, and he had treated it as rescinded in consequence of the violation. The plaintiff might legally have rescinded the contract upon ascertaining that the defendant had not complied with the law, and therefore had no right to make sales of the goods purchased from it.
The court was correct in directing a verdict for the plaintiff.
Judgment affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Sharpe, J.
This is an action to set aside a deed to lots 12 and 13 of Stowell’s Terrace Addition to Comstock Park, Kent county, Michigan. Dana Stowell during his lifetime was a resident of Com-stock Park which is just outside the city limits of Grand Rapids, Michigan. He died February 7,1934, intestate and, there being no known heirs at the time, defendant McAllister, public administrator for Kent county, was appointed administrator of the estate. July 16, 1934, an inventory was filed showing real estate, and personal property in the sum of $8,443.88 which consisted of mortgages, stocks, bonds, notes, an impounded account and $14.19 in cash. A hearing on claims was held and claims to the amount of $336.54 allowed and subsequently paid.
January 11, 1936, the administrator filed in probate court his petition to sell the real estate in question. The petition recited that the personal estate that had come into Ms hands amounted to $1,500 with no statement of the amount of personal estate remaining or of unpaid debts and prayed leave to sell the interest of the estate in the real estate valued at $400.
At the time the petition for leave to sell was filed, the only known heir was Lillian E. Babcock residing in Florida. Lillian E. Babcock had a son, Charles Babcock, to whom she gave a power of attorney to look after her entire interests in said estate. The petition for leave to sell; the oath before sale; the waiver of notice and consent to sell executed by Charles Babcock in behalf of the heir Lillian Babcock, the bond, the license to sell, the report of sale, and the order confirming sale were all filed in the probate court on January 11, 1936. The record shows that all documents required to be sworn to by the administrator were sworn to on January 7th, four days before filing the petition.
The probate court determined the value of the real estate to be $400 and the sale was made for that price to John and Orpha, Johnson, two of the named defendants. The above property was appraised for inventory purposes in July, 1934, at $850. In 1935 it was assessed for taxation purposes at $800; and after the Johnsons purchased the property, they had it insured for $800. The two lots are each 40 feet by 108 feet. The house is a two-story frame building with a cement foundation.
In April, 1936, George O. Brown, as attorney-in-fact for certain heirs of Dana Stowell, brought suit in equity to have the deed set aside and for an accounting. The case was tried before Judge Taylor of the superior court of Grand Rapids and resulted in a dismissal of plaintiffs’ bill of complaint. Plaintiffs appeal and contend that the superior court of Grand Rapids is without jurisdiction to try a cause involving real estate situated outside the city of Grand Rapids regardless of the residence of any party to the cause; that the probate court was without jurisdiction in granting the administrator a license to sell the real estate, because the petition to sell real estate failed to show an insufficiency of personal property to pay the debts of the estate, no personal notice, publication or waiver on the part of the heirs; because the oath and report of sale was sworn to four days before the petition to sell was filed; and because the sale price was grossly inadequate.
The statute governing the jurisdiction of the superior court of Grand Rapids is 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 16351, and provides that that court has jurisdiction: “of all equity suits * * * in which any complainant or defendant shall be a resident of said city, or in which the subject matter of such suit is situate in said city.” This statute clearly confers jurisdiction upon the superior court in equity eases if any of the parties to the suit reside in Grand Rapids.
In Noble v. Grandin, 125 Mich. 383, 387, we said:
“We think it is settled that, where the court has jurisdiction of the parties, it may decree a conveyance of real estate hy those parties, although the property be situated in another State or country. Especially is this true where the title has been acquired by any species of mala fides practiced on the plaintiff. In Muller v. Dows, 94 U. S. 444, 449, the court, after speaking of the English chancery decisions, said:
“ ‘It is here undoubtedly a recognized doctrine that a court of equity sitting in a State, and having jurisdiction of the person, may decree a conveyance by him of land in another State, and may enforce the decree by process against the defendant. True, it cannot send its process into that other State, nor can it deliver possession of land in another jurisdiction; but it can command and enforce a transfer of the title.’ ”
See, also, Niemetta v. Teakle, 210 Mich. 590.
Plaintiffs next contend that the sale was void because the probate court was without jurisdiction in confirming the sale of the real estate for the reasons above stated. The test of the validity of such a sale when contested by an heir is found in 3 Comp. Laws 1929, §' 15837, which provides:
“In case of an action relating to any estate sold by an executor, administrator or guardian, in which an heir or other person claiming under the deceased, * # * shall contest the validity of the sale, it shall not be avoided on account of any irregularity in the proceedings, provided it shall appear:
“1. That the executor, administrator or guardian was licensed to make the sale by the probate court having jurisdiction;
“2. That he gave a bond which was approved by the judge of probate, in case a bond was required upon granting a license;
“3. That he took the oath prescribed in this chapter;
“4. That he gave notice of the time and place of sale, as in this chapter, prescribed; and
“5. That the premises were sold accordingly, and the sale confirmed by the court, and that they are held by one who purchased them in good faith: Provided, That in all cases where any person, or those under whom he holds, has been in actual possession of any lands or premises for the period of ten years, holding* and claiming under and by virtue of a deed executed by any executor, administrator or guardian, such deed shall be prima facie evidence of the regularity of all the proceedings from and including the application to sell such lands or premises, to the date and execution of the deed, inclusive.”
Among other things, it is contended that proper notice was not given of the hearing on petition to sell. It is admitted that there was neither personal notice nor publication. The validity of the sale depends upon a waiver and consent of the only known heir at the time of the sale filed with the petition to sell the real estate which was filed January 11, 1936. The determination of heirs was not made until November 6, 1936.
Section 15802, 3 Comp. Laws 1929, provides for notice to or waiver and consent by “all persons interested in the estate.” The purpose of the above statute is to permit all who are interested in the sale of the estate property to be present at such hearing. The notice and waiver of consent given in the case at bar is binding only upon those who received such notice. All heirs are entitled to the notice as is provided in the statute and the failure to give this notice is not the substantial compliance intended by 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 15837. Having disposed of the case on this ground, we do not find it necessary to discuss other grounds of error relied upon by plaintiffs.
The decree of the lower court is reversed and the cause remanded for further proceedings in accordance with this opinion. Plaintiffs may recover costs.
Fead, C. J., and North, "Wiest, Btjtzel, Bushnell, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Sharpe, J.
This is an action brought by Erma M. Godley, administratrix of the estate of Gordon F. Godley, against the estate of Bernhardt F. Mueller for the. negligent killing of Godley who was a guest passenger in a car driven by Mueller.
May 17,1935, Mueller, Godley and others attended a banquet at the Black Biver Country Club located about one mile beyond the city limits of the city of Port Huron. During the afternoon Mueller played golf and at the banquet made an address. After the banquet he played cards and at about 11 p. m. invited Elgin Parker, Gordon Godley and Albert Hoffmeier to go for a ride in Mueller’s Chrysler Airflow car. Mueller drove the car, Parker sat in the front seat on the right side, Godley was in the rear seat on the left side and Hoffmeier was on the right side of the rear seat. The party proceeded to what is called Bunce Creek at the south end of Port Huron. Mueller drove the car southwesterly on the Gratiot Turnpike, also known as U. S. highway No. 25. This highway is a three-lane concrete highway, each lane being 10 feet wide, with a curvature of 2 degrees, 30 minutes, the deflection of the curve from a straight line being 2.18 feet in the distance of 100 feet. While the parties were driving on this highway, there was no conversation except a discussion between Mueller and Parker as to the manner in which the radio in the car was operating. Just before the accident, Mueller was driving the car at a rate of speed varying’ between 90 and 100 miles per hour. The car traveled about 700 feet from the north end of the curve when it suddenly swerved to the right and went into a ditch on the right-hand side of the road. The car hit the embankment on the edge of the right of way at a point 100 feet from where it left the concrete and then traveled about 87 feet before coming to rest. As a result of this accident, Godley was instantly killed, Mueller was seriously injured and died a few days thereafter. Parker and Hoffmeier were both injured but survived.
After the death of Mueller, the administratrix of the Gordon F. Godley estate filed a claim in the probate court against the estate of Bernhardt F. Mueller. The claim was in the nature of a declaration divided into two counts, one count being a claim under the death act (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14061) and the other under the survival act (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14040). The claim was denied because of insufficient evidence. The cause was appealed to the' circuit court and during the trial plaintiff elected to proceed under the death act. Defendant’s counsel then moved the court for judgment for the reason that under the death act, any action for the wrongful death of Godley did not survive the death of Mueller. At the conclusion of plaintiff’s proofs and ag'ain at the conclusion of all proofs, defendant moved for a directed verdict on the ground that plaintiff’s decedent was a guest passenger and that plaintiff had failed to establish wilful and wanton misconduct on the part of Mueller; and that plaintiff’s cause of action had abated upon the death of Mueller. The trial court reserved decision on the motion under the Empson act (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14531), and submitted the case to the jury which rendered a verdict for plaintiff. Defendant’s motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict was denied. Defendant appeals.
Plaintiff contends that the facts show that Mueller was guilty of wilful and wanton misconduct in the operation of his automobile prior to and at the time of the accident; that plaintiff’s cause of action did not abate upon the death of Mueller; and that defendant not having raised the question of abatement in the answer to the declaration filed in the probate court has waived the same.
The first question for determination is whether or not Bernhardt F. Mueller was .guilty of wilful and wanton misconduct. The evidence shows that the accident happened on a gradual curve on a highway. The curve was uniform and Mueller had traversed more than 700 feet of it, traveling at a rate of speed estimated at between 90 and 100 miles per hour, when the car for reasons unknown left the highway on the right-hand side of the road, hit the embankment at a point approximately 100 feet from where it left the concrete, and came to rest 87 feet from where it hit the embankment. The record also shows that none of the occupants of the car at any time made any protest as to the manner in which or the speed at which the car was being driven. We also find that Mueller was familiar with this highway and had driven over it frequently for some years since it had been built.
In Turney v. Meyer, 266 Mich. 87, the defendant was driving down a hill approaching a curve at a speed of 60 miles per hour ag*ainst the protest of his guest passengers. In attempting to make the curve at the bottom of the hill, the car skidded, turned over and injured the plaintiff. We held that this case was governed by Eloiuits v. Miller, 265 Mich. 551, where we held that the failure of an automobile driver to see a curve in time to have slowed down to make the turn safely did not constitute wilful and wanton misconduct.
In LeGroh v. Bennett, 271 Mich. 526, the defendant was driving his car at 50 to 60 miles per hour on a slippery road in a heavy fog, when it was dark and rainy; and when objects were discernible only a few feet away. Defendant in attempting to pass a car ahead of him, swerved to the left, hit a trailer on the left-hand side of the road, and injured plaintiff, a guest passenger in defendant’s car. We held that this case was governed by Wyma v. Van Anrooy, 260 Mich. 295, where we said, “It is not enough, under the guest act, that defendant was careless, and, by the exercise of forethought, could have stopped his car, or, by more careful operation, have avoided the second collision.”
In Fink v. Dasier, 273 Mich. 416, the defendant, between 1 and 2 o ’clock in the morning was driving his car 70 miles per hour over the protest of his passenger. He failed to see a car ahead of him in time to pass. We there said:
“It must also be held as a matter of law that at most it was only ordinary negligence for defendant, who was very familiar with this highway, to drive his automobile at the rate of 70 miles per hour under the circumstances surrounding him as he approached the point of accident and before he was aware of the presence of the other car preceding him down the hill.”
In Holmes v. Wesler, 274 Mich. 655, defendant, while driving a car between 70 and 75 miles per hour approached a curve, went off the pavement into the gravel, came back on the pavement, beg’an to swerve and collided with a telephone pole on the left-hand side of the road. The court said:
“It is not claimed, nor is there any testimony tending to show, that defendant intentionally drove too near to and off the right-hand side of the paved portion of the highway. It may be conceded that defendant was driving his car carelessly and that this regrettable accident would not have occurred had defendant not carelessly driven his automobile off the right-hand side of the pavement; but in doing so he was gmilty only of ordinary negligence, not of gross negligence, or wilful or wanton misconduct. When the car was returned to the paved portion of the highway, it was wholly out of defendant’s control, and the accident was then unavoidable. It was caused by ordinary negligence, nothing more.”
In Keilitz v. Elley (syllabus), 276 Mich. 701,
“Driver of automobile held, not guilty of wilful and wanton misconduct allowing recovery for death under guest passenger act where in spite of warning by decedent’s brother to slow down, defendant drove at excessive speed of 62 miles an hour at 2 a. m. on gravel road with which he was not very familiar and car went over embankment at unmarked curve after crossing railroad track.”
In Riley v. Walters, 277 Mich. 620, defendant approached a curve at a rate of speed between 65 and 70 miles per hour. We there held (syllabus):
“Negligence of automobile driver in making turn on dry road bed in warm weather at high speed notwithstanding conversation of plaintiff guest passenger and another with defendant indicating the former’s desire for slower speed held, not wilful or wanton misconduct entitling* plaintiff to recovery under guest passenger act.”
In this cause one Elgin Parker, a witness produced by the plaintiff, testified as follows:
“I didn’t notice any difference between his driving the night in question and any other time I had ridden with him. I have told you all that I noticed of the driving that night down to the place of the accident, as far as I can remember, and I didn’t notice anything* that would be alarming until the time of the accident. I didn’t notice any more than the natural swerve of any car driving along the highway before the time of the final swerve which ended in the accident. * * *
“Throughout the ride, up to the point where I noticed the speed of the car, I hadn’t noticed anything unusual about Mr. Mueller’s driving*. Nothing called my attention to the speedometer other than the time when I looked just before the accident. ’ ’
In this cause the record shows that when the ear left the concrete highway, it did so on its four wheels and that when it ended up its tires were still intact. There is no positive evidence that the speed of the car was the cause of its'going off the road, and we are constrained to hold that Mueller was not guilty of gross negligence and wilful and wanton misconduct within the meaning of the so-called guest passenger law (1 Comp. Laws 1929, §4648).
Plaintiff next contends that it was the duty of defendant to plead affirmatively in the probate court and that his failure so to plead constitutes a waiver of the defense that Mueller was not guilty of wilful and wanton misconduct.
In Bauman v. Bean, 57 Mich. 1, we said:
“If a declaration fails altogether to set out a substantial cause of action, and is incapable of being made good by amendment, the objection may be taken at any stage of the proceedings.
Judgment is reversed, without a new trial. Defendant may recover costs.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Potter and Chandler, JJ., concurred with Sharpe, J. | [
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Grant, J.
Plaintiff is the assignee of a policy of insurance upon a stock of merchandise issued to Mary E. Pearson, and brought suit thereon for loss by fire. Charles A. Pearson, the husband of Mary, was her general agent, conducted her business, and applied for and obtained the policy of insurance sued upon. The application was verbal. No terms of the contract for insurance were ever mentioned between Mr. Pearson and the defendant’s local agent, Mr. White, except the amount, which was fixed at $1,000. Mr. White kept blank policies of the defendant, which he was authorized to fill up and deliver, making daily reports to the company, and which were valid from the time of delivery to the insured until canceled by the company. Upon the receipt of the daily report by the defendant the policy was confirmed. It was a Michigan standard policy, adopted by the insurance-policy commission under chapter 137, How. Stat. The policy was issued, November'3, 1891, for one year. The fire occurred July 7, 1892. Plaintiff’s assignor had had insurance with Mr. White for several years, but whether she had been insured with the defendant before she did not know. Mr. White also did not know whether the previous insurance had been with the defendant, but thought it had. Upon receipt of the policy, neither the insured nor her agent read it, and did not read it until after the fire occurred. It provided that if the property was, at the date of the policy, or should become, incumbered by a chattel mortgage, it should be void. It also provided that—
‘*Ii, with the consent of this company, an interest under this policy shall exist in favor of a mortgagee, or of any person or corporation having an interest in the subject of insurance other than the interest of the insured as described herein, the conditions hereinbefore contained shall apply in the manner expressed in such provisions and conditions of insurance relating to such interest as shall be written upon, attached, or appended hereto.”
“ This, policy is made and accepted subject to the foregoing stipulations and conditions, together with such other provisions, agreements, or conditions as may be indorsed hereon or added hereto; and no officer, agent, or other representative of this company shall have power to waive any provision or condition of this policy except such as by the terms of this policy may be the subject of agreement indorsed hereon or added hereto, and as to such provisions and conditions no officer, agent, or representative shall have such power, or be deemed or held to have waived such provisions or conditions, ‘unless such waiver, if any, shall be written or attached hereto; -nor shall any privilege or permission affecting the insurance under this policy exist or be claimed by the insured unless so written or attached.”
Mrs. Pearson had placed a chattel mortgage upon the stock September 1,1891, for $1,297.23. Neither the defendant nor- its agent, White, had any knowledge of the existence of this mortgage at the time the policy was issued. It is insisted by plaintiff’s counsel that there was some evidence of such knowledge, sufficient to render it a question of fact for the jury to determine. We cannot concur with the learned counsel. Mr. White, the local agent, testified positively that he had no such knowledge. Mr. Pearson, the husband of the insured, testified that at the time the application was made and the policy issued nothing was said about this mortgage, but that a month or more after it was issued Mr. White came to him with a collection against Mrs. Pearson;- that he told Mr. White he could not then pay the claim, and that he had had to give a chattel mortgage on the stock. Being asked why he did not tell White about the mortgage, he replied:
“I didn’t suppose it made any difference. It was insured before, year after year, the same way. I didn’t suppose it made any difference. I didn't ^think it was necessary, because I didn't know any different. He (White) never told me any different."
Robert Pearson, the insured's son, testified that he heard the conversation between White and his father when White came to collect a claim, and stated it substantially the same as did the father. The son did not know when the conversation took place with reference to the issuing of the policy. Being asked how long it was after the mortgage was given, he replied:
“Well, I should say it was a month or six weeks after then. I can’t say exactly. Perhaps a month afterwards, may be more."
The court instructed the jury as follows:
“ 1. If you are satisfied from a fair preponderance of the evidence that Mr. Pearson in no way misled the agent, the agent didn't ask him or inquire of him about whether there was any incumbrance upon the property or not, and he (Pearson), didn't know that it was necessary to inform the agent about the mortgage, didn't know of the existence of this clause in the policy, and didn't read the policy, and it was not read to him, and acted in good faith, and the agent, by fair diligence or inquiry, might have known of that fact, the existence of the mortgage would not be an impediment to recovering in this case.
“2. If Mr. White, when he issued the policy and took the premium, knew that the mortgage was in existence, then the company would be estopped by that knowledge from making the defense (that the mortgage invalidated the policy), and the plaintiff would have a right to recover, notwithstanding the mortgage.” • ' -
The court should have instructed the jury, as requested, that the property was covered by a chattel mortgage at the time the policy was issued; that the defendant had no knowledge of its existence; and therefore the policy was void. The burden of proof to show knowledge in the defendant of the existence of the mortgage at the date of the issuance of the policy was upon the plaintiff. Mr. Pearson, with whom the arrangement for the insurance was made, and who received the policy, testified positively that the conversation with White about the mortgage occurred after the delivery of the policy. His son was present, but cannot fix the date, and cannot tell whether or not it was before the policy was issued. The time of the conversation was material. Mr. Pearson fixed it positively. It is doubtful if the testimony of the son can be dignified by the term “a scintilla of evidence.” When the date of a transaction is positively fixed by the evidence of one who was a party to it, the jury cannot be permitted to guess or surmise or conjecture that it took place at another time from the testimony of one who was present, but cannot tell when it occurred. The positive evidence must be held to have conclusively established the date, and it was the duty of the court so to instruct the jury. When but one conclusion can reasonably be drawn from the evidence, it becomes a question for the court, and not for the jury. It was said in a recent ease in Massachusetts:
“The view no longer prevails that a party who has the burden of proof can retain a verdict in his favor by pointing to a mere scintilla of evidence, when, on an examination of the whole case, the court can find no substantial evidence to support it. It is not necessary — perhaps not possible — to lay down a precise formula of general application by which to determine whether the evidence in particular cases is sufficient or not. Where there is evidence proper to be weighed, the jury is the proper tribunal to weigh it, subject, nevertheless, to the power in the court to set the verdict aside as against the weight of evidence. But where the court can find no evidence which, in its deliberate and ultimate judgment, is entitled to be weighed, it must say so, and the jury should be instructed in terms that there is no evidence to support the burden of proof which rests upon the party. Evidence which merely raises a suspicion, or a surmise, or a conjecture, is not enough to be entitled to be submitted to the jury.” Hillyer v. Dick inson, 154 Mass. 502; Druse v. Wheeler, 26 Mich. 196; Conely v. McDonald, 40 Id. 150.
The first instruction above given finds no support in authority or reason. In this case, where there was no written application, nor any terms of the policy agreed upon by parol except the amount, the insured must be charged with knowledge that the policy he receives contains the contract binding upon him as well as the insurer. He must know that the policy, which is the contract, contains the usual terms of such instruments. He may not lay it aside without reading, and, when he seeks to recover upon it, and finds that under its plain provisions he cannot recover, say: “I did not read it. The insurer did not tell me what it contained. I did not know that it was necessary to tell him about the title and condition of my property, and therefore I am not bound by its terms.” Had' Mr. Pearson or his principal read the contract,— which he could have done in a few moments, — they would at once have known these plain and important conditions, which the defendant had the clear right to insert, and to make a condition of its validity. Certainly the insured must be held to some degree of- diligence in obtaining knowledge of the contracts to which they are parties. Ignorance will not relieve a party from his contract obligations. The law only relieves him therefrom in cases of fraud, mistake, waiver, or estoppel. An insurer is not required by the law to inquire into the condition of the title to the property insured, or to inform the insured of all the conditions and terms of the policy to be issued, or to read it 'to him, or inform him of its contents. When received and accepted without objection, he must be held bound by its terms, unless these terms are waived by the insurfer. This is the law of contracts, and there is no reason or authority for holding that an insurance contract is an exception thereto. A deed is the ''contract between the grantor and the grantee, although the grantee does not sign it. Its terms and conditions are^ binding upon the grantee, and he cannot avoid them except for one of the reasons above stated. If he accepts a deed without reading it, and there is no fraud on the part of the grantor, or mutual mistake as to its terms, he is bound by it. If a mortgagee accepts a mortgage without a covenant against prior incumbrances, or if it contains an express provision that it is subject to prior incumbrances, it is binding upon him, unless the covenant against incumbrances was omitted by fraud or mistake. The same rule applies to insurance contracts.
The case of O’Brien v. Insurance Co., 52 Mich. 131, has no application to the present case. The policy there contained no provision rendering it void if there was a chattel mortgage on the property.
It is now insisted by the plaintiff that the testimony of Mr. Pearson and his son as to the conversation which took place some weeks after the issuance of the policy shows that Mr. White, the local agent of the company, then had knowledge of the existence of the mortgage, and that this was the knowledge of the defendant. It nowhere appears upon the record that this question was raised upon the trial. The case certainly was not submitted to the jury upon any such theory. The province -of this Court is to pass upon questions raised and determined in the court below. It would be manifestly unfair for this Court to discuss and determine questions raised here for the first time in the briefs of counsel, and to which neither the evidence nor the trial court was directed.
Judgment reversed, and new trial ordered.
Long, Montgomery, and Hooker, JJ., concurred with Grant, J. McGrath, C. J., concurred in the result. ■ | [
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Hooker, C. J.
The Cleveland Iron Mining Company gave a lease to one Wadsworth of about five acres of land within or adjacent to the city of Ishpeming. This lease was for 20 years at an annual rent of $50, was dated July 16, 1881, and was an ordinary lease of the premises, without restriction as to use, unless it may be implied, as defendant’s counsel contend that it should be, from the following clause, which was a part of the lease, viz.;
“Reserving the right to enter thereon, and to explore for, dig, mine, and carry away any ores thereon or therein found; and if, by any such mining operations, the occupancy of said second party is rendered impracticable for a family residence, said first party shall pay such damage as the parties may agree upon, or as may be awarded by arbitrators mutually chosen, whose decision shall be subject to no revision or appeal.”
On September 1, 1881, Wadsworth assigned this lease to-his wife, and on December 21, 1885, she assigned it to her father, John W. Ray, who resided with the Wadsworths. The land was afterwards platted into lots and streets, and defendant leased two of the lots for the term of 10 years at an annual rental of $30 for each lot, payable in advance, reference-being made to the plat, “to be found at the office of Daniel F. Wadsworth,” and to the lease from the mining-company, which was recorded, and to whose right it was expressly made subject. Johnson entered, and commenced the erection of a frame building upon the land, after mov ing off a building belonging to Ray, which service, by agreement, paid the first year’s rent. Before the new building was completed the defendant moved it from and abandoned the premises, claiming that the mining company intended to commence mining operations upon the tract. Upon the expiration of the year, this action was brought for the second year’s rent. A verdict being directed for the plaintiff, the defendant appealed.
The defendant sought to show that an iron formation nan across the property platted, including the premises leased by him, and the methods generally used in mining such iron, and that the land was leased by the mining company to Wadsworth for a family residence, and that the mining company made objections to Wadsworth’s platting and leasing it for tenement and general purposes. This evidence was excluded. It was offered upon the theory that it tended ~to limit the right of Ray to a use of the premises for the purpose of a residence, and exclude the use made of them, and to show that the lease was intended to give the lessee no legal right to cover the land with buildings, or grant the right to others to do so; and that the reservation of the right to mine rendered the lease to Johnson worthless, and that it was no consideration for the promise to pay rent.
The court property excluded the evidence of objections by the mining company to the platting and leasing of lots. Whatever rights the plaintiff had are to be determined by the lease, and not by what the mining company may have subsequently claimed. Furthermore, if all of the evidence offered, as above stated, had been received, it»would not have established the want of consideration claimed. The plaintiff had a valuable interest in the premises, the only limitation being the reserved right to mine. Subject to that, he might do anything he pleased with the land. It appears that he did use it, by placing a building upon these lots in question, besides the family residence mentioned in the lease, which was upon another portion of the premises-Defendant might have erected a building there, and, in fact, did commence one, which he might have completed and used until this, time, for aught that appears in this case; and, as there are many other purposes for which the land might have been used, the lease would not have been valueless had the right to erect buildings been expressly excluded.
The defendant's counsel asked the witness Wadsworth the following question, viz.:
“Q. Now, was not this lease assigned to Mr. Ray to secure him for an indebtedness which was owed by yon to him? (Objected to as immaterial.)
“Mr. Young: It is material only in this way: What I
am seeking to show is, Mr. Wadsworth was the real owner of this property, and that what he said and did would perhaps have more weight than it would if he was an ordinary agent.
“Court: It already appears that he did most of the business, and I think no question is raised but that he had authority.. At least they put him on, and proved his authority.
“Mr. Osborn: No; no question but what he had authority to do what he did.
“Mr. Young: That is, 'what you have shown he did.
“Mr. Osborn: Yes.
“Mr. Young: It seems to me, for that purpose it ought to be shown.
“Court: If you desire to show particular acts he did about the property.
“Mr. Osborn: He asks for the consideration of the transfer from him to Ray.
“Mr. Young: As to whether the transfer was security only.
“Mr. Osborn: That is, to contradict the terms of a written instrument which has been introduced in evidence.
“Court: I think I will sustain the objection. I think it will keep out a certain class of testimony having no business here; and allow you to argue on his acts, of course.
“Mr. Young: I will take an exception.”
Defendant testified as follows:
“There was a fence around my lot and three other lots.. I saw Mr. Wadsworth put a gray team and a cow in there.. They came right up from the barn into these lots and. pastured. They were going right along while Mr. Ray was there> as long as there was anything for them to get there.
“Q. After that, did you have any talk with Mr. Wads-worth in relation to abandoning this property?
“Mr. 0shorn: I object to that.
“Court: I sustain the objection. You may make your offer, Mr. Young.
“Mr. Young: I take an exception.
“Q. Did you, after this, make any arrangement with Mr. Wadsworth by which he agreed to take these lote back for Mr. Ray, and pay you your money, $60?
“Mr. Oshorn: I object to that.
“Court: I sustain the objection.
“Mr. Young: I take an exception.”
From these offers, and the fact that defendant testified that Wadsworth negotiated the leasing of lots, it is claimed that there was a question to go to the jury upon the theory of a surrender. If the lease was assigned by Mrs. Wads-worth to Ray as security for her husband's debt, it does; not tend to establish that Wadsworth was the agent of Ray. The pasturing of cattle, which, at most, is claimed to show a recognition of the rights of abandonment and an occupancy by Ray, is explained by the cross-examination, which shows that they merely came upon the land for want of a fence. Moreover, Mr. Young had stated to-the court, in substance, that he did not propose to show that the building was moved under any agreement ox-' arrangement, or that the premises were surrendered under the statute of frauds, but that he did propose to show an. abandonment. In the light of this record, we cannot say that the court erred in excluding the testimony offered.
We find no error in the record, and the judgment will! be affirmed. t
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Grant, J.
This is an amicable proceeding to test the right of the aldermen of the city of Muskegon to compensation as members of the boards of registration and inspectors of election. The common council voted the relator and other aldermen compensation for such services at the rate of three dollars per day. This action was vetoed by the mayor, but was passed over his veto. The respondent refused to sign the warrants, whereupon the relator filed this petition for the writ of mandamus.
Section 16, tit. 5, of the charter provides that the aider-men shall be members of the council, and conservators of the peace, and that— -
“No alderman shall be elected or appointed to any other office in the city during the term for which he was elected as alderman, or appointed to any other office in the city within one year thereafter.”
Section 40, tit. 5, provides that—
“The aldermen shall not be allowed to receive more than $100 each in any year, “as compensation for their services.”
Section 14, tit. 6, provides that—
“ No member of the common council, or alderman, shall receive any compensation for his services, either as councilman, alderman, or otherwise, except as herein provided.” .
The following charter provisions bear upon the question:
Section 3, tit. 2: “One of the aldermen of each ward and a competent elector of each' voting precinct, to he designated by the common council, shall constitute a board of registration for each of the voting precincts respectively. In case either member of such board.of registration may be absent or unable to attend any meeting of the board of registration, the other member of said board may choose a competent elector of said voting precinct to act as a member of said board, subject to the approval of the electors present, to be determined by a viva voce vote. * * * All proceedings relating to such registration of electors shall be the same as those provided by law for townships, so far as they are not inconsistent with the provisions of this act.”
Section 7, tit. 3: “One alderman of each ward and a competent elector of each voting precinct, to be designated by the common council, shall be inspectors of election in such voting precinct, and of the State, county, and district election. And in case of the absence of one or more of such inspectors, the electors present may choose viva voce from their number one or more competent persons, who shall be an elector or electors of such voting precinct, to fill such vacancy or vacancies, to whom shall be administered the constitutional oath by either of said inspectors, or by any justice of the peace.”
Counsel for relator contend that these services are in no sense aldermanic duties, and are not covered by any provisions of the charter precluding aldermen from acting upon such boards, and receiving compensation therefor. We cannot concur in this view. Such a construction would, in our judgment, be in violation of the plain terms of the charter. The aldermen are made members of these boards by virtue of their official position as aldermen. It is a service for the municipality, which they are authorized and directed to perform by the express terms of the charter; and section 14 of title 6, above quoted, expressly prohibits the receipt of any compensation, except as provided in the charter; and no provision is made for compensation for such services, but the compensation is limited to a yearly salary, not exceeding $100. As to this question, the writ should bp denied.
Bespondent insisted upon the right to deduct from the relator’s salary an amount which had previously been paid him, on a resolution passed by the council and a warrant signed by the mayor pro tem., for similar services at a previous election. We do not think the mayor had the right to refuse to sign warrants for amounts legally due, because the aldermen had previously received money to which they were not legally entitled. The mayor is not clothed with judicial power to pass upon such questions. Such moneys can be recovered back in a suit instituted for that purpose, in which case the alderman will have “his day in court.”
It is unnecessary, under the circumstances, to issue the writ, as both parties are willing to comply with the opinion of the Court. No costs will be allowed.
The other Justices concurred.
Act No. 304, Local Acts of 1889.' | [
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Grant, J.
Complainants claim in their bill that they constitute the legal board of trustees of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ at Salem; that the defendants, who are in possession of the house of worship and other church property, claim to be the legal trustees, and exclude them from the possession and use thereof; and'they pray that defendants may be enjoined from interfering with them in the possession, use, and enjoyment thereof.
Although the church originated nearly a centurjr and a half ago, it appears to have had no written confession of faith until 1815, when its general conference, held in Pennsylvania, adopted one. This confession of faith was recognized and adhered to as containing the fundamental doctrine of the church until 1889, when the defendants .claim that it was changed.
The church had no written constitution until 1837, when ,-a general conference held at Germantown, Ohio, formulated :and unanimously adopted one. The members of that con-ference doubted their authority to adopt a constitution, and 'therefore the conference issued a circular to give notice to the church throughout the Union that “we intend to present a memorial to the next general conference, praying them to ratify the constitution now adopted.” The con ference met quadrennially, and, when it assembled in 1841, it appears to have ignored entirely the constitution of 1837, and the validity of its adoption, and adopted another, which is one of the subjects of this controversy. The regularity of the adoption of this constitution was early questioned by some members of the church. It is too late now, however, to question it, since it was recognized and treated as the organic law of the church for nearly 50 years.
This gonstitution recognized the confession of faith as it then stood, and provided that “no rule or ordinance shall at any time be passed to change or do away" with it. One section provided, “There shall be no connection with secret combinations." Article 4 provided, “There shall be no alteration of the foregoing constitution, unless by request of two-thirds of the whole society." It provided for a general conference, to consist of the bishops, and of elders elected by the members of every conference district throughout the'society. All ecclesiastical power to make or repeal any rule of discipline was vested in this conference. The discipline, which was early adopted, made it the duty of the general conference “to examine the administration of .each annual conference, 'whether it has strictly observed the rules and preserved the moral and doctrinal principles of the discipline in all its transactions.'” At the general conference of 1885, the following resolution was adopted:
“Resolved, by the general conference of the United Brethren in Christ here assembled, that the general conference of our church is, and is hereby declared to be, the highest judicial authority of our church.”
It is conclusively established by this record that the general conference is the highest judicatory of the church, and is intrusted with the general supervision of its affairs, both temporal and spiritual. In all matters, therefore, in which it has jurisdiction, its judgments are binding upon the church, its clergy, and its members, and will not bo reviewed by the civil .courts.
Disputes arose in the church as to certain articles of the constitution, and as to the meaning of certain portions of the confession of faith, and as early as 1869 the division of sentiment was clearly defined, and those who favored a change in the constitution became known as “Liberals,” and those opposed as “Radicals.” In 1885 the bishops, in their address to the general conference, called attention to these matters, and a committee was appointed to consider them, and make a report thereof to the conference. This committee made the following report:
“ To the General Conference: Your committee to which was referred the confession of faith, constitution, and section 3 of chapter 10 of the discipline, beg leave to report that we have given these subjects much and most prayerful attention, and now submit the result of our deliberations:
“First.- We find that the present constitution of the church was never submitted to the suffrage of the members and ministry of the church for ratification, either by popular vote or by conventional approval, though it purports to be the constitution of the ‘members" of the denomination.
“Second. We find, by reference to the records, that throughout most of its history it has been the subject of question and differences of opinion as to its legality and binding force as an organic law.
“Third. We find, also, that the clause found in article 2, Section 4, which says, ‘No rule or ordinance shall at any time be passed to change or do away with the confession of faith, as it now stands," and article 4, which says,
‘ There shall be no alteration of the foregoing constitution, unless by request of two-thirds of the whole society," are, in their language and apparent meaning, so far-reaching as to render them extraordinary and impracticable as articles of constitutional law.
“Fourth. From the facts and reasons thus indicated, we conclude that the constitution has acquired its force only by the partial and silent assent of the church, and that the general conference has a right to institute measures looking to the amendment, modification, or change of the constitution at any time when it is believed that a majority of our people favor a modification thereof.
“Fifth. It is the sense and belief of your, committee that the constitution, as it stands, is not in harmony with the present wishes of our people, as has been indicated in discussions, petitions, and elections during the past year.
“Sixth. For these reasons, and for the purpose of finally settling all questions of dispute and matters of'disturbance to the peace and harmony of the church, so far as the confession of faith and the constitution are concerned, your committee would recommend the adoption of the following paper, namely:
“ ‘ CHURCH COMMISSION.
“ ‘Whereas, our confession of faith is silent or ambiguous upon some of the cardinal doctrines of the Bible, as held and believed by our church; and—
“ ‘Whereas, it is desirable and needful to so amend and improve our present constitution as to adapt its provisions more fully to the wants and conditions of the church in this and future time: Therefore—
“ ‘Resolved, by the delegates of the annual conference of the Church,of the United Brethren in Christ, in general conference assembled, that a church commission, composed of twenty-seven persons, and consisting of the bishops of the church, and ministers and laymen appointed and elected by this body, an equal number from each bishop’s district, — provided, that the Pacific district shall have two members besides its bishop, — be and is hereby authorized and established. The duties and powers of this commission shall be to consider our present confession of faith and constitution, and prepare such a form of belief, and such amended fundamental rules for the government of this church in the future, as will, in their judgment, be best adapted to secure its growth and efficiency in the work of evangelizing the world.
“ ‘Provided—
“ ‘ 1. That this commission shall preserve unchanged, in substance, the present confession of faith, so far as it is clear.
“ ‘2. That it shall also retain the present itinerant plan.
“ ‘ 3. It shall keep sacred the general usages and distinctive principles of the church on all great moral reforms, as sustained by the word of God, in so far as the province of their work may touch them.
“ ‘Provided, further, That in the final adoption, as a whole, of a confession of faith and constitution, for submission to the church by the commission, a majority vote of all the members composing the commission shall be necessary.
“ ‘ Resolved, That this commission shall meet at such time and place as the board of bishops may appoint, and is expected to complete its work by January 1, 1886. The commission shall also adopt, and cause to be executed, a plan by which the proposed confession of faith and constitution may receive the largest possible attention and expression of approval or disapproval by our people, including all necessary regulations for taking, counting, and reporting the vote.
“ ‘Resolved, That when, according to the foregoing provisions, the result of the vote of the church shows that two-thirds of all the votes cast have been given in approval of the proposed confession of faith and constitution, it shall be the duty of the bishops to publish and proclaim said result through the official organs of the church, whereupon the confession of faith and constitution thus ratified and adopted shall become the fundamental belief and organic law of this church.
‘ ‘‘ Provided, further, That the adoption of the constitution as aforesaid shall in no wise affect any legislation of this general conference for the coming quadrennium.’”
The committee presented a supplementary report, recommending the adoption of the following law in reference to secret combinations:
“A secret combination, in the sense of the constitution, is a secret league or confederation of persons holding principles and laws at variance with the word of God, and infringing upon the natural, social, political, or religious rights of those outside its pale. Any member or minister of our church found in connection with such combination shall be dealt with as in other cases of disobedience to the order and discipline of the church'in case of members, as foijnd on page 23 of discipline, in answer to the third question of section 3, chapter 4, and, in ease of ministers, as found in chapter 6, section 13, page 65."
These reports were signed by 11 of the committee. Two members filed the following minority report:
“ 1; The constitution we now have in the discipline, and have had for forty-four years, is the constitution of the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, and every member legally received into the church, for years, has consented to be governed by the same. It was declared legal, also, by the general conference of 1849, and to it our legislation has conformed, and under its directions our officers have been elected/ and the general conference formed according to its provisions.
“ 2. This constitution makes no provision for the general conference to alter or change it without first securing the consent of the members of the church by a two-thirds vote, as required in article 4 of the constitution, and to take any other method would not be legal,
“3. It is our view that this question as to the constitution should be determined before we revise section 3 of chapter 10.”
After a long discussion, the conference adopted the majority report by a vote of 78 to 42, and the supplementary report by a vote of 76 to 38. The commission was duly appointed, entered upon its work, and .prepared what is termed a “ Revised Confession of Faith,” and the “ Amended Constitution.” It also prepared a plan of submission, by which the confession of faith, as a whole, was to be submitted to a vote of the church.
Ballots were to be written or printed in the following form: “ Confession of Faith,” — after which was to be written or printed “Yes” or “No,” according to the wish of the voter. The amended constitution was to be submitted as a whole to the vote of the church, with the exceptions that the clauses as to lay delegation and secret combinations were to be submitted separately. The vote was to be taken during the month of November, 1888. The publishing agent at Dayton, Ohio, was to furnish each presiding elder, three months before the time of voting, the necessary number of tickets and return blanks. The pastor, leaders, and stewards of each society were to constitute the local board of tellers. Any member incapacitated, by age or affliction, to attend the meetings, or any minister absent on his charge, might send his ballot with his name signed on the back thereof. The local boards of tellers were to make returns to the general board of tellers, which was provided by the commission. The election was fixed to take place at the same time as the election of delegates to the quadrennial conference of 1889.
The commission, upon the completion of its work, in 1885, caused the proposed revised confession of faith and the amended constitution to be published in their church papers. Many thousands of copies were 'published in pamphlet form, and circulated among its members. The matter was thoroughly discussed both in the press and the pulpit of the church. Every means possible appears to have been taken to enlighten the members upon the issues involved. There was evidently no lack of knowledge or information on the part of the clergy and the members of the church as to when and how the vote was to be taken. There is no doubt but that the matter entered largely into the election of delegates to the general conference, and that they were elected, to a considerable extent at least, in accordance with the views they entertained upon this subject. Charges of unfairness in the preparation and distribution of the ballots were made against those who were charged with the performance of this duty. These charges relate mainly to the form of the ballot, and to the failure to send ballots to all the presiding elders. While the conduct of the. parties so charged is subject to some just criticism, still, we do not think it resulted in depriving any member of his vote. The Michigan conference resolved not to vote upon any proposition submitted. Four conventions were held in different parts of the country by those who were opposed to the adoption of the articles, and they recommended their members not to vote, but to present their views to the general conference by petition. The interest in the subject was general, and the bishops and clergy evidently spared no effort to impress their views upon the members of their several charges. But, in the view I take, it is unnecessary now to determine the ques tions arising upon the manner in which the vote was taken. The total vote on the confession of faith was 54,380, the majority for it being 47,760. The total vote upon the amended constitution was 54,344, the majority for it being 47,026. The total vote on lay delegation was 54,459, the majority for it being 43,1.91. The total vote on secret combinations was 54,292, ihe majority for it being 39,696. The total vote for delegates to this conference was between 58,000 and 59,000.
The commission made due report of its action and of the vote cast to the general conference, which assembled May 9, and continued in session till May 22, 1889. The conference referred this report to a special committee of seven to examine it, and determine whether the commission had acted in compliance with the instruction of.the general conference, and whether the vote had been orderly and regular, and to recommend such action as it might deem proper to be taken in the premises. Two reports were made by this committee, — a majority report, signed by five, and a minority report, signed by two. The minority report objected to the regularity of the proceedings, and recommended the conference to submit such amend* ments of the constitution to the vote of the people as it might deem wise and prudent, which should be regarded as a petition for such proposed changes. Protests against the adoption of the proposed changes were presented, signed by . 16,282. On May 13, 1889, the bishops issued a proclamation announcing that the revised confession of faith and the amended constitution had been adopted by the required two-thirds vote of the church. After a long and able discussion by the members of the conference, the new articles were declared adopted by the emphatic vote of 110 to 20.
Upon the issuance of the above proclamation by the bishops, 15 of the 20 withdrew from the conference, met at another place, and solemnly proclaimed that they were the Church of the United Brethren in Christ, and that the majority of the general conference had formed a new church. They therefore proceeded to elect bishops and to do business as though they were the regular, authorized, and legally constituted general conference of the church. The regular conference, after declaring the amended constitution adopted, proceeded with its business as the regularly organized body of the church. Complainants derive their authority from the latter body; the defendants, from the former. The defendants took possession of the property, and refused to the complainants any use thereof. The property in question wa.s deeded to, and belongs to, the United Brethren in Christ; and the sole question is, which of these .contending parties represents the church, as trustees of, the property in controversy?
I have stated above the history of this unfortunate controversy, which has found its way from the ecclesiastical into the civil ' courts of several of the states, so far as I deem it necessary to an understanding and determination of the present suit.
It is contended on the part of the defendants that the revised confession of faith is a radical change from the old, and that by its adoption the faith and doctrine upon which the church was founded have been subverted and overthrown; that the members who constituted the majority of the conference became heretics to the true faith,— placed themselves outside the pale of the church; that the conference no longer represented the church; and that the small minority which withdrew, and those who follow them, have kept the true faith, and are in fact the church. . If this contention be sustained, it follows that the minority are entitled to the possession of the church property.
It is the settled law of this country that the judgments, of the judicial tribunals of church organizations upon matters of faith, discipline, and the general polity and tenets of the church are binding upon the civil courts. Connitt v. Church, 54 N. Y. 551; Earle v. Wood, 8 Cush. 456; Miller v. Gable, 2 Denio, 548; Watson v. Jones, 13 Wall. 679, 727; Lamb v. Cain, 129 Ind. 486; Schweiker v. Husser, 146 Ill. 399. The rule and the reason therefor are ably stated in Watson v. Jones, as follows:
“In this class of cases, we think the rule of action which should govern the civil courts, founded in a broad and sound view of the relations of church and state under our system of laws, and supported by a preponderating weight of judicial authority, is that whenever the questions of discipline, or of faith, or ecclesiastical rule, custom, or law, have been decided by the highest of these church judicatories to which the matter has been carried, the legal tribunals must accept such decisions as final, and as binding on them, in their application to the case before them.
* * * * * * ífc iis * jfciH
“In this country the full and free right to entertain any religious belief, to practice any religious principle, and to teach any religious doctrine which does not violate the laws of morality and property, and which does not infringe personal rights, is conceded to all. The law knows no heresy, and is committed to the support of no dogma, the establishment of no sect. The right to organize voluntary religious associations to assist in' the expression and dissemination of any religious doctrine, and to create tribunals for the decision of controverted questions of faith within the association, and for the ecclesiastical government of all the individual members, congregations, and officers within the general association, is unquestioned. All who unite themselves to such a body do so with an implied consent to this government, and are bound to submit to it. But it would be a vain consent, and would lead to the total subversion of such religious bodies, if any one aggrieved by one of their decisions could appeal to the secular courts, and have them reversed. It is of the essence of these religious unions, and of their right to establish tribunals for the decision of questions arising among themselves, that those decisions should be binding in all cases of ecclesiastical cognizance, subject only to such appeals as the organism itself provides for.
“Nor do we see that justice would be likely to be promoted by submitting those decisions to review in the ordinary judicial tribunals. Each of these large and influential bodies (to mention no others, let reference be had to the Protestant Episcopal, the Methodist Episcopal, and the Presbyterian churches) has a body of constitutional and ecclesiastical law of its own, to be found in their written organic laws, their books of discipline, in their collections of precedents, in their usage and customs, which, as to each, constitute a system of ecclesiastical law and religious faith that tasks the ablest minds to become familiar with. It is not to be supposed that the judges of the civil courts can be as competent in the ecclesiastical law and religious faith of all these bodies as the ablest' men in each are in reference to their own. It would therefore be an appeal from the more learned tribunal in the law, which should decide the case, to one which is less so.” .
There can be no exception to this rule, except in a case where, even in the minds of laymen, no "doubt can exist, and it is clear, beyond controversy, that the fundamental principles of the church have been destroyed by the one party, and been adhered to by the other. In the present case the intention on the part of the so-called “ Liberals ” to adhere to thé substance of the old confession of faith is manifest. The conference of 1885 resolved to make no departure in substance therefrom, and so instructed the commission in its work of revision. In the discussion which took place in the conference of 1889, the radicals do not appear to have attacked the confession of faith, as reported from the commission. One member of the conference, towards the close of the debate, said:
“Is it not marvelous that not a brother on the other side of the house, from Brother Barnaby to. Bishop Wright, has said a word against the work of the commission itself? They have not said anything against the confession of faith, as it has been formulated and presented to us. They do not say that it is any different from the old one, or that there is any heresy in it. *. * * It corresponds with the old. It expresses it better, and in a more beautiful and orderly form, than the old one did. It also brings in some doctrines that were scattered through the discipline in various forms, and they are put in a new arrangement.”
The truth of this statement does not appear to have' been questioned by any member of the opposition. Leading bishops of the church, and theologians of other churches, have testified that in their judgment there is no difference in meaning and substance between the two. It is, moreover, established by the evidence that the same doctrines which were taught before have been taught in the churches controlled by the liberals since the conference of 1889. That conference, composed of the’bishops and learned divines of the church, and being its highest judicial tribunal, and having the clear jurisdiction over the subject, has decided the question. What sense or reason is there in holding that the decisions of this ecclesiastical court upon a pure question of religious faith and doctrine may be reviewed and overruled by a court composed exclusively of laymen? The churches of this country have wisely left the decision of these questions to their own tribunals, and the civil courts have wisely accepted them as binding and final.
But it is insisted that property rights are1 involved, and that, therefore, the civil court must examine and determine the question. I cannot assent to this contention. In these ■controversies, personal or property rights are usually involved. The one is as dear as the other. When a minister is ■charged with preaching heresy, both his personal and property rights are involved. In all such cases, when the issue depends upon whether the faith of the church has been subverted, the decision of the church judicatory which has jurisdiction of the question is conclusive. Civil courts will not interfere in these controversies, even in cases where rights of property are involved, except in the case of a clear and palpable violation of trust. No such violation has been established in this case on account of the adoption of the revised confession of faith, the validity of which has been established by the highest judicial authority of the church.
It is next contended by the defendants that the proceedings for amending the constitution were irregular and void, mainly for the reason that no request was made therefor by “ two-thirds of the whole society,” as provided by the constitution; and that, even if the preliminary measures to secure the vote were legal, still the constitution failed of adoption, because two-thirds of the members of the church did not vote for it. T do not think the question here involved depends upon the determination of the validity of the adoption of the amended constitution. If it be admitted that the amended constitution was not adopted, it does not follow that the minority of less than one-eighth, which seceded from the conference, and their followers, constitute the true church, and are entitled to the possession of its temporalities, and the entire church property, aggregating in value about five millions of dollars. Clear, indeed, must be the case which will result in setting aside the cardinal principle which lies at the foundation of free government, in church as well as in state, viz., the right of the majority to rule. If ecclesiastical bodies, in their legislative capacity, commit unconstitutional acts, these acts may be set aside by the courts, and they be compelled to observe and act under the constitution legally adopted for their guidance. This is the rule in municipal government, and is equally applicable to church government. There is no more reason in holding that church officers, when acting illegally, do thereby cease to represent their church, and to constitute its legislative, executive, or judicial body, than there would be in holding that municipal officers, when so acting, thereby cease to be such officers, or to constitute the legal authority of the municipality. Both may be impeached or deposed, but, until they are, they are de facto and de jure officers of the organization which elected them. Courts may, by their decrees, keep such officers within constitutional limits, but will not declare them outside the pale of the church, and turn the organization over to the minority, because the majority have committed an error in determining that a law has been properly enacted, or its constitution regularly adopted.
The conference of 1885, which proposed thé amendments, was a constitutional body, regularly elected. So, also, was the conference of 1889, which ratified them. As already shown, there has been no departure from the religious principles upon which the church was founded, and its faith is still the same. It is important, I think, in this connection, to note wherein the old and the amended constitution agree and wherein they differ. Both declare that the general conference shall enact no rule or ordinance which shall change or destroy the confession of faith, or the itinerant plan, or which shall deprive local preachers of votes in the annual conferences. Both hold the right of appeal inviolate, declare against human slavery, provide for the same conferences, the same methods of electing bishops; and the amended constitution makes no change whatever in the officers of the church, in their rights and duties, or in the general form of government. The clauses in regard to the ownership of church property are identical in language. The main changes are in the provision for lay delegation in. the general conference, and in the amendment in regard to “secret combinations.” The amended article on this subject reads as follows:
“We declare that all secret combinations which infringe upon the rights of those outside their organization, and whose principles and practices are injurious to the Christian character of their members, are contrary to the Word of God, and that Christians ought to have no connection with them. The general conference shall have power to enact such rules of discipline with respect to such com-binations as in its judgment it may deem proper."
Evidently this article on secret combinations is the chief one which has caused the dissensions and divisions in this church. We are not concerned, however, in interpreting the meaning of this article in the old constitution, nor in determining wherein, if at all, it differs from the one in the amended constitution. It is not now essential. Both the conference of 1885 and that of 1889 acted in entire good faith, and in the belief that their proceedings were constitutional. They have been sustained by the courts of last resort of several of the states, and by the learned circuit judge who, in the present *case, wrote an able an exhaustive opinion. Schlichter v. Keiter, 27 Atl. Rep. 45; Lamb v. Cain, 129 Ind. 486.
Grant that thé action of the conference was illegal in declaring the amendments adopted, it is, indeed, a startling proposition that by this act the conference destroyed. its identity, ceased to represent the church, seceded from it, and thereby become a. new and different church. The proposition finds' no principle in law, equity, or good sense upon which to stand. The 15 who left the regularly-congtituted conference became the seceders, and not those who remained in it. If the defendants are right in their contention, it would follow that if the conference had been a unit in declaring the amended constitution adopted, in which event its action would have been no more binding-than now, the members of any local church might have seized the church property, on the ground that they were the sole representatives of the true church, and that all theothers were heretics. The minority in this case have mistaken their remedy. They should have pursued a legal and . orderly course, which was clearly open to them, They should have protested, and, failing in this, have applied to the proper courts to determine the validity of the proceedings to adopt the amended constitution; and, if such courts found them void, they would hold the old constitution in force, and compel the officers of the church to recognize and act tinder it. This proposition seems to me so clear that I deem further argument unnecessary.
This disposition of the case renders it unnecessary to enter upon the discussion and adjudication of the regularity of the proceedings. It follows that the complainants derive their authority from the regularly-organized conference, that they are the representatives and trustees of the church, and as such are entitled to the use and possession of the property.
Decree should be affirmed, with costs.
McGrath, J.
I agree with my Brother Grant that the constitution of 1841 was a valid instrument, and as such was binding upon the society. It had been acquiesced in, recognized, and accepted as the fundamental law of the society for nearly, 50 years. Can there be any doubt upon this record that the majority has proceeded in utter disregard of the plain provisions of that, constitution? and must the constitution-abiding ,members of this society be ousted, from the possession of property held and occupied by them, and devoted to uses contemplated thereby? This is the issue.
One of the objects of the constitution, as expressed by that instrument, is to define the powers and the business, of the general conference. By that instrument that body is delegated certain powers, subject to the limitations and. restrictions therein prescribed. The general conference is given power to make or repeal any rule of discipline, but. it is expressly provided that no rule shall be passed “to-change or do away with the confession of faith as it now stands/’ or that will infringe upon the rights of any as relates to the mode of baptism, the sacrament of the Lord’s supper, or the washing of feet, or that will deprive local preachers of their votes at annual conferences; and it is ■expressly provided that “ there shall be no connection with secret combinations,” and that “ there shall be no alteration ■of the foregoing constitution, unless by request of two-thirds. of the whole society.” The question to be determined is not whether the action taken is or is not included within the scope of general powers conferred, or whether the authority may or may not be fairly implied, or whether the power is one which does or does not belong to or inhere in a body of this character. Those questions are settled by the contract itself.
At a session of the general conference held in 1885, the bishops’ address^ contained the following:
“We need not say to your honorable body that the subject of secret societies has become a most perplexing one to our Zion. This is well known to you all. Also, it is expected of you by the people whom you represent that under the blessing of God you will put this subject to rest, and bring peace to the church by wise regulations. To this end we recommend:
s‘First. In that it is admitted that our present constitution has not been as yet submitted to a vote of the whole society, you determine whether the whole subject under consideration is or is not yet in the hands of the general conference.
“Second. Should you determine that it is in your hands, -.then transfer the whole subject from the realm of constitutional law to the field of legislative enactment, which -would be to expunge the whole question from the constitution, and bring it into the field of legislative enactment, .to be handled as the church, through her representatives, :may determine from time to time.
“Third. That you limit the prohibitory feature of your enactment to combinations, secret and open, to which the church believes a Christian cannot belong.
“Fourth. Should you decide that this constitutional question is beyond your control, and in the hands of the whole society, then submit the above propositions, properly formulated, to a vote of the whole church* and let a two-thirds vote of those voting be the authoritative voice of the church on the subject.”
In the report of the committee raised in 1885 the following occurs:
“First. We find that the present constitution of the church was never submitted to the suffrage of the members and ministry of the church for ratification, either by popular vote or by conventional approval, though it purports to be the constitution of the ‘ members5 of- the denomination.
“Second. We find, by reference to the records, that throughout most of its history it has been the subject of question and differences of opinion as to its legality and binding force as an organic law.
“Third. We find also that the clause found in article 2, section 4, which says, fNo rule or ordinance shall at any time be passed to change or do away with the confession of faith, as it now stands/ and article 4, which says, ‘ There shall be no alteration of the foregoing constitution, unless by request of two-thirds of the whole society/ are, in their language and apparent meaning, so far-reaching as to render them extraordinary and impracticable as articles of constitutional law.
“Fourth. From the facts and reasons thus indicated, we conclude that the constitution has acquired its force only by the partial and silent assent of the church, and that the general conference has a right to institute measures looking to the amendment, modification, or change of the constitution at any time when it is believed that a majority of our people favor a modification thereof.
“Fifth. It is the sense and belief of your committee that the constitution, as it stands, is not in harmony with the present wishes of our people, as has been indicated in discussions, petitions, and elections during the past year.
“ Sixth. For these reasons, and for the purpose of finally settling all questions of dispute and matters of disturbance to the peace and harmony of the church so far as the confession of faitli and the constitution are concerned, your committee would recommend the adoption of the following paper, namely:
“ ‘ CHURCH commission.
“ ‘ Whereas, onf confession of faith is silent or ambiguous upon some of the cardinal doctrines of the Bible, as held and believed by our church; and—
“Whereas, it is desirable and needful to so amend and approve our present constitution as to adapt its provisions more fully to the wants and conditions of the church in this and in future time: Therefore * * * * * * * * * *
“The duties and powers of this commission shall be to consider our present confession of faith and constitution, and prepare such a form of belief, and such amended fundamental rules for the government of this church in the future, as will, in their judgment, be best adapted to secure its growth and efficiency in the work of evangelizing the world: Provided—
“ ‘ 1. That this commission shall preserve unchanged, in substance, the present confession of faith, so far as it is clear-.
‘“2. That it shall also retain the present itinerant plan.
“ ‘3. It shall keep sacred the general usages and distinctive principles of the church on all great moral reforms, as sustained by the Word of God, in so far as the province of their work may touch them. * * * * * * * * * *. * * *
“ ‘Resolved, That when, according to the foregoing provisions, the result of the vote of the church shows that two-thirds of all the votes cast have been given in approval of the proposed confession of faith and constitution, it shall be the duty of the bishops to publish and proclaim said result through the official organs of the church, whereupon the confession of faith and constitution thus ratified and adopted shall become the fundamental belief and organic law of the church.’ ”
In accordance with the action of the conference, the i bishops published a letter, addressed to the church, on the work of the commission, in which the following occurs:
“In the confession of faith three things were effected: First, some yerbal changes and reconstruction of sentences for the sake of grammatical accuracy and definiteness of expression; second, a systematic arrangement of our present confession of faith, under distinct articles; third, the addition of five new articles, namely, of justification, of regeneration and adoption, of sanctification, of the Christian Sabbath, and of a future state.
“These changes secure correct grammatical construction, systematic arrangement, clearness of expression, and a fuller and more comprehensive vieta of the doctrines of the Scrip tures: We believe the utility of these changes is so apparent that they will be acceptable to you, and will receive your indorsement.”
In the address of the bishops at the session of 1889, the following occurs:
“It is sadly known throughout the church that there has been for a time a growing friction along the line of what has been known as the organic law of the church. Two antagonistic views have obtained and found ample advocacy in the past. The one is that we have a valid constitution of absolute and unquestioned force, binding on all the members of the church, and also so bounding, restricting, and limiting the action of the general conference itself that it cannot legislate along certain lines, nor adopt certain measures, well defined in the limiting terms of the constitution, without being guilty of usurpation and revolution. The other view is that the general conference, being a constitutional body, has judicial powers, is capable of judicial action, and hence, being the highest authority known in the. jurisprudence of the church, may by right adjudicate questions of dispute, interpret and construe law, as well as devise and formulate plans for the furtherance of its benevolent designs and its mission of mercy among men.
“It is furthermore held that the restrictions which have been supposed to form an impassable barrier to the authority of the general conference are so far-reaching in their demands, and so ambiguous in their meaning, as to render them utterly untenable in a day of advanced thought and of expanding measures. It has been in a measure demonstrated that a feature of absolute immutability has been impressed on her constitution, so that its amendment, according to its own terms, is an utter impossibility. This absolutism in our system, this inflexibility of provision for amendment, is being regarded, in the light of recent experience, as exceedingly unfortunate.”
The new confession of faith contains 13 articles. The changes made are given below. The words in parentheses were in the old confession, but have been stricken from the new. The words in italics were not in the old, but have been added to the new.
“Article 2. We believe that this triune God created thfe heavens and the earth, and all that in them is, visible and invisible (and, furthermore, sustains, governs, protects, and supports the same); that He sustains, protects, and governs these with gracious regard for the welfare of man, to the glory of His name.”
“Art. 3. We believe in Jesus Christ; that He is very God and man; that He became incarnate by the power of the Holy Ghost (in the Virgin Mary), and was born of (her); the Virgin Mary; that He is the Savior and Mediator of the whole human race, if they, with full faith (in Him), accept the grace proffered in Jesus; that this Jesus suffered and died, * * * and will come again at the last day, to judge the (quick) living and the dead.
“Art. 4. We believe in the Holy Ghost; that He is equal in being with the Father and the Son; that He convinces the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment; that He comforts the faithful, and guides them into all truth.
“Art. 5. We believe that the Holy Bible, Old and New Testaments, is the word of God; that it (contains) reveals the only true way to our salvation; that every true Christian is bound to acknowledge and receive it (with the influence) by the help of the spirit of God, as the only rule and guide in faith and practice, (and that, without faith in Jesus Christ, true repentance, forgiveness of sins, and following-after Christ, no one can be a true Christian. We also believe that what is contained in the holy Scriptures, to wit, the fall in Adam and redemption through Jesus Christ, shall be preached throughout the world).
“Art. 6. We believe in a holy Christian church (the communion of saints, the resurrection of the body, and life everlasting), composed of true believers, in which the Word of God is preached by men divinely called, and the ordinances are duly administered; that this divine institution is for the maintenance of worship, for the edification of believers, and the conversion of the world to Christ.
“Art. 7. We believe that the (ordinances) sacraments, baptism and (the remembrance of the sufferings and death of our Lord Jesus Christ) the Lord’s supper, are to be in use in the church, and should be practiced by all (Christian societies) Christians (and that it is incumbent on all the children of God particularly to practice them); but the (manner in which ought) mode of baptism, and the manner of observing the Lord’s supper, are always to be left to the judgment and understanding of every individual. Also the baptism, of children shall be left to the judgment of believing parents. The example of the washing of feet is to be left to the judgment of each one, to practice or not; (but it is not becoming of any of our preachers or members to traduce any of their brethren whose judgment and understanding in these respects is different from their own, either in public or in private. Whosoever shall make himself guilty in this respect shall be considered a traducer of his brethren, and shall be answerable for the same.)
“Art. 8. ■ We believe that man is fallen from original righteousness, and, apart from the grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, is not only entirely destitute of holiness, but is inclined to evil, and only evil, and' that continually; and that, except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of heaven.
“Art. 9. We believe that penitent sinners are justified before God, only by faith in our Lord Jesus Christ, and not by works; yet that good works in Christ are acceptable to God, and spring out of a true and living faith.
“Art. 10. We believe that regeneration is the renewal of the heart of man after the image of God, through the Word, by the act of the Holy Ghost, by which the believer receives the spirit of adoption, and is enabled to serve God ivith the will and the affections.
“Art. 11. We believe that sanctification is the work of God’s grace, through the Word and the spirit, by which those who have been born again are separated in their acts, words, and thoughts from sin, and are enabled to live unto God, and to follow holiness, without which no man shall see the Lord.
“Art. 12. We believe that the Christian Sabbath is divinely appointed; that it is commemorative of our Lord’s resurrection from the grave, and is an emblem of our eternal rest; that it is essential to the welfare of the civil community, and to the permanence and growth of the Christian church; and that it should be reverently observed as a day of holy rest, and of social and public worship.
“Art. 18. We believe in the resurrection of the dead, the ’ future general judgment, and an eternal state of rewards, in which the righteous dwell in endless life, and the wicked in endless punishment
The old constitution provided that the general conference “shall consist of elders, elected by the members in every conference district throughout the society.” The new con stitution provides that the general conference “ shall consist of elders and laymen elected in each annual conference district throughout the church. The number and ratio of elders and laymen, and the mode of their election, shall be determined by the general conference.” The new constitution further provides that—
“The ministerial and lay delegates shall deliberate and vote together as one body; but the general conference shall have power to provide for a vote by separate orders, whenever it deems it best to do so; and in such cases the concurrent vote of both orders shall be necessary to complete an action.”
Section 10 of article 1 provides that—
“The general conference may, two-thirds of the members elected thereto concurring, propose changes in or additions to the confession of faith: Provided, that the concurrence of three-fourths of the annual conferences shall be necessary to their final ratification.”
Section 1 of article 3 is as follows:
“We declare that all secret combinations which infringe upon the rights of those outside their organization, and whose principles and practices are injurious to the Christian character of their members, are contrary to the Word of God, and that Christians ought to have no connection with them. The general conference shall have power to enact such rules of discipline with respect to such combinations as in its judgment it may deem proper.”
Section 1 of article 5 provides that amendments may be proposed, by any general conference, two-thirds of the members elected thereto concurring, which amendments shall be submitted to a vote of the membership, and a majority of all the votes cast shall be necessary to final ratification.-
It is idle to. say that there has been no change in the confession of faith. It will not be contended that the questions in respect to which either the confession of faith or the constitution of 1841 was silent or ambiguous, or in respect to which the additions, changes, or modifications were made by the commission, were in any sense new, or had their origin in the commission. These subjects had been discussed at the various conferences since the adoption of the constitution of 1841. The changes involved matters upon - which eminent divines have differed, and which have been the subject of controversy for centuries; matters concerning which wide differences of opinion •existed in the several conferences. The subjects of infant baptism, of the washing of feet, of natural, hereditary, and total depravity, of a lay delegation, and of secret combinations, had been frequently discussed. In 1853 a resolution •defining natural, hereditary, and total depravity had been •adopted by a vote of 23 to 19. A secret combination had been defined as “one whose initiatory ceremony or bond ■of union is a secret.”
In view of the multiplicity of existing sects, all declaring ■a belief in the same Scriptures, but differing in interpretation, how can it be claimed that there was no change in the confession of faith? Can it be said that articles may be added to a confession of faith, declaring, a belief in “depravity,” “justification,” “regeneration and adoption,” “sanctification,” and “endless punishment,” and that the •confession -has not been changed by the additions? It is no answer to say that, in the revision, matter was simply transferred from discipline to confession, for the confession was the paramount law. The general conference had the power to formulate rules of discipline, but it was restricted ■to rules which should not change the confession. If rules had been adopted which pertained to the confession of faith, and had the effect to change, add to, or vary the creed, they were illegally adopted, were without 'binding force, and had no place in either discipline or creed. The proponents of change had constantly been’ met with the point of order that such change was prohibited by the constitution', and as constantly by the ruling that the point-of order was well taken.
The record, including the proceedings of the conference, will be searched in vain for any determination by the general conference, or any committee thereof, or by the commission, that these modifications or alterations or additions to the confession of faith were immaterial, and did not add to or vary or change the confession. Indeed, an examination of the proceedings, of the report of the committee of 1885, and of the address of the bishops, leads inevitably to the conclusion that these changes were regarded and construed as material, and the constitution of 1841 as prohibiting their enactment. As early as 1845, a resolution was adopted by a vote of 15 to 8 declaring “that, in view of the constitution, this general conference has no right to revise, alter, 'or amend the confession of faith as it now stands.”
The commission of 1885 originated in a desire to settle disputed and vexed questions. The vote creating the commission stood 78 to 42. The utmost that can be said for the new confession and constitution is that these questions have been settled in accordance with the views of the proponents of change, and that the views of the opponents are no longer supported by the written articles.
Nor has the highest court of judicature of this society undertaken at any time to give to the clause of the constitution providing that the concurrence of two-thirds of the whole society should be necessary to the amendment any other meaning than that which its language clearly conveys. Indeed, it is evident from an examination of the proceedings of the general conference, from the report of the committee of 1885, and from the language of the ■bishops, that this article was understood, regarded, and interpreted to mean that the affirmative concurrence of two- thirds of the whole society was necessary to amend the constitution. At the session of 1873 a motion was made that this clause be so interpreted as to mean two-thirds of all that vote, but the motion was laid on the table. The following resolution was then passed:
“Resolved, That the explicit rendering of article 4 of the constitution be submitted to the board of bishops, and that they be requested to publish the same in the Religious. Telescope.” /
It does not appear by the journals that the bishops ever reported, but by the record it appears that the matter was discussed by the bishops, but no conclusion was reached. A motion was made in 1849 to “expunge” the constitution, on the ground of illegality; but there were but three votes in the affirmative.
It remained for the bishops, in 1885, to cut the knot. They recommended one of two courses, viz., that the constitution as a whole be disregarded, or to submit the new constitution to vote, and “let1 a two-thirds vote of those voting be the authoritative voice of the church.” The bishops did not assume to interpret the constitutional provision in question, but suggested an edict declaring the two-thirds vote of those voting to be the authoritative voice of the church. The committee did not undertake an interpretation, but found that the objectionable clauses “are, in their language and apparent meaning, so far-reaching as to render them extraordinary and impracticable as articles of constitutional law.” They further concluded that the constitution had acquired its force only by the partial and silent assent of the church, and that. the conference had the right to institute measures' looking to its amendment at any time when it was believed that a majority favored such amendment. A minority report was presented, but the majority report prevailed by a vote of 78 to 42.
The bishops, in their address in 1889, use this significant language:
“ Certainly a church constitution should have some possible method- of procedure by which it could be amended. That those who gave us the constitution intended to put it practically beyond the possibility of alteration or modification has never been insisted upon; and yet the church found itself in this very attitude when it came to meet a growing demand for more pliant and equitable measures, arising from the exigencies of the times. ”
This language is entirely inconsistent with any other interpretation of this constitutional provision than that insisted upon by the defendants.
The constitution, as proposed in 1837, provided that—
‘-‘If, at any time after the passage of this constitution, it should be contemplated either to alter or amend the same, it shall be the privilege of any member in the society to publish such contemplation at least three months before the election of delegates to the general conference.”
This was changed, before adoption, so as to make it necessary for two-thirds of. the whole society to request a change before it could be granted. The purpose of this provision was not to take away from the general conference all power to aet, but to prevent action until the request was made. Any amendment suggested would be subject to the scrutiny of the conference. The request did not effect the amendment, but affirmative action by the conference on the request was necessary. ■
It was entirely competent for the members of this society tó associate together under this compact; to formulate a summary of their distinctive beliefs; to exclude therefrom all disputed questions; to regard certain matters as non-essentials, and to leave certain others to individual judgment, determining that as to these questions the articles should be silent; to protect the exercise of that judgment from criticism; and to surround the creed so formulated with such safeguards as they deemed proper and requisite. The creed so formulated was the basis of their association. To promulgate that creed, and protect themselves in certain observances, was the purpose of the society. To secure it from innovation was the object of the constitutional provision. They recognized the tenacity with which each member adhered to matters of belief as expressed, and the right to the exercise of individual judgment as to matters upon which no expression was given. The creed was agreed to, not only by reason of what it expressed, but also because of what it omitted; by reason as well of its concessions as of its requirements. They recognized the possibility of development and of agreement upon questions upon which no agreement was reached, and the right to change, but agreed that such development should be evidenced by the affirmative concurrence of two-thirds of the whole society. It was not alone matters of administration and government that they aimed for protection in, but matters of belief; the underlying principles of. the association; the thought which the society was formed to advance. They formulated and declared the church polity, and by the fundamental law prohibited a change of that polity unless in accordance with express provision made in .the constitution itself.
The relation between the members of this association is one of contract, and the confession of faith and the constitution constitute the terms of the agreement, which is binding upon all. Hyde v. Woods, 2 Sawy. 655, 94 U. S. 523; White v. Brownell, 2 Daly, 329; Ebbinghousen v. Worth Club, 4 Abb. N. C. 300, 301, note; Leech v. Harris, 2 Brewst. 571; Venable v. Baptist Church, 25 Kan. 177; State v. Williams, 75 N. C. 134; Innes v. Wylie, 1 Car. & K. 257; Protchett v. Schaefer, 11 Phila. 166; Brine v. Board of Trade, 2 Amer. Law Rec. 268.
In White v. Brownell, Van Vorst, J., says:
“As this association is not organized in pursuance of any statute, nor the terms of membership fixed by the principles of the common law, it follows that the agreement which the members make among themselves on the subject must establish and determine the rights of the parties on the subject. The constitution of the association and its laws, agreed upon by the members, contain all the stipulations of the parties, and is the law which should govern. The members have established a law for themselves. * * * The very existence of this body depends upon the faithful observance of its organic law by all its members. The court must regard the constitution and laws of this board as the contract by which all the members are bound. The court cannot make any other contract for the parties than they have solemnly made for themselves.”
An amendment of the constitution of a society must be adopted in accordance with the provisions of the constitution in force at the time of such adoption respecting such amendment; otherwise, it is invalid. Hochreiter’s Appeal, 93 Penn. St. 479; Rottmann v. Bartling, 22 Neb. 375; State v. Swift, 69 Ind. 505; State v. Foraker, 46 Ohio St. 677.
It is urged, however, that the judgments of ecclesiastical tribunals in matters of faith and discipline and the general polity of the church are binding upon civil courts. In the present case there has been no judicial determination of any matter of faith or discipline or general polity adverse to defendants. ' As already suggested, there has been no adjudication that the confession of faith has not been changed. There has been no attempted interpretation or construction of the constitutional provision in question, other than that insisted upon by the defendants; indeed, the “apparent meaning” of that provision has at all times been recognized. The edict adopted by the conference before the vote was had betrays the construction given to this provision. The conference openly and notoriously disregarded this plain and express provision of a contract binding as well upon conference as individuals. The action taken cannot be raised to the plane of judicial action. It was a breach of compact, and revolutionary. The design was to secure legislative action merely. Even those voting in the affirmative cannot be presumed to have intended to violate the fundamental law requiring an affirmative expression from two-thirds of the whole society, or to give any other construction to the provision in question than that for which the defendant's contend. The constitution negatived the authority to amend in any other manner than that indicated. Can it be insisted that less than two-thirds of the society, acting in a legislative capacity, could not amend, but that a less number could accomplish the same result, under the guise of an adjudication, with,out semblance of authority? The constitution relegated the subject-matter to the society, — to the legislative power. This is not a case of the excommunication of a member who bas submitted himself to the authority of an organization having power, either express or implied, to deal with that •question. Here we have an express limitation of power. The only authority to which the membership of this •society have submitted themselvés with respect to the matter in question is the affirmative expression of two-thirds •of the whole society. Church judicatories cannot usurp legislative powers. The creation of judicial tribunals and their investment with authority is one of the functions of ■the sovereign power.
But it is insisted that the decision of the conference that--the new constitution . and confession of faith had become the fundamental belief and constitution of the society is binding upon this Court. The question here involved is une of ownership of property. These proceedings are instituted to recover possession and control of that property. In this class of cases the conclusive effect of church .authority, acting within the scope of its powers, is fully recognized by all the cases, and it is as well settled that civil courts will not review the decisions of ecclesiastical judicatories upon the merits; but the proposition that the judgments of church judicatories as to their own powers, or jurisdiction, or the lawfulness of their methods, are conclusive, is not sustained by reason or the weight of authority.
In Chase v. Cheney, 58 Ill. 509, it was expressly held that civil courts will interfere with churches or religious associations when rights of property or civil rights are involved. It was held, however, that, where there is no other right involved than a clerical office, the decision of an ecclesiastical court as to its own jurisdiction under the canons of the society is conclusive.
Watson v. Jones, 13 Wall. 679, involved the powers of the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church. The constitution of that body provides that—
“To the general assembly also belongs the power of deciding in all controversies respecting doctrine and discipline; of reproving, warning, or hearing testimony against any error in doctrine or immorality in practice, in any church, presbytery, or synod; * * * of superintending the concerns of the whole church; * * * of suppressing schismatical contentions and disputations; and, in general, of recommending and attempting reformation of manners, and the promotion of charity, truth, and holiness, through all the churches under their care.”
In all of the cases in which any question as to the authority of the general assembly under this constitutional provision has been raised, it has been held that the authority was practically unlimited. State v. Farris, 45 Mo. 183. Mr. Justice Miller concedes that the doctrine of the English courts is opposed to the proposition announced by him. The English cases are collated and considered by Mr. (Justice) Fuller in a note to Chase v. Cheney, 10 Amer. Law Reg. (N. S.) 313.
In the cases cited by Mr. Justice Miller, the question of the power, authority, ^and jurisdiction of the tribunals whose acts were under consideration is fully considered and discussed, and the respect paid to those tribunals is predicated upon authority conferred.
In Gibson v. Armstrong, 7 B. Mon. 481, the court discuss at length the general and unlimited powers of the conference, and say:
“ There would seem to be due from the tribunals of the civil government to those of the church at least so much respect as to require, that the acts done by the latter in the name of the church should be deemed valid under its law, and that the dependent right should be determined accordingly until those acts were reversed by the church, or at least until they were conclusively demonstrated to be against its law.”'
In Harmon v. Dreher, 1 Speers, Eq. 87, Dreher had been declared no longer a minister of the society. The court say:
“ That the synod here was armed with judicial authority for -trying and determining cases against delinquent ministers and churches appears from the constitution itself, which is the rule for all who have acceded to it, and which expressly provides for such a procedure.”
Shannon v. Frost, 3 B. Mon. 257, arose out of a controversy in a Baptist society, which had no constitution and acknowledged no ecclesiastical authority, the voice of the majority of the congregation being of necessity the voice, of the church.
In Den v. Bolton, 12 N. J. Law, 206, 220, the court say:
“ The sentence of suspension, then, appears' to have been a judgment of a competent court within its jurisdiction, having authority over the party and the subject, liable to an appeal to a higher tribunal by any one aggrieved, from which, however, no appeal was taken, and to which, therefore, Ave are bound, sitting in another judicatory, to give respect and effect. * * * The jurisdiction of the classis in such case is, I think, fully sustained by the con ■stilution. * * * Here are, then, the sentences of a ■ ■competent tribunal, in the exercise of its constitutional .jurisdiction, deposing the elders and deacons, as well as 'the minister, from their respective offices.”
In Ferraria v. Vasconcelles, 23 Ill. 456, it was held that, after individuals or organized bodies have entered into a ■compact or agreement, it requires the assent of the contracting parties to abrogate the agreement, and no reason is perceived on this principle why a church which, by compact, has become a portion of the presbytery, should have •the voluntary right to withdraw from the organization without mutual consent.
In State v. Farris, 45 Mo. 183, it was expressly held that the general assembly of the Presbyterian Church possessed unlimited juridiction in relation to the matter in dispute.
In German Reformed Church v. Seibert, 3 Penn. St. 282, ‘Seibert was excommunicated by the consistory. The articles gave him a right to appeal to the classis, and from thence to the synod. He did not avail himself of either, and the' case is put upon the ground that, until final adjudication by the church judicatories, the relator was without remedy by mandamus. The court say:
“ Whatever is concluded in such [final] judicatory by a majority of votes is valid and binding unless it can be shown to be contrary to the word of G-od and the constitution of the church.”
In McGinnis v. Watson, 41 Penn. St. 9, the court finds that—
“The act of the synod is binding upon the congregations composing it as members so far as the act is in accord■anee with its own laws;” that “in none of these matters .has the synod transcended its usual authority.” They say: ■“We might have decided this case by saying that there is nothing in the plaintiff’s evidence that shows that the ■action complained of¡judged by the constitution and. usages ■ of the seceder church, was brought about by any excess of ■,authority on the part of the' presbyteries and synod; but we have preferred to treat the case as if the burden of proof was on the defendants, and show affirmatively that the proceeding is in harmony with the authority usually admitted to belong to those bodies.”
In Schnorr's Appeal, 67 Penn. St. 138, it was held that, in church organizations, those who adhere to the regular order of the church, local and general, though a minority, are the true congregation; that the title to .the church property of a divided congregation is in that part of it which is acting in harmony with its own law, and the ecclesiastical laws, usages, customs, and principles which were accepted among them before the dispute began are the standards for determining which party is right. Mr. Justice Sharswood, in that case, says:
“ If the opinion of Chief Justice Lowrie, in McGinnis v. Watson, may seem to controvert any of these positions, and to hold, that a congregation may change a material part of its principles or practices without forfeiting its property, on the ground that to deny this £ would be imposing a law upon all churches that is contrary to the very nature of all intellectual and spiritual life/ and because the guaranty of freedom to religion forbids us to understand the rule in this way, I ask leave most respectfully to enter against it my dissent and protest. I do so the more freely because it was entirely extrajudicial to any question in the case. Courts which have the supervision and control of all corporations and unincorporated societies or associations must be guided by surer and clearer principles than those to be derived from the nature of intellectual and spiritual life. The guaranty of religious freedom has nothing to do with the property. It does not guarantee freedom to steal churches. It secures to individuals the right of withdrawing, forming a new society, with such creed and government as they please, raising from their own means another fund, and building another house of worship; but it does not confer upon them the right of taking the property consecrated to other uses by those who may now be sleeping in their graves. The law of intellectual and spiritual life is not the higher law, but must yield to the law of the land.”
In Kerr's Appeal, 89 Penn. St. 97, the court held that the resolution adopted by the church synod was ultra vires; that a decree of the church judicatory is binding only where it is affirmatively shown that it has acted within the scope of its authority, and has observed its own organic forms and rules.
In a note to Gartin v. Penick (Ky.), 9 Amer. Law Reg. (N. S.) 210, 221, Mr. Bedfield says:
“We do not understand that any such presumption in favor of the jurisdiction of these church judicatories exists as in the case of the superior courts of general jurisdiction in the state' or nation; but, on the contrary, everything requisite to create the jurisdiction must be proved affirmatively by any who claim the benefit of their action, as in the ease of courts of limited and summary powers within the state, or of all foreign courts, as church courts surely may be regarded. But, when this is shown, we suppose the judgments of church courts and assemblies are as conclusive as those of any other tribunal. It is like the case of a reference or arbitration. * * * * *
“But, as we have before said, the mere decision of a court of summary jurisdiction, or of an arbitration, or a foreign court is not even prima facie evidence of its binding obligations upon the parties. Something more must be shown, because the law does not presume in favor of the jurisdiction or of the regularity of the proceedings. These must be shown before any such decision becomes obligatory. The ease of an arbitration will well illustrate tfhe whole subject. The submission must be shown, or, in the case of an ecclesiastical court, that the persons and the subject-matter come within the range of its control.”
Mr. Bedfield further discusses the question in a note to Chase v. Cheney, 10 Amer. Law Reg. (N. S.) 308, and to the same case is appended a note by Mr. Fuller, where the whole subject is ably and exhaustively discussed. Mr. Bedfield says:
“There can be no question, we apprehend, that an ecclesiastical court must be considered one of special and limited jurisdiction. * * * If such a court be a domestic one, whose judgments can only appear by its record, the jurisdiction of the court, both in regard to the subject-matter and the parties, must appear upon the record, and unless it do so appear the judgment cannot be upheld. It must be further conceded, in regard to ecclesiastical courts in this country, that they must, as to the civil tribunals of the state or nation, stand upon the same basis as foreign courts.”
It has been expressly held by this Court that the provision of the Federal Constitution that full faith and credit shall be given in each state to the records and judicial proceedings of every other state does not preclude an inquiry into the jurisdiction of courts; and if, in fact, the subject-matter of a suit was not within the jurisdiction of the state from which the court derives its authority, its judgment is a nullity, and may be'so treated everywhere. People v. Dawell, 25 Mich. 247; Wright v. Wright, 24 Id. 180; McEwan v. Zimmer, 38 Id. 765.
In Connitt v. Church, 54 N. Y. 551, the classis had dissolved a pastoral relation. An appeal was taken to the particular synod, and then to the general synod, where the decision was affirmed. The court expressly find that the classis had jurisdiction to make the decision, and dissent from the view expressed in Chase v. Cheney and Watson v. Jones, — that the decision of an ecclesiastical tribunal as to its own jurisdiction is conclusive upon the civil courts.
In Earle v. Wood, 8 Cush. 430, the court, after discussing the powers conferred upon the yearly meeting by the constitution and usages of the society, find that—
“The yearly meeting has a final and controlling jurisdiction in all matters of faith and religious duty, of-administration and discipline, as well as of manners and conduct of all Quakers within its limits.”
In Watson v. Avery, 2 Bush, 332, 349, Mr. Justice Hardin, speaking for the court, says:
“If it be true, as insisted for the appellees, that the inferior courts and people of the church are bound to accept as final and conclusive the assembly’s own construction of its powers, and submit to its edicts as obligatory, without inquiring whether they transcend the barriers of the constitution or not, the will of the assembly, and not the constitution, becomes the fundamental law of the church.
“But the constitution, having been adopted as the supreme law of the church, must be supreme alike over the assembly and people. If it is not, and only binding on the latter, the supreme judicatory is at once a government of despotic and unlimited 'powers. But we hold that the assembly, like other courts, is limited in its authority by the law under which it acts; and, when rights of property which are secured to congregations and individuals by the organic law of the church are violated by unconstitutional acts of the higher courts, the parties thus aggrieved are entitled to relief in the civil courts, as in ordinary cases of injury resulting from the violation of a contract or the fundamental law of a voluntary association.”
See, also, Gartin v. Penick, supra; Associate Reformed, Church v. Trustees, 4 N. J. Eq. 77; Livingston v. Rector, 45 N. J. Law, 230; Rottman v. Bartling, 22 Neb. 375; Com. v. Green, 4 Whart. 603; Green v. Society, 1 Serg. & R. 254; Runkel v. Winemiller, 4 Har. & McH. 429; Brosius v. Reuter, 1 Har. & J. 551; Thompson v. Society, 7 Pick. 160; Harrison v. Hoyle, 24 Ohio St. 254.
The edicts and declarations of the conference contravened the organic law of the society, and were ultra vires. It has been frequently determined that the title to church property of a divided congregation is in that part of it which is acting in harmony with its own law, and the ecclesiastical laws, usages, customs, and principles which were accepted among them before the dispute began are the standard for determining which faction is right. McGinnis v. Watson, Schnorr’s Appeal, and Ferraria v. Vasconcelles, supra. Mr. Justice Strong, in his valuable work on the Belations of Civil Law to Church Polity (pages 45-59), says:
“ Cases sometimes arise in civil courts in which it becomes necessary to determine which part of a divided church is entitled to the church property. * * * In such a case, * * * courts of law will inquire which party, or which division, adheres to the form of church government, or acknowledges the church connection designated in the conveyance, and adjudge the right to that party. * * * That property the civil courts will adjudge to the members, however few in numbers they may be. * * * This rule * * * necessitates an inquiry int<5 the constitution and discipline of the church * * ■ * to enable the court to discover which of the contending parties adheres to the order. * * * Civil courts will not permit the diversion of a trust. * * * When property is held charged with a trust for the use of a church receiving and maintaining certain religious doctrines, it occasionally happens that its members depart from the faith, and embrace other and contrary doctrines, while still claiming to hold the church property. In such a case, if the property can be retained by them, it is diverted from the use to which it was first settled. * * * Such a perversion the civil law will not allow. It will interpose its strongest arm to arrest it. * * * Courts of law will institute all inquiries necessary to determine who were the real beneficiaries intended, and prevent the diversion of the property to any other uses; and in so doing they will, if necessary, investigate the doctrines held, or the religious belief of the members, * * * to identify the persons for whose use the grant or gift was originally intended.”
The defendants are in. possession. They adhere to the old constitution and confession of faith. Neither has been lawfully changed. .The adherents of the new constitution refused longer to submit to the organic law of the association, and have in effect formed a new society. When the conference trampled upon the compact, its jurisdiction ceased to be legitimate. The- right to the property does not depend upon numbers, nor upon the fact that the members of the conference whose conduct was revolutionary were able, by force of numbers, to hold the opera house in which the conference convened, and force those who insisted upon the integrity of the fundamental law to acquiesce or depart. The' question is, which of the two factions adheres to the confession of faith and constitution in force when the dispute began, — which remains loyal to the compact of association? The inquiry is not, who went out of the opera house? but, who remained in the Church, subject to its organic law?
The decree below must be reversed, and the bill dismissed.
Hooker, C. J., and Long, J., concurred with McGrath, J. Montgomery, J., did not sit. | [
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McGrath, C. J.
This is a bill filed to enforce specific performance of a contract for the sale of land. Complainants reside at Ooldwater, and defendant at Vassar, and the negotiations were by letter. The terms of payment were, as agreed upon, one-half cash, and the balance to be secured by mortgage, payable in two years, with interest at 6 per cent. The bill prays, not alone that defendant may be •compelled to make the cash payment, but that he also may be required to execute the mortgage. There is no force, therefore, in the contention that the sole purpose of the bill is the recovery of the consideration.
Complainants are husband and wife, and jointly own the land in question. The negotiations were carried on by the husband in his own name. It is insisted that, inasmuch as the husband had no written authority from the wife, she was not bound, and specific performance could not have been decreed against complainants, or either of them. It appears, however, that defendant, for some time before accepting the proposition for the sale, had the abstract of the title to the lands in his possession, and knew the state of the title; that the letter containing the proposition of acceptance was dated October 27, 1891, and by said letter Frank D. Newberry was instructed to send the deed to the cashier of the bank of which defendant was president, when the payments would be made, and the mortgage executed; that on October 28, 1891, complainants joined in a deed of the premises to defendant, and forwarded same, as directed; that the deed was received at the designated bank on the same day; that on November 5, 1891, defendant, in reply to inquiry as to the delay, telegraphed Frank D. Newberry as follows: “Waiting for Phillips-’ return; expected Saturday night;” and that on November 9, 1891, the cashier of the bank, to whom the deed had been forwarded, returned the deed, stating that “the parties refuse to take the property, not being satisfied with .the title.” This record contains no evidence tending to show that the husband did not have ample written authority to carry on the negotiations in behalf of husband and wife. In view of the deed, ratifying all that had been done, the necessary and proper authority will be presumed, in the absence of proof to the contrary. The objection goes to the remedy only, and that" remedy must depend upon the situation at the time of the refusal to perform, — upon the state or progress of ' the negotiations at the time of their interruption. What was done in pursuance of the directions given in the letter of acceptance, and prior to the refusal, must be treated as a part^of the agreement. Certainly, then, defendant was in a position to enforce specific performance.
The next contention is that the negotiations were carried on by defendant on'behalf of himself and one Phillips, and that the latter should have been made a party defendant. The first letter written to Newberry was signed by Phillips. Newberry replied to Phillips, September 9, 1891. Defendant writes the next letter, and all of the subsequent letters to Newberry are signed by defendant individually, except two, and one of them is signed, “ Slafter & Phillips,” and the other “Slafter & Phillips, by Slafter.” All of these letters are written upon the letter-head of the First National Bank, of which defendant was president, and all are written by Slafter. The letter accepting Newberry’s proposition is signed, “D. Gr. Slafter.” There is no testimony in the record indicating that Slafter and Phillips were partners, or just what their relations were, although the letters do indicate that Phillips was in some way to be interested in this venture. Phillips nowhere commits himself, and nowhere does it appear that Slafter had any authority to bind Phillips. Defendant is in a position to carry out any secret understanding with Phillips, but he, having accepted Newberry’s proposition in his. individual name, cannot now be heard to insist that a party shall be joined with rvhom complainants have no contract relations. It is well settled that where an agent undertakes to contract -on behalf of another, and contracts in a manner which is not binding on his principal, he will be personally responsible, as he is presumed to know the exact extent of his authority. Mann v. Richardson, 66 Ill. 481; Blakely v. Bennecke, 59 Mo. 193; Bank v. Wray, 4 Strob. 87; Edings v. Brown, 1 Rich. Law, 255; Dusenbury v. Ellis, 3 Johns. Cas. 70; Cruse v. Jones, 71 Tenn. 66; Thacher v. Dinsmore, 5 Mass. 299.
The decree is therefore affirmed, with costs to complainants.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Grant, J.
At the trial of this cause the facts were agreed upon, and are substantially as follows:
Plaintiff had securely and properly hitched his horse and vehicle in front of 212 Jefferson avenue,' Detroit, and went into a store upon business. While he was in the store a window sash fell from an upper story of No. 212 onto the sidewalk, and frightened the'horse so that he broke loose, and ran away down Jefferson avenue. While he was running, the buggy struck a truck, whereby the buggy was freed from the horse, leaving only the crossbar and whiffletree attached to him. Something more than two blocks from the starting point he ran into a lot of iron rails belonging 'to defendant, and lying on the pavement near the curb, having been piled in the usual manner, but liable to be thrown out of order by wagons passing over them. The rails were in a disordered condition, and the horse, running upon them, caught one leg in a Y-shaped aperture, which was formed either by two rails or by one of the' rails and the curb, fell, and broke his leg,' so that he liad to be killed.
’ Jefferson avenue is 100 feet wide from curb to curb, the rails occupying about 3 feet from the curb. They were placed there to be used in rebuilding' the track on Jefferson avenue, which was'then in the process of being accomplished. Nobody was in the buggy at the time. The rails had been there about four weeks. The construction of the track had not reached a ’point within, two blocks of the place where they were lying. The right of the defendant on the street and ‘ to repair and build its track was admitted.
The defendant requested the court to instruct the jury to render a verdict for the defendant. This was refused, and the court left two questions for the jury: (1) Was the injury one which the defendant might have apprehended? and (2) was the defendant guilty of negligence in the use of the highway? The court instructed the jury that the fright of the horse was not the proximate cause of the injury, but that this and the negligence of the defendant, if there was negligence, might be considered as the com bination of circumstances which produced the result, and that the defendant was liable if it was negligent in depositing the rails upon the street.
We think the circuit court was in error. The proximate-cause of the injury was the frightening and running away of the horse. Whether the defendant was guilty of negligence we need not determine. Ample room was left in the street for the' passage of vehicles in the ordinary manner while under the control of their drivers. This is. not a case where a horse merely shies or starts, and for the moment is not under control, which was the case in Langworthy v. Township of Green, 95 Mich. 93. The accident was not the natural and probable result of piling the rails in the street close to the curb, but of the fright of the horse. The proximate, and not the remote, cause controls in such cases in this State. Beall v. Township of Athens, 81 Mich. 536; St. Clair Mineral Springs Co. v. City of St. Clair, 96 Id. 463. This is also the rule in other states. Moss v. City of Burlington, 60 Iowa, 438; Worrilow v. Upper Chichester Tp., 149 Penn. St. 40; Kieffer v. Hummelstown Borough, 151 Id. 304; Perkins v. Fayette, 68 Me. 152; Fogg v. Nahant, 106 Mass. 278. See, also, Houfe v. Town of Fulton, 29 Wis. 296, where the principle is discussed.
Judgment reversed, and no new trial ordered.
The other Jus rices concurred. | [
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Montgomery, J.
The plaintiff recovered in an action on a negotiable promissory note made by defendant Dewey, payable to the order of Carlton H. Mills, by Mills indorsed payable to the order of T. M. Billings, and by Billings indorsed to the plaintiff, and also upon a due-bill made by Dewey, and indorsed by the same parties.
On the trial the plaintiff introduced in evidence the note and certificate of protest, and rested. The defendants offered to show that by an arrangement between defendant Dewey and Mr. Billings, while the note was in Billings’ hands, an application of the note was made upon an indebtedness owing to Dewey by Billings. The court excluded the testimony, unless it should be shown that the plaintiff was not a bona fide holder.
Two questions are presented in this Court:
Whether there was sufficient proof of protest to charge the indorser.
Whether the burden oí proof was upon the plaintiff to show that he was a bona fide purchaser under the testimony offered by the defendants, or whether the burden rested with the defendants to negative the good-faith holding.
As to the first question, the evidence offered to show protest was not objected to in the court below, and the objection now offered relates simply to the sufficiency of the notice of protest, it not appearing to ba under seal. The objection comes too late, and will not be considered.
As to the second question, the defendants rely upon the cases of Paton v. Coit, 5 Mich. 505; Carrier v. Cameron, 31 Id. 373; Conley v. Winsor, 41 Id. 255. In each of these cases the defendant had shown illegality in the original consideration of the note,- or fraud in procuring the note of the maker; and it was held, in line with all the authorities, that this shifted the burden of proof upon the plaintiff to show the good faith of, his purchase before maturity. In Conley v. Winsor, Mr. Justice Cooley used the following language:
“The plaintiffs made out a prima facie case when the execution of the note, and its indorsement by Campbell, were proved; but the defendant was then ’at liberty to show that the note, for any reason, was without validity in the hands of the payee, and such showing would have cast upon the plaintiffs the burden of making it appear that the note had passed from Campbell into the hands of some one who received it in good -faith ior value, and before it fell due.”
As applied to the facts of that case, this was undoubtedly a correct statement of the law. It there appeared that the defendant offered to show that the note was given for a seed drill; that the payee made certain representations in respect to the drill, 'which proved to be false; and that, on discovering their falsity, defendant returned the drill to Campbell, and demanded back his note, which Campbell refused to surrender. This was a proposition to show fraud.
But the rule is that proof simply that the instrument was executed without consideration as between the parties, or that the consideration originally valid has subsequently failed, does not impair the holder’s superiority of position, and' that he may still rest his case upon the instrument itself, from which it will be presumed that, he acquired it in a manner entitling him to stand upon the vantage ground of a Iona fide holder for value. See Daniel, Neg. Inst. § 814, and cases cited in note; Chicago & Northeastern Railroad Co. v. Edson, 41 Mich. 673.
The other questions raised are necessarily controlled by the conclusions stated.
We find no error in the record, and the judgment will be affirmed, with costs. Q
McGrath, 0. J., Long and Grant, JJ., concurred with Montgomery, J. Hooker, J., concurred in the result. | [
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Hooker, J.
The complainant is a limited partnership association, owning a large amount of land in the township of Hancock, Houghton county.- This township is-about 37 miles long, averages nearly 8 miles in width, and is sparsely settled, except in and about the village of Hancock. The bill is filed to set aside the school taxes levied upon complainant’s lands, and to enjoin a sale of such lands by the county treasurer for delinquent school taxes. All other taxes levied upon these lands were paid before the suit was commenced.
The records of the township and school-district do not show the organization of any school-district, but they indicate that school-district No. 1 had existed for many years. Hp to 1869 it elected three officers, viz., moderator, director, and assessor, prescribed by the primary-school law. After that time it appears to have existed as a graded school-district. Six trustees managed its affairs for a time, and afterwards five, in conformity to the changed condition of the graded school law. In 1875 it built a school-house in the village of Hancock, costing about $30,000, of which $15,000 was made a bonded indebtedness, and the tax in question included a sum levied to pay interest upon, and a part of the principal of, this bonded debt. At times, as the necessities of the inhabitants required, school was taught in two other places in the township, one being nine miles from the village. These schools were all provided for and conducted by the officers of school-district No. 1, which appears to have been the only school-district in the township.
We think the evidence fairly sustains the proposition that this was a graded school-district, and was generally recognized to be co-extensive with the township, which it might lawfully be, under the graded-school act (How. Stat. § 5133 et seq.~), section 4 of which relieves such districts' from the restriction to nine sections of land, as provided by section 5033. No attack is made upon the graded-school-district act, unless it be impliedly, and we will pass the subject with the remark that the opinion of Mr. Justice Cooley in the case of Stuart v. School-District, 30 Mich. 69, seems to have set the question at rest. In an interesting review of the policy of the Territory and State, he vindicates the wisdom of that act, and determines its validity. *
Finding, as we do, that a graded school-district has been in existence since 1875, assuming to be eo-extensive with the township, and in the exercise of corporate powers, it would perhaps be sufficient to say that the regularity of its organization cannot be attacked in this proceeding. Fractional School-District v. School Inspectors, 27 Mich. 3; Clement v. Everest, 39 Id. 19; Stuart v. School-District, 30 Id. 69; Stockle v. Silsbee, 41 Id. 615; Jaquith v. Hale, 31 Id. 430; Lord v. Every, 38 Id. 405.
Much of the land in the township was new and sparsely settled, and difficulty was experienced in the collection of taxes, which in some, if not all, years, were spread upon all of the taxable property in the township. This led to the passage of Act No. 367, Local Acts of 1891, which provided that all land in the township not theretofore a part of school-district No. 1 should be attached to said district. This law is alleged to be unconstitutional, upon the ground that it violates article 13, § 4, of the Constitution, which provides that — .
“ The Legislature shall, within five years from the adoption of this Constitution, provide for and establish a system of primary schools, whereby a school shall be kept, without charge for tuition, at least three months in each year, in every school-district in the State; and all instruc tion in said schools shall be conducted in the English language.”
It is argued that after such system was established by the Legislature it could not be lawfully abolished, or such changes made as would impair it, by excepting certain localities from its provisions, which it is said this act does.
Article 13 establishes a department of public instruction, and provides a primary-school fund. St directs the Legislature to establish a system of primary schools throughout the State. This the Legislature did by the adoption of laws pointing out the method of creating and altering districts, prescribing methods of raising money for the support of schools, and of choosing officers to manage school affairs. It has been already shown that the graded-school act is to be considered valid, and that it permits graded school-districts to embrace more than nine sections of land. When this district found difficulty in collecting its taxes, if it be true, as contended by complainant, that it did not comprise the entire . township, there was no provision of law under which the district could be. enlarged, as there was no other organized district upon which the school inspectors could act. Simpkins v. Ward, 45 Mich. 559. The only way in which the boundaries could be extended by the addition of unorganized territory was the one taken. If, as a matter of fact, the entire township constituted the district, this law added nothing to it. If it did not, it merely attempted to enlarge the boundaries of an existing ■ district, leaving it still a graded school-district, to be managed in accordance with the provisions of the general law, except that its boundaries could not be changed otherwise than by legislative action. It is no new thing for the Legislature to fix the boundaries of school-districts, it is done by the charter of nearly every city or village in the State, and some of them go so far as to provide exceptional methods of electing officers, and limiting the classes entitled to vote. Mudge v. Jones, 159 Mich. 165. Certainly, these are as destructive of the system referred to as the act in question, but none of these acts have ever been held invalid. On the contrary, the legislative intent has been invariably carried out where they have been brought before the Court; and in Perrizo v. Kesler, 93 Mich. 280, an act providing for the organisation of school-districts from entire townships was held valid. This act was passed by the same Legislature as was that in question, but later in the session. It further imposed the burden of all existing debts upon the new -district,- and this was held to be within the authority of the Legislature. In view of these decisions, we cannot assent to the contentions of complainant, viz., that the effect of the act is to violate the provision requiring a system of primary schools to be provided for and established, or that it destroys the uniformity of taxation, or that the Constitution limits school-districts to nine sections of land, because such was the limitation by law at the time of its adoption.
The claim that the act should be treated as void for uncertainty, in that it does not specifically describe the territory to be attached, does not impress us as tenable. The act clearly evinces the design, upon the part of the Legislature, of including all territory in the township in -district No. 1. Its very obfect, viewed by the light of the testimony, appears to have been to make certain the boundaries of the district, which were involved in greater •or less uncertainty. The evidence shows that this township, wTith the exception of the village of Hancock, is practically a wilderness, and the inference that this legislation attempts to impose upon remote lands a part of the expense of supporting the village schools may not be unwar ranted. The propriety of such legislation is, however, a subject for legislative consideration.
A more troublesome question arises over the right to tax, for the cost of a school-house, lands more than 2% miles distant. Subdivision 6 of section 5052 of Howell’s Statutes provides' for the raising of money for the purpose of building school-houses. It is as follows:
“To vote such tax as the meeting shall deem sufficient to .purchase or lease a site or sites, or to build, hire, or purchase a school-house or houses; but the amount of taxes to be raised in any district for the purpose of purchasing or building a school-house or houses in tbe same year that any bonded indebtedness is incurred shall not exceed, in districts containing less than ten children between the ages of five and twenty years, $250; in districts having between ten and thirty children of like age, it shall not exceed $500; and in districts having between thirty and fifty children of like age, it shall not exceed $1,000. Ho legal subdivisions [subdivision] of land shall be taxed for building a school-house unless some portion thereof shall be within two and one-half miles of said school-house site.”
In the case of People v. Board of Education, 18 Mich. 400, Chief Justice Cooley asserts that cities and villages, have enlarged powers in relation to schools. These are conferred by special acts, and in all other particulars the primary-school law controls the union school-districts in such localities. We believe it to be the ordinary practice in these to subject the entire district to taxation for the cost of school-houses, wherever located.
Our attention is not called to any special legislation conferring unusual powers upon the district, and this provision of the primary-school law must apply to it, unless there is something in the graded-school act which precludes it. The law restricting districts to nine sections is an-old one. As early as 1846, provision was made for grading schools, and uniting districts with that object. That of necessity relieved • such districts from the restriction to nine sections, and graded school-districts, under the existing act, are not so limited, as has been shown. This graded-school act provides for the establishment of a high school, and the theory of the act is that a larger district may be created, and greater expense incurred, than in districts where primary schools only are provided. We are not prepared to hold that persons beyond the 2% mile limit are to enjoy enlarged school privileg'es to be found in districts where the schools are graded, and advanced branches taught, without being subject to the burden of aiding in -their support. The rule contended for might work substantial justice in this case, where remote wild lands are taxed for schools beyond the reach of inhabitants, if there be any, but the same rule would apply to a case where resident lands were comparatively near. The distance of 2$ miles is an arbitrary one, and the Legislature could as well have made it greater or less. By the graded .act they have left it, without limitation, to the judgment of the officers, and in this case they have, by the act in question, extended it to the boundaries of a large township.
We see no alternative but to affirm tjie decree dismissing the bill, with costs.
The other Justices concurred. ■
Act No. 176, Laws of 1891.
Rev. Stat. 1846, page.230. | [
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Montgomery, J.
An information in the nature of a quo warranto was filed in the circuit court for the county of St. Clair, on relation of William F. Wagenseil, against the respondent. On the trial of the issue the relator was adjudged entitled to the office, and a judgment of ouster entered. The respondent thereupon sued out a writ of error to this Court, and by this motion asks to have the proceedings upon the judgment stayed.
Upon a judgment of amotion from office, the jiarty amoved is divested of all official authority, and excluded from office, so long as the judgment remains in force. High, Extr. Rem. § 756. And, when judgment is rendered in favor of a relator, he needs no writ to invest him with the office. Under section 8639, How. Stat., he is entitled to take upon himself the execution of the office. Can this right be defeated or suspended by suing out a writ of error and giving a bond to stay execution? The statute (sections 8679, 8681) provides for a stay of execution by suing out a writ of error, but does not authorize a suspension of a judgment which requires no aid from process to give it effect. The practical result of permitting such a writ to suspend the judgment in quo warranto cases would in many eases be to defeat the relator of his remedy wholly. Such a construction is not to be indulged, except it be imperatively required by the terms, which we think is not the case here. This precise question was determined by the Court in the October term of 1886, in the unreported case of Emmons v. Board of Supervisors. See, also, Welch v. Cook, 7 How. Pr. 282.
The motion will be denied.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Bushnell, J.
Hilton P. Bell, doing business since 1930 in the city of Royal Oak and adjacent territory under the assumed name of Service Coal & Ice Company, obtained an injunction restraining Service Coal Company, a Michigan corporation, of the city of Detroit, from 'publishing its name in the telephone directories of Royal Oak, Ferndale, Pleasant Ridge, Berkeley, Hazel Park, Huntington Woods and Clawson, all located in Oakland county, and in the suburban section of the Detroit telephone directory covering these communities. The injunction also ran against the Michigan Bell Telephone Company.
One of defendant’s yards is about 5 miles east of the center of Detroit, another is about 3% miles west, and the third is about 5 miles north and west. In addition to serving customers in the city of Detroit, defendant also serves those living in communities to the east, southwest and northwest of the city. Plaintiff’s yard is located some 3 miles north of Eight Mile Road (the boundary between Wayne and Oakland counties) and about 11 miles north of the center of Detroit; it serves customers in Royal Oak and other communities located within a 4-mile circle from its place of business.
Prior to October 19, 1936, there was practically no competition between the parties, each confining its activities to the localities above described. On this date, defendant applied to the telephone company and received a special listing in the Royal Oak telephone exchange under the number 10101. It was stated by the local manager of the telephone office that those numbers in the 11,000 group of the Royal Oak exchange are “so far removed from the remainder of the numbers in use that the operator immediately distinguishes that as a foreign exchange, so that call is transferred to the corresponding number in Detroit and the toll charge is paid for by the Detroit customer.”
We assume that this listing was designed to secure more business for the telephone company and for its subscribers. It also permitted those dealers in Detroit who obtained such telephone numbers to advertise their “Royal Oak Order Department” in various newspapers, although they did not, as a matter of fact, have a place of business in that city.
The trial court vas of the opinion that, since plaintiff had used the name of Service Coal & Ice Company exclusively in the area served by him, the similar listing of defendant permitted- it to injure plaintiff by diverting his customers through deception. The court found that plaintiff had priority in the adoption and use of a name in its locality so similar to that sought to be used in this method by defendant, that equity should enjoin the telephone listing as stated.
The situation thus presented is controlled by Schwannecke v. Genesee Coal & Ice Co., 262 Mich. 624, not cited in appellee’s brief nor cited or distinguished in appellant’s brief. Schwannecke had been doing business in Saginaw for 27 years under the assumed name of “Genesee Coal Company.” Defendant corporation was organized' 23 years afterwards in Flint where it was engaged in the business indicated by its title. When defendant corporation commenced doing business in Saginaw, it assumed the name of the ‘ ‘ Genesee lee & Fuel Company.” We said:
“The question here presented is whether the defendant by using the word ‘Genesee’ in its assumed name thereby became engaged in unfair competition with plaintiff. It is a fact of which we may take judicial notice that many of the orders for coal would be given over the telephone, and, if a person who had been theretofore dealing with the plaintiff and knew that it had long been engaged in business as the ‘Genesee Coal Company,’ desired to make such a purchase and consulted the directory for the purpose of doing so and found therein the name ‘Genesee Ice & Fuel Company,’ he might well assume that in placing an order therefor he was dealing with the plaintiff.
“ ‘It is the words of a name which the eye first catches or rests upon which fix it in our minds.’ Grand Rapids Furniture Co. v. Grand Rapids Furniture Shops, 221 Mich. 548, 552. * * *
“It (defendant) needed not the word ‘Genesee’ in its name to inform the people of the city of Saginaw and surrounding territory that it was en gaged in the ice and fuel business. It seems apparent that its purpose and design in the use of this name was to secure to itself a part of the business theretofore enjoyed by the plaintiff, and, in the language above quoted, ‘they have no right, by imitative devices, to beguile the public into buying their wares under the impression they are buying those of their rivals.’ ”
See, also, Hoover Co. v. Groger, 12 Cal. App. (2d) 417 (55 Pac. [2d] 529).
We said in Furniture Manufacturers Ass’n of Grand Rapids v. Grand Rapids Guild of Exhibitors, 268 Mich. 685:
“Courts should not lend their aid to schemes whereby the buying public may be misled. ’ ’
The decree is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Buteel, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Sharpe, J.
Elizabeth Carmichael Witherspoon received some information in 1933 or 1934 which led her to believe that she was an heir-at-law of Mr. and Mrs. William H. Yawkey of New York City, who had been deceased for a number of years and who left substantial estates. v Acting on this information she consulted her foster brother, Arthur O. Carmichael, an attorney of Detroit, Michigan, and an associate of Henry C. Walters, a Detroit lawyer. After an investigation had been made, Carmichael made a demand upon the representatives of the Yawkey estates in behalf of Elizabeth Carmichael Wither-spoon for recognition of her heirship; and upon refusal Mr. Carmichael decided to bring suit in New York and to retain able trial counsel. About this time he talked the matter over with plaintiff, an attorney, who was employed by Henry C. Walters with the right to engage in private practice for himself and as a result of this discussion plaintiff interviewed defendant and finally recommended him to Elizabeth Carmichael Witherspoon as the person best suited to represent her. About August 15, 1935, plaintiff introduced defendant to Elizabeth Carmichael Witherspoon, the result of which was that defendant was retained as an attorney to represent Mrs. Witherspoon upon a contingent fee basis of 10 per cent. On September 5,1935, a written contract was entered into embodying the terms of the oral agreement and also providing* that the contract was personal to defendant and unassignable in whole or in part. Following this contractual relationship, defendant effected a settlement with the Yawkey estate whereby Elizabeth Carmichael Witherspoon was paid $250,000 and defendant received a fee of $25,000.
It is the claim of plaintiff that before the defendant was informed that he (defendant) had been retained as attorney for Elizabeth Carmichael Wither-spoon, plaintiff and defendant made an oral agreement whereby the defendant agreed to pay plaintiff 20 per cent, of any fees he might recover if he was retained in the case for Mrs. Witherspoon; that on August 20, 1935, he started to look up the law in reference to the claim and continued to do so for four days; that he prepared a brief on the subject matter and gave the same to attorney Carmichael; that he had prepared a written agreement and asked defendant to sign, hut defendant refused giving as his reason that his client objected to defendant entering into an agreement whereby defendant was to split his fees, but that defendant informed plaintiff not to worry about an unsigned contract as he (plaintiff) would receive his compensation; that the claim of Elizabeth Carmichael Witherspoon was settled on January 11, 1936, without a lawsuit having been started; and that later defendant offered to pay plaintiff $500 which was refused and upon the failure of defendant to pay the 20 per cent, of $25,000, plaintiff began suit.
The cause was tried before a court and a jury, and resulted in a verdict for plaintiff in the full amount of his claim. At the close of plaintiff’s proofs, defendant made a motion for a directed verdict upon the theory that no contract had been proven. This motion was denied. After the jury brought in its verdict, defendant made a motion for judgment non obstante veredicto. This motion and also a motion for a new trial were denied.
Defendant appeals and contends that plaintiff failed to prove a contract supported by a valid and valuable consideration. It is plaintiff’s claim that he did everything that he was required to do under the terms of the contract, namely, procure the employment of defendant, investigate the law, prepare a brief thereon and render such other service as defendant might require.
In Arnell v. Gordon, 234 Mich. 140, we held, on reviewing the denial of defendant’s motion for a directed verdict, that the evidence must be considered in the light most favorable to plaintiff’s right of recovery.
Under plaintiff’s theory of the case, the arrangement was an agreement between two attorneys to handle a piece of legal business and constituted a joint venture. In Langdon v. Kennedy, Holland, DeLacy & McLaughlin, 118 Neb. 290 (224 N. W. 292, 63 A. L. R. 896), it is said:
“We see no reason why an attorney who has been retained to prosecute a claim for a contingent fee cannot employ another attorney to assist him, with the understanding that the attorney employed is to share in the contingent fee, if successful, and, if not, he is to receive nothing for his services. Such arrangement establishes between them the relation of joint adventurers or special partners, the same as if they had been retained by a common client on a contingent fee. In 33 C. J. p. 845, § 11, it is said:
“ ‘An agreement by an attorney who has been retained to prosecute claims on a contingent fee to share the fee with another lawyer who is employed to act as counsel in the litigation establishes between them the relation of joint adventurers, and not of employer and employee.’ ”
Under the factual situation in this case it was not error to submit this question to the jury.
Defendant next contends that it was error upon the part of the trial judge to permit plaintiff to introduce evidence concerning the extent of defendant’s law business and his political activities as these were collateral matters and in no way had any bearing upon whether or not plaintiff and defendant entered into a contract. We have examined the record carefully and find that over the repeated objections of defendant, plaintiff was allowed to malee a searching inquiry into defendant’s law business in August, 1935, and prior thereto, also to examine defendant as to his political affiliations, the number of times he had been a candidate for political office and his relationship to the present governor of the State of Michigan. We think it was prejudicial error to permit such a cross-examination of defendant. The issue in this cause relates solely to the question of a contract between plaintiff and defendant, The testimony was foreign to the issue and served no useful purpose. It tended to mislead and prejudice rather than to enlighten the jury on the real issue.
See Alderton v. Wright, 81 Mich. 294; Collins v. Shaw, 124 Mich. 474; People’s State Bank v. Frisbee, 205 Mich. 67.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and a new trial granted. Defendant may recover costs.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Potter, and Chandler., JJ., concurred. | [
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Sharpe, J.
The controlling facts involved in this application are not in dispute. Judge C. M. Browne, of the tenth judicial circuit died December 27, 1935, and on January 2, 1936, Alfred P. Pierson was appointed by the governor to fill-the vacancy. He qualified and has performed the duties of circuit judge. At the general election held November 3, 1936, Judge Pierson and the defendant, James E. O’Neill, were candidates for the office. It resulted in Mr. O’Neill receiving the highest vote. The State hoard of canvassers certified to the election of Mr. O’Neill and he has since been acting as circuit judge, although Mr. Pierson claims that he (Pierson) has not surrendered up, nor abandoned the office.
Mr. O’Neill was admitted to the bar of the State of Michigan August 7, 1928, on motion in the circuit court for the county of Saginaw, hut did not file with the clerk of the Supreme Court of this State his afín davit showing his name, residence, citizenship, and the court by which he was admitted to practice in this State as required by 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13578, until March 10, 1932.
It is plaintiff’s claim that under the statutes of this State James E. O’Neill is not qualified for circuit judge because of 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13578, which provides:
“In case of admission to practise otherwise than on motion made in the Supreme Court, no person shall be entitled to practise as an attorney and counselor in the courts of the State until he files with the clerk of the Supreme Court his affidavit showing his name, residence, citizenship and the court by which he was admitted to practise in this State, together with a certified copy of the order upon which the admission was made. ’ ’
And Act No. 107, § 40, Pub. Acts 1935, which provides :
“No person shall be eligible for election or appointment to the office of circuit judge in this State, unless he be a regularly licensed attorney and counselor, duly admitted to practise in all the courts of this State, for at least a period of eight years prior to such election.”
The defendant contends that Act No. 107, Pub. Acts 1935, is unconstitutional for the reason that the legislature has no right, power or authority to legislate upon the qualifications of a judge of any of the courts of our State; and that if the legislature has power to enact legislation affecting the qualifications of circuit judges, then Act No. 107, Pub. Acts 1935, is unconstitutional because it is discriminatory, unreasonable and capricious, so as to be in violation of the “due process” and “equal protection of thfe law” clauses of our State and Federal Constitutions.
In our examination of the Constitution of Michigan adopted in 1908, we find that it provides as follows :
“All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for their equal benefit, security and protection.” Article 2, § 1.
“The powers of government are divided into three departments: The legislative, executive and judicial.” Article 4, § 1.
“No persons belonging to one department shall exercise the powers properly belonging to another, except in the cases expressly provided in this Constitution. ’ ’ Article 4, § 2.
“The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court, circuit courts, probate courts, justices of the peace and such other courts of civil and criminal jurisdiction, inferior to the Supreme Court, as the legislature may establish by general law, by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to each house.” Article 7, §1.
“The legislature may provide by law for the election of more than one circuit judge in any judicial circuit. * * * Each circuit judge shall hold court in the county or counties within the circuit in which he is elected, and in other circuits as- may be provided by law. The legislature may by law arrange the various circuits into judicial districts, and provide for the manner of holding courts therein. Circuits and districts may be created, altered or discontinued by law, but no such alteration or discontinuance shall have the effect to remove a judge from office.” Article 7, § 8.
The theory of our government, both Federal and State, is one of separation of powers. Washington in his Farewell Address said:
“It is important that the habits of thinking in a free country should inspire caution in those intrusted with its administration to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding in the exercise of the powers of one department to encroach upon another. *' * * The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and constituting each the guardian of the public weal against invasions by the others, has been evinced by experiments ancient and modern, some of them in our country and under our own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. ’ ’
In Public Schools of the City of Battle Creek v. Kennedy, 245 Mich. 585, we said:
“Under our Constitution ‘all political power is inherent in the people,’ Constitution, (1908) art. 2, §1.”
And in Common Council of Detroit v. Engel, 202 Mich. 536, we said:
“Without the Constitution which the people in their sovereign power have ordained and established as the form of government for the State, delineating in it certain first principles of our fundamental laws, there would be no legislative or other State governmental departments as they now exist. ’ ’
In 6 R. C. L. p. 157, § 157, it is stated:
“The judiciary is an independent department of the State government, deriving none of its judicial power from either of the other departments. * * * In a general way, the courts possess the entire body of judicial power. The other departments cannot properly assume to exercise any part of this power; it cannot be taken away by a legislative action, nor is the legislature permitted to interfere with the courts in the performance of their duties.”
In Barker v. People, 3 Cow. (N. Y.) 686, (15 Am. Dec. 322), it is said:
“Eligibility to public trusts, is claimed as a constitutional right, which cannot be abridged or impaired, The Constitution establishes and defines the right of suffrage; and gives to the electors, and to various authorities, the power to confer public trusts. * * . * Excepting particular exclusions thus established, the electors and the appointing authorities are, by the Constitution, wholly free to confer public stations upon any person, according to their pleasure. The Constitution giving the right of election and the right of appointment; these rights consisting essentially, in the freedom, of choice; and the Constitution also declaring, that certain persons are not eligible to office; it follows from these powers and provisions, that all other persons are eligible. Eligibility to office, is not declared as a right or principle, by any express terms of the Constitution; but it results, as a just deduction, from the express powers and provisions of the system. The basis of the principle, is the absolute liberty of the electors and the appointing authorities, to choose to appoint, any person, who is not made ineligible by the Constitution. Eligibility to office, therefore, belongs, not exclusively or especially to electors, enjoying the right of suffrage. It belongs equally, to all persons whomsoever, not excluded by the Constitution. I therefore conceive it to be entirely clear, that The •legislature, cannot establish arbitrary exclusions from -office, or any general regulation requiring qualifications, which the Constitution has not required. If, for example, it should be enacted by law, that all physicians, or all persons of a particular religious sect, should be ineligible to public trust; or that all persons not possessing a certain amount of property, should be excluded; or that a member of the assembly must be a freeholder; any such regulation, would be an infringement to the Constitution ; and it would be so, because, should it prevail, it would be in effect, an alteration of the Constitution itself.”
The plaintiff contends that while the Michigan Constitution prescribes no qualifications for a circuit judge, yet there are no restrictions upon the power of the legislature to prescribe such qualifications and cites Kelley v. Edwards, 38 Mich. 210, as authority for the proposition that the legislature has authority to determine who shall occupy the office of judge of probate. We have examined this case. It pertains to an act of the legislature which provides that when the office of a judge of probate is vacant, the circuit court commissioner shall perform such duties. A close examination of this case will determine that while an act of the legislature was involved, yet the act did not prescribe qualifications for a judge of probate. We have also examined In re Bonam, 255 Mich. 59, and find that this case is not in point. Counsel for plaintiff have cited many cases from other jurisdictions but in onr opinion they are not controlling of the question involved here.
In People, ex rel. Hughes, v. May, 3 Mich. 598, 610, we find this statement:
“We concede, to the fullest extent, that it is not in the power of the judiciary, or even the legislature, to establish arbitrary exclusions from office, or annex qualifications thereto, when the Constitution has not established such exclusions nor annexed such qualifications. ’ ’
While the statement above quoted was dicta at the time of its writing, yet it represents our views on the question involved in the instant case. In People v. McMurchy, 249 Mich. 147, 156, we said:
‘ ‘ The legislature may not divest the courts of their judicial power, and a statute that takes away a power of the court to direct a verdict is unconstitutional. It is an unwarranted irfterference with the judicial power by the legislature.”
In Kiley v. Railway Co., 138 Wis. 215, (119 N. W. 309, 120 N. W. 756), cited in Bielecki v. United Trucking Service, 247 Mich. 661, it is said:
“ ‘The powers of the court and jury in the administration of the law in these respects were distinct and well defined at the time of the adoption of our Constitution and became vested in the court and jury by its provisions. They cannot be abrogated or modified by legislative action to the extent of impairing, in any degree, the judicial power. Under the Constitution courts have become vested with the judicial power to determine the questions of the legal sufficiency of the evidence to establish the rights of the parties at issue and to apply the law to the facts when found, and this power cannot be withdrawn from them and conferred on juries.’ * * *
“The people of the State of Wisconsin, through the Constitution ordained by them, have conferred upon the courts of this State the judicial power, which includes the power finally to construe, interpret, and apply the law in private as well as public matters. The Constitution having confided this high prerogative to the courts, they would be plainly derelict in their duty if upon any pretense whatever they permitted the powers so confided to them to be exercised by other than judicial officers.”
In Anway v. Railway Co., 211 Mich. 592 (12 A. L. R. 26), we said:
“By the Constitution the judicial power was vested in the courts and it was vested in no other department of government. To the courts was committed the judicial power and no other. Much has been said of the division of powers, but it was so well put by the court of appeals of Virginia in Ratcliffe v. Anderson, 31 Grat. (72 Va.) 105 (31 Am. Rep. 716), that we quote it. It was there said:
“ ‘It is now too well settled to admit of serious dispute that the legislative department can no more exercise judicial power than that the judicial department can exercise legislative power. Each is supreme in the exercise of its own proper functions within the limits of its authority. The boundary line of these powers is plainly defined in every well-ordered government; and in this country it is now a well-established principle of public law that the three great powers of government — the legislative, the executive, and the judicial — should be preserved as distinct from and independent of each other as the nature of society and the imperfections of human institutions will permit. That system which best preserves the independence of each department approaches nearest to the perfection of civil government and the security of civil liberty. ’ ” ,
The conclusion is inevitable that under the division of powers in 'the Michigan Constitution the judiciary is an independent department of the State government and the legislature has no power to annex qualifications for circuit judges not found in the Constitution. Act No. 107, Pub. Acts 1935, is therefore declared unconstitutional for the reasons above stated.
These proceedings must be dismissed, but without costs as a public question is involved.
Fead, C. J., and Btjshnell, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred with Sharpe, J. | [
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North, J.
In this suit plaintiff was granted a de-' cree of divorce and provisions were therein made for a property settlement, alimony and expenses. Plaintiff has appealed. She contends there should be modification of the provisions in the decree as to alimony and property settlement.
The printed record of over 600 pages filed in this court, considering the nature of the appeal, is inexcusably prolix. We will not attempt to detail all of the conflicting contentions of the parties. Plaintiff and defendant were married in 1920, and separated in August, 1934. They are now approximately 40 years of age and have no children. Their manner of living is stated in appellant’s brief as follows:
“Until the time of the parties’ separation they lived in comfortable and well-to-do circumstances. Their home was located on Collingwood avenue in the city of Detroit in a very respectable and comparatively new neighborhood. It was purchased in 1922 for $15,000 cash. It is well furnished, the furniture including such items as a baby grand piano and an oriental rug. The defendant had for his use a Cadillac car and plaintiff for her use a LaSalle car. ’ ’
At the time of the separation and during the married life of these parties the defendant was associated with his father in the highway construction business. For a time the business was carried on as a partnership, but in 1933 the corporation of James A. McKay & Sons, Inc., was formed to carry on the business. Notwithstanding the formation of the corporation, part of the business was continued under the partnership. Prior to the separation defendant had a one-quarter interest in the business; but about the time of the separation this interest was sold by defendant to his father. Defendant claims the consideration was $2,000 and his father’s undertaking to pay a promissory note of approximately $7,000 on which they were comakers. Defendant claims this was a bona fide transaction for a fair consideration. Plaintiff contends that it was fraudulent, without adequate consideration, and consummated for the purpose of preventing her from securing a just determination of her property rights. The testimony on this issue is in direct conflict. The circuit judge gave the respective contentions patient and careful consideration. In his decree he vested in plaintiff title to the unincumbered home and to the household furnishings. He also awarded plaintiff alimony at the rate of $50 per month. The home property of the parties was purchased with money furnished by defendant’s father. It is not claimed defendant had any other property except his interest in the highway construction business and an alleged interest in an oil well. As to the latter item there is no satisfactory proof of ownership in defendant. Defendant asserts since he sold out he has worked for his father on a salary of $30 per week. The manner in which the circuit judge arrived at his conclusion and the justification therefor appear in the opinion filed by him. We quote it in part:
“In the case at bar it is almost if not quite impossible to fix a value of the paving business which would be fair to either side. If it is not a going concern, then the equipment is to all intents and purposes merely junk. The records of the business show that it is a highly precarious venture; for example, in 1930 it made $80,000 while in 1932 it lost ‡45,000. It has shown a loss since 1932 instead of earnings.
“Apparently plaintiff and defendant lived at the-rate of $4,000 to $5,000 a year, and this living came out of the business. But will it continue?
“As I view the picture, the success or failure of this paving business depends upon one man — the father, James A. McKay. The paving business is seasonal, and each spring a new line of credit must be established. This line of credit can only be established if the father pledges his own personal credit. It would be natural for him to refuse so to obligate himself if faced with litigation based upon a large lump sum allowance for alimony. But suppose credit is established, will the contracts be profitable or not? The history of the earnings of the business is such that any attempt at an appraisal by the court upon the record before it would be a mere speculation. Viewed from the defendant’s angle that it has been a losing venture for several years past, it can easily be said that the consideration paid by the father to his son was entirely adequate; averaging earnings over a longer period (and assuming that losses will •be converted into profits), plaintiff’s argument that the consideration was entirely inadequate is plausible. We are not dealing with shares of stock in a large corporation which have a market value on the exchange. If we were, a division in kind between husband and wife could easily be effected. But to turn over to plaintiff a certain number of shares in a family corporation such as James A. McKay & Sons (a corporation), is unthinkable. The only alternative if a present allowance is to be made is to fix a lump sum as alimony. But as already pointed out, this would be the merest guess work. * * *
“Aside from the possible interest which defendant might have in the paving business, the only tangible property in which defendant is shown to have an interest is the home on Collingwood avenue and the household furniture. This is at present occupied by the wife, but could be rented by her to advantage. In my opinion an equitable adjustment of the difficulties in which these parties find themselves is an award of the house and household furniture to the wife as permanent alimony and in addition an allowance to her of $50 per month; this latter allowance, to be subject to revision upon the petition of either party. With this allowance of monthly alimony, which the plaintiff can supplement by renting the house instead of attempting to maintain it as at present, she ought to be able to live comfortably, and the monthly allowance will be subject to increase or decrease dependent’ upon the defendant’s future success or failure in business.”
Further, in disposing of plaintiff’s motion for a rehearing, which was made during the same month the final decree was entered, the circuit judge filed the following opinión:
“At the time the original opinion was filed, it was the expectation of the court that at some future date, when the business affairs of defendant were in a more settled state, it might be necessary to revise the decree and adjust the alimony.
“Counsel for plaintiff file the present motion for a rehearing which in its essence suggests an almost immediate revision based upon certain newly-discovered conditions claimed to alter the business status of defendant. The defendant has filed an affidavit in which the claim is made that the road contract now in progress is not likely to prove profitable.
‘ ‘ This situation, to my mind, only emphasizes the impossibility of finally disposing of the rights of these parties at the present time and doing justice to each of them. ’ ’
The trial judge was in a more advantageous position than this court to pass upon the conflicting claims of these parties. The home and furnishings assigned by the court to plaintiff are set forth in her brief at a value in excess of $7,000. The monthly payment of $50 was fixed by the trial judge in accord with defendant’s ability to pay as the court viewed the testimony. The readjustment of alimony, should such be justified by a change of circumstances, is now and will remain under the control of the trial court. Under the present record we would not be justified in altering the decree entered. An order for ex-penses on this appeal has heretofore been made. No further costs will be allowed.
The decree is affirmed but with right reserved to the trial court to hear and determine any future proceedings affecting* alimony.
Fead, C. J., and Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Wiest, J.
December 23,1935, the circuit court for the county of Ingham, in chancery, entered an order authorizing the receiver of the Lapeer Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Association to levy an assessment against the members of that company for the purpose of securing money to pay the liabilities.
We quote from the order:
“That the said receiver, acting as deputy insurance commissioner in the premises, be authorized and instructed to levy an assessment computed on each year in which a deficiency occurred during the years of 1930, 1931, 1932, 1934 and 1935* That such assessment be levied pro rafa against those persons who were members of said insurance company during the years when such deficits occurred, according to the amount of insurance which such persons carried during those years. That the said receiver ascertain by such computation how much is required per $1,000 of insurance of such, members to equal the amount of deficits which accrued during those respective years, and that he add to such amount 100 per cent, to cover the expenses of this liquidation, including’ costs of collections and collection suits, and to provide for deficiencies arising out of uncollectible assessments and judgments.
‘ ‘ That in addition to the method of levying assessments as provided for in paragraph 1 above, the receiver be authorized to reassess those members who were assessed by said insurance company in former years but who failed to pay such company assessments, bnt that such persons be reassessed at the same amount in which they were assessed by the company. ’ ’
When assessments were so made and not paid the receiver was authorized to bring suit in the circuit court for the county of Lapeer. Such a suit was brought against defendant herein and, upon hearing, was dismissed by the court. Plaintiff reviews by appeal. If the assessment was not made as authorized then the suit was properly dismissed.
The record shows that in making the assessment the receiver departed from the order to the detriment of defendant.
The receiver testified:
“I took the total liabilities at the end of 1930 and deducted the assessments collected in 1931 on the 1930 assessment roll and took the balance for the deficiency of that year. By that method I got a certain rate, and that rate was applied pro rata to each of the members. * * * I couldn’t say what the total liabilities on January 1,1930, were. I made a determination of those liabilities at the end of 1930. That is as far as I went back or had any instructions to go back was in the year 1930.
“Q. So you made no investigation as to when the liabilities occurred, is that correct?
“A. Not back of 1930. I don’t know when they were incurred.
“Q. And you don’t know who the policyholders were when they were incurred, is that correct %
“A. I have not checked back beyond 1930.
“Q. How did you know what the liabilities were at the end of 1930?
“A. I took the insurance commissioner’s reports. * * * I don’t know how much was assessed by the company for the year 1928 or 1929 or how much was collected that year or how much was assessed in 1929 or how much was collected in 1929. I don’t know the amount of the assessment by the company for the year 1930 or how much the losses were for the year 1930, or how much the expenses of the company for the year 1930 were, or how much was collected in assessments in the year 1930.
“Q. You made no effort to get any of this information I have asked you about ?
“A. I didn’t think it was necessary.
“Q. Did you make any effort to get it?
“A. I did not.
“Q. It was available to you, was it?
“A. Yes.”
Such assessment was a departure from the authorization and loaded the deficit for the year with previous losses, with release of former members from liability, and shouldered upon the membership in 1930 large amounts, so counted as deficits for that year, inclusive of interest upon borrowed money used in previous payment of losses, without collection under assessment.
The court order clearly pointed the method of ascertaining and enforcing the liability of policyholders for years previous to 1930.
Under the testimony of the receiver the assessment for the year 1930 was unenforceable and, as it does not appear that the assessment was ever approved by the circuit court for the county of Ingham, it was open to defendant to make the contest in the suit at bar.
Under the testimony oh the auditor who examined the books of the company for the years 1926 to 1932, inclusive, it appears that moneys borrowed previous to 1930 to pay losses was in some instances carried forward from year to year as a current matter by way of renewal notes and interest paid.
An examination of the record discloses that plaintiff did not make the assessment for 1930 and subsequent years in accordance with the order of the court appointing and instructing him, and the court in the instant case was not in error in dismissing the suit.
Affirmed, with costs to defendant.
Fead, C. J., and North, Btjtzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Sharpe, J.
The facts in this cause are not in dispute. The plaintiff’s State theater is located on Woodward avenue between Elizabeth and Columbia streets. The defendants ’ Colonial theater is located on Woodward avenue near Sibley street. The Majestic theater is located on Woodward avenue near Willis avenue. In February, 1937, plaintiff filed a bill of complaint in the circuit court of Wayne county to enjoin the defendant companies from conduct-' ing in their theaters what is known as a “screeno” game. The “screeno” cards are given to patrons of the theater with each admission ticket sold. The cards are not confined to purchasers of admission tickets, but are given upon request to any person in the foyer of the theater or to persons on the sidewalk in front of the theater. The game is played in the following manner: On the screen is a dial, upon which appear successive numbers, with a pointer to indicate the numbers thereon as the dial is turned from time to time. The card contains corresponding numbers arranged in five rows and columns. The person holding a card upon which the five numbers in any row, horizontally, vertically, or diagonally through the middle of the card, first check with the numbers appearing on the dial wins the prize.
The trial court granted an injunction enjoining the defendants from conducting the game of “screeno.” Defendants appeal and contend that plaintiff has shown no damage to its business; that equity has no jurisdiction to enjoin the commission of a criminal act, assuming that “screeno” constitutes a lottery; and that before a court of equity may exercise jurisdiction to restrain a criminal act', pecuniary damages must be shown. The plaintiff claims the game is a lottery, inasmuch as it contains all the elements of a lottery; that its operation is contrary to Act No. 328, Pub. Acts 1931; and that it damages plaintiff’s business.
Section 372 of the above act definitely prohibits any lottery or gift enterprise within the State. The three essential elements of a lottery are: consideration, prize, and chance. Sproat-Temple Theatre Corp. v. Colonial Theatrical Enterprise, Inc., 276 Mich. 127; Glover v. Malloska, 238 Mich. 216 (52 A. L. R. 77).
In .Michigan we have held that an indirect consideration is sufficient. Glover v. Malloska, supra. In Society Theatre v. City of Seattle, 118 Wash. 258 (203 Pac. 21) cited in Sproat-Temple Theatre Corp. v. Colonial Theatrical Enterprise, Inc., supra, the court said:
‘ ‘ ‘ The elements of lottery are: First, a consideration, second, a prize, and third, a chance. It needs no argument to show that the secpnd and third elements appear in the business conducted by respondents. But it is argued that the element of consideration does not appear because the. patrons of the theaters pay no additional consideration for entrance thereto, and pay nothing whatever for tickets which may entitle them to prizes. But while the patrons may not pay, and the respondents may not receive, any direct consideration, there is an indirect consideration paid and received. The fact that prizes of more or less value are to be distributed will attract persons to the theaters who would not otherwise attend. In this manner those obtaining prizes pay considerations for them, and the theaters reap a direct financial benefit.’ ”
In the instant case the distribution of the tickets unquestionably attracted others to the theater who otherwise would not have attended and in this way the theater owner profited thereby. This is a sufficient consideration.
The prize is a definite amount of money that is awarded to the winner. It is not seriously contended that the game is purely one of skill. An examination of the method used in the conducting of the game must convince any one that the element of skill as compared with the element of chance is slig’ht.
“But from an examination of the later cases, both Federal and State, it appears to have become the established American doctrine that, in order to constitute a lottery within the meaning of the various statutes, it is not necessary for the distribution of prizes to be purely by chance, but only for such distribution to be by chance as the dominating element, even though effected to some extent by the exercise of skill or judgment.” 17 R. C. L. p. 1225', § 12.
Defendants contend that a court of equity has no jurisdiction to enjoin the commission of criminal acts in the absence of proof of irreparable injury to property or rights of pecuniary nature.
The rule is well stated in Glover v. Malloska, supra, where we said:
“As stated in Re Debs, 158 U. S. 564, 593 (15 Sup. Ct. 900):
“ ‘Again, it is objected that it is outside of the jurisdiction of a court of equity to enjoin the com mission of crimes. This, as a general proposition, is unquestioned. A chancellor has no criminal jurisdiction. Something more than a threatened commission of an offense against the laws of the land is necessary to call into exercise the injunctive powers of the court. There must be some interferences, actual or threatened, with property or rights of a pecuniary nature, but when such interferences appear the jurisdiction of a court of equity arises, and is not destroyed by the fact that they are accompanied by or are themselves violations of the criminal law.’ ”
In the above case an injunction was gTanted upon the proof that the loss of business sustained by plaintiffs was directly traceable to the growth of defendants ’ business after inaugurating the lottery scheme, the court holding that equity might interfere to protect the property rights of plaintiffs.
In Sproat-Temple Theatre Corp. v. Colonial Theatrical Enterprise, Inc., supra, an injunction was issued to enjoin a lottery, but the facts in that case show that as a result of the giving away of money prizes the business of plaintiff’s theaters diminished and the business of defendant’s theaters increased. In Seifert v. Buhl Optical Co., 276 Mich. 692, 700, we said:
“Suit may be brought by parties engaged in a profession or business to enjoin unfair trade and practice which would be injurious to their interests and the fact that such practices are punishable by criminal penalties is immaterial.”
The above quotations bring us to the question of whether there has been any interference by defendants with plaintiff’s property or rights of a pecuniary nature. This cause was tried upon a bill of complaint and an answer and amended answer thereto. No testimony was taken. The record fails to show that the theaters were in the same vicinity, thereby creating competition, nor do we find any proof that the lottery scheme affected the business of plaintiff’s theaters. The restraining, order of a court may not be exercised to enjoin the commission of a crime in the absence of a showing of damages to persons or property rights.
The decree of the chancery court is reversed, the bill of complaint dismissed and the injunction dissolved. Defendant may recover costs.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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McGrath, J.
Plaintiff brought assumpsit to recover the proceeds of certain logs which were taken from his premises, cut into lumber, and sold by defendants, and had judgment for $117.50.
The court instructed the jury that if plaintiff recovered less than $100 the defendants would recover costs. This was manifest error. The rule laid down in Steketee v. Kimm, 48 Mich. 322, should be applied to actions of tort only. The questions to.be determined by the jury in the present case were: (1) The cutting; (2) the quantity cut; (3) the value. The plaintiff had the choice of both remedy and forum. The costs are fixed by statute, and are dependent upon the finding of the jury and the forum. The jury should not be directed to add to or diminish either quantity or value with reference to the question of. costs, especially in a case where the plaintiff chose to waive the tort and follow the proceeds of the timber cut.
Inasmuch, therefore, as the judgment must be reversed, and a new trial had, it may not be improper to determine the law of the case presented by the record. A written contract was claimed to have been entered into between the parties, under which defendants insist that they were' entitled to all of the timber, cut into logs, that was upon the premises. Plaintiff cut from the east side of his land a number of logs, which were delivered to defendants; but it appears that defendants were cutting upon lands adjoining on the west, and plaintiff insists that,,notwithstanding his repeated protests, defendants came across the line, and cut and carried away from plaintiff’s land a large number of logs, claiming at the time that the timber so cut was not on plaintiff’s land. On the trial,- defendants did not dispute the cutting, but insisted that, inasmuch as the contract covered all of plaintiffs timber, plaintiffs recovery must be limited by the prices fixed by the contract. The contract contemplated that the logs should be cut by plaintiff, and that they should be cut free from shake, rot, and crooks. Even though the contract covered all the timber, it did not give defendants the right, against plaintiff’s protests, to enter upon plaintiff’s lands, cut in their own manner, and make their own selection. In such case defendants would be trespassers, and plaintiff would not be limited to the prices fixed by the contract.
The judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurréd. | [
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McGrath, J.
Plaintiff seeks to recover for an injury to his left knee, alleged to have been occasioned by a fall, on October 23, upon a defective sidewalk. The defendant offered testimony tending to show that on October 22 the walk had been repaired, and placed in a reasonably safe condition. Defendant’s counsel also sought to show that the injury which plaintiff sought to charge upon defendant was, in part at least, due to an accident which had occurred August 9. Plaintiff testified that on that date a street car had struck the same knee, and caused a crack in the kneecap, but .“after that it got well;” that Dr. Black treated him for that injury; and that another physician prescribed for the last injury. Dr. Black was sworn for the defendant, and testified that he had attended plaintiff for the first injury from August 10 to September 3. He was then asked the following question, which was excluded: ■“•Was Mr. Dittrich discharged by you at that time [September 3] from treatment?” The fact as to treatment by :a physician is not a matter of privilege. Brown v. Insurance Co., 65 Mich. 306. Defendant had the right to show, if that was the purpose, that’ plaintiff was not discharged .from treatment, but witness refused to attend further, ■because another physician had been called in, without the ■consent of witness. This testimony would not have disclosed any information acquired by the witness in his jprevious attendance, or that was necessary to enable him to prescribe, and it was error to exclude it.
Counsel for defendant requested the court to instru'ct the jury as follows:
“ 1. If you believe the testimony of the sidewalk inspector, Walker V. Keyes, that the walk in question was repaired by the city employes October 22, 1890, then the plaintiff cannot recover in this action.
“2. If you do not believe the testimony of witness Keyes, but find that the walk was in a defective condition, yet, if you believe the plaintiff knew this defective condition, and could have passed over it safely by the exercise of reasonable care, then he cannot recover in this action, and your verdict must be for the defendant.”
If the sidewalk had been repaired on the 22d, and placed in a condition reasonably safe for pedestrians, and plaintiff was injured on the very next day, it cannot be said that a sufficient length of time had elapsed from -which notice of the condition could be inferred, nor that -.the city had had a reasonable time within which to repair '.the defect.
While contributory negligence is not to be presumed ffrom the knowledge of the existence of the defect, such ¡knowledge enjoins upon a party a degree of care commensurate therewith.
The judgment will be reversed, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Montgomery, J.
On the 21st of November, 1887, the 'claimant, Timothy Nester, had an equitable interest in a ■¡valuable tract of pine land in Marquette county. One -Jacob Seligman held the title to the lands as security for •money advanced. On this date Seligman conveyed to James G. Ross, at the request of claimant, and Ross and Nester ■•entered into an agreement in writing relating to the transaction, which recited that Ross had advanced to Seligman, ■on Nester’s account, $41,000, and that James Connolly had been instrumental in interesting Mr. Eoss in the enterprise. It was agreed, first, that Eoss should proceed to sell the lands' or manufacture the timber from the lands, and pay —First, the amount of the advance, $41,000, and interest at 7 ■ per cent.; second, 5 per cent, commission to Connolly, in case there should be only sufficient for that purpose; but if there was left more than sufficient value in the lands to pay Connolly after the repayment of the $41,000 and interest, then the lands so remaining were to be owned in common between Eoss and Nester, and one-half the com-, mission was to be paid by each. It was further recited in the agreement that, as Eoss was not acquainted with the value of the lands conveyed by Seligman, Nester had conveyed ‘to Eoss certain lands in Baraga county as further security for the repayment of the advances with interest. “It is further understood that said party of the first part [Eoss] shall dispose of the said timber or lands, or the logs cut therefrom, as rapidly and as economically as is practicable for the best interests of both first and second parties.”
Mr. Eoss died on the 1st day of October, 1888. On the 17th of July, 1889, James Connolly was appointed» administrator of his estate in the State of Michigan. Mr. Nester sought to induce Connolly to sell the lands to him or to others, but no steps were taken to do so. Nester thereupon filed his claim against the estate, claiming to recover damages for a breach of the contract with Eoss, -for which he alleges that the estate is liable. It is not claimed that there was any breach of the agreement or default on the part of Eoss during his lifetime, but claimant relies upon a breach by the administrator. The circuit judge directed a verdict in favor of the estate on the ground that the claimant’s remedy is in equity.
We think the circuit judge was right. The conveyance created a trust in favor of the claimant. If it was a security for debt it was likewise something more, and vested an interest in Eoss in all lands and timber remaining after he had realized by sales the amount invested, $41,000, and interest. The instrument in question left Eoss a certain discretion relative to selling; and whether this has been abused, and whether there should now be a sale and an accounting, are questions cognizable by a court of equity. The remedy by allowance of a claim against the estate could .not be final so long as the trust remains unperformed.
Counsel for claimant rely upon People v. Wayne Circuit Court, 11 Mich. 404, and Wheeler v. Arnold, 30 Id. 304, as sustaining their right to recover in this case. In People v. Wayne Circuit Court, it was said by Mr. Justice Campbell:
“I am very strongly inclined to the opinion that under our probate system the court of chancery has only jurisdiction in those cases in which an adequate remedy does not exist in the probate court.”
Conceding this, to be a correct exposition of the law, the present is precisely such a case. The only method by which the damage which claimant has sustained by reason of any default of the trustee can be definitely ascertained is by closing up the trust, and this can only be done through the intervention of a court of equity. In Wheeler v. Arnold the claim under consideration was a mere money demand. The Court say:
“If, as claimed by the plaintiff, there were no assets, or none remaining after the debts were paid, then' the liability would be a simple money liability, which could be settled without any legal obstacle in an ordinary action, and no other form of accounting would be required or specially appropriate.”
This case in no way conflicts with the views herein expressed. In ease of a mere money demand, an award of judgment would furnish adequate and final relief; but, as we have pointed out, such is not the case here.
Judgment will be affirmed, with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Wiest, J.
At' about 6 o’clock, the afternoon of July 19, 1935, a fire truck of the city of Lansing, going north on Washington avenue in response to a fire alarm, ran a red stop light at the intersection of Shiawassee street and, while crossing the intersection was struck by defendant’s automobile, traveling west across the intersection from Shiawassee street east, under protection of the green light. The fire truck was damaged and firemen injured.
The city brought this suit to recover the expense of repair to the truck and cure of the injured firemen, claiming* that the accident was occasioned by the negligence of defendant in not viewing the approach of the fire truck or heeding sounded warnings. Defendant claims that, by reason of a severe rain storm, he was unable to view south on Washington avenue through the side window of his car and had but a limited view in that direction through the windshield and, seeing cars stopped on Washington avenue at the intersection awaiting* turn of the traffic light and having the green or right of way light in his favor and receiving no warning of the approach of the fire truck, he drove into the intersection and the fire truck came suddenly across his course.
Upon trial before the court without a jury defendant was adjudged not guilty.
Upon review plaintiff urges that the finding was against the preponderance of the evidence and that defendant was negligent as a matter of law.
The fire truck and the automobile entered the intersection at the same time. We assume, for the purposes of decision, that, under the city ordinance, the fire truck, as an emergency vehicle responding to a fire alarm, had a right to run the red light upon giving “audible signal” and having reasonable regard for the safety of others. Defendant had a right, under permission of the green light, to cross the intersection unless, by the reasonable exercise of the senses of sight and hearing, he should have noticed or heard warning to the contrary.
The evidence in the case fully justified the following finding and conclusion of law by the circuit judge:
“The issue of fact is rather close but I am brought to the conclusion that it cannot be affirmatively said that the defendant was guilty of negligence in the operation of his car. Rather I think that he did what the ordinary operator of a vehicle would have done in approaching this intersection. He was making observations through his windshield. He saw the automobiles at the intersection. He observed that the traffic light was with him, and there was no obstacle in his immediate pathway. His vision of the approaching truck as he entered the intersection was cut off by other cars. To say that he was guilty of negligence in proceeding necessarily implies that due care required him to come to a stop, an operation that might have been attended with some danger. In any event, it can scarcely be claimed that the ordinary driver of an automobile would have stopped, or have acted in any other manner than did the defendant. As I view the situation, the accident, and resultant injury to the prop erty of the plaintiff, should be regarded as having occurred without actionable fault. ”
It appears to have been an instance where two rights came into collision. We find no error.
The judgment is affirmed, with costs to defendant.
Fead, C. J., and North, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Grant, J.
At the time of the accident which resulted in the death of plaintiffs decedent, Michael O’Rourke, the Monroe Water Company, a corporation organized under the laws of this State, acting under the authority of the defendant city, was legally engaged in laying water mains and pipes along its streets. It was digging a trench along the east side of Winchester street, at the intersection of Front street. It left a space about 17 feet wide in the center of Front street, evidently for the passage of vehicles. The accident occurred about 9 o’clock in the forenoon. The men were digging on each side of this space, and throwing the dirt to tl^e east side of the trench. . Their heads and shoulders were in view above the ground. Mr. O’Rourke, accompanied by his daughter, was driving with a horse and buggy along Front street from the west. When within a few feet of the line of the trench, the horse shied to the right, ran across the trench, and Mr. O’Rourke and his daughter were thrown out.
The negligence alleged against the defendant is the failure to keep its streets in repair, and in condition reasonably safe and fit for travel. The specific duty on the part of the city on which plaintiff appears to rely is the- erection of a fence, railing, or barrier around these excavations.
The daughter testified that “ the -horse was going on a stiff trot when it reached the trench, but not quite so fast as when it turned off from the railroad track.” This track was about 300 feet distant. On a former trial she had testified that the horse, after reaching the' railroad track, was beyond the control of her father, who was driving, and continued beyond his control till the time of the accident. She admitted these statements, but explained them by saying: “I was a little excited, and did not answer correctly.” The testimony of six disinterested witnesses is positive that the horse was running away, and was beyond control. Two of these also testify that, shortly after the accident, Mr. O’Eourke stated that his horse was frightened by the cars, and he lost control of it.
Municipal corporations may authorize or direct the digging of excavations in the street, for the purpose of laying pipes to supply the inhabitants with water, gas, and the like. In making them, they are bound to the exercise of reasonable care to protect travelers from accident. They are not required to place barriers to prevent the use of the street along the sides of which these excavations are being made. If sufficient room is left for the passage of vehicles, travelers are entitled to the use of the street, if they choose. At night, barriers or light's, or b»th, must be placed to give warning of danger.
It is not claimed that these excavations were being negligently made. He who chose to drive past them assumed the risk of fright to his horse. If, therefore, the horse was frightened by these excavations, it was an accident for which neither the city nor the water company is liable. Neither duty nor custom required the closing of the streets, or the construction of barriers along trenches like that in the present case. This work was being done in the usual way, and the excavations had not been left an unreasonable time. There is therefore no liability. Cowan v. Railway Co., 84 Mich. 583; Zanger v. Railway Co., 87 Id. 646; Westfall v. Board of Water Commissioners, 93 Id. 214.
The learned circuit judge was correct in directing a verdict for the defendant, and the judgment is affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Wiest, J.
Barbara Reinecke of Port Huron, 22-year old: daughter of defendant and a graduate of plaintiff’s training school of beauty culture, having been informed by plaintiff of a possible opening at Harbor Beach, wanted to go there to make investigation. Her mother did not want her to go for such purpose unless accompanied by plaintiff and so informed plaintiff. Thereupon Barbara arranged with plaintiff to go and Barbara, her mother and her sister Jean, as driver of the mother’s automobile, and accompanied by plaintiff, an afternoon in May, started on the trip. On the way Jean, the driver, saw a detour sign ahead and some distance beyond it a barrier across half of the roadbed and, while considering whether to go ahead over the part of the road left open, she approached so near to the indicated detour that when she decided to make the turn, as thereon directed, the automobile went into a ditch at the side of the detour road, overturned and plaintiff received injuries and brought this suit against the mother, who was owner of the automobile, to recover damages.
At the close of plaintiff’s proofs defendant moved for a directed verdict in her favor. This was denied and, upon motion of plaintiff and over objection thereto, and claim of right by defendant to have the jury pass upon the issue of actionable negligence, the court instructed the jury that defendant was guilty of negligence as a matter of law and left to the jury only the assessment of damages. The jury awarded plaintiff damages.
• Defendant’s subsequent motion for judgment, notwithstanding the verdict, was granted on the ground that plaintiff was a guest passenger and could not recover without alleging* and showing g*ross negligence or wilful and wanton misconduct on the part of the driver of the automobile. From such judgment plaintiff appeals. Defendant offered no evidence.
Defendant, under the provision of Court Rule 66, § 8 (1933), presents assignments of error, upon which she relies for a new trial in the event of a re versal of the judgment, and contends that the court was in error in finding’ negligence as a matter of law and refusing to submit the question of actionable negligence to the jury.
We think the issue of actionable negligence, under the circumstances, was one of fact for consideration by the jury.
Plaintiff did not seek recovery as a guest, but as a passenger, serving the desires of defendant and her daughter Barbara, that she go with them to look over the prospect at Harbor Beach and give them the .benefit of her judgment.
The trip was of common family interest to the mother, Barbara and Jean, and plaintiff was present as a passenger; not of her own volition, but in order to render a requested service in behalf of such interest and welfare. In so doing plaintiff was not a mere guest. The defendant owned the car; she allowed her daughter Jean to drive; was present in the car and, at her desire, plaintiff was also in the car, and thereby plaintiff was submitted, by defendant, to the want of care of the driver, and the court was in error in entering judgment for defendant.
The judgment is reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to plaintiff.
Fead, C. J., and North, Butzel, Bushnell; Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred.
See 1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 4648. — Reporter. | [
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McGrath, J.
Plaintiff recovered judgment in justice’s court againt Charles and Mary Fortine, husband and wife, upon a promissory note made by both. Defendants removed said judgment into the circuit court by certiorari, where the judgment was set aside, and plaintiff appeals.
The affidavit for the writ alleges the following grounds of error;
1. That the justice adjourned the cause for more than six days, and thereby lost jurisdiction.
2. That the justice erred in giving judgment against the wife, who joined in the execution as surety merely.
• 3. That “ C. F. Shaw" was not a legal person, in contemplation of law.
As to the first assignment, it appeared by the return of the justice that both parties asked an adjournment of the cause; defendants asking for 30 days, and plaintiff ftp- 8 days. The justice adjourned the cause for 7 days. A party to a cause, who has himself requested an adjournment for 30 days, cannot be heard to say that an adjournment for a less number of days was upon the justice’s own motion, and without the consent of the parties. Patterson v. McRea, 29 Mich. 258.
As to the second assignment, the return of the justice shows that the consideration for the note in question passed to Mary Fortine.
As to the third assignment, the statute (How. Stat. §■ 6871) expressly provides that in actions on promissory notes it shall be sufficient, in any process or declaration,, to designate any person named in said note by the same-initial letter or letters, or contraction of the Christian name, as is used in said note, instead of stating such Christian name in full.
The judgment of the circuit court will be reversed, and' judgment entered here for plaintiff, with costs of all the-courts.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Fead, C. J.
Plaintiff sustained an accident July 25, 1927. He received total disability compensation for a time, was then awarded partial permanent disability compensation, and the latter was commuted into a lump sum payment by order of June 25, 1929, and paid him by defendant. Thereafter plaintiff filed petitions for further compensation and awards denying' his petitions were entered October 15, 1930, and April 19, 1932. The instant petition for further compensation was filed March 5, 1936 and was denied by the department of labor and industry.
The interesting questions presented by plaintiff need no discussion because the case resolves itself into the familiar proposition that the award is final because there was testimony which supported the express finding of the department that plaintiff had failed to show a change of his industrial physical condition since the award of 1932.
Affirmed.
North, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Fead, C. J.
This case involves another controversy in the condemnation proceeding's for the widening’ of Woodward avenue, many other phases of which have been before this court. It concerns the right to an award for the taking of a reciprocal negative easement.
June 26, 1929, the State highway commissioner filed determination of necessity. May 19, 1932, the court commissioners made an award of damages of $1,717.28, which was confirmed by probate court, but no awardees were named in the award.
At the date the State highway commissioner acted, the premises were owned by defendants Judson and Florence Bradway as title owners and contract vendors, and DeWitt and Emlitta Lucas, husband and wife, as contract vendees.
January 16, 1930, Lucas and wife assigned their contract to First State Savings Bank, of Birmingham, as collateral security to a note. November 7, 1934, the receiver of the bank assigned the contract to plaintiff Stewart.
May 22, 1930, DeWitt Lucas assigned “all my right, title and interest in and to” the land contract to Emlitta Lucas.
Plaintiff filed this bill praying payment of the award to the Bradways and himself. The various defendants answered but did not file cross-bill. Defendant Walmoth, as executor of the Emlitta Lucas estate, averred want of knowledge of and neither admitted nor denied most of the allegations in the bill, including one alleging that defendant Shock claimed an interest in the award, and left plaintiff to his proof. Shock’s answer, filed later, averred claim of a 50 per cent, interest in the award in behalf of the law firm of Atkinson, Ortman & Shock for services and expense in obtaining the award; but he asked, no affirmative relief and prayed dismissal of the bill of complaint. Later, on order of the court, Atkinson, Ortman & Shock were added as parties and adopted Shock’s answer.
The court decreed the award payable to the Brad-ways as contract vendors and DeWitt and Emlitta Lucas as contract vendees, but with lien of Atkinson, Ortman & Shock on the whole award to the extent of 50 per cent, of it.
Walmoth, as executor, alone appeals. The controversy in this court is between him and Atkinson, Ortman & Shock.
Counsel accept June 26, 1929 as the time of the taking of the easement. It is not claimed by appellant .that the right to compensation runs with the land and passes to subsequent vendees or assignees.
His contention is that the assignment by Lucas to his wife in 1930 transferred to her his interest in the award because of the intention of the parties as disclosed by the language of the assignment and that Lucas now has no interest in the fund. The language of the assignment was common to such instruments and we discover nothing in it to set it apart from other assignments or to indicate that the parties intended it to be other than an ordinary assignment carrying such rights as legally flow therefrom. The contract vendee interest in the award vested in Lucas and his wife before the assignment and there remained.
The principal question is as to the attorneys’ fees.
The attorneys rely on a letter, dated May 5, 1930, addressed to Mr. Atkinson, written by Lucas, stating that Mrs. Lucas and he owned the property and inquiring whether Mr. Atkinson would represent them in the condemnation proceedings; the firm’s reply to him on May 7th that it would represent him on the basis of 50 per cent, of the damag'es awarded and would enter an appearance for him and get in touch with him later, Mrs. Lucas’ name, however, not being mentioned in the letter; a later statement in Lucas’ handwriting setting up the description of the property and claim of damages.
They contend these instruments constituted a contract with Mr. and Mrs. Lucas. As Mrs. Lucas was not a party to any of the instruments and there was no testimony that Lucas was her agent, the contention is without merit.
They also urge that Mrs. Lucas, during her lifetime, was estopped to deny liability on the contract for legal services because they were performed with her knowledge and for her benefit, Lindner v. Hine, 84 Mich. 511, and her executor is equally estopped because the estate will have the advantage of the award.
The difficulty with the contention is that there was no testimony that the firm appeared for or represented Mrs. Lucas in the proceedings, that she knew that a contract for their services had been made, or that she knew they were doing any work for her. Nor did they introduce any evidence as to the reasonable value of their services to her. As a matter of fact, there was no testimony that the firm took any part in the condemnation proceedings at all.
Mr. Shock recognizes the inadequacy of the testimony and attempts to remedy it by reference to the pleadings. He states that the claim of the interest of his firm in the award was set up in his own answer and urges that it is admitted because not denied by the executor for Mrs. Lucas. However, his answer did not call for an answer from the executor, (1) because he did not allege in it that he represented Mrs. Lucas in the proceedings nor for whom the services were rendered, (2) because he claimed no affirmative relief as against her, and (3) because the executor’s answer to the bill of complaint denied knowledge of Mr. Shock’s claim to the award. Moreover, the claim of lien was denied by plaintiff in his reply to Mr. Shock’s answer.
He also relied on the answer of the State highway commissioner, in which, however, the commissioner stated no more than that the firm were the only persons who entered appearance in behalf of Mr. Lucas. The answer did not allege any work by the firm in behalf of Mrs. Lucas and, obviously, it did not call for an answer from the executor because it prayed no relief as against him. So, even an irregular consideration of the pleadings discloses no proof or admission of fact supporting the present claim.
Parenthetically, it may also be said that nowhere did the pleadings set up a claim of estoppel on the part of Mrs. Lucas.
The decree will be affirmed in that part of it which declares the Bradways and both Lucases entitled to the award and declares the attorneys’ lien, but must be modified to free the Emlitta Lucas estate’s interest in it from the claim of lien of Atkinson, Ortman & Shock. Appellant will have costs against the firm appellee.
North, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Bushnell, J.
This cause has already been here on appeal on the question of the validity of service of summons. See Detroit Trust Co. v. Doe (Agozzinio), 276 Mich. 507. The question now involved is: “Where, in foreclosure of mortgages by advertisement, the statute (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14429) provides that the sale shall be at public vendue to the highest bidder, is it a compliance with the statute where sale is struck off on one bid to a representative of the mortgagee without competition1?”
The trial judge said:
“It appears in the mortgage advertisement that the sale was specified at a certain date and time and in a certain place. I recognize the fact that a public auction sale cannot always be adjourned to some other date; and on the other hand, I realize that there is no rule of law that requires any such course of action. An auction sale to be valid, is not dependent upon the number of bidders present, but on whether or not any bids are offered. If any bid is offered, it may be either accepted or rejected on the terms of the sale. If only one bid is offered, and that bid is thought proper and accepted, the sale is just as valid and binding as if there were 100 bids, ranging greatly in price.
“I am constrained to hold that in this case the sale of the property was properly held; and in view of those two holdings, then I further am constrained to hold that judgment must be entered for plaintiff in the two cases before the court and that the plaintiff is entitled to a writ of restitution. ’ ’
Appellants ask that the judgments of restitution be set aside and that the mortgage sale be declared invalid. They say in their brief:
“We have been unable after diligent search to find any interpretation of this statute as laid down by the court. We believe it is high time this matter is clarified. Day by day so-called ‘ sales at public vendue’ in mortgage foreclosure cases are held in this county, which are nothing more than private sales in the guise of public auctions at the fixed price, vis., the sum due the mortgagee, and are invariably sold to the mortgagor or his representative on the first bid. A stop should be put to this farce so that own ers of mortgaged property may have at least a gambler’s chance to realize something on their investment.”
The cited statute, section 14429, reads:
“The sale shall be at public vendue, between the hour of nine o’clock in the forenoon and the setting of the sun, at the place of holding the circuit court within the county in which the premises to be sold, or some part of them, are situated, and shall be made by the person appointed for that purpose in the mortgage, or by the sheriff, under sheriff, or a deputy sheriff of the county, to the highest bidder.”
The terms of the statute are clear and unambiguous, and do not require either interpretation or clarification. There is nothing in the record before us to indicate that plaintiff failed to observe any of the statutory requirements of the foreclosure of its mortgage by advertisement (3 Comp Laws 1929, §§ 14425-14445, inclusive as amended).
Defendants might have bid at the foreclosure sale if they had desired to do so.
“It is the essence of an auction that there shall be full and free opportunity for competition among bidders.” Manhattan Taxi Service Corp. v. Checker Cab Manfg. Corp., 253 N. Y. 455 (171 N. E. 705, 69 A. L. R. 1190).
The record does not show any stifling of bidding. See 2 E. C. L. p. 1131. Such agreements to stifle competitive bidding are generally contrary to public policy but not always. See Leland v. Ford, 245 Mich. 599, 614.
“When property is exposed for sale under a judicial decree, and offered to the highest bidder, and the sale is without fraud, and is fairly conducted, after proper notice, and is struck off to a third person, it will require a strong case, and some peculiar exigency, to warrant a court in setting it aside.” Page v. Kress, 80 Mich. 85, 89 (20 Am. St. Rep. 504).
This reasoning is also applicable to a foreclosure by advertisement of a mortgage containing a power of sale.
“Statutory foreclosures should not he set aside without some very good reasons therefor. ’ ’ Markoff v. Tournier (syllabus), 229 Mich. 571.
See, also, Moss v. Keary, 231 Mich. 295.
“If no one but the owner of the note bids at a sale, his offer in the sense of the term as used in the trust deed is the ‘highest and best bid.’ Where the trust deed provides that the trustee must sell for the highest and best price, this does not mean that no sale is legal unless there are three or more bids. If only one bona fide bid is made, it is in the language of the instrument, ‘the highest and best bid.’ ” 3 Jones on Mortgages, (8th Ed.), § 2406, citing Lathrop v. Tracy, 24 Col. 382 (51 Pac. 486, 65 Am. St. Rep. 229).
The foreclosure of mortgages on real estate by advertisement and sale has been in use in this State for almost 100 years and is well understood. The absence of any cited authority in support of defendants’ contentions, and the statement heretofore quoted from appellants’ brief indicates that the appeal is frivolous and was taken only for the purpose of delay.
The judgments of restitution are ■ affirmed, with costs to appellee, who shall have $100 as an additional fee for vexatious appeals. See Carver v. Detroit & Saline Plank-Road Co., 126 Mich. 458, and Heath v. Gloster, 256 Mich. 291.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Buxzel, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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North, J.
On plaintiff’s motion a summary judgment was entered against defendant in the sum of $5,347.60 and costs. Defendant has appealed claiming' that by his counter showing issues of fact were presented and the trial judge was in error in enter ing the summary judgment. The promissory note in suit was given by defendant to plaintiff on January 8, 1932, in the principal sum of $4,000, due one year after date. After the case was at issue plaintiff made a motion for summary judgment and a showing which was prima facie sufficient. Defendant attempted to make a counter showing in the manner hereinafter indicated.
As against plaintiff’s right to a summary judgment one of defendant’s claims is that on August 4, 1934, plaintiff and defendant met and orally agreed upon an account stated. First, he claims that it was then orally agreed defendant would be permitted to pay plaintiff’s note in monthly instalments of $25 each, and in consequence of such agreement defendant asserts that the note was not due and payable at the time suit was started. This contention cannot be sustained. Such an agreement, if made, would not be legally binding upon plaintiff unless it were supported by a valid consideration.
“It is elementary that a promise by a holder to forbear an accrued right is not binding unless supported by a consideration. ‘Part payment of the whole amount due on the instrument, after it has already become due, or the payment of matured interest, is not a sufficient- consideration. Likewise, since a promise to do nothing more than one is already legally bound to do is no consideration for a' promise given in return, there is no consideration for an extension of the time of payment of a bill or note, which involves a promise to forbear, where the only consideration is the debtor’s promise to pay the debt at the extended time of payment, without anything more, or his promise to pay in instalments.’ 8 C. J. pp. 435, 436.” Peoples Wayne County Bank v. Lonyo, 255 Mich. 481.
The remaining claim of defendant is that the amount due plaintiff on the promissory note should be minimized to the extent of $2,650, due from plaintiff to defendant for services rendered. Of the above amount $800 was claimed as payment for services in building a house for plaintiff. But the record discloses that any services of this character were rendered 13 or 14 years before this suit was brought; and there is nothing in the counter showing of defendant which would save the running of the statute of limitations. 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13976. No claim is made of a new promise in writing to remove the bar as required by 3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 13984. Conclusively defendant could not use this item of $800 as a set-off against plaintiff’s claim. The remaining portion of the $2,650 was claimed by defendant as compensation “for commissions and services so rendered unto the said plaintiff at her request,” referring indefinitely to real estate transactions and the purchase and sale of land contracts. Notwithstanding the trial judge gave defendant several adjournments extending over a period of a month to enable him to make a more definite showing of his alleged counterclaims of this character, no such showing was made. It is true defendant offered as an excuse his inability to find detailed records of the various transactions. The trial court gave defendant every reasonable opportunity to make a sufficient counter showing* to plaintiff’s motion for a summary judgment, but he failed to do so. Some details of defendant’s claims appear in his amended plea; but his plea is not under oath and therefore cannot be considered in support of defendant’s opposition to summary judgment. 'In the instant case the sufficiency of defendant’s counter showing must be determined from-the contents of Ms affidavits. At the conclusion of the hearing the trial judge said:
“I still have not seen anything which would warrant me holding that he (defendant) has a set-off; I have not seen anything.”
The practice and procedure as to summary judgments is governed by statute (3 Comp. Laws 1929, § 14260) and by Court Rule No. 30 (1933). TMs rule provides that the affidavit of merits to prevent the entry of a summary judgment shall be drawn in the same manner as is required for an affidavit in support of a motion for such judgment. Among other tMngs the rule provides that such affidavit shall set forth with particularity the facts upon which the plaintiff’s cause of action or defendant’s counterclaim is based, and “shall not consist of conclusions but of such facts as would be admissible in evidence.” The rule requires that the claimed facts shall be stated with such particularity that the court can determine whether there is a good and substantial defense.
‘ ‘ To comply with the rule, the affidavit must state facts relative to the agreement so that the court can determine whether there is a valid enforceable agreement. * * * Since the amendment (to former Circuit Court Rule No. 34 ), it is the duty of the court to determine if there is a real defense to the action. To enable it to do so, the amended rule requires that the relevant facts upon which the defense is based shall be set forth with particularity in the affidavit.” Warren Webster & Co. v. Pelavin, 241 Mich. 19.
The record before us justifies the conclusion that defendant’s counter affidavits were insufficient and the subsequent entry of a summary judgment was proper. The judgment so entered is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
Fead, C. J., and Wiest, Btjtzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred.
See 233 Mieh. xxxiii. — Kepobter. | [
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Chandler, J.
In a suit on a policy of insurance, defendant had judgment non obstante veredicto. Plaintiff appeals.
Plaintiff is the widow of Nick Baba, deceased, and is also the beneficiary under an insurance policy issued to said deceased insuring deceased “against loss of life * * * resulting directly and independently of all other causes, from bodily injuries sustained during any term of this policy, through purely accidental means.” The policy contained the usual standard provisions, those pertinent to a determination of this cause being as follows:
“4. # * * In event of accidental death immediate notice thereof must be given to the association.
“5. Such notice given by or in behalf of the insured or beneficiary, as the case may be, to the association at Omaha, Nebraska, or to any authorized agent of the association, * * * shall be deemed to be notice to the association. Failure to give notice within the time provided in this policy shall not invalidate any claim if it shall be shown not to have been reasonably possible to give such notice and that notice was given as soon as was reasonably possible.
“6. The association upon receipt of such notice, will furnish to the claimant such forms as are usually furnished by it for filing proofs of loss. If such forms are not' so furnished within 15 days after the receipt of such notice the claimant shall be deemed to have complied with the requirements of this policy as to proof of loss upon submitting* within the time fixed in the policy for filing proofs of loss, written proof covering the occurrence, character and extent of the loss for which claim is made.
“7. Affirmative proof of loss must be furnished to the association at its said office in case of claim for loss of time from disability within 90 days after the termination of the period for which the association is liable, and in case of claim for any other loss, within 90 days after the date of such loss.”
On June 4,1934, the deceased, accompanied by his son, Julius, left home for his work at the Pontiac Motor Car Company. Before arriving at their destination the motor of the car in which they were riding became stalled. Julius testified that his father got out of the car and attempted to start the motor by cranking; that while his father did so, he, Julius, remained seated in the ear to operate the ignition in the event that the motor should start; that deceased went to the front of the car and while engaged in cranking the motor his foot slipped and he fell to his knee; that he placed his hand to his chest in a position over the heart, groaned and appeared to he short of breath; that he then got back into the car, rested a few minutes and proceeded to walk the balance of the way to work, leaving Julius with the car which had refused to start.
A fellow workman of the deceased saw deceased as he entered the gates of the Pontiac plant and noted that he. was gasping* for breath. Shortly thereafter deceased was found unconscious and was pronounced dead upon examination a few moments later.
Defendant contends there was no evidence to go to the jury that deceased sustained an accident. If the testimony of the son, Julius, is to be believed, it would appear that plaintiff had sustained the burden of proof in this regard. Defendant bases its contention on the argument that because deceased was a short man and the son admitted he could only see that portion of deceased above the chest while he was in front of the car cranking the motor, it was impossible for the son to observe as to whether his father had slipped and fallen to his knee. In other words, defendant contends that the testimony as to the happening of an accident is to be discredited as being in contradiction to the physical facts. The trial court was persuaded by this argument. We are, however, disposed to believe upon examination of all of the testimony that it was within the province of the jury to determine the credibility of the witness, Julius, and for it to determine whether or not the facts related by him did or did not occur.
The testimony was conflicting as to whether or not the death resulted “directly and independently of all other causes, from bodily injuries sustained * * * through purely accidental means” or whether deceased died from natural causes. The following special questions were submitted to the jury:
1. “Did Nick Baba lose his life from bodily injuries, independently and exclusively of disease and all other causes causing his death?”
2. “Did Nick Baba die a natural death from natural causes rather than accidental causes?”
The jury answered question No. 1 in the affirmative and question No. 2 in the negative. The findings of the jury upon disputed questions of fact will not be disturbed where there is testimony to support such findings, except when the verdict is against the great weight of the evidence.
Plaintiff testified that on June 4,1934, the date of her husband’s death, she called the Detroit office of the defendant company by telephone and conversed with a man, unidentified by name, who she claims stated he was the" manager; that she requested information as to whether the premiums were paid to date on the policy and stated that her husband passed away in an accident. She further testified that the party with whom she was speaking informed her to discuss the matter with the Pontiac agent and ‘ ‘ send that certificate to the home office. ’ ’ The defendant’s Detroit manager denied any such conversation in its entirety. The son, Julius, claimed to have been present during the conversation and testified as to statements made by plaintiff over the phone at the time, his testimony being substantially the same as that of plaintiff with the ex ception that according- to him more details concerning- the alleged accident were then related by plaintiff. He further testified that a few days after decedent’s death he talked with the Pontiac agent and discussed the circumstances surrounding the death. This agent, also unidentified by name, is claimed to have stated that “he would take care of everything.”
On August 2, 1934, plaintiff wrote to defendant’s home office in which she stated, “I am notifying you of my husband’s death on June 4, 1934,” inclosing with said letter a coroner’s certificate reading in part, “The cause of death was acute mitral endocarditis (contributory cause excessive heat).” Acute mitral endocarditis was explained by one physician as being an acute inflammation of the lining of the heart. Subsequently, forms for making-proof of loss in compliance with provision 6, hereinbefore quoted, were mailed to plaintiff but never completed and returned to defendant by her. On August 30, 1934, she wrote to defendant as follows: “In regard to your last letter I received with applications to be filled out. The only person who filled one was the coroner. There was no doctor attention because his death was sudden.” On September 11, 1934, defendant by letter to plaintiff stated:
“The file in connection with the claim for last illness of Mr. Baba has been referred to our committee for their consideration, and they have pointed out to us that no disability was suffered by Mr. Baba for one day or more, consequently there would be no benefits due under the contract for the claim filed.
“In any event, it appears that Mr. Baba died of a heart disease, and his contract had not been in force continuously for the six preceding months, so there would be no liability, in accordance with the additional provisions of the contract. ’ ’
It is apparent from this letter that defendant considered the claim as one for disability resulting from heart disease or natural causes.
Assuming the alleged conversations of plaintiff with defendant’s Detroit manager and that of her son with the Pontiac agent establish compliance with the policy provision 4 requiring immediate notice of death, and that because of the failure thereafter of defendant to furnish promptly the necessary forms for proof of loss within 15 days as provided by provision 6, proof of loss on such forms was waived, we are confronted with the question as to whether plaintiff otherwise furnished such proof as is required by said provision 6. If she did, it must be found in her letters of August 2, and August 30, 1934. We believe this issue to be decisive and one upon which the judgment must be affirmed.
Standard provision 6 requires proof of the occurrence, character and extent of loss for which claim is made. The purpose of the requirement is to enable the insurer to form an intelligent estimate of its rights and liabilities. Griffin v. Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co., 250 Mich. 185. The liabilities of the defendant depended upon whether the deceased met his death “directly and independently of all other causes, from bodily injuries * * * through purely accidental means.” The proof furnished by plaintiff in her letter of August 2, 1934, indicated that deceased had expired from heart disease. No intimation was given that the death had resulted from accidental circumstances, upon which contingency the liability of the defendant was predicated under the terms of the policy. That defendant reasonably believed deceased had died from disease or natural causes is established by its letter of Sep tember 11, 1934. Plaintiff’s letter' of August 30th furnished no additional information. If the proof furnished by plaintiff was erroneously submitted, it was incumbent upon her to correct or supplement the same so that it would appear that the event upon which defendant’s liability depended had occurred. This she did not do. Her failure to comply with the plain requirements of the policy precludes her recovery. See Wachtel v. Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States, 266 N. Y. 345 (194 N. E. 850).
Plaintiff strenuously urges that defendant waived proof of loss by reason of the assurance of the unnamed Pontiac agent that he would take care of everything, by failure of defendant to furnish the forms within 15 days and by the claimed directions of defendant’s State manager given during the telephone conversation to consult the Pontiac agent and “send that certificate to the home office.” A careful examination of the record reveals nothing that would constitute a waiver by defendant of the provisions of the policy.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Biitzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, and Potter, JJ., concurred. | [
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Montgomery, J.
Complainant filed this bill to foreclose a mortgage on land. The mortgage was given by Joel H. Gillett and wife, who subsequently conveyed to defendant Knowles, subject to the mortgage. The mortgage refers. to a note given as collateral, and the bill of complaint sets out that 'there was such a note, and offers to produce and prove the same at the hearing. On the hearing a note was produced, signed by the mortgagors; but it appeared that the instrument produced was given long after the date of the mortgage, and was given with the purpose either of supplying .the omission to make out *R note at the time, or to supply the place of the note given with the mortgage, which had been lost. The defendant •Knowles, in his answer, states that he is willing to pay the note and mortgage on an indemnity against its appearance in other hands. The complainant contends that there was in fact no note accompanying the mortgage, but the scrivener who drew the mortgage testifies that there was a note, and this testimony is not satisfactorily met by complainant. We think the defendant Knowles entitled to indemnity in substantial compliance with sections 7518, 7519, How. Stat. See Yerkes v. Blodgett, 48 Mich. 211.
The decree will be so modified as to require payment of the amount due upon the mortgage within 30 days after filing of such indemnity. The defendant Knowles will recover costs of this Court. No costs will be awarded either party for proceedings at the circuit.
Hooker, C. J., Long and Grant, JJ., concurred. McGrath, J., did not sit.
Knowles testified that he agreed verbally to pay the mortgage. | [
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Potter, J.
Plaintiff brought replevin against defendant for certain personal property which he claimed was unlawfully detained by defendant. From a judgment for plaintiff, defendant appeals.
Defendant and appellant says 15 questions are involved, to which plaintiff and appellee adds 3 more.
Plaintiff was the custodian of a considerable amount of personal property, including a tent in which religious services were held. He erected it in the city of Highland Park, relying upon verbal permission from the mayor after a permit had been denied at a meeting of the council to erect the same. The chief of police took the tent down and stored it, together with the seats and other personal property used in connection therewith, because it was alleged it violated the building code of the city and was erected within the fire limits. The city retained possession of the personal property taken and plaintiff sued out a writ of replevin under and by virtue of which the greater part of the personal property taken was recovered, but part of which was not recovered. And for such property taken and not recovered on the writ of replevin, judgment was entered.
It was not necessary that plaintiff be the owner of the property. He was the custodian entitled to possession. Replevin is a possessory action. It lies for personal property wrongfully detained. The mere declaration by the common council of the city establishing fire limits would not authorize the pulling* down of the tent in question.
“The mere declaration by the city council * * * that a certain structure was an encroachment or obstruction did not make it so, nor could such declaration make it a nuisance unless it in fact had that character. It is a doctrine not to be tolerated in this country, that a municipal corporation, without any general laws either of the city or! of the State, within which a given structure can be shown to be a nuisance, can, by its mere declaration that it is one, subject it to removal by any person supposed to be aggrieved, or even by the city itself. This would place every house, every business, and all the property of the city, at the uncontrolled will of the temporary local authorities.” Yates v. Milwaukee, 10 Wall. (77 U. S.) 497, 505.
Defendant’s principal contention is that in the removal and detention of the property, the city was in the exercise of its municipal or governmental function and, therefore, there can be no liability,
‘ ‘ The legislative authorization exempts only from liability to suits, civil or criminal, at the instance of the State; it does not affect any claim of a private citizen for damages for any special inconvenience or discomfort not experienced by the public at large. * * * Numerous other decisions from the courts of the several • States might be cited in support of the position that the grant of powers and privileges to do certain things does not carry with it any immunity for private injuries which may result directly from the exercise of those powers and privilegies.” Baltimore & Potomac R. Co. v. Fifth Baptist Church, 108 U. S. 317, 332 (2 Sup. Ct. 719).
‘ ‘ The doctrine is entirely untenable that there can be no municipal liability for unlawful acts done by municipal authorities to the prejudice of private parties. * * * Although not subject like corporations to the jurisdiction of courts, it has always been understood that even States and nations may be held responsible for the wrongs of their authorized agents, and the whole system of public law rests on this assumption. The idea, therefore, that a corporate body has a discretionary power to do wrong and not suffer for it, is not in harmony with any safe principle. * * * There is no case where the actual taking of private property is damnum absque injuria.” Sheldon v. Village of Kalamazoo, 24 Mich. 383.
The other questions raised do not warrant discussion. We find no error in the proceedings of the trial court.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.
Bushnell, Sharpe, and Chandler, JJ., concurred with Potter, J. | [
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Fead, C. J.
Defendant corporation has capital of $10,000. Plaintiff owns six shares of stock, defendant Fauver 92 shares, and Mrs. Fauver two shares. Plaintiff filed this bill for an accounting, the nature of which is indicated by the decree entered.
The decree orders the corporation to pay plaintiff four small items aggregating $153.20; requires Fauver to return to the corporation $2,400 received by him for salary as manager; commands sale of all stocks and bonds owned by the corporation, in which Fauver invested its surplus money; decrees distri Tuition as dividends of all surplus of the corporation in excess of $10,000; and requires such surplus, if not invested in merchandise, to be carried in cash or United States tax exempt bonds. Both parties appeal.
The bill was filed August 8, 1933. Decree was entered April 6, 1935. Defendant moved for a new trial on account of a change of business conditions. The motion was denied. It should have been granted. The principal issue was not the proper division of the assets of the corporation but whether'the corporation was being conducted in disregard of plaintiff’s rights as a stockholder and a distribution of assets should be ordered. The character of the action requires that relief, particularly as to distribution of surplus, be based upon present, actual and probable future conditions and needs of the company, and it cannot be resolved back to a situation which no longer exists. Hopes and expectations in 1933 had been converted into realizations or disappointments in 1935 and a more normal business condition prevailed. This court ordered further testimony and it was taken upon the basis of the financial condition on June 30, 1936.
The corporation was organized in 1924, with capital of $5,000, contributed by Fauver, who took all the stock except one share to his wife and one to his attorney. The business has been managed by Fauver in an informal manner, with few stockholders’ or directors’ meetings and substantially without corporation records but with marked success. In addition to 100 per cent, stock dividend in 1928, the corporation has paid cash dividends every year since 1927, except 1930, aggregating $24,375, $9,875 of which were paid before this suit was begun and $14,500 afterwards.
Plaintiff entered the employ of the corporation as a salesman in 1925, and so continued until he resigned in May, 1933. He became a stockholder in 1927. He was a director from September, 1932, to June, 1933. He conducts a sales ag-ency and as to some of his wares he is in direct and vigorous competition with defendant company. He denies a purpose to cripple it by this suit. In addition to a stock dividend of one share, he has received cash dividends aggregating nearly 250 per cent, of the par value of his stock. The record does not show what he paid for his shares.
As to the claim of $153.20, the record justifies award to the plaintiff from the corporation of two items, $49.27 and $40 respectively, but does not permit allowance of the balance of the claim.
Plaintiff worked for defendant corporation on salary and commission. Fauver drew a salary each year, at first very small, increasing as the business grew, but over the period to 1929 his total pay did not equal that of plaintiff. In 1929, with the consent of the directors, Fauver was paid an extra $2,400 in order to render his past compensation about equal to what plaintiff had drawn.
From 1926 to 1932 inclusive, Fauver’s total compensation from the company, aside from dividends, averaged about $8,000 per year, while plaintiff’s averaged about $6,000 annually. The undisputed testimony is that Fauver’s salary was not unreasonable or excessive and the record is wholly devoid of evidence of fraudulent conduct or purpose on his part.
Plaintiff, however, contends that as Fauver was president of the corporation he could not receive any salary from it unless it were so provided in the by-laws. Fauver’s salary was paid him as manager and had no relation to his office as president. A corporation may pay fair compensation to its officers for services other than those pertaining to their official positions.
Moreover, it is too late for plaintiff to prevail upon the contention. He was always in intimate contact with the business. The books were kept in the office where he spent much of his time and were open to his inspection. Neither as stockholder nor director nor otherwise was he refused information by Fauver nor rebuked for making inquiry about anything. He knew Fauver was drawing a salary and never complained of it. On the contrary, he proposed a plan to Fauver by which the earnings of the company should be divided by way of salaries, with only, a small proportion retained to pay dividends and to build up surplus. And his own plan contemplated greater compensation to Fauver than he himself would receive. His profession of ignorance of Fauver’s salary is not convincing. But in any event, having had readily open to him full sources of information and knowing at least the general situation, he cannot now claim ignorance of the items or amount of Fauver’s salary nor have accounting for it. The case is ruled by Goodspeed v. Goodspeed, 273 Mich. 87, in this respect.
The portion of the decree requiring Fauver to account for the $2,400 is reversed.
It is not the function of the court to manage a corporation nor to substitute its own judgment for that of the officers thereof. It is only when the officers are guilty of wilful abuse of their discretionary powers or of bad faith or of neglect of duty or of perversion of the purpose of the corporation- or when fraud or breach of trust are involved that the court will interfere. Dodge v. Ford Motor Co., 204 Mich. 459 (3 A. L. R. 413).
While the court has power to order a dividend out of surplus profits — “it will not infringe upon the discretion vested in corporate officers, and in any instance is loath to act unless it is clearly made to appear that the discretion is, in had faith, abused.” Morehead Manfg. Co. v. Washtenaw Circuit Judge, 254 Mich. 697.
The record is clear that Fauver had visions of expansion of the business and that his conduct of it was not only presently sound but intelligent in preparation for anticipated future increase. Originally the business of the corporation was that of sales agency for lubricating devices, in which capacity it took orders which were filled by the manufacturer and the company received a commission. It expanded into the jobbing business, purchasing devices and selling them to consumers. It is also a distributor, buying from the manufacturer and selling to jobbers. All of these activities require both clerical and engineering services. And in its jobbing and distributing business the corporation is required to do the processing of some goods in order to fit the needs of the customers. Obviously the business required a surplus to take care of present business and provide for expansion of trade.
It is also undisputed that loans to sales agencies are not preferred by banks unless they are secured by collateral. Fauver invested part of the surplus in bonds and stocks with the idea that he would keep the funds employed and could sell securities or borrow .money to handle large orders which he thought he might receive. Since then his hopes of large orders have been realized. And while the company lias been able to handle them without borrowing, the wisdom of providing for the contingency needs no supporting argument.
Not only is the record devoid of any showing of improper motive on the part of Fauver but events have demonstrated his business acumen, as a comparison of figures will show. Using* round numbers, the sales in 1933 were about $50,000, the net profits $925, the surplus $35,000, the investment account at cost $30,000, and at market value $16,000. Each' subsequent year showed a splendid gain, so that in 1936, sales (10 months) were over $280,000, net profits (six months) $21,000, surplus $76,000, investment account at cost $24,000, and at market value $18,000. Some of the securities had been sold at a loss and others at a profit. As a whole, the account had increased $6,500 in value since 1933.
As of June 30, 1936, the cash, accounts receivable and investments totaled $48,000, with accounts and taxes payable of $23,000, leaving a balance of $25,000 of so-called quick assets. Certainly, this is not an unreasonable cushion.
In 1936 the company had a merchandise inventory of $29,000, with work in process for labor and materials $17,000, a total of $46,000. Fauver concedes that the inventory was too large and the board of directors discussed the declaration of a dividend of $20,000 in 1936. The record does not indicate whether or not this was done. (Counsel for defendant in his brief states that, subsequent to the hearing in*1936, $40,000 was paid in dividends.) Everyone admits that an inventory is not subject to exact measurement nor is it wholly within the control of defendant. Sometimes the manufacturer requires that a certain amount of his goods be kept on hand, and, of course, inventories are also dependent upon estimates of the needs of the business. The most that can be said about the item is that it grew by reason of good business; that defendant was receiving some large orders, and if and in so far as the inventory was excessive, it was a natural outcome of the growth of the concern, and, in no event, more than a mistake in judgment or failure to watch it closely. It does not indicate an improper design nor disregard of the interests of the stockholders.
An interesting element of. plaintiff’s complaint about the surplus is that, while he insists it should be distributed down to $10,000, as provided in the decree, he testified that such amount would be insufficient for the business and he refused to give an opinion of an adequate sum.
The present quarters of the corporation are inadequate. The directors want to build their own plant. They have purchased a lot and paid $8,750 thereon. The land is now worth more than the company- paid for it. Plaintiff complains of the purchase and the purpose to build and insists that it'would be cheaper for the company to rent and move from place .to place as its necessities demand. Whether a corporation should rent or have its own home primarily- is a matter for the board of directors to determine. It is not for the court to say that it is cheaper to rent or is not good business to build and decree accordingly. There is nothing in the record to' show that Fauver or the corporation have decided io build for the purpose of withholding dividends from plaintiff or are not acting in good faith, and this court has no reason to interfere.
Plaintiff also contends Fauver should make up the loss between the cost and market value of the securities purchased by him for the corporation. The investments were made before 1933, and a decline in their market value is no evidence of negligence in their purchase. The record does not impugn Fauver’s good faith or care or exercise of honest judgment in the purchase of securities. It was done for a proper purpose and for the benefit of the business and Fauver is not chargeable with any loss thereon.
While we have set up figures and discussed their application to the claims of plaintiff, this opinion is not to be taken as meaning that the court will audit balance sheets or minutely measure surplus to ascertain whether a distribution as dividends is possible as a business proposition. The scrutiny was merely to ascertain whether there was a plain and abundant surplus, so large and so presently useless and probably unnecessary for future business as to indicate that its accumulation was fraudulent or against the rights of stockholders. Whether it be taken as of 1933 or 1936, the surplus does not indicate misconduct of the business by Fauver, nor is there other evidence thereof.
The decree will be reversed and one may be entered for judgment of $89.27 in favor of plaintiff and against defendant corporation,.but denying' all other relief prayed. Defendants will have costs of both courts.
North, Wiest, Butzel, Bttshnell, and Sharpe, JJ., concurred with Fead, C. J.
Potter, J., concurred in the result.
Toy, J., took no part in this decision. | [
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Bushnell, J.
Plaintiff, a minor, by his next friend, recovered a $500 judgment for injuries claimed to have been inflicted through the negligent operation of a truck owned by defendant and driven by another.
On October 26,1935, defendant, who does business in tbe city of Hamtramck, permitted John Wandor to use bis truck to deliver a load of wood. Bruno Jasinski, a minor, accompanied Wandor. Jasinski had received small sums of money from time to time for helping the defendant in the latter’s beer store, but was not his employee. Wandor delivered the wood and then surrendered the keys of the truck to Jasinski, instructing him to return it to defendant’s store.
Jasinski did not select the shortest route by which to return to Odlewany’s store because, as he stated, “I was afraid I would get in an accident on Joseph Campau (which is the principal business street of Hamtramck), it was too busy a section.” Instead, he chose to drive on Conant avenue, which is several blocks east but runs in the same direction as Joseph Campau, as this would not require driving in traffic on Joseph Campau.
It is admitted that while driving on Conant, Jasinski turned west on Norwalk and proceeded about one-half block on the latter street to call on a friend, who was not at home. Jasinski then turned the truck around and headed back toward Conant, but before reaching Conant, struck some sand in the street, lost control of the truck, which ran up and over the curbing and injured plaintiff. The finding of the trial judge that Jasinski was negligent is not disputed.
Jasinski was driving the truck with the knowledge and consent of defendant.
“At the time of the accident the car was being used by John, who was riding in it, but was being driven by Walter. Does the essential consent mentioned’in .the statute (1 Comp. Laws 1929, §4648) relate to the driver, or to the vehicle ‘being driven?’ The statute makes the owner liable if the ‘motor vehicle is being driven with his or her express or implied consent or knowledge,’ and we cannot read into it the restriction that the particular driver must be known by and his driving consented to by the owner. The statute may be drastic, but we cannot render it less so by any permissible construction.” Kerns v. Lewis, 246 Mich. 423.
Was Jasinski deviating, from his route to defendant’s store when the accident occurred? Was the deviation of such a nature as to relieve defendant from liability?
The trial court held:
“Bruno did not take the most direct route to defendant’s place of business. He could have taken a shorter one. He testified that he took that route in order to avoid the congested traffic on Joseph Campau avenue. The deviation on Norwalk avenue was not more than three blocks. When the accident happened Bruno had turned around on Norwalk avenue and was on his way back to defendant’s store.
“It is my opinion and I so find that at the time of the accident the truck was being driven within the limits of the permission given by the defendant. I think it would be unreasonable to hold that a driver who deviates three blocks from his route to see his friend is without the scope of the permission given by the owner.” • '
For clarity, it must be shown that when Jasinski turned from Conant onto Norwalk, he was proceeding in the general direction of defendant’s store, but when he turned around and started back toward Conant, at which timé the accident occurred, he was going’ away from defendant’s store. Jasinsld testified:
“ Q. And you drove west on Norwalk almost to Gallagher to see this boy friend 1
“A. Yes, sir.”
Our holding in Irwin v. Williamson Candy Co., 268 Mich. 100, controls the question of the effect of Jasinsld’s deviation to visit a friend. We said in that case:
“The effect of appellant’s argument would be to construe Murphy v. Kuhartz, 244 Mich. 54, as holding that when a servant reaches a point less distant from his proper destination than the point of deviation, he would then re-enter the employment of his master. Such is not the meaning of the decision, nor is it a proper construction of the language of the opinion. The decision states:
“ ‘There are eases which hold that where a servant in driving his master’s truck so deviates from his regular route as to suspend the relation of master and servant, it is immediately restored when he starts to return. * * * But by better authority it is held that the relation of master and servant is not restored until he has returned to the place where the deviation occurred or to a corresponding place, some place where, in the performance of his duty, he should be.’
“The writer of the opinion determined from the facts presented that the driver, at the time of the accident, had reached a route where, in the performance of his duty, he should be, and then stated:
“ ‘When lie reached this route at a point less distant than the last place of delivery, he had completed the trip which he had taken on his independent business and had re-entered the employment of his master. He was then engaged in no business of his own but was exclusively in the service of his master.’
“The emphasis must be placed on the last sentence of the quotation. To place a different construction upon the decision would result in absurd application of the rule. Cases would be determined by comparisons of distances rather than upon proper consideration of the facts. Servants who engage in larks or escapades of their ovni, wholly unrelated to the business of their master, would thereby subject the master to damages. Such is neither the contemplation of the law nor the intent of our holding in that case.”
The deciding factor is not the degree of the deviation, but rather, whether the owner impliedly consented to the route taken. With this distinction in mind, it can be seen, that in a legal sense, there can be no such thing as slight deviation. Either there is, or there is not, a deviation. For example, where the owner of a vehicle gives express instructions as to the route to be followed, failure to follow that route without sufficient cause, would be a deviation, even though it were but one block from the route to be taken; the reason is there could be no implied consent to take another route. However, where no route is specified, and the driver, in the exercise of his judgment, selects a feasible one, even though it be not the shortest, there would be no deviation because the owner impliedly consented to whatever feasible route the driver selected; but failure to specify a particular route does not, of itself, permit a personal use of the vehicle, and unless consent can be implied from some other source, such use is a deviation. Such was the situation herein.
Some attempt is made to distinguish the decisions on this question where a master and servant relation is involved from those wherein the lender-borrower situation exists. There is no distinction in so far as the applicable legal theory is concerned, 1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 4648, governs both instances. Where a master and servant relation exists, the implied consent of the owner of the vehicle extends to the scope of employment. When the servant is outside the scope, he is outside the consent; the terms are co-extensive, and, as used in this sense, have the same meaning. The scope of employment is merely the measuring rod by which it can be determined whether the servant was acting* within the implied consent of the employer. The lender-borrower relation has no measuring rod, but the theory of implied consent is the same.
The judgment of the trial court is reversed and the cause is remanded for entry of judgment for defendant.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Btjtzel, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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North, J.
In this suit, tried in the circuit court without a jury, plaintiff, a New Jersey corporation, with its principal office in San Francisco, California, seeks to recover from the defendant, a Michigan corporation, damages in excess of $8,000 for an alleged breach of contract by the terms of which plaintiff claims defendant purchased on December 18, 1934, 250 bales of hops at an agreed price for delivery on or before June 1, 1935. On May 31, 1935, plaintiff shipped the hops to Muskegon, Michigan, with sight drafts for the purchase price attached to the bills of lading. Defendant refused to accept the shipment or to honor the drafts, but instead disclaimed any liability under the alleged contract. Thereafter, in accordance with a provision in the contract, plaintiff caused the hops to be resold at a substantial loss and brought this suit. The trial court found in favor of the defendant, entered judgment accordingly, and plaintiff has appealed.
One Howard Cranfill, a hops broker, acted in behalf of plaintiff in securing the order or contract upon which plaintiff relies. It was prepared on one of plaintiff’s standard forms, and as to the vendee was signed, ‘ ‘ Grand Rapids Brewing Co., per George G. Goldberg, Sec.-Treasurer.” The order contained the following provision:
“This agreement is subject to telegraphic or other written confirmation sent by the ‘seller’ to the ‘buyer’ on or before five .(5) business days from date hereof.”
On December 22d plaintiff confirmed the order by telegraphing Mr. Goldberg at Detroit, where the contract was negotiated, and also by registered letter addressed to the defendant at Muskegon, Michigan. The return receipt shows the letter was received December 27, 1934, at Grand Rapids, Michigan, by M. Van Yleet, who signed the receipt as agent for the addressee. On February 8, 1935, plaintiff, by letter addressed to the Grand Rapids Brewing Company at Muskegon, sought directions as to when shipment should be made. Mr. Goldberg-replied from Detroit that he was not able to give definite shipping date. Inquiries by mail on May 8th and 22d brought no reply from defendant. The letter of May 22d, registered and addressed to defendant at Muskegon, was receipted for at Muskegon, Michigan, by George Heinrich, who signed as addressee’s agent. On May 24th plaintiff wired to defendant at Muskegon threatening to make immediate shipment unless telegraphic instructions were received to defer same. In reply, Goldberg wired: “Hold shipment until you are notified by me,” signing the telegram “Geo. G. Goldberg.” Plaintiff immediately wired back demanding that the request to hold shipment be made by either the defendant or by George G. Goldberg as secretary and treasurer for the defendant. A registered letter dated May 25th, confirming these several telegrams, was mailed by plaintiff to defendant at Muskegon and to Geo. S. Goldberg at Detroit. This letter to defendant was also receipted for by George Heinrich, as addressee’s agent. Goldberg’s wife receipted for the duplicate registered letter addressed to her husband at Detroit. Again on May 27th plaintiff wired Goldberg concerning shipments and mailed duplicate let ters of confirmation to Goldberg at Detroit and to defendant at Mnskegon. Goldberg replied by wire:
“Not ready for shipment. Will wire about tenth June.
“(Signed) George G. Goldberg.”
Plaintiff again wired defendant that it would not delay shipment unless defendant or Goldberg as secretary and treasurer of the Grand Rapids Brewing Company sent the request for deferred shipment. The record does not show whether this message was delivered to defendant or Goldberg or to either of them. Shipment of the hops followed.
The defense urged is that Goldberg had no authority to give this order or make the contract relied upon by plaintiff, it being defendant’s' contention that Goldberg was neither an officer nor director of the company, nor an ag’ent authorized to bind it in the manner alleged by plaintiff. There is testimony that plaintiff’s broker induced Goldberg to sign the contract by a proposal which in substance was that in event the price of hops advanced they would sell the hops at a profit, but if the market declined the order would be cancelled. The trial court who saw and heard the witnesses found that plaintiff failed to prove authority on the part of Goldberg to bind the defendant company in the making of the alleged contract. The record sustains this finding.
But plaintiff urges that defendant’s failure to disavow Goldberg’s authority after defendant was advised by plaintiff of its receipt of the purported order estops defendant from now asserting such lack of authority.
We quote the following from the plaintiff’s brief:
“We have already pointed out the defendant’s striking failure to offer any. evidence that it did not receive the letter of December 22d, or that Van Vleet was not its employee. This failure seems intentional considering that defendant went out of its way to offer evidence concerning Heinrich, who had receipted for two letters of far less significance; The conclusion that defendant received this letter is imperative. * * *
“We submit that a party may not be permitted to refrain from writing a reply until it ascertains whether the contract will be to its advantage or to its disadvantage. * # *
“Where a person, having no authority to do so, purports to act as agent for another in dealing with a third person, his assumed principal must disaffirm the act within a reasonable time after learning of it. If he is silent after lie has obtained knowledge, that silence may operate as' ratification. Ratification does not require circumstances affirmatively showing an intention to ratify, ‘but results from applica-. tion of a rule of law that affirmative repudiation is necessary to disaffirmance.’ (Sullivan v. Bennett 261 Mich. 232 [87 A. L. R. 791].)”
■ From the above quoted portion of appellant’s brief it is apparent that it recognizes the sound provision of the law that action or inaction cannot work estoppel or be held to constitute ratification unless the party sought to be charged with estoppel or ratification had knowledge of attendant facts which give rise to estoppel or ratification. The weakness of plaintiff’s case is that notwithstanding defendant by its pleadings expressly denied the authority of Groldberg upon the agency of whom plaintiff primarily relies, and expressly denied liability on the contract which plaintiff alleges, plaintiff in the trial of the case failed to establish the agency of Groldberg, and also, as we view the record, has failed to establish knowledge on the part of defendant of facts or circumstances in consequence of which defendant can be found liable on tbe ground of estoppel or ratification. In other words, plaintiff has failed to establish by testimony that is at all convincing that Van Vleet, who according to the return receipt was the person to whom plaintiff’s registered letter of confirmation was delivered, had any authority whatever at that time to represent or act for defendant in any capacity. There is no showing that this letter of confirmation or its contents ever came to the knowledge of the defendant company or of any person authorized to represent it as an officer or agent. Without knowledge on the part of defendant of this letter, its receipt by Van Vleet could not constitute a ground of estoppel or of confirmation by which defendant would be bound.
Again, as to the registered letters which were delivered to and receipted for by George Heinrich, the testimony convincingly shows that Heinrich then had no authority to act in any capacity for defendant. Instead he was an employee of the contractor who was doing construction work on the brewery buildings. The burden of establishing that defendant had knowledge of these registered letters sent by plaintiff but receipted for by someone other than defendant, was upon plaintiff. Neither of the parties who receipted for such letters was produced as a witness. ■ It is not sufficient for plaintiff to criticize defendant for not having produced them. The presumption arising from a return receipt card ■signed -by one purporting to be the addressee’s agent may be strengthened, weakened, or overcome by proof of attendant pertinent circumstances. In the instant case plaintiff’s registered letter of December 22, 1934, confirming the order upon which plaintiff relies, was addressed to Muskegon, Michigan; but at that time the Grand Bapids Brewing Company did not have an office in Muskegon. The president and general manager of defendant company, G. A. Kusterer, testified that he first learned of the alleged contract after the shipment of hops arrived in Muskegon. This testimony was not contradicted. These and other circumstances disclosed by the record are in conflict with the presumption that Van Vleet, who signed for the registered letter of December 22d, was an agent of the addressee and that defendant received the letter. Evidently the trial judge found against the plaintiff on this issue.
The burden of making its case was upon plaintiff; and the issues framed by the pleadings clearly disclosed that plaintiff could not succeed except it offered testimony by which the alleged contract was established or testimony of facts aüd circumstances by which defendant would be bound either on the theory of estoppel or ratification. Our view of the record satisfies us that plaintiff did not establish its right to recover on either theory.
In reaching this conclusion we have not overlooked the testimony showing telegrams sent by plaintiff to defendant; but the record is barren of testimony showing defendant’s receipt of these messages. There were also unregistered letters noted above. But plaintiff was reasonably advised by the return receipt of the December 22d registered letter that defendant did not receive mail addressed to Muskegon, but instead the receipt was from Grand Rapids. The fact that mail addressed to defendant in Muskegon was forwarded to Grand Rapids and the further fact that at no time did plaintiff receive a reply to its numerous messages which purported to be signed by an officer or director of the company, was ample warning to have put plaintiff on inquiry as to actual receipt of its communications by defendant. In addition to the above Mr. Cranfill, through whom plaintiff received this order, testified as follows :
“I recall writing a letter to Mr. Taylor of E. Clemens Horst Company, dated May 25, 1935, in which I said that I had been to Muskegon three times but I had not been able to contact Mr. Goldberg and I did not think it advisable to ship hops without their confirmation. * * * I had not been able to contact officers of the Grand Rapids Brewing Company. I could never find anybody that knew where anybody was. I was up there three times altogether on my trips in that section at the city of Muskegon but I could never see anybody in authority at the plant. I never attempted to contact the office of the Grand Rapids Brewing Company in Grand Rapids. I did not know until after the hops had been shipped that the principal office of the Grand Rapids Brewing Company was in the city of Grand Rapids. I did not know what corporation owned the brewery building in Muskegon. I did not know it was owned by the Brewery Holding Company (instead of the Grand Rapids Brewing Company).”
On May 25, 1935, plaintiff’s sales manager, Mr. Taylor, wrote to Mr. Cranfill, its broker, as follows:
“We cannot understand why Mr. George G. Goldberg, when wiring us on the 24th instant did not sign his wire as secretary-treasurer for the Grand Rapids Brewing Company instead of as an individual * * * We have not yet heard from the brewery.”
At the trial of the case Mr. Taylor, a witness for plaintiff, testified:
“We addressed our letters to the Grand Rapids Brewing Company and Mr. Goldberg answered them. ’ ’
It is also true that all replies by wire prior to shipment received by plaintiff came from Goldberg. The presumption of receipt of mail addressed by plain tiff to defendant is overcome by tbe testimony of the bad faith on the part of plaintiff’s broker agent and Goldberg in the original execution of the order and also by testimony .showing receipt of plaintiff’s communications by others than the defendant to whom they were addressed.
Moreover, plaintiff cannot recover on the theory of estoppel in the instant case because it appears from the testimony that it was guilty of failure to exercise reasonable care in ascertaining the truth as to the genuineness of the order before making shipment. . Prior to shipment plaintiff became possessed of knowledge which was ample to prompt investigation by a good faith vendor. Despite repeated efforts plaintiff was unable to obtain any sort of acknowledgment of the transaction from an officer of the defendant company. The undisputed testimony is that at no time was Goldberg an officer or director of the defendant company or otherwise authorized to bind it by a contract of the character here in suit. The public records of Michigan corporations were easily available to plaintiff and from this source plaintiff, if it had seen fit, could have easily advised itself of the personnel of defendant’s officers. In fact plaintiff in April, 1935, did obtain a Dun & Bradstreet commercial report by which it was advised who the persons were that were identified with the business of the Grand Rapids Brewing Company. While this'réport gave plaintiff some information concerning Goldberg, it in no wáy indicated that he was an. officer or director- of the defendant company or an agent having authority to bind the defendant company in the manner alleged by plaintiff. Notwithstanding all this information, plaintiff subsequently made the shipment and subjected itself -to damages for which it now seeks to recover. Under the circumstances plaintiff cannot recover on the theory of estoppel. American Trust Co. v. Bergstein, 246 Mich. 527; Northern Michigan Lumber Co. v. Lyon, 95 Mich. 584; Maxwell v. Bay City Bridge Co., 41 Mich. 453.
Because he had the advantage of seeing and hearing the witnesses at the trial, we quote from the. opinion of the circuit judge:
“I am satisfied that Goldberg intercepted the few communications which he did not receipt for' or that they were otherwise kept from the attention of any person authorized to bind the defendant company. I am further satisfied that Cranfill induced Goldberg to sign the order for the hops in order that speculation could be carried on and that when the time came for shipment- Goldberg made every effort to conceal the transaction from anyone in authority in defendant corporation. Goldberg’s conduct throughout the transaction is evidence of the fact that he did not represent defendant corporation and wished that the fact that he had signed the order be kept from its attention. * * *
“Outside of the alleged representations made by Goldberg to the contrary, the proof is undisputed that he was an employee of the Brewery Holding Company, not of the Grand Rapids Brewing Company at the time of the signing of the contract. The numerous efforts made by plaintiff to induce Goldberg to affix the title ‘secretary & treasurer’ to his communications is evidence of the fact that it knew, or should have known had it exercised ordinary care and caution, that' Goldberg was not in a position to bind defendant. Goldberg’s repeated refusal to sign communications in the desired official capacity should have been ample warning to plaintiff that shipping the hops under such circumstances would likely result in difficulties. Slight effort directed in the right direction would have enabled plaintiff to learn of the true situation.”
Appellant complains of the refusal of the trial court to re-open the proofs substantially a month after the hearing. The application for re-opening the case was based upon a showing that after the trial plaintiff’s counsel had learned of three instances in which Goldberg between December, 1934, and June, 1935, had purchased equipment, evidently for the completion of the brewery then being constructed and equipped in Muskegon by the Brewery Holding Company. The affidavit sets up that materials so purchased were paid for by the Grand Rapids Brewing Company. There is no controversy in the record, nor was there at the time of the trial, that Goldberg in some capacity represented the Brewery Holding Company in the construction work which it was at this time carrying on in Muskegon. But regardless of all this, in view of the finding of the circuit judge just above noted, the admission of this additional testimony could not have altered the outcome of the case. It was within the discretion of the trial court to deny the motion for taking further testimony.
Appellant also makes complaint about the admission of hearsay testimony. The trial of the instant case was without a jury. We are satisfied that the admission of this testimony did not materially affect decision herein. It is therefore not a ground for reversal.
The judgment entered in the circuit court is affirmed, with costs to appellee.
Fead, C. J., and Wiest, Btjtzel, Btjshnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Fead, C. J.
This is ejectment to try defendant’s right to possession of premises in Montmorency county, held under a tax title.
October 5, 1925, Leo Spencer, owner of tax deed, put notices of reconveyance in the hands of Sheriff Turner of Montmorency county for service. Florence Y. Dustin was the last recorded owner in the regular chain of title and the Alpena National Bank was mortgagee. The deed under which Mrs. Dustin took title described her as of the city of Alpena, county of Alpena, State of Michigan.
On the same day the sheriff, Turner, sent the notices to Sheriff Hatch of Alpena county, for service. Hatch received the notices October 7th, made service on the bank the same day, and before October 10th returned the original to Turner with return of service on the bank but no return as to Mrs. Grustin. He also wrote Turner that Mrs. Gustin was in Florida and gave him an address at which to reach her.
October 10th, Turner mailed a registered letter containing a copy of the notice, addressed to Florence V. Gustin, 211 South Olive Street, Arcade Bldg., West Palm Beach, Florida, the address he had obtained from Hatch.
November 4th, the letter was returned, undelivered, to Sheriff Turner. November 28th, he made return of inability after careful inquiry to ascertain the whereabouts or post office address of Mrs. Gustin and thereupon, publication of the tax notice was had.
The principal contention is that Sheriff Turner did not make the “careful inquiry” required by 1 Comp. Laws 1929, § 3535. The sheriff’s return, although an official act, may be impeached for falsity or fraud. Heethuis v. Kerr, 194 Mich. 689.
The statute contemplates that one who purchases a tax title must make an honest and diligent effort to ascertain the whereabouts of the owner that he may be served with notice of the sale and have an opportunity to redeem. Wolf v. McDonald, 244 Mich. 59.
Mr. Gustin was a lawyer and had lived in Alpena since 1893. Mrs. Gustin had lived in Alpena most of her life. They were married in 1920 or 1921, and had always made their home with Mrs. Gustin’s mother, who had always lived in Alpena. They also had a summer home in the county. Mr. Gustin had business interests in Florida and other southern States and was absent from Alpena a considerable part of the time but with frequent returns home. Mrs. Gustin also was absent often, sometimes with her husband and sometimes on other trips. At the trial, in 1932, Mr. Gustin could not remember the particular places where they were at specific dates but said they were at West Palm Beach at times in 1924 and 1925. He stated that the Arcade Building was a business block in which neither he nor Mrs. Gustin ever had space. Mrs. Gustin did not testify.
Sheriff Turner knew Mr. Gustin and assumed Florence V. Gustin was his wife when he sent the tax notices to Alpena county for service. He made .no inquiry to ascertain her residence. He acted upon the private information from Hatch in sending the registered letter, and after its return to him he made no inquiry or attempt to ascertain the whereabouts or post office address of Mrs. Gustin except (and he was very uncertain of it) he thought he saw Hatch thereafter and the latter .said the address he gave Turner was the best he could get.
Sheriff Hatch did not remember anything about the matter, did not state that he had made any inquiry nor from whom he had received the address he passed on to Turner.
Defendant raises the question of the residence of Mrs. Gustin. But such claim is important only as bearing upon whether the sheriff of Alpena county should have made a return as to his inability to find her in the county. Hildie v. Eckhart, 203 Mich. 346. It is of no consequence upon the issue of whether Turner made careful inquiry to ascertain her whereabouts or post office address as a basis for publication. The testimony is undisputed that Mrs. Gustin was, during the time at issue, a resident of Alpena.
The situation indicates many obvious sources of information open to the sheriff which would naturally be pursued by anyone actuated by a good faith desire to ascertain Mrs. Gustin’s whereabouts and which would be practically certain to disclose them. The testimony also shows a total absence of attempt to pursue the obvious sources of information or to make even casual inquiry. To sustain the service under these circumstances, would invite tax purchasers to disregard the statute. The service upon Mrs. Gustin was void and plaintiffs, present owners, are entitled to possession.
Reversed and remanded for entry of judgment for plaintiffs.
North, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Pot-' ter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Butzel, J.
M. E. Crawford, as guardian of the estate of Ben Klauka, mentally incompetent, filed a claim in the proceedings to dissolve the Lapeer Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Association in which Klauka and wife in 1925 took out a policy on their farm buildings and personal property. A mortgage clause with full contribution making the loss, if any, payable to the Pioneer Bank of North Branch, Michigan, was subsequently attached to the policy.
' On October 2, 1932, a fire caused a partial loss of the buildings and personal property. The company adjusted the loss and its secretary advised the owners that it would pay the loss on the personal property and restore the buildings that had been destroyed. It placed the loss on its books at $2,550 on the building’s and $265.15 on the personal property. It made 20 payments aggregating $420 between April 11, 1933, and November 9, 1934, on account of its admitted liability.
Inasmuch as the amount paid to the Klaukas, or their representative, exceeded the amount of the adjusted loss on the personal property, it appears that the insurance company, pressed for funds, began to pay for the loss of the buildings instead of restoring them. On September 17, 1935, almost three years after the fire, a receiver was appointed for the insurance company by the Ingham county circuit court. Klauka and wife have been divorced and the property with the insurance claim evidently was awarded to Klauka. He was adjudicated insane and Crawford, who was appointed guardian, filed a claim on December 30, 1935, against the company in the amount of $2,985.61, representing the sum of $2,550 for the loss on the buildings and also $435.61 for interest.
Mrs. Klauka, who subsequently remarried and became Mrs. Conant, makes no claim to any share in the insurance. The correctness of the amount of the claim has not been determined as the trial judge denied it in toto. If allowed, all payments made by the company and subsequent assessments must be deducted. Upon the hearing of claims, the receiver introduced an excerpt taken from the assessment roll for the year 1931 in which a number of policies, the amount and class, the assessment levied, the date of payment, columns showing payment and non-payment, and other notations appear. The number and amount of their policy is given and an assessment of $53.13 is shown and no date given as to when the assessment was paid nor is there any amount stated as being unpaid. In the blank space for memoranda, the name of the Pioneer Bank, North Branch, appears and also a pencil memorandum which states, “Hold out in fire loss.” The North Branch Depositors Corporation succeeded to the bank’s rights.
Section 8 of the charter of the company, as amended, provides that the secretary-treasurer shall, on or before the 15th of January of each year, mail notice of the assessment and amount due to each member of the association to his last known post-office addressthat such assessment shall be due and payable to the association on or before the 15th day of February following. In default of payment, the member shall stand suspended until payment of the assessment, which shall be considered as a lien on the insured property, and in case the assessment remains unpaid until the first of the following April, the secretary-treasurer shall cancel the delinquent member’s insurance without relieving the member from liability for all sums due the association by virtue of such insurance. There is a further provision that the association shall not be liable for any loss or damage to the property which may happen during the suspension. It would appear that the affairs of the company were not very carefully handled. Though no amendment to the by-laws is shown in the record, the exhibits indicate that subsequently the time for the payment of the assessments was set at a date later than on or before February 15th of the year, the assessment for the year 1932 being payable on or before November 15th of that year and one for 1933 being payable on or before August 1,1933.
Crawford’s receipts for 1932 and 1933 assessments show that they were paid in “July,” the receipts stating “to be deducted from claim.” At the hearing’ on the claims before the trial judge, Mr. Crawford appeared as a witness for claimant, evidently without an attorney, and stated that he was unable to find the receipt for 1931 and asked for further time. The North Branch Depositors Corporation, which could easily have been misled by the fact that the claim for loss had already been allowed and payment made thereon, neglected or omitted to file any claim with the receiver until after the time when the judge disallowed Klauka’s claim in toto. A motion for rehearing* was filed by both of appellants and testimony was taken on the motion. Mrs. Conant testified that she had destroyed a number of papers when she remarried, long after the adjustment of the fire loss and that no previous question had been raised as to the payment of premiums; that there were no assessments that she had not paid; that she was positive she had paid them in cash direct to the secretary of the company, and that she always paid the insurance premiums. A page containing a statement in the company’s books relating to the loss shows that the loss on real estate was placed on the books at $2,550 and on the personal property at $266.15 and the amounts paid thereon totaled $420. There is no entry in this statement showing that the assessment was unpaid. The sole evidence of non-payment is the assessment roll with'the pencil memorandum. The roll shows that at least two others of the 12 policyholders, whose names appear on the same page of the record, paid their assessments, evidently for 1931, in the year 1932. There is no showing whatsoever as to who made the pencil memorandum on the assessment roll. On the other hand, there is in evidence the testimony of Mrs. Conant that she paid all assessments; that the loss was adjusted without any objection; and 20 payments were made thereon; that further assessments were made for the years 1932 and 1933; that at the time of the fire, both insured and insurer believed the policy to be in force; that the assessment notices for 1932 and 1933 were both receipted for with a notation that they were to be paid out of the fire loss; that insured took out no new insurance after the time of the alleged suspension ; and that in 1935 a notice of special assessment for the years 1931 and 1932 was mailed to the insured by the secretary-treasurer of the association. The latter notice contained also a column for the insertion of unpaid regular assessments. There was no amount claimed for unpaid regular ass'essments. On June 3, 1932, after the date when de fendant claims the policy was suspended, the association attached mortgage clauses to the policy. All these facts taken together corroborate Mrs. Conant’s testimony that the assessments were paid. The judge, in denying the motion for rehearing, stated that the additional testimony was insufficient to warrant reversal of his original conclusion.
Hearing the motion de novo, the case being one in equity, we believe that there was more than sufficient testimony to establish the appellant’s claim, notwithstanding* the assessment roll with the penciled memorandum unexplained by any testimony as to how or when it was made by appellee, which acknowledged its careless method of conducting its business. There was further testimony on the part of the cashier of the bank that it had received no notice of nonpayment of the assessment. The judge, having* considered all the testimony on the rehearing, should have allowed the claim of the guardian subject to proper deductions on account of payments made on the loss and assessments that had become due. Such sum should be paid to the North Branch Depositors Corporation to the extent of its interest, and the balance, if any, to Klauka’s guardian.
As these amounts cannot be determined in this court, the case is remanded to the trial court to enter an order in accordance with this opinion. Appellants will recover costs.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Btjshnell, Sharpe, Potter, and- Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Hooker, J.
The defendant, being garnished in a proceeding in justice’s court, wherein the plaintiff was principal defendant, disclosed that it was indebted to the principal defendant for his personal labor, but was silent as to whether he was a householder.. It does not appear that the fact was within the knowledge of the garnishee defendant, though there was testimony tending to show that it had been so informed by the principal defendant. At the close of the examination the garnishee paid to the justice all money that was due to the principal defendant, and it was applied to the judgment against him. This action was thereupon brought against the garnishee defendant by the principal debtor to recover his exemptions, which he claims that the garnishee defendant could not lawfully pay over to the justice.
A garnishee proceeding is purely statutory. If the gar. nishee would protect himself from an action by his creditor, he must see that he takes each step in conformity to law. In other words, he cannot waive any rights of the principal debtor without incurring a personal liability. Hirth v. Pfeifle, 42 Mich. 31. The proceeding is statutory, and in derogation of the common law, and the statute must be strictly followed to bind the principal defendant. Maynards v. Cornwell, 3 Mich. 309; Townsend v. Circuit Judge, 39 Id. 407; Sievers v. Wheel Co., 43 Id. 275; Ford v. Dock Co., 50 Id. 358. In Hanselman v. Kegel, 60 Mich. 548, this Court said:
“The proceedings under the garnishee statutes are in derogation of the common law. Not only must the statutes be strictly construed, but there is no authority for any action or prohibition of action outside of them.”
How. Stat. § 8032, says that the act shall not apply to $25 of the amount due the principal defendant, where he is a householder having.a family, and the debt is for his personal labor; and section 8037, which permits payment of any sum to the justice in advance of the adjudication, expressly excepts this labor claim. As the right did not exist independent of the statute, and as the statute does not compel it, but on the contrary expressly denies it, we think the payment of such sum is at the peril of the garnishee, unless circumstances create an estoppel which should preclude the principal defendant from* asserting such claim against the garnishee.
‘ It may be said that this is a hardship upon the garnishee; that he must determine at his peril whether the principal defendant is or is not a householder, when he may have no means of ascertaining the fact. It may be admitted that the law might be improved, but the hardship is not a necessary one. There is no law that compels a garnishee to determine the question, and to testify accordingly. He may state any fact that has come to his knowledge, by hearsay or otherwise; and it is his duty to do so, under the repeated decisions of this Court. Drake v. Railway Co., 69 Mich. 168; Sexton v. Amos, 39 Id. 695. He may always safely state that he do.es not know whether the principal defendant is a householder, and, until it appears that he is not, the labor claim is secure; for, unless the disclosure shows a clear liability of the fund to the process, it cannot be reached. Townsend v. Circuit Judge, 39 Mich. 407; Sexton v. Amos, Id. 695; Lyon v. Kneeland, 58 Id. 570; Newell v. Blair, 7 Id. 103; Thomas v. Sprague, 12 Id. 120; Wellover v. Soule, 30 Id. 481; Hewitt v. Lumber Co., 38 Id. 701; Hackley v. Kanitz, 39 Id. 398; Spears v. Chapman, 43 Id. 541; Weirich v. Scribner, 44. Id. 73; Lorman v. Insurance Co., 33 Id. 65. Thus it is seen that the garnishee may always protect himself by his disclosure, and he may perhaps do the same by giving the principal defendant an opportunity to appear and defend the suit against the garnishee, without which the fund cannot be reached unless he chooses to pay it to the justice.
But there is no room for an estoppel here, because the illegal payment was not made in reliance on any representation of the principal defendant, but of defendant’s own volition.
The judgment will be affirmed.
McGrath, C. J., and Montgomery, J., concurred with Hooker, J. | [
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Hooker, J.
The complainant filed the bill in this cause to enforce a lien upon the building of the Muskegon Machine & Foundry Company for some brick siding and steel roofing furnished therefor. The bill makes defendants several persons whom it alleges have acquired and claim interests in said premises subsequent to the time that complainant’s lien attached, among them one John J. Howden, who was appointed receiver by the Muskegon circuit court, in chancery, in a suit pending therein between said company and the Union National Bank, which is also made defendant. Three of the defendants joined in a general demurrer. The court made an order overruling the demurrer, and giving the defendants leave to file answers under the rule, upon payment of costs, including a solicitor’s fee of $10. From this order the demurring defendants appeal.
The points made by counsel for the appellants are—
1. That the bill does not specifically allege the terms of the contract upon which the lien is based.
2. That the bill shows that defendant Howden is a receiver, appointed by order of court, and that it does not appear that authority has been granted to bring suit against him.
3. That the rights claimed by the receiver and other defendants should have been set up in the bill, and that it is not enough to allege simply that they claim rights in the property.
4. That the bill fails to show that the principal defendant has been given an opportunity to pay before filing the bill.
As to the first of these, we will only say that, in our opinion, the bill does allege a complete and perfectly legal contract executed upon the par# of complainant, without proceeding to demonstrate it.
As to the fourth point raised, our attention is not called to any case which holds that demand is essential before bringing a suit to enforce an equitable right. At law no such rule prevails, and a creditor may bring his action after the claim matures. In this case the principal defendant promised to pay at the expiration of 30 days after the material was furnished, but it did not. Subsequently proceedings were taken to file the lien which the law created, and of these the receiver, who is the legal representative of the principal defendant, had notice. Afterwards this bill was filed, and we think the contention that it is bad on general demurrer, for this reason, is without merit.
But we think the second point is well taken. By repeated decisions, the Court has settled the doctrine that courts of equity require leave to be obtained before a suit can be commenced against a receiver. The bill in this case alleges that the affairs of the Muskegon Machine & Foundry Company are in the hands of the defendant Howden, as receiver, appointed by the Muskegon circuit court, in chancery; thus showing the necessity of obtaining leave, but nowhere alleging that it has been obtained. While it is possible that this might not be fatal at the hearing (1 Daniell, Ch. Pr. 555), it is a proper reason for denying relief, if seasonably brought to the attention of the court, which complainant’s counsel admit that it might be by plea to the jurisdiction . (Id., and cases cited). Where the ‘ bill shows the defect, a plea would seem unnecessary, if not improper, under the rule that a plea is not usually permitted where the question can be raised by demurrer. This, being a substantial defect, may be raised by general demurrer. Story, Eq. PI. § 455; Bart. Suit Eq. 107, 108. This is a ground of demurrer by all the defendants.
As this cause will be remanded, with leave to the complainant to apply to the court for permission to amend its bill of complaint in this particular, it becomes necessary to consider. the other question raised, viz., whether the claims of the various parties defendant are alleged with sufficient particularity. Three defendants demur and appeal, viz., the Muskegon Machine & Foundry Company, the Muskegon Improvement Company, and the Illinois Trust & Savings Bank. The' bill alleges that the last two named and several other defendants appear, from the records in the office of the register of deeds, to have^ or claim to have, rights and interests in the premises upon which complainant asserts its lien, or in some part or parts thereof, as subsequent purchasers, mortgagees, lien claimants, or otherwise. This is all that is stated in regard to such interests. As to defendant Howden, the bill states that he was on or about September 6, 1892, appointed re ceiver by the Muskegon circuit court, in chancery, in a suit then and now pending in said court between the Union National Bank (a party defendant) and the Muskegon Machine & Foundry Company, and that, by virtue of said appointment, he, as such receiver, claims an interest in the premises. In cases of bills for foreclosure of mortgages, Chancery Rule No. 91 permits defendants to be made parties, by such a general allegation as that mentioned, where they are purchasers of, or have liens on, the equity of redemption in the mortgaged premises, subsequent to the registry or recording of complainant’s mortgage, and claim no right in opposition thereio. We s6e no reason for excluding bills for the foreclosure of mechanics’ liens from the operation of this rule. The analogy between such a lien and a mortgage is close, and section 9 of the lien, law seems to recognize the fact. Act No. 179, Laws of 1891. See, also, the ease of Burtch v. McGibbon, 98 Mich. 139, where a lien is called a “ statutory mortgage.” Upon its face, the bill indicates that these defendants have interests within Rule 91, and we are not called upon to anticipate a claim of any other interest, the bill being taken as true for the purposes of this hearing.
The order of the circuit court, in chancery, will be reversed, and the demurrer allowed, with costs of both courts. The record will be remanded, with leave to the complainant to apply- to that court for permission to amend the bill.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Hooker, C. J.
This case comes to this Court upon case made.
Plaintiff secured a judgment for $50 in justice’s court against Walker & Letherby, copartners. He garnished the defendant after the judgment was rendered. Hpon return of the garnishee summons, the plaintiff declared against the garnishee defendant immediately. The garnishee defendant declined to plead, and moved to dismiss the proceedings for the following reasons:
££1. The said court has no jurisdiction.
“2. The proceedings herein had were not authorized by the statutes of the State of Michigan.
“ 3. The court has no jurisdiction to enter a judgment against the garnishee defendant in the proceedings had in this action.
££4. No proper declaration has been filed in these proceedings.
££ 5. Because, under the laws of Michigan, drafts payable to the order of another are not liable in the hands of a third person, — a carrier.
££ 6. The disclosure of the garnishee fails to make out a prima facie case. •
“ The garnishee defendant therefore objects to any judgment being entered against him in the above cause.”
Judgment was rendered in favor of the plaintiff, and the defendant appealed to the circuit court, when, upon the trial, the same objections were made. The court heard the proofs in the case, and rendered judgment for the defendant. No request was made for findings of fact and law, but the court files an opinion, which he considered sufficient for the purpose of review. Exceptions were taken to his conclusions upon the law, but not to the findings of fact, which are as follows:
“In this case there is little or no conflict in the facts, which I find to be as follows, viz.:
“On the 12th day of April, 1892, the plaintiff, Christ Elser, obtained judgment in the justice’s court for $50 damages and $3.25 costs against Jose Walker and James Letherby, liquor dealers at Sturgis, Mich. April 28, thereafter, said James Letherby bought of the National Bank of Sturgis draft No. 30,057, which read as follows, viz.:
“ ‘$500. Pay to the order of Chas. E. Perrin, county treasurer, five hundred dollars.
“ ‘ [Signed] William: M. Allman, Cashier.
“‘To the Chase National Bank of New York.’
“This draft, on the next day, was delivered to Andrew Pommel, the garnishee defendant, by Walker & Letherby for the purpose of being taken to Oentreville to obtain a license to sell liquor from Charles E. Perrin, the county treasurer, to Walker & Letherby. While it was thus in his hands the writ of garnishment was issued, April 29, out of justice’s court, returnable May 9, and served upon him. He went to the office of the treasurer, and obtained licenses for others, but, because of the garni&hee proceedings, did not obtain one with the draft in question. He made a disclosure, and had it in his possession at that time. His disclosure- in the justice’s court, and his testimony upon the trial in the circuit court, state, in substance, that he received the draft as above stated;' that he regarded it as belonging to Charles E. Perrin; that he took it as carrier only; that after his disclosure he delivered it to the attorney for Letherby; and that he had no other property or effects in his hands, belonging to Walker & Letherby.”
But two questions are raised:
1. Were the proceedings defective for want of a summons to show cause?
2. Was the draft subject to garnishment as the property of Walker & Letherby?
Section 7, chap. 276, How. Stat., provides that in certain cases the plaintiff may declare immediately after closing the examination of the garnishee; and when the judgment against the principal defendant has been rendered, and the time for staying execution and for appeal has expired, we think that such declaration may be filed at once, without the formality of a summons to show cause, as provided in section 10; otherwise, the word “immediately,” in section 7, is without significance. The summons is necessary in other cases because of the indefinite adjournment provided for by section 7. The garnishee defendant has no other means of knowing that the judgment has not been paid, stayed, or appealed. But where the adjournment is not required by'section 7 the garnishee defendant is before the court, and needs no further notice.
The court seems to have found that the draft was the property of Walker & Letherby. If.so, no good reason is suggested for treating it differently from any other property. It is true that it was payable to a third party, but he had no right’ to or claim upon it. Walker & Letherby had. They were under no obligation to hand it over to Perrin, and could have found a way to collect the money represented by it. How. Stat. § 8047; Storm v. Cotzhausen, 38 Wis. 139.
We must therefore reverse the judgment, and order a new trial.
The other Justices concurred.
Section 8047. “Whenever the garnishee shall pay or deliver to the officer having such execution any property which may be sold on an execution by existing laws, the officer shall proceed to levy upon and sell the same at public auction or vendue as in other cases; and if the garnishee shall deliver to such officer any notes, bills, bonds, or other choses in action, the officer shall return the same to the justice, to be retained in his hands for the use of the plaintiff, and the plaintiff may sue or collect the same, or so much thereof as may be necessary to pay the judgment against the defendant, and the costs. The balance, if any, shall be returned to the garnishee or the defendant. All bills, bonds, notes, accounts, and other choses in action received or delivered under the provisions of this section shall be taken subject to all liens, set-offs, rights, liabilities, and equities existing between the original parties thereto.” | [
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McGrath, J.
This is ejectment.. The defendant, upon the trial, made title to the premises in question through a sheriffs sale that had been made by virtue of a judgment in a suit commenced by attachment against one Hurd, who was published in under How. Stat. § 8003, and:. who quitclaimed to the plaintiff. Plaintiff insists that the attachment proceedings are void by reason of certain jurisdictional defects, which will be taken up in the order presented.
That the affidavit for the writ was sworn to July 25, and was not filed until July 27. The statute provides that the affidavit shall not be deemed insufficient by reason of the intervention of a day between the date of the jurat .and the' issuing of the writ. The statute permits the intervention of a day between the date of the jurat and “the act or date of issuing the writ. The time provided does not begin to run until the expiration of the day upon which the affidavit is executed, and the writ may issue .after the expiration of the intervening day.
That the return of the sheriff does not show that he made diligent search for the defendant. The return recites •“that, after diligent-inquiry, I am unable to find Charles Hurd, the defendant named in this- writ, as I am commanded.” The writ commanded the sheriff to summon defendant, “if to be found.” Section 8003 authorizes the publication if it appear by the return of the writ that neither of the defendants could be found. The statute does not contemplate a search in the sense that the sheriff must make a tour of the entire county to find the defendant, but a determination by the sheriff that he has been unable to find him within the life of the writ. A return that “I am unable to find the defendants in said attachment named” was held good in Hitchcock v. Hahn, 60 Mich. 459.
That the return of the sheriff shows that all the property attached was appraised by B. C., O. N. Gr., and Gr. E. C., while the appraisals show that one parcel was appraised by O. N. G. and G. E. C., and the other by B. C. and C. N. G. The appraisals were referred to in and attached to the return, and form a part thereof, and must be considered in connection therewith. The affidavit negatives the assertion made in the brief that the three were sworn to appraise both parcels.
That it does not appear -from the return of the sheriff that he attached any property belonging to the defendant. The officer was commanded by the writ to seize property of the defendant. He returns that by virtue of that command he has levied upon the property described. 'The fair and reasonable intendment in such case is that the property taken belonged to the defendant. The process only authorized him to levy upon property of defendant, and the return is aided by the presumption that, having acted, he has done so in accordance with the mandate of the writ. Although there is a conflict of authority upon the question, there are numerous cases which support the view which we have taken. Wap. Attachm. 252; Drake, Attachm. §§ 207, 238; Johnson v. Moss, 20 Wend. 145; Bickerstaff v. Patterson, 8 Port. (Ala.) 245; Lucas v. Godwin, 6 Ala. 831; King v. Bucks, 11 Id. 217; Saunders v. Insurance Co., 43 Miss. 583; Rowan v. Lamb, 4 G. Greene, 468; Banister v. Higginson, 15 Me. 73; Robertson v. Kinkhead, 26 Wis. 560; Willis v. Mooring, 63 Tex. 340. That the levy was made in the county will also be presumed. Knowles v. Coke Co., 19 Wall. 58; Gilbert v. Brown, 9 Neb. 90.
That the return was not made until the next day after the return-day. No action was in fact taken until the return was actually filed. Every fact necessary to authorize the publication was a matter of record before publication was made, and before judgment was rendered. The levy had been made and recorded several days before the return-clay, and plaintiff in that proceeding could not be said to hare lost his lien by the laches of the sheriff. The Massachusetts cases, Russ v. Butterfield, 6 Cush. 242, and Williams v. Babbitt, 14 Gray, 141, which are cited in support of plaintiff's contention, hold that the sheriff could not justify under process which he failed to return, or returned too late; but I find no case which holds that the failure of the sheriff to make his return until the next day after the return-day releases plaintiff's lien. In Bancroft v. Sinclair, 12 Rich. Law, 617, the writ ran against an absent debtor, and the rights of other creditors had intervened; yet the court allowed a return nunc pro tunc. In Wilder v. Holden, 24 Pick. 8, it was' held that the return of the officer was competent to prove the attachment, although the writ was not returned. See, also, Firth v. Haskell, 148 Mass. 501; Ritter v. Scannell, 11 Cal. 238; Reed v. Perkins, 14 Ala. 231; Willis v. Mooring, 63 Tex. 340.
That the affidavit of publication shows that the first publication was on August 31, and the last on October 5. The affidavit sets forth that the notice was published once in each week for six successive weeks, and gives the dates of first and last publication. This affidavit was filed November 9, and the declaration was filed on the same day. The point is ruled by Colton v. Rupert, 60 Mich. 318.
The court was therefore in error in ruling that the proceedings in the attachment suit were void, and the judgment is reversed, and a new trial ordered. ,
The other Justices concurred.
How. Stat. § 7987, subd. 6. | [
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McGrath, J.
This is an application to compel the respondent, who is chairman of the board of supervisors, to execute bonds amounting to $30,000, to defray the current expenses of Dickinson county, the issue of which has been ordered by the board. The real purpose of the issue is to meet the pressing demands for relief of the poor of that county; but the question is one of power, and not one of sentiment, however much the necessities of the case may appeal to us.
The first, second, and sixth subdivisions of How. Stat. § 483, empower boards of supervisors to purchase the necessary real estate for the erection of buildings for the support of the poor, and for a farm to be uséd in connection therewith; to purchase the necessary real estate for court-house, jail, clerk’s office, or any other county building; and to cause to be erected the necessary county buildings. The seventh subdivision of said section is as follows:
“ To borrow or raise by tax upon such county any sums of money necessary for any of the'purposes mentioned in this act: Provided, that no greater sum than one thousand dollars shall be borrowed or raised by tax in any one year, for the purpose of constructing or repairing public buildings, highways, or bridges, unless authorized by a majority of the electors of such county voting therefor as hereinafter provided.”
Subdivision 10 is as follows:
“ To direct and provide for the raising of any money which may be necessary to defray the current expenses and charges of said county, and the necessary charges incident to or arising from the execution of their lawful authority, subject to the limitations prescribed in this act.”
It is evident from these provisions that, for the purposes named in subdivisions 1, 2, and 6, the supervisors were empowered, by subdivision 7, to borrow or raise by tax the necessary funds, subject to the limitation therein expressed. No other subdivision grants the power to provide the means for carrying out these purposes. Subdivision 10 re lates only to current and contingent expenses, and does not confer the power to raise moneys for the purposes named in subdivisions 1, 2, and 6. This subdivision has no office unless it is expressive of a particular intent of the Legislature. It is not to be presumed that the Legislature intended any part of this statute to be without meaning, • and it is also a well-settled rule of construction that specific provisions relating to a particular subject must govern in respect to that subject, as against general provisions in other parts of the statute;' which might otherwise be broad enough to include it. The grant of power to borrow or raise by tax any sums of money necessary for any of the purposes of the act would include all the purposes of the act, and the grant of power to provide for the raising of the money necessary for current and contingent expenses is entirely superfluous, unless by the latter grant the Legislature intended to limit the power to provide for current and contingent expenses to the method therein prescribed. The words “raise,” “ raised,” and “raising” occur frequently in our statutes relative to providing the necessary funds for public uses, and in that connection they are always associated with the subject of taxation. Not only do the phrases “raised by tax,” “raise annually by taxation,” “ all taxes raised,” and similar clauses, appear times without number, but the word “ raise,” without qualifying words, is frequently employed in grants of authority to provide the necessary funds for public use in cases where the intent to prescribe the method in which the power is to be exercised, viz., by taxation, is so clearly obvious that the word may be said to have acquired a clearly defined meaning. when used in that connection. We are of opinion, therefore, that when the Legislature made special provision for “ the raising of any money which may be necessary to defray the current expenses and charges of said county,” it was the intention to except such purposes from the operation of subdivision 7, and provide that the necessary funds for this class of expenses should be raised by taxation. We find further warrant in arriving at this conclusion in the fact that this is the construction which, in practice, this subdivision has received since its adoption in 1859.
The writ must therefore be denied.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Grant, J.
Plaintiffs were dealers in live stock, and on March 3, 1892, made a verbal contract with defendant for "the purchase of 255 lambs, to be delivered at' the stock yards at Charlotte, at 6-£ with the wool on, or 5£ with the wool off. Plaintiffs agreed to notify defendant within 10 ■days after March 3 whether they would take them with the wool on or off. If taken with the wool on, they were to be delivered in March; if taken with the wool off, they were to be delivered some time in April. Plaintiffs elected to take them with the wool off. Plaintiffs claimed that they were to have the entire month of April within which to take them. The defendant claimed that they were to take them not later than the first of the second week in April. 'The time of the delivery was the only dispute as to the terms of the contract. Plaintiffs paid $20 earnest money to bind the bargain. Defendants sheared-the sheep the 1st «day of April, and notified plaintiffs of that fact, and that the sheep were ready for delivery. Plaintiffs declined to take them then, insisting that they had the whole month of April in which to take and pay for them. Defendant afterwards told plaintiffs that he would keep the sheep until the 11th, and that if they were not taken by. that time he would otherwise dispose of them. They declined to take them, and on the 14th defendant sold the sheep to other parties. April 26 plaintiffs notified defendant to deliver the sheep on the 27th. Plaintiffs then brought this suit ..to recover damages for breach of the contract. They re- • covered judgment in justice's court for $80.79. On the i trial in the circuit court they recovered verdict and judg-m-ent for $24.31. . The .evidence, so far as is material, willibe stated in connection with the discussion of the errors -.assigned.
Plaintiff Aulls was a witness, and testifiéd to the •terms of the contract. On cross-examination defendant's ^counsel elicited the fact that the witness made a memo randum of the contract in a book wherein- he was accustomed to make entries of his purchases. At the request ■of defendant's counsel the witness produced the book, which the counsel- took, examined, and cross-examined him therefrom, not only as to this item, but as to other items therein. Witness testified that this entry was made at the time of the purchase, and in the presence of the defendant, but was not read to him. The material part of it read as follows: “6-J- in March, with wool, or 5¿, April, sheared." On redirect examination this book was offered and received in evidence under objection that it was incompetent, the judge stating:
“ I think it is admissible under the situation the casé is in. I don't think it would be admissible as original evidence. I think it may be admitted, inasmuch as it has been gone into for cross-examination. I don't- think it is an evidence of sale."
We see no error in this ruling. • The entire subject was elicited on cross-examination, which was of such a character as naturally to cast some discredit on the witness. It was therefore proper for the jury to examine it under the instruction that it was not evidence of the original contract, but might bear upon the weight to be given to the testimony of the witness.
Defendant, on direct examination by his counsel, testified to the number of pounds of wool sheared. On cross-examination he was asked the price he received for it. This was answered without objection. Thereupon counsel for defendant moved to strike it out, which was denied. We do not think defendant can complain of this ruling, since he opened the door to it by showing the amount of the wool. Under the charge of the court as to damages this testimony'could not have been considered by the jury, since they were limited to the difference between the price agreed on and the market price at the place of delivery.
Plaintiffs were permitted to show the price of sheep in the Buffalo market on the 37th of April. This was competent under the evidence, which clearly shows that the price at Charlotte was controlled by .the market price at Buffalo, and the purchase was made with reference to that market. The case of Cuddy v. Major, 12 Mich. 368, and other authorities cited in defendant’s brief, are not applicable to this case. In Cuddy v. Major special damages were claimed because the plaintiffs had contracted for three cars to take hogs to New York, and had an insufficient number to fill them on account of the defendants’ failure to deliver those purchased from them.
The court admitted in evidence the market reports as Bhown in a newspaper called the “Live Stock Beview,” showing the quotations on April 37. The evidence was competent. This point is ruled by Sisson v. Railroad Co., 14 Mich. 489.
The court instructed the jury that the burden of proof was upon the plaintiffs to prove the contract they alleged by a fair preponderance of the evidence. He also said:
“ On the other hand, the burden of proving the contract as defendant alleges it to be is upon him, and he must prove it by a fair preponderance of the evidence.”
This was error. There was no shifting of the burden of the proof to the defendant. It remained throughout with plaintiffs. If they did not prove their contract, there could be no recovery.
For this error the judgment should be reversed, and a new trial ordered.
McGrath, Long, and Montgomery, JJ., concurred. Hooker, C. J., took no part in the decision. | [
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Hooker, J.
The plaintiff brought trover for certain sheep, which the parties seem to concede were at one time in the defendant’s possession. The only question raised Beems to be that no demand for the sheep and refusal had been proved upon the trial. The proof upon that subject is as follows:
have been acquainted with the plaintiff, Edith L. Crozier, for a year or more, and during that time have acted as her agent in the matter , of a deal she had with Mr. Partrick, the defendant, in relation to some sheep.
“Q. Did you ever, as her agent, make a written or oral demand on Mr. Partrick for those sheep?
“A. An oral demand.
“Q. When was that?
“A. Well, it was along in the summer, prior to tlie time of the commencement of this suit in justice’s court.
“Q. Would you say, then, that it was last summer?
“A. I don’t remember the month.
“Q. How long do you think before the suit was commenced?
“A. Oh, I had two conversations with him. My judgment is that one was in the spring and the other in the summer.
“Q. Of what year?
“A. I think it was last year.
“Q. What did Mr. Partrick say when you made a demand on him for those sheep?
“A. He said that he had settled with her father.
“Q. Did he or did he not refuse to deliver them to you or to Mrs. Crozier?
‘‘A. He said he had let the old gentleman, Mr. Lindsay, have the sheep, and said Lindsay would tell me so. 'That was the first conversation.
“Q. Did you have the authority from Mrs. Crozier to act for her in' making this demand?
“A. Yes, sir; had the contract, — the agreement.”
The witness also testified that at that time he was practicing law, and was acting as attorney for Mrs. Crozier in this case when pending in the justice’s court.
“ Q. Will you tell what kind of a demand was made,— what you said at the time the demand was made?
“A. The first time I saw him was down at the depot in. this city, — near the depot. I showed him the agreement, and told him Mrs. Crozier wanted her sheep, or the equivalent in money. He told me that he had nothing to do with her; that he had settled with her father. I'know I told him I would write to her father, or see him, and I would do nothing about it until I found out.
“ Q. Was there any other demand made besides the one that you testified about?
“A. Yes.
“ Q. When wras that?
“A. I saw him -in Montague, — I don’t know when,— before the commencement of the suit.
“ Q. What did you say to him at that time?
“A. I told him that I had a letter from the old gentleman, Mr. Lindsay; and I am very positive I showed him Mr. Lindsay’s letter, denying that he had ever received the sheep for his daughter, or settled the same.
“ Q. Did you at that time again ask him for the sheep?
“A. Well, I don’t know that I did, any further than that I told him I Avould have to' sue him if he didn’t fix up.”
Upon cross-examination, the witness testified, among other things, as folloAvs:
“ Q. You say the first conversation you had with the defendant with regard to this demand was in Muskegon.
“A. Yes,- sir.
“ Q. Can you repeat the conversation now, please?
“A. I cannot, only in substance.
“ Q. Well, give it to us in substance then.
“A. Well, sir, I showed him that paper, — that agreement, — and told him that Mrs. Crozier wanted her sheep, ■or the money for it; and I remember of telling him that I had been Avanting to see him for some little time, and never happened to catch him. He looked it over', and told me that he had let her father, Mr. Joel D. Lindsay, have the sheep; had settled with him; and I expressed surprise to him that that was the condition of affairs. I told him I would see or Avrite the old gentleman, and find out, and I wouldn’t make him any trouble until I did find out. That is'about all that Mr. Partrick and I said at that time at the depot.
■ “ Q. Can you tell how long that was before the. suit Avas commenced?
“A. I can’t to a certainty; no, sir. My idea of it is that the suit'was tried in the latter part of July or August, and I should say that this was some two or three months prior to that time, — some time along in the spring.”
The object of proving a demand and refusal, or neglect to deliver upon demand, is to establish a conversion. They do not constitute the conversion, but may be evidence of it. Daggett v. Davis, 53 Mich. 35. It does not follow that they are the only possible evidence of it. Hake v. Buell, 50 Mich. 89. Here it appears that the sheep had been turned over to another, and that it was not in defendant’s power to deliver them. Moreover, he had been askéd for them twice, and finally threatened with suit, but did not comply, with the request. This was sufficient evidence of conversion and of demand to warrant the submission of the case to the jury.
Judgment affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Montgomery, J.
The Milford State Bank was organized October 21, 1886, and continued in business until the 15th of September, 1891, at which date a bill was filed, under the general banking law of the State (Act No. 205, Laws of 1887), to wind up the affairs of the corporation. Plaintiff was appointed receiver under said act. Claims were filed with, and approved by, him, aggregating $104,-287.81 due depositors, and $4,801.75 due other creditors, besides certain contingent liabilities. Defendant was charged with liability as a stockholder under the provisions of section 46 of the act of 1887, which provides that—
“ The stockholders of every bank shall be individually liable, equally and ratably, and not one for another, for the benefit of the depositors in said bank to the amount of their stock at the par value thereof, in addition to the said stock. * * * Such liability may be enforced in a suit at law or in equity by any such bank in process of liquidation, or by any receiver, or other officer succeeding to the legal rights of said bank.”
It is claimed by the defendant and appellant that he was not a stockholder. It appears by the record that, about the time the bank was organized, the defendant negotiated with one Solon H. Wilhelm, who became cashier of the bank, for the purchase of stock. It appeared by the stock ledger that under date of January 3, 1887, there was issued to defendant a certificate of stock, the stock ledger stating that the stock was transferred from subscription of S. S. W. It further appears that a certificate was in fact issued to the defendant, and that he received dividends for several years. It is urged that the only way in which defendant, not being an original subscriber to the capital stock, could become a stockholder,’ was by securing a transfer of some of the stock subscribed for by others, and that no formal transfer appears upon the bank books, and hence that he never legally became a' stockholder. The answer to this is that the evidence of the transfer was sufficient to satisfy the corporators. The stock was in fact issued, and the books of the company showed it sufficiently. Grand Rapids Savings Bank v. Warren, 52 Mich. 557. The corporation was bound by the issue of stock. It could waive the formality of any assignment by S. S. W., and, having done so, could not thereafter deny defendant’s rights on the ground that he had failed to produce evidence of an assignment from an original subscriber to the capital stock. Mor. Priv. Corp. § 844.
It is next contended that, if the defendant ever legally assumed the relation of stockholder, he was induced to enter into the contract by fraud. The State bank was the successor in business of a national bank having- the saíne officers, and it is claimed, in effect, that the evidence tends to show that the officers unloaded worthless securities belonging to the national bank upon the new organization, and received stock for the same; that, out of the nominal capital stock of $50,000, only a little more than $10,000 was paid in in cash; that it was represented to the defendant, at the time he became a stockholder, that the bank was a paying institution, and would earn semi-annual dividends of 4 per cent.; that, as a matter of fact, the acceptance of the worthless securities had at this time left the bank with an impaired capital; and that the representations made to defendant were known to be untrue. It is conceded by appellant’s counsel that there are authorities which maintain that it is not open to a stockholder, when the rights of creditors have intervened, to assert the claim that he was induced by fraud to become a stockholder; but it is insisted that the true rule is that asserted by Lord Cairns in Smith’s Case, 2 Ch. App. 604, that it is one of the risks which creditors are liable to that it may turn out that some person whose name appears as a shareholder on the list has a right to have his name taken from the list. In the case cited, however, the action was taken before any steps had been taken to wind up the affairs of the corporation under the winding-up act.
In Stone v. Bank, 3 C. P. Div. 282, it was held that where the corporation has gone into liquidation, and is proceeding, under the winding-up act, to make calls to satisfy claims of. creditors, it is too late for one who has, up to that time, allowed his name to appear as a stockholder, to avoid liability on the ground that his subscription was obtained by fraud.
The question was touched upon by this Court in Duffield v. Wire & Iron Works, 64 Mich. 293. In that case, plaintiff had been induced to become a stockholder hy fraud, and, on discovery of the fraud, tendered back the shares and dividends received, and brought an action against the corporation before any assignment was made for .the benefit of creditors. On the question of the plaintiff’s right to recover, under the circumstances, the Court was evenly divided, Justices Ohamplin and Morse being of the opinion that the plaintiff could not rescind the contract after the rights of creditors had intervened, even thoügh no steps had actually been taken to wind up the affairs of the corporation. Chief Justice Campbell and Mr. Justice Sherwood were of the opposite opinion. We do not deem it necessary to decide which of the two opinions we would follow in a case presenting the same state of facts, as we think that, even under the doctrine of Justice Campbell’s opinion, the defendant in this case cannot be relieved. Justice Campbell lays stress upon the fact that, under the statute relating to manufacturing corporations, the stockholders are not personally liable to contribute beyond what will pay up for their stock, and that creditors cannot enforce any right against fully-paid stock. But such is not the case with corporations organized under the banking law. It is apparent that Justice Campbell recognized the doctrine of &'tone v. Bank, supra. We think the defendant in this case cannot, after having permitted the depositors of the bank to rely upon his apparent ownership of this stock, and after having received dividends upon the stock for years, which he has not tendered back, be heard now to repudiate his liability. Mor. Pnv. Corp. § 840; Chubb v. Upton, 95 U. S. 665; Cook, Stock & S. §§ 163, 164.
It is contended that the general banking act of 1887 is unconstitutional, for the reasons:
(1) . That the title is double.
(2) . That it attempts to confer upon the receiver the judicial power to adjudicate claims to be paid in the course of liquidation.
(3) . That, as applied to the present case, it impairs the obligation of contracts made by the shareholder before its passage, by imposing a liability not before that time existing.
These questions will be considered in the order adopted by counsel.
First. The title of the act is—
“An act to revise the laws authorizing the business of banking, and to establish a banking department for the supervision of such business.”
Is the title valid under article 4, § 20, of the Constitution, which provides that no law shall embrace more than one object, which shall be expressed in its title? It is suggested that the title expresses two objects, which might very well be the subjects of separate acts. It may be true, of any comprehensive statute, that it might be subdivided, and several laws in pari materia enacted in place of one; but it does not follow that an act which has but one general object is in conflict with the constitutional provision. As is stated in Cooley’s Constitutional Limitations (6th ed. page 175): *
“There has been a general disposition to construe the constitutional provision liberally, rather- than to embarrass legislation by a construction whose strictness is unnecessary to the accomplishment of the beneficial purposes for which it has been adopted.”
This Court has frequently expressed similar views. See People v. Mahaney, 13 Mich. 481; Kurtz v. People, 33 Id. 279; Attorney General v. Amos, 60 Id. 372; Wardle v. Cummings, 86 Id. 395. Davis v. Woolnough, 9 Iowa, 104, is directly in point, and sustains the ruling of the circuit judge.
Second. Section 57-of the banking act provides that the receiver shall from time to time make ratable dividends of the moneys realized or collected by him on all such claims as may have been proved to his satisfaction, or adjudicated in a court of competent jurisdiction. This provision, it is said, empowers the receiver to adjudicate claims, and gives his adjudication the force of a judicial decision; and it is urged that it is therefore in conflict with the provision of section 1, art. 6, of the Constitution, which reads:
“The judicial power is vested in one Supreme Court, in circuit courts, in probate courts, and in justices of the peace.”
This provision was construed by this Court in Shurbun v. Hooper, 40 Mich. 503, and Streeter v. Paton, 7 Id. 348. In Streeter v. Paton it was said:
“By ‘courts,’ as the word is used in the Constitution, we understand permanent organizations for the administration of justice, and not those special tribunals provided for by law, that are occasionally called into existence' by particular exigencies, and that cease to exist with such exigencies.”
In Shurbun v. Hooper it was held that the statute providing for adjudication of claims against the estate of a deceased person before commissioners was not in conflict with this provision. Such a statute is not to be distinguished in principle from the one under consideration. If a special tribunal may be created to determine claims against the estate of a deceased individual, why may not such a tribunal be created to determine claims against a defunct corporation, subject, as the power conferred by the statute doubtless is, to a review by the court making the appointment? See Underwood v. McDuffee, 15 Mich. 361; Kennedy v. Gibson, 8 Wall. 498; Young v. Wempe, 46 Fed. Rep. 354; Citizens’ Savings Bank v. Circuit Judge, 98 Mich. 173.
Third. It is contended that the provision of the act of 1887 creating the liability of stockholders is, so far as it attempts to fix that liability upon existing corporations, unconstitutional, for the reason that it. impairs a preexisting contract between the stockholder and the corporation. In this connection it is asserted that the amendment to the banking law adopted by the Legislature of 1871 is inoperative, for the reason that it was not ratified by a vote of the people. Section 2 of article 15 of the Constitution provides that no general banking law shall have effect until the same shall, after its passage, be submitted to a vote of the electors of the State. We find it unnecessary to determine whether this provision of the Constitution applies to amendments' to general banking laws, as we think that, if it be assumed that the attempt to create a personal liability on the part of stockholders by the act of 1871 was ineffectual, still the provisions of the act of 1887, fixing the personal liability of stockholders in existing banks, must be upheld. The Constitution (article 15, § 1) provides, in effect, that all laws passed providing for the formation of corporations under general laws may be amended, altered, or repealed. Under this reservation of power it is not an unwarranted or unconstitutional invasion of 'private rights to provide by subsequent legislation that, as to future contracts of the corporation, the stockholders shall be subject to a further liability. Instances of legislation of this character are not rare, and the question herein involved has been passed upon by numerous courts of last resort. The leading case is In re Lee Bank, reported in 21 N. Y. 9. In that case it was distinctly held that, under such a reserved power to alter or amend, the legislature might provide that the stockholder should, as to future debts contracted by the corporation, become liable to the -amount of his capital stock, in addition to his paid subscription. Mr. Justice Denio, speaking for the court, disposed of the contention of defendant as follows:
“It is said that the corporation could not, by any act or omission of its own, implicate its stockholders in a liability which they had not consented to assume, and which, on the contrary, they had declared they would not incur. But they had voluntarily consented to become stockholders upon the conditions held out by the general banking law. One of these conditions was that the legislature might amend and alter the act, and in that' way change and modify the constitution of the corporation. A change under this reservation to alter might render their investment more or less profitable, and their position more or less hazardous. Whatever peril it entailed they consented to assume.”
This case was affirmed on appeal' to the Supreme Court •of the United States, and is reported under the title of Sherman v. Smith, 1 Black, 587.
In Stanley v. Stanley, 26 Me. 196, the act creating the •corporation was passed in 1833. A statute passed in 1839, making the stockholders personally liable for the debts of the corporation thereafter contracted, was held valid.
In Gardner v. Insurance Co., 9 R. I. 194, 199, the question was distinctly raised, and the court reached the same conclusion as that stated in Re Lee Bank, 21 N. Y. 9. The court say:
“The legislature have reserved the power at any time to alter or repeal the charter, or any of its provisions. Th.e corporators accepted it upon this condition, and agreed that its provisions might be changed; and every purchaser of stock in this company has assented to these terms, and has agreed to hold his shares subject to this liability to change.”
In Gray v. Coffin, 9 Cush. 192, in considering the effect of an act passed subsequently to the formation of a corporation, Chief Justice Shaw, at page 200, said:
“This act was general in its nature, extended to members .of all corporations, providing to what extent they should be liable to the claims of creditors, and all persons dealing with and becoming creditors of any corporation. It was future and prospective in its operation, regulating the rights of debtor and creditor as they should afterwards arise, expressly securing any right acquired by any person against a holder of stock in any corporation by force of existing laws. It had no tendency to impair, or in any way affect or modify, any power, privilege, or immunity pertaining to the franchise of any corporation, and therefore seems to be within the just limits of legislative power.”
The case of Ireland v. Turnpike Co., 19 Ohio St. 369, is cited by counsel as asserting a contrary doctrine. We do not find, from an examination of that case, that the effect of a reservation of the power to alter, amend, or repeal a charter was considered.
It is contended that City of Detroit v. Plank-Road Co., 43 Mich. 140, is inconsistent with the plaintiff’s contention, and with the cases above referred to. We do not so construe the#opinion of Mr. Justice Cooley in that case. That case involved the question of whether vested property rights might be taken from the corporation without condemnation by virtue of the reserved power to alter or amend. The question, as here presented, relates to the power to 'affect, by amendatory legislation, the rights and liabilities of corporations and stockholders as to future contracts and undertakings.
It is claimed that the plaintiff has^ not shown himself entitled to recover, for the reason that there was no proper allowance of the claims by the receiver; that the notice required to be given under section 56, calling upon creditors to prove their claims, was irregular and insufficient, and that, therefore, the receiver had no jurisdiction to pass upon the claims. This contention can only be sound if it be held that the receiver can hear no claims until After the expiration of the full 12 weeks from the time of the" first publication. We do not think the section in question is open to this interpretation. It was not intended to postpone action for this time. On the contrary, the provision as to notice is for the benefit of the creditors, and where, as in this case, a sufficient number of them act upon brief notice to show a " liability upon ' the part of defendant for the full amount of his stock, he can safely trust the equity courts to protect -creditors of the bank.
We have considered all the points relied upon, and find no error in the record.
The judgment will be affirmed, with costs.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Potter, J.
September 26, 1934, plaintiff was granted a decree of divorce against defendant upon the ground of extreme cruelty and nonsupport. After this decree was rendered, defendant remarried. At the time the decree was awarded, plaintiff had been afflicted with tuberculosis. This condition has recurred and plaintiff has been treated in Trudeau sanatorium and has been advised she ought to go to Tucson, Arizona. She made application for an increase in alimony. Defendant filed a cross-petition asking for reduction in alimony. The trial court increased the.award of alimony from $75 a month to $100 a month.
We see no reason for changing the award, which is hereby affirmed, with costs.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Butzel, Bushnell, Sharpe, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Btjtzel, J.
Peter Rode, unmarried, died testate at the age of 79. He mentioned in his will only two nephews, Fred and Adolph Stotz, and their children. He was very fond of these relatives and spent considerable time with them. He also left surviving him a brother, a sister and descendants of deceased brothers and sisters who are the plaintiffs in the present suit brought for the purpose of construing his will. He had reasons why he did not care to make plaintiffs the recipients of his bounty and in response to his inquiry, was informed by his attorney that it would be unnecessary to mention them in the will. He stated that he wanted to leave everything* to Fred Stotz and Adolph Stotz and their children in the manner set forth in a written memorandum left with his attorney. Fred and Adolph each had four children who, together with their fathers, are the beneficiaries under the will. It was executed about four years prior to the testator’s death and has been duly admitted to probate. It is only necessary to refer to the following paragraphs of the very brief instrument:
“2. I give, devise and bequeath to my nephew Adolph Stotz, the full use, income benefit and control of all my property, both real and personal of which I may die seized, and which is herein bequeathed and devised to the children of said Adolph Stotz, until the youngest of said children shall have attained the age of 21 years.
“3. I give, devise and bequeath to my nephew Fred Stotz, the full use, income benefit and control of all my property, both real and personal of which I may die seized, and which is herein bequeathed and devised to the children of said Fred Stotz, until the youngest of said' children shall have attained the age of 21 years.
“4. Subject to the provisions of paragraph 2, and paragraph 3 hereof, I give, devise and bequeath all my property, both real and personal, of which I may die- seized, to the following named children of my said nephew, Adolph Stotz, to-wit: Lydia Stotz, Harold Stotz, Erhardt Stotz, and Herbert Stotz, and to the following named children of my said nephew, Fred Stotz, to-wit: Edmund Stotz, Mildred Stotz, Wilmot Stotz and Helma Stotz, share and share alike.”
The appraisal of the assets of the estate shows personal property of the value of $56,633.47 and real property of the value of $22,600. Plaintiffs seek in their bill to have the will set aside and intestacy declared on numerous grounds which we shall discuss. All of the parties mentioned in the will, with the exception of Edmund Stotz, a grandnephew and son of Fred Stotz, survived the testator. The record does not show Edmund’s age at the time of his death. The other surviving grandnephews and grandnieces were all minors when the suit was begun. There is no claim that Edmund had any children at the time of his death. .
The trial judge held that the will was free from ambiguity; that it was the plain intention of the testator to leave one-half of his estate to the children of Fred Stotz, subject to the latter’s right to the use and enjoyment of the income from such one-half until his youngest child reached the age of 21, and likewise, to leave the other one-half to the children of Adolph Stotz, subject to his right to the use and enjoyment of the income from such one-half until his youngest child reached the age of 21, and that each set of children took one-half of the estate as a class. Appellants admit that a casual reading of the will might justify the construction placed upon it by the court, but claim that a more careful analysis and closer scrutiny discloses such statutory violations and ambiguities so as to destroy the validity of the will. The law favors the upholding of a will and the carrying out of the intention of the testator unless fatal defects appear therein. It does not favor a microscopic search to ferret out flaws which, upon a fair examination, are found not to exist. We shall discuss the objections that appear to have any merit.
It is claimed that the will violates 3 Comp. Laws 1929, §§ 12934, 12935, in so far as the disposition of realty is concerned. Section 12934 provides as follows :
“Every future estate shall he void in its creation, which shall suspend the absolute power of alienation for a longer period than is prescribed in this chapter; such power of alienation is suspended when there are no persons in being, by whom' an absolute fee in possession can he conveyed.”
Section 12935 states:
“The absolute power of alienation shall not be suspended by any limitation or condition whatever, for a longer period than during the continuance of two lives in being at the creation of the estate.”
We find that there was no suspension of the absolute power of alienation as forbidden by section 12934, nor a violation of section 12935. This latter statute refers solely to real property. Michigan Trust Co. v. Baker, 226 Mich. 72, 76. There is no suspension of the power of alienation when there are ascertainable persons in being, who together can convey an absolute fee or interest in possession and this whether their interests are vested or contingent. See Russell v. Musson, 240 Mich. 631.
The rule in Michigan is not at variance with that in other States where we find it again stated under almost similar factual situations.
In Simpson v. Cook, 24 Minn. 180, 185, 186, the testator died leaving five minor children. He devised his realty in trust for the collection of the rents and profits and their application to the support of his widow and the education and support of his children. The will provided further that there be no division until the youngest child should become of lawful age and then all of the real and personal property wherever situated be equally divided between his wife and children, share and share alike. The court said:
“In this case there were, at the testator’s death, five minor children, and if the will, properly construed, provides for the suspension to continue during all of the minorities, so that it would not cease until all the minors became of age or died, it would be certainly for a period longer than that allowed by the statute. The expression in the will is, ‘until the youngest child shall become of lawful age,’ which is equivalent to the expression, ‘until the minority of the youngest child shall cease.’ On the part of the plaintiffs it is assumed that this means the youngest child who shall live and become of lawful age, and, if that be the true meaning*, it makes the suspension depend on five minorities. Hawley v. James, 5 Paige Ch. 318, 16 Wend. (N. Y.) 61; Thomas’ Estate, 1 Tucker (N. Y.), 367.
“On the part of the defendants it is claimed that it means the youngest child living at the death of the testator; and, if that be so, the suspension is to cease with the coming of age, or death, if it happen sooner, of that one child, and it depends on only one minority. * * * The most natural meaning to give to it is, that the testator referred to one child who might be known at the time the will took effect; that is, the one who should answer the description, ‘youngest child,’ at that date. A general rule for the construction of contracts, and it is peculiarly applicable to wills, is that construction shall be favorable, so that the agreement may, if possible, be supported; and if the words be susceptible of two senses — one agreeable to, the other against law— the former sense shall be adopted. 1 Chitty on Contracts (11th Am. Ed.), pp. 111, 112; DubBois v. Ray, 35 N. Y. 162; Butler v. Butler, 3 Barb. Ch. (N. Y.) 304; Burke v. Valentine, 52 Barb. Sup. (N. Y.) 412, 425. In the last two cases the same form of words as those we are considering occur in wills; and the validity of the limitations depended on whether, in the one case, by ‘youngest child,’ and in the other, ‘eldest child,’ the testator meant the youngest or eldest child living at the time the will went into effect, or the youngest or eldest who should live to majority; and. to sustain the will the court, in each case, held to the first of these meanings. Such, we think, was the meaning of this will. There was, therefore, no illegal suspension of the power of alienation. ’ ’
Again in Jacoby v. Jacoby, 188 N. Y. 124 (80 N. E. 676), the testator provided that the realty and personalty be equally divided and shared between the testator’s wife and four children after the youngest child should attain the age of 21, and that until such time, his wife should receive and have the sole use of the rents and income of his real estate. The court said:
“Unless there is something in this sixth clause directing an unlawful suspension of the power of alienation it is, therefore plain that the estate has vested in the five named residuary legatees, subject to the wife’s use during the minority of the youngest child, or until his earlier death, for it is well settled that a term measured by a minority ends upon the death of the minor. (Roe v. Vingut, 117 N. Y. 204 [22 N. E. 933]; Real Property Law, § 32).”
The court further said:
“We cannot subscribe to the view that there is anything in the will to indicate that it was the testator’s intention to suspend the power of alienation for a fixed period of time. On the contrary, the term used, when given its usual legal meaning, imports simply a suspension during a ‘minority,’ and that expression, as defined by the statute, is deemed to signify ‘a part of a life and not an absolute term-equal to the possible duration of such minority.’ (Real Property Law, § 32.)
“Neither is the second contention of appellants, to the effect that the power of alienation is suspended for more than two lives in being, any more admissible than the first. If we should assume that the phraseology of the will were ambiguous, so that it might be given either of two meanings, it would he our duty to adopt that which would uphold the will. (Hopkins v. Kent, 145 N. Y. 363 [40 N. E. 4].) Thus if we were in doubt as to whether the division of the testator’s property is directed to be made when the youngest of his children shall have arrived at the age of 21 years, or upon the majority of the youngest of his children who shall reach that age, we should have to interpret the will as indicating the former disposition, because it is valid, as against the latter direction which is invalid.
“It is not necessary, however, to go to that extremity, for we think the testator’s language is reasonably clear and unambiguous. He directs that his property ‘be equally divided and equally shared’ among his wife and children, ‘after the youngest child of them shall have attained the age of 21 years.’ If we apply to this language the rule that the will speaks as of the time of the testator’s death, it plainly refers to the youngest of his children then living, who was in fact the testator’s youngest child, and a suspension of the power of alienation during ‘his minority’ is unquestionably valid (Chaplin on Suspension of the Power of Alienation (3d Ed.) § 100; Van Cott v. Prentice, 104 N. Y. 45 [10 N. E. 257]).”
In the Matter of Bray, 118 App. Div. 533 (102 N. Y. Supp. 989), on a somewhat similar state of facts, the court said:
“The testator did not create any trust in his brother. He only permitted him to enjoy the use of the property for a designated time. The primary scheme of the will, apparently, was to provide for his children, and he accomplished that purpose by vesting the title in them absolutely, but not to be enjoyed in possession until the youngest child attained his majority. They held a future estate with a precedent estate created at the same time. * * *
“There was no suspension of the power of alienation. ‘The absolute power of alienation is suspended, when there are no persons in being by whom an absolute fee in possession can be conveyed.’ (Real Property Law, § 32.) There are persons in being who can convey the property devised by the testator. Patsey White, who had the use, and the children in whom the fee was vested, could pass an indefeasible title at any time by joining in a conveyance of the premises, and immediate possession of the premises could be given.”
We find that there was no violation of the statute suspending the absolute power of alienation whatsoever. There were parties in being at all times who together could convey an absolute fee in possession.
We need not discuss the disposition of realty in the light of the common-law rule against perpetuities relative to the vesting of remote contingent interests as we held in Windiate v. Lorman, 236 Mich. 531, that the rule was suspended by the above statutes. The question, however, is raised whether 3 Comp. Laws 1929, §§ 12934,12935, lay down a rule as to remoteness of vesting in addition to a rule regarding the suspension of the power of alienation. This question is raised and answered in 2 Simes, Future Interests, p. 481, in which it is stated:
“Is the power of alienation illegally suspended if there is a contingent future interest which may not vest within lives in being, even though there is a group of ascertained persons who may alienate in fee simple absolute1? In other words, do these statutes lay down, not merely a rule as to the legal power of alienation, but also a rule as to remoteness of vesting? While the matter is not free from doubt, it would seem that the statutes are not regarded as announcing any rule as to remoteness of vesting,” citing Russell v. Musson, supra, 635; Fitz Gerald v. City of Big Rapids, 123 Mich. 281, 283; Windiate v. Lorman, 236 Mich. 531, 534; Gardner v. City National Bank & Trust Co., 267 Mich. 270.
Appellants, however, claim that the will offends the common-law rule against perpetuities as to the personal property; that the realty and personalty must be considered together and the evil in one vitiates the other. We need not even discuss this claim if the title vested in interest in the beneficiaries on the death of the testator. 2 Simes, Future Interests, § 498. The law favors the construction which regards an estate vested rather than contingent. In Matter of Bray, supra, where the testator bequeathed his property to the use of his brother until the last of his children should become of age, at which time it was to be divided equally among them — a fact situation very similar to that in the instant case ■ — • the court said:
“The remainder was not contingent, but vested; and the construction which permits this will be upheld where it can be consistently done (Hersee v. Simpson, 154 N. Y. 496 [48 N. E. 890]; Miller v. Gilbert, 144 N. Y. 68 [38 N. E. 979]).
“If one of the children died his title would pass by descent to his heirs at law, even though the date of possession was not reached.”
The trial court held that the children of Fred, as a class, took one-half of the estate, and those of Adolph, as a class, took the other one-half. It is true that the testator referred to the grandnephews and grandnieces as individuals and mentioned their names, but he grouped them in two sets and de scribed them as the children of their respective parents. In Strauss v. Strauss, 363 Ill. 442 (2 N. E. [2d] 699, 105 A. L. R. 1386), the court said:
“As was stated in Stedman v. Priest, 103 Mass. 293: ‘Although it is a rule that, when an aggregate fund is given to several to be divided among them, nominatim, in equal shares, if one of them dies before the testator, his share will lapse, yet the mere fact that he mentions by name the individuals who make up the class is not conclusive, and if the intention to give a right of survivorship is collected from the remaining provisions, applied to the existing facts, such intention must prevail.’ ”
A reading of the record and the will convinces us that the testator intended to leave one-half of his estate to the children of Adolph, as a class, and the other half to the children of Fred, as a class.
Except possibly for the purpose of showing ambiguity, it would make no difference, as falsas appellants are concerned, whether the estate went entirely to all of the grandnephews and grandnieces mentioned in the will as a single class or to the respective children of each parent as two separate classes. Defendants have not appealed and are in accord with the decision of the trial judge, who correctly found that the children of each parent took as two separate classes.
No question remains open as to whether any after-born children of either parent may enter the class, because the testator has foreclosed this question himself by naming the specific children of each class.
Appellants further claim ambiguity in the will because in paragraph two the income from all of the estate is given to Adolph Stotz, and in paragraph three, again the income from all of the estate is given to Fred Stotz, in each case until the youngest child in the respective class reaches the age of 21. A reading of the entire instrument removes all ambiguity and shows that the purpose of the will was to divide the estate into two parts, one-half of which was to go ‘to the named children of Adolph, and the other half to those of Fred, subject to the rights of Adolph and Fred to' receive the income from the property so left to their respective children until the youngest of each class reaches the age of 21.
Attention is further called to the fact that Edmund, a son of Fred, predeceased the testator. We do not believe that appellants are concerned in this question. Appellees have not appealed from the decree of the trial court. Appellants have made other minor claims against the validity of the will. Having arrived at the conclusions hereinbefore set forth, we do not believe they merit further discussion. The decree of the trial court is affirmed, with costs to appellees.
Fead, C. J., and North, Wiest, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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McGrath, C. J.
James H. Stevenson died October 14, 1877. On the 9th of October, 1877, defendant Kurtz filed a bill to foreclose a certain mortgage given by James H. Stevenson to one Jepp, and assigned to said Kurtz July 7, 1876. A decree was entered March 15, 1879, and a sale was made May 5, 1879. Complainants, who, with the exception of Carrie Jordan, were infants at the time of the decree and sale, as heirs at law of James H. Stevenson, filed this bill in August, 1890, to review and set aside the decree aforesaid.
It is insisted:
That, inasmuch as there was no service of subpoena on James H. Stevenson before his death, there was no cause in court to be revived after his death. This point is ruled by Gordon v. Tyler, 53 Mich. 629.
That the premises were described in the original bill, in the paper suggesting the death of James H. Stevenson, and in the order reviving the suit against Carrie Jordan, a married daughter, as “ Lot No. 6 of Backus’ Subdivision of Out-lot No. 8 of the Woodbridge Farm,” whereas the correct description was “Lot No. 6 of Backus’ Subdivision of Out-íot No. 87 of the Woodbridge Farm.” An amended bill, correcting the description, was afterwards filed. Josephine Stevenson, step-mother, was appointed guardian ad litem of the infant defendants, and as such guardian, together with Carrie Jordan, consented to the filing of the amended bill, and answered thereto. The original bill fully identified the property involved as lot numbered 6 of Backus’ subdivison of tbe Wood bridge farm, and would not have been fatally defective in the absence of the amendment. Cooper v. Bigly, 13 Mich. 463; Beyschlag v. Van Wagoner, 46 Id. 91; Dwight v. Tyler, 49 Id. 615; Slater v. Breese, 36 Id. 77.
That the order made on suggesting the death of James H. Stevenson was not based on any petition, nor was it signed or certified. It is sufficient that the order made recites the petition. Stimpson v. Circuit Judge, 41 Mich. 3; Webster v. Bailey, 31 Id. 36; Willetts v. Mandlebaum, 28 Id. 524; Sargeant v. Bank, 12 How. 371.
That no order appears appointing the guardian ad litem. A petition appears, purporting to have been signed by the infants, and there is no averment in the bill, or any evidence in the record, tending to show that said petition was not actually signed by the infants. The calendar entries show that, on the date of the filing of the petition, an order was made appointing a guardian ad litem. The answer of the infants is signed by the guardian ad litem as such. The decree refers to the answer of the infant defendants, naming them, “by their guardian ad litem.” We think the evidence sufficient that an order was actually made, and the presumption is that the necessary proofs to justify its action were before the court when the order was made. Willetts v. Mandlebaum, supra; Sargeant v. Bank, supra.
The bill in this case does not question the validity of the mortgage. There is no evidence of fraud. Fraud cannot be inferred from the fact that the guardian was the step-mother of the infants, and the sister of complainant in the foreclosure proceeding. The mortgage was assigned to Mrs. Kurtz 15 months before the death of the mortgagor, and she commenced her foreclosure proceeding before his death.
The testimony as to the inadequacy of the price at which the premises sold is not of a character to entitle it to any consideration.
The decree dismissing the bill must therefore be affirmed, with costs to defendants.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Grant, J.
Plaintiff was a fireman on one of defendant’s passenger engines. His train passed a freight train standing upon a side track. One of the cars of the freight train was a flat car loaded with small elm trees. As his train passed, he claims that a small limb from one of these trees projected against and into the cab where he was sitting, and struck his eye, injuring it. These trees were loaded with their butts at the ends of the car and the tops in the center. They were held in place by six stakes on each side and two at each end, and by wires running across from the tops of the stakes, and others around the tops of the trees, to hold them in. After this was done, all the limbs which projected beyond the car were cut off. A rule of the company, with a copy of which plaintiff was furnished when he entered its employ,imade it the duty of the conductors of freight trains' “to ¿particularly examine all platform cars to see that they are «•safely loaded, and, if they are not, to have them reloaded.” 'The conductor of the freight train was a witness for ■ plaintiff, and on cross-examination testified that he care- : fully inspected the car; that the trees were properly loaded, >or he should not have taken it; that it was his business not to take it if it was not properly loaded. The defendant had nothing to do with the loading. This was done .by the shippers of the trees. Trees had. been shipped from the point where these were taken for about five years.
The persons who loaded this car, and the station agent who billed it, testified that it was properly loaded. There .is no evidence to the contrary, unless negligence may be inferred from the fact that a limb in' some way got loose. The negligence alleged is that defendant failed to furnish plaintiff a safe place to work in. It is- claimed that the place was rendered unsafe by the improper loading of a freight car with trees, so that the limbs and branches extended beyond the sides of the car. If this be so, the sole question in the case is, was it the negligence of the defendant?
It is conceded that defendant furnished a safe cab, safe engines and cars, and a proper system and roadbed for the use of its employés. It furnished, also, safe appliances for loading the car in question, and a competent man. to inspect it before it should be placed in the train. It is not shown that the usual manner of loading these trees-was negligent. The defendant had performed its whole duty towards its^ employés when it furnished the above-mentioned appliances and a competent inspector. If plaintiff’s position in the cab had been rendered unsafe by the negligence of any one, that one was a fellow-servant. In Enright v. Railway Co., 93 Mich. 409, two freight trains collided. The cause of the accident was the failure of the engineer of the rear train to keep his train under control when entering the station grounds. The engineer of the rear train and the conductor of the forward train, were fellow-servants. So, in the present case the employés of the two trains were, as to each other, fellow-servants,, and each assumed the risk of the other’s neglect. There certainly would be no reason in holding that these trees could not have been safely loaded, nor that defendant; neglected to furnish proper and sufficient material, tools, and appliances for that purpóse; ' Does the law • require more? No respectable authority, we think, can be found holding -that it does. It follows that the negligence, if any, was in loading, and the failure of the conductor, who-was also the inspector, to see that the car was properly loaded, or, if it was not, to reject it. This comes clearly within the rule of Smith v. Potter, 46 Mich. 258, and Dewey v. Railway Co., 97 Id. 329. It is unnecessary to cite authorities outside Our own State on this point. The question must be regarded as definitely settled by our own decisions. The duty of the master to furnish a safe place for the servant has no application to the facts in this case. The defendant did furnish a safe cab, and the place was rendered unsafe only by the act of. the freight conductor in negligently receiving an improperly loaded car, instead, of rejecting it from his train.
It is claimed that the motion of the car would tend to turn the trees and make them settle out of place, so that other branches might work out over the sides. This claim is not based upon any evidence that such a result actually followed when the trees were properly loaded, or that such would be the natural result, or that, with the appliances furnished, the trees could not be easily loaded so as to prevent such a result. The sole basis for the claim is the testimony of one witness that branches “could work out from the motion of the car up and down,” and of another that “the trees might work up and down and ahead, and sometimes sideways.” The first witness was not shown to have had any experience or knowledge on the subject, while the second, the brakeman on the freight train, did not testify that any such result either had followed or was likely to follow. There is no ¡evidence tending to show that this method of loading and carrying trees was in itself negligent. The declaration is not based upon such a claim. but upon, the theory that this particular car was improperly loaded.
Judgment reversed, and a new trial ordered.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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Long, J.
Summary proceedings were commenced by -complainant against the defendant before a circuit court •commissioner for the possession of certain premises, under the provisions of How. Stat. chap. 286. The summons was made returnable on April 1 at 9 o’clock in the forenoon, and was personally served on defendant. Complainant appeared at the hour stated in the summons; and the commissioner, after waiting some 10 or 15 minutes, and the defendant not appearing, proceeded to hear the case, .and rendered judgment in favor, of complainant. Defendant removed the cause to the circuit court by special appeal, where the judgment of the commissioner was reversed on the ground that the commissioner was in error in not waiting one hour for the defendant to appear. The cause comes to this Court by writ of error.
It is claimed by the defendant that the proceedings before a circuit court commissioner are made to conform as nearly as may be to the proceedings on trials in justices*, courts, under the provisions of How. Stat. §§ 8290, 8291, 8299, and that the commissioner has no right to proceed to trial upon the arrival of the hour at which the' summons is made returnable unless the defendant be present. The provisions of the statute have no reference to the time at which the trial may commence. It is true that in justices* courts it is held to be error for the justice to proceed to trial, in the absence of the defendant, until after the lapse of one hour; but this is in view of the' statutory provisions relating to the time for the appearance of the plaintiff. No such provisions are found in the statutes relating to courts held by circuit court commissioners. Under the provisions of the. statute above cited, jurisdiction is conferred upon justices of the peace, in certain cases, to hear and determine the questions; but in Dibell v. Brinkerhoff, 22 Mich. 373, it was held that this jurisdiction was special, and to which the justices* act had. no application. In the absence of any statutory provision upon the subject, we see no valid reason for holding that the commissioner was compelled to wait one hour for the defendant to appear.
The judgment of the court below must be reversed, and the cause remanded for trial on the general appeal. Complainant will recover costs of this Court.
Hooker, C. J., McGrath and Montgomery, JJ., concurred. Grant, J., did not sit.
See Talbot v. Kuhn, 89 Mich. 30. | [
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Long, J.
Plaintiff had his hand injured by coming in contact with'what is called a “peep saw” in defendants’ mill, and brings this action for damages, claiming that his injuries resulted from the negligence of the defendants.
The defendants were operating a steam saw-mill, and among other machinery used therein was a train of live rollers, used in carrying slabs, edgings, timber, and lumber from the main saw to the front of the mill. About the center of this train of rollers was a small circular saw, set laterally across the train of rollers, and used for sawing in ; two the planks, slabs, timber, and lumber which were of , unusual length. When the mill was in operation this saw -.revolved at a high rate of speed. When not in use it was hidden below the train of rollers. There was a planking between the rollers, and when the saw was needed for use it was raised by a foot lever above the level of the rollers through an aperture in the planking.' This saw was counterbalanced by a weighted box fastened to the frame of the saw beneath the floor of the mill. The saw* frame was carried up and down in slides or ways. The saw was brought up for use by placing the foot upon a peg which was above the level of the floor. On removing the foot from the peg, the saw frame slid down in the ways, carrying the saw down the slides just below the level of the rollers.
The only allegations of negligence in the declaration which are at all specific are that the counterbalance was too heavily weighted, and that the saw frame and ways had been allowed to become warped, dirty, gummed, and clogged; and of these acts of negligence-the overweighting of the counterbalance is the act which it is claimed caused the accident.
The plaintiff, on the trial, testified to the manner in which the injury occurred, and claimed that while in the discharge of his duties, and as a slab was being carried along over the live rollers, the rounding side of the slab being down, he reached his hand under it, to turn it over, so that it would be more readily carried off by the rollers, and while attempting so to turn it it moved along, carrying his hand directly over the saw, which he supposed had been carried back by the counterbalance, but which in fact projected a little above the' planking, so that his hand came in contact with it, and was injured.
The case was tried before a jury, who returned a verdict in favor of plaintiff.
It is contended by defendants’ counsel:
1. That there was no evidence in the case showing or tending to show that the counterbalance was too heavy.
2. That there was no evidence that the frame or ways were warped.
3. That there was no evidence that defendants allowed the frame or ways to become dirty, gummed, and clogged.
4. That there was no evidence that the ways and machinery were not constructed of safe, sound, and strong material. #
5. That the plaintiff's own testimony shows that he was guilty of contributory negligence.
1. The plaintiff was examined fully upon the question whether the counterbalance was too heavy. On his direct examination he said that he did not know why the saw did not go down, but he believed or guessed the weight was too heavy. He was asked why he guessed it was too heavy, and said:
“Because, if the weight were not too 'heavy, the saw would have -to go down.''
Again he said:
“ I don't know exactly what made the saw stop and stand above the table,- but I believe the slide was too tight.”
Again he said:
■ “ I don't know what prevented it dropping clear back. I don't know whether the weight was too heavy or not.”
He testified that the saw worked all right that morning before the accident.
The defendants called the millwright and mechanical engineer as witnesses, both of whom testified positively that the weight was not too heavy, and that the saw .was properly balanced, They also stated that “if the counterbalance were too heavy the saw would stay up all the time, and would not go down.”
The court was asked to charge the jury that—
“ Negligence cannot be shown by the statement of one who, has no personal knowledge of it; therefore the testimony of the plaintiff when he says that he guesses that the counterbalance was too heavily weighted is of no value as testimony, and should not be considered by you.”
The court was in error in refusing to give this request. Plaintiff’s opinion, beliefs, or guesses, under the circumstances here shown, cannot be regarded as evidence • to establish the fact sought to be proved, or as tending in any degree to establish it. The opinion is not based upon any knowledge of facts testified to by himself or any one else. It was shown that the weights were never changed, and the saw always fell back, except when prevented by dust or some other substance which clogged up the slides or the place through which the saw worked, or by the slipping off of the belt. It frequently ran for days without trouble, going back to place when the foot was removed from the peg. It is a self-evident proposition — a proposition which no process of reasoning or testimony could make plainer — that if the counterbalance carried the saw back at one time, and there was no change in the condition of things, it would carry it back at all times. The testimony showed that the slot through which the saw came up was much larger than the saw, and through which the dirt and sawdust were likely to fall; that the slides received some of the dirt and dust when the saw was in use, and that these were some of the causes which prevented the saw from falling back; but it cannot be said that the opinion expressed by the plaintiff that the counterbalance was too heavy was any evidence of the fact that it was too heavy, or that it was evidence from which the jury had a right to find the defendants guilty 'of negligence in overweighting it. Lemon v. Railway Co., 59 Mich. 618.
There is no evidence whatever that the frames or ways were warped, or that they were not constructed of safe, sound, and strong material.
There is no evidence to sustain the claim of the defendants’ negligence. It appeared that the plaintiff had worked at this table and operated this saw from the time the mill started in the spring until the time of the accident, in October, 1891. He had had trouble with it, principally because of the running off of the belt, which he would go below and put on. At other times it would not drop down. He spoke to the millwright about it, and was told to clean the dirt off the table, and keep it clean. Plaintiff claims to have done this several times a day. He had control of the saw. No one else operated it. If it got dirty, he was directed to clean it, and from his position there it is apparent that it was his duty to do this. The case is wholly barren of any testimony showing that the defendants were guilty of negligence in not keeping this saw and its frame and slides free from dust and dirt. The plaintiff was directed to do this himself, and if he neglected this duty he cannot be heard to say that it was the defendants' duty to do it.
It is claimed that the testimony shows conclusively that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence. His testimony shows that the saw did not drop back at all times after its use. This was of frequent occurrence all summer. At times it was clogged up by bark and dust falling through the slot; and at other times, he claims, he did not know what was the reason of it. On the week before the accident it did not fall back readily, and he was told to clean the table. This he did at different times. He could always see the saw when it stood up above the table. On the morning of the accident the saw had worked well up to that time. Without looking to see whether the saw had gone down, he took hold of a slab, putting his hand beneath it to turn it over, and, the slab moving along, his hand was carried over the saw, and injured. It is evident that if he had looked he could have seen the saw, for he says that after he was hurt he looked, and the saw was just a little above the table. He was careless in thus putting his hand over the saw.
The court should have directed the verdict in favor of the defendants. In this view of the case, it is unnecessary to consider the other questions raised.
Judgment is reversed, and new trial orderéd.
McGrath, C. J., Grant and Hooker, JJ., concurred. Montgomery, J., did not sit. | [
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Hooker, J.
Relator and respondent were opposing candidates for justice of the peace, the latter being declared elected. Upon quo warranto to try the title to the office, it appeared that respondent, upon the face of the returns, had a majority of three votes. It also appeared that 82 inmates of the Soldiers’ Home, admitted from other localities, voted at such election, and that it was impossible to ascertain for whom they had cast their votes. The relator had previously requested one of the inspectors of election to challenge such voters, but such inspector failed to do so, fearing a disturbance.
Under the holding of this Court in the recent case of Wolcott v. Holcomb, 97 Mich. 361, the 82 persons referred to were not qualified voters; and, as it is impossible to ascertain which candidate received the greater number of votes, the vote of the precinct must be excluded. Attorney General v. McQuade, 94 Mich. 439.
It is contended that the relator is estopped from attacking his opponent’s title to the office because he did not personally challenge these voters. It does not appear that he was present when these votes were cast, and he was not bound to anticipate that disqualified persons would attempt to vote. As a precaution, he appears to have directed an. inspector to challenge any such votes that might be offered, ■ which indicates that he was not, as intimated, disposed to take his chances upon getting their votes, and then attack the election upon this ground if defeated.
The judgment will be affirmed.
The other Justices concurred. | [
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North, J.
Plaintiff, claiming that defendants unlawfully appropriated or destroyed certain personal property belonging to him, brought this suit to recover for damages sustained. Defendants denied the alleged conversion, claiming they had not unlawfully possessed or detained plaintiff’s property. On trial by jury defendants were found guilty, damages were assessed at $6,000, and judgment was entered accordingly. Defendants have appealed.
Facts and circumstances out of which related litigation has arisen between these parties will be found in the following cases: In re Petition of Farber, 260 Mich. 652, and Citizens Commercial & Savings Bank v. Farber, ante, 257.
Through a receiver’s sale the Citizens Commercial & Savings Bank in August, 1933, became pos sessed of both real and personal property which formerly belonged to the J. E. Farber Company, a Michigan corporation, and at the same time the bank took possession of certain other personal property to which plaintiff subsequently acquired title. This property was more or less intermingled with that purchased by the bank from the receiver. It consisted of machines, tools, dies, and materials used in the business formerly conducted by plaintiff and his brother, John E. Farber. The other defendants under an option to purchase from the bank took over the property which it had purchased from the receiver. There is direct conflict in the testimony. Plaintiff claims defendants refused him the right to take his property. Defendants assert they afforded him every reasonable opportunity to remove his property, that they are in no way responsible for its disappearance or destruction, and that whatever loss plaintiff sustained was due to his own negligence in not caring for his property. This was the issue presented by the pleadings, and likewise the issue submitted to the jury.
Appellants contend there was error in that the trial court did not submit to the jury the question as to whether defendants were gratuitous bailees of the property involved and, therefore, liable only for gross negligence, and they also contend that there was no evidence of negligence on the part of defendants relating to the property involved which could render them liable as bailees. There is no merit in this phase of the appeal because the question of defendants’ liability as bailees is not involved in this suit. The issue is solely one of an alleged unlawful conversion.
The further contention that the court should have directed a verdict in favor of the Citizens Commer cial & Savings Bank is not tenable. There is testimony that this bank, acting through its agents and employees, refused plaintiff the right to take possession of the property and instead turned possession of it over to the other defendants. It also appears that the bank continued as a party in interest, the other defendants being in possession of the property only by reason of the option given by the bank to the other defendants. There is testimony tending to show this condition continued during the period in which the conversion occurred. Further the bank produced its assistant cashier as a witness and on direct examination he testified that on March 20, 1934, by reason of a mortgage foreclosure, title to the real estate occupied by defendants vested in a third party, and that for some time thereafter the bank paid rent to the title holder. This was after the conversion was alleged to have taken place. Under this record it cannot be said there is no testimony tending to show that the bank was a party to the conversion ; and the trial court properly denied the motion for a directed verdict.
No other questions meriting discussion are presented. The judgment entered in the circuit court is affirmed. Costs to appellee.
Fead, C. J., and Wiest, Buteel, Bushnell, Sharpe, Potter, and Chandler, JJ., concurred. | [
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Montgomery, J.
The bill in this case is fled to determine the rights of the complainants in and to the timber growing upon certain lands described in the bill. It appears that the lands were held by several tenants in common. The owners of twenty-three twenty-fourths of the land conveyed all their right, title, and interest in the timber to complainants. One Hart was the owner of the remaining one twenty-fourth which was not conveyed to complainants. Subsequently, those from whom complainants purchased and Hart also conveyed to the defendant Benedict; Benedict being the owner of the entire fee, subject to any rights that complainants have in the timber.
In the case of Benedict v. Torrent, reported in 83 Mich. 181, this Court. considered the rights acquired- by the respective parties. It was there held that the conveyance by the owners of the twenty-three twenty-fourths of their rights in the timber did not confer 'a right upon Torrent, and his codefendants to ask and have a partition of the timber; that a partition of the timber distinct from the lands could not be had. It was said:
“The only interest which such a purchaser takes is the interest in the timber upon such lands as in partition proceedings shall be set off to his grantor. Such partition must be made of the entirety of the estate, according to the shares held by each. When this is done, the purchaser of the timber would be entitled to all the rights secured by his conveyance. The cross-bill in this case is filed for the sole purpose of effecting a partition of the timber. It is not framed to obtain a partition of the entire estate.”
The present bill is framed to meet the objection, and alleges, in substance, that the purchase of the interest by Benedict from the several owners, so as to invest Benedict with the title to the whole, was with a view to defeating a partition of the lands, by means of which the complainants’ equity is to' be worked out, and amounted to a fraud upon the rights of complainants. The transaction need not necessarily be so characterized. When the title rested in complainants’ grantors, they having conveyed their interest in the timber upon the lands, the only means of making that conveyance effectual .to carry out the intent of the parties was for said owners of the fee to ask and obtain partition'of the lands. This they had the right, and it was their duty, to do, and equity would require and compel action on their part to that end. To deny this would be to permit the grantors of the timber to perpetrate a legal fraud upon their vendees. They have received a consideration for the timber, and have granted all the timber upon the lands to the complainants. This clearly includes all interest which they acquire on partition. See Cunningham v. Pattee, 99 Mass. 250; Lessee of White v. Sayre, 2 Ohio, 112; Stark v. Barrett, 15 Cal. 370; Harlan v. Langham, 69 Penn. St. 238; Boggess v. Meredith, 16 W. Va. 1; Whitton v. Whitton, 38 N. H. 133; Barnhart v. Campbell, 50 Mo. 599; Freem. Coten. §§ 199, 206, 207; and Campau v. Godfrey, 18 Mich. 27. In this last-mentioned case the question was raised, but not decided, as to whether the purchaser of a distinct parcel, less than the whole, from one cotenant, could sustain a bill for partition against the cotenant. The query was also suggested as to whether, if any of the cotenants -should bring a bill for a partition, there would be any difficulty in making the purchaser a defendant. It was said:
“ The necessity of making the purchaser a party, or even ■ of having two suits or two partitions in the same suit, instead of one, if the shares can still be fairly, set off to the cotenants, might seem to. be a consideration going only to the costs of the proceeding, rather than an objection upon which alone the deed could be held void.”
The question in this ease is, shall the grantor be permitted to retain the consideration, and say to the purchaser that, as he (the purchaser) cannot ask for partition of the timber distinct from a partition of the entire estate in common, therefore the title which thus he assumed to convey shall prove ineffectual? Are the rules of equity so unyielding as to sanction this monstrous injustice? We think not. We do not depart from the doctrine that such conveyance is void as against the cot'enant, but it is void only in so far as it affects the cotenant’s rights. He ma}7 give assent to the conveyance, and thereby make it effectual. It is void so far as that the cotenant’s interests shall not be injuriously affected by the conveyance; but it is not void as-, against the grantor, and we think it is competent, under the general equity powers of the court, to compel the grantor of a special^ interest to take such steps as to make his conveyance effectual. -It is within his power to do so. He has received the consideration for the specific thing,. to wit, the timber, to which his conveyance shall attach upon partition. He is in law and morals bound to take such steps as shall give effect to his conveyance. It would be a premium on fraud for a court of equity to admit its inability to compel the performance of this plain duty. The complainants having the right, it follows that it cannot be defeated by the fact that the entire title is now merged in Benedict.
It is true that some of the cases speak of a transfer purporting to convey, by metes and bounds, an estate less than the entire of that of the cotenant, as being void as against the cotenant, and this supposition of absolute invalidity has lead to results in some cases not altogether just. But it seems to me the more correct way to state the result of the authorities is that such a conveyance is good as between the parties to it, but that it is not to be permitted to affect injuriously the rights of the cotenants. This results in nothing more than that, on partition, the cotenant should be entitled to partition precisely as though no conveyance had been made. But it seems to me a manifest perversion of justice to say that, because the law declares that the cotenant may not have his rights injuriously affected by such a conveyance, he may profit by the fact that he is a cotenant, and that circumstance shall enable him to defeat the right vested in the grantees of his eotenant. Mr. Freeman, in his excellent work on .Cotenancy, says:'
“Although the deed does not impair the rights of the ■•other, cotenants, it by no means follows that they may treat it as void, or entirely disregard it. While falling short of what it professes to be, it nevertheless operates on the interest of the grantor by transferring it to the grantee. The latter acquires rights which the cotenants ought to be bound to respect. They ought not to be permitted to ignore his conveyance, and treat him as one having no interest in the property," Freem. Coten. § 199.
And so the courts in Ohio, West Virginia, California, Missouri, Pennsylvania, and New Hampshire have held that a grantee of a cotenant is a necessary party to proceedings in partition. See cases above cited. Mr. Freeman further sums up the result of these cases upon the effect of a conveyance, as follows:
“We are not sure that the difference in the decisions of many of the courts upon this subject has not been more in form of expression than in matters of substance. If, however, there remain any states wherein the courts really intend to assert that a conveyance by one cotenant of part of the common property is void in any other sense than that such conveyance will not operate to diminish or impair the rights of the non-assenting cotenants, such courts are falling into the minority, as the more recent decisions tend strongly and surely towards the recognition of such conveyance as a valid transfer of all the grantor’s interest in the property therein described, entitling the grantee to feertain rights that the cotenants of the grantor cannot wantonly disregard.” Freem. Coten. § 204.
This conclusion is not only sustained by the cases hereinbefore referred to, but by the further cases of Crook v. Vandevoort, 13 Neb. 505; Camoron v. Thurmond, 56 Tex. 22; Markoe v. Wakeman, 107 Ill. 263; Crocker v. Tiffany, 9 R. I. 505; and Worthington v. Staunton, 16 W. Va. 208.
The precise question involved in this proceeding has perhaps never been directly passed upon in the same form of proceeding, but the principle which we apply has been fully asserted in at least two cases. In the case of McKee v. Barley, 11 Grat. 340, John T. McKee and Mary Bratton owned a tract of land, including a small triangular piece, which John T. McKee conveyed by metes and bounds to the defendant, Barley. Subsequently John T. McKee and Mary Bratton conveyed to Samuel W. McKee the entire tract, including that previously conveyed to Barley by John T. McKee. The court say:
“If, upon a partition, that part of the land described in this deed, or affected by the water privileges, had been assigned to John T. McKee, he would have been in a condition to have executed his contract, if he would not, in that event, have been estopped by his deed from disturbing his vendee; and his son, claiming under his subsequent conveyance with full notice, can occupy no higher ground. A court of equity, in making partition, would have respected the rights acquired by a fair purchaser, provided no injury was done thereby to the coparcener. * * * As the conveyance of both the joint owners to the appellant, Samuel, has invested him with the legal title to the entire tract, he is now in a condition to perfect the title of the appellee, according to the terms of the contract, as evidenced by the deed from John T. lifcKee. This is all the decree requires him to do, and I think it should be affirmed.”
The same doctrine is affirmed in Crocker v. Tiffany, 9 R. I. 512, where it is said:
“ If one of two tenants in common should convey his interest in a distinct part of the estate to a third person, and should afterwards convey his interest in the remainder to his cotenant, both conveyances rvould be valid, for the cotenant could not affirm his own title under the second conveyance without impliedly recognizing the right of the grantor thus to convey the estate by distinct parcels.” See, also, Great Falls Co. v. Worster, 15 N. H. 415.
We think that the conclusions which we have heretofore stated are clearly within the principles to be deduced from the prevailing authorities.
I concur with the Chief Justice upon the other points discussed by him.
A decree will be entered directing that the lands be partitioned. The partition will not be of the.timber, as distinct from the lands, but of the lands and timber as a whole. Twenty-three twenty-fourths should be assigned to one parcel, and one twenty-fourth to another, and, upon such partition being made, the complainants will be declared to be the owners of the timber upon the larger parcel, and entitled to cut and remove it from the lands within the time provided in their deeds of purchase. The complainants will recover costs of both courts.
McGrath and Long, JJ., concurred with Montgomery, J.
Hooker, C. J.
The complainants, with the exception of Harry Mee, claim the ownership of the undivided twenty-three twenty-fourths of the timber upon the land in controversy. • The testimony shows that complainant Mee was made a party without his consent. Defendant Edwin E. Benedict claims the premises in fee-simple. Defendant Sarah B. Williams is Benedict’s sister, and holds a mortgage upon the land, given by him. Defendants Hart, Sparrow, and Seymour have no present interest in the property. On April 29, 1887, the title to said land stood as follows: Hart, one twenty-fourth; Pease, twelve twenty-fourths; Mee and Seymour, eleven twenty-fourths. Hpon that day, Pease conveyed to Mee, by instrument in writing, all of his interest in the timber upon the land. On May 4, 1887, Mee and Seymour conveyed all of their interest in said timber to complainants Torrent, McKillip, Haines, and Hopper, copartners, doing business under the name of Torrent, Haines & Co. They claim that this conveyance vested the title to twenty-three twenty-fourths of the timber in them. The defendants claim that at most it conveyed eleven twenty-fourths. On March 1, 1888, Pease deeded his remaining interest in the premises to complainant Mee in trust for Hart, and on March 22 Mee deeded all of his interest to Hart. On the same day, Seymour deeded her interest to Hart. No reservation of timber was made in any of these deeds. April 17, 1888, Hart deeded the land to Sparrow, and June 11, 1888, Sparrow-deeded the same to Benedict, who held some tax titles upon the premises, which are admitted to have been invalid. By the first conveyance from Pease to Mee, the latter acquired title to twelve twenty-fourths of the timber if the conveyance was valid, which, together with the interest he and Seymour had as owners of eleven twenty-fourths of the fee, gave them together the title to twenty-three twenty-fourths of the timber. The following is a copy of the record of that instrument:
“ Copy from Miscellaneous Eecords of Manistee County, Liber 3, page 178, made May 4, 1887, at ll-J o'clock A. ar.:
“Know all man ly these presents, that I, Frank B. Pease, of the city of Chicago, in the county of Cook and state of Illinois, of the first part, for and in consideration of the sum of five hundred ($500) dollars, lawful money of the United States, to me in hand paid at or before the ensealing and delivery of these presents by Harry Mee, of Manistee, Michigan, party of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, have granted, bargained, sold, and delivered unto the said party of the second part all the goods, chattels, and property, to wit, all my interest in and to the timber on the premises described as follows, to wit: The S. W. qr. of the S. E. qr. of sec. 30, township 21 N., E. 14 west; also, the W. fractional half of the S. W. qr. and the S. W. qr. of the N. W. qr., sec. 31, township 21 N., E. 14 west; and the S. W. qr., sec. 30, and the N. W. fr. qr. of the N. W. qr., and the east half of N. ~W. qr., and the east half of S. W. qr., and the N. E. qr. of sec. 31, and the west half of the N. W. qr. of sec. 32, township 21 N., E. 14 W.; and the south half of the N. E. qr., and the N. E. qr. of the N. E. qr., and the N. E. qr. of the S. W. qr., of sec. 36, township 21 N., E. 15 W.; and lot 4, sec. one (1), and lot one (1), sec. 2, township 20 north, range 15 west, — and all the above-described land west of the principal meridian, and contains, in all, 1,034 38-100 acres, more or less; with license for the term of ten years to the said party of the second part, his heirs and assigns, to enter upon the said lands to cut and remove the said timber, and all such timber not so cut and removed during the said term shall belong to said party of the first part.
“It is also agreed that the said party of the second part shall pay all taxes on the land above described during the term above mentioned, or so much thereof as may be used in cutting and removing said timber.
’ “To have and to hold the said goods, chattels, and property unto the said party of the second part, his heirs, executors, administrators, and assigns, and for his own proper use and behoof, forever.
“And the said party of the first part does vouch himself to be true and lawful owner of the said goods, chattels, and property, and have in himself full power, good right, and lawful authority to dispose of the said goods, chattels, and property- in' the manner as aforesaid; and I do, for myself, my heirs, executors, and administrators, covenant and agree to and with the said party of the second part, to warrant and defend the said goods, chattels, and property to the said party of the second part, his executors, administrators, and assigns, against the lawful claims and demands of all and every person or persons whomsoever.
“In witness whereof I have hereunto set my hand and seal the 29th of April, 1887.
“Frank B. Pease.
“Here follow, in usual form, the acknowledgment, Chicago, Ill., April 29, 1887; certificate of office of notary, Chicago, Ill., April 30, 1887.”
This instrument is assailed upon several grounds, viz.:
*1. The book called “Miscellaneous Becords” is not a book of deeds or mortgages, and the record in that book was notice to no one.
2. The instrument does not show in what state the lands described are situated.
3. ' The instrument was a mere license to take off goods and chattels within 10 years from its date.
Standing timber is an interest in lands that may be acquired by deed (see Johnson v. Moore, 28 Mich. 3; Wait v. Baldwin, 60 Id. 622; Williams v. Flood, 63 Id. 487; Monroe v. Bowen, 26 Id. 523); and the fact that it must be removed within a definite period does not prevent the title to the timber vesting in the grantee (see cases above cited).
The land was described by the section, township, and range. Pease, the maker of the instrument, had title of record to these lands. Although the acknowledgment was taken in Chicago, the certificate of the official character of the notary was appended, and the paper placed on record in Manistee county, where the lands are situated. This we think sufficient evidence to identify the lands sought to be described. Russell v. Sweezey, 22 Mich. 235; Smith v. Brown, 34 Id. 455; Slater v. Breese, 36 Id. 77.
The failure of Pease to affix a seal to the writing did not render it invalid, for, if the seal should have been affixed, the statute (How. Stat. § 7778) provides that its absence shall not invalidate the instrument. Fowler v. Hyland, 48 Mich. 181; Lockwood v. Bassett, 49 Id. 549; McKinney v. Miller, 19 Id. 151.
The instrument was duly acknowledged, thereby becoming entitled to record. How. Stat. §§ 5673, 5709, 5712. The record shows that this instrument was recorded in a book devoted to the exceptional instruments offered for record, such as bills of sale of timber, land contracts, deeds of cemetery lots, leases of buildings, and various other kinds of papers. There is nothing to show that this record was not properly indexed, and the register might properly provide" a book for miscellaneous documents. • Such is believed to be the uniform practice throughout the State, and we think it a lawful and commendable one. The record of this writing was constructive notice to the world of the rights of Mee under it. How. Stat. § 5712.
There is no merit in the point that the original writing was necessary to prove the sale of this timber. The record could be used for the purpose, and was prima facie evidence of the execution of the instrument. How. Stat. § 5685; Bassett v. Hathaway, 9 Mich. 31.
This covers all of the questions that arise upon the introduction of the instrument (similar in character) by which Mee and Seymour attempted to convey their interest in the timber to Torrent, Haines & Co.
It remains to discuss the effect of these writings, and the rights of the several parties under them. At the time that they were made, Hart was a tenant in common of the lands, and it is asserted that they were void' as to ham. It is a doctrine of long standing that one tenant in common cannot convey a distinct parcel of the common tract .so as to bind his c'otenant. Smith v. Benson, 9 Vt. 141; Duncan v. Sylvester, 24 Me. 482; Great Falls Co. v. Worster, 15 N. H. 412, 449; Bartlet v. Harlow, 12 Mass. 348; Peabody v. Minot, 24 Pick. 329; Johnson v. Stevens, 7 Cush. 431; Mitchell v. Hazen, 4 Conn. 495; Griswold v. Johnson, 5 Id. 363; Ore Co. v. Miller, 41 Id. 112; Cogswell v. Reed, 3. Fairf. (Me.) 198; Scott v. State, 1 Sneed, 629; Markoe v. Wakeman, 107 Ill. 263; Worthington v. Staunton, 16 W. Va. 208; Shepardson v. Rowland, 28 Wis. 108; Jewett v. Stockton, 3 Yerg. 492. Cases might be multiplied upon this point, but these will suffice. Some hold the deed .absolutely void, but the greater number treat it as valid between the parties, and hold that, if a partition should be made by which the' parcel conveyed should be allotted to the grantor, it would inure to the benefit of the grantee by estoppel. Some courts have evolved the doctrine that the conveyance is binding to some extent upon the cotenant; holding that.it is binding so far as it does not injure, and that the courts may give relief to the grantee, taking care not to deprive the cotenant of any rights. , Others have gone to the extent of holding that such conveyance is valid as against the cotenant, and, as in Prentiss’ Case, 7 Ohio, pt. 2, p. 129, that he can be compelled to partition with •each of several grantees of different parcels of the tract. It may be mentioned that the case of Lessee of White v. Sayre, 2 Ohio, 112, upon which this decision is based, was •by a divided court. . In Missouri the court has gone so far as to hold that the deed is valid against the cotenant, .and that the grantee may have relief, because the statute authorizing a sale furnishes a means of giving adequate relief to the cotenant in all cases. The various phases of this question may be seen by consulting the following cases: Stark v. Barrett, 15 Cal. 370; Gates v. Salmon, 35 Id. 588; Sutter v. San Francisco, 36 Id. 115; Crook v. Vandevoort, 13 Neb. 505; Camoron v. Thurmond, 56 Tex. 22; Arnold v. Cauble, 49 Id. 533; Boggess v. Meredith, 16 W. Va. 27.
Some of my brethren ' think that a court of equity may properly grant relief to the grantee in all such cases by requiring the tenants in common to partition the land, but I cannot assent to that doctrine. In the case of the conveyance of a single parcel, no hardship might result from such a course; but if several parcels should be carved out and sold to different purchasers, as, in one case, where one tenant in common platted and sold village lots from a part of the tract, ■ or where different interests, such as minerals, stone, sand, clay, and the like, are granted, it would be more difficult to preserve the rights of the cotenant. I think the great weight of authority is against it.
But while the conveyance of a portion by one tenant in common may be disregarded by his cotenant, if such cotenant, or any other person, shall, with notice of the grantee’s interest, choose to unite the different titles by purchasing the remaining interest of the grantor, he maybe held to assent thereby to such conveyance by recognizing the right of the grantor to deed in parcels, and he will take the title of the grantor subject to the rights of the prior grantee, which equity may compel him to recognize and satisfy. While a tenant in common may insist upon his own, he will not be permitted, in such a case, to-collude with his cotenant, or profit by his fraud. Ore Co. v. Miller, 41 Conn. 112; Goodwin v. Keney, 49 Id. 563; Adams v. Manning, 51 Id. 5; Crocker v. Tiffany, 9 R. I. 512; Great Falls Co. v. Worster, 15 N. H. 413. Hart saw fit to unite in himself the titles of all his cotenants. He could only buy what they had left to sell, and, as he took these interests with notice of the sale of the timber, he cannot justly claim such timber. By his act he has put it out of the power of the complainants’ grantors to deliver this timber, but he cannot be said to have acquired the title to it. He has chosen to recognize the sale to the complainants by purchasing the remaining interest. His grantees are in no better position.
There are many allegations in the bill which are unnecessary in the view that I take of the case, but sufficient appears to justify a decree that complainants recover the timber upon twenty-three twenty-fourths of the land, and that partition of the premises be made to del ermine the same. Complainants Torrent, Haines & Co. should recover their costs against defendants Benedict and Williams. As to the other defendants, the decree of the circuit court dismissing the bill should be. affirmed.
See Barnhart v. Campbell, 50 Mo. 597. | [
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0.0014801025390625,
0.0400390625
] |
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